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ENCYCLOPEDIA 


OF  THE 


History  of  Missouri, 


A  COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 
FOR  READY  REFERENCE. 


EDITED  BY 

HOWARD  L.  CONARD. 


VOL  III. 


NEWIYORK,  LOUISVILLE,  ST.  LOUIS: 

THE   SOUTHERN   HISTORY  COMPANY, 

Haldeman,  Conard  &  Co.,  Proprietors. 
I9OI. 


THE   SOUTHERN    HISTORY   CO. 


•^Dll 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


G 

P\GE 

Gay,  Edward  J lo 

Gay,  John  H 13" 

Geiger,  Jacob   16 

Gentry,  Richard  T 24 

Gossett,  Jacob  D 71 

Graves,  Fayette  P 91 

Graves,  Waller  W 92 

Green,  Charles  W 98 

Green,  Samuel  B loi 

Greenwood,  Moses,  Jr 120 

Gregory,    Elisha   H 124 

Grover,  Hiram  J 129 

Guernsey,  David  W 132 

Guinn,  John  C 136 

H 

Hackemeier,  Franz   141 

Haines,  A.  S ' 147 

Hall,  C.  Lester 152 

Hall,  William  E •••..155 

Halley,  George 157 

Halliburton,  John  W 158 

Hardin,   Charles    H 171 

Harding,  Russell   177 

Hardy,  Joseph  A 178 

Hargadine,  William  A 180 

Harris,  Samuel  S 189 

Hartwig,  Henry  R.  W 200 

Hawes,  Harry  B 203 

Heer,  Charles  H 210 

Heidorn,  Frederick  A.,  Sr 212 

Heim,  Joseph  J 214 

Helfenstein,  John  P 217 

Hirzel,  Rudolph  253 

Hoagland,  George  T 259 

Hodgen,  John  T 261 

Hoevel,  August   263 

Holland,  Colley  B 268 


PAGE 

Holmes,  Nehemiah   274 

Hoog,  Otto  J.  S 284 

Hough,  Samuel  B 302 

Hough,  Warwick 304 

Houser,  Daniel  M 307 

Howard,  William  G 310 

Hughes,  Charles  H 319 

Huttig,  William  339 

Hyde,  William 341 

I 

Ireland,  Harvey  C 382 

J 

Johnson,  Charles  P 445 

Johnson,  James  T 447 

Johnson,  John  B 448 

Johnson,  Reno  D.  0 451 

Johnson,  Waldo  P.   . 453 

Johnson,  William  T 455 

Johnston,  John  T.  M 460 

Jourdan,  Morton 476 

Judson,  Frederick  N 480 

Judson,  Winslow   482 

K 

Kane,  William  B 485 

Karnes,  Joseph  V.  C 507 

Keating,  William  514 

Keith,  Abraham  W 516 

Keith,  Richard  H 518 

Kesler,  Daniel    531 

Kesler,  John  R 532 

Kingsbury,  James  W 541 

Kinney,  Joseph    542 

Knapp,  John 549 

L 
Lathrop,  John  H Frontispiece. 


They  who  lived  in  history  ....  seemed  to  walk  the  earth  again. 

— L  ong fellow . 

We  may  gather  out  of  history  a  policy  no  less  wise  than  eternal. 

— Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Histories  make  men  w\se.— Bacon. 

Truth  comes  to  us  from  the  past  as  gold  is  washed  down  to  us  from 
the  mountains  of  Sierra  Nevada,  in  minute  but  precious  particles. — Bovee. 

Examine  history,  for  it  is  "philosophy  teaching  by  example." — Carlyle. 

History  is  the  essence  of  innumerable  biographies. — Carlyle. 

Biography  is  the  most  universally  pleasant,  the  most  universally 
profitable,  of  all  reading. — Carlyle. 

Both  justice  and  decency  require  that  we  should  bestow  on  our 
forefathers  an  honorable  remembrance. — Thucydides. 

"If  history  is  important,  biography  is  equally  so,  for  biography  is 
but  history  individualized.  In  the  former  we  have  the  episodes  and  events 
illustrated  by  communities,  peoples,  states,  nations.  In  the  latter  we  have 
the  lives  and  characters  of  individual  men  shaping  events,  and  becoming 
instructors  of  future  generations." 


IV 


Encyclopedia  of  the  History  of  Missouri. 


Garner,  James  W.,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Ray  County,  Missouri,  September  2,  1852. 
His  father,  C.  T.  Garner,  was  born  in  Howard 
County,  Missouri,  removed  to  Richmond, 
Ray  County,  and  there  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  George  W.  Dunn.  For  fifty  years 
he  practiced  his  profession  in  Ray  County, 
becoming  one  of  the  strongest  legal  advo- 
cates and  counselors  in  the  State,  as  well  as  a 
foremost  citizen  and  man  of  prominence  in 
all  important  affairs.  The  mother  of  J.  W. 
Garner  was  a  daughter  of  James  Mosby,  of 
Callaway  County,  Missouri,  and  was  born  at 
Fulton.  Mr.  Garner  is  a  descendant  of  the 
Triggs  and  Clarks,  noted  families  of  Ken- 
tucky and  Virginia.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Ray  County,  Missouri,  and  later 
graduated  from  Richmond  College,  located  at 
Richmond,  Ray  County,  Missouri.  He  fol- 
lowed his  literary  training  with  a  course  of 
careful  legal  reading  of  which  he  availed  him- 
self in  the  office  of  Garner  &  Doniphan.  This 
firm  was  one  of  noted  strength,  the  senior 
member  being  the  father  of  the  young  man, 
and  the  other  member  being  General  A.  W. 
Doniphan,  one  of  Missouri's  most  celebrated 
men.  After  his  admission  to  the  bar  of  Mis- 
souri Mr.  Garner  practiced  law  in  partnership 
with  his  father.  Having  read  for  four  years 
before  applying  to  the  Circuit  Court  of  Ray 
County  for  admission,  he  was  thoroughly  pre- 
pared for  his  professional  career.  He  was 
elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Ray  County 
and  served  four  years.  Since  that  public 
service  he  has  never  been  a  candidate  for 
political  office.  In  the  spring  of  1887  Mr. 
Garner  removed  from  Richmond  to  Kansas 
City,  Missouri,  and  has  since  been  a  resident 
and  active  practitioner  of  that  place.  During 
his  term  of  office  as  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Ray  County,  Mr.  Garner  tried  the  celebrated 
case  of  the  State  of  Missouri  against  the  Ford 
boys,  for  the  murder  of  Wood  Hite,  the  trial 
lasting  about  two  weeks  and  being  one  of 
Vol.  Ill— 1 


the  most  noted  in  the  history  of  Missouri 
crime.  In  Jackson  County  Mr.  Garner  has 
appeared  in  many  important  legal  battles, 
including  the  celebrated  election  contest 
case  in  Jackson  County,  As  a  criminal  law- 
yer he  stands  at  the  head  of  the  bar,  having 
successfully  defended,  among  other  clients, 
Blanche  Connors  for  murder  in  the  first  de- 
gree, B.  F.  Gates,  also  charged  with  mur- 
der in  the  first  degree,  and  Jennie  Hendrick, 
accused  of  murder.  The  cases  attracted 
widespread  attention  at  the  time  of  their 
trial  in  the  courts  of  Jackson  County,  and 
added  materially  to  the  reputation  of  the 
lawyer  who  so  successfully  defended  the  pris- 
oners at  bar.  He  has  appeared  in  many  other 
murder  cases  of  less  importance,  and  has  es- 
tablished a  steadfast  reputation  as  a  trial 
lawyer,  as  well  as  in  the  careful  preparation 
of  cases.  Mr.  Garner  has  always  been  a 
Democrat  politically,  but  in  the  election  of 
1896  he  found  himself  unable  to  accept  the 
principles  enunciated  by  the  leaders  of  his 
party.  He,  therefore,  supported  Palmer  and 
Buckner,  on  the  national  ticket,  and  can- 
vassed the  State  of  Missouri  in  the  interest 
of  those  candidates  for  the  highest  offices 
within  the  gift  of  the  people.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  Mr.  Garner  was  a  member  of 
the  Democratic  central  committee  of  Jack- 
son County.  He  is  a  communicant  of  Trin- 
ity Episcopal  Church,  Kansas  City,  and  was 
for  a  number  of  years  a  member  of  the  vestry 
of  that  church.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the- 
Knights  of  Pythias.  Mr.  Garner  was  mar- 
ried, in  April,  1873,  to  Miss  Leonora  Snoddy,. 
daughter  of  Samuel  Snoddy,  of  Howard 
County,  Missouri,  and  after  her  death  was. 
married  to  Miss  Carrie  Cotes,  of  Galesburg,. 
Illinois.  Of  the  last  union  three  children-, 
have  been  born.  The  head  of  the  family  is 
recognized  as  an  able  lawyer,  and  he  is  highly 
respected  as  a  patriotic,  public-spirited  cit- 
izen, a  true  friend  to  the  worthy  cause  and 


GARRISON. 


a  warm  supporter  of  every  movement  that 
will  advance  the  interests  of  his  locality  and 
the  State  of  which  he  has  been  a  part  since 
his  birth. 

Garrison,  Daniel  R.,  manufacturer  and 
railroad  manager,  was  born  November  23, 
181 5,  in  Orange  County,  New  York.  He 
learned  the  machinist's  trade  as  a  boy,  and 
worked  at  it  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  prior 
to  his  coming  to  St.  Louis.  He  located  in 
that  city  in  1835  and  took  employment  in 
the  foundry  and  engine  works  of  Kingsland, 
Lightner  &  Co.  Five  years  later  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  his  brother,  Oliver  Garri- 
son, and  began  the  manufacture  of  steam 
engines  and  steam  machinery  of  all  kinds. 
This  enterprise  proved  successful,  and  in  1840 
the  brothers  sold  out  their  foundry  and  ma- 
chine works  and  retired  from  this  branch  of 
industry  with  handsome  fortunes.  When  the 
Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad  enterprise  was 
set  on  foot,  Daniel  R.  Garrison  became  iden- 
tified with  it  and  was  one  of  the  moving 
spirits  in  advancing  the  road  to  completion. 
Afterward  he  took  the  vice  presidency  and 
general  mangement  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railroad,  and  occupied  that  position  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  until  1870.  When  the 
Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific 
roads  were  consolidated  he  was  made  vice 
president  and  general  manager  of  the  con- 
solidated interests,  and  served  in  that  capac- 
ity until  the -property  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Jay  Gould."  Later  he  built  the  Vulcan 
Iron  Works  of  South  St.  Louis,  and  in  com- 
pany with  others  the  Jupiter  Iron  Works, 
which  were  afterward  consolidated  as  the 
Vulcan  Iron  and  Bessemer  Steel  Works. 

Garrison,  James  Harvey,  clergyman, 
editor  and  author,  was  born  on  the  2d  day  of 
February,  1842,  near  Ozark,  in  what  was  then 
Greene — now  Christian — County,  Missouri. 
His  maternal  grandfather,  Robert  Kyle,  was 
an  Irishman,  who  migrated  to  this  country 
from  the  North  of  Ireland  soon  after  the  Rev- 
olution, and  located  in  Virginia.  He  was  a 
soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  died  of  sick- 
ness contracted  in  the  army.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  Isaac  Garrison,  was  a  North 
Carolinian,  who  migrated  to  east  Tennessee 
about  the  beginning  of  the  past  century. 
His  parents,  James  and  Diana  (Kyle)  Garri- 
son, moved  from  Hawkins  County,  east  Ten- 


nessee, about  the  year  1835,  and  located  in 
southwest  Missouri,  at  the  place  above  men- 
tioned. In  his  early  youth,  James  Harvey 
Garrison  attended  school  at  Ozark  and  be- 
came an  adept  in  reading  and  spelling  at  a 
very  early  age.  When  eleven  years  old,  his 
parents  moved  to  a  new  and  then  unsettled 
part  of  the  country,  near  where  Billings  is 
located.  Here  school  advantages  were  scant, 
and  hard  work  in  opening  a  new  farm  took 
the  place  of  study  for  a  few  years.  At  the 
age  of  fifteen  years  he  made  a  public  profes- 
sion of  religion,  and  united  with  the  Baptist 
Church,  of  which  his  parents  and  grand- 
parents before  him  were  members,  and  began 
to  take  an  active  part  in  religious  meetings, 
About  this  time  a  Yankee  school-teacher,  C. 
P.  Hall,  came  into  the  neighborhood,  and 
taught  an  excellent  school  for  several  terms, 
of  which  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  con- 
stant member,  missing  only  a  part  of  one 
term,  to  teach  a  district  school,  when  he  was 
sixteen  years  of  age.  The  outbreak  of  the 
war  found  him  again  at  Ozark,  attending  a 
high  school,  taught  by  the  Yankee  teacher 
above  referred  to.  The  excitement  following 
the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  caused  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  school,  and  he  identified  him- 
self with  a  company  of  home  guards,  whose 
rendezvous  was  Springfield.  After  the  battle 
of  Wilson's  Creek,  he  enlisted  in  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Missouri  Infantry  Volunteers,  was 
soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of  first  sergeant, 
and  was  wounded  quite  severely  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  second  day  of  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge,  in  March,  1862.  He  raised  a  com- 
pany for  the  Eighth  Missouri  Cavalry  Vol- 
unteers as  soon  as  he  was  able  to  perform 
active  duty,  and  was  commissioned  as  captain 
September  15,  1862.  He  continued  his  serv- 
ices in  the  Union  Army  until  the  close  of  the 
war,  participating  in  several  battles,  acting 
as  assistant  inspector  general  of  his  brigade 
for  more  than  a  year,  and  being  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  major  for  meritorious  service 
during  the  last  year  of  the  war.  When  mus- 
tered out  of  the  army  in  St.  Louis,  in  1865, 
he  entered  Abingdon  College,  in  Abingdon, 
Illinois,  and  graduated  in  1868  as  bachelor 
of  arts.  One  week  after  his  graduation  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Judith  E.  Garrett,  of 
Camp  Point,  Illinois,  who  graduated  in  the 
same  class  with  him,  and  who  has  been  to 
him  all  that  a  faithful  and  affectionate  wife 
can  be  to  her  husband.     He  entered  college 


GASCONADE— GASCONADE  CAVES. 


for  the  purpose  of  devoting  himself  to  the 
law,  but  during  his  college  course  he  changed 
his  denominational  allegiance  and  identified 
himself  with  the  Disciples  of  Christ,  a  fact 
which  changed  all  his  plans.  He  at  once  be- 
gan preaching,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1868  lo- 
cated with  the  church  at  Macomb,  Illinois,  to 
share  the  pulpit  with  J.  C.  Reynolds,  who 
was  publishing  and  editing  "The  Gospel 
Echo"  at  that  place.  A  partnership  was 
formed  with  Mr.  Reynolds,  beginning  with 
January  i,  1869,  by  which  he  became  one  of 
the  editors  and  publishers  of  that  magazine. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  his  editorial  career, 
which  continues  to  the  present.  In  1871 
"The  Christian,"  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
was  consolidated  with  "The  Gospel  Echo,"- 
and  Mr.  Garrison  moved  to  Quincy,  Illinois, 
where  he  published .  the  consolidated  paper 
under  the  title  of  "Gospel  Echo  and  Chris- 
tian," at  first,  later  as  "The  Christian,"  and 
still  later  as  "The  Christian-Evangelist."  In 
the  year  1873  a  joint  stock  company  was  or- 
ganized and  incorporated  as  "The  Christian 
Publishing  Company,"  and  "The  Christian" 
was  moved  to  St.  Louis,  and  was  issued  from 
that  city  from  January  i,  1874,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Christian  Publishing  Com- 
pany, with  J.  H.  Garrison  as  editor-in-chief. 
He  has  resided  in  St.  Louis  ever  since,  with 
the  exception  of  two  years  spent  in  England, 
when  he  was  pastor  of  thj  church  at  South- 
port  in  1881  and  1882,  and  almost  two  years 
spent  in  charge  of  a  church  in  Boston,  in 
1885  and  1886.  His  connection  with  "The 
Christian-Evangelist,"  however,  has  never 
ceased.  His  temporary  absences  frorti  the 
office  were  the  result  of  ill  health  brought  on 
by  too  close  confinement  to  office  work.  He 
is  also  the  author  of  several  popular  works, 
as  "The  Heavenward  Way,"  a  book  for  young 
Christians ;  "Alone  with  God,"  a-  devotional 
work,  which  has  had  a  remarkable  sale ;  "The 
Old  Faith  Restated,"  and  "Half-Hour 
Studies  at  the  Cross,"  besides  a  number  of 
smaller  booklets. 

Dr.  Garrison  is  editor  of  the  "Christian- 
Evangelist,"  and  president  of  the  Christian 
Publishing  Company.  He  travels  exten- 
sively, but  his  residence  is  now  and  has  been 
for  many  years  in  St.  Louis. 

G-asconade. — A  town  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gasconade  River,  in  Gasconade  County, 


seven  miles  west  of  Hermann,  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railroad.  It  is  one  of  the  old 
settled  points  in  the  State.  It  has  one 
church,  a  public  school  and  a  general  store. 
Population,    1899   (estimated),    100. 

Gasconade  Bridge  Disaster.— The 

completion  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  to  Jeffer- 
son City  was  an  event  of  great  importance 
to  the  people  of  St".  Louis,  and  arrangements 
were  made  to  celebrate  it  in  a  fitting  man- 
ner. Accordingly,  on  November  i,  1855,  an 
excursion  train  bearing  the  r'ailway  officials, 
the  mayor  and  city  council  of  St.  Louis,  two 
military  companies  and  a  large  number  of  the 
most  prominent  people  in  the  city,  started 
for  the  State  capital,  where  a  grand  public 
dinner  was  to  be  served,  and  the  opening 
of  the  road  celebrated  with  due  ceremony. 
What  was  intended  to  be  a  joyous  demon- 
stration was,  however,  turned  into  a  season 
of  general  mourning  by  an  accident  at  Gas- 
conade River.  The  bridge  spanning  that 
stream,  which  had  not  been  fully  completed, 
but  which,  it  was  thought,  would  carry  the 
train  safely  over,  gave  way  under  the  strain 
put  upon  it,  and  precipitated  the  locomotive 
and  all  but  one  of  fourteen  passenger 
cars  into  the  water,  thirty  feet  below.  The 
result  was  appalling,  twenty-eight  persons  be- 
ing killed  outright  and  more  than  thirty  seri- 
ously injured.  Among  the  killel  were  Thomas 
O'Sullivan,  chief  engineer  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad;  Rev.  Dr.  BuUard,  pastor  of  the 
Second  Presbyterian  Church,  and  Rev.  John 
Teasdale,  pastor  of  the  Third  Baptist  Church, 
of  St.  Louis ;  Mann  Butler,  the  eminent 
Kentucky  historian;  Henry  Chouteau,  E.  C. 
Yosti,  E.  Church  Blackburn,  and  other  prom- 
inent citizens  of  St.  Louis.  Immediately 
following  the  crash,  and  while  the  work  of 
extricating  the  dead  and  wounded  from  the 
wreck  w^as  going  on,  a  heavy  rain  and  thun- 
der storm  prevailed,  and  survivors  of  the 
catastrophe  remembered  the  scene  as  one 
weird  and  awful  beyond  description. 

Gasconade  Caves. — There  are  many 
caves  in  the  bluflfs  fronting  on  the  Gasco- 
nade River,  nearly  all  of  them  abounding  in 
deposits  of  saltpeter,  which  has  been  turned* 
to  profit  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder. 
In  some  of  the  caves  have  been  found  stone 
axes  and  other  implements. 


GASCONADE   COUNTY. 


Gasconade  County. — A  county  a  lit- 
tle east  of  the  center  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Missouri  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Montgomery  and  Warren 
Counties ;  east  by  Franklin  and  Crawford, 
south  by  Crawford  and  Phelps,  and  west  by 
Maries  and  Osage  Counties ;  area,  330,000 
acres.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  irregu- 
lar, ranging  from  level  prairie  and  bottom 
lands  to  ridges,  hills  and  precipitous  bluffs. 
The  northern  part  is  rough  for  some  distance 
south  of  the  Missouri  River,  with  numerous 
valleys  and  rolling  lands.  The  southern  part 
is  mostly  table  land,  with  numerous  small 
prairies.  Through  the  northwest  section  the 
Gasconade  River  winds  in  a  devious  course 
to  the  Missouri.  The  Bourbeuse  River  flows 
in  an  irregular  course  in  a  northwesterly  di- 
rection through  the  southern  part.  The  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Gasconade  are  First,  Sec- 
ond, Third  and  Pin  Creeks,  and  of  the  Bour- 
beuse Dry  Fork  is  the  chief  feeder,  with 
numerous  smaller  streams.  In  the  northern 
part  Coal  and  Frene  Creeks  rise  and  flow  into 
the  Missouri  River.  In  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  county  are  Boeuf,  Berger  and  Little 
Berger  Creeks.  Numerous  springs  abound 
throughout  the  county.  The  valleys  and  bot- 
tom lands  are  rich,  the  soil  a  dark  sandy  loam 
of  great  productiveness.  The  prairie  land 
in  the  southern  part  is  generally  good,  con- 
taining a  clayey  soil  that  produces  well  by 
careful  cultivation.  The  hills  and  uplands 
have  a  light  covering  of  clayey  soil  over 
gravel,  and  are  good  grass  and  fruit  lands. 
The  hills  and  valleys  along  the  streams  are 
generally  covered  with  growths  of  timber, 
consisting  chiefly  of  the  different  oaks,  hick- 
ory, elm,  walnut,  cottonwood,  etc.  Much 
of  the  timber  in  the  valleys  has  been  cleared 
away  and  the  land  converted  into  farms. 
About  40  per  cent  of  the  land  is  under  cul- 
tivation, the  remainder  being  in  timber  and 
grazing  lands.  Wheat  and  corn  are  the  chief 
cereal  productions,  the  average  yield  per 
acre  of  the  former  being  twenty  bushels  and 
the  latter  fifty  bushels.  All  the  vegetables 
grow  well,  particularly  potatoes,  which  av- 
erage 150  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  surplus 
products  shipped  from  the  county  in  1898 
were:  Cattle,  192  head;  hogs,  12,880  head; 
sheep,  262  head ;  horses  and  mules,  19  head ; 
wheat,  146,757  bushels;  corn,  28,423  bush- 
els ;  flour,  996,080  pounds ;  corn  meal,  4,320 
pounds ;    shipstuff,    103,040    pounds ;    clover 


seed,  180,000  pounds;  lumber,  51,500  feet; 
walnut  logs,  6,000  feet;  cross-ties,  172,066 
cooperage,  13  cars;  wool,  13,574  pounds; 
poultry,  219,783  pounds ;  eggs,  379,290  dozen ; 
butter,  18,340  pounds;  dressed  meats,  7,837 
pounds;  game  and  fish,  8,658  pounds;  lard 
and  tallow,  18,452  pounds;  hides  and  pelts, 
90,150  pounds;  apples,  497  barrels;  fresh 
fruits,  3,070  pounds;  dried  fruit,  38,919 
pounds;  vegetables,  61,330  pounds;  onions, 
2,829  bushels;  whisky  and  wine,  196,081  gal- 
lons ;  nuts,  7,840  pounds ;  nursery  stock, 
3,460  pounds;  furs,  1,910  pounds;  feathers, 
2,428  pounds.  The  most  profitable  products 
are  wheat,  corn,  stock  and  fruit.  Wine  man- 
ufacture is  an  important  industry  in  Gasco- 
nade County.  There  are  over  one  hundred 
wine-growers  in  the  county,  producing  annu- 
ally from  200  to  20,000  gallons  of  wine, 
not  including  the  large  manufacturers  at 
Hermann.  While  the  report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics  is  here  given  as  official, 
the  output  of  wine  from  Gasconade  County 
annually  is  several  times  the  amount  given 
in  the  report.  Iron  in  considerable  quan- 
tities is  found  in  the  western  and  southern 
portions  of  the  county,  and  in  the  southern 
part  lead  and  zinc  exist  in  considerable  de- 
posits. Some  years  ago  a  lead  mine  was 
opened  up  on  the  Bourbeuse,  but  was  aban- 
doned because  of  difficulty  experienced  in 
excluding  the  water.  Lately  the  lead  and  zinc 
of  the  county  have  been  attracting  consider- 
able attention,  with  promise  of  much  activity 
in  mining  operations.  Silicate  and  coal  have 
been  discovered,  but  no  attempt  to  develop 
the  deposits  have  been  made.  There  is  plenty 
of  good  building  stone  in  all  parts  of  the 
county.  Along  the  Gasconade  are  numer- 
ous caves,  some  of  which  have  in  them  de- 
posits of  saltpeter,  which  in  the  early  history 
of  the  county  was  gathered  and  shipped  to 
St.  Louis,  where  it  was  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder.  When  these  caves 
were  first  discovered,  in  some  of  them  were 
found  rude  stone  axes  and  hammers,  which 
gave  evidence  that  in  remote  periods  they 
had  been  occupied  for  some  purpose  by  In- 
dians, or  a  race  preceding  them.  Near  one 
of  the  caves  on  the  Gasconade  are  the  ruins 
of  an  ancient  town,  only  small  traces  of  which 
now  remain.  Dr.  Beck,  in  his  "Gazetteer," 
published  in  182 1,  gave  a  description  of  the 
town,  which  appears  to  have  been  laid  out 
with  considerable  regularity  in  squares,  and 


GASCONADE  COUNTY. 


at  that  time  the  stone  walls  of  houses  could 
be  traced.  On  the  west  side  of  Gasconade, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount  Sterling,  a 
wall  of  stone  about  twenty-five  feet  square, 
which  gave  evidence  of  being  constructed 
with  a  marked  degree  of  regularity,  occupied 
a  prominent  position  on  a  blufif  overlooking 
the  country.  From  this  ruin  a  footpath,  well 
defined,  ran  in  a  devious  course  down  the 
cliff  to  the  entrance  of  the  cave,  where  was 
found  a  quantity  of  ashes  and  charcoal.  All 
that  remain  of  these  ruins  now  are  a  few 
mounds,  apparently  Indian  graves.  Many 
relics,  bones,  axes,  tomahawks,  arrow  heads, 
etc.,  have  been  found.  On  Dry  Fork  is  an 
interesting  cave — Bear  Cave — so  called  by 
the  early  hunters,  who  believed  it  to  be  the 
lurking  place  of  those  animals.  Also  on  Dry 
Fork  is  Beaver  Pond,  the  margin  of  which 
is  dotted  with  small  islands,  said  to  be  the 
work  of  beavers.  Long  before  Lewis  and 
Clark  ascended  the  Missouri  River  venture- 
some hunters  and  trappers  had  visited  Gas- 
conade County,  but  it  is  not  recorded  that 
any  of  them  became  permanent  settlers.  The 
names  of  those  who  had  the  distinction  of 
first  becoming  residents  of  the  territory  now 
within  the  limits  of  the  county  are  lost  even 
to  tradition.  It  is  recorded  that  in  1812 
Henry  Reed  settled  on  a  tract  of  land  near 
the  Bourbeuse,  in  what  is  now  Brush  Creek 
Township.  Prior  to  that  date  James  Roark 
had  settled  on  land  about  three  miles  south- 
east of  the  present  site  of  Hermann,  and 
William  West,  Isaac  Perkins,  G.  Packett  and 
James  Kegans  and  a  few  others  were  hunt- 
ers and  trappers  along  the  Gasconade  River, 
and  seemed  to  have  lived  on  the  friendliest 
terms  with  the  Shawnee  Indians,  who  then 
made  that  country  their  hunting  ground.  In 
1818  Philip  Tacket  entered  a  tract  of  land 
on  the  Gasconade  River,  and  became  the 
first  real  estate  owner  in  the  county.  Only 
one  incident  in  early  history  is  recorded  of 
any  unfriendly  demonstration  on  the  part 
of  the  Indians.  Isaac  Best  ran  a  horse 
mill  on  the  Gasconade,  in  what  is  now  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  county.  For  pro- 
tection, he  had  a  block  house  and  kept  a 
number  of  cur  dogs,  trained  to  bark  upon 
the  approach  of  Indians.  One  day,  while 
working  at  his  mill  along  with  a  man  named 
Callahan,  the  barking  of  his  dogs  attracted 
his  attention.  Both  men  going  outside  the 
stockade  were  shot  at  from  ambush  by  the 


Indians  and  Callahan  was  disabled.  The 
Indians  succeeded  in  securing  the  horses 
belonging  to  both  men.  Best  and  Callahan 
abandoned  the  mill,  and  in  a  canoe  made 
their  way  down  the  river  to  the  nearest  set- 
tlement. Gasconade  County  was  organized 
by  legislative  act,  approved  November  25, 
1820.  It  was  erected  out  of  Franklin  County, 
and  attached  to  it  was  all  the  unorganized 
territory  of  the  State  to  the  south  and  west, 
and,  like  Wayne  County,  it  was  called,  in  a 
jocular  way,  the  "State  of  Gasconade."  It 
was  named  after  its  principal  river,  which, 
when  the  county  was  organized,  flowed 
through  it  from  south  to  north.  The  terri- 
tory included  in  it  was  reduced  by  organiza- 
tion of  other  counties  until  it  nearly  reached 
its  present  limits  in  1835.  In  1869  the  last 
change  was  made,  when  thirty-six  square 
miles  were  taken  from  it  and  added  to  Craw- 
ford County.  The  first  county  seat  was  called 
Bartonville,  and  later  the  name  was  changed 
to  Mount  Sterling.  The  village  is  now  in 
the  southwest  corner  of  Boulware  Township, 
near  the  western  line,  twenty-four  miles 
from  Hermann.  When  the  county  was  or- 
ganized (1820)  it  had  a  population  of  1,174; 
in  1830,  1,545.  After  1830  its  settlement  was 
more  rapid,  and  in  1836  within  its  borders 
were  3,012,  and  in  1840  the  number  was 
swelled  to  5,330.  January  15,  1821,  the  first 
county  court  for  Gasconade  County  was  or- 
ganized, at  the  residence  of  John  G.  Heath, 
with  Honorable  John  Woollans,  presiding 
judge;  William  Dodds  and  Moses  Welton, 
associate  justices.  The  court  appointed  Sam- 
uel Owens  clerk,  and  Daniel  Waldo  pro- 
duced his  credentials  and  furnished  bond  as 
sheriff.  The  home  of  Heath  was  the  reg- 
ular meeting  place  of  both  the  circuit  and 
county  courts  until  1825.  For  the  next 
three  years  the  courts  met  at  the  house  of 
Isaac  Perkins,  and  from  1828  to  1832  at 
the  house  of  David  Waldo,  at  Shockley's 
Bluff,  or,  as  it  was  later  called.  Mount 
Sterling,  which  place,  in  1828  was  voted  upon 
and  made  the  permanent  county'  seat.  In 
1832  a  small  log  courthouse,  one  story  in 
height,  was  built  on  a  fifty-acre  tract,  which 
was  donated  to  the  county  by  Shockley  and 
Isaac  Perkins.  This  tract  was  laid  out  in 
town  lots  and  became  known  as  Mount 
Sterling.  A  small  log  cabin  was  rented  for 
jail  purposes.  Mount  Sterling  remained  the 
county  seat   until   1842,   when,   by  vote,   it 


GASCONADE  COUNTY. 


was  changed  to  the  town  of  Hermann,  which, 
a  few  years  before,  had  been  founded  by  a 
colony  of  Germans.  The  people  of  Hermann 
gave  $3,000  toward  the  building  of  a  court- 
house, which,  in  1840,  was  completed  at  a 
cost  of  $4,000.  The  building  was  located 
on  the  mound  which  is  now  the  public  square, 
and  upon  which  the  present  magnificent 
courthouse  stands.  This  tract  of  land,  in 
1818,  was  purchased  by  Robert  Heath  for 
one  barrel  of  salt.  When  the  county  seat 
was  changed  the  county  paid  the  residents 
of  Mount  Sterling,  by  way  of  damages  on 
account  of  the  removal  of  the  seat  of  jus- 
tice, .$2,724,  and  they  relinquished  their 
rights  to  the  town  lots  of  the  fifty-acre  tract. 
This  tract  was  sold  by  Robert  Cooper,  who 
was  appointed  to  adjust  the  claims  of  the 
county  in  the  matter,  to  Rebecca  Perkins  for 
$408,  which  amount  was  used  to  pay  dam- 
ages to  those  who  relinquished  their  rights 
to  town  lots,  the  balance  required  for  this 
purpose  being  paid  by  the  county  in  scrip, 
which  was  then  worth  only  twenty-five  cents 
on  the  dollar.  For  many  years  the  county 
has  been  out  of  debt,  and  is  in  high  financial 
condition.  A  few  attempts  have  been  made 
to  remove  the  county  seat.  But,  through 
the  munificence  of-  a  prominent  citizen, 
Charles  D.  Eitzen,  the  county  seat  has  been 
perpetually  located  at  Hermann.  Mr.  Eitzen 
died  January  i,  1894,  and  in  his  will,  among 
other  bequests,  he  left  $50,000  for  the 
building  of  a  courthouse.  His  will  provided 
that  the  courthouse  should  be  built  on  the 
mound  occupied  by  the  old  courthouse  at 
Hermann.  In  compliance  with  the  provisions 
of  his  will,  the  county  court  accepted  the  gift, 
and,  in  1896,  a  courthouse,  which  is  one  of 
the  most  substantial  and  artistic  in  the  State, 
was  built.  Mr.  Eitzen,  who  had  accumulated 
considerable  wealth  in  the  mercantile  busi- 
ness in  Hermann,  also  bequeathed  $1,000  to 
each  of  the  three  churches  in  Hermann; 
$5,000  to  the  school,  and  $500  to  the  public 
park.  The  first  circuit  court  for  Gasconade 
County  met  on  the  fourth  Monday  in  Janu- 
ary, 1821,  Honorable  Rufus  Pettibone,  judge 
of  the  Second  Judicial  District,  presiding. 
There  was  no  important  business  before  the 
first  court.  At  the  second  session.  May  28, 
1821,  the  first  grand  jury  was  appointed. 
The  first  attorney  to  present  his  license  and 
to  get  permission  to  practice  before  the 
courts  of  the  county  was  Stephen  W.  Fore- 


man. The  first  case  tried  by  the  court 
was  the  State  vs.  John  McDonal,  for  as- 
saulting Hiram  Scott.  In  this  case  the  com- 
plaining witness,  Scott,  was  compelled  to  pay 
the  costs.  The  first  divorce  case,  and  the 
third  case  to  be  tried  in  the  court,  was 
Nancy  Eads  vs.  John  Eads,  and  the  prayer 
of  the  petitioner  was  granted.  Before  the 
earliest  sessions  of  the  court  there  were  few 
important'  cases,  the  records  showing  that 
"assault  and  battery,"  "for  stealing  fish  gig," 
etc.,  were  the  principal  charges  the  court 
was  required  to  pass  upon.  The  first  in- 
dictment for  manslaughter  was  returned  by 
the  grand  jury  Thursday,  October  4,  1827, 
against  John  Tacket  for  slaying  Samuel  Gib- 
son. Tacket  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced 
to  jail  for  one  year  and  one  day  and  fined 
$50.  The  first  newspaper  published  in  Gas- 
conade County  was  the  "Wochenblatt," 
started  at  Hermann  by  Edwatd  Meuhl  and 
C.  P.  Strehli,  in  1843.  Mr.  Meuhl  died  in 
1854,  and  that  year  the  paper  was  published 
by  Mr.  Jacob  Graf,  who  changed  the  name 
to  the  "Volksblatt."  In  1870  Mr.  Graf  died, 
and  his  widow  continued  to  publish  the  pa- 
per, with  Rudolph  Hirzel  editor.  In  1873 
Mrs.  Graf  sold  the  paper  to  Charles  Eber- 
hardt,  and  at  the  end 'of  the  year  purchased 
it  back,  and  also  the  "Gasconade  County 
Advertiser,"  which  had  been  started  by  Eber- 
hardt.  These  publications  were  published 
by  Mrs.  Graf,  in  company  with  Joseph  Lei- 
sing,  until  1880,  when  her  two  sons,  under 
the  firm  name  of  Graf  Brothers,  succeeded 
to  the  ownership  of  both  papers.  In  1874  the 
"Gasconade  Courier"  was  started.  This,  in 
1877,  was  acquired  by  the  Graf  brothers, 
who  consolidated  it  with  the  "Advertiser," 
under  the  name  of  "Advertiser-Courier," 
and  it  is  still  published  by  them,  as  is  also 
the  "Volksblatt."  A  few  years  ago  the 
"Republican  Banner"  was  established.  Gas- 
conade County  has  few  papers.  It  has  a 
county  poor  farm,  but  all  the  county  poor 
are  sustained  at  a  cost  to  the  taxpayers  of 
less  than  $400  a  year.  Gasconade  County 
is  divided  into  eight  townships,  named,  re- 
spectively, Boeuf,  Boulware.Bourboir,  Brush 
Creek,  Canaan,  Richland,  Roark,  and  Third 
Creek.  The  assessed  value  of  real  estate 
and  town  lots  in  the  county  in  1900  was 
$2,050,017;  estimated  full  value,  $4,500,000; 
assessed  value  of  personal  property,  including 
stocks,    bonds,    etc.,    $1,295,268;     estimated 


GASCONADE   RIVER— GATES. 


full  value,  $1,500,000;  assessed  value  of  rail- 
roads, $297,199.  There  are  16.50  miles  of 
the  main  line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad 
crossing  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 
The  condition  of  the  public  roads  is  far  above 
the  average  in  the  counties  of  the  State;  in 
fact,  few  parts  of  Missouri  can  boast  of  roads 
kept  in  better  condition.  In  1899  there  were 
58  public  schools  in  the  county,  64  teachers^ 
4,268  pupils ;  the  permanent  county  school 
fund  amounted  to  $12,548.80,  and  township 
permanent  school  fund  $15,067.22.  The  pop- 
ulation in  1900  was  12,298. 

Gasconade  River. — The  river  bearing 
this  name  has  its  origin  in  three  forks — the 
Lick  Fork,  the  Piney  Fork  and  the  Osage 
Fork — which  rise  in  Wright,  Texas  and  Web- 
ster Counties.  Lick  Fork  and  Osage  Fork 
unite  in  Laclede  County,  and  Piney  Fork 
flows  into  the  stream  in  Pulaski  County; 
thence  the  main  river  flows  north  through 
Maries,  Osage  and  Gasconade  Counties,  into 
the  Missouri  at  Gasconade  City.  It  is  200 
miles  long  and  navigable  for  flatboats,  barges 
and  rafts. 

Gatch,  Elias  S.,  mine-operator  and 
manufacturer  of  pig  lead  and  zinc  spelter,  was 
born  February  14,  1859,  at  Milford,  Cler- 
mont County,  Ohio,  son  of  John  Newton  and 
Georgianna  (Hutchinson)  Gatch.  His  father, 
John  N.  Gatch,  was  a  son  of  Lewis  Gatch 
and  grandson  of  Nicholas  Gatch,  both  na- 
tives of  Maryland.  Philip  Gatch,  an  uncle 
of  Lewis,  came,  in  the  year  1798,  from  Balti- 
more to  Newtown,  Ohio,  and  was  the  first 
Methodist  circuit  rider  to  invade  what  was 
then  a  new  country.  He  introduced  Method- 
ism into  what  was  known  at  that  time  as  the 
Northwest  Territory.  Afterward  he  was  a 
member  of  the  First  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  Ohio,  and  was  the  first  probate  judge 
of  Clermont  County  in  that  State.  Georgi- 
anna Hutchinson,  the  mother  of  Elias  S. 
Gatth,  was  a  granddaughter  of  David  Hutch- 
inson, of  Milford,  New  Hampshire,  and  a 
member  of  the  famous  family  of  singers  of 
that  name.  David  Hutchinson,  who  was  the 
eldest  of  thirteen  children,  married  Betsy 
Hayward,  who  was  a  member  of  an  old  New 
Hampshire  family.  In  his  boyhood  Elias  S. 
Gatch  attended  the  public  schools  of  Milford, 
Ohio,  and  later  was  a  student  at  the  normal 
school  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  and  at  the  Wes- 


leyan  University  of  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa, 
graduating  from  the  last  named  institution  in 
the  class  of  1882.  Soon  after  leaving  school 
he  took  charge  of  large  coal-mining  interests 
in  northern  Missouri,  and  some  time  later 
established  himself  in  business  at  St.  Joseph, 
in  this  State,  where  he  remained  for  six  or 
seven  years.  In  1894  he  came  to  St.  Louis 
to  become  connected  with  the  Granby  Mining 
&  Smelting  Company  as  its  secretary.  Two 
years  later  he  was  made  general  manager  of 
the  company's  affairs,  as  well  as  its  secretary, 
and  he  has  since  filled  both  positions.  The 
Granby  Mining  &  Smelting  Company  dates 
its  origin  from  1853,  when  Peter  E.  Blow  and 
F.  B.  Kennett  formed  a  partnership  for  the 
purpose  of  engaging  in  lead-mining  at 
Granby.  In  1865  Mr.  Kennett  retired,  and 
the  Granby  Company  was  organized,  with 
Peter  E.  Blow,  James  B.  Eads,  Henry  T. 
Blow,  Charles  K.  Dickson  and  Barton  Bates 
as  stockholders.  These  men  were  among  the 
noted  business  men  of  St.  Louis  in  their  day, 
and  the  reputation  of  at  least  one  of  them 
was  national.  Since  he  has  been  connected 
with  this  corporation  Mr.  Gatch  has  resided 
in  St.  Louis,  but  twice  each  month  he  visits 
Granby,  Joplin  and  Oronogo  to  look  after 
the  interests  of  the  corporation.  A  staunch 
believer  in  Democratic  principles,  he  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Jefferson  Club  of  St. 
Joseph  for  many  years,  and  has  frequently 
served  his  party  as  a  public  speaker  and  oth- 
erwise in  political  campaigns.  He  has,  how- 
ever, been  content  with  efforts  to  advance 
the  principles  of  his  party  and  the  interests  of 
his  political  friends,  and  has  never  aspired  to 
ofiice  himself.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church,  and  for  some  time 
has  served  as  superintendent  of  the  Sunday 
school  connected  with  St.  George's  Episcopal 
Church  in  St.  Louis.  June  7,  1887,  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Katherine  Burnes,  daughter 
of  Honorable  Daniel  D.  and  Virginia  (Winn) 
Burnes,  of  St.  Joseph.  Their  children  are 
James  Nelson  Burnes  Gatch,  Hayward 
Hutchinson  Gatch,  Katherine  Gatch  and  Cal- 
vin Fletcher  Gatch. 

Gates,  E.  Clyde,  president  of  the  Gates 
&  Coomber  Pressed  Brick  Manufacturing 
Company,  was  born  June  25,  1866,  in  Greene, 
Trumbell  County,  Ohio.  His  father,  Free- 
man Gates,  was  a  silent  partner  in  the  firm 
of  Brooks  &  Coomber,  in  Kansas  City,  and 


8 


GATES. 


the  subject  of  this  sketch,  before  his  re- 
moval to  Missouri,  was  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  machinery.  In  1893  he  removed 
to  Kansas  City  and  associated  himself  with 
the  company  of  which  he  is  now  the  head. 
George  F.  Coomber,  who  is  associated  with 
him  in  the  company  heretofore  referred  to, 
is  a  native  of  England,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  1870,  going  direct  to  Kansas 
City  and  arriving  there  May  31st,  of  the  same 
year.  He  was  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits of  a  varied  nature  for  several  years,  but 
his  prime  object  in  coming  to  this  country 
was  to  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  brick. 
Accordingly,  in  1887,  he  organized  the  Dia- 
mond Vitrified  Brick  Company,  the  yards  be- 
ing located  on  the  Blue  River,  east  of  Kansas 
City.  He  continued  with  that  company  until 
1891,  when  he  associated  himself  with  D.  E. 
Brooks.  The  firm  of  Brooks  &  Coomber 
was  in  existence  until  1893,  when  Mr.  Brooks 
sold  his  interest  to  E.  C.  Gates.  The  com- 
pany now  owns  four  acres  of  valuable  shale 
land  at  Twenty-seventh  and  Woodland 
Streets  and  the  enterprise  is  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  of  its  kind  in  the  West.  The  an- 
nual output  is  about  four  million  brick. 
Twenty-five  hands  are  employed  and  every 
modern  device  and  essential  fixture  for  the 
manufacture  of  dry  pressed  brick  of  superior 
quality  is  brought  into  service.  The  dry  pro- 
cess of  making  brick  results  in  a  much 
harder,  denser  and  less  absorbent  brick  than 
the  common  clay  variety.  The  yard  now 
used  by  this  company  was  purchased  by 
Brooks  &  Coomber  when  the  business  was 
begun  in  1891.  Up  to  the  time  that  Mr. 
Coomber  went  to  Kansas  City  for  the  pur- 
pose of  putting  a  valuable  idea  into  practice, 
the  manufacture  of  brick  from  shale  rock 
had  never  been  considered  possible.  The 
result  has  been  highly  satisfactory,  and  the 
man  who  Originated  the  process  has  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  his  experiment  develop 
into  a  great  industry.  Both  members  of  this 
firm  are  members  of  the  Manufacturers'  As- 
sociation of  Kansas  City  and  of  the  Master 
Builders'  Association. 

Gates,  Edward  P.,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  March  5,  1845,  at  Lunnenburgh, 
Vermont.  He  was  descended  from  a  most 
honorable  ancestry.  Stephen  Gates,  founder 
of  the  Gates  family  in  America,  came  from 
England    in    1638,    and    settled    in    Massa- 


chusetts, where  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Hingham,  named  for  his  native  town ;  he 
was  also  among  the  founders  of  the  town  of 
Lancaster,  in  the  same  State.  His  great- 
grandson,  Captain  Silas  Gates,  served  with 
Massachusetts  troops  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  Samuel  Gates,  son  of  the 
last  named,  rendered  military  service  at  a 
later  day.  George  W.  Gates,  a  native  of 
Vermont,  was  a  man  of  great  ability ;  he 
served  as  United  States  marshal  in  Vermont 
under  President  Van  Buren;  in  1850  he  re- 
moved to  Illinois,  and  in  1865  to  Inde- 
pendence, Missouri,  where  he  attained  con- 
siderable prominence.  In  1868-9,  he  was 
presiding  judge  of  the  county  court,  and  in 
1871-2,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
Legislature.  His  wife  was  Sarah  D.  Todd, 
a  native  of  Portland,  Maine,  and  a  school- 
mate of  the  poet,  Henry  W.  Longfellow. 
Their  son,  Edward  P.,  was  but  five  years  old 
when  his  parents  removed  to  Illinois,  where 
he  received  his  literary  education.  After  at- 
tending Port  Byron  Academy,  he  pursued  a 
full  classical  course  in  Knox  College,  at 
Galesburg,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with 
the  highest  honors  in  1867.  He  then  rejoined 
his  parents,  who  had  removed  to  Independ- 
ence, Missouri,  There  he  diligently  applied 
himself  to  a  course  of  law  study  under  the 
tutorship  of  Comingo  &  Slover,  thorough 
lawyers  of  the  old  school,  and  men  of  wide 
discernment  and  great  force  of  character. 
He  could  not  have  had  better  training,  and 
he  has  frequently  expressed  his  deep  obliga- 
tion for  their  friendly  interest  in  him  at  a 
critical  time.  In  1868  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  began  practice.  In  1877  •  he 
became  associated  with  William  H.  Wallace, 
and  their  partnership  under  the  firm  name  of 
Gates  &  Wallace  was  pleasantly  and  profit- 
ably maintained  for  about  twenty  years. 
Their  business  soon  became  large  and  im- 
portant, and  for  a  period  of  fifteen  years 
they  appeared  in  the  greater. number  of  cases 
involving  large  interests,  originating  in 
Kansas  City  "or  tried  in  its  courts.  At  other 
times,  John  A.  Sea  and  T.  B.  Wallace  were 
associated  in  membership  with  the  firm, 
which  was  finally  dissolved  January  i,  1896. 
Mr.  Gates  acquitted  himself  so  admirably  and 
successfully  in  his  personal  practice,  that  he 
came  to  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  public 
estimation,  and  he  was  called  to  the  position 
of  counselor  of  Jackson  County,  when  that 


GATY. 


9 


office  was  created  in  1886,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1888.      His  services  in  this  capacity  were 
marked   by   conspicuous    ability   and    unim- 
peachable fidelity    to    public    interests.     An 
interesting  incident  transpired  when  he  suc- 
cessfully   prosecuted    a    case    involving    the 
validity  of  the  oleomargarine  law,  opposed 
by  the  great  lawyer  and    statesman    Roscoe 
Conkling.      In    1888     he    was    admitted    to 
practice  before  the  Supreme    Court    of    the 
United  States,  before  which   he  appeared   in 
much     important     litigation,    among    other 
cases    being    those    involving    county    and 
township    liability    for    railroad    and    other 
gratuity  bonds,  in    which    he    pleaded    the 
cause  of  the  people  with  masterly  force  and 
ability.     In  1896  he  was  elected  circuit  judge 
for  the  Sixteenth  Judicial  District,  compris- 
ing Kansas  City   and   Jackson    County.     In 
this  highly  important  position,  in  which  he  is 
called  upon  to  deal  with  issues  as  momen- 
tous as  are  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  any 
court    in    the    State,    the    bar,    by    common 
accord,    concede    his    pre-eminent    judicial 
qualities  in  deep  knowledge  of  law,  compre- 
hension   of    issues,    and    equable    personal 
temperament  which  eliminates  the  individual 
and    extraneous    matter,    taking   cognizance 
only  of  the  cause.     A  marvelous  memory  re- 
tains the  most  apparently  insignificant  fact, 
and  no  misstatement,  whether  intentional  or 
accidental,  escapes  his  attention.     While  his 
mental  processes  are  unusually  rapid,  they 
are  at  the  same  time    entirely   accurate,  the 
product  of  a  mind  trained   to    exact    logical 
methods.     In  rulings  from  the  bench,  or  in 
speech,  his  language  is  well  chosen,  admit- 
ting of  no  misconstruction,  and  his  manner 
of  delivery  attests  his  confidence  in  the  truth- 
fulness of  his  utterance.     For   several   years 
he    rendered    valuable    pubHc    service  as  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  Insane 
Asylum    No.    2,    at    St.    Joseph,    to    which 
position    he   was    appointed    by    Governor 
David  R.  Francis   in    1890,  and   reappointed 
by  Governor  William  J.  Stone ;  in  the  second 
year  of  the  latter  term  he  voluntarily  relin- 
quished the  office  on  account  of  the  exactions 
of  his  professional  calling.    Taking  a  sincere 
interest  in  young  men  desirous   of   entering 
the  profession,  he  affords  substantial  aid  to 
the  Kansas  City  School  of  Law,  and  was  for 
a  time  a  member  of  its  faculty,  but  withdrew 
on  account  of  his  labors  on  the  bench.     He 


is  well  versed  in  the  best  of  literature,  French 
and  German  as  well  as  English,  and  his 
private  library  is  one  of  the  choicest  in  the 
city.  Of  companionable  disposition,  he  is  a 
favorite  in  intellectual  circles.  His  recreation 
is  in  part  in  field  and  forest,  where  his  en- 
joyment is  complete.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  fraternity,  of  the  order  of 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  of  the  society  of 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  his  con- 
nection with  the  last  named  being  derived 
through  the  services  of  distinguished  an- 
cestors. Firmly  grounded  in  the  principles 
of  Democracy,  he  was  for  many  years  an 
earnest  and  able  advocate  of  his  party  princi- 
ples, but  since  his  elevation  to  the  bench  he 
has  taken  no  active  part  in  political  affairs. 
Judge  Gates  was  married  November  4,  1886, 
to  Miss  Pattie  Field  Embrey,  of  Richmond, 
Kentucky,  daughter  of  William  and  Mary 
Embrey.  She  is  an  intelligent  and  cultivated 
lady  and  comes  of  an  influential  and  wealthy 
family  connected  with  the  well  known  Clays 
and  Fields  of  Kentucky. 

Gaty,  Samuel,  pioneer  manufacturer, 
was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Kentucky, 
August  10,  181 1.  He  came  of  German  ances- 
try, and  his  forefathers,  who  spelled  the  name 
Getty,  were  the  founders  of  Gettysburg, 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  left  an  orphan  at  an 
early  age,  ran  away  from  the  farmer  to  whom 
he  had  been  "bound  out,"  when  he  was  ten 
years  of  age,  went  to  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
and  there  apprenticed  himself  to  a  firm  of 
machinists  and  iron  founders.  He  mastered 
this  trade,  and  by  carefully  hoarding  his 
earnings,  had  managed  to  save  something 
more  than  two  hundred  dollars  when  he  was 
sixteen  years  of  age.  He  came  to  St.  Louis 
in  1828,  and  in  company  with  two  other 
young  men,  started  k  small  iron  foundry, 
near  the  corner  of  Second  and  Cherry 
Streets.  This  venture  did  not  prove  suc- 
cessful, and  toward  the  close  of  1829  he  re- 
turned to  Louisville.  After  working  there 
for  a  time  as  a  journeyman,  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  assisted  in  establishing  another 
iron  foundry.  He  was  subsequently  head  of 
the  firms  of  Gaty  &  Coonce,  Gaty,  Coonce  & 
Morton,  Gaty,  Coonce  &  Beltshoover,  Gaty, 
Coonce  &  Glasby,  Gaty,  McCune  &  Glasby, 
and  Gaty,  McCune  &  Co.  He  became  widely 
known  as  an  iron  manufacturer  and  was  a 


10 


GAY. 


pioneer  in  various  fields  of  enterprise.  He 
married  Eliza  J.  Burbridge,  and  reared  a 
large  family  of  children. 

G-ay,  Edward  J.,  merchant,  planter  and 
Congressman,  was  born  February  3,  1816,  in 
Liberty,  Bedford  County,  Virginia,,  and  died 
May  30,  1889,  at  his  beautiful  home  on  the 
St.  Louis  plantation,  in  Iberville  Parish, 
Louisiana.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  John 
H.  and  Sophia  (Mitchell)  Gay,  and  came  with 
his  parents  from  Virginia  to  Illinois  when  he 
was  three  years  of  age.  He  was  educated  at 
the  private  school  of  Mr,  Henry  Dennis,  near 
Belleville,  Illinois,  and  at  Augusta  College,  in 
Kentucky.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  years,  he 
engaged  in  commercial  life  with  his  father, 
who  was  then  a  leading  merchant  in  St. 
Louis.  He  evinced  remarkable  aptitude  for 
this  business  from  the  beginning,  and  when 
he  was  only  twenty-two  years  of  age  evi- 
denced his  sagacity  and  enterprise  in  becom- 
ing the  first  St.  Louis  merchant  to  import 
coffee  direct,  in  large  quantities.  Splendid 
success  combined  with  probity  and  integrity 
to  give  him  an  enviable  position  among  the 
merchants  of  the  country,  during  the  years 
that  he  was  engaged  in  this  business  in  the 
chief  city  of  Missouri.  Alluding  to  this  por- 
tion of  his  career,  many  years  afterward,  in 
a  debate  in  Congress,  the  late  Governor 
Gear,  of  Iowa,  gave  expression  to  this  senti- 
ment :  "Mr.  Gay's  career  as  a  merchant  in 
St.  Louis,  before  the  war,  had  made  his  name 
a  synonym  of  honesty,  integrity  and  honest 
dealing  throughout  the  whole  Mississippi 
Valley."  This  was  the  reputation  which  he 
bore  to  the  end  of  his  business  career.  He 
was  rigidly  honest,  and  strictly  conscientious. 
In  1840,  Mr.  Gay  married  Miss  Lavinia 
Hynes,  daughter  of  Colonel  Andrew  Hynes, 
of  Nashville,  Tennessee.  Fifteen  years  after 
his  marriage,  Mr.  Gay  was  called  upon  to 
take  charge  of  the  large  planting  interests  of 
Colonel  Hynes  in  Louisiana,  and  that  oc- 
casioned the  transfer  of  his  residence  from 
Missouri  to  Louisiana.  He  continued,  how- 
ever, to  have  large  property  interests  in  St. 
Louis,  and  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  im- 
provement and  upbuilding  of  the  city.  In 
1882  he  erected,  at  the  corner  of  Third  and 
Pine  Streets  in  that  city,  the  Gay  Building, 
which  was  the  pioneer  office  building  of  the 
city,  and  the  Meyer  Brothers'  Drug  Building 
and   the    Becktold    Building   are   other   im- 


provements for  which  St.  Louis  is  indebted 
to  Mr.  Gay.  He  had  unbounded  faith  in  the 
development  of  St.  Louis  into  one  of  the 
great  commercial  centers  of  the  world  and 
made  large  investments  in  real  estate  in  that 
city.  The  appreciation  in  the  value  of  this 
property  added  largely  to  his  fortune  and  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  although  a  non-resident 
of  St.  Louis,  he  was  one  of  the  city's  largest 
taxpayers.  The  city  of  New  Orleans  also 
felt  the  vivifying  efforts  of  his  energy  and 
enterprise,  and  he  was  the  first  president  of 
the  Louisiana  Sugar  Exchange,  organized  in 
that  city  and  opened  June  3,  1884.  His  life 
as  a  planter,  in  the  far  South,  began  many 
years  before  the  culmination  in  Civil  War 
of  the  strife  .  between  the  Northern  and 
Southern  States  concerning  the  institution  of 
slavery.  He  was  an  opponent  of  secession, 
as  long  as  he  felt  that  this  opposition  would 
avail  anything,  but  when  the  die  was  cast,  he 
sided  with  his  people.  He  himself  was  un- 
fitted for  military  service  by  reason  of  in- 
juries which  he  had  received  years  before, 
but  his  son  entered  the  Southern  army  and 
fought  through  the  long  struggle  which  en- 
sued. Mr.  Gay  was  witness  to  the  ruin  and 
destruction  that  followed  in  the  wake  of  the 
armies,  and  his  heart  bled  for  the  victims  of 
that  appeal  to  arms.  When  peace  came, 
however,  he  wasted  no  time  in  vain  regrets 
but  gave  his  best  thought  and  energies  to  the 
repairment  of  tlie  ravages  that  war  had  made. 
His  influence  and  example,  and  that  of  men 
like  him,  revived  the  drooping  spirits  of  the 
people  of  Louisiana  and  "barriers  to  the 
floods  were  rebuilt,  fields  were  replanted, 
factories  arose  from  their  ashes,  the  land 
regained  the  beauty  that  had  gone,  and  peace 
and  plenty  smiled  where  want  and  desolation 
stalked  in  many  a  home  before."  He  was  no 
less  successful  as  a  planter  than  he  had  been 
as  a  merchant,  and  in  all  matters  affecting  the 
welfare  of  the  agricultural  community  in 
which  he  lived  he  was  foremost  as  a  pro- 
moter of  progress  and  advancement.  In  a 
memorial  address  delivered  before  the  House 
of  Representatives  in  the  Fifty-first  Con- 
gress, Mr.  Wilkinson,  of  New  Orleans,  who 
had  been  one  of  his  colleagues,  alluded  to 
this  portion  of  his  life  and  summarized  the 
events  of  his  subsequent  career  as  follows : 
"Of  all  the  avocations  he  ever  followed,  I 
believe  Mr.  Gay  was  fondest  of  agriculture, 
or  of  that   combination   of   agriculture   and 


/^''le  ^i'on.1^ern.  /^sfortf  dJo 


r-^r  i-f  ('■'•^M^'r^sA^t 


X^^^:^  %v.  ^^ 


GAY. 


11 


manufactures  which  prevails  on  every  larg^ 
sugar  plantation  in  Louisiana.  He  loved  that 
calling  in  all  its  phases.  He  loved  to  see  the 
mellow  earth  tvirn  from  the  shining  share. 
He  loved  to  see  the  tender  shoots  of  cane 
mark  the  long  brown  rows  with  tints  of  early- 
spring  and  then  grow  on  until  they  hid  the 
earth  with  a  continuous  canopy  of  green.  He 
loved  to  view  the  fields  when  under  summer 
suns  they  lay  like  a  sea  at  calm,  or  were 
stirred  by  the  breeze  into  emerald  waves  of 
loveliness  and  grace.  And  when  the  autumn 
was  well  along,  and  the  harvest  came,  to  him 
whose  life  had  always  been  an  active  one, 
there  was  certain  excitement  in  the  busy 
grinding  time,  when  he  saw  the  skillful 
cutters  stretched  in  line,  with  rapid  blow  and 
gleaming  knife,  strip  and  top  and  fell  the 
standing  canes  and  cast  the  purple  stalks  in 
even  rows  and  piles  ready  for  the  wagon's 
load;  when  above  the  sounds  of  rustling 
leaves  and  ringing  steel,  of  rumbling  carts 
and  teamster's  urgent  words,  there  came  the 
cheery  voices  of  contented  labor,  which  burst 
at  times  into  a  work-song,  weird  and  wild, 
but  full  of  melody.  He  loved  to  see  without 
his  factory  walls  the  ruddy  glare  of  furnace 
fires,  and  within,  the  engines  go  on  and  on 
by  night  and  day ;  and  massive  rolls  crush  out 
the  liquid  sweets,  the  amber  juices  foam  and 
dance  with  heat  and  steam,  the  machines  re- 
volve with  lightning  speed,  from  which  at 
last  emerge  the  pure  and  sparkling  crystals, 
the  finished  product  of  twelve  long  months 
of  cost  and  toil.  And  thus,  Mr.  Speaker,  in 
1884,  amid  these  rural  scenes,  the  future  ap- 
peared to  him  as  quiet  and  serene  as  the 
placid  calm  of  evening  after  storms  have 
ceased  and  clouds  have  passed  away.  But 
the  merchant  who  had  laid  aside  the  cares  of 
his  calling,  the  planter  who  at  almost  the 
allotted  three  score  years  and  ten  looked 
forward  to  spending  his  declining  years  at 
peace  in  the  society  of  his  loved  ones  and 
amid  the  comforts  of  his  home,  received  an 
urgent  summons  to  bear  his  people's 
standard  in  one  of  the  most  hotly  contested 
political  conflicts  of  the  time.  Mr.  Gay  was 
averse  to  accepting  the  nomination  unani- 
mously tendered  him,  and  to  entering 
political  Hfe  in  his  declining  years,  but  the 
summons  that  carne  to  him  with  such  in- 
sistance  he  would  not  and  did  not  disregard. 
Elected  in  that  campaign  to  the  Forty-ninth 
Congress    against    an    opponent     of     great 


ability  and  with  great  patronage  at  his  back, 
he  was  re-elected  to  the  Fiftieth  and  Fifty- 
first  Congresses,  each  time  against  a  different 
competitor— for  no  man  was  found  to  enter 
the  lists  against  him  the  second  time— and 
each  time  with  increased  majorities,  because 
each  time  he  not  only  held  the  friends  he  had, 
but  won  others  who  had  opposed  him  before. 
He  "was  particularly  averse  to  accepting  a 
third  nomination  on  account  of  ill  health  and 
need  of  rest,  but  saying:  "I  am  willing  to 
do  my  part,"  did  that  part — a  'noble  one 
indeed — unto  death  itself.  The  seat  to  which 
he  was  elected  the  last  time,  he  was  destined 
alas  !  never  to  fill.  Nearly  three  months  after' 
his  second  term  was  over,  at  home  and  sur- 
rounded by  those  he  loved,  he  passed  peace- 
fully away.  Mr.  Gay's  career  as  a  legislator 
crowned  a  long  life  of  honor  and  usefulness. 
He  had  the  faculty  of  expressing  what  he  de- 
sired to  say  in  words  that  were  simple,  clear, 
and  full  of  force  and  thought.  Implicitly  did 
his  people  trust  in  him,  and  well  was  that 
trust  bestowed,  for  if  ever  Representative 
filled  the  measure  of  faithfulness  to  his  peo- 
ple, it  was  Edward  J.  Gay." 

On  the  occasion  of  these  memorial  services 
in  the  House  of  Representatives,  Governor 
Gear,  of  Iowa,  then  a  member  of  the  House 
spoke  as  follows :  "I  am  glad  to  join  my 
fellow  members  in  paying  my  tribute  to  the 
worth  of  our  departed  friend.  It  is  an  old 
adage,  'Nil  mortnis  nisi  boniiui.'  There  are 
few  men  whom  I  have  ever  met  who  more 
truly  illustrated  in  their  lives  the  truth  of  the 
quotation.  My  acquaintance  with  Mr.  Gay 
probably  antedates  that  of  any  person  here 
to-day.  The  first  time  I  met  him  was  in 
June,  1846.  He  was  then  engaged  in  bus- 
iness as  a  wholesale  grocery  merchant.  St. 
Louis  at  that  time  commanded  not  only  the 
trade  of  the  Northwest,  but  extended  also  to 
Mexico  on  the  southwest.  Mr.  Gay  possessed 
in  an  eminent  degree  the  essential  qualities 
which  make  the  successful  business  man,  and 
was  at  the  head  of  a  firm  whose  trade  ex- 
tended throughout  that  country  from  New 
Orleans  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  Rivers.  By  the  fair  and  honest 
niethods  with  which  he  transacted  business 
his  firm  soon  came  to  the  front  as  the  leading 
business  concern  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
the  reputation  of  which  is  to-day  a  pleasant 
remembrance  to  the  old  merchants  of  that 
section.     During  a  long  and  active  business 


12 


GAY. 


career,  great  and  wonderful  changes  came 
over  the  country,  to  much  of  which  he  con- 
tributed both  by  his  enterprise  and  his  purse. 
During  his  career  as  a  merchant  in  St.  Louis 
two  great  financial  crises  swept  over  the 
country,  which  involved  the  merchants  and 
traders  alike  in  bankruptcy.  By  his  sagacity, 
he  foresaw  the  portent  of  the  times,  and  by 
his  ability  he  carried  his  firm  safely  through 
those  great  financial  storms  and  emerged 
therefrom  with  enhanced  credit.  His  spoken 
word  wa^  not  only  his  bond,  but  when  once 
given  was  scrupulously  kept.  His  mind  was 
equitable  in  the  largest  degree.  This  quality 
may  be  illustrated  by  a  remark  he  once  made 
to  one  of  his  clerks,  who  himself  is  now  one 
of  the  leading  business  men  of  the  West.  He 
said :  'John,  always  make  it  a  rule  when  you 
are  trusted  to  act  for  another  to  exercise 
your  judgment  in  his  "behalf."  Thus,  he 
honestly  believed  and  put  into  practice  in  his 
every-day  business,  the  golden  rule,  'what- 
soever ye  would  that  men  should  do  to  you, 
do  ye  even  so  to  them.'  As  you,  his  fellow- 
members,  knew  and  appreciated  him  as  you 
met  him  here  day  by  day,  so  he  was  known 
and  appreciated  by  all  who  transacted  bus- 
iness with  him  during  his  long  and  active 
business  life.  Honest  and  upright  in  his 
daily  walk  and  in  his  dealings,  he  especially 
impressed  all  with  his  kind  and  gentle  man- 
ners. He  was  a  manly  man  and  a  gentleman 
in  the  fullest  meaning  of  the  word.  His 
character  in  this  regard  is  idealized  in  the 
language  of  England's  sweet  poet: 

There  are  some  spirits  truly  just, 

Unwarped  by  pelf  or  pride  ; 
Great  in  the  calm,  but  greater  still 

When  pressed  by  adverse  tide. 

These  hold  the  rank  no  king  can  give, 

No  station  can  disgrace  ; 
Nature  puts  forth  her  gentlemen, 

And  monarchs  must  give  place. 

"The  reputation  he  enjoyed  for  honesty  of 
purpose,  integrity  in  his  business  trans- 
actions, and  as  a  conscientious  Christian 
gentleman,  is  to  his  children  a  legacy  more 
precious  by  far,  than  the  ample  fortune  he 
bequeathed  them." 

Similar  tributes  to  his  virtues  and  ability, 
were  paid  by  Mr.  Heard  and  Mr.  Kinsey,  of 
Missouri;  Mr.  Blanchard,  Mr.  Coleman  and 
Mr.  Robertson,  of  Louisiana ;  Mr.  McMillin, 
of  Tennessee ;  Mr.  Hemphill,  of  South  Caro- 
lina ;  Mr.  Butterworth,  of  Ohio ;  Mr.  Bynum, 
of  Indiana;  Mr.  Clements,  of  Georgia;  and 


Mr.  Peters,  of  Kansas,  in  the  House,  and  by 
Senators  Gibson  and  Eustis,  of  Louisiana, 
and  Senator  Cockrell,  of  Missouri,  in  the 
Senate.  Senator  Cockrell's  estimate  of  his 
character  and  pubhc  services  was  as  follows : 
"In  all  the  relations  of  life  he  was  a  worthy 
exemplar,  and  the  true  gentleman  in  the 
broadest  and  best  sense  of  the  term.  As  a 
father  he  was  patient,  affectionate  and  kind, 
mindful  of  his  responsibilities  and  watchful  of 
the  interests  and  success  of  his  children.  As 
a  husband,  he  was  gentle,  tender,  devoted 
and  faithful.  As  a  Christian  and  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Churcli,  South,  he 
was  humble,  exemplary,  liberal,  and  gen- 
erous, without  ostentation,  and  was  not 
ashamed  of  the  gospel  of  Christ,  nor  to  be 
called  a  follower  of  the  meek  and  lowly 
Saviour,  and  in  his  dying  moments  could 
conscientiously  and  triumphantly  exclaim : 
'I  have  fought  a  good  fight ;  I  have  finished 
my  course ;  I  have  kept  the  faith.'  As  a 
citizen  of  this  great  country,  he  recognized 
fully  his  responsibilities  and  duties,  and  took 
an  active  and  intelligent  interest  in  all  public 
affairs,  and  sought  to  wield  a  worthy  in- 
fluence in  behalf  of  honest  government  and 
honorable  and  legitimate  methods.  As  a 
public  official,  a  Representative  in  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  he  was  honest, 
faithful,  painstaking  and  devoted,  and  recog- 
nized fully  that  he  was  the  agent,  servant  and 
representative  of  the  people  of  his  district 
and  of  the  nation,  and  made  all  of  his  per- 
sonal private  affairs  and  interests,  however 
important  and  exacting,  subservient  to  his 
official  public  duties,  and  never  attempted 
to  use  his  official  position  for  the  enhance- 
ment of  his  private  interests.  He  was  not 
ambitious  for  political  distinction,  honors  or 
preferment.  His  nomination  for  Representa- 
tive in  Congress  was  offered  to  him  in  the 
sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  unsolicited  by 
him  directly  or  indirectly.  Although  a  gentle- 
man possessed  of  a  large  fortune,  he  never 
attempted  to  use  his  means  for  the  purchase 
or  procurement  of  political  preferment  or 
official  position.  He  set  an  example  worthy 
of  emulation  by  all  in  official  life  and  seeking 
official  preferment.  In  the  record  of  his 
life's  work  we  have  an  impressive  illustration 
of  the  many  attainments  which  can  be 
secured  by  citizens  of  our  great  country 
under  our  unequaled  institutions,  which  v 
afford  to  every  citizen  an  open  pathway  to      ) 


■^fA^riAfisUn,  C.. 


^(fiu^    '^'^'^ 


GAY. 


13 


every  position  in  business,  social  and  political 
life.  Without  entering  into  the  details  of  his 
eventful,  successful,  and  honorable  career  in 
all  the  relations  of  life,  which  have  been  so 
faithfully  given  by  the  distinguished  Senator 
from  Louisiana,  who  has  just  addressed  the 
Senate,  sufifice  it  to  say  that  the  good  people 
of  Missouri  will  ever  hold  in  sacred  remem- 
brance his  illustrious  name  and  unsullied  life 
and  character,  and  guard  with  zealous  care 
his  mortal  remains  now  sleeping  in  Belle- 
fontaine  Cemetery — the  beautiful  city  of  the 
dead — under  the  monument  erected  by  lov- 
ing hands  to  his  memory,  and  will  ever  point 
with  just  pride  to  his  successful  life  as  an 
example  to  follow  and  not  to  deter." 

The  children  born  to  Edward  J.  and 
Lavinia  Hynes  Gay  were  seven  in  number. 
Those  living  in  1900  were  Andrew  H.  Gay,  of 
Iberville  Parish,  Louisiana;  Sophia  Mitchell 
Crow,,  wife  of  Philip  A.  Crow,  of  St.  Louis ; 
John  Henderson  Gay,  of  San  Diego,  Cali- 
fornia, and  Anna  Margaret  Price,  wife  of 
Andrew  Price,  of  La  Fourche  Parish,  Louis- 
iana. Mary  Susan  Gay  died  the  wife  of  L.  L. 
Butler;  Edward  James  Gay,  Jr.,  died  Sep- 
tember 18,  1878,  and  William  Gay  died  in 
infancy. 

Gay,  John  Henderson,  one    of    the 

noted  pioneer  merchants  of  St.  Louis,  was 
born  October  7,  1787,  near  Staunton,  Au- 
gusta County,  Virginia,  and  died  at  his  home 
in  St.  Louis,  September  9,  1878,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  ninety-one  years.  His  parents 
were  Henry  and  Rebecca  (Henderson)  Gay, 
both  of  whom  died  when  he  was  very  young, 
leaving  him  to  the  care  of  his  grandmother 
and  an  uncle,  who  resided  in  Augusta 
County,  Virginia,  and  with  whom  he  re- 
mained until  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age.  He 
then  started  out  to  make  his  own  way  in  the 
world,  equipped  with  such  education  as  the 
schools  of  that  early  day  in  Virginia  afforded. 
Brought  up  on  a  farm,  he  had  received  care- 
ful industrial  training,  and  had  been  taught 
to  regard  economy  and  integrity  as  cardinal 
virtues.  He  left  the  town  of  Staunton,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1809,  and  at  that  time  the  entire 
amount  of  his  worldly  possessions  was  thir- 
teen dollars,  which  he  carried  in  his  pocket. 
He  had  learned  the  trade  of  tanner  and  cur- 
rier, and  began  work  at  this  calling  in  the 
town  of  Amsterdam,  Botetourt  County,  Vir- 
ginia.   There  he  built  up  a  good  business  as 


a  result  of  his  sagacity,  perseverance  and 
industry,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  he 
became  the  owner  of  a  store,  which  was  a 
prosperous  commercial  institution.  In  1815 
he  married  Miss  Sophia  Mitchell,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Edward  Mitchell,  of  Botetourt 
County.  The  brothers,  Edward  and  Samuel 
Mitchell,  were  noted  local  preachers  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  that  portion 
of  central  Virginia,  and  they  were  recognized 
as  men  of  intelligence,  strict  integrity  and 
unswerving  patriotism.  Edward,  who  was 
the  older  of  the  two  brothers,  resided  in 
Botetourt  County,  and  Samuel  lived  near 
Salem,  in  Wythe  County.  In  early  life  they 
had  become  Methodists,  and  both  possessing 
unusual  mental  endowments,  they  exercised 
them  as  local  preachers  in  that  church.  They 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  Army  as  Ameri- 
can Minute  Men,  and,  although  they  re- 
mained in  service  throughout  the  entire 
struggle,  neither  would  ever  accept  any  ofifice 
or  emolument.  Having  inherited  comfort- 
table  fortunes,  they  had  no  need  of  help  from 
their  struggling  country.  Both  married  and 
had  large  families,  their  sons  becoming 
prominent  as  professional  men  and  mer- 
chants, and  their  daughters  marrying  equally 
prominent  merchants,  agriculturists  and  phy- 
sicians. At  the  close  of  the  Revolution  the 
brothers  returned  to  their  farms,  and,  having 
numerous  servants,  they  cultivated  lands  ex- 
tensively, at  the  same  time  giving  a  large 
share  of  their  attention  to  church  work  and 
the  preaching  of  the  gospel.  They  were 
among  the  earliest  of  prominent  Virginians 
to  accept  the  views  of  John  Wesley,  relative 
to  domestic  slavery,  and  as  a  result  they  de- 
termined to  remove  with  their  families  to  a 
free  State.  In  pursuance  of  this  idea,  about 
the  year  1818,  they  sold  their  possessions  in 
Virginia  and  emigrated  to  Illinois,  establish- 
ing their  homes  at  a  settlement  then  known 
as  Turkey  Hill,  in  St.  Clair  County,  near 
Belleville.  They  had  manumitted  all  such  of 
their  slaves  as  could  be  settled  in  Virginia, 
and,  at  their  own  expense,  brought  the  rest  to 
Illinois,  where  they  furnished  most  of  them 
with  homes.  In  Illinois,  the  brothers  soon 
became  prominent,  and  their  superior  abili- 
ties as  preachers  were  recognized  and  appre- 
ciated to  such  an  extent  that  their  services 
as  clergymen  were  in  constant  demand  in  St. 
Clair  and  adjoining  counties.  Their  wives 
were  the  typical  old-time  Virginia  matrons, 


14 


GAY. 


ideal  housewives  and  lovable  characters  in 
every  Sense  of  the  term.  The  coming  of  the 
Mitchells  to  Ihinois  brought  to  that  State,  in 
1819,  John  H.  Gay  and  his  wife.  In  the 
spring  of  181 5  Mr.  Gay  had  removed  to  Bed- 
ford County,  Virginia,  where  he  conducted 
a  tannery  and  a  store,  and  also  traded  profit- 
ably in  cattle,  adding  materially  to  his  re- 
sources and  his  capital.  .When  he  came  to 
Illinois  he  purchased  a  farm  and  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  In  1823  his  brother 
died  in  the  South,  and  Mr.  Gay  settled  up  his 
estate.  In  doing  this  a  large  amount  of 
sugar,  coflfee,  etc.,  came  into  his  hands,  and, 
in  order  to  realize  the  best  results  from  the 
sale  of  these  products,  he  concluded  to  open 
a  grocery  house  in  St.  Louis.  This  he  did  in 
1824,  taking  into  partnership  with  himself 
his  brother-in-law,  Mr..  Estes.  The  firm  of 
Gay  &  Estes  began  business  on  Main  Street, 
near  Market  Street,  dealing  in  both  groceries 
and  dry  goods.  St.  Louis  had  then  some- 
thing like  5,000  inhabitants,  and  extended 
only  three  or  four  squares  westward  from 
the  river.  Their  patronage  came  principally 
from  Illinois,  and  extended  as  far  as  one  hun- 
dred miles  into  the  interior  of  the  State.  It 
soon  developed  that  Mr.  Gay  was  destined  to 
become  an  eminently  successful  merchant, 
and  that  as  a  business  man  he  had  few  equals. 
His  innate  sagacity  and  superior  judgment 
enabled  him  to  plan  successfully  for  the  ex- 
tension of  trade  and  to  attract  patrons,  while 
his  partner  attended  to  the  indoor  concerns 
and  details  of  the  business  of  the  house.  Each 
of  the  partners  supplemented  the  other  in 
such  a  way  that  their  business  prospered  con- 
tinuously, and  had  grown  to  large  propor- 
tions when  Mr.  Estes  died.  After  the  death 
of  his  partner,  Mr.  Gay's  health  became  im- 
paired, as  a  result  of  the  close  confinement 
which  the  conduct  of  the  business  necessi- 
tated, and  in  1833  he  sold  the  establishment 
to  two  young  men  who  were  engaged  in  the 
store,  furnishing  them  with  capital  and  credit 
and  enabling  them  to  continue  the  business 
on  the  original  plan.  A  man  of  keen  fore- 
sight, he  invested  his  profits  largely  in  real 
estate  in  Illinois  and  St.  Louis,  which  he  pur- 
chased at  a  low  figure.  So  judicious  were  his 
investments  in  St.  Louis  that  the  growth  of 
the  city  made  him  very  wealthy.  He  estab- 
lished his  sons  in  mercantile  pursuits  and 
materially  assisted  them  in  building  up  com- 
mercial names  and  houses  as  honorable  as 


his  own.  In  all  the  enterprises  calculated  to 
build  up  and  bring  permanent  prosperity  to 
St.  Louis,  John  H.  Gay  took  an  active  in- 
terest. He  was  a  large  stockholder  in  vari- 
ous railroad  lines,  in  the  Wiggins  Ferry 
Company,  and  in  the  St.  Louis  Gas  Com- 
pany. He  was  also  a  stockholder  in  some  of 
the  first  insurance  companies  organized  in 
St.  Louis,  and  was  a  director  in  the  branch 
of  the  United  States  Bank,  which  had  a  cred- 
itable and  useful  existence  in  that  city.  A 
devout  member  of  the  Methodist  Church 
throughout  almost  his  entire  life,  he  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  Centenary  Church  of  St. 
Louis,  located  then  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  and 
Pine  Streets,  and  was  one  of  the  first  stew- 
ards and  trustees  of  that  church.  Regular  in 
his  attendance  at  all  services  of  the  church, 
he  was  a  generous  contributor,  also,  in  aid 
of  every  movement  to  promote  its  upbuild- 
ing. During  the  later  years  of  his  life,  on 
account  of  his  removal  from  his  old  home, 
located  in  what  had  become  the  business  por- 
tion of  the  city,  to  Union  Avenue,  he  was  a 
member,  communicant  and  regular  attendant 
of  St.  John's  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South,  at  the  corner  of  Ewing  and  Locust 
Streets,  of  which  church  he  was  a  founder. 
In  politics  Mr.  Gay  was  reared  an  old-line 
Whig  and  affiliated  with  that  party  until  it 
passed  out  of  existence.  Thereafter  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Democratic  party,  holding 
liberal  views  and  reserving  to  himself  the 
right  of  independent  action  when  he  deemed 
it  for  the  best  interests  of  the  public.  His 
wife  died  September  14,  1869,  after  living  in 
sweet  companionship  with  her  husband  for 
fifty-six  years.  One  who  has  written  of  Mrs. 
Gay  says  :  "She  was  a  rare  woman  ;  a  'keeper 
at  home,'  devoted  to  her  church,  her  hus- 
band, her  children  and  her  household,  rever- 
encing the  memory  of  her  parents,  whom  she 
loved  with  an  unusually  ardent  affection ;  a 
sister  as  well  as  'a  mother  in  Israel.'  Her 
house  was  ever  open  to  the  ministers  of  the 
gospel,  their  special  rooms  being  always 
ready,  and  it  was  her  delight  to  make  them 
feel  it  was  home."  Of  six  children  born  to 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gay,  two  sons,  Edward  J.  and 
William  T.  Gay,  survived  them.  Their  eldest 
daughter,  Eliza  M.  Gay,  married  Dr.  Mere- 
dith Martin,  of  St.  Louis,  and  died  August  i, 
1862.  William  T.  Gay  married  Miss  Sallie 
Bass,  daughter  of  Ely  E.  Bass,  of  Boone 
County,    Missouri.      Edward    J.    Gay,    who 


GAYLORD— GEHNER. 


15 


achieved  great  distinction,  is  the  subject  of 
an  extended  sketch  in  this  connection. 
Among-  the  direct  descendants  of  this  worthy 
couple  are  Mrs.  PhiHp  A.  Crow  and  family, 
of  St.  Louis ;  Mrs.  Anna  M.  Gay  Price,  of  La 
Fourche  Parish,  Louisiana;  Andrew  H.  Gay, 
of  Plaquemine,  Iberville  Parish,  Louisiana; 
and  John  H.  Gay,  Jr.,  of  San  Diego,  Cali- 
fornia. Other  descendants  live  in  Ohio  and 
Virginia.  In  his  long  and  not  uneventful 
career,  John  H.  Gay  did  not  leave  a  line,  a 
speech,  a  word  or  an  act  recorded  against  his 
integrity  as  a  merchant,  or  against  his  char- 
acter as  a  man.  Few  men  have  had  such 
pure  and  unsullied  records  at  the  end  of  al- 
most a  century  of  life.  Relying  upon  him- 
self, he  made  for  himself  and  his  family  an 
honored  and  esteemed  name,  and  when  he 
passed  to  a  good  man's  reward  the  world  was 
better  for  his  having  lived. 

Gaylord,  Samuel  A.,  was  born  March 
29,  1832,  in  Pittsford,  Monroe  County,  New 
York,  his  parents  being  of  old  New  England 
stock.  Erastus  Gaylord,  his  father,  was  a 
manufacturer  in  the  above  named  village 
during  the  early  youth  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  and  there  his  primary  education  was 
obtained.  Later  he  attended  college  in 
Rochester,  New  York.  Upon  graduating  he, 
for  a  short  period,  held  a  clerical  position  in  a 
mercantile  house  in  Rochester,  from  which 
he  retired  to  come  west.  Arriving  in  St. 
Louis,  in  1849,  he  at  once  became  an  em- 
ploye of  the  banking  house  of  George  E.  H. 
Gray  &  Co.,  with  which  the  veteran  banker, 
James  M.  Franciscus,  was  connected.  It 
soon  became  evident  that  young  Gaylord  was 
eminently  qualified  for  the  business  he  had 
selected,  as  after  a  few  years'  service  with 
this  firm  he  had  made  to  him  an  offer  of  a 
position  in  the  Boatmen's  Saving  Institution, 
now  the  Boatmen's  Bank.  This  position  he 
held  continuously  until  1862,  a  ten  years' 
service,  from  which  he  resigned  to  engage  in 
the  banking  business  with  his  father  and 
brother,  under  the  firm  name  of  Erastus  Gay- 
lord &  Sons.  After  the  death  of  his  father 
the  business  was  continued  as  Gaylord,  Leav- 
enworth &  Co.,  for  some  time,  succeeded  by 
S.  A.  Gaylord  &  Co.,  and  afterward  by  Gay- 
lord, Blessing  &  Co.  In  1866  he  married 
Miss  Frances  A.  Otis,  of  Batavia,  New  York, 
by  whom  he  had  two  children,  both  dying  in 
infancy.  •  Mrs.  Gaylord  died  in  1876.     Seven 


years  later,  in  1883,  he  married  Mrs.  Clara 
Peterson  Billon,  widow  of  Louis  C.  Billon, 
and  a  daughter  of  Alexander  Peterson,  of  the 
banking  firm  of  Rennick  &  Peterson,  in  the 
early  days  of  St.  Louis. 

Gaynor  City. — A  hamlet  located  in  the 
interior  of  Independence  Township,  Noda- 
way County,  about  fourteen  miles  northeast 
of  Maryville.  There  are  two  churches,  Pres- 
byterian and  Christian,  with  a  store,  school- 
house  and  other  buildings.  It  has  telephone 
connections  with  neighboring  towns. 

Gayoso. — An  incorporated  village,  the 
seat  of  justice  of  Pemiscot  County.  It  is 
situated  near  the  Mississippi  River ;  was  set- 
tled about  1799,  and  was  named  in  honor  of 
Manuel  Gayoso,  one  of  the  early  Spanish 
Governors  of  Louisiana.  In  1852  it  was  laid 
out  as  a  town  and  made  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  courthouse,  public  school,  church,  a 
shingle  factory  and  numerous  sawmills  near- 
by.    Population,  estimated  (1899),  300. 

Gehner,  August,  banker  and  finan- 
cier, was  born  in  the  city  of  Hanover,  Ger- 
many, September  18,  1846.  He  obtained  his 
early  education  in  his  native  city,  and,  com- 
ing to  St.  Louis  when  he  was  thirteen  years 
of  age,  completed  his  studies  at  the  German 
Institute,  in  that  city.  He  was  still  a  school 
boy  when  the  Civil  War  began,  and  had  been 
but  two  years  in  the  United  States,  but,  not- 
withstanding his  youth  and  his  short-lived 
American  citizenship,  he  had  learned  to  love 
his  adopted  country,  and  in  1862  enlisted  as 
a  private  soldier  in  Company  L,  of  the  First 
Missouri  Light  Artillery,  and  from  that  date 
until  July  20,  1865,  when  he  received  an  hon- 
orable discharge,  at  the  end  of  the  war,  he 
served  continuously  with  the  Union  forces. 
He  returned  to  St.  Louis  to  turn  his  atten- 
tion to  civil  pursuits,  and,  having  shown  a 
remarkable  aptness  at  drawing  during  his 
school  days,  accepted  a  position  as  draughts- 
man in  the  surveyor  general's  oflEice,  which 
he  filled  for  three  years  thereafter.  This 
naturally  inclined  him  toward  the  realty  busi- 
ness, and  at  the  end  of  his  three  years'  term 
of  service  with  the  surveyor  general  he  be- 
came a  clerk  in  the  ofifice  of  Hurk  &  O'Reil- 
ley,  abstracters  of  titles.  Three  years  with 
this  firm  thoroughly  familiarized  him  with 
the  details  of  the  title  abstract  business,  and 


16 


GEIGER. 


at  the  end  of  that  time  he  opened  an  abstract 
business  of  his  own.  Under  his  careful  and 
intelHgent  supervision  the  business  which  he 
had  established  speedily  grew  to  large  pro- 
portions, and  it  may  be  said  that  he  has  made 
abstracts  of  the  titles  to  almost  every  piece 
of  real  property  in  St.  Louis.  In  everything 
pertaining  to  this  branch  of  the  realty  busi- 
ness he  is  a  recognized  authority,  and  as  a 
banker  and  financier  he  is  no  less  prominent. 
For  some  years  he  has  been  president  of  the 
German-American  Bank  of  St.  Louis,  a 
monetary  institution  which  has  been  most 
admirably  managed,  and  which  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  banking  houses  of  that  city  as  a 
dividend-paying  institution.  In  the  business 
and  financial  circles  of  St.  Louis  Mr.  Gehner 
is  universally  recognized  as  a  broad-minded 
financier,  as  well  as  a  successful  banker.  This 
has  caused  him  to  become  identified  with 
numerous  corporations  in  the  capacity  of 
stockholder  and  official,  among  the  more 
prominent  of  these  corporations  being  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Trust  Company,  the  Ger- 
man Fire  Insurance  Company,  and  the  Plan- 
ters' Hotel  Company,  in  each  of  which  com- 
panies he  is  a  director.  He  was  married,  in 
1870,  to  Miss  Minna  Wehmiller,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  has  two  children,  a  son,  Albert  Gehner, 
and  a  daughter,  Pauline  Gehner. 

Geiger,  Jacob,  physician  and  surgeon 
of  St.  Joseph,  was  born  July  25,  1848,  at 
Wurttemberg,  Germany.  His  parents  were 
Anton  and  Maria  G.  (Eberhardt)  Geiger. 
Jacob  attended  the  Homer  Seminary,  at 
Homer,  Illinois,  and  graduated  from  Bry- 
ant's Business  College,  St.  Joseph,  Missouri, 
in  1866.  The  same  year  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr. 
Galen  E.  Bishop,  of  St.  Joseph,  and  began 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  1868.  Having  ac- 
quired a  substantial  foundation  for  the  life 
work  he  had  chosen,  the  young  physician  de- 
termined to  avail  himself  of  a  finishing  course 
of  lectures,  and  thus  be  better  prepared  for 
the  professional  future  which  determination 
and  ambition  had  in  store  for  him.  He, 
therefore,  attended  lectures  for  one  year  at 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  graduating  from  that 
institution  in  1872.  He  then  returned  to  St. 
Joseph  and  entered  upon  a  career  that  has 
been  marked  by  remarkable  success — a  de- 
gree of  success  that  is  attained  by  few  men 


engaged  in  his  profession.  The  father  died 
in  Obernau,  Wurttemberg,  Germany,  in  185 1, 
and  Jacob  was,  therefore,  thrown  upon  his 
own  resources  from  early  boyhood.  Two  of 
his  brothers  had  emigrated  to  America,  and 
in  1856  Jacob  and  his  mother  came  to  this 
country  to  find  a  new  home  and  accept  per- 
manent citizenship.  But  the  sons  were  to 
experience  another  stinging  blow,  for  the 
mother  was  ta^n  away  from  them  two  years 
later  and  they  were  left  alone.  The  situation 
was  most  serious  for  Jacob,  who  was  the 
youngest  of  the  three,  but  he  had  inherited 
the  pluck  that  was  characteristic  of  the  fam- 
ily, and  in  the  midst  of  overwhelming  sorrow 
the  boy  set  his  face  toward  the  unpromising 
future  and  began  to  prepare  himself  for  a 
battle  against  obstacles  that  would  have  ta 
be  surmounted  and  smoothed  without  the 
help  of  parents'  hands.  Shortly  before  her 
death,  in  1858,  the  mother  and  her  sons  re- 
moved from  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  ta 
Brown  County,  Kansas.  After  his  mother's 
death,  and  a  brief  residence  in  St.  Joseph, 
Jacob  Geiger  returned  to  Illinois,  where  he 
attended  school  as  faithfully  as  limited  means 
would  allow,  and  gave  close  attention  to  the 
rudiments  of  an  education  that  was  afterward 
well  rounded  and  completed.  The  close  of 
the  Civil  War  marked  the  end  of  Jacob's  days 
at  the  Homer  Seminary,  and  in  1865  he  re- 
turned to  St.  Joseph.  Limited  finances  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  employment  that  was  re- 
warded by  exceedingly  meager  remuneration: 
There  were  months  behind  the  counter  of  a 
grocery  store  and  tiresome  days  spent  at 
even  harder  labor  than  that  of  a  clerk. 
Through  adversity  he  struggled  manfully 
and  succeeded  in  working  his  way  through  a 
business  college,  a  training  that  has  had  the 
result  of  making  him  a  successful  business 
man,  as  well  as  one  of  brilliant  professional 
attainments.  Knowledge  of  drugs  was  gained 
by  a  short  term  spent  in  a  drug  store,  and 
this  was- followed  by  a  course  of  reading  in 
a  doctor's  office  under  the  careful  guidance 
of  an  able  preceptor.  In  1878  Dr.  Geiger 
helped  to  organize  the  St.  Joseph  Medical 
College.  Two  years  later  the  St.  Joseph  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  was  estab- 
lished, and  in  1883  the  institutions  were 
consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  St.  Jo- 
seph Medical  College.  In  1886  it  became  the 
Ensworth  Medical  College,  and  Dr.  Geiger 
was  its  dean.   He  is  professor  of  the  principles- 


Z^*-  Scfi*.fAfffn  /^s  f^ru  /Sc 


%X^t^f^^j2^<^jH^  ^  .^K^^^ 


GEMS  OF   MISSOURI— GENERAI.  ASSEMBLY. 


17 


and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  Ensworth  Col- 
lege, and  also  lectures  on  the  subject  of 
clinical  surgery,  his  able  services  having  been 
of  inestimable  value  in  building  up  the  insti- 
tution and  maintaining  its  high  standing.  In 
1890  Dr.  Geiger  assisted  in  the  organization 
of  the  Marion  Sims  College  of  Medicine  of 
St.  Louis,  and  he  visits  that  city  once  a  week 
during  the  school  year  for  the  purpose  of 
lecturing  on  the  subjects  attending  surgical 
work  and  its  practice.  In  medical  literature 
Dr.  Geiger's  name  is  one  of  the  most  familiar 
in  the  profession,  and  his  writings  carry  un- 
measured weight  on  account  of  the  recog- 
nized ability  of  the  writer.  He  is  a  contrib- 
utor to  the  leading  medical  publications,  and 
many  able  articles  have  come  from  His  pen. 
He  is  one  of  the  owners  and  editors  of  the 
St.  Joseph  "Medical  Herald,"  a  journal  that 
has  a  large  circulation  among  the  physicians 
of  the  West.  Dr.  Geiger  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Society 
in  1897,  and  in  the  same  year  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Park  Col- 
ege,  Parkville,  Missouri.  He  is  an  active 
member  of  the  following  medical  societies 
and  associations :  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion, Missouri  Valley  Medical  Association, 
Northern  Kansas  Medical  Association,West- 
ern  Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gyne- 
cologists, Tri-State  Medical  Society,  Mis- 
souri State  Medical  Society,  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  Buchanan  County,  Mis- 
souri, Medical  Society,  District  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Northwest  Missouri.  Of  the  last- 
named  organization  he  was  president  in  1894. 
During  the  years  1888  and  1889  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Health  of  St.  Joseph, 
and  during  his  term  the  health  aflairs  of  the 
city  were  most  carefully  guarded.  In  politics 
Dr.  Geiger  is  and  has  always  been  a  Repub- 
lican, more  or  less  active.  In  1890  and  1891 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Common  Council  of 
the  city  of  St.  Joseph,  and  during  his  term  of 
office  he  was  president  of  that  body.  Under 
the  present  national  administration  he  was 
made  president  of  the  Pension  Bureau  for 
the  district  in  which  St,  Joseph  is  located. 
He  is  a  Presbyterian  in  religious  belief  and 
is  a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  St.  Joseph.  What  time  and  attention  he  is 
able  to  devote  to  secret  orders  is  given  up 
almost  exclusively  to  Masonry,  and  in  that 
order  he  has  attained  the  dignity  of  the  Mas- 

Yol.  Ill— 2 


ter  Mason.  Dr.  Geiger,  as  a  citizen  inter- 
ested in  the  afifairs  of  the  government,  and 
as  a  man  of  high  social  standing,  devotes  a 
portion  of  his  time  to  outside  matters,  but  he 
is  essentially  wrapped  up  in  his  profession 
and  devoted  to  his  home  life.  Since  1890  he 
has  devoted  his  professional  abilities  almost 
exclusively  to  surgery,  and  in  that  line  he  is 
in  demand  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  coun- 
try, both  in  the  active  care  of  difficult  cases 
and  in  consultations.  Dr.  Geiger  was  mar- 
ried, in  1887,  to  Miss  Louise  Kollatz,  of  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri. 

Gems  of  Missouri. — In  different  parts 
of  Missouri,  semi-precious  gems  have  been 
found,  topaz,  tiger-eye,  opalized  wood,  chal- 
cedony and  various  classes  of  crystals. 
Schoolcraft,  in  his  "Notes  on  the  Minerals  of 
Missouri,"  published  in  1819,  states  that  on 
the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River,  between 
St.  Louis  and  Grand  Tower,  he  found  several 
specimens  of  carnelian  and  jasper,  and  an 
opal  of  great  hardness  and  beauty.  The  opal, 
he  believed,  had  been  washed  by  the  waters 
of  the  river  from  some  distant  part  of  the 
country  along  its  banks. 

General  Assembly. — The  official  name 
of  the  Legislature  or  law-making  body 
of  the  State  of  Missouri.  It  consists  of 
two  houses — the  Senate  and  the  House  of 
Representatives — which  meet  and  act  in  dif- 
ferent chambers  in  the  State  capitol,  at  Jef- 
ferson City.  The  Senate  has  thirty-four 
members,  chosen  in  districts  by  the  people, 
holding  for  a  term  of  four  years,  one-half  the 
number  being  elected  every  two  years.  In 
some  parts  of  the  State  it  takes  several  coun- 
ties to  form  a  senatorial  district ;  in  populous 
counties,  one  county  may  contain  more  than 
one  district.  The  State  is  divided  into  sena- 
torial districts  anew  every  ten  years.  A 
Senator  must  be  thirty  years  of  age,  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  have  been  a  quali- 
fied voter  for  three  years,  and  be  a  taxpayer. 
The  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  is  the 
Lieutenant  Governor.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives consists  of  a  variable  number  of 
members,  every  county  being  entitled  to  one, 
and  the  populous  counties  to  more.  The 
ratio  is  determined  by  dividing  the  popula- 
tion of  the  State,  as  given  in  the  last  United 
States  census,  by  200;  each  county  having: 
one  ratio  or  less  is  entitled  to  one  Represen- 


18 


GENERAI.  ASSEMBLY. 


tative ;  each  county  having  two  and  a  half 
ratios  is  entitled  to  two  Representatives; 
each  county  having  four  ratios  is  entitled  to 
three ;  each  county  having  six  ratios  is  enti- 
tled to  four — and  so  on,  above  that  number, 
each  two  and  a  half  additional  ratios  entitling 
to  one  additional  Representative.  A  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  must  be 
twenty-four  years  of  age,  and  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  have  been  a  qualified 
voter  of  the  State  for  two  years,  and  be  a  tax- 
payer. The  General  Assembly  meets  once  in 
two  years,  on  the  first  Wednesday  after  the 
first  day  of  January  of  the  odd  years.  It 
may  be  called  to  meet  in  special  session  when 
occasion  demands,  by  proclamation  of  the 
Governor.  The  pay  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives is  five  dollars  a  day  for  the  first 
1 20  days,  and  after  that  one  dollar  a  day — in 
addition  to  which  they  receive  traveling  ex- 
penses. The  presiding  officer  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  is  the  speaker,  chosen  by 
the  House  itself.  Neither  house  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  may,  without  the  consent  of 
the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  two  days  at 
a  time,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in 
which  the  two  houses  are  sitting.  A  bill  in- 
troduced in  either  house  must  be  read  three 
times  on  three  different  days,  and  it  may  not 
be  put  on  final  passage  unless  it  has  been  re- 
ported upon  by  a  committee  and  printed  for 
the  use  of  members.  To  become  a  law,  it 
must  receive  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the 
members  elected  to  each  house,  and  be 
signed  by  the  presiding  officer  of  each  house. 
Then  it  goes  to  the  Governor.  If  he  ap- 
proves it,  and  signs  his  name  to  it,  it  becomes 
a  law.  If  he  fails  to  return  it,  with  his  ap- 
proval or  disapproval,  within  ten  days,  the 
General  Assembly  may  enact  it  into  a  law  by 
simple  resolution.  If  the  Governor  vetoes 
it,  it  can  become  a  law  by  the  votes  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  members  of  each  house.  If  the 
General  Assembly  shall  adjourn  within  the 
ten  days  allowed  the  Governor  to  consider  a 
bill,  he  may  make  it  a  law  by  sending  it  to 
the  Secretary  of  State,  with  his  approval, 
within  thirty  days,  or  he  may  defeat  it  by  a 
veto.'  No  law  enacted  by  the  General  As- 
sembly goes  into  effect  until  ninety  days  after 
the  adjournment  of  the  session  at  which  it 
was  passed,  unless  there  be  appended  to  it  an 
"emergency  clause,"  and  two-thirds  of  all  the 
members  elected  to  each  house  otherwise 
direct.     The  general  appropriation  act  is  an 


exception  to  this  rule;  it  goes  into  effect  as 
soon  as  approved  by  the  Governor,  or  made 
a  law  without  his  approval.  The  laws  passed 
at  each  session  of  the  General  Assembly  are 
all  published  in  a  book  called  "Session  Acts" 
of  such  a  General  Assembly,  givirig  the  num- 
ber and  the  year.  Once  in  ten  years  there  is 
a  revision  made,  when  all  the  previous  laws 
of  the  State  are  gone  over,  together  with  the 
session  acts,  the  repealed  laws  omitted  and 
the  new  ones  inserted,  in  two  large  volumes 
called  "The  Revised  Statutes  of  Missouri," 
with  the  year  mentioned.  This  book,  with 
the  laws  arranged  in  order,  in  chapters,  ar- 
ticles and  sections,  is  authority  in  this  State 
in  all  suits,  courts  and  contracts. 

Representative  government  in  Missouri 
began  in  1812,  under  the  act  of  Congress 
which  reorganized  the  Territory  and  changed 
its  name  from  Louisiana  to  Missouri.  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  provisions  of  that  enact- 
ment the  people  elected  a  Territorial  House 
of  Representatives,  and  these  Representatives 
nominated  eighteen  citizens,  of  whom  the 
President  of  the  United  States  chose  nine,  to 
act  as  a  Legislative  Council.  The  Council  and 
House  of  Representatives  thus  chosen  con- 
stituted the  first  General  Assembly  of  Mis- 
souri. The  first  session  of  the  House  of 
Representatives — which  body  consisted  of 
thirteen  members — began  in  St.  Louis,  De- 
cember 7,  1812,  and  was  held  at  the  residence 
of  Joseph  Robidoux.  Nominations  to  the 
Council  were  made,  as  provided  by  law,  and 
after  the  appointment  of  nine  Councilors  by 
the  President,  the  organization  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  was  completed  and  its  work 
was  begun.  The  act  which  created  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  provided  that  it  should  hold 
an  annual  session,  beginning  on  the  first 
Monday  in  December,  but  in  1816  an 
amended  act  provided  for  biennial  sessions, 
and  also  fixed  the  number  of  Councilors  at 
one  for  each  county.  In  1820  the  Territorial 
Legislature  was  succeeded  by  the  State  Leg- 
islature, chosen  in  pursuance  of  the  con- 
gressional enactment  of  March  6th  of  that 
year.  Although  the  State  was  not  formally 
admitted  into  the  Union  until  August  10, 
1 82 1 — by  reason  of  the  fact  that  the  Consti- 
tution adopted  contained  a  provision  obnox- 
ious to  Congress — the  first  State  officers, 
Senators  and  Representatives,  were  chosen 
at  an  election  held  August  20,  1820.  Four- 
teen  Senators   and  forty-three   Representa- 


GENET— GENTRY. 


19 


tives  were  chosen  at  that  election,  and  the 
General  Assembly  met,  pursuant  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Constitution,  September  19th. 
The  first  session  of  that  body  was  held  in  the 
old  "Missouri  Hotel,"  which  occupied  the 
southwest  corner  of  Main  and  Market  Streets 
in  St.  Louis.  The  first  president  of  the  Sen- 
ate was  General  William  H.  Ashley,  who  had 
been  elected  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  James 
Caldwell,  of  Ste.  Genevieve,  was  first  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives.  David  Bar- 
ton and  Thomas  H.  Benton  were  chosen 
United  States  Senators  by  this  General  As- 
sembly, but  were  not  admitted  to  the  Senate 
until  after  the  formal  admission  of  the  State. 
The  next  session  of  the  General  Assembly 
was  held  in  St.  Charles,  beginning  June  4, 
1 82 1,  and  on  the  26th  of  that  month  the  as- 
sent of  that  body  was  given  to  the  conditions 
imposed  by  Congress  in  connection  with  the 
admission  of  the  State.  The  sessions  were 
held  thereafter  at  St.  Charles  until  1826, 
when  the  capital  was  removed  to  Jeflferson 
City,  the  fourth  General  Assembly  meeting 
there,  November  20th  of  that  year. 

Genet,  Edmond  Charles.  —  See 

"French  Intrigues  in  the  West." 

Gentlemen's  Driving  Club. — Soon 
after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  Honorable 
Norman  J.  Colman  and  other  owners  and  ad- 
mirers of  good  horses  instituted  in  St.  Louis 
a  club  bearing  the  above  name,  which  had  for 
its  object  the  bringing  together  of  the  good 
"roadsters"  of  the  city,  at  regular  intervals, 
for  tests  of  speed.  In  1882  a  new  organiza- 
tion bearing  the  same  name  succeeded  the 
old  one,  and  has  since  been  one  of  the  pop- 
ular institutions  of  the  city.  Driving  mati- 
nees are  given  every  Saturday  afternoon  at 
Forest  Park,  from  May  to  October,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  club,  and  these  exhibi- 
tions of  speed  are  free  to  the  public.  The 
club  was  instituted  solely  for  the  pleasure 
and  recreation  of  its  members,  who  meet  all 
its  expenses  by  assessing  themselves.  In 
1898  there  was  but  one  other  driving  club  of 
this  kind  in  the  United  States. 

Gentry,  Nicholas  Hocker,  proprietor 
of  the  famous  Wood  Dale  Stock  Farm, 
in  Pettis  County,  is  a  son  of  Joel  W.  and  Jael 
W,  (Hocker)  Gentry,  and  was  born  on  the 
old  homestead,  near  Sedalia,  March  16,  1850. 


His  father,  who  was  born  in  Missouri  in  1815, 
and  died  in  October,  1851,  was  a  son  of  Reu- 
ben E.  Gentry,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  and  a 
soldier  in  the  War  of  1812.  Joel  W.  Gentry 
was  a  brother  of  Major  William  Gentry  and 
Richard  Gentry.  In  1824  he  removed  with 
his  father  to  Pettis  County,  and  settled  on  a 
farm  now  occupied  by  Nicholas  H.  Gentry, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming  and  stock-rais- 
ing on  an  extensive  scale.  He  and  his 
brother  Richard,  who  occupied  adjoining 
farms,  were  the  pioneer  breeders  of  fine  stock 
in  western  Missouri,  and  their  foundation  of 
this  industry  has  resulted  in  making  the 
name  of  Gentry  famous  throughout  the 
United  States.  For  many  years  Joel  Gentry 
drove  his  stock  to  St.  Louis,  then  the  central 
market  of  the  West,  and  during  his  brief  life- 
time he  established  a  high  reputation  as  a 
scientific  breeder  of  stock.  In  politics  he  was 
a  Whig.  He  and  his  wife  were  devoted  mem- 
bers of  the  Christian  Church.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  strength  of  character,  eminently  just 
and  of  a  deeply  religious  nature.  Few  men 
exerted  an  influence  for  good  in  his  commu- 
nity so  powerful  as  did  he.  He  married  Jael 
W.  Hocker,  who  was  born  near  Richmond, 
Kentucky,  and  who  was  a  daughter  of  Nich- 
olas Hocker,  a  Virginian  by  birth.  They  had 
two  children,  Nicholas  H.  and  Eliza  Jael,  wife 
of  S.  M.  Morrison,  of  Denver,  Colorado. 
After  the  death  of  Joel  W.  Gentry,  his  widow 
married  his  brother,  Richard  Gentry,  and 
now  resides  in  Sedalia.  One  of  the  children 
of  ■  Richard  and  Jael  (Hocker)  Gentry  was 
Rev.  Richard  W.  Gentry,  a  graduate  of  the 
State  University,  where  he  won  the  Stephens 
Medal  for  the  best  oration.  He  preached 
in  the  Christian  Church  at  Columbia  and 
elsewhere,  and  for  a  time  was  secretary  of 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  He  was 
recognized  as  a  man  possessed  of  a  high 
order  of  talent.  His  death  occurred  in  No- 
vember, 1883,  while  he  was  in  his  twenty- 
sixth  year.  Mary  V.,  their  second  child,  is 
the  wife  of  A.  W.  Walburn,  of  Chicago; 
Nannie  G.  is  the  widow  of  William  Estill,  of 
Sedalia,  and  Mattie  died  in  childhood.  Nich- 
olas H.  Gentry  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  his  native  county,  was  reared  and 
always  has  resided  on  one  of  the  two  noted 
Gentry  farms  north  of  Sedalia,  most  of  his 
boyhood  being  spent  with  his  uncle,  Richard 
Gentry.  In  1875  ^^  married  and  returned  to 
the  homestead  to  reside  permanently,  at  once 


20 


GENTRY. 


engaging  in  the  stock  industry  independ- 
ently. From  the  start  he  paid  particular  at- 
tention to  the  breeding  of  Berkshire  hogs, 
importing  them  in  large  numbers.  At  the 
Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1876,  he  paid  $550  for  the  Berkshire  hog 
which  was  awarded  the  first  prize  there.  In 
later  years  he  has  also  bred  Shorthorn 
cattle.  At  the  convention  of  the  stockmen  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  in  1890,  a 
committee  of  eighteen  men  was  appointed  to 
look  after  their  interests  at  the  Columbian 
Exposition  of  1893,  held  at  Chicago.  Mr. 
Gentry  was  one  of  this  number,  and  a  large 
measure  of  the  success  of  that  great  exhibit 
is  due  to  his  well  directed  efforts.  At  the 
same  time  he  served  as  president  of  the  Mis- 
souri World's  Fair  Commission,  a  position 
of  great  responsibility  and  trust.  At  this 
great  fair,  members  of  his  famous  herd  of 
Berkshires  were  awarded  thirty-two  separate 
prizes — greater  in  both  number  and  value 
than  those  of  any  other  exhibiter  of  swine 
of  any  breed  at  the  fair.  The  showing  made 
is  the  more  remarkable  when  it  is  understood 
that  Mr.  Gentry  competed  with  the  best 
herds  in  America,  as  well  as  the  most  noted 
prize-winners  from  the  leading  exhibits  in 
England  in  both  1892  and  1893.  No  ex- 
hibiter of  any  class  of  stock  shown  at  Chi- 
cago was  the  breeder  of  so  large  a  percentage 
of  the  winners.  Since  his  first  exhibit  in  1874 
(in  Missouri),  he  has  won  prizes  at  every  fair 
and  show  to  which  he  has  sent  stock,  and 
holds  to-day  more  prizes  and  diplomas  than 
any  other  breeder  in  America,  if  not  in  the 
world.  For  seven  years  Mr.  Gentry  has  been 
president  of  the  American  Berkshire  Asso- 
ciation; he  is  a  director  and  member  of  the 
American  Shorthorn-Breeders'  Association ; 
for  three  years  he  has  been  president 
of  the  National  Association  of  Live  Stock 
Exhibiters  of  America,  organized  to  make 
known  to  the  management  of  the  State  fairs 
the  wants  of  breeders.  He  is  vice  president 
of  the  Missouri  State  Fair  Association,  and 
chairman  of  the  committee  to  improve  the 
grounds,  and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
that  association  in  1899.  Fraternally  he  is  a 
Master  Mason,  and  in  religion  he  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Christian  Church.  He  was  mar- 
ried, December  29,  1875,  to  Minnie  D. 
Carter,  a  native  of  Dover,  Missouri,  and  a 
daughter  of  Jesse  W.  and  Margaret  (Camp- 
bell) Carter.    They  have  been  the  parents  of 


seven  children,  of  whom  five  are  living.  They 
are  Jael,  a  graduate  of  the  Chicago  Musical 
College,  in  the  class  of  1899,  in  which  she 
was  the  winner  of  the  diamond  medal  for 
general  proficiency;  Ella,  Nannie  M.,  Lucy 
H.  and  Lee  M.  Gentry,  all  of  whom  reside  on 
the  home  farm,  where  Mr.  Gentry  and  his 
family  dispense  a  generous  hospitality. 

Gentry,  Reuben  Joel,  was  born  six 
miles  north  of  Sedalia,  January  2,  1839,  and 
was  a  son  of  Richard  and  Alzira  (Miller) 
Gentry.  His  father  was  a  son  of  Reuben  E. 
Gentry.  Reuben  J.  Gentry's  education  was 
obtained  in  the  country  schools  of  Cedar 
Township,  Pettis  County,  and  the  Kemper 
School  at  Boonville.  Upon  the  completion 
of  his  studies  in  the  latter  institution  he  re- 
turned to  the  farm  of  nearly  eight  thousand 
acres  belonging  to  his  father,  and  assisted  in 
its  supervision  until  the  death  of  the  latter, 
in  February,  1865.  Richard  Gentry  had  be- 
gun life  with  a  limited  capital,  and  after 
taking  up  his  original  small  tract  added  to 
it  by  the  purchase  of  forty  acres  at  a  time 
until  he  possessed  one  of  the  most  extensive 
and  most  carefully  cultivated  farms  in  Mis- 
souri. It  was  known  as  the  model  farm  of 
the  State,  and  was  visited  by  inhabitants  of 
all  sections  of  the  United  States.  From  the 
beginning  he  engaged  in  stock-raising,  and 
during  his  successful  career  he  bred  some  of 
the  finest  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs  ever 
produced  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Upon  his  death  the  estate  was  divided  into 
farms  averaging  about  1,700  acres  each,  one 
of  these  being  allotted  to  each  member  of  the 
family.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  Reuben  J.  Gentry  tendered  his  services 
to  the  Union  and  received  an  appointment 
on  the  stafif  of  Colonel  John  F.  Philips,  his 
warm  personal  friend,  who  had  raised  the 
Sixth  Regiment  of  Missouri  State  Militia 
(cavalry).  Colonel  Thomas  T.  Crittenden 
subsequently  assumed  command,  and  under 
these  two  gallant  leaders,  Mr.  Gentry  par- 
ticipated in  the  stirring  scenes  enacted  within 
the  borders  of  Missouri  and  in  Arkansas 
during  the  four  years  which  followed  his  en- 
listment. Upon  the  conclusion  of  peace  he 
returned  to  his  farm  and  resumed  its  oper- 
ation in  partnership  with  his  brother,  direct- 
ing his  attention  toward  the  breeding  of  fine 
stock,  much  of  which  secured  a  world-wide 
reputation.  Probably  no  family  in  the  United 


GENTRY. 


21 


States  is  better  known  than  the  Gentrys  in 
connection  with  the  stock  interests  of  the 
country,  and  no  small  share  of  the  credit  for 
the  high  grade  attained  by  American  horses, 
cattle  and  other  stock  is  due  to  the  scientific 
labors  of  Reuben  J.  and  William  M.  Gentry. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  through  his 
€ntire  life,  a  Democrat,  but  his  policy  was 
never  dictated  by  those  narrow  and  shallow 
sentiments  altogether  too  prevalent  in  both 
the  great  parties.  He  never  sought  public 
office,  but  his  deep  interest  in  the  cause  of 
education  led  to  his  repeated  election  as 
school  director  in  his  district,  and  he  em- 
ployed all  his  influence  in  behalf  of  the  im- 
provement of  the  educational  facilities  in  his 
township.  Fraternally  he  was  a  Master 
Mason.  He  was  married  April  5,  1871,  to 
Bettie  Hughes,  a  native  of  Georgetown, 
Pettis  County,  and  a  daughter  of  Reece 
Hughes.  Their  living  children  are :  Sallie 
Burch,  wife  of  Thomas  J.  Sturges,  of  Sedalia ; 
Wilham  Henry,  Charles  Richard  and  Reuben 
Joel,  at  home.  The  three  last  named  are  en- 
gaged in  the  cattle  business  under  the  firm 
name  of  Gentry  Brothers,  occupying  the 
estate  left  by  their  father  and  uncle.  Charles 
R.  is  also  a  student  in  the  law  department  of 
the  Missouri  State  University,  and  Reuben  J. 
is  attending  the  high  school  in  Sedalia.  All 
are  members  of  the  Christian  Church,  of 
which  Mrs.  Gentry  is  also  a  communicant. 
One  child  died  in  infancy.  Ruby,  wife  of  Dr. 
W.  J.  Ferguson,  of  Sedalia,  died  June  16, 
1900.  The  useful  career  of  Reuben  Joel 
Gentry  was  terminated  by  death  October  5, 
1881,  while  he  was  still  in  the  prime  of  life. 

Gentry,  Richard,  soldier  and  pioneer, 
was  born  in  Madison  County,  Kentucky, 
August  21,  1788.  He  was  the  son  of  Richard 
Gentry  and  Jane  Harris,  who  emigrated  to 
Kentucky  from  Virginia  among  the  early 
pioneers  in  1786,  coming  over  the  Wilderness 
trail  through  Cumberland  Gap.  The  elder 
Gentry  enlisted  twice  as  a  soldier  in  the 
Revolution,  and  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  Entering  land 
and  building  his  cabin  in  the  rich  cane  brakes 
of  Madison  County,  he  became  rich  in  land 
and  slaves,  and  raised  a  family  of  sixteen 
sons  and  three  daughters.  Eight  of  his 
sons  came  to  Missouri  while  it  was  yet  a 
Territory  and  settled  in  what  was  afterward 
Marion,  Ralls.  Boone    and    Petti?    Counties, 


and  raised  large  and  influential  families.  The 
most  prominent  of  them  were :  Reuben 
Gentry,  the  ancestor  of  the  Pettis  County 
Gentrys;  Rev.  Christy  Gentry,  a  pioneer 
Baptist  minister  of  Missouri;  Honorable 
Joshua  Gentry,  the  first  president  of  the 
Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  and  Gen- 
eral Richard  Gentry,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch. 

General  Gentry  was  by  nature  and  training 
a  soldier,  fond  of  adventure  and  daring;  he 
inherited  the  true  pioneer  spirit,  was  a  born 
hunter,  and  delighted  to  follow  the  Indian 
trail.  As  a  boy,  he  was  always  put  forward 
by  his  brothers  to  execute  any  of  their  plans 
requiring  strength  and  bravery.  He  was 
popular,  for  he  was  generous,  hospitable, 
patriotic  and  brave.  Governor  Christopher 
Greenup,  of  Kentucky,  appointed  him  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Kentucky  militia  at  the  age  of 
twenty.  Three  years  later,  in  181 1,  he  was 
appointed  a  captain,  and  Governor  Shelby 
commissioned  him  as  regimental  ensign  for 
the  Kentucky  Volunteers  sent  to  the  assist- 
ance of  General  W.  H.  Harrison  on  the  lakes 
in  the  War  of  1812  against  the  British. 
While  on  this  campaign,  his  oldest  son  was 
born  October  15,  1812,  and  with  his  charac- 
teristic patriotism,  he  named  him  Richard 
Harrison  Gentry,  in  honor  of  his  general. 
There  was  great  hardship  and  suffering 
among  the  volunteers  on  account  of  the 
severity  of  the  northern  winter  and  the 
scarcity  of  supplies.  The  Kentucky  wives 
and  mothers  responded  quickly  with  their 
looms  and  needles  to  supply  them  with  cloth- 
ing. Young  Gentry  wore  with  great  satis- 
faction a  new  suit  of  Kentucky  jeans,  which 
had  been  spun,  woven,  cut  and  made  by  his 
young  wife  at  home. 

After  the  war  was  over,  desirous  of  new 
adventure  and  new  opportunity,  he  collected 
his  personal  property,  consisting  of  some  live 
stock  and  a  few  slaves,  and  in  pioneer 
fashion,  started  for  the  new  territory  of  Mis- 
souri, arriving  at  the  little  French  town  of 
St.  Louis  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  in 
1816.  After  remaining  a  short  time  in  St. 
Louis  County,  he  pressed  forward  to  the  new 
center  of  population  and  influence  growing 
up  on  the  then  western  frontier  of  civiliza- 
tion. The  town  of  Old  Franklin  was  fast  be- 
coming a  place  of  political  and  commercial 
importance.  The  old  forts  of  Hempstead, 
Kincaid  and  Cooper  in  the  vicinity  of  Old 


22 


GENTRY. 


Franklin  gave  evidence  of  the  necessity  of 
means  of  protection  from  the  savage  Indians 
which  still  frequented  that  portion  of  Mis- 
souri. 

While  at  Old  Franklin,  General  Gentry 
formed  the  acquaintance  of  the  leading  men 
of  the  State,  many  of  whom  resided  there. 
His  great  friendship  and  admiration  for 
Thomas  H.  Benton  no  doubt  influenced  him 
to  become  a  Democrat  and  leave  the  old 
Whig  party  of  his  father.  He  was  a  good 
public  speaker  and  took  an  active  part  in 
every  political  campaign.  He  often  boasted 
in  Democratic  style  "that  he  was  born  in  a 
canebrake  and  was  rocked  in  a  sugar 
trough." 

In  1820  he  became  one  of  the  incor- 
porators of  the  town  of  Columbia,  Missouri, 
and  built  the  first  hotel  of  the  town,  and  made 
it  his  permanent  home.  He  devoted  himself 
to  the  building  up  of  the  new  town  for  a 
time,  but  was  also  deeply  interested  in  public 
afifairs,  especially  in  the  military  organ- 
izations of  the  State.  In  1821  Alexander 
McNair,  the  first  Governor  of  Missouri,  ap- 
pointed him  a  captain  of  the  State  militia,  and 
in  the  following  year  gave  him  a  commis- 
sion as  colonel. 

About  this  time  he  became  interested  in 
the  lead  mines  of  Galena,  Illinois,  and  spent 
some  time  in  that  exciting  mining  camp.  In 
1826  he  was  elected  a  State  Senator  and 
served  four  years  as  such  in  the  Missouri 
Legislature.  He  had  the  pleasure  of  voting 
for  Senator  Benton  for  his  second  term  as 
United  States  Senator.  In  1830  President 
Jackson  appointed  him  postmaster  at  Colum- 
bia, which  office  he  held  during  his  life,  and 
after  his  death  it  was  held  by  his  widow  until 
1867,  a  period  of  thirty  years,  she  having 
the  distinction  of  being  the  first  woman  who 
ever  held  such  an  appointment  in  the  United 
States.  The  old  Santa  Fe  trail  passed 
through  Columbia  and  thence  over  the  plains 
to  New  Mexico.  General  Gentry  could  not 
refrain  from  becoming  interested  in  the 
promising  opportunities  of  the  Mexican 
trade,  and  he  listened  to  the  stories  of  the 
freighters  stopping  at  his  hotel  with  the 
deepest  interest.  Senator  Benton,  too,  was 
advocating  in  the  Senate  the  importance  of 
this  Mexican  trade  and  urging  appropria- 
tions for  the  Santa  Fe  trail.  Between  the 
years  1830  and  1832,  General  Gentry  made 
several  successful  freighting  trips  with  mer- 


chandise from  Missouri    to    Santa  Fe,  New 
Mexico. 

In  1832,  when  the  Northern  Indians  threat- 
ened a  raid  into  Missouri,  led  by  their 
famous  chief.  Black  Hawk,  General  Gentry 
was  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Missouri 
a  major  general,  and  given  command  of  all 
the  Missouri  troops.  He  soon  organized  his 
forces  and  led  them  to  the  northern  border 
of  the  State  in  time  to  prevent  the  raid  into 
Missouri  and  to  protect  its  citizens  from  the 
cruel  savages.  He  remained  at  Fort  Pike  in 
Clark  County,  Missouri,  for  several  months, 
and  caused  the  wily  chief  to  change  his  plans 
and  the  course  of  his  raids.  There  was  no 
engagement,  therefore,  with  the  Indians  in 
Missouri.  A  little  later  this  same  band 
raided  Illinois  and  were  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Bad-ax  by  the  regulars  under  Colonel 
Taylor,  and  Chief  Black  Hawk  was  cap- 
tured. 

In  1835  the  United  States  government  at- 
tempted to  remove  the  Seminole  Indians 
from  Florida  to  the  Indian  Territory,  west 
of  the  Mississippi;  they  refused  to  go,  and 
the  long  and  costly  Seminole  War  was  the 
result.  In  1837  President  Van  Buren  asked 
Senator  Benton  if  Missourians  could  be  in- 
duced to  travel  so  far  from  home  as  the 
swamps  of  Florida  to  assist  in  chastising  the 
Seminoles.  Senator  Benton's  prompt  reply 
was :  "The  Missourians  will  go  wherever 
their  services  are  needed."  He  went  im- 
mediately to  the  Secretary  of  War  and 
secured  a  commission  for  General  Gentry  as 
colonel  of  volunteers,  and  orders  for  raising 
a  regiment  of  Missouri  troops  for  the  Florida 
war.  The  following  is  a  letter  from  Senator 
Benton  to  General  Gentry  notifying  him  of 
the  orders  from  the  War  Department,  au- 
thorizing him  to  raise  the  first  regiment  of 
volunteers  for  the  government  service  ever 
furnished  by  the  State  of  Missouri : 

"Senate  Chamber. 

"  September  8,  1837. 
^^ Major   General   Gentry,    Colonel   Volunteer s^ 
Columbia,  Mo. : 

"Dear  Sir :  I  have  the  gratification  to  write 
you  simultaneous  with  the  issue  of  orders 
from  the  War  Department  for  the  march  of 
600  of  your  volunteefs  to  Florida.  This  is 
an  event  which  you  have  ardently  desired, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  the  brave 
spirits  who  volunteered  with  you  will  rejoice 


GENTRY. 


23 


to  have  an  opportunity  to  display  their 
courage,  devotion  and  patriotism.  I  feel 
proud  for  Missouri  that  her  gallant  sons  are 
called  to  take  a  part  in  this  war,  and  am  fully 
assured  that  there  will  be  no  disappointment, 
neither  of  the  promptness  of  the  march  nor  in 
bravery  of  conduct  after  you  reach  the  field 
of  action.  I  make  great  calculations  upon  the 
600  that  will  go  with  you,  and  great  will  be 
my  pride  to  see  them  turn  out  with  an 
alacrity,  and  signalize  themselves  by  exploits, 
which  will  give  me  an  opportunity  to  cele- 
brate their  praises  on  this  floor. 
"Your  old  friend, 

"Thomas  H.  Benton." 

The  orders  from  the  War  Department 
were  dated  September  8,  1837,  and  on  Octo- 
ber 15th,  General  Gentry  marched  out  of 
Columbia  for  St.  Louis  with  his  regiment  of 
600  men.  Such  promptness  in  enlisting, 
equipping  and  marching  to  the  scene  of 
battle  is  an  example  of  energy  and  patriotism 
worthy  of  praise  and  emulation.  Senator 
Benton  came  all  the  way  from  Washington 
to  meet  the  volunteers  at  St.  Louis,  where 
he  made  them  a  stirring  and  patriotic  ad- 
dress. General  Gentry  lost  no  time  in  reach- 
ing Florida  and  joining  the  army  already  in 
the  field  under  General  Zachary  Taylor,  who 
had  been  in  Florida  for  the  past  year,  bjit 
had  been  unable  to  meet  the  Indians  in  any 
decisive  battle.  On  the  arrival  of  the  Mis- 
souri Volunteers,  the  army  under  General 
Taylor  advanced  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  into  Florida  in  search  of  the  Indians. 
The  country  was  an  unexplored  wilderness, 
full  of  swamps  and  everglades.  After  several 
skirmishes  the  Indians  were  finally  found 
congregated  in  force  in  a  very  strong 
position  on  the  north  side  of  the  Okeechobee 
Lake.  In  front  of  them  was  a  swamp  nearly 
a  half  mile  wide  and  they  were  protected  by 
dense  woods  in  which  they  hid  themselves. 
A  decisive  battle,  which  terminated  the  war, 
was  fought  on  Christmas  day,  1837.  The 
Missouri  Volunteers  brought  on  the  fight  in 
gallant  style,  led  by  their  brave  commander; 
they  waded  the  swamp  on  foot,  almost  to 
their  armpits  in  water,  to  attack  and  drive 
a  concealed  enemy  from  the  dense  hammock 
on  the  opposite  side.  Of  the  138  soldiers 
killed  dnd  wounded,  the  most  of  them  were 
Missourians.  Their  brave  and  gallant  com- 
mander. General  Gentry,  received    a   mortal 


wound  just  as  he  emerged  from  the  swamp, 
but  he  continued  on  his  feet  for  some  time  in 
front  of  his  men,  urging  them  forward  to  the 
attack.  General  Taylor  in  his  report  of  the 
battle  says :  "Colonel  Gentry  died  in  a  few 
hours  after  the  battle,  much  regretted  by  the 
army,  and  will  be,  doubtless,  by  all  who  knew 
him,  as  his  State  did  not  contain  a  braver 
man  or  a  better  citizen."  The  remains  of 
General  Gentry  were  brought  from  Florida 
to  Missouri  and  buried  in  the  national 
cemetery  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  where  his 
grave  is  marked  by  a  small  monument.  His 
son,  Richard  Harrison  Gentry,  was  wounded 
in  the  arm  by  a  ball  from  an  Indian  rifle 
about  the  same  moment  General  Gentry 
was  shot.  The  first  intelligence  of  the  death 
of  General  Gentry  that  came  to  Missouri 
was  by  the  following  letter  from  Senator 
Benton  at  Washington  to  his  widow : 

"  Washington  City,  January  12,  1838. 
"  Mrs.  Richard  Gentry,  Columbia,  Mo.  : 

"Dear  Madam :  The  melancholy  intelli- 
gence from  Florida,  though  not  yet  con- 
firmed by  the  arrival  of  the  official  reports, 
seems  too  well  substantiated  to  admit  of  a 
doubt  that  your  brave  and  patriotic  husband 
has  nobly  fallen  in  the  cause  of  his  country. 
Twenty  years  of  friendship  between  us  en- 
ables me  to  appreciate  his  loss  to  his  family, 
and  makes  me  feel  how  much  the  country  is 
bound  to  endeavor  to  alleviate  the  calamity 
of  that  loss.  With  that  view,  I  have  already 
applied  to  the  President  and  Postmaster 
General  to  have  you  appointed  to  keep  the 
postoffice  at  Columbia,  and  think  it  probable 
that  the  application  will  be  granted.  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren  deeply  regrets  the  death  of 
your  husband,  and  feels  that  everything  is 
due  to  his  family  which  can  lawfully  and  con- 
sistently be  done.  A  pension  for  five  years 
will  be  granted  to  you,  at  the  rate,  I  think, 
of  about  $450  or  $500  a  year.  I  shall  also 
be  glad  to  assist  in  doing  anything  for  your 
children,  and  must  request  a  statement  of  the 
names  and  ages  of  your  sons,  that  I  may 
see  whether  any  of  them  can  be  educated  at 
the  military  academy  or  placed  in  the  navy. 
With  my  assurance  that  you  and  your  chil- 
dren can  rely  on  my  friendship  at  all  times, 
and  that  I  shall  lose  no  opportunity  to  pro- 
mote your  and  their  welfare,  I  remain,  dear 
Madam,  Yours  truly, 

"  Thomas  H.  Benton." 


24 


GENTRY. 


General  Gentry  has  a  large  number  of 
descendants  in  Missouri  and  adjoining 
States,  but  only  four  grandsons  bearing  his 
name  :  Richard  Gentry,  of  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, and  Oliver  Perry  Gentry,  of  Smithville, 
Missouri,  sons  of  Richard  Harrison  Gentry; 
and  North  Todd  Gentry,  of  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri, and  Wm.  Richard  Gentry,  of  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  sons  of  Thomas  Benton  Gentry. 

Gentry  County,  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  prosperous  counties  of  Missouri,  was 
named  by  the  Missouri  Legislature,  when  it 
was  formed,  in  honor  of  General  Gentry. 

General  Gentry  was  cut  down  in  the  very 
prime  of  life,  full  of  the  vigor  and  spirit  of  a 
well  matured  manhood.  Had  he  lived  to 
return  from  the  Florida  War  he  would 
doubtless  have  taken  a  very  prominent  po- 
sition in  the  public  afifairs  of  the  country. 

Richard  Gentry,  the  grandson  and  name- 
sake of  General  Gentry,  is  president  of  the 
Bond  Shoe  Company,  one  of  the  large  manu- 
facturing and  jobbing  house  of  Kansas  City, 
of  which  city  he  has  been  a  resident  for 
eighteen  years.  He  was  born  at  Columbia, 
Missouri,  November  ii,  1846,  graduated 
from  the  University  of  the  State  of  Missouri 
in  1868,  and  for  many  years  thereafter  was 
engaged  in  civil  engineering,  being  at  differ- 
ent times  connected  with  the  Chicago  & 
Alton,  the  Wabash,  the  Iron  Mountain  and 
other  railways.  In  1889  he  became  one  cf 
the  incorporators  and  was  a  large  stock- 
holder in  the  Pittsburg  &  Gulf  Railway, 
of  which  he  was  successively  chief  engineer, 
general  manager  and  vice  president  within 
the  next  eight  years.  He  has  always  been  an 
active  man  of  afifairs  and  has  been  engaged 
in  various  large  enterprises,  such  as  cattle- 
raising  and  mining  in  Colorado,  and  banking 
in  Kansas  City,  and  other  Missouri  towns. 
Successful  in  his  business  enterprises,,  he  is 
numbered  among  the  prominent  financiers 
of  Kansas  City.  November  11,  1873,  he 
married  Susan  E.  Butler,  of  Callaway 
County,  Missouri,  who  is  the  daughter  of 
Martin  Butler,  of  New  Bloomfield,  in  that 
county.  Four  sons  and  two  daughters  have 
been  born  of  this  union. 

Gentry,  Richard  T.,  general  manager 
of  the  Union  Central  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  Cincinnati,  is  one  of  Kansas  City's 
most  popular   and   energetic   men.     He  is  a 


native  Missourian,  having  been  born  in 
Sedalia,  Pettis  County,  son  of  Major  William 
Gentry,  a  noted  man  and  pioneer  breeder  of 
fine  cattle.  Mr.  Gentry  resided  in  Sedalia 
until  1898,  when  he  removed  to  Kansas  City. 
He  has  been  identified  with  the  insurance 
business  in  Missouri  for  about  ten  years,  and 
has  held  many  public  and  social  positions 
of  dignity  and  importance.  He  was  treas- 
urer of  Pettis  County  from  1878  to  1884,  and 
has  figured  prominently  in  State  politics  as 
a  leading  and  representative  Democrat.  In 
1886  he  came  within  a  few  votes  of  receiving 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  State  Treas- 
urer. In  1900,  his  abilities  having  been 
recognized  throughout  the  insurance  world, 
he  accepted  the  general  management  of  the 
Union  Central  at  Kansas  City,  with  juris- 
diction over  the  company's  afifairs  in  Mis- 
souri and  with  about  twenty  men  under  his 
able  direction.  Mr.  Gentry  is  a  writer  of 
ability  and  has  contributed  considerable  in- 
teresting matter  on  the  subject  of  life  insur- 
ance to  journals  devoted  to  that  important 
line  of  business.  In  Kansas  City  he  is  as 
popular  socially  as  he  is  esteemed  in  financial 
and  commercial  circles.  He  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Mason,  is  a  member  of  Ararat 
Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and  also  of  the 
order  of  Elks.  He  is  secretary  of  the  Gentry 
Family,  one  of  the  most  noted  family  asso- 
ciations in  the  country.  There  are  over  ten 
thousand  members  of  the  Gentry  family,  of 
whom  there  is  kept  an  accurate  record,  and 
their  reunions  are  important  gatherings  and 
widely  reported  in  the  daily  press.  Most  of 
the  members  of  the  association  reside  in 
Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  other  Southern 
States,  but  almost  every  State  in  the  Union 
is  represented  when  the  Gentry  kin  are 
gathered  together.  November  27,  1877,  Mr. 
Gentry  married  Miss  Mattie  C.  Prewitt,  of 
Clarksville,  Pike  County,  Missouri,  daughter 
of  Honorable  Wm.  C.  Prewitt,  one  of  the 
pioneers  and  substantial  men  of  that  portion 
of  the  State.  Mrs.  Gentry  died  in  1881. 
Mr.  Gentry  is  a  man  of  fine  business  quali- 
fications and  acumen,  a  courteous,  polished 
and  dignified  gentleman,  and  of  unusually 
pleasing  address.  He  is  a  natural  politician, 
and  his  charming  manners  and  personal 
magnetism  irresistibly  draw  men  to  him.  He 
is  just  in  the  prime  of  life,  enthusiastic,  active 
and  untiring  in  all  his  efiforts. 


''^''iha'ns  Nl-^ 


/■^Aa  (  ./y^^/^ 


>,i  y 


A  C  ^rL  (u 


'~he  Si:**ief^frft  f/isi'jrii  Ctr 


GENTRY. 


25 


Gentry,  William,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished citizens  of  Pettis  County,  was 
born  at  Boone's  Lick,  Howard  County, 
April  14,  1818.  The  Gentry  family  was  orig- 
inally of  Germanic  stock,  and  was  trans- 
planted to  England,  and  thence  to  America 
in  colonial  days.  Richard  Gentry,  a  native  of 
Virginia,  after  performing  military  service  in 
the  Revolutionary  war,  became  one  of  the 
early  settlers  of  Kentucky,  locating  in  Madi- 
son County.  His  son,  Reuben  E.  Gentry, 
was  born  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia, 
June  6,  1785.  He  married  Elizabeth  White, 
and  removed  to  Missouri  in  1809.  In  181 1 
he  located  at  Boone's  Lick,  where  he  en- 
tered and  improved  a  tract  of  government 
land.  Early  in  the  War  of  1812  he  assisted  in 
building  Fort  Hempstead  and  Fort  Kincaid. 
In  1824  he  removed  to  Pettis  County,  and 
made  a  farm  home  about  five  miles  northeast 
of  the  present  city  of  Sedalia,  where  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Previous 
to  leaving  Virginia,  he  married  Elizabeth 
White,  a  native  of  that  State.  Their  family 
comprised  four  sons  and  one  daughter, 
namely,  Richard,  Joel  W.,  Jane  H.,  Reuben 
and  William.  The  latter  named,  the  youngest 
child,  was  six  years  of  age  when  his  parents 
removed  to  Pettis  County.  His  boyhood  and 
early  manhood  were  passed  upon  the  farm, 
which  he  aided  in  cultivating,  and  his  educa- 
tion was  acquired  in  a  neighborhood  sub- 
scription school  established  by  his  father.  In 
1840,  he  married  Ann  Redd  Major,  daughter 
of  Lewis  Redd  Major,  a  pioneer  of  Pettis 
County,  and  for  many  years  one  of  its  most 
prominent  and  useful  citizens.  In  1846  he 
purchased  and  settled  upon  a  farm  about 
four  miles  west  of  his  father's  estate,  where 
he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  county  judge  of  Pettis  County, 
and  successive  re-elections  extended  his  term 
of  service  to  the  long  period  of  twenty  years, 
during  which  time  he  instituted  many  move- 
ments in  advancement  of  the  material  inter- 
ests of  the  county.  After  the  death  of  his 
brother  Richard,  he  resigned  the  office  to  at- 
tend to  the  administration  of  the  estate,  and 
this  business,  added  to  care  for  his  own 
affairs,  occupied  all  his  time  and  attention  for 
a  couple  of  years.  He  was  a  devoted 
Unionist  from  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  in  1862  Governor  Gamble  com- 
missioned him  major  of  the  Fortieth  Regi- 
ment   of     Missouri    Enrolled    Militia,    with 


which  he  served  until  its  disbandment.  He 
was  subsequently  appointed  major  of  the 
Fifth  Provisional  Regiment  of  Missouri 
Militia,  and  served  in  this  capacity  until  the 
restoration  of  peace.  During  all  the  years 
of  strife  and  disturbance,  in  a  region  where 
conditions  were  peculiarly  distressing,  with 
families  disrupted  and  kinsmen  arrayed 
against  each  other.  Major  Gentry  displayed 
all  the  qualities  of  the  ardent  patriot  and 
gallant  soldier,  at  the  same  time  performing 
his  duties  with  such  consideration  as  to 
greatly  mitigate  the  sufferings  incident  to 
the  times.  In  the  reconstruction  period,  his 
wise  counsels  and  equitable  disposition  exer- 
cised much  influence  in  assuaging  the  bitter- 
ness of  feeling  then  prevailing.  Deeply 
interested  in  the  material  development  of  his 
region  of  the  State,  he  earnestly  advocated 
various  important  enterprises,  to  all  of  which 
he  liberally  contributed  of  his  means.  In 
1870  he  was  elected  a  director  of  the  Lexing- 
ton &  St.  Louis  Railway,  and  two  years  later 
he  was  unanimously  chosen  president  of  the 
same  company.  He  was  also  a  director  of 
the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railway,  and 
he  was  president  of  the  Sedalia,  Warsaw  & 
Southern  Railway  from  the  date  of  its  organ- 
ization until  its  purchase  by  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway  Company.  Originally  a 
Whig,  upon  the  disruption  of  that  party  he 
became  a  Democrat.  With  many  oppor- 
tunities for  political  advancement,  he  had  no 
fondness  for  public  life,  and  but  once  con- 
sented to  become  a  candidate  for  a  purely 
political  position.  In  1873  he  was  the 
nominee  of  the  People's  or  Independent 
party  for  Governor  of  Missouri,  and  was 
defeated  by  Charles  H.  Hardin,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate.  In  the  winter  of  1881-2,  he 
rendered  his  last  public  service,  as  presiding 
judge  of  the  Pettis  County  court,  under  ap- 
pointment by  Governor  Crittenden.  Major 
Gentry,  by  his.  first  marriage,  was  father  of 
eight  children,  namely,  Mary  E.,  wife  of  . 
T.  W.  Cloney,  of  Sedalia ;  Jane  Redd,  wife  of 
Theodore  Shelton,  of  St.  Louis ;  Allie  B., 
who  died  August  18,  1886,  wife  of  J.  M. 
Olfield,  of  Sedalia;  Bettie  G.,  widow  of  J.  B. 
Skinner,  of  St.  Louis ;  Richard  T.,  of  Kansas 
City;  Joel  B.,  who  died  January,  1886;  John 
R.,  of  St.  Louis,  and  Eva  G.,  wife  of  H,  B. 
Duke,  of  Kansas  City.  The  mother  of  these 
children  died  August  11,  1873,  and  in 
December,  1874,  Major  Gentry  married  her 


26 


GENTRY— GENTRY  COUNTY. 


sister,  Mrs.  Evelyn  Witcher.  The  death  of 
Major  Gentry  occurred  May  22,  1890.  In 
every  relation  of  life,  as  husband,  parent, 
cititzen,  soldier,  and  public  official,  he  was  a 
model  of  integrity  and  noble  purpose.  His 
services  in  behalf  of  his  home  county  and 
the  adjacent  region  can  not  be  overestimated. 
Keenly  alive  to  its  possibilities,  and  hoping 
for  its  occupation  by  a  large  and  desirable 
population,  he  never  lost  faith  in  the  ultimate 
success  of  the  various  enterprises  intended  to 
accomplish  this  end,  nor  did  his  effort  ever 
lag,  nor  were  his  means  ever  withheld.  It 
is  to  be  said  that  his  wise  discernment  was 
amply  vindicated  in  the  magnitude  of  ac- 
complished results.  While  incessantly  busy 
with  important  concerns  to  the  advantage  of 
the  community,  he  neglected  no  personal 
duty  nor  interest,  and  his  unflagging  in- 
dustry, wise  management  and  great  business 
ability  caused  him  to  be  regarded,  as  he  is 
now  remembered,  as  the  model  farmer  of  his 
region.  He  accumulated  a  large  estate 
comprising  six  thousand  acres  in  his  home 
place,  splendidly  improved,  and  nearly  all 
under  cultivation  or  used  in  rearing  stock. 
His  personal  success  in  these  lines  of  in- 
dustry was  of  vast  advantage  to  others 
through  imitation  of  his  methods,  and 
through  availing  themselves  of  new  and  de- 
sirable breeds  of  domestic  animals  of  his 
introduction.  His  conduct  in  the  outer 
world  was  governed  by  the  same  high  princi- 
ples which  characterized  him  in  his  home 
life.  Refined  in  manner,  genial  in  disposition, 
pure-minded  and  temperate  in  all  ways,  he 
was  held  in  affectionate  regard  by  all  the 
thousands  who  esteemed  it  a  pleasure  to 
know  him  and  to  enjoy  his  friendship.  He  par- 
ticularly endeared  himself  to  very  many  dur- 
ing and  immediately  after  the  Civil  War, 
when  he  expended  a  comfortable  fortune  in 
providing  for  the  wants  and  ameliorating  the 
conditions  of  such  as  had  suffered  impover- 
ishment. Charitable  and  merciful,  his  home 
was  ever  a  refuge  for  the  weary  and 
distressed  throughout  his  life.  His  tender- 
hearted sympathy  required  no  personal  ap- 
peal, nor  could  sickness  or  disaster  afflict  one 
within  his  knowledge,  that  he  did  not  make 
it  his  errand  to  visit  the  unfortunate  and 
make  generous  bestowal  of  his  means  and 
services.  To  few  families  is  it  given  to  in- 
herit so  highly  honored  a  name  as  is  borne 


by  the  descendants  of  the  truly  noble  Wil- 
liam Gentry. 

Gentry,  William  Miller,  was  born  at 

the  family  homestead  in  Pettis  County,  Sep- 
tember 19,  1837,  son  of  Richard  and  Alzira 
(Miller)  Gentry.  His  boyhood  was  spent 
upon  the  farm,  and  his  rudimentary  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  the  school  established  | 
by  his  father.  While  the  famous  Kemper  1 
School  was  still  located  at  Fulton,  he  entered 
it  as  a  student,  continuing  his  studies  there  ■ 
after  its  removal  to  Boonville.  After  leaving  I 
this  school  he  returned  to  his  home  and  as- 
sisted his  father  in  the  management  of  his 
extensive  farming  and  stock  interests.  The 
Civil  War  interrupted  his  farming  operations 
for  a  while,  and  when  a  call  for  additional 
men  for  the  defense  of  the  homes  of  loyal 
citizens  was  made,  he  joined  the  State  Un- 
ion forces  and  served  until  the  danger  was 
past.  The  death  of  his  father,  in  1865,  left 
him  and  his  brother  in  charge  of  the  valuable 
interests  founded  and  nurtured  by  the  elder 
Gentry,  and  to  their  care  he  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  Though  a  Democrat  of 
the  same  type  as  his  father  and  brother,  he 
never  sought  nor  consented  to  fill  public  of- 
fice. Fraternally  he  was  a  Master  Mason. 
December  2,  1885,  he  married  Bettie  H., 
widow  of  Reuben  J.  Gentry.  While  in  the 
prime  of  manhood,  apparently  with  many 
years  of  usefulness  before  him,  he  was 
stricken  with  an  illness  which  resulted  in  his 
death.  May  i,  1889.  It  should  be  said  of  him, 
that  the  traditions  of  the  old  and  honorable 
Gentry  family  guided  him  throughout  life, 
and  his  career,  though  free  from  ostentation, 
was,  nevertheless,  marked  by  a  public- 
spiritedness,  and  liberality  of  thought  and 
action  in  consonance  with  the  spirit  which 
has  characterized  his  family  throughout  all 
its  generations. 

Gentry  County. —  A  county  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Worth  County,  east  by  Harri- 
son and  Daviess  Counties,  south  by  DeKalb 
County,  and  west  by  Andrew  and  Nodaway 
Counties;  area,  313,000  acres.  The  surface 
is  generally  undulating,  with  large  areas  of 
bottom  land  along  Grand  River,  the  principal 
stream,  which  runs  through  the  county  in  a 
.southeasterlv     direction,     in     an     irregular 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEYS. 


27 


H  course.  Its  chief  feeders  are  East  Fork  of 
K  West  Fork,  Middle  Fork  and  West  Fork  of 
Grand  River.  Of  Grand,  and  the  streams 
here  named,  there  are  numerous  smaller  trib- 
utaries. Originally  one-third  of  the  area  of 
the  county  was  in  timber,  a  large  belt  of  oak, 
several  miles  in  width,  extending  through  the 
county  from  north  to  south.  Much  of  this 
has  been  cleared  away  and  the  land  converted 
into  farms.  About  two-thirds  of  the  county 
is  prairie.  Throughout  nearly  all  sections  of 
the  county  the  soil  is  a  dark  loam,  mixed  in 
places  with  sand,  and  lying  on  a  base  of  clay. 
The  timber  lands  have  proved  the  best  for 
the  growing  of  wheat  and  other  cereals.  The 
average  yield  to  the  acre  of  corn  is  35  bush- 
els;  wheat,  15  bushels;  and,  oats,  25  bushels. 
Potatoes  yield  100  bushels  to  the  acre,  and 
all  the  tuberous  vegetables  grow  equally  as 
well,  and  reach  almost  a  perfect  state  of  ma- 
turity. The  grasses,  especially  timothy  and 
clover,  grow  luxuriantly  and  are  profitable 
crops.  Stock-raising,  dairying  and  fruit- 
growing are  the  most  profitable  branches  of 
diversified  farming,  which  is  the  general  oc- 
cupation of  tbe  residents  of  the  county. 
About  80  per  cent  of  the  area  of  the  county 
is  under  cultivation,  the  remainder  being  in 
timber,  consisting  chiefly  of  oak,  hickory, 
black  walnut,  cottonwood,  lind,  etc.  The 
fruit  acreage  of  the  county,  is  nearly  3,000 
acres.  All  the  hardy  varieties  of  fruits  are 
produced  abundantly,  and  horticulture  has 
for  many  years  been  successfully  carried  on. 
In  the  northern  part  of  the  county  there  is  a 
deposit  of  bituminous  coal,  which  is  the  only 
mineral  yet  discovered  in  the  county.  Build- 
ing stone  exists  in  limited  quantities.  There 
K  is  abundance  of  brick  clay,  which  is  used  ex- 
tensively in  the  manufacture  of  brick,  con- 
siderable of  which  is  exported.  According 
to  the  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statis- 
tics, in  1898,  the  surplus  exports  shipped 
from  the  county  were:  Cattle,  18,600  head; 
hogs,  69,600  head ;  sheep,  2,683  head ;  horses 
and  mules,  2,390  head ;  wheat,  27,800  bushels ; 
oats,  938  bushels ;  corn,  24,500  bushels ;  hay, 
39,400  pounds;  timothy  seed,  1,000  pounds; 
lumber,  91,200  feet;  logs,  6,000  feet;  walnut 
logs,  24,000  feet;  cross-ties,  454;  cordwood, 
1,212  cords;  brick,  768,750;  sand,  75  cars; 
wool,  64,000  pounds ;  poultry,  690,200 
pounds ;  eggs,  546,000  dozen ;  butter,  87,500 
pounds ;  lard  and  tallow,  4,085  pounds ;  hides 
and    pelts,  63,000    pounds ;    nursery   stock, 


2,790  pounds.  Other  articles  exported  from 
the  county  were  dressed  meats,  honey,  bees- 
wax, molasses  and  furs.  The  exact  date  of 
the  first  permanent  settlement  in  the  section 
that  is  now  Gentry  County,  and  who  was  the 
first  settler,  are  matters  that  remain  in  dis- 
pute. It  is  generally  claimed  that  no  settle- 
ments were  made  in  the  section  until  1840, 
when  a  number  of  people,  who  for  a  time  had 
resided  in  Clay  and  Ray  Counties,  located 
upon  the  land  along  the  Grand  River.  It  is 
certain  that  there  were  only  a  few  settlers,  if 
any,  prior  to  this  time.  That  in  1840  there 
was  considerable  occupation  of  the  lands 
along.  Grand  River,  is  evidenced  by  the  fact 
that  the  county  had  a  sufficient  population 
for  organization  a  year  later.  On  February 
12,  1841,  Gentry  County  was  preHminarily 
organized,  and  its  boundaries  defined.  The 
first  two  sections  of  the  creative  act  were  in 
the  following  words :  "All  that  portion  of 
territory  now  attached  to  Clinton  County, 
and  lying  north  of  the  township  line  dividing 
Townships  60  and  61,  shall  be  included  in  a 
new  county  hereafter  organized  and  known 
by  the  name  of  Gentry,  in  honor  of  Colonel 
Richard  Gentry,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Okeechobee,  in  Florida.  Gentry  County 
shall  be  attached  to  the  County  of  Clinton, 
for  all  civil  and  military  purposes,  until  other- 
wise provided  by  law."  The  organization  of 
the  county  was  perfected  in  1843,  ^"d  the 
commissioners  appointed  to  select  a  perma- 
nent seat  of  justice  located  it  on  land  near  the 
center  of  the  county,  and  laid  out  a  town, 
which  was  called  Athens.  Later  the  name 
was  changed  to  Albany.  Gentry  County  is 
divided  into  eight  townships,  named,  respec- 
tively, Athens,  Bogie,  Cooper,  Howard,  Hig- 
gins,  Jackson,  Miller  and  Wilson.  The 
Omaha  &  St.  Louis  branch  of  the  Wabash 
Railroad  passes  diagonally  through  the 
county,  from  the  northwest ;  and  the  St.  Jo- 
seph branch  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy,  from  the  southwest  corner,  north- 
east to  north  of  the  center  of  the  eastern 
boundary  line.  The  number  of  public  schools 
in  the  county  in  1899  was  91 ;  teachers  em- 
ployed, 141 ;  pupils  enumerated,  6,820.  The 
population  of  the  county  in  1900  was  20,554. 

Geological  Surveys. — The  motive  of 
some  of  the  French  and  all  of  the  early  Span- 
ish explorers  was  the  search  for  precious 
metals.    In  1541  De  Soto  is  supposed  to  Have 


28 


GEOI.OGICAL  SURVEYS. 


traversed  southern  Missouri  in  his  search  for 
wealth.  In  1705  the  Governor  of  Louisiana 
sent  out  an  expedition  under  De  Lochon, 
which  penetrated  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  Kan- 
sas River,  but  with  no  success.  In  1720  De 
La  Motte  explored  southeast  Missouri,  and 
did  some  mining  for  lead  in  the  region  since 
known  as  the  La  Motte  mines.  Soon  after, 
Renault  mined  near  Potosi,  and  from  1730  to 
1770  there  was  occasional  mining  in  south- 
east Missouri.  The  first  person  of  English 
descent  to  explore  this  region  was  Moses 
Austin,  a  native  of  Durham,  Connecticut, 
who  had  been  working  lead  mines  in  Wythe 
County,  Virginia.  In  1798  he  rode  horse- 
back to  Missouri,  obtained  the  grant  of  a 
league  of  land  from  the  Spanish  government, 
and  soon  after  opened  the  first  regular  shaft 
for  mining  and  erected  a  furnace  for  smelting 
lead.  In  1804  Austin  made  a  report  to  Major 
Amos  Stoddard,  acting  Governor,  which  was 
later  published  in  the  "American  State 
Papers,"  Volume  I.  In  this  report  Austin 
describes  each  of  the  ten  mines,  with  some 
general  observations  on  the  district.  These 
mines  were  operated  by  Austin  for  nearly  fif- 
teen years.  He  then  went  to  Texas  to  ar- 
range for  the  establishment  of  a  colony  there. 
From  Texas  he  went  to  Mexico  to  negotiate 
for  a  cession,  was  imprisoned,  came  out  sick 
and  dispirited,  and  soon  after  died  at  the 
home  of  his  son-in-law,  on  Big  River,  Mis- 
souri. His  son,  Stephen  F.  Austin,  later  ob- 
tained the  grant  and  established  a  settlement 
around  Austin,  Texas,  and  died  there  in 
1836. 

In  1818,  1819  and  1823  Henry  R.  School- 
craft was  in  the  mining  region  of  southeast 
Missouri.  In  November  and  December, 
1818,  Schoolcraft,  with  Levi  Pettibone,  jour- 
neyed from  Washington  County,  Missouri, 
through  the  then  unknown  wilderness,  to 
southwest  Missouri,  exploring  caves,  exam- 
ining the  rocks,  and,  on  the  30th  of  Novem- 
ber, met  hunters  on  the  waters  of  the  White 
River.  There  were  then  two  or  three  families 
on  White  River,  near  the  Arkansas  line. 
From  thence  they  journeyed  up  White  River 
and  Swan  Creek  to  Finley  Creek,  by  Ozark 
Cave,  to  James  Fork,  and  visited  the  mine 
since  known  as  the  Phelps  lead  mine,  about 
five  miles  from  Springfield.  A  small  shaft 
was  sunk,  some  lead  ore  dug  out,  a  rude  log 
furnace  erected,  and  on  January  3,  1819,  some 
lead   was    smelted.      On   January    5th    they 


started  on  their  return  trip,  passed  down 
White  River;  thence  up  Black  River  to  St. 
Michael — now  Fredericktown — and  to  Ste. 
Genevieve.  In  1823,  when  accompanying 
General  Cass  to  St.  Louis,  Schoolcraft  paid 
another  visit  to  the  mines  of  southeast  Mis- 
souri, he  saw  Austin,  and  obtained  additional 
information  of  the  mines  and  minerals  of 
Missouri.  As  a  result,  he  published,  in  1819, 
a  volume  on  the  mines  of  Missouri.  He 
names  mines  in  the  counties  of  Washington, 
Ste.  Genevieve  and  Madison,  and  describes 
the  associated  minerals  and  manner  of  mine- 
working.  To  this  he  adds  a  geographical  de- 
scription of  Missouri,  with  its  sixteen  coun- 
ties ;  also  an  article  on  the  mineral  masses  of 
the  earth.  Another  volume  he  published,  en- 
titled "A  Tour  Through  Missouri  and  North 
Arkansas,"  in  1819.  He  also  published  a 
volume  with  notes  of  his  trip  in  1823. 

In  Volume  I  of  "Western  Journal  and 
Civilian,"  St.  Louis,  1848,  page  243,  Dr.  H. 
M.  Prout  gives  a  general  sketch  of  the  geol- 
ogy of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  in  Volume 
V,  of  January,  1853,  he  further  advocates  the 
importance  of  a  geological  survey  of  the 
State.  The  "Western  Journal,"  for  October 
and  November,  1849,  contains  lengthy  articles 
showing  the  value  of  the  mineral  resources 
of  Missouri,  and  the  great  importance  of  hav- 
ing made  an  early  geological  survey  of  the 
State.  Dr.  M.  M.  Maughas,  of  Callaway 
County,  explored  central  Missouri,  and  in 
the  "Western  Journal  and  CiviHan "  for 
February,  1853,  he  published  an  interesting 
article  on  his  geological  researches  in  Mis- 
souri. 

In  1839  the  State  of  Missouri  had  a  Board 
of   Improvement,  consist- 
Official  Surveys  and    ing   of   several   members. 
Reports.  The  president  of  the  board 

was  George  C.  Sibley; 
William  H,  Morell  was  chief  engineer,  and 
Dr.  Henry  King  was  employed  to  make  a 
geological  survey  along  the  Osage  River. 
The  act  organizing  this  movement  was 
passed  by  the  Legislature  and  approved  Feb- 
ruary 9,  1839.  Dr.  King  handed  in  his  report 
December,  1839.  This  may  be  considered 
the  first  official  geological  report  ever  pub- 
lished on  Missouri.  Dr.  King  connected  his 
geological  surveys  with  the  southeast  Mis- 
souri region,  and  that  of  the  Osage  River. 
He  examined  the  lead  mines  of  Washington 
and     St.     Francois     Counties,     the     region 


GEOLOGICAI.  SURVEYS. 


29 


around  Massies'  iron  works ;  thence  across 
the  Gasconade  and  Osage,  to  Jefferson  City. 
He  notes  the  occurrence  of  lead  and  iron, 
copper,  barytes  and  zinc.  He  speaks  of  coal 
pockets  and  salt  springs.  He  studies  the 
geology  on  both  sides  of  the  Osage  to  the 
west  line  of  the  State.  He  discusses  the 
Osage  and  its  tributaries,  the  character  of 
the  country,  timber,  prairie,  soils,  minerals, 
fossils,  and  the  age  of  the  rocks.  In  this,  he 
considers  the  Jefferson  City  rocks  to  be  the 
upper  member  of  the  lead-bearing  series.  He 
further  takes  notice  of  the  building  stone,  of 
the  "float"  mineral,  which  he  considers  to  be 
the  remains  of  a  former  regular  vein.  He 
speaks  of  lead  mines  in  the  country,  from 
near  Jefferson  City  to  near  Warsaw,  and  of 
the  indications  of  lead  in  central  Missouri. 
Pierre  Chouteau,  of  St.  Louis,  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  man  who  explored  the  Upper 
Osage  Valley  for  minerals. 

In  1849  the  Missouri  Historical  and  Phil- 
osophical Society  presented  a  memorial  to 
the  Legislature,  signed  by  Sol.  D.  Caruthers, 
Samuel  T.  Glover,  Falkland  H.  Martin,  Wil- 
liam G.  Minor  and  De  Witt  C.  Ballou,  setting 
forth  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  a 
geological  survey,  and  urgently  asking  the 
Legislature  to  make  liberal  appropriations 
for  the  same.  In  May,  1849,  the  Legislature 
appointed  a  committee,  with  T.  F.  Risk  as 
chairman,  to  memorialize  Congress  to  set 
apart  one  township  of  land  in  each  land  dis- 
trict for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  a  survey, 
and  also  to  establish  a  school  of  agriculture, 
mining  and  chemistry.  This  was  adopted  by 
the  United  States  tlouse  of  Representatives, 
without  a  dissenting  voice,  but  was  delayed 
in  the  Senate  and  not  acted  on  before  the 
close  of  the  session.  On  December  27,  1849, 
Stephen  H.  Douglas  introduced  a  bill  in 
Congress  to  authorize  an  allotment  of  one 
township  of  land  in  each  land  district,  for  the 
purpose  of  aiding  a  geological  survey.  In 
December,  1852,  the  Missouri  Legislature 
recommended  an  appropriation  for  a  geo- 
logical survey  of  the  State,  and  the  bill  was 
passed  April  2,  1853.  George  C.  Swallow 
was  appointed  State  Geologist,  and  in  June 
he  began  his  work  in  the  State,  which  he  con- 
tinued until  May,  1861.  During  the  summer 
of  1853  Swallow  made  surveys  in  Boone 
County,  then  he  explored  the  Missouri  bluffs 
from  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  to  Rockport,  Mis- 
souri.   After  this  he  made  a  trip  across  the 


State  to  southwest  Missouri,  returning  by  a 
different  route ;  the  next  summer  he  did 
work  in  central  and  northeast  Missouri,  and 
by  December,  1854,  he  had  his  report  com- 
plete, including  450  pages,  with  five  maps  with 
sections.  No  other  man  during  the  same  time 
has  ever  gone  into  a  strange  field,  traversed 
the  country  and  written  out  its  geology  in  so 
short  a  time  and  with  such  successful  accu- 
racy as  he  did.  In  this  work  he  was  ably 
assisted  by  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard,  Dr.  A.  Litton 
and  Mr.  F.  B.  Meek.  The  other  assistants 
in  the  work  were  R.  B.  Price,  Dr.  J.  G.  Nor- 
wood, Major  F.  Hawn,  G.  C.  Broadhead,  Dr. 
John  Locke,  H.  A.  Uiffers,  Warwick  Hough, 
P.  C.  Swallow,  Edwin  Harrison,  Henry  En- 
gelmann  and  C.  Gilbert  Wheeler.  Most  of 
the  State  was  surveyed  by  Swallow  and  his 
assistants.  In  1861  the  geological  survey 
was  discontinued. 

The  second  geological  survey  was  made 
in  1870-5.  During  1870 
Second  Survey.  and  part  of  1871  Albert 
D.  Hager  was  State  Geol- 
ogist. In  1871  J.  G.  Norwood  was  tempo- 
rarily State  Geologist,  with  G.  C.  Broadhead, 
assistant  geologist.  He  was  also  assisted  by 
Charles  M.  Litton.  Surveys  were  made  in 
Madison  County  and  in  western  Missouri. 
The  Legislature,  in  1871,  established  a  State 
Board  of  Mines  and  Geology,  to  consist  of 
four  members,  with  the  Governor  as  chair- 
man. In  November,  1871,  Raphael  Pumpelly 
was  appointed  State  Geologist.  His  assist- 
ants on  the  work  were  Dr.  Adolph  Schmidt, 
G.  C.  Broadhead,  William  B.  Potter,  Alex. 
Leonhard,  P.  N.  Moore,  W.  E.  Guy,  J.  R. 
Gage,  Charles  J.  Norwood  and  John 
Pumpelly.  Dr.  Schmidt's  work  was  mainly 
a  description  of  iron  ore  beds  in  south,  east 
and  central  Missouri.  Professor  Potter 
made  a  survey  of  Lincoln  County.  G.  C. 
Broadhead  examined  the  coal  fields  of  west- 
ern Missouri.  Regis  Chauvenet  made  chem- 
ical analyses.  In  June,  1873,  Pumpelly 
resigned  and  G.  C.  Broadhead  was  appointed 
State  Geologist.  His  assistants  were  Dr.  A. 
Schmidt,  P.  N.  Moore,  C.  J.  Norwood,  H.  H. 
West  and  J.  R.  Gage  with  Regis  Chauvenet, 
chemist.  Broadhead  made  surveys  of  Cole, 
Madison  and  Howard  and  certain  counties  of 
southwest  Missouri.  C.  J.  Norwood  made 
surveys  of  Putnam  and  Schuyler  and  assisted 
Broadhead  in  other  surveys.  J.  R.  Gage 
made  a  report  on  certain  lead  mines  in  St. 


30 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEYS. 


Francois  and  Madison  Counties,  and  P.  N. 
Moore  made  a  survey  of  Limonite  ore  beds 
in  southeast  Missouri.  Dr.  Schmidt  made 
surveys  of  the  lead  and  zinc  mines  in  central 
and  southwest  Missouri.  The  survey  was 
suspended  in  1875. 

The  geological  survey  was  reorganized  in 
1889    with   a   Bureau    of 
Third  Survey.         Geology  and    Mines,  con- 
sisting of    four  members 
and  the  Governor  as  chairman  of  the  board. 
From    1889   to    1893    Arthur   Winslow   was 
State  Geologist.    From  1893  to  1897  Charles 
R.    Keyes   filled   the   office.    The   assistants 
were  C.  F.  Marbut,   Elston   Lonsdale,  A.  E. 
Woodward,   G.   E.   Ladd,   Frank   Nason,   J. 
Robertson,  H.   A.  Wheeler,  R.    R.   Rowley, 

E.  M.  Shepard,  J.  E.  Todd,  Erasmus 
Haworth,  The  reports  included  twelve 
volumes  of  from  200  to  400  pages  each,  and 
five  bulletins  and  annual  reports.  In  1897 
John  A.  Gallaher  was  appointed  State  Geolo- 
gist. He  has  had  Marbut  and  Rowley  to 
assist.  The  work  of  the  third  geological 
survey  has  been  chiefly  in  the  same  field  as 
the  others,  being  brought  out  in  more  detail 
in  some  districts. 

Official    publications    in    connection  with 
geological  surveys  of  Mis- 
Official  Publications,    souri    have    been    as    fol- 
lows :     Geological  Report 
of  Country  Adjacent  to  Osage  River,  by  Dr. 
Henry  King  accompanying  State  Engineer's 
Report,  Jefferson  City,  1840;    First    Annual 
Report,  1853.     Report  of   Progress,  Second 
Annual    Report,    1854;    includes    38    pages. 
Report    of    Progress,  447    pages ;    geology, 
maps,     sections,     three     plates     of     fossils ; 
Chapters  i  to  5  inclusive,  by  G.  C.  Swallow; 
Part  Second,  Report  of  A.  Litton   on   Lead 
Mines;  F.  B.  Meek  on  Moniteau  County; 

F.  Hawn  on  Country  along  Hannibal  &  St. 
Joseph  Railroad ;  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard  on  St. 
Louis,  Franklin  and  the  Country  along  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  description  of  forty- 
eight  species  of  fossils.  Reports  of  Progress 
.for  1856,  1859  ^"^  i860;  G.  C.  Swallow  and 
assistants.  Report  of  Country  Adjacent  to 
Southwest  Branch  of  Pacific  Railway,  1858. 
Annual  Report  of  A.  D.  Hager,  23  pages, 
1871.  Geological  Report,  1855-71,  Jefferson 
City,  1873;  323  pages,  photo-lithographic 
plates,  eight  county  maps ;  includes  reports 
on  six  counties,  by  G.  C.  Broadhead;  three 


counties  by  F.  B.  Meek,  and  twelve  counties 
by  B.  F.  Shumard. 

Report — Iron  Ores  and  Coal  Fields — 1873. 
Raphael  Pumpelly,  director;  190  illustra- 
tions; two  parts  and  an  atlas;  Part  I,  214 
pages ;  includes  geology  of  Pilot  Knob  and 
vicinity,  by  R.  Pumpelly;  second,  Analyses, 
by  Chauvenet  and  Blair;  third,  by  A. 
Schmidt,  Description  of  Iron  Ore  Deposits; 
Part  II,  440  pages,  Chapters  i  to  6,  Coal  Mines 
of  Missouri,  by  G.  C.  Broadhead;  Chapters 
7  and  8,  Geology  of  Lincoln  County,  by  W. 
B.  Potter;  Chapters  9  to  15,  inclusive,  Re- 
ports on  Counties  of  Northwest  Missouri, 
by  G.  C.  Broadhead.  Appendix — Smith, 
Broadhead  and  C.  J.  Norwood. 

Geological  Survey  Report  1874 — G.  C. 
Broadhead,  Chapters  i  to  6,  inclusive,  and 
II  to  21,  inclusive,  by  Broadhead;  Chapters 
7,  8,  9,  10  and  12,  by  Broadhead  and  C.  J. 
Norwood;  Chapters  16  and  17,  by  C.  J.  Nor- 
wood ;  Chapters  21  to  33,  by  Dr.  A.  Schmidt, 
on  Lead  Districts  ;  Chapter  34  by  J.  R.  Gage ; 
Chapter  35,  by  P.  N.  Moore;  Chemical 
Analyses,  by  R.  Chauvenet;  and  appendix.  j 
Jefferson  City,  1874;  thirty-five  chapters  and  | 
appendix ;  734  pages ;  ninety-one  illustra- 
tions ;  atlas,  fourteen  maps.  Report  of  C. 
P.  Williams,  183  pages;  three  chapters,  Lead 
and  Zinc;  Jefferson  City,  1877. 

Publications  of  the  Third  Survey,  1889- 
1900,  were  as  follows  :  Five  bulletins ;  470  J 
pages;  thirteen  plates,  eleven  figures;  A.  ' 
Winslow,  State  Geologist  and  assistants, 
Ladd,  Marbut,  Haworth,  Woodward;  and 
includes  a  bulletin  on  bibliography  of  Mis- 
souri geology  by  F.  A.  Sampson;  three 
biennial  reports,  150  pages. 

Volume  I.  Coal,  by  A.  Winslow;  227 
pages;  131  figures;  four  chapters,  two  ap- 
pendices. 1 

Volume  II.     Iron  Ore;  Frank  L.  Nason;        1 
366  pages ;  nine    plates,    sixty-two    figures ; 
eleven  chapters,  two  appendices. 

Volume  III.  Mineral  Waters,  by  Dr.  Paul 
Schweitzer;  256  pages;  thirty-four  plates, 
eleven  figures;  ten  chapters,  three  appendices. 

Volumes  IV  and  V.  Paleontology,  by 
Charles  R.  Keyes  ;  314  and  320  pages  ;  thirty- 
four  and  thirty-two  plates,  nine  and  two 
figures. 

Volumes  VI  and  VII.  Lead  and  Zinc  j 
Deposits,  by  A.  Winslow ;  387  and  401  pages ;  | 
twelve    and    twenty-eight     plates,     71     and        \ 


GEOI.OGY  OF   MISSOURI. 


31 


196   figures,  appendix   charts,  E.  O.  Hovey; 
Analyses,  J.  D.  Robertson. 

Volume  VIII.  Charles  R.  Keyes,  E. 
Haworth,on  Crystalline  Rocks;  Altitudes, by 
C.  F.  Marbut,  and  Coal  Measures  of  Mis- 
souri, by  G.  C.  Broadhead. 

Volume  IX.  Areal  Geology,  by  C.  R. 
Keyes  and  C.  F.  Marbut ;  Higginsville 
Sheet,  by  A.  Winslow;  Bevier,  by  C.  H. 
Gordon,  assisted  by  H.  A.  Wheeler  and  J.  E. 
Todd ;  Iron  Mountain,  by  Winslow,  Haworth 
and  Nason  ;  Mine  La  Motte,  by  C.  R.  Keyes  ; 
with  maps  and  plates. 

Volume  X.  Twenty-two  maps  and 
sketches,  twenty-four  figures ;  523  pages ; 
C.  F.  Marbut,  on  Surface  Features ;  Quater- 
nary, by  J.  E.  Todd ;  Bibliography,  Charles 
R.  Keyes. 

Volume  XI.  Six  hundred  and  ten  pages, 
thirty-nine  plates,  fifteen  figures ;  Clay  De- 
posits, by  H.  A.  Wheeler. 

Volume  XII.  Four  hundred  and  nine 
pages  and  245  pages ;  six  maps,  thirteen 
plates ;  thirty-seven  cuts.  Green  County,  by 
E.  M.  Shepard;  CHnton,  Calhoun,  Lexington, 
Richmond  and  Huntsville,  Quadrangles,  by 
C.  F.  Marbut ;  Geology  of  Boone  County  and 
on  Ozark  Uplift,  by  G.  C.  Broadhead. 

G.  C.  Broadhead. 

Geology  of  Missouri. — The  geology 
of  any  given  area  of  the  earth  is  to  some  ex- 
tent individualized,  because  the  conditions  of 
deposit  in  that  area  were  essentially  local.  A 
correct  genesis  is,  therefore,  the  easiest  way 
of  resolving  all  geological  phenomena.  But 
the  genesis  must  satisfy  all  of  the  require- 
ments of  physics,  logic  and  consciousness. 
In  other  words,  it  must  be  supported  by 
abundant  and  obvious  facts,  because  we  rea- 
son only  by  analogy. 

Traversing  the  Mississippi  basin,  from 
Lake  Superior  to  southwestern  Texas,  lies 
an  ancient  deep-seated  arch  or  upward  fold, 
unevenly  developed.  It  is  known  locally  as 
the  Ozark  Range.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  eastern 
axis  of  our  primordial  continent,  and  is  older, 
by  far,  than  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

On  that  deep-seated  arch  or  ancient  axis, 
about  midway  between  the  points  just  named, 
rests  the  geographical  area  now  known  as 
Missouri.  But  the  topography  of  our  pri- 
mordial base  is  radically  unlike  that  of  the 
present  surface.     The  first  is  sharply  defined 


or  rugged,  the  latter  is  relatively  smooth  or 
undulating. 

The  rocks  involved  in  our  primordial  base 
are  chiefly  granite,  gneiss  and  mica  schist ; 
with  the  dyke  rocks,  pegmatite,  diabase  and 
porphyry,  characteristic  of  such  country. 
That  the  topography  of  our  primordial  base 
is  sharply  defined  or  rugged,  is  a  fact  of  great 
economic  importance.  As  will  be  shown 
hereafter,  an  acute  knowledge  of  that  basal 
topography  helps  us  to  analyze  local  struc- 
ture and  determine  the  areas  of  the  subdrain- 
age  zones,  wherein  our  greatest  ore  bodies 
have  been  concentrated. 

In  the  primordial  areas  of  Wayne,  Madi- 
son, Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Francois,  Iron  and 
Crawford  Counties,  in  which  the  granite 
rocks  have  been  denuded  of  their  sedimentary 
covering,  the  same  general  conditions  obtain 
under  which  rich  metal  veins  are  found  in 
other  countries.  The  only  reason  I  can  con- 
ceive why  those  areas  of  granite  country 
rock  have  not  been  explored  for  plutonic  de- 
posits and  true  fissure  veins,  is  because  they 
were  not  situated  in  some  more  difficult  or 
romantic  country.  They  are,  at  least,  very 
old  rocks,  on  which  has  doubtless  rested  a 
vertical  mile  of  ore-bearing  rocks  that  have 
been  resolved  into  their  constituent  elements 
and  carried  away  to  the  sea  floor,  or  precipi- 
tated in  the  fissures  and  other  cavities  in 
those  ancient  bed  rocks. 

Moreover,  the  innumerable  dykes  of  dia- 
base, pegmatite  and  porphyry  suggest  that 
if  there  really  are  such  things  as  sublimation 
veins,  they  ought  to  be  found  in  the  granite 
country  of  southeastern  Missouri.  It  is  a 
familiar  fact  that  all  of  the  richest  metal 
mines  in  the  world  are  situated  in  the  areas 
wherein  the  greatest  destruction  of  sedimen- 
tary rocks  has  occurred.  If  the  energy  that 
has  been  wasted  on  the  proverbially  barren 
porphyry  had  been  judiciously  expended  in 
searching  for  metal  veins  in  the  granite  coun- 
try of  Missouri,  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  rich  ore  deposits  would  have  been  found. 
Some  large  bodies  of  hematite  iron,  concen- 
trated in  the  upper  surface  of  porphyry,  is 
about  all  of  value  that  has  been  found  in  that 
sort  of  country. 

Porphyry  talus  has,  in  some  instances, 
served  as  receptacles  for  lead  and  copper  ores 
that  have  been  derived  from  decomposed  or 
weathered-out  limestones.    Some  of  my  read- 


32 


GEOIvOGY  OF   MISSOURI. 


ers  may  demur  to  that  proposition.  They 
have  a  right  to  do  so,  if  they  hke,  for  I  am  no 
oracle,  but  merely  a  close  observer  of  nature's 
methods.  However,  I  am  not  yet  ready  to 
argue  that  question  to  a  finish,  but  beg  to  call 
your  attention  to  this  conclusion :  that  all  of 
our  ore  bodies  are  water  concentrations,  pure 
and  simple.  They  are  neither  hot  water  con- 
centrations nor  salt  water  concentrations,  but 
common  cold  water  concentrations  of  the 
metallic  elements  of  decomposed  or  recon- 
structed rocks. 

The  maternal  function  of  this  cosmic  body, 
earth,  precludes  the  possibility  of  purely 
metallic  masses  having  been  thrown  up  from 
below.  Furthermore,  when  it  is  known  that 
all  of  our  great  ore  bodies  occur  in  the  once 
open  structure  of  certain  country  rocks  and 
are  resting  on  practically  impervious  floors, 
it  will  devolve  on  the  other  side  of  the  house 
to  show  at  least  one  place  in  Missouri 
through  which  these  great  ore  bodies  have 
been  thrown  up. 

The  earth  is  evolving  some  seventy-four 
chemical  elements,  I  believe,  with  which  we 
are  more  or  less  familiar.  Everything  in 
nature  has  a  physiological  function  to  per- 
form, because  it  is  a  part  of  an  organized, 
living  whole.  Knowing  that  earth's  water 
and  atmosphere  are  the  vehicles  in  which  are 
diffused  or  suspended  the  essential  elements 
of  organic  life,  that  our  bodies  are  made  up 
of  those  elements  and  continually  renewed  by 
them,  as  well  as  all  of  the  other  myriads  of 
forms  and  individuals  of  animal  and  vegetable 
life,  is  it  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
earth's  water  and  atmosphere  have  to  be  re- 
newed? Call  to  mind  that  this  entity  which 
we  call  life  and  cling  to  so  tenaciously  would 
cease  in  five  minutes,  were  it  not  for  the  one 
element,  oxygen,  that  is  suspended  in  the  at- 
mosphere. 

The  first  essential  element  of  organic  life  is 
cosmic  light,  derived  from  the  sun.  Co-oper- 
ating with  her  imperial  motor,  the  sun,  our 
cosmic  mother,  earth,  evolves  the  other  es- 
sential elements ;  and  that  is  one  illustration 
of  the  synthetic  method  (the  physiology)  of 
nature. 

Moreover,  if  everything  in  nature  has  a 
function  to  perform,  for  what  purpose  are  the 
three  or  four  hundred  active  volcanoes  send- 
ing out  continuous  streams  of  vapors  and 
gases?  Earth's  maternal  function  is  the  key 
to  the  whole  problem.     It  is  the  only  proper 


foundation  for  the  science  of  geology.  Her 
elements  are  diffused  in  her  water  and  atmos- 
phere, metals  and  metalloids  alike,  and  are 
afterwards  concentrated  into  economic 
bodies.  The  process  fs  illustrated  in  every 
living  organism.  Organic  matter,  given 
back  to  the  earth  by  our  dead  bodies,  acts  as 
a  powerful  reagent  to  facilitate  the  concen- 
tration of  the  metallic  elements  or  rock  min- 
erals. As  I  proceed  with  this  brief  delineation 
of  Missouri  geology,  I  beg  you  to  keep  this 
fundamental  fact  before  you. 

On  that  primordial  base  of  granite,  gneiss 
and  mica  schist,  traversed  and  diversified,  as 
it  is,  by  dykes  and  bosses  of  diabase,  pegma- 
tite and  porphyry,  rests  the  famous  magne- 
sian  lens  of  Missouri.  The  plane  of  contact 
between  the  primordial  base  and  the  mag- 
nesian  lens  is  essentially  rugged.  Manifestly, 
because  the  topography  of  the  base  is  hard 
and  sharp,  while  the  lower  members  of  the 
lens  represent  the  first  paleozoic  sediment 
deposited  on  the  floors  of  the  valleys  and 
basins  in  the  rugged  surface  of  the  primordial 
base. 

The  magnesian  lens  of  Missouri  is  essen- 
tially unique.  It  has  not 
The  Magnesiao  Lens,  an  exact  equivalent  in 
North  America.  It  is 
made  up  of  eighteen  individual  members,  the 
lower  ten  of  which  have  been  recently  dif- 
ferentiated as  Cambrian,  and  the  upper  eight 
of  which  belong  in  our  lower  silurian. 
Sharp  granite  peaks,  porphyry  dykes  and 
pegmatite  bosses  stand  up  in  places,  i,ooo 
feet  above  the  common  level  of  the  primor- 
dial base,  and  the  areas  between  have  been 
filled  with  Cambrian  and  silurian  deposits. 
Hence  we  have  contacts,  at  various  angles, 
between  the  cambrian  and  first  silurian  lime- 
stones, on  the  one  hand,  and  granite,  gneiss, 
mica-schist,  pegmatite,  diabase  or  porphyry, 
on  the  other. 

Our  Missouri  cambrian  beds  are  better  de- 
veloped than  the  cam- 
•   Cambrian.  brian    of   any   other   area 

now  known  in  North 
America.  Their  genesis  is,  therefore,  essen- 
tially unique.  That  will,  however,  be  gradu- 
ally unfolded  as  we  proceed. 

Our  cambrian  rocks  have  been  recently 
differentiated  and  divided  into  two  sections, 
viz. :  lower  and  upper  cambrian. 

The  lower  cambrian,  including  the  basal 
sandstone,  consists  of  five  members:    i.  The 


GEOI.OGY  OF  MISSOURI. 


33 


basal  sandstone  is  a  fine  grained,  pure  white, 
quartzose  sandrock  about  fifty  feet  thick,  in 
the  central  zones  of  the  primordial  valleys, 
and  a  variable  conglomerate  along  its  outer 
margins,  where  its  materials  were  derived  di- 
rectly from  the  granites  and  porphyries.  2. 
The  white  lead  (leed)  or  first  limestone  rests 
comformably  on  the  basal  sandstone.  It  is 
usually  a  white,  intensely  crystalline  and  cav- 
ernous rock,  varying  in  thickness  between 
ten  and  fifty  feet.  This  is  the  horizon  or 
country  rock  of  some  of  the  greatest  dis- 
seminated ore  bodies  in  the  known  world.  3. 
The  dead  rock  or  second  limestone  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly fine-grained  rock,  varying  in  thick- 
ness between  ten  and  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet.  It  carries  no  ores  except  in  the  form 
of  vertical  fissures  or  "feeders."  4.  The 
black  lead  (leed)  or  third  limestone  is  usually 
a  very  dark  colored,  coarsely  crystalline  and 
cavernous  rock,  varying  in  thickness  be- 
tween five  and  twenty  feet.  5.  The  massive 
crystalline  cap-rock  or  fourth  limestone  is  a 
very  cavernous  rock  that  has  undergone  vast 
reconstruction.  But  the  great  disseminated 
ore  bodies  lie  mainly  in  the  white  and  black 
leads  or  first  and  third  limestones.  This 
massive  crystalline  cap-rock  of  the  lower 
Cambrian  is  usually  about  300  feet  thick. 
Hence  the  average  total  thickness  of  lower 
Cambrian  is  about  450  feet  in  the  areas  al- 
ready explored. 

The  upper  cambrian  consists  also  of  five 
members:  i.  The  lower  green  shales  (grey- 
wackes),  about  twenty  feet  thick,  including 
some  thin  layers  and  lenses  of  argillaceous 
limestone;  2.  the  lower  mud-rock,  about 
twenty  feet  thick;  3.  the  upper  green  shales 
(greywackes),  about  twenty  feet  thick,  also 
containing  some  thin  layers  and  lenses  of  ar- 
gillaceous limestone ;  4.  the  upper  mud-rock, 
an  argillaceous  limestone,  about  forty  feet 
thick  and  yielding  some  good  dimension 
building  stone;  5.  the  last  or  siliceous  cap- 
rock  of  the  upper  cambrian  is  about  150  feet 
thick. 

Right  here  I  would  like  to  impress  on  the 
mind  of  the  reader  the  very  important  fact 
that  this  last  named  siliceous  cap-rock  of  the 
upper  cambrian  is  the  only  siliceous  lime- 
stone in  our  whole  cambrian  section.  The 
other  cambrian  limestones  under  it  make 
absolutely  no  cherts,  no  drusy  quartz  or  other 
siliceous  products. 

The  last  or  siliceous  cap-rock  is  unique  in 

Vol.  Ill— 3 


two  particulars:  it  makes  vast  quantities  of 
convoluted  cherts  and  drusy  quartz,  and  it 
weathers  in  tall,  narrow  columns.  Its  weath- 
ered cliffs  have  much  the  same  appearance  as 
the  columnar  structures  of  basalt. 

A  very  extensive  cambrian  fauna  is  repre- 
sented by  the  fossils  recently  found  in  these 
rocks.  Primitive  types  of  brachiopods,  gas- 
teropods,  cystoids  and  crustaceans  are  abund- 
ant in  certain  zones  and  at  certain  horizons 
in  both  shales  and  limestones.  Trilobite  re- 
mains are  especially  numerous  at  different 
horizons. 

The  lower  silurian  section  of  our  magne- 
sian  lens  consists  of  eight 
Lower  Silurian.  members :  four  infusorial 
sandstones  and  four  mag- 
nesian  limestones,  in  alternate  succession. 
The  Silurian  members  of  the  lens  are  de- 
scribed and  named  as  follows  :  i.  The  roubi- 
doux  or  basal  sandstone,  with  an  average 
thickness  of  about  fifty  feet ;  2,  the  first  silu- 
rian limestone  with  an  average  thickness  of 
about  400  feet ;  3,  the  St.  Thomas  sandstone 
with  an  average  thickness  of  about  fifty  feet ; 
4.  the  second  silurian  limestone  with  an  aver- 
age thickness  of  about  200  feet;  5.  the 
Moreau  sandstone  with  an  average  thickness 
of  about  fifty  feet;  6.  the  third  silurian  lime- 
stone with  an  average  thickness  of  about  300 
feet ;  7.  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  with  an  aver- 
age thickness  of  about  fifty  feet ;  8,  the  fourth 
silurian  limestone  with  an  average  thickness 
of  about  200  feet  (same  as  Swallow's  first 
magnesian  limestone). 

First — The  roubidoux,  or  basal  sandstone 
of  the  lower  silurian,  is  usually  a  pure  white, 
quartzose  sandrock,  varying  in  thickness  be- 
tween ten  and  two  hundred  feet.  Roubidoux 
sandstone  rests  uncomformably  on  all  of  the 
upper  members  of  the  cambrian,  from  the  top 
of  the  siliceous  cap-rock  down  to  the  mas- 
sive crystalline  cap-rock  of  the  lower  cam- 
brian. Indeed,  the  under  surface  of  Rou- 
bidoux is  seen  in  many  places  projecting 
down  into  old  ditches  and  eroded  chan- 
nels in  the  upper  surface  of  the  lower  cam- 
brian cap-rock,  with  all  of  the  upper  cam- 
brian missing.  This  fact  suggests  a  very 
long  interval  of  time  and  very  considerable 
erosion  in  different  zones  of  the  cambrian 
surface,  before  the  roubidoux  sandstone  was 
deposited.  This  remarkable  contact,  together 
with  the  radical  differences  in  litholog^c  and 
fossil    characters    of   the   rocks    below   and 


34 


GEOLOGY  OF   MISSOURI. 


above  it,  makes  a  deeply  marked  divisional 
plane  between  the  cambrian  and  silurian  sec- 
tions of  our  magnesian  lens. 

The  roubidoux  sandstone,  barring  its  nu- 
merous fucoid  casts,  is  not  unlike  the  St. 
Thomas,  the  Moreau  or  the  St.  Peter  sand- 
stone. All  of  them  are  massive  and  false- 
bedded  in  places,  all  of  them  are  thin-bedded 
and  stratified  in  places.  All  of  them  are  soft 
and  friable  in  places,  all  of  them  are  homo- 
geneous quartzites  in  places. .  All  of  them 
are  oolitic  quartzites  in  places,  all  of  them  are 
iron  stained  brown  or  red  in  places.  And 
last,  but  not  least,  all  of  them  are  equally  per- 
sistent. 

Inasmuch  as  it  is  always  present  and  a 
very  conspicuous  benchmark  around  the 
Cambrian  areas  now  recognized  in  eighteen 
different  counties,  the  roubidoux  sandstone 
is  one  of  the  most  important  rocks  in  our 
geological  record.  Next  to  the  St.  Thomas 
sandstone,  it  is  the  horizon  of  a  large  part  of 
the  pine  forests  in  southeastern  Missouri.  Its 
fucoid  casts  and  its  geological  relations  are, 
however,  its  only  constant  characters,  so  far 
observed. 

Second — The  first  silurian  limestone  rests 
conformably  on  roubidoux  sandstone  and 
has  an  average  thickness  of  about  400  feet. 
It  is  the  second  great  country  rock  or  ore- 
bearing  horizon  in  the  magnesian  lens,  and  is 
the  surface  rock  over  large  areas  in  thirty 
different  counties.  Its  immense  thickness 
and  the  constancy  of  its  character  make  it 
the  greatest  individual  rock  in  our  geological 
record.  It  is  the  most  siliceous  limestone  in 
the  magnesian  lens ;  and  next  to  the  crystal- 
line limestone  of  the  cambrian,  it  has  under- 
gone most  reconstruction.  In  fact,  its 
gnarled  and  cavernous  structure  so  closely 
resembles  that  of  the  cambrian  that  either 
one  of  them  is  easily  mistaken  for  the  other. 

However,  when  characteristic  fossils  can 
not  be  found  (trocholites.  ophileta^  ortho- 
ceras,  murchisonia  and  others  closely  re- 
lated to  the  Trenton  fauna)  and  geological 
relations  are  obscured,  there  are  character- 
istic cherts  in  this  rock  that  are  absolutely 
constant.  Indeed,  its  cherts  are  better  wit- 
nesses to  its  identity  than  its  fossils.  First, 
because  its  fossils  are  mostly  obliterated  and 
hard  to  find,  and  when  found,  they  are  not 
unlike  the  fossils  in  the  other  magnesian 
limestones  above  it.  Second,  because  its 
cherts  are  always  present  and  bear  certain 


characters  or  individualities  that  do  not  occur 
in  the  cherts  of  any  other  rock.  The  silice- 
ous concretions,  or  cherts,  of  each  one  of 
these  great  magnesian  limestones  of  the  silu- 
rian are  stamped  with  some  peculiar  charac- 
ter that  remains  in  them  until  they  are  re- 
duced to  atoms. 

When  I  think  of  the  magnitude  of  the  first 
silurian  limestone  of  the  magnificent  Greer 
Spring  in  Oregon  County,  the  Jumping 
Spring  in  Carter,  the  Blue  Spring  in  Shan- 
non, the  Meramec  Spring  in  Phelps  and  Ben- 
nett Spring  in  Laclede,  all  flowing  out  of  its 
dark  and  mysterious  caverns,  I  am  almost 
persuaded  that  it  is  the  greatest  sedimentary 
rock  in  the  world. 

But  when  I  think  of  the  deep  serene  of  the 
Round  Spring  and  the  weird  splendor  of 
Cyclop's  Cave,  two  exquisite  gems  of  the 
cambrian  of  Shannon,  and  more  than  all, 
of  the  wild  Niangua  and  the  laughing  Ha-Ha- 
Tonka,  with  its  matchless  freaks  and  inspir- 
ing scenery,  in  the  cambrian  zone  of  Cam- 
den, I  am  at  least  constrained  to  say  that  our 
cambrian  rocks  have  no  parallels,  in  mineral 
wealth  or  scenic  beauty,  outside  of  this 
unique  magnesian  lens  of  Missouri. 

I  have  now  described  two  of  the  three  great 
country  rocks  of  Missouri,  viz. :  The  first 
cambrian  (bottom  limestone  of  all)  and  the 
first  silurian  limestone.  You  will  have  to  ex- 
cuse me  for  hurrying  up  the  column  or  ver- 
tical section  of  our  sedimentary  rocks,  some 
ten  or  twelve  hundred  feet  to  our  third  great 
country  rock  (with  reference  to  age)  known 
as  the  Burlington-Keokuk  or  Carthage  lime- 
stone. It  is  the  second  member  of  our  sub- 
carboniferous  section  (bed  rocks  of  the  pa- 
leozoic coal  measures)  about  250  feet  thick 
in  its  greatest  development  and  rests  on  the 
first  member  of  that  section — the  argillaceous 
Chouteau  beds. 

The  Burlington-Keokuk  or  Carthage  lime- 
stone has  two  alternating  aspects  or  typical 
phases :  It  is  typical  Burlington  in  one  lo- 
cality and  typical  Keokuk  in  another.  But 
it  carries  certain  constant  characters,  litho- 
logic  and  fossil,  under  all  conditions  of  occur- 
rence. It  is  the  wall  rock  or  country  rock  of 
all  those  rich  ore  bodies  now  being  mined  in 
the  Spring  River  Valley,  in  southwestern 
Missouri. 

You  now  have  brief  descriptions  of  our 
three  great  country  rocks.  These  are  the 
most  crystalline  and  cavernous  rocks  in  Mis- 


GEOI.OGY  OF   MISSOURI. 


35 


I 


souri — occurring,  not  consecutively,  but  in 
the  order  named  with  reference  to  age.  In 
other  words,  they  are  several  hundred  feet 
apart  in  a  vertical  section  and,  for  that  rea- 
son, they  are  the  surface  rocks  in  distinctively 
different  areas. 

Briefly  stated,  the  ore  bodies  in  the  first 
Cambrian  limestone  are 
Ore  Bodies  and  How  chiefly  lead,  zinc,  nickel 
Distributed.  and  cobalt  (sulphites)  dis- 

seminated in  the  bedding- 
seams  and  porous  texture  of  this  wonderful 
country  rock,  in  wide  zones  ;  and  copper  ores, 
deposited  at  its  contact  with  porphyry,  peg- 
matite or  granite. 

The  ore  bodies  in  the  first  silurian  lime- 
stone are  chiefly  lead,  zinc,  iron,  copper  and 
bariuna  (sulphides,  sulphates,  oxides  and  car- 
bonates) deposited  in  clay-blankets,  sinks  and 
fissures. 

The  ore  bodies  in  the  Burlington-Keokuk 
or  Carthage  limestone  are  chiefly  lead,  zinc, 
and  cadmium  (sulphites,  silicates  and  carbon- 
ates) deposited  in  reconstructed  channels  or 
narrow  zones,  on  lines  of  fissures,  coincident 
with  original  joint-structure  in  the  country 
rock. 

There  are  several  great  bodies  of  specular 
hematite  iron  ore,  yet  untouched,  resting  in 
the  St.  Thomas  sandstone  and  first  silurian 
limestone.  There  are  also  many  great  sink 
deposits  of  excellent  clay  for  various  cera- 
mic purposes ;  in  the  other  silurian  and  de- 
vonian rocks.  But,  except  one  or  two, 
all  of  the  profitable  metal  mines  in  Missouri 
are  situated  in  the  (one  time)  open  structure 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  three  great  country 
rocks,  just  described. 

There  is,  towards  the  bottom  of  the  second 
silurian  limestone,  between  a  cotton  rock 
floor  and  a  true  limestone  roof,  a  certain  per- 
sistent chert  bed,  which  makes  a  proper  re- 
ceptacle for  water  concentrations,  when  the 
beds  are  all  tilted  and  the  chert  has  the  requi- 
site open  structure.  But  these  requisite  con- 
ditions seem  to  have  been  rarely  developed  in 
either  the  second,  third,  or  fourth  silurian 
limestones.  In  short,  there  are,  in  all  of  the 
intervening  beds  between  our  three  great 
country  rocks,  numerous  small  deposits,  suf- 
ficient to  tempt  the  inexperienced  prospector, 
but  there  are  no  profitable  metal  mines  in 
any  of  them.  Obviously,  because  they  have 
not  the  requisite  structure. 

We  have  large  areas  of  cambrian  country 


now  recognized  in  eighteen  different  coun- 
ties, viz. :  Morgan,  Camden,  Dallas,  Laclede, 
Shannon,  Carter,  Reynolds,  Wayne,  Bol- 
linger, Perry,  Ste.  Genevieve,  Madison,  St. 
Francois,  Jefferson,  Washington,  Crawford, 
Dent  and  Iron. 

We  have  large  areas  of  first  silurian  coun- 
try in  thirty  different  counties,  viz. :  Benton, 
Morgan,  Miller,  Camden,  Dallas,  Laclede, 
Pulaski,  Texas,  Phelps,  Maries,  Cole,  Osage, 
Gasconade,  Franklin,  Crawford,  Dent,  Shan- 
non, Oregon,  Ripley,  Butler,  Carter,  Rey- 
nolds, Iron,  Washington,  Jefferson,  Ste. 
Genevieve,  Perry,  Bollinger,  Wayne  and 
Madison. 

We  have  large  areas  of  ore-bearing  Bur- 
lington-Keokuk in  twenty-one  different  coun- 
ties, viz. :  Moniteau,  Cooper,  Saline,  Pettis, 
Benton,  St.  Clair,  Hickory,  Cedar,  Polk, 
Webster,  Wright,  Christian,  Stone,  McDon- 
ald, Barton,  Dade,  Greene,  Lawrence,  Jas- 
per, l3arry  and  Newton.  With  emphasis  on 
the  last  named  seven  counties,  because  they 
lie  in  the  original  Spring  River  invert. 

That  calls  to  mind:  the  matchless  dissem- 
inated lead  deposits  in  the  cambrian  valley 
of  Big  River  and  its  tributaries,  in  St.  Fran- 
cois County;  the  great  fissure  deposits  of 
lead  and  copper  in  the  first  silurian  limestone 
of  the  Meramec  Valley  in  Franklin  County. 
And  right  here  I  want  to  impress  on  the 
mind  of  the  reader  this  fact :  that  one  of  the 
essential  conditions  for  large  water  concen- 
trations of  the  metallic  elements  is,  primarily, 
that  the  impervious  floor  on  which  the  coun- 
try rock  rests  should  lie  in  the  form  of  a  basin 
or  trough,  wherein  the  subdrainage,  through 
the  country  rock,  has  been  flowing  by  con- 
verging lines  towards  a  central  zone,  from 
time   immemorial. 

Now  the  subdrainage  lines  from  the  mag- 
nesian  lens  into  the  open  structure  of  the 
Burlington-Keokuk,  in  the  Spring  River  in- 
vert, before  the  Rocky  Mountains  were  de- 
veloped, have  never  been  reversed.  The 
magnesian  lens  has  been  relatively  let  down, 
but  the  subdrainage  lines  of  the  original 
Spring  River  Valley  have  never  been  re- 
versed or  materially  altered. 

The  great  magnesian  lens  or  "Mothef 
Lode,"  whence  all  or  most  of  the  metallic  ele- 
ments in  our  great  ore  bodies  have  been  de- 
rived, by  the  decomposition  or  reconstruction 
of  its  rocks,  is  a  decidedly  unique  mass.  It  has 
been  known  by  the  popular  name  of  "Ozark 


36 


GEOLOGY   OF  MISSOURI. 


uplift."  But,  with  reference  to  the  later  de- 
velopment of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  it  is  bet- 
ter named  the  magnesian  lens  of  Missouri. 
"Ozark  uplift"  carries  with  it  a  radically- 
wrong  impression.  The  difference  in  the 
altitudes  of  the  lowest  and  highest  points  in 
Missouri  is  little  more  than  i,ooo  feet  or 
about  one-half  of  the  thickness  of  the  mag- 
nesian lens. 

The  Ozark  Range  must  have  been,  one 
time,  relatively  higher  and  more  sharply  de- 
fined than  it  is  now.  The  well  known  fact 
that  the  later  development  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  lifted  the  floor  of  an  inland  sea 
into  land  surface  and  inclined  it  towards  the 
center  of  the  Mississippi  Basin,  is  suggestive 
of  some  very  great  alterations.  The  con- 
tour of  the  Ozark  Range  must  have  been 
greatly  modified  and  the  drainage  lines  of 
west  central  Missouri  must  have  been  re- 
versed. 

Howbeit,  the  unique  character  of  the  mag- 
nesian lens  is  due  to  other  things  entirely.  It 
is  obviously  a  local  lens,  ending  wedgelike  in 
all  directions  save  in  the  narrow,  sinuous 
ridge  or  deep-seated  arch  in  which  some  of 
its  later  rocks  occur,  all  the  way  up  to  Lake 
Superior.  The  eighteen  members  of  the 
magnesian  lens  already  named  and  partly  de- 
scribed are,  altogether,  a  rare  combination, 
without  an  exact  equivalent  in  North 
America. 

It  is  a  fundamental  fact  that  we  reason 
only  by  analogy.  Knowing,  as  we  do,  that 
certain  forms  of  marine  life,  plant  and  ani- 
mal, take  for  their  food  certain  elements  di- 
rectly from  the  water,  and  that  the  organic 
acids  which  they  give  back  are  very  active 
reagents,  we  naturally  conclude  that  a  vast 
aggregation  of  those  forms  in  some  quiet 
spot  in  the  ocean  would  produce,  in  the 
course  of  time,  a  vast  accumulation  of  hete- 
rogeneous organic  products  and  metaUic  ores 
or  rock  minerals  on  that  spot  in  the  sea 
floor.  If  that  spot  should  be  some  time  rel- 
atively raised  into  land  surface  by  the  sub- 
sidence of  other  areas  in  the  sea  floor,  which 
is  the  most  logical  explanation  of  emergence, 
would  you  not  expect  something  unique  in 
the  rocks  of  that  area? 

We  have  just  such  conditions  of  deposit 
in  the  three  great  sargasso  seas  of  the  pres- 
ent time.  In  those  three  great  filtering  areas 
of  the  present  ocean  we  have  vivid  illustra- 


tions of  the  conditions  and  processes  by 
which  our  unique  magnesian  lens  was  doubt- 
less formed  in  early  paleozoic  time. 

Now,  with  the  metallic  element  diffused  in 
its  rocks,  it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  that^ 
by  the  decomposition  of  part  and  the  recon- 
struction of  all,  these  marvelous  ore  de- 
posits might  easily  have  been  concentrated 
from  the  diffused  state  into  economic  bodies. 
Indeed,  it  is  so  simple  and  logical  that  it 
must  be  so.  All  of  the  facts  in  the  case  sup- 
port this  conclusion. 

The  human  mind  can  not  conceive  any- 
thing so  logical  as  the  synthetic  method  of 
nature.  But  neither  time  nor  space  will 
permit  me  now  to  discuss  that  most  fascinat- 
ing of  all  subjects. 

Reverting  to  the  magnesian  lens,  after  the 
fourth  Silurian  limestone,  or  last  mem- 
ber of  the  lens,  comes  the  Black  River  lime- 
stone (occurring  in  its  greatest  development 
near  Cape  Girardeau),  the  Trenton  limestone 
and  the  Hudson  River  beds,  all  conformable 
with  each  other  and  with  the  fourth  silurian, 
and  that  completes  our  lower  silurian  section. 

The  massive  white  Trenton  (including  the 
Orthis  bed)  is,  next  to  the  typical  Burling- 
ton, the  greatest  lime  rock  in  Missouri  that 
is  now  being  utilized  in  the  manufacture  of 
lime.  Splendid  exposures  of  this  rock  occur 
in  Lincoln,  St.  Charles,  St.  Louis,  Jefferson 
and  Cape  Girardeau  Counties. 

Trenton  limestone  is  also  the  country 
rock,  in  whose  upward  folds  are  found  the 
requisite  conditions  for  commercial  supplies 
of  natural  gas.  In  the  central  zones  of  its 
downward  folds,  troughs  or  basins,  are  also 
often  found  great  lenses  of  coarsje  sand  rock 
saturated  with  crude  petroleum. 

The  mere  fact  that  Trenton  limestone 
does  exist  under  a  considerable  depth  of 
argillaceous  beds  all  over  north  Missouri, 
suggests  that  Missouri  may  have  both  oil 
and  gas  in  commercial  quantities.  But  the 
requisite  local  structure  in  that  rock  for  either 
oil  or  gas  has  not  yet  been  explored. 

The  Hudson  River  beds,  or  closing  mem- 
ber of  our  lower  silurian,  mostly  harsh  clay- 
shales  and  argillaceous  limestones,  occur  in 
several  localities  along  the  Mississippi  River, 
notably  between  Louisiana  and  Clarksville. 
They  occur  in  more  interesting  form  in  the 
famous  Cape  Rock,  two  miles  above  Cape- 
Girardeau. 


GEOLOGY  OF  MISSOURI. 


37 


Although   our    cambrian   and   lower   Silu- 
rian beds   are  better  de- 
Upper  Silurian.       veloped  in  Missouri  than 
in    any    other    area    now 
known    in    North  America,  our    upper    Silu- 
rian rocks  are  few  in  number,  and  occur  only 
in   isolated     local   deposits.      The    fact    that 
they  are  are  all  argillaceous  limestones  or 
calcareous   shales   proves   conclusively    that 
they  were  nearly  all  deposited  on  the  floors 
of  the  shallow  and  muddy  seas. 

The  first  (bottom)  member  of  our  upper 
Silurian  section  is  the  Clinton  group  of 
mud-rocks  and  clay-shales,  best  developed 
about  the  Buffalo  Knobs,  in  Pike  County. 
The  second  member  is  the  Niagara  limestone, 
generally  argillaceous  in  Pike  and  adjoin- 
ing counties,  but  somewhat  crystalline,  and 
a  more  valuable  rock  in  Perry  and  Cape 
Girardeau  Counties.  The  third  member  is 
the  delthyris  group  of  the  lower  helder- 
berg.  This  latter  rock  is  exposed  in  some 
beautiful  cliflfs  along  the  west  shore  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  above  and  below  Grand 
Tower.  These  rocks  are  little  used,  how- 
ever, except  for  river  improvement. 

Our    devonian    section    consists    of    four 
members    or    groups     of 
Devonian.  rocks     and     shales     that 

are  fairly  well  developed 
and  distributed.  Small  patches  of  other  de- 
vonian rocks  have  been  reported,  but  they 
have  not  yet  been  seen  or  recognized  by 
the  Geological  Survey.  The  four  members 
that  have  been  recognized  by  their  fossils 
and  geological  relations  are:  i.  Oriskany 
sandstone ;  2.  the  corniferous  limestone ;  3. 
the  Hamilton  limestone  and  shales ;  4.  the 
Louisiana  limestone  ;    5.  the  Hannibal  shales. 

The  corniferous  limestone  is  the  rock  of 
which  that  natural,  historic  and  noble  monu- 
ment, the  Grand  Tower,  is  constructed.  It 
is  the  only  crystalline  limestone  in  Missouri 
devonian,  and  is  the  most  important  mem- 
ber of  that  section.  Its  exposures  are,  how- 
ever, most  confined  to  the  eastern  border 
of  the  State. 

The  Hamilton  beds,  Louisiana  limestone 
and  Hannibal  shales  are  more  widely  distrib- 
uted, but  have  very  little  economic  value  at 
this  time. 

Our  subcarboniferous    (bed  rocks    of    the 
paleozoic    coal    measures 

Subcarboniferous.      is     far    more    interesting 
and  important  than  either 


the  upper  silurian  or  the  devonian.  This 
section  consists  of  five  members,  viz. :  i.  the 
argillaceous  Chouteau  beds  ;  2.  the  Burling- 
ton-Keokuk or  Carthage  limestone  ;  3.  the 
St.  Louis  limestone ;  4.  the  Ste.  Genevieve 
sandstone ;     5,  the  Kaskaskia  limestone. 

These  rocks  are  called  subcarboniferous  or 
bed  rocks  of  the  coal  measures  because 
our  paleozoic  coal  measures  rest  on  each 
and  every  one  of  them  somewhere  in  Mis- 
souri. For  example,  the  basal  sandstone 
of  the  coal  measures  rests  on  the  Burling- 
ton-Keokuk in  west-central  Missouri,  on  the 
St.  Louis  limestone  in  north-central  and 
northeastern  Missouri,  and  on  the  Kaskaskia 
limestone  in  Perry  County. 

The  Big  Muddy  Invert  of  the  Illinois  coal 
field  once  extended  into  Perry  and  Ste.  Gen- 
evieve Counties.  But  the  coal  measure  rocks 
have  been  removed,  all  except  the  basal 
sandstone,  by  the  letting  down  of  the  track 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  Hence  we  have, 
along  the  river  front  of  Perry  County,  some 
splendid  exposures  of  the  basal  sandstone 
of  the  coal  measures  resting  on  Kaskaskia 
limestone.  Those  bed  rocks  standing  on  the 
Missouri  side  are  instructive  monuments  to 
show  us  that  the  destruction  of  a  vast  and 
valuable  area  of  coal  field  has  been  wrought 
by  the  slow  but  inevitable  letting  down  of  a 
great  river. 

The  Chouteau  beds  or  bottom  member  of 
our  subcarboniferous  section  has  a  wide  dis- 
tribution, but  very  little  economic  value.  It 
seems  to  have  the  requisite  physical  charac- 
ter for  making  a  good  native  cement,  but 
that  industry  has  received  very  little  atten- 
tion in  Missouri.  The  most  interesting  thing 
about  the  Chouteau  now  is  the  fact  that  it 
forms  the  impervious  floor  to  the  "open 
ground"  or  reconstructed  channels  in  the 
Burlington-Keokuk  or  third  great  country 
rock. 

The  Chouteau,  like  the  immense  beds  of 
cotton  rock  in  the  second,  third  and  fourth 
silurian  limestones,  is  a .  close-structured 
mud-rock.  Either  of  them  is  better  adapted 
for  the  impervious  floor  of  "open  ground" 
or  reconstructed  channels  than  for  the  re- 
ceptacles  of  water  concentrations. 

It  occurs  to  me  that  I  forgot  to  describe 
the  impervious  character  of  the  basal  sand- 
stone of  the  Cambrian  and  of  the  basal  sand- 
stone of  the  lower  silurian.  Those  rocks 
were     originally     fine-grained     and     close- 


38 


GEOLOGY  OF   MISSOURI. 


textured  sand  rocks.  Under  the  ore  bodies 
they  have  absorbed  mineral  solutions 
(sulphides)  until  they  have  become  practi- 
cally impervious  to  a  depth  of  several  feet. 
You  could  scarcely  recognize  a  specimen  of 
basal  sandstone  thus  saturated  with  mineral 
solutions  (sulphides).  The  mineral  solutions 
fill  the  delicate  voids  between  its  once  pure 
quartz  grains,  and  give  it  the  appearance  of 
another  rock  entirely. 

But  the  Chouteau  was  originally  an  imper- 
vious rock,  by  reason  of  its  argillaceous  char- 
acter. 

The  Burlington-Keokuk  or  Carthage  lime- 
stone is  a  very  interesting  and  valuable  rock 
for  several  reasons.  It  is  our  third  great 
country  rock,  with  reference  to  age.  It  is 
our  greatest  lime  rock,  for  the  reason  that 
it  has  the  widest  distribution,  and  is,  there- 
fore, the  most  available  rock  in  Missouri  for 
the  manufacture  of  lime.  It  also  yields  the 
finest  building  stone  of  any  sedimentary  rock 
in  Missouri,  and  is  available  for  that  purpose 
in  many  different  localities.  It  is  the  famous 
"mountain  limestone"  and  "encrinital  lime- 
stone" of  the  old  geologists.  It  was  well 
named  encrinital  limestone,  because  it  con- 
tains more  crinoid  relics  than  any  other  rock. 
Most  of  the  marble  in  the  Mississippi  basin 
is  altered  Burlington-Keokuk  or  Carthage 
limestone. 

The  way  this  great  country  rock  has  been 
decomposed  and  reconstructed  along  its  nu- 
merous lines  of  fissure  by  the  magnesian 
waters  and  mineral  solutions,  from  the  mag- 
nesian lens,  is  something  marvelous.  Those 
reconstructed  channels  are  usually  narrow 
zones  coincident  with  the  original  joint 
structure  (face-joints,  S.  W.-N.  E.,  head- 
joints  S.  E.-N.  W.),  but  in  some  places,  as, 
for  instance,  between  Webb  City  and  Car- 
terville,  the  areas  of  "open  ground"  or  re- 
constructed country  are  greater  than  the 
"bars"  or  isolated  masses  of  original  coun- 
try rock  between  them. 

But  there  are  two  very  different  kinds  of 
rock  in  the  Burlington-Keokuk.  Where  this 
rock  occurs  in  its  full  development  the  lower 
section  of  about  one  hundred  feet  is  an  in- 
tensely crystalline  and  cavernous  rock.  It 
is  the  wall-rock  or  country  of  the  ore  bod- 
ies. The  upper  section  of  about  one  hundred 
feet  or  more  is  an  uncrystalHne,  cherty,  blue 
limestone  that  has  no  open  structure  and 
does  not  contain  any  important  ore  depos- 


its. This  upper,  uncrystalline  and  barren 
limestone  bears  the  provincial  name  of  "cap- 
rock"  in  southwestern  Missouri.  In  eroded 
valleys  and  basins,  wherein  "cap-rock"  is 
gone,  it  is  neither  difficult  nor  expensive  to 
locate  "open  ground"  or  reconstructed  coun- 
try. But  in  other  places  where  "cap-rock" 
is  present  in  its  full  development,  locating 
narrow  zones  of  reconstructed  country  under 
it  is  a  serious  problem.  Nor  does  it  neces- 
sarily follow  that  you  will  find  a  great  ore 
body  when  you  have  found  reconstructed 
country.  Indeed,. if  all  of  the  "open  ground" 
in  the  Burlington-Keokuk  of  southwestern 
Missouri  had  been  filled  with  metallic  ores 
Missouri  would  have  been  a  prodigy.  She  is 
already  unique  in  her  magnesian  lens  and 
three  great  country  rocks. 

Next,  after  the  Burlington-Keokuk,  comes 
the  St.  Louis  limestone.  In  it  are  found 
some  of  the  most  exquisite  forms  of  paleo- 
zoic time.  Splendid  exposures  of  this  rock 
occur  between  the  Burlington  Railroad 
bridge  across  the  Missouri  River  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Meramec  River.  It  is  es- 
pecially imposing  along  the  river  blufifs 
two  or  three  miles  below  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks. 

Now  comes,  to  break  the  monotony,  the 
Ste.  Genevieve  sandstone,  and  then  the  Kas- 
kaskia  limestone  on  top  of  it,  and  that  brings 
us  up  to  the  basal  sandstone  of  the  coal 
measures.  The  Ste.  Genevieve  sandstone 
and  the  Kaskaskia  limestone  have  a  wider 
distribution  in  Missouri  than  has  generally 
been  credited  to  them.  However,  neither  one 
of  them  is  now  being  utilized  for  any  eco- 
nomic purpose,  outside  of  the  localities  in 
which  it  occurs  as  the  surface  rock. 

The  most  interesting  thing  about  the  Kas- 
kaskia limestone  is  the  recurrence  in  it  of 
the  bryozoan  archimedes.  This  marvelous 
organic  form  seems  to  have  reached  its 
greatest  development  in  the  last  horizons 
of  the  Burlington-Keokuk.  It  does  not  oc- 
cur in  the  St.  Louis  limestone  or  the  Ste. 
Genevieve  sandstone — two  rocks  represent- 
ing fully  300  vertical  feet  of  sediment  and 
deposited  under  greatly  altered  conditions. 

I  have  the  somewhat  strange  conviction 
that  this  elaborate  and  beautiful  bryozoan 
archimedes  is  a  perfect  analogue  of  the  re- 
productive effort  of  our  cosmic  mother 
Earth.  But  it  would  take  more  time  and 
space  than  this  whole  article  to  explain  it. 


GEOLOGY  OF  MISSOURI. 


39 


Our  coal  measure  section  reaches  a  total 
vertical  depth  of  fifteen 
Paleozoic  Coal  hundred  feet.  With  the 
Measures.  Forest    City     lens    added, 

it  reaches  the  extraordi- 
nary depth  of  eighteen  hundred  feet.  But 
there  is  nothing  strange  about  that,  when 
it  is  known  that  our  coal  field  lies  in  four 
different  parallel  zones,  on  the  western  slope 
of  the  Ozark  range.  Slope  is  not  a  good 
word  to  use  in  describing  the  base  of  our 
coal  measures,  but  it  is  sometimes  hard  to 
think  of  a  word  that  will  convey  two  or  three 
different  aspects  in  one  thing.  If  our  coal 
measures  were  removed  and  the  base  were 
left  intact,  it  would  not  be  a  slope,  but  three 
great  terraces,  curving  around  the  eastern 
side  of  its  deepest  abyss,  like  the  terraces  in 
the  floor  of  an  amphitheater. 

On  each  terrace  in  the  base  lies  a  zone, 
in  which  the  coal  measures  are  individualized, 
with  reference  to  depth.  To  make  it  plainer, 
I  will  say  that  in  the  first  or  Chariton  zone 
it  is  nowhere  more  than  300  feet  from  sur- 
face to  bed-rock ;  in  the  second  or  Grand 
River  zone,  it  is  nowhere  more  than  800  feet 
from  surface  to  bed-rock ;  in  the  third  or 
Platte  River  zone,  it  is  nowhere  more  than 
1,300  feet  from  surface  to  bed-rock;  in  the 
fourth  or  Nodaway  zone,  it  is  nowhere  more 
than  1,800  feet  from  surface  to  bed-rock.  In 
other  words,  going  westward  from  the  east- 
ern margin  the  coal  measures  in  each  one 
of  these  zones  are  from  300  to  500  feet  thicker 
than  in  the  next  zone  on  the  east  of  it. 
Moreover,  each  terrace  in  the  base  lies  much 
the  lowest  in  a  transverse  zone,  about  coin- 
cident with  the  track  of  the  Missouri 
River. 

That  calls  to  mind  a  remark  in  the  first 
paragraph  of  this  article.  The  obvious  facts 
in  this  case  are  these :  The  dislocation  of  500 
feet  in  the  bed-rocks  between  the  Chariton 
and  Grand  River  zones  is  vividly  displayed 
in  the  Missouri  River  bluffs  at  Miami  and 
White  Rock.  Miami  stands  on  Burlington- 
Keokuk  limestone.  Three  miles  away,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river  track,  and 
about  equally  high  above  water  level  in  the 
river,  white  rock  sandstone  quarries  are  in 
the  great  alternating  filler,  on  top  of  the 
second  horizon  of  the  middle  coal  meas- 
ures. The  basal  sandstone,  all  of  the  lower 
coal  measures  and  two  horizons  of  the  mid- 
dle coal  measures  lie  between  the  Burling- 


ton-Keokuk and  the  great  alternating  filler 
in  which  white  rock  quarries  are  situ- 
ated. 

The  other  two  dislocations  are  not  ex- 
posed, for  the  simple  reason  that  they  should 
have  been  developed,  and  were  developed, 
before  the  rocks  now  in  sight  were  de- 
posited. 

Again,  the  same  coal  horizon  (third  of  the 
middle  coal  measures),  worked  at  Marceline, 
Brookfield,  Trenton  and  Tom  Creek  (south 
of  Hamilton),  lies  at  about  the  same  depth 
from  the  surface.  And  the  floors  of  all 
those  mines  lie  practically  level.  At  the 
Brush  Creek  mine,  in  Jackson  County,  and 
in  the  same  zone,  the  same  coal  horizon  lies 
about  eighty  feet  deeper  in  the  ground. 

At  the  Randolph  shaft,  in  Clay  County, 
where  the  mine  was  in  the  second  horizon 
of  the  middle  coal  measures,  at  a  depth 
of  400  feet  below  the  top  of  the  north  river 
bluff  or  Parkville  limestone,  the  floor  of  the 
mine  was  rising  towards  Leavenworth.  At 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  where  the  mines  are 
in  the  same  second  horizon  of  the  middle 
coal  measures,  the  floors  of  the  mines  are 
dipping  toward  Randolph ;  and  yet  they  are 
700  feet  below  the  bed  of  the  Missouri  River. 
These  are  not  all  of  the  obvious  facts  in  this 
case,  but  I  trust  they  are  sufficient. 

For  different  reasons  our  coal  measures 
are  differentiated  in  three  sections,  viz.:  i. 
The  lower  coal  measures,  embracing  tlie 
basal  sandstone,  eight  coal  horizons  and  the 
Mahoning  sandstone  for  cap-rock ;  2.  the 
middle  coal  measures,  resting  on  the  Ma- 
honing sandstone,  and  embracing  twelve  coal 
horizons,  with  the  Bethany  Falls  limestone 
for  cap-rock ;  3.  the  upper  coal  measures, 
resting  on  the  Bethany  Falls  limestone,  and 
embracing  nine  coal  horizons,  with  the  Quit- 
man limestone  for  cap-rock. 

Before  proceeding,  I  will  say  that  the  dif- 
ference in  the  depths  of  our  four  coal  zones, 
from  surface  to  bed  rock,  is  accounted  for 
largely  in  the  increased  thickness  of  the  alter- 
nating fillers  between  regular  coal  horizons 
in  each  zone  going  westward.  For  example, 
the  alternating  filler  in  which  White  Rock 
quarries  are  situated  is  usually  about  twenty 
feet  thick  in  the  Chariton  zone,  about  eighty 
feet  thick  in  the  Grand  River  zone,  about 
150  feet  thick  in  the  Platte  River  zone. 

That  one  fact  shows  that  there  was  greater 
subsidence,   during  the   coal   period,   in   the 


40 


GEOLOGY  OF  MISSOURI. 


Platte  River  zone  than  in  the  Chariton  zone. 
Furthermore,  it  effectually  knocks  out  the 
oscillation  theory  of  coal  deposit.  Some  of 
these  text-book  geologists  would  do  well 
to  take  a  few  lessons  from  mother  Earth. 

In  fact,  our  thickest  coal  is  in  the  Chari- 
ton zone,  where  the  alternating  fillers  be- 
tween horizons  are  thinnest.  Our  thinnest 
coal  (yet  worked)  is  in  the  Platte  River  zone, 
where  the  alternating  fillers  between  hori- 
zons are  thickest  (yet  explored).  That  shows 
the  development  of  the  dislocations  in  the 
bed  rocks  to  have  been  a  slow  process,  or 
an  intermittent  subsidence  of  the  floor  of  one 
great  invert,  on  which  each  one  of  the  lower 
members  of  our  coal  measures  was  deposited 
contemporaneously  in  the  different  zones. 

The  facts  show  that  all  of  the  movements 
in  the  bed  rocks  were  downward.  The  dif«- 
ferent  masses,  like  the  individual  blocks  in 
an  arch  or  invert,  were  gradually  readjusting 
themselves  to  shorter  lines  of  curvature.  The 
alternating  fillers  are  made  up  of  land  sedi- 
ment, carried  in  to  fill  up  the  variously  de- 
pressed area,  and  thus  bring  it  back  to  land 
surface ;  so  that  cumulative  coal  forests 
might  grow  in  the  sunlight  and  accumulate 
the  requisite  plant  debris  for  the  coal  beds 
of  another  coal  horizon. 

More  time  and  sediment  were  required 
to  fill  up  the  deeper  depressed  zones  and  that 
explains  the  inverse  order  of  thickest  coal 
in  the  Chariton  zone  and  thickest  alternat- 
ing fillers  in  the  Platte  River  zone.  The 
cumulative  coal  forests  must  have  grown  in 
the  sunlight.  Their  debris  must  have  been 
preserved  from  decomposition  by  the  water 
in  which  it  was  immersed  and  have  been 
buried  under  sediment,  one  horizon  after 
another,  until  intermittent  subsidence  and 
other  requisite  conditions  had  ceased. 

The  productive  horizons  of  our  Missouri 
coal  field  are :  The  first,  second  and  sixth 
of  the  lower  coal  measures ;  the  first,  sec- 
ond, third,  fourth  and  tenth  of  the  middle 
coal  measures ;  the  ninth  of  the  upper  coal 
measures.  With  emphasis  on  the  second 
and  sixth  of  the  lower;  second,  third  and 
fourth  of  the  middle,  because  they  yield  all 
of  the  commercial  coal. 

There  are  yet  vast  areas  of  workable  coal 
in  the  western  zones  untouched.  They  are 
deep  in  the  ground  and  relatively  thin,  but 
the  quality  is  good,  and  the  requisite 
structure  for  long-wall  mining  is  better  de- 


veloped in  those  zones  than  in  the  eastern 
zones.     Therefore,  the  time  is  not  far  away 
when   St.   Joseph   and    other    northwestern 
Missouri  cities  will  quit  "carrying  coals  to 
Newcastle." 
There  is,  in  Holt   County  contiguous   to 
the  track  of  the  Missouri 
Permian  (Post-        River,   a   great   local   and 
Carboniferous.)        superficial    lens    of    mud- 
rocks   and   shales   resting 
upon    the    upper    coal    measures.    Whether 
this    local    mass    belongs    properly    in    the 
permian    or    not    is    an    unsettled    question 
among  geologists.     It  certainly  does  repre- 
sent sediment  that  was  deposited  at  the  close 
of  the  paleozoic  coal  period,  and  after  the 
requisite   conditions  for  coal  forest  growth 
had  ceased  in  our  coal  field.     While  it  does 
carry  many  relics  of  coal  measure  species,  it 
also  carries  some  typical  permian  species  and 
contains  neither  coal  nor  under-clay. 

Such  a  thick  and  absolutely  local  lens  of 
mudrocks  as  that,  shows  that  after  the  entire 
surrounding  zones  of  our  coal  field  had 
emerged  and  become  permanent  land  sur- 
face, the  deepest  abyss  remained  under  water 
and  was  largely  filled  up  with  land  sediment. 
These  facts  suggest  rock-salt,  productive  coal 
beds  and  petroleum,  in  that  basin. 

Now   passing   from   the   permian   lens   of 
Holt  County,  to  Crowley's 
Tertiary.  Ridge,    in    Stoddard    and 

adjoining  counties,  we 
find:  I.  The  Cape  Girardeau  sandstone,  a 
comparatively  recent  rock,  resting  uncon- 
formably  on  the  Trenton  limestone.  At 
Commerce,  a  few  miles  down  the  river,  this 
same  rock,  or  its  equivalent,  has  developed 
some  massive  quartzites  which  are  now  lying 
at  the  wa'ter's  edge  a  little  above  the  landing. 
2.  Lignite  beds  occur  about  Jackson,  cov- 
ered by  beds  of  beautiful  white  and  highly 
plastic  clay.  3.  Lignite  beds  and  large  bodies 
of  bog-iron,  of  apparently  tertiary  age,  occur 
near  Ardeola  and  Puxico,  Stoddard  County. 
4.  Local  lenses  of  dark  colored,  plastic  clay- 
shale  occur  at  Dexter,  containing  numerous 
pelecypods  and  gasteropods  of  tertiary  age — 
probably  miocene.  Those  beds  are  doubtless 
the  Missouri  extension  of  the  tertiary  of 
Texas,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas. 

Lying  almost  exclusively  north  of  the  Mis- 
souri River  and  spreading 
Glacial  Drift.  out    over    nearly    all    of 

North  Missouri,  with  its 


GEORGE   H.    NETTEETON   HOME   FOR  AGED  WOMEN. 


41 


thickest  edge  to  the  north  and  its  thinnest 
■edge  to  the  south,  is  a  great  ragged  sheet 
of  glacial  drift.  In  Schuyler  and  Scotland 
Counties  the  glacial  drift  is  about  300  feet 
thick.  Further  south  and  west  it  has  been 
reduced  by  erosion  until  large  zones  of  the 
original  land  surface  have  been  denuded  of 
this  burden  and  the  drift  lies  in  widely 
separated  ridges.  The  glacial  drift  consists 
mainly  of  angular  fragments  and  rounded 
blocks  of  granite,  gneiss,  pegmatite,  diabase 
and  red  quartzites,  dispersed  in  variable  beds 
of  gravel,  sand  and  fine  plastic  clay. 

Fragments  of  trees  that  were  growing  on 
the  original  land  surface,  before  the  glacial 
period,  are  often  found  under  the  drift,  and 
ifi  a  fairly  well  preserved  condition.  Flint 
arrow-heads,  stone  axes  and  other  durable 
relics  of  prehistoric  man  are  also  found 
deeply  imbedded  or  buried  in  the  drift.  Val- 
uable pieces  of  native  copper  are  frequently 
found,  and,  I  dare  say,  all  of  the  "lost  rocks" 
in  that  great  sheet  of  drift  look  as  if  they 
might  have  been  transported  from  about  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  However,  the 
limits  of  this  article  will  not  permit  me  to 
discuss  the  probable  genesis  of  either  glacial 
drift  or 

In    a    ragged    zone    of 
River  Loess.          very       irregular       width, 

along  both  sides  of  the 
Missouri  River  and  along  the  west  side  of 
the  Mississippi  (so  far  as  Missouri  is  con- 
cerned) lies  a  queer  deposit  of  fine  plastic 
loam.  This  river  loess,  or  loam,  has  a  light 
yellowish  color  and  is  more  fertile  along  the 
Missouri  River  than  the  heavier  brownish 
colored  loess  along  the  Mississippi.  In 
every  other  respect,  however,  they  have  prac- 
tically the  same  characters  and  seem  to  have 
been  deposited  under  the  same  or  similar 
conditions. 

Outside  of  the  river  plains  and  loess  zones 

the  colors  and  other  char- 
Other  Soils.         acters     of    the     Missouri 

soils,  like  those  of  any 
other  country,  are  predetermined  by  the  de- 
composing surface  rocks.  It  is  a  familiar 
fact  that  crystalline  limestones  and  pure 
quartzose  sandrocks  make  yellow  soils ;  and 
that  argillaceous  rocks,  either  sandstone  or 
limestone,  make  black  soils. 

Next  to  the  alluvian  drift  of  the  river 
plains  and  the  light  colored  loess  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  the  Cambrian  limestone  soil  is 


the  richest.  But  on  account  of  the  relatively 
small  and  rugged  areas  in  which  they  occur, 
there  is  not  much  cambrian  soil  available  for 
cultivation. 

The  soils  whose  rock  minerals  have  been 
derived  from  the  Trenton  and  Burlington 
limestones  are  generally  durable  and  fairly 
productive.  They  are  the  prevailing  soils  in 
a  wide  zone,  lying  diagonally  across  the  State 
from  southwest  to  northeast,  and  parallel 
with  the  eastern  margin  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures. They  are  also  the  prevailing  soils  back 
of  the  loess  in  ah  of  the  counties  fronting  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  from  Marion  to  Cape 
Girardeau,  inclusive. 

But  the  largest  areas  of  fertile  soils  lie  in 
north  Missouri  and  in  the  northwest  half  of 
southwest  Missouri.  Their  rock  mineral 
characters  are,  for  the  most  part,  derived 
from  the  argillaceous  glacial  drift,  or  coal 
measure  cap-rocks.  Hence  they  are  usually 
strong  limestone  and  argillaceous  soils. 
They  occur  in  what  were  one  time  wide,  un- 
dulating prairies. 

The  forestry  of  Missouri  is  as  extensive 
and  varied   as   the   rocks 
Forestry.  and    soils   are   diversified. 

But  her  greatest  timber 
resources  lie  first  in  the  splendid  white  oak 
forests  of  Crawford,  Washington,  Iron, 
Reynolds,  Shannon,  Carter,  Douglas,  Ore- 
gon, Ripley,  Butler  and  Stoddard  Counties. 
Next,  in  her  yellow  pine  forests,  which  grow 
mainly  on  the  St.  Thomas  sandstone  in  Iron, 
Reynolds,  Shannon,  Carter,  Wayne  and  Ore- 
gon Counties.  Sweet-gum,  beech,  yellow 
poplar  and  cypress  all  flourish  on  the  damp, 
rich  soils  of  the  old  river  plains  in  several 
counties  in  southeastern  Missouri. 

John  A.  Gallaher. 

George  H.  Nettleton  Home  for 
Aged  Women.  —  This  was  formerly 
known  as  the  Protestant  Home  for  Aged  and 
Friendless  Women  and  Girls,  founded  De- 
cember I,  1890.  The  need  for  such  a  home 
was  presented  by  Mrs.  Patti  Moore,  now 
police  matron  at  Kansas  City,  before  a  body 
of  philanthropic  ladies  in  St.  Louis,  who  con- 
tributed some  means.  The  work  was  taken 
up  by  a  committee  of  ladies  representing  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of 
Kansas  City  and  vicinity,  and  the  home  was 
opened  on  the  date  named,  in  rented  prem- 
ises,   at    the    corner    of    Independence    and 


42 


GEORGE    R.   SMITH   COLIvEGE— GERET. 


Lowell  Avenues,  Kansas  City.  A  single  ap- 
plicant was  received  on  the  day  of  opening. 
In  1892  removal  was  made  to  a  more  suitable 
building  at  Twenty-ninth  and  Cherry  Streets, 
which  was  occupied  until  November,  1900. 
The  home  would  accommodate  from  twenty- 
five  to  twenty-seven  persons,  and  this  num- 
ber have  been  cared  for  during  several  years 
past.  In  1900  Mrs.  George  H.  Nettleton 
presented  to  the  Protestant  Home  Associa- 
tion her  family  residence,  at  the  corner  of 
Seventh  Street  and  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  as 
a  memorial  to  her  deceased  husband.  The 
association  then  re-incorporated  as  the 
George  H.  Nettleton  Home  for  Aged 
Women  Association,  and  erected  an  addi- 
tion to  the  old  Nettleton  residence,  at  a  cost 
of  $10,000,  their  means  being  derived  from 
subscriptions  by  members  and  friends  of  the 
association.  The  property  was  occupied  in 
November,  1900,  and  affords  accommoda- 
tions for  some  forty  old  ladies.  The  home  is 
conducted  by  a  board  of  managers,  exclu- 
sively ladies,  and  the  property  interests  are 
vested  in  a  board  of  trustees,  chosen  from 
among  prudent  business  men.  It  is  main- 
tained by  voluntary  contributions,  which  are 
for  the  greater  part  clothing  and  provisions 
contributed  by  business  houses  and  individual 
citizens.  The  beneficiaries  are  almost  alto- 
gether aged  women  who  have  enjoyed  better 
financial  and  social  circumstances.  No  re- 
ligious test  is  applied. 

George  R.  Smith  College. — An  in- 
stitution for  the  higher  education  of  colored 
people,  located  at  Sedalia  and  completed  in 
1872.  It  is  in  the  western  suburbs,  and  is 
built  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  twenty-four 
acre  tract  of  land,  the  gift  of  Mrs.  M.  E. 
Smith  and  Mrs.  S.  E.  Cotton,  surviving 
daughters  and  heirs  of  General  George  R. 
Smith.  The  building  is  three  stories,  with 
dormitories  for  seventy-five  pupils,  and  an 
auditorium  seating  300  persons.  In  1898 
there  were  seven  teachers  and  200  pupils. 
The  property  was  valued  at  $50,000,  and  the 
library  contained  2,500  volumes. 

Georgetown. — A  town  in  Pettis  County, 
on  the  Kansas  Pacific  branch  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway,  three  miles  north  of  Sedalia. 
It  was  platted  in  1836  by  General  David 
Thompson,  father  of  Judge  Mentor  Thomp- 
son, who  named  it  after  his  home  town  in 


Kentucky.  In  1837,  by  an  act  of  the  General 
Assembly,  Joseph  S.  Anderson,  of  Cooper 
County,  John  Stapp,  of  Lafayette  County, 
and  John  S.  Rucker,  of  Howard  County, 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  locate  a 
permanent  county  seat.  They  selected 
Georgetown,  and  in  the  same  year  George  R. 
Smith  and  James  Ramey,  as  contractors, 
erected  a  brick  courthouse,  at  a  cost  of 
$4,000,  which  was  considered  an  elegant  and 
expensive  building.  The  first  term  of  the 
circuit  court  held  here  was  in  March,  1838, 
with  Judge  John  F.  Ryland  presiding;  Wil- 
liam R.  Kemp,  sheriff,  and  Amos  Fristoe, 
clerk.  The  same  year  William  A.  Miller, 
Thomas  Wasson  and  James  Brown  were 
elected  county  judges.  In  1847  Campbell 
College  was  founded,  and  in  i860  the 
Georgetown  Female  School ;  both  were  well 
patronized  for  a  time,  and  then  closed. 
About  i860,  the  population  then  numbering 
1,200,  Professor  Neal  founded  an  academy 
which  numbered  150  pupils,  and  was  success- 
fully conducted  until  about  1865,  when  the 
county  seat  was  removed  to  Sedalia,  and  the 
decadence  of  Georgetown  began.  The  first 
newspaper  in  the  county  was  the  "Pettis 
County  Independent,"  at  Georgetown.  It 
was  founded  in  November,  1857,  by  Bacon 
Montgomery,  who  managed  it  ably  and  suc- 
cessfully until  early  in  1861,  when  he  dis- 
continued its  publication  and  entered  the 
Union  Army.  The  village  now  has  a  public 
school,  a  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  a  Bap- 
tist Church,  a  cheese  factory,  and  several 
stores.     In  1899  the  population  was  250. 

Geret,  Benjamin  H.  A.,  physician 
and  Knight  of  the  Iron  Cross  of  Germany, 
was  born  December  i,  1841,  in  Mering, 
Bavaria.  His  parents  were  Frederick  Wil- 
liam and  Eleanora  (Versmann)  Geret.  He 
was  descended  from  a  noble  Huguenot  family 
which  avoided  the  dreadful  massacre  in  Paris, 
France,  August  24,  1572,  known  in  history 
as  that  of  Saint  Bartholomew's  Night,  by 
escaping  into  Bavaria,  taking  refuge  at  Ans- 
bach.  Some  of  these  refugees  and  their 
descendants  attained  distinction  in  the  mili- 
tary service  of  the  country  of  their  adoption, 
while  others  became  students  of  theology  and 
medicine,  and  entered  those  learned  profes- 
sions as  ministers  or  practitioners.  Benjamin 
Geret  attended  the  parochial  school  in  his 
native  town  until  he  was  eleven  years  of  age. 


GERET. 


43 


In  1854  he  entered  the  Benedictine  Convent 
Academy  at  Scheyern,  Bavaria,  afterward  en- 
tering another  of  the  same  order,  that  of  St. 
Stephan,  in  Augsburg,  where  he  completed 
a  full  classical  course,  and  was  graduated  in 
1858.  Under  the  instruction  of  his  father, 
a  skillful  pharmacist  and  druggist,  he  com- 
pleted a  three  years'  course  in  pharmacy,  and 
graduated  "cum  laude"  in  1861.  For  three 
years  thereafter  he  was  engaged  as  a  practi- 
cal druggist  in  Wurzburg,  Bavaria;  Man- 
heim,  Baden,  and  Basle,  Switzerland.  In 
1864  he  entered  the  university  in  Munich, 
where  he  studied  chemistry  and  natural  sci- 
ence, having  as  a  tutor  the  accomplished 
scientist,  Liebig.  In  March,  1866,  he  passed 
the  State  examination  and  was  duly  licensed 
as  a  royal  apothecarian.  His  studies  had  led 
him  to  the  threshold  of  medicine,  and  he 
acquired  an  interest  in  the  science  which  im- 
pelled him  to  its  mastery.  Accordingly,  he 
attended  the  medical  colleges  at  the  Univer- 
sities of  Wurzburg,  Munich  and  Vienna,  tak- 
ing a  final  course  at  Erlangen,  where  he  was 
graduated  as  a  doctor  of  medicine,  July  10, 
1868,  by  the  celebrated  professor,  Frh.  Nep. 
von  Nussbaum.  In  February,  1869,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  medical  stafT  of 
the  North  German  Lloyd  Steamship  Co.,  a 
high  recognition  of  his  attainments,  the  com- 
pany being  as  exacting  as  the  army  in  its  re- 
quirements as  to  capability.  For  two  years 
he  served  as  physician  upon  their  great 
trans-Atlantic  steamers,  during  which  time 
he  visited  New  York,  Baltimore,  Havana, 
Porto  Rico,  the  West  Indies,  St.  Martinique, 
St.  Thomas,  Panama,  Gibraltar,  Africa,  Al- 
giers, Tunis,  Alexandria,  the  Suez  canal  and 
Cairo.  When  the  Franco-Prussian  War 
opened,  in  August,  1870,  impelled  by  patri- 
otic ardor,  and  moved  to  assist  as  he  might 
in  relieving  the  suffering  he  knew  would  en- 
sue, he  was  among  the  first  to  volunteer  his 
services  to  his  native  country.  His  standing 
in  his  profession  was  such  that  his  proffer 
met  with  ready  acceptance,  and  at  Munich, 
Germany,  he  was  appointed  to  the  position 
of  physician  and  surgeon  of  the  Fourth  Ar- 
tillery, the  Queen  Mother's  Regiment  of  the 
Bavarian  Army.  Entering  upon  active 
service,  he  was  assigned  to  duty  by  the  chief 
of  the  operating  staff  of  the  Bavarian  army 
as  his  assistant.  In  this  capacity  his  profes- 
sional skill,  personal  courage  and  devotion 
to  duty  won  for  him  the  gratitude  of  those 


to  whom  he  ministered,  the  commendation 
of  his  superiors,  and  the  proudest  distinction 
brought  to  any  soldier  during  the  war,  his 
investiture  by  the  Emperor  William  as  a 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Iron  Cross,  a 
purely  military  distinction,  conferred  by  that 
monarch  alone,  and  only  in  recognition  of 
most  distinguished  courage  and  signal  serv- 
ice. From  the  king  of  Bavaria  he  received 
the  Medal  of  Merit  of  the  Haus  Wittelsbach 
and  Military.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
might  have  retained  his  position,  but  having 
no  inclination  for  army  service  under  a  peace 
establishment,  and  having  been  favorably 
impressed  with  America  on  his  visits  while  in 
the  employ  of  the  Lloyd,  in  1871  he  came 
to  New  York,  where  his  testimonials  of  abil- 
ity and  distinguished  service  obtained  for 
him  a  cordial  reception  in  the  circles  of  his 
profession.  He  was  appointed  physician  in 
the  German  Hospital,  on  Fourth  Avenue  and 
Seventy-seventh  Street,  and  occupied  that 
position  until  January,  1872,  when  he  came 
to  St.  Charles,  Missouri,  where  he  continued 
to  make  his  home  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  May,  1900.  His  beginning  was 
auspicious,  and  he  soon  acquired  a  large  and 
lucrative  practice,  and  recognition  in  the  pro- 
fession as  one  of  its  most  accomplished  mem- 
bers in  the  State.  When  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital  was  instituted,  in  1890,  he  became 
its  chief,  a  position  for  which  he  was  pecul- 
iarly fitted  through  his  knowledge  and  skill, 
especially  as  a  surgeon,  derived  from  unusual 
advantages,  those  of  thorough  training  in  the 
best  medical  schools  in  the  world,  supple- 
mented by  the  wide  experience  which  came 
to  him  during  his  service  on  the  medical 
staff  of  the  German  Army  during  actual  war, 
when  every  conceivable  class  of  injury  came 
under  his  observation  and  care.  In  his 
treatment  of  the  suffering  he  united  with  the 
interest  of  the  scientist,  the  solicitude  and 
sympathy  of  the  Christian  gentleman.  In  re- 
ligion he  was  a  Catholic,  as  was  his  mother, 
and  his  family  adhere  to  the  same  faith.  His 
father  was  a  Protestant.  In  October,  1864, 
while  attending  the  university  at  Munich,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Corps  Bavaria,  a 
social  organization  of  students,  with  which 
he  maintained  connection  as  a  life  member. 
He  held  membership  in  other  European 
bodies,  the  Koesner  S.  C.  Order,  extending 
through  Germany,  Switzerland  and  Austria. 
American  societies  with  which  he  was  con- 


44 


GERMAN. 


nected  were  the  United  Workmen  and  the 
Knights  of  the  Maccabees.  In  the  line  of  his 
profession  he  was  a  member  of  the  St. 
Charles  County  Medical  Society,  in  which  he 
was  highly  regarded  for  his  brilliant  profes- 
sional attainments,  his  wealth  of  experience, 
and  the  lucidity  of  his  expression  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  technical  topics.  Dr.  Geret  was 
married,  September  17,  1874,  to  Miss  Bar- 
bara Schneider,  of  Harvester,  Missouri.  Two 
daughters,  Charlotte  and  Olga,  were  born  of 
this  union.  The  surviving  members  of  his 
family  dwell  in  refined  comfort,  and  are 
highly  esteemed  in  the  community.  Aside 
from  his  profession  Dr.  Geret  was  a  genial 
and  cultured  gentleman,  and  one  of  the  fore- 
most in  all  movements  for  advancing  the 
material  and  moral  welfare  of  his  city. 

German,  Charles  W.,  lawyer,  was 
born  July  10,  1867,  in  Ontario,  Canada.  His 
parents  were  both  natives  of  that  country, 
and  the  father  still  resides  there.  The  mother 
is  deceased.  The  Gehrmann  family  left  the 
Bavarian  Palatinate,  on  the  Rhine,  in  the 
days  of  King  Louis  XIV,  of  France,  when 
that  potentate  assumed  authority  over  it  on 
account  of  the  marriage  of  his  brother  to 
Princess  Elizabeth  of  that  State,  and  began 
to  persecute  the  Protestants.  About  1685  the 
Gehrmanns  went  with  the  Prince  of  Orange 
and  settled  on  the  west  coast  of  Ireland,  near 
Limerick.  There  they  remained  about  fifty 
years,  at  the  end  of  that  time  coming  to 
America  and  locating  in  the  Hudson,  or  Sus- 
quehanna, region  of  New  York.  At  the  time 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  they  were  Tories, 
and,  not  pleased  with  the  result  of  that  strife, 
they  went  to  Canada  as  United  Empire  loy- 
alists, in  1791,  settling  in  the  Bay  of  Quinte 
region.  Christopher  German,  the  great- 
grandfather of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
drew  a  farm  in  Adolphustown,  the  fourth 
township  west  from  Kingston.  The  name, 
German,  had  been  anglicized  at  a  time  un- 
Icnown.  There  were  three  brothers  of  them, 
Christopher,  John  and  Jacob,  and  a  cousin, 
Lewis,  all  of  whom  located  in  the  same  neigh- 
borhood, in  the  then  wilderness  of  -upper 
Canada.  The  Purdys,  a  family  of  which  the 
mother  of  Charles  W.  German  was  a  mem- 
ber, were  also  United  Empire  loyalists,  the 
great-grandfather  Purdy  having  been  an 
officer  in  the  British  Navy  in  1776  and  1783. 
The  Purdys  had  been  tories  since  the  time 


of  Charles  I  of  England,  as  the  motto  on 
their  crest,  "Stans  cum  rcge,"  would  indi- 
cate. Charles  W.  German  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Ontario,  and  the  high  school 
at  Harriston,  Canada,  graduating  from  the 
latter.  In  1885  he  left  the  country  of  his 
nativity  and  went  to  California,  remaining 
there  until  the  spring  of  1887,  incidentally 
rounding  out  his  experience  with  travel  in 
other  sections  of  the  country.  In  the  fall 
of  1887  Mr.  German  entered  the  law  school 
of  Northwestern  University,  at  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois, graduating  from  that  institution  in 
June,  1889.  Immediately  after  graduation  he 
went  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  there 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  law,  spending 
the  first  two  years  with  the  legal  firm  now 
known  as  Lathrop,  Morrow,  Fox  &  Moore. 
At  the  end  of  the  two  years  Mr.  German 
entered  the  firm  of  Meservey  &  Pierce,  as  a 
partner,  and  the  firm  became  Meservey, 
Pierce  &  German.  The  existence  of  this 
partnership  dates  back  to  the  year  1891,  and 
during  these  nine  years  it  has  grown  to  be 
one  of  the  strong  legal  combinations  at  the 
Kansas  City  bar.  Mr.  German's  practice  is 
devoted  to  general  civil  cases  covering  a  wide 
field,  and  he  and  his  associates  represent  a 
number  of  the  most  important  corporations 
and  individual  interests  in  Kansas  City  and 
vicinity.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Kansas 
City  Bar  Association,  and  for  the  year  1899- 
1900  was  elected  treasurer  of  that  organiza- 
tion, his-  term  of  office  expiring  with  the 
presidency  of  Mr.  H.  D.  Ashley.  He  comes 
from  a  Methodist  family,  his  father  having 
been  a  minister  of  that  denomination  of  long 
service  and  high  standing.  Mr.  German  was 
married  in  October,  1898,  to  Miss  Louise 
ZoUer,  daughter  of  Charles  Zoller,  president 
of  the  Third  National  Bank,  of  Greensburg, 
Indiana,  and  one  of  the  most  substantial  men 
of  that  part  of  the  State.  Mrs.  German  is  a 
firm  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church,  is  a  member  of  Central  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  Kansas  City,  and  on 
account  of  her  affiliation  with  that  denomina- 
tion her  husband  is  identified  with  the  same 
religious  society.  To  this  marriage  one  son 
has  been  born.  Mr.  German,  although  one 
of  the  younger  members  of  the  Kansas  City 
bar,  is  numbered  nevertheless  among  its  able 
representatives.  He  has  always  held  a  posi- 
tion of  dignity,  justified  by  his  methods  in 
the  court  room  and  his  practices  as  a  coun- 


GERMAN  BENEVOLENT  SOCIETY— GERMAN  ORPHANS'  HOME. 


45 


seller.  Having  a  firm  faith  in  the  locality 
and  State  of  which  he  is  a  part,  he  is  ever  a 
loyal  citizen,  faithful  to  the  best  interests  of 
the  commonwealth  and  his  community. 

German    Benevolent  Society.— A 

social  and  beneficiary  society  organized  in 
February  of  1875,  at  Charding's  Hall,  corner 
of  Third  and  ]\Iarion  Streets,  St.  Louis,  with 
fifteen  charter  members.  It  has  been  com- 
posed exclusively  of  Germans  since  it  came 
into  existence,  and  in  1898  had  a  membership 
of  125.  A  similar  organization,  founded  in 
1892  and  chartered  the  same  year,  is  known 
as  the  South  St.  Louis  German  Benevolent 
Society. 

German  Clnb. — A  society  formed  in 
St.  Louis  for  the  study,  in  the  original,  of 
German  literature,  especially  the  drama. 
The  German  Club  originated  in  1884,  at  the 
suggestion  of  Mrs.  Jonathan  Rice  and  Mrs. 
August  Frank,  and  has  met  at  the  homes  of 
its  members  every  Monday  afternoon  since, 
excepting  during  the  summer  vacations.  All 
the  parts  of  the  play  chosen  are  assigned, 
and  the  reading  proceeds  in  the  dramatic 
form  and  with  much  dramatic  spirit.  The 
principal  plays  of  Goethe,  Schiller,  Lessig 
and  others  have  been  read,  but  the  work  is 
not  confined  to  the  dramatists.  One  year 
was  given  to  a  German  translation  of  the 
Iliad,  two  years  to  Jordan's  Nibelungen,  and 
one  year  to  the  second  part  of  Faust,  supple- 
mented with  explanatory  works  by  German 
authors.  The  club  has  no  officers,  but  its 
leader  is  Mrs.  Albert  Drey,  a  lady  of  fine 
culture,  thoroughly  familiar  with  her  sub- 
jects, and  also  with  the  homes  and  haunts  of 
the  authors,  which  she  has  visited  in  her  trav- 
els. The  social  feature  is  not  neglected. 
Light  refreshments  follow  each  reading,  and 
at  the  last  meeting  of  the  season,  which  is  in- 
variably held  at  Forest  Park,  the  programme 
is  miscellaneous  and  the  gathering  largely 

^°^^^^-  Martha  S.  Kayshr. 

German  Emigrant  Aid  Society. — 

A  society  organized  in  St.  Louis  in  1848, 
and  chartered  by  the  act  of  the  Missouri 
Legislature  February  27th  of  the  year  1851. 
Robert  Hanning,  Arthur  Olshausen,  Willliam 
Stumpf,  Ferdinand  Overstoltz  and  others 
were  the  incorporators.  Its  objects  were  to 
provide  in  a  systematic  way  for  the  relief  of 


German  immigrants,  arriving  in  St.  Louis 
without  means,  to  aid  them  in  securing  em- 
ployment and  assist  them  in  gaining  such 
knowledge  of  the  language  and  custom  of 
the  country  as  would  enable  them  to  take 
care  of  themselves.  It  was  rechartered  at  a 
later  date  and  its  powers  extended  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  use  its  means  for  divers  chari- 
table purposes,  and  in  1896  it  contributed 
$1,000  to  the  sufiferers  from  the  cyclone.  It 
also  gives  every  year  to  the  Provident  Asso- 
ciation, the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society  and 
other  benevolent  organizations.  This  society 
is  called  in  German  ''Die  Deutsche  Gesell- 
schaft."  Its  most  active  officers  and  directors 
have  been  Isidor  Busch,  C.  R.  Frilch,  Arthur 
Olshausen,  Charles  H.  Teichmann,  Albert 
Fischer,  C.  A.  Stifel,  H.  Eisenhardt,  A.  Klas- 
ing,  E,  D.  Kargan,  Dr.  H.  Kinner,  M.  C. 
Lange  and  H.  T.  Wilde. 

German  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Orphans'  Home. — An  orphans'  home  in 
St.  Louis,  with  which  is  connected  an  asylum 
for  aged  and  indigent  members  of  the  Luth- 
eran Church.  It  was  erected  in  1867  by  the 
German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Hospital  As- 
sociation of  St.  Louis.  This  association  was 
incorporated  in  1863  by  an  act  of  the  Mis- 
souri Legislature.  The  first  building  erected 
was  a  log  house,  which  was  used  for  several 
years  after  the  present  building  was  erected. 
In  1873  a  brick  building,  three  stories  in 
height,  was  erected  and  dedicated  on  the  8th 
of  June  in  that  year.  In  1882  a  frame  build- 
ing for  an  orphan  school  was  erected.  The 
house  is  located  at  Des  Peres,  on  the  Man- 
chester Road,  fifteen  miles  from  St,  Louis. 
Forty  acres  of  land  belong  to  the  home.  The 
first  president  of  this  asylum  was  Rev.  Johann 
Frederick  Buenger,  who,  at  his  death  in  1882, 
was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Christlieb  C.  E. 
Brandt,  pastor  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
St.  Paulus'  Church  of  St.  Louis. 

German  General  Protestant  Or- 
phans' Home. — An  institution  founded 
February  13,  1877,  and  located  on  Natural 
Bridge  Road,  near  St.  Louis.  The  corner 
stone  of  the  building  was  laid  September  6, 
1877.  On  October  20,  1878,  it  was  dedicated, 
and  occupied  by  the  first  orphans  a  few  days 
after  its  dedication.  The  object  of  the  home 
is  to  receive,  as  far  as  possible,  all  poor 
orphans  and  educate  them  without  charge. 


46 


GERMAN   IMMIGRATION,   IMPRESS   OF. 


also  to  receive  half  orphans  and  orphans  with 
means  provided  by  the  surviving  parent  or 
guardian. 

German  Immigration,  Impress  of. 

The  immigration  of  Germans  into  the  United 
States,  in  large  numbers,  occurred  at  two  dif- 
ferent periods  of  our  history.  The  earlier  im- 
migration beginning  in  1663  and  continuing 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  in  1775,  populated  the  larger  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  Valley  of  the  Mohawk  in 
New  York,  portions  of  Maryland,  the  Valley 
of  the  Shenandoah  in  \^irginia.  and  sent  col- 
onies into  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia.  During  the  period  covered  by 
the  American  Revolution,  the  French  Revo- 
lution and  the  Napoleonic  wars,  German  im- 
migration into  the  United  States  ceased  alto- 
gether, and  did  not  set  in  again  until  about 
1820.  The  interval  of  nearly  half  a  century 
was  sufficiently  long  to  break  the  connection 
between  the  earlier  and  the  later  immigra- 
tion. For  the  purpose  of  this  sketch,  we  may 
dismiss  the  earlier  period  with  a  bare  refer- 
ence to  it,  for  although  a  goodly  number  of 
the  people  of  St.  Louis  trace  their  blood  back 
to  this  early  German  immigration,  they  are 
classed  among  us  as  Anglo-American.  Per- 
haps the  most  prominent  man  of  this  class 
was  Henry  S.  Geyer,  for  many  years  the 
leader  of  the  Missouri  bar  and  the  successor 
of  Colonel  Benton  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate. He  was  born  in  Maryland  in  1790,  of 
German  parentage. 

German  immigration  into  the  United 
States  during  the  decade  from  1820  to  1830 
was  light  in  comparison  to  the  influx  that  was 
to  follow,  but  it  brought  us  some  valuable  ac- 
quisitions, among  them  Charles  Follen,  who 
arrived  in  1824,  and  Francis  Lieber,  who  ar- 
rived in  1827.  The  works  of  the  latter,  writ- 
ten in  English,  are  the  best  we  have  on  the 
subject  of  political  science.  Missouri  received 
but  little  of  the  immigration  of  this  decade, 
but  among  those  who  came  was  Dr.  Gottfried 
Duden,  a  man  of  education,  but  of  no  prac- 
tical insight  into  things,  who  arrived  in  1824 
and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Montgomery  Coun- 
ty, where  he  wrote  a  series  of  letters,  giving 
a  highly  colored  account  of  the  advantages 
of  Missouri.  These  letters,  after  his  return 
to  Europe,  were  published  in  book  form  and 
were  widelv  circulated.     This  book  directed 


attention  to   Missouri  and  brought  a  great 
many  German  immigrants  to  the  State. 

In  1830  the  population  of  St.  Louis  was 
6,694.  A  year  or  two  afterward  the  tide  of 
German  immigration  began  to  set  in,  in  large 
volume,  and  has  continued  to  flow  in  ever 
since.  There  must  have  been  strong  impelling 
causes  to  induce  great  masses  of  men  to  leave 
the  land  of  their  birth  and  seek  permanent 
homes  elsewhere.  In  inquiring  into  them, 
we  must  give  full  effect  to  the  fact  that  men 
are  controlled  in  their  movements  by  the  de- 
sire to  improve  their  condition.  In  old  and 
crowded  countries  the  individual  is  constantly  1 
confronted  by  the  difficulty  of  supporting  | 
himself.  The  promised  abundance  of  a  new 
country  of  great  natural  resources  is  most 
tempting.  As  his  necessities  at  home  grow  and 
become  more  pinching, the  desire  to  emigrate 
increases.  If  to  the  hope  of  finding  readier 
means  of  gratifying  his  physical  wants,  there 
is  added  the  assurance  of  greater  personal 
liberty  and  larger  latitude  for  individual  ac- 
tion, the  desire  to  exchange  the  old  for  the 
new  is  still  further  intensified. 

The  condition  of  the  German  people  at  the 
time  was  peculiar.  Not  the  command  of  the 
sovereign,  but  the  patriotic  impulse  of  the 
people,  had  recruited  the  German  armies  in 
the  campaigns  against  Napoleon  of  1814  and 
181 5.  The  passionate  desire  of  the  people  to 
drive  out  the  foreign  invader,  in  conjunction 
with  the  hope  of  securing  national  unity  and 
a  liberal  domestic  government  after  his  expul- 
sion, sent  into  the  army  not  only  every  man 
of  fighting  age,  but  the  immature  youth  and 
the  gray-bearded  sire  as  well. 

Their  armies  were  victorious,  but  their 
hopes  were  destined  to  disappointment.  Im- 
mediately after  the  peace  of  Paris  came  the 
Congress  of  Vienna,  the  fruit  of  which  was 
a  close  compact  between  the  crowned  heads 
of  Austria,  the  German  States  and  Russia  to 
maintain  kingly  authority  and  to  repress  all 
manifestations  of  liberalism.  Instead  of  Ger- 
man unity,  the  thirty-six  potentates,  who  di- 
vided the  sovereignty  of  the  nation,  were  re- 
instated, freedom  of  speech  was  curtailed, 
and  a  rigid  censorship  of  the  press  was  main- 
tained. 

Cheated  of  the  fruits  of  their  patriotic  sacri- 
fices, a  feeling  of  painful  dissatisfaction  seized 
the  people.  This  feeling  was  exhibited  most 
strongly   by   the    educated   classes    and   the 


GERMAN   IMMIGRATION,   IMPRESS  OF. 


47 


youth  of  the  country.  The  ravages  of  war  had 
left  their  deep  impress  upon  the  material  re- 
sources of  the  people,  to  which  were  added 
partial  crop  failures  for  several  years  to 
heighten  the  cause  of  general  discontent. 

The  year  1830  was  a  year  of  unrest  and  up- 
rising throughout  all  western  Europe.  France 
had  her  revolution.  Poland  her  rebellion,  and 
in  Germany  the  mutterings  of  discontent  weie 
loud  and  universal  and  resulted  in  various 
collisions  between  the  people  and  the  au- 
thorities. Numerous  political  prosecutions 
followed,  the  victims  of  which  fled  the  coun- 
try, wherever  that  was  possible.  The  discon- 
tent at  home  turned  their  eyes  hopefully  to 
the  new  world  across  the  water.  The  roving 
spirit  had  seized  them.  Many  of  the  educat- 
ed among  them  had  come  to  believe  that  true 
happiness  was  to  be  found  only  in  primeval 
forests,  and  thus  the  tide  began  to  move 
which  was  destined  to  carry  millions  of  men 
and  women,  with  their  hopes  and  aspirations, 
to  new  homes  during  the  second  period  of 
German  immigration  into  the  United  States. 

St.  Louis  received  its  full  share  of  this  im- 
migration. In  twenty  years  (from  1830  to 
1850)  the  population  of  the  city  grew  from 
7,000  to  77,860.  Of  the  latter  number,  ac- 
cording to  the  Federal  Census  of  1850,  36,529 
were  native  born,  and  38,397  foreign  born, 
and  of  the  latter  number,  22,340  were  born 
in  Germany.  (Compendium  U.  S.  Census, 
1850,  p.  399.)  Theodore  Olshausen,  a  pains- 
taking writer  of  acknowledged  accuracy,  in 
his  treatise  on  Missouri  (page  131),  places  the 
population  of  the  city  in  1850  at  77,465,  of 
whom  37,051  were  native  Americans,  23,774 
Germans,  11,257  Irish,  2,933  English  and 
2,450  other  foreigners. 

According  to  the  local  (city)  census  of  1852 
so  much  of  the  southern  end  of  the  city  as 
was  embraced  in  what  was  then  the  First 
Ward  contained  13,709  inhabitants,  of  whom 
12,058  were  Germans. 

According  to  the  federal  census  for  the  re- 
spective years  there  were  in  St.   Louis : 

*In  i860,  50,510  persons  of  German  birth; 
in  1870,  59,040  persons  of  German  birth ;  in 
1880,  54,901  persons  of  German  birth,  and 
in  1890,  66,000  persons  of  German  birth. 

These  figures  do  not  include  the  Austrians 
and  Swiss  of  German  tongue.  It  must  also  be 

*  The  figures  for  i860,  above  given,  include  the  city  arid  county 
of  St.  Louis.  The  figures  for  the  subsequent  years  are  limited 
to  the  city  alone. 


remembered  that  they  do  not  include  the  na- 
tive born  children  of  German  parentage.  It 
is  safe  to  assume  that  since  i860,  the  number 
of  native  horn  children,  both  of  whose  par- 
ents were  of  German  birth,  is  at  least  twice 
as  large  as  the  census  enumeration  of  their 
parents. 

The  figures  above  given  show  the  propor- 
tion of  German  blood  that  has  gone  into  the 
population  of  the  city.  What  has  been  its 
influence  upon  the  educational,  scientific,  art- 
istic, business  and  social  interests  of  that 
community?  In  the  nature  of  things,  a  precise 
demonstration  in  answer  to  the  question  is 
impossible.  The  relations  of  individuals  and 
of  classes  in  the  same  community  are  so  inti- 
mately blended  that  the  influence  of  the  one 
upon  the  other  is  hardly  distinguishable ;  yet 
in  a  general  way,  we  may  trace  results  direct- 
ly attributable  to  the  German  immigrant  who 
cast  his  lot  with  us. 

So  a  large  number  of  people  added  to  a 
community  can  not  fail  to  leave  their  impress 
upon  it.  The  immigrant  brought  his  labor, 
his  skill,  his  knowledge  and  his  means  and 
contributed  them  to  the  community  of  which 
he  became  a  member.  He  is  entitled  to  be 
credited  with  a  fair  share  of  its  subsequent  de- 
velopment and  progress.  Germans  by  birth 
or  descent  are  found  in  every  line  of  business 
in  the  city.  Some  pursuits  may  still  be  said 
to  be  in  their  hands  exclusively ;  for  instance, 
the  manufacture  of  beer.  This  beverage  is 
now  so  generally  used  as  to  have  become  the 
national  drink.  Having  introduced  it,  they 
may  claim  the  merit  of  having  been  instru- 
mental in  substituting  a  lighter  drink  for  the 
heavier  beverages  in  use  before  their  time. 

The  bulk  of  every  larger  immigration  must 
necessarily  consist  of  persons  who  gain  their 
livelihood  by  manual  labor,  and  so  it  is  with 
respect  to  the  immigration  of  which  we  are 
now  speaking ;  but  long  before  it  began,  Ger- 
many had,  and  has  ever  since  had,  a  superior 
school  system,  so  that  the  boy  who  left 
school  at  fourteen,  to  be  apprenticed,  had  re- 
ceived a  fairly  good  training  in  the  element- 
ary branches.  There  were  few  among  them 
that  could  not  read  and  write.  But  the  politi- 
cal troubles  of  1830,  already  alluded  to,  and 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848-9,  in  both 
of  which  the  educated  classes  of  Germany 
were  the  most  active  participants,  brought 
to  our  shores  also  a  large  number  of  men 
of  high  culture,  university  professors,   stu- 


48 


GERMAN   IMMIGRATION,   IMPRESS  OF. 


dents,  scientists  and  professional  men.  They 
were  possessed  of  the  best  achievements  of 
their  people  in  science  and  art  and  gave  us 
the  benefit  of  them.  They  were  the  medium 
through  which  the  learning  of  German  uni- 
versities was  disseminated.  As  tutors,  they 
entered  our  high  schools  and  colleges,  and 
enlarged  and  liberalized  their  curriculum. 
Their  example  and  precept  have  sent  scores 
of  young  Americans  to  German  universities. 
They  furnished  us  physicians,  engineers,  mu- 
sicians, artists  and  editors.  They  founded 
schools,  churches  and  newspapers  among  us. 

The  press  is  the  potent  factor  in  moulding 
public  opinion  and  through  it  the  permanent 
institutions  of  the  people.  The  second  oldest 
newspaper  in  St.  Louis  is  a  German  news- 
paper, the  "Anzeiger  des  Westens,"  founded 
in  1835,  and  published  continuously  since, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  months  in  1863. 
At  this  time — 1897 — St.  Louis  has  five  Ger- 
man daily  newspapers,  three  of  them  being 
morning  papers,  the  "Anzeiger,"  the  "West- 
liche  Post"  and  the  "Amerika,"  and  two  aft- 
ernoon papers,  the  "Tribuene"  and  the 
"Tageblatt."  The  "Tages-Chronik"  was  es- 
tablished in  1850,  and  continued  to  live  until 
1863.  "Puck"  was  first  published  in  St.  Louis 
and  then  emigrated  to  New  York.  Besides 
these,  there  were  many  ephemeral  German 
newspaper  ventures  which  were  of  some  im- 
portance in  their  day. 

At  the  time  German  immigration  began  to 
set  in,  art  had  found  but  a  scanty  foothold  in 
this  country.  The  German  immigrant  brought 
with  him  his  fondness  for  music  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  art,  and  its  rapid  develop- 
ment among  us  is  undoubtedly  due  largely  to 
him.  The  first  orchestra  of  string  music  in  St. 
Louis  was  organized  in  1845.  It  was  called 
the  "Polyhymnia."  Every  performer  at  its 
first  concert  bore  a  German  name.  There  are 
twenty-six  German  singing  societies  in  St. 
Louis  at  this  time. 

The  educational  advantages  of  gymnastics 
are  now  universally  recognized  in  this  coun- 
try. The  system,  as  practiced  by  Jahn,  was  in 
use  in  Germany  from  the  early  days  of  the 
century.  It  was  unknown  to  us  until  brought 
over  by  the  immigration  of  1848-9.  The  first 
"Turn-Verein"  in  St.  Louis  was  founded  in 
185 1.  There  are  now  ten  of  them.  No  school 
under  German  management  is  without  its 
gymnastic  exercises.  American  educators  are 
fully  aware  of  the  importance  of  this  German 


educational  method,  which  is  founded  upon 
the  thought  that  a  healthy  mind  presupposes 
a  healthy  body,  and  so  well  is  it  thought  of 
that  there  is  to-day  scarcely  a  college  or 
school  of  any  importance  in  the  country  with- 
out its  gymnasium. 

The  continental  European  does  not  look 
upon  the  Sabbath  as  a  day  of  prayer  alone ; 
to  him  it  is  also  a  day  of  recreation.  After  six 
days  of  labor,  he  enjoys  the  leisure  which  the 
seventh  gives  to  him.  The  number  of  their 
churches  show  that  the  German  imnngrants 
were  not  less  religious  than  their  neighbors^ 
but  a  Puritanical  observance  of  the  Sabbath 
did  not  seem  to  them  a  part  of  true  religion. 
They  make  it  appear  that  they  could  enjoy 
the  day  without  abusing  it,  and  thus  led  the 
way  to  the  more  liberal  view  of  Sunday  which 
now  prevails  both  by  custom  and  in  the  law. 

In  politics  the  bulk  of  the  German  immi- 
grants of  St.  Louis  belonged  to  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  and  after  the  schism,  to  the  Ben- 
ton wing  of  it,  until  the  slavery  question  be- 
came the  absorbing  issue  in  public  aflfairs. 
Then  their  strong  anti-slavery  sentiments 
carried  a  majority  of  them  into  the  Repub- 
lican party,  of  which  they  and  their  descend- 
ants have  been  the  mainstay  ever  since  in  this- 
city.  But  whatever  political  differences  there 
were  among  them,  they  were,  without  excep- 
tion, on  the  side  of  the  Union  during  the  late 
war.  The  first  five  Federal  volunteer  regi- 
ments raised  in  St.  Louis  in  the  spring  of 
1861  were  made  up  of  Germans  almost  alto- 
gether. So  were  the  five  reserve  corps  (home 
guard)  regiments.  As  a  result  of  their  active 
and  united  support  of  the  cause  of  the  Union, 
their  political  influence  in  Missouri  was  never 
greater  than  during  and  immediately  after  the 
war.  In  1868  General  Schurz  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  and  Mr.  Finkeln- 
burg  to  the  lower  house  of  Congress.  From 
1875  to  1881  Henry  Overstolz  was  mayor  of 
St.  Louis,  the  only  German  by  birth  who  ever 
held  that  office.  But  whilst  they  were  intense 
Union  men  during  the  war,  they  were  op- 
posed to  the  illiberal  and  proscriptive  features 
of  the  Constitution  of  1865,  and  cast  a  heavy 
vote  against  its  adoption.  In  1872  they  led 
the  liberal  movement  in  the  State  which  re- 
sulted in  eliminating  the  obnoxious  features 
from  the  Constitution.  A  minute  inquiry  into 
the  share  which  the  German  blood  of  this  city 
has  in  its  manufacturing,  banking  and  com- 
mercial interests,  and  in  the  arts  and  sciences,. 


GERMAN    MEDICAL  SOCIETY,    THE— GERMANIA  CEUB. 


49 


if  it  were  indeed  possible  with  any  degree  of 
accuracy,  would  extend  this  sketch  much  be- 
yond the  limits  assigned  to  it.  The  conclu- 
sion may  be  inferred  approximately  from  the 
number  of  persons  of  that  class  among  us, 
their  culture,  habits  of  industry,  enterprise 
and  thrift. 

The  white  inhabitants  of  the  United  States 
all  trace  their  descent  back  to  the  nations  of 
Europe.  They  are  all  immigrants  or  the  de- 
scendants of  immigrants.  And  whilst  for  an 
inquiry  of  this  kind  we  group  them  according 
to  the  nationality  of  their  origin,  they  are  to- 
day one  people,  with  one  common  purpose 
and  impulse.  The  Englishman,  the  Irishman, 
the  German,  the  Scandinavian,  the  French- 
man and  the  Spaniard"  have  all  been  merged 
in  the  American,  who  has  received  something 
good  from  each  of  them.  To  trace  out  this 
something  and  show  its  impress  upon  the 
new  nation  is  the  interesting  work  of  the  fu- 
ture  historian.  Edward  C.  Kehr. 

Germ  till  Medical   Society,  The, 

known  among  its  members  as  "Deutsche 
Medizinische  Gesellschaft,"  is  a  society 
formed  in  St.  Louis  in  1850,  composed  of 
German  physicians.  The  membership  is  lim- 
ited to  twenty-live.  The  society  has  a  large 
library  and  receives  the  leading  European 
medical  journals. 

German  Protestant  Orphans' 
Home. — In  1858  Rev.  L.  E.  Nollau  found 
on  a  boat  a  child  whose  parents  had  died  on 
their  passage  to  this  country  from  Germany. 
This  child  he  placed  under  the  care  of  Mrs. 
Wilhelmina  Meyer  in  rooms  which  he  set 
apart  for  the  purpose  in  the  Good  Samaritan 
Hospital,  which  he  had  just  then  established 
on  Carr  Street,  between  Sixteenth  and  Seven- 
teenth Streets,  in  St.  Louis.  This  was  the 
commencement  of  the  German  Protestant 
Orphans'  Home.  The  number  of  children  in 
the  establishment  thus  founded  rapidly  in- 
creased, and  larger  accommodations  became 
necessary.  Rooms  were  accordingly  rented 
on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  and  Dayton  Ave- 
nues, and  to  these  the  children  were  removed, 
though  they  continued  to  board  at  the  Good 
Samaritan  Hospital.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  War  in  1861  the  government  took 
possession  of  this  building  for  a  soldiers'  hos- 
pital, and  the  children  were  removed  to  a 
house  on  the  corner  of  Carr  and  Sixteenth 

Vol.  Ill— 4 


Streets,  where  they  remained  until  the  close 
of  the  war,  when  they  were  taken  back.  In 
the  autumn  of  1866  a  farm  of  sixty-five  acres 
on  the  St.  Charles  Road,  nine  miles  from  St. 
Louis,  was  purchased  at  a  cost  of  $23,500,  and 
to  the  large  dwelling  on  this  farm  the-  or- 
phans, then  fifty-five  in  number,  were  re- 
moved. In  1870  a  wing  was  added  on  the  east 
of  this  building,  and  in  1874  another  wing 
was  added  on  the  west,  and  a  tower  was 
erected  in  front.  The  cost  of  these  additions 
was  $50,000.  January  18,  1877,  the  entire 
establishment  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  one 
child  perished  in  the  flames.  The  children 
were  removed  to  the  Good  Samaritan  Hos- 
pital again  till  spring,  when  they  were  quar- 
tered in  temporary  shanties  on  the  farm.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  the  present  asylum  was  erect- 
ed, and  was  first  occupied  November  i8th  of 
that  year.  It  was  a  brick  structure,  160  by  70 
feet  in  size  and  three  stories  in  height  above 
the  basement.  Its  cost  was  $50,000.  There 
has  also  been  erected  a  teachers'  residence, 
bakery,  laundry,  ice  house,  all  brick,  and  their 
total  cost  was  $20,000.  In  December,  1882, 
twenty  acres  were  added  to  the  farm,  and  the 
cost  of  tlfis  addition  was  $2,000.  On  March 
23,  1 861,  the  institution  was  incorporated 
by  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  with  Lewis  E. 
Nollau,  Frederick  Maschmeier,  T.  Frederick 
Massman,  Michael  Voepel  and  Francis 
Hackemeier  as  corporators.  This  board  has 
been  increased  to  the  maximum  number  al- 
lowed by  the  charter.  In  the  asylum  no  sec- 
tarian distinction  is  made,  but  the  children 
of  the  Jew  and  Gentile,  Catholic  and  Protes- 
tant alike  are  received  and  cared  for.  The 
asylum  is  not  endowed,  but  is  dependent  for 
its  support  entirely  on  the  contributions  of 
benevolent  people.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact 
that  the  first  donation  was  made  in  1858  by  a 
child  four  years  of  age,  Charles  H.  Hacke- 
meier, who  gave  the  sum  of  one  dollar  from 
his  little  savings.  To  the  watchful  care  and 
efficient  labors  of  Mr.  Nollau  the  early  suc- 
cess of  the  institution  was  largely  due. 

Germania  Club. — A  German  social 
club  in  St.  Louis,  chartered  by  special  act  of 
the  Legislature  February  16,  1865.  Among^ 
the  founders  of  the  club  were  James  Taussig, 
Charles  F.  Meyer,  Charles  Enslin,  Julius- 
Conrad,  Louis  Holm,  Charles  F.  Eggers,, 
Charles  Balmer,  Felix  Coste  and  others.  The 
first  president .  was   Charles   F.   Meyer,   the 


50 


GERMANIA,   ORDER   OF— GIBSON. 


first  vice  president  Louis  Holm,  the  first  sec- 
retary Charles  De  Greek,  and  the  first  treas- 
urer William  Hunicke.  In  1866  the  club  com- 
pleted a  clubhouse  at  the  corner  of  Eighth 
and  Gratiot  Streets,  which  was  fitted  up  at  a 
cost  of  $110,000.  For  several  years  the  club 
had  a  large  membership,  which  was  com- 
posed of  the  leading  Germans  of  the  city, 
and  many  eminent  visitors  were  entertained 
at  its  clubhouse,  which  was  a  beautiful 
example  of  architecture.  It  was  famous 
throughout  the  land  for  a  time,  but  the  en- 
croachments of  business  caused  the  club  to 
pass  out  of  existence,  in  1888. 

Germaiiia,  Order  of. — Toward  the 
end  of  May,  1898.  fourteen  members  of  the 
United  Order  of  Hope  seceded,  in  conse- 
quence of  dissensions,  and  founded  a»new 
society,  called  the  Order  of  Germania.  They 
elected  their  supreme  officers  and  applied  to 
the  Secretary  of  Sate  of  Missouri  for  a  char- 
ter. 

Germania  Saengerbiind. — A  Ger- 
man singing  society,  organized  March  19, 
1859,  in  St.  Louis,  by  William  and  Adolph 
Reisse.  and  which  was  first  called  the  "Berg 
Saengerbund,"  or  ''Mountain  Saengerbund." 
The  society  took  a  proniinent  part  in  numer- 
ous fetes  and  held  a  leading  place  among  the 
musical  organizations  of  the  city. 

Geyer,  Henry  Sheftie,  lawyer,  jurist 
and  United  •  States  Senator,  was  born  of 
German  parents  in  Frederick  County,  Mary- 
land, December  9,  1790,  and  died  in  St.  Louis, 
March  5,  1859.  His  early  promise  attracted 
the  attention  of  General  Nelson,  with  whom 
he  studied  law.  Another  early  friend  was  his 
uncle,  Daniel  Sheffie,  of  Virginia,  a  promi- 
nent lawyer  and  politician.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  181 1,  but  entered  the  army  in  181 2  as 
first  lieutenant,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain in  active  duty  on  the  frontier.  In  181 5 
he  re-entered  the  legal  field  in  St.  Louis, 
and  almost  immediately  won  recognition.  At 
that  time  the  laws  of  the  Territory  were  in  a 
rudimentary  condition,  and  the  inchoate  titles 
granted  by  Spain  were  being  examined  and 
readjusted,  and  the  most  intricate  problems 
were  involved  in  their  settlement.  Captain 
Geyer  applied  himself  so  assiduously  to  this 
department  of  law  that  for  over  forty  years 
hardly  an  important  land  case  was  settled  in 


Missouri  without  his  aid.  But  he  also  pos- 
sessed a  variety  of  legal  accomplishments, 
and  was  perfectly  at  home  in  the  subtile  dis- 
tinctions of  commercial  law,  in  complex 
details  of  chancery  cases,  and  in  the  skillful 
management  of  jury  trials,  when  his  exam- 
ination of  witnesses  and  of  the  evidence  was 
unequaled.  In  1817  he  published  "Statutes  of 
Missouri."  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  State 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1820,  and  was 
five  times  chosen  to  the  Legislature  after  the 
admission  of  Missouri  to  the  Union,  serving 
as  speaker  of  the  first  three  General  Assem- 
blies of  the  State.  In  1825  he  was  one  of  the 
revisers-  of  the  statutes,  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  adoption  of  a  code  which  was 
at  that  time  superioi'  to  that  of  any  other 
Western  State.  He  declined  the  post  of  Sec- 
retary of  War,  tendered  him  by  President 
Fillmore,  in  1850,  and  was  then  elected 
United  States  Senator  over  Thomas  H.  Ben- 
ton, on  the  fortieth  ballot,  by  a  majority  of 
five  votes.  He  served  from  1851  till  1857, 
and  while  in  Washington  was  one  of  the 
counsel  in  the  Dred  Scott  case.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  the  oldest  member  of 
the  St.  Louis  bar,  both  in  years  and  in  profes- 
sional standing.  In  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  he  came  into  contact  with 
such  men  as  Webster,  Ewing  and  Reverdy 
Johnson,  who  entertained  the  highest  respect 
for  his  ability.  Politically  he  was  a  firm 
Whig,  and  an  ardent  admirer  of  Henry  Clay. 
W'hen  the  party  disappeared  he  returned  to 
the  Democratic  ranks. 

Gibbs. — An  incorporated  town  in  Adair 
County,  sixteen  miles  southeast  of  Kirks- 
ville,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railway.  It  has  a  graded  school,  a  church, 
bank  and  about  a  dozen  other  business 
places,  including  a  hotel,  general  and  other 
stores  and  shops.  Population  in  1899  (esti- 
mated), 200. 

1 

Gibson,  Charles,  was  born  in  Mont-  i 
gomery  County,  Virginia,  in  1825,  and  died 
October  27, 1899,  at  Lake  Minnetonka,  Minne- 
sota. When  he  was  about  eleven  years  of  age 
his  parents  removed  to  Missouri,  establish- 
ing their  home  in  what  was  then  a  very  new 
country  in  the  western  portion  of  the  State. 
Educational  facilities  were  at  that  time  lim- 
ited in  that  region,  but  Charles  Gibson  was  ^ 
a  student  by  nature  and  instinct,  and  notwith- 


GIBSON. 


51 


standing  the  disadvantages  under  which  he 
labored,  he  managed  to  fit  himself  for  the 
Missouri  University.  There  he  completed 
his  academic  studies,  supplementing  the 
knowledge  thus  obtained  with  a  comprehen- 
sive course  of  reading,  which  made  him  a 
man  of  very  broad  general  information  in 
early  life.  In  1843  ^^^  vvent  to  St.  Louis  and 
studied  law  under  the  preceptorship  of  the 
renowned  lawyers,  Edward  Bates  and  Josiah 
Spaulding.  He  made  his  entree  into  politics 
in  1844,  when  he  made  a  brilliant  series  of 
campaign  speeches  in  favor  of  the  election  of 
Henry  Clay  to  the  presidency  of  the  United 
States.  Four  years  later  he  championed  the 
cause  of  General  Zachary  Taylor,  and  in  1852 
was  an  elector  at  large  for  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri on  the  Whig  ticket.  He  occupied  a 
prominent  and  leading  position  among  the 
•old-line  Whigs  of  Missouri  in  the  presidential 
campaign  of  1856.  It  was  largely  through  his 
efforts  that  Edward  Bates  was  put  forward 
as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  at  the  Re- 
publican National  Convention  of  i860,  and 
after  the  election  of  President  Lincoln  he 
became  an  influential  supporter  of  the  new 
administration.  When  the  Civil  War  began 
he  at  once  took  strong  ground  in  favor  of 
the  maintenance  of  the  Union,  and  was  a  co- 
laborer  with  Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  Frank  P. 
Blair,  B.  Gratz  Brown  and  others  in  pre- 
venting Missouri  from  joining  in  the  seces- 
sion movement.  Although  he  had  an 
aversion  to  accepting  public  office,  he  was 
called  upon  as  a  matter  of  duty  to  fill  the 
office  of  solicitor  of  the  court  of  claims,  and 
represented  the  State  government  of  Mis- 
souri at  Washington  during  the  war.  For 
this  four  years  of  arduous  work  on  behalf 
of  the  State  he  declined  to  accept  any  com- 
pensation whatever,  establishing  a  precedent 
which  none  of  his  successors  have  seen  fit  to 
follow.  Shortly  before  the  Convention  of 
1864,  held  at  Baltimore,  he  resigned  the  office 
which  he  held,  in  order  that  he  might  be  free 
to  follow  his  convictions  in  the  ensuing  cam- 
paign. These  convictions  led  him  to  support' 
General  George  B.  McClellan  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  he  later  supported  President 
Andrew  Johnson  in  his  controversy  with 
Congress  during  the  early  part  of  the  recon- 
struction period.  In  1870  he  joined  forces 
with  the  Liberal  Republicans  of  Missouri  in 
the  movement  which  resulted  in  the  election 
of  B.  Gratz  Brown  for  Governor,  and  paved 


the  way  for  the  repeal  of  the  "Drake  Consti- 
tution." He  supported  Horace  Greeley  for 
the  presidency  in  1872,  and  made  an  extended 
and  vigorous  canvass  for  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
for  the  same  office  in  1876.  During  the  long 
contest  over  the  election  which  followed  he 
represented  the  Democratic  national  com- 
mittee in  Louisiana  and  Florida  in  the  in- 
terest of  a  fair  count,  and  rendered  great 
service  to  his  party  in  that  connection.  As  a 
lawyer  he  was  nof  less  prominent  than  in 
politics.  In  1 85 1  he  was  sole  counsel  in  a 
most  important  case  brought  by  the  King  of 
Prussia,  from  whom  he  received,  as  a  token 
of  appreciation  of  his  services,  two  magnifi- 
cent vases  of  exceptional  value.  December 
16,  1882,  he  was  made  Commander  of 
Knights  in  Austria  by  the  Emperor,  who 
decorated  him  with  his  own  order  of  Francis 
Joseph,  and,  contrary  to  precedent,  issued 
an  edict  that  the  decoration  should  descend 
as  an  heirloom.  The  same  year  Emperor 
William  decorated  him  with  the  cross  of  the 
Royal  Prussian  Crown  Order,  and  in  1890 
Emperor  William  II  conferred  upon  him  the 
additional  decoration  of  the  Grand  Cross. 
In  1 85 1  Mr.  Gibson  married  Miss  Virginia 
Gamble,  daughter  of  Archibald  Gamble,  in 
his  day  a  leading  member  of  the  bar  and 
citizen  of  St.  Louis. 

G-ibson,  James,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  November  19,  1849,  "^  Cooper  County, 
Missouri.  His  parents  were  John  H.  and 
Mary  A.  (Hill)  Gibson.  The  father  was  a 
native  of  Virginia,  who,  in  early  life,  removed 
to  Missouri.  He  was  descended  from  a  Penn- 
sylvania family,  which  numbered  among  its 
members  Chief  Justice  John  B.  Gibson,  of 
the  Keystone  State.  John  Gibson  was  a 
soldier  during  the  Revokitionary  War,  and 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine; 
his  son,  Hugh,  was  a  soldier  in  the  War  of 
1812  and  married  a  Rutledge,  of  the  famous 
South  Carolina  family  of  that  name ;  her 
father.  General  Rutledge,  was  conspicuous 
in  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain,  in  Revo- 
lutionary times.  John  H.  Gibson,  their  son, 
married  Mary  A.  Hill,  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Robert  Hill,  of  North  Carolina,  who  was  a 
captain  during  the  Revolutionary  War;  she 
was  born  in  Cooper  County,  Missouri,  in  Ter- 
ritorial days.  Their  son,  James  Gibson,  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  at 
Kemper  College,  of  Boonville,  Missouri.    In 


52 


GIBSON— GIDEON. 


1871  he  located  in  Kansas  City  and  entered 
upon  the  study  of  law.  In  1875  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  practice,  but  was  soon  called  to 
public  position.  In  1877  he  was  elected  city 
attorney,  and  he  was  re-elected  the  following 
year.  In  this  position  he  displayed  great 
activity,  and  a  reign  of  law  and  order  suc- 
ceeded to  one  of  tumult  and  disorder.  In 
1883  he  was  elected  to  the  mayoralty,  and 
his  course  commanded  such  approval  that 
his  party  made  unanimous  tender  of  a  re- 
nomination,  which  he  declined,  preferring  his 
profession  to  political  prominence  or  civic 
position.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor David  R.  Francis  to  the  position  of 
judge  of  Division  No.  i  of  the  Circuit  Court 
of  Jackson  County,  and  he  was  successively 
re-elected  in  1894  and  in  1898,  and  is  now 
serving  under  the  latter  election.  While  en- 
gaged in  practice  he  was  recognized  as  a 
lawyer  of  eminent  ability.  His  reputation 
as  a  jurist  of  superior  qualifications  is  well 
established,  and  is  attested  by  the  fact  that 
his  rulings  are  affirmed  in  nearly  all  appealed 
cases.  In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  and  in 
1880  he  was  the  Democratic  elector  from  the 
Fifth  Congressional  District.  Judge  Gibson 
was  married,  November  18,  1880,  to  Miss 
Mary  Toad  Pence,  of  Platte  County,  a 
daughter  of  Lewis  W.  Pence,  a  leading 
farmer  of  that  region. 

Gibson,  Robert  Edward  Lee,  known 
as  one  of  the  "sweet  singers  of  Missouri," 
was  born  January  14,  1864,  in  Steelville,  Mis- 
souri, son  of  Dr.  Alexander  and  Haynie  Gib- 
son. He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  town  and  at  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  Maryland. 
He  served  a  year  in  the  navy,  and  then,  re- 
signing from  the  naval  service,  he  came  to 
St.  Louis,  which  has  since  been  his  home. 
There  he  became  connected  with  the  St. 
Louis  Insane  Asylum  in  an  official  capacity, 
and  so  much  of  his  time  as  could  be  spared 
from  these  duties  has  been  devoted  to  litera- 
ture. In  this  field  he  has  attained  well 
deserved  celebrity.  Writing  verse  is  with 
him  a  pleasure  and  a  pastime,  but  his  three 
booklets,  "Mineral  Blossoms,"  "Sonnets," 
"And  Indian  Legend,  and  Other  Poems," 
which  were  published  for  private  distribution 
only,  contain  much  delightful  verse,  and  all 
deserve  a  wider  reading.  Mr.  Gibson  mar- 
ried Miss  Annie  Higgins,  of  St.  Louis. 


Giddiiigs,  Salmon,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Hartland,  Connecticut,  March  2,. 
1792,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  February  i,  1828. 
He  was  graduated  from  Williams  College  in 
1807,  studied  theology  at  Andover  Seminary^ 
and  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  in  1814. 
During  the  years  1 814- 15  he  was  tutor  at 
Williams  Colllege,  and  occasionally  preached 
among  the  neighboring  Congregational 
churches.  Deciding  then  to  become  a  mis- 
sionary, he  set  out  on  horseback  for  St. 
Louis,  then  on  the  frontier  of  civilization. 
He  reached  that  city  in  April  of  1816,  as- 
sembled a  small  congregation  and  became 
the  founder  of  the  First  Presbyterian,  and 
the  first  Protestant,  Church  established  in  St. 
Louis.  The  same  year  he  organized  the 
IVesbyterian  Church  at  Bellevue  settle- 
ment, eighty  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Louis,  and  during  the  next  ten  years  formed 
eleven  other  congregations,  five  in  Missouri 
and  six  in  Illinois.  In  1822  he  explored  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska  Territories,  preparatory  ta 
establishing  missions  among  the  Indians.  On 
this  tour  of  many  weeks,  without  white  com- 
panions, and  hundreds  of  miles  from  any 
white  settlement,  he  visited  several  Indian 
nations,  held  councils  with  their  chiefs,  and 
was  received  with  hospitality.  In  1826  he 
was  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  in  St.  Louis,  which  he  served  there- 
after until  his  death.  He  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  first  Bible,  Sunday  School  and 
Tract  Societies  organized  in  Missouri,  and 
also  of  the  first  Colonization  Society  in  this 
State. 

Gideon,  James  J.,  was  born  in  that 
part  of  Taney  County  which  is  now  Christian 
County,  near  the  little  town  of  Ozark,  in  1846.. 
He  is  the  son  of  William  C.  and  Malinda 
(Byrd)  Gideon,  who  came  to  Missouri  from 
Tennessee  in  1835.  He  receivied  his  education 
in  the  public  school  at  Ozark.  In  1863,  being 
then  only  a  lad  of  sixteen,  he  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany H,  of  the  Sixteenth  Missouri  Cavalry 
Regiment  of  United  States  Volunteers,  and 
served  until  the  cease  of  the  Civil  War,  re- 
turning to  his  home  in  1865.  Upon  his  return: 
to  Missouri  he  took  part  in  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  State  militia,  and  was  elected  Cap- 
tain of  a  company  organized  in  his  locality. 
At  the  close  of  his  military  work  he  took  up 
the  study  of  law,  in  his  home  town.  Borrow- 
ing books  he  read  at  night,  and  during  the 


GIERS— GIESSING. 


53 


r 
I 


day  performed  the  required  duties  on  his 
father's  farm.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1872,  and  the  following  winter  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  his  county.  This  was 
at  a  time  when  everything  was  in  turmoil,  and 
the  litigation  was  large.  He  served  eight 
years  as  prosecuting  attorney  of  Christian 
County,  and  in  1882  was  elected  to  the  State 
House  of  Representatives,  where  he  served 
one  term.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  where  he  served  four  years.  In  1888 
he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Greene  County,  and  in  1892  judge  of  the 
criminal  court.  He  was  re-elected  to 
this  office  in  1900.  Judge  Gibson  comes 
from  an  old  family  of  Republicans,  and  has 
always  taken  an  active  interest  in  party  af- 
fairs. In  1868  he  was  married  to  Miss  Marv 
S.  Ball,  of  Ozark.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gideon 
five  children  have  been  born,  only  two  of 
whom  are  now  living. 

Giers,  Charles  H.,  was  born  in  Ger- 
many, June  6,  1825,  and  with  his  father,  who 
was  a  manufacturer  of  clothing,  came  to 
St.  Louis  at  an  early  day.  After  acquiring  a 
practical  education  he  engaged  in  business 
on  his  own  account  under  the  name  of  C.  H. 
Giers,  retail  dealer  in  dry  goods,  in  New  Or- 
leans, and  later  in  Naples,  Scott  County,  Illi- 
nois, as  a  dealer  in  general  merchandise.  In 
1857  he  located  in  Jerseyville,  Jersey  County, 
Illinois,  and  engaged  in  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  farms  in  the  vicinity.  He  removed  to  Al- 
ton, Illinois,  in  1867,  and  from  Alton  to  a 
farm  in  Central  Township,  St.  Louis  County. 
May  22d  of  the  same  year  he  located  in  St. 
Louis  and  embarked  in  business  as  a  retail 
dealer  in  dry  goods  at  308  Market  street,  at 
which  place  he  remained  four  years.  On  ac- 
count of  failing  health,  Mr.  Giers  left  St. 
Louis  in  1871  and  purchased  a  large  farm 
near  Sandoval,  Illinois,  to  which  he  removed 
with  his  family  and  engaged  in  stock  and  fruit 
farming.  While  in  Sandoval.  Arthur  Giers, 
his  youngest  son,  died,  to  whom  he  was  de- 
votedly attached,  and  to  whose  loss  he  never 
became  reconciled.  In  187.=;  he  disnosed  of 
his  farm  interests  near  Sandoval  and,  return- 
ing to  St.  Louis  County,  he  purchased  two 
farms  embracing  over  300  acres  of  land,  to 
which  he  removed  with  his  family.  These 
farms  he  gave  to  his  sons,  and  permanently 
retired  from  active  business  life.  He  resided 
with  his  son,  Rolla  C.  Giers,  devoting  himself 


to  the  cultivation  of  flowers,  of  which  he  was 
passionately  fond,  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred December  13,  1898.  Mr.  Giers  was  a 
man  of  a  quiet,  retiring  disposition,  but  pos- 
sessed sound  judgment  and  remarkable  ex- 
ecutive and  financial  ability,  with  a  tact 
for  turning  everything  that  he  touched  into 
gold.  He  was .  successful  in  all  of  his  busi- 
ness ventures,  left  a  handsome  fortune  to  his 
family,  and  when  he  died  did  not  owe  a  dollar. 
He  was  an  inveterate  reader  and  devoted 
his  leisure  hours  to  his  books,  magazines  and 
flowers  in  the  environs  of  his  home  circle. 
In  politics  he  was  a  staunch  Democrat,  and 
he  was  a  Presbyterian  churchman.  Mr.  Giers 
married  Miss  Philopena  Brinkenmeyer, 
daughter  of  Gottlieb  Brinkenmeyer,  of  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  February  22,  1850.  Mrs.  Giers  died 
November  4,  1893.  Eight  children  survive 
them,  viz. :  Lillie — wife  of  R.  H.  Downing,  of 
St.  Paul,  Minnesota;  Paris  H.,  of  Steward- 
son,  Illinois;  Rolla  C,  occupying  the  home 
farm ;  Charles  B.,  of  Stewardson,  Illinois ; 
Irene,  wife  of  Frank  Lightner,  of  St.  Louis; 
Robert  E.  Lee,  farmer  and  executor  of  the 
estate;  Olive,  wife  of  Lilburn  T.  Westrich, 
of  the  Clover  Leaf  Railway ;  and  Flora  M. 
Giers,  of  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado. 

Giessiiig,  Peter,  manufacturer,  was 
born  February  i,  1858,  in  Iron  Mountain, 
St.  Francois  County,  Missouri,  son  of  Charles 
and  Mary  (Heohn)  Giessing.  Both  his  par- 
ents were  natives  of  Germany,  the  father  of 
the  Principality  of  Waldeck,  and  the  mother 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia.  The  elder  Gies- 
sing came  to  the  United  States  in  1852  and 
his  wife  in  1854.  Settling  at  Iron  Moun- 
tain, Missouri,  Charles  Giessing  entered 
the  employ  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Com- 
pany, with  which  he  was  connected  for  twen- 
ty odd  years  thereafter.  In  i860  he  purchased 
an  interest  in  what  was  known  as  the  Pickle 
Flour  Mill  and  established  a  business  at  Val- 
ley Forge,  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Farm- 
ington,  Missouri.  There  he  lived  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  February  18,  1880.  He 
was  practically  the  founder  of  the  milling  in- 
dustry in  St.  Francois  County,  and  was  a  cap- 
able and  honorable  man  of  affairs.  His  son, 
Peter  Giessing,  attended,  as  a  boy,  the  public 
schools  of  Iron  Mountain  and  Farmington. 
His  school  days  ended  before  he  was  twenty 
years  old,  and  for  seyeral  years  prior  to  that 
time  he  had  been  employed  more  or  less,  in 


54 


GILL. 


his  father's  mill.  After  quitting  school  he 
went  to  work  regularly  in  the  mill,  and  for 
eight  or  ten  years  was  the  engineer  of  the 
estabhshment.  In  1882,  two  years  after  his 
father's  death,  he  became  one  of  the  principal 
■  owners  of  the  mill,  his  associates  being  his 
two  brothers.  In  1883  he  remodeled  the  plant 
at  Valley  Forge,  changing  the  process  of 
manufacturing  to  what  is  known  as  the  roller 
system.  Until  1893  this  plant  was  operated 
under  the  name  of  Giessing  &  Sons.  The 
death  of  Mr.  Giessing's  mother  then  brought 
about  a  readjustment  of  affairs,  and  the  Gies- 
sing Milling  Company  was  organized,  which 
is  still  in  existence,  Peter,  Henry  and  Daniel 
F.  Giessing  being  the  partners.  In  1897  the 
mill  at  Valley  Forge  was  dismantled  and 
the  same  year  the  brothers  erected  a  larger 
flour  manufacturing  plant  at  Farmington, 
The  present  capacity  of  this  plant  is  150  bar- 
rels of  flour  and  fifty  barrels  of  corn  meal 
per  day.  A  successful  manufacturer  and  a 
good  citizen  in  all  that  the  term  implies, 
Peter  Giessing  is  known  also  as  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Republican  party  in  his  portion 
of  the  State,  and  he  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  the  conduct  of  political  campaigns  as  a 
member  of  the  Republican  State  central  com- 
mittee. His  inherited  religious  tendencies 
have  made  him  a  member  of  the  Lutheran 
Church.  April  6,  1897,  '^^  married  Miss 
Louisa  K.  Knoche.  of  Onarga,  Illinois.  Mrs. 
Giessing's  father  is  a  prominent  Illinois  farm- 
er, largely  interested  in  the  raising  of  fine 
stock.  One  child  has  been  born  to  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Giessing,  named  Marion  Anna  Giessing. 

Gill,  Turner  Anderson,  lawyer  and 
jurist,  was  born  December  8,  1841,  in  Bath 
County,  Kentucky.  His  parents  were  Marcus 
and  Sarah  (Bruton)  Gill.  The  father  was  de- 
scended from  the  Rev.  John  Gill,  D.  D.,  an 
eminent  English  Presbyterian  divine  who 
emigrated  to  America.  Marcus  Gill  was  a 
native  of  Kentucky,  who  removed  in  1854  to 
Jackson  County,  Missouri,  where  he  became 
a  wealthy  and  influential  citizen.  His 
son,  Turner,  who  was  completing  his 
education  in  the  Missouri  State  Uni- 
versity when  the  Civil  War  began,  enlisted 
in  March,  1861,  in  Company  A,  of  Rosser's 
battalion,  afterward  merged  in  the  Sixth  Mis- 
souri (Confederate)  Regiment.  His  army 
service  was  brilliant  and  brought  him  signal 
recognition.     He  was  wounded  in  the  battle 


of  Corinth,  Mississippi,  and  soon  after-ward 
was  promoted  from  the  ranks  to  a  heuten- 
ancy.  In  the  battle  of  Champion  Hills,  Mis- 
sissippi, he  was  seriously  wounded ;  he  was 
taken  into  Vicksburg  for  treatment,  and  be- 
came a  prisoner  of  war  when  that  stronghold 
was  surrendered.  After  exchange  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Trans-Mississippi  Depart- 
ment and  reported  to  General  Shelby,  who 
assigned  him  to  duty  as  adjutant  of  Shanks' 
regiment.  Lieutenant  Gill  acquitted  himself 
most  creditably,  especially  in  scouting 
duty,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  captain.  General  Shelby's  appointing 
order  reciting  that  the  promotion  was 
"for  gallantry  and  merit.''  Captain  GilL 
however,  would  not  accept  the  honor  until 
the  company  to  which  he  was  assigned  had 
expressed  its  satisfaction,  which  it  did  by  a 
unanimous  vote.  Captain  Gill  was  wounded 
in  a  skirmish  in  Arkansas,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  Battle  of  Westport,  and  in  others  of 
the  later  affairs  under  General  Price.  He 
was  commander  in  frequent  important  expe- 
ditions, ever  fulfilling  the  expectations  of 
General  Shelby,  who  held  him  in  the  highest 
regard.  After  the  war  Captain  Gill  located 
in  Kansas  City  and  read  law  under  J.  V.  C. 
Karnes,  and  afterward  resumed  his  studies 
in  the  University  of  Kentucky,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1868,  with  second  honors  in 
a  class  of  seventeen.  He  then  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Kansas  City. 
From  187*9  to  1881  he  was  associated  in  the 
firm  of  Lathrop,  Gill  &  .Smith.  In  1875  ^e 
was  elected  to  the  mayoralty  of  Kansas  City, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1876.  The  city  was  then 
just  entering  upon  a  period  of  unexampled 
development,  and  the  intense  commercial  ac- 
tivity gave  opportunity  for  all  manner  of 
reckless  aggression  upon  public  rights. 
Mayor  Gill  introduced  numerous  reforms, 
frustrated  dishonest  raids  upon  the  public 
treasury  and  enforced  municipal  law  vigor- 
ously and  effectively.  On  retiring  from  the 
mayoralty  he  was  appointed  city  counselor, 
and  served  two  terms.  July  i,  1881,  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  T.  T.  Cfittenden  to 
the  position  of  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Jackson  County,  to  fill  a  vacancy  occasioned 
by  the  death  of  Judge  Samuel  H.  Woodson, 
the  appointment  being  made  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  the  Kansas  City  bar.  He  was  elected 
and  re-elected  to  the  same  position,  in  the 
last  instance  with  the  indorsement  of  all  po- 


GILLIAM— GILMORE. 


55 


litical  parties.  After  serving  eight  years  in 
this  capacity  he  was  called  to  a  higher  po- 
sition, and  in  1889  he  resigned  and  was  elect- 
ed associate  judge  of  the  Kansas  City  Court 
of  Appeals.  As  a  lawyer  he  gave  attention  to 
every  department  of  law  except  criminal  prac- 
tice, which  had  no  attractions  for  him.  As 
a  judge  he  has  acquitted  himself  most  credit- 
ably, his  honesty  and  integrity  being  abso- 
lutely unassailable,  and  his  decisions 
characterized  by  that  clearness  and  discrimi- 
nation which  mark  the  profound  student  and 
judicial  mind.  Intensely  loyal  to  his  home 
city,  he  has  given  aid  to  its  most  important 
"enterprises;  he  was  a  charter  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  a  member  of  the  Fair 
Association,  and  gave  able  assistance  to  the 
purposes  of  these  and  other  public  organiza- 
tions. He  is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  has 
habitually  held  aloof  from  active  participa- 
tion in  political  afifairs.  In  1871  Judge  Gill 
was  married  to  Miss  Lizzie  Campbell,  whose 
father,  John  S.  Campbell,  was  a  pioneer  sei- 
tler  at  Kansas  City  and  established  its  first 
ferry.  Three  children  have  been  born  01  this 
marriage,  of  whom  Charles  S.  and  William 
E.  Gill  were  living  in  1900.  George  S.  Gill 
died  in  the  Klondike  region,  in  Alaska,  in 
1898. 

Gilliam. — A  village  on  the  Chicago  & 
Alton  Railway,  in  Saline  County,  fifteen  miles 
northeast  of  Marshall,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  public  school,  a  Baptist  Church  and  a 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  a  bank,  a  steam 
flourmill,  an  elevator  and  a  tobacco  factory. 
In  1899  the  population  was  600. 

Gilmaii  City. — An  incorporated  village 
in  Harrison  County,  near  the  southeastern 
corner,  on  the  Omaha,  Kansas -City  &  East- 
ern Railroad.  It  has  two  churches,  a  school, 
a  bank,  a  newspaper,  the  "Guide,"  and  about 
fifteen  miscellaneous  stores,  shops,  etc. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  400. 

Gilmore,  Elisha  Eugene,  physician 
and  surgeon,  was  born  in  Warren  County, 
Kentucky,  August  19,  1836,  son  of  Samuel 
Wilson  and  Rozina  (Adair)-  Gilmore.  His 
father  is  a  son  of  Patrick  Gilmore,  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  an  early  pioneer  of  Kentucky. 
The  latter's  father  was  a  native  of  Ireland 
and  came  to  America  in  Colonial  times. 
Samuel  W.  Gilmore,  who  devoted  the  active 


years  of  his  life  to  agricultural  pursuits,  re- 
sided in  Kentucky  until  1857,  wl\en  he 
brought  his  family,  including  the  subject  of 
this  sketch,  to  Missouri,  locating  in  Polk 
County,  where  he  purchased  a  farm.  Upon 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted 
in  the  Union  Army,  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  with  the  Thirteenth  United  States  Vol- 
unteer Cavalry,  which  saw  service  principally 
in  Missouri.  In  1863  he  removed  his  family 
to  Pettis  County,  Missouri,  and  in  1865  to 
Barton  County,  of  the  sante  State,  and  a  year 
later  to  Kansas.  In  1867  he  returned  to 
Missouri,  locating  in  Bates  County,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  In  1881  he  retired  from 
active  business,  and  since  that  time  has  re- 
sided with  his  son.  Dr.  E.  E.  Gilmore.  Dr. 
Gilmore's  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Elisha 
Adair,  and  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  where 
her  father  was  for  many  years  a  prominent 
educator.  He  was  a  son  of  a  Revolutionary 
soldier.  In  middle  life  he  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  his  professional  career  was  con- 
tinued for  many  years.  Dr.  Gilmore's 
education  was  begun  in  the  common  schools 
of  Warren  County,  Kentucky,  and  concluded 
in  the  Transylvania  University,  which  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  master  of  arts 
and  doctor  of  medicine  in  1857.  ^^  the  latter 
year  he  accompanied  his  father  to  Missouri 
and  engaged  in  teaching  school  in  Polk 
County.  Removing  to  Barton  County  he 
continued  teaching,  and  in  i860  was  elected 
school  commissioner  of  that  county.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1863,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Forty-fifth  Missouri  Volunteer  Infantry,  and 
served  in  the  Union  Army  until  March,  1865. 
During  Price's  raid  through  Missouri  he 
assisted  in  the  defense  of  Jefferson  City,  and 
subsequently  assisted  in  the  operations  about 
Nashville,  Spring  Hill  and  Johnsonville,  Ten- 
nessee. At  the  close  of  the  war  he  traveled 
through  Missouri  and  Kansas,  finally  lo- 
cating, in  1867,  near  the  present  site  of 
Adrian,  in  Bates  County,  where  he  has  since 
enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice  in  his  chosen 
profession.  In  1878  he  took  a  course  in  the 
Kansas  City  Medical  College,  which  granted 
him  a  diploma.  In  connection  with  his  prac- 
tice, he 'also,  for  a  time,  held  an  interest  in 
a  drug  store  in  Adrian.  Dr.  Gilmore  cast  his 
first  vote  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  but  since 
die  war  has  always  adhered  strictly  to  the 
principles  of  the  Republican  party.  He  is  an 
active  member  of  the  American  Medical  As- 


56 


GIRLS'   INDUSTRIAL   HOME— GI VAN. 


sociation,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Hodgen  Medical  Society  and  the 
Bates  County  Medical  Society,  and  has 
served  as  president  of  the  Hodgen  Medical 
Society.  Fraternally  he  has  attained  the 
Knight  Templar  degree  in  Masonry,  has  been 
master  of  Adrian  Lodge,  and  affiliates  with 
the  Odd  Fellows  and  Knights  of  Pythias.  He 
was  married  February  7,  1861,  to  Mary  Wor- 
ley  Duckett,  a  native  of  Warren  County,  Ken- 
tucky, and  a.  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Elvira 
(Rector)  Duckett.  '  Her  father  was  a  native 
of  North  Carolina,  and  descended  from  Rev- 
olutionary stock.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilmore 
have  had  four  children,  William  R.,  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College  in 
the  class  of  1887,  and  now  engaged  in  prac- 
tice with  his  father ;  Elvira  Rozina,  who  died 
in  childhood;  Samuel  Richardson,  who  died 
in  infancy,  and  James  P.  Gilmore,  a  graduate 
of  William  Jewell  College,  in  Clay  County, 
and  a  practicing  attorney  in  Kansas  City 
since  1897. 

Girls*  Industrial  Home. — On  Feb- 
ruary 4,  1854,  a  number  of  women,  meeting 
in  the  vestry  room  of  St.  George's  Church, 
in  St.  Louis,  organized  for  the  purpose  of  res- 
cuing unprotected  little  girls.  A  larger  meet- 
ing followed  in  the  parlor  of  the  Church  of 
the  Messiah,  on  February  nth,  when  it  was 
resolved :  "To  found  a  home,  followed  by  a 
school,  in  which  these  helpless  ones  should 
be  sheltered,  educated,  the  trends  of  their 
minds  followed,  and  they  be  fitted  for  the 
vocations  seemingly  best  adapted  to  secure 
them  the  safety  of  self-support.  This  home 
to  be  founded  free  from  debt  and  kept  so.'' 
At  that  time  little  beggar  girls  from  three 
to  ten  years  old  were  very  numerous  in  the 
streets  from  the  levee  to  Fourth  Street,  then 
the  confines  of  trade.  Far  into  the  hours 
of  night  these  little  ones  would  ply  their 
vocation,  the  more  inclement  the  weather  the 
greater  their  receipts.  The  children  were  in 
moral  as  well  as  physical  danger,  and  their 
rescue  was  the  object  of  this  organization, 
which  was  non-sectarian,  being  composed  of 
members  of  the  various  Protestant  Churches 
in  the  city.  The  board  of  thirty-five  man- 
agers chosen  to  govern  the  charity,  elected 
the  following  officers:  Mrs.  Mary  B. 
Holmes,  president;  Mrs.  Mary  N.  Ranlett, 
vice  president;  Mrs.  Caroline  E,  Kasson, 
secretary;  Mrs.  Mercy  B.  Manny,  treasurer. 


The  home  was  incorporated  February  13, 
1855.  Having  no  money,  the  managers  as- 
sessed a  tax  upon  themselves,  which  is  con- 
tinuous. In  a  short  time  they  raised  $1,300, 
rented  a  house,  secured  a  matron,  and  were 
themselves  the  teachers.  The  school  opened 
with  seven  forlorn  little  girls.  A  petition  to 
the  City  Council  resulted  in  a  law  prohibiting 
begging  on  the  streets  by  children,  and  soon 
after  there  were  ninety-two  inmates.  The 
charity  grew,  and  in  i860  the  board  of  man- 
agers, through  hard  work,  economy  and  the 
small  gifts  of  the  generous,  were  enabled  to 
purchase  and  improve  their  present  home  at 
718  North  Eighteenth  Street.  Here  a  day' 
school  was  added  with  a  substantial  warm 
dinner,  for  the  pupils,  often  their  only  meal, 
and  a  "credte"  was  conducted,  giving  a  fam- 
ily of  125,  but  these  features  were  discon- 
tinued after  a  score  of  years.  The  home 
proper  has  assumed  care  of  a  total  of  925 
children.  Many  of  these  have  been  placed 
here  temporarily  by  a  parent  or  guardian 
unable  to  give  them  personal  care.  A  small 
sum,  varying  according  to  circumstances,  is 
received  for  their  board.  Many  soldiers 
placed  their  children  here  during  the  Civil 
War.  Children  surrendered  to  the  home  are 
under  its  control  until  they  have  reached  the 
age  of  eighteen  years ;  some  are  placed  for 
adoption  in  families,  the  home  reserving  the 
right  of  reclaiming  the  child  of  its  welfiare  is 
not  enhanced,  and  the  others  are  fitted  for 
congenial  callings.  The  home  averages  sixty 
inmates,  at  an  average  annual  cost  of  $55  per 
capita. 

Givan,  Noah  Monroe,  ex-judge  of  the 
Seventh  (now  the  Seventeenth)  Judicial  Cir- 
cuit, was  born  near  Manchester,  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  December  i,  1840,  son  of 
George  and  Sabrina  J.  (Hall)  Givan.  His 
father,  a  native  of  the  eastern  shore  of  Mary- 
land, moved  to  Indiana  with  his  parents 
when  he  was  ten  years  of  age,  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  on  the  homestead,  in 
Dearborn  County,  which  was  entered  in  his 
name  while  he  was  still  a  youth.  His  death 
occurred  December  20,  1895,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-nine  yekrs  and  nineteen  days.  He 
was  a  son  of  Joshua  Givan,  a  native  of  Mary- 
land, and  a  son  of  George  Givan,  who  was 
also  born  in  that  State.  The  latter's  father, 
John  Givan,  was  the  founder  of  the  family  in 
America,  having  come  to  this  country  from 


GIVAN. 


m 


Ireland  and  settled  in  Maryland  prior  to  1750. 
Judge  Givan's  mother,  a  native  of  Indiana, 
was  a  daughter  of  Daniel  Hall,  a  native  of 
Maine  and  a  pioneer  of  that  section  of  In- 
diana now  included  in  Dearborn  County. 
She  still  resided  on  the  old  homestead  there. 
Captain  D.  K.  Hall,  president  of  the  Allen 
Banking  Company,  of  Harrisonville,  is  her 
brother.  The  Givan  family  was  represented 
in  both  the  Revolution  and  the  War  of  1812. 
The  education  of  the  subject  of  this  biogra- 
phy was  begun  in  the  comrnon  schools  of 
Dearborn  County,  Indiana.  After  a  course  in 
Franklin  College,  a  Baptist  institution  at 
Franklin,  Indiana,  he  taught  school  for  a 
year,  then  entered  the  academy  at  Manches- 
ter, in  that  State.  For  three  or  four  years 
thereafter  he  devoted  his  winters  to  teach- 
ing and  his  summers  to  academy  and  college 
work,  and  in  1862  was  graduated  with  the 
•degree  of  A.  B.  from  the  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity at  Bloomington.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  was  for  one  year  principal  of  the 
Lawrenceburg  graded  schools.  In  the  mean- 
time he  began  the  reading  of  the  law  with 
James  T.  Brown,  of  Lawrenceburg,  and  at 
the  conclusion  of  his  term  as  principal,  was 
appointed  school  commissioner  of  Dearborn 
County,  serving  from  1863  to  May,  1866. 
While  thus  engaged,  in  1865,  his  alma  mater 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  master  of 
arts.  For  two  years  he  served  as  deputy 
•county  treasurer  under  William  F.  Crocker. 
In  1864  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  before 
Judge  Jeremiah  M.  Wilson,  now  of  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  at  once  opened  an  office  for 
practice.  During  the  McClellan  presidential 
campaign  of  that  year  he  edited  the  Law- 
renceburg "Register,"  the  local  Democratic 
organ.  A  humorous  incident  in  this  connec- 
tion, illustrative  of  the  tense  feeling  of  that 
period,  is  related  by  one  of  Judge  Givan's 
friends.  When  he  and  his  partner  bought  the 
paper,  the  assets  included  a  contract  for  a 
patent  medicine  advertisement,  payment  for 
which  was  to  be  made  partly  in  cash  and 
partly  in  the  bitters  advertised.  When  the 
amount  became  due  he  went  to  Cincinnati  to 
make  the  collection,  and  while  there  learned 
that  public  feeling  was  running  very  high  on 
account  of  the  discovery  that  day  of  boxes 
filled  with  guns,  pistols  and  ammunition  in- 
tended for  the  use  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Golden  Circle.  So  high  was  the  excitement 
that  when  his  boxes  of  bitters  reached  their 


destination  a  delegation  of  citizens  waited 
upon  him,  insinuated  that  they  believed  the 
boxes  contained  pistols,  and  demanded  to  see 
their  contents.  The  joke  was  so  thoroughly 
enjoyed  by  Judge  Givan  that  he  "stood 
treat,"  and  dispensed  his  bitters  among  those 
who  suspected  him  of  membership  in  the 
much  dreaded  order.  In  May,  1866,  he  re- 
moved to  Harrisonville,  Missouri,  where 
he  has  since  resided,  with  the  exception  of 
two  years.  In  1867  he  edited  the  Cass 
County  "Herald,"  the  first  Democratic  paper 
published  in  Harrisonville  after  the  Civil 
War.  About  this  time  he  also  took  an  active 
interest  in  the  movement  for  securing  a  full 
registration  of  Democrats,  whom  the  then^ 
State  authorities  attempted  to  disbar  from 
citizenship  through  the  iron-clad  oath  then 
required.  In  1868  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Democratic  Convention  at  New 
York,  which  nominated  Horatio  Seymour 
and  Frank  P.  Blair  for  president  and  vice 
president.  From  that  time  to  1877  he  contin- 
ued to  take  an  active  interest  in  Democratic 
politics,  though  aspiring  to  no  public  office. 
In  the  latter  year  he  was  nominated  for 
judge  of  the  newly  created  Seventh  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  elected  for  the  unexpired  term  of 
three  years  and  three  months  as  the  candi- 
date of  the  bar,  irrespective  of  party  affilia- 
tions. In  1880  he  was  re-elected  to  the  office 
for  the  full  term  of  six  years,  but  refused  to 
be  a  candidate  for  re-election.  About  two 
months  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  he 
resigned  to  remove  to  St.  Louis,  where  for 
two  years  he  engaged  in  private  practice  in 
partnership  with  Colonel  Jay  L.  Torrey, 
author  of  the  measure  known  as  the  Torrey 
Bankruptcy  Law.  In  1888  he  returned  to 
Harrisonville,  where  he  has  since  remained 
in  the  active  practice  of  his  profession.  At 
the  Springfield  convention  of  1898  he  was  a 
candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomination  for 
the  supreme  bench.  Judge  Givan,  for  many 
years,  has  been  one  of  the  most  prominent 
members  of  the  Masonic  fraternity  in  the 
United  States.  He  was  made  a  Mason  by 
Burns  Lodge  No.  55,  of  Manchester,  Indi- 
ana, in  April,  1862,  took  the  Chapter  degrees 
at  Lawrenceburg,  and  the  Council,  Commarid- 
ery  and  Scottish  Rite  degrees  in  Missouri. 
As  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  he  affiliated 
with  Ararat  Temple,  of  Kansas  City.  He 
has  been  grand  master  of  all  the  grand 
bodies  of  the  State  of  Missouri.    In  1877  and 


58 


GIVENS— GIVENS'   FORCED   SERMON. 


1878  he  was  grand  master  of  the  Missouri 
Grand  Council,  in  1878  and  1879  was  grand 
master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  and  grand  high 
priest  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  in  1892  and  1893 
was  grand  patron  of  the  State  Order  of  the 
Eastern  Star,  and  in  1894  was  grand  com- 
mander o''  the  Missouri  Grand  Commandery, 
K.  T.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he  has  been 
grand  treasurer  of  the  Grand  Chapter  and 
Grand  Council,  and  for  many  years  was 
chairman  of  the  important  committee  on  ap- 
peals and  grievances  in  the  Grand  Lodge. 
He  is  president  of  the  board  of  directors  of 
the  Masonic  Home,  at  St.  Louis,  and  has 
held  that  ofHce  since  the  year  following  its 
organization.  He  has  also  been  grand  dic- 
tator of  the  Knights  of  Honor  for  Missouri, 
and  is  now  serving  as  assistant  supreme  dic- 
tator for  the  Supreme  Lodge  of  that  order 
in  the  United  States.  He  is  also  identified 
with  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen, 
the  Woodmen  of  the  World,  and  the  Royal 
Tribe  of  Joseph.  He  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers and  incorporators  of  the  Bank  of  Har- 
risonville,  and  for  many  years  was  a  director 
in  that  institution.  An  active  merriber  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  he  has  acted  as  superinteni- 
ent  of  its  Sunday  school  much  of  the  time 
since  1872.  For  eight  years  he  has  held  the 
office  of  moderator  of  the  Blue  River  Baptist 
Association,  the  largest  in  Missouri,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  State  Missions  and 
Sunday  Schools.  Deeply  interested  in  educa- 
tional matters,  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
board  of  curators  of  the  Missouri  State  Uni- 
versity, and  chairman  of  the  executive  board 
of  that  important  body  since  June,  1897,  un- 
der appointment  by  Governor  Stephens. 
Judge  Givan  was  married  August  7,  1862,  to 
Lizzie  Chloe  Jackson,  a  native  of  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  and  a  daughter  of  John  and 
Mabel  (Garrigues)  Jackson.  They  have  been 
the  parents  of  four  children,  of  whom  three 
are  deceased.  Their  only  living  child,  Mabel, 
is  the  wife  of  Charles  E.  Allen,  cashier  of  the 
Allen  Banking  Company,  of  Harrisonville. 
The  contemporaries  of  Judge  Givan  hold  him 
in  high  esteem,  according  him  a  place  among 
the  most  learned  members  of  the  bar  of  the 
West.  As  a  judge  he  was  eminently  just,  his 
opinions  being  lucid,  strong,  and  always  to 
the  point.  Personally  he  is  a  man  of  ideal 
integrity,  high-minded  and  conscientious, 
dignified,  courteous,  and  a  most  entertaining 
conversationalist.     For  manv  vears   he   has 


wielded  a  potential  influence  in  local  and 
State  alTairs,  and  from  every  viewpoint  is 
acknowledged  to  be  a  thoroughly  useful 
factor  in  society. 

Givens,  Ozro  B.,  lawyet,  was  born  in 
the  town  of  Juneau,  Dodge  County,  Wiscon- 
sin, April  5,  1848,  son  of  Samuel  and  Jerusha 
(Williams)  Givens.  His  paternal  ancestors 
were  among  the  early  Scotch-Irish  immi- 
grants to  America,  and  the  family  history 
dates  back  to  the  Colonial  era.  His  parents, 
who  were  reared  in  New  York  State,  emi- 
grated to  Wisconsin  soon  after  that  State 
came,  into  existence,  and  settled  on  a  farm 
near  Juneau.  Ozro  B.  Givens  was  reared  on 
this  farm,  and,  after  attending  the  public 
schools  until  he  had  obtained  a  good  English 
education,  completed  his  academic  studies  at 
Whitewater  Normal  School,  of  Whitewater, 
Wisconsin.  He  then  began  reading  law  un- 
der the  preceptorship  of  James  McAllister,  of 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  and  in  1873  continued 
his  law  studies  as  a  member  of  the  senior  class 
of  the  law  department  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin.  He  was  graduated  from  that  in- 
stitution in  the  class  of  1874,  and  the  same 
year  came  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  has 
ever  since  been  a  member  of  the  bar  of  that 
city,  devoting  himself  assiduously  to  his  prac- 
tice and  allowing  nothing  to  interfere  with 
his  professional  duties.  More  than  twenty 
years  of  successful  practice  have  given  him 
well-deserved  prominence  among  the  mem- 
bers of  his  profession,  and  he  is  known  as  a 
lawyer  of  fine  attainments,  and  conscientious 
in  the  discharge  of  all  his  duties  as  he  is  able 
and  zealous  in  guarding  the  interests  of 
clients.  In  fraternal  circles  he  is  well  known 
as  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order,  affiliating 
with  George  Washington  Lodge,  of  St. 
Louis. 

Givens'  Forced  Sermon. — During 
the  Civil  War,  John  Givens,  a  missionary 
Baptist  preacher,  living  near  Rutledge,  in 
Lawrence  County,  in  order  to  avoid  doing 
service  in  either  army,  made  his  home  in  a 
cave,  with  his  Bible  as  his  only  companion. 
He  was  taken  one  day  by  Federal  scouts, 
whose  commander.  Captain  Kelso,  said : 
''Givens,  I  understand  you  are  a  good 
preacher,  and  you  must  give  us  a  sermon 
right  here."    Givens  demurred,  but  Kelso  in- 


GLASGOW. 


5a 


sisting,  he  took  his  Bible  from  his  pocket, 
and  with  a  congregation  of  sokHers,  read  a 
text,  "And  John  said  to  the  sokHers,  do 
violence  to  no  man,  but  be  content  with  your 
wages,"'  and  delivered  so  excellent  a  dis- 
course that  he  was  dismissed  with  respect. 

Glasgo^v. — An  incorporated  town  on  the 
Missouri  River,  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Howard  County,  twelve  miles  northwest  of 
Fayette,  and  i86  miles  from  St.  Louis,  on 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  and  the  ter- 
minal of  the  Glasgow  branch  of  the  Wabash. 
It  was  laid  out  as  a  town  in  1836  and  first 
incorporated  in  1845.  It  was  laid  out  on 
land  bought  of  Talton  Turner  and  James 
Earickson,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  James 
Glasgow.  Its  second  incorporation  was  in 
1853,  and  the  town  is  now  working  under 
special  charter.  It  has  Baptist,  Catholic, 
Christian,  Presbyterian,  German  Evangelical 
and  Methodist  Episcopal  South  Churches,  a 
good  graded  public  school,  and  is  the  seal 
of  Pritchett  College,  connected  with  which 
is  Morrison  Observatory  and  the  Lewis 
Library ;  has  an  operahouse,  bank,  two  flour- 
ing mills,  sawmill,  two  hotels,  brick  manu- 
facturing plant,  steam  laundry  and  about 
^sixty  other  business  houses,  including  stores 
md  shops.  There  is  a  mineral  spring  in  the 
town  noted  for  the  medicinal  qualities  of  its 
waters.  Three  newspapers  are  sustained,  the 
"Missourian,"  the  "Globe"  and  the  "Echo." 
Population,  1890,  1,781 ;  1899  (estimated), 
2,200. 

Glasgow,  Capture  of.— During  the 
raid  of  General  Sterling  Price  into  Missouri 
in  the  fall  of  1864,  after  the  main  body  of 
Confederates  had  passed  west  from  Jefferson 
City,  Generals  J.  O.  Shelby  and  John  B.  Clark 
were  detached  and  sent  off  to  capture  Glas- 
gow. The  place  was  garrisoned  by  parts 
of  the  Ninth  Missouri  State  Militia,  the 
Forty-third  Missouri  and  the  Seventeenth 
Illinois  Cavalry,  under  Colonel  Chester 
Harding.  An  artillery  fire  was  opened  from 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river  by  the  Con- 
federate Major  Collins,  and  at  the  same  time 
Clark's  brigade,  which  had  crossed  the  river, 
attacked  it  on  the  east.  After  the  fighting 
had  been  going  on  for  some  time,  a  delega- 
tion of  citizens  waited  on  General  Clark  and 
asked  permission  to  visit  Colonel  Harding 
and  explain  to  him  the  impossibility  of  hold- 


ing the  place  against  the  forces  attacking  it. 
This  was  granted,  and  after  some  parley 
Colonel  Harding  surrendered  on  October 
8th.  During  the  fight  the  city  hall  was  set  on 
fire  and  was  burned  to  the  ground,  with  a 
number  of  adjoining  buildings.  Rev.  William 
G.  Caples,  a  clergyman  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  South,  and  a  Southern 
sympathizer,  was  killed  while  lying  asleep  in 
his  bed  by  one  of  the  first  shells-fired  from 
Collins'  gun  at  daylight. 

Glasgow,  Edward  James,  was  born 
in  Belleville,  Illinois,  June  7,  1820.  His  fa- 
ther was  a  pioneer  Western  merchant,  who 
was  in  business  at  different  times  in  Belle- 
ville, Illinois,  and  at  Herculaneum  and  St. 
Louis,  Missouri.  The  elder  Glasgow  served 
at  one  time  as  treasurer  of  St.  Louis,  and  was 
president  of  the  Missouri  Insurance  Com- 
pany, the  first  corporation  of  that  character 
organized  in  that  city.  Edward  J.  Glasgow 
was  educated  in  St.  Louis,  completing  his 
course  of  study  at  St.  Louis  University  and 
St.  Charles  College.  Before  he  attained  his 
majority  he  went  to  Mexico,  and  in  1840 
was  appointed  United  States  consul  at  Guay- 
mas  by  President  Van  Buren.  He  had  gone 
to  Mexico  to  take  charge  of  certain  business 
interests  for  James  Harrison,  his  uncle, 
James  Glasgow,  and  himself,  at  Mazatlan, 
and  was  engaged  in  trade  there  until  1843. 
In  1843  he  left  Mazatlan,  and  engaged  in  the 
overland  trade  between  Missouri  and  Chi- 
huahua. Freighting  in  those  days  over  the 
Santa  Fe  trail  was  a  hazardous  occupation, 
and  Mr.  Glasgow  had  many  thrilling  and 
not  a  few  perilous  experiences  while  engaged 
in  the  overland  trade.  His  last  trip  across  the 
plains  was  made  in  1846  on  the  eve  of  the 
rupture  between  the  United  States  and  Mex- 
ico, which  culminated  in  the  Mexican  War. 
His  train  was  escorted  into  Santa  Fe  by  the 
troops  then  on  their  way  to  Mexico  under 
command  of  General  Stephen  W.  Kearney. 
After  a  delay  of  several  months,  his  train, 
with  several  others,  moved  south  with  the 
United  States  forces  under  command  of  Col- 
onel A.  W.  Doniphan,  who  expected  to  join 
and  re-enforce  General  Wool  at  Chihuahua. 
At  El  Paso  del  Norte  the  traders  and  their 
teamsters,  over  200  in  number,  were  formed 
into  two  companies  of  infantry  and  mustered 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Glasgow  was  elected  captain  of   one  of   the 


60 


GLASGOW. 


companies,  which  became  a  part  of  the  bat- 
taHon  commanded  by  Major  Samuel  C. 
Owens,  also  a  trader.  They  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Sacramento,  fought  on  the  28th 
of  February,  1847,  in  which  Major  Owens 
was  killed,  and  completed  a  three  months' 
term  of  service  in  the  war  with  Mexico. 
Later,  in  1847,  ^^^  during  a  portion  of  the 
year  1848,  Mr.  Glasgow  served  as  United 
States  commercial  agent  at  Chihuahua.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1848,  and 
for  thirty  years  thereafter  was  engaged  m 
business  in  St.  Louis,  dealing  largely  in  sugar 
and  cofifee,  a  considerable  amount  of  which 
his  house  imported  from  Brazil. 

He  married,  in  1856,  Harriet  Clark  Kenne- 
dy, daughter  of  James  Kennedy,  originally 
of  Virginia,  but  as  early  as  1816  a  prominent 
business  man  of  St.  Louis. 

Glasgow,    Edward    James,   Jr., 

merchant,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  March  27, 
1853.  After  receiving  thorough  educational 
training  which  was  completed  at  Washington 
University,  he  went  South  and  for  some  years 
lived  on  a  sugar  plantation  in  Louisiana.  Re- 
turning to  St.  Louis,  he  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  wholesale  grocery  trade, 
in  which  he  continued  until  1880.  He  then 
connected  himself  with  the  wholesale  dry 
goods  house  of  Crow,  Hargadine  &  Co.,  and 
a  year  and  a  half  later  was  admitted  to  a 
partnership  in  that  establishment.  Since  then 
his  genius,  his  commercial  acumen,  his  time 
and  efiforts,  have  been  at  the  service  of  this 
great  mercantile  institution,  known  through- 
out the  West  because  of  the  magnitude  of  its 
operations,  its  high  character  as  a  business 
house,  and  its  long  and  honorable  history. 
As  vice  president  and  one  of  the  active  man- 
agers of  the  business  of  this  corporation,  Mr. 
Glasgow  now  has  under  his  charge  its  office 
affairs,  and  has  proven  himself  a  worthy  suc- 
cessor of  the  distinguished  merchant,  under 
whose  training  he  fitted  himself  for  these 
duties  and  responsibilities.  He  married  Jan- 
uary 14,  1880.  Miss  Julia  Hargadine,  second 
daughter  of  William  A.  Hargadine,  of  St. 
Louis. 

Glasgow,  James,  was  born  at  Christi- 
ana Bridge,  Delaware,  in  T784.  His  father 
and  mother  both  died  early,  and  he  was  left 
to  the  care  of  an  aunt.  He  married  Ann  Ross, 
the  daughter  of  James  Ross,  a  wealthy  mer- 


chant of  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and  Ann 
Cottmann,  of  Philadelphia.  He  settled  in 
Howard  County,  Missouri,  at  Chariton,  in 
1819.  There  he  established  an  extensive  gen- 
eral store  under  the  firm  name  of  Comp- 
ton,  Ross  &  Glasgow,  and  as.  business  de- 
veloped, established  branches  in  Richmond 
and  Liberty,  Missouri.  He  also  engaged  in 
the  manufacturing  of  hemp  and  tobacco.  In 
conjunction  with  Captain  Turner  and  others, 
he  laid  out  the  town  of  Glasgow,  Missouri, 
which  bears  his  name.  In  1835,  in  connection 
with  James  Harrison,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Glasgow  &  Harrison,  he  obtained  the  con- 
tract from  the  government  for  the  removal  of 
the  Choctaws  and  the  Seminoles  from  their 
residence  in  northern  Alabama  to  their  pres- 
ent lands  in  the  Indian  Nation.  They  also 
largely  engaged  in  the  Mexican  trade,  ship- 
ping cargoes  by  water  to  the  western  coast 
and  overland  by  pack  trains,  the  Mexican 
headquarters  of  the  firm,  Glasgow,  Harrison 
&  Vallois,  being  Chihuahua  and  Guaymas. 
In  1840  he  entered  the  firm  of  Gay,  Glasgow 
&  Co.,  which  became  large  importers  of 
sugar  and  tobacco  from  Havana.  James  Glas- 
gow invested  largely  in  lands  in  St.  Louis, 
and  built  the  first  three-story  brick  row  on 
Fourth  Street,  extending  from  St.  Charles 
to  Locust  Street,  known  in  early  times  as 
"Glasgow  Row."  He  died  in  St.  Louis  in  the 
year  1857,  aged  seventy-three  years,  leaving 
two  children,  William  Glasgow,  Jr.,  who  mar- 
ried Sarah  Lane,  the  daughter  of  William 
Carr  Lane,  and  Susan,  who  married  Thomas 
H.  Larkin. 

Glasgow,  William,  Jr.,  who  may  be 

said  to  have  been  the  founder  of  one  of  the 
great  industries  of  Missouri,  was  born  in 
Christiana,  Delaware,  July  4,  181 3.  When  he 
was  five  years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to 
Missouri  and  were  among  the  earliest  settlers 
who  came  from  the  Eastern  States  to  what 
was  then  a  Territory.  They  settled  first  at 
Chariton,  Howard  County,  and  that  was  their 
place  of  residence  until  1836,  when  they  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis.  William  Glasgow,  Jr., 
who  was  the  eldest  son  of  James  Glasgow, 
was  sent  back  to  his  native  State  of  Dela- 
ware, and  received  his  education  at  a  well 
known  institution  of  learning,  conducted  by 
Eli  Hillis,  in  Wilmington.  Returning  to 
Chariton  immediately  after  leaving  school,  he 
was  in  business  at  that  place  until  1836,  when     ^ 


GLASGOW. 


61 


i 


he  came  with  his  father's  family  to  St.  Louis. 
In  1837  he  estabHshed  there  the  firm  of  Glas- 
gow, Shaw  &  Larkin,  which  continued  until 
1840.  In  1842  he  erected  one  of  the  earliest 
factories  to  manufacture  white  lead,  but  this 
proving  unprofitable,  it  was  discontinued  aft- 
er a  short  time.  William  Glasgow,  Jr.,  W.  C. 
Taylor  and  WilHam  Milburn  were  appointed 
by  the  Legislature  commissioners  for  the 
sixteenth  section  of  public  school  land.  W. 
C.  Taylor  and  William  Milburn  dying,  the 
trust  was  continued  in  the  hands  of  William 
Glasgow,  and  he  served  as  commissioner  for 
over  thirty-five  years.  A  large  part  of  this 
tract  was  in  litigation,  and  the  latter  years  of 
his  life  were  largely  spent  in  protecting  this 
trust,  and  perfecting  the  titles  to  the  prop- 
erty. Through  his  energy  and  zeal  many 
hundred  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  property 
were  saved  to  the  use  of  the  public  schools. 
A  student  of  the  resources  of  the  State,  he 
was  impressed  in  early  life  with  the  view 
that  the  soil  of  portions  of  Missouri  was^  pe- 
culiarly well  adapted  to  grape  culture,  and  in 
1844  he  planted  a  small  vineyard  at  his  resi- 
dence in  St.  Louis  for  the  purpose  of  experi- 
menting in  wine-making.  His  enterprise  was 
one  which  was  generally  looked  upon  as  of 
doubtful  issue,  but  the  results  not  only  sur- 
prised his  friends,  but  surpassed  Mr.  Glas- 
gow's most  sanguine  expectation,  demon- 
strating beyond  a  doubt  that  soil  and  climatic 
conditions  were  favorable  to  the  making 
of  good  wine  in  Missouri,  and  that  intelligent 
enterprise  only  was  necessary  to  the  build- 
ing up  of  a  prosperous  industry  of  this  char- 
acter. His  was  the  first  vineyard  established 
in  the  State,  and  to  Mr.  Glasgow  belongs  the 
credit  for  having  introduced  a  new  and  profit- 
able feature  into  the  horticulture  of  Missouri. 
In  1847  he  obtained  the  first  premiums  for 
grapes  and  wine  which  had  been  given  by  any 
society  in  the  State.  In  1858,  with  Amadee 
Valle  and  Allen  H.  Glasby,  he  formed  the 
wine  manufacturing  company  of  William 
Glasgow,  Jr.,  &  Co.  He  became  president  of 
this  corporation  two  years  later,  when  it  was 
chartered  as  the  Missouri  Wine  Company. 
Under  this  name  both  the  company  and  its 
products  became  widely  known,  and  Mr. 
Glasgow  obtained  much  prominence  as  the 
pioneer  wine-maker  of  Missouri.  April  10, 
1840,  he  married  Miss  Sarah  L.  Lane,  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  WilHam  Carr  Lane,  who  was  the 
first  mayor  of  St.  Louis,  and  one  of  its  most 


distinguished   pioneer  citizens.    He-  died  in 
St.  Louis  in  1892,  aged  seventy-nine  years. 

Glasgow,  William  Carr,  physician, 
was  born  January  16,  1845,  "^  St.  Louis,  son 
of  William  Glasgow,  Jr.  After  having  passed 
three  years  in  the  Real  Gymnasium  in  Wies- 
baden, Germany,  Dr.  Glasgow  entered  Wash- 
ington University,  and  graduated  in  1865. 
He  then  began  the  study  of  medicine  and  was 
graduated  from  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in 
1869,  afterward  taking  a  postgraduate 
course  at  Long  Island  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege, of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  which  was  sup- 
plemented by  residence  and  study  for  two 
years  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  Austria. 
Returning  then  to  his  native  city,  he  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  under  most  fa- 
vorable auspices,  and  in  1872  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  physical  diagnosis  at  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College.  In  1885  he  was  made  ad- 
junct professor  of  practice  in  the  same  in- 
stitution; in  1886  he  was  made  professor  of 
diseases  of  the  chest  and  laryngology  in  the 
Postgraduate  School  of  Medicine;  and  in 
1890  professor  of  practice  of,  medicine  and 
laryngology  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College. 
In  1899  he  was  appointed  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  and  laryngology  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Washington  University.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Laryn- 
gological  Society  in  1878,  and  in  1890  he  was 
honored  with  the  presidency  of  that  society. 
He  has  been  prominent  also  as  a  member 
of  the  American  Climatological  Society,  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and  of  the 
Missouri  Medical  Society.  He  was  co-editor 
at  one  time  of  the  "Courier  of  Medicine," 
arid  has  contributed  many  monographs  to 
medical  literature.  Dr.  Glasgow  married, 
in  1877,  Fannie  E.  Englesing,  daughter  of 
Captain  J.  C.  Englesing,  who  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Confederate  Army  during  the 
Civil  War. 

Glasgow,  William  Henry,  merchant 
and  manufacturer,  was  born  February  19, 
1822,  at  Belleville,  Illinois.  He  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  St.  Louis  and  at  St.  Charles 
College,  St.  Charles,  Missouri.  After  quitting 
school  he  was  engaged  for  a  time  in  the 
wholesale  grocery  business  in  St.  Louis,  but 
in  1842  abandoned  this  business  to  go  on  an 
exploring  expedition  to  Mexico.  In  the  fall 
of  that  year  he  sailed  from  New  Orleans, 


62 


GLENCOE— GLENN. 


Louisiana,  to  Tampico,  Mexico.  Leaving 
Tampico  soon  after  his  arrival  there,  Mr. 
Glasgow  traveled  across  the  country  to  San 
Bias,  going  thence  to  Mazatlan,  on  the  Gult 
of  California,  from  there  to  Alamos,  and  then, 
crossing  the  mountains,  to  the  old  mining 
town  of  Jesus  Maria.  He  spent  his  twenty- 
first  birthday  at  Jesus  Maria,  and  then  turned 
homeward,  visiting  next  the  city  of  Chihua- 
hua, making  his  way  from  there  to  Santa  Fe, 
and  thence  across  the  plains  to  Independence, 
Missouri.  In  1846  he  went  again  to  Mexico, 
and  was  delayed  en  route  by  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Mexican  War.  He  was  at  El  Paso, 
Texas,  when  Colonel  A.  W.  Doniphan,  of 
Missouri,  who  had  marched  with  General 
Kearney  to  Santa  Fe,  reached  El  Paso  on  his 
way  to  join  General  Wool,  then  in  the  in- 
terior of  Mexico.  Enrolling  themselves  in 
Captain  E.  J.  Glasgow's  company,  of  Colonel 
Doniphan's  regiment,  Mr.  Glasgow  and  his 
party  proceeded  on  the  way  to  Chi- 
huahua, Mr.  Glasgow  being  commissioned 
first  lieutenant  of  his  company.  At  Chi- 
huahua he  resigned  his  commission,  and  es- 
tablished himself  in  business  as  a  merchant  in 
that  city.  At  the  end  of  a  year,  and  after 
General  Sterling  Price  had  occupied  Chihua- 
hua, he  returned  to  St.  Louis  by  way  of 
Monterey.  Here  he  again  embarked  in  the 
wholesale  grocery  business,  in  which  he  was 
successfully  engaged  for  many  years  there- 
after. In  1886  he  was  made  president  of  the 
St.  Charles  Car  Company,  and  since  that  time 
has  become  widely  known  as  a  manufacturer, 
and  to  the  railroad  interests  of  the  coun- 
try, the  corporation  of  which  he  was  the 
head  being  extensively  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  all  kinds  of  railway  equipments. 
He  has  been  twice  married.  First,  in  1850,  to 
Mary  Frances  Wright,  daughter  of  Major 
Thomas  Wright,  paymaster  of  the  United 
States  Army,  and  in  i860,  to  his  second  wife, 
who  was  Miss  Carlotta  Xestora  Fales  before 
her  marriage,  and  whose  earlier  home  was 
at  Remedios,  in  the  Island  of  Cuba. 

Glencoe. — A  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railroad,  in  St.  Louis  County,  twen- 
ty-six miles  from  St.  Louis,  taking  its  name 
from  the  glen  in  Scotland  where  the  massacre 
of  the  MacDonalds  by  the  Campbells  took 
place  in  1689.  The  place  is  wild  and  rugged, 
but  picturesque  and  attractive,  with  the  Mer- 
amec  winding  through  its  hills. 


01  en  dale. — A  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railroad,  in  St.  Louis  County,  twelve 
miles  from  St.  Louis.  The  surrounding 
region  is  rolling  and  beautiful,  and  near  the 
station  are  some  stately  villas — one  built  by 
Colonel  Sam  McGofitin,  and  afterward  owned 
for  many  years  by  Hudson  E.  Bridge,  and 
after  him  by  George  Myers;  another,  built 
by  Colonel  George  E.  Leighton,  and  after- 
ward owned  and  occupied  by  Charles  W, 
Barstow ;  and  another,  the  Dyer  Place,  owned 
and  occupied  by  Charles  A.  Dyer;  and  an- 
other, the  Cruttenden  Place,  owned  and 
occupied  by  Colonel  Sam  Williams. 

Glenn,  Allen,  ex-judge  of  probate  of 
Cass  County,  was  born  in  that  county  March 
30,  1852.  His  father,  Hugh  G.  Glenn,  was 
descended  from  Scotch  ancestry,  the  family 
in  Scotland  being  known  as  the  "Douglasses 
of  the  Glen."  He  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  February  3,  1817,  and  devoted  the  most 
of  his  life  to  agricultural  pursuits.  In  1839 
he  came  to  Missouri  and  located-  in  Cass 
County,  one  and  a  half  miles  southwest  of 
Harrisonville,  where  his  death  occurred  on 
November  28,  1888.  His  father,  Hugh,  was 
a  son  of  Hugh  Glenn,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  the  founder  of  the  family  in  the  United 
States.  This  immigrant  ancestor  located  in 
Virginia,  where  he  reared  his  family.  Hugh 
G.  Glenn  originally  affiliated  with  the  old 
Whig  party,  but  afterward  became  a  Dem- 
ocrat. From  1844  to  1848  he  served  as 
sheriff  of  Cass  County,  and  in  i860  was 
elected  judge  of  the  county  court.  About 
that  time  Cass  County  had  issued  the  bonds 
in  aid  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  Com- 
pany. Upon  the  opening  of  the  war  Judge 
Glenn,  by  virtue  of  his  ofifice,  became  the 
custodian  of  these  bonds,  which  he  kept  in 
safety  until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he 
delivered  them  to  the  Federal  military  au- 
thorities. Judge  Hugh  G.  Glenn  married 
Letitia  B.  Suggette,  a  native  of  George- 
town, Kentucky,  and  a  daughter  of  James 
Suggette,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  who  be- 
came one  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Ken- 
tucky. His  father  was  the  first  white  man 
to  make  the  journey  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  return  in  safety.  The  year  following 
the  expedition  of  Lieutenant  Zebulon  Pike 
through  that  region,  he  went  down  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  Rivers  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas,  ascended  that  stream  as  far  as  the 


GLENN. 


63 


I 


present  site  of  Fort  Gibson,  and  thence 
traveled  overland,  returning  home  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  was  an  intrepid  explorer,  and 
much  of  the  territory  through  which  he 
passed  undoubtedly  had  never  before  been 
visited  by  white  men.  At  least  none  of  his 
predecessors,  if  there  were  any,  ever  're- 
turned to  describe  the  country.  The  educa- 
tion of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  begun 
in  the  common  schools  of  Cass  County,  and 
his  classical  studies  were  concluded  in  the 
Missouri  State  University,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1871.  Upon  the  completion  of 
his  college  course  he  began  the  study  of  the 
law  in  the  ofhce  of  Hall  &  Givan,  at  Har- 
risonville,  and  in  1874  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  Since  that  time  he  has  continuously 
practiced  his  profession  in  that  place,  with 
the  exception  of  eight  years,  in  which  he 
served  as  judge  of  probate  for  Cass  County. 
During  the  early  years  of  his  career  he  was 
elected  to  the  oflfices  of  township  collector 
and  justice  of  the  peace  as  the  candidate  of 
the  Democratic  party.  In  1885  he  was  chosen 
judge  of  probate,  and  was  re-elected  in  1889, 
serving  two  terms  of  four  years  each.  Since 
that  time  he  has  been  engaged  in  private 
practice.  Judge  Glenn,  for  a  long  period, 
has  been  identified  with  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity, in  which  he  is  a  Knight  Templar  and 
a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  afifiliating  with 
Ararat  Temple,  of  Kansas  City.  In  religion 
he  is  a  member  of  the  Baptist  Church.  His 
marriage  occurred  October  9,  1879,  and 
united  him  with  Mary  B.  Keller,  a  native  of 
Westport,  Missouri,  and  a  daughter  of  Silas 
P.  Keller,  a  merchant  of  Kansas  City  for 
many  years.  They  have  been  the  parents  of 
ten  children,  of  whom  eight  are  living,  and 
residing  with  their  parents,  namely :  Hugh 
G.,  Price  K.,  Mary  E.,  Allen  B.,  Winnefred, 
Robert,  Ewing  and  Catherine.  Judge  Glenn 
is  from  every  viewpoint  a  self-made  man. 
His  career  has  been  a  highly  honorable  one. 
Personally  he  is  known  as  a  man  of  the  high- 
est integrity,  high-minded,  public-spirited, 
and  generous-hearted.  He  has  always  had 
the  best  interests  of  his  community  at  heart, 
and  has  thus  become  an  influential  and  useful 
member  of  society. 

(rleiiii,  John  McClellaii,  postmaster 
of  Sedalia,  was  born  June  29,  1849,  ^^ 
Washington,  Iowa,  His  parents  were  Aaron 
A.  and  Sarah  (McClellan)   Glenn,  both  na- 


tives of  Pennsylvania,  and  now  residents  of 
Iowa.  The  son,  John,  was  reared  on  the 
home  farm;  his  education  was  acquired  in 
the  public  schools,  and  in  an  academy  at 
Washington,  where  he  took  a  partial  course. 
When  nineteen  years  of  age  he  went  to  Mar- 
ble Hill,  Missouri,  and  there  began  his  busi- 
ness training  as  clerk  in  a  dry  goods  store. 
After  an  engagement  of  four  years  he  re- 
moved to  Fort  Scott,  Kansas,  where  he  was 
similarly  engaged  for  two  years.  In  1876  he 
located  in  Sedalia,  and  for  seven  years  was 
a  salesman  in  the  wholesale  and  retail  dry 
goods  store  of  John  G.  Allen  &  Sons.  From 
1883  to  1890  he  was  bookkeeper  and  cashier 
in  the  wholesale  stationery  store  of  C.  P. 
Muir.  In  1890  he  was  appointed,  assistant 
postmaster  under  Colonel  H.  C.  Demuth, 
and  held  the  position  during  that  adminis- 
tration, and  for  nine  months  under  V.  P. 
Hart,  successor  to  Colonel  Demuth.  In  1895 
he  was  appointed  deputy  circuit  clerk  of  Pet- 
tis County.  April  i,  1898,  he  received  the 
appointment  of  postmaster.  In  1892  he  was 
elected  city  treasurer,  being  the  only  suc- 
cessful candidate  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
with  a  majority  of  137.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1894  by  a  majority  of  more  than  600  votes, 
and  again  in  1896  by  a  majority  of  more  than 
800  votes.  In  1889  he  took  the  place  of  a 
private  in  the  Sedalia  Republican  Flambeau 
Club  (which  see),  at  its  organization.  A  few 
months  afterward,  while  absent  from  home, 
he  was  elected  to  the  captaincy  by  unanimous 
vote,  and  has  occupied  that  position  continu- 
ously to  the  present  time.  Many  of  the 
elaborate  and  attractive  movements  of  this 
famous  body  were  designed  by  him.  His 
personal  enthusiasm  and  high  executive  abil- 
ity are  attested  in  the  admirable  discipHne 
of  the  club,  a  purely  voluntary  organization, 
and  in  his  continuous  re-election  to  the  com- 
mand during  so  long  a  term  of  years.  In 
religion  he  is  a  Presbyterian.  He  was  mar- 
ried, February  11,  1878,  to  Miss  Rebeccah 
C.  Otten,  who  was  born  in  Boonville,  and 
educated  in  the  Sedalia  public  schools.  Four 
children  have  been  born  of  this  marriage : 
Flora  May,  a  graduate  of  the  Sedalia  high 
school,  was  completing  a  postgraduate  course 
in  1900;  Harry,  Madge  and  Leonard  were 
students,  the  two  first  named  in  the  Sedalia 
high  school.  Captain  Glenn,  in  the  various 
important  positions  he  has  been  called  to 
occupy,  has  displayed  the  highest  business 


64 


GLENNON-  GLOVER. 


qualities,  and  he  has  discharged  every  trust 
with  the  most  scrupulous  fidelity.  His  per- 
sonal qualities  are  such  as  not  only  command 
respect,  but  instill  that  confidence  which  at- 
taches men  closely,  in  recognition  of  con- 
genial companionship  and  unassuming  lead- 
ership. 

Gleiinoii,  John  Joseph,  bishop  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Kansas  City, 
bears  the  distinction  of  being  the  youngest 
man  to  occupy  that  high  station  in.  the  United 
States,  and  at  the  time  of  his  election  to  the 
oiiEice  in  1896  he  probably  was  the  youngest 
Roman  Catholic  bishop  in  the  world.  He 
was  born  June  14,  1862,  in  County  Meath, 
Ireland,  and  is  a  son  of  Matthew  and  Kath- 
arine (Kinsella)  Glennon.  His  father,  also  a 
native  of  Ireland,  came  to  America  in  1853 
and  acquired  citizenship  in  the  United 
States  prior  to  the  Civil  War.  Upon  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Ireland, 
but  a  few  years  later  resumed  his  business  in 
this  country,  where  he  remained  until  1869. 
Since  that  year  he  and  his  wife  have  resided 
in  their  native  land.  The  education  of  Bishop 
Glennon  was  begun  in  a  preparatory  college 
at  MiUlingar,  Ireland.  Subsequently  he  pur- 
sued the  prescribed  course  in  All  Hallows 
College,  in  Dublin,  after  which  he  entered  the 
Catholic  University  in  that  city,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1883,  while  yet  in  his 
minority.  Upon  leaving  the  university  he 
sailed  for  America,  arriving  in  this  country 
before  the  twenty-first  anniversary  of  his 
birth ;  and,  though  a  native  of  Ireland,  he  be- 
came, under  our  laws,  an  American  citizen 
upon  attaining  his  majority,  his  father. being 
a  citizen  at  the  time  of  his  birth.  Bishop 
Glennon's  objective  point  in  America  was 
Kansas  City,  then  the  center  of  a  great  mis- 
sionary field  for  the  Catholic  Church,  where 
the  services  of  active  young  men  in  the 
church  were  greatly  needed.  His  course  of 
study  in  the  Catholic  University  of  Dublin 
had  been  pursued  with  the  single  aim  of 
thorough  preparation  for  a  life's  labor  in  the 
ministry.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Kansas  City 
he  at  once  entered  upon  his  duties  as  assist- 
ant at  St.  Patrick's  Church,  and  on  Decem- 
ber 20,  1884,  he  was  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood by  Bishop  Hogan.  Two  and  a  half 
years  later  he  returned  to  Europe,  where  he 
remained  one  year,  devoting  a  part  of  the 
time  to  further  study.    Upon  his  return  to 


Kansas  City  in  1887  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  rector  of  the  Cathedral,  in  which 
office  he  served  until  1893,  when  he  was 
named  as  vicar  general  of  the  diocese.  One 
year  later  he  became  administrator  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  in  1896  was  elected  to  the  dignity 
of  bishop  of  Kansas  City.  This  diocese  in- 
cludes the  entire  southwestern  portion  of  the 
State  of  Missouri.  During  the  administration 
of  Bishop  Glennon  it  has  developed  at  a  re- 
markable rate,  and  now  (1900)  comprises  130 
churches,  including  missions,  under  the  pas- 
toral care  of  ninety  priests.  The  Catholic 
population  of  the  diocese  is  now  about  50,000 
persons,  who  support,  besides  many 
churches,  various  colleges,  convents,  asy- 
lums, orphanages,  hospitals  and  parish 
schools.  Bishop  Glennon  is  a  man  of  strik- 
ing personality,  great  strength  of  character, 
and  unusual  administrative  and  executive 
ability. 

Gleiiwood. — ^An  incorporated  village  in 
Schuyler  County,  one  mile  south  of  the  junc- 
tion point  of  the  Wabash  and  the  Keokuk  & 
Western  Railways,  two  miles  west  of  Lan- 
caster. It  has  two  churches,  a  graded  school, 
bank,  two  hotels,  foundry  and  machine  shops, 
a  woolen  mill,  flouring  mill,  wagon  factory,  a 
newspaper,  the  "Phonograph,"  and  about 
twenty  other  business  places,  including  lum- 
ber and  coal  yards,  general  stores  and  other 
stores  in  various  lines  of  trade  and  shops. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  500. 

Glover,  John  Milton,  lawyer  and 
member  of  Congress,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  June  23,  1855.  He  was  educated 
at  Washington  University,  and  after  study- 
ing'law  was  admitted  into  the  firm  of  Glover 
&  Shepley,  of  which  his  father  was  senior 
member.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  the  Ninth  Missouri  District  as  a  Dem- 
ocrat, and  in  1886  was  re-elected,  by  a  vote 
of  9,830  to  8,133  for  McLean,  Republican. 

Glover,  John  Montgomery,  soldier 
and  Congressman,  was  born  in  Mercer 
County,  Kentucky,  September  4,  1824,  and 
died  at  LaGrange,  Missouri.  He  received  a 
good  education  and  came  to  Missouri  while 
a  young  man.  In  the  Civil  War  he  was  an 
Unconditional  Unionist,  and  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  colonel  of  the  Third 
Missouri     Volunteer     Cavalry,  serving     till 


GLOVER. 


65 


1864,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of  im- 
paired heakh.  He  was  appointed  collector 
of  internal  revenue  for  the  Third  Missouri 
District  in  July,  1866,  and  served  till  March, 
1867.  In  1872  he  was  elected  from  the 
Twelfth  Missouri  District  to  the  Forty-third 
Congress  as  a  Democrat,  over  J.  F.  Benja- 
min, Republican,  with  a  majority  of  over 
3,000,  and  in  1874  and  1876  was  again  elected, 
serving  in  all  three  terms. 

Glover,  Samuel  T.,  long  known  as 
one  of  the  great  lawyers  of  the  Missouri  bar, 
was  born  in  Mercer  County.  Kentucky, 
March  9,  1813.  His  childhood  and  .youth 
were  passed  on  a  farm,  where  he  first 
began  to  read  law,  which  he  pursued  dili- 
gently in  connection  with  his  other  studies 
until  he  entered  the  college  at  Bardstown. 
At  this  institution  he  graduated  with  the 
highest  honors  of  his  class.  After  practicing 
a  year  or  two  in  his  native  State  he  removed 
to  Missouri,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Palmyra  in  1837,  where,  in  connection 
with  his  partner,  John  T.  Campbell,  he  ac- 
quired a  large  clientage  throughout  the  sec- 
ond judicial  circuit.  In  1849-  ^^^  went  to  St. 
Louis  and  established  a  partnership  the 
next  year  with  John  C.  Richardson,  which 
was  continued  until  1857,  when  Mr.  Richard- 
son was  elected  to  the  supreme  bench.  Three 
or  four  years  later  the  law  firm  of  Glover  & 
Shepley  was  formed,  and  continued  until  the 
death  of  Mr.  Glover,  January  22,  1884.  John 
R.  Shepley  was,  like  Mr.  Glover,  one  of  the 
most  able  and  distinguished  legal  lights  of 
St.  Louis.  An  interesting  fact  is  related  illus- 
trating the  esteem  in  which  the  characters 
of  both  men  were  held.  When  the  case  of 
McGuire  vs.  Taylor  was  instituted,  and  dur- 
ing a  litigation  of  many  years — a  case  in- 
volving heavy  interests,  and  which  was  three 
times  before  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court — Mr.  Glover  represented  one  of  the 
partners  and  Mr.  Shepley  the  other.  Pend- 
ing the  suit  these  gentlemen  entered  into 
their  law  partnership,  and  each  proposed  to 
his  client  to  retire  from  this  case ;  but  such 
was  the  confidence  of  McGuire  and  Taylor 
in  their  attorneys  that  they  insisted  that  the 
proceedings  should  go  on  without  reference 
;to  the  new  relation,  without  the  least  diminu- 
,tion  of  zeal  on  the  part  of  either  lawyer.  Mr. 
[Glover's  first  case  in  the  State  Supreme  Court 
is  reported  in  the  fifth  volume  of  Missouri 

Vol.  Ill— 5 


Supreme  Court  Reports.  From  that  to  the 
seventy-sixth  there  is  not  one  volume  which 
does  not  present  him  as  counsel  in  numer- 
ous important  cases.  For  thirty  years  he 
practiced  in  the  United  States  courts.  The 
reports  of  Howard,  Black,  Wallace  and  Otto 
bear  testimony  to  the  frequency  of  his  ap- 
pearance before  the  highest  tribunal  of  the 
land,  as  well  as  to  the  learned,  able,  pains- 
taking and  conscientious  discharge  of  his 
duties  in  behalf  of  the  varied  interests  he 
represented.  Mr.  James  L.  Blair,  in  an  ad- 
dress before  the  Kansas  City  Bar  Associa- 
tion, in  March,  1897 — an  address  which 
splendidly  portrays  the  career  of  Mr.  Glover 
— states  that  Mr.  Glover  appears  in  the  re- 
ports as  having  been  in  thirty-two  cases  in 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  thirty- 
five  in  the  St.  Louis  Court  of  Appeals,  and 
410  in  the  Missouri  Supreme  Court.  It 
would  seem  that  his  professional  duties  could 
have  left  him  but  little  time  for  aught  else, 
but  we  find  Mr.  Glover  prominent  in  organ- 
izing the  Missouri  Historical  Society,  and 
in  various  movements  for  intellectual  ad- 
■  vancement.  He  was  one  of  the  petitioners 
to  the  General  Assembly  to  provide  for  a 
thorough  geological  survey  of  Missouri,  and 
prepared  the  memorial  on  that  subject,  thus 
taking  the  first  step  toward  the  development 
of  the  vast  mineral  resources  of  the  State. 
In  politics  Mr.  Glover,  although  raised  in 
the  atmosphere  of  slavery,  early  exhibited 
a  leaning  toward  the  policy  of  emancipation, 
and  after  coming  to  St.  Louis  he  identified 
himself  with  the  Free  Democratic  party,  co- 
operating with  Blair,  O.  D.  Filley,  John  How, 
Gratz  Brown  and  others  of  that  faith.  He 
assisted  in  promoting  the  movement  for  the 
nomination  for  President  at  the  Chicaga 
convention,  i860,  of  Edward  Bates,  who  be- 
came a  member  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  cabinet. 
From  first  to  last  he  was  an  unflinching 
Unionist. 

A  fitting  arena  for  Samuel  T.  Glover  would 
have  been  the  United  States  Senate  cham- 
ber, but,  though  he  was  twice  persuaded — 
in  1871  and  again  in  1879 — to  be  a  candi- 
date, he  did  not  reach  the  station  of  a  Sen- 
ator. He  was  wholly  unused  to  the  arts 
and  lacked  the  "personal  magnetism"  of  the 
modern  politician.  His  intimate  friends 
knew  he  possessed  unusual  social  qualities; 
in  familiar  conversation  he  was  brilliant  and 
delightful,  with    a    playful    humor;    but    he 


66 


GOETTLER— GOLDEN  CHAIN  SOCIETY 


was  not  a  "mixer,"  as  the  phrase  is;  was 
often  absent-minded,  and  sometimes  was  for- 
getful of  faces  or  names. 

Mr,  Glover  was  married,  in  Marion  County, 
June  28,  1843,  to  Miss  Mildred  Buckner, 
who  came  to  Missouri  from  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky. 

Goettler,  Michael,  was  born  in  Stop- 
fenheim,  Bavaria,  Germany,  January  21, 
1831,  son  of  Johannes  and  Francisca  (Witt- 
man)  Goettler.  The  former  was  born  May 
10,  1786,  and  died  December  3,  1844;  the 
latter  was  born  March  8,  1799,  and  died 
February  2,  1844.  They  were  married  May 
30,  1830,  and  had  four  children — Mary  Goett- 
ler, John  Goettler,  Joseph  and  Michael  Goett- 
ler. The  sons  emigrated  to  St.  Louis,  where 
later  they  died.  The  daughters  died  in  the 
Fatherland. 

After  acquiring  a  practical  parochial  school 
education  in  his  native  town,  Michael  Goett- 
ler served  from  1845  to  1848  as  an  apprentice 
to  the  hat,  cap  and  furrier's  trade  with  Jacob 
Schlund,  and  for  three  years  thereafter  trav- . 
eled  as  a  journeyman  throughout  the  leading 
cities  in  Germany.  He  then  immigrated  to 
the  United  States,  landing  in  New  Orleans, 
Louisiana,  December  15,  185 1,  and  in  St. 
Louis  January  15,  1852,  after  a  passage  of 
eighty  days  on  the  ocean  and  tiiirty  days 
on  the  river.  Soon  after  his  arrival  in  St. 
Louis  he  entered  the  employ  of  Simon  Mey- 
berg,  a  manufacturer  and  wholesale  and  re- 
tail dealer  in  hats,  caps  and  furs,  located  on 
Morgan  Street,  between  Third  and  Fourth 
Streets,  and  boarded  with  Christian  Schaefer, 
living  in  an  adjoining  block,  at  $2  per  week, 
remaining  nine  months.  With  the  money 
saved  from  his  earnings  and  his  inheritance 
of  $80,  on  January  26,  1853,  he  purchased 
a  small  stock  of  goods  of  Mr.  Verhiss  (who 
later  removed  to  California),  located  on  Fifth 
Street,  between  Chouteau  Avenue  and  La- 
Salle  Street,  and  engaged  in  the  retail  hat, 
cap  and  fur  trade.  After  being  in  business 
six  months  he  sent  the  passage  money  to 
his  brothers,  Joseph  and  John,  who  arrived 
in  St.  Louis  December  4,  1852.  In  1854  he 
removed  to  1260  South  Broadway,  his  pres- 
ent location,  which  he  purchased  in  1865. 
In  1879  John  Adam  Gramlich,  a  nephew  of 
Mr,  Goettler,  joined  him  as  partner,  under 
the  name  of  M.  Goettler  &  Co.,  and  in  1898 
the  business  was  incorporated  as    the    M. 


Goettler  Hat  Company,  with  M.  Goettler  as 
president;  J.  A.  Gramlich,  vice  president, 
and  Joseph  A.  Goettler,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. 

Mr.  Goettler  did  the  largest  retail  hat,  cap 
and  fur  trade  in  St.  Louis  until  the  date 
of  his  death,  which  occurred  July  5,  1899. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Home  Guards  dur- 
ing the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  He  was  a 
Republican  in  political  faith  and  action,  and 
for  the  last  eighteen  years  a  prominent  Spir- 
itualistic organizer,  and  at  the  date  of  his  de- 
cease a  member  of  Mentor  Council,  No.  765, 
Royal  Arcanum,  and  formerly  a  director  of 
the  Empire  Savings  Institution.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Provident  Association,  and 
a  warm  friend  of  the  German  Protestant 
Orphans'  Home  and  other  charitable  organ- 
izations. 

Mr.  Goettler  came  to  St.  Louis  before  the 
era  of  street  or  steam  railways,  and,  enter- 
ing commercial  life  in  his  young  manhood, 
kept  pace  with  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city 
and  the  needs  of  the  people  during  his  entire 
business  career,  A  man  of  the  strictest  in- 
tegrity and  of  irreproachable  character,  he 
was  universally  loved  and  honored  by  all  in 
his  business  and  social  relations. 

Mr.  Goettler  married,  January  24,  1854, 
Miss  Catherine  Saal,  daughter  of  Johannes 
Saal,  one  of  the  prominent  pioneer  gar- 
deners of  South  St.  Louis,  who  came  to  the 
United  States  with  his  family  in  September, 
1845,  Mrs,  Goettler  was  born  in  the  Rhein- 
pfalz,  Germany,  July  17,  1835,  and  received 
a  common  school  education  in  her  native 
town,  supplemented  by  a  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  a  private  school  in  St.  Louis.  Like 
her  husband,  she  is  a  firm  believer  in  Spirit- 
ualism, and  is  of  very  kindly  and  charitable 
disposition. 

Mrs.  Goettler  and  three  children  survive: 
Elsie,  wife  of  Philip  Hassendeubel ;  Laura 
Goettler  and  Joseph  A.  Goettler, 

Golden  Chain  Society. — The  Golden 
Chain  Children's  Humane  Society  was 
founded  in  St,  Louis  in  1888  by  the  union 
of  several  Bands  of  Mercy,  which  had  been 
founded  in  that  city  during  the  years  1885- 
6-7  by  Mrs,  Pauline  Polk  Brooks.  The  ob- 
ject of  the  society  is  to  cultivate  the 
sentiments  of  mercy  and  kindness  by  read- 
ings and  recitations  of  noble  deeds  and 
words  in  behalf  of  human  and  dumb  crea- 


GOLDEN  CITY— GOOD  TEMPLARS,  ORDER  OF. 


67 


t 


tures.  The  following  precepts  form  its  creed : 
"Blessed  are  the  merciful,"  "The  merciful 
man  is  merciful  to  his  beast,"  "Cruelty  to 
animals  will  poison  their  flesh  and  milk," 
"The  merciful  man  doeth  good  to  his  own 
soul,  but  he  that  is  cruel  troubleth  his  own 
flesh."  The  plan  of  work  inaugurated  by 
the  Golden  Chain  is  to  interest  the  members 
in  forming  Bands  of  Mercy  in  their  respec- 
tive neighborhoods,  and  to  secure  signatures 
to  the  Humane  Pledge. 

In  1898  ten  branches  were  holding  regu- 
lar meetings  in  St.  Louis,  and  seventy  had 
been  organized  in  all  in  various  cities  and 
States.  A  branch  had  also  been  organized 
in  South  America,  through  the  efforts  of 
Miss  Hattie  Jenness. 

Golden  City.— A  city  of  the  fourth 
class,  in  Barton  County,  on  the  Kansas  City, 
Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Railway,  fourteen 
miles  southeast  of  Lamar,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  public  school,  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$9,000;  four  churches.  Baptist,  Christian, 
Methodist  and  Presbyterian;  an  independ- 
ent newspaper,  the  "Herald,"  and  a  Repub- 
lican newspaper,  the  "Free  Press ;"  lodges 
of  Masons,  Odd  Fellows  and  United  Work- 
men, and  a  Grand  Army  Post;  a  bank,  an 
operahouse,  a  steam  flourmill,  two  elevators, 
and  a  nursery.  In  1899  the  population  was 
1,200.  The  original  town  of  Golden  City 
was  laid  out  in  1867.  In  1869  the  store 
buildings  were  removed  to  a  point  about 
two  miles  distant  from  the  present  site,  the 
original  name  being  retained.  In  1882  it  was 
incorporated,  J.  A.  Williamson  being  the  first 
mayor. 

Good  Fellows,  Order  of.— A  frater- 
nal arid  benefit  organization  which  came  into 
existence  in  St.  Louis  about  the  year  1852, 
and  finally  ceased  to  be  represented  there 
about  1876.  The  order  flourished  for  a  time 
at  different  points  in  Missouri,  but  its  mem- 
bership was  gradually  absorbed  by  similar 
organizations,  and  there  was  not  a  lodge  in 
existence  in  the  State  in  1900. 

Good  Governmeiit  Leagvie  Club. — 

An  association  in  St.  Louis  whose  objects 
are  the  "promotion  of  good  government,  mu- 
nicipal, State  and  national ;  the  resisting  and 
exposing  of  corruption  in  public  affairs,  and 
the     exaltation     of     American     citizenship 


through  the  principles  of  the  Republican 
party."  It  was  founded  January  17,  1899, 
and  its  first  officers  were  L.  J.  W.  Wall,  presi- 
dent; F.  B.  Brownell,  first  vice  president;  Jo- 
seph B.  Ambs,  second  vice  president;  E.  L. 
Rowse,  third  vice  president;  Isaac  A. 
Hedges,  secretary;  Fred  C.  Meier,  treasurer; 
Joseph  E.  Tatum,  corresponding  secretary; 
Thomas  H.  Keeling,  financial  secretary. 

Good  Koads  Association. — The  Good 
Roads  and  Public  Improvement  Association 
of  Missouri  was  organized  in  St,  Louis  in 
1897,  its  object  being,  first,  to  devise  the  most 
feasible  plans  for  improving  the  public  roads ; 
second,  to  formulate  measures  for  utilizing 
the  labor  of  tramps,  vagrants  and  prisoners 
in  preparing  materials  for  the  construction  of 
roads;  third,  to  secure  necessary  legislation 
for  public  improvements  in  the  Fortieth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  Missouri.  W.  H.  Wood, 
T.  P.  Rixey,  and  Thomas  H.  West,  all  of  St. 
Louis,  were  elected  president,  secretary  and 
treasurer,  respectively,  of  the  association, 
with  D.  H.  Shields,  of  Hannibal;  A.  W. 
White,  of  Moberly;  H.  C.  Duncan,  of  Os- 
born;  R. M.  Abercrombie,of  St.  Joseph;  J.  B. 
Stone,  of  Kansas  City;  J.  N.  Ballard,  of 
Montrose ;  T.  O.  Stanley,  of  Sedalia ;  Henry 
T.  Wright,  of  Lebanon ;  N.  D.  Dierker,  of  St. 
Charles;  J.  B.  Brewster,  of  Ascalon;  Henry 
V.  Lucas  and  H.  R.  Whitmore,  of  St.  Louis ; 
Henry  Seckmann,  of  Seckmann;  J.  J.  Rus- 
sell, of  Charleston,  and  W.  T.  Le  Compte,  of 
Pierce  City,  as  vice  presidents.  Under  the 
auspices  of  this  association  local  associations 
have  been  organized  throughout  the  State, 
and  the  movement  promises  to  result  in  the 
material  improvement  of  the  public  highways 
of  Missouri. 

Good  Templars,  Order  of. — This 
order  originated  in  Utica,  New  York,  in  1852, 
and  within  a  few  years  thereafter  became  one 
of  the  strongest  temperance  organizations  in 
existence.  It  admitted  women  as  well  as 
men  to  membership,  giving  them  position  and 
dignity  on  an  equal  footing.  Its  astonishing 
growth  was  probably  due  to  this  course,  it 
being  the  first  society  of  any  kind  to  admit 
women  on  equal  terms  with  men.  Besides 
having  spread  over  the  United  States,  the  or- 
der at  present  is  well  sustained  in  Canada  and 
the  dependencies  of  Great  Britain,  including 
England,  Ireland  and  Scotland,  together  with 


68 


GOODMAN. 


Australia  and  South  Africa.  It  has  lodges  in 
France,  Germany,  Norway,  Sweden,  Den- 
mark and  Switzerland,  where,  at  Zurich,  in 
May,  1897,  the  Supreme  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
World  was  held.  It  is  estimated  that  since 
its  organization  the  order  has  numbered 
about  4,000,000  members.  At  the  present 
time — 1898 — the  estimated  number  of  mem- 
bers is  half  a  million  adults  and  200,000 
children.  The  cardinal  principle  of  the  or- 
ganization is  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxi- 
cating drinks.  It  is  social  and  helpful,  but 
includes  no  benefits,  its  work  being  purely  a 
labor  of  love. 

The  first  lodge  in  Missouri  was  organized 
in  Boonville  in  1854  by  B.  F.  Mills,  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  who 
had  been  initiated  into  a  Good  Templars' 
lodge  while  visiting  an  Eastern  State.  The 
first  lodge  in  St.  Louis  was  instituted  early  in 
1855.  and  soon  after  two  other  lodges — "Lily 
of  the  Valley"  and  "Mound  Lodge" — were 
instituted,  Mr.  Mills  being  the  instituting  of- 
ficer of  all  these.  On  the  14th  of  March, 
1855,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri  was  es- 
tablished in  St.  Louis.  The  first  officers  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  were :  Grand  worthy  chief 
templar,  Colonel  William  F.  Switzler;  vice 
templar,  Mrs.  Jane  Walker;  counselor,  E. 
Blakeley;  secretary.  B.  H.  Mills;  treasurer, 
E.  E.  Pleasant;  chaplain.  Rev.  W.  M.  Rush; 
marshal,  H.  B.  Callahan.  Among  the  lead- 
ing promoters  of  the  order  were  John  F. 
Grandy,  John  Libby,  John  Campbell,  C.  S. 
Barrett,  Timothy  Parsons,  R.  R.  Scott  and 
others.  When  the  war  broke  out  the  Good 
Templars  had  nearly  500  lodges  in  Missouri, 
but  the  order  was  nearly  broken  up  during 
the  war  period.  In  St.  Louis,  however,  it 
held  its  own,  the  lodges  being  recruited  to 
some  extent  from  the  numerous  bodies  of 
soldiers  in  the  city.  One  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing lodges  was  sustained  in  connection 
with  the  camp  at  the  Fair  Grounds.  The 
Good  Templars  reached  their  greatest  pros- 
perity in  St.  Louis  after  the  war,  and  at 
one  time  there  were  seventeen  lodges  in  the 
city.  The  formation  of  the  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  and  other  temper- 
ance organizations  at  a  later  date  drew  away 
many  members  from  the  Good  Templars,  and 
in  1898  there  were  only  100  lodges  in  Mis- 
souri, and  but  one — "Our  Neighbors,  No. 
233" — with  fifty  members,  in  St.  Louis.     The 


total  membership  in  the  State  at  the  same 
time  was  about  3,000. 

Goodman,  Lowell  Aloiizo,  a  noted 
horticulturist,  and  secretary  of  the  Missouri 
State  Horticultural  Society,  was  born  Febru- 
ary 6,  1845,  ^n  Porter,  Michigan.  His  father,. 
Alonzo  Adolphus  Goodman,  was  born  at 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  in  1813,  and  mar- 
ried Hannah  W.  Reeves,  a  native  of  Rens- 
selaer. New  York,  born  in  1820.  Tliey  resided 
during  their  married  life  at  Mt.  Clemens  and 
Porter,  Michigan.  The  first  member  of  the 
Goodman  family  of  whom  there  is  clear 
genealogical  record  was  Deacon  Richard 
Goodman,  born  in  England  in  1609.  He  was 
killed  by  the  Indians  in  1676,  during  a  sharp 
encounter  in  Massachusetts.  His  wife  was 
Mary  Terry,  whom  he  married  in  1659.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Stephen  Terry,  wha 
came  over  from  the  mother  country  in  the 
good  ship  "Mary  and  John"  in  1630.  Their 
son,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Hadley,  Massa- 
chusetts. September  16,  1673,  and  was  mar- 
ried to  Grace  Marsh  in  1698.  Their  son^ 
Thomas,  was  born  at  Hadley,  December  15, 
1 701.  and  his  wife  was  Mary  Scoville,  their 
marriage  being  celebrated  in  1724.  To  them 
a  son  was  born,  named  Noah,  also  at  Hadley. 
This  occurrence  was  on  February  9,  1734,  and 
on  October  25,  1756,  Noah  married  Abiel 
Smith.  A  son,  Titus,  was  born  of  this  mar- 
riage, the  family  home  being  then  at  South 
Hadley.  Titus  was  born  October  23,  1763,. 
and  was  married  in  1781  to  Sarah  Moody,  to 
whom  a  son,  Lowell  Goodman,  was  born 
August  17,  1789.  The  latter  married  Lucy 
Merrill,  June  23,  1810,  at  Pittsfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  her  son,  A.  A.,  was  the  father 
of  Lowell  A.  Goodman,  whose  name  appears 
in  the  introductory  line  of  this  biography. 
When  the  latter  was  less  than  one  year  of 
age  his  parents  removed  from  Porter,  Michi- 
gan, to  Mt.  Clemens,  in  the  same  State,  mak- 
ing the  journey  in  a  huge  wagon  with  an  ox 
team  for  motive  power.  The  family  resided 
at  Mt.  Clemens  for  twenty  years,  at  the  end 
of  which  time  they  removed  to  Ann  Arbor, 
in  order  that  the  children  might  have  better 
educational  advantages.  There  were  four  sis- 
ters and  one  brother  in  the  family,  and  these 
with  their  parents,  excepting  Lowell  A.,  re- 
moved to  Kansas  City  in  1866,  the  young 
man  following  the  next  year,  after  he  had  re-    ^ 


GOODWIN. 


69 


ceived  his  degree  from  the  University  of 
Michigan.  From  the  last  named  institution 
he  graduated  in  June,  1867,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  C.  E.  On  the  first  day  of  the  follow- 
ing August  he  arrived  in  Kansas  City  and 
took  up  his  residence  on  a  thickly  wooded 
farm,  bounded  by  what  would  now  be  Oak 
Street  on  the  east,  Main  Street  on  the  west, 
Fortieth  Street  on  the  north  and  Forty-third 
Street  on  the  south.  The  entire  acreage  of 
that  promising  place  was  planted  in  fruit 
trees,  and  the  owner  little  realized  that  within 
a  few  years  he  would  be  in  the  suburbs  of 
one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  the  coun- 
try. His  farm  was  then  considerably  removed 
from  the  signs  of  urban  civilization.  Now  the 
tract  of  land  is  surrounded  by  it.  Mr.  Good- 
man has  ever  since  made  his  home  at  this 
beautiful  spot,  at  what  is  known  as  the  cor- 
ner of  Fortieth  Street  and  Warwick  Boule- 
vard. A  square  brick  house,  of  the  prevailing 
style,  was  erected  in  1867.  In  1887  an  addi- 
tion was  built,  and  the  residence  now  stands, 
one  of  the  most  homelike  to  be  found  any- 
where. Every  tree  on  the  place — and  trees 
are  among  Mr.  Goodman's  delight,  as  he  has 
made  them  a  lifelong  study,  and  the  willing 
instruments  whereby  he  has  prospered — was 
planted  by  the  present  owner,  and  he  has  seen 
them  grow  from  saplings  to  the  sturdy  di- 
mensions of  forest  trees.  In  1882  Mr.  Good- 
man was  elected  secretary  of  the  Missouri 
State  Horticultural  Society,  and  has  since 
served  in  that  capacity.  He  is  devoted  to  his 
business  and  conducts  the  aflfairs  of  the  great- 
est orchards  in  the  world,  in  addition  to  his 
labors  as  secretary  of  the  society  heretofore 
mentioned.  He  is  considered  high  authority 
upon  all  matters  pertaining  to  horticulture 
and  has  established  a  reputation  that  is  by  no 
means  bounded  by  the  State  in  which  he  lives. 
Mr.  Goodman  is  a  Republican,  but  is  not  an 
active  politician.  His  only  tenure  of  office 
has  been  as  a  member  of  the  school  board, 
of  which  important  organization  he  was  presi- 
dent for  a  number  of  years.  His  political 
views  have  remained  unshaken  since  an  early 
day,  and  he  remembers  when  there  were  b.ut 
two  Republican  voters  in  Westport,  then  a 
separate  town  from,  but  now  a  suburban  part 
of  Kansas  City.  Since  1877  Mr.  Goodman 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Cumberland  Pres- 
byterian Church,  and  he  has  been  superin- 
tendent of  the  Sunday  school  at  Westport  for 
twenty-two  years.     Prior  to  1877  he  was  af- 


filiated with  the  Methodist  denomination.  He 
was  married  January  5,  1869,  to  Miss  Emer- 
gene  Parker,  of  Albion,  Michigan.  To  them 
three  daughters  have  been  born:  Marie 
Louise,  Grace  Fanny  and  Josephine  Berda. 
Mr.  Goodman,  in  his  present  positions  of 
dignity  and  trust,  is  rounding  out  a  noble 
career.  In  the  chosen  line  of  work  adopted 
by  him  many  years  ago  he  has  achieved  very 
large  success.  He  is  allied  with  the  efforts 
making  toward  the  upbuilding  of  the  youth 
of  the  land,  and  withal  is  held  in  highest  es- 
teem for  what  he  is  and  what  he  has  done 
during  the  years  of  a  fruitful  life. 

Goodwin,  J.  West,  editor,  was  born  Oc- 
tober 3,1836,  in  Jefiferson  County,  New  York. 
His  parents,  earnest  Methodists,  named  him 
John  Wesley ;  this  name  he  changed  to 
its  present  form  in  early  manhood.  When  less 
than  fourteen  years  old,  he  began  work  in  a 
printing  office  in  Watertown,  New  York,  and 
completed  his  apprenticeship  in  Potsdam,  in 
the  same  State.  In  1857  he  went  to  La- 
fayette, Indiana,  where  he  took  employment 
on  the  ''Journal."  During  the  political  cam- 
paign of  1858  he  conducted  a  newspaper  at 
Frankfort,  Indiana,  and  made  it  a  zealous 
exponent  of  Democratic  principles  as  repre- 
sented by  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  At  the  close 
of  the  campaign  he  resumed  work  at  La- 
fayette. In  1859  he  worked  at  the  case  on 
the  "Enquirer,"  at  Memphis,  Tennessee. 
During  the  presidential  campaign  of  i860,  he 
was  owner  and  editor  of  a  Democratic  news- 
paper at  Liberty,  Indiana.  While  opposing 
vigorously  the  election  of  Lincoln,  he  was  a 
staunch  Unionist,  and  a  marked  type  of  the 
War  Democrats,  whose  efforts  aided  so 
largely  in  the  preservation  of  the  govern- 
ment. In  1861  he  offered  himself  for 
enlistment  as  a  private  in  the  Fifteenth  Regi- 
ment Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was 
rejected  on  account  of  ill  health.  Shortly 
afterward  he  sought  acceptance  in  the  Six- 
teenth Regiment,  and  was  rejected  for  the 
same  reason  as  before.  He  then  made  his 
way  to  Virginia  and  secured  service  in  vari- 
ous capacities,  in  General  McClellan's  army, 
during  a  portion  of  the  time  in  the  Quarter- 
master's Department.  Having  regained  his 
health  he  enlisted  in  the  Sixty-second  Regi- 
ment Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  with  which 
he  served,  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
under  General  George  H.  Thomas.    Novem- 


70 


GORDON. 


ber  I,  1865,  several  months  after  the  return 
of  peace,  he  was  mustered  out  of  service,  and 
returned  to  Indiana.  In  1866  he  visited  Se- 
dalia,  but  finding  no  field  for  his  effort, 
walked  to  Springfield.  He  there  established 
the  first  newspaper  after  the  war  period,  the 
''Southwest  Union  Press,"  which  he  con- 
ducted for  about  one  year.  In  1867  he  lo- 
cated in  Sedalia,  which  has  since  been  his 
home,  and  the  scene  of  his  best  effort.  He 
began  with  a  small  jobbing  outfit,  advertising 
his  office  as  the  Artemas  Ward  Job  Printing 
House.  June  i,  1869,  he  began  the  pubHca- 
tion  of  the  Sedalia  weekly  "Bazoo."  In  1895 
he  discontinued  the  daily  edition  of  his  paper, 
continuing  the  weekly,  which  is  yet  under  his 
management.  The  peculiar  title,  and  the 
bright,  incisive  style  which  marked  its 
columns,  gave  the  paper  fame  almost  from 
the  outset.  Soon  after  its  founding  Mr. 
Goodwin  visited  New  York  City,  and  his 
presence  was  mentioned  by  a  reporter  on  the 
"Herald."  James  Gordon  Bennett,  its  editor, 
wrote  a  note  asking  a  visit,  and  when  Mr. 
Goodwin  appeared,  he  inquired  with  curiosity 
as  to  the  meaning  of  the  word  "Bazoo."  He 
was  informed  that  the  word  was  of  Indian 
origin,  meaning  a  wind  musical  instrument 
used  in  the  Ozark  region,  and  the  next  morn- 
ing the  "Herald"  contained  the  narrative, 
written  personally  by  Mr.  Bennett.  Mr. 
Goodwin,  through  his  wide  acquaintance  and 
retentive  memory,  is  undoubtedly  the  best 
informed  man  in  Missouri  on  matters  per- 
taining to  the  newspaper  field,  past  and  pres- 
ent, and  his  library  is  a  mine  of  valuable  files 
of  periodical  literature,  including  many  bound 
volumes  of  magazines  and  journals  which 
have  long  ago  disappeared.  While  indulgent 
in  reminiscence,  he  maintains  keen  interest  in 
the  affairs  of  the  present,  and  conducts  his 
paper  with  undiminished  vigor  and  a  hearty, 
well-tempered  enthusiasm.  Belonging  to 
the  old  school  of  newspaper  men,  he  has  ever 
taken  deep  interest  in  political  matters,  but 
has  habitually  refused  to  become  the  recipi- 
ent of  political  favors  as  an  office-holder.  He 
was  married  December  20,  1865,  to  Miss 
Martha  Torrence  Hunt,  of  Rising  Sun,  In- 
diana, who  died  August  15,  1886,  leaving 
three  sons.  The  youngest  one  of  the 
three  met  his  death  in  the  St.  Louis 
cyclone.  May  27,  1896,  while  on  a  visit 
to   his   uncle. 


Crordoii,  James  Andrew,  banker,  was 
born  in  Lafayette  County,  Missouri,  August 
26,  1 84 1,  son  of  Dr.  William  L.  and  Sarah 
(Smith)  Gordon.  Dr.  William  L.  Gordon 
was  a  native  of  Kentucky.  He  came  to  Mis- 
souri about  1830  and  settled  at  Jefferson  City, 
where  he  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Bolton. 
He  then  attended  the  Transylvania  Medical 
College  in  Kentucky,  which  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  Re- 
turning to  Missouri  he  first  practiced  medi- 
cine in  Cedar  County,  where  he  remained 
three  or  four  years,  later  removing  to  Jack- 
son County  and  subsequently  opening  an  of- 
fice in  Holt  County,  where  he  practiced  up 
to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1885,  except  during 
the  period  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  an  in- 
fluential Democrat  and  for  six  years  was 
county  judge  of  Holt  County.  His  father, 
James  Gordon,  was  probably  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky. His  wife,  Sarah  Smith,  was  a  native 
of  Tennessee.  Her  death  occurred  when  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  about  six  years  of 
age.  James  A.  Gordon  was  afforded  a  lib- 
eral college  education  by  his  father.  His 
preparatory  course  was  directed  by  private 
instructors.  Entering  the  Missouri  State 
University  at  Columbia,  he  was  graduated  in 
the  scientific  department  with  the  class  of 
1861.  After  leaving  college  he  began  the 
study  of  law,  teaching  school  in  the  mean- 
time, but  never  qualified  at  the  bar.  Soon 
after  the  begining  of  the  Civil  War  he  ten- 
dered his  services  to  the  Confederacy,  enlist- 
ing in  the  command  of  General  Shelby.  He 
left  for  the  front  August  18,  1862,  and  until 
the  close  of  the  conflict  served  constantly, 
participating  in  all  the  engagements  in  the 
various  campaigns  conducted  by  General 
Shelby.  At  the  "gunboat  fight"  at  Claren- 
don, Arkansas,  on  White  River,  a  bullet 
nearly  ended  his  career,  but  he  recovered  in 
time  to  participate  in  the  famous  Price  raid 
in  September,  1864.  He  still  carried  the  bul- 
let received  in  the  engagement  on  White 
River.  The  army  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected surrendered  at  Shreveport,  Louisiana, 
in  June,  1865,  and  on  July  3d,  following,  he 
reached  Lafayette  County.  Until  April,  1866, 
he  was  laid  up  at  home  as  the  result  of  his 
bullet  wound,  but  upon  his  recovery  he  was 
engaged  as  instructor  at  Shelby  College,  in 
Lafayette  County,  until  June  1869.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  taught  school  south  of  Lex-      \ 


GORIN— GOSSETT. 


71 


ington.  In  the  summer  of  1870  he  removed 
to  Waverly,  where  he  assisted  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Farmers'  Savings  Bank,  becom- 
ing its  first  cashier.  The  bank  was  moved 
to  Marshall  in  March,  1879.  Until  1889  Mr. 
Gordon  served  as  cashier,  but  since  that  year 
has  acted  as  president  of  the  institution.  He 
has  been  actively  identified  with  numerous 
enterprises  of  a  public  nature.  About  1881, 
in  company  with  Thomas  Boatright,  he  laid 
out  an  addition  of  about  twenty-one  acres  to 
the  northern  part  of  the  town  of  Marshall, 
disposing  of  most  of  the  lots  within  ninety 
days.  Nearly  every  lot  now  has  a  house 
upon  it,  many  of  them  being  attractive  and 
costly.  He  has  also  been  the  promoter  of 
several  railroads,  including  an  air  line  from 
St.  Louis  to  Kansas  City,  projected  in  1886, 
but  which  failed  to  materialize;  another  line 
from  Sedalia  to  Miami,  unconstructed ;  and 
the  branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  extending 
from  Lexington  to  Boonville.  Of  the  last 
named  road  he  was  one  of  the  original  pro- 
moters in  1887,  making  the  contract  with  the 
Missouri  Pacific  to  give  the  right  of  way,  that 
company  agreeing  to  build  the  road.  He  as- 
sisted in  the  establishment  of  the  Missouri 
Valley  College,  in  Marshall,  contributing  lib- 
erally of  his  means  to  provide  for  the  original 
expense  of  the  property,  and  likewise  was 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  location 
in  Marshall  of  the  State  Institution  for 
Feeble-Minded  Children,  erected  in  1900. 
Other  local  enterprises  have  also  received  his 
hearty  co-oi>eration.  Though  an  ardent  sup- 
porter of  the  cause  of  Democracy,  he  has 
never  consented  to  become  a  candidate  for 
public  office.  He  was  made  a  Mason  in  1871 
at  Waverly  and  has  passed  the  chairs  in  the 
lodge,  chapter  and  commandery  at  Marshall. 
He  was  one  of  the  charter  members  of  the 
commandery  in  Marshall.  Chiefly  through 
his  efforts  General  John  S.  Marmaduke  Camp 
of  United  Confederate  Veterans  of  Marshall 
was  instituted,  and  he  has  been  its  only  com- 
mander. He  is  an  active  member  of  the 
Christian  Church  and  has  been  superintend- 
ent of  its  Sunday  school  for  eighteen  years. 
Mr.  Gordon  was  married  December  29,  1868, 
to  Margaret  Elizabeth  Catron,  who  was  born 
four  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Lexington,  and 
is  a  daughter  of  John  Catron,  who  came  from 
Tennessee  in  boyhood  and  devoted  his  life  to 
agriculture.  They  are  the  parents  of  a  son, 
William  Catron  Gordon,  a  graduate  of  the 


Marshall  High  School,  the  Missouri  Valley 
College  and  Harvard  University,  which 
granted  him  diplomas,  classical  and  post- 
graduate, conferring  upon  him  the  degrees  of 
bachelor  of  arts  and  master  of  arts.  Al- 
though but  twenty-two  years  of  age,  in 
the  fall  of  1900  he  became  instructor  in 
Latin  and  Greek  languages  in  the  high 
school  at  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  For  many 
years  Mr.  Gordon  has  been  one  of  the  most 
influential  men  of  affairs  in  Saline  County,  de- 
voting time  and  money  toward  those  move- 
ments instituted  for  the  improvement  of  the 
community  in  its  various  aspects.  He  is  a 
prudent  and  sagacious  financier,  and  his  ad- 
vice guides  many  investors  in  and  about  Mar- 
shall. 

Gorin* — An  incorporated  town  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Scotland  County,  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
It  is  nicely  situated,  on  the  North  Fabius, 
and  has  a  good  graded  public  school,  three 
churches,  a  bank,  flouring  mill,  a  newspaper, 
the  "Argus,"  a  hotel,  handle  factory,  and 
about  twenty  other  business  places,  includ- 
ing stores  and  small  shops.  Population, 
1899  (estimated),  1,100. 

Gossett,  Jacob  D.,  a  pioneer  Baptist 
minister  of  western  Missouri,  was  born  No- 
vember 29,  1818,  in  Clark  County,  Kentucky, 
his  ancestors  having  removed  to  that  State 
from  Virginia  at  an  early  day.  He  was  a 
prominent  preacher  of  the  Baptist  denom- 
ination, and  in  1867  came  to  Missouri,  pur- 
chasing a  farm  three  miles  southwest  of 
Independence.  There  he  resided  a  number 
of  years,  and  in  1884  removed  to  Independ- 
ence, where  he  died  April  3,  1897,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-eight  years  and  four  months.  He 
and  his  wife,  Joan  Frances  (Ratliff)  Gossett, 
united  with  the  "Regular"  Baptist  Church 
in  1853,  and  during  their  useful  lives  they 
maintained  that  profession,  and  honored  it 
by  their  devotion  to  the  work  of  God.  They 
were  baptized  by  Elder  Matthias  Gossett 
while  they  were  residing  in  the  State  of  their 
nativity.  Mrs.  Gossett  was  born  in  Bath 
County,  Kentucky,  February  4,  1830,  and 
died  January  2,  1900,  having  almost  arrived 
at  the  age  of  three  score  years  and  ten. 
Rev.  Gossett  was  ordained  to  the  work  of 
the  Gospel  ministry  in  1867,  and  removed  to 
Missouri  in  the  same  year.     His  marriage 


72 


GOSSETT. 


had  occurred  September  2,  1846,  and  with 
his  family  he  sought  a  new  home  in  a  com- 
paratively new  State.  With  the  exception 
of  a  short  time  spent  in  Kansas  City,  Inde- 
pendence was  his  home  from  that  year  until 
his  death.  Elder  and  Mrs.  Gossett  cele- 
brated their  golden  wedding  anniversary 
September  2,  1897,  and  the  event  was  said 
to  have  been  the  second  of  its  kind  in  the 
history  of  Independence.  Prior  to  his  re- 
moval to  Independence,  Elder  Gossett  was 
engaged  in  farming  and  stock-raising.  He 
also  had  experience  in  the  mercantile  busi- 
ness, and  was  one  of  the  originators  and, 
stockholders  of  the  Bank  of  Independence. 
At  the  same  time  he  was  engaged  in  the 
milling  and  grain  business  at  Blue  Springs, 
during  this  commercial  activity  maintaining 
his  duties  as  a  preacher  and  spiritual  adviser. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  a  man  of  great 
strength,  and  his  duties  as  pastor  were  re- 
warded by  the  love  of  all  who  profited  by 
or  witnessed  his  ministrations.  Nine  chil- 
dren were  born  to  Elder  and  Mrs.  Gossett, 
of  whom  eight  are  living.  At  the  death  of 
their  father  and  mother  the  six  surviving 
sons  acted  as  pall-bearers,  this  being  done,  in 
both  instances,  at  the  request  of  their  mother. 
Their  son,  Caleb  Sanford  Gossett,  was  born 
June  18,  1847,  in  Bath  County,  Kentucky. 
He  was  educated  in  the  private  schools,  and 
at  an  early  age  assumed  his  share  of  the 
duties  of  the  farm.  He  was  nineteen  years 
of  age  when  he  came  to  Missouri.  Being 
the  eldest  son,  the  duties  of  managing  the 
afifairs  of  the  home  place  devolved  upon  him 
largely,  and  he  acquired  valuable  practical 
experience  early  in  life.  In  1879  he  removed 
to  Kansas  City,  and  was  deputy  sheriff  under 
John  C.  Hope  for  two  years.  At  the  end 
of  that  time  he  returned  to  Independence 
and  engaged  in  stock-raising  on  the  country 
place  which  has  since  been  the  family  home.  . 
January  i,  1899,  he  was  appointed  by  his 
brother,  Martin  R.  Gossett,  recorder  of  deeds 
of  Jackson  County,  to  the  position  of  deputy 
recorder,  with  jurisdiction  over  the  office  at 
Independence,  and  he  is  still  acting  in  that 
capacity.  The  members  of  this  family  are 
Democrats  in  political  belief,  and  have  been 
active  workers  in  the  best  interests  of  the 
party.  Mr.  Gossett  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Baptist  Church  since  1878.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  Union  Lodge,  No.  168,  Independent 
Order    of    Odd    Fellows,   at     Kansas   City. 


Matthias  Gossett  was  born  July  4,  1848,  in 
Bath  County,  Kentucky.  He  lived  on  the 
farm  with  his  father  until  1870,  having  re- 
moved to  Missoviri  during  these  years,  and 
then  returned  to  his  native  State,  where  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Kittie  Bourne,  a  mem- 
ber of  one  of  Kentucky's  most  highly  re- 
spected families.  He  came  back  to  Missouri 
and  lived  one  year,  returned  to  Kentucky  to 
engage  in  merchandising  and  farming,  and 
in  1885  resumed  his  residence  in  that  State, 
and  has  been  identified  with  the  interests  of 
Missouri  since  that  time.  Anna  Elizabeth 
Gossett  was  born  November  10,  1850,  and 
was  married  to  William  M.  Hill,  of  Jackson 
County,  Missouri,  in  1869.  She  died  No- 
vember 4,  1880.  Mary  E.  Gossett  was  born 
December  18,  1853,  and  was  married  to  Wil- 
liam Down,  of  Platte  County,  Missouri,  May 
30,  1876.  Her  husband  was  a  Confederate 
soldier  and  served  with  John  Morgan.  He  is 
now  a  resident  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri. 
Martin  R.  Gossett,  recorder  of  deeds  of 
Jackson  County,  Missouri,' was  born  April 
II,  1857,  in  Bath  County,  Kentucky.  He 
came  to  Missouri  with  his  parents  in  1866, 
and  during  his  boyhood  days  attended  school 
in  the  old  Pitcher's  schoolhouse,  a  structure 
that  is  still  .withstanding  the  ravages  of 
time.  He  was  also  a  pupil  under  Professor 
D.  I.  Caldwell,  of  Independence.  His  first 
business  engagement  was  in  the  mercantile 
line  with  J.  May  &  Son,  of  Independence. 
He  was  with  that  house  for  four  years,  at  the 
end  of  which  tihie,  in  1880,  he  removed  to 
Kansas  City,  where,  for  eighteen  years,  he 
was  identified  with  the  clothing  trade  on 
Main  Street.  In  1898  the  Democrats  of 
Jackson  County  nominated  him  for  the  office 
of  recorder,  and  he  was  elected  by  the  hand- 
some majority  of  3,200,  the  candidate  for 
the  circuit  judgeship  being  the  only  one  on 
the  ticket  who  received  a  larger  vote.  The 
term  is  for  four  years,  and  Mr.  Gossett  is 
discharging  the  duties  of  the  office  to  the 
full  satisfaction  of  the  people  who  honored 
him.  He  was  married,  in  1891,  to  Mary  D. 
Carter,  daughter  of  Edwin  Carter,  of  Kan- 
sas City.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order,  is  a  Knight  Templar,  and  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  Amer- 
ica. Alfred  N.  Gossett,  lawyer,  was  born 
November  13,  1861,  in  Bath  County,  Ken- 
tucky. He  came  to  Missouri  with  his 
parents  while  yet  a  child,  and  received  his 


GOULD— GOVERNMENT,  DEPARTMENTS  OF. 


73 


i 


preliminary  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  Jackson  County,  also  graduating  from 
Woodland  College,  in  Independence.  His 
legal  course  was  taken  at  the  Washington 
University  Law  School,  St.  Louis,  gradua- 
tion honors  being  conferred  upon  him  in 
1883.  After  his  admission  to  the  practice 
of  law  he  located  at  Kansas  City,  entering 
into  partnership  with  John  D.  S.  Cook,  under 
the  firm  name  of  Cook  &  Gossett.  Mr.  Gos- 
sett's  practice  is  devoted  to  real  estate  and 
corporation  law  and  general  civil  practice. 
He  has  not  sought  political  preferment, 
although  his  counsel  is  valued  in  affairs 
which  have  a  bearing  upon  the  welfare  of 
the  Democratic  party  and  the  accomplish- 
ment of  good  government.  "He  was  married, 
November  27,,  1887,  to  Miss  Vera  Galbaugh, 
a  native  of  St.  Louis,  but  then  residing  in 
Kansas  City.  Emma  Lee  Gossett  was  born 
September  17,  1863,  and  is  living  with  her 
brother,  C.  S.,  at  the  old  family  home  in 
Independence.  Edward  B.  Gossett  was  born 
July  24,  1865,  and  graduated  from  a  medi- 
cal school  in  Kansas  City  in  1894.  After 
receiving  his  diploma  he  practiced  medicine 
in  Kansas  City  for  three  years,  and  then  ac- 
cepted a  position  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Hospital,  at 
Topeka,  Kansas,  being  promoted  to  the  office 
of  chief  surgeon  at  Ottawa,  Kansas,  in  1899. 
He  married  Edna  Hough,  of  Aurora,  Illinois, 
October  16,  1899.  Claud  S.  Gossett  was 
born  September  30,  1868,  at  the  old  country 
home  of  the  family,  near  Independence.  He 
attended  the  district  schools  and  graduated 
from  the  High  School  at  Independence.  He 
was  employed  at  dififerent  times  as  dry  goods 
and  drug  salesman,  later  engaged  in  the 
grain  and  milling  business  with  his  father, 
and  is  now  chief  deputy  recorder  of  Jack- 
son County  under  his  brother,  Martin  R. 
Gossett.  He  married  Miss  Bettie  Stanley, 
a  member  of  a  highly  respected  family  of 
Jackson  County. 

Cxould,  David  B.,  was  born  in  Cald- 
well, Essex  County,  New  Jersey,  Septem- 
ber 7,  1844.  He  received  a  common  school 
and  academic  education.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  entered  the  Union  Army  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  ordnance  department,  and  in 
1864  was  transferred  to  a  Western  post — 
Fort  Scott,  Kansas — where  he  remained  until 
the  close  of  the  war.     The  following  year, 


1866,  he  embarked  in  the  directory  pubHsh- 
ing  business.  Volume  I  of  the  St.  Louis 
Directory  was  issued  in  1872.  Two  years 
later  he  began  publishing,  in  addition  to  his 
annual  general  directory  of  the  city,  a  spe- 
cial business  directory.  In  1881  he  added 
another  annual  to  his  list  of  publications — the 
"St.  Louis  Blue  Book."  Each  hasi  been  im- 
proved and  enlarged  with  each  succeeding 
issue.  The  business  directory,  now  called 
"Gould's  Commercial  Register,"  takes  in 
East  vSt.  Louis,  Belleville  and  St.  Charles, 
and  the  "Blue  Book"  a  score  of  suburban 
cities,  about  every  place,  in  fact,  that  might 
properly  be  included  in  "Greater  St.  Louis." 
Nor  is  this  all.  Mr.  Gould  has  published 
complete  general  directories  at  dififerent  times 
for  a  number  of  more  distant  cities,  such  as 
Peoria,  Bloomington,  Quincy,  and  Spring- 
field, Illinois.  His  list  of  publications  include 
also  a  street  guide  to  St.  Louis  and  a  map 
of  the  city.  In  1898,  at  a  meeting  held  in 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Association  of  American  Directory  Pub- 
lishers. Mr.  Gould  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  St.  Louis  Club,  and  during  the  first 
year  was  a  director  and  chairman  of  its  house 
committee.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  St.  Louis  Hansom  Company,  which 
was  the  commencement  of  cheap  fares,  and 
has  been  prominently  identified  with  many 
other  public  and  semi-public  enterprises.  In 
1878  he  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  Mer- 
chants' Exchange  Relief  Fund  for  the  yellow 
fever  sufiferers  of  Memphis  and  the  South, 
Mrs.  Gould  was  a  Miss  Allen,  daughter  of 
Dr.  M.  V.  Allen,  of  Peoria,  Illinois.  They 
have  three  children — Edward  M.  and  Miss 
Emma  Banks  Gould,  and  Mrs.  Henry  W. 
Grady,  of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  the  latter's  hus- 
band being  a  son  of  the  late  Henry  W. 
Grady,  editor  of  the  Atlanta  "Constitution" 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  one  of  the  most 
famous  men  of  the  South. 

OoverniTient,  Departments  of. — In 

the  United  States,  and  also  in  the  States, 
there  are  three  departments  of  government — 
the  legislative  department,  which  alone  makes 
laws ;  the  judicial  department,  which  inter- 
prets the  laws  ;  and  the  executive  department, 
which  executes  the  laws.  Each  of  these  is 
confined  to  a  separate  magistracy,  and  only 
in  a  few  exceptional  cases  is  a  person  con- 
nected  with   one   department   authorized   to 


74 


GOVERNMENT  OF  ST.    I^OUIS,   PRIMITIVE. 


exercise  powers  belonging  to  the  other. 
There  are  minor  departments  of  administra- 
tion, sometimes  popularly  spoken  of  as  the 
State  department,  and  the  insurance  depart- 
ment ;  but  the  legislative,  judicial  and  exec- 
utive are  the  three  chief  departments  of  the 
government,  and  the  Constitution  aims  to 
keep  them  as  distinct  and  independent  of  one 
another  as  possible. 

Oovernment  of  St.  Louis,  Primi- 
tive.— Government  in  St.  Louis  began  grad- 
ually and  almost  imperceptibly,  as  it  did  in 
other  parts  of  the  West  where  the  first  be- 
ginning was  a  handful  of  settlers  or  miners, 
whose  rights  were  simple  and  whose  wants 
were  few.  There  was  the  trading  house  of 
Maxent,  Laclede  &  Co.,  the  largest  struc- 
ture at  the  post,  located  on  Main  Street,  be- 
tween Market  and  Walnut,  and  near  it  were 
clustered  the  small  palisade  houses  of  the 
first  inhabitants.  They  were  all  French,  and 
the  community  of  interest  in  common  dan- 
gers, common  language,  common  faith  and 
common  purposes  stood  in  the  place  of  gov- 
ernment. They  required  no  government,  as 
there  was  nothing  to  govern.  The  rights  of 
property  needed  neither  definition  nor  pro- 
tection where  there  was  little  in  the  shape 
of  property  to  protect ;  and  as  to  the  rights 
of  person,  they  were  safe  enough  with  peo- 
ple who  were  true  to  one  another  and  who 
soon  became  akin  by  intermarriage.  Another 
consideration  that  exempted  the  little  com- 
munity from  the  necessity  of  law  and  gov- 
ernment was  the  absence  of  distilled  liquor. 
The  French  settlers  cared  nothing  for  the 
whisky  that  was  considered  an  article  of 
necessity  in  the  American  settlements  in 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  it  never  be- 
came an  article  of  commerce  and  use  in  the 
trading  post  until  an  American  element  was 
added  to  the  population  and  trade  was  opened 
with  the  Ohio  River  towns.  Besides,  there 
was  a  supreme  recognized  authority  over  all 
in  the  person  of  the  Military  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor, who  had  a  small  body  of  troops  at 
his  command.  Although  the  authority  of  the 
Military  Governor  was  virtually  absolute, 
there  was  no  temptation  to  oppress  and  no 
wealth  in  the  community  to  provoke  rapac- 
ity ;  and  the  forty  years  of  military  rule,  from 
1764  to  the  surrender  of  the  place  to  the 
United  States  in  1804,  was  so  gentle  and  sat- 
isfactory   that    the    little    community    never 


troubled  itself  with  any  other.  The  popu- 
lation grew  slowly.  The  first  body  of  set- 
tlers who  came  with  Auguste  Chouteau 
numbered  only  about  thirty,  and  there  were 
few  sources  from  which  accessions  could  be 
drawn.  A  few  families — not  more  than  two- 
score  all  told — came  across  the  river  from 
Kaskaskia,  Cahokia,  Fort  Chartres  and  Vin- 
cennes,  after  the  campaign  by  which  General 
George  Rogers  Clark  subjugated  the  terri- 
tory now  embraced  in  the  States  of  Indiana 
and  Illinois,  as  the  United  States  authority 
was  not  agreeable  to  the  French  settlers  in 
those  places,  and  a  number  came  to  St. 
Louis  to  escape  it.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1800  the  entire  population  of  the  place 
was  only  about  600.  It  was  better  known  as 
"Laclede's  Village"  than  by  the  official  name 
of  St.  Louis,  which  Laclede  had  given  it. 
It  was  French  in  everything — in  language^ 
manners,  habits,  amusements,  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  houses,  in  their  wooden  cart 
wheels,  in  the  harness,  and  in  the  method  of 
yoking  and  driving  the  oxen,  which  were 
chiefly  used  for  drawing  the  carts  through 
the  deep  mud  of  the  streets.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  not  given  to  the  roystering  and 
violence  that  sometimes  cause  trouble  in 
Western  American  settlements,  but  were  in- 
nocent, simple-hearted,  and  so  considerate 
of  others  that  the  machinery  of  government 
would  have  been  irksome.  There  was  so  lit- 
tle spirit  of  improvement  among  them  that 
when,  after  the  transfer,  the  restless  Ameri- 
cans began  to  take  matters  into  their  own 
hands,  the  tranquil,  easy-going  people  com- 
plained that  the  rocks  with  which  the  Ameri- 
cans paved  the  crossings  broke  their  untired 
cart  wheels.  A  more  contented  community 
could  not  have  been  found  than  this  one, 
and  if  it  had  been  left  to  itself  it  might 
have  plodded  on  its  peaceful  way  for  an- 
other quarter  of  a  century  without  ordi- 
nances, statutes  or  courts  of  justice.  The 
first  streets  were  Rue  Royale,  which  after- 
ward became  Main  Street;  Rue  d'Eglise, 
which  afterward  became  Church  Street,  and 
later  Second  Street ;  Rue  des  Granges,  which 
the  Americans  called  Barn  Street,  and  is 
now  Third  Street ;  Rue  Bonhomme,  which 
afterward  became  Market  Street,  and  Rue  de 
la  Tour,  which  afterward  became  Walnut 
Street.  Where  the  levee  now  runs  was  a 
steep  blufif  thirty-five  feet  high.  There  was 
a  public  square,  called  Place  d'Armes,  east         \ 


GOVERNMENT  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  VII.LAGE. 


75 


of  Main  Street,  between  Market  and  Walnut, 
and  from  Walnut  Street  the  bluff  sloped  off 
gently  to  Poplar  Street,  whence  the  low, 
level  ground  stretched  away  to  the  south. 
There  was  no  scarcity  of  real  estate,  which 
now  furnishes  cause  for  so  much  litigation 
in  advanced  communities,  for  the  back  yard 
of  the  settlement  extended  indefinitely.  The 
site  of  the  post  was  wooded,  but  from  the 
line  of  Broadway  west  was  open  prairie, 
broken  here  and  there  by  patches  of  timber, 
and  any  settler  might  take  as  much  or  as 
little  as  he  wanted,  provided  he  did  not  en- 
croach upon  some  prior  occupant's  posses- 
sion. A  little  later  on  the  Spanish  Governor 
adopted  the  practice  of  granting  concessions 
of  lands,  and  these,  in  the  end,  were  the 
cause  of  endless  confusion  and  litigation. 
But  in  the  primitive  days  of  St.  Louis  there 
were  no  lawsuits,  no  lawyers,  no  courthouse 
and  no  jail ;  and  yet  the  community  was 
quite  as  happy,  probably,  as  when,  at  a  later 
day,  it  had  increased  in  numbers  and  wealth 
and  was  provided  with  all  these  adjuncts  of 
civilization.  The  Lieutenant  Governors  dur- 
ing the  primitive  period  to  the  cession  to 
the  United  States  in  1804  were :  St.  Ange  de 
Bellerive  from  1766  to  1770;  Don  Pedro  Pier- 
nas,  from  1770  to  1775 ;  Don  Francisco  Cru- 
zat,  from  1775  to  1778;  Don  P'ernando  de 
Leyba,  from  1778  to  1780;  Don  Francisco 
Cruzat,  reappointed,  from  1780  to  1787;  Don 
Emanuel  Perez,  from  1787  to  1792;  Don 
Zenon  Trudeau,  from  1792  to  1799,  and 
Charles    Dehault    Delassus,    from    1799    to 

^^4-  D   M  Grissom. 

Governinent  of  St.  Louis,  Village. 

It  was  not  until  the  year  1809,  five  years 
after  the  formal  transfer  of  Louisiana  Ter- 
ritory to  the  United  States,  that  the  people 
of  St.  Louis  took  upon  themselves  the  du- 
ties and  responsibilities  of  self-government. 
The  population  was  then  about  r,200,  and 
was  increasing  briskly  for  that  day — say,  at 
the  rate  of  about  250  a  year.  There  was  a 
prosperous  fur,  lead  and  peltry  trade,  which 
brought  in  about  $75,000  a  year ;  the  ferriage 
of  persons  and  vehicles  across  the  river  was 
growing  into  a  lively  business,  which  needed 
some  regulation;  there  was  an  increasing 
element  of  boatmen,  hunters,  trappers,  voy- 
agers, Indians  and  adventurers,  who,  though 
not  altogether  lawless,  required  some  re- 
straint; and,  then,  there  were  streets  which, 


in  some  cases,  were  little  more  than  lanes 
or  roads,  built  into,  here  and  there,  which 
required  straightening,  widening  and  shap- 
ing, to  make  them  worthy  of  the  large  town 
that  St.  Louis  promised  to  become  in  the 
course  of  the  next  twenty  years.  The  formal 
transfer  of  Louisiana  Territory  to  the  United 
States,  which  took  place  in  1804,  had  been 
followed  almost  immediately  by  increasing 
signs  of  American  spirit  and  enterprise.  A 
new  element  was  coming  into  the  village 
from  Kentucky  and  Virginia;  the  fur  trade 
was  growing  larger  and  more  profitable,  and 
a  new  trade  with  the  settlements  on  the  Ohio 
River  was  springing  up.  There  was  an  in- 
creased coming  and  going  between  St.  Louis 
and  Vincennes — the  seat  of  government  of 
Indiana  Territory — and  also  to  and  from 
Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Charles,  Louisville  and 
Nashville,  and  each  year  the  ferry  accommo- 
dations between  St.  Louis  and  the  Illinois 
shore  ha:d  to  be  increased.  Captain  Amos 
Stoddard,  who  formally  received  St.  Louis 
and  Upper  Louisiana  Territory  in  the  name 
of  the  United  States,  on  the  loth  of  March, 
1804,  remained  in  authority  until  Sep- 
tember 30th  of  that  year,  when  General  Har- 
rison, Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  came 
over  from  Vincennes,  with  his  attendant 
judges,  and  opened  court,  and  appointed  a 
court  of  common  pleas  for  St.  Louis,  with 
Silas  Bent,  Bernard  Pratte  and  Louis  Le- 
baume  as  judges.  A  sheriff  was  appointed, 
as  well  as  a  recorder,  and  two  months  later, 
in  December,  1804,  the  first  grand  jury  was 
summoned  and  a  house  was  rented  for  a 
jail.  These  things  showed  that  the  tranquil, 
easy  and  uneventful  French  regime  was  vir- 
tually over,  and  a  more  aggressive  era  had 
begun.  In  the  five  years  following  the  trans- 
fer, of  authority  by  Lieutenant  Governor  De- 
lassus, the  last  French  Governor,  in  1804, 
there  were  three  American  Governors :  Sam- 
uel Hammond,  appointed  deputy  under  Gen- 
eral William  Henry  Harrison,  from  1804  to 
1805;  General  James  Wilkinson,  from  1805 
to  1807,  and  Meriwether  Lewis,  from  1807 
to  1809;  and  these  officials,  with  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  furnished  what  govern- 
ment was  thought  to  be  needed.  But  the 
village  was  growing  in  importance,  and  the 
citizens  began  to  desire  a  larger  control  of 
their  own  local  interests;  accordingly,  in 
1809,  under  an  act  of  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature,  St.   Louis  became   an    incorporated 


76 


GOVERNMENT  OF  ST.   I.OUIS,  VILLAGE. 


town,  with  its  first  board  of  trustees.  The 
Augnste  Chouteau  plat  of  the  town,  made 
at  the  beginning  of  the  settlement,  extended 
from  Chouteau  Avenue,  on  the  south,  to 
Cherry  Street — now  Franklin  Avenue — on 
the  north,  and  from  the  River  to  Fourth 
Street — the  squares  having  an  east  and  west 
front  of  240  feet  and  a  depth  of  300  feet. 
The  trade  of  the  place  consisted  of  peltries, 
lead  and  whisky,  and  the  imports  of  mer- 
chandise were  valued  at  $250,000  annually. 
The  revenues  of  the  town  were  provided  for 
at  first  by  licenses,  and  afterward  by  taxes 
on  property.  A  license  of  $15  was  exacted 
of  taverns,  retailers  of  liquor  and  merchants 
dealing  in  products  and  manufactures  com- 
ing from  places  outside  the  Territory ;  $100 
on  billiard  tables  and  wheels  of  fortune ;  $2 
on  dogs  over  one  to  each  family ;  $2  on  four- 
wheel  carriages,  and  $1  on  others;  $15  on 
ferries ;  $5  a  ton  on  boats  and  barges  of  five 
tons,  with  $1  per  ton  additional  for  those 
of  greater  tonnage,  and  $2  on  pirogues. 
These  licenses,  as  we  learn  from  the  re- 
turns of  Auguste  Chouteau,  treasurer, 
yielded,  in  1810,  a  total  of  $350,  which,  with 
$163  from  the  property  tax,  and  $16  from 
fines,  m.ade  an  aggregate  revenue  of  $529 
for  the  first  year  of  town  government.  The 
next  year  it  amounted  to  $636,  and  there 
was  a  steady  increase  from  year  to  year. 
The  ordinances  dealt  with  the  ordinary  sub- 
jects of  regulation.  Ferry  rates  were  fixed; 
slaves  were  forbidden  to  be  away  from  home 
at  night  after  9  o'clock,  without  a  pass  from 
their  owners ;  chimneys  were  required  to  be 
swept  once  a  month;  stone  crossings  were 
provided  at  the  principal  street  corners ;  car- 
casses of  dead  animals  were  removed,  and 
some  of  the  worst  mud-holes  were  filled  up. 
The  first  step  toward  the  modern  fire  de- 
partment was  taken,  by  requiring  every 
house  to  be  provided  with  two  strong  buck- 
ets for  carrying  water  in  case  of  a  fire,  and 
the  able-bodied  citizens  to  be  enrolled  as 
members  of  a  fire  company.  A  road  over- 
seer was  appointed,  and  every  able-bodied 
male  inhabitant  was  required,  upon  the  call 
of  this  offtcer,  to  work  on  the  streets  not 
more  than  thirty  days  every  year.  In  181 1 
the  first  Sunday  law  was  enacted.  It  re- 
quired all  stores  where  goods  and  merchan-' 
dise  were  sold  to  be  closed  on  Sunday  from 
"8  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  sundown,"  the 
penalty  being  a  fine  of  $10  and  the  price  of 


the  goods  sold.  In  the  same  year  Charles 
Gratiot,  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees, 
advertised  for  materials  for  a  new  market- 
house  on  Main  Street,  between  Market  and 
Walnut  Streets.  This  building,  having  fif- 
teen stalls,  was  completed  in  the  following 
year,  and  the  stalls  were  rented  for  $10  to 
$30  each.  In  1813  the  population  had  reached 
1,400,  and  in  181 5  it  was  returned  by  the 
sheriff,  J.  W.  Thompson,  at  2,600,  showing 
the  very  encouraging  increase  of  1,200  in  the 
two  years.  The  first  proposition  for  a  city 
charter  came  up  and  was  discussed,  but  the 
taxpayers,  who  alone  were  voters,  did  not 
receive  it  with  general  favor,  because  they 
feared  it  would  involve  too  great  a  cost  for 
the  community.  The  election  for  trustees 
in  1819  was  an  exciting  one,  and  there  were 
168  votes  cast,  the  successful  candidates  be- 
ing Julius  De  Mun,  Thomas  McKnight,  Wil- 
liam C.  Carr,  Henry  Von  Phul  and  Paschal 
Cerre.  The  revenue  amounted  to  $1,307. 
The  general  appearance  of  things  was  con- 
stantly becoming  more  and  more  American. 
The  French  names  of  streets  were  changed, 
and  Rue  Royale  was  called  Main  Street ;  Rue 
d'Eglise,  Church  Street ;  Rue  des  Granges, 
Barn  Street ;  Rue  Bonhomme,  Market 
Street,  and  Rue  de  la  Tour,  Walnut  Street. 
The  population  in  1819  was  still  chiefly 
French,  but  the  Americans,  about  one-third, 
were  taking  the  lead  in  business  and  politics, 
and  asserting  the  new  order  of  things  indi- 
cated in  the  change  of  government.  The  fur 
trade  was  growing  more  extensive  and  profit- 
able ;  there  were  more  boats  and  barges  com- 
ing  and  going  in  its  service,  and  the  river 
trade  with  Louisville  and  New  Orleans  was 
assuming  larger  proportions,  and  there  were 
times  when  the  streets  were  thronged  with 
bargemen,  cordeliers,  hunters,  trappers,  voy- 
ageurs  and  soldiers,  just  returned  from  an 
expedition,  or  preparing  for  an  outgoing  one. 
In  1817  a  steamboat,  the  "General  Pike,"  had 
come  up  the  river  and  landed  at  St.  Louis, 
giving  an  intimation  of  the  wonderful  steam- 
boat era  that  was  to  reach  its  full  develop- 
ment a  generation  later.  In  1821  the  first 
directory  of  St.  Louis  was  published,  and  in 
the  same  year  Missouri  became  a  State  of  the 
Union.  The  time  was  at  hand  for  the  town 
of  St.  Louis  to  take  another  step  upward,  and 
it  was,  therefore,  in  accordance  with  the 
plainly  expressed  desire  of  its  people  that  one 
of  the   acts   of  the   first   State    Legislature. 


GOVERNMENT  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  CITY. 


77 


which  met  in  1822,  was  the  granting  of  a 
charter  to  the  "City  of  St.  Louis."  This  char- 
ter was  accepted  by  the  people,  and  in  the 
following  year  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
town  of  St.  Louis  went  out  of  existence — the 
last  members  of  the  board  being  William 
Clark,  Archibald  Gamble,  Henry  Von  Phul, 
Peter  Ferguson  and  George  Morton.  The 
town  government  lasted  from  1809  to  1823, 
in  which  time  the  population  was  quadrupled, 
increasing  from  1,000  to  4,000. 

D.  M.  Grissom. 

Government  of  St.   Loviis,  City. — 

St.  Louis  began  its  career  as  a  city  in  1823, 
when  its  first  charter,  investing  it  with 
municipal  dignity,  powers  and  franchises, 
went  into  effect.  This  charter,  submitted 
to  the  taxpayers  in  March,  1823,  was 
accepted  by  a  small  majority,  the  vote 
standing  107  for  to  90  against  it;  and 
a  month  later  an  election  was  held 
for  mayor  and  aldermen.  Dr.  William 
Carr  Lane  being  chosen  the  first  mayor,  and 
Thomas  McKnight,  James  Kennerly,  Philip 
Rocheblave,  Archibald  Gamble,  William  H, 
Savage,  Robert  Wash,  James  Loper,  H.  Von 
Phul  and  James  Lakenan,  the  first  aldermen. 
These  names  indicate  how  nearly  American- 
ized the  place  had  become  in  the  nineteen 
years  since  the  transfer  in  1804.  There  were 
many  prominent  wealthy  French  citizens. 
The  two  original  Chouteaus,  Auguste  and 
Pierre,  who  took  part  in  the  settlement  of 
the  place,  were  still  living,  the  former  at  the 
age  of  seventy-three,  and  the  latter  sixty-five 
years,  and  there  was  a  second  generation^ 
descendants  of  the  first  settlers,  including 
Gratiots,  Papins,  Carrs,  LeBeaumes,  Ber- 
tholds  and  others,  fitted  by  wealth  and  edu- 
cation, enterprise,  public  service  and  social 
position  to  take  part  in  the  local  government 
of  the  city  which  their  fathers  had  assisted  in 
founding ;  but  they  did  not  exhibit  the  ambi- 
tion for  official  position  which  marked  the 
restless  Americans,  and  the  latter  were 
allowed  to  take  the  lead  in  the  work  of 
starting  the  young  city  on  its  municipal 
career.  The  first  message  of  the  first  mayor 
exhibited  the  boundless  faith  in  the  future 
greatness  of  St.  Louis  that  has  been  ex- 
pressed in  the  messages  of  his  successors 
ever  since.  "The  progressive  rise  of  our 
city,"  said  Mayor  Lane,  "is  morally  certain. 
The   causes   of  its  prosperity  are   inscribed 


upon  the  very  face  of  the  earth,  and  are  as 
permanent  as  the  foundations  of  the  soil  and 
the  sources  of  the  Mississippi."  The  mes- 
sage called  attention  to  the  obstructions  of 
buildings  in  the  streets,  and  the  propriety 
of  having  them  removed,  the  need  of  one  or 
more  wharfs,  with  a  port  officer  to  look  after 
them,  the  regulations  of  the  ferries,  and 
recommended  a  board  of  health  with  ample 
powers  to  search  out  and  remove  nuisances, 
with  the  object  of  correcting  the  "character 
for  unhealthiness"  which  the  city  was  labor- 
ing under.  The  mayor's  salary  was  fixed  at 
$600  a  year,  and  the  city  treasurer's  com- 
pensation at  I  per  cent  on  receipts.  An 
ordinance  was  adopted,  recognizing  the  width 
of  the  north  and  south  streets  as  thirty-six 
French  feet,  and  of  the  cross  streets,  as  they 
were  called,  thirty  feet,  but  allowing  the 
houses  built  into  the  streets  to  remain  until 
voluntarily  removed  by  the  owners,  or  de- 
stroyed by  time  or  accident,  and  establishing 
the  "Market  Square"  (bounded  by  Main 
Street  and  the  Levee  and  Market  and  Wal- 
nut) and  that  whereon  Colonel  Chouteau  re- 
sides (bounded  by  Main  and  Second  Streets, 
and  Market  and  Walnut)  as  a  basis  of  survey 
of  plats  of  the  city.  As  the  traffic  of  the  city 
increased  on  Main  Street,  Walnut,  Market 
and  Chestnut,  the  narrow  limits  of  these 
streets  caused  inconvenience,  but  it  was  not 
until  twenty-five  years  after  the  city  charter 
was  granted,  and  after  nearly  all  the  old 
dwelling  houses  on  these  streets  had  been 
abandoned,  that  the  city  council  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  great  fire  in  1849  to  widen 
Main  Street  to  sixty  feet  and  require  that  this 
increase  in  width  should  be  conformed  to  in 
rebuilding  the  burnt  district.  The  cross 
streets  were  gradually  widened  in  like  man- 
ner, and  the  irregular  lanes  that  had  come 
down  from  the  old  village  days  were  con- 
verted into  the  streets  as  we  see  them  at  this 
day. 

At  the  original  incorporation  of  the  town  of 
St.  Louis  by  the  Territorial  Legislature,  in 
1809,  onlv  taxpayers  were  allowed  to  vote  at 
elections  for  trustees  and  town  officers,  and 
this  tax-paying  qualification  for  voters  was 
continued  under  the  first  city  charter  in  1823. 
It  worked  well  enough  as  long  as  the  public 
offices  were  not  sufficiently  remunerative  to 
be  sought  after,  but  as  the  city  grew  in  popu- 
lation and  importance,  the  political  parties 
more  sharply  defined,  and  the  elections  more 


78 


GOVERNMENT  OF  ST.   LOUIS,  CITY. 


exciting,  the  qualification  became  a  source  of 
trouble.  All  kinds  of  tax  receipts,  for  dog- 
tax  and  even  water  licenses,  were  presented 
as  qualifications  for  voting,  and  the  party 
committees  would  hunt  up  delinquents  and 
pay  their  taxes  for  them ;  and,  it  was  charged, 
sometimes  issue  fraudulent  receipts,  to  carry 
an  important  election.  The  trouble  increased 
until  a  growing  demand  for  a  larger  partici- 
pation of  the  non-property-holding  class  of 
citizens  in  the  elections  caused  the  Legisla- 
ture to  abolish  the  tax-paying  qualification, 
and  to  establish  the  voting  franchise  on  the 
free  basis  which  has  prevailed  ever  since. 
The  important  event  in  the  period  of  city 
government  of  St.  Louis  from  1823  to  1898 
was  the  separation  of  the  city  from  the  county 
of  St.  Louis  and  its  organization  into  some- 
thing like  an  independent  municipality.  The 
separation  was  accompanied  by  an  enlarge- 
ment of  its  area,  and  a  new  and  liberal  char- 
ter, not  framed  by  the  State  Legislature,  as 
all  previous  charters  and  amendments  had 
been,  but  framed  by  a  body  of  free-holders 
chosen  by  and  from  among  its  own  citizens. 
This  took  place  in  1876,  fifty-three  years 
after  the  organization  of  the  city  under  the 
first  charter,  and  perhaps  the  most  striking 
proof  of  the  wisdom  of  the  new  arrangement 
is  the  fact  that  the  new  charter  which  accom- 
panied the  scheme  of  separation  has  been 
only  once  amended  by  the  Legislature  since 
it  was  adopted,  although  it  had  become  a 
habit  under  the  old  arrangement  to  have  the 
charter  amended  or  renewed  by  the  State 
Legislature  every  other  year.  Under  the 
charter  of  1876  the  people  of  St.  Louis  have 
almost  absolute  discretion  in  the  management 
of  their  local  affairs,  and  all  the  changes  from 
the  old  methods  have  been  improvements. 
The  legislative  body  is  called  the  Municipal 
Assembly,  and  is  composed  of  a  council  of 
thirteen  members  chosen  on  a  general  ticket 
every  four  years,  and  a  house  of  delegates, 
one  from  each  ward,  chosen  every  two  years. 
The  executive  and  administrative  depart- 
ment consists  of  the  mayor,  comptroller, 
auditor,  treasurer,  register,  collector,  re- 
corder of  deeds,  inspector  of  weights  and 
measures,  sheriff,  coroner,  marshal,  public 
administrator,  president  of  the  board  of  as- 
sessors and  president  of  the  board  of  public 
improvements,  chosen  by  the  people  and 
holding  office  for  four  years,  and  a  city  coun- 
selor,   district   assessors,    superintendent    of 


workhouse,  superintendent  of  house  of 
refuge,  superintendent  of  fire  and  police  tele- 
graph, commissioner  of  supplies,  assessor  of 
water  rates,  two  police  justices,  attorney, 
jailer  and  five  commissioners  of  charitable 
institutions,  appointed  by  the  mayor  and 
holding  office  for  four  years. 

In  1879,  two  years  and  a  half  after  the 
Scheme  and  Charter  went  into  effect,  Mayor 
Overstolz,  in  his  message,  congratulated  the 
people  of  St.  Louis  on  the  improved  condi- 
tion of  their  municipal  affairs,  increased  pros- 
perity, better  management  of  the  city  debt 
and  more  efficient  appropriation  of  the  rev-  \ 
enues,  a  higher  credit,  easy  working  of  the 
public  institutions  and  a  more  vigorous  pros- 
ecution of  public  improvements,  all  attribut- 
able to  the  larger  control  over  their  fortunes 
which  the  new  charter  gave  them.  At  the 
time  of  accepting  the  first  city  charter,  in 
1823,  the  population  of  St.  Louis  was  about 
4,000,  and  its  taxable  valuation  $1,200,000. 
In  1839  the  population  had  increased  to 
16,000,  and  the  taxable  valuation  to  $8,682,- 
500,  and  the  revenue  was  $43,291.  Two  years 
later,  in  1841,  the  population  was  20,000  and 
the  valuation  $12,100,000;  in  1855  the  popula- 
tion was  100,000  and  the  valuation  $59,609,- 
000;  in  1865  the  population  was  190,000  and 
the  valuation  $87,624,000;  in  1880  the  popu- 
lation was  350,522  and  the  valuation  $163,- 
566,000;  in  1890  the  population  was  451,770 
and  the  valuation  $245,931,000;  in  1898  the 
population  was  (estimated)  660,000  and  the 
valuation  $353,988,000. 

The  first  city  debt  was  incurred  in  1827;  it 
was  $13,000  for  a  market  and  city  hall;  in 
1 83 1  there  was  an  increase  of  $25,000  for 
waterworks;  in  1837  there  was  another  in- 
crease of  $100,000  for  the  improvement  of 
the  harbor,  and  in  1845  there  was  another 
$100,000  added  for  the  further  improvement 
of  the  harbor.  Other  additions  were  made 
for  various  purposes,  and  in  1848  the  city 
debt  was  stated  at  $1,036,121.  In  1850  the 
bonded  indebtedness  was  $1,192,992;  in  1851 
there  was  another  increase  of  $120,000  for 
improving  the  harbor  and  the  levee.  In  1852 
the  bonded  debt  of  the  city  was  $1,850,000, 
and  in  1854  it  was  $3,250,296,  of  which* 
$1,246,000  was  incurred  in  aid  of  railroads. 
From  this  time  on  the  obligations  rapidly 
increased  for  waterworks,  parks,  harbor,  rail- 
roads, hospitals  and  sewers.  In  1869  the  \ 
aggregate  was  $12,335,000;  in   1873  it  was        ii 


GOVERNOR- GOVERNORS,   FRENCH   AND   SPANISH. 


79 


$14,086,000;  in  1877  it  was  $16,318,000,  and  in 
1876  it  was  $23,067,000,  of  which  $6,820,000 
was  the  old  County  of  St.  Louis  debt,  as- 
sumed by  the  city  on  the  separation.  After 
this  separation,  under  the  new  charter,  the 
debt  began  to  be  reduced,  and  in  1892  it  was 
$21,524,680,  and  in  1897  it  was  $20,352,278, 
with  an  annual  interest  charge  of  $879,119. 
The  sewer  system  of  St.  Louis  was  author- 
ized by  what  was  called  the  "New  Charter" 
of  1843,  which  allowed  the  city  council  to 
"establish,  alter  and  change  the  channels  of 
water  courses,  and  to  wall  them  up  and  cover 
them  over;"  but  it  was  not  till  after  the 
devastating  visitation  of  cholera  in  1849  ^^at 
the  work  of  draining  the  city  was  systemati- 
•cally  and  vigorously  begun.  Biddle  Creek 
sewer  was  then  commenced  for  draining 
"Kayser's  Lake,"  a  large,  deep  pond  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  intersection  of  Biddle 
ana  O'Fallon  Streets  and  Cass  Avenue  with 
Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Streets,  and  this  was 
followed  by  Mill  Creek  sewer  for  draining 
Chouteau's  Pond  and  Mill  Creek  Valley. 
Sewer  districts  were  defined  and  estab- 
lished; the  extension  was  vigorously  prose- 
cuted from  year  to  year  until,  in  1882,  there 
were  211  miles  of  public  sewers,  constructed 
at  a  cost  of  $6,418,458.  In  1829  the  city's 
waterworks  had  a  beginning  in  a  contract 
with  a  private  corporation  for  supplying 
water  from  the  Mississippi,  through  reser- 
voirs and  pipes.  In  1832  a  small  reservoir 
was  made  and  pumps  erected  above  the  city, 
in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  Bates  Street. 
As  the  population  increased  the  works  were 
enlarged,  and  in  1850  a  basin  was  made  with 
a  capacity  of  1,000,000  gallons.  It  cost  $30,- 
000,  and  the  expense  of  the  new  works, 
including  reservoir,  pumps  and  mains,  was 
stated  at  $180,000.  In  1854  a  larger  one  was 
constructed  on  Benton  Street,  with  a  capacity 
of  40,000,000  gallons.  In  1865  the  new  water- 
works, with  pumps  and  settling  basins  at 
Bissell's  Point,  a  water-tower  and  the  Comp- 
ton  Hill  reservoir,  were  begun  and  prosecuted 
to  completion;  and  these  works,  extended 
and  enlarged  from  time  to  time,  have  served 
as  the  basis  of  the  city's  water  system  ever 

^^"^^-  D.  M.  Grissom. 

Governor. — The  chief  officer  of  the 
State,  and  head  of  the  executive  department. 
He  is  chosen  by  the  people  at  the  general 
State  election,  and  holds  office  for  a  term  of 


four  years.  He  cannot  be  elected  to  suc- 
ceed himself.  He  must  be  thirty-five  years 
old,  and  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  ten  years,  and  of  Missouri  for  seven 
years,  before  his  election.  He  must  approve 
bills  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  to 
make  them  laws,  unless  he  withholds  his  veto 
for  ten  days,  or  unless  they  are  passed  over 
his  veto  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  mem- 
bers of  each  house.  His  chief  duty  is  to  see 
that  the  laws  are  faithfully  executed.  The 
militia  are  subject  to  his  orders,  and  he  may 
call  out  troops  to  "execute  the  laws,  suppress 
insurrection,  and  repel  invasion."  He  has 
authority  to  call  the  General  Assembly  to- 
gether in  special  session,  grant  pardons  after 
conviction,  commute  sentences,  fill  State, 
county  and  district  offices  by  appointment, 
when  vacancies  occur,  call  special  elections, 
and  to  appoint  a  number  of  State  and  local 
officers  for  their  full  terms.  He  is  required 
to  reside  at  the  State  capital,  where  an  execu- 
tive mansion  is  provided  and  furnished  for 
him.     His  salary  is  $5,000  a  year. 

Governors,  French  and  Spanish. — 

The  first  royal  Governor  of  the  Province  of 
Louisiana  was  Sauvolle  Le  Moyne — com- 
monly called  Sauvolle — brother  to  D'lber- 
ville,  founder  of  the  colony,  who  was  commis- 
sioned by  Louis  XIV  in  1699.  He  died  at 
his  post  of  duty  in  1701,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Bienville  Jean  Baptist  Le  Moyne — called 
always  Bienville — who  controlled  the  affairs 
of  the  colony  until  1712,  when  Anthony 
Crozat  received  his  grant  of  the  exclusive 
right  to  trade  in  the  colony  and  introduce 
slaves  from  Africa,  from  the  French  king. 
Antoine  de  la  Mothe  Cadillac  became  Gov- 
ernor in  1713,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
until  1717,  when  he  was  superseded  by  M.  de 
I'Epinay,  who  was  in  turn  superseded  by 
Bienville.  Boisbriant  and  Perier  were  the 
next  Governors  in  the  order  named,  and  in 
1733  Bienville  again  became  colonial  Gov- 
ernor. In  1743  he  was  superseded  by  the 
Marquis  de  Vaudreuil,  who  in  turn  gave  place 
to  Louis  Billouart  de  Kerlerec  in  1752.  Ker- 
lerec  was  Governor  of  the  colony  during  the 
"Seven  Years'  War,"  relinquishing  his  office 
to  D'Abbadie,  who  surrendered  the  govern- 
ment to  Spain.  Captain  Aubrey  was  acting 
Governor  after  the  death  of  D'Abbadie, 
pending  the  establishment  of  the  Spanish 
authority.     Antonio  de  Ulloa,  distinguished 


80 


GOVERNORS   OF  THE  TERRITORY 


as  a  Spanish  naval  officer,  was  the  first  Span- 
ish Governor  of  Louisiana,  being  such  in 
name  only,  as  he  failed  to  win  over  the 
French  colonists,  and  was  recalled  by  his 
government  in  1766.  He  was  succeeded  by 
General  Alexander  O'Reilly,  who  established 
Spanish  domination  in  New  Orleans  and 
served  as  Governor  until  1769.  O'Reilly's 
successor  was  Don  Luis  Unzaga,  and  Un- 
zaga's  successor  was  Don  Bernardo  de  Gal- 
vez,  appointed  Governor  in  1777.  Governor 
Miro,  the  Baron  de  Carondelet,  Manuel 
Gayoso  de  Lemos,  the  Marquis  de  Casa 
Calvo  and  Don  Juan  Manuel  de  Salcedo  then 
held  the  office  in  the  order  named  down  to 
the  date  of  the  retrocession  of  the  Territory 
to  France.  After  the  retrocession  Pierre 
Clement  de  Laussat  was  designated  by  the 
French  government  to  take  charge  of  the 
alifairs  of  the  Province,  which  he  form- 
ally surrendered  to  Governor  William  C  C 
Claiborne  and  General  James  Wilkinson,  rep- 
resentatives of  the  government  of  the  United 
States. 

The  list  of  Lieutenant  Governors,  who 
acted  as  the  representatives  of  imperial 
authority  in  St.  Louis,  began  with  Pedro 
Piernas  and  ended  with  Charles  Dehault 
Delassus.  Prior  to  the  coming  of  Piernas, 
however,  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive  had  exercised 
the  functions  of  Lieutenant  Governor  with- 
out imperial  authority,  but  by  common  con- 
sent of  the  people.  After  surrendering  to 
the  British  the  government  of  the  yiinois 
country,  in  accordance  with  his  instructions 
from  France,  he  came  to  St.  Louis  from 
Fort  Chartres  in  1765.  He  was  accustomed 
to  command,  and  the  people  with  whom  he 
became  associated  recognized  the  necessity 
for  some  sort  of  government  for  their  infant 
colony.  In  1766,  therefore — January  2d — he 
assumed  the  lieutenant  governorship,  with- 
out any  other  commission  than  the  consent 
of  the  governed,  and  exercised  the  authority 
of  that  office  until  May  20,  1770,  when  Cap- 
tain Piernas  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  bearing  a 
royal  commission.  Piernas  established  the 
Spanish  authority  in  St.  Louis,  and  served 
as  Lieutenant  Governor  until  May  20,  1775, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Francisco  Cruzat. 
Cruzat  was  succeeded,  June  17,  1778,  by 
Ferdinand  de  Leyba,  who  held  the  office  for 
two  years  and  until  his  death.  After  Leyba's 
death,  Don  Silvio  Francisco  Cartabona  was 
acting  Lieutenant  Governor  for  three  months 


toward  the  close  of  1780,  retiring  when  Fran- 
cisco Cruzat  was  reappointed  to  that  office. 
Cruzat's  second  term  of  service  lasted  until 
November  t.'j,  1787,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Emanuel  Perez,  who  served  until  1792. 
July  21,  1792,  Don  Zenon  Trudeau  became 
Lieutenant  Governor.  August  29,  1799,  he 
was  succeeded  by  Charles  Dehault  Delassus, 
who  surrendered  his  authority  to  Captain 
Amos  Stoddard,  representing  the  govern- 
ments of  France  and  the  United  States, 
March  9,  1804. 

Governors    of    the    Territory. — By 

act  of  Congress,  March  26,  1804,  the  newly 
acquired  Territory  of  Louisiana  was  divided 
into  the  Territory  of  Orleans — afterward  the 
State  of  Louisiana — and  the  District  of  Lou- 
isiana, known  as  "Upper  Louisiana."  Under 
the  same  enactment,  Upper  Louisiana  was 
attached  to  the  Territory  of  Indiana  tempo- 
rarily, and  General  William  Henry  Harrison, 
then  Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  was  the 
first  Territorial  Governor  to  exercise  juris- 
diction over  what  is  now  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri. March  3,  1805,  Congress  passed  an  act 
transforming  the  District  of  Louisiana  into 
the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  and  General 
James  Wilkinson  became  Governor  of  the 
Territory  by  appointment  of  President  Jeflfer- 
son.  Joseph  Browne,  who  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  Territory  at  the  same  time 
that  Wilkinson  was  appointed  Governor, 
served  for  a  time  as  acting  Governor,  and 
Frederick  Bates,  who  succeeded  Browne  as 
secretary,  was  also  acting  Governor  in  the 
absence  from  his  post  of  General  Wilkinson. 
Captain  Meriwether  Lewis  was  appointed 
Governor  by  President  JeflFerson  in  1807,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  until  his  death,  in 
1809.  Benjamin  Howard  succeeded  Lewis 
by  appointment  of  President  Madison,  serv- 
ing until  1813,  when  he  resigned  his  office  to 
accept  a  brigadier  general's  commission  in 
the  United  States  Army.  It  was  during  his 
administration  that  the  Territory  of  Missouri 
was  created,  and  he  was  the  first  to  govern 
the  Territory  under  that  name.  Captain  Wil- 
liam Clark — who  had  been  associated  with 
Lewis  in  the  famous  "Lewis  and  Clark  Expe- 
dition"— was  the.  next  Territorial  Governor 
of  Missouri,  his  term  of  office  beginning  in 
1813  and  continuing  until  the  admis- 
sion of  Missouri  into  the  Union  as  a  State 
in  1820. 


GOVERNORS,  STATE. 


81 


Ooveriiors,  State. — The  following  is  a 
full  and  accurate  list  of  the  Governors  of  Mis- 
souri, from  1820  to  1900,  inclusive,  the  years 
of  their  service,  and  dates  of  their  death  if 
not  living : 

Alexander  McNair,  St.  Louis.  Elected  Au- 
gust, 1820,  for  four  years.  Died  March  18, 
1826. 

Frederick  Bates,  St.  Louis.  Elected 
August,  1824,  for  four  years.  Died  August 
4,  1825.  Abraham  J.  Williams,  Columbia, 
Boone  County,  president  of  the  Senate  and 
ex-officio  Governor,  acted  as  Governor  till 
the  election  to  fill  vacancy  in  September, 
1825.     Died  in  Columbia,  December  30,  1839. 

John  Miller,  Gooch  Mills,  Cooper  County. 
Elected  September,  1825,  to  fill  vacancy  oc- 
casioned by  the  death  of  Governor  Bates ; 
and  elected  August,  1828,  for  four  years,  and 
died  at  Florissant,  Missouri,  March  18,  1846. 

Daniel  Dunklin,  Washington  County. 
Elected  August,  1832,  over  John  Bull,  of 
Howard,  for  four  years.  Died  August  25, 
1844. 

Lilburn  W.  Boggs,  of  Jackson  County. 
Elected  August,  1836,  for  four  years.  Died 
at  Nappa  Valley,  California,  March  14,  i860. 

Thomas  Reynolds,  of  Howard  County. 
Elected  August,  1840,  for  four  years.  Com- 
mitted suicide  in  Governor's  Mansion, 
Jeflferson  City,  on  Friday,  February  9,  1844. 
M.  M.  Marmaduke,  Saline  County,  Lieuten- 
ant Governor,  acted  as  Governor  until  regu- 
lar election,  August,  1844.  Governor  Mar.- 
maduke  died  March  26,  1864. 

John  C.  Edwards,  Cole  County.  Elected 
August,  1844,  for  fo"r  years.  Died  in  Stock- 
ton, California,  September  14,  1888. 

Austin  A.  King,  Ray  County.  Elected 
August,  1848,  for  four  vears.  Died  April  22, 
1870. 

Sterling  Price,  Chariton  County.  Elected 
August,  1852,  for  four  years.  Died  in  St. 
Louis,  September  29,  1867. 

Trusten  Polk,  St.  Louis.  Elected  August, 
1856,  for  four  years,  and  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  February  27,  1857,  and  re- 
signed the  office  of  Governor.  Hancock  Jack- 
son, Lieutenant  Governor,  Randolph  County, 
filled  the  vacancy  until  special  election  in 
August,  1857.  Poll^  flied  April  16,  1876. 
Jackson  died  in  Salem,  Oregon,  March  19, 
1876,  then  his  residence. 

Robert  M,  Stewart,  Buchanan  County. 
Elected  August,  1857,  to  ^^1  out  unexpired 

Vol.  Ill— 6 


term  of  Governor  Trusten  Polk.    Died  Sep- 
tember 21,  1 87 1. 

Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  Saline  County. 
Elected  August,  i860,  for  four  years.  In  July, 
1861,  a  State  Convention  declared  the  office 
vacant  and  elected  Hamilton  R.  Gamble  to 
fill  vacancy.  Jackson  died  December  6,  1862, 
opposite  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 

Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  St.  Louis.  Elected 
Provisional  Governor  by  the  State  Conven- 
tion, July  31,  1 861,  to  fill  vacancy  of  C.  F. 
Jackson.  Gamble  died  January  31,  1864. 
Willard  P.  Hall,  Buchanan  County,  Lieuten- 
ant Governor,  acted  as  Governor  until  the 
end  of  Gamble's  term  and  died  November 
2,  1882. 

Thomas  C.  Fletcher,  St.  Louis.  Elected 
November,  1864,  for  four  years.  Died  in 
Washington  City,  March  25,  1899. 

Joseph  W.  McClurg,  Camden  County. 
Elected  November,  1868,  for  two  years.  Died 
near  Lebanon,  Missouri,  December  2,  1900. 

B.  Gratz  Brown,  St.  Louis.  Elected  No- 
vember, 1870,  for  two  years.  Died  at  Kirk- 
wood,  December  13,  1885. 

Silas  Woodson,  of  Buchanan  County. 
Elected  November,  1872.  for  two  years. 
Died  November  9,  1896. 

Charles  H.  Hardin,  Audrain  County. 
Elected  November,  1874,  for  two  years. 
Died  July  29,  1892. 

John  S.  Phelps,  Greene  County.  Elected 
November,  1876,  for  four  years.  Died  No- 
vember 20,  1886. 

Thomas  T.  Crittenden,  Johnson  County. 
Elected  November,  1880,  for  four  years.  Is 
yet  living,  in  Kansas  City. 

John  S.  Marmaduke,  Saline  County. 
Elected  November,  1884,  for  four  years. 
Died  November  28,  1887.  A.  P.  Morehouse, 
of  Maryville,  Lieutenant  Governor,  acted  as 
Governor  till  end  of  term,  and  committed 
suicide  at  Maryville,  September  31,  1891. 

David  R.  Francis,  St.  Louis.  Elected  No-: 
vember,  1888,  for  four  years.  Is  yet  living,, 
in  St.  Louis. 

William  J.  Stone,  Vernon  County.  Elected 
November,  1892,  for  four  years.  Is  yet  living, 
and  in  St.  Louis. 

Lon  V.  Stephens,  of  Cooper  County. 
Elected  November,  1896,  for  four  years,  and 
is  yet  serving  out  his  term. 

Total  number  of  Governors  elected  by  the 
people,  24.  Now  living,  4,  namely — Thomas 
T.    Crittenden,   David   R.    Francis,   Wm.   J. 


82 


GOWER— GRAHAM. 


Stone  and  Lon  V.   Stephens.    Native   Mis- 
■  sourians,  4 ;    namely — Thomas    C.   F"letcher, 
Joseph  W.   McClurg,  John   S.   Marmaduke 
and  Lon  V.  Stephens. 

William  F.  Switzler. 

Gower. — A  town  in  Clinton  County,  lo- 
cated in  Atchison  Township,  nine  miles  west 
of  Plattsburg,  the  county  seat,  and  twenty 
miles  southeast  of  St.  Joseph.  It  was  laid  out 
in  1870  by  Daniel  Smith  and  named  after  A. 
G.  Gower,  who  at  that  time  was  division  su- 
perintendent of  the  St.  Louis  &  St.  Joseph, 
now  the  Wabash  Railroad,  at  that  place.  The 
iirst  postmaster  was  B.  O.  Wilier,  and  the  first 
school  teacher  was  Miss  Mollie  Tillery.  In 
1873  Gower  was  incorporated  and  the  first 
board  of  trustees  was  composed  of  E.  T. 
Smith,  president;  R.  T.  Dusky,  M.  Duncan 
and  J.  Westbrook.  The  Gower  bank  has  a 
capital  of  $12,000,  and  deposits  of  $75,000. 
Churches  are  maintained  by  the  Baptists,  the 
Christians  and  the  Presbyterians.  The  "Epi- 
tomist"  is  an  independent  newspaper.  Popu- 
lation 600. 

Graebiier,  Augustus  L..,  clergyman, 
author  and  educator,  was  born  July  10,  1849, 
in  Saginaw  County,  Michigan.  His  parents 
were  Rev.  J.  H.  Ph.  Graebner,  a  Lutheran 
minister,  and  Jacobina  Graebner,  his  wife. 
Eldest  of  the  children  of  this  worthy  couple, 
he  was  born  in  a  log  house  in  a  colony  of 
Franconian  Lutherans,  and  among  the  most 
frequent  visitors  to  his  early  home  were  the 
Indians  of  the  Northwest,  who  now  and  then 
carried  him  about  in  their  arms  and  allowed 
him  to  make  toys  of  their  tomahawks.  When 
he  was  five  years  of  age  his  parents  removed 
to  Roseville,  Michigan,  and  from  there  the 
family  came  five  years  later  to  St.  Charles, 
Missouri,  where  the  father  served  as  a  Lu- 
theran minister  for  upward  of  thirty  years. 
The  boy  had  learned  to  read  at  his  mother's 
knee  from  scraps  of  newspapers  before  he 
was  five  years  old,  and  on  his  fifth  birthday 
he  received  a  Bible  for  a  birthday  present. 
Until  he  was  twelve  years  of  age  he  attended 
the  parish  schools,  and  then,  after  spending  a 
year  at  an  academy  in  St.  Louis,  he  entered 
Concordia  College,  of  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 
When  in  the  senior  year  of  his  course  at  col- 
lege, chronic  headache  compelled  him  to 
break  away  from  his  studies  for  a  while,  but 
in  the  fall  of  the  year  he  presented  himself 


for  examination  and  was  admitted  to  the 
course  in  theology  at  Concordia  Seminary,  of 
St.  Louis.  Before  the  completion  of  his  tri- 
ennium  at  the  seminary  he  received  and  ac- 
cepted a  call  to  what  was  then  a  Lutiieran 
high  school,  but  has  since  been  incorporated 
as  Walther  College,  St.  Louis.  While  teach- 
ing in  this  institution  he  married  Miss  Anna 
Schaller,  daughter  of  the  late  Professor 
Schaller,  of  Concordia  Seminary.  After  hav- 
ing taught  for  three  years  he  was  called  to 
Northwestern  University,  of  Watertown, 
Wisconsin,  where  he  taught  languages  and 
history  during  the  next  three  years.  When, 
in  1878,  the  Lutheran  Synod  of  Wisconsin 
opened  a  theological  seminary  at  Milwaukee, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  that  in- 
stitution. From  1880  to  1887  he  was  also  the 
editor  of  the  religious  periodical  published 
by  that  synod.  While  at  Milwaukee  he  also 
published  his  "Life  of  Luther"  and  several 
other  volumes,  dogmatical  and  polemical  and 
historical.  In  1887  he  was  again  called  to 
St.  Louis  to  take  the  chair  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  in  Concordia  Seminary,  which  he 
now  occupies,  having  been  since  1893  the  in- 
cumbent also  of  the  English  professorship 
of  theology  in  that  institution.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
EngHsh  Home  Missions,  of  the  Board 
of  Foreign  Missions,  and  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Walther  College, 
holding  the  office  of  superintendent  of  the 
last  named  institution.  He  is  associate  editor 
of  several  theological  periodicals,  and  the 
author  of  a  number  of  theological  works, 
among  which  a  "History  of  the  Lutheran 
Church  in  America"  and  his  "Outlines  of 
Doctrinal  Theology"  may  be  especially  men- 
tioned. He  is  also  the  author  of  the  historical 
sketch,  "Lutheran  Church,"  which  appears 
elsewhere  in  these  volumes. 

Grahaui. — A  village  situated  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Nodaway  County,  in 
Hughes  Township,  near  Elkhorn  Creek.  It 
was  laid  out  in  1856  by  Andrew  Brown,  and 
called  Jacksonville,  the  name  being  changed 
afterward  in  honor  of  Colonel  Amos  Graham. 
The  first  settlement  in  the  county  was  made 
by  Isaac  Hogan,  whose  log  cabin  stood  near 
Graham.  This  was  in  1839.  Now  Graham 
is  a  town  of  400  inhabitants.  It  is  well  located 
in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  region,  sur- 
rounded by  woods.   There  are  three  springs       ^ 


GRAIN  VALLEY— CRANBERRY. 


83 


of  water  within  the  town  limits.  Within  a 
mile  are  four  quarries  that  supply  choice 
building  stone.  It  has  a  bank  called  the  Citi- 
zens' Bank,  capital  and  surpkis  $20,600,  de- 
posits, $50,000;  a  number  of  business  houses, 
a  Methodist  Episcopal,  a  German  Methodist 
Episcopal  and  a  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
Graham  Council,  No.  112,  of  the  Masonic 
Order;  Reynolds  Post,  G..  A.  R, ;  Graham 
Lodge,  No.  202,  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen;  Golden  Rule  Encampment,  No. 
40,  and  Hesperian  Lodge,  No.  189,  of  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  The  "Gra- 
ham Post"  is  a  well  supported  newspaper. 

Ciraiii  Valley. — A  town  in  Jackson 
County,  platted  by  Joseph  Peters  in  1878,  and 
situated  on  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad. 
It  contains  stores,  schools,  churches,  etc.  It 
is  the  business  center  of  a  fertile  portion  of 
the  county,  and  its  population  is  600. 

Gramme  Society. — The  Gramme  So- 
ciety of  Kansas  City  was  the  first  organiza- 
tion of  its  kind  in  the  world,  and  attracted 
international  attention,  and  was  made  the 
model  for  many  similar  societies  in  other 
countries.  It  was  instituted  through  the  ef- 
fort of  Edwin  R.  Weeks,  general  manager  of 
the  Kansas  City  Electric  Light  Company. 
The  rapid  development  of  electrical  indus- 
tries found  schools  and  colleges  unprepared 
to  provide  trained  workmen  to  supply  the 
immediate  need.  Employers  were  obliged  to 
depend  upon  unskilled  men  for  the  opera- 
tion of  machinery  as  yet  unperfected  and 
easily  depreciated  by  ignorant  handling.  To 
meet  his  own  emergency,  Mr.  Weeks  formed 
the  men  in  his  employ  into  a  mutual  im- 
provement association,  which  was  named  the 
Gramme  Society,  after  a  French  scientist 
who  had  made  some  radical  improvements  in 
the  construction  of  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines. The  society  was  organized  March  12, 
1887,  with  fourteen  members ;  the  number 
was  increased  from  time  to  time  as  new  men 
were  called  into  service  by  the  Kansas  City 
Electric  Light  Company  and  other  companies 
■  under  Mr.  Weeks'  management,  and  at  one 
time  nearly  100  persons  were  enrolled.  The 
original  ofBcers  were :  Edwin  R.  Weeks, 
president ;  Charles  Harber,  vice  president ; 
Thomas  Conroy,  secretary ;  with  a  committee 
on  education  comprising  John  Gadwood,  G. 
W.  Hart  and  the  president  ex-officio.    Mr. 


Weeks  was  the  directing  spirit  from  the  be- 
ginning, and  maintained  his  interest  until  his 
withdrawal  from  the  Electric  Light  Company 
in  June,  1900,  and  the  great  success  of  the  so- 
ciety was  pre-eminently  due  to  his  zealous 
and  intelligent  effort.  A  reading  room  and 
auditorium  were  opened,  provided  with 
tables,  blackboards  and  writing  materials, 
and  the  Electric  Light  Company  presented 
the  society  the  nucleus  of  a  library,  100  vol- 
umes bearing  upon  the  science  of  electricity, 
its  machinery  and  its  practical  uses,  and  upon 
the  fundamental  sciences,  and  kindred 
branches  of  knowledge.  Semi-monthly  meet- 
ings were  held,  and  regular  programmes  were 
arranged,  providing  for  papers  and  discus- 
sions upon  scientific  topics,  with  biographical 
sketches  of  noted  scientists,. preferably  elec- 
tricians. The  meetings  were  open  to  all  in- 
terested auditors,  but  participation  was 
restricted  to  members.  Monthly  cash  prizes 
were  awarded  upon  graded  examinations  to 
determine  excellence  in  attainment  of  knowl- 
edge, and  in  various  ways  it  was  shown  that 
in  education  lay  the  pathway  to  success.  The 
results  were  eminently  satisfactory,  ^nd  the 
light  companies  attributed  their  prosperity 
and  immunity  from  difHculty  with  their  em- 
ployes in  no  small  measure  to  the  bond  of 
mutual  sympathy  and  helpfulness  created 
through  the  operations  of  the  society.  From 
the  body  of  the  latter  organization  came 
superintendents  of  both  the  Kansas  City  and 
the  Edison  Light  Companies,  while  other 
members  came  to  be  recognized  as  expert 
electricians  and  machinists,  and  were  called 
to  neighboring  States,  and  even  to  South 
x-Xmerica,  to  Australia  and  to  Japan,  to  set 
up  and  operate  American  machinery.  For  a 
number  of  years  each  member  of  the  society 
paid  fifty  cents  a  month  to  a  relief  fund,  the 
Kansas  City  Electric  Light  Company  con- 
tributing a  like  amount,  but  the  latter  assist- 
ance was  recently  withdrawn.  In  spite  of  this, 
so  great  was  the  interest,  that  the  society 
was  maintained.  In  1890  the  active  member- 
ship was  about  fifty.  The  officers  were 
Joseph  Magrath,  president;  Charles  E.  Poe, 
vice  president;  F.  A.  White,  secretary  and 
treasurer.  The  present  committee  on  educa- 
tion is  C.  A.  Harber,  E.  A.  Barth  and  Edwin. 
R.  Weeks.  p    y.  Hedley. 

Granberry,  John    Cowper,    Metho- 
dist Episcopal  bishop,  was  born  in  Virginia, 


84 


GRANBY— GRAND   ARMY   OF  THE   REPUBLIC. 


December  5.,  1829;  was  educated  at  Randolph 
Macon  College,  and  became  a  minister  of  tiie 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  in  the 
Virginia  conference ;  was  a  chaplain  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  and  was  wounded  in  one 
of  the  battles  near  Richmond.  From  1875  to 
1882  he  was  a  professor  in  Vanderbilt  Lni- 
versity,  at  Nashville,  Tennessee.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  chosen  bishop,  and  removed  his 
family  to  St.  Louis  and  made  it  his  episcopal 
home  for  several  years. 

Granby. — A  city  in  Newton  County, 
eight  miles  east  of  Neosho,  the  county  seat, 
on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railway. 
It  has  schools  for  white  and  colored  chil- 
dren ;  Baptist,  Christian  and  Catholic 
Churches,  and  the  "Granby  Miner,"  an  inde- 
pendent newspaper.  Fraternal  societies  rep- 
resented are  Masons,  Odd  Fellows,  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  the  Miners' 
Benevolent  Association  and  the  Miners' 
Union.  In  1853  William  Foster,  a  Cornish 
miner,  found  lead  ore  near  the  place,  and 
within  two  years  3,000  people  were  on  the 
groundj  with  numerous  furnaces  and  acres 
of  mines  in  operation.  In  1857  Kennett,  Blow 
&  Co.,  of  St.  Louis,  leased  the  lands  and 
exacted  royalty  from  the  squatting  miners. 
Mining  was  suspended  during  the  war.  In 
1865  the  Granby  Mining  and  Smelting  Com- 
pany was  organized,  and  operations  were  re- 
sumed on  a  larger  scale.  The  smelting  works 
of  this  company  are  among  the  largest  in  the 
mining  district.  (See  "Zinc  and  Lead  Mining 
in  Southwest  Missouri.")  Granby  was  platted 
in  1866,  incorporated  in  t868  and  granted  a 
charter  as  a  city  of  the  fourth  class  in 
1875,  its  area  being  defined  as  nearly  three 
and  one-half  miles ;  the  organic  act  forbade 
the  taxing  of  mineral  lands  for  city  purposes 
unless  divided  into  lots.  The  population  in 
1890  was  2.315. 

Granby  Fight.— During  the  early  part 
of  the  Civil  War  it  was  a  matter  of  great 
importance  to  the  Confederates  in  the  South- 
west to  secure  supplies  of  lead  from  Mis- 
souri, and  in  the  fall  of  1862  General  Rains, 
with  a  force  of  2,000  men,  was  stationed  on 
the  old  Pea  Ridge  battle  field  to  cover  the 
transportation  of  lead  from  the  Granby  mines 
to  the  Confederate  arsenal  at  Little  Rock. 
To  break  up  the  business  a  body  of  Federal 
troops     took     possession     of     Granby     and* 


stopped  the  shipment  of  lead  to  the  South. 
Colonel  Shelby  sent  a  force  of  Confederates, 
under  Colonel  Shanks,  to  attack  the  place 
and  secure  possession  of  it  at  whatever  cost. 
The  attack  was  made  at  daylight  on  the  23d 
of  September,  and  resulted  in  the  surprise 
and  defeat  of  the  Federals,  who  lost  twenty- 
seven  killed  and  w^ounded  and  forty-three 
taken  prisoners,  the  Confederates  losing  only 
two  men  wounded.  The  mines  were  then 
actively  worked  under  the  protection  of  the 
Confederates,  and  large  quantities  of  lead 
were  sent  to  the  Rains  camp  to  be  forwarded' 
to  Little  Rock. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic— A 

secret  order  composed  of  persons  who 
served  in  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Civil  War,  its  object  being  to 
preserve  and  strengthen  fraternal  feeling 
among  its  members,  encourage  loyal  senti- 
ment, bury  the  dead  of  the  society  with  be- 
coming honors,  maintain  the  observance  of 
May  30th  as  Memorial  Day,  by  visiting  ceme- 
teries and  decorating  the  graves  of  buried 
patriots  with  flowers,  and  to  furnish  assist- 
ance to  needy  veterans'  families.  The  order 
owes  its  origin  to  B.  F.  Stephenson,  surgeon 
of  the  Fourteenth  Illinois  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. The  first  general  orders  were  issued 
April  I,  1866,  a  year  after  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  the  first  post  was  organized 
April  6th  of  that  year,  at  Decatur,  Illinois, 
and  a  national  organization  effected  at  a  con- 
vention held  at  Indianapolis  in  November 
following.  The  first  twelve  charter  members 
all  served  in  Illinois  regiments.  The  motto 
of  the  order  is  "Fraternity,  Charity  and  Loy- 
alty." Party  politics  are  forbidden  in  its  dis- 
cussions. The  constituted  bodies  of  the  order, 
beginning  with  the  lowest,  are :  First,  a 
local  organization,  known  as  Post  No.  — ; 
second,  a  State  organization  known  as  a  de- 
partment ;  and  third,  a  national  organization 
known  as  a  National  Encampment  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  The  supreme 
power  h  lodged  in  the  National  Encampment 
held  every  year.  Each  post  has  a  relief 
fund,  and  no  needy  member  is  allowed  to  go 
unassisted.  The  observance  of  Memorial  or 
Decoration  Day  is  scrupulously  maintained. 
On  the  Sunday  preceding  the  day,  the  posts 
attend  church,  and  if  any  member  has  died 
during  the  year  a  memorial  service  is  held ; 
and  when  the  30th  of  May  arrives,  all  join 


GRAND   FALLS— GRAND   TOWER. 


85 


r 


in  orderly  processions  to  the  cemeteries 
where  departed  loyal  soldiers  lie  buried,  and 
deposit  wreaths  and  bunches  of  flowers  upon 
the  graves.  The  membership  of  the  order 
reached  its  highest  point  in  1892,  when  there 
were  409,489  members  in  the  United  States. 
At  the  first  national  convention,  held  at  Indi- 
anapolis in  1866,  Missouri  was  represented  by 
a  body  known  as  the  "Volunteer  Mutual  Aid 
Society,"  which  was  there  merged  into  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic;  but  the  new 
organization  did  not  prove  fortunate  at  first, 
and  after  a  while  passed  out  of  existence. 
In  1874  Abraham  Lincoln  Post  No.  i  was 
organized  in  St.  Louis,  but  it  was  a  failure 
also,  and  in  two  years  was  abandoned. 
Finally  on  the  8th  of  December,  1879,  a  meet- 
ing of  ex-soldiers  of  the  Union  Army  was 
held  at  St.  Louis  in  the  office  of  ex-Governor 
Thomas  C.  Fletcher,  which  brought  about, 
the  following  month,  the  organization  of 
Frank  P.  Blair  Post,  No.  i,  with  John  Reed, 
Thomas  R.  Rodgers,  S.  O.  Fish,  John  W. 
Francis.  R.  B.  Beck,  G.  Harrv  Stone,  John 
O'Connell,  John  B.  Pachall,  F.  R.  Potter, 
George  C.  Chaise,  Richard  Mallinckrodt,  E. 
M.  Joel,  B.  Seaman  and  Arthur  Dreifus  as 
charter  members.  April  22,  1882,  a  State 
convention  of  delegates  from  all  the  Grand 
Army  posts  in  Missouri  was  held  at  Kansas 
City,  and  the  Missouri  Department  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  was  organized, 
with  Major  William  Warner  as  department 
commander.  The  next  year  he  was  re- 
elected, and  during  the  two  years  of  his  ad- 
ministration the  jnembership  of  the  depart- 
ment increased  from  500  to  over  6.000.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1900  the  order  had 
an  organization  in  107  counties  in  Missouri, 
with  415  posts  and  17,543  comrades,  there 
being  in  St.  Louis  nine  posts  and  2,096  com- 
rades ;  in  Kansas  City  three  posts  and  697 
comrades,  and  in  St.  Joseph  one  post  with 
207  comrades. 

Grand  Falls. — A  beautiful  falls  on  Shoal 
Creek,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Newton 
County. 

Grand  Gnlf. — A  curious  formation  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  Oregon  County, 
where,  in  the  midst  of  a  level  country,  there 
is  a  sunken  area  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in 
length,  50  to  100  feet  in  width,  and  150  feet 
in  depth. 


Grandin. — An  incorporated  town  in 
Johnson  Township,  Carter  County,  on  Little 
Black  River,  and  on  the  Current  River 
branch  of  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  & 
Memphis  Railway,  twenty  miles  southeast  of 
Van  Buren.  It  has  three  churches,  a  public 
school,  electric  lights,  four  stores*  and  two 
saw  and  planing  mills.  The  largest  lumber 
manufacturing  plant  in  Missouri  is  located 
there.    Population,  1899  (estimated),  800. 

Grand  Jury. — A  body  of  men,  twelve  in 
number,  selected  by  the  county  court  or  the 
sheriff,  from  dififerent  parts  of  the  county, 
whose  duty  it  is,  under  general  instructions 
from  the  court,  to  inquire  into  crimes  and 
offenses  against  the  laws.  They  have  author- 
ity to  summon  witnesses  and  compel  their 
attendance,  and  to  find  true  bills  in  cases 
where  there  is  reasonable  evidence  sufficient 
to  sustain  a  trial.  The  grand  jury  holds  its 
sessions  in  secret,  and  its  members  take  an 
oath  to  inquire  and  perform  their  duty  "with- 
out hatred,  malice,  fear,  favor  or  affection," 
and  not  to  divulge  their  proceedings.  Nine 
members  of  the  grand  jury,  or  a  majority, 
may  find  a  true  bill. 

Grand  River. — The  North  Missouri 
Grand  River  is  the  largest  stream  in  that 
part  of  the  State.  It  is  made  up  of  several 
branches — Locust  Creek,  which  rises  in 
southern  Iowa  and  runs  south  through  Put- 
nam, Sullivan  and  Linn  Counties ;  Medicine 
and  Weldon  Creeks,  which  also  rise  in  south- 
ern Iowa  and  flow  south  through  Mercer, 
Putnam,  Grundy  and  Livingston  Counties ; 
Thompson's  Branch,  which  rises  in  southern 
Iowa,  and  flows  through  Harrison  and 
Grundy  Counties ;  Big  River,  which  rises  in 
southern  Iowa  and  runs  through  Harrison 
and  Daviess  Counties,  and  the  East  Fork, 
Middle  Fork  and  West  Fork,  which  rise  in 
southern  Iowa,  and,  flowing  through  Worth 
and  Gentry  Counties,  unite  to  form  the  main 
stream  which  flows  into  the  Missouri  at 
Brunswick.  Grand  River,  with  its  tributaries, 
waters  thirteen  counties.  It  has  a  length  of 
200  miles.  Another  stream,  called  Grand 
River,  rises  in  Kansas  and  flows  through 
Cass,  Bates,  Henry  and  Benton  Counties  of 
Missouri,  a  distance  of  100  miles. 

Grand  Tower. — A  curious  tower  of 
rock  in  the  Mississippi  River  near  the  Mis- 


86 


GRANGER— GRANT. 


souri  shore,  opposite  the  city  of  Grand  Tower 
in  Illinois,  and  loo  miles  below  St.  Louis. 
It  is  seventy-five  feet  in  height  and  affords 
from  its  summit  a  fine  view  of  the  surround- 
ing country.  In  the  days  of  keel-boating 
in  the  West  it  was  a  dangerous  point  to  pass 
on  account  of  the  desperate  river  bandits 
who,  for  a  time,  made  it  their  rendezvous. 

Granger. — ^A  village  in  Scotland  Coun- 
ty, on  the  Keokuk  &  Western  Railroad, 
eleven  miles  east  of  Memphis.  It  has  two 
churches,  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Chris- 
tian ;  a  bank,  a  hotel  and  a  few  stores.  Pop- 
ulation, 1899  (estimated),  290. 

Granite  Quarry. — A  mass  of  granite, 
seventy  feet  high  and  covering  several  hun- 
dred acres,  six  miles  northwest  of  Ironton. 
On  the  top  of  the  mountain  are  enormous 
bowlders,  some  of  them  twenty-five  feet  high, 
worn  round  and  smooth  by  movements  ages 
ago.  The  granite  is  red,  of  the  best  quality, 
and  is  extensively  used  in  St.  Louis  and 
elsewhere  for  street  paving  and  buildings. 

Graniteville. — A  village  in  Iron  Town- 
ship, Iron  County,  a  mile  northwest  of 
Ironton,  on  a  branch  railroad  running  from 
Middlebrook,  three  miles  distant  on  the  Iron 
Mountain  Railroad.  It  was  settled  in  1873. 
There  are  extensive  granite  quarries  that 
give  employment  to  500  men.  The  village  has 
two  churches,  a  public  hall,  a  free  school  and 
three  general  stores.  The  population  in  1890 
was  721. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson,  the  great- 
est of  American  soldiers  and  eighteenth 
President  of  the  United  States,  was  for  six 
years  a  resident  of  St.  Louis,  and  here  he 
married  Julia  Dent,  daughter  of  Frederick 
and  Ellen  (Wrenshall)  Dent.  General  Grant 
was  born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Ohio,  April  27, 
1822,  and  died  on  Mount  McGregor,  near 
Saratoga,  New  York,  July  23,  1885.  He  was 
of  Scottish  ancestry,  but  his  family  had  been 
Americanized  in  all  its  branches  for  eight 
generations.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
Mathew  Grant,  who  arrived  at  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts,  in  May  of  1630.  His  father 
was  Jesse  R.  Grant,  and  his  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Hannah  Simpson.  His  parents 
were  married  in  Clermont  County,  Ohio,  in 
1821,  and  Ulysses  S.  Grant  was  the  eldest 


of  six  children.  He  passed  his  boyhood  on 
his  father's  farm  in  Ohio,  and  attended  the 
village  school  until  1839,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  cadetship  in  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point  by  Honor- 
able Thomas  L.  Hamer,  then  a  member  of 
Congress  from  Ohio.  In  this  connection  it 
is  of  interest  to  note  the  fact  that  an  error  in 
the  appointment  gave  him  a  name  which  he 
ever  afterward  bore.  At  his  birth  he  was 
christened  Hiram  Ulysses,  but  as  a  boy  he 
was  always  called  by  his  middle  name.  Mr. 
Hamer,  thinking  this  his  first  name,  and  that 
his  middle  name  was  probably  that  of  his 
mother's  family,  inserted  in  the  ofHcial  ap- 
pointment the  name  Ulysses  S.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  Military  Academy  in 
1843,  standing  twenty-first  in  a  class  of  thirty- 
nine.  He  was  commissioned,  on  graduation, 
as  a  brevet  second  lieutenant,  was  attached 
to  the  Fourth  Infantry  regiment  and  assigned 
to  duty  at  Jefferson  Barracks.  He  was 
commissioned  second  lieutenant  in  1845,  and 
served  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  first  under 
General  Taylor  and  then  under  General 
Scott,  taking  part  in  every  battle  from 
Vera  Cruz  to  the  City  of  Mexico.  He 
was  made  captain  in  1853.  The  year  follow- 
ing he  resigned  and  established  his  home  on 
the  farm  near  St.  Louis,  which  is  now  known 
as  "Grantwood"  and  is  the  property  of  Cap- 
tain Luther  H.  Conn,  of  that  city.  For  six 
years  thereafter  he  engaged  in  farming  and 
in  the  real,  estate  business  in  St.  Louis,  but 
in  neither  calling  can  he  be  said  to  have 
succeeded.  In  i860  he  removed  to  Galena, 
Illinois,  and  there  became  a  clerk  in  the  hard- 
ware and  leather  store  of  his  father.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  offer  his  services  to 
his  country  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out, 
and  became  colonel  of  an  Illinois  volunteer 
regiment.  In  May  he  was  made  brigadier 
general  and  placed  in  command  at  Cairo. 
He  occupied  Paducah,  broke  up  the  Confed- 
erate camp  at  Belmont,  and  in  February, 
1862,  captured  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson. 
He  was  then  promoted  to  major  general, 
conducted  the  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  or 
Shiloh,  and  for  a  while  was  second  in  com- 
mand to  Halleck.  He  performed  excellent 
service  in  the  West  and  Southwest,  especially 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  at 
and  near  the  Tennessee  River,  in  1863.  He 
was  created  lieutenant  general  on  March  i, 
1864,   and  awarded  a  gold  medal  by  Con- 


GRANT  CITY— GRANT   MEDALS. 


87 


f 


f 


gress.  He  issued  his  first  order  as  general- 
in-chief  of  the  armies  of  the  United  States  at 
Nashville,  March  17,  1864.  In  the  grand 
movements  of  the  armies  in  1864  he  accom- 
panied that  of  the  Potomac,  with  his  head- 
quarters "in  the  field,"  and  he  remained  with 
it  until  he  signed  the  articles  of  capitulation 
at  Appomattox  Courthouse,  April  9,  1865. 
In  1866  he  was  promoted  to  general  of  the 
United  States  Army.  After  the  war  Grant 
fixed  his  headquarters  at  Washington.  When 
President  Johnson  suspended  Stanton  from 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  War — August  12, 
1867 — Grant  was  put  in  his  place,  ad  interim, 
and  held  the  position  until  January  14,  1868, 
when  Stanton  was  reinstated  by  the  Senate. 
In  1868  General  Grant  was  elected  President 
of  the  United  States  by  the  Republican  party, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1872.  He  retired  from 
the  office  March  4,  1877.  After  his  retire- 
ment from  the  presidency  he  visited  the  coun- 
tries of  the  old  world,  sailing  from  Philadel- 
phia May  17,  1877.  While  he  was  abroad  he 
was  entertained  in  a  princely  manner,  and 
upon  his  return  to  the  United  States,  in  Sep- 
tember of  1879,  he  made  a  triumphal  tour 
across  the  continent  from  San  Francisco.  In 
1880  he  was  again  put  forward  as  a  candidate 
for  the  Republican  nomination  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  the  traditional  sentiment  against  a 
third  presidential  term  influenced  the  Na- 
tional Convention  held  in  Chicago  against 
him,  and  after  a  long  and  exciting  session 
the  delegates  to  the  convention  compromised 
by  nominating  General  James  A.  Garfield. 
In  August  of  1881  he  established  his  home  in 
New  York  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  that  city.  He  completed  two  volumes 
of  "Personal  Memoirs"  while  on  his  death 
bed.  See  "Military  History  of  Ulysses  S. 
Grant,"  by  Adam  Badeau;  "Life  and  Public 
Services  of  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,"  by 
James  Grant  Wilson. 

Grant  City. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
the  judicial  seat  of  Worth  County,  situated 
near  the  center  of  the  county,  and  the  south- 
ern terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1864,  in  which  year  it  was  made  the 
county  seat,  and  was  named  in  honor  of 
General  U.  S.  Grant.  It  has  Baptist,  Chris- 
tion,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Free  Methodist 
and  Presbyterian  Churches.  There  are  an  ex- 
cellent graded  public  school,  two  banks,  a 


flouring  mill,  two  hotels,  a  good  courthouse 
and  jail,  two  weekly  papers,  the  "Star"  and 
the  "Times."  There  are  about  fifty  miscel- 
laneous business  houses  in  the  city.  Popu- 
lation, 1899  (estimated),  1,200. 

Grant  Medals. — Th-e  famous  Grant 
medals,  designed  to  commemorate  one  of  the 
most  interesting  events  in  the  political  his- 
tory of  the  United  States,  were  executed  in 
St.  Louis,  and  distributed  from  that  city  to 
those  entitled  to  them.  At  the  National  Re- 
publican Convention  held  in  Chicago  in  1880 
it  was  proposed  for  the  first  time  since 
Washington  refused  a  third  term  of  the  presi- 
dency, to  again  nominate  for  that  office  the 
great  soldier  who  had  four  years  earlier  re- 
linquished the  chief  magistracy  of  the  nation 
after  having  served  two  terms,  the  limit  fixed 
by  custom  and  the  unwritten  law  of  the  land. 
The  opposition  to  this  innovation  proved  un- 
yielding and  finally  forced  the  nomination  of 
General  James  A.  Garfield,  but  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end  of  that  historic  struggle 
306  delegates  cast  their  votes  on  every  ballot 
for  General  Grant,  standing  together  to  the 
last,  like  Napoleon's  "Old  Guard."  A  few 
days  after  the  convention,  Senator  J.  Donald 
Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Chauncey  I. 
Filley,  of  St.  Louis,  were  taking  a  stroll  to- 
gether, when  tke  matter  of  commemorating 
the  fealty  of  the  "306"  suggested  itself  and 
was  discussed.  A  medal  was  decided  upon 
and  each  commenced  penciling,  upon  the 
store-box  upon  which  they  seated  them- 
selves, a  design.  From  these  pencilings, 
coinciding  as  to  the  general  features,  the 
project  was  left  for  Mr.  Filley  to  carry  out, 
so  that  each  of  the  306  could  have  a  medal. 
In  pursuance  of  this  arrangement  he  secured 
from  General  Grant  his  latest  photograph, 
called  into  service  Mr.  Kershaw,  the  St.  Louis 
engraver  and  bronze  worker,  and  they  carried 
out  the  details  so  that  the  result  of  their  de- 
signs was  approved  on  submission  to  Senator 
Cameron  and  Mrs.  Grant.  The  medals  were 
then  struck,  the  list  of  delegates'  names  pre- 
pared and  certified  to  in  each  State,  and  to 
each  was  sent  a  medal.  There  was  consider- 
able demand  from  those  who  were  not  en- 
titled to  them,  and  as  late  as  1897  requests 
for  them  were  made  by  the  friends  of  General 
Grant,  but  only  enough  were  struck  off  for. 
the  delegates.  Senator  Cameron  paid  the  en- 
tire expense  of  preparing  the  medals.    They 


88 


GRANTWOOD. 


were  made  of  bronze  and  were  about  three 
inches  in  diameter.  A  profile  of  General 
Grant  adorned  one  side  of  the  medal,  and  on 
the  obverse  side  was  the  following  inscrip- 
tion :  "Commemorative  of  the  Fifty-six  Bal- 
lots of  The  Old  Guard  for  Ulysses  S.  Grant 
for  President;  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion, Chicago,  June,  1880." 

Grant  wood. — The  estate  formerly  called 
"White  Haven,"  once  owned  by  Colonel  F. 
T.  Dent,  father-in-law  of  General  U.  S.  Grant, 
and  afterward  owned  by  Grant  himself. 
When  it  passed  out  of  his  possession  it  was 
purchased  by  Captain  Luther  H.  Conn,  a  citi- 
zen of  St.  Louis,  an  ex-Confederate  officer, 
who  changed  the  name  to  "Grantwood,"  as 
being  more  expressive  of  its  historic  signifi- 
cance. It  is  a  noble  estate,  comprising  nearly 
800  acres  at  the  time  when  it  was  occupied 
as  the  country  seat  of  Colonel  Dent,  but  re- 
duced now  to  650  acres,  situated  ten  and  a 
half  miles  southwest  of  St.  Louis,  on  the 
Gravois  Road,  in  the  Gravois  neighborhood, 
one  of  the  oldest  American  settlements  of  St. 
Louis  County.  It  is  five  miles  from  Jefferson 
Barracks,  five  miles  from  the  quiet  old  town 
of  Fenton,  on  the  Meramec  River  and  five 
miles  from  Kirkwood.  The  Carondelet 
branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad,  from 
Kirkwood  to  Carondelet.  rtms  through  it, 
and  so  does  the  beautiful  Gravois  Creek, 
which  gives  the  name  to  the  road  and  the 
neighborhood.  The  estate  is  about  equally 
divided  between  cleared  and  wood  land,  and 
might  be  called  an  ideal  stock  farm,  the 
creek  supplying  an  abundance  of  water  all  the 
year  round,  the  fertile  fields  yielding  good 
crops  of  grain  and  hay,  and  the  ample  forest 
furnishing  woodland  pasture  and  shelter. 
Colonel  Dent  turned  it  to  account  in  the  rear- 
ing of  animals ;  General  Grant  improved  its 
capacity  for  this  purpose,  and  Captain  Conn, 
the  present  proprietor,  who  has  a  quick  eye 
and  a  warm  feeling  for  a  good  horse  and  a 
full-blooded  shorthorn,  has  still  further  de- 
veloped its  advantages  as  a  breeding  ground 
for  choice  animals.  Captain  Conn  is  a  gen- 
tleman of  leisure,  taste,  travel  and  means, 
and,  withal,  hospitable  and  afifable,  and  the 
many  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  L^nited 
States  and  foreign  lands  who  visit  the  place 
where  the  great  American  general  and  Pres- 
ident wooed  and  won  the  fair  lady  who  be- 
came his  wife,  bear  away  with  them  pleasant 


recollections  of  the  host  who  seems  to  regard 
himself  as  holding  the  estate  for  the  great 
soldier's  countrymen.  The  old  Dent  man- 
sion, which  gave  the  name  "White  Haven" 
to  the  place,  is  still  standing  in  good  condi-- 
tion,  and  is  occupied  by  the  present  propri- 
etor, who  has  been  careful,  while  keeping  it 
in  good  repair,  to*  preserve  the  original  char- 
acter and  appearance.  It  is  a  two-story 
frame  house,  with  attic,  wide  and  roomy,  with 
the  spacious  two-story  veranda  in  front  so 
frequently  met  with  in  Southern  country 
seats,  and  heavy  stone  chimneys  at  the  ends. 
Before  the  war  there  were  the  cabins  for 
colored  people,  always  seen  on  Southern 
country  seats,  but  these  have  disappeared  and 
in  place  of  them  are  the  barns  and  sheds 
which  General  Grant  built  for  horses  and  cat- 
tle when  the  estate  came  into  his  possession. 
The  wide  breast  of  the  massive  chimneys 
suggests  the  old-fashioned  fireplaces  within, 
and  on  entering  the  house  the  visitor  finds 
them  as  wide  and  ample  as  the  rooms  to  be 
warmed  by  them.  Grantwood  is  within 
hearing  distance  of  the  guns  of  Jefferson 
Barracks,  and  it  is  to  this  fact  that  that  very 
important  event  in  Grant's  life — his  marriage 
to  Miss  Julia  Dent — is  due.  Her  brother, 
F.  T.  Dent — afterward  brigadier  general  and 
minister  to  Denmark — w'as  one  of  his  class- 
mates at  West  Point,  and  when  Lieutenant 
Grant,  after  leaving  the  Military  Academy, 
was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  barracks,  noth- 
ing was  more  natural  than  that  he  should  be 
invited  to  the  home  of  this  brother ;  and  thus 
began,  in  1844,  the  acquaintance  which  had 
so  much  to  do  with  the  young  lieutenant's 
subsequent  career.  General  Grant  not  only 
highly  appreciated  White  Haven  on  account 
of  its  value  as  a  stock  farm,  but  had  a  fond 
attachment  for  it  on  account  of  the  romantic 
youthful  associations  connected  with  it.  It 
was  there  he  won  his  wife,  and  it  was  there 
all  their  children  were  born ;  and  while  he  was 
still  at  Washington,  absorbed  in  Ijie  cares  of 
ofifice,  he  was  accustomed  to  say  that  he 
looked  forward  eagerly  to  the  time  when  he 
should  retire  from  pul3lic  life  and  spend  his 
last  days  in  the  sylvan  scenes  and  amid  the 
lural  delights  of  White  Haven.  Mrs.  Grant 
shared  with  him  this  affection  for  her  early 
home,  and  when,  in  1893.  she  visited  it,  with 
her  son,  Jesse  R.  Grant,  and  his  wife,  it  was 
an  unexpected  delight  to  her  to  find  it  look- 
ing almost  exactly  as  she  had  left  it  many 


GRASSHOPPER  YEAR- GRATIOT. 


years  before.  The  Gravois  region  is  a  beau- 
tiful rolling  country,  occupied  chiefly  by 
orchards,  vineyards  and  gardens  owned  by  a 
thrifty  and  neighborly  people.  It  was  settled 
in  the  early  days  by  the  Sappingtons  and 
Longs,  whose  descendants  still  exhibit  the 
sterling  virtues  of  their  pioneer  ancestors  of 
three  generations  ago.  General  Grant  was 
well  known  and  warmly  esteemed  in  the 
neighborhood  in  his  early  days,  and  one  of 
his  steadfast  personal  friends  was  Colonel 
John  F.  Long,  who.  Democrat,  though  he 
was,  was  appointed  by  him  surveyor  of  the 
port  of  St.  Louis  during  his  administration. 
Mrs.  Grant  and  her  father's  family  also  are 
affectionately  remembered  by  the  few  still  re- 
maining old  citizens  who  knew  them  as  occu- 
pants of  White  Haven.  There  have  been 
suggestions  among  surviving  veterans  of  the 
LTnion  Army  that  the  estate  ought  to  be  saved 
from  the  subdivision  into  small  tracts  that 
will  ultimately  be  its  fate,  if  left  to  private 
ownership,  by  making  it  a  national  park  as  a 
perpetual  memorial  of  General  Grant,  and  a 
visiting  spot  for  his  countrymen ;  but  Captain 
Conn  is  himself  greatly  attached  to  it,  be- 
cause of  its  adaptation  to  stock-breeding  and 
its  attractiveness  as  a  country  seat,  and  it  is 
not  certain  that  he  would  be  willing  to  part 
with  it.  He  shares  the  high  respect  which 
so  many  Confederate  soldiers  entertain  for 
General  Grant,  and  takes  no  little  satisfaction 
in  owning  the  place  once  owned  by  the  great 
commander. 

"Grasshopper  Year." — In  the  year 
1875  the  State  of  Missouri  was  subjected 
to  a  visitation  of  grasshoppers,  or  Rocky 
Mountain  locusts.  The  insects,  which  had 
their  habitat  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  had 
visited  the  State  of  Kansas  for  several  years 
before,  and  caused  some  damage  to  the  crops, 
but  in  1874  they  came  in  swarms,  or  rather 
in  clouds,  into  Missouri,  devouring  such 
crops  as  were  still  in  a  green  condition,  and 
depositing  their  eggs  for  a  more  destructive 
campaign  the  following  year.  In  the  spring 
of  1875  they  came  forth  in  myriads  and  be- 
gan to  devour  every  green  thing  in  some 
of  the  western  counties.  The  foliage  was 
stripped  from  the  trees  and  the  green  blades 
from  the  corn,  while  the  wheat,  oats  and 
grass  were  eaten  off  smooth  to  the  ground, 
leaving  the  earth  bare,  and  making  the  land- 
scape    oppressively     dreary     and     desolate. 


Farmers  replanted  their  crops  only  to  see 
them  again  devoured  by  the  voracious  in- 
sects, and  the  district  invaded  by  them  was 
threatened  with  famine.  The  ground  was  lit- 
erally covered  with  them ;  they  were  crushed 
in  offensive  masses  under  the  wheels  of  rail- 
road trains,  and  they  entered  houses,  cover- 
ing the  floors  and  clinging  to  the  walls  and 
filling  drawers  and  cupboards  in  such  num- 
ber as  to  be  a  plague  on  the  land.  So  serious 
was  the  visitation  that  Governor  Hardin  is- 
sued a  proclamation  setting  apart  June  3, 
1875,  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer  for  de- 
liverance, and  there  was  a  general  observance 
of  the  day  over  the  State,  particularly  in  the 
"grasshopper  district."  Shortly  afterward  the 
drouth  which  had  aggravated  the  calamity, 
was  broken  by  abundant  rains  which  washed 
away  the  insects  in  great  quantities,  and  this 
was  followed  by  an  east  wind  which  carried 
them  in  clouds  from  the  State.  In  July  the 
farmers  replanted  corn,  and  with  the  ad- 
vantage of  an  unusually  favoring  season 
there  was  a  good  crop. 

Cxratiot. — An  attractive  little  city  on  the 
St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railroad,  in  St. 
Louis  County,  nearly  seven  miles  from  St. 
Louis.  It  is  named  after  one  of  the  early 
residents  of  the  city  who  was  the  owner  of 
the  "Gratiot  League,"  on  which  the  present 
station  is  located. 

Gratiot,  Charles,  the  head  of  the  dis- 
tinguished American  family  of  Gratiots,  and 
one  of  the  early  settlers  of  St.  Louis,  was 
born  in  Lausanne,  Canton  of  Vaud,  Switzer- 
land. His  family  were  French  Huguenots, 
forced  to  leave  their  native  country  by  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  He  came 
to  this  country  and  lived  for  a  time  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina.  About  1777  he 
came  to  the  west  and  settled  at  St.  Louis, 
and  engaged  in  merchandising.  The  post  was 
only  thirteen  years  old  at  that  time,  so  that 
it  may  be  said  of  Gratiot  that  he  was  here 
from  almost  the  beginning.  His  alliance  with 
the  family  which  founded  St.  Louis  began  on 
the  25th  of  June,  1781,  when  he  married  Vic- 
toire  Chouteau,  one  of  the  three  sisters  of 
Colonel  Auguste  Chouteau,  the  friend  and 
companion  of  Laclede.  Nine  children  were 
born  to  them,  four  sons — Charles,  Henry, 
John  B.  and  Paul  M.  Gratiot — and  five 
daughters — Julie,   who   became   the   wife   of 


90 


GRATIOT— GRATIOT  STREET  PRISON. 


John  P.  Cabanne;  Victoire,  who  became  the 
wife  of  Sylvester  Labadie ;  EmiUe,  who  be- 
came the  wife  of  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr. ;  Marie 
Therese,  who  became  the  wife  of  John  N. 
Macklot,  and  Isabelle,  who  became  the  wife 
of  Jules  De  Mun.  The  eldest  of  the  sons, 
Charles,  graduated  at  West  Point  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  General,  dying  at  the  age  of 
eighty-seven  years.  The  other  sons  went  to 
the  lead  mines  on  Feore  River,  Illinois,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  founding  of 
what  is  now  the  city  of  Galena.  In  1832 
Paul  M.  Gratiot  returned  from  the  lead  mines 
to  St.  Louis  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life  on  his  farm  near  Cheltenham,  part  of  the 
"Gratiot  League,"  which  had  been  the  prop- 
erty of  his  father.  One  of  the  daughters  of 
Jules  and  Isabelle  (Gratiot)  De  Mun,  Isabelle, 
became  the  wife  of  Edward  Walsh ;  another, 
Julie,  became  the  wife  of  Antoine  Chenie ;  a 
third,  Louise,  became  the  wife  of  Robert  A. 
Barnes,  and  a  fourth,  Emilie,  became  the  wife 
of  Charles  Bland  Smith — all  prominent  in 
business  and  the  professions  in  St.  Louis, 
whose  children  are  still  to  be  found  in  the 
city.  When  General  George  Rogers  Clark 
made  his  conquest  of  the  Illinois  country, 
Charles  Gratiot,  Pierre  Menard  and  other 
French  settlers  gave  him  the  most  valuable 
assistance  in  wresting  this  territory  from  the 
English,  and  when  the  territory  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River  passed  under  the  control  of 
the  United  States  Government  he  was  a  no 
less  potent  factor  in  reconciling  the  French 
inhabitants  of  that  region  to  the  new  order  of 
things.  All  of  his  life  he  possessed  the  confi- 
dence of  the  inhabitants  of  the  post,  and  was 
the  leader  in  all  movements  for  their  benefit. 
In  181 1,  1812  and  1813  he  was  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees,  and  when,  in  181 5, 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  then  a  young  man  thirty- 
three  years  of  age,  but  with  the  beginning  of 
his  great  reputation,  came  to  St.  Louis  to 
make  it  his  home,  Charles  Gratiot  welcomed 
him  to  the  town  and  entertained  him  in  his 
hospitable  home,  at  the  corner  of  Main  and 
Chestnut  Streets.  Mr.  Gratiot  was  very  suc- 
cessful in  business,  and  when  he  died,  in  the 
year  181 7,  he  was  reckoned  one  of  the  richest 
men  in  St.  Louis. 

Gratiot,  Charles,  was  born  in  St. 
Louis,  August  29,  1786,  and  died  in  that  city 
May  18,  1855.  His  father  was  Charles  Gratiot 
and  his  mother  was  Victoire  (Chouteau)  Gra- 


tiot, sister  of  the  two  Chouteaus,  Auguste 
and  Pierre,  who  took  part  in  the  founding  of 
St.  Louis.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  years  he 
was  appointed  as  a  cadet  to  the  military 
academy  at  West  Point  by  President  Jeffer- 
son, being  one  of  the  four  French  youths  of 
Louisiana  Territory  selected  for  this  distinc- 
tion with  the  object  of  conciliating  the  French 
population  after  the  cession.  He  graduated 
with  honor  in  1806  and  entered  the  army  as 
second  lieutenant  of  engineers.  In  1808  he 
was  promoted  to  be  captain.  He  served  with 
gallantry  in  the  War  of  1812  as  chief  engineer 
in  General  Harrison's  army,  and  in  1814  was 
brevetted  colonel.  He  took  part  in  the  de- 
fense of  Fort  Meigs  in  1813,  and  in  the  attack 
on  Fort  Mackinac  in  1814.  In  181 5  he  was 
appointed  major  of  engineers,  and  superin- 
tended the  construction  of  fortifications  on 
Delaware  River,  and  afterward  the  construc- 
tion of  Fortress  Monroe,  at  Old  Point  Com- 
fort. In  1819  he  was  appointed  lieutenant 
coldnel,  and  in  1828  was  made  colonel  in 
charge  of  the  engineering  bureau  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  May  24,  1828,  he  was  brevetted 
brigadier  general  and  appointed  inspector  of 
West  Point.  It  was  General  Charles  Gratiot 
who,  in  1835,  selected  Lieutenant  Robert  E. 
Lee  to  construct  the  works  on  Bloody  Island, 
and  between  the  island  and  the  Illinois  shore, 
which  protected  the  St.  Louis  harbor.  Fort 
Gratiot,  on  St.  Clair  River,  Michigan,  and 
the  villages  of  Gratiot  in  Michigan  and  Wis- 
consin were  named  in  his  honor.  He  was 
married  to  Miss  Ann  Belin,  at  Philadelphia, 
April  22,  1819.  Two  daughters  were  born 
to  them — Victoria,  who  became  the  wife  of 
Marquis  C.  F,  de  Montholon,  French  min- 
ister to  the  United  States  ;  and  Julie  Augusta, 
who  became  the  wife  of  Charles  P.  Chouteau, 
of  St.  Louis.  His  widow  died  in  St.  Louis 
December  26,  1886,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
seven  years. 

Gratiot  Street  Prison. — What  was 
known  during  the  Civil  War  as  Gratiot  Street 
Military  Prison,  in  St.  Louis,  was  originally 
McDowell  Medical  College.  It  was  a  large 
octagonal  building,  built  of  gray  stone,  and 
stood  at  the  corner  of  Eighth  and  Gratiot 
Streets.  It  was  flanked  by  two  wings,  the 
southern  situated  directly  on  the  corner  of 
Eighth  and  Gratiot  Streets,  and  the  northern 
extending  to  the  building  of  the  Christian  \^i 
Brothers.  It  was  appropriated  by  the  Federal      '": 


n^Saut^riMtalcr^  Co 


.sTi^  it  i^^^Ains  A/ :ir 


GRAVELY—  G  RAVES. 


91 


military  authorities  at  the  beginning  of  the 
•war  for  use  as  a  military  prison,  and  to  it 
were  committed  from  time  to  time  captured 
Confederate  soldiers,  Southern  sympathizers 
placed  under  arrest,  and  those  charged  with 
being  "bushwhackers,"  spies  or  mail-car- 
riers, and  also  deserters,  bounty-jumpers,  and 
delinquents  from  the  Union  side.  Many 
prominent  citizens  of  Missouri  were  incarcer- 
ated in  this  prison,  among  them  being  men 
who  had  occupied  high  public  stations,  and 
who  had  rendered  important  services  to  the 
country,  but  whose  overt  acts  or  openly  ex- 
pressed sympathy  with  the  Confederate  cause 
occasioned  their  imprisonment.  The  disci- 
pline maintained  in  the  prison  seems  to  have 
been  severe,  and  there  were  many  complaints 
of  harsh  treatment  and  of  unnecessary  hard- 
ships imposed  upon  those  who  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  incur  the  displeasure  of  the 
military  authorities  then  in  complete  control 
of  the  city. 

Grravely,  Joseph  J.,  lawyer,  legis- 
lator, soldier,  member  of  Congress  and 
Lieutenant  Governor  of  Missouri,  was  born 
in  Henry  County,  Virginia,  in  1828,  and  died 
in  Cedar  County,  Missouri,  April  28,  1872. 
He  was  raised  on  a  farm  and  educated  in  the 
common  schools.  In  1853  he  was  elected  to 
the  Virginia  Legislature.  In  1854  he  removed 
to  Missouri,  and  in  1861,  when  the  excite- 
ment preceding  the  Civil  War  began,  he  took 
a  bold  stand  for  the  Union  and  was  elected 
to  the  State  Convention.  In  1862  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  in  the  war 
served  in  the  Union  Army  as  colonel  of  the 
Eighth  Missouri  Cavalry.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  to  the  Fortieth  Congress  from  the 
Fourth  Missouri  District  as  a  radical  Repub- 
lican, and  served  to  the  end  of  the  term.  In 
1870  he  supported  the  "Liberal"  movement, 
and  was  nominated  for  Lieutenant  Governor 
and  elected  on  the  ticket  with  B.  Gratz 
Brown  for  Governor. 

Graves,  Alexander,  lawyer,  soldier 
and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in  Mis- 
sissippi, August  20,  1844.  When  he  was  sev- 
enteen years  of  age,  and  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War,  he  left  Centre  College,  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  entered  the  Confederate  Army. 
He  served  until  the  end  under  General  N.  B. 
Forrest.  In  May,  1865,  he  was  paroled  with 
Forrest,  at  Gainesville,  Alabama,  and  entered 


Oakland  (afterward  Alcorn)  University,  grad- 
uating in  1867.  He  then  studied  law  and 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  in 
1869,  ^"d  came  to  Missouri  and  settled  at 
Lexington,  where  he  commenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession.  In  1872  he'  was  elected 
city  attorney,  and  two  years  later  prosecuting 
attorney  of  Lafayette  County.  In  1882  he 
was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Congress 
in  the  fifth  Missouri  district  and  was  elected 
by  a  vote  of  12,695  to  8,672  for  John  T. 
Crisp,  Independent,  and  243  for  McCabe, 
Greenbacker. 

Graves,  Fayette  Parsons,  mine- 
operator,  was  born  January  17,  1849, 
in  Rochester,  New  York,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Henry  and  Julia  (Parsons)  Graves. 
His  mother  and  twin  brother  died 
when  he  was  only  a  few  months  old, 
and  his  father  when  the  son  was  eight 
years  of  age.  After  the  death  of  his  father 
he  went  to  live  with  his  grandmother,  and 
later  lived  with  his  uncle  at  Burr  Oak,  Michi- 
gan. When  he  was  about  twelve  years  of 
age  he  went  to  Hillsdale,  Michigan,  where  he 
lived  with  his  aunt.  As  a  boy  he  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Burr  Oak  and  Hillsdale, 
and  while  in  Hillsdale  he  attended  for  a  time 
private  schools  and  afterward  the  public 
high  school.  When  about  seventeen  years  of 
age  he  went  to  Southampton,  Massachusetts, 
and  in  1867  entered  Williston  Seminary  at 
Easthampton,  Massachusetts.  Unable  to 
complete  the  full  course,  he  was  obliged  to 
discontinue  his  studies  at  the  last-named  in- 
titution  and  came  west  to  Missouri,  finding 
employment  in  the  St.  Joseph  Lead  Mines, 
at  what  is  now  Bonne  Terre.  He  had  previ- 
ously worked  in  the  lead  mines  at  Southamp- 
ton, Massachusetts,  and  later  had  worked  for 
the  street  railway  company  at  Northampton, 
giving  evidence  of  his  industry  and  his  am- 
bition to  make  his  own  way  in  the  world. 
When  he  came  to  Missouri  he  began  a  con- 
nection with  the  great  industry  founded  by 
the  St.  Joseph  Lead  Company,  which  has 
continued  up  to  the  present  time,  and  he  was 
advanced  to  the  position  which  he  now  occu- 
pies by  successive  steps  as  a  reward  of  real 
merit.  He  worked  in  the  mill  and  shops  of 
the  company  for  two  years  and  was  then 
given  the  position  of  cashier,  which  he  filled 
for  seventeen  years.  In  1887  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  Doe  Run  Lead  Company  at 


92 


GRAVES. 


the  organization  of  that  corporation,  as  its 
secretary  and  assistant  superintendent.  Fill- 
ing these  positions,  he  has  since  resided  at 
Doe  Run,  in  charge  of  the  works  at  that  place. 
He  is  also  a  director  and  stockholder  in  the 
company,  arid  one  of  the  men  to  whom  it 
owes,  in  a  large  measure,  its  success.  During 
his  thirty  years  of  active  and  continuous  work 
in  connection  with  the  lead  mining  interests 
of  this  region,  he  has  devoted  his  spare  time 
and  means  to  making  a  collection  of  speci- 
mens of  various  minerals.  This  collection, 
which  is  now  one  of  the  finest  in  the  West, 
also  contains  a  great  variety  of  relics,  curios, 
ancient  coins,  weapons,  etc.,  from  Oriental 
countries,  implements  of  the  stone  age  and 
prehistoric  evidences  of  the  existence  of  man. 
Indian  war  relics,  rare  books,  manuscripts 
and  autographs,  and  over  6,000  postage 
stamps — some  of  which  are  exceedingly  rare 
— constitute  a  part  of  the  collection.  Egypt, 
Spain,  Cuba,  China  and  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands have  also  contributed  to  what  consti- 
tutes a  wonderfully  attractive  and  instructive 
museum  of  antiquities.  Exhibits  from  this 
collection  were  attractive  features  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago 
and  the  expositions  at  Atlanta  and  Omaha. 
The  collection  will  undoubtedly  be  repre- 
sented also  at  the  Bufifalo  Pan-American 
Exposition  in  1901,  and  at  the  Louis- 
iana Centennial  Purchase  Exposition  in 
St.  Louis  in  1903,  in  the  interest  of 
southeast  Missouri  and  St.  Francois  Coun- 
ty. In  gratifying  his  tastes  in  this  di- 
rection Mr.  Graves  has  shown  the  same 
energy  and  thoroughness  which  he  has  evi- 
denced in  the  conduct  of  his  business  affairs. 
Aside  from  this  indulgence,  he  has  given 
his  time  wholly  to  the  industrial  interests 
which  he  represents,  and  has  never  taken  an 
active  part  in  public  affairs,  the  only  office 
which  he  has  held  having  been  that  of  post- 
master, at  Doe  Run,  which  he  filled  from 
1887  to  1891.  He  has  been  known,  however, 
as  a  staunch  Republican  and  one  who  took 
an  active  interest  in  promoting  the  welfare 
of  his  party.  At  the  National  Convention  of 
the  Republican  League  Clubs  held  in  St. 
Paul,  Minnesota,  in  1900,  he  was  elected  vice 
president  of  the  league  for  Missouri.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity  and  of  the 
Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen.  His 
career  as  a  Mason  began  in  1874,  when  he 
became  a  member  of  Samaritan  Lodge,  No. 


424,  in  Bonne  Terre.  At  the  organization  of 
Pendleton    Lodge,  No.  551,  at    Doe    Run,  in 

1892,  he  became  master  of  that  lodge  and 
served  as  such  during  the  years   1892  and 

1893.  He  was  exalted  in  Midian  Chapter,  No. 
71,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  in  1892,  at  Ironton, 
Missouri,  and  was  created  a  Knight  Templar 
in  De  Soto  Commandery,  No.  56,  at  De 
Soto,  Missouri,  in  1895.  He  served  as  dis- 
trict deputy  grand  master  and  district 
deputy  grand  lecturer  for  the  sixteenth 
district  of  Missouri  in  1894  and  1895,  and 
also  served  as  grand  sword-bearer  in  the 
Masonic  Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri  in  1894 
and  1895.  December  6,  1871,  Mr.  Graves 
married  Miss  Mary  E.  Woodside,  of  Bonne 
Terre,  Missouri.  Of  a  family  of  three  sons 
and  two  daughters  born  to  them,  only  two  are 
now  living.  These  are  Dr.  John  B.  Graves, 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Doe  Run,  and  Mrs.  J.  V.  Braham,  who  re- 
sides in  Bonne  Terre,  Missouri.  They  have 
also  an  adopted  daughter  whom  they  re- 
ceived from  the  Missouri  Children's  Home 
Society.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Graves  are  members 
of  thv;  Congregational  Church  of  Bonne 
Terre,  Missouri.  As  there  is  no  Congrega- 
tional Church  at  Doe  Run,  their  affiliation 
there  is  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  all  of  their  children  having  united 
with  that  denomination.  Mr.  (Graves,  how- 
ever, prefers  to  divide  his  attendance  between 
these  two  churches,  and  feels  at  home  with 
either,  or  in  any  of  the  churches  of  Doe  Run. 

Graves,  Waller  Washington,  law- 
yer and  judge  of  the  Twenty-ninth  Judicial 
Circuit,  was  born  in  Lafayette  County,  Mis- 
souri, December  17,  i860,  son  of  Abram  L. 
and  Martha  E.  (Pollard)  Graves.  His  father 
was  born  near  Palmyra,  Missouri,  in  1837. 
The  latter's  father,  who  was  a  native  of 
North  Carolina,  removed  early  in  life  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  married.  In  1836  he  came  \ 
to  Missouri  and  engaged  in  the  mercantile 
business  near  Palmyra,  where  his  son,  Abram 
L.  Graves,  was  born.  Abram  L.  Graves, 
whose  life  was  devoted  to  farming,  was  a 
prominent  Democrat,  held  numerous  local 
offices,  and  was  a  man  of  wide  influence. 
Being  a  strong  Southern  sympathizer,  he 
was  forced  into  the  Missouri  State  Guard 
in  the  early  days  of  the  Civil  War.  but  spent 
most  of  his  time  in  Colorado  until  the  strug- 
o:le  was  ended.    In  1880  he  removed  to  Bates 


<^c</> 


legal  FuAiisJuni:  Co.  StLnuLS, 


GRAY. 


93 


County,  occupying  a  farm  near  Mulberry,  but 
since  the  spring  of  1898  he  has  made  his 
home  at  Garden  City  on  a  farm  which  he 
purchased  at  that  time.  His  wife  is  a  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  S.  Pollard,  who  married  a 
member  of  the  famous  Waller  family  of  Vir- 
ginia. She  is  a  direct  descendant  of  John  L. 
Waller,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the  Con- 
tinental Army  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  Both  the  Pollards  and  Wallers  are  de- 
scended from  prominent  Old  Dominion  fam- 
ilies. Mrs.  Graves  was  born  in  Todd  County, 
Kentucky,  and  came  with  her  parents  to  Mis- 
souri when  a  girl  of  fifteen  years.  The 
education  of  Waller  W.  Graves  was  begun 
in  the  public  schools  of  Lafayette  County, 
and  continued  in  the  State  University  until 
1880,  when  he  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Bates  County.  There  he  devoted  two  years 
to  the  study  of  law  and  teaching  school. 
From  1882  to  1885  he  continued  his  legal 
studies  in  the  office  of  Parkinson  &  Aber- 
nathy,  at  Butler,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
the  latter  year  by  Judge  James  B.  Gantt.  In 
1884  one  of  his  preceptors — Mr.  Abernathy — 
I  had  died,  and  upon  his  admission  to  the  bar 
Mr.  Parkinson  offered  young  Graves  a  part- 
nership, which  he  accepted.  This  relation 
was  sustained  until  October  i,  1893,  when 
Judge  Graves  formed  a  partnership  with 
General  H.  C.  Clark,  which  continued  until 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  took  his  place  upon 
the  circuit  bench,  January  t,  1899,  having 
been  elected  to  that  office  in  November,  1898. 
Before  being  elected  to  the  circuit  bench 
Judge  Graves  had  filled  two  other  public 
offices.  Governor  Marmaduke  appointed 
him  school  commissioner  of  Bates  County 
to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  at  the  end  of  his  term 
he  was  elected  to  the  office.  In  1890  he  was 
the  candidate  of  the  Democratic  party  for 
city  attorney  of  Butler,  and  was  elected  by 
a  handsome  majority,  though  the  Republican 
candidate  had  been  victorious  at  the  preced- 
ing election.  Judge  Graves  is  identified  with 
the  Masonic  fraternity,  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work- 
men, the  Woodmen  of  the  World  and  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America.  He  was 
married  June  30,  1892,  to  Alice  Ludwick,  a 
native  of  Butler,  and  a  daughter  of  John  L. 
K  Ludwick,  a  retired  merchant,  and  an  early 
mt  settler  of  that  place.  They  are  the  parents 
H  of  two  children,  Ludwick  and  W.  W.  Graves, 
^Kfr.    During  his  career  as  a  practitioner  Judge 

I 


Graves  participated  in  the  trial  of  many  im- 
portant cases.  In  1897  and  1898  he  was 
associated  with  Attorney  General  Crow  in 
the  prosecution  of  the  famous  cases  against 
the  trust  companies  of  St.  Louis.  The  action 
was  brought  at  the  instance  of  the  regularly 
chartered  banks  of  that  city  to  compel  the 
trust  companies  to  abstain  from  engaging  in 
the  banking  business.  After  a  bitter  fight  the 
court  sustained  the  contention  of  the  clients 
of  Messrs.  Graves  and  Crow.  Another  im- 
portant case  was  that  of  the  State  ex  rel. 
Wheeler  vs.  Hastetter,  to  determine  the  right 
of  a  woman  to  hold  office  in  Missouri.  Judge 
Graves  appeared  for  Mrs.  Maggie  B.  Wheel- 
er, who  had  been  elected  clerk  of  St.  Clair 
County.  The  office  was  refused  her  on  the 
ground  that  under  the  statutary  and  consti- 
tutional provisions  of  the  State,  no  woman 
could  hold  office  in  Missouri.  Judge  Graves 
carried  the  case  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which 
not  only  sustained  his  position  and  awarded 
the  office  to  Mrs.  Wheeler,  but  complimented 
him  highly  on  his  brief  and  the  method  of 
its  preparation.  In  such  high  esteem  is 
Judge  Graves  held  by  the  bench  and  bar  of 
Missouri  that  many  of  his  friends  have  urged 
him  to  become  a  candidate  for  the  supreme 
bench  in  1901. 

Gray,    Alexander,    lawyer  and  jurist, 

was  born  in  Kentucky,  and  died  in  St.  Louis, 
August  2,  1823.  He  served  as  a  captain  in 
the  Twenty-fourth  United  States  Infantry 
Regiment  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  at  its 
close  came  to  Missouri,  settHng  at  Cape 
Girardeau.  From  there  he  came  to  St.  Louis, 
a  well  educated  man,  a  fine  writer,  and  a  re- 
markably able  criminal  lawyer.  In  1820  he 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  St.  Louis  Circuit 
Court  by  Acting  Governor  Frederick^  Bates, 
and  held  two  terms  of  his  court  in  St.  Louis 
under  the  Territorial  government.  At  the 
organization  of  the  State  government  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  McNair  judge  of  the 
circuit  court  for  the  circuit  north  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  and  filled  that  position  until  his 
death.  He  died  unmarried  and  while  still  a 
young  man. 

Gray,  Henry  Lock,  who  lived  a  life  of 
much  usefulness  in  public,  as  well  as  private, 
stations,  was  a  native  of  Missouri,  born  Feb- 
ruary 7,  1846,  in  St.  Charles  County,  and 
died  at  Sturgeon,  Missouri,  June  26,   1900. 


94 


GRAY. 


His  parents  were  natives  of  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  Virginia,  and  removed  to  Missouri  in 
1861,  locating  in  Allen,  near  where  is  now 
Moberly,  where  the  father  conducted  a  store 
and  served  as  postmaster  and  express  agent. 
The  son,  Henry  Lock  Gray,  left  school  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  to  begin  work.  Even 
before  that  time  he  had  acquired  habits  of 
close  and  careful  study,  which  he  maintained 
during  his  life,  and  when  he  was  twenty-five 
years  of  age  those  whom  he  met  believed  him 
to  be  a  college  graduate,  so  generous  and 
accurate  was  his  store  of  knowledge,  cov- 
ering the  best  of  history  and  literature,  biog- 
raphy, economic  subjects,  and  even  the  law. 
During  the  four  years  of  the  Civil  War  period 
he  served  as  clerk  in  his  father's  store,  and  as 
assistant  postmaster  and  express  messenger. 
In  the  latter  service  he  had  a  varied  experi- 
ence and  repeated  narrow  escapes  from  bush- 
whackers while  on  a  route  with  a  stagecoach 
between  Allen  and  Glasgow  and  Brunswick. 
In  1865,  when  nineteen  years  of  age,  he 
located  at  Sturgeon,  which  was  thencefor- 
ward his  place  of  residence  for  thirty-five 
years,  excepting  about  eighteen  months, 
when  he  resided  at  Middlegrove,  Monroe 
County.  For  some  years  he  kept  a  general 
store.  In  1893  he  failed,  owing  to  crop 
failures  and  the  financial  panic,  and  he  was 
for  the  following  ten  years  a  commercial 
traveler.  He  re-established  himself  in  a  mer- 
cantile business  in  Sturgeon  in  1883,  and  con- 
ducted it  until  1 891,  when  he  retired.  He 
was  an  intensely  earnest  and  active  Demo- 
crat throughout  his  life,  and  his  qualities  as 
a  leader,  and  his  accurate  business  methods 
and  ripe  judgment,  led  to  his  being  called  at 
various  times  to  public  positions,  in  which 
his  services  were  eminently  useful  to  the 
State  and  honorable  to  himself.  While  a  res- 
ident of  Monroe  County  he  took  an  active 
part  on  the  stump  in  advocacy  of  the  regular 
Democratic  ticket  headed  by  Hardin,  and 
was  urged  to  become  a  candidate  for  Rep- 
resentative, but  declined.  He  was  defeated 
for  the  Legislature  in  1886  by  but  sixty-nine 
votes,  after  a  most  exciting  and  warmly  con- 
tested campaign.  In  1885  he  was  made  clerk 
of  the  ways  and  means  committee  of  the  State 
Senate,  of  which  Honorable  J.  M.  Proctor,  of 
Sturgeon,  was  chairman.  He  was  elected 
assistant  secretary  of  the  Senate  in  1887,  and 
secretary  in  the  revision  session  of  1889,  and 
he  was  re-elected  to  the  latter  position  in 


1891.  In  April,  1891,  he  was  appointed  chief 
clerk  of  the  Labor  Bureau,  and  he  was  re- 
appointed to  the  same  position  in  1893. 
When  the  office  of  supervisor  of  building 
and  loan  associations  was  created  he  was 
made  deputy  supervisor.  Later,  when  the 
office  of  supervisor  was  made  a  separate 
bureau,  in  the  spring  of  1897,  Governor 
Stephens  appointed  him  supervisor,  and  he 
occupied  the  position  until  his  death,  his 
term  not  expiring  until  May  21,  1901.  In 
the  discharge  of  official  duty  he  was  punctil- 
iously prompt  and  accurate,  and  he  adorned 
every  place  he  was  called  to  fill.  His  in- 
vincible integrity  came  to  be  fully  recognized, 
when  as  supervisor  of  building  and  loan 
associations  he  indignantly  denounced  those 
who  sought  his  official  favor  through  the 
proffer  of  what  would  have  been  to  him  a 
small  fortune.  He  was  a  graceful  and  force- 
ful writer,  and  an  orator  of  no  mean  ability. 
His  reading,  while  a  Senate  clerk,  was  pleas- 
ing and  brought  him  much  commendation, 
while  as  a  speaker  before  the  people,  no  one 
in  his  county  could  attract  so  large  an  audi- 
tory or  interest  it  for  so  long  a  period.  His 
personal  character  was  crowned  with  many 
excellencies.  He  was  without  dissimulation. 
His  thoughts  were  in  his  face  to  be  read  by 
all  men.  He  confided  in  those  he  thought 
were  his  friends.  Being  naturally  credulous 
and  unsuspecting,  made  him  a  prey  to  the 
cunning,  but  when  his  confidence  was  be- 
trayed, it  was  impossible  to  restore  it.  He 
was  always  candid  and  outspoken.  His  ene- 
mies were  few,  but  bitter.  His  friends  were 
firm  and  devoted.  He  was  the  soul  of  cour- 
age and  integrity.  Embarrassed  with  debt, 
and  his  wife  in  delicate  health,  he  never  fal- 
tered ;  he  was  never  sued ;  his  paper  was 
never  protested ;  he  paid  100  cents  on 
the  dollar,  with  10  per  cent  interest.  When 
twenty-one  years  of  age  he  married  Miss 
Sophia  Dinwiddle,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Din- 
widdle, and  granddaughter  of  Rev.  James 
Barnes,  a  widely  known  preacher  of  the  old- 
school  Baptist  Church,  who  was  married  to 
an  aunt  of  the  late  Judge  Burckhart,  in  the 
fort  at  old  Frankford,  where  the  prisoners 
assembled  to  defend  themselves  against  an 
attack  by  the  Indians.  Mr.  Gray  is  survived 
by  his  wife  and  a  son,  Omar  D.  Gray.  The 
latter  named  is  a  talented  journalist,  and  is 
editor  and  publisher  of  the  Sturgeon  "Mis- 
souri Leader."    He  is  devoted  to  the  memory 


> 


GRAY. 


95 


of  his  lamented  father,  whom  he  commem- 
orated in  a  special  memorial  edition  of  his 
paper,  which  contained  a  fervent  tribute  from 
his  own  pen,  and  eloquent  encomiums  by 
Governor  Stephens  and  other  distinguished 
men.  Mr.  Gray  was  born  May  17,  1869,  and 
was  married  June  25,  1899,  to  Miss  Mayme 
Smith,  of  Huntsville,  Missouri.  He  served 
as  lieutenant  colonel  on  the  staff  of  Gov- 
ernor Stephens,  by  whom  he  was  held  in  high 
esteem  for  his  many  excellent  qualities. 

Gray,  Melviu    Lamoiid,  lawyer,    and 
one  of  the  old  and  honored  members  of  the 
St.   Louis  bar,  was  born  July  20,    181 5,   at 
Bridport,  Vermont,  son  of  Daniel  and  Amy 
(Bosworth)     Gray.     The     founder     of     this 
branch  of  the  Gray  family  in  America  was 
John  Gray,  who  came  with  his  family  from 
Ireland  to  this  country  in  1718,  and  settled 
at    Worcester,    Massachusetts.     Of    Scotch 
origin,  the  family  was  planted  in  the  north  of 
Ireland  in  the  year   1612,  when  one  of  its 
representatives  emigrated  to  that  region  from 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  and  became  the  progen- 
itor of  a  physically  and  intellectually  vigorous 
Scotch-Irish     people     bearing     his     name. 
Transplanted  from  Ireland  to  America,  the 
i  family   has   retained   its  pristine   vigor,   and 
[representatives     of    each     generation     have 
[achieved  merited  distinction  in  various  walks 
[of  life.     During  the  Revolutionary  War  the 
[grandfather  of  Melvin  L.  Gray  and  several  of 
his  grandfather's  brothers  were  participants 
:in  the  struggle  for  independence.    His  father, 
Daniel  Gray,  graduated  at  Middlebury  Col- 
lege, of  Middlebury,  Vermont,  in  1805,  and 
isoon  afterward  married  Susan  Rice,  who  died 
[in  her  young  womanhood,  leaving  one  son, 
Ozro  Preston  Gray.     After  the  death  of  his 
first  wife  he  married  Amy  Bosworth,  and  of 
this  union  eight  children  were  born,  six  of 
whom  were  sons,  all  of  whom  grew  to  man- 
'hood.    The  eldest  of  these  sons  was  Rev.  Dr. 
Edgar  Harkness  Gray,  who  was  long  eminent 
las  a  Baptist  clergyman,  served  four  years  as 
chaplain  of  the   United   States  Senate,   and 
lofificiated  at  the  funeral  of  President  Lincoln 
in  Washington.     Daniel  Gray  died  when  his 
son,  Melvin  L.  Gray,  was  eight  years  of  age, 
and  the  half-orphaned  boy  was  given  a  home 
in  the  family  of  the  village  minister  of  Brid- 
port.    Reared    in    a    rural    community,    he 
divided  his  time  in  early  youth  between  farm 
labor  and  attendance  at  school.     As  he  ap- 


proached manhood  a  strong  desire  to  obtain 
a  collegiate  education  took  hold  upon  him, 
and,  after  fitting  himself  for  college  at  the 
village  select  school  and  completing  the 
course  of  study  prescribed  for  the  freshman 
year  without  the  aid  of  a  teacher,  he  entered 
the  sophomore  class  of  Middlebury  College 
in  1836.  During  three  years  thereafter  he 
maintained  himself  in  college  by  teaching 
school  during  the  winter  months  of  each  year, 
and  in  1839  was  graduated  in  a  class  of  which 
John  G.  Saxe,  the  "Green  Mountain  poet," 
and  William  A.  Howard,  later  a  member  of 
Congress  and  Governor  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, were  members.  In  the  autumn  of  1839 
he  went  to  Autauga  County,  Alabama,  and 
.  taught  school  there  and  in  the  adjoining 
County  of  Montgomery  for  two  years  there- 
after. There  he  had  some  interesting  expe- 
riences and  formed  the  acquaintance  of  men 
like  Dixon  H.  Lewis,  then  a  member  of  the 
lower  branch  of  Congress  and  later  a  United 
States  Senator;  Governor  (and  later  United 
States  Senator)  Fitzpatrick ;  William  L.  Yan- 
cey, Henry  W.  Hilliard,  and  others  who  at- 
tained national  celebrity  in  later  years. 
Among  his  less  agreeable  experiences  was 
that  of  being  paid  for  his  services  as  an  edu- 
cator in  the  depreciated  State  Bank  currency 
of  Alabama,  which  he  was  compelled  to  dis- 
count 35  per  cent  when  he  left  the  State.  In 
September  of  1842  he  came  to  St.  Louis  and 
continued  law  studies,  previously  commenced, 
under  the  preceptorship  of  Britton  A.  Hill 
and  John  M.  Eager,  then  practicing  in  part- 
nership. In  1843  ^^^  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  Missouri,  and  in  February  of  1844  opened 
his  own  law  office.  After  that  until  1893  he 
was  continuously  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  and  at  the  present  time — 1898 
— he  is,  with  the  exception  of  Samuel  Knox 
and  Nathaniel  Holmes,  now  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  Judge  Samuel  Treat,  of  St.  Louis, 
the  oldest  member  of  the  St.  Louis  bar. 
During  his  long  professional  career  of  more 
than  half  a  century  he  confined  himself  to  the 
civil  practice,  and  for  many  years  gave 
special  attention  to  admiralty  and  trade  mark 
law.  In  this  branch  of  practice  he  attained 
more  than  local  celebrity  in  the  years  of  his 
greatest  activity,  and  the  volume  of  his  bus- 
iness made  him  one  of  the  most  successful 
practitioners  in  St.  Louis.  In  later  years  he 
withdrew,  in  a  measure,  from  this  kind  of 
practice  and  turned  his  attention  largely  to 


GRAYDON  SPRINGS— GREAT  AMERICAN   SOCIETY. 


the  care  and  conservation  of  the  estates  of 
which  he  had  been  made  curator  or  trustee. 
In  1893  he  retired  from  the  practice  to  the 
enjoyment  of  a  green  old  age,  and,  still  physi- 
cally and  mentally  vigorous,  is  numbered 
among  the  few  members  of  the  bar  who 
link  the  distant  past  with  the  present  of  St. 
Louis.  Prominent  at  the  bar,  he  has  been 
hardly  less  well  known  to  the  public  as  a 
patron  of  the  arts,  sciences  and  education. 
A  self-made  man,  his  generous  sympathies 
have  gone  out  to  those  struggling  to  obtain 
an  education  or  a  foothold  in  life,  and  all  such 
who  have  come  in  his  way  have  found  in  him 
a  friend  and  benefactor.  He  gave  to  Drury 
College,  the  leading  educational  institution  of 
the  Congregational  Church  in  the  West,  the 
sum  of  $25,000  to  establish  and  endow  a  pro- 
fessorship in  honor  of  his  wife,  and  has  freely 
used  the  means  with  which  fortune  has 
favored  him  to  elevate  mankind  and  assist  the 
progress  of  civilization.  For  thirty-five  years 
he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Missouri  His- 
torical Society,  taking  at  all  times  a  deep 
interest  in  its  work  and  serving  for  a  number 
of  years  as  its  vice  president.  The  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Sciences  is  another  institution 
through  which  he  has  labored  efficiently  to 
promote  intellectual  development,  and  during 
the  years  1896  and  1897  he  served  as  presi- 
dent of  that  society.  Mr.  Gray's  first  law 
partner  in  St.  Louis  was  Charles  B.  Law- 
rence, who  afterward  achieved  distinction  as 
a  jurist  and  member  of  the  Illinois  Supreme 
Court.  Among  those  eminent  at  the  bar  of 
St.  Louis  and  in  public  life  with  whom  he  has 
been  contemporary  in  the  practice  of  law 
have  been  many  of  the  most  eminent  mem- 
bers of  the  Missouri  bar.  Edward  Bates, 
Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  Henry  S.  Geyer,  Josiah 
Spalding,  John  F.  Darby,  and  Beverly  Allen 
were  the  senior  members  of  the  local  bar 
in  his  young  manhood.  Charles  D.  Drake, 
later  a  United  States  Senator;  Joseph  B. 
Crockett,  afterward  a  judge  of  the  CaUfornia 
Supreme  Court;  Wilson  Primm,  James  B. 
Bowlin,  an  American  diplomat  under  the 
Polk  and  Buchanan  administrations  ;  Richard 
S.  Blennerhasset,  noted  for  his  eloquence  as 
an  advocate;  John  M.  Krum,  Albert  Todd, 
William  F.  Chase,  a  brother  of  Salmon  P. 
Chase ;  Alexander  Hamilton,  P.  D.  Tiffany, 
Samuel  Knox,  John  R.  Siiepley,  Trusten 
Polk,  afterward  Governor  and  United  States 
Senator ;  Roswell  M.  Field  and  Myron  Leslie 


were  all  legal  lights  within  the  period  of  his 
active  practice,  as  were  also  Logan  Hunton, 
Lewis  V.  Bogy,  Montgomery  Blair,  Thomas 
T.  Gantt,  Thomas  B.  Hudson  and  Nathaniel 
Holmes.  When  Mr.  Gray  began  practicing 
law  in  St.  Louis  there  were  six  volumes  of 
Missouri  Supreme  Court  Reports.  There 
are  now  138  of  these  reports,  and  these 
figures  tell  their  own  story  of  the  long  span 
of  his  professional  life.  In  185 1  he  married 
Miss  Ruth  C.  Bacon,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, who  for  several  years  had  been  a 
teacher  in  a  leading  female  seminary  of  St. 
Louis.  A  woman  of  rare  social  and  domestic 
graces,  her  companionship  was  an  inspiration 
and  a  blessing  to  her  husband  until  her  death 
in  1893.  A  beautiful  and  true  tribute  to  her 
life  and  character  was  written  by  the  late 
Eugene  Field,  who  was  a  frequent  visitor  to 
the  Gray  home.  Mr.  Gray  was  executor  of 
the  poet's  father's  estate,  and  practically  the 
curator  of  the  poet  himself,  and  a  warm 
friendship  long  existed  between  the  Field  and 
the  Gray  families. 

Graydon  Springs. — A  health  resort  in 
Polk  County,  on  the  Bolivar  branch  of  the 
St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railway,  six- 
teen miles  southwest  of  Bolivar,  the  county 
seat.  The  waters  are  of  recognized  medicinal 
value,  and  issue  from  the  side  of  the  cliff 
overlooking  a  branch  of  Sac  River.  The  hills 
in  the  vicinity  are  broken  into  successively 
rising  terraces,  and  end  in  grotesque  cliffs, 
making  an  exceedingly  picturesque  scene, 
while  the  point  commands  a  beautiful  view 
of  the  distant  Ozark  Range,  and  the  interven- 
ing prairies  and  water  courses.  A  hotel  and 
bath  houses  have  been  erected  here,  and  the 
place  is  much  sought  as  a  health  resort. 

Grayson. — A  town  in  Clinton  County,  on 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad, 
seven  miles  southwest  of  Plattsburg,  the 
county  seat.  It  was  laid  out  in  1871  on  land 
owned  by  H.  B.  Baker  and  called  after  the 
maiden  name  of  his  wife.  It  is  in  the  midst 
of  a  fertile  farming  district,  and  is  an  im- 
portant stock  shipping  point.  Population  200. 

Great  American  Society. — A  fra- 
ternal and  beneficiary  society  chartered  under 
the  laws  of  Missouri,  April  9,  1895.  It  pays 
sick,  accident  and  burial  benefits.  St.  Louis 
has  been  the  headquarters  of  the  society  since 


GREBEL— GREELEY. 


97 


its  organization,  and  in  1898  it  had  about  500 
members  in  that  city. 

Grebel,  Hugo,  prominent  as  a  business 
man  and  citizen  of  St.  Joseph,  was  born 
August  8,  1856,  in  Zittau,  Saxony.  His  par- 
ents were  August  J.  F.  and  Agnes  (Behrens) 
Grebel,  both  of  whom  are  now  Hving  in  Sax- 
ony, the  family  home  for  many  years  back. 
Hugo  was  educated  in  the  high  schools  of 
Zittau  and  Reichenbach,  and  being  possessed 
of  a  retentive  mind  and  quick  reasoning  facul- 
ties he  learned  rapidly  and  made  creditable 
advancement.  At  the  close  of  his  school  days 
he  served  an  apprenticeship  of  three  years 
in  a  machine  factory  at  Zittau.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  he  enlisted  in  the  army  and  at  the 
close  of  his  military  service  he  decided  that 
he  should  broaden  his  experience  by  travel- 
ing. He  went  to  England  and  remained  there 
a  few  months,  returning  at  the  request  of  his 
father  in  order  that  they  might  engage  in  the 
business  of  cotton  agents  together.  This  was 
another  new  experience  for  the  young  man, 
and  his  make-up  was  being  well  rounded  out 
by  the  variety.  Until  the  year  1885  he  re- 
mained with  his  father  in  Zittau,  and  in  that 
year  they  went  to  Leipsic,  Germany,  where 
they  established  a  type  foundry.  Of  this  large 
institution  Mr.  Grebel  was  manager,  and  he 
gave  evidence  of  remarkable  business  quali- 
fications. In  1887  he  went  to  South  America, 
visiting  Buenos  Ayres,  Montevideo  and  the 
principal  cities  of  Brazil  and  Paraguay  in  the 
interest  of  his  business,  and  from  there  came 
to  the  United  States.  He  crossed  the  conti- 
nent from  New  York  to  San  Francisco  and 
then  returned  to  Germany.  In  1890  he  again 
visited  South  America  and  spent  some  time 
in  that  country.  Until  1891  he  continued  to 
be  identified  with  his  father's  business  in 
Leipsic,  but  in  that  year  his  desire  to  see 
the  United  States  again,  and  a  disposition  to 
make  his  home  here,  brought  him  to  this 
country.  Reaching  St.  Louis,  he  almost  im- 
mediately connected  himself  with  the  An- 
heuser-Busch Brewing  Company.  His  school- 
ing in  this  new  departure  was  had  in  St. 
Joseph,  and  after  he  had  served  with  marked 
success  he  was  sent  to  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
where  he  served  the  company  as  book- 
keeper. In  1892,  the  year  following  his 
initiation  into  the  business,  he  was  sent  to 
St.  Joseph  to  manage  the  large  branch  es- 
tablishment there,  which  position  he  has  held 

Vol.  Ill— 7 


with  a  success  to  reward  him  that  is  far  above 
the  average.  Mr.  Grebel  has  charge  of  a  large 
stretch  of  territory,  including  a  number  of 
towns  in  northwest  Missouri  and  northeast 
Kansas,  as  well  as  the  extensive  business  in 
St.  Joseph.  He  is  extremely  popular  with 
his  army  of  customers,  with  business  men  of 
every  class  and  in  social  circles.  He  was  a 
success  as  a  soldier,  just  as  he  has  been  suc- 
cessful in  everything  he  has  undertaken. 
After  passing  the  required  examination  while 
attending  school,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
army  under  the  one-year  rule.  During  his 
military  career  he  was  required  to  pass  sev- 
eral other  and  more  difificult  examinations 
and  these  he  invariably  mastered  brilliantly. 
He  was  promoted  steadily  and  on  account  of 
merit,  serving  as  sergeant,  first  sergeant, 
lieutenant  and  first  lieutenant,  as  the  ranks 
were  reached  in  their  successive  stages.  He 
was  a'  first  lieutenant  during  five  years  of 
his  army  life.  Mr.  Grebel  is  independent  in 
politics,  but  takes  a  lively  interest  in  all  af- 
fairs that  concern  the  welfare  of  the  nation. 
In  religious  doctrine  he  is  an  Evangelical 
Lutheran.  He  was  married  April  26,  1892, 
to  Miss  Bertha  L.  Wezler,  of  St.  Louis, 
whose  father,  now  retired,  was  formerly  a 
prominent  wholesale  liquor  dealer.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Grebel  have  one  child,  Irma  Grebel. 

Greek  Ethics  Club.— See  "Ethical 
Society  of  St.  Louis." 

Greeley,  Carlos  S.,  was  born  July  13, 
181 1,  in  Salisbury,  New  Hampshire,  and  died 
in  St.  Louis,  April  18,  1898.  His  education 
was  completed  at  an  academy  in  Salisbury, 
and  when  he  was  twenty  years  old  he  left 
the  farm  and  began  fitting  himself  for  mer- 
cantile pursuits  as  a  clerk  in  the  general  store 
of  Pettingill  &  Sanborn,  of  Brockport,  New 
York.  After  he  had  clerked  in  this  store  two 
years  he  purchased  a  quarter  interest  in  the 
establishment  with  money  borrowed  of  his 
father.  The  enterprise  prospered,  and  in  1836- 
he  sold  out  and  with  his  profits  as  capital 
came  to  St.  Louis  in  1838.  Mr.  Sanborn,  one 
of  his  former  partners,  had  preceded  him  to 
that  city,  and.  forming  a  new  partnership, 
they  embarked  in  the  wholesale  grocery  busi- 
ness together.  Mr.  Sanborn's  interest  was 
purchased  after  a  time  by  Daniel  B.  Gale,  and 
until  1858  the  firm  was  Greeley  &  Gale.  C.  B. 
Burnham  then  became  the  head  of  the  house, 


98 


GREEN. 


which  took  the  name  of  C.  B.  Burnham  & 
Co.,  under  which  it  was  conducted  for  eight- 
een years  thereafter.  The  partnership  tnen 
became  known  as  Greeley,  Burnham  & 
Co.,  and  the  business  was  conducted 
under  that  name  until  1879,  when  the 
enterprise  was  incorporated  as  the  Greeley- 
Burnham  Grocer  Company,  with  Mr. 
Greeley  as  president.  In  1893  this  house 
was  consolidated  with  the  firm  of  E.  G. 
Scudder  &  Bro.,  and  since  then  has  been 
known  as  the  Scudder-Gale  Grocer  Company. 
For  many  years  the  house  was  under  the 
general  management  of  Mr.  Greeley,  and 
during  this  time  it  became  one  of  the  most 
widely  known  wholesale  grocery  houses  in 
the  United  States.  Mr.  Greeley  was  one  of 
the  earliest  subscribers  to  the  capital  stock 
of  the  Kansas  &  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 
and  for  several  years  was  the  treasurer  of 
that  corporation.  He  was  also  a  director  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  Company.  He 
was  long  a  trustee  of  the  Lindenwood  Semi- 
nary, at  St.  Charles,  Missouri,  and  was  also  a 
member  of  the  boards  of  trustees  of  Wash- 
ington University  and  Mary  Institute  of  St. 
Louis,  and  of  Drury  College,  of  Springfield, 
Missouri.  He  was  a  philanthropist  by  nature, 
and  one  of  his  most  notable  labors  in  this 
field  was  the  great  work  which  he  performed 
as  a  member  of  the  Western  Sanitary  Com- 
mission of  the  Civil  War  period.  He  was 
treasurer  of  that  commission,  and  $771,000  in 
all  passed  through  his  hands  in  that  connec- 
tion, over  three-fourths  of  that  amount  hav- 
ing been  raised  at  the  Mississippi  Sanitary 
Fair,  held  in  May  of  1864.  He  married,  in 
1841,  Miss  Emily  Robbins,  of  Hfirtford,  Con- 
necticut, and  a  son  and  a  daughter  were  born 
of  this  union.  The  son  is  Charles  B.  Greeley, 
and  the  daughter  is  now  Mrs.  Dwight  Tread- 
way. 

Green,  Charles  W.,  editor  and  news- 
paper publisher,  was  born  July  29,  i860,  in 
Madison  County,  Ohio,  son  of  Nelson  L.  and 
Carrie  M.  (Williams)  Green.  His  ancestors 
in  the  paternal  line  came  to  this  country  from 
England,  and  in  the  maternal  line  from  Wales. 
Representatives  of  the  Green  family  were 
members  of  the  New  Haven  Colony  estab- 
lished in  1638.  The  father  of  Charles  W. 
Green,  who  was  a  native  of  Ohio  and  a  farmer 
by  occupation,  came  to  Missouri  immediately 
after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  and  settled 


in  Linn  County,  near  the  present  city  of 
Brookfield.  After  completing  his  education 
at  the  Brookfield  high  school,  the  son  learned 
the  printer's  trade,  mastering  thoroughly  all 
the  details  of  that  business.  In  1882  he  found- 
ed the  "Brookfield  Argus,"  which  is  now  one 
of  the  leading  newspapers  of  northern  Mis- 
souri. He  is  known  to  his  brother  journal- 
ists throughout  the  State  as  one  of  the  most 
enterprising  and  progressive  of  the  younger 
generation  of  newspaper  publishers,  and  has 
been  conspicuous  for  the  reforms  which  he 
has  inaugurated  in  the  conduct  of  his  busi- 
ness. Having  unbounded  faith  in  the  re- 
sources of  Missouri  and  being  an  enthusiastic 
champion  of  its  interests,  he  has  wielded  all 
the  power  and  influence  of  his  paper  to  en- 
courage every  movement  designed  for  the 
betterment  of  existing  conditions,  aiding  at 
the  same  time  material  development  and 
moral  and  educational  progress.  He  received 
deserved  recognition  of  his  intelligence  and 
progressiveness  in  1892,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Francis  one  of  the  seven 
commissioners  who  represented  Missouri  at 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  held  in 
Chicago  in  1893.  In  1897  ^^  served  as  chief 
clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  at 
Jefferson  City.  Later  Governor  Stephens  ap- 
pointed him  one  of  the  delegates  from  Mis- 
souri to  the  first  Louisiana  Purchase  con- 
vention, held  in  St.  Louis,  January  10,  1898. 
At  that  convention  he  was  conspicuous 
among  those  who  worked  and  voted  for  the 
proposition  to  hold  a  World's  Fair  in  St. 
Louis  in  1903.  As  the  editor  of  a  Democratic 
paper  and  through  active  personal  effort,  he 
has  been  closely  identified  with  Democratic 
politics  in  this  State  for  many  years.  He  has 
sat  as  a  delegate  in  numerous  State  conven- 
tions and  has  served  as  a  member  of  the  State 
central  committee  as  the  representative  of  the 
Second  Congressional  District.  His  religious 
affiliations  are  with  the  Congregational 
Church,  and  he  has  served  as  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  church  in  which 
he  holds  membership.  His  fraternal  affilia- 
tions are  with  the  orders  of  Knights  of 
Pythias,  Modern  Woodmen  and  Woodmen 
of  the  World.  September  20,  1885,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Eleanor  Jones,  of  Brookfield,  who 
died  December  10,  1896,  leaving  one  daugh- 
ter, Frances  Green,  born  May  31,  1889. 
November  2,  1899,  Mr.  Green  married  Miss 
Florence  Burnett,  of  Brookfield. 


GREEN. 


99 


Green,  James,  manufacturer  and  capi- 
talist, was  born  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
September  23,  1829,  and  came  to  this  country 
in  1852,  a  capable  and  intelligent  young  man, 
with  a  good  trade  and  abundance  of  energy 
and  sagacity,  and  with  capital  enough  to  give 
him  a  good  start  in  life.  For  several  years 
after  his  coming  to  this  country  he  worked  in 
the  Eastern  States,  taking  charge  at  differ- 
ent times  of  several  rolling  mills  and 
furnaces,  which  were  then  among  the  largest 
in  the  United  States.  In  1857  he  came  to  St. 
Louis  and  took  charge  of  the  Laclede  Rolling 
Mills,  and  for  seventeen  years  thereafter  he 
remained  in  the  employ  of  the  corporation 
conducting  that  enterprise.  During  that  time 
he  built  the  Belcher  Sugar  Refinery,  project- 
ed by  Charles  Belcher  and  Judge  Lackland ; 
the  furnaces  at  the  Helmbacher  Forge  and 
Rolling  Mills,  and  also  the  Bessemer  Iron 
Works  in  East  St.  Louis ;  the  Vulcan  Steel 
Works,  the  Jupiter  Furnaces  in  Carondelet, 
the  Springfield  Rolling  Mills,  of  Springfield, 
Illinois,  and  many  other  kindred  manufac- 
turing plants.  In  1865  he  established,  on  his 
own  account,  in  a  comparatively  small  way,  a 
plant  for  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick  at 
Cheltenham,  evidencing  his  good  judgment 
and  keen  foresight  in  the  inauguration  of  this 
enterprise.  The  excellent  qualities  of  the  clays 
at  that  place  and  the  possibilities  of  develops 
ment  in  this  industry  were  apparent  to  him 
from  the  start,  but  somewhat  limited  means 
rendered  it  necessary  for  him  to  "make  haste 
slowly"  at  the  beginning.  The  plant  grew 
steadily,  however,  yielding  good  returns,  and 
in  1869  the  business  thus  established  was  in- 
corporated as  the  Laclede  Fire  Brick  Manu- 
facturing Company.  Rapid  development 
along  various  lines  followed,  and  to-day  these 
works  are  among  the  most  celebrated  of  their 
kind  in  the  world.  Here  are  made  all  kinds 
of  fire  brick,  gas  retorts,  blast  furnace  linings, 
culvert  and  sewer  pipe,  paving  brick,  and 
many  other  products,  which  find  their  way 
into  all  the  markets  of  the  United  States  and 
into  foreign  markets  as  well.  Mr.  Green  is 
president  of  the  corporation  owning  and  con- 
trolling these  works,  and  has  been  one  of  the 
creators  of  an  industry  which  has  contributed 
largely  toward  making  St.  Louis  famous  as 
a  manufacturing  center.  Large  fortune  has 
come  to  him  as  a  result  of  his  manufactur- 
ing operations,  and  the  spirit  of  enterprise 
which  is  one  of  his  distinguishing  character- 


istics has  caused  him  to  become  identified  of- 
ficially and  as  an  investor  with  many  other 
corporations,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Greencastle  Gas  Company,  of 
Greencastle,  Indiana ;  the  Helmbacher  Forge 
and  RoUing  Mills  Company,  the  Sedalia  Elec- 
tric Light  and  Power  Company,  of  Sedalia, 
and  the  Moberly  Gas  and  Electric  Company, 
of  Moberly,  Missouri,  of  all  of  which  cor- 
porations  he  is  president;  and  the  St.  Louis 
and  Suburban  Electric  Railway  Company, 
the  Mechanics'  Bank,  and  the  Pittsburg  Glass 
Company,  in  each  of  which  he  has  been  a  di- 
rector. Every  business  venture  in  which  he 
has  interested  himself  has  profited  by  his  sa- 
gacity, good  judgment  and  executive  ability, 
and  he  enjoys  the  distinction  of  having  been 
uniformly  successful  in  all  his  operations.  So 
well  established  is  this  fact  that  others  feel 
safe  always  in  following  his  leadership  in  bus- 
iness affairs,  and  as  a  natural  consequence  he 
wields  large  influence  in  commercial  and  in- 
dustrial circles.  Delighting  in  travel,  he  has 
made  frequent  trips  to  the  Old  World,  has 
traveled  extensively  throughout  the  United 
States,  and  spends  much  of  his  time  with  his 
family  in  southern  California.  One  of  the 
purely  public  enterprises  of  St.  Louis  with 
which  he  has  been  officially  identified' and  in 
which  he  has  taken  a  deep  interest  is  the  St. 
Louis  Fair,  which  he  has  helped  to  make  the 
most  famous  institution  of  its  kind  in  the 
country.  Mr.  Green  has  a  family  of  four  sons 
and  one  daughter,  his  children  being  named, 
respectively,  James,  Thomas  T.,  J.  Leigh, 
Rumsey,  and  Mabel  Green. 

Green,  James  S.,  lawyer,  member  of 
Congress  and  United  States  Senator  from 
Missouri,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1817.  In 
1827  he  came  to  Missouri  and  settled  in 
Monticello,  Lewis  County,  and  studied  law. 
With  no  other  educational  advantages  than  a 
coiintry  school  in  his  native  State  had 
afforded,  he  applied  himself  so  diligently  to 
his  profession  that  he  soon  came  to  be  recog- 
nized as  a  lawyer  of  ability  and  learning,  and 
a  speaker  and  writer  whose  speeches  and 
letters  were  models  of  clear  and  accurate 
statement.  In  1845  he  was  chosen  one  of 
the  sixty-six  delegates  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  that  met  in  Jefferson  City  and 
framed  the  constitution  which  was  submitted 
to  the  people  and  rejected.  In  1846  he  was 
elected  to  Congress,  and  re-elected  in  1848, 


100 


GREEN. 


and  after  an  interval  re-elected  again  in  1856, 
but  before  the  expiration  of  his  third  term, 
in  1857,  he  was  chosen  United  States  Senator 
to  succeed  David  R.  Atchison.  An  effort  had 
been  made  in  the  last  preceding  Legislature, 
in  1855,  to  choose  a  Senator,  but  after  forty- 
one  ballots  had  failed,  so  that  Green's  term 
was  for  only  four  years.  The  vote  in  the 
joint  session  stood :  For  James  C.  Green 
(anti-Benton  Democrat),  89;  for  Thomas  H. 
Benton.  33 ;  for  Luther  M.  Kennett  (Ameri- 
can), 32.  His  election  was  a  signal  triumph 
for  the  anti-Benton  party,  for  Green  was  the 
ablest  and  boldest  of  the  State-rights  and  pro- 
slavery  leaders  engaged  in  the  contest  against 
Colonel  Benton — the  foremost  of  the  "three 
Jims,"  James  S.  Green,  James  H.  Birch  and 
James  B.  Bowlin — whom  the  old  ex-Senator 
had  been  accustomed  to  hold  up  before  the 
public  for  his  severest  invectives.  On  his 
appearance  in  the  United  States  Senate,  Mr. 
Green  at  once  began  to  participate  in  the 
great  debate  on  the  question  of  "squatter 
sovereignty"' — the  right  of  a  Territorial  pop- 
ulation to  exclude  slavery  from  a  Territory 
before  coming  into  the  Union  as  a  State. 
The  Southern  Senators  generally  repudiated 
the  doctrine,  and  were  so  surprised  and 
pleased 'with  the  spirit,  zeal  and  ability  ex- 
hibited by  the  new  Senator  from  Missouri 
that  he  was  made  the  champion  of  their  cause 
in  opposition  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of 
Illinois,  who  was  the  acknowledged  leader  in 
the  debate  on  the  other  side.  On  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term,  March  4,  1861,  he  returned 
to  private  life,  and  died  at  St.  Louis  January 
19,  1870,  his  body  being  taken  to  Monticello 
for  interment. 

Green,  John  Randolph,  clerk  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Missouri,  was  born  No- 
vember 4,  1858,  at  Kingston,  Missouri.  His 
parents  were  John  W.  and  Ann  (Pollard) 
Green.  The  father  was  a  merchant,  a  native 
of  Kentucky,  descended  from  Virginia  an- 
cestors who  saw  service  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  The  mother  was  also  a  Ken- 
tuckian,  with  similar  ancestry.  She  died 
when  the  son  was  seven  years  of  age.  John 
R.  Green  came  to  Missouri  with  his  father 
previous  to  the  Civil  War,  and  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Ray  County.  For 
five  years  he  was  employed  as  clerk  in  drug 
stores  in  Richmond,  Kansas  City  and  Lib- 
erty.    January  i,  1879,  he  was  engaged  as 


deputy  circuit  clerk  of  Ray  County.  The 
clerk  dying,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Crittenden  to  fill  the  vacancy.  At  the  suc- 
ceeding election  he  was  elected  to  the  circuit 
clerkship,  and  upon  the  expiration  of  his 
term  was  re-elected.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri  to 
the  position  of  clerk  of  that  court,  and  con- 
tinues to  serve  in  that  capacity.  In  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  his  office  he  is  careful 
and  methodical,  and  all  his  records  are 
models  of  neatness  and  exactness,  while  his 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  modes  of  court 
procedure  and  of  the  transactions  of  the  high- 
est judicial  body  in  the  State  constitute  him 
an  invaluable  aid  to  attorneys  in  facilitating 
their  quests  for  information  on  cases  in 
which  they  are  concerned.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Democrat,  and  a  regular  attendant  upon  the 
State  and  other  conventions  of  his  party. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
having  attained  to  the  Commandery  degrees, 
and  has  occupied  various  positions  in  the 
several  bodies  of  the  order.  He  also  holds 
membership  in  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks.  November  28,  1883,  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Sallie  Creel,  daughter  of 
Mathew  Creel,  a  merchant  and  building  con- 
tractor of  Richmond.  Of  this  marriage  have 
been  born  two  daughters,  Mary  and  Helen, 
who  are  attending  school.  Mr.  Green  is  a 
man  of  broad  intelligence  and  much  force  of 
character,  and  is  held  in  high  estimation, 
particularly  by  the  judiciary  and  bar  of  the 
State,  with  whom  his  relations  are  necessarily 
intimate. 

Green,  Marion  J.,  was  born  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  January  25,  185 1.  Her 
father  was  Horace  Weller  and  her  mother 
Lavinia  (Rumsey)  Weller.  She  was  educated 
at  Seneca  Falls,  New  York,  and  while  young 
came  to  St.  Louis  with  her  grandfather  and 
uncles,  Lewis  and  Moses  Rumsey,  for  many 
years  wealthy  and  leading  citizens  of  St. 
Louis.  She  was  married,  January  21,  1873, 
to  James  Green,  a  sketch  of  whose  life  ap- 
pears in  this  work.  Mrs.  Green  has  led  an 
active,  busy  life,  marked  throughout  by 
offices  of  kindness  and  charity  to  the  poor, 
the  needy  and  the  struggling.  To  be  helpless 
was  a  claim  on  her  help,  and  to  be  friendless 
a  claim  on  her  assistance,  and  no  work  was 
too  arduous  and  no  denial  of  ease  too  great 
for  her  in  ministering:  to  the  necessities  of 


l^Uuims  My^ 


/         / 


.'^^f  SauthecnJ-ftsf'jrLf  Co. 


GRKEN. 


101 


the  destitute  and  despairing.  Her  labors  have 
been  without  ostentation  and  display,  and 
pursued  with  the  quiet  manner  that  avoids 
observation ;  but  they  have  been  fruitful  in 
relief  to  the  distressed,  and  hope  and  encour- 
agement to  the  unfortunate  and  disheart- 
ened. The  Bethel  Mission  and  the  Memo- 
rial Home,  of  which  she  is  vice  president,  and 
the  Martha  Parsons  Hospital,  of  which  she 
is  president,  owe  no  small  share  of  their  suc- 
cess to  her  vigorous  administration  and 
support,  and  other  similar  institutions  in  the 
city  have  been  recipients  of  her  bounty.  She 
is  not  easily  discouraged  by  obstacles  in  the 
prosecution  of  individual  enterprises  or  of 
humane  work,  and  when  she  puts  her  hand 
to  an  undertaking  worthy  in  itself  and  in  its 
purposes,  it  is  usually  carried  to  suc- 
cess through  her  unfaltering  patience  and 
perseverance.  Though  reserved  of  manner, 
she  is  fond  of  her  friends,  and  warmly  es- 
teemed by  them  in  return,  and,  with  her  am- 
ple means  and  her  cultivated  tastes,  is  able  to 
make  her  beautiful  home  the  seat  of  ele- 
gant hospitality  and  the  meeting  ground  for 
a  delightful  circle  of  cultured  acquaintances. 
Her  children  are  John  Leigh,  Mabel  and 
Rumsey  Green. 

Green,  Samuel  Ball,  lawyer,  was  born 
January  21,  1850,  near  Savannah,  An- 
drew County,  Missouri,  and  died  at  his  home 
in  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  June  27,  1890.  His 
parents  were  Samuel  and  Amanda  (Davis) 
Green,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of  Vir- 
ginia. The  early  years  of  his  life  were 
passed  on  a  farm,  and  he  obtained  the  rudi- 
ments of  an  education  in  the  country  schools. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  and 
his  mother  went  to  Mobile,  Alabama,  taking 
with  them  a  large  number  of  slaves,  hoping 
that  their  slave  property  would  be  secure 
under  the  Confederate  government.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  they  returned  to  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri,  and  in  1867  young  Green  went  to 
Montana  with  Judge  Alexander  Davis.  He 
had  previously  graduated  from  the  St.  Joseph 
High  School,  and  when  he  went  to  Mon- 
tana he  began  the  study  of  law  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Judge  Davis.  When  only 
€ighteen  years  of  age  he  was  appointed  clerk 
of  the  circuit  court  at  Virginia  City,  Mon- 
tana, and  faithfully  and  efificiently  discharged 
the  duties  of  that  position.  Returning  to 
Buchanan  County,  Missouri,  in  1870,  he  en- 


gaged in  farming  operations  for  one  year, 
and  then  came  to  St.  Joseph,  where  he  em- 
barked in  the  wood  and  coal  trade.  He 
proved  himself  a  capable  and  sagacious  busi- 
ness man,  but  the  bent  of  his  mind  was  toward 
the  law,  and  after  completing  the  studies 
which  he  had  begun  under  the  preceptorship 
of  Judge  Davis,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
by  Judge  Grubb  in  1874.  In  1878  he  was 
elected  city  recorder  of  St.  Joseph,  and  was 
a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  conduct  of  city 
affairs  during  the  adrpinistration  of.  Mayor 
Finer.  Thereafter  until  his  death  he  applied 
himself  assiduously  to  professional  labors, 
and  became  recognized  throughout  a  wide 
extent  of  territory  as  one  of  the  ablest  mem- 
bers of  the  Missouri  bar.  In  1882  he  became 
a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Woodson,  Green 
&  Burnes,  which  was  composed  of  Judge 
Silas  Woodson,  Samuel  B.  Green  and  D.  D. 
Burnes.  Two  years  later  the  criminal  court 
was  established  in  St.  Joseph,  and  Judge 
Woodson  was  appointed  to  the  bench  of  this 
court.  The  firm  then  continued  as  Green 
&  Burnes  until  the  death  of  Mr.  Green. 
While  he  was  never  a  seeker  after  official 
preferment  himself,  he  took  an  interest  in 
politics  and  public  afifairs  and  was  the  con- 
fidential friend  and  adviser  of  Colonel  James 
N.  Burnes  while  that  gentleman  was  in  pub- 
lic life.  When  Colonel  Burnes  died  he  was 
pressed  to  accept  the  nomination  for  Con- 
gress as  Colonel  Burnes'  successor,  but  de- 
clined the  honor,  saying  that  he  thought 
it  should  go  to  one  of  the  other  counties  of 
the  district.  As  a  practitioner  of  law  he  was 
remarkably  successful,  not  only  in  his  cham- 
pionship of  the  interest  of  clients  and  the 
winning  of  cases,  but  in  winning  the  respect 
and  esteem  of  the  general  public  and  his 
contemporaries  at  the  St.  Joseph  bar.  His 
high  standing  at  the  bar  is  best  attested  by 
the  action  of  the  Buchanan  County  Bar 
Association  at  the  time  of  his  death.  At  that 
time  a  committee  appointed  to  draft  suitable 
resolutions  presented  the  following,  which 
were  unanimously  adopted : 

"The  closing  hours  of  this  term  of  court 
are  called  upon  to  witness  an  event  pro- 
foundly sad  and  sorrowful — the  death  of 
Samuel  B.  Green,  one  of  the  ablest,  noblest 
and  most  successful  members  of  this  bar.  He 
was  born  in  this  vicinity  and  his  life  was 
spent  in  this  city  and  community.  At  an  early 
age  he  was  thrown  upon  his  own  resources. 


102 


GREKNCASTLE— GREEN  CITY. 


but  he  went  forward  to  battle  with  every  op- 
posing difficulty,  animated  by  that  noble 
heroism  and  lofty  determination  which 
brook  not  defeat.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  had  been  a  member  of  this  bar  about  fif- 
teen years.  During  that  time  he  achieved 
a  success  in  his  profession  such  as  few  men 
at  his  age  have  ever  achieved.  He  was  en- 
dowed with  qualities  and  characteristics 
which  meant  success.  He  was  remarkable 
for  his  untiring  energy,  for  his  strong,  clear, 
vigorous  thought,  the  great  analytical  powers 
of  his  mind,  his  profound,  even  philosophical 
comprehension  of  legal  principles  and  their 
application,  his  rare  and  accurate  knowledge 
of  men,  his  invincible  logic,  his  convincing 
eloquence,  and  his  unswerving  fidelity  and 
noble  devotion  to  every  trust  committed  to 
his  care. 

"He  prepared  his  cases  with  great  indus- 
try, outlined  them  with  a  keen,  clear  compre- 
hension of  all  the  difficulties,  forecasted  with 
rare  and  remarkable  accuracy  the  points  of 
opposition,  went  into  trials  thoroughly 
equipped,  conducted  them  with  consummate 
skill  and  won. 

"Although  cut  down  upon  the  threshold  of 
mature  manhood,  he  had  advanced  to  the 
front  rank  of  his  profession  in  this  State,  and 
fell  crowned  with  a  success  nobly  won  and 
well  deserved. 

"In  all  the  relations  of  life  he  was  remark- 
able for  his  fidelity  to  friends — he  was  true 
as  steel — and  in  his  devotion  in  this  respect 
he  was  never  known  to  falter.  He  had  many 
friends,  and,  w^hat  is  better,  by  his  candid, 
straightforward  course  in  life,  he  deserved 
them.  The  high,  the  low,  the  rich,  the  poor, 
stood  ready  to  do  him  honor.  He  was  well 
known  throughout  different  parts  of  the 
State,  was  highly  regarded  wherever  known, 
and  to-day  thousands  of  the  best  citizens  in 
this  city  and  elsewhere  mourn  his  sad  and 
untimely  death. 

"As  husband,  father  and  brother,  he  was 
kind,  gentle,  loving  and  affectionate.  There- 
fore be  it 

"Resolved,  That  in  his  death  this  bar  has 
lost  one  of  its  ablest  and  most  successful  law- 
yers, and  the  profession  in  this  State  one  of 
its  noble  and  most  worthy  members. 

"That  this  city  has  lost  one  of  its  most  en- 
ergetic, enterprising,  popular,  upright  and 
patriotic  citizens. 

"That  we  hereby  tender  his  grief-stricken 


widow  and  family,  and  his  sad  and  sorrowing 
relatives,  our  profound  sympathy  in  their 
sore  bereavement. 

"That  we  request  the  circuit  court  in  both 
divisions,  and  the  criminal  court,  to  set  apart 
upon  their  respective  records  a  memorial 
page,  and  that  these  resolutions  be  recorded 
thereon  as  evidence  of  the  high  esteem  in 
which  he  was  held  by  us. 

"That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions,  duly 
engrossed  and  properly  attested  by  the 
president  and  secretary  of  this  meeting,  be 
transmitted  to  his  widow  and  family," 

On  this  occasion  numerous  tributes  were 
paid  to  his  virtues  and  ability,  and  his  worth 
as  a  man  and  a  citizen,  by  members  of  the  bar 
of  St.  Joseph,  who  honored  him  for  his  high 
character  and  loved  him  for  his  many  noble 
qualities.  His  old  law  partner.  Honorable 
D.  D.  Burnes,  said  of  him :  "He  was  as  noble 
as  he  was  fearless  and  true,  and  as  gentle  as 
he  was  brave;"  and  this  seems  to  have  been 
the  sentiment  of  all  who  knew  him.  A  touch- 
ing incident  of  the  obsequies  was  the  placing 
upon  the  casket  which  held  his  remains,  of 
a  large  pillow  of  roses,  surmounted  by  swing- 
ing gates,  upon  which  perched  a  white  dove. 
It  bore  the  inscription :  "True  to  his  friends." 
The  obsequies  were  impressive  in  character, 
and  the  remains  of  Mr.  Green  were  followed 
to  Mount  Mora  Cemetery  by  one  of  the  larg- 
est concourses  of  people  which  has  ever  done 
honor  to  the  memory  of  a  dead  citizen  of  St. 
Joseph.  Mr.  Green  married,  on  the  25th  day 
of  June,  1873,  Miss  Taylor  Mitchell,  daughter 
of  Alexander  J.  and  Harriet  (Rowan)  Mitch- 
ell, residents  of  St.  Joseph,  but  natives  of 
Kentucky.  Of  this  union  three  children 
were  born,  Lesslie  Mitchell,  Helen  B.  and 
Nelson  M.  Green,  all  of  whom  survived  their 
father.  Helen  B.  Green  died  December  22, 
1898. 

Greencastle. — An  incorporated  village 
in  Sullivan  County,  on  the  Omaha.  Kansas 
City  &  Eastern  Railroad,  fifteen  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Milan.  It  has  a  bank,  a  grist- 
mill and  about  twenty-five  miscellaneous 
business  houses,  including  stores,  shops,  etc. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  500. 

Green  City. — An  incorporated  village  in 
Sullivan  County,  on  the  Omaha,  Kansas  City 
&  Eastern  Railroad,  northeast  of  Milan.  It 
has   Methodist,   Christian   and   Presbyterian 


GREEN  RIDGE— GREENE. 


103 


churches,  a  college,  public  school,  bank, 
creamery,  flouring  mill,  gristmill,  sawmill,  a 
weekly  paper,  the  "Press,"  and  about  thirty 
stores  and  miscellaneous  shops.  Population, 
1899  (estimated),  600. 

Green  Ridge. — A  village  in  Pettis 
County,  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas 
Railway,  twelve  miles  southwest  of  Sedalia, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  churches  of  the  Bap- 
tist, Congregational,  Cumberland  Presbyte- 
rian, Christian,  Methodist  Episcopal  and 
Methodist  Episcopal  South  denominations ;  a 
public  school,  a  Democratic  newspaper,  the 
"Local  News ;"  a  bank,  a  fiourmill  and  a  saw- 
mill. In  1899  the  population  was  600.  In 
1870  the  site  was  known  as  Parker sburgh ;  it 
was  platted  under  its  present  name  in  1875 
and  incorporated  in  1881.  In  1838,  and  an- 
nually for  many  years  afterward,  a  great 
camp  meeting  was  held  by  the  Cumberland 
Presbyterians  on  the  farm  of  Robei^t  Means. 

Greene,  Charles  Fillmore,  was  born 
April  9,  1851,  in  Marshall  County,  Alabama, 
son  of  Isaiah  and  Sallie  (Melton)  Greene.  He 
received  his  scholastic  training  in  the  public 
schools  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  then 
studied  medicine  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
and  in  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tennessee,  at  Nashville.  After 
completing  his  medical  education  he  removed 
to  Missouri,  and  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Gainesville,  removing  later  to 
Mountain  Grove,  in  Wright  County.  He 
continued  to  practice  successfully  at  that 
place  until  1890,  when  he  went  to  Winona,  in 
Shannon  County,  and  became  chief  surgeon 
of  the  Ozark  Lumber  Company.  This  posi- 
tion he  retained  until  1893,  when  he  accepted 
the  position  of  chief  surgeon  of  the  Central 
Coal  &  Coke  Company,  of  Texarkana,  Ar- 
kansas, taking  charge  of  the  hospital  depart- 
ment located  at  that  place.  In  1895  he 
removed  to  Poplar  Bluflf  and  engaged  in  a 
general  practice  which  has  since  grown  to 
large  proportions.  During  the  last  adminis- 
tration of  President  Cleveland  he  was  an 
examining  physician  for  the  Government 
Pension  Department,  and  he  is  at  the  present 
time  medical  examiner  for  four  prominent 
life  insurance  companies.  In  politics  Dr. 
Greene  is  a  Democrat,  but  has  been  too  much 
absorbed  in  professional  labors  to  take  an 


active  part  in  political  movements.  In  fra- 
ternal circles  he  is  known  as  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Order,  the  Order  of  United  Work- 
men, the  order  of  Knights  of  Maccabees  and 
the  order  of  Hoo-Hoos.  August  i,  i87i,he 
married  Miss  Nannie  A.  Gee,  of  Tompkins- 
ville,  Kentucky.  The  children  born  to  them 
have  been  Maude  Greene,  now  Mrs.  Pum- 
phrey,  of  Lead  Hill,  Arkansas;  Charles  F. 
Greene,  of  Jackson,  Missouri;  Alice  Greene, 
now  Mrs.  Magnus,  of  Lead  Hill,  Arkansas; 
Bertie,  Alice  Mamie,  Joseph  and  Edward 
Greene. 

Greene,  John  Priest,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Scotland  County,  Missouri,  in  1849. 
He  comes  of  Baptist  parentage.  He  received 
his  academic  education  at  the  hands  of  Bart- 
lett  Anderson  and  at  Memphis  Academy.  He 
graduated  from  La  Grange  College,  and  in 
1875  entered  the  Southern  Baptist  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  now  located  at  Louisville,  Ken< 
tucky.  In  1879  he  went  to  Germany,  where 
he  spent  fifteen  months  as  a  student  in  the 
L^niversity  of  Leipsic,  after  which  he  spent 
some  time  traveling  in  Europe.  On  his  re- 
turn to  America  he  resumed  the  charge  of 
the  East  Baptist  Church,  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, of  which  he  was  pastor  before  going 
abroad.  In  1882  he  was  called  to  the  pas- 
toral care  of  the  Third  Baptist  Church,  St. 
Louis.  At  that  time  the  church  was  located 
at  Fourteenth  and  Clark  Avenue,  and  had 
a  membership  of  372.  Shortly  after  taking 
charge  of  the  church,  steps  were  taken  to 
secure  a  new  site.  The  eligible  location  on 
Grand  Avenue,  at  the  head  of  Washington 
Boulevard,  was  selected,  and  a  property 
worth  $120,000  was  dedicated,  free  of  debt, 
in  December,  1885.  In  1892  Dr.  Greene  was 
called  to  the  presidency  of  William  Jewell 
College,  which  position  he  accepted,  and  en- 
tered upon  the  work  there  in  September  of 
that  year. 

Under  his  care  the  Third  Baptist  Church 
grew  from  372  to  a  membership  of  800,  and 
became  the  first  church  in  point  of  influence, 
numbers  and  prominence  in  the  State.  With 
the  coming  of  Dr.  Greene  to  St.  Louis  an  era 
of  Baptist  prosperity  was  inaugurated.  Very 
largely  under  his  influence  the  Water  Tower, 
Lafayette  Park,  First  German  and  Jefferson 
Avenue  German  Churches  were  put  in  good 
houses ;  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium  was 
made  an  established  fact,  and  the  orphans' 


104 


GREKNE   COUNTY. 


home  very  materially  aided.  Referring  to 
him  at  the  time  of  leaving  St.  Louis,  the 
"Central  Baptist"  says:  "Few  men  have 
more  universally  won  the  esteem  and  love  of 
the  denomination  than  he." 

Greene  County. — A  county  in  the 
southwest  part  of  the  State,  175  miles  south- 
east of  Kansas  City.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Polk  and  Dallas,  on  the  east  by 
Webster,  on  the  south  by  Christian,  and  on 
the  west  by  Dade  and  Lawrence  Counties.  It 
has  an  area  of  688  square  miles,  of  which 
about  three-fifths  is  under  cultivation ;  a  large 
portion  of  the  remainder  affords  excellent 
pasturage,  and  is  well  adapted  to  fruit  cul- 
ture. While  situated  upon  the  summit  of 
the  Ozark  Range,  at  an  altitude  of  1,492  feet, 
the  undulating  uplands  in  the  west  and  south- 
west have  prairie  characteristics,  being  not 
too  rough  for  cultivation,  and  bearing  a  fer- 
tile soil,  somewhat  sandy,  over  a  clay  subsoil. 
Kickapoo  Prairie  and  Grand  Prairie,  the  one 
south  and  the  other  west  of  Springfield,  are 
of  this  nature.  The  valleys  are  extremely 
fertile.  The  central  north  is  hilly  and  rocky, 
covered  with  scrubby  black  jack.  A  heavy 
growth  of  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  sycamore  and 
black  jack  is  found  in  the  west  and  south- 
west. Lead,  zinc  and  iron  have  been  found 
in  the  northwest  part  of  the  county.  The 
water  courses  are  numerous  tributaries  of 
Osage  River,  in  the  north,  the  principal  ones 
being  the  forks  of  Sac  River,  uniting  in  the 
central  part  of  the  county,  and  Pomme  de 
Terre  in  the  northeast.  Flowing  south- 
wardly from  the  central  east  is  the  James 
Fork  of  White  River,  with  its  affluents.  Wil- 
son's Creek  and  Campbell's  Creek  flow  south- 
wardly from  the  central  part  of  the  county, 
west  of  Springfield.  There  are  several  fine 
springs  and  caves.  Knox  Cave,  named  for 
J.  G.  Knox,  who  discovered  it  in  1866,  and 
explored  it  for  about  one  mile,  is  near  Little 
Sac  River,  about  seven  miles  northwest  of 
Springfield ;  it  lies  from  seventy-five  to  one 
hundred  feet  below  the  surface,  is  twenty  to 
seventy  feet  wide,  and  six  to  thirty  feet  in 
height.  It  is  thickly  set  with  beautiful  stalac- 
tites and  stalagmites,  and  huge  columns. 
Springdale  Cave,  formerly  known  as  Fisher's 
Cave,  after  a  former  owner,  six  miles  south- 
east of  Springfield,  has  similar  characteris- 
tics, and  contains  a  bounteous  spring.  Other 
and  smaller  caves  are  worthy  of  attention. 


Springfield,  the  county  seat,  is  the  commer- 
cial center  of  a  large  territory.  The  prin- 
cipal smaller  towns  are  Ash  Grove,  Walnut 
Grove,  Republic,  Cave  Spring  and  Strafford. 
The  railways  are  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Fran- 
cisco, the  Kansas  City,  Clinton  &  Springfield 
and  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis. 
All  farm  and  orchard  products  are  largely  re- 
munerative, and  fine  limestone  and  fire-clay 
are  abundant.  In  1898  the  principal  surplus 
products  were  as  follows:  Cattle,  8,713  head; 
hogs,  48,476  head ;  sheep,  10,582  head ;  horses 
and  mules,  2,033  head;  wheat,  115,839  bush- 
els; hay,  985,000  pounds;  flour,  35,817,450 
pounds  ;  shipstuff,  2,552,820  pounds  ;  lumber, 
logs  and  posts,  386,200  feet;  lead  ore.  200 
tons  ;  zinc  ore,  1,020  tons  ;  pig  iron,  160  tons  ; 
brick,  143,500;  cement,  34,387  barrels;  wool, 
60,100  pounds;  cotton,  19,800  pounds;  poul- 
try, 3,089,716  pounds;  eggs,  1,390,710  dozen; 
game  and  fish,  i33,837pounds  ;  hides  andpelts, 
352,116  pounds  ;  apples, 24,877  barrels ;  straw- 
berries, 7,990  crates;  fresh  fruit,  1,321,900 
pounds;  dried  fruit,  59,531  pounds;  vege- 
tables, 92,643  pounds;  canned  goods,  1,120,- 
000  pounds;  lime,  154,880  barrels.  In  1900 
the  population  was  52,713. 

The  territory  now  known  as  Greene 
County,  excepting  possibly  a  narrow  strip  on 
the  north,  was  originally  a  portion  of  Wayne, 
one  of  the  territorial  counties.  In  1829  it 
was  included  in  Crawford  County.  January 
2,  1833,  Greene  County  was  created,  the  or- 
ganic act  specifying  that  it  was  named  in 
honor  of  "Nathaniel  Green,  of  the  Revolu- 
tion." The  corrected  form  of  the  name, 
with  the  final  "e,"  appears  in  subsequent  acts, 
but  without  explanation.  It  embraced  all 
Missouri  south  and  west  of  compass  lines 
taken  from  about  the  northwest  corner  of 
Laclede  County,  and  formed  substantially  a 
square  of  nearly  100  miles  on  each  side.  By 
successive  detachments  beginning  with  the 
creation  of  Henry  County  in  1834,  and  ending 
with  that  of  Christian  County  in  i860,  Greene 
County  was  reduced  to  its  present  dimen- 
sions. Under  the  provisions  of  the  organic 
act,  Jeremiah  N.  Sloan,  James  Dollison  and 
Samuel  Martin  sat  as  county  justices  with 
John  D.  Shannon,  sheriff.  A.  J.  Burnett, 
justice  of  the  peace,  administered  the  oath  of 
office,  and  the  court  held  its  first  session  at 
the  house  of  John'  P.  Campbell,  March  11, 
1833.  Samuel  Martin  was  chosen  presiding 
justice,  and  John  P.  Campbell  clerk.      The 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


105 


immense  territory  of  the  new  county  was  di- 
vided into  seven  townships,  and  two   more 
were  established  later  the  same  year.     There 
were  no  maps,  and  ridges  and  streams  were 
designated  as  boundary  lines.     Justices  were 
appointed  in  five  of  the  townships,  Andrew 
Taylor,  Richard  C.  Martin  and  Larkin  Payne 
being  named  for  Campbell  Township,  which 
was  substantially  the  present  Greene  County. 
Commissioners   were   appointed   to    lay    out 
roads    in   the    direction    of    Boonville,    Mis- 
souri, and  P^ayetteville,  Arkansas.     At  a  sub- 
sequent session  John  Williams  was  appointed 
assessor,  and  D.  D.  Berry  treasurer.      The 
clerk  was  instructed  to  procure  a  seal,  bear- 
ing the  efifigy  of  an  elk,  and  the  inscription : 
"Seal  of  Greene  County,  Missouri."     In  1834 
James  Dollison,  Alexander  Young  and  Ben- 
jamin   Chapman    were    elected    county    jus- 
tices;   Benjamin   U.    Goodrich,    sheriflf,    and 
John  Rolands,  coroner.     Goodrich  died  on 
election  night  from  the  bursting  of  a  blood 
vessel,  and  Chesley  Cannefax  was  appointed 
to  the  vacancy  by  Governor  Dunklin.     His 
commission    did    not    issue,    and    the    court 
named  John  W.  Hancock  to  the  position.   C. 
D.  Terrill  was  appointed  clerk.      Cannefax 
was  afterward  elected  sherifif  and  served  until 
1838.     At  the  February  term,  1835,  the  court 
appointed    Daniel    Gray,    assessor ;    Chesley 
Cannefax,  collector,  and  D.  D.  Berry,  treas- 
urer.    The  General  Assembly  had  previously 
(January  5th)  appointed  Jeremiah  N.  Sloan, 
George   M.    Gibson   and    Markham    Fristoe 
commissioners  to  locate  a  county  seat.     At 
the  July  term,  1835,  of  the  county  court  this 
commission    made    report    of   location    near 
Campbell's  Spring — where  John  P.  Campbell 
had  donated  fifty  acres  of  land  for  public  uses 
■ — whereupon    the    court    appointed    D.    B. 
Miller  commissioner  to  lay  ofif    a  town  and 
sell  lots.     In  August  John  P.  Campbell  was 
elected  county  clerk;  John  H.  Clark,  asses- 
sor; Samuel  Scroggins,  surveyor,  and  Charles 
S.  Yancey  and  David  Appleby,  county  jus- 
tices.    At   the   next   session   of  the   county 
court  James  Dollison  was  chosen  presiding 
justice.       In     December,     County     Justice 
Younger   resigned,    and    the    Governor    ap- 
pointed Charles  S.  Yancey  to  the  vacancy. 
At  the  August  term,   1836,  Justice  Yancey 
was  chosen  presiding  justice.     An  order  was 
made  directing  Commissioner  Miller  to  em- 
ploy a  competent  surveyor  to  lay  off  the  town 
site,  reserving  two  lots  for  public  buildings — 


two  acres  having  been  previously  reserved 
for  a  public  square — and  to  advertise  a  sale 
of  lots,  the  proceeds  to  be  set  aside  for  the 
erection  of  public  buildings.       A   sale  had 
been     ordered     the     previous     year,     but 
amounted  to  little.     Previous  to  the  location 
of  the  county  seat,  many  had  favored  a  site 
near  the  present  Mount  Vernon,  and  hoped 
to  secure  a  re-location.     The  latter  sale  was 
advertised  in  newspapers  in  St.   Louis  and 
Franklin,  and   many  people  attended.     The 
sales  amounted  to  $649.88,  and  the  expenses 
were  $131.51.     In  November  the  court  ap- 
pointed Sidney  S.  Ingram  superintendent  of 
building,  and  instructed  him  to  erect  a  two- 
story  brick  courthouse  in  the  center  of  the 
public  square,  and  appropriated  $3,250  there- 
for.    This   building  was   destroyed   in   1861. 
A  log  jail  had  already  been  built,  paid  for 
by    subscription,    in    the    absence    of    public 
revenue.     In  1837  two  bridges  were  built  on 
the    road   from    Springfield    into    Arkansas ; 
they  were  the  first  in  the  county,  and  cost 
$100.      In  1855    a   poorhouse  was  built.      In 
1858,    the    county    court    appointed    W.    B. 
Farmer,  Warren  H.  Graves  and  Josiah  Leedy 
commissioners  to  select  a  site  and  procure 
plans  for  a  new  courthouse.       Ground  was 
purchased  for  $3,000,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
public  square,  and  the  building  contract  was 
awarded  to   Leedy  for  $36,000.     After  this 
transaction  the  county  suffered  loss  of  terri- 
tory and  taxable  property  by  the  creation  of 
Christian  County,  and  the  court  procured  a 
legislative  act  authorizing  the  county  to  bor- 
row $16,000  for  building  purposes.     Before 
the  building  was  completed  the  contractor 
became  seriously  embarassed,  and  compro- 
mise proceedings  took  place  at  a  later  day. 
The  building  was  occupied  in  1861,  and  is  yet 
in  use.     In  April,  1862,  were  present  Justices 
Joseph  Rountree  and  James  W.  Gray.     Jus- 
tice  John    Murray   resigned,,  and   was    suc- 
ceeded by  A.  C.  Graves.      The  last  named 
was  afterward  killed  at  the  Battle  of  Spring- 
field, where  he  served  as  major  in  the  Seven- 
ty-second Regiment  Enrolled  Missouri  Mili- 
tia.    After  the  brief  occupation  by  General 
Price's  army  in  1861,  the  county  was  under 
Federal  control,  and  public  business  was  con- 
ducted with  a  fair  degree  of  order.     In  1866 
the  Federal  government  paid  $2,500  as  com- 
pensation  for    damages    to    the    courthouse 
while  used  for  military  purposes.     In   1855 
a  court  of  probate  and  common  pleas  was  es- 


106 


GREENE  COUNTY. 


tablished,  with  P.  H.  Edwards  as  first  judge 
and  S.  H.  Boyd  as  first  clerk.  In  1834 
Joseph  Weaver  was  elected  first  State  sen- 
ator, and  J.  D.  Shannon  the  first  representa- 
tive. The  county  cast  503  votes,  of  which 
185  were  in  Campbell  Township.  In  1876 
the  county  was  divided  into  two  representa- 
tive districts.  Green,  Dade,  Dallas  and  Polk 
Counties  now  constitute  the  Twentieth  Sen- 
atorial District ;  and  Greene,  Christian  and 
Taney  Counties  constitute  the  Twenty-third 
Representative  District. 

What     is     now      known     as     southwest 
Missouri,         substantially 
Settlement  of  the      Greene     County     as     or- 
County.  ganized  in  1833,  was  for- 

merly known  as  the 
Osage  Country,  being  the  home  of  the  Indian 
tribe  for  which  it  was  named.  After  the 
War  of  1812  the  Kickapoos  made  villages 
on  the  Pomme  de  Terre  River,  and  near 
the  present  site  of  Springfield,  leaving  their 
name  in  that  of  Kickapoo  Prairie,  south  of 
that  place.  The  history  of  the  region  is 
peculiarly  interesting  as  that  of  one  of  the 
most  important  purely  American  settlements 
made  in  the  State.  The  first  white  settlers 
came  about  1820,  being  John  P.  Pettijohn, 
a  Virginian  and  a  Revolutionary  War  sol- 
dier, with  a  party  numbering  twenty-four 
people,  who  had  sojourned  for  a  time  in 
Arkansas.  He  and  his  family,  with  Joseph 
Price  and  Augustine  Friend,  settled  on  James 
River,  southwest  of  Springfield,  and  William 
Friend  in  what  is  now  Christian  County. 
Jeremiah  Pierson  settled  on  a  branch  of  the 
Pomme  de  Terre,  where  he  built  a  mill,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  in  this  part  of  the 
State,  although  this  claim  is  disputed  in  favor 
of  a  man  named  Ingle,  who  located  near  the 
Osage  bridge  over  the  James  River.  Na- 
than Burrill,  a  son-in-law  of  Pettijohn,  and 
George  Wells  and  Isaac  Prosser  located  near 
William  Friend  shortly  afterward.  About 
1822  Thomas  Patterson,  a  North  Carolinian, 
came  and  bought  one  of  the  Pettijohn  claims  ; 
his  brother,  Alexander,  settled  higher  up  on 
the  James.  The  same  year  the  Delaware 
Indians  came,  to  the  number  of  500,  assert- 
ing reservation  rights.  Thomas  Patterson, 
Sr.,  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  instituted 
an  inquiry  which  led  him  to  conclude  that 
their  claims  were  just,  whereupon  all  the 
settlers  retired  except  William  Friend,  who 
remained  on  his  farm,  and  may  be  regarded 


as  the  earliest  permanent  settler.  With  the 
Delawares  lived  a  few  whites,  to  whom  they 
rented  lands.  Among  them  were  a  man 
named  Marshall,  who  took  the  abandoned 
Ingle  mill,  and  James  Wilson,  who  left  his 
name  to  the  creek  where  General  Lyon  fell. 
Wilson  married  a  squaw,  and  afterward  a 
French  woman,  who  upon  his  death  became 
the  wife  of  Dr.  C.  F.  Terrill.  William  Gillis 
and  Joseph  Philabert  lived  among  the  In- 
dians on  James  River,  near  Wilson's  Creek, 
where  Philabert  managed  a  trading  post. 
Between  1822  and  1825  a  man  named  Davis 
lived  on  James  River,  east  of  Springfield ; 
it  is  supposed  that  he  was  killed  by  Indians. 
In  1827  came  the  Mooney  brothers,  one  of 
whom  was  a  preacher,  who  settled  on  a 
branch  of  the  James.  Samuel  Martin  came 
from  North  Carolina  in  1829.  In  1830  the 
Indians  were  removed  to  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, and  a  large  white  immigration  set  in. 
In  February  William,  Levi  and  John  Ful- 
bright  and  A.  J.  Burnett  located  at  Ful- 
bright  Springs.  In  March  came  John  P. 
Campbell  and  his  brother-in-law,  Joseph  H. 
Miller.  Campbell  had  visited  the  country 
in  1829,  and  cut  his  initials  in  a  tree  on  the 
site  chosen  by  Burnett,  who  upon  seeing  this 
evidence  of  prior  possession,  removed  five 
miles  eastward,  leaving  to  Campbell  and  Mil- 
ler his  cabin,  the  first  white  habitation  upon 
the  site  of  Springfield.  Edward  Thompson 
came  somewhat  later.  Among  the  immi- 
grants of  1831  were  Joseph  Rountree,  Sid- 
ney S.  Ingram,  Andrew  Taylor,  Radford 
Cannefax,  Finis  Shannon,  Samuel  Painter, 
Peter  Epperson  and  John  Headlee.  Between 
1832  and  1834  came  John  D.  Shannon,  Joseph 
Price,  Sr.,  Littleberry  Hendrick,  John  Pen- 
nington, George  F.  Strother  and  James  Dol- 
lison.  All  these  settled  in  the  vicinity  of 
Springfield.  To  the  north  and  east,  on  the 
Sac  and  Pomme  de  Terre  Rivers  and  their 
branches,  about  the  same  time  came  Nathan 
Boone,  son  of  Daniel  Boone,  and  the  Leeper, 
Tatum  and  Robberson  families,  and  others. 
The  immigration  to  this  time  was  almost  ex- 
clusively from  Tennessee,  and  the  names 
given  are  important  in  the  history  of  this 
region.  The  first  white  child  born  in  the 
county  was  a  daughter  of  Cowden  Martin, 
a  brother  of  Samuel  Martin,  in  1829.  The 
first  male  white  child  was  William,  son  of 
Edward  Thompson,  in  1830.  Junius  Roun- 
tree  was    married   to    Martha,   daughter   of 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


107 


Joseph  H.  Miller,  August  7,  1831,  by  Rich- 
ard Kizee,  a  Baptist  minister.  This  is 
claimed  to  have  been  the  first  marriage,  but 
the  same  claim  is  made  for  that  of  Lawson 
Fulbright  and  Elizabeth  Roper,  who  were 
married  the  same  year  by  J.  H.  Slavens,  the 
pioneer  Methodist  preacher.  The  first  death 
is  said  to  have  been  that  of  Finis  Shannon, 
brother-in-law  of  Joseph  H.  Miller,  on  Wil- 
son's Creek,  in  183 1.  A  child  of  Joseph  H. 
Miller  died  in  the  same  neighborhood  the 
same  year.  September  i,  1835,  the  United 
States  Land  Office  was  opened  at  Spring- 
field, with  Joel  H.  Haden,  of  Howard  County, 
as  first  register,  and  Robert  T.  Brown,  of 
Ste.  Genevieve,  as  receiver.  This  was  the 
occasion  for  a  large  assembling  of  people, 
but  little  to  the  advantage  of  Greene  County, 
in  which  the  public  lands  were  not  open  for 
entry  until  December,  1837,  when  a  large 
immigration  set  in,  and  the  development  of 
the  county  really  began.  By  1840  a  better 
class  of  dwellings  had  been  erected,  churches 
and  schools  received  attention,  mail  and  pas- 
senger stage  lines  had  become  numerous, 
and  railroad  building  was  contemplated.  In 
1850  the  population  was  12,799,  including 
1,146  slaves.  In  1853  was  great  snfi'ering; 
crops  failed  generally,  there  was  great  stock 
shortage  on  account  of  drouth,  and  a  viru- 
lent flux  prevailed,  causing  much  mortality, 
particularly  among  children.  Prosperity  suc- 
ceeded until  1856,  when  there  was  another 
failure  of  crops,  and  many  domestic  animals 
starved  to  death.  The  effect  was  felt  se- 
verely the  next  year,  and  many  people  left 
the  county  and  the  State.  That  summer  a 
bountiful  wheat  crop  was  raised,  and  until 
1861  material  conditions  were  favorable. 
With  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  social 
order  was  overthrown  to  a  great  extent,  and 
the  county  became  the  scene  of  strife  and 
desolation.  Even  after  the  disbandment  of 
the  hostile  armies  there  was  much  lawless- 
ness, and  a  body  of  "Regulators"  took  the 
remedy  into  their  own  hands,  maintaining 
their  organization  until  about  1868.  In 
April,  1867,  the  United  States  Land  Office 
at  Springfield  was  reopened,  with  John  S. 
Waddill  as  register.  Between  that  time  and 
June  30th  25,619  acres  were  entered,  and  the 
repopulation  of  the  county  may  be  said  to 
date  from  that  time.  In  1868  ground  was 
broken  for  the  first  railway.  In  the  aggre- 
gate, $400,000  were  contributed  in  subscrip- 


tions to  the  stock  of  various  roads.  There 
were  irregularities  in  connection  with  some 
of  these  bond  issues,  and  much  litigation 
ensued.  In  1885  a  compromise  was  effected. 
January  i,  1900,  this  indebtedness  was  $320,- 
000,  and  the  refunding  bonds  were  being 
paid  as  they  fell  due.  Education  received 
early  attention.  Almost  as  soon  as  a  little 
settlement  was  made  a  log  building  was 
erected  by  common  effort  to  serve  as  school 
and  church.  The  first  school  was  in  183 1, 
on  the  site  of  Springfield,  and  was  taught 
by  Joseph  Rountree.  A  log  schoolhouse  was 
built  in  the  Little  Sac  neighborhood  in  1835, 
and  another  near  by  in  1837;  the  former 
was  taught  by  Daniel  Appleby  and  the  lat- 
ter by  Robert  Foster.  In  1836  a  school  was 
taught  near  the  Pierson  Springs,  but  the 
name  of  the  teacher  is  lost.  Other  early 
schools  were  taught  by  Joseph  Tatum,  near 
Ash  Grove ;  by  Robert  Batson,  on  Pond 
Creek,  in  the  extreme  southwest  part  of  the 
county;  by  David  Dalzell,  near  Cave  Spring; 
by  B.  F.  Walker,  on  a  branch  of  the  Sac, 
and  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Potter,  near  the 
Pomme  de  Terre.  In  1841  Miss  Rachel  Q. 
Waddill  taught  in  the  Grand  Prairie  neigh- 
borhood. In  1847  school  townships  were 
organized,  and  schools  were  established  in 
nearly  all  during  that  and  the  following 
years ;  select  schools  and  academies  were 
opened  at  Springfield  about  the  same  time. 
In  1853  the  office  of  county  commissioner 
of  schools  was  created,  and  A.  H.  Matthis 
was  appointed  to  the  position.  During  the 
Civil  War  schools  were  generally  abandoned. 
In  1866  the  work  of  restoration  began,  under 
H.  S.  Creighton,  appointed  county  superin- 
tendent. At  the  present  time  the  educational 
institutions  of  the  county  are  unexcelled  in 
the  State.  •  In  1898  there  were  126  schools, 
including  8  schools  for  colored  children;  219 
white  and  14  colored  teachers,  and  11,375 
white  and  554  colored  pupils.  The  aggre- 
gate value  of  school  property  was  $545,320, 
and  the  permanent  school  fund  was  $47,- 
431.42. 

Among  the  early  settlers  were  ministers, 
who  came  to  make  homes  as  did  others. 
They  preached  at  times  in  cabins,  sometimes 
going  considerable  distances  on  invitation, 
and  always  finding  attentive  auditors.  Out 
of  this  preaching  grew  many  of  the  now  ex- 
isting churches.  The  first  was  one  Mooney, 
a   Baptist,  who   settled    near  the  James   in 


108 


GREENE  COUNTY. 


1827  or  1828.  Other  early  preachers  of  this 
denomination  were  WiUiam  Tatum,  who  or- 
ganized Mount  Pleasant  Church,  near  Cave 
Spring,  in  1838;  .Thomas  Kelly,  near  Ash 
Grove;  Elijah  Williams  and  Hiram  Savage, 
at  the  Leeper  settlement,  on  the  Sac,  and 
Jesse  Mason,  near  Grand  Prairie.  J.  H.  Sla- 
vens,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Joseph 
Rountree,  and  settled  near  Campbell's  Spring 
in  183 1,  was  the  first  Methodist  preacher  to 
locate  in  southwest  Missouri ;  it  may  be  that 
H.  G.  Joplin,  of  Jasper  County,  preached 
once  or  twice  on  the  Pomme  de  Terre  be- 
fore him.  Other  Methodists  were  one  Al- 
derson,  in  the  Campbell  neighborhood ; 
Edward  Robberson  and  David  Ross,  near  the 
Sac,  and  Bryant  Nowlin  and  James  Mitchell, 
in  the  Leeper  settlement.  E.  P.  Noel  was 
the  first  Presbyterian,  and  in  1839  he  or- 
ganized Mount  Zion  Church,  near  Cave 
Spring,  claimed  to  have  been  the  first  regu- 
larly established  church  of  that  denomina- 
tion west  of  St.  Louis.  Milton  Renshaw 
came  to  the  same  neighborhood  later.  The 
■earliest  -Cumberland  Presbyterian  minister 
was  Jefiferson  Montgomery,  and  the  earli- 
■est  Christian  ministers  were  Thomas  Potter, 
near  the  James,  and  Joel  H.  Haden,  at 
Springfield.  Among  the  early  physicians 
were  Constantine  Perkins,  near  Ash  Grove ; 
R.  C.  Prunty,  on  Wilson's  Creek ;  William 
C.  Caldwell,  on  the  James ;  C.  D.  Terrill, 
•on  Little  Sac,  and  Edward  Rodgers,  in  the 
Campbell  neighborhood. 

From  the  first  the  experiences  of  the  peo- 
ple were  such  as  to  fos- 
Military  History.  ter  a  martial  spirit,  and 
Greene  County  has  fur- 
nished soldiers  in  every  war  from  the  time  of 
its  settlement.  In  1836  the  settlers  were  dis- 
turbed by  bands  of  Osage  Indians,  who  were 
removed  by  a  regiment  of  militia  under 
Colonel  Charles  S.  Yancey.  The  following 
year  there  was  another  alarm  which  led  to 
General  Powell  calling  out  the  militia  of  the 
district  to  which  Greene  County  belonged, 
iDUt  it  proved  unnecessary,  the  Indians  in  the 
Sarcoxie  neighborhood,  where  trouble  was 
reported,  being  entirely  peaceable.  During 
the  Mexican  War  a  Greene  County  com- 
pany, under  Captain  A.  N.  Julian,  marched  to 
Fort  Leavenworth  and  became  a  part  of  Col- 
onel Ruffin's  regiment,  but  was  disbanded 
and  returned  home.  Early  in  1847  Captain 
Samuel  Boak  organized  a  company  of  the 


Third  Missouri  Mounted  Infantry,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  John  Ralls.  It  marched 
into  Mexico  and  fought  a  battle  at  Santa 
Cruz  de  Resales,  where  the  Alexicans  were 
defeated  with  heavy  loss.  It  remained  in 
Mexico  until  the  end  of  the  war,  and  upon  its 
return  to  Springfield  was  entertained  with  a 
great  barbecue.  During  the  Kansas  troubles 
in  1856,  almost  a  war,  considerable  numbers 
of  Greene  County  people  crossed  the  border 
and  engaged  in  those  unhappy  affairs.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  the  county  was  the  scene 
of  battles  of  momentous  importance,  and  was 
traversed  by  armed  men  from  beginning  to 
end  of  the  conflict.  It  contributed  largely  to 
both  armies.  It  furnished  to  the  Union  Army 
1,387  men,  392  more  than  were  called  for  by 
the  government ;  the  number  of  Confederate 
enlistments  is  not  ascertainable.  In  February 
and  March  of  1861,  secret  meetings  were 
held  by  both  Unionists  and  Secessionists, 
and  both  parties  prepared  for  the  coming 
conflict ;  they  were  mostly  armed  with  shot- 
guns and  revolvers,  liut  a  few  were  provided 
with  rifles  and  carbines.  In  May  the  Seces- 
sionists were  sending  out  of  Springfield 
munitions  of  war  to  their  adherents  in  the 
country,  while  the  Unionists,  largely  in  the 
majority,  were  seeking  to  prevent  it.  patrol- 
ling the  streets  and  roads  from  dark  until 
daylight.  June  nth  Campbell's  company  of 
State  Guards,  with  other  armed  men,  held  a 
barbecue  at  the  Fulbright  Spring,  just  west 
of  Springfield.  Peter  S.  Wilkes,  Representa- 
tives W.  C.  Price,  Hancock  and  Frazier,  and 
Captains  Campbell  and  Freeman  were  the 
leaders  at  this  meeting.  To  ofifset  this 
demonstration,  a  meeting  of  Unionists  was 
held  at  the  "Goose  Pond,"  on  the  Kickapoo 
Prairie,  south  of  Springfield.  Here  assem- 
bled numerous  semi-military  Union  com- 
panies from  Greene  and  Christian  Counties, 
armed  similarly  with  the  Secessionists.  The 
assemblage  moved  to  the  pasture  lands  on 
the  John  S.  Phelps  farm,  where  a  regimental 
organization  was  formed,  which  was  known 
as  the  Phelps  Regiment  of  Home  Guards,  or 
the  Greene  and  Christian  County  Home 
Guards.  There  were  twelve  companies,  ag- 
gregating 1,133  officers  and  men.  Eight 
companies  were  from  Greene  County,  com- 
manded by  Captains  John  A.  Lee,  C.  B. 
Owens,  J.  T.  Abernathy,  Charles  I.  Dun- 
wright,  T.  C.  Piper  (succeeded  by  J.  A.  Mack, 
Sr.),   John   W.    Gattly   (succeeded   by    First 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


109 


Lieutenant  Hosea  G.  Mullings),  William  H. 
McAdams,  Sampson  H.  Bass  and  Daniel  L. 
Mallicoat.  The  officers  were  John  S.  Phelps, 
colonel ;  Alarcus  Boyd,  lieutenant  colonel ;  S. 
H.  Boyd  and  Sample  Orr,  majors;  R.  J.  Mc- 
Elhaney,  adjutant,  and  Henry  Sheppard, 
quartermaster.  Alany  of  the  Unionists  were 
anxious  to  make  an  attack  upon  the  Seces- 
sionists, who  were  equally  desirous  of  march- 
ing into  Springfield  and  raising  "a  Southern 
flag"  upon  the  courthouse,  A  collision 
was  averted  as  the  result  of  a  meeting  be- 
tween Colonel  Phelps  and  Captain  Campbell, 
and  both  parties  displayed  their  flags  in  the 
city ;  the  Unionists  hoisted  the  Stars  and 
Stripes,  and  the  Secessionists  what  they 
called  the  Missouri  State  flag,  which  was 
really  the  Confederate  flag,  except  that  it 
bore  the  Missouri  coat-of-arms  in  the  field  in 
the  place  of  the  stars.  The  Home  Guards 
held  possession  of  the  city  that  night,  and  the 
next  day,  upon  Campbell's  men  being 
marched  away,  dispersed  for  the  time,  sub- 
ject to  call  to  duty.  The  Home  Guards 
maintained  a  quasi  organization  until  after 
the  Battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  August  loth. 
During  that  conflict  it  was  assembled  at 
Springfield  under  the  command  of  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  Marcus  Boyd.  Officers  and  men 
were  anxious  to  participate  in  the  battle,  and 
were  only  restrained  by  the  stringent  order 
of  General  Lyon  restricting  them  to  their 
post.  The  Home  Guards  accompanied  the 
retreating  Federals  to  Rolla,  where  most  of 
them  enlisted  in  permanent  organizations. 
The  greater  number  were  combined  in  a  regi- 
ment known  as  the  Lyon  Legion,  under  Col- 
onel S.  H.  Boyd,  and  under  that  name  per- 
formed military  duty  until  mustered  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States  in  October,  1861, 
for  the  term  of  three  years,  as  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Regiment,  Missouri  Infantry  Volun- 
teers. It  saw  service  in  southeastern  Mis- 
souri and  Arkansas,  at  Island  No.  10,  in  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  the  Red  River  campaign, 
the  Price  raid,  the  Battle  of  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, and  the  operations  against  Mobile, 
Alabama.  Other  Greene  County  troops  were 
about  300  men  enlisted  in  the  Eighth  Cavalry 
Regiment.  Missouri  State  Militia;  Colonel 
John  S.  Phelps'  six  months'  regiment,  which 
fought  at  Pea  Ridge ;  and  the  companies  of 
Captains  Samuel  A.  Flagg  and  Stephen  H. 
;  Julian,  in  the  Fourteenth  Regiment,  Cavalry, 
•    Missouri  State  Militia,  which  fought  at  Prai- 


rie Grove,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
John  M.  Richardson,  of  Greene  County.  The 
Seventy-second  and  Seventy-fourth  Regi- 
ments of  Enrolled  Militia  were  organized  late 
in  1862,  and  contained  respectively  502  men 
and  278  men  from  Greene  County;  these 
regiments  performed  valliant  service  at  the 
Battle  of  Springfield,  and  suffered  severely. 
The  Seventy-second  Regiment  was  first  com- 
manded by  Colonel  C.  B.  Holland,  who  was 
promoted  to  brigadier  general  of  Missouri 
Militia,  and  was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Henry 
Sheppard.  The  Seventy-fourth  Regiment 
was  commanded  by  Colonel  Marcus  Boyd. 
Various  companies  in  these  regiments  were 
afterward  attached  to  the  Sixth  Provisional 
Regiment,  commanded  by  Colonel  Henry 
Sheppard,  which  later  became  the  Sixteenth 
Cavalry  Regiment,  Missouri  State  Militia.  In 
August,  1862,  Dr.  Samuel  H.  Melcher,  then 
a  brigade  surgeon,  obtained  leave  of  absence 
and  organized  a  battalion  of  militia,  and 
broke  up  several  guerrilla  bands,  afterward 
returning  to  his  duties  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment. In  1863-4  Captains  W.  C.  Mont- 
gomery, S.  H.  Julian  and  W.  P.  Davis, 
respectively,  organized  Batteries  H,  I  and  K 
of  the  Second  Missouri  Artillery  Regiment, 
and  went  into  active  service.  Battery  H. 
fought  at  Pilot  Knob,  and  in  the  Price  raid; 
Battery  I  at  Franklin  and  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see ;  and  Battery  K  in  Missouri  and  on  the 
Powder  River  campaign  against  the  Indians. 
In  1864  the  Second  Arkansas  Cavalry  Regi- 
ment, in  which  were  many  Greene  County 
men,  completed  its  organization  under  Col- 
onel John  E.  Phelps,  son  of  Colonel  John  S. 
Phelps.  It  served  under  General  Sanborn 
during  the  Price  raid,  and  performed  arduous 
service  in  breaking  up  numerous  guerrilla 
bands.  In  September,  1864,  was  organized 
the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  Missouri  Volun- 
teers, a  six  months'  regiment,  commanded  by 
Colonel  Robert  W.  Fyan;  it  was  distributed 
on  garrison  duty  at  various  posts  in  south- 
west Missouri,  and  was  mustered  out  of  serv- 
ice in  May,  1865.  The  principal  body  to  en- 
gage in  the  Confederate  service  was  Captain 
Leonidas  St.  Clair,  Campbell's  company  of 
State  Guards,  which  fought  at  Wilson's 
Creek,  and  in  1863  surrendered  at  Vicksburg, 
Mississippi ;  after  exchange  it  participated  in 
the  Tennessee  campaigns  under  Generals 
Johnston  and  Hood,  and  finally  disbanded  at 
Mobile,  Alabama,  in  1865. 


110 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


June  24,  1861,  Colonel  Franz  Sigel 
entered  the  city  of  Springfield  with  the 
Third  and  Fifth  Regiments  of  Missouri  Vol- 
unteers. A  number  of  Secessionists  were 
temporarily  imprisoned,  and  a  quantity  of 
powder  found  in  their  possession  was  taken. 
July  1st  T.  W.  Sweeney,  then  a  Captain  in  the 
regular  army,  an  elected  brigadier  general  of 
volunteers,  arrived  with  1,500  men  and  a  few 
pieces  of  artillery.  He  issued  a  proclamation 
July  4th  warning  the  citizens  against  disloyal 
conduct  or  demonstrations.  July  ist  Colonel 
Sigel  departed  for  Carthage,  and  the  next 
day  Colonel  B.  Gratz  Brown  entered  the  city 
with  a  regiment.  Numerous  citizens  were 
arrested  from  time  to  time  under  charges  of 
disloyalty ;  the  greater  number  of  these  were 
released  by  Colonels  John  S.  Phelps  and 
Marcus  Boyd,  whom  General  Sigel  had  desig- 
nated as  a  commission  to  try  such  cases.  July 
13th  General  Lyon  came,  and  during  his  stay 
recruited  men  for  the  Federal  service,  and 
impressed  provisions  and  animals  for  use  of 
his  men,  but  treated  citizens  generally  with 
great  courtesy.  The  foundry  at  Springfield, 
under  the  direction  of  Colonel  Phelps,  made 
cannon  balls  for  General  Sigel's  artillery. 
August  1st  General  Lyon  moved  with  his 
force  of  5,868  men  and  engaged  the  enemy  at 
Dug  Springs,  returning  to  Springfield,  Au- 
gust 5th.  While  in  the  city  he  made  his  resi- 
dence in  a  house  on  North  Jefferson  Street, 
not  far  from  the  public  square;  his  official 
headquarters  were  in  a  house  owned  by  Col- 
onel John  S.  Phelps,  on  the  north  side  oi 
College  Street,  a  little  west  of  Main  Street. 
His  body  lay  in  this  house  after  it  was 
brought  from  Wilson's  Creek.  It  was  burned 
by  Federal  soldiers  in  February,  1862. 

August  loth  the  Federal  forces  evacuated 
the  city,  leaving  the  courthouse,  the  sher- 
iff's residence,  the  Methodist  Church  and 
other  buildings  filled  with  their  sick  and 
wounded  from  the  battlefield.  Many  of  the 
ladies  of  the  city  volunteered  as  nurses, 
among  them  being  Mrs.  John  S.  Phelps,  Mrs. 
Marcus  Boyd  and  daughters,  one  of  whom 
became  Mrs.  D.  C.  Kennedy ;  Mrs.  Crenshaw, 
Mrs.  Worrell.  Mrs.  Graves,  Mrs.  Waddill. 
Mrs.  Beal  and  Mrs.  Jameson.  Dr.  E.  C. 
Franklin,  surgeon  of  the  Fifth  Missouri  Reg- 
iment, remained  to  care  for  the  wounded. 
The  Confederates  entered  the  city  about  11 
o'clock  the  next  day.  General  Price  made  his 
headquarters  in  the  Graves  House,  on  Boon- 


ville  Street,  and  General  McCuUoch  estab- 
lished himself  at  the  General  N.  R.  Smith 
house,  on  the  same  street.  August  22d  Gen- 
eral Price  marched  for  Lexington,  leaving 
Colonel  T.  P.  Taylor,  with  500  men,  at. 
Springfield.  October  25th  Major  Zagonyi,  the 
advance  of  General  Fremont's  army,  entered 
the  city.  General  Fremont  made  his  headquar- 
ters here  until  November  2d,  when  he  was 
superseded  by  General  Hunter.  November 
9th  the  Federal  troops  left  the  city,  and  Gen- 
eral McCuUoch  occupied  it  November  i8th. 
On  Christmks,  1861,  General  Price  again 
made  his  headquarters  in  the  city,  occupy- 
ing the  same  premises  as  during  his  first 
visit.  February  13th  the  Confederates  evacu- 
ated, and  possession  was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
eral troops,  under  General  Curtis.  The  city 
was  in  filthy  corldition,  but  was  speedily 
cleansed  under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Mills.  A  general  military  hospital 
was  established,  in  which  1,300  sick  and 
wounded  were  cared  for ;  a  daily  average  of 
four  deaths  occurred.  The  city  having  be- 
come an  immense  supply  depot  for  the  Fed- 
eral Army,  containing  quartermaster's,  com- 
missary and  ordnance  stores,  heavy  fortifi- 
cations were  constructed,  the  work  being 
performed  by  details  from  the  troops,  im- 
pressed citizens  and  negroes,  under  the  di- 
rection of  Colonel  M.  LaRue  Harrison.  Jan- 
uary 8,  1863,  General  Marmaduke  attacked 
the  city  and  was  repulsed.  (See  "Springfield, 
Battle  of.")  January  nth  the  Federal  dead 
were  buried  with  military  honors  under  or- 
ders issued  by  Brigadier  General  E.  B. 
Brown.  In  1873  an  imposing  monument  to 
their  memory  was  erected.  The  remains  of  the 
Confederate  dead  were  afterward  cared  for. 
During  1863-4  irregular  bands  of  Confeder- 
ates and  guerrillas  infested  the  county;  usu- 
ally they  did  but  little  harm,  but  at  times  were 
guilty  of  great  excesses.  During  the  latter 
part  of  the  war  General  John  B.  Sanborn 
commanded  at  Springfield,  and  succeeded  in 
great  measure  in  repressing  the  more  vio- 
lent of  both  factions  of  citizens,  who,  in  the 
nature  of  things,  were  greatly  embittered 
toward  each  other  on  account  of  their  per- 
sonal sufferings,  or  sympathy  with  friends. 
Several  military  executions  occurred  at 
Springfield.  (See  "Military  Executions.") 
April  ID,  1865,  a  salute  of  200  guns  was  fired 
from  the  forts  in  honor  of  the  surrender  of 
General   Lee.     The  maintenance  of  a  mili- 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


Ill 


tary  post,  notwithstanding  the  close  of  the 
war,  being  necessary  on  account  of  the  vast 
military  stores,  troops  were  retained  until  late 
in  September.  September  4th,  four  compa- 
nies of  the  Second  Ohio  Cavalry  Regiment 
departed  for  Rolla,  leaving  but  twenty  men 
to  perform  guard  duty.  Some  days  afterward 
Captain  Hillhouse  returned  with  twenty 
more  men,  and  remained  in  command  until 
September  23d,  when  he  was  withdrawn,  and 
Springfield  had  seen  the  last  of  armed  occu- 
pation. His  leaving  was  accompanied  with 
many  expressions  of  good  will  on  the  part 
of  both  citizens  and  tlie  departing  soldiers. 
Previously,  May  i8th,  the  Twelfth  and  Thir- 
teenth Regiments  of  Missouri  Militia,  under 
Colonels  Mullings  and  Hursh,  respectively, 
were  organized  in  Greene  County  to  preserve 
the  peace,  and  performed  efficient  service 
until  the  restoration  of  civil  order.  Under 
the  National  Guard  establishment  the  Spring- 
field Rifles  were  organized  in  1881,  under 
Captain  George  Townsend,  and  became  Com- 
pany C  of  the  Fifth  Regiment;  about  1886 
they  were  disbanded  on  account  of  failure 
of  legislative  appropriation.  In  1890  Com- 
pany F  of  the  Second  Regiment  was  organ- 
ized under  Capt.  A.  E.  Findley.  It  was 
assigned  to  a  Provisional  Regiment  which 
participated  in  the  opening  of  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  at  Chicago  in  1892,  where 
it  was  commanded  by  First  Lieutenant 
Ernest  McAfee.  It  was  subsequently  dis- 
banded. Two  companies  were  formed  for 
service  in  the  Spanish-American  War,  and 
were  assigned  to  the  Second  Regiment,  Na- 
tional Guard  of  Missouri.  Company  K  was 
commanded  by  Captain  A.  B.  Diggins,  and 
Company  M  by  Captain  Ernest  C.  McAfee. 
The  regiment  was  encamped  at  Chickamauga 
Park,  Tennessee ;  Lexington,  Kentucky ;  and 
Albany,  Georgia,  and  was  disbanded  after 
being  mustered  out  of  the  service  of  the 
United  States. 

Greene   County  has   been  famous   for  its 

jurists    and    lawyers,    and 
Courts.  niany   have  been   men   of 

education  and  great  legal 
ability.  Their  early  field  was  that  of  a  full 
score  of  counties,  as  now  constituted,  and 
their  journeys  were  habitually  made  on  horse- 
back. They  seldom  carried  books,  other  than 
a  volume  of  statutes,  and  cases  were  argued 
by  verbal  citation  of  law  and  common  law 
principles.     For  many  years  court  sessions 


afforded  almost  the  only  occasion  for  peo- 
ple coming  together,  and  these  gatherings  in- 
spired the  lawyers  to  make  the  most  of  the 
generally  petty  cases  with  which  they  were 
concerned.  The  first  circuit  court  in  the 
county  was  held  August  12,  1833,  t>y  Judge 
Charles  H.  Allen,  known  as  "Horse"  Allen, 
on  account  of  his  uncouth  demeanor  and 
coarse  language,  even  upon  the  bench.  It 
is  said  that  the  appellation  given  him  grew 
out  of  the  following  circumstance :  When 
holding  court  an  attorney  disturbed  the  pro- 
ceedings by  engaging  in  a  loud  altercation 
with  an  uncouth  lawyer.  Judge  Allen  called 
him  to  order  without  avail.  The  sherifif  be- 
ing absent,  the  judge  rose  and  exclaimed 
vehemently :  "Sit  down,  sir,  and  keep  your 
mouth  shut."  The  lawyer  obeyed,  replying: 
"Well,  as  you  are  the  judge  of  this  court, 
I  guess  I  will  obey  you  this  time."  To  which 
Judge  Allen  replied:  "I'll  let  you  know  that 
I  am  not  only  judge  of  this  court,  but  I'm  a 
hoss  besides,  and  if  you  don't  obey  me,  I'll 
make  you."  In  1844  Judge  Allen  was  the 
defeated  independent  candidate  for  Governor 
of  Missouri  against  John  C.  Edwards,  Dem- 
ocrat. The  court  officers  at  the  first  term 
held  by  Judge  Allen  were:  Charles  P.  Bul- 
lock, clerk,  and  John  D.  Shannon,  sherifif. 
Thomas  J.  Gevins  and  Littleberry  Hendrick 
were  admitted  to  practice.  The  first  case  was 
one  brought  by  Manuel  Carter,  a  free  negro, 
which  was  dismissed  upon  his  own  motion. 
The  grand  jury  indicted  a  number  of  free 
negroes  and  depraved  white  women  for  im- 
morality, and  some  white  men  for  gaming,' 
upon  whom  were  imposed  fines  and  impris- 
onment. In  1835  C.  D.  Terrill  was  the  first 
elected  circuit  clerk.  In  1837  Judge  Allen 
was  succeeded  by  Judge  Foster  P.  Wright, 
one  of  the  most  able  and  industrious  of  Mis- 
souri jurists.  He  was  peculiar  in  his  manner 
of  expression,  and  wore  old-time  garb  which 
attracted  attention  even  in  those  primitive 
days.  He  was  trial  judge  in  a  case  of  homi- 
cide brought  against  Charles  S.  Yancey,  who 
succeeded  him  on  the  bench.  Judge  Yancey 
was  a  native  of  Kentucky.  In  early  life  he 
removed  to  Franklin  County,  Missouri,  and 
shortly  afterward  to  Springfield.  In  1835 
he  became  a  county  justice  of  Greene  County, 
and  in  1836  was  chosen  presiding  justice. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  an  actor  in  an 
unfortunate  affair,  wherein  he  was  held 
blameless,  and  which  worked  no  impairment 


112 


GREENE  COUNTY. 


of  his  fortune.  In  1836-7  he  was  colonel  of 
militia,  and  under  orders  from  Governor 
Boggs,  he  moved  against  the  Indians,  who 
persisted  in  hunting  in  the  vicinity  and  com- 
mitting various  depredations,  and  effected 
their  removal  to  their  own  territory.  In  1841 
he  was  appointed  circuit  judge.  While  not  a 
profound  lawyer,  he  made  an  excellent 
judge,  and  stands  well  at  the  side  of 
the  jurists  of  his  day.  He  died  February  7, 
1857;  the  death  of  his  wife  occurred  a  short 
time  before,  and  they  left  no  children.  Judge 
Yancey  was  succeeded  on  the  bench  by  Wil- 
liam C  Price.  He  was  a  native  of  Virginia, 
and  came  early  in  life  to  Greene  County, 
Missouri,  where  he  taught  school  and  clerked 
in  a  general  store,  and  became  a  lawyer.  In 
1840  he  was  made  deputy  sheriff,  and  the 
following  year  he  was  appointed  a  county 
justice  to  fill  a  vacancy;  in  1847  he  was 
elected  State  Senator,  and  resigned  the  posi- 
tion to  accept  appointment  as  circuit  judge, 
to  succeed  Judge  Yancey.  In  1859  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Stewart  to  be 
swamp  land  commissioner  for  Missouri,  a"nd 
in  that  capacity  succeeded  in  saving  to  the 
State  several  hundred  thousand  acres  of 
land.  In  March,  i860.  President  Buchanan 
appointed  him  treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
to  fill  a  vacancy,  which  position  he  held  until 
he  resigned,  under  the  administration  of 
President  Lincoln.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War  he  became  a  private  in  McBride's 
Brigade  of  General  Price's  Army,  was  cap- 
tured in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  imprisoned 
for  eight  months  at  Alton,  and  was  ex- 
changed at  Vicksburg.  He  was  appointed 
by  President  Jefiferson  Davis  to  the  posi- 
tion of  assistant  adjutant  general  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  with  the  rank  of  major, 
and  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the  recruiting 
service  in  Missouri.  Fnancially  ruined,  he 
resigned  in  1864,  and  carried  on  farming  in 
Arkansas  until  1867,  when  he  removed  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  He  removed  to  Springfield 
in  1869  and  busied  himself  in  the  law,  paying 
little  attention  to  politics,  and  in  1898  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  where  he  was  living  in 
retirement  in  1900.  John  R.  Chenault,  of 
Jasper  County,  was  elected  to  the  circuit 
bench  in  November,  1857,  and  shortly  after- 
ward Greene  County  was  attached  to  the 
Fourteenth  Judicial  Circuit,  in  which  Patrick 
H.  Edwards  was  judge.    At  the  beginning  of 


the  Civil  War  he  left  his  office  to  engage 
with  the  Confederates.  Governor  Gamble 
appointed  Littleberry  Hendrick  to  the  va- 
cancy, with  H.  J.  Lindenbower  as  prosecuting 
attorney.  Jwdge  Hendrick  issued  a  temper- 
ate address,  announcing  the  coming  court 
opening  and  invoking  the  assistance  of  all 
good  citizens.  He  opened  court  April  7, 
1861,  when  Martin  J.  Hubble  was  appointed 
clerk,  and  Coroner  Anthony  Church  served 
as  sherifif.  Attorneys  who  subscribed  to  the 
oath  of  loyalty  and  were  admitted  to  prac- 
tice were  H.  J.  Lindenbower,  Alfred  Julian, 
James  W.  Mack,  M.  Cavanaugh  and  D.  C. 
Dade.  In  1862  business  was  dispatched  in. 
an  orderly  manner.  January  10,  1863,  Judge 
Hendrick  died;  he  had  been  ill  for  some 
days,  and  his  death  was  ascribed  to  excite- 
ment incident  to  the  battle  two  days  pre- 
vious. He  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  and 
one  of  the  two  first  lawyers  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  the  Greene  County  Circuit  Court  at  its 
initial  term  in  August,  1833.  In  early  life 
he  was  an  ardent  Whig,  and  in  1848  he  was 
the  candidate  of  his  party  for  Lieutenant 
Governor,  and  during  the  campaign  edited 
the  "Springfield  Whig"  newspaper,  at  the 
same  time  taking  an  active  part  in  the  can- 
vass as  a  public  speaker.  He  was  an  uncondi- 
tional Union  delegate  in  the  State  Conven- 
tion of  1861,  and  afterward  took  an  earnest 
part  in  advocacy  of  all  measures  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  rebellion.  He  was  an  able 
jurist,  a  man  of  stern  integrity  and  deep  con- 
victions of  duty,  and  his  personal  character 
was  such  as  to  attract  his  fellows  and  com- 
mand their  confidence  and  esteem.  He  left 
three  sons,  among  whom  was  his  namesake, 
a  lawyer  and  judge,  who  died  in  Lawrence 
County.  Judge  Hendrick  was  succeeded  by 
John  C.  Price,  who  opened  court  three  days 
after  the  death  of  the  former  named.  He 
was  a  man  of  broad  legal  mind,  and  made  an 
excellent  record  on  the  bench.  Of  large 
frame,  he  was  rugged  and  uncouth,  but  was 
a  man  of  much  force  of  character,  and  was 
greatly  respected.  John  S.  Waddill  was 
elected  circuit  judge  at  the  succeeding  elec- 
tion. During  1863-4  numerous  suits  were 
disposed  of;  in  many  the  defendants 
were  serving  in  the  Confederate  Army, 
against  whom  judgment  was  taken  by  de- 
fault. Some  cases  were  for  misappropriation 
of  property  during  military  operations,  or 
property  taken  by  raiding  parties.    At  a  later 


GREENE  COUNTY. 


113 


day  all  prosecutions  based  upon  such  acts 
were  barred  by  act  of  the  General  Assembly. 
Judge  Waddill  was  born  in  East  Tennessee. 
In  1835  he  removed  to  Missouri  and  bought 
the  Wilson  farm,  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek 
of  the  same  name.  The  following  year  he 
removed  to  Springfield,  where  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  two  years  later.  From  that 
time  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
capable  of  the  southwest  Missouri  lawyers; 
and  until  nearly  seventy-five  years  of  age 
gave  devoted  attention  to  his  profession,  until 
nearly  his  closing  years  accomplishing  great 
distances  upon  horseback  to  attend  numer- 
ous and  widely  separated  courts.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  during  his  active  life  he  rode 
farther  in  his  practice  than  did  any  of  his 
colleagues.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Gamble  as  judge  of  the  Eighteenth 
Judicial  Circuit,  and  resigned  the  position  the 
following  year.  In  1863  he  was  again  ap- 
pointed, by  the  same  authority,  as  judge  of 
the  Fourteenth  Judicial  Circuit.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  his  term  he  was  elected  to  the 
same  office,  and  was  removed  by  Governor 
Fletcher  in  1865  under  the  conditions  of  the 
Drake  Constitution.  In  1867  he  was  ap- 
pointed register  of  the  land  office  at  Spring- 
field by  President  Johnson,  but  was  removed 
by  President  Grant  in  1868.  He  then  prac- 
ticed law  until  shortly  before  his  death, 
September  13,  1880.  Governor  Fletcher 
appointed  Sempronius  H.  Boyd  to  the 
vacancy  created  by  the  removal  of  Judge 
Waddill.  Judge  Boyd  was  conspicuous  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  period.  The  other  court 
appointments  were  Robert  W.  Fyan,  prose- 
cuting attorney,  and  R.  A.  C.  Mack,  clerk. 
In  1868  Fyan  was  elected  circuit  judge.  He 
was  a  man  of  high  attainments  and  great 
force  of  character.  He  occupied  various  con- 
spicuous positions.  Prior  to  the  Civil  War- 
he  was  an  elector  on  the  Breckinridge  pres- 
idential ticket.  When  war  began  he  warmly 
espoused  the  Union  cause,  and  entered  the' 
Twenty-fourth  Regiment  of  Missouri  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  rising  to  the  rank  of  major, 
and  commanding  the  regiment  in  several  im- 
portant campaigns  and  engagements.  He 
was  afterward  colonel  of  the  Forty-sixth 
Regiment,  Missouri  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Previous  to  his  election  to  the  bench  he 
was  prosecuting  attorney.  In  1870  he  be- 
came a  Liberal  Republican,  and  afterward  a 
Democrat.     He  was  twice  elected  to   Con- 


gress, and  died  at  Marshfield.  Washington 
F.  Geiger  succeeded  Judge  Fyan,  and-  was 
re-elected;  he  died  in  1886,  before  the  ex- 
piration of  his  last  term.  He  was  a  well  read 
lawyer,  an  excellent  judge,  and  an  exemplary 
citizen.  He  served  in  the  Phelps  Regiment 
of  Home  Guards,  and  afterward  as  colonel 
of  the  Eighth  Regiment,  Missouri  Cavalry 
Volunteers.  Previous  to  his  election  to  the 
bench  he  was  prosecuting  attorney.  James 
R.  Vaughan  was  appointed  to  fill  the  unex- 
pired term  of  Judge  Geiger,  and  made  an 
excellent  record.  He  had  previously  served 
as  county  superintendent  of  schools;  during 
the  Civil  War  he  was  sergeant  major  of  the 
Sixth  Regiment,  Missouri  Cavalry  Volun- 
teers. At  the  ensuing  election  Walter  D. 
Hubbard  was  elected  circuit  judge.  He 
acquitted  himself  most  creditably,  and  upon 
retirement  from  office  devoted  himself  to  his 
personal  practice.  He  had  served  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Sixth  Regiment,  Missouri  Cav- 
alry Volunteers,  and  was  afterward  a  captain 
and  later  a  colonel  in  the  veteran  service ;  he 
served  as  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Gen- 
eral John  B.  Sanborn,  when  that  officer  was 
district  commander  at  Springfield.  James 
T.  Neville  succeeded  him  by  election  in  1892, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1898.  When  the  Civil 
War  closed  there  were  few  lawyers  in  Mis- 
souri south  and  west  of  Springfield.  In  that 
city  were  many,  including  a  consider- 
able number  fresh  from  the  law 
schools.  All  found  abundant  employ- 
ment, and  their  duties  required  fre- 
quent travel  to  considerable  distances.  Of 
the  earlier  lawyers  there  remained  John  S. 
Phelps,  T.  A.  Sherwood,  William  C.  Price, 
W.  F.  Geiger,  John  S.  Waddill,  S.  H.  Boyd, 
D.  C.  Dade,  William  Weaver,  Robert  W. 
Crawford,  A.  M.  Julian  and  James  Baker. 
Among  the  newcomers  were  John  P.  Ellis, 
Charles  B.  McAfee,  Benjamin  U.  Massey, 
John  O'Day,  James  R.  Vaughan,  O.  H. 
Travis,  J.  C.  Cravens,  R.  L.  Goode,  Charles 
W.  Thrasher,  Henry  C.  Young,  James  R. 
Waddill,  James  M.  Patterson,  J.  T.  White,  J. 
P.  McCammon,  H.  E.  Howell,  John  A.  Pat- 
terson, F.  S.  Heffernan,  T.  H.  B.  Lawrence, 
P.  T.  Simmons  and  E.  A.  Barbour.  All  were 
capable  lawyers,  and  many  of  the  number 
who  attained  distinction  in  official  life  or  in 
notable  cases  are  mentioned  elsewhere  in  this 
work.  The  Criminal  Court  of  Green  County 
was   created   in   1890  by  special  act  of  the 


Vol.  III-8 


114 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


General  Assembly;  in  criminal  cases  it  has 
similar  jurisdiction  with  circuit  courts,  in- 
cluding authority  in  habeas  corpus  and  in- 
junction proceedings.  The  first  judge  was 
Mordecai  Oliver,  appointed  by  Governor 
Francis.  He  was  succeeded,  in  1893,  by 
James  J.  Gideon,  and  he  by  Charles  B.  Mc- 
Afee, in  1897. 

In    1836    John    Roberts,    a    resident    of 

Springfield,    was    brought 
Tragedies.  before  the  County  Court 

of  Greene  County  on 
a  charge  of  misdemeanor.  Among  those 
present  was  John  P.  Campbell,  with  whom 
Roberts  was  on  bad  terms.  Roberts  assailed 
him  bitterly,  and  after  being  repeatedly  com- 
manded to  keep  good  behavior  by  Presiding 
Judge  Charles  S.  Yancey,  replied:  "I  will 
say  what  I  d — n  please,  m  this  court,  or  the 
high  court  of  heaven,  or  hell."  Judge  Yan- 
cey imposed  a  fine  of  $20,  which  Roberts 
paid,  making  many  threats  against  the  judge. 
For  a  year  following,  upon  frequent  occa- 
sions, Roberts  vilely  insulted  Judge  Yancey, 
the  latter  making  every  endeavor  to  avoid 
his  enemy,  who  was  regarded  as  a  dangerous 
character.  Late  in  1837  Roberts  met  Yan- 
•cey  on  the  public  square,  and  toward  him 
applied  threatening  language,  at  the  same 
time  making  a  motion  as  if  to  draw  a  knife, 
a  weapon  which  he  had  used  on  previous 
occasions.  Yancey  fired  a  pistol  at  his  assail- 
ant, and  another  weapon,  which  he  was  about 
to  discharge,  was  struck  aside  by  Littleberry 
Hendrick,  who  was  at  Yancey's  side,  the  ball 
going  wide  of  its  mark.  At  the  same  moment 
Roberts  pressed  his  hand  to  his  breast,  ex- 
claiming: "Don't  shoot  again;  I  am  a  dead 
man  now,"  and  fell.  His  death  occurred  the 
next  day.  In  December,  1838,  Yancey  was 
indicted  for  manslaughter,  and  was  held  in 
bonds  of  $2,000  to  appear  for  trial,  a  number 
of  leading  citizens  becoming  his  bondsmen. 
In  April,  1839,  Yancey  was  put  upon  trial. 
Judge  Foster  P.  Wright  on  the  bench.  The 
trial  occupied  nearly  two  days,  and  the  jury 
rendered  a  verdict  of  acquittal  after  but  a  few 
minutes'  consideration.  It  was  shown  at  the 
trial  that  Yancey  acted  strictly  in  self-defense, 
while  Roberts  was  a  dangerous  man  when 
in  his  cups.  It  also  appeared  that  at  the  time 
of  his  death  Roberts  was  under  indictment  for 
an  assault,  with  intent  to  kill,  upon  another 
person. 

In  1838  J.  Renno  was  stabbed  and  killed  by 


Randolph  Britt  in  a  store  in  Springfield.  The 
afifair  began  in  a  friendly  scuffle  in  an  eating 
house,  Britt  being  intoxicated  at  the  time. 
The  trial  took  place  in  Benton  County,  where 
the  accused  was  convicted  of  manslaughter 
and  sentenced  to  the  penitentiary.  He  was 
afterward  pardoned,  and  died  in  Greene 
County.  In  May,  1841,  one  Davis  was  shot 
and  killed  by  John  T.  Shanks,  both  being 
intoxicated  at  the  time.  Shanks  escaped 
from  jail,  and  was  never  brought  to  trial.  On 
October  24,  1861,  John  H.  Stephens,  a  re- 
spectable and  inoffensive  citizen  of  Spring- 
field, was  killed  at  his  own  gate  by  a  Union 
soldier.  The  Union  troops  had  just  entered 
the  city,  and  Mr.  Stephens  was  hastening 
home,  when  a  trooper  ordered  him  to  halt. 
Disregarding  the  summons  he  was  fired  upon 
with  fatal  result,  to  the  deep  regret  of  the 
hasty  soldier.  May  21,  1862,  Captain  John 
R.  Clark,  of  Colonel  Powell  Clayton's  cav- 
alry regiment,  went  to  the  house  of  a  Mrs. 
Willis  and  demanded  supper,  which  was  re- 
fused. Clark  and  a  companion,  both  intoxi- 
cated, drew  pistols  upon  the  guards  stationed 
to  protect  the  family  and  property,  where- 
upon one  of  the  gfuards  fired,  killing  Clark 
instantly.  Clark's  companion,  A.  J.  Rice, 
fired  at  the  guard,  missing  him,  and  killing 
Mary,  a  daughter  of  Mrs.  Willis.  Another 
guard  fired  at  Rice,  inflicting  a  wound  which 
resulted  in  death.  In  May,  1863,  Will  Ful- 
bright,  a  Confederate  soldier,  came  from 
Arkansas  to  visit  relatives  in  the  southeast 
part  of  the  county.  With  a  number  of  oth- 
ers he  established  a  little  camp,  which  was 
attacked  by  the  Union  militia,  and  Fulbright 
was  killed  in  the  course  of  the  fight.  In  the 
spring  of  1864  Joseph  Cooper,  a  young  man 
living  near  Cave  Spring,  was  decoyed  from 
his  home  by  a  party  of  Anderson's  guerrillas, 
taken  into  Polk  County,  where  he  was  killed, 
and  his  body  savagely  mutilated.  October  5th 
James  M.  Thompson,  an  old  resident,  was 
murdered  between  Springfield  and  his  home, 
some  five  miles  south.  He  had  sold  cattle, 
and  the  crime  was  presumably  committed  for 
the  purpose  of  robbery.  There  was  strong 
suspicion  as  to  the  identity  of  the  murderers, 
but  General  Sanborn,  who  investigated  the 
case,  could  find  no  evidence  upon  which  to 
base  proceedings.  February  28,  1867,  James 
Simpson  and  Kindred  Rose,  both  old  citizens 
of  Springfield,  quarreled  about  war  matters. 
Rose   struck  Simpson   on  the   head   with   a 


GREENE  COUNTY  REGULATORS. 


115 


bar  of  iron  and  death  ensued.  Rose  was 
acquitted  on  the  ground  of  self-defense. 
May  24th  of  the  same  year  Judge  H.  C. 
Christian  was  shot  and  killed  by  one  or  two 
unknown  men  in  his  place  of  business.  They 
were  pursued,  and  one,  Jacob  Thompson,  was 
captured  next  day  and  placed  in  jail.  June 
21  st  he  made  his  escape,  was  pursued,  and 
overtaken  at  a  blacksmith  shop  in  Texas 
County.  He  mounted  his  horse,  when  he 
was  fired  upon,  and  shot  in  the  thigh  and 
shoulder,  was  recaptured  and  replaced  in  jail 
in  Springfield.  October  24th  he  again  made 
his  escape,  and,  as  reported,  was  afterward 
hung  in  Texas  for  the  commission  of  a  mur- 
der there.  Judge  Christian  had  come  from 
Texas,  where  he  served  as  a  provost  marshal 
during  the  war,  and  his  assassination  was 
supposed  to  have  been  accomplished  in  re- 
venge for  some  act  of  his  while  acting  in  that 
capacity.  January  24,  1871,  Judge  Harrison 
J.  Lindenbower  was  shot  and  killed  in  Spring- 
field by  William  Cannefax.  Cannefax  com- 
mitted the  crime  in  a  frenzy  growing  out  of 
a  conviction  that  Lindenbower  had  become 
possessed  of  some  real  estate  to  which  he 
considered  himself  entitled.  The  Greene 
County  bar,  presided  over  by  Colonel  John 
S.  Phelps,  adopted  resolutions  denouncing 
the  killing  as  a  base  murder,  and  extolling  the 
deceased  as  an  honorable  lawyer  and  estima- 
ble citizen.  Cannefax  was  indicted  for  mur- 
der, escaped  from  jail  at  Springfield,  returned 
and  was  rearrested  in  1874;  on  trial,  he 
pleaded  guilty  to  the  charge  of  murder  in  the 
second  degree,  and  was  sentenced  to  the  pen- 


itentiary for  life. 


F.  Y.  Hedley. 


Greene  County  Court,  Nullifica- 
tion Order  of.— The  Tenth  General  As- 
sembly of  Missouri,  in  an  act  concerning 
groceries,  enacted  that  "county  courts  may 
exempt  their  county  from  the  operation  of 
this  act,  by  an  order  directing  that  the  same 
shall  not  extend  to  or  be  in  force  in  their 
county."  At  the  November  term,  1839,  the 
County  Court  of  Greene  County  made  the  fol- 
lowing order :  "Ordered  by  the  court  that  the 
act  concerning  groceries,  passed  at  the  last 
session  of  the  Legislature,  be  and  the  same  is 
hereby  repealed  and  of  no  effect  in  the  county 
of  Greene."  The  use  of  the  word  "repealed" 
in  this  order  brought  a  great  deal  of  ridicule 
upon  the  court,  but  their  act  was  eflfective. 


Greene  County  Regulators.— Imme- 
diately after  the  Civil  War  there  was  great 
lawlessness  in  southern  Missouri;  horse  steal- 
ings, robberies  and  burglaries  were  of  almost 
daily  occurrence,  and  murders  were  not  rare. 
Civil  law  had  not  yet  been  fully  re-estab- 
lished, and  citizens  banded  themselves  to- 
gether for  protection  of  person  and  property, 
many  excesses  growing  out  of  it.  Such  an 
organization  v/as  formed  in  Greene  County, 
with  headquarters  at  Walnut  Grove,  and  be- 
came popularly  known  as  the  "Regulators," 
but  was  self-designated  as  the  "Honest  Men's 
League."  It  numbered  in  its  membership  men 
who  had  served  in  the  Union  and  Confeder- 
ate Armies,  and  some  who  had  seen  such 
service  were  among  its  victims.  In  May, 
1866,  Greene  B.  Phillips,  who  had  been  a 
Captain  in  the  Seventy-fourth  Regiment  of 
Missouri  Enrolled  Militia,  and  served  gal- 
lantly in  the  defense  of  Springfield,  came  un- 
der the  ban  of  this  organization,  charged  with 
being  a  friend  to  evil-doers,  if  not  their  aider 
and  abettor.  May  23d,  early  in  the  morning, 
while  in  his  barn  two  miles  northwest  of  Cave 
Springs,  preparing  to  feed  his  stock,  his  place 
was  visited  by  three  of  the  regulators.  Pro- 
truding their  revolvers  through  the  cracks 
between  the  logs,  they  ordered  him  out.  He 
was  taken  by  the  arm,  one  on  each  side,  the 
third  following  behind,  toward  the  timber 
in  the  rear  of  the  premises.  Being  a  very 
strong  man,  he  broke  the  grasp  of  his  cap- 
tors and  ran,  but  stumbled  and  fell.  As  he 
arose  he  was  fired  upon  by  two  of  the  party 
and  killed.  May  26th,  at  Walnut  Grove,  John 
Bush  and  his  son-in-law,  Charles  Corsuch, 
who  had  served  in  the  State  Militia,  were 
taken  out  of  a  store  to  the  woods  a  mile 
southwest  of  town  and  hanged.  Their  killing 
was  ascribed  to  the  fact  that  after  the  mur- 
der of  Captain  Phillips,  they  had  denounced 
two  men  by  name  as  being  guilty  of  the 
crime,  threatening  them  with  vengeance. 
Somewhat  later,  the  Regulators  assisted  Dep- 
uty Sheriff  Isaac  Jones  in  the  arrest  of  seven 
men  charged  with  stealing.  Some  of  these 
were  bailed  out,  whereupon  a  card  was  pub- 
lished, bearing  the  signature,  "Regulators," 
stating  that  they  had  organized  to  assist  in 
the  enforcement  of  law,  and  to  put  down 
thieving;  that  this  was  to  notify  all  persons 
entering  into  bail  for  persons  accused  of 
crime,  that  they  were  regarded  as  in  sympa- 
thy with  such,  if  not  co-operators  with  them, 


116 


GREENFIEI.D— GREENFIELD,  ATTACK  ON. 


and  would  be  held  responsible  for  the  con- 
duct and  personal  appearance  at  court  for 
trial  of  all  whom  they  thus  countenanced. 
June  1st  a  body  of  280  Regulators  rode 
into  Springfield  and  formed  in  front  of  the 
courthouse.  Speeches  were  made  by  Senator 
J.  A.  Mack,  Colonel  James  H.  Baker,  JMajor 
Downing  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brown,  deprecat- 
ing the  necessity  for  such  an  organization, 
but  defending  it  in  its  purposes  and  actions. 
Colonel  John  S.  Phelps  and  Colonel  John  M. 
Richardson  answered  these  speeches,  plead- 
ing that  the  civil  law  should  be  regarded, 
and  calling  upon  all  good  citizens  to  aid  in 
the  restoration  of  good  order  through  its 
operation.  The  regulators  rode  away  without 
further  demonstration.  They  maintained 
their  organization  for  some  time  afterward, 
but  without  the  commission  of  such  excesses 
as  before. 

Greenfield. — The  county  seat  of  Dade 
County,  thirty-nine  miles  northwest  of  Spring- 
field, and  270  miles  southwest  of  St.  Louis. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Greenfield 
&  Northern  Railway,  which  connects  with  the 
Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Railway 
at  South  Greenfield,  three  and  one-half  miles 
south.  The  town  stands  upon  a  plateau  two 
miles  west  of  Turnback  Creek,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  200  feet  above  the  stream.  A  two- 
story  brick  courthouse,  erected  in  1848  at  a 
cost  of  $12,000,  stands  in  the  center  of  a  well- 
kept  public  square.  There  are  two  public 
school  buildings,  one  for  white  children  cost- 
ing $12,000,  and  one  for  colored  children. 
Ozark  College  (which  see),  a  collegiate  insti- 
tution under  care  of  Ozark  Presbytery,  has  a 
building  erected  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.  There 
are  churches  of  the  Baptist,  Christian,  Meth- 
odist Episcopal,  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
and  Presbyterian  denominations.  There  are 
two  weekly  newspapers,  the  "Vidette,"  Re- 
publican, and  the  "Advocate,"  Democratic. 
The  fraternal  societies  are  four  Masonic 
bodies,  two  lodges,  a  chapter  and  a  com- 
mandery;  a  lodge  of  United  Workmen  and 
a  Grand  Army  Post.  There  the  two  banks, 
the  R.  S.  Jacobs  Banking  Company  and  the 
Dade  County  Bank,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $100,000;  an  operahouse,  two  hotels;  a 
steam  flouring  mill  and  a  sawmill.  It  is  a 
large  shipping  point  'for  coal,  wheat,  fruit, 
cattle,  horses,  mules  and  wool.    In  1899  the 


population  was  1,600.  It  was  made  the  coun- 
ty seat  (see  Dade  County)  in  1841.  It  was 
platted  in  1841  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city 
of  the  fourth  class  in  1867.  It  was  first  set- 
tled in  1833  or  1834.  Matthias  H.  Allison 
was  the  first  to  locate  on  the  immediate  site ; 
those  who  located  near  by,  and  were  identi- 
fied with  the  early  history  of  the  place  were 
Joseph  Allison  and  his  son  James.  George 
Davidson,  William  Hampton,  John  Lack, 
John  M.  Rankin  and  Peter  Hoyle.  In  1839-40 
came  Samuel  Weir,  Aaron  Finch,  Jonathan 
Parris  and  John  C.  Wetzel;  and  in  1841, 
Jefiferson  D.  Montgomery  and  William  K. 
Lathim.  Weir  and  Montgomery  were  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  ministers ;  the  latter 
named  married  a  daughter  of  the  former,  and 
their  marriage  was  one  of  the  earliest,  if  not 
the  first  in  the  town.  Madison  Campbell 
erected  the  first  business  building  in  1841. 
The  first  merchant  was  John  W.  Wilson,  who 
carried  on  business  for  Caleb  Jones  &  Co.,  of 
Polk  County.  A  post-office  was  established 
in  1841  or  1842,  W.  K.  Lathim  being  the 
first  postmaster.  John  Wells'  Hotel,  built  in 
1853,  was  the  first  brick  building  after  the 
courthouse.  The  Cumberland  Presbyterians 
organized  a  church  in  the  vicinity  in  1839,^ 
with  the  Rev.  J.  D.  Montgomery  as  pas- 
tor; it  was  disrupted  during  the  war,  re- 
organized at  Greenfield,  and  in  1868  the  pres- 
ent frame  house  of  worship  was  erected,  at  a 
cost  of  $2,500.  Ebenezer  Baptist  Church  was 
formed  June  4,  1842,  by  the  Rev.  G.  W.  Bell; 
the  first  church  edifice  of  brick  was  erected 
in  1854,  and  in  1884  it  was  replaced  by  the 
present  structure,  which  cost  $4,500. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  town  num- 
bered about  300  inhabitants.  The  merchants 
removed  their  stocks  elsewhere,  and  ^any  of 
the  people  went  away.  After  peace  was  re- 
stored the  town  was  rebuilt  with  substantial 
business  blocks  and  neat  cottage  residences 
of  modern  design. 

Greenfield,  Attack  on. — When  Gen- 
eral Shelby,  in  the  latter  part  of  September, 
1863,  had  captured  the  Federal  garrison  at 
Neosho,  he  moved  rapidly  on  Greenfield,. 
where  a  Federal  force  was  stationed,  and,. 
surrounding  the  place  at  daylight,  made  pris- 
oners of  the  little  garrison  and  burned  the 
courthouse,  on  the  pretense  that  it  had  been 
used  as  a  fort  by  the  Federals. 


GREENLEE— GREENWOOD. 


117 


Greenlee,  Aubrey  R.,  physician,  was 
born  May  ii,  1871,  in  Johnson  County,  Mis- 
souri. His  parents  were  William  P.  and  Bar- 
bara W.  (Enlow)  Greenlee.  The  father,  a 
native  of  Kentucky,  came  to  Missouri  when 
quite  young,  became  a  farmer  in  Johnson 
County,  and  was  for  four  years  in  the  Con- 
federate service  as  a  member  of  General 
Price's  body  guard.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Legislature  from  Johnson  County  during 
Governor  Woodson's  administration,  and  by 
appointment  by  the  same  ofificial  he  was  a 
regent  of  the  State  Normal  School  at  War- 
rensburg.  For  some  years  he  was  engaged 
in  the  grocery  business  in  Kansas  City,  where 
he  and  his  wife  are  now  living  in  pleasant 
retirement.  Their  son,  Aubrey,  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  in  Kansas  City  and  in 
the  State  Normal  School  at  Warrensburg. 
As  a  youth  he  was  engaged  with  his  father  in 
the  grocery  business.  In  1888  he  read  medi- 
cine under  the  tutorship  of  Dr.  J.  R.  Snell,  in 
Kansas  City,  and  then  entered  the  University 
Medical  College,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1892.  After  practicing  in  Kansas 
City  one  year  he  was'appointed  assistant  city 
physician,  a  position  which  he  capably  occu- 
pied for  two  years.  He  then  resumed  the  gen- 
eral practice,  to  which  he  brought  thorough 
preparation  and  the  enthusiasm  which  char- 
acterizes one  engaged  in  a  profession  for 
which  he  possesses  marked  aptitude.  He  was 
appointed  in  1898  lecturer  on  minor  surgery 
in  the  Columbian  Medical  College,  and  yet 
occupies  that  position.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  a  member 
of  the  order  of  Modern  Woodmen,  and  of 
the  Modern  Brotherhood  of  America.  In  the 
last-named  order  he  has  served  as  examining 
physician,  and  is  the  present  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  local  lodge.  In  religion  he  is 
a  Baptist,  and  in  politics  a  Democrat. 

Greentop. — An  incorporated  village  in 
Schuyler  County,  on  the  Wabash  Railroad, 
about  seventeen  miles  south  of  Lancaster. 
•  It  was  founded  in  1855,  and  was  incorporated 
in  i860.  It  has  two  churches,  a  public 
school,  a  sawmill,  flourmill.  seven  general 
stores,  a  drug  store,  etc.  Population,  1899 
(estimated),  400. 

Greenville. — See  "Miami." 

Greenville. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
the  county  seat  of  Wayne  County,  located  in 


St.  Francois  Township;  on  the  St.  Francis 
River,  the  terminal  point  of  the  Williamsville, 
Greenville  &  St.  Louis  Railroad.  The  town 
was  laid  out  in  1819  on  Spanish  land  grant 
No.  787  by  the  commissioners  appointed  to 
locate  a  seat  of  justice  for  Wayne  County, 
When  the  town  was  laid  out  its  site  was  a 
corn  field,  and  the  streets  were  laid  out  ac- 
cording to  the  rows  of  corn.  The  first  store 
in  the  town  was  opened  in  1824  by  Messrs. 
Van  Horn  &  Wheeler.  In  1827  another  store 
was  opened  by  William  Creath.  The  first 
medical  practitioner  was  Elijah  Bettis.  The 
first  members  of  the  medical  profession  to 
become  residents  of  the  town  were  Dr.  E.  H. 
Bennett  and  Dr.  Payne.  Owing  to  its 
isolated  location,  the  growth  of  the  town  was 
slow.  In  1826  it  was  inundated  by  an  over- 
flow of  the  St.  Francis,  and  again  much  dam- 
age was  done  by  high  water  in  1863.  The 
first  newspaper  published  in  the  town  was 
the  "Reporter,"  started  in  1869  by  C.  P.  Rot- 
rock.  In  1872  the  "Democrat"  was  estab- 
lished, and  in  1877  the  "Journal."  The 
present  papers  of  the  town  are  the  "Wayne 
County  Journal,"  published  by  Clarence 
Carleton,  and  the  "Sun,"  by  J.  S.  Marsh. 
Greenville  has  a  graded  public  school,  Bap- 
tist, Methodist,  Christian  and  Catholic 
Churches,  three  hotels,  a  flouring  mill  and 
numerous  stores  and  other  business  places. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  950. 

Greenwood.  — ^A  town  in  Jackson  Coun- 
ty, platted  in  1867  by  Alfred  Hanscom,  R.  W. 
Price,  Frank  Brooks,  and  Rev.  S.  G.  Clark,  in 
four  sections.  It  is  situated  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railroad,  and  contains  stores, 
churches,  schools,  etc.  Lincoln  College,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church,  was  founded  there  in  1870.  The  pop- 
ulation is  500. 

Greenwood,  James  Micklebor- 
ough,  superintendent  of  the  public  schools 
of  Kansas  City  for  a  quarter  century,  and 
numbered  among  the  most  distinguished  edu- 
cators in  America,  was  born  November  15, 
1837,  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois.  His 
parents  were  Edmond  and  Jeannette  (Fos- 
ter) Greenwood;  the  father  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  William  Greenwood,  who  emi- 
grated from  England  to  Virginia  in  1635. 
His  grandfather,  Peyton  Foster,  was  de- 
scended from  a  Huguenot  family  that  settled 


118 


GREENWOOD. 


in  South  Carolina.  His  grandmother,  on  his 
mother's  side,  from  the  Daniels  and  Mickle- 
boroughs  of  Virginia.  James  M.  Greenwood 
was  reared  upon  a  farm  near  where  his 
grandfather  settled,  in  Illinois,  in  1824. 
When  eight  years  of  age  he  first  attended  a 
country  school,  and  as  soon  as  he  had  learned' 
to  read  devoted  all  his  spare  time  to  perusing 
such  books  as  he  could  obtain  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. In  1852  his  father  removed  with 
his  family  to  Adair  County,  Missouri,  near 
the  present  site  of  Brashear,  where  he  is  now 
living.  Young  Greenwood  alternately  occu- 
pied his  time  in  farm  work,  hunting  and 
study.  The  nearest  schoolhouse  was  seven 
miles  distant,  and  his  studies  were  pursued 
at  home  during  evenings  and  on  rainy  days. 
Text  books  were  scarce,  but  the  death  of  a 
scholarly  man  at  some  distance  brought  to 
sale  a  number  of  volumes,  which  the  young 
student  secured  from  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  a  two-year-old  steer;  these  included 
a  Latin  grammar  and  a  copy  of  Virgil,  a  first 
and  second  book  on  Spanish,  an  elementary 
work  on  algebra,  geometry  and  surveying, 
Butler's  "Analogy"  and  Olmstead's  "Philos- 
ophy." Without  the  aid  of  a  teacher  he  easily 
mastered  the  mathematics,  solving  every 
algebraic  problem,  notwithstanding  he  had 
never  before  seen  a  work  upon  that  subject. 
He  became  proficient  in  philosophy,  and 
acquired  a  fair  knowledge  of  Latin  and  Span- 
ish. His  general  reading  was  limited  to  the 
few  books  belonging  to  the  family,  compris- 
ing a  few  standard  English  authors. 
Valuable  as  was  the  knowledge  derived 
through  his  persistent  effort,  his  course  of 
conduct  was  of  more  momentous  importance 
in  intensifying  his  desire  for  education,  and 
in  laying  the  foundations  for  a  pre-emin- 
ently useful  life  in  a  profession  which  he  came 
to  adorn.  It  may  be  said  that  from  that  day 
he  has  been  an  incessant  student.  Until  he 
was  sixteen  years  old  he  had  attended  school 
only  six  seasons ;  from  that  time  until  he.  was 
twenty  years  of  age  he  attended  school  but 
twenty-five  days.  In  1857  he  entered  the 
Methodist  Seminary,  at  Canton,  Missouri, 
then  one  of  the  best  schools  in  northeastern 
Missouri,  where  he  made  a  record  without  a 
parallel  in  its  history;  he  would  have  com- 
pleted a  four  years'  course  in  ten  months 
had  he  not  been  obliged  to  discontinue  his 
studies  on  account  of  ill  health.  As  it  was 
he  did  practically  complete  the  course,  suc- 


cessfully passing  examination  in  twenty  dif- 
ferent branches.  For  several  years  afterward 
Mr.  Greenwood  worked  upon  his  father's 
farm,  pursuing  his  studies  in  the  meantime. 
While  here,  November  i,  1859,  he  married 
Miss  Amanda  McDaniel,  then  a  teacher  in 
Kirksville,  who,  with  similar  ambition  and 
talent  for  schoolroom  work,  was  in  after 
years  his  efficient  colaborer  and  inspirer  in 
the  line  of  his  profession.  From  1862  until 
late  in  1864,  he  served  in  the  Missouri  State 
Militia.  He  first  essayed  the  work  of  a 
teacher  when  but  sixteen  years  of  age,  in 
Adair  County,  Missouri,  and  notwithstanding 
his  youth  proved  himself  a  capable  instructor 
and  disciplinarian,  successfully  overcoming  a 
number  of  insubordinate  pupils  who  sought 
to  impose  upon  him.  At  a  later  day  he  was 
urged  to  apply  for  a  vacant  school  at  Lima, 
Illinois,  but  answered  that  he  was  averse  to 
such  methods  for  obtaining  employment.  He 
was  induced  to  visit  the  town,  upon  invitation 
from  the  school  directors,  one  of  whom, 
inquired  as  to  his  politics.  Greenwood 
answered :  "None  of  your  business.  If  you 
want  politics  taught  in  your  school,  you  must 
look  for  another  teacher,  for  I  am  too  good 
a  patriot  to  be  a  partisan,  and  too  good  a 
Christian  to  be  a  sectarian."  He  was  en- 
gaged, conditioned  upon  his  obtaining  a  cer- 
tificate from  the  school  commissioner  of  the 
county.  The  commissioner  wrote  the  re- 
quired questions  upon  a  blackboard  and 
allowed  him  three  hours  in  which  to  make  his 
answers.  Mr.  Greenwood  asked  for  an  imme- 
diate oral  examination,  which  was  granted, 
and  upon  satisfactorily  answering  all  the 
questions  propounded,  he  received  a  first 
grade  certificate,  the  first  so  issued  in  the 
county.  In  1864  he  returned  to  Adair 
County,  Missouri,  where  he  taught  a  short 
term  of  school  during  the  following  winter. 
He  afterward  performed  clerical  duty  in  the 
offices  of  the  circuit  clerk  and  of  the  county 
clerk  of  the  county.  In  the  fall  of  1865  he 
again  taught  the  school  at  Lima,  IlHnois,  and 
the  following  year  taught  a  school  in  Knox 
County,  Illinois.  In  September,  1867,  Dr. 
Joseph  Baldwin,  ever  conspicuous  for  his 
services  in  behalf  of  popular  education  dur- 
ing his  fourteen  years  of  residence  in  Mis- 
souri, opened  a  private  normal  school  at 
Kirksville,  and  employed  Mr.  Greenwood  as 
teacher  of  mathematics  and  logic,  which 
position  he  successfully  occupied  for  seven 


GREENWOOD. 


119 


years.  In  this  position  he  became  recognized 
throughout  Missouri  and  adjoining  States 
as  an  unusually  accomplished  mathematician. 
During  his  term  of  service  in  this  institution 
Mrs.  Greenwood  served  as  principal  of  the 
model  training  department.  In  1861  was 
held  the  first  teachers'  institute  in  northeast- 
ern Missouri,  Mr.  Greenwood  being  one  of 
the  originators  of  the  movement,  and  an 
active  participant  in  its  work.  Without  ap- 
plication, Mr.  and  Mrs.  Greenwood  were 
called  to  the  service  of  Mount  Pleasant  Col- 
lege, at  Huntsville,  Missouri,  Mr.  Greenwood 
as  teacher  of  mathematics,  logic,  rhetoric 
and  reading,  and  Mrs.  Greenwood  as  teacher 
of  botany,  history  and  primary  work.  They 
resigned  six  months  afterward,  Mr.  Green- 
wood having  accepted  the  chair  of  mathe- 
matics in  Kirksville  Normal  School,  which 
had  become  a  State  school.  He  had  been 
ollfered  the  presidency,  which  he  declined, 
stating  that  Dr.  Baldwin  had  established  the 
school,  and  that  it  would  be  manifest  injus- 
tice to  displace  him.  In  1874  Mr.  Green- 
wood entered  upon  his  present  position,  in 
which  he  has  successfully  maintained  him- 
self, and  gained  the  distinction  of  having 
given  to  the  schools  of  Kansas  City  their  un- 
iCxcelled  position  in  the  educational  world. 
rin  June  of  that  year,  J.  V.  C.  Karnes,  then 
treasurer  of  the  board  of  education  of  Kan- 
sas City,  wrote  Air.  Greenwood,  urging  him 
to  apply  for  the  superintendency  of  the 
schools,  soon  to  become  vacant.  He  declined 
to  do  so,  but  was  induced  to  go  to  Kansas 
City,  where  he  reiterated  his  refusal,  but  con- 
sented to  serve  if  elected.  He  returned  to 
Kirksville,  where  he  was  apprised  of  his  elec- 
tion over  sixteen  applicants,  several  of  whom 
were  men  of  eminent  capability.  The  popu- 
lation of  Kansas  City  was  then  but  28,000, 
and  the  schools  were  just  becoming  well 
established.  There  were  obstacles  to  con- 
tend with,  growing  out  of  discordant  ele- 
ments and  limited  means.  Mr.  Greenwood 
at  once  set  himself  to  the  task  of  restoring 
harmony,  and  of  creating  a  public  sentiment 
which  would  afford  adequate  moral  and 
financial  support.  His  efforts  were  gradu- 
ally successful,  and  among  the  first  benefi- 
cent results  was  the  elimination  of 
incompetent  teachers.  A  teachers'  institute 
was  organized,  and  out  of  its  discussions  at 
stated  meetings  grew  improvement  in  meth- 
ods of  management,  discipline  and  class  reci- 


tations. His  second  year  witnessed  a  net 
gain  of  255  in  average  daily  attendance.  At 
the  close  of  the  school  year  of  1877-8  the 
schools  were  recognized  as  unsurpassable  in 
the  West,  and  from  that  time  there  has  been 
a  steady  improvement  in  the  morale  and  in 
methods  of  instruction  and  management, 
commensurate  with  the  increased  number  of 
pupils  and  cost  of  maintenance.  Mr.  Green- 
wood is  a  conspicuous  example  of  the  class  of 
men  who  achieve  great  results  through  entire 
and  conscientious  devotion  to  the  present 
task.  As  has  been  said  by  his  biographers, 
Wilfred  R.  Hollister  and  Harry  Norman, 
who  teil  the  story  of  his  life  in  their  volume 
entitled  "Five  Famous  Missourians,"  "every 
fibre  of  his  being  is  permeated  with  educa- 
tional ideas ;  every  stroke  of  his  pen,  every 
word  from  his  mouth,  every  movement  of 
his  body,  is  to  the  development  of  a  supreme 
ideal."  Keeping  in  touch  with  all  the  pro- 
gressiveness  of  the  educational  world,  and 
with  the  great  self-assertion  born  of  a  con- 
sciousness of  the  dignity  of  his  position,  and 
the  responsibilities  attaching  to  it,  he  at  the 
same  time  encourages  independence  in 
thought  and  act  in  principals  and  assistant 
teachers,  gladly  hailing  the  working  out  of  a 
new  idea,  and  bestowing  unstinted  praise 
when  deserved.  At  the  same  time  he  is  re- 
lentless in  his  opposition  to  mere  experi- 
ments and  fads.  For  every  contemplated 
innovation,  he  must  see  at  the  foundation  a 
recognizable  want,  and  as  a  result  a  real 
advantage.  To  his  effort  is  due  the  effectual 
systematic  organization  of  laboratory  science 
and  literature  studies  in  the  Kansas  City 
high  school,  the  first  in  the  entire  West  to 
introduce  these  systems,  now  in  vogue  in 
nearly  all  institutions  of  similar  grade.  A 
well  defined  principle  in  his  policy  with 
reference  to  the  employment  of  teachers,  said 
to  be  peculiar  to  himself  and  unobserved 
elsewhere  in  any  large  city  in  the  United 
States,  is  his  entire  disregard  of  local  influ- 
ence, or  of  the  so-called  claims  of  home 
teachers.  He  regards  the  entire  educational 
field  as  subject  to  his  purpose,  and  his  sole 
endeavor  is  to  secure  the  most  capable  in- 
structors, regardless  of  place  of  residence, 
school  of  instruction,  nationality,  sex,  re- 
ligion or  politics.  A  factor  contributing  in  no 
small  degree  to  his  great  success,  is  his  in- 
tensely interesting  personality.  A  man  well 
read  in  books,  a  keen  observer  of  all  types 


120 


GREENWOOD. 


of  humanity,  an  experienced  traveler,  he  is 
one  whose  companionship  pleases  as  well  as 
instructs,  while  at  the  same  time  he  com- 
mands that  respect  and  admiration  which  are 
accorded  to  him  who  unconsciously  advises 
his  associates  of  a  lofty  ideal  and  the  highest 
moral  purpose.  Exceedingly  resourceful  in 
history,  philosophy,  general  literature  and 
art,  he  is  equally*  interesting  upon  the  plat- 
form or  in  the  press,  and  he  never  appears 
except  when  he  may  serve  some"  good  pur- 
pose. In  the  field  of  authorship  he  has 
contributed  much  of  permanent  value.  His 
.great  ability  as  a  mathematician  led  to  his 
appointment,  in  1884,  to  revise  Ray's 
"Higher  Arithmetic."  In  1887  he  wrote  his 
well  known  work,  "Principles  of  Education 
Practically  Applied,"  published  by  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co.,  and  the  following  year  he  wrote 
for  Butler's  "Advanced  Geography"  the  his- 
torical sketch  of  Missouri,  equivalent  to  a 
duodecimo  volume  of  eighty  pages.  In  1890 
he  wrote  "A  Complete  Manual  on  Teaching 
Arithmetic,  Algebra  and  Geometry,"  pub- 
lished by  Maynard,  Merrill  &  Co.  In  asso- 
ciation with  Dr.  Artemas  Martin  he  wrote 
"A  History  of  American  Arithmetics,  and  a 
Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Authors,"  which 
was  issued  as  a  government  publication.  For 
years  his  services  have  been  required  as  a 
reviser  of  standard  arithmetics  and  other 
mathematical  works.  His  annual  reports  as 
superintendent  of  the  Kansas  City  public 
schools  are  a  mass  of  valuable  educational 
literature,  which  have  received  the  com- 
mendation of  the  highest  educational  author- 
ities in  the  country,  and  have  had  a  marked 
influence  in  the  school  world.  He  is  widely 
and  favorably  known  as  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  leading  magazines  and  reviews,  and 
particularly  to  educational  journals.  In  1895 
he  made  a  tour  of  Europe,  in  company  with 
some  distinguished  men,  among  whom  were 
Dr.  William  T.  Harris,  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Education ;  Charles  A.  Dana, 
editor  of  the  New  York  "Sun,"  and  others. 
Observation  of  the  progress  of  education  in 
the  principal  European  countries  was  his 
special  purpose,  and  his  detailed  account 
through  the  American  press  was  exceedingly 
interesting  and  ioistructive.  As  a  lecturer  he 
is  entertaining,  always  original  and  logical, 
and  on  occasion  eloquent;  since  1870  he  has 
delivered  more  than  a  thousand  addresses 
throughout  the  country,  reaching  the  most 


remote  States  in  all  directions.  From  time 
to  time  he  has  been  called  upon  to  occupy 
unremunerative  positions  conferred  upon  him 
in  compliment  to  his  high  attainments,  and 
in  order  to  secure  the  benefits  of  his  valuable 
services.  In  1876  he  served  as  president  of 
the  Missouri  State  Teachers'  Association. 
In  1884  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Council  of  the  Educational  Associa- 
tion, and  for  years  was  chairman  of  its  com- 
mittee on  statistics.  In  1887  he  was  elected 
a  life  director  of  the  National  Educational 
Association.  From  1890  to  1895  he  served 
as  treasurer  of  the  latter  body,  and  in  1897 
he  was  elected  to  the  presidency.  He  wields 
great  personal  influence  in  this  and  other 
educational  bodies,  and  it  was  largely 
through  his  effort  that  Dr.  William  T.  Har- 
ris was  called  from  the  superintendency  of  the 
St.  Louis  public  schools  to  the  position  of 
United  States  Commissioner  of  Education, 
by  appointment  of  President  Harrison,  to 
whom  Mr.  Harris  was  politically  opposed, 
and  it  was  the  successful  mission  of  Mr. 
Greenwood  to  procure  the  assent  of  the 
nominee,  in  advance  of  formal  action.  In 
1897  Mr.  Greenwood  received,  as  a  fitting 
recognition  of  his  scholarly  attainments  and 
his  intelligent  effort  in  behalf  of  education, 
one  of  the  highest  honors  that  could  be  con- 
ferred upon  him.  Without  previous  knowl- 
edge on  his  part,  and  without  solicitation 
from  any  outside  sources,  the  curators  of  the 
University  of  Missouri  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws.  Dr.  Green- 
wood is  in  the  prime  of  his  physical  and 
mental  powers,  and  gives  promise  of  unim- 
paired activity  and  usefulness  during  many 
years  to  come.  ^    ^    Hedley. 

Greenwood,  Moses,  Jr.,  civil  engineer 
and  real  estate  operator,  was  born  May  30, 
1862,  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  son  of 
Moses  M.  and  Mary  (Whittelsey)  Green- 
wood. His  father  was  for  thirty  years  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Moses  Greenwood  &  Son,  cotton  factors,  of 
New  Orleans.  His  mother  was  a  native  of 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  his  great- 
grandfather served  with  a  Massachusetts  reg- 
iment as  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 
Reared  in  New  Orleans,  Moses  Greenwood, 
Jr.,  was  fitted  for  college  at  the  University 
High  School,  of  that  city,  and  then  went  to 
Roanoke   College,  of  Virginia,   from  which 


r^>!r  S^uM^rn/Yz^. 


W.  ^^  l>Pff.  earns  ASr' 


GREENWOOD  CLUB. 


121 


institution  he  was  graduated  in  1881  with 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science,  and  the 
same  institution  also  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts.  He  had  been 
driven  from  New  Orleans  by  the  epidemic 
of  yellow  fever,  which  visited  that  city  in 
1878,  and,  after  his  graduation  from  Roanoke 
College,  he  continued  to  reside  at  Salem, 
Virginia,  seat  of  the  college,  until  1882, 
when  he  was  appointed  United  States  assist- 
ant civil  engineer,  and  assigned  to  duty  on 
the  Mississippi  River  commission,  with  head- 
quarters in  St.  Louis.  Brought  to  that  city 
through  his  connection  with  the  government 
service,  he  has  since  continued  to  reside 
there  and  has  occupied  a  conspicuous  posi- 
tion among  the  younger  business  men  of 
the  city.  After  serving  three  years  on  the 
river  commission,  he  resigned  his  position 
in  connection  with  that  body,  and,  forming 
a  partnership  with  Mr.  Alfred  Carr,  became 
junior  member  of  the  real  estate  firm  of  Carr 
&  Greenwood.  In  1889  this  partnership  was 
dissolved,  and  he  associated  himself  with  his 
father,  Moses  M.  Greenwood,- under  the  firm 
name  of  Greenwood  &  Co.  This  firm  has 
since  conducted  a  general  real  estate  bus- 
iness, and  has  occupied  a  prominent  place 
among  the  firms  engaged  in  that  business,  in 
St.  Louis.  They  deal  in  investment  securities, 
and  devote  much  time  to  the  securing  of 
foreign  moneys  for  the  purpose  of  develop- 
ing the  mineral  resources  of  Missouri,  most 
notably  in  the  disseminated  lead  district  of 
St.  Francois  and  Washington  Counties.  A 
devout  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
Mr.  Greenwood  has  interested  himself  espe- 
cially in  the  Sunday  school  work  of  the 
church,  and,  in  this  connection,  he  has  gained 
much  more  than  local  renown.  He  was  a  Sun- 
day school  superintendent  when  he  was  but 
eighteen  years  of  age,  and  his  interest  has 
never  flagged  in  that  splendid  labor  of  love 
which  seeks  to  bring  the  youth  of  the  land 
under  christianizing  influences  and  to  de- 
velop them  into  worthy  and  God-fearing  men 
and  women.  During  the  years  of  1892  and 
1893  he  was  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Sun- 
day School  Union,  and,  acting  in  that 
capacity  was  charged  with  the  responsibility 
of  arranging  for  the  holding  of  the  Seventh 
International  Sunday  School  Convention, 
and  Second  World's  Sunday  School  Conven- 
tion, in  St.  Louis,  in  September  of  1893.  At 
that  time  thousands  of  delegates,  who  came 


from  all  parts  of  the  world,  met  in  the  Expo- 
sition Building,  and  one  of  the  most  note- 
worthy addresses  delivered  before  the  con- 
ventions was  that  on  the  subject  of  "House 
to  House  Visitation,"  by  Mr.  Greenwood. 
This  modern  method  of  promoting  Sunday 
school  interests  was  conceived  and  perfected 
by  him,  and  his  audience  listened  with  eager 
attention  to  the  exposition  of  its  workings, 
presented  by  the  author.  Since  1891  he  has 
been  a  member  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  Missouri  Sunday  School  Association,  and 
was  one  of  those  responsible  for  the  existence 
of  the  "International  Evangel,"  a  publication 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  interests  of  the 
Sunday  school  work  in  its  world-wide  scope. 
For  four  years  he  was  a  deacon  of  Rev.  Dr. 
James  H.  Brooks'  church,  and  superintendent 
of  the  Sunday  school  of  that  church  during 
the  same  period.  For  seven  years  he  has 
sustained  the  same  relationships  to  the  West 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  for  six  years  he 
has  been  an  active  member  of  the  board  of 
managers  of  the  East  End  Industrial  Church, 
known  as  the  People's  Central  Church.  In 
addition  to  his  church  and  Sunday  school 
work,  he  has  been  active  in  promoting  the 
welfare  of  charitable  and  philanthropic  insti- 
tutions generally,  and  his  labors  have  covered 
a  broad  field  of  usefulness.  In  his  college 
days  he  was  a  member  of  the  "Sigma  Chi" 
fraternity,  and  in  later  years  he  has  been 
identified  with  fraternal  organizations  as  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  order,  the  Royal 
Arcanum,  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  the  Sons 
of  the  Revolution.  Politically  he  has  affili- 
ated with  the  Democratic  party  in  contests 
involving  national  issues,  and  during  the 
presidential  campaign  of  1896  was  numbered 
among  the  Democrats  of  the  old  school  who 
supported  the  platform  adopted  and  the  can- 
didates nominated  at  the  Indianapolis  con- 
vention of  that  year.  In  1884  he  married 
Miss  Margaret  F.  Woods,  daughter  of  Rob- 
ert K.  Woods,  of  St.  Louis,  who  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Mercantile  Library,  of 
St.  Louis.  The  children  born  of  their  union 
have  been  Mary  W.,  Annie  Lou,  Moses  M. 
and  Margaret  Greenwood,  of  whom  three  are 
now  living,  their  only  son,  Moses  M.  Green- 
wood, having  died  in  1892. 

Greenwood  Club. — A  club  formed  in 
Kansas  City  in  1878  by  J.  M.  Greenwood 
and  a  few  friends,  for  the  study  of  the  mod- 


122 


GREGG. 


ern  philosophical  systems.  It  was  named 
"The  Philosophical  Club."  After  two  years, 
the  trend  of  study  having  been  largely  of  the 
writings  of  Immanuel  Kant,  it  was  decided 
to  change  the  name  to  "The  Kant  Club." 
Ten  years  later,  the  scope  of  topics  having 
widened,  it  became  known  as  "The  Literary 
Club."  These  years  had  been  devoted  to 
thorough  study  of  philosophical  systems,  lit- 
erary phases  of  the  world,  and  economic 
conditions  of  different  countries.  The  com- 
parative method  pursued  gave  a  breadth  and 
depth  to  the  investigations  which  insured 
completeness.  The  literature  and  the  phi- 
losophy of  all  the  greater  nations  were  re- 
viewed. In  1895  its  name  was  changed  to 
"The  Greenwood  Club,"  in  honor  of  its 
founder.  Professor  J.  M.  Greenwood.  The 
club  is  composed  of  such  citizens  as  are  dis- 
posed favorably  toward  a  higher  and  broader 
education,  including  teachers,  preachers, 
doctors,  lawyers,  business  men  and  others. 
Its  plan  of  work  is  simple.  There  is  no 
formality.  A  president  and  a  treasurer  are 
the  only  officers.  Subjects  are  assigned  by  a 
committee.  A  paper,  from  thirty  to  forty 
minutes  in  length,  is  presented  by  an  essayist. 
After  the  paper,  the  subject  is  before  the 
clutx,  and  any  one  present  can  participate  in 
the  discussion.  Speeches  do  not  exceed  ten 
minutes  in  length.  The  sessions  open  at 
8  arid  close  piomptly  at  10  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  and  the  number  of  meetings  each 
year  is  thirty-two. 

The  general  influence  of  this  organization 
upon  the  teaching  forces  of  the  city  has  been 
remarkable.  Every  strong  teacher  who  has 
been  selected  to  take  positions  elsewhere  on 
account  of  superior  qualifications  has  been  an 
active  member  of  this  club.  Its  influence  has 
been  strongly  emphasized  in  the  State 
Teachers'  Association  of  Missouri.  The 
primary  object  in  view  by  the  founder  was 
to  give  breadth,  depth  and  a  wider  scope  to 
the  general  scholarship  of  the  teachers  of  the 
city.  A  few  of  those  who  have  been  called  to 
wider  fields  of  work,  but  were  active  members 
while  in  Kansas  City,  may  be  mentioned : 
Principal  E.  F.  Hermanns,  West  Denver  high 
school ;  Principal  J.  T.  Buchanan.  Boys'  High 
School,  New  York;  President  I.  C.  McXeill, 
State  Normal  School,  West  Superior,  Wis- 
consin ;  Professor  N.  A.  Harvey,  of  the  same 
institution,  and  Honorable  J.  R.  Kirk,  presi- 
dent of  the  Missouri  State  Normal  School, 


at  Kirksville,  Missouri.  This  is  the  oldest 
literary  organization  in  Kansas  City,  and 
many  of  its  members  are  among  the  ablest 
and  best  informed  essayists  and  ready  de- 
baters in  the  State. 

Gregg,  Henry  Harrison,  mine  oper- 
ator, was  born  March  19,  1840,  at  Belief ont, 
Centre  County,  Pennsylvania.  His  parents 
were  Mathew  Duncan  and  Ellen  (McMurtrie) 
Gregg.  The  father  was  of  Scotch-Irish  de- 
scent, a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  an  iron- 
master; he  was  owner  of  the  Potomac  Iron 
Works,  opposite  Point  of  Rocks,  Maryland, 
when  he  died ;  his  father,  Andrew,  was  a 
member,  from  Pennsylvania,  of  the  first 
American  Congress,  and  served  for  eight 
consecutive  terms,  representing  five  different 
districts  as  reapportionment  was  made ;  he 
was  then  elected  to  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate in  1807 — being  the  third  Senator  from 
Pennsylvania — and  was  twice  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Senate.  He  was  also  secretary  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  under 
Governor  Heister,  in  1820,  and  was  the 
Whig  candidate  for  Governor  in  1823,  for 
which  office  he  was  defeated  by  John  Andrew 
Schultz.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  General 
James  Potter,  of  Revolutionary  War  fame. 
Ellen  McMurtrie,  wife  of  Mathew  Duncan 
Gregg,  was  a  daughter  of  David  McMurtrie, 
a  prominent  Scotch  merchant  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania.  Their  son,  Henry  Har- 
rison Gregg,  was  graduated  from  Dickinson 
College,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  in  July,  1861, 
and  afterward  entered  upon  the  study  of 
law,  which  was  interrupted  by  the  Civil  War. 
On  the  first  call  for  troops,  in  1861,  together 
with  many  of  his  college  comrades,  he  volun- 
teered for  military  service,  but  was  rejected 
by  order  of  the  Governor,  for  the  reason  that 
Pennsylvania's  quota  was  more  than  filled. 
In  June,  1862,  he  entered  the  service  as  cap- 
tain of  Company  H  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-fifth  Regiment  of  Pennsylvania  In- 
fantry, in  which  he  served  until  the  expira- 
tion of  the  term  for  which  he  had  enlisted, 
May  10,  1863,  after  participating  in  the  vari- 
ous campaigns  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
including  the  desperate  battles  of  Antietam 
and  Chancellorsville.  In  July  following  he 
took  service  with  the  Thirteenth  Regiment  of 
Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  in  which  he  rose  to 
the  rank  of  major  and  brevet  lieutenant 
colonel.     He  served  under  Generals  Stone- 


GREGG— GREGORY. 


123 


man,  Pleasanton  and  Sheridan,  in  a  brigade 
commanded  by  his  cousin.  General  Irwin 
Gregg,  and  of  which  his  brother.  Major 
General  David  McM.  Gregg,  was  division 
commander.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  front 
of  Petersburg,  and  was  held  for  nearly  six . 
months  in  Libby  and  other  prisons.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  service  April  5,  1865,  to  ac- 
cept the  position  of  military  secretary  and 
chief  of  transportation  to  Governor  Curtin, 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  retained  in  the 
same  position  by  Governor  Geary.  He  then 
Qame  west,  with  appointment  as  post  trader 
at  Fort  McPherson,  Nebraska,  but  on  reach- 
ing his  destination  decided  to  decline  it.  In 
1869  he  removed  to  Missouri,  located  at  Ne- 
osho, and  became  one  of  the  founders  and 
incorporators  of  the  town  of  Seneca.  In 
1884  he  removed  to  Joplin,  where  he  has 
since  made  his  residence.  Almost  from  the 
time  of  his  coming  to  southwest  Missoari 
he  has  been  interested  in  mining,  and  is  ac- 
counted among  the  most  experienced  and 
successful  operators.  In  1891  he  began  the 
development  of  the  celebrated  Scotia  mines, 
now  managed  by  the  Allen  Mining  Company. 
About  the  same  time  he  prospected  and 
opened  the  mines  at  Gregg,  four  miles  south- 
west of  Joplin,  situated  partly  in  Jasper 
County  and  partly  in  Newton  County,  and 
named  for  him.  For  six  years,  beginning  in 
1878,  he  was  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Rail- 
way Commissioners  of  Missouri,  serving 
under  Governors  Crittenden  and  Marmaduke. 
He  was  one  of  the  six  World's  Fair  com- 
missioners appointed  by  Governor  Francis 
to  represent  Missouri  at  Chicago  in  1893. 
In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  and  in  religion 
an  Episcopalian.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Joplin  Club,  and  has  given  liberal  assistance 
to  that  organization  in  all  its  undertakings. 
Colonel  Gregg  was  married  to  Miss  Rose 
Mitchell,  daughter  of  Major  George  Mitchell, 
Indian  agent  at  the  Quopaw  Agency,  Indian 
Territory.  Mrs.  Gregg  was  born  in  Indiana, 
of  Kentucky  parents,  and  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Convent  of  the  Visitation  at  Georgetown, 
District  of  Columbia.  Six  children  have  been 
born  of  this  marriage,  of  whom  a  son  is  de- 
ceased. Those  living  are  :  Thomas  J.,  super- 
intendent of  a  cotton  compress  company  at 
Newport,  Arkansas ;  David  McMurtrie,  who 
has  studied  at  Kemper  College;  Arthur  M., 
a  student  at  Joplin ;  Charlotte  and  Jean,  both 
accomplished    musicians,  residing   at   home. 


Oregg,  William  flenry,  manufac- 
turer, was  born  in  Palmyra,  New  York, 
March  24,  1831.  Fie  first  came  to  St.  Louis 
in  1846,  after  one  year  returning  to  Palmyra. 
In  1849  h^  took  up  permanent  residence  in 
St.  Louis,  where  he  has  since  resided.  He 
was  a  clerk  for  Warne  &  Merritt  in 
the  hardware,  woodenware  and  house- 
furnishing  business  from  1850  until 
January  i,  1854,  when  he  was  made  a 
partner,  the  firm  becoming  Warne,  Merritt  & 
Co.  In  1856  he  retired  from  that  firm  and 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Cuddy,  Mer- 
ritt &  Co.,  owning  and  operating  the  Broad- 
way foundry  and  machine  shop,  at  that  time 
one  of  the  largest  concerns  of  the  kind  in 
the  country.  In  1858  he  retired  from  that 
firm  and  formed  a  copartnership  with  John 
S.  Dunham  in  the  steam  bakery  business,  and 
later  with  Mr.  Dunham  and  Mr.  Charles  Mc- 
Cauley  in  the  commission  business,  under  the 
name  of  C.  McCauley  &  Co.,  both  firms  being 
operated  from  the  same  office.  In  1865  Mr. 
Gregg  retired  from  .business,  and  in  1867, 
with  other  parties,  organized  the  Southern 
White  Lead  Company,  of  which  he  became 
president,  holding  the  office  until  1889, 
when  the  company  was  sold  out  to  parties 
transferring  it  to  the  National  Lead  Com- 
pany. The  Southern  White  Lead  Company 
was  a  very  successful  one,  owning  a  factory 
in  St.  Louis  and  one  in  Chicago,  and  selling 
its  product  in  every  State  and  Territory  in 
the  Union.  Since  1889  Mr.  Gregg  has  been 
out  of  business,  devoting  himself  to  travel 
and  social  life.  During  his  business  career  he 
was  a  director  in  the  Mechanics'  Bank,  the 
Mound  City  Mutual  Insurance  Company,  and 
a  "member  of  the  board  of  arbitration  and 
appeal  in  the  Merchants'  Exchange  of  St. 
Louis.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Scotch-Irish 
Society,  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  and  Society 
of  the  Colonial  Wars.  In  1855  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Orian  Thompson,  who  is  a  descend- 
ant in  the  maternal  line  of  the  Lawrences,  of 
Groton,  Massachusetts.  They  have  five 
children. 

Gregory,  Charles  Rush,  was  born  in 
Hopkinsville,  Kentucky,  son  of  -Charles  and 
Sophia  Pleasants  (Hall)  Gregory.  He  re- 
ceived very  careful  educational  training  at  the 
hands  of  his  parents  in  early  life,  and  when 
fourteen  years  of  age  entered  the  wholesale 
dry  goods  house  of  Tevis,  Scott  &  Tevis,  of 


124 


GREGORY. 


St.  Louis,  as  a  clerk.  Three  years  later,  and 
when  he  was  only  seventeen  years  of  age,  he 
was  charged  with  the  responsibility  of  repre- 
senting the  trade  interests  of  this  house  in  a 
traveling  capacity  throughout  the  Missouri 
River  valley.  After  remaining  with  Tevis, 
Scott  &  Tevis  two  years  longer  he  became 
connected  with  the  wholesale  dr}'  goods 
house  of  Doan,  King  &  Company,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  represented  that  house  in  the  ter- 
ritory over  which  he  had  previously  traveled 
until  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  when 
the  firm  retired  from  business.  After  the  re- 
tirement from  business  of  Doan,  King  & 
Company,  his  principal  business  for  a  time 
was  purchasing  the  depreciated  notes  of  sus- 
pended Missouri  banks.  Later  he  went  to 
New  York  City  and  had  a  brief  experience  on 
Wall  Street.  In  1864  he  returned  to  St.  Louis 
and  connected  himself  with  Henry  T.  Simon, 
who  had  been  a  fellow-employe  with  the  firm 
of  Tevis,  Scott  &  Tevis.  Mr.  Simon  had  es- 
tablished himself  in  the  wholesale  notion 
business,  and  soon  after  Mr,  Gregory  joined 
him  in  a  business  partnership,  they  added 
dry  goods  to  their  stock  in  trade.  This  house 
soon  became  one  of  the  best  known  whole- 
sale dry  goods  and  notion  houses  in  the 
West,  and  in  latter  years  the  annual  volume 
of  its  business  approximated  $3,500,000.  Un- 
der the  name  of  H.  T.  Simon-Gregory  Dry 
■Goods  Company  it  continued  in  business 
until  December  i,  1896,  when  the  owners  of 
the  establishment  retired  from  business  with 
handsome  fortunes,  accumulated  as  the  result 
of  their  enterprise  and  sagacity.  Since  that 
time  Mr.  Gregory  has  lived  in  quiet  retire- 
ment, enjoying  the  fruits  of  well-directed  ef- 
fort in  the  field  of  commercial  activity.  While 
he  has  never  sought  official  preferment  of  any 
kind,  he  has  always  taken  a  warm  interest  in 
politics  and  public  affairs,  and  in  1896  sat  as 
one  of  the  Missouri  delegates  in  the  National 
Democratic  Convention,  which  met  in  Chica- 
go and  nominated  William  J.  Bryan  for  Pres- 
ident. 

Gregory,  Elisha  Hall,  physician,  was 
born  in  Logan  County,  Kentucky,  on 
the  loth  of  September,  1824,  the  son  of 
Charles  Gregory  and  Sophia  Pleasants  (Hall) 
Gregory,  both  natives  of  Fredericksburg, 
Virginia,  who  emigrated  to  Kentucky  in 
1820,  and  to  Missouri  in  1833,  locating  in 
the  latter  State  at  Boonville,  at  which  place 


Dr.  Gregory  greVv  up,  gained  his  education 
and  finally  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  F.  W. 
C.  Thomas,  a  man  for  whom  Dr.  Gregory 
expresses  the  highest  esteem,  considering 
him  possessed  of  much  culture  and  general 
ability.  His  first  opportunities  for  observa- 
tion, experience  and  practice  in  medicine 
were  in  April,  1844,  while  living  with  the  fam- 
ily of  John  Jameson,  in  Morgan  County,  Mis- 
souri, of  whom  the  doctor  speaks  as  having 
been  a  most  excellent  man,  a  plain  farmer, 
and  says  that  his  memory  is  deeply  impress- 
ed with  the  simplicity  and  uprightness,  in 
general,  of  the  family,  long  since  dissolved, 
for,  having  returned  to  the  spot  after  forty 
years  of  absence,  he  found  them  all  gone.  Dr. 
Gregory  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1848  and  be- 
gan practice  there  in  1849,  and  has  been  en- 
gaged entirely  in  the  work  of  medicine  ever 
since,  as  practitioner  and  teacher.  His  com- 
ing to  St.  Louis  was  a  wise  move  on  his  part, 
the  field  being  especially  adapted  to  him  and 
giving  him  the  necessary  stimulus  to  develop 
his  great  abilities.  Almost  from  the  begin- 
ning he  took  first  place  as  a  member  of  the 
medical  profession  of  St.  Louis  and  as  a 
citizen.  He  had  the  sterling,  honest,  earnest, 
conscientious  qualities  which  win  places  for 
men.  As  a  practitioner  of  medicine  and  sur- 
gery he  has  been  eminently  successful,  and 
as  a  teacher  of  anatomy  and  surgery  for  close 
on  to  fifty  years  no  one  has  surpassed  him. 
It  was  the  pleasure  of  the  writer  to  be  one 
of  his  pupils,  and  he  never  had  the  satisfac- 
tion of  listening  to  more  impressive  lectures, 
or  of  facing  a  teacher  whose  every  element 
was  more  successful  in  imparting  knowledge. 
Indeed,  as  a  teacher,  earnestness  and  honesty 
of  purpose,  and  a  desire  to  teach  the  right 
thing  in  a  manner  to  impress  the  pupil  with 
proper  knowledge  and  an  appreciation  of  his 
obligations,  seem  to  be  the  controlling 
thought  in  his  mind.  As  an  evidence  of  his 
gentral  culture  and  eminence  as  a  citizen 
and  physician,  the  St.  Louis  University  some 
years  ago  honored  him  with  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.,  a  great  honor  worthily  bestowed. 
After  having  achieved  the  greatest  eminence 
in  his  profession  and  in  the  community  of  his 
own  city  and  State ;  having  received  general 
public  and  professional  recognition ;  and  hav- 
ing served  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  health 
of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  president  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health  of  Missouri ;  twice  president 
of  the   St.    Louis   Medical   Society,   and   asj 


T'ie  S^^  i^^r^  /y^s  fa,-^  /T: 


• /«■- /5*f75i»  r,y.  y^r' 


GRENNER— GRIKR. 


125- 


president  of  the  State  Medical  Association 
of  Missouri,  he  was,  in  1886,  elected  president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  For 
well  on  to  half  a  century  he  served  as  a  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  and  anatomy  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  which  was  formerly 
the  medical  department  of  St.  Louis  Uni- 
versity, and  later  the  medical  department  of 
Washington  University.  Dr.  Gregory,  in 
private  conversation,  expressed  his  true  sen- 
timents when  he  said :  "My  greatest  pride 
is  that  all  the  honors  which  I  have  held  have 
been  bestowed  upon  me  by  my  profession." 
He  was  married  on  the  15th  of  April,  1845,  ^^ 
Miss  Jael  Smallwood,  of  a  Maryland  family,  a 
native  of  Cooper  County,  Missouri.  Mrs. 
Gregory  had  good  understanding,  sterling 
character  and  withal  a  happy  disposition,  a 
helpmeet,  indeed.  Twelve  children  were  born 
to  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Gregory,  of  whom  the 
following  are  living :  Margaret  Gregory  Oster- 
moor,  Sophia  Gregory  Humes,  Alexis  Greg- 
ory, Cornelia  Douglas  Gregory,  Elisha  Hall 
Gregory,  Jr.,  Maria  Carter  Gregory  and  Stel- 
la Gregory  Lindsay.  Charles  Russell  Greg- 
ory, Mary  Byrd  Gregory,  Howard  Gregory, 
Eliza  Hall  Gregory  and  Mary  Alicia  Gregory 
are  dead. 

Grenner,  Henry  Clay,  collector  of 
internal  revenue  for  the  first  district  of  Mis- 
souri, was  born  in  1852,  in  Philadelphia, . 
Pennsylvania,  son  of  John  L.  and  Mary  Gren- 
ner.  After  completing  his  education  at  New 
York  College,  of  New  York  City,  from  which 
institution  he  was  graduated,  he  engaged  in 
the  business  of  printing  and  publishing  in 
New  York,  when  he  was  nineteen  years  of 
age.  In  1877  ^e  left  New  York  for  the  oil 
regions  of  Pennsylvania,  and  soon  afterward 
became  part  owner  of  the  "Titusville  (Penn- 
sylvania) Daily  and  Weekly  Herald."  The  oil 
interests  of  this  region  were  then  at  the  flood 
tide  of  their  prosperity,  and  during  the  year 
1880  Mr.  Grenner  entered  that  business  and 
developed  many  new  oil  fields.  Keen  fore- 
sight and  good  judgment  enabled  him  to 
operate  successfully  in  this  field,  and  after 
opening  a  number  of  valuable  wells,  he  en- 
gaged al§o,  in  1882,  in  the  business  of  refin- 
ing petroleum.  He  mastered  all  the  details 
of  producing  and  refining  oils  and,  having  a 
thorough  understanding  of  the  business,  he 
became  an  important  factor  in  the  early  fight 
made  against  the  Standard  Oil  Company  in 


Pennsylvania.  He  was  one  of  the  prime  mov- 
ers in  organizing  a  company  which  built  an 
independent  pipe  line  from  the  Pennsylvania 
oil  regions,  and  he  also  built  the  international 
oil  works,  at  Titusville,  and  was  president  of 
the  company  which  operated  that  plant.  This 
was  one  of  the  independent  refineries  and 
owned  its  own  wells,  piped  and  refined  its 
own  oil,  and  was  owner  also  of  the  railway^ 
cars  which  carried  its  products  to  the  markets 
In  1886  Mr.  Grenner  came  to  St.  Louis  for 
the  purpose  of  developing  the  independent 
oil  trade  throughout  the  West  and  South- 
west, and  in  pursuance  of  the  plan  which  he 
had  formulated,  he  built  the  International 
Oil  Works  in  that  city.  He  became  presi- 
dent of  the  corporation  owning  this  plant,, 
and  through  his  resistless  energy  and  ag- 
gressiveness, the  International  Oil  Works 
have  been  wonderfully  successful,  and  are  to- 
day a  potent  factor  in  controlling  the  oil  trade 
of  the  west.  He  has  always  been  a  zealous 
Republican,  and  at  different  times  has  con- 
tributed much  to  the  success  *of  his  party. 
In  recognition,  both  of  his  party  fidelity  and 
his  eminent  fitness  for  an  office  which  should 
be  filled  by  the  best  type  of  business  man. 
President  McKinley  appointed  him  United 
States  collector  of  internal  revenue  for  the 
first  district  of  Missouri,  and  he  entered  upon 
the  discharge  of  his  duties  in  this  connection 
in  February  of  1898.  As  a  Federal  official 
he  has  justified  the  expectations  of  his 
warmest  friends,  in  looking  after  the  interests 
of  the  government  during  a  period  in  which 
the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  collectors 
of  revenue  have  been  vastly  increased  as  a 
result  of  the  war  revenue  law  of  1898.  The 
delicate  and  difficult  task  of  putting  the  ma- 
chinery of  the  new  law  into  operation  in  one 
of  the  largest  revenUe-producing  districts  of 
the  United  States  has  been  performed  by  him 
in  such  a  way  as  to  reduce  the  friction  inci- 
dent thereto  to  the  minimum,  and  his  admin- 
istration has  received  the  unqualified  com- 
mendation of  the  general  public.  Mr.  Grenner 
is  one  of  the  most  prominent  members  of  the 
Masonic  order  in  Missouri,  and  he  is  also  a 
member  of  the  order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the 
order  of  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  married^ 
in  1875,  Miss  Gussie  L.  Seabury,  of  New 
York  City. 

Grier,  David  Perkins,  distinguished 
both    as    soldier    and    civilian,    was    born . 


126 


GRIFFIN. 


in  Danville,  Pennsylvania,  December  26, 
1836,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  April  21,  1891. 
He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and,  when  fifteen  years  of  age  re- 
moved with  his  parents  to  Peoria,  Illinois, 
where  he  became  associated  later  with  his 
father  and  brothers  in  the  grain  trade.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  living  at 
Elmwood,  Illinois,  and  when  the  firing  on 
Fort  Sumter  aroused  Northern  patriots  to 
action,  he  quickly  organized  a  company,  com- 
posed of  his  neighbors  and  friends,  and  ten- 
dered its  services  to  Governor  Yates,  of  Illi- 
nois. The  State  of  Illinois  had,  however,  be- 
fore this  mustered  its  full  quota  of  troops, 
and  the  services  of  Captain  Grier's  company 
were  declined.  Determined  not  to  be  balked 
in  his  endeavor  to  contribute  something  to 
the  defense  of  the  Union,  he  brought  his 
company  to  St.  Louis,  and  promptly  tendere:l 
it  to  the  provisional  Union  government  of 
this  State.  Its  services  were  accepted  and  in 
June,  1861,  it  was  mustered  into  the  Eighth 
Missouri  Volunteer  Infantry,  as  Company  G 
of  that  regiment.  As  captain  of  this  com- 
pany General  Grier  participated  in  the  cam- 
paigns against  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson, 
and  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and  Corinth.  In 
August  of  1862  Illinois  reclaimed  the  gallant 
soldier,  and  calling  him  to  Springfield,  Gov- 
ernor Yates  commissioned  him  Colonel  of 
the  Seventy-seventh  Illinois  Volunteer  Infan- 
try. As  Colonel  of  this  regiment  he  served 
faithfully,  and  with  conspicuous  gallantry 
throughout  the  entire  Vicksburg  campaign, 
during  a  portion  of  which  he  was  acting  com- 
mander of  a  brigade.  In  November  of  1863 
he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Sec- 
ond Brigade  of  the  Fourth  Division  of  the 
Thirteenth  Army  Corps,  and  in  August  of 
1864,  was  placed  in  command  of  all  the  land 
forces  on  Dauphin  Island,  Alabama,  under 
Major  General  Granger.  After  the  capture 
of  Fort  Gaines  all  the  troops  on  the  island, 
excepting  those  of  the  Seventy-seventh  Illi- 
nois Regiment,  crossed  over  to  the  peninsula 
and  laid  siege  to  Fort  Morgan.  General  Grier 
being  detached  from  his  regiment  temporar- 
ily to  take  command  of  the  expedition,  and 
remaining  in  command  of  all  the  land  forces 
until  the  end  of  the  siege  and  the  capture  oi 
the  fort.  In  March  of  1865  he  was  commis- 
sioned Brigadier  General  of  Volunteers,  and 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  First  Brig- 
ade of  the  Third  Division  of  the  Thirteenth 


Army  Corps,  under  General  Canby,  which  he 
commanded  in  the  campaign  around  and 
against  Mobile.  Subsequently  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  Third  Division 
of  the  Thirteenth  Army  Corps,  and  retained 
that  command  until  mustered  out  of  the  serv- 
ice, July  10,  1865.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  returned  to  civil  pursuits,  becoming  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Grier  Brothers,  which 
had  grain  depots  in  several  cities.  The  firm 
established  the  Union  Elevator  in  East  St. 
Louis,  and  General  Grier  took  charge  of  the 
business  at  that  point  in  1879.  At  a  later  date 
he  established  his  home  in  St.  Louis,  and 
formed  the  Grier  Commission  Company, 
which  was  later  succeeded  by  the  D.  P.  Grier 
Grain  Company. 

Griftiii,  Frederick  W.,  lawyer,  was 
born  February  2,  1855,  in  what  is  now  a  part 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  near  the  site  of  the 
historic  Bunker  Hill  monument.  His  father, 
J.  Q.  A.  Griffin,  was  born  in  New  Hampshire, 
but  removed  to  Massachusetts  in  about  1820, 
locating  in  the  suburbs  of  Boston.  On  his; 
side  of  the  family  the  ancestry  is  directly  1 
traced  back  to  about  the  year  1700,  the  pro-' 
genitors  of  the  family  having  been  of  Scotch- 
Irish  origin.  Concord,  Massachusetts,  has 
been  the  home  of  Mr.  Griffin's  mother's 
family  since  1638,  and  it  was  Colonel 
James  Barrett,  her  ancestor  in  direct 
line,  who  gave  the  order  to  fire 
to  the  brave  minute  men  under  his  com- 
mand at  the  battle  of  Concord,  and  who ' 
thus  started  hostilities  on  the  day  of  that 
memorable  engagement.  The  first  Griffin  in 
this  country  settled  at  Londonderry,  New 
Hampshire,  that  town  having  been  named  in 
honor  of  the  locality  in  the  old  country  from 
which  he  came.  F.  W.  Griffin  was  educated 
at  Boston  and  Concord,  Massachusetts.  He 
attended  Harvard  College  and  took  the  law 
course  at  Boston  University,  graduating  in 
1876.  He  immediately  located  in  Boston  for 
the  practice  of  law  and  remained  there  ten 
years,  being  associated  with  Samuel  T.  Har- 
ris. In  February,  1887,  he  removed  to  Kan- 
sas City,  Missouri,  and  has  since  been  an 
active  and  prominent  member  of  the  bar  at 
that  place.  He  was  associated  with  F.  M. 
Hayward  until  1893,  since  which  time  he  has 
been  in  the  practice  alone.  He  represents  a 
number  of  large  eastern  corporations,  includ-  ' 
ing   the    Fidelity    &    Deposit    Company,    of 

\ 


GRIMSI.EY— GRISWOIvD. 


127 


Maryland,  in  its  affairs  within  the  borders  of 
Missouri  and  Kansas,  and  his  practice  is  de- 
voted for  the  most  part  to  corporation  law. 
The  Wachusett  Investment  Company  is  also 
numbered  among  his  clientage,  which  is  sub- 
stantial and  dignified.  Mr.  Griffin  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Kansas  City  Bar  Association  and 
stands  high  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow  law- 
yers. He  is  a  Republican  politically,  takes  a 
somewhat  active  part  in  politics  and  was  his 
party's  candidate  for  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Jackson  County,  Missouri,  in  1892.  He  was 
married  in  1884  to  Terese  L.  Lippman, 
daughter  of  Morris  J.  Lippman,  an  early  resi- 
dent of  that  city. 

Grimsley,  Thornton,  pioneer  mer- 
chant and  manufacturer,  was  born  in  Bour- 
bon County,  Kentucky,  August  20,  1798,  and 
died  in  St.  Louis,  December  22,  1861.  When 
he  was  ten  years  old  he  was  apprenticed  to 
the  saddler's  trade,  and  in  1816,  at  the  end  of 
a  long  term  of  service,  he  was  sent  to  St. 
Louis  in  charge  of  a  stock  of  saddlery  goods. 
In  1822  he  opened  a  store  of  his  own  in  that 
city  and  afterward  became  famous  in  the 
saddlery  trade.  He  invented  and  patented 
the  military  or  dragoon  saddle,  which  was 
universally  approved  by  the  officers  of  the 
United  States  Army,  and  did  more  work  for 
the  government  at  his  manufactory  than  was 
done  at  that  time  at  any  other  factory  in 
the  country.  Although  he  had  only  limited 
educational  advantages  in  his  youth,  he  be- 
came a  man  of  broad  intelligence,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  public  affairs  in  St.  Louis. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Missouri  Legislature 
in  1828,  and  proved  a  useful  member  of  that 
body,  serving  at  different  times  in  both 
branches.  In  1839  he  received  the  Whig 
nomination  for  Congress,  but  as  his  party 
was  largely  in  the  minority  he  was  defeated. 
He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Masonic 
order,  and  served  as  grand  treasurer  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri.  For  forty  years 
he  cultivated  and  promoted  the  military  taste 
and  spirit  in  St.  Louis,  and  at  different  times 
he  commanded  various  military  organiza- 
tions. In  1846  he  recruited  a  regiment  for 
service  in  the  Mexican  War,  but  as  a  suf- 
ficient number  of  troops  had  already  been 
raised,  his  regiment  was  not  mustered  into 
the  United  States  service.  He  married  Miss 
Susan  Stark,  of  Bourbon  County,  Kentucky, 
and    at  his  death    left  two  daughters,    Mrs. 


Henry  T.  Blow  and  Mrs.  George  Stansbury, 
and  one  son,  John  Grimsley. 

Grissom,  Daniel  M.,  was  born  at 
Owensboro,  Kentucky.  His  father  was  Al- 
fred Grissom,  a  respectable  tailor,  and  after- 
ward farmer,  with  a  family  of  ten  children. 
He  received  a  good  education  in  a  large 
school  kept  by  George  Scarborough,  from 
Connecticut,  and  at  Cumberland  University, 
at  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  and,  after  teaching  school 
for  two  years,  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1853,  and 
was  employed  as  a  writer  on  the  "Evening 
News."  He  remained  on  that  paper  until  1863, 
when  he  became  editor  of  the  "Union,"  a 
morning  paper,  which  was  afterward  changed 
into  the  "Dispatch,"  an  evening  paper.  His 
connection  with  this  paper  continued  until 
1868,  and  in  1869  Mr.  Grissom  was  offered 
a  position  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "Mis- 
souri Republican"  by  Colonel  William  Hyde, 
then  its  managing  editor.  He  remained  on 
the  "Republican"  in  this  position  until  1888, 
when  he  retired  from  active  newspaper  writ- 
ing. 

Griswold,  Joseph  L.,  was  born  in 
Kentucky  in  the  year  1843,  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam D.  Griswold.  He  was  reared  in  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana,  and  after  attending  the 
schools  in  that  city  was  sent  to  Williston 
Seminary,  of  East  Hampton,  Massachusetts, 
from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in 
the  class  of  1861.  When  he  left  college  his 
father  was  president  of  the  St,  Louis,  Alton 
&  Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company,  now  a 
part  of  the  "Big  Four"  system,  and  he  be- 
came connected  with  the  railway  service  as 
an  employe  of  that  company.  He  soon  de- 
veloped into  a  capable  railroad  man,  and 
when  his  father  became  president  of  the  Ohio 
&  Mississippi  Railroad  Company,  the  son  was 
made  paymaster  for  that  company.  He  held 
that  position  until  his  merits  earned  pro- 
motion, and  was  then  appointed  superintend- 
ent of  the  western  division  of  the  Ohio  & 
Mississippi  Railroad,  extending  from  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  to  East  St.  Louis.  He  filled 
this  position  so  well  and  inaugurated  so  many 
reforms  that  he  was  elected  by  the  board  of 
directors  general  superintendent  of  the  entire 
line,  a  position  which  he  held  for  four  years. 
When  he  took  the  superintendency  of  the 
road  its  gauge  was  six  feet  wide,  and  it  was 
soon  afterward  determined  to  change  this  to 


128 


GRISWOLD. 


a  standard  gauge.  This  work  was  done  in 
1871,  under  the  supervision  of  Joseph  L. 
Griswold,  and  was  accomplished  without  the 
suspension  of  traffic  for  a  single  day.  This 
was  deemed,  at  the  time,  a  remarkable  feat, 
and  Mr.  Griswold  received  the  commendation 
of  railroad  men  generally  for  the  wonderful 
executive  ability  he  displayed  in  shifting  the 
track  along  the  entire  line,  a  distance  of  340 
miles,  in  the  short  time  of  eight  hours.  Re- 
tiring later  from  the  railway  service,  he  asso- 
ciated himself  with  H.  S.  Clement  and 
Charles  Scudder,  and  leased  the  Lindell 
Hotel,  in  St.  Louis,  which,  after  being  refur- 
nished, was  thrown  open  to  the  public  in 
1874.  In  1881  he  sold  his  interest  in  this  hotel 
and  became  the  owner  of  the  Laclede  Hotel 
property,  including  the  real  estate  connected 
therewith,  and  has  since  been  the  owner  and 
manager.  He  has  been  connected  also  with 
other  enterprises  of  consequence  to  St.  Louis, 
and  is  known  as  one  of  the  leading  business 
men  and  property-owners  of  the  city.  He 
served  at  one  time  as  a  State  fish  commis- 
sioner, but,  with  this  exception,  has  held  no 
public  office.  In  1875  he  married  Miss  Emily 
W.  Adae,  of  Cincinnati. ,  Their  only  child  is 
a  daughter.  Miss  Nellie  Griswold, 

Griswold,  William  Dickinson,  emi- 
nent both  as  a  lawyer  and  financier,  was  born 
in  the  town  of  Benson,  Vermont,  November 
6,  181 5,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  March  30,  1896. 
He  grew  up  on  a  farm,  and  in  his  boyhood 
attended  the  village  school  at  Benson.  His 
ambition  to  obtain  a  finished  education 
caused  his  father  to  place  him  under  the 
tutorage  of  his  nephew,  Richard  Smith,  a 
scholarly  and  accomplished  gentleman,  who 
had  just  graduated  from  Yale  College  at 
Sharon,  Connecticut.  After  studying  for 
some  time  under  this  instructor,  he  took  an 
academic  course  at  Castleton,  Vermont, 
where  he  was  fitted  for  college  by  the  late 
Rev.  Dr.  Post,  of  St.  Louis..  Entering  Mid- 
dlebury  College,  of  Middlebury,  Vermont,  in 
1832,  he  then  completed  a  classical  and  sci- 
entific course  of  study  at  that  institution  and 
was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1836.  Upon  his 
return  to  his  father's  home  he  desired  to 
go  to  Canada  for  the  purpose  of  mingling 
with  the  French  people  of  that  country  and 
improving  his  knowledge  of  the  French 
language,  but  his  father  did  not  approve  of 
his  plans,  and  the  result  was  that  he  went  to 


Virginia  instead,  accepting  a  position  as  tutor 
in  the  family  of  Major  Eliason,  of  the  United 
States  Army,  who  was  then  stationed  at 
Fortress  Monroe.  His  disposition  was,  how- 
ever, a  trifle  adventurous,  and  at  the  end  of 
six  months  he  found  himself  dissatisfied  with 
the  quiet  life  of  teacher  in  a  private  family,^ 
and,  resigning  his  position,  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  There  he  met  some  interest- 
ing men  from  the  West,  with  whom  he 
formed  lifelong  friendships,  and  who  easily 
convinced  him  that  he  would  find  in  the 
Western  States  a  field  in  which  his  talents 
would  be  appreciated  and  his  energy  and 
ability  amply  rewarded.  In  descending  the 
Ohio  River  on  his  way  to  this  "land  of  prom- 
ise," he  became  acquainted  with  a  Mr.  Mer- 
rill, of  Indianapolis,  a  native  of  Vermont, 
who  was  at  that  time  one  of  the  leading 
merchants  of  Indianapolis  and  president  also 
of  the  Indiana  State  Bank.  Accompanying 
Mr.  Merrill  to  his  home,  he  entered  in  Indi- 
anapolis the  law  office  of  Honorable  W.  J. 
Brown,  then  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Indiana  and  the  father  of  Admiral  George 
Brown,  recently  retired  from  the  United 
States  Navy.  After  studying  law  for  nearly 
a  year  under  this  preceptorship  he  concluded 
to  go  further  west,  and  started  on  foot  for 
the  southwestern  part  of  Indiana.  On  his 
way  through  what  was  then  practically  an 
unbroken  wilderness,  he  had  some  amusing 
and  also  some  thrilling  and  trying  experi- 
ences. He  kept  on,  however,  with  undaunted 
courage  and  determination  until  he  reached 
the  little  town  of  Terre  Haute,  weary  and 
footsore  and  anxious  to  bring  his  journey  to 
an  end.  Pleased  with  the  aspect  of  the  place, 
he  decided  that  his  wanderings  should  end 
there  and  that  Terre  Haute  should  become 
his  home.  Turning  his  educational  attain- 
ments to  account  he  at  once  announced  that 
he  proposed  to  open  a  school  there,  rented 
a  room  for  that  purpose,  and  the  following 
Monday  morning  found  twelve  prepossessing 
boys  waiting  to  be  instructed  by  him.  Sonie 
of  these  boys  were  afterward  among  the  lead- 
ing men  of  Indiana^  and  all  loved  and  re- 
spected him  to  the  ends  of  their  lives,  the 
teacher  surviving  all  his  pupils.  After  teach- 
ing six  months,  during  which  time  he  con- 
tinued his  law  studies,  he  abandoned  the 
school  room  and  opened  a  law  office.  From 
that  time  forward,  as  lawyer,  railroad  official 
and   business   man,   he  was   eminently   sue- 


P"-i^ .  ti^:;-  .'-i^r-^  /^,  f^:-f 


GROVER. 


129 


cessful  in  all  his  undertakings.  He  was 
senior  member  of  the  noted  old-time  law  firm 
of  Griswold  &  Usher,  in  its  day  one  of  the 
most  famous  law  firms  in  the  West.  While 
in  active  practice  at  the  bar  he  tried  many- 
cases  with  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Judge 
David  Davis,  of  Illinois,  both  of  whom  were 
his  warm  personal  friends  as  long  as  they 
lived.  When  the  era  of  active  railroad  build- 
ing began  in  the  West,  Mr.  Griswold  became 
at  once  identified  with  these  enterprises.  He 
was  first  interested  in  the  building  of  the 
Evansville  &  Crawford  Railroad,  extending 
from  Evansville  to  Terre  Haute,  and  after 
the  completion  of  this  line  he  operated  and 
managed  it  for  several  years.  About  this 
time  he  was  nominated  for  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  by  the  Whig  party, 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  and,  although 
he  was  defeated  by  reason  of  the  fact  that 
Indiana  was  then  a  strongly  Democratic 
State,  his  personal  popularity  was  evidenced 
in  his  running  several  thousand  votes  ahead 
of  his  ticket.  In  1859  he  was  made  president 
of  what  was  then  the  Terre  Haute,  Alton  & 
St.  Louis  Railroad  Company,  operating  the 
line  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  Big  Four  sys- 
tem. In  1864  he  became  president  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi 
Railroad  Company,  and  during  his  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  of  the  corporation  built 
the  portion  of  its  line  extending  from  North 
Vernon,  Indiana,  to  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
His  management  of  that  road  was  eminently 
successful,  and  much  might  be  written  of  his 
important  services  in  that  connection.  Dur- 
ing the  years  of  his  connection  with  railway 
enterprises  he  was  compelled  to  spend  much 
of  his  time  in  St.  Louis  and  Cincinnati,  al- 
though Terre  Haute' had  continued  to  be  his 
home.  As  a  result  of  his  business  relations 
to  St.  Louis  he  had  become  largely  interested 
in  real  estate  in  that  city  and  when,  in  1871, 
he  retired  from  active  railroad  management 
he  established  his  home  there.  As  a  resident 
of  St.  Louis,  William  D.  Griswold  continued 
to  be  for  many  years  a  conspicuous  figure  in 
business  circles.  He  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  the  St.  Louis  Transfer  Company, 
for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  a  mem- 
ber of  its  board  of  directors,  and  for  a  time 
president  of  the  corporation,  trusted  and 
honored  by  all  his  associates.  He  was  in  all 
respects  a  most  capable  and  sagacious  man 
of  affairs,  and  his  judicious  operations  and 

Vol.  Ill— 9 


wise  investments  resulted  in  his  accumula- 
tion of  a  handsome  fortune.  In  politics  he 
was  an  old  school  Whig  until  that  party 
ceased  to  exist.  He  then  became  a  member 
of  the  RepubHcan  party,  and  during  the  Civil 
War  was  an  ardent  patriot,  supporting  the 
Union  with  all  the  influences  at  his  command. 
When  the  war  ended  and  the  Southern  peo- 
ple accepted  the  results  in  good  faith,  he 
favored  restoring  to  them  all  the  rights  of 
citizenship,  and  opposed  the  vindictive  course 
pursued  by  many  of  the  leaders  .of  the  Re- 
publican party.  As  a  consequence  of  this 
feeling  on  his  part  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Democratic  party,  and  contributed  to 
further  its  interests,  from  honest  convictions, 
to  the  end  of  his  life. 

Grover,  Hiram  J.,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  the  Parish  of  West  Feliciana,  Louisiana, 
July  6,  1840,  son  of  Hiram  J.  and  Margaret 
(Hamilton)  Grover.  His  father  was  a  native 
of  the  State  of  Vermont,  but  went  to  Louis- 
iana in  early  life  and  became  well  known  in 
that  State  as  an  extensive  and  wealthy  sugar 
planter.  The  elder  Grover  died  when  the  son 
was  five  years  of  age,  and  he  was  reared  and 
fitted  for  college  under  the  guardianship  of 
his  mother.  His  collegiate  training  began  at 
St.  James  College,  Maryland,  and  was  com- 
pleted at  Yale  College,  where  he  pursued  a 
course  of  study  designed  to  fit  him  for  the 
law.  After  a  thorough  course  of  preparation 
for  his  chosen  profession  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1867,  and  began  practicing  in  the 
city  of  New  Orleans,  admirably  equipped  for 
his  calling.  In  1872  he  married  Miss  Char- 
lotte T.  Blow,  daughter  of  the  noted  St. 
Louis  merchant,  Peter  E.  Blow,  and  four 
years  later  he  removed  to  that  city  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  bar.  For 
more  than  twenty  years  he  has  devoted  him- 
self to  the  practice  of  law  in  that  city,  and 
has  earned  for  himself  a  prominent  place 
among  his  professional  brethren.  Careful 
and  conscientious  as  a  counselor  and  adviser, 
chivalrous  in  his  devotion  to  the  interests  of 
his  clients,  and  zealous  in  the  defense  of  their 
rights,  he  has  been  a  participant  in  the  con- 
duct of  many  notable  cases,  and  has  become 
known  both  to  the  bar  and  general  public  as 
a  lawyer  of  high  character  and  superior  at- 
tainments. A  close  student  of  the  law  and 
of  the  underlying  principles  of  jurisprudence, 
he  has  become  especially  noted  for  careful 


130 


GROWERS'  AND  SHIPPERS'  ASSOCIATION— GRUNDY  COUNTY. 


preparation  of  his  cases,  fearless  champion- 
ship of  the  causes  with  which  he  is  identified, 
candor  and  fairness  in  dealing  with  the  issues 
involved,  and  a  strict  regard  for  the  ethics  of 
the  profession.  Courteous  in  manner  and 
bearing,  he  is  at  the  same  time  vigorous  and 
forceful  in  character  and  action,  and  in  all 
respects  a  well-rounded  and  well-equipped 
lawyer.  He  has  taken  no  active  interest  in 
politics,  but  has  always  been  known  in  politi- 
cal circles  as  a  staunch  Democrat.  He  is  an 
Episcopalian  churchman  and  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order.  He  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried, his  first  wife  having  been  Miss  Mary 
G,  Semmes,  of  Cumberland,  Maryland,  and 
a  niece  of  the  famous  Admiral  Semmes,  of 
the  Confederate  Navy.  The  first  Mrs.  Grover 
died  a  year  after  their  marriage,  leaving  one 
son.  Five  sons  have  been  born  of  his  second 
marriage,  the  oldest,  Hamilton,  being  asso- 
ciated with  his  father  in  his  law  business.  A 
man  of  domestic  tastes,  he  is  devoted  to  his 
home  and  family,  and  his  homestead  is  an 
ideal  one. 

Growers'  and  Shippers'  National 
Protective  Association. — An  associa- 
tion organized  at  Kansas  City,  January  i6, 
1900,  with  J.  E.  Saunders,  of  Pierce  City, 
Missouri,  for  president ;  J.  P.  Logan,  of 
Siloam  Springs,  Arkansas,  treasurer;  I.  N. 
Barrick,  of  Kansas  City,  secretary  and  gen- 
eral manager,  and  A.  E.  Stanley,  of  Kansas 
City,  cashier.  The  objects  are  to  promote 
the  rights  and  interests  of  growers  and  ship- 
pers of  fruit,  vegetables  and  other  farm 
products  by  a  system  of  watchfulness  over 
packages  bearing  the  seal  of  a  member,  and 
apprising  members  of  the  market  prices  from 
day  to  day.  It  acts  for  its  members  in  dis- 
putes with  commission  merchants,  without 
charge ;  informs  its  members  about  the  re- 
sponsibility and  standing  of  commission 
merchants ;  investigates  claims  and  com- 
plaints ;  gives  advice  about  the  glutted  or 
bare  condition  of  a  market,  and  the  best 
points  to  ship  to ;  and  will,  when  instructed 
to  do  so,  divert  shipments  from  one  point  to 
another,  and  take  charge  of  shipments  re- 
jected by  dealers.  Any  person,  not  a  com- 
mission merchant,  engaged  in  shipping 
orchard,  garden  or  farm  products,  may  be- 
come a  member  on  payment  of  $6 ;  annual  fee 
afterwards,  $5.  The  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation are  chiefly  in  the  States  shipping  to 


Kansas  City,  and  its  headquarters  are  in  that 
city. 

Grundy  County.— A  county  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Mercer;  east  by  Sullivan  and  Linn; 
south  by  Livingston,  and  west  by  Daviess 
and  Harrison  Counties;  area,  274,000  acres. 
About  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  county 
is  up-land  prairie,  and  the  remainder  hills 
and  ridges,  generally  well  timbered.  The 
Thompson  River,  entering  the  county  near 
the  northwest  corner,  and  the  Weldon  River, 
entering  the  county  near  the  center  of  the 
northern  boundary  line,  form  a  junction  near 
Trenton  and  constitute  the  east  fork  of 
Grand  River,  which  flows  southward,  leaving 
the  county  near  the  southwest  corner.  Easf 
of  Grand  River  are  Muddy,  Honey,  Crooked, 
No  and  Medicine  Creeks,  and  flowing  into 
Grand  River  from  the  west  are  Coon,  Sugar, 
Hickory,  Wolf  and  Gee  Creeks.  Crooked 
Creek  flows  through  a  prairie  country,  as  do 
most  of  the  other  creeks,  with  narrow  bot- 
tom lands,  skirted  by  strips  of  timber.  West 
of  Grand  River  along  the  streams  are  hills, 
with  an  occasional  strip  of  bottom  land.  The 
western  part  of  the  country  is  the  most  hilly 
section,  and  contains  the  greater  part  of  the 
timber  land  of  the  county.  The  prairies 
average  from  two  to  three  miles  in  width, 
and  run  generally  from  north  to  south.  The 
soil  of  the  county  is  variable,  generally  in  the 
bottoms  and  prairies  a  dark  loam  with  a  clay 
subsoil.  In  the  uplands  the  soil  is  light. 
These  lands  are  the  best  for  fruit-growing. 
Bluegrass  grows  in  abundance,  and  stock- 
raising  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  branches 
of  the  farmer's  occupation.  The  minerals  in 
the  county  are  coal,  fire  clay,  limestone  and 
sand  stone.  For  years  coal  has  been  mined 
for  home  consumption,  and  some  of  it  has 
been  exported.  The  average  yield  per 
acre  of  the  cereal  crops  is  :  corn,  35  bushels ; 
wheat,  12  bushels ;  oats,  25  bushels.  Potatoes 
average  100  to  150  bushels  to  the  acre ;  clover 
seed,  iy2  bushels,  timothy  seed,  3  bushels, 
and  flax  seed,  9  bushels.  According  to  the 
report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  in 
1898,  the  surplus  products  shipped  from  the 
county  were :  Cattle,  8,096  head ;  hogs, 
35,215  head;  sheep,  4,915  head;  horses  and 
mules,  1,029  head;  hay,  18,200  pounds;  flour, 
184,830  pounds;  clover  seed,  2,700  pounds; 
timothy  seed,  33,130  pounds;  lumber,  43,120 


.    \. 


GUDGELL. 


131 


feet;  walnut  logs,  18,000  feet;  coal,  no  tons; 
brick,  92,250;  stone,  5  cars;  poultry,  849,465 
pounds;  eggs,  350,570  dozen;  butter,  59,652 
pounds;    hides    and    pelts,    52,140    pounds; 
feathers,  19,947  pounds.     Other  articles  ex- 
tported  were  corn,  shipstuff,  cordwood,  wool, 
potatoes,  cheese,  dressed  meats,  game  and 
iish,  lard,  tallow,  peaches  and  other  fruits, 
dried  fruits,  vegetables,  honey,  cider,  canned 
goods  and  furs.   For  many  years  before  white 
men  settled  in  Grundy  County  territory  it 
was  occupied  as  a  hunting  ground  by  tribes 
of   Sac,  Sioux    and    Pottawottomie    Indians, 
who    chased    game    over    its    prairies    and 
through  its  forests.     There  is  no  obtainable 
record  or  tradition  of  any  permanent  settle- 
ment being  made  in  the  county  until   1833, 
when    General    W.    P.    Thompson,    of    Ray 
County,     settled    near     Grand     River.     The 
year  following  a  number  of  Kentuckians  and 
Tennesseeans,  who  had  for  a  while  lived  in 
.other  parts  of  Missouri,  located  on  land  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  site  of  Trenton. 
[Among  the  first  settlers  were  John  Thrailkill, 
I  Levi  Moore  and  William  Cochran.     During 
ithe  next  two  years  the   settlements   in  the 
[county  were  increased  by  the  arrival  of  about 
|a  dozen   other   families,   including  those   of 
ijewett  Norris,  John  Scott,  Daniel  De  Vaul, 
rjames   R.   Merrill,   Samuel   Benson  and  the 
^Perrys,  Grubbs  and  Metcalfs.    The  first  thing 
to  disturb  the  tranquility  of  their  peaceful 
fsurroundings  was  the  Hetherly  war,  and  at 
[the   site   of  Trenton,   then  known   as    Bluff 
Grove,  a  block  house  was  built,  which  was 
[the  residence  place  of  the  settlers  for  some 
time.     Grundy  County  was  a  part  of  Carroll 
County  when  that  county  was  organized,  and 
later  was  attached  to  Livingston  County.     It 
was    organized    as    a    separate    and    distinct 
[county  January  2,  1841,  and  was  named  in 
lonor  of  General  Felix  Grundy,  of  Tennes- 
fsee.  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States 
kunder  President  Van  Buren,    Grundy  County 
lis   divided  into  thirteen  townships,  namely, 
'Franklin,  Harrison,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Lib- 
erty, Lincoln,  Madison,  Marion,  Myers,  Tay- 
lor, Trenton,  Washington  and  Wilson.     The 
assessed  valuation  of  real  estate  and  town 
lots  in  the  county  in   1900  was  $3,693,233; 
estimated   full   value,   $10,079,699;    assessed 
value  of  personal  property,  including  stocks, 
bonds,  etc.,  $825,093 ;   estimated  full  value, 
$1,237,639;  assessed  value  of  merchants  and 
manufacturers,  $131,760;  assessed  value  of 


railroads  and  telegraphs,  $829,406.  There 
are  54.20  miles  of  railroad  in  the  county,  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  entering  near 
the  southwest  corner,  passing  northeast  to 
Trenton,  thence  northerly  to  the  boundary 
line;  the  Omaha,  Kansas  City  &  Eastern, 
passing  in  an  easterly  direction  through  the 
center  of  the  county,  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St,  Paul  entering  the  county  a  little 
north  of  the  center  of  the  eastern  boundary 
line,  and  running  south  to  the  southern 
limits.  The  number  of  public  schools  in  the 
county  in  1899  was  121 ;  number  of  teachers, 
161;  pupils  enumerated,  5,589;  amount  of 
permanent  fund,  both  township  and  county, 
$61,000.  The  population  of  the  county  in 
1900  was  17,833. 

Gudgell,  James  Robinson,  was 

born  September  26,  1849,  in  Bath  County, 
Kentucky,  and  died  June  2,  1897^  at  his  home 
in  Independence,  Missouri.  His  parents  were 
Joseph  and  Louise  (Groves)  Gudgell.  The 
father  was  a  prominent  business  man  and  was 
actively  identified  with  banking  interests. 
Both  parents  were  born  in  Kentucky.  James 
R.  Gudgell  was  educated  in  the  select  schools 
of  his  native  State,  the  University  of  Virginia, 
from  which  he  graduated,  and  the  University 
of  Heidelberg,  Germany.  He  was  a  man  of 
strong  mentality  and  great  brain  capacity. 
He  was  a  thorough  student  of  all  branches  of 
science,  in  which  he  found  particular  inter- 
est, was  well  versed  in  the  languages  and  a 
student  of  medicine.  A  thoroughly  trained 
mind  was  his,  capable  of  grasping  the  secrets 
of  knowledge  and  applying  them  intelligently 
and  with  practical  force.  When  he  returned 
from  Heidelberg  he  came  to  Missouri  and  en- 
gaged in  the  banking  business  at  Kansas 
City.  Subsequently  he  engaged  in  the  cattle- 
raising  business  in  Colorado  in  company  with 
his  brother,  Charles  Gudgell,  W.  A.  and  John 
Towers  and  D.  A.  Smart.  They  had  large 
ranches  in  Colorado  and  owned  the  Pan 
Handle  ranch  in  Texas  and  the  celebrated 
"Ox"  in  Montana.  Mr.  Gudgell,  being  greatly 
interested  in  fine  breeds  of  cattle,  went 
abroad  and  was  the  first  purchaser  of  the 
famous  Pole  Angus  cattle  for  his  section  of 
the  country.  He  also  imported  one  of  the 
first  herds  of  Hereford  cattle.  The  firm  to 
which  he  belonged  is  now  Gudgell  &  Simp- 
son, and  is  one  of  the  recognized  leaders  in 
the  breeding  of  animals  valuable  on  account 


132 


GUERNSEY. 


of  the  superior  blood  record  accorded  to 
them.  As  a  business  man  Mr,  Gudgell  was 
conservative  even  when  great  successes  were 
promised,  and  his  excehent  judgment  served 
him  well  in  transactions  involving  large 
amounts  of  money.  He  was  a  staunch  Demo- 
crat, but  did  not  allow  his  activity  in  politics 
to  lead  him  into  search  for  public  honors. 
He  was  a  true,  conscientious  Christian  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Baptist  Church.  He 
was  made  a  Mason  during  his  residence  m 
Colorado.  Mr.  Gudgell  was  married  June  30, 
1887,  to  Miss  Lettie  Lee  Rochester,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Colonel  C.  H.  Rochester,  of 
Danville,  Kentucky.  Mrs.  Gudgell  is  a  de- 
scendant of  Nathaniel  Rochester,  four  gene- 
rations removed,  the  founder  of  the  city  of 
that  name  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Mrs. 
Gudgell  was  carefully  educated  and  spent 
about  two  years  abroad  after  the  death  of  her 
husband  in  art  studies.  She  is  a  lady  of  cul- 
ture and  refinement.  One  who  knew  him  well 
and  intimately  wrote  the  following  lines  soon 
after  Mr.  Gudgell's  death,  and  the  words 
show  the  esteem  in  which  the  man  was  held : 
"He  possessed  in  high  degree  and  beautiful 
harmony  those  rare  qualities  which  make  a 
gentleman.  He  was  always  and  genuinely 
a  gentleman.  He  was  a  man  of  unaffected 
learning.  He  had  a  liberal  education  and  a 
culture  broadened  by  extensive  travel.  He 
had  a  keen  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  in 
nature  and  art.  He  loved  the  tiniest  flower 
and  nursed  it  with  dehcate  care.  His  taste 
was  exquisite.  As  a  business  man  he  had 
large  experience  and  an  honorable  record. 
He  was  generous  to  a  fault.  Those  who 
knew  him  well  felt,  involuntarily,  the  touch 
of  a  noble  spirit.  By  nature  and  by  grace 
he  was  a  modest  man.  He  hated  hypocrisy, 
shams  and  shoddy.  He  loved  the  natural,  the 
sincere,  the  genuine.  As  a  husband  he  was 
thoughtful,  tender,  kind,  patient,  loving  and 
faithful.  For  many  years  he  was  rarely  free 
from  pain,  yet  through  it  all  he  was  patient, 
heroic." 

Guernsey,  David  W.,  electrician  and 
capitalist,  was  born  in  Westford,  Otsego 
County,  New  York,  May  7,  1838,  and  died  in 
St.  Louis  January  4,  1901.  His  father  was  a 
farmer;  his  mother  a  French  lady  whose 
maiden  name  was  Orilla  de  Lesdernier.  He 
was  greatly  attached  to  her,  and  her  death, 
which  occurred  when  he  was  about  eighteen 


years  of  age,  affected  him  deeply.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  left  his'  father's  farm  and 
entered  Eastman's  Commercial  College,  at 
Rochester,  where  he  graduated  with  high 
honor.  He  was  at  once  offered  an  excellent 
clerical  position  in  a  printing  house  of  that 
city,  but  he  preferred  commercial  life,  and  in 
April,  1855,  being  then  little  more  than  sev- 
enteen years  old,  he  became  a  clerk  in  the 
dry  goods  store  of  Crockett  &  Marvin,  at 
Cooperstown.  His  engagement  was  for  three 
years,  at  the  usual  wage  in  that  day,  5^50  for 
the  first  year,  and  an  increase  of  $25  each 
successive  year.  From  his  entrance  he  de- 
veloped marked  ability  as  a  salesman.  His 
leisure  time  was  taken  up  with  work  as  as- 
sistant bookkeeper.  At  the  end  of  his  en- 
gagement he  went  to  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
arriving  there  in  April,  1858,  without  an  ac- 
quaintance in  the  city  and  with  $40  as  his 
entire  means.  He  at  once  diligently  sought 
employment  in  the  principal  dry  goods 
establishments,  meeting  with  many  rebuffs^ 
but  was  finally  engaged  in  the  store  of  Saf- 
ford,  Ames  &  Co.  In  the  course  of  a  few 
weeks  he  had  familiarized  himself  with  the 
stock,  and  was  sent  to  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
to  sell  from  samples.  Discouraged  on  ac- 
count of  what  he  deemed  his  want  of  success, 
on  his  return,  he  asked  to  be  relieved,  but  the 
firm  expressed  satisfaction,  and  sent  him  out 
again.  Having  had  only  common  school  ad- 
vantages and  being  ambitious  to  acquire  an 
education,  in  1858  he  entered  Pierce  Acad- 
emy, at  Middleborough,  Massachusetts,  bor- 
rowing money  from  a  friend  to  pay  for  the 
first  term,  and  working  in  a  trunk  factory 
during  his  spare  hours  to  defray  his  expenses,, 
as  well  as  to  learn  a  profitable  trade.  The 
factory  was  wrecked  by  a  boiler  explosion 
and  he  lost  his  tools  and  was  thrown  out  of 
employment.  Several  persons  were  killed, 
while  Young  Guernsey  had  providentially  left 
the  premises  only  a  few  moments  before  the 
disaster.  During  the  vacation  he  had  em- 
ployment in  a  trunk  factory  in  North  Bridge- 
water,  and  when  he  returned  to  his  school  in 
the  fall  he  resumed  spare  hour  work  in  a  new 
factory  which  replaced  the  one  destroyed. 
In  1861  he  graduated  with  high  credit,  and 
was  arranging  to  enter  college,  when  he  be- 
came ill  with  measles,  which  left  him  for 
months  with  impaired  eyesight.  When  recov- 
ery came  his  meager  savings  were  exhausted, 
and  he  had  abandoned  the  hope  of  further 


1 


^  T^f.   ^  i-^i^-^J-T7i-A/}-' 


%     'I 


GUERNSEY. 


133 


advancement  in  education,  when  a  friend  of- 
fered to  defray  his  college  expenses.  The 
proffer  was  gratefully  accepted,  Guernsey, 
however,  stipulating  that  such  advances 
should  be  considered  as  a  loan.  Accordingly 
he  entered  the  Normal  School  at  Bridge- 
water,  on  advice  of  a  friend,  who  considered 
light  studies  all  that  his  eyes  would  endure ; 
but  continued  impairment  of  his  vision 
obliged  him  to  leave  school,  and  he  resumed 
work  as  a  traveling  salesman.  In  that  day 
one  of  such  calling  was  expected  to  engage 
his  customers  in  dissipation,  to  induce  them 
to  purchase,  and  misrepresentation  of  goods 
-was  considered  legitimate.  In  such  practices 
Guernsey  would  not  engage.  He  held  to  the 
convictions  of  his  boyhood — that  a  just  fear 
of  God,  truth,  sincerity  and  integrity  between 
man  and  man,  should  rule  his  life,  regard- 
less of  all  other  considerations.  Men 
engaged  in  the  same  calling  jeered  at  him  and 
prophesied  his  failure.  But  success  attended 
him,  and  the  future  was  brightened  before 
him. 

Mr.  Guernsey  was  now  twenty-four  years 
of  age,  and  the  nation  was  engaged  in  a  civil 
war.  Considering  it  his  duty  to  give  his 
effort  to  the  support  of  his  country,  August 
12,  1862,  he  entered  the  navy  as  a  landsman, 
and  was  sent  to  the  receiving  ship  "Ohio" 
in  Boston  harbor,  whence  he  was  afterward 
drafted  to  the  U.  S.  S.  "Macedonian."  He 
was  soon  made  an  officer's  clerk;  from  this 
was  advanced  to  the  position  of  paymaster's 
steward,  and  then  to  that  of  paymaster's 
clerk.  The  "Macedonian"  being  put  out  of 
commission,  Commodore  Montgomery  per- 
sonally ordered  Guernsey  on  board  the  U. 
S.  S.  "Sunflower,"  as  acting  assistant  paymas- 
ter in  charge.  The  vessel  sailed  for  Key 
West,  where  her  paymaster  came  aboard,  and 
Guernsey  resumed  his  position  as  paymas- 
ter's clerk.  On  suggestion  of  Admiral  Bailey 
he  now  made  application  for  appointment 
as  acting  assistant  paymaster,  the  highest 
rank  in  the  pay  department  open  to  a  volun- 
teer, and,  provided  with  strong  letters  of  in- 
dorsement from  his  superior  officers,  the 
admiral  included,  he  went  to  Washington, 
secured  a  personal  interview  with  Mr.  Welles, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  who  ordered  him  ex~ 
amined,  and  on  favorable  report  thereof, 
issued  his  commission.  Acting  Assistant 
Paymaster  Guernsey  was  then  assigned  to 
duty  on  the  U.  S.  S.  "Anacosta,"  of  the  Po- 


tomac Flotilla.  While  on  this  service  he  was 
ordered  to  take  up  the  accounts  and  act  as 
paymaster  of  the  U.  S.  S.  "Tulip,"  in  ad- 
dition to  his  duties  on  the  "Anacosta,"  but 
declined  on  account  of  the  bad  condition  of 
the  former  vessel.  Here,  a  second  time, 
Guernsey's  life  was  saved  by  a  providential 
intervention,  for  the  boilers  of  the  "Tulip" 
exploded  and  all  on  board  were  lost.  A  third 
time  he  escaped  death;  when  carried  away 
by  the  tide  while  bathing,  his  clerk  rescued 
him  as  he  was  about  to  drown.  It  is  pleasant 
to  know  that  his  savior  was  a  former  school 
and  shipmate,  to  whom  he  had  given  honor- 
able position  when  he  himself  was  favored 
by  fortune. 

The  war  was  now  over,  and  the  "Anacosta'* 
being  put  out  of  commission.  Paymaster 
Guernsey  was  ordered  to  make  settlement  of 
his  accounts.  He  had  received  and  expended 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars,  and  the 
government  found  him  indebted  to  it  in  the 
sum  of  $7.50.  The  deficit  was  apparent  and 
not  real.  There  was  lacking  a  voucher  for 
that  amount,  which  needed  the  signature  of 
the  captain,  and  that  officer  was  not  within 
reach.  Most  men  would  have  preferred  to 
make  the  payment,  and  thus  save  trouble.  It 
is  highly  characteristic  of  the  man  that 
Paymaster  Guernsey  cared  far  more  that  his 
record  should  be  faultlessly  clear  than  for 
money  or  trouble.  A  little  correspondence, 
and  the  missing  voucher  was  at  hand,  and  the 
matter  was  closed. 

Although  his  accounts  had  been  finally 
audited  and  settled,  Paymaster  Guernsey  was 
yet  in  service,  being  on  "waiting  orders," 
and  as  he  had  never  seen  the  West,  he  came 
to  St.  Louis,  in  August,  1865,  being  twenty- 
seven  years  of  age.  With  two  others,  one  a 
former  schoolmate,  Alexander  Averill,  now  a 
leading  business  man  in  St.  Louis,  he  formed 
the  partnership  of  Guernsey,  Averill  & 
Burnes,  for  conducting  a  boys'  clothing  busi- 
ness, which  was  opened  at  116  South  Fourth 
Street.  By  this  time  Paymaster  Guernsey  had 
resigned  his  commission  in  the  navy,  and  he 
and  his  partners  went  East  and  bought  stock. 
Business  proved  brisk,  but  it  was  soon  ap- 
parent that  there  was  not  sufficient  for  three 
partners,  and  Mr.  Burnes  retired,  the  other 
partners  buying  his  interest,  and  the  firm 
name  becoming  Guernsey  &  Averill.  A  year 
later  Guernsey  &  Averill  sold  to  William 
Banks  &  Co.,  of  New  York.    Mr.  Guernsey 


134 


GUERNSEY. 


remained  with  the  new  firm  for  a  time,  while 
Mr.  Averill  found  employment  in  another 
house.  Later  Mr.  Guernsey  was  associated 
with  General  Clinton  B.  Fisk  in  the  general 
agency  of  the  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  New  York,  traveling  and  supervising 
country  agencies.  The  business  was  not 
agreeable  to  Mr.  Guernsey,  and  he  became  a 
salesman  in  Comstock  &  Haywood's  furni- 
ture house,  but  in  less  than  a  year  the'  es- 
tablishment was  burned  out.  Mr.  Guernsey 
then  sold  furniture  on  commission,  and  after- 
ward took  a  junior  partnership  in  the  furni- 
ture firm  of  Burrell,  Comstock  &  Co.  He 
remained  in  this  connection  about  four  years, 
when  he  engaged  in  the  same  line  of  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account,  under  the  style  of 
Guernsey,  Jones  &  Co.,  above  the  United 
States  Express  Company,  at  St.  Charles  and 
Fourth  Streets.  This  continued  a  year,  when 
the  capital  was  increased,  and  the  firm  in- 
corporated as  the  Guernsey  Furniture  Com- 
pany. 

At  this  point  begins  a  remarkable  narra- 
tive, a  narrative  of  serious  misfortune  and 
grave  disaster,  of  indefatigable  determination 
and  courage,  and  of  incomparable  honor  and 
sterling  integrity.  Before  the  expiration  of 
the  first  year  under  the  latter  arrangement, 
Mr.  Guernsey  was  admonished  of  failing  eye- 
sight. The  oculist  advised  him  that  treatment 
for  that  ailment  would  be  unavailing,  until 
his  general  health  was  built  up,  impaired  as 
it  was  on  account  of  close  application  to 
business  for  many  years.  At  times  he  was 
utterly  unable  to  read,  and  it  was  with  diffi- 
culty that  he  could  recognize  intimate  friends. 
In  this  sore  strait  his  attention  was  directed 
to  electricity  as  a  curative  agent,  and  he  went 
to  Hot  Springs  for  treatment.  He  asked  ad- 
vice as  to  electric  baths,  but  the  physicians 
gave  him  no  encouragement.  He  insisted, 
however,  and  improved  rapidly  in  physical 
condition,  while  his  mental  vision  became  in- 
tensely keen.  Realizing  the  new  life  which 
had  come  to  him,  he  engaged  in  yet  deeper 
study  of  that  wonderful  force  which  had 
served  him  so  well.  His  daylight  hours  were 
given  to  his  business;  his  nights  he  devoted 
to  the  investigation  of  electrical  phenomena. 
When  from  home  buying  goods,  he  spent  his 
evenings  in  electric  light  stations,  acquiring 
all  knowledge  accessible. 

The  furniture  business  had  outgrown  the 
premises  occupied,  and  he  erected  a  magnifi- 


cent building  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
Third  and  Locust  Streets.  The  basement^ 
arranged  for  the  purpose,  was  provided  with 
an  extensive  electric  light  plant,  and  the 
Guernsey  &  Scudder  Electric  Light  Company 
was  organized  to  operate  it.  Light  by  night 
or  day,  as  needed,  was  furnished  to  ad- 
jacent business  houses.  There  was  a  limita- 
tion, however;  not  a  light  for  a  saloon,  nor 
on  Sunday  for  any  purpose,  could  be  had  on 
the  Guernsey-Scudder  circuit.  The  capacity 
of  the  plant  was  soon  reached,  and  new  ma- 
chines were  put  in  until  the  premises  would 
contain  no  more,  and  all  were  operated  to 
their  fullest  capacity,  and  at  remunerative 
prices.  The  income  of  the  plant  was  $115.50 
daily,  and  as  the  light  company  and  the  fur- 
niture company  were  practically  one,  the 
light  expense  of  the  latter  was  nominal.  Seri- 
ous trouble  ensued.  Suits  were  instituted  and 
injunctions  were  prayed  for,  on  account  of 
alleged  infringement  of  patents,  by  competi- 
tors. Mr.  Guernsey  was  the  aggressive  spirit 
in  resisting  these  assaults,  and  there  were 
few  days  during  fifteen  years  that  he  was  not 
involved  in  a  suit  brought  against  him  in  the 
endeavor  to  force  him  out  of  business.  That 
the  antagonism  was  selfish  and  malicious  is 
evident  when  it  is  said  that  Mr.  Guernsey  lost 
no  case  brought  against  him  in  all  these 
years,  and  the  fact  is  not  only  a  strong  aver- 
ment of  the  rightfulness  of  his  cause,  but  is 
also  evidence  of  his  clear  understanding  of 
the  character  of  men.  At  the  outset  of  his 
legal  difficulties  he  had  retained  as  his  coun- 
sel Judge  McKeighan,  who  with  ample  equip- 
ment of  legal  learning,  untiring  vigilance,  and 
the  devotion  of  a  personal  friend,  as  well  as 
the  loyalty  of  an  honorable  attorney,  success- 
fully defended  his  cause  in  all  these  troublous 
times. 

After  the  light  plant  had  been  in  operation 
about  a  year,  Mr.  Guernsey  took  a  vacation, 
and  by  arrangement  with  Professor  Hoch- 
hausen,  president  of  the  Excelsior  Electric 
Company,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  passed  the 
time  in  the  factory,  as  a  workman,  and  here 
he  gained  much  of  that  practical  knowledge 
which  aided  St.  Louis  so  greatly  in  its  devel- 
opment of  its  electrical  interests. 

After  managing  the  furniture  and  electric 
light  business  for  ten  years,  disaster  overtook 
Mr.  Guernsey.  In  1888  the  Guernsey  Furni- 
ture Company  was  obliged  to  make  an  as- 
signment.    The  capital  was  $65,000,  of  which 


GUERNSEY. 


135 


much  more  than  the  major  part  was  owned 
by  Mr.  Guernsey,  who  had  bought  the  inter- 
est of  a  partner,  making  payment  with  his 
own  notes  endorsed  by  such  sterhng  men  as 
George  D.  Barnard,  Sarriuel  Kennard,  Rich- 
ard Scruggs,  Charles  Barney,  Frank  Ely,  D. 
Crawford,  Joseph  Specht,  Joseph  Franklin, 

D.  M.  Houser,  L.  M.  Hellman,  A.  F.  Shap- 
leigh,  Daniel  Catlin,  Judge  J.  E.  McKeighan, 

E.  J.  Crandall,  Byron  Nugent  and  Daniel  Nu- 
gent. 

The  assignment  swept  away  all  of  Mr. 
Guernsey's  possessions,  furniture  stock  and 
electric  light  plant.  He  lost  all  save  his 
energy  and  his  integrity;  but  his  friends,  in- 
cluding his  security  creditors,  held  to  him. 
They  recognized  that  all  his  business  con- 
cerns had  been  conducted  with  scrupulous 
honesty,  and  they  made  no  complaint  of  his 
indebtedness  to  them.  Many  gave  him  en- 
couragement, and  in  a  substantial  way.  The 
friendly  feeling  felt  for  him  was  reflected  in 
the  sympathetic  notices  of  the  local  press. 
O^  his  part,  despite  the  magnitude  of  the 
disaster,  he  professed  faith  in .  his  recuper- 
ative powers  and  determination  to  pay  all 
his  indebtedness.  It  was  wonderful  pluck  for 
a  man  of  two-score  years  and  ten,  bank- 
rupted, and  with  $40,000  additional  of  per-- 
sonal  oblio^ations.  His  friends  continued  to 
give  him  their  encouragement,  but  many  had 
little  faith  in  his  ability  to  repay,  though  they 
did  not  question  the  desire  of  his  heart. 

The  furniture  stock  and  electric  light  plant 
were  sold  under  process  of  law.  The  latter 
was  purchased  by  a  number  of  Mr.  Guern- 
sey's friends,  in  his  interest,  who  organized 
the  St.  Louis  Electric  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany, and  elected  Mr.  Guernsey  president, 
with  the  understanding  that  he  should  pur- 
chase the  stock  from  time  to  time  as  his 
ability  might  permit.  From  this  on,  success 
attended  him.  ,He  was  yet  agent  for  the 
Sprague  Electric  Railway  &  Motor  Com- 
pany, of  New  York,  and  this  was  an 
advantage.  The  affairs  of  the  reorganized 
Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  pros- 
pered. The  original  capital  of  $8,000  was 
increased  to  $15,000,  then  to  $30,000,  to  $75,- 
000,  and  again  to  $200,000,  all  paid  up,  one- 
half  of  the  stock  being  held  by  Mr.  Guernsey ; 
at  the  outset  he  had  held  only  one  share,  but 
acquired  additional  stock  rapidly.  He  then 
interested  capitalists  who  bought  the  Scudder 
interest,  of  which  Mr.  Guernsey  secured  $10,- 


000,  giving  him  a  majority  of  the  stock. 
Among  the  new  stockholders  and  directors 
was  Sim  T.  Price,  who  became  one  of  the 
attorneys  for  the  company,  at  Mr.  Guernsey's 
suggestion,  and  was  largely  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  the  subsequent  sale.  The 
capital  stock  was  now  increased  to  $700,000. 
New  equipment  was  added ;  a  lot  was  secured 
on  the  northwest  corner  of  Lucas  Avenue 
and  Eighth  Street ;  plans  were  drawn  and  es- 
timates made  for  a  new  power  house ;  the 
underground  system  was  determined  upon, 
and  the  cash  deposit  required  by  the  city, 
was  in  hand;  the  $500,000  in  bonds  author- 
ized on  the  increase  of  capital  stock,  were 
practically  placed ;  the  future  was  never  so 
promising.  At  this  juncture  the  Edison  Mis- 
souri Electric  Company  made  a  purchase  of 
the  property.  There  was  no  desire  to  sell, 
but  the  Guernsey  Company  was  offered  its 
price,  and  it  sold. 

Now  was  the  triumph  of  a  lifetime  for  Mr. 
Guernsey,  an  ample  recompense  for  his  weary 
waiting,  his  patient  enduring,  and  his  untir- 
ing effort.  No  sooner  was  the  purchase 
money  paid  in,  than  he  made  immediate  pay- 
ment to  his  endorsers  of  years  before,  adding 
to  the  principal  compound  interest  at  the  rate 
of  six  per  cent.  Many,  at  the  outset,  had 
despaired  of  receiving  any  return,  and  none 
could  expect  repayment  so  much  in  excess  of 
what  simple  honesty  would  demand.  Thanks 
and  congratulations  came  to  him  from  every 
hand,  the  letter  following  being  a  represen- 
tative expression  of  the  general  voice,  and 
as  such  it  is,  perhaps,  Mr.  Guernsey's  most 
valued  treasure : 

"Catlin  Tobacco  Company, 

"St.  Louis,  May  10,  1897. 
"J/r.  D.   IV.  Guernsey,  St.  Louis. 

"Dear  Sir :  Your  kind  favor  of  May  7th, 
enclosing  check  for  $382.15  in  full  payment 
of  all  interest,  compounded  to  date,  on  your 
$1,000  note  December  15,  1886,  reached  me 
this  morning,  and  I  beg  to  return  my  thanks 
for  your  favor,  and  congratulations  upon  the 
manly  and  unusual  course  you  have  pursued 
throughout  in  this  transaction. 

"It  is  so  entirely  out  of  the  usual  course, 
and  such  a  complete  reversal  of  my  usual  ex- 
perience in  affairs  of  this  kind,  I  intend  to  put 
it  thoroughly  and  carefully  before  my  two 
sons,  who  are  now  at  college,  as  a  shining  ex- 
ample of  upright  and  thoroughgoing  man- 


136 


GUILFORD-GUINN. 


hood  that  I  should  like  to  have  them  take 
pattern  from.  Again  thanking  you,  with  sin- 
cere regards,  believe  me,       Yours  truly, 

"Daniei.  Cati^in." 

Mr.  Guernsey  was  married  November  9, 
1864,  to  Miss  Annie  Shattuck,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  who  survives  him.  Of  this 
union  were  born  three  children,  of  whom  are 
deceased,  Remington  Bancrott,  named  for  an 
old  and  valued  friend,  and  Ella  May.  Grace 
M.,  the  second  child,  is  living. 

Mr.  Guernsey,  as  may  be  traced  in  this 
sketch,  was  ever  an  earnest,  unobtrusive 
Christian  man.  For  years  he  was  a  member 
and  deacon  in  the  Third  Baptist  Church.  He 
had  no  active  business  concerns  to  disturb 
him,  and  he  passed  his  later  days  in  posses- 
sion of  ample  means,  quietly  and  peacefully, 
and  taking  pleasure  in  aiding  the  needy  and 
suffering. 

The  details  of  Mr.  Guernsey's  life  hereinbe- 
fore given  render  it  hardly  necessary  to  draw 
the  general  features  of  his  character,  already 
sufficiently  disclosed  by  the  incidents  of  his 
life. 

Although  not  visionary,  he  was,  in  the 
large  and  better  sense  of  the  word,  an  op- 
timist, and  yet  he  never  suflfered,  himself  to  be 
deluded  by  his  wishes  and  expectations,  but 
on  the  contrary,  weighed  carefully  every 
business  enterprise  that  he  ventured  upon. 
Clearly  perceiving  the  natural  aids,  as  well 
as  the  difficulties,  which  attend  every  under- 
taking, he  was  never  unduly  elated  by  the 
former  nor  dismayed  by  the  latter,  but  met 
every  obstacle  with  fine  courage  and  spirit. 

Mr.  Guernsey,  in  everything  that  he  under- 
took requiring  great  labor  and  persistent  ef- 
fort, was  always  able  to  work  more  .hours  in 
the  day  than  the  average  man,  thereby  greatly 
increasing  his  chances  for  success. 

The  recital  of  the  varied  incidents  of  Mr. 
Guernsey's  experience  renders  it  unnecessary 
to  make  any  formal  declaration  that  honesty, 
integrity  and  energy  were  the  controlling 
factors  in  his  career,  making  it  impossible  for 
him  to  gain  anything  by  fraud,  deceit  or 
treachery,  or  to  fail  because  of  any  neglect  or 
carelessness  on  his  part.  Those  who  per- 
formed service  for  Mr.  Guernsey,  either  pro- 
fessional or  otherwise,  imite  in  their  testi- 
mony that  he  was,  in  such  relations,  as  gen- 
erous as  he  was  just,  and  that  no  matter 
whether  success  or  failure  mav  have  attended 


the  efforts  of  those  who  served  him,  yet  no 
unmerited  censure  or  reproach  ever  fell  upon 
them  from  Mr.  Guernsey  so  long  as  he  be- 
lieved that  they  were  true  to  his  interests, 
and  that  they  had  used  their  best  capacity  and 
judgment  in  serving  him. 

In  the  social  relations  of  life  he  was  most 
pleasing  and  agreeable,  and  no  man  can 
truthfully  say  that  Mr.  Guernsey  was  his  per- 
sonal enemy,  for  he  was  incapable  of  holding 
resentment  or  revenge  against  anyone,  no 
matter  how  much  he  might  have  been  justi- 
fied in  doing  so,  according  to  the  ordinary 
standards  of  human  conduct.  As  a  husband 
and  father  he  might  well  serve  as  a  model  for 
the  most  exacting  and  critical,  and  as  a  citi- 
zen, there  is  but  one  judgment  with  respect  to 
him,  and  that  judgment  would  honor  the  best. 

The  large  assembly  of  representative  citi- 
zens who  attended  his  funeral  attested  his 
deserved  popularity.  The  sermon,  delivered 
by  his  friend.  Dr.  R.  P.  Johnston,  pastor  of 
the  Third  Baptist  Church,  was  one  of  the 
most  inspiring,  beautiful  and  eloquent  trib- 
utes ever  paid  to  an  honored  and  beloved  citi- 
zen of  St.   Louis. 

Guilford.— A  town  of  100  inhabitants,  in 
Washington  Township,  Nodaway  County, 
fourteen  miles  southeast  of  Maryville.  It 
has  the  Bank  of  Guilford,  with  a  capital  and 
surplus  of  $10,105,  3.nd  deposits  of  $40,000; 
a  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  a  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  South,  a  Masonic  lodge 
and  a  lodge  of  Good  Templars. 

Guiim,  John  C,  one  of  the  widely 
known  and  eminently  successful  farmers  of 
Missouri,  was  born  August  29,  1832,  in 
Greene  County,  Tennessee,  son  of  P.  R. 
and  Lottie  (Lauderdale)  Guinn,  both  of 
whom  were  natives  of  the  county  in  which 
their  son  was  born.  The  ,e4der  Guinn,  who 
was  a  farmer  by  occupation,  was  born  March 
.  3,  1800,  and  lived  to  be  sixty-six  years  of  age. 
His  wife  was  born  in  1802  and  died  when 
thirty-eight  years  of  age,  leaving  a  family  of 
six  children,  named  respectively,  George  W., 
William  M.,  Caroline  M.,  John  C,  Pleasant 
M.,  and  P.  E.  Guinn.  John  C.  Guinn  grew 
up  on  a  farm,  receiving  a  good  practical 
education  and  thorough  industrial  training. 
In  1850,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  obtained  a  position  in  a  mercantile  estab- 
lishment at  Atlanta,  Georgia,  and  remained 


rk,  S^KtkfrnMstor^  C- 


£:-:^.i»  i4f//,^,^s  Ary^ 


GUINOTTE. 


137 


in  the  employ  of  this  concern  for  two  years 
thereafter.  From  1852  to  1856  he  was  en- 
gaged in  railroading,  and  then  went  to  Cen- 
tral America,  where  he  remained  for  some 
time.  From  there  he  came  back  to  Atlanta, 
Georgia,  and  in  1865  came  to  Missouri  for 
the  purpose  of  making  investments  in  the 
rich  and  promising  lands  of  this  State.  He 
was  attracted  to  Jasper  County,  and  there 
made  purchases  of  land,  to  the  improvement 
of  which  he  gave  a  large  share  of  his  atten- 
tion, although  he  did  not  remove  his  family 
to  that  county  until  187 1.  He  then  estab- 
lished his  home  at  Georgia  City,  twenty 
miles  northwest  of  Carthage,  and  there  he 
has  built  up  an  ideal  country  place.  Making 
a  careful  study  of  agriculture  in  all  its 
branches,  he  has  been  uniformly  successful  in 
his  operations.  As  a  wheat  grower  he  has 
become  famous  and  is  widely  known  as  one 
of  the  most  successful  in  southwest  Missouri. 
From  time  to  time  he  has  added  to  his 
landed  estate,  which  now  consists  of  4,000 
acres,  mainly  valley  and  bottom  lands, 
drained  by  Spring  River  and  its  tributaries. 
The  soil  of  these  lands  is  enormously  produc- 
tive and  besides  raising  large  corn  and  other 
crops,  Mr.  Guinn  has  sent  into  the  market, 
in  a  single  year,  27,000  bushels  of  wheat.  He 
is  also  an  extensive  stock-raiser,  giving  his 
attention  principally  to  high  grade  cattle  and 
hogs.  Splendidly  cultivated  lands  and  fine 
improvements  combine  to  make  Mr.  Guinn's 
estate  one  of  the  finest  in  the  West,  notable 
alike  for  its  beauty  and  productiveness.  He 
is  also  the  owner  of  valuable  mineral  lands 
in  Jasper  County,  and  his  wealth  is  con- 
clusive evidence  of  the  fact  that  farming  in 
Missouri,  if  properly  conducted,  "leads  on  to 
fortune."  November  7,  1861,  Mr.  Guinn  was 
married  to  Miss  Mary  J.  Broome,  an  accom- 
plished young  lady,  who  was  born  at  La 
Grange,  Troop  County,  Georgia,  August  15, 
1832,  and  who  was  a  daughter  of  Rufus  and  A. 
W,  (Pitts)  Broome,  both  natives  of  Georgia. 
Mrs.  Guinn  was  educated  at  the  Wesleyan 
Female  Seminary,  at  Macon,  Georgia,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  noted  educational  in- 
stitutions in  the  South.  The  children  born 
to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Guinn  were  Charles  Broome 
Guinn,  born  February  14,  1864;  George  B. 
Guinn,  born  July  4,  1866;  John  B.  Guinn, 
born  October  28,  1868,  and  Lottie  H.  Guinn, 
born  September  11,  1872.  A  resident  of  Jas- 
per County  for  more  than  thirty  years,  Mr. 


Guinn  has  earned  and  enjoys  the  esteem  of 
his  fellow  citizens,  who  know  him  as  a  high- 
minded  and  honorable  gentleman,  kindly  and 
courteous  in  all  the  relations  of  Hfe,  and  a 
business  man  of  perfect  probity  and  exact  rec- 
titude, who  can  always  be  relied  upon  to  dis- 
charge faithfully  every  obligation  incumbent 
upon  him. 

Guiiiotte,    Aimee    Brichaut,    was 

born  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  in  1823.  Her 
father,  Jean  Brichaut,  was  connected  in  an 
ofiticial  capacity  with  the  mint  of  Brussels, 
where  his  father  and  grandfather  before  him 
held  the  same  position.  Madame  Guinotte 
received  her  earlier  education  in  the  acad- 
emies of  Brussels,  going  to  Cambrai,  France, 
to  complete  her  studies.  In  1852  she  sailed 
for  New  York  to  meet  and  marry  Joseph 
Guinotte,  also  of  Belgium,  and  an  old  friend 
of  the  Brichaut  family.  They  were  married 
by  Archbishop  Hughes,  of  New  York  City. 
Mr.  Guinotte  was  a  highly  educated  civil 
engineer,  and  always  contended  that  some 
day  there  would  be  a  large  city  where 
Kansas  City  is  now  located.  Convinced 
oLthis,  he  bought  immense  tracts  of  land  on 
the  bluffs  and  in  the  east  bottoms.  For  his 
home  site  he  had  selected  one  of  the  high 
bluffs  overlooking  the  Missouri  River.  This 
bluff  was  then  covered  by  a  dense  forest,  from 
which  were  hewn  the  logs  that  were  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  house.  The  log  house 
was  in  later  years  weather-boarded.  It  was 
built  in  the  old  southern  style,  with  wide  hall 
through  the  center  and  rooms  on  both  sides. 
These  rooms  measured  about  twenty-one  feet 
square,  which  made  it  a  marvel  in  size  for  a 
log  house.  To  this  wilderness,  for  such  it 
seemed  to  her  in  comparison  to  the  lovely 
city  of  Brussels,  Mr.  Guinotte  brought  his 
bride.  In  those  days  of  Indian  missionaries 
and  traders,  Mr.  Guinotte's  home  was  a 
favorite  stopping  place  for  those  hardy  pio- 
neers who  had  left  civilization  behind. 
Among  those  who  enjoyed  its  gracious  hos- 
pitality were  the  honored  Father  de  Smet, 
Bishop  L'Ami  of  Mexico ;  Bishop  Miege  and 
Bishop  Salpointe,  of  Arizona  and  Mexico. 
Among  the  traders  who  were  often  made 
welcome  were  the  famous  Captain  Bridger, 
Vasquez,  the  Papins,  the  Chouteaus  and 
many  others.  These  visits,  especially  those 
of  the  French  missionaries,  were  intellectual 
oases   to   the   educated   of    this   wilderness. 


138 


GUINOTTE— GUITAR. 


Here  the  Guinotte  children  were  born  and 
reared,  and  once  more  its  hospitality  was 
extended  to  many  young  people  of  Kansas 
City,  who  can  recall  the  pleasant  hours  spent 
within  its  walls  and  under  the  shade  of  its 
forest  trees.  Mr.  Guinotte  did  not  live  to  see 
realized  his  fondest  dream — the  building  of  a 
large  city — but  Mrs.  Guinotte  has  had  that 
great  satisfaction,  and  is  still  noted  for  her 
great  activity  and  energy,  and  her  interest 
in  charity  work.  Her  children  are  J.  E, 
Guinotte,  judge  of  the  Probate  Court  of 
Jackson  County;  Mrs.  W.  B.  Teasdale,  Mrs. 
W.  H.  Clarke — both  of  whom  have  been  so 
closely  identified  with  schools — and  J.  K. 
Guinotte,  an  architect.  The  family  remained 
in  the  old  home,  which  is  situated  on  Troost 
Avenue,  opposite  the  Karnes  School,  till  dis- 
agreeable encroachments  forced  them  to 
leave  in  1889.  "*  Time  has  laid  a  heavy  hand 
on  the  old  home,  and  it  is  no  longer  what  it 
once  was.  It  is  now  occupied  by  a  family  of 
Hollanders,  who  try  to  keep  it  from  utter 
decay.  One  of  the  small  houses  on  the  place 
is  used  by  Mr.  George  Sass,  the  artist,  as  a 
studio.  The  house  has  stood  for  so  many 
years  as  a  landmark  that  it  is  painful  to 
realize  that  in  a  few  years  it  will  be  only  a 
memory. 

Guinotte,  Jules  Edgar,  judge  of  the 
Probate  Court  of  Jackson  County,  was  born 
August  20,  1855,  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
his  birthplace  being  the  old  Guinotte  home- 
stead, at  the  corner  of  Fourth  Street  and 
Troost  Avenue,  one  of  the  historic  spots  in 
that  city.  His  parents  were  Joseph  and 
Aimee  (Brichaut)  Guinotte,  both  of  whom 
were  natives  of  Belgium.  He  received  his 
primary  education  in  the  private  schools  of 
Kansas  City  and  afterward  entered  the  St. 
Louis  University.  Upon  the  completion  of 
his  education  he  returned  to  Kansas  City, 
and  for  several  years  was  employed  in  cler- 
ical work  in  various  offices,  the  last  expe- 
rience in  this  line  being  his  service  as  deputy 
clerk  in  the  office  of  Honorable  Wallace 
Laws,  for  many  years  circuit  clerk  of  Jack- 
son County.  He  then  entered  the  law  of- 
fices of  Tichenor  &  Warner,  and  began  a 
careful  course  of  reading,  which  he  contin- 
ued under  these  two  capable  attorneys  until 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1886  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  for  the 
office    of    judge  of    the    Probate    Court    of 


Jackson  County,  Missouri,  and  was  elected 
by  an  overwhelming  majority,  many  of  the 
best  Republicans  burying  their  political 
prejudices  and  voting  for  him  because  of 
his  real  worth  and  ability.  That  he  has 
proven  himself  a  capable  judge  on  the  pro- 
bate bench,  administering  the  affairs  of  that 
office  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  voters  of  his 
county,  is  evidenced  in  the  length  of  time 
he  has  served  the  people  in  this  capacity. 
He  was  renominated  in  1890,  1894  and  in 
1898,  and  re-election  resulted  in  each  in- 
stance. The  affairs  of  the  court,  under  his 
guidance  and  direction,  have  been  adminis- 
tered with  marked  care  and  discretion,  and 
few  losses  have  resulted  on  account  of 
blunders  or  injudicious  management.  His 
reputation  as  one  of  the  most  popular  and 
efficient  public  servants  in  Jackson  County 
is  firmly  established.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Catholic  Church,  and  comes  from  a  fam- 
ily whose  members  have  all  been  devout  be- 
lievers in  that  creed.  He  was  married  May 
24,  1883,  to  Miss  Maud  Stark,  only  daughter 
of  Dr.  John  K.  Stark,  a  pioneer  dentist  of 
Jackson  County  and  a  leader  in  his  profes- 
sion. 

Guitar,  Odon,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Madison  County,  Ken- 
tucky, August  31,  1827.  His  father.  John 
Guitar,  was  a  native  of  Bordeaux,  France, 
and  his  mother  a  native  of  Kentiicky  and  a 
daughter  of  David  Gordon,  one  of  the  pio- 
neers of  Boone  County,  Missouri.  His 
parents  came  to  Missouri  in  1829,  and  his 
father  did  business  as  a  merchant  in  Colum- 
bia until  his  death,  in  1848.  General  Guitar 
was  educated  entirely  in  Boone  County,  at- 
tending the  common  schools  of  Columbia 
until  he  was  fifteen  years  old,  and  then  en- 
tering the  State  University  at  its  first  opening 
session,  in  1842,  and  graduating  in  1846.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  War,  the  same 
year,  he  volunteered  in  Doniphan's  regiment, 
and  started  off  without  waiting  for  the  col- 
lege commencement,  leaving  his  graduating 
speech  to  be  read  by  a  classmate.  He  served 
throughout  the  war  and  then  returned  to 
Columbia  and  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
his  uncle.  Honorable  John  B.  Gordon,  a 
leading  orator  and  lawyer  of  central  Mis- 
souri. In  1848  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
by  Judge  William  A.  Hall,  and  entered  on 
the  practice  of  his  profession.     His  abilities, 


GUNBOATS. 


139 


learning  and  manners  gave  him  a  secure 
position  in  a  community  famous  for  elo- 
quence and  learning,  and  in  1853  he  was 
elected  as  a  Whig  candidate  to  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  four  years  later  was  elected  again, 
serving  his  Boone  County  constituency  with 
honor  to  himself  and  entire  satisfaction  to 
them.  When  the  Civil  War  began  he  took 
a  determined  stand  as  a  Union  man,  and 
in  1862  was  commissioned  by  Governor 
Gamble  to  raise  a  regiment  of  volunteers 
for  the  federal  Army.  He  commanded  the 
Ninth  Cavalry,  Missouri  State  Militia,  until 
June,  1863,  when  he  was  commissioned  brig- 
adier general  for  gallant  conduct  in  the 
field.  His  chief  service  was  in  north  Missouri, 
where  the  most  daring  and  desperate  guerrilla 
forces  were  to  be  encountered,  and  there 
was  no  one  of  that  day  'who  did  more  to 
expel  them  from  that  field  than  General 
Guitar.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  devoting  himself 
chiefly  to  the  criminal  practice,  and  was  re- 
markably successful  in  securing  the  freedom 
of  his  clients.  He  was  married,  in  1865,  to 
Miss  Kate  Leonard,  a  daughter  of  Judge 
Abiel  Leonard,  of  Howard  County.  Five 
children  were  born  to  them,  four  sons  and 
one  daughter. 

Gunboats.— In  the  latter  part  of  May 
and  in  June  of  1861,  soon  after  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War,  the  steamers  "Cones- 
toga,"  "Taylor"  and  "Lexington"  were  pur- 
chased by  the  government  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  and  fitted  out  as  gunboats  to  be  used 
on  the  Western  rivers  and  waters.  These 
steamboats  were  not  plated,  but  were  pro- 
tected by  oak  bulwarks  against  musket  balls. 
In  July  following  a  contract  was  awarded 
to  Captain  James  B.  Eads  for  the  construc- 
tion of  seven  ironclad  gunboats  for  service 
on  the  Mississippi  River.  Three  of  these 
vessels  were  built  for  Captain  Eads  by 
Messrs.  Hambleton  &  Collier,  at  Mound 
City,  and  the  remaining  four  were  con- 
structed on  marine  railways  at  Carondelet. 
The  boats  were  completed  within  100  days 
after  signing  the  contract.  Each  of  the  boats 
thus  constructed  was  about  175  feet  long, 
fifty-one  feet  beam,  had  six  feet  depth  of  hold, 
drew  about  five  feet  of  water,  and  had  a  speed 
of  nine  miles  per  hour.  The  hulls  were  made 
of  wood,  the  bottoms  of  five-inch  plank  and 
the  sides  of  four-inch  plank,  and  the  vessels 


were  sealed  all  over  with  two-inch  plank. 
The  sides  projected  from  the  bottom  of  the 
boat  to  .the  waterline  at  an  angle  of  about 
forty-five  degrees,  and  from  the  water  line 
the  sides  feii  back  at  about  the  same  angle 
to  form  a  casemate  about  twelve  feet  high. 
This  slanting  casemate  extended  across  the 
hull  near  the  bow  and  stern,  forming  a  quad- 
rilateral gundeck.  The  casemates  were  made 
of  three-inch  plank  and  well  fastened.  The 
knuckles  of  the  main  deck  at  the  base  of  the 
casemates  were  made  of  solid  timber  about 
four  feet  in  thickness.  The  boats  were 
calked  all  over,  both  inside  and  outside,  and 
sheathed  on  the  outside  with  two  and  a  half- 
inch  iron.  The  plating  covered  the  case- 
mates above  and  below  the  water  line.  The 
gundeck  was  about  one  foot  above  water, 
and  the  vessels  were  pierced  to  carry  thir- 
teen heavy  guns.  The  first  of  these  gun- 
boats, which  was  also  the  first  United  States 
iron-clad  war  vessel,  was  launched  from  Cap- 
tain Eads'  shipyard,  at  Carondelet,  on  the 
I2th  of  October,  1861.  She  was  named  the 
"St.  Louis,"  by  Admiral  Foote,  but  when 
the  fleet  was  transferred  from  the  control 
of  the  War  Department  to  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment the  name  was  changed  to  the  "De- 
Kalb."  The  other  vessels  turned  over  to 
the  government  by  Captain  Eads  were 
named  the  "Carondelet,"  "Cincinnati,"  "Lou- 
isville," "Mound  City,"  "Cairo"  and  "Pitts- 
burg." In  December  of  1861  the  vessel 
which  was  named  the  "Benton"  and  became 
the  flagship  of  Admiral  Foote,  was  altered 
and  plated  at  St,  Louis.  The  "Benton"  car- 
ried eighteen  heavy  guns,  two  nine-inch 
Dahlgren  guns  and  two  smaller  ones.  Cap- 
tain Andrew  H.  Foote,  of  the  United  States 
Navy,  who  had  been  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  naval  operations  in  Western  waters, 
assumed  command  of  the  flotilla  at  St.  Louis, 
September  6,  1861.  When  the  flotilla  was 
finally  completed  it  consisted  of  twelve  gun- 
boats, seven  of  them  iron-clad,  these  iron- 
clads being  able  to  resist  all  except  the 
heaviest  solid  shot,  and  having  cost  on  the 
average  $89,000  each,  Foote's  flotilla  ren- 
dezvoused at  Cairo,  and  the  "Benton"  and 
"Essex"  left  St.  Louis  for  that  port  on  the 
3d  of  December,  1861.  In  the  fight  at  Fort 
Henry  the  "Essex"  was  disabled,  and  on  the 
23d  of  February  following  returned  to  St. 
Louis  for  repairs.  The  gunboat  and  ram 
"Fort  Henry"  was  launched  from  the  Marine 


140 


GUNN  CITY— HAARSTICK. 


Railroad  Company's  yard,  at  Carondelet, 
September  22,  1862.  This  boat  was  con- 
structed more  especially  to  be  used  .as  a  ram 
and  carried  but  eight  guns.  The  "Choctaw" 
was  launched  from  the  Marine  Railway  Com- 
pany's yards  about  the  same  time  as  the 
"Fort  Henry."  The  rams  on  both  vessels 
were  two  feet  in  length  and  made  of  bell 
metal.  On  the  13th  of  January,  1862,  the 
Union  Marine  Works,  at  Carondelet, 
launched  another  gunboat,  which  was  named 
the  "Osage."  July  5,  1863,  the  "Winne- 
bago" was  launched  from  the  Union  Works, 
and  on  February  10,  1864,  the  "Chickasaw" 
was  launched  at  the  same  yards.  Subse- 
quently two  light-draft,  iron-clad  monitors 
of  the  Ericsson  pattern  were  built  at  the 
National  Iron  Works,  in  St.  Louis.  These 
monitors     were     named,     respectively,     the 


"Etlah"  and  "Shiloh."  The  "Etlah,"  which 
was  launched  July  2,  1865,  in  the  presence 
of  a  vast  concourse  of  people,  was  the  larg- 
est vessel  which  had  ever  been  built  on  the 
Mississippi  River  up  to  that  time. 

Gunn  City. — A  village  in  Cass  County, 
on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railway, 
eleven  miles  east  of  Harrisonville,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  public  school,  a  Methodist 
Church,  and  a  Christian  Church,  which  is 
also  occupied  by  the  Southern  Methodists ;  a 
lodge  of  Odd  Fellows,  a  mill,  and  numerous 
business  houses.  It  was  founded,  in  1871, 
by  Levers  &  Bunce,  and  incorporated  in 
1881.  In  1899  the  population  was  250.  In 
1872  the  place  was  the  scene  of  the  so-called 
"Bloody  Bonds"  tragedy.  See  "Cass  County 
Bond  Tragedy." 


H 


Haarstick,    Henry    C,    one    of    the 

wealthy,  self-made  men  of  St.  Louis,  and 
one  who  has  done  much  for  the  commercial 
interests  of  the  city  and  State,  was  born 
July  26,  1836,  in  Hohenhameln,  Germany. 
In  his  early  childhood  his  parents  decided 
to  leave  the  Fatherland  and  seek  a  home  and 
prosperity  in  this  country,  and  in  the  year 
1849  they  arrived  in  St.  Louis.  Henry  C. 
Haarstick  attended  what  was  known  as  the 
"Saxony  School"  of  the  German  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church.  His  capacity  for  close 
application  and  his  broad  mental  grasp  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  his  instructors,  and 
an  earnest  effort  was  made  by  them  to  induce 
his  parents  to  educate  him  for  the  ministry. 
The  elder  Haarstick,  however,  felt  that  his 
son  should  follow  mercantile  pursuits,  and 
sent  him  first  to  Wykoff's  EngHsh  School, 
and  later  he  entered  Jones'  Commercial  Col- 
lege. At  this  institution  he  was  a  favorite 
with  his  teachers,  and  President  Jonathan 
Jones  especially  interested  himself  in  his  be- 
half, obtaining  for  him  a  position  in  the 
office  of  Molony  &  Tilton,  then  operating  a 
large  distilling  enterprise  in  St.  Louis,  where 
he  received,  to  begin  with,  a  salary  of  twenty- 
five  dollars  per  month.  His  industry,  as- 
siduity and  fidelity  won  and  received  the 
substantial  recognition  of  his  employers,  and 


he  received  promotion  rapidly  from  one  posi- 
tion of  trust  and  responsibility  to  another, 
until  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  he  became 
the  manager  of  the  affairs  of  the  Tilton  Com- 
pany, and  later  a  partner  in  the  business.  He' 
was  connected  with  this  enterprise  until  the 
distillery  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1861,  as 
a  result  of  which  the  partnership  which  had 
existed  theretofore  was  dissolved.  Soon 
after  this  Mr.  Haarstick  built  a  distillery  of 
his  own  on  Barton  Street,  but  finding  the 
internal  revenue  legislation  of  the  war  period 
embarrassing  to  the  business,  he  sold  out 
after  a  short  time.  He  was  then  asked  to 
take  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Transportation  Company,  whose 
property  consisted  of  little  more  than  a  few 
barges  and  towboats  sadly  in  need  of  re- 
pairs. Under  his  energetic  and  sagacious 
management,  however,  its  business  at  once 
began  to  improve,  and  the  "Barge  Line,"  as 
it  was  called,  became  an  institution  of  great 
value  to  St.  Louis.  From  the  time  of  the 
opening  of  the  Mississippi  River  by  the  build- 
ing of  the  jetties  in  1878,  the  flow  of  grain 
to  Europe  by  the  "water  route"  has  been 
constant  and  continuously  greater  from  year 
to  year,  and  in  1881  all  the  barge  transporta- 
tion interests  on  the  Mississippi  River  were 
combined  in  one  powerful  organization  under 


G^ 


yl€i^?2^i 


i^. 


HAARSTICK— HACKEMEIER. 


141 


the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  &  Mississippi  Val- 
ley Transportation  Company,  and  the  man- 
agement was  confided  to  Mr.  Haarstick's 
hands.  Since  that  time  his  views  and  judg- 
ment have  been  the  dominating  power  in  the 
conduct  of  a  business  which  has  made  St. 
Louis  one  of  the  principal  export  grain  mar- 
kets of  the  country.  He  has  worthily  filled 
the  office  of  president  of  the  Commercial 
Club,  the  most  influential  private  organiza- 
tion of  the  central  West;  he  is  the  vice 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  Trust  Company, 
president  of  the  Compton  Heights  Improve- 
ment Company,  president  of  the  Compton 
Heights  Railway  Company,  director  in  the 
Lindell  Railway  Company,  and  was  president 
of  the  St.  Louis  Merchants'  Exchange  during 
one  of  its  most  prosperous  years.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1861,  Miss  Elsie  Hoppe,  a  lady  well 
suited  in  every  way  to  become  the  wife  of 
such'a  man,  as  kindly  and  charitable  as  her 
husband,  and  a  most  worthy  and  estimable 
woman. 

Haarstick,  William  T.,  identified 
with  grain-trade  and  transportation  inter- 
ests of  St.  Louis,  was  born  May  11,  1865, 
son  of  Henry  C.  and  Elise  (Hoppe)  Haars- 
tick. He  was  educated  at  Smith's  Academy, 
of  St.  Louis,  and  at  the  Boston  School  of 
Technology.  After  leaving  school  he  was 
taken  into  his  father's  offtce  and  was  made 
familiar  with  the  details  of  the  business  of 
the  St.  Louis  &  Mississippi  Valley  Trans- 
portation Company.  He  was  an  apt  pupil, 
and  a  born  merchant,  and  as  a  result  he  was 
soon  in  possession  of  the  confidence  of  the 
elder  Haarstick,  and  became  his  efficient 
lieutenant.  In  1894  he  was  elected  vice 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  &  Mississippi  Val- 
ley Transportation  Company,  and  ably  sec- 
onded his  father,  at  times  taking  entire 
charge  of  the  business.  As  an  operator  on 
'Change  he  has  been  conspicuous  for  his 
sagacity.  As  vice  president  of  the  St.  Louis 
&  Mississippi  Valley  Transportation  Com- 
pany he  has  represented  his  father  in  all  his 
important  business  transactions  for  the  past 
six  years,  and  he  is  also  a  director  of  the 
Bank  of  Commerce.  He  is  not  a  politician, 
but  is  one  of  the  ardent  and  enthusiastic 
young  Republicans  of  St.  Louis. 

Haas,  Edward,  wholesale  merchant,  was 
born  December  2,  1865,  in  St.  Louis,  Mis- 


souri, son  of  Benjamin  and  Julia  (Schule- 
hause)  Haas,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of 
Germany,  the  father  having  been  born  in 
Berlin.  Both  parents  are  still  living  in 
Neosho,  Missouri,  where  the  father  is  con- 
ducting an  extensive  hide,  leather  and  com- 
mission business.  When  he  was  three  years 
of  age  Edward  Haas  accompanied  his 
parents  to  Neosho,  and  that  place  has  ever 
since  been  his  home.  There  he  attended  the 
public  schools  until  he  reached  the  age  of 
twelve  years,  when  he  secured  employment 
as  driver  of  a  delivery  wagon  for  a  retail 
grocery  store,  receiving  for  his  services 
$1.50  a  week.  Three  years  later  he  began 
clerking  in  a  retail  grocery  store,  and  worked 
for  two  years  at  a  salary  of  $20  per  month. 
During  the  three  succeeding  years  he  re- 
ceived $30  per  month  for  his  services  as 
bookkeeper  in  the  dry  goods  store  of  the 
McElhany  Mercantile  Company,  of  Neosho. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  he  began  business  for 
himself  in  a  small  retail  grocery,  which  he 
conducted  for  four  years.  At  twenty-four 
years  of  age  he  founded  a  wholesale  gro- 
cery house,  with  a  cash  capital  of  $5,000. 
Since  that  time  he  has  devoted  all  his  en- 
ergies to  the  upbuilding  of  this  business, 
which  is  now  the  most  extensive  of  its  kind 
in  southwest  Missouri.  From  the  small  be- 
ginning noted  above  he  has  built  up,  in  ten 
years,  a  business  representing  a  present  in- 
vestment of  $115,000,  and  his  annual  sales 
amount  to  halt  a  million  dollars.  A  splendid 
building  of  brick,  with  gray  stone  front,  was 
begun  by  him  in  1897,  and  occupied  by  his 
business  in  1898.  Its  cost  was,  approximately, 
$30,000,  but  in  many  cities  nearly  double 
the  amount  would  have  been  necessary  to 
defray  the  cost  of  its  erection.  It  is  said' 
by  good  judges  to  be  one  of  the  finest  build- 
ings for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  de- 
signed in  the  United  States.  In  addition  to 
conducting  his  wholesale  house,  which  is 
the  pioneer  of  its  kind  in  southwest  Missouri, 
Mr.  Haas  is  also  the  local  agent  of  the  famous 
Anheuser-Busch  Brewery,  of  St.  Louis, 
handling  a  large  amount  of  its  goods  annu- 
ally. A  Republican  in  politics,  he  is  greatly 
attached  to  his  party,  but  has  never  sought 
or  held  a  public  office.    He  is  unmarried. 

Hackemeier,  Franz,  who  has  been 
known  to  the  people  of  St.  Louis  both  as  a 
merchant   and   philanthropist,   was   born   in 


142 


HACKETT. 


the  city  of  Hanover,  Germany,  May  8,  1831. 
His  parents  were  highly  respectable  people, 
in  moderate  circumstances,  and  as  a  boy  he 
enjoyed  the  educational  advantages  usually 
afforded  to  the  youth  of  his  station  of  life.   In 
1844  his  parents  immigrated  to  this  country, 
and  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1845,  they 
reached  St.  Louis  and  established  their  home 
in  that  city.     A  year  later  his  father  died,  and 
it  became  necessary  for  the  son  to  contribute 
as  far  as  possible  to  the  support  of  his  mother 
and  four  brothers  and  sisters.    Whatever  he 
could  do  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  fam- 
ily  exchequer   he   did  willingly,   evincing   in 
boyhood  the  same   strong  self-reliance  and 
energy  which  were  among  his  marked  charac- 
teristics in  later  years.     After  working  for  a 
time  in  a  factory  during  the  day,  and  selling 
newspapers  on  the  streets  in  the  evenings,  he 
obtained  a  position  in  the  clothing  house  of 
Young  &  Bros.,  and  thus  began  his  connec- 
tion   with    the    business    of     merchandising. 
Beginning   in   an    humble    capacity    he    was 
promoted  from  one  position  to  another  as  the 
reward  of  merit,  until  he  attained  the  super- 
.intendency  of  what  was  then  one  of  the  large 
mercantile  houses  of  the  city.      In  1856  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother-in-law 
and  engaged  in  the  dry  goods  and  clothing 
trade  on  Franklin  Avenue.     In  the  cculiict 
of  this  business,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  an 
ample  fortune,  and  as  his  prosperity  increased 
his  generous  and  sympathetic  nature  caused 
him  to  become  conspicuous  among  the  busi- 
ness men  of  the  city  as  a  friend  of  charitable 
enterprises  and  an  earnest  worker  in  behalf 
of  certain  eleemosynary  institutions.   He  was 
especially  interested  in  building  up  the  Good 
Samaritan  Hospital,  and  was  also  one  of  the 
warm  friends  and  benefactors  of  the  German 
Protestant  Orphans'  Home.     After  engaging 
in  merchandising  operations  some  years,  the 
failure  of  his  health  caused  him  to  dispose  of 
his  dry  goods  interests  and  remove  to  a  farm 
near  St.   Louis,  on  which  he  resided  until 
1869.     In  that   year,    Rev.    L.    Nollau,    the 
founder  of  the   German   Protestant   Home, 
died,  and  Mr.  Hackemeier  was  invited  to  be- 
come his  successor  as  superintendent  of  that 
worthy  institution.    He  accepted  the  position 
tendered  him,  and  since  that  time  has  had 
charge  of  the  conduct  and  management  of  the 
home,  ably  assisted  by  his  wife,  as  admirably 
fitted  as  he  himself  for  the  noble  work  which 
they  have  in  hand.     In  addition  to  devoting 


much  of  his  life  to  benevolent  and  charitable 
work,  he  has  also  been  a  generous  contrib- 
utor of  money  in  aid  of  enterprises  designed 
to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  those  depend- 
ent upon  the  public  for  their  support.  Both 
he  and  his  worthy  wife  have  on  all  occasions 
shown  a  tender  sympathy  for  these  wards  of 
the  public,  placed  under  their  charge,  and 
they  have  earned  the  lasting  gratitude  ot 
hundreds  of  unfortunates  to  whose  wants 
they  have  administered.  Mrs.  Hackemeier 
was  Miss  Mary  Piper  before  her  marriage, 
which  occurred  in  1851. 

Hackett,  Arthur  Ermon,  section  di- 
rector United  States  Weather  Bureau  of  Co- 
lumbia, was  born  April  11,  1866,  at  Moira, 
Franklin  County,  New  York.  His  parents 
were  John  Colby  and  Jane  Elizabeth  (Chand- 
ler) Hackett,  natives  of  New  Hampshire.  His 
father  was  a  contractor  and  builder,  and  is 
yet  living;  his  mother  died  in  1879.  His  pa- 
ternal great-grandfather  was  a  soldier  during 
the  Revolutionary  War,  and  fought  in  the 
Battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  The  mother  of  Ar- 
thur E.  Hackett  was  related  to  the  late  Sen- 
ator Chandler,  of  Michigan,  who  was  born 
in  New  Hampshire.  Mr.  Hackett  was  reared 
on  a  farm  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan  He 
had  no  school  opportunities,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  three  months'  course  in  a  business 
college ;  all  else  in  the  way  of  education  was 
self-acquired.  He  had  obtained  the  rudi- 
ments of  an  education  by  the  time  he  was  fif- 
teen years  of  age,  when  he  was  apprenticed  to 
the  publisher  of  the  Ionia  (Michigan)  "Sen- 
tinel" newspaper.  He  worked  in  the  print- 
ing office  for  three  years,  and  during  that 
time  acquired  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  com- 
mon English  branches,  and  a  large  fund  of 
general  information  from  newspapers  and 
books  which  came  in  his  way.  In 
1884  he  enHsted  as  a  private  soldier 
in  Company  E,  Twenty-second  Regi- 
ment United  States  Infantry,  at  Santa 
Fe.,  New  Mexico.  During  his  term  of 
army  service,  continuing  for  five  years,  he 
was  a  close  student,  and  upon  his  discharge 
would  have  passed  well  for  one  who  had  been 
favored  with  excellent  school  advantage.  At 
the  same  time,  he  was  so  perfect  in  the  dis- 
charge of  all  the  details  of  the  duties  devolv- 
ing upon  a  soldier  that  he  attained  to 
positions  which  are  usually  reached  only  after 
several  terms  of  enlistment.     He  rose  to  the 


HACKNEY. 


143 


rank  of  sergeant,  and,  from  time  to  time,  held 
acting  appointments  as  ordnance  sergeant, 
quartermaster  sergeant,  orderly  sergeant,  ser- 
geant major  and  signal  sergeant.  With  the  du- 
ties of  a  soldier,  were  sometimes  interspersed 
those  of  post  printer  and  telegraph  operator. 
July  8,  1889,  at  Fort  Totten,  North  Dakota, 
Sergeant  Hackett  was  discharged,  his  term 
of  enlistment  having  expired,  and  he  imme- 
diately re-enlisted  in  the  United  States  Sig- 
nal Corps.  His  first  service  was  at  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota.  He  was  transferred  then  to 
Grand  Haven,  Michigan,  as  assistant  to  the 
observer  in  charge,  in  the  work  of  re-estab- 
lishing the  station,  which  had  been  destroyed 
by  fire,  afterward  returning  to  St.  Paul.  In 
December,  1890,  he  was  ordered  to  Fort  Cus- 
ter, Montana,  in  charge  of  the  military  tele- 
graph line  at  that  point  during  the  campaign 
against  the  Sioux  Indians.  This  service  ter- 
minated February,  1891,  when  he  was  de- 
tailed as  assistant  to  the  officer  in  charge  of 
the  Colorado  State  Weather  Service,  at  Den- 
ver, being  relieved  in  April,  ^nd  assigned  to 
duty  as  assistant  to  the  observer  in  charge  at 
Nashville,  Tennessee.  While  thus  engaged, 
the  new  legislation  affecting  the  weather  and 
signal  service  became  operative,  and  Ser- 
geant Hackett  was  honorably  discharged 
from  the  signal  corps,  June  30,  1891.  He  was 
at  once  employed  as  an  observer  in  the 
United  States  Weather  Bureau,  and  remained 
on  duty  at  Nashville  until  April  1892,  when 
he  was  assigned  to  the  charge  of  the  weather 
bureau  station  at  Montgomery,  Alabama.  At 
later  dates,  he  was  transferred  to  Manistee, 
Michigan,  to  Springfield,  Missouri,  and  again 
to  Nashville,  Tennessee.  Since  February, 
1894,  he  has  been  stationed  at  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri, in  charge  of  the  Missouri  section  of  the 
climate  and  crop  service  of  the  weather  bu- 
reau. During  his  entire  service  in  the  signal 
corps  and  weather  bureau,  Mr.  Hackett  has 
been  conspicuous  for  great  abiHty  in  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  science  to  which  he  has 
devoted  his  effort,  in  technical  knowledge, 
and  in  executive  and  administrative  qualities. 
He  is  an  enthusiastic  and  skillful  amateur 
photographer,  and  his  proficiency  in  this  line 
has  frequently  proven  of  much  practical  use 
in  photographing  meteorological  phenomena, 
such  as  lightning  and  cloud  formations.  Mr. 
Hackett  was  married  January  23,  1890,  to 
Miss  Eva  Grace  Hackett.  of  Keeler,  Van 
Buren  County,  Michigan.  The  circumstances 


leading  to  this  marriage  are  somewhat  ro- 
mantic. While  in  army  service  at  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  Mr.  Hackett  solicited  a 
lady  correspondent,  through  the  medium  of 
a  newspaper  advertisement,  in  which  he  gave 
a  fictitious  address.  He  received  a  reply  from 
one  whose  family  name  was  the  same  as  his 
own,  greatly  to  the  surprise  of  both.  Fur- 
ther correspondence  discovered  no  trace  of 
relationship,  although  their  remote  ancestors 
were  from  the  same  region,  and  possibly  re- 
lated. The  correspondence  was  continued  for 
two  years,  until  Mr.  Hackett  left  the  army, 
when  he  visited  the  lady,  and  they  were  sub- 
sequently married,  the  union  proving  to  be 
most  congenial.  Their  only  child,  Harold 
Arthur  Hackett,  was  born  at  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, February  24,  1892. 

Hackney,  Thomas,  lawyer,  was  born 
December  11,  1861,  in  Giles  County,  Tennes- 
see, near  the  Alabama  line.  His  parents 
were  Edward  J.  and  Frances  Josephine 
(Langham)  Hackney.  The  father  was  of  a 
Scotch-Irish  family,  which  settled  in  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina,  and  contributed  of  its 
members  to  the  early  settlement  of  Tennes- 
see. The  molher  was  also  a  native  of  Ten- 
nessee, of  Scotch  descent.  In  1864  the 
parents  removed  to  Jackson  County,  Illinois, 
where  they  lived  upon  a  farm  until  their 
deaths.  The  son,  Thomas,  was  brought  up 
on  the  farm,  where  he  remained  until  seven- 
teen years  of  age.  During  this  time  he  at- 
tended the  country  school  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, and  exhausted  its  capabilities.  He  then 
attended  the ,  Southern  Illinois  Normal 
School,  at  Carbondale,  after  which  he  passed 
one  winter  in  teaching  in  the  country.  In 
1880  he  removed  to  Missouri  and  became  a 
student  in  the  University  at  Columbia,  but 
was  unable  to  remain  to  graduate.  In  1882 
he  entered  upon  a  course  of  law  reading  at 
Keytesville,  in  the  office  of  W.  W.  Rucker, 
now  member  of  Congress  from  the  Second 
Missouri  District.  In  1883  he  located  at 
Carthage  and  continued  his  law  reading  un- 
der the  tutorship  of  Abner  L.  Thomas,  with 
whom  he  entered  into  partnership  upon  be- 
ing admitted  to  the  bar,  September  18,  1886, 
that  partnership  continuing  to  the  present" 
time.  The  practice  of  the  firm  is,  in  great 
measure,  devoted  to  corporation,  real  estate 
and  mining  law,  the  latter  department  pre- 
senting a  field  of  its  own,  broad  in  scope  and 


lU 


HACKNEY   COURT— HADEN. 


magnitude,  due  to  the  complex  interests  in- 
cident to  mining  under  lease,  and  frequent 
transferrence  of  leasehold  claims.  A  long 
experience  and  marked  success  in  the  con- 
duct of  cases  has  given  the  firm  much  pres- 
tige, and  they  are  made  the  custodians  of 
important  interests  by  distant  non-residents, 
as  well  as  by  a  large  local  clientele.  In  court 
practice  Mr.  Hackney  excels  in  thoroughness 
in  presenting  his  case,  and  in  alertness  of 
attack  upon  the  weak  points  of  his  adver- 
sary, and  he  is  forceful  and  clear  in  address 
before  the  jury.  Previous  to  his  admission 
to  the  bar,  and  while  pursuing  his  legal 
studies,  he  served  as  deputy  circuit  clerk  of 
Jasper  County  from  August  7,  1883,  to  June 
I,  1885.  A  Democrat  in  politics,  he  has  been 
an  active  delegate  in  every  State  convention 
and  frequently  in  congressional  district  con- 
ventions since  1884.  He  is  a  clear  and  vigor- 
ous speaker  before  the  people,  and  has  been 
heard  in  the  principal  large  gatherings  of 
his  party  in  southwest  Missouri  in  all  the 
campaigns  since  his  entrance  upon  profes- 
sional life.  In  the  contest  for  the  location 
of  the  county  seat,  prior  to  the  erection  of 
the  present  courthouse  at  Carthage,  he  took 
a  leading  part,  and  to  his  effort  and  influ- 
ence was  largely  due  the  popular  decision 
in  favor  of  that  city.  He  is  a  member  of  vari- 
ous Masonic  bodies,  and  has  held  minor  po- 
sitions in  the  commandery,  has  served  as 
high  priest  in  the  chapter  and  in  chairs  in 
the  lodge.  He  was  married.  May  8,  1888, 
to  Miss  Addie  K.  Newell,  daughter  of 
Mathew  T.  Newell,  a  merchant  and  mechanic 
of  Carthage.  She  is  a  graduate  of  the  Car- 
thage High  School,  has  fine  artistic 
talent,  and  excels  particularly  in  china  paint- 
ing. A  son.  Earl,  now  ten  years  of  age, 
has  been  born  of  this  marriage. 

"Hackney  Court." — This  term  is  de- 
rived from  the  name  of  the  judge  of  the 
County  Court  of  St.  Louis  County  in  1859. 
The  administration  of  this  court  had  become 
extremely  unpopular.  It  was  conducting  the 
building  of  the  courthouse,  the  architect  be- 
ing a.  brother  of  one  of  the  judges,  and  the 
public  suspected  that  favoritism  governed 
the  contracts,  and  that  the  building  was  en- 
dangered by  the  incapacity  of  the  architect, 
particularly  that  the  walls  of  the  dome  were 
not  strong  enough  for  the  very  heavy  super- 
structure to  be  imposed   on  them.     Other 


causes  added  fuel  to  the  popular  discon- 
tent. The  county  finances  were  notoriously 
disordered  and  mismanaged.  There  was  na 
money  in  the  treasury  to  meet  the  demands 
against  the  county,  and  the  court  was  issu- 
ing warrants  as  a  makeshift.  Public  meet- 
ings were  held,  at  which  the  administration 
of  the  county  affairs  was  strongly  condemned, 
and,  as  there  was  no  regular  method  of  pro- 
ceeding against  the  court  but  the  slow  one 
of  impeachment,  the  Legislature  was  ap- 
pealed to  for  relief.  The  public  feeling  was 
so  strong  that,  although  the  judges  were  of 
the  same  party  with  the  majority  of  the  Leg- 
islature, a  bill  was  passed  abolishing  the  court 
and  substituting  for  it  a  board  of  five  com- 
missioners. The  first  board  of  commission- 
ers chosen  under  the  new  law  consisted  of 
John  H.  Lightner,  for  presiding  officer;  Dr. 
William  Taussig,  Ben  Farrar,  General  Alton 
R.  Easton  and  Peregrine  Tippett.  The  first 
thing  the  commissioners  did  after  coming 
into  office  was  to  investigate  the  county 
finances,  the  result  of  which  was  the  discov- 
ery of  a  defalcation  of  $360,000,  caused  by 
the  failure  of  the  banker  with  whom  the  col- 
lector, Shands,  had  made  his  deposits.  The 
county,  however,  did  not  suffer  the  loss,  as 
it  was  met  by  the  collector's  bondsmen. 
William  Rumbold  was  appointed  architect  of 
the  courthouse,  and  at  once  proceeded  to 
change  the  plan  of  the  dome  by  substituting 
lighter  ribs  for  the  heavy  work  provided  for 
in  the  original  plan.  The  existing  contracts 
were  compromised  on  the  best  terms  possible 
and  the  work  pushed  rapidly  forward,  and  it 
is  remembered,  to  the  credit  of  the  commis- 
sioners, that,  although  they  took  their  seats 
in  the  midst  of  the  excitement  and  alarming 
events  that  preceded  the  Civil  War,  and  their 
terms  extended  into  the  war  period,  during 
which  the  business  of  the  city  was  greatly 
impaired,  and,  for  a  time,  almost  destroyed, 
the  county's  interest  obligations  were 
promptly  met  without  a  single  default. 

Haden,  Joel  H.,  a  pioneer  minister  of 
the  Christian  denomination,  was  born  No- 
vember 14,  1788,  in  Virginia.  His  father, 
Anthony  Haden,  born  in  Virginia,  of  English 
descent,  served  through  the  entire  Revolu- 
tionary War,  rising  to  the  rank  of  captain; 
he  refused  to  the  last  to  receive  a  single  cent 
for  his  service,  which  he  regarded  as  a  duty 
too  sacred  for  compensation.     He  removerf 


HAEUSSLER— HAGERMAN. 


145 


to  Kentucky,  where  he  reared  his  family.  His 
son,  Joel  H.  Haden,  succeeded  to  his  estate, 
and  removed  to  Howard  County,  Missouri, 
where  he  made  his  home  upon  a  farm.  In 
1835  he  removed  to  Springfield,  where  he 
served  as  register  at  the  opening  of  the 
United  States  land  office.  The  duties  of  that 
position  were,  in  greater  part,  devolved  upon 
his  son,  Charles  A.  Haden,  while  he  devoted 
himself  to  preaching  and  estabHshing  Chris- 
tian Churches  throughout  southwest  Mis- 
souri, traveling  out  of  Springfield  for  this 
purpose  except  in  the  winter  months,  when 
he  made  his  home  in  Howard  County,  where 
his  death  occurred  February  7,  1862.  He 
directed  in  his  will  that  his  body  should  be 
encased  in  a  metallic  coffin,  which  he  had 
previously  measured  himself  for  and  pur- 
chased in  St.  Louis,  and  that  he  should  be 
buried  in  sloping  ground,  with  his  head  ele- 
vated. His  wife  died  in  1857.  Their  son, 
Charles  A.  Haden,  was  the  first  clerk  of  the 
Springfield  branch  of  the  Missouri  State 
Bank,  and  afterward  engaged  as  contractor 
and  freighter  for  the  United  States  govern- 
ment. In  February,  190Q,  he  was  living  in 
retirement  on  his  farm,  near  Springfield. 

Haeussler,  Herman  Albert,  law- 
yer, was  "born  May  21,  1838,  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, son  of  Dr.  Ferdinand  W.  and  Clara 
Leontina  (Strehley)  Haeussler.  He  was 
seven  years  of  age  when  his  father  removed 
to  St.  Louis,  where  he  obtained  his  earliest 
education.  In  1850  he  accompanied  his  father 
on  an  overland  trip  to  California,  where  he 
remained  for  five  years.  Returning  to  St. 
Louis,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law 
in  the  office  of  Messrs.  Hart  &  Jecko,  dis- 
charging at  the  same  time  the  duties  of 
office  boy  and  clerk.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  shortly  after  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  became  associated  with  Fide- 
lio  C.  Sharp  and  James  O.  Broadhead.  When 
the  war  began  he  was  a  member  of  the  En- 
rolled Missouri  Militia,  and  was  about  to 
enter  the  United  States  as  a  regimental  adju- 
tant when,  at  the  request  of  Colonel  Broad- 
head,  he  was  detailed  to  serve  as  assistant 
to  the  judge  advocate  general  of  Missouri. 
He  was  associated  with  Colonel  Broadhead 
in  a  military  capacity,  and  later  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  until  1870,  when  he  formed  a  law 
partnership  with  Colonel  Alonzo  W.  Slay- 
back.     In  1878  Colonel  Slayback  and,    Mr. 

Vol.  Ill— 10 


Haeussler  were  joined  by  Colonel  Broadhead, 
the  firm  becoming  at  that  time  Broadhead, 
Slayback  &  Haeussler.  After  the  death  of 
Colonel  Slayback,  Colonel  Broadhead  and 
Mr.  Haeussler  practiced  together  until  the 
head  of  the  firm  was  elected  to  Congress.  Mr. 
Haeussler  has  eschewed  politics  and  shunned 
office-holding,  but  has  been  known  as  a 
Democrat  of  moderate  views.  He  has  been 
twice  married;  first,  in  1866,  to  Miss  Anna 
Lachleben,  daughter  of  Henry  Lachleben,  of 
St.  Louis.  Mrs.  Haeussler  died  in  1874,  leav- 
ing three  daughters,  all  now  grown  and  mar- 
ried. In  1877  he  married  Miss  Emilie  L. 
Lachleben,  a  sister  of  his  first  wife. 

Hagerman,  Frank  P.,  one  of  the  most 
able  lawyers  of  western  Missouri,  is  a  native 
of  the  State,  born  in  Clark  County,  April  27, 
1857.  His  literary  education  was  acquired  in 
the  public  schools  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  where 
he  completed  the  high  school  course  when 
but  seventeen  years  of  age.  Immediately 
afterward  he  began  the  study  of  law  in  the 
same  city,  in  the  office  of  P.  T.  Lomax,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  two  years  later, 
when  but  nineteen  years  of  age.  In  due  time 
he  entered  upon  practice,  and  soon  after  at- 
taining his  majority  he  was  elected  city  at- 
torney of  Keokuk,  the  only  pubHc  office  for 
which  he  has  ever  consented  to  be  a  candi- 
date. January  i,  1881,  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  law  firm  of  Hagerman,  McCrary 
&  Hagerman,  of  Keokuk,  his  associates  be- 
ing his  older  brother,  James  Hagerman,  now 
general  solicitor  for  the  Missouri,  Kansas  & 
Texas  Railway  Company,  and  Honorable 
George  W.  McCrary,  afterward  Secretary  of 
War  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Hayes,  and 
subsequently  United  States  circuit  judge.  In 
1884  his  brother  removed  to  Topeka,  Kansas, 
and  he  remained  with  Mr.  McCrary,  the 
firm  being  known  as  McCrary  &  Hagerman. 
Mr.  "McCrary  entering  upon  public  life,  the 
association  was  terminated  and  Mr.  Hager- 
man became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  An- 
derson, Davis  &  Hagerman,  in  1886.  In  1887 
he  removed  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and' 
formed  a  connection  with  the  firm  of  Pratt,. 
McCrary,  Ferry  &  Hagerman,  the  second! 
member  being  his  former  associate  at  Keo- 
kuk. This  association  was  maintained  untit 
1890,  when  Judge  McCrary  died,  and  the 
business  was  continued  by  the  remaining 
partners.    In  1896  Mr.  Hagerman  withdrew, 


146 


HAGERMAN— HAHN. 


and  since  that  time  has  practiced  alone.  In 
his  professional  life  he  has  constantly  dis- 
played all  the  elements  which  distinguish  the 
thorough  lawyer.  Steadfastly  resisting  all  in- 
ducements to  enter  upon  a  political  career, 
he  has  ever  devoted  his  entire  and  earnest 
effort  to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
with  such  marked  success  that  his  position 
with  the  first  of  the  Kansas  City  bar  is  con- 
ceded by  all  his  associates,  while  many  regard 
him  as  pre-eminently  the  leader.  The  gen- 
eral opinion  found  delicate  but  fervent  ex- 
pression by  Mr.  Eugene  McQuillan,  compiler 
of  the  Missouri  Digest,  who  dedicated  that 
important  work  to  Mr.  Hagerman  in  recog- 
nition of  his  conspicuous  position  in  the  pro- 
fession. His  attention  has  been  directed 
particularly  to  corporation  law,  and  his  great 
ability  in  that  field  has  caused  him  to  be  re- 
garded with  much  favol"  by  large  corpora- 
tions, many  of  which  have  committed  their 
interests  to  his  keeping.  He  rendered  impor- 
tant local  service  of  this  nature  in  connection 
with  the  Lombard  Investment  Company, 
having  been  one  of  the  five  original  receiv- 
ers of  that  corporation,  and  upon  him  as  sole 
receiver,  at  a  later  day,  devolved  the  duty 
of  closing  up  its  affairs.  The  success  at- 
tained by  Mr.  Hagerman  in  his  profession 
is  scarcely  greater  than  in  the  many  depart- 
ments of  literature  and  general  knowledge 
which,  at  some  point,  have  bearing  upon 
even  commercial  and  financial  affairs,  and  are 
useful,  if  not  indispensible,  to  the  really 
capable  lawyer.  His  attainments  in  these 
lines  are  eloquent  affirmation  of  his  industry 
and  resolution  throughout  his  life.  With 
limited  educational  advantages,  his  prepara- 
tion for  the  active  duties  of  life  were  appar- 
ently inadequate,  but  studious  habits, 
excellent  judgment  as  to  authors  and  siib- 
jects,  and  a  determined  purpose  to  enlarge 
his  field  of  knowledge,  were  his  marked'char- 
acteristics  from  the  first,  and  served  him  so 
well  that  from  the  time  he  entered  upon  his 
profession,  at  whatever  stage,  or  whatever 
the  requirement,  he  has  been  enabled  to  ac- 
quit himself  with  masterly  ability.  Holding 
to  the  same  rules  of  conduct  which  marked 
his  earlier  life  with  unabated  interest  and 
enthusiasm,  and  physical  powers  at  their 
best,  his  future  gives  promise  of  even  more 
brilliant  successes  than  have  been  achieved 
in  the  past. 


Hagerman,  James,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Jackson  Township,  Clark  County,  Mis- 
souri, November  26,  1848.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Christian  Brothers'  College,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  at  Professor  Jameson's  Latin 
School  at  Keokuk,  Iowa.  After  leaving 
school  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Rankin  & 
McCrary,  of  Keokuk.  He  was  ready  for  ad- 
mission to  the  bar  before  he  attained  his  ma- 
jority, but  under  the  laws  of  Iowa  his  youth 
was  a  bar  to  his  admission  to  practice,  and  he 
returned  to  Missouri,  where  no  similar  inhibi- 
tion was  in  existence,  passed  his  examination 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1866.  being 
then  but  eighteen  years  of  age.  Returning 
to  Keokuk,  he  continued  in  the  office  of  Ran- 
kin &  McCrary  until  1869,  when  with  H.  P. 
Lipscomb  as  his  partner,  he  opened  a  law  of- 
fice at  Palmyra,  Missouri.  He  returned  to 
Keokuk,  and  formed  a  partnership  with  his 
old  preceptor.  Judge  McCrary.  When  Judge 
McCrary  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court  for  the  Eighth  Circuit, 
his  place  was  filled  by  Frank  Hagerman,  now 
of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  the  firm  be- 
came Hagerman,  McCrary  &  Hagerman,  In 
1884  Mr.  Hagerman  accepted  the  general  at- 
torneyship of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  Railroad  Company,  which  caused  his  re- 
moval to  Topeka,  Kansas,  In  1886  Mr,  Ha- 
german removed  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Warner, 
Dean  &  Hagerman,  and  in  1888  he  became 
general  counsel  for  the  receivers  of  the  Mis- 
souri, Kansas  &  Texas  Railway.  In  1891  he 
was  appointed  general  solicitor  of  the  Mis- 
souri, Kansas  and  Texas  Railroad  Company. 
In  1893  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  has 
since  been  a  member  of  the.  bar  of  that  city. 
He  has  always  been  identified  with  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  and  since  1868  he  has  taken  part 
in  every  national  campaign.  October  6,  1871, 
Mr.  Hagerman  married  Miss  Margaret  M. 
Walker,  of  Palmyra,  Missouri,  Their  chil- 
dren are  Lee  W,  and  James  Hagerman,  both 
of  whom  have  adopted  the  law  as  their  pro- 
fession. 

Hahn,  William  H.,  recorder  of  deeds 
for  St.  Louis,  was  born  February  13,  1864, 
in  St,  Louis,  son  of  William  Hahn,  a  well 
known  business  man  of  that  city.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis, 
at  the  German  Institute  and  at  Bryant   & 


A^ 


m 


^0m^jCcA^ 


HAHNEMANN  CLUB— HAINES. 


147 


Stratton's  Business  College.  When  fifteen 
years  of  age,  he  became  an  employe  of  the 
hardware  firm  of  Bailey  &  Richardson.  In 
1891  he  engaged  in  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, and  has  since  been  prominently  identi- 
fied with  the  hardware  trade  as  head  of  the 
firm  of  William  H.  Hahn  &  Co.  He  belongs 
to  the  young  and  progressive  element  which 
has  contributed  so  largely  toward  making  St. 
Louis  a  Republican  city.  He  is  central  com- 
mitteeman of  the  Eighteenth  Ward;  secre- 
tary of  the  Republican  central  committee, 
and  treasurer  of  the  Eleventh  Congressional 
District  League  of  Republican  League  Clubs. 
In  1897  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Public  Library  Board  of  St.  Louis.  January 
I,  1899,  he  resigned  to  accept  the  office  of 
recorder  of  deeds,  to  which  he  was  elected 
November  8,  1898.  In  1898  he  was  elected 
State  secretary  of  the  Republican  League 
Clubs,  and  still  holds  that  position.  Mr. 
Hahn's  religious  affiliations  are  with  the 
Evangelical  Church,  and  he  is  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  order.  April  30,  1885,  he 
married  Miss  Rose  Rembor,  of  St.  Louis. 

Hahnemann  Club. — The  Hahnemann 
Club  of  St.  Louis  is  an  association  of  ho- 
meopathic physicians,  formed  for  purposes 
of  social  intercourse  and  for  the  discussion 
of  professional  topics  and  subjects  of  kindred 
interests.  It  was  organized  in  1873,  with  the 
following  members  :  Dr.  James  A.  Campbell, 
Dr.  G.  S.  Walker,  Dr.  T.  G.  Comstock,  Dr. 
Charles  Gundelach,  Dr.  G.  B.  Parsons,  Dr. 
C.  H.  Goodman,  Dr.  N.  D.  Tirrell,  Dr. 
Charles  Vastine  and  Dr.  H.  S.  Chase. 
Through  all  the  troublo-us  times,  when  the 
college  faculties  and  medical  societies  were 
disrupted,  the  Hahnemann  Club  maintained 
its  organization,  and  proved  an  efficient  fac- 
tor in  the  restoration  of  harmony  in  those 
bodies. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  of 
the  Kansas  City  University. — This 
school  was  founded  partly  through  the  gen- 
erosity of  H.  J.  Heinz,  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  incorporated  in  June,  1896,  as 
the  College  of  Homeopathic  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  the  Homeopathic  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Kansas  City  University.  June 
20,  1900,  the  name  was  changed  to  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  the  Kansas 
City  University.     At  the  opening,  the  col- 


lege successively  passed  a  severe  test,  in  being 
able  to  show  compliance  with  all  the  exac- 
tions of  the  State  Board  of  Health  with 
reference  to  apparatus  and  equipment  sup- 
posedly only  in  possession  of  long  established 
institutions.  The  college  occupies  a  com- 
modious three-story  building,  and  its  com- 
plete  equipment  includes  one  of  the  largest 
X-ray  machines  in  the  West,  and  a  library 
which  is  receiving  constant  accessions.  The 
course  of  instruction  covers  a  period  of  four 
years,  as  required  by  the  American  Institute 
of  Homeopathy,  and  affords  unusual  clin- 
ical advantages,  bringing  to  the  observation 
of  the  student  diseases  and  injuries  of  every 
nature.  Women  are  admitted  on  equal  terms 
with  men.  The  first  class  was  graduated  in 
1899,  and  numbered  four  members.  In  1900 
the  graduates  numbered  seven  and  the 
matriculates  eighty-five.  The  medical  faculty 
is  as  follows :  Dr.  W.  H.  Jenney,  dean  and 
professor  of  obstetrics ;  Dr.  Frank  Elliott, 
secretary  and  professor  of  gynecology;  Dr. 
W.  E.  Cramer,  treasurer  and  professor  of 
gynecology;  Dr.  W.  A.  Forster,  professor  of 
operative  surgery;  Dr.  Moses  T.  Runnels, 
professor  of  principles  and  practice  of  sur- 
gery; Dr.  Charles  S.  Elliott,  professor  of 
nervous  diseases  and  electro-therapeutics ; 
Dr.  J.  H.  Holland,  Dr.  C.  F.  Menninger  and 
Dr.  L.  P.  Crutcher,  professors  of  materia 
medica ;  Dr.  H.  F.  Fisher  and  Dr.  J.  M.  Pat- 
terson, professors  of  ophthalmology,,otology 
and  laryngology;  Dr.  W.  J.  Gates,  professor 
of  principles  and  practice  of  medicine ;  Dr.  E. 

C.  Mills,  professor  of  diseases  of  children; 
Dr.  E.  H.  Merwin,  professor  of  obstetrics; 
Dr.  Clay  E.  Coburn,  professor  of  anatomy; 
Dr.  L.  G.  Van  Scoyoc,  professor  of  principles 
and  practice  of  medicine  and  orificial  philoso- 
phy; Dr.  B.  W.  Lindberg,  professor  of  toxi- 
cology, chemistry  and  urinalysis ;  Dr.  P.  F. 
Peet,  professor  of  genito-urinary  and  vene- 
real diseases ;  Dr.  E.  M.  Perdue,  professor  of 
histology  and  bacteriology;  Dr.  J.  C.  Wise, 
professor  of  pharmacy;  Dr.  J.  S.  Watt,  pro- 
fessor of  hygiene  and  sanitary  science ;  Dr.  J. 
F.  Mitchell,  demonstrator  of  anatomy;  Dr. 

D.  L.  Wallick,  professor  of  dentistry;  and  M. 
R.  King,  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence. 

Haines,  A.  S.,  the  man  who  inaugurated 
the  movement  that  resulted  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Kansas  City  Board  of  Trade,  has 
been  a  resident  of  Kansas  City  since  April 


148 


HALE. 


15,  1868.  Mr.  Haines  was  born  July  5,  1843, 
at  Xenia,  Ohio,  son  of  David  T.  and  Deborah 
(Sever)  Haines.  He  was  educated  at  Muncie, 
Indiana,  to  which  place  his  parents  had  re- 
moved. When  he  first  moved  to  western 
Missouri  and  located  in  the  city  where  he 
now  resides,  and  where  his  interests  have 
been  for  so  many  years,  the  metropolis  of 
that  part  of  the  State  was  but  a  promising  in- 
fant, with  little  to  indicate  that  it  would  as- 
sume its  present  great  proportions.  The 
Kansas  City  Board  of  Trade  was  organized  in 
1872,  and  was  an  institution  entirely  distinct 
from  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  which  it  ab- 
sorbed. Mr.  Haines,  a  commission  merchant 
of  Kansas  City,  was  the  prime  mover  in  the 
effort  looking  toward  the  organization  of  a 
board  that  should  hold  daily  meetings  and 
promote  the  growth  of  the  city  as  a  com- 
mercial and  grain  center.  The  call  for  the 
first  meeting,  with  the  end  in  view  of  estab- 
lishing a  board  of  trade,  was  issued  by  Mr. 
Haines,  after  he  had  consulted  with  other 
leading  business  men,  and  the  initial  meeting 
was  at  the  City  Hotel,  corner  of  Fifth  and 
May  Streets.  On  the  following  day,  at  the 
old  city  hall,  an  adjourned  meeting  was  held 
at  Fourth  and  Main  Streets,  and  an  organiza- 
tion was  perfected.  General  W.  H.  Powell 
was  elected  president;  A.  S.  Haines,  secre- 
tary, and  Junius  Chaffee,  treasurer.  From 
that  time  to  the  present,  daily  meetings  have 
been  held.  Up  to  the  date  of  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  board,  a  number  of  grain  firms 
had  been  established,  and  a  board  of  trade 
was  considered  an  essential  feature  in  the 
building  up  of  what  has  grown  to  be  one  of 
the  important  grain  centers  of  the  country. 
Among  the  first  members  of  the  board  were 
Michael  Flynn,  Junius  Chaffee,  A.  L.  Charles, 
W.  C.  Brannum,  A.  S.  Haines,  James  Marsh, 
W.  H.  Powell,  R.  C.  Crowell,  S.  B.  Armour, 
H.  J.  Latshaw,  Robert  Quade,  J.  A.  Dewar 
and  F.  B.  Nofsinger.  The  board  occupied 
various  locations  during  the  early  days  of 
its  existence.  The  present  handsome  struc- 
ture at  Eighth  and  Wyandotte  Streets  was 
completed  in  1888.  Mr.  Haines  was  a  pio- 
neer in  the  produce  commission  business  of 
Kansas  City,  being  located  at  the  foot  of 
Grand  Avenue  and  the  levee.  He  was  mar- 
ried June  15,  1865,  to  Miss  Emma  J.  Winton, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Robert  Winton,  of  Muncie, 
Indiana.  The  surviving  children  born  of  this 
union  are  Robert  T.  Haines,  the  well  known 


actor;  Charles  G.  Haines,  partner  with  his 
father,  and  Maude,  wife  of  J.  M.  Bernardin, 
of  Kansas  City.  Mrs.  Haines  died  August  22^ 

1893,  and  Mr.  Haines  married,  September  26, 

1894,  Mrs.  Carrie  C.  Hanna,  of  Kansas  City,     fl 
Mr.  Haines  was  reared  a  Quaker.    Politically     " 
he  has  always  been  a  Republican.     His  first 
presidential  vote  was  cast  for  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. 

Hale. — An  incorporated  village  in  Hurri- 
cane Township,  Carroll  County,  twenty-three 
miles  northeast  of  Carrollton,on  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Kansas  City  Railroad.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1833.  It  has  four  churches,  a 
good  public  school,  two  banks,  a  creamery, 
brick  works,  two  hotels,  a  gristmill,  a  news- 
paper, the  "Hale  Hustler,"  and  about  thirty 
business  houses.  Population,  1899  (esti- 
mated), 1,000. 

Hale,  George  C,  chief  of  the  Kansas 
City  fire  department,  and  inventor,  was  born 
in  Colton,.  St.  Lawrence  County,  New  York, 
October  28,  1849.  The  name  of  Hale  is  illus- 
trious in  both  English  and  American  history. 
Every  schoolboy  knows  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale, 
the  foe  of  corrupt  practice  and  the  great 
light  of  English  law,  and  of  Nathan  Hale, 
who  gave  his  young  life  for  his  country. 
George  C.  Hale  is  reflecting  luster  upon  the 
name,  and  has  an  international  reputation. 
He  went  to  Kansas  City  when  he  was  four- 
teen years  old,  having  acquired  the  elements 
of  a  common  school  education  in  his  native 
State.  He  obtained  a  situation  with  the  man- 
ufacturing firm  of  Lloyd  &  Leland,  where, 
by  his  devotion  to  the  tasks  assigned  to  him, 
he  was  raised  from  the  position  of  shop  boy 
and  put  in  charge  of  the  engine  that  furn- 
ished motive  power  for  the  shops.  His  ready 
mind  soon  made  him  master  of  every  detail. 
He  is  a  natural  mechanic,  able  to  duplicate 
any  machinery  he  sees.  In  1866  he  took 
charge  of  the  machinery  used  in  building  the 
great  bridge  that  spans  the  Missouri  River 
at  Kansas  City,  and  remained  until  the  cere- 
monial over  its  completion,  July  4,  1869.  He 
then  went  to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  for 
four  years  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Great 
Western  Manufacturing  Co.,  at  that  place. 
He  returned  to  Kansas  City  in  1873,  and 
since  then  has  been  connected  with  the  fire 
department  of  that  city.  What  Edison  has 
done  for  light  and  communication.  Hale  has 


HALE— HALES. 


149 


done  for  the  subjugation  of  fires.  He  be- 
lieves in  the  homely  adage,  "A  stitch  in  time 
saves  nine,''  and  has  devoted  all  the  ener- 
gies of  his  highly  practical  mind  to  facilitating 
speed  in  arriving  at  the  point  of  danger. 
He  is  the  genius  of  fire  chiefs,  and  is  intelli- 
gent, active,  energetic,  fearless  and  thor- 
oughly self-possessed  in  emergencies.  His 
methods  of  fighting  fires  are  scientific.  He 
is  firm  and  considerate,  but  his  subordinates 
love  to  obey  his  commands.  The  Hale 
rotary  engine  is  one  of  his  inventions  and  is 
highly  recommended  by  the  United  States 
Navy.  His  devices  for  hitching  horses 
quickly  have  wrought  revolution  in  all  fire 
departments,  and  the  Hale  swinging  harness 
reduces  the  time  of  hitching  to  two  seconds. 
The  Hale  horse  cover  shields  the  horse  from 
the  weather,  dirt  and  pestiferous  flies,  and 
is  removed  instantly  by  automatic  means. 
This  device  keeps  the  horse  clean  and  pre- 
serves his  strength  and  spirit.  Hale's  cellar 
pipe  is  a  device  for  throwing  water  into  the 
unexposed  parts  of  buildings,  such  as  cellars, 
basements,  between  floors  and  ceilings,  dis- 
tributing a  sheet  of  water  sixty  feet  wide 
through  a  small  opening.  It  is  effectual  in 
lumber  yard  fires,  since  it  forces  a  sheet  of 
water  through  the  lumber.  He  has  also  in- 
vented a  tin  roof  cutter  and  an  electric  wire 
cutter.  His  improved  telephone  fire  alarm 
system  is  of  immense  utility.  His  water 
tower,  so  simple  that  one  man  can  operate 
it,  carries  water  to  the  upper  stories  of  build- 
ings, and  concentrates  several  streams  which 
it  sends  against  the  flames  with  crashing 
force.  His  latest  invention  is  an  apparatus 
to  give  an  instant  alarm  of  fire  in  any  part  of 
of  a  large  building.  It  is  an  apparatus  by 
which  the  graphophone  is  combined  with  a 
telephone,  by  which  the  knowledge  of  an 
incipient  fire  is  immediately  announced  at 
headquarters  by  the  human  voice.  Wires 
connect  the  ceiling  with  a  graphophone 
charged  previously  with  the  message.  A 
rise  of  temperature  causes  the  apparatus  to 
act  automatically,  and  the  message  is  in- 
stantly communicated  through  the  telephone 
to  the  engine  houses,  and  in  a  few  seconds 
the  proper  means  of  subduing  the  fire  is 
speeding  toward  the  point  of  danger.  Space 
and  time  are  overcome,  and  a  sleepless  eye 
is  watching  over  our  lives  and  property  like 
a  universal  guardian.  Mr.  Hale  is  in  the 
prime  of  life,  and  the  possibilities  of  the  good 


work  he  may  yet  accomplish  lie  beyond  our 
conceptions.  When  one  analyzes  what  such 
a  man  as  George  C.  Hale  has  accomplished 
for  the  good  of  the  race,  the  fabled  deeds  of 
the  Argonauts  sink  into  insignificance,  and 
Shakespeare's  words  have  a  deeper  meaning: 
"How  wonderful  is  man !"  Mr.  Hale's  friends 
presented  him  with  one  of  the  finest  firemen's 
badges  in  the  world.  It  consists  of  a  shield  of 
dark  blue  enamel  caught  in  the  claws  of  an 
eagle,  suspended  from  a  gold  fire  ladder,  be- 
tween the  rungs  of  which  is  the  name  of  G. 
C.  Hale.  In  the  edge  of  the  shield  are  sixty- 
two  diamonds,  and  in  the  center  is  a  revolv- 
ing star  studded  with  twenty-six  diamonds. 
From  the  upper  corner  of  the  shield  two 
firemen's  trumpets  are  suspended,  and  on  the 
ground  work  of  the  shield  is  inscribed 
"Chief  K.  C.  F.  D."  The  star  is  made  to 
revolve  by  means  of  a  Swiss  movement,  run- 
jiing  four  hours.  In  1893,  with  a  company  of 
twelve  firemen,  with  horses  and  apparatus, 
Mr.  Hale  participated  in  an  international 
fireman's  tournament  in  London,  winning  all 
first  prizes.  In  1900  the  same  crew  achieved 
especial  distinction  in  the  international  tour- 
nament at  Paris.  Mr.  Hale  married,  June  8, 
1880,  Miss  Lucretia  Cannady,  daughter  of 
William  Cannady,  of  Muncie,  Indiana.  They 
have  one  child,  a  daughter,  Minnie  Hale. 

Hale,  John  Blackwell,  lawyer,  sol- 
dier and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in 
what  is  now  Hancock  County,  West  Virginia, 
February  27,  183 1.  He  received  a  common 
school  education,  and  after  studying  law 
came  to  Missouri  and  made  Carrollton  his 
home.  In  1856  he  was  elected  to  the  Legis- 
lature and  served  two  years.  In  i860  he  was 
a  presidential  elector  on  the  Douglas  ticket, 
and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  the 
following  year,  he  entered  the  Union  service 
and  served  as  colonel  in  the  Missouri  militia. 
In  1864  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention,  and  again  in 
1868;  and  in  1872  he  was  an  elector  on  the 
Greeley  and  Brown  ticket.  In  1875  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  constitutional  con- 
vention, and  in  1884  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  the  Second  Missouri  District,  as  a 
Democrat,  by  a  vote  of  20,204  to  15,749  for 
Norville,  Republican. 

Hales,  John  Ross,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Clayton  County,  Iowa,  July  17,  1856,  son  of 
John  and  Jane  (Moody)  Hales,  both  natives 


150 


HALEY. 


of  Ohio.  His  father  is  a  son  of  John  Hales, 
also  a  native  of  Ohio  and  a  descendant  of 
EngHsh  ancestry.  His  mother  is  a  daughter 
of  James  Moody,  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  who 
removed  to  Ohio  early  in  the  nineteenth 
century.  Our  subject's  father,  who  was  a 
farmer  by  occupation,  removed  to  McGregor, 
Iowa,  in  1850,  and  fifteen  years  later  removed 
to  the  farm  in  Van  Buren  County,  Iowa, 
where  he  still  resides.  The  education  of 
John  R.  Hales  was  begun  in  the  public 
schools  of  Clayton  County,  Iowa,  and  con- 
tinued in  Van  Buren  County,  in  the  same 
State,  After  teaching  school  for  several 
terms  in  the  last  named  county,  he  pursued  a 
three  years'  course  in  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Kirksville,  Missouri,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1877.  After  teaching  a 
year  or  two  longer,  he  began  the  study  of 
law  in  the  office  of  Knapp  &  Beaman,  at 
Keosauqua,  Iowa.  While  thus  engaged  fail-, 
ing  health  compelled  him  to  go  West,  and  for 
two  years  he  remained  in  Nevada.  Upon  his 
return  to  Iowa  he  spent  one  year  as  a  clerk 
in  a  store,  after  which  he  entered  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  Iowa  State  University  at 
Iowa  City,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
the  class  of  1888.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Iowa  City.  In  1889 
he  located  in  Rich  Hill,  Missouri,  where  he 
has  since  remained  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  His  first  partnership  was  with 
C.  A.  Clark,  but  since  1890  he  has  been  asso- 
ciated with  George  Templeton.  Mr.  Hales 
has  always  been  a  staunch  Republican,  and 
that  party  has  frequently  nominated  him  for 
office.  In  1894  he  was  the  nominee  for  the 
State  Senate,  and  though  the  district  gives  a 
normal  Democratic  plurality  of  2,000,  he  was 
defeated  by  the  very  narrow  margin  of  185 
votes.  Mr.  Hales  was  married  October  9, 
1899,  to  Harriet  Reed,  of  Nevada,  Missouri, 
formerly  of  Henry  Township,  Vernon 
County.  He  and  his  wife  are  members  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  The  firm 
of  Templeton  &  Hales  is  the  acknowledged 
head  of  the  bar  of  Rich  Hill.  They  are  the 
attorneys  for  the  Farmers'  and  Manufactur- 
ers' Bank,  of  Rich  Hill,  and  other  large  cor- 
porations, and  their  success  has  given  them 
a  rank  among  the  leaders  of  the  legal  profes- 
sion in  southwest  Missouri. 

Haley,  Thomas  Preston,  an  eminent 
divine  and  author,  was  born  April  19,  1832, 


near  Lexington,  Kentucky.  His  parents 
were  Benjamin  and  Ehza  (Carver)  Haley, 
both  born  near  the  birthplace  of  their  son, 
the  father  being  of  Irish  parentage,  and  the 
mother  descended  from  a  Pilgrim  family  of 
New  England.  Thomas  Preston  Haley  be- 
gan his  education  in  the  country  schools  of 
Randolph  County,  Missouri,  and  was  pre-  H 
pared  for  college  at  Huntsville,  Missouri,  ■ 
under  the  tuition  of  Barton  W.  Anderson,  a 
distinguished  Baptist  minister,  and  Professor 
Asa  N.  Grant,  a  graduate  of  the  Missouri 
State  University.  He  entered  the  last  named 
institution  under  the  presidency  of  Dr.  James 
Shannon,  and  completed  the  academic  course 
in  1854.  He  was  not  graduated  from  the 
university,  but  completed  the  greater  part 
of  the  course,  with  the  exception  of  mathe- 
matics, then  the  standard.  While  acquiring 
his  education  he  was  at  intervals  engaged  in 
teaching  in  order  to  defray  his  expenses. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  years  he  began  to 
teach  in  a  public  school,  and  for  nearly  two 
years  he  was  an  assistant  in  the  preparatory 
academy  in  Huntsville,  Missouri.  In  his 
twenty-second  year  he  was  ordained  to  the 
ministry  of  the  Christian  Church,  and  for  two 
years  following  he  was  a  missionary  pastor  in 
northwest  Missouri.  In  1857  he  was  settled 
as  pastor  at  Richmond,  Missouri,  at  the  same 
time  acting  as  president  of  the  Richmond 
Female  Academy.  Late  in  1858  he  was 
settled  as  pastor  at  Lexington,  Missouri, 
where  he  remained  until  nearly  the  end  of 
the  Civil  War,  without  suffering  serious 
molestation  from  either  of  the  parties  to  the 
strife.  While  residing  there  he  held  meetings 
in  various  portions  of  the  State,  and  made  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  successful  evangelist. 
In  the  fall  of  1864  he  became  pastor  of  the 
Second  Christian  Church  in  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, and  for  five  years  performed  an  em- 
inently successful  work,  and  attracted  na- 
tional attention.  In  1869  he  was  obliged  to 
resign  his  charge  on  account  of  a  throat  ail- 
ment, and  he  bought  a  farm  near  Platte  City, 
Missouri,  and  there  made  his  horme.  Having 
soon  derived  improvement  from  the  change 
he  became  pastor  of  the  Christian  Church  at 
Platte  City,  and  also  accepted  the  position 
of  agent  of  the  church  in  Missouri  for 
the  establishment  of  the  Missouri  Female 
Orphan  School  of  the  Christian  Church,  an 
institution  in  which  hundreds  of  the  class  for 
whom  it  was  founded  have  been  educated  and 


HAIvEY. 


151 


prepared  for  usefulness.  On  the  completion 
of  this  work  he  was  called  to  California  to 
establish  a  church  of  his  denomination  in  San 
Francisco,  and  another  in  the  neighboring 
city  of  Oakland.  Returning  to  Missouri,  he 
located  at  St.  Joseph,  and  while  there  built' 
the  First  Christian  Church,  one  of  the  hand- 
somest and  most  commodious  religious 
edifices  in  that  city.  After  a  ministry  of  three 
years  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
First  Christian  Church  in  St.  Louis,  where 
he  labored  successfully  for  five  years.  Late 
in  1881  he  was  called  to  the  First  Christian 
Church  in  Kansas  City,  and  occupied  the 
pastorate  until  1894,  when  he  resigned,  and 
in  the  same  year  made  a  second  extensive 
tour  of  central  and  southern  Europe.  Soon 
after  his  return  home  he  became  pastor  ot* 
the  Springfield  Avenue  Christian  Church,  of 
Kansas  City,  to  which  he  continues  to  min- 
ister, serving  without  salary,  and  with  little 
compensation  beyond  the  consciousness  of 
doing  good.  While  well  advanced  in  years, 
a  superb  physique  and  a  well-ordered  life 
have  preserved  to  him  unimpaired  physical 
and  mental  vigor,  and  his  work  is  at  once 
useful  and  honorable  in -various  ministerial 
and  kindred  lines.  In  all  his  long  ministerial 
life  of  more  than  forty-six  years,  he  has  en- 
joyed the  unusual  privilege  of  being  contin- 
uously employed,  save  during  a  brief  illness, 
and  that,  too,  without  seeking  place  in  a 
single  instance.  As  pulpiteer  and  author  he 
is  recognized  throughout  the  country  as  one 
of  the  most  eloquent  and  able  exponents  of 
Bible  truths,  and  of  the  tenets  of  his  denom- 
ination. At  various  times  leading  institutions 
have  preferred  him  degrees  in  recognition 
of  his  scholarly  abilities,  but  these  he  has 
persistently  declined,  out  of  deference  to  the 
repugnance  of  this  church  to  such  titles. 
Notwithstanding,  the  title  of  "Doctor"  is 
habitually  applied  to  him  throughout  the 
State.  His  literary  work  began  but  little 
later  than  did  his  ministerial  labors.  In  1858 
he  published  a  small  volume,  "The  Commun- 
ion Question."  While  stationed  at  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  he  contributed  a  sermon  to 
a  volume  entitled  "The  Living  Pulpit,"  pub- 
lished by  W.  T.  Moore,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
His  sermon  on  "The  One  Foundation " 
attracted  wide  attention,  and  gave  to  its 
author  a  place  among  the  prominent  minis- 
ters of  the  church.  He  also  frequently  con- 
tributed  articles   to  leading  denominational 


journals.  While  in  San  Francisco  he  pub- 
lished a  weekly  magazine  called  "The  Evan- 
gelist," which  was  circulated  gratuitously 
through  the  generosity  of  a  friend.  During 
his  St.  Louis  pastorate  he  contributed  a  por- 
tion of  a  volume  on  the  "Catholic  Question," 
published  by  the  Chambers  Publishing 
House.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
"Christian,"  a  denominational  journal  at 
Kansas  City,  and  the  first  Christian  weekly 
published  in  the  State.  After  its  consolida- 
tion with  the  "Evangelist,"  the  organ  of  the 
church  in  Missouri,  he  continued  to  make 
frequent  contributions.  In  1888  he  published 
a  volume  entitled  "The  Dawn  of  the  Reform- 
ation," which  has  had  extensive  sale,  and  is 
yet  in  steady  demand.  Somewhat  later  he 
published  another  volume,  "Historical  and 
Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Churches  and 
Deceased  Ministers  of  Missouri."  His  last 
work  for  the  press  is  his  article  on  the 
"Christian  Church,"  in  the  "Encyclopedia  of 
the  History  of  Missouri."  All  his  literary 
work  is  marked  by  clearness  and  forcefulness, 
and  on  occasion  his  passages  abound  in  real 
eloquence.  In  his  church  his  abilities  have 
been  recognized  by  appointment  to  various 
positions  of  honor,  as  well  as  of  usefulness. 
He  has  presided  over  several  national  con- 
ventions of  the  Christian  Church.  He  was 
president  of  the  State  Board  of  Missions  for 
twenty-five  consecutive  years,  ending  with 
the  last  convention,  when  he  resigned,  and 
he  is  yet  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Church 
Extension,  and  of  the  General  Ministers' 
Alliance,  of  Kansas  City,  and  in  the  latter 
body  has  held  every  position  which  could  be 
conferred.  His  active  interest  in  charity 
work  is  attested  by  his  long  connection  with 
the  Humane  Society,  of  Kansas  City,  with 
the  National  Conference  of  Charities  and 
Corrections,  and  with  the  National  Prison 
Association.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Lon  V.  Stephens  to  membership 
on  the  State  Board  of  Charities,  a  position 
which  he  yet  occupies.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Democrat,  but  was  unable  to  accept  Mr. 
Bryan's  financial  theories,  and  supported  Mr. 
McKinley  for  the  presidency.  He  was  mar- 
ried in  1855,  at  Fayette,  Missouri,  to  Miss 
Mary  Louise  McGarvey,  youngest  sister  of 
the  Rev.  J.  W.  McGarvey,  president  of  the 
Bible  College,  Lexington,  Kentucky.  Five 
children  born  of  this  marriage  are  yet  living, 
liberally     educated     and     occupying     useful 


152 


HAIvL. 


places  in  life.  Mrs.  Haley  died  in  1887.  In 
July,  1892,  Mr.  Haley  married  Mrs.  Mary 
Stewart  Campbell,  of  Kirksville,  Missouri, 
widow  of  T.  C.  Campbell,  founder  and  pres- 
ident of  the  Kirksville  Savings  Bank.  Mr. 
Haley  was  fortunate  in  both  marriages;  he 
has  ever  lived  an  ideal  home  life,  is  in  com- 
fortable financial  circumstances,  and  has 
promise  of  a  happy,  contented  old  age. 

Hall,  C.  Lester,  a  leading  physician  of 
Kansas  City,  is  a  native  of  Missouri,  born  at 
Arrow  Rock,  Saline  County,  March  10,  1845. 
His  ancestry  is  Scotch  and  English,  and  the 
American  branch  of  either  side  was  planted 
in  Colonial  days.  His  parents  were  Dr. 
Matthew  W.  and  Agnes  J.  (Lester)  Hall. 
The  father  was  a  son  of  Rev.  Nathan  H. 
Hall,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  a  Presbyterian 
clergyman  of  striking  personality  and  great 
ability,  who  preached  in  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky, for  a  quarter  century,  and  for  some 
years  afterward  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri ;  he 
died  in  Columbia,  Missouri,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-six  years.  Matthew  W.,  born  in 
Kentucky,  became  a  physician  of  much  abil- 
ity; he  practiced  in  Salem,  Illinois,  from  1837 
to  1845  5  '^^  the  latter  year  he  removed  to 
Arrow  Rock,  Missouri,  where  he  practiced 
for  twelve  years,  afterward  removing  to  his 
farm  near  Marshall,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
Army ;  he  twice  represented  his  district  in  the 
Legislature,  both  previous  to  the  Civil  War 
and  subsequently.  He  was  an  earnest  Pres- 
byterian, and  an  elder  in  that  church  for 
many  years.  He  married  Miss  Agnes  J.  Les- 
ter, a  native  of  Virginia,  daughter  of  Bryan 
Lester,  a  farmer,  a  man  of  strong  character, 
yet  amiable  and  benevolent,  traits  which 
found  expression  in  all  his  relations  with  his 
fellows,  a  marked  instance  appearing  in  his 
gift  of  freedom  to  many  of  his  slaves.  Mrs. 
Hall,  a  woman  of  lovely  character,  died  in 
1883.  She  was  the  mother  of  eleven  children, 
of  whom  four  are  deceased,  among  them 
William  Ewing  Hall,  a  lawyer  and  capitalist 
of  Kansas  City,  whose  death  occurred  July 
6,  1900.  Those  living  are  Dr.  C.  Lester  Hall, 
of  Kansas  City,  Missouri;  Dr.  John  R.  Hall, 
a  practicing  physician  at  Marshall,  Missouri ; 
Louisa  F.,  wife  of  W.  W.  Trigg,  banker,  of 
Boonville,  Missouri;  Matthew  W.,  a  farmer, 
and  member  of  the  Legislature  from  Saline 


County;  Florida  L.,  wife  of  Judge  D.  W. 
Shackelford,  now  a  member  of  Congress,  of 
Boonville ;  Dr.  Thomas  B.  Hall,  a  practicing 
physician,  residing  on  the  parental  home- 
stead near  Marshall,  Missouri,  and  Efifie  B., 
wife  of  Fred  B.  Glover,  a  stockman  at  Park- 
ville,  Missouri.  C.  Lester  Hall,  the  oldest 
son,  derived  his  second  name  from  his  moth- 
er, largely  out  of  regard  for  her  brother,  Dr. 
Thomas  B.  Lester,  an  eminent  practitioner 
and  author.  He  was  brought  up  on  the  home 
farm,  and  attended  schools  in  the  neighbor- 
hood and  at  Boonville.  In  1862,  when  sev- 
enteen years  of  age,  he  attached  himself  to 
the  army  of  General  Sterling  Price,  but  after 
the  affair  at  Lexington  he  was  invalided 
home.  He  rejoined  the  army  in  December 
following,  but  was  subsequently  captured 
with  Colonel  Robertson's  command  at  Mil- 
ford,  Missouri,  and  after  being  held  as  a 
prisoner  for  three  months,  took  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  United  States  and  returned 
home.  Through  association  with  his  talented 
father,  who  was  bosom  companion  as  well  as 
parent,  he  had  already  made  considerable 
progress  in  medical  study,  and  he  now  en- 
gaged to  complete  what  he  had  begun.  After 
devoting  some  months  to  study  in  Boonville 
he  was  a  student  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  in  the  season  of  1864-5,  ^"^  in  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania in  the  session- of  1866-7,  graduating  in 
the  latter  year.  For  six  years  following  he  was 
associated  in  country  practice  with  his  father 
at  the  family  home.  In  1873  he  removed  to 
Marshall,  where  for  seventeen  years  he  was 
engaged  in  a  large  and  remunerative  prac- 
tice. Desirous  of  engaging  in  a  field  where 
was  greater  opportunity  for  usefulness  and 
advancement  in  professional  knowledge,  in 
September,  1890,  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
Kansas  City.  Here  his  success  has  been 
conspicuous,  and  he  has  recognition  in  the 
profession  and  by  the  laity  as  pre-eminently 
a  leader  in  the  various  departments  of  gen- 
eral practice,  with  a  special  talent  for  treat- 
ment of  the  diseases  of  women.  He  is  a 
highly  regarded  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  Western  Surgical 
and  Gynecological  Association,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  has  been 
president ;  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety, and  the  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, which  he  has  served  as  president.  He 
is  also  president  of  the  faculty  of  the  Medico- 


^^-2-^Si^  b^'^'^tZ-^ 


^fi^rrn  /Tra'i"-u/J, 


HALL. 


153 


Chiriirgical  College,  and  professor  of  gyne- 
cology and  abdominal  surgery. 

Dr.  Hall  was  married  June  i6,  1869,  to 
Miss  Katherine  Sappington,  daughter  of 
Honorable  E.  D.  and  Penelope  (Breathitt) 
Sappington.  Her  maternal  grandfather  was 
a  former  Governor  of  Kentucky.  Of  five 
children  born  of  this  marriage,  one  died  in 
infancy.  Those  living  are :  Dr.  Darwin  Wal- 
ton Hall,  a  graduate  of  the  University  Medi- 
cal College  at  Kansas  City,  and  postgraduate 
of  the  Polyclinic  School,  of  New  York,  a 
rhinologist  and  laryngologist,  practicing  in 
association  with  his  father,  and  a  member  of 
the  faculty  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Col- 
lege ;  Penelope,  wife  of  Leon  Smith,  head  of 
a  department  in  the  Smith-McCord  Dry 
Goods  Co. ;  C.  Lester,  educated  in  the  Kan- 
sas City  high  school  and  the  Chicago  Uni- 
versity, and  now  attending  a  commercial 
college  in  preparation  for  a  business  life,  and 
Katherine  May,  a  school  girl.  Outside  his 
profound  medical  knowledge,  Dr.  Hall  is 
familiarly  conversant  with  general  literature 
and  is  well  informed  upon  all  topics  of  gen- 
eral concern.  His  contributions  to  the 
history  of  the  medical  profession,  to  be  found 
in  this  work  (see  "Medicine"),  are  of  much 
value. 

Hall,  George  Diiffield,  merchant  and 
ironmonger,  was  born  in  Lewiston,  Penn- 
sylvania, February  22,  1831,  and  died  in  St. 
Louis,  December  6,  1883.  He  was  educated 
at  Marshall  College,  Mercersburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  began  reading  law  at  Lewistown, 
Pennsylvania,  but  before  completing  his 
course  of  study  entered  the  employ  of  Messrs. 
Lyon,  Shorb  &  Co.,  iron  manufacturers  of 
Pittsburg.  Two  years  later  he  went  to  St. 
Louis  as  manager  of  a  branch  house  estab- 
lished by  them  in  that  city,  known  as  the 
Sligo  Iron  Store.  After  serving  -six  years 
as  manager,  Mr.  Hall  became  part  owner. 
Some  time  later  he  became  sole  owner  and 
manager  and  gave  to  it  the  closest  atten- 
tion until  1879,  when  his  wife's  illness  com- 
pelled him  to  intrust  it  to  other  hands.  Later 
he  organized  a  stock  company  to  conduct  the 
business  of  the  Sligo  Iron  Store.  His  death 
occurred  soon  afterward.  In  early  life  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Whig  party  and  later  be- 
came a  Republican.  He  was  a  resident  of  St. 
Louis  during  the  war  period,  and  was  one 
of  the  business  men  of  the  city  most  loyal 


to  the  defense  of  the  Union.  His  rehgious  af- 
filiations were  with  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Mr.  Hall  was  twice  married;  first,  to  Miss 
Louise  Miller,  who  died  without  children. 
After  her  death  he  married  Miss  Lucretia  Al- 
len, daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Beverly  Allen, 
of  St.  Louis,  and  four  children  were  born 
of  this  union. 

Hall,  John  C,  president  of  the  New  En- 
gland Securities  Company,  and  for  a  number 
of  years  very  prominently  identified  with  the 
financial  interests  of  Kansas  City,  was  born 
in  Ohio,  but  has  spent  the  important  years 
of  his  hfe  in  Iowa  and  Missouri,    After  ob- 
taining a  good  fundamental  education  he  en- 
tered upon  a  course  of  legal  reading,  having 
as  a  tutor  a  no  less  distinguished  and  able 
attorney  than  Chief  Justice  Scott,  of  Ohio. 
In  1873,  soon  after  his  admission  to  the  bar 
of  his   native   State,    Mr.   Hall   removed   to 
Boone  County,  Iowa,  where  he  soon  took  a 
place  of  prominence  in  legal  and  political  af- 
fairs.      For  fifteen  years   he  practiced  law 
and  dealt  in  securities  in  Iowa,  and  assisted 
in   organizing  the    First   National   Bank   of 
Boone,  Iowa,  of  which  institution  he  was  a 
director   for   ten   years.    He   also    served   a 
splendid  constituency  in  the  Legislature  of 
that  State.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Twenty- 
second  General  Assembly,  and  was  the  third 
member    of    the    committee    which    had    in 
charge  the  framing  and  successful  enaction 
of  the  wholesome  railroad  law  which  now  ap- 
pears on  the  statute  books  of  Iowa.    This 
law,  it  is  generally  conceded,  is  one  of  the 
best  provisions  for  the  proper  regulation  of 
railroad  affairs  now  in  existence,  and  it  is  the 
ability  and  foresight  of  such  careful  men  as 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  that  the  people  of 
that  State  have  to  thank  for  the  wise  meas- 
ure incorporated  in  the  statutes  at  that  time. 
Mr.  Hall  was,  in  fact,  elected  from  Boone 
County,  as  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  on 
the  railroad  issue.    He  was  the  Republican 
candidate  nominally,  but  the  strong  elements 
of  both  parties  were  united  for  him,  and  the 
influence  that  stood  for  the  passage  of  a  good 
railroad  law  succeeded  in  sending  him  to  a 
place  where  his  abilities  might  be  of  service 
in  this  direction.    In  1888,  after  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  Legislature,  Mr.  Hall  moved  to 
Kansas   City,   Missouri,   and  there  assumed 
charge  of  the  legal  department  of  the  New 
England  Loan  &  Trust  Company.    He  served 


154 


HALL. 


in  that  capacity  until  1898,  when  he  organized 
the  company  of  which  he  is  still  the  head,  the 
New  England  Securities  Company.  He  was 
the  active  spirit  in  the  inauguration  of  the 
company's  business  career,  and  was  elected 
president.  The  other  officers  are  as  follows: 
C.  E.  Gibson,  vice  president ;  T.  C.  Alexan« 
der,  secretary  and  treasurer;  F.  D.  Hutch- 
ings,  second  vice  president.  These  men  and 
J.  W.  Ramsey,  of  Independence,  Missouri, 
were  the  organizers  of  the  company.  The 
company  is  incorporated,  with  a  capital  stock 
and  surplus  of  $27,000,  and  is  one  of  the 
strongest  of  its  kind  in  the  entire  country.  All 
of  the  officers  reside  in  Kansas  City  with  the 
exception  of  Mr.  Hutchings,  who  lives  in 
Kansas  City,  Kansas.  The  company  nego- 
tiates all  kinds  of  securities,  deals  in  munici- 
pal and  industrial  bonds  and  local  real  estate, 
and  makes  loans  on  farm  and  city  property. 
All  of  the  men  included  in  this  creditable  list 
are  strong  in  the  financial  circles  of  the  city, 
and  hold  the  confidence  of  the  people  of  the 
commercial  world.  Mr.  Hall,  in  traveling  ex- 
tensively for  the  company,  keeps  in  close 
touch  with  the  fluctuations  of  realty  values, 
and  is  considered  high  authority  in  such  mat- 
ters. He  has  an  unbounded  faith  in  the 
future  of  Missouri  and  Kansas  and  the  re- 
sourceful Western  country  of  which  Kansas 
City  is  the  center.  He  has  faith  in  the  possi- 
bilities of  the  city,  and  takes  a  prominent 
part  in  movements  calculated  to  advance  her 
best  interests.  He  married  Miss  Josephine 
Reynolds,  of  La  Porte,  Indiana,  July  24,  1878. 
They  have  one  son,  Benj.  R.  Hall,  at  the 
present  time  (1900)  a  student  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri. 

Hall,  John  Randolph,  physician  and 
surgeon,  was  born  in  the  town  of  Arrow 
Rock,  Saline  County,  Missouri,  August  28, 
1849,  son  of  Dr.  Matthew  W.  and  Agnes  J. 
(Lester)  Hall.  Three  of  the  sons  of  Dr.  M. 
W.  Hall  became  successful  physicians,  name- 
ly, C.  Lester,  John  R.  and  Thomas  B.  Hall. 
Dr.  John  R.  Hall's  elementary  education  was 
begun  in  the  common  schools  of  Arrow 
Rock,  and  continued  in  Spaulding's  Commer- 
cial College,  at  Kansas  City,  and  Westmin- 
ster College,  at  Fulton,  Missouri.  Upon  the 
conclusion  of  his  classical  studies  he  read 
medicine  under  the  direction  of  his  father, 
subsequently  matriculating  in  Missouri  Medi- 
cal   College   at   St.    Louis,   which   conferred 


upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine 
in  1873.  His  first  location  was  in  Salt  Fork 
Township,  Saline  County,  where  he  practiced 
in  partnership  with  his  father  for  seven  years. 
May  27,  1880,  he  removed  to  Marshall,  and 
opened  an  office,  where  he  has  since  prac- 
ticed continuously.  For  ten  years  he  main- 
tained an  office  alone,  but  since  1890  has 
practiced  in  partnership  with  Dr.  D.  C.  Gore. 
He  has  kept  fully  abreast  with  the  advance  of 
medical  science.  In  1890  he  took  a  postgrad- 
uate course  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic,  and 
for  a  long  time  has  been  actively  identified 
with  the  more  important  medical  societies, 
including  the  American,  Missouri  State,  Dis- 
trict and  Saline  County  organizations.  He 
has  been  corresponding  secretary  and  vice 
president  of  the  State  Society,  and  was  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  District  Society. 
For  several  years  he  acted  as  local  surgeon 
for  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway.  Before  the 
adoption  of  the  law  organizing  boards  of  ex- 
amining surgeons  under  the  pension  bureau, 
he  filled  the  post  of  local  examiner,  and  dur- 
ing both  administrations  of  President  Cleve- 
land he  served  on  the  Saline  County  board. 
He  has  been  a  contributor  to  the  leading 
medical  journals.  The  city  of  Marshall  is 
partly  indebted  to  Dr.  Hall  for  its  present 
supply  of  pure  drinking  water,  the  quality  of 
which  is  unsurpassed.  He,  with  others,  pro- 
posed to  dig  to  a  depth  sufficient  to  tap  the 
underground  river  which  was  known  to  exist 
near  Marshall,  and  in  September,  1883,  was 
organized  the  Marshall  Waterworks  Com- 
pany, of  which  his  brother.  Dr.  C.  Lester 
Hall,  was  elected  president,  and  of  which  Dr. 
Hall  became  president  in  1890.  This  corpora- 
tion at  once  dug  a  well  thirty-five  feet  in 
diameter  and  forty-six  feet  in  depth,  pene- 
trating seven  feet  of  gumbo  found  over 
thirty-five  feet  below  the  surface,  and  enter- 
ing a  stratum  of  sand  through  which  flows 
water  of  an  excellent  character  slightly  im- 
pregnated with  mineral.  Though  actively 
interested  in  the  success  of  the  Democratic 
party.  Dr.  Hall  has  never  cared  for  public 
office,  though  he  has  served  as  chairman  of 
the  county  and  congressional  committees.  In 
the  Presbyterian  Church  he  has  officiated  as 
elder  for  several  years.  He  was  married  Feb- 
ruary 4,  1885,  to  Marceline  Webb  Thomas, 
who  was  born  near  Huntsville,  Missouri,  and 
is  a  daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  Lawson  C. 
Thomas,  a  native  of  Saline  Countv,  and  for 


The  Southern  Eistory  Co. 


HALL. 


155 


many  years  a  practicing  physician  of  Wa- 
verly,  Missouri.  His  father  went  to  Missouri 
from  Kentucky  in  1818.  The  ancestors  of  the 
family  in  America  came  to  Maryland  with 
Lord  Baltimore,  and  one  of  them  was  Lord 
Surveyor  of  the  colony  of  Maryland.  The 
family  is  descended  from  the  Cecils,  who  were 
united  by  marriage  with  the  Royal  family  of 
England.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hall  are  the  parents 
of  two  children,  Agnes  Lester  and  John  Ran- 
dolph Hall,  Jr. 

Hall;  Uriel  S.,  lawyer,  farmer  and  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  was  born  in  Randolph 
County,  Missouri,  April  12,  1852.  He  attend- 
ed the  public  schools,  and  afterward  entered 
Mount  Pleasant  College  at  Huntsville,  grad- 
uating at  the  age  of  twenty  years.  He  taught 
school  three  years,  then  studied  law  and  prac- 
ticed for  eight  years,  after  which  he  engaged 
in  farming.  He  was  for  a  time  State  lecturer 
for  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  and  afterward 
State  president,  though  he  did  not  approve 
all  the  doctrines  of  that  organization.  In  1892 
he  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to  Congress 
from  the  second  district,  receiving  18,039 
votes,  against  16,178  cast  for  C.  A.  Loomis, 
Republican,  and  2,761  for  J.  C.  Goodson, 
Popuhst.  His  father  was  William  A.  Hall, 
who  was  circuit  judge  for  thirty  years  and 
member  of  the  thirty-seventh  and  thirty- 
eighth  Congresses, 

Hall,  Willartl  P.,  lawyer,  soldier. 
Lieutenant  Governor  and  Governor  of  Mis- 
souri, was  born  at  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia, 
in  1820,  and  died  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  No- 
vember 21,  1882.  He  had  the  advantage  of  a 
good  education,  having  been  trained  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  town,  and  then  sent  to 
Yale  College,  where  he  graduated  at  the  age 
of  nineteen  years.  He  then  studied  law,  and 
in  1841  came  to  Missouri  and  commenced  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Huntsville,  but 
removed  the  next  year  to  St.  Joseph  and 
made  that  city  his  home  for  life.  His  talents 
and  education  soon  commanded  recognition, 
and  in  1843  he  was  appointed  circuit  attorney 
by  Governor  Reynolds.  His  free  and  cordial 
manners  won  him  a  large  measure  of  popu- 
lar favor,  also,  and  in  1844  he  was  made 
presidential  elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket, 
doing  a  full  share  in  carrying  Missouri  for 
James  K.  Polk,  and  when  the  electoral  vote 
for  Missouri  was  cast  he  was  chosen  to  take 


the  certificate  to  Washington.  When  the 
Mexican  war  began,  he,  with  many  other 
brilliant  and  ambitious  young  men  ol  north- 
west Missouri,  enlisted  in  Colonel  Doni- 
phan's regiment  and  took  part  in  the  famous 
expedition  to  New  Mexico.  When  the  army 
took  possession  of  Santa  Fe,  General  Kear- 
ney detailed  him  to  make  a  digest  of  laws 
for  governing  the  country  under  American 
rule,  and  he  executed  the  task  so  wisely  and. 
well  that  the  code  has  survived,  in  its  main 
features,  for  more  than  a  generation.  On 
his  return  from  New  Mexico  in  1847  ^^  was 
elected  to  Congress,  re-elected  in  1849,  and 
again  in  185 1,  serving  three  full  terms  in  the 
Thirtieth,  Thirty-first  and  Thirty-second 
Congresses.  At  the  close  of  this  service  he 
returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
and  was  soon  recognized  as  one  of  the  best 
lawyers  in  a  circuit  renowned  for  its  bar.  He 
owned  a  fine  farm  near  St.  Joseph  and  took 
great  interest  in  agricultural  experiments, 
with  the  object  of  improving  the  standard  of 
Missouri  farming.  When  the  disputes  and 
controversies  that  preceded  the  Civil  War 
came  on,  he  boldly  declared  himself  a  Union 
man,  and  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  State 
convention  of  1861,  at  the  first  session  of 
which  he  became  one  of  the  recognized  lead- 
ers of  the  Union  party.  At  the  second  session 
of  the  convention  in  July,  after  Governor 
Jackson  and  Lieutenant  Governor  Reynolds 
had  openly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  South,- 
Hamilton  R.  Gamble  was  made  Provisional 
Governor,  and  Willard  P.  Hall,  T lieutenant 
Governor.  On  the  death  of  Governor  Gam- 
ble, in  January,  1864,  he  became  Governor, 
and  continued  to  the  end  of  the  term  in  the 
following  January.  He  then  returned  to  St. 
Joseph  and  led  a  quiet  life  until  his  death 
in  1882.  His  public  career  was  marked  by 
integrity,  generosity  and  freedom  from  ex- 
treme party  spirit,  and  his  name  stands  high 
among  those  whom  the  people  delight  to 
honor. 

Hall,  William  E.,  farmer  and  mine- 
owner,  was  born  in  Jasper  County,  Missouri, 
March  14,  1845,  son  of  Winston  and  Jane 
(Roberson)  Hall.  His  father,  who  was  a  na- 
tive of  Surrey  County,  North  Carolina,  was 
the  son  of  Harrison  and  Rebecca  (East)  Hall, 
and  came  of  an  old  English  family.  Harrison 
Hall  was  a  millwright  by  trade,  and  was 
among  the  early  settlers  at  Springfield,  lUi- 


156 


HALLECK. 


nois.  His  wife  died  in  Indiana  on  the  long 
journey  from  North  Carolina  to  Illinois,  and 
he  himself  died  shortly  after  the  remainder  of 
the  family  arrived  at  Springfield.  Winston 
Hall  accompanied  his  parents  to  Illinois  as 
a  child,  and  while  crossing  the  Blue  Ridge 
Mountains  witnessed  the  wonderful  "falling 
star"  phenomenon  of  1833.  He  grew  up  in 
Illinois,  finishing  his  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  that  State,  and  while  still 
unmarried  came  to  Missouri  and  settled  in 
that  portion  of  Barry  County  which  later  be- 
came Jasper  County.  He  married  there,  his 
wife  having  gone  to  that  region  with  her 
parents  shortly  before  he  arrived  there.  He 
settled  on  a  farm  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Joplin. 
After  living  there  some  time  he  sold  this 
land  and  improved  a  farm  four  miles  east 
of  Joplin,  on  which  he  resided  imtil  his  death. 
He  and  his  wife  were  the  parents  of  nine 
children,  seven  of  whom  are  now  living.  They 
are  William  E.  Hall,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  of  Carthage,  Missouri ;  Thomas  C. 
Hall,  George  W.  Hall,  Augustus  H.  Hall,  Al- 
bert W.  Hall  and  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Halley,  all 
of  whom  are  residents  of  Williamson  County, 
Texas,  and  Mrs.  Rebecca  J.  Ewing,  who  lives 
at  Morrisville,  in  Polk  County,  Missouri. 
Winston  Hall  died  December  21,  1863,  and 
his  wife  died  in  February  of  1869.  During  the 
Civil  War  they  suffered  much  at  the  hands 
of  the  military  bands  which  overran  Jasper 
County.  Farm  animals  belonging  to  them 
were  appropriated  by  the  marauders,  and 
they  were  despoiled  of  much  of  their  proper- 
ty. Mr.  Hall's  grandfather,  Clisby  Roberson, 
who  was  a  noted  pioneer  of  Jasper  County, 
and  who  was  holding  the  office  of  public  ad- 
ministrator when  the  war  began,  was  killed 
at  the  age  of  seventy-nine  years,  at  his  own 
home  in  1863,  by  bushwhackers  who  sup- 
posed that  he  had  a  considerable  amount  of 
money  in  his  possession.  William  E.  Hall  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  Jasper  County 
as  a  boy  and  grew  to  manhood  there.  While 
still  a  mere  youth  he  enlisted  in  the  Con- 
federate Army,  and  was  accompanied  into 
the  service  by  his  younger  brother,  Thomas 
C.  Hall.  After  serving  two  years  in  the  army, 
he  returned  home  and  a  little  later  went  to 
Texas,  where  he  attended  school  for  four 
months,  and  where  he  Hved  for  five  years 
afterward.  His  mother  had  gotten  permission 


from  the  military  authorities,  in  1865,  to  pass 
through  the  lines  and  go  with  her  family  to 
a  farm  they  owned  in  Texas.  This  was  what 
took  William  E.  Hall  to  that  State,  and  while 
there  he  was  engaged  in  farming  and  stock- 
raising.  He  returned  to  Jasper  County  in 
1870,  and  settled  on  a  farm  a  half  mile  north 
of  Webb  City,  in  Mineral  Township,  where 
he  devoted  his  attention  to  farming  and 
stock-raising  until  1878.  In  1877  he  first  be- 
came identified  with  mining  enterprises 
through  leasing  his  lands  to  the  North  Cen- 
ter Creek  Mining  and  Smelting  Company. 
The  tract  of  land  was  converted  into  a  mining 
property,  proved  to  be  very  rich  in  lead  ore, 
and  the  first  large  mill  erected  in  the  district 
was  built  on  this  tract.  Ever  since  that  time 
Mr,  Hall  has  been  interested  in  mining  prop- 
erties and  engaged  in  mining  enterprises, 
and  his  ventures  have  made  him  a  man  of 
large  means.  Politically,  he  has  always  af- 
filiated with  the  Democratic  Party,  which 
made  him  township  assessor  of  Mineral 
Township  in  1874,  1875  and  1876,  notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  the  township  ordinarily 
gives  a  Republican  majority.  In  1878  he  was 
elected  collector  of  Jasper  County  and  served 
two  years  in  that  office.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order  and  of  the  Ancient  Order 
of  United  Workmen.  In  Masonry  he  has 
taken  the  Knight  Templar  degrees  and  he 
is  also  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  October 
14,  1869,  he  married  Margaret  C.  Glasscock, 
who  died  at  their  home  in  Texas,  April  22, 
1870.  May  7,  1 87 1,  he  married  Miss  Martha 
E.  Webb,  daughter  of  John  C.  and  Ruth  F. 
(Davis)  Webb.  Four  children  have  been 
born  of  this  union,  of  whom  John  W.  Hall 
died  at  the  age  of  seventeen  and  a  half  years. 
Ruth  Hall  became  the  wife  of  Harry  A.  Van- 
derford  in  March  of  1897,  and  died  in  De- 
cember following.  Charles  T.  Hall  married 
Mary  Himes  Hendrix,  who  resides  in  Car- 
thage, and  is  engaged  in  stock-raising  and 
mining.  Edward  M.  Hall  also  resides  in 
Carthage,  and  is  engaged  with  his  father  in 
business.  Mr,  and  Mrs.  Hall  are  members 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
and  are  liberal  supporters  of  the  church  and 
its  charities. 

Halleck.  — A  town  in  Buchanan  County, 
once  known  as  Fancher's  Cross  Roads,  and 
nicknamed  "Old  Taos."     It  has  a  population 


HAIvLECK— HALLKY. 


157 


of  200.  Halleck  flour  was  formerly  famous. 
Francis  Ferguson  kept  a  school  in  this  vicin- 
ity in  1839. 

Halleck,  Henry  W.,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Waterville,  New  York,  in  1814,  and  died 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  January  9,  1872.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839,  and  was, 
for  a  time,  assistant  professor  in  the  Military 
Academy.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Mexican  War  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  1861 
he  was  made  major  general,  and  on  the  re- 
moval of  Fremont  from  the  command  of  the 
Department  of  Missouri,  in  November,  1861, 
was  appointed  to  succeed  him.  In  1862  he 
took  command  of  the  operations  before 
Corinth,  and  conducted  the  siege  until  the 
place  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates. 
In  July  of  that  year  he  was  made  general-in- 
chief  of  the  army,  and  held  that  place  until 
superseded  by  General  Grant.  He  was  in 
command  of  the  Department  of  Missouri 
until  succeded  by  General  Schofield.  It  was 
during  his  administration  that  General  Cur- 
tis, under  him,  fought  and  won  the  battle  of 
Pea  Ridge  (Elkhorn  Tavern).  On  the  12th 
of  December,  1862,  he  issued  an  order,  No. 
24,  levying  assessments  on  certain  wealthy 
citizens  of  St.  Louis,  for  the  support  of  the 
Union  refugees,  large  numbers  of  whom  had 
been  driven  from  their  homes  and  forced  to 
seek  safety  in  that  city.  One  or  two  of  the 
persons  thus  assessed  refused  to  pay  and 
were  put  in  prison ;  the  others  paid  to  escape 
that  penalty.  In  the  month  of  December, 
1861,  a  hundred  miles  of  the  North  Missouri 
Railroad  was  destroyed  by  disbanded  soldiers 
from  Price's  army,  and  to  prevent  a  repeti- 
tion of  this  work  General  Halleck  declared 
martial  law  in  St.  Louis  and  in  the  counties 
through  which  railroads  ran,  making  death 
the  penalty  for  taking  up  the  rails  of  a  road 
with  the  purpose  of  destroying  it,  and  requir- 
ing the  towns  and  counties  along  the  road 
to  repair  all  such  damage.  Shortly  after  the 
issue  of  this  order,  eight  persons  were  con- 
victed by  a  military  commission  at  Palmyra 
of  burning  bridges  and  cars  and  destroying 
railroads,  and  sentenced  to  be  shot,  and  Gen- 
eral Halleck  approved  the  sentence;  but  the 
time  and  place  of  execution  were  never  set, 
and  on  the  20th  of  February,  1862,  he  mod- 
ified the  sentence  to  confinement  in  the  Alton 
military  prison.  Three  other  men  found 
guilty  of  a  similar  ofifense  by  a  military  com- 


mission at  Columbia  received  similar  clem- 
ency, and  were  finally  released. 

Halley,  George,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  surgeons  in  the  middle  West,  is  a 
native  of  Canada,  born  in  Aurora,  York 
County,  Province  of  Ontario,  September  10, 
1839.  His  parents  were  George  and  Jane 
Halley,  the  former  a  lineal  descendant  of  Sir 
Edmund  Halley,  the  famous  English  astron- 
omer, and  the  latter  descended  from  James 
Baird,  a  native  of  Scotland,  whose  profession 
was  that  of  a  civil  engineer.  Their  son, 
George,  was  without  school  advantages  until 
he  was  fifteen  years  of  age,  but  the  want  was 
well  supplied  through  the  intelligent  solici- 
tude of  his  parents  and  the  medium  of  a 
small,  but  excellent  library.  The  family  had 
removed  to  Wellington  County,  Ontario, 
where  the  father  made  a  farm  out  of  the  un- 
touched forest,  the  son  aiding  as  he  was 
capable.  In  the  absence  of  a  neighborhood 
school  the  lad  learned  the  rudimental  English 
branches  at  home,  and  derived  a  large  fund 
of  knowledge,  as  well  as  a  fine  taste  for  polite 
literature,  elevating  sentiment,  and  language 
of  the  highest  character,  through  repeated 
perusal  of  the  few  books  at  his  command, 
among  which  were  Shakespeare's  dramas, 
Addison's  "Spectator,"  Reid's  "Essay  on  the 
Human  Understanding,"  Hume's  and  Smol- 
lett's "Histories  of  England,"  and  Rollins' 
"Ancient  History."-  Through  three  winters, 
beginning  in  1854,  he  attended  a  common 
school  in  the  neighborhood,  and  in  1858  he 
entered  the  County  Grammar  School,  where 
he  studied  the  higher  English  branches, 
mathematics,  Latin  and  French,  in  prepara- 
tion for  college.  His  school  attendance  was 
interrupted  by  the  illness  and  death  of  his 
two  brothers,  but  he  continued  his  studies, 
principally  during  the  night  hours,  at  home. 
In  1865  he  successfully  passed  the  matricula- 
tion examination  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  Victoria  University,  Toronto, 
Canada.  His  advancement  was  so  satisfac- 
tory that  in  1867  he  was  appointed  prosector 
to  the  chair  of  anatomy,  which  afforded  him 
unusual  opportunity  for  further  improvement 
in  that  department  of  medical  knowledge. 
In  March"  following  he  went  to  New  York 
City,  where  he  took  the  spring  course  at 
Long  Island  College  Hospital,  and  occupied 
the  summer  in  attending  clinical  instruction 
at  various  hospitals  and   dispensaries.     He 


158 


HALLKY'S  BLUFF— HALLIBURTON. 


re-entered  Victoria  University  in  autumn  of 
the  same  year,  and  in  March,  1869,  success- 
fully passed  the  final  examination  and  re- 
ceived his  degree  as  doctor  of  medicine.  He 
was  disappointed  in  his  desire  to  immediately 
enter  upon  practice,  on  account  of  the  death 
of  his  father,  which  necessitated  his  remain- 
ing at  home  to  manage  the  farm  and  settle 
up  the  estate.  Early  in  1870  he  set  out  in 
search  of  a  location  affording  promise  as  a 
field  of  usefulness,  his  travel  extending  as 
far  west  as  Kansas.  After  visiting  various 
towns  in  Missouri  and  Kansas  he  finally  de- 
cided upon  Kansas  City,  in  the  former  named 
State,  which,  from  that  time,  has  been  his 
residence  and  the  scene  of  his  labors,  con- 
spicuous in  their  usefulness  to  the  suffering, 
not  only  through  his  masterly  skill  in  per- 
sonal service,  but  through  the  wealth  of 
professional  knowledge  he  has  bestowed 
upon  professional  associates  and  students. 
Unable  to  discern  the  point  where  he  might 
cease  to  be  a  learner,  he  has  continually 
applied  himself  to  investigation  in  every  de- 
partment of  medical  science,  carefully  exam- 
ining every  new  proposition,  and  on  proof  of 
its  value  applying  it  in  his  personal  practice, 
and  inculcating  it  by  his  pen  and  spoken 
word.  In  surgery,  his  special  field,  his  skill 
is  recognized  as  of  the  highest  order  while 
his  intimate  knowledge  of  anatomy,  and  the 
acute  conscientiousness  which  forbids  oper- 
ation save  in  case  of  abselute  necessity,  give 
his  surgical  diagnoses  an  authority  which  is 
regarded  by  the  profession  as  all  but  infalli- 
ble. For  these  reasons  his  services  are  in 
much  demand  in  cases  involving  capital 
operations,  as  an  operator,  or  in  consultation, 
not  alone  in  the  city,  but  through  all  the 
region  which  seeks  it  as  a  center  of  knowl- 
edge and  commerce.  From  the  day  of  his 
coming  Dr.  Halley  has  maintained  a  deep 
interest  in  professional  educational  institu- 
tions and  in  public  charities,  and  his  effort 
and  means  have  been  freely  contributed  to 
their  establishment  and  maintenance.  In 
1870  he  was  called  to  the  position  of  assistant 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in  1871  he  was 
elected  professor  of  anatomy,  to  succeed  Dr. 
A.  D.  Taylor,  who  had  been  called  to  the 
chair  of  surgery.  After  ten  years'  service  in 
that  position  he  was  elected  to  temporarily 
succeed  Dr.  Taylor,  who  had  died.  In  1882 
Dr.  W,  S.  Tremain,  then  occupying  the  chair 


of  surgery,  removed  from  the  city,  and  Dr. 
Halley  was  elected  to  the  position,  which  he 
occupied  until  1891.  During  his  connection 
with  this  college,  in  May,  1874,  he  performed 
the  first  operation  in  Kansas  City  for  ova- 
riotomy, and  with  complete  success,  the 
patient  being  yet  living,  .  In  1892  he  was 
called  to  the  professorship  of  surgery  in  the 
University  Medical  College,  which  position 
he  occupies  at  the  present  time.  This  school, 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  important  of 
its  class  in  the  middle  west,  owes  much  of  its 
prestige  and  success  to  his  devoted  personal 
interest,  as  well  as  to  the  excellence  of  its 
faculty,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  most 
valued  and  capable  members.  From  1888  to 
1895  Dr.  Halley  conducted  a  private  hospital, 
which  proved  of  great  advantage  to  a  large 
class  of  sufferers,  but  he  was  obliged  to  close 
it  on  account  of  the  exactions  of  his  consult- 
ing practice  outside  the  city.  In  1884,  in 
association  with  Dr.  A.  L.  Fulton,  he  assisted 
in  establishing  the  Kansas  City  "Medical 
Record,"  the  oldest  of  now  existent  local 
medical  journals,  and  remained  with  it  four 
years.  He  has  frequently  contributed  to  pro- 
fessional journals,  and  he  is  the  author  of 
the  history  of  medical  colleges  (regular)  in 
Kansas  City,  which  appears  in  this  work.  He 
has  also  been  a  constant  contributor  of 
papers  on  professional  topics,  to  national, 
State  and  local  medical  societies.  Dr.  Halley 
was  married,  in  1871,  to  Miss  Florence 
Chiles,  who  died  in  1887;  she  was  a  devoted 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  a  most  amiable  woman.  A  daughter 
born  of  this  marriage,  Georgia  E.,  is  the  wife 
of  Donald  Latshaw,  associate  editor  of  the 
Kansas  City  "Star."  In  November,  1889,  Dr. 
Halley  married  Miss  Jessie  Egelston,  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  J.  Q.  Egelston,  of  Olathe,  Kansas. 
Born  of  this  union  were  two  children,  George 
E.  and  Eleanor  J.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Halley  are 
both  members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

Halley's  Bluff. — See  "Vernon  County, 
Indian  and  French  Occupation  of." 

Halliburton,  John  William,  lawyer, 
was  born  December  30,  1846,  at  Linneus, 
Missouri,  son  of  Judge  Westley  and  Armilda 
E.  (Collins)  Halliburton.  His  education  be- 
gan when  he  was  five  years  of  age.  He 
attended  private  and  public  schools  at  the 


lf-^V>:«/r,s-  /"!./}' 


C^l-i^  s 


6ci£tXT^<yt  ^-j^n^ 


^V  S4'ufAfrr4./-/tst'Pr'fCi.'. 


HALLIBURTON. 


159 


place  of  his  birth,  at  Milan,  and  at  Bruns- 
wick. In  the  fall  of  1864  he  was  a  student  at 
Mount  Pleasant  College,  Huntsville,  Mis- 
souri, but  the  Price  raid  disrupted  the  school. 
Returning  home,  he  enlisted  in  a  company 
under  the  command  of  Captain  James  Ken- 
nedy, at  Brunswick.  It  joined  General 
Price's  army  at  Waverly,  and  was  attached 
to  Colonel  Searcey's  regiment  of  General 
Tyler's  brigade.  This  entire  command  was 
made  up  of  recruits,  mainly  youths,  who  had 
come  together  as  the  army  passed  through. 
Young  Halliburton  participated  in  the  des- 
perate battle  of  Mine  Creek,  which  was 
followed  by  the  retreat  to  the  Red  River. 
After  many  privations  the  troops  reached 
Texas,  and  there  wintered.  He  was  then 
attached  to  Shelby's  division,  a  member  of 
Captain  I.  N.  Sitton's  company,  of  Colonel 
D.  A.  Williams'  regiment,  of  General  Jack- 
man's  brigade.  He  was  finally  discharged 
from  service,  after  the  close  of  the  war,  in 
June,  1865,  having  performed  the  full  duty 
of  a  soldier,  courageously  and  uncomplain- 
ingly, in  a  spirit  of  fervent  devotion  to  the 
cause  he  held  to  be  right,  in  face  of  certain 
defeat.  He  passed  the  following  winter  in 
Chihuahua,  Mexico,  where  he  clerked  in  a 
general  store.  In  March,  1866,  he  began  his 
journey  home,  with  so  little  means  that  he 
was  pleased  to  serve  as  guard  for  a  private 
train  in  order  to  be  subsisted.  In  Texas  he 
was  variously  engaged  in  procuring  means 
with  which  to  proceed  farther,  and  finally 
reached  home  in  August.  From  August, 
1866,  to  September,  1867,  he  clerked  in  his 
father's  store  at  St.  Louis,  and  at  Bonfil's 
Station.  In  the  fall  of  1867  he  went  to  Kirks- 
ville,  where  he  read  law  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  J.  M.  DeFrance,  returning  in  July, 
1868,  to  St.  Louis  County,  where  he  farmed 
for  some  months.  Later  the  same  year  he 
entered  upon  the  junior  course  in  the  St. 
Louis  Law  School,  and  in  April,  1869,  was 
admitted  to  practice,  being  licensed  by  Judge 
Irwin  Z.  Smith,  receiving  the  high  compli- 
ment of  being  passed  without  examination, 
on  motion  of  Judge  E.  B.  Ewing.  He  as- 
sisted in  the  law  office  of  DeFrance  & 
Hooper,  at  Kirksville,  until  January  i,  1871, 
when  he  was  received  as  a  partner  by  Mr. 
DeFrance,  with  whom  he  was  associated 
until  November,  1874.  He  then  removed  to 
Milan  and  entered  into  a  law  partnership 
with  his  father,  the  firm  name  being  Hallibur- 


ton &  Son.  In  April,  1867,  he  started  to 
Texas  in  search  of  a  location,  visiting  rela- 
tives in  Carthage,  and  this  incident  proved 
the  turning  point  of  his  life,  for  he  decided 
to  make  his  permanent  location  there.  In 
May  of  the  same  year  he  formed  a  law  part- 
nership with  his  brother-in-law,  Samuel  Mc- 
Reynolds,  who  had  located  there  two  years 
before.  This  association  is  yet  maintained, 
and  they  take  pardonable  pride  in  the  fact 
that  theirs  is  the  oldest  law  firm  in  Missouri, 
so  far  as  they  have  been  able  to  ascertain. 
Their  practice  has  been  and  contmues  to  be  at 
once  extensive  and  successful  to  an  unusual 
degree,  being  principally  in  civil  lines,  cover- 
ing all  departments  of  commercial  law.  They 
have  probably  brought  more  attachment 
suits  than  any  other  four  firms  in  Jasper 
County,  and  no  client  of  theirs  was  ever 
mulcted  for  damages.  They  are  attorneys 
for  the  South  West  Missouri  Electric  Rail- 
way Company  and  for  the  Central  National 
Bank,  of  Carthage.  They  are  averse  to 
criminal  practice,  and  only  engage  in  it  where 
an  old  and  well  regarded  client  is  in  interest. 
Mr.  Halliburton  was  fortunate  in  his  profes- 
sional training.  From  his  father  he  acquired 
knowledge  of  the  old  methods  of  practice,  in 
some  degree  effective  even  in  this  day,  to 
which  he  adds  that  derived  from  the  teach- 
ing of  the  law  school,  and  constant  familiar 
intercourse  with  the  most  eminent  legal 
minds  in  the  State.  With  such  he  maintains 
a  close  companionship,  professionally  and 
socially,  and  among  them  he  is  highly  re- 
garded for  his  professional  attainments,  his 
clear,  analytical  mind,  and  pungent,  convinc- 
ing style  of  expression  in  oral  argument  and 
written  brief.  In  the  wide  acquaintance  which 
he  has  made  throughout  the  State,  he  has, 
without  seeking  it,  established  a  reputation 
as  an  anti-corporation  lawyer.  With  refer- 
ence to  corporations,  his  fundamental  prin- 
ciple is,  that  the  creature  must  necessarily  be 
held  as  inferior  to  the  creator;  corporations 
must  be  accorded  all  the  rights  conferred 
upon  them  under  the  law,  but  they  must  also 
be  held  to  a  strict  responsibility  to  the  law 
giving  them  existence,  and  must  not  be  per- 
mitted to  act  beyond  or  outside  of  such  pow- 
ers as  are  explicitly  bestowed  upon  them. 
Out  of  these  considerations  has  grown  a 
strong  and  constantly  increasing  sentiment 
favoring  his  elevation  to  the  supreme  bench 
of  the  State.    This  found  expression  in  the 


160 


HAI.I.IBURTON. 


strong  support  given  him  for  the  position  in 
the  State  Convention  in  1898.  To  him  are 
due  two  judicial  interpretations  of  law  which 
are  far-reaching  in  effect.  One  is  important 
as  touching  the  police  powers  of  the  city.  In 
a  test  case,  originating  in  Carthage,  he  con- 
tended that  the  city  had  authority  to  oblige 
the  owner  of  a  dog  to  pay  license,  and  the 
Supreme  Court  sustained  him.  At  the  time, 
decisions  upon  this  question  were  conflicting 
in  many  of  the  States,  and  while  the  case 
was  pending  it  was  regarded  with  interest 
throughout  the  country,  in  questioning  an- 
ticipation of  the  position  which  would  be 
taken  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri.  In 
another  instance  he  contended  that  suit 
could  be  brought  against  a  person  for  the 
purchase  price  of  property  bought,  and  also 
against  the  party  to  whom  the  purchaser  had 
sold  with  knowledge  of  unpaid  purchase 
price,  and  maintain  action  against  both  par- 
ties in  one  suit.  The  circuit  court  held  with 
him,  and  its  decision  was  maintained  by  the 
Kansas  City  Court  of  Appeals.  He  is  pecu- 
liarly strong  as  a  trial  lawyer,  anci  is  at  his 
best  before  a  jury.  In  1882  Mr.  Halliburton 
was  elected  city  attorney,  but  declined  further 
service  in  that  position.  In  politics  he  is  an 
uncompromising  Democrat,  taking  active 
part  in  all  political  campaigns,  for  the  sake 
of  principle,  and  without  thought  of  reward 
or  self-seeking.  He  is  a  favorite  political 
speaker  in  southwest  Missouri,  and  a  familiar 
figure  in  State  conventions,  where  his  influ- 
ence is  potent.  He  was  one  of  the  active 
agents  in  the  movement  which  led  to  the 
Pertle  Springs  Democratic  Convention  in 
1895,  and  was  instrumental  in  formulating 
the  action  of  that  body  in  its  declaration  for 
"free  silver."  In  1896  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  National  Democratic  Convention.  He 
accepts  the  golden  rule  as  his  guide  of  con- 
duct, holding  membership  with  no  religious 
body,  but  regarding  the  Baptist  faith  with 
especial  favor.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
order  of  Odd  Fellows  in  1873,  and  has  filled 
all  the  chairs  in  the  local  lodge.  He  has 
always  been  an  earnest  supporter  of  the 
militia  system.  In  1877  he  entered  the  Car- 
thage Light  Guard  as  a  private,  and  passed 
through  all  the  grades  to  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant.  Upon  the  organization  of  the 
Second  Regiment,  National  Guard  of  Mis- 
souri, in  1889,  he  was  appointed  judge  advo- 
cate, with  the  rank  of  captain,  and  served 


as  such  until  the  regiment  was  mustered  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Spanish-American  War,  when 
he  retired,  the  position  which  he  occupied 
having  no  place  in  the  regular  military  estab- 
lishment, and  business  and  family  considera- 
tions forbidding  him  leaving  home.  He  was 
married,  October  16,  1878,  to  Miss  Julia  B. 
Ivie,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  S.  Ivie,  a 
Christian  minister.  Mrs.  Halliburton  was 
educated  in  public  and  private  schools  in 
Kirksville,  and  in  the  convent  school  at 
Edina.  Seven  children  have  been  born  of 
this  marriage,  of  whom  three  are  deceased. 
Westley  is  a  student  in  the  University  of 
Missouri.  The  others  living  are  John  Joseph,^ 
Louise  and  Sallie  Halliburton. 

Halliburton,  Westley,  one    of    the 

early  lawyers  of  Missouri,  was  born  January 
4,  1812,  in  Humphrey  County,  Tennessee. 
His  parents  were  Ambrose  and  Mary  (Free- 
man) Halliburton.  The  father  was  of  Scotch- 
Irish  descent,  and  the  mother  of  English  and 
French  descent.  They  removed  to  Missouri 
in  1823,  locating  in  Randolph  County.  The 
son,  Westley  Halliburton,  was  the  eldest  of 
nine  children,  and  his  early  years  were  passed 
upon  the  farm.  He  knew  a  country  school 
house  for  but  three  months;  all  else  of  his 
education  was  self-acquired,  from  borrowed 
books  read  by  the  light  of  bark  fires  at  night. 
In  spite  of  want  of  educational  facilities,  he 
became  well  informed  for  that  day,  and  dur- 
ing several  years  taught  schools  in  the  neigh- 
borhood during  the  winter  months  in  the 
territory  comprising  and  adjoining  the  pres- 
ent Randolph  County.  When  about  twenty- 
one  years  of  age  he  opened  a  store  at  Shel- 
byville,  but  soon  began  the  study  of  law, 
using  borrowed  books.  In  1840  he  removed 
to  Bloomington,  Macon  County,  and  entered 
upon  practice.  The  same  year  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  county  court.  In  1844  he  was 
elected  circuit  attorney,  the  district  covering 
a  number  of  counties  as  now  constituted.  At 
the  first  term  which  he  attended  the  court 
sat  in  a  log  stable,  and  the  grand  jury  met 
in  a  clump  of  timber  near  by,  a  log  serving 
as  a  desk.  In  1845  he  moved  to  Linneus. 
In  1848  he  was  re-elected  circuit  attorney, 
defeating  Captain  William  Y.  Slack,  who  had 
just  returned  from  the  Mexican  War.  In 
185 1  he  resigned,  and  was  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative in  the  General  Assembly  from  Lin» 


HALI.IBURTON. 


161 


County.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  receiver 
of  public  moneys  for  the  Chariton  land  dis- 
trict by  President  Pierce,  this  necessitating 
his  removal  to  Milan  and  his  resignation  as 
a  member  of  the  General  Assembly.  During 
his  incumbency  of  this  position  he  collected 
about  $1,000,000,  mostly  in  specie,  which  he 
transferred  to  St.  Louis  by  wagon.  During 
this  time  he  loaned  considerable  sums  to 
persons  desiring  to  enter  land,  and  a  large 
amount  was  never  repaid.  In  1857  he  was 
again  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  lower  house  of 
the  Legislature  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  the 
following  year  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  and  was  returned  to  that  body  in 
1882.  As  Senator  and  Representative  he  de- 
voted his  effort,  with  all  his  zeal  and  ability, 
to  fostering  the  construction  of  railroads, 
and  the  enactment  of  a  homestead  law.  He 
was  also  a  great  friend  of  the  public  school 
system,  which  he  labored  effectively  to  per- 
fect in  this  State.  As  early  as  1853,  or  about 
that  time,  he  purchased  a  printing  plant  and 
started  the  first  newspaper  at  Milan,  which 
was  called  the  "Milan  Farmer."  From  1864 
to  1873  he  resided  on  a  farm  in  St.  Louis 
County,  and  then  returned  to  Sullivan  Coun- 
ty, in  which  he  made  his  home  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  1875  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
which  gave  the  State  its  present  organic  law. 
In  1880  he  was  again  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  and  in  1888  Governor  Morehouse  ap- 
pointed him  probate  judge  to  fill  an  unex- 
pired term.  Throughout  his  life  he  was 
energetic  and  public-spirited,  forwarding  all 
enterprises  aiding  in  the  development  of  the 
country.  He  was  numbered  among  the  in- 
corporators of  the  old  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph 
Railway  Company.  In  politics  he  was  a 
Democrat  of  the  old  school.  His  first  presi- 
dential vote  was  cast  for  Van  Buren  in  1836. 
In  i860  he  was  a  presidential  elector  on  the 
Breckinridge  and  Lane  ticket.  In  that  crit- 
ical time  he  was  opposed  equally  to  secession 
and  to  coercion,  but  when  war  began  all  his 
sympathies  were  with  the  South.  His  senti- 
ments being  known,  he  was  one  of  the  first 
men  arrested  under  military  authority,  and 
he  was  sent  to  Quincy,  Illinois.  General 
John  M.  Palmer,  of  Illinois,  ordered  his  re- 
lease, there  being  no  charges  against  him, 
an  act  which  made  that  ofificer  the  object  of 
his  grateful  regard  ever  afterward.  Up  to 
the  war  period.  Judge  Halliburton  had  grown 

Vol.  Ill— 11 


constantly  into  more  conspicuous  place  with 
his  party,  and  was  regarded  as  a  probable 
Governor  of  the  State.  Never  a  church 
member,  he  was  deeply  religious  by  nature, 
and  strongly  imbued  with  the  doctrines  of 
the  Baptists.  From  early  manhood  he  was 
an  earnest  member  of  the  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows. When  about  twenty-one  years  of  age 
he  married  Sophia  Holman,  of  Macon 
County ;  he  spun  the  wool  and  made  the  cloth 
for  his  wedding  suit.  His  wife  died  in  1841, 
leaving  two  children,  Joseph  H.,  a  merchant 
at  Milan,  and  Mary  E.,  who  became  wife 
of  J.  M.  DeFrance,  a  member  of  the  Kirks- 
ville,  Missouri,  bar;  she  died  in  1876.  Judge 
Halliburton  afterward  married  Armilda  Col- 
lins, of  Randolph  County;  born  of  this  mar- 
riage were  Helen  M.,  wife  of  Samuel 
McReynolds,  of  Carthage,  Missouri;  John 
W.,  and  R.  E.  Lee  Halliburton,  of  Carthage; 
Martha  A.,  wife  of  R.  W.  Richardson,  of 
Omaha,  Nebraska ;  Thomas  Halliburton,  of 
Brookfield,  Missouri,  and  Westley  Hallibur- 
ton, of  Alton,  Illinois.  James  C.  Halliburton 
died  at  Warsaw  soon  after  reaching 
maturity.  In  November,  1878,  Judge  Halli- 
burton married  Juliette  Owens,  of  Chariton 
County,  who  is  now  making  her  home  with 
her  stepson,  John  W.  Halliburton,  at  Car- 
thage. Judge  Halliburton  died  at  Milan,  June 
16,  1890,  aged  seventy-eight  years.  He  was 
buried  with  the  rites  of  the  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  all  the  business  houses  being  closed 
in  respect  .to  his  memory.  Throughout  his 
life  he  was  held  in  respectful  regard  by  all 
with  whom  he  associated.  In  law  he  was- 
constantly  associated  with  the  foremost  of  his 
profession*  his  strong  analytical  mind 
searched  out  all  the  details  of  the  most  com- 
plicated cases ;  before  the  jury  he  appeared 
to  splendid  advantage,  presenting  his  case 
clearly  and  conveying  his  ideas  to  the  most 
illiterate;  notwithstanding  his  limited  educa- 
tion he  vras  ready  in  language,  rising  on 
occasion  to  passages  of  great  force  and 
rugged  eloquence.  His  facility  as  a  speaker 
made  him  much  sought  after  in  political  can- 
vasses, and  he  was  heard  in  many  momen- 
tous campaigns.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  up  to  the  Civil  War  period  no  Mis- 
sourian  occupied  higher  place  in  the  esteem 
and  confidence  of  the  people,  and  his  influ- 
ence was  coextensive  with  his  acquaintance. 
His  home  ever  afforded  a  hearty  and  un- 
affected hospitality.    Until  i860  he  possessed 


162 


HALLSVILLK— HAMILTON. 


considerable  property,  but  his  fortune  was 
seriously  impaired  during  the  turbulent  times 
which  followed.  He  gathered  up  sufficient, 
however,  to  provide  for  his  wants,  and  to 
leave  a  modest  sum  for  the  maintenance  of 
^  his  widow. 

Hallsville. — A  town  in  Boone  County, 
so  named  in  honor  of  Judge  John  W.  Hall, 
a  pioneer  citizen,  whose  home  was  not  far 
from  the  site  of  the  present  town.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1866  on  the  commencement  of  the 
branch  railroad  from  Centralia  to  Columbia. 
It  is  surrounded  by  rich  farming  lands  and 
is  a  neighborhood  trade  center.  Its  popula- 
tion is  about  100. 

Hamilton.— A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Caldwell  County,  located 
on  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  and 
the  northern  terminus  of  the  Hamilton  & 
Kingston  Railroad,  nine  miles  north  of 
Kingston,  the  county  seat.  It  has  Baptist, 
Presbyterian  and  Methodist  Episcopal 
Churches,  graded  schools,  two  banks,  three 
hotels,  a  creamery,  steam  flouring  mill,  grain 
elevator  and  operahouse,  is  the  home  of  a 
mutual  fire  insurance  association,  and  sup- 
ports two  newspapers,  the  "Farmers'  Advo- 
cate," Democratic,  and  the  "Hamiltonian," 
Republican.  There  are  about  seventy  mis- 
cellaneous business  places  in  the  city,  includ- 
ing stores,  small  factories  and  shops.  The 
town  was  settled  in  the  spring  of  1855,  and 
was  incorporated  in  1868.  Population,  1899 
(estimated),  1,800. 

Hamilton,    Alexander,    lawyer    and 

jurist,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1814,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  October 
27,  1882.  He  received  a  classical  education  in 
his  native  city.  Fitted  for  the  law,  he  came  to 
St.  Louis,  where  for  nearly  half  a  century 
thereafter  he  was  in  active  practice,  except 
when  serving  on  the  bench,  and  was  ranked 
among  the  leading  lawyers  of  the  State.  He 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
St.  Louis  by  Governor  Edwards,  and  again 
by  Governor  King,  and  afterward  was  elected 
to  that  high  office,  serving,  in  all,  fifteen  years 
on  the  bench.  Numerous  cases  which  at- 
tained wide  celebrity  were  passed  upon  by 
Judge  Hamilton,  chief  among  them  being 
the  famous  "Dred  Scott  case,"  in  which  he 
rendered    the    first    decision,    afterward    af- 


firmed by  the  Supreme  Court.  He  was  among 
the  founders  of  the  St.  Louis  law  library,  and 
did  much  to  build  up  that  institution.  Judge 
Hamilton  was  an  Episcopalian,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  one  of  the  oldest  mem- 
bers of  Christ  Church  in  St.  Louis.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Julia  Keen,  who  came  of  an  old 
and  aristocratic  Philadelphia  family.  In  the 
maternal  line  she  was  descended  from  the 
English  family  of  Lawrences,  and  her 
mother's  brothers  were  distinguished  officers 
of  the  United  States  Navy.  It  was  James 
Lawrence,  her  first  cousin,  who  gave  utter- 
ance to  the  sentiment,  "Don't  give  up  the 
ship,  boys,"  immortalized  among  American 
patriots.  Two  children  were  born  to  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Hamilton ;  Anna,  who  married  Lewis 
Bailey,  of  Boston,  and  Virginia,  who  mar- 
ried Theodore  Forster,  of  St.  Louis.  Both 
daughters  are  now  residents  of  that  city. 

Hamilton,  Warren,  who  has  done 
much  to  promote  the  business  interests  of 
the  city  of  Kirksville,  was  born  in  Plevna, 
Knox  County,  Missouri,  son  of  Henry  S. 
and  Margaret  (Wiseman)  Hamilton.  He  es- 
tablished his  home  in  Kirksville  when  he  was 
fourteen  years  of  age,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Kirksville  high  school  and  at  the  State 
Normal  School  of  that  place.  His  early  busi- 
ness experience  was  obtained  as  a  traveling 
salesmen,  which  occupation  he  entered  upon 
when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age.  After 
traveling  for  a  time  he  taught  school  a  year, 
and 'then  returned  to  the  road  and  traveled 
for  a  commercial  house  thereafter  until  1892. 
In  that  year  he  organized  the  State  Building 
&  Loan  Association  at  Kirksville,  of  which 
he  became  a  director  and  secretary.  Ever 
since  the  organization  of  this  association, 
which  is  a  model  of  its  kind,  he  has  filled  the 
positions  above  named,  and  its  success  has 
been  chiefly  due  to  his  able  and  efficient  con- 
duct of  its  affairs.  He  is  also  a  director  and 
secretary  of  the  Masonic  Hall  Associa- 
tion of  Kirksville,  a  director  and  secre- 
tary of  the  Kirksville  Real  Estate  Associa- 
tion, and  has  been  secretary  and  treasurer  of 
the  American  School  of  Osteopathy  and  of 
the  A.  T.  Still  Infirmary  since  1898.  While 
looking  after  these  various  interests,  he  also 
studied  law,  and  in  1896  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  A  clear-headed,  capable  and  sagacious 
man  of  affairs,  he  has  given  free  rein  to  his 
public  spirit,  and  has  aided  in  many  ways 


I 


HAMMOND— HANDLAN. 


163 


the  rapid  growth  and  development  which 
have  taken  place  in  Kirksville  within  the  ten 
years  ending  with  1900.  In  his  early  manhood 
Mr.  Hamilton  became  a  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic order,  and  his  present  affiliations  with 
various  branches  of  that  mystic  brotherhood 
are  as  follows :  He  is  a  member  of  Adah- 
Lodge,  No.  366,  of  Master  Masons ;  of  Cald- 
weW  Chapter,  No.  53,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Kirksville  Council  of  Royal  and  Select  Ma- 
sons ;  Ely  Commandery,  No.  22,  of  Knights 
Templar ;  Moila  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
of  St,  Joseph,  and  Quincy  Consistory  of  Scot- 
tish Rite  Masons  at  Quincy,  Illinois.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks,  No.  464,  of  Kirksville, 
and  Edina  Lodge,  Knights  of  Pythias,  ot 
Edina,  Missouri.  October  23, 1893,  ^^^-  Ham- 
ilton married  Miss  Lura  Mae  De  Witt,  and 
they  have  one  child,  Arthur  De  Witt  Hamil- 
ton, who  was  born  August  i,  1896. 

Hammond,  Samuel,  was  Deputy 
Governor  of  the  District  of  St.  Louis  under 
Governor  William  Henry  Harrison,  of  In- 
diana Territory.  Hammond  was  an  old- 
school  Virginia  gentleman,  who  had  a  home 
remarkable  for  being  built  in  the  Virginia 
style,  and  who  was  noted  for  his  generous 
hospitality.  He  entertained  royally  during 
the  time  that  he  acted  as  Gov'ernor,  and  aided 
materially  in  popularizing  the  new  regime 
with  the  French  settlers. 

Hammond,  William  Gardiner,  law- 
yer and  educator,  was  born  at  Newport. 
Rhode  Island,  May  3,  1829.  He  was  educated 
at  Amherst  College.  He  studied  law  and  be- 
gan practice  in  Brooklyn,  New  York.  His 
health  failed  and  he  traveled  abroad  for  a 
number  of  years.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg 
and  there  acquired  his  knowledge  of  foreign 
languages  which  served  him  usefully  in  his 
later  works  of  investigation.  In  1867,  as  one 
of  its  founders,  he  became  connected  with 
the  Iowa  Law  School  and  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  institution.  In  1880  he  resigned 
his  position  to  become  dean  of  the  St.  Louis 
Law  School.  His  interest  was  close  and  ef- 
fective, and  as  years  passed  and  the  many 
classes  of  graduating  students  scattered,  he 
came  to  be  closely  identified  with  all  the  in- 
terests of  the  legal  profession  throughout 
Missouri  and  neighboring  States.  He  retained 


his  interest  in  the  Iowa  State  Law  School 
throughout  his  life,  making  frequent  re- 
turns for  the  delivery  of  lectures  and  ad- 
dresses. Between  i860  and  1865  he 
contributed  to  numerous  periodicals.  In  1867 
he  began  the  publication  of  the  "Western 
Jurist,"  and  was  the  chief  editor  until  1870. 
He  wrote  "An  Introduction  to  Sanders' 
Justinian"  in  1875.  It  was  afterward  pub- 
lished separately  under  the  title  of  "A  System 
of  Legal  Classification  of  Hale  and  Black- 
stone  in  its  Relation  to  the  Civil  Law."  In 
1880  he  published  an  edition  of  Lieber's 
"Hermeneutics."  In  1890  he  published  an 
edition  of  "Blackstone's  Commentaries," 
with  elaborate  notes.  He  also  lectured 
at  divers  times  at  the  law  schools  of 
Boston  University,  the  Liniversity  of  Michi- 
gan and  elsewhere.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  a  member  of  the  American  Bar  Asso- 
ciation and  chairman  of  the  committee  upon 
legal  education. 

Handlan,    Alexander    Hamilton, 

was  born  in  Wheeling,  Virginia,  April  25, 
1844,  son  of  Captain  Alexander  H.  Handlan, 
for  many  years  well  known  to  the  people  of 
St.  Louis  through  his  connection  with  the 
early  river  trade.  He  was  educated  at  Her- 
ron's  Seminary,  Cincinnati.  He  became  con- 
nected with  the  quartermaster's  department 
of  the  United  States  Army,  and  was  stationed 
the  greater  part  of  the  time  at  Nashville, 
Tennessee.  He  removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1.868 
and  became  connected  with  the  railroad  sup- 
ply house,  of  which  Myron  M.  Buck  was  then 
the  head.  After  filling  various  positions  he 
became  a  partner  and  soon  afterward  took 
almost  entire  charge  of  the  business,  and  in 
1895  he  purchased  Mr.  Buck's  interest.  He 
is  president  and  manager  of  the  M.  M.  Buck 
Manufacturing  Company;  president  of  the 
Handlan  Warehouse  Company;  president  of 
the  Marquette  Trust  Company,  and  a  di- 
rector in  several  other  mercantile  enterprises. 
He  has  also  been  vice  president  of  the  Citi- 
zens' Bank,  is  one  of  the  owners  and  was  the 
originator  of  the  new  Planters'  Hotel,  and 
has  operated  extensively  in  real  estate. 

In  1866  he  married  Miss  Marie  De  Prez, 
whose  parents  settled  at  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see, at  an  early  date,  who  was  born  in  Paris, 
France,  and  comes  of  a  distinguished  French 
family. 


164 


HANAWALT— HANNA. 


Hanawalt,  Henry,  physician,  was  born 
July  29,  1844,  in  Ross  County,  Ohio.  His 
parents  were  Caleb  and  Eliza  Hanawalt,  the 
first-named  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  an 
early  settler  in  Ohio,  and  the  last-named  a 
native  of  Virginia.  Their  son  Henry  was 
brought  up  on  the  home  farm  and  received 
his  literary  education  in  the  common  schools 
and  in  the  Normal  School  at  Lebanon,  Ohio. 
For  a  few  years  following  he  taught  in  pub- 
sic  schools  in  Fayette  County,  Ohio.  He 
then  read  medicine  at  Bloomingburg,  Ohio, 
under  Dr.  C.  Smith,  and  afterward  entered  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio  at  Cincinnati,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1873.  After  prac- 
ticing for  two  years  in  Fayette  County,  Ohio, 
he  located  in  Arvonia,  Kansas,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1877,  when  he  removed  to  Ga- 
lena, in  the  same  State.  In  1885  he  removed 
to  Kansas  City,  where  he  has  since  been  en- 
gaged in  professional  labor,  his  practice 
being  largely  in  the  treatment  of  nervous  dis- 
eases, a  specialty  which  has  given  him  high 
reputation,  beyond  the  city  as  well  as  within 
it.  He  is  at  present  professor  of  nervous  and 
mental  diseases  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical 
College,  and  was  formerly  professor  of  physi- 
ology and  general  pathology  in  the  Western 
Dental  College,  and  professor  of  the  physiol- 
ogy of  the  nervous  system  and  of  clinical  neu- 
rology in  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  both 
of  Kansas  City.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  Missouri 
State  Medical  Society  and  the  Jackson  Coun- 
ty Medical  Society,  and  is  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Southeastern  Kansas  District 
Medical  Society,  and  of  the  Hodgen  Medi- 
cal Society  of  Western  Missouri.  The  year 
previous  to  locating  in  Kansas  City  he  was 
president  of  the  Kansas  State  Medical  So- 
ciety. He  is  an  occasional  contributor  to 
local  and  national  professional  journals  on 
various  phases  of  nervous  diseases  and  their 
treatment.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican. 
While  a  resident  of  Galena,  Kansas,  he 
served  two  terms  as  councilman,  and  one 
term  as  mayor  of  that  city,  and  during  his 
entire  residence  there  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  educational  affairs,  serving  for 
several  terms  as  a  school  director  at  Empire 
City,  practically  a  portion  of  Galena.  During 
a  portion  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Sixtieth  Regiment,  Ohio  Volunteer 
Infantry.  With  that  command  he  was  cap- 
tured at  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  in  1862. 


He  was  subsequently  a  patient  in  a  govern- 
ment hospital,  and  on  this  account  was  not 
with  his  regiment  when  it  was  mustered  out 
of  service,  and  did  not  receive  his  discharge 
until  some  time  afterward.  Dr.  Hanawalt 
was  married  in  i886  to  Miss  Ida  L.  Edmond- 
ston,  of  an  old  family  of  Knoxville,  Maryland. 
Two  children  have  been  born  of  this  mar- 
riage, Mabel    and    Henry  O.  Hanawalt,  Jr. 

Haiina,  Thomas  King,  a  prominent 
pioneer  merchant  of  the  Alissouri  valley,  and 
active  in  the  establishment  of  various  impor- 
tant enterprises  in  Kansas  City,  was  born 
February  29,  1829,  in  Shelby  County,  Ken- 
tucky, son  of  John  S.  and  Jane  (King)  Hanna, 
both  natives  of  Kentucky,  and  descended 
from  Scotch  Covenanter  ancestry.  Their  son^ 
Thomas  K.  Hanna,  was  reared  on  the  home 
farm  and  was  educated  in  the  neighborhood, 
his  schooling  including  a  course,  liberal  for 
the  day,  provided  by  the  high  school  at  Shel- 
byville.  When  eighteen  years  of  age  he  went 
to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  engaged  as  clerk 
in  the  dry  goods  store  of  W.  W.  Talbot,  and 
during  one  year  of  this  occupation  laid  the 
foundation  for  that  method,  close  attention 
to  details  and  persistent  application,  which 
marked  his  after  life,  and  to  which  he  at- 
tributes his  success.  In  1849  ^^  removed  to 
Lexington,  Missouri,  where  he  engaged  for 
two  years  with  McGrew  Brothers,  merchants 
and  manufacturers.  For  two  years  following 
he  conducted  a  mercantile  business  in  the 
same  city  on  his  own  account.  From  1853 
to  1854  he  resided  in  St.  Louis,  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  dry  goods  trade  in  the  em- 
ploy of  C.  M.  McClung  &  Co..  From  1854  to 
1857,  wit.h  a  younger  brother,  and  at  his  fa- 
ther's solicitation,  he  was  on  a  farm  in  De 
Kalb  County,  Missouri.  The  brother  having 
returned  to  Kentucky,  he  sold  the  farm  for 
double  the  price  paid  and  returned  to  mer- 
cantile life.  In  1857  he  entered  the  field, which 
proved  to  be  the  scene  of  his  most  marked 
success  and  usefulness,  in  association  with  one 
who  was  equally  enterprising,  with  whom  he 
maintained  companionable  and  mutually 
profitable  relations  for  many  years.  Forming 
a  partnership  with  Thomas  E.  Tootle,  then 
the  foremost  dry  goods  merchant  in  St.  Jos- 
eph, Missouri,  he  opened  a  wholesale  and 
retail  house  at  Plattsmouth,  Nebraska,  which  ^ 
he  conducted  under  the  name  of  Tootle  & 
Hanna.  The  business  proved  entirely  success- 


HANNIBAL. 


165 


I 


ful,  and  in  1864  a  branch  house  was  opened 
at  Helena,  Montana,  by  the  firm  of  Tootle, 
Leach  &  Company,  with  Richard  Leach 
as  managing  partner.  In  1868  the  firm  name 
became  Tootle,  Hanna  &  Leach.  The  houses 
at  Plattsmouth  and  Helena  were  now  aban- 
doned, and  the  firm  opened  a  wholesale  dry 
goods  business  in  Kansas  City  under  the  per- 
sonal management  of  Mr.  Hanna.  In  1873 
Mr.  Leach  died,  and  the  business  was  con- 
tinued under  the  firm  name  of  Tootle,  Hanna 
&  Company.  In  1887,  on  the  death  of  Milton 
Tootle,  Mr.  Hanna  bought  the  business  m 
Kansas  City.  His  health  had  become  serious- 
ly impaired  owing  to  excessive  application  to 
commercial  affairs  during  many  years,  and  he 
sold  interests  to  others,  placing  the  firm  un- 
der its  present  title  of  Burnham,  Hanna, 
Munger  &  Company.  This  establishment,  at 
its  beginning  in  1868,  employed  six  men  and 
transacted  an  annual  business  of  $200,000 ;  it 
is  now  one  of  the  most  important  wholesale 
houses  in  the  Missouri  valley,  employing 
about  250  persons  and  distributing  annually 
goods  to  the  value  of  more  than  five  million 
dollars.  Mr.  Hanna,  who  maintains  an  advis- 
ory interest  in  the  daily  concerns  of  the 
house,  bears  the  distinction  of  being  the  old- 
est dry  goods  jobbing  merchant  in  the  city, 
and  is  honored  as  one  of  the  few  survivors 
of  the  class  of  old-time  merchants,  whose 
ideals  of  business  character  were  the  most 
exalted,  and  whose  promise  or  guaranty 
needed  neither  witness  nor  bond.  Prior  to 
the  organization  of  the  present  firm  he  was 
in  full  charge  of  the  business,  yet  gave  at- 
tention to  various  other  enterprises.  At 
Plattsmouth  he  aided  in  organizing  the  First 
National  Bank,  and  at  a  later  day  he  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Miners'  Bank  at  Jop- 
lin.  He  was  also  for  many  years  interested  m 
lead  mines  at  the  latter  place  and  elsewhere 
in  southwest  Missouri.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  both  the  Citizens'  National 
Bank  and  the  Merchants'  National  Bank,  of 
Kansas  City,  and  for  many  years  a  director 
in  each  of  them,  and  for  a  short  time  was  vice 
president  of  the  American  National  Bank  of 
Kansas  City.  When  he  became  a  resident  of 
Kansas  City  he  assumed  a  full  share  of 
the  labor  and  outlay  incident  to  the  advance- 
ment of  public  interests  conducive  to  its  de- 
velopment and  prosperity.  In  1869  he  was 
an  organizing  member  of  the  Kansas  City 
Board  of   Trade,  and  was  president  of  that 


body  for  the  first  three  years  of  its  existence. 
After  that  he  was  for  many  years  an  officer 
and  member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  that 
organization.  His  interest  in  it  has  never 
waned,  and  he  was  foremost  among  its  mem- 
bers when  the  present  magnificent  exchange 
building  was  erected.  Earnestly  interested  in 
educational  affairs  as  a  member  of  the  board 
of  education,  1872-5,  he  rendered  valuable 
service.  There  were  then  laid  the  founda- 
tions for  the  present  admirable  school  sys- 
tem, and  wise  judgment  and  great  tact  were 
necessary  in  providing  school  accommoda- 
tions for  a  rapidly  increasing  population  and 
to  select  a  corps  of  teachers  whose  capability 
and  character  were  unassailable.  In  all  meas- 
ures to  these  ends  he  was  one  of  the  most 
ready  to  assume  responsibility  and  to  afford 
the  benefit  of  his  wise  judgment  and  direct- 
ing powers.  In  his  early  life  he  was  a  Henry 
Clay  Whig,  and  on  the  downfall  of  that  party 
he  became  a  Democrat.  He  never  sought 
political  distinction,  and  has  held  but  one 
political  office,  that  of  State  Senator  in  the 
first  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Nebraska, 
to  which  he  was  elected  without  solicitation 
on  his  part.  He  served  his  term  to  the  emi- 
nent satisfaction  of  his  constituents,  who 
commended  his  fidelity  and  usefulness  in  un- 
stinted language.  In  religion  he  is  a  Presby- 
terian and  has  ever  given  devoted  service  to 
his  church  and  Sunday  school,  and  bestowed 
liberally  of  his  means  on  various  benefi- 
cences. Mr.  Hanna  was  married  September 
27,  1855,  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  to  Miss 
Judith  J.  Venable,  a  lady  of  education  and 
refinement,  and  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Venable,  of  Shelbyville,  Kentucky. 

Hannibal.— A  city  of  12,780  inhabitants 
(census  of  1900),  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Marion 
County.  Soulard,  an  early  surveyor  general, 
probably  left  in  the  provisional  archives  some 
map  calling  for  Hannibal  Creek,  which, 
escaping  transfer  to  the  Spanish  capital,  re- 
mained in  territorial  custody  so  as  to  sug- 
gest the  name  to  the  United  States  surveyors 
who,  in  1818,  platted  the  town.  Whoever 
constructed  this  plat  was  able  to  so  arrange 
it  that,  except  on  Broadway,  each  half  block 
with  one-half  the  abutting  area  of  the  alley 
and  one-half  the  surrounding  area  of  the 
streets,  amounted  to  precisely  one  acre.  To 
the  early  bar  of  the  subsequent  city  this  fea- 


166 


HANNIBAL. 


ture  was  well  known.  On  February  6,  1816, 
Abraham  Bird,  of  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana, 
gave  his  son,  Thompson  Bird,  a  supposed 
general  power  of  attorney  over  the  aflfairs 
of  Abraham  Bird  in  Missouri  Territory.  In 
1817  Moses  D.  Bates  settled  at  St,  Louis, 
Missouri,  and  engaged  in  a  contract  under 
the  Territorial  government.  In  1818,  while 
'serving  as  a  chain  carrier  in  the  government 
survey  corps,  Bates  became  acquainted  with 
the  present  site  of  Hannibal.  Soon  after- 
ward Abraham  Bird,  through  his  son, 
Thompson  Bird,  located  in  the  recorder's 
office  at  St.  Louis,  a  New  Madrid  certificate 
for  640  acres.  No.  230  or  379,  survey  2,739, 
on  Sections  28,  21,  and  part  of  29,  in  Town- 
ship 57,  north,  Range  4,  west.  It  appears  that 
the  filing  of  the  claim  on  this  land  was  done 
upon  the  advice  of  Bates,  who  later  became 
a  prominent  figure  in  the  afifairs  of  the  early 
town  of  Hannibal.  Under  power  of  attorney, 
Thompson  Bird  deeded  the  undivided  half  of 
the  640  acres  to  Elias  Rector,  In  1818  M. 
D,  Bates,  accompanied  by  four  slaves  and 
eight  employes,  brought  from  St.  Louis  a 
stock  of  goods  and  built  a  double  log  cabin 
store  house  on  the  south  part  of  what  is  now 
Lot  7,  Block  6,  and  near  by  he  built  some 
shanties..  He  also  built  a  warehouse  on  Lot 
3,  Block  10.  Bates  and  his  companions  were 
the  first  settlers,  and  the  former  may  be  con- 
sidered the  founder  of  Hannibal.  He  also 
ran  a  keel-boat  on  the  Mississippi,  plying  be- 
tween St,  Louis  and  Ste.  Genevieve.  While 
working  at  the  construction  of  such  a  boat 
for  Bates,  at  the  mouth  of  Bay  de  Charles, 
in  1819,  Jonathan  Fleming  was  attacked  and 
wounded  by  the  Indians,  The  first  steam- 
boat, Bates'  boat,  the  "Gen.  Putnam," arrived 
in  1825.  Bates'  principal  business  during  his 
first  years  at  Hannibal  was  trading  with  the 
Indians,  and  he  numberea  among  his  cus- 
tomers Black  Hawk  and  Keokuk,  In  the 
early  part  of  1819  an  association,  known  as 
the  "Old  Town  Company,"  had  the  first 
thirty-three  blocks  of  the  town  laid  ofT  and 
platted,  and  gave  to  the  place  the  name  Han- 
nibal. Bates  was  the  chief  factor  in  this  oper- 
ation, and  it  appears  plain  that  the  surveying 
and  platting  of  the  town  was  done  by  his  sur- 
veyor associates.  The  Rectors  were  survey- 
ors, and  four  Rectors  figured  in  the  early 
title.  A  public  sale  of  lots  attracted  some 
purchasers,  and  titles  were  made  under  the 
Thompson  Bird  power  of  attorney.     In  the 


winter  of  1820- 1  Bates  moved  his  store  to 
what  is  now  known  as  Indian  Mound  Park. 
There  is  evidence  that  Abraham  Bird  died 
in  1819,  but  in  the  case  of  Rector  vs.  Waugh 
(17  Mo.,  page  23),  it  is  stated  that  Abraham 
Bird,  of  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  died  in- 
testate in  1821.  On  December  i,  1824,  a 
United  States  patent  for  the  640  acres  upon 
which  Thompson  Bird  filed,  as  attorney,  a 
New  Madrid  claim,  was  issued  to  Abraham 
Bird  or  his  legal  representatives.  In  1826  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Missouri  decided  that 
Thompson  Bird's  power  of  attorney  was  void. 
(Ashley  vs.  Bird,  i  Mo.,  640.)  By  deed, 
dated  December  i,  1829,  and  acknowledged  in 
1830  and  1831,  Abraham  Bird's  widow,  Mary 
Bird,  and  his  children,  Abraham,  William, 
John  and  Mary  Bird  Vail,  joined  by  her  hus- 
band, conveyed  to  the  remaining  child, 
Thompson  Bird,  their  estate  in  the  patented 
land.  (Record  Book  B,  page  37,  Marion 
County.)  There  were  numerous  corrective 
and  other  conveyances,  but  in  the  end  all 
title,  including  a  third  acquired  by  Moses  D. 
Bates,  and  set  ofiF  to  him  in  partition  in 
Marion  Circuit  Court,  was  concentrated  to 
Stephen  Glascock  and  his  grantees,  Glas- 
cock was  simply  a  member  or  agent  of  the 
"New  Town  Company,"  and  was  selected  for 
trustee  because  he  was  unmarried.  On  April 
17,  1836,  he  filed  a  reproduction  of  the  orig- 
inal plat  of  1819,  Abstracts  of  title  usually 
stop  with  Stephen  Glascock.  In  1839 
Stephen  Glascock  platted  the  additional 
blocks,  including  South  Hannibal  and  all  the 
out  lots.  This  plat,  though  then  filed,  is  lost ; 
yet  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  is  still 
in  existence.  Some  lithographic  copies  of 
this  plat  are  extant.  The  year  Glascock  laid 
out  his  additions  to  the  town  he  made  a  pub- 
lic sale  of  all  unsold  lots  and  out  lots.  The 
sale  book  is  in  the  records  of  the  common 
pleas  court  at  Hannibal.  Thomas  Sunder- 
land, a  young  lawyer  of  Hannibal,  made  an 
abstract  which  contained  in  narrative  form 
a  history  of  the  early  Hannibal  titles.  This 
history,  after  passing  through  various  vicis- 
situdes, was  lost  in  about  1882.  Sunderland 
went  to  California  and  became  a  multi- 
millionaire. He  removed  to  Washington 
City  and  died  there.  The  early  settlers 
called  the  creek  running  through  the  town 
Bear  Creek,  because  an  American  hunter  V 
from  down  the  river  had  killed  a  bear  in  this 
valley.     The  space  between  Bear  Creek  and 


HANNIBAL. 


167 


Rock  Street  was,  on  March  i,  1839,  incor- 
porated as  a  town.  (Missouri  Session  Laws, 
1838-9,  page  305.)  On  January  29,  1841,  the 
corporate  Hmits  were  extended  northward. 
(Laws  1 84 1,  page  306.)  February  25,  1843, 
the  town  of  South  Hannibal,  with  other  ter- 
ritory, was  added.  (Laws  1842-3,  page  383.) 
February  21,  1845,  the  Legislature  granted 
the  town  of  Hannibal  a  special  charter  as  a 
city.  (Laws  1845,  page  115.)  Since  then 
numerous  amendments  have  been  enacted. 
The  first  brick  building  in  Hannibal  was 
erected  by  Joseph  Hamilton  on  Lot  2,  in 
Block  7,  a  two-story  house,  opposite  to  the 
landing  between  Bird  and  Hill  Streets. 
When  the  levee  was  raised  by  the  earth  taken 
from  Third  Street,  between  Hill  and  North 
Streets,  the  first  floor  of  this  old  brick  be- 
came three  or  four  feet  below  the  grade. 
There  are  now  but  two  frame  houses  that 
were  in  Hannibal  before  1836,  One  is  on  the 
east  end  of  lot  8,  in  block  9,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  hill  between  Main  and  Third 
Streets.  The  other  is  on  the  south  part  of 
the  east  front  of  lot  2,  in  block  11,  west 
side  of  Third  Street,  between  Center  and 
Bird  Streets.  The  original  city  prison,  then 
called  the  calaboose,  was  a  two-story  brick 
building,  situated  on  the  east  end  of  lot  5, 
in  block  5,  and  was'  held  by  the  city  under 
some  right  derived  from  the  late  General 
Benjamin  F.  Butler.  (City  Records,  May  17, 
1847,  page  196.)  This  was  the  structure  that 
the  hapless  prisoner  fired  as  described  in 
Mark  Twain's  "Life  on  the  Mississippi," 
page  554.  Carroll  Beckwith,  the  portrait 
painter,  was  born  in  the  two-story  brick 
northeast  corner  of  Hill  and  Fourth  Streets. 
In  1838  John  M.  Clemens,  the  father  of  Mark 
Twain,  moved  to  Hannibal.  His  first  resi- 
dence was  on  lot  i,  in  block  19,  west  side  of 
Third  Street,  between  Bird  and  Hill  Streets, 
November  13,  1839,  John  M.  Clemens 
bought  lot  I,  in  block  9.  On  this  lot  his  first 
residence  was  in  a  dwelling  house  no  longer 
existing,  but  then  facing  Hill  Street,  between 
Second  and  Third  Streets,  and  adjoining  his 
subsequent  residence,  the  two-story  frame 
known  as  the  Mark  Twain  building,  No.  206 
Hill  Street,  almost  directly  in  rear  of  which 
stands  "Huck  Finn's"  former  habitation. 
After  the  death  of  John  M.  Clemens,  March 
24,  1847,  the  ell  of  the  Clemens  house  was 
erected  by  his  son  Orion  Clemens.  The 
Christmas   number   of    "Harper's   Weekly," 


1899,  contains  some  views  of  early  Hannibal, 
illustrating  an  article  by  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Fielder  Waller.  In  1844  Hannibal  began  a 
remarkable  growth.  In  that  period  were 
built  the  brick  blocks  that  compose  the  old- 
est part  of  the  city.  These  improvements 
bore  the  tax  burdens  that  ipade  Hannibal  a 
railway  focus.  Following  the  era  of  1844, 
the  citizens  of  Hannibal  began  to  debate  the 
project  of  a  railroad  from  Hannibal  to  Glas- 
gow, Missouri.  The  citizens  of  St.  Joseph 
became  enlisted,  and  through  their  influ- 
ence the  western  terminus  was  diverted  to 
St.  Joseph.  As  early  as  1837  John  M.  Clem- 
ens had  appeared  as  a  corporator  in  a  char- 
tered railway  company,  and  as  he  figured  as 
chairman  of  the  organizing  meeting  in  Han- 
nibal, held  in  his  office  in  1846,  for  the  cre- 
ation of  what  became  the  Hannibal  &  St. 
Joseph  Railroad,  it  may  be  concluded  that 
he,  if  not  original  promoter,  was  one  of  the 
prime  movers  of  that  enterprise.  In  1851  the 
canvass  began.  Among  the  largest  subscrib- 
ers were  Zachariah  Z.  Draper,  who  died  July 
2,  1856,  and  Archibald  S.  Robards,  who  died 
June  21,  1862.  There  were,  among  others, 
foremost  in  that  campaign  two  citizens  who 
afterward  freely  devoted  the  best  part  of 
their  lives  to  the  promotion  of  this  and  vari- 
ous succeeding  public  enterprises  which 
finally  made  Hannibal  one  of  the  first 
railway  centers  in  the  United  States — Rob- 
ert F.  Lakenan,  who  expired  May  13,  1883, 
and  Jameson  F.  Hawkins^  who,  on  July  21, 
1885,  died  in  the  harness.  For  such  as  these 
the  commemorative  bronze  awaits  its  merited 
invocation.  The  present  city  of  Hannibal 
extends  from  Holliday's  Hill,  on  the  north, 
to  Lover's  Leap,  on  the  south,  extending  for 
a  distance  of  more  than  two  miles  back  from 
the  river  and  having  a  delightful  location 
on  elevated  land.  For  some  years  after  the 
first  settlement  was  made,  the  Indians  had 
their  wigwams  on  the  hills  over  which  the 
residence  part  of  the  city  now  extends.  As 
the  white  settlers  came  the  Indians  gradu- 
ally departed.  The  greater  part  of  the  site 
of  the  city  in  early  days  was  a  dense  forest 
of  oak  and  other  trees  and  underbrush.  This 
was  cleared  away  as  the  population  increased. 
At  the  old  R.  H.  Griffith  homestead  in  Han- 
nibal to-day  remains  a  grove  of  these  pri- 
meval forest  trees,  with  very  straight  and 
slender  columns.  In  1833  the  first  steam 
sawmill    was    built    by    Smith    &    Johnson, 


168 


HANNIBAL. 


and  occupied  what  is  now  the  corner  of 
Main  and  Broadway.  In  the  early  settle- 
ment of  the  place  commerce  of  the  river  was 
carried  on  by  keel  boats,  and  a  week  and 
a  half  was  required  to  make  the  trip  from 
St.  Louis  to  Hannibal.  Hannibal  had  no 
regular  steamboat  service  until  about  1830, 
when  one  Doat  a  week  made  the  trip  to  St, 
Louis.  When  the  river  was  high  a  steamer 
would  sometimes  come  up  the  creek  and  land 
at  the  intersection  of  Broadway  and  Second 
Street.  In  1833  the  total  population  of  the 
town  was  thirty-five,  while  Palmyra,  the 
county  seat,  had  more  than  1,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  city  at  present  contains  within 
its  corporate  limits  more  than  3,000  acres 
of  land.  It  has  a  public  sewer  system,  sev- 
eral miles  of  well  paved  streets,  gas  works 
and  water  works,  a  finely  equipped  electric 
car  system,  municipal  ownership  of  electric 
light  and  power  plant,  telegraph  and  cable 
service,  telephone,  local  and  long  distance, 
paid  fire  department,  a  well  organiired  police 
force  consisting  of  a  chief  and  ten  men,  four 
banks,  fine  free  public  library,  an  operahouse, 
hotels,  elegant  union  depot,  ten  fine  public 
school  buildings,  including  a  high  school  and 
schools  for  colored  children,  an  academy  (St. 
Joseph's)  conducted  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Catholic  Church,  and  an  Evangelical 
Lutheran  parochial  school,  connected  with 
St.  John's  Church.  The  moral  tone  of  the 
city  is  told  by  its  number  of  churches — 
twenty— including  three  Baptist,  one  of  which 
is  colored ;  three  Christian,  of  which  two  arc 
colored;  one  Congregational,  one  Episco- 
pal, one  Evangelical  Lutheran,  seven  Meth- 
odist Episcopal,  including  the  two  Methodist 
Episcopal,  South,  and  two  for  colored  peo- 
ple; two  Presbyterian,  and  one  Catholic. 
There  are  numerous  religious  and  charitable 
societies  and  lodges  of  fraternal  orders,  in- 
cluding five  lodges  of  the  different  degrees 
of  Masonry,  three  lodges  of  United  Work- 
men, one  lodge  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks,  eight  lodges  of  Odd  Fellows, 
seven  of  Knights  of  Pythias,  three  of  the  order 
of  Maccabees,  one  of  Modern  Woodmen,  and 
one  of  National  Union.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  lodges,  not  included  above,  sustained 
by  the  colored  residents  of  the  town.  There 
are  numerous  fine  public  halls  and  buildings. 
In  January,  1900,  the  county  court  directed 
that  a  courthouse,  to  cost  $50,000,  be  built, 
and  this  is  in  process  of  construction.     Ses- 


sions of  the  United  States  circuit  and  the 
United  States  district  courts  are  held  in  the 
city.  A  United  States  marshal's  office,  an  inter- 
nal revenue  office,  pension  examiner's  office, 
weather  bureau,  and  United  States  live  stock 
agent  are  maintained  in  the  city.  The  gov- 
ernment building  is  one  of  the  most  artistic 
and  substantial  in  Missouri.  The  building 
is  occupied  by  the  post  office,  the  United 
States  courts  and  United  States  officers. 
Within  and  near  the  city  are  many  points 
of  interest,  some  of  which  have  been  made 
famous  by  Mark  Twain,  especially  Hannibal 
Cave.  The  bluffs  of  drift  are  the  largest 
known  in  the  State.  (See  Swallow's  "Geology," 
engraving  facing  page  y6,  First  Part.)  The 
Hampton  boulder,  a  red  granite  erratic,  is  the 
largest  lost  rock  in  the  State.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  its  freedom  from  erosion.  Han- 
nibal is  one  of  the  chief  division  points  of 
the  Burlington  Railway  system,  and  general 
offices  of  the  St.  Louis,  Keokuk  &  North- 
western, and  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  di- 
visions are  maintained  there,  and  the  large 
repair  shops  of  the  company  are  also  located 
at  that  point,  giving  employment  to  several 
hundred  hands.  Shops  of  the  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas &  Texas  Railway  and  the  St,  Louis  & 
Hannibal  Railroad  are  also  located  in  the 
town.  The  building  stone  is  a  crinoid  lime- 
stone, a  coarse,  white  marble  taking  a  good 
polish.  A  large  plant  saws  out  slabs  and 
blocks  of  this  material  in  any  required  size. 
The  lumber  interests  of  the  town  are  impor- 
tant, a  number  of  large  mills  still  being  'in 
operation.  There  is  a  large  stove  manufac- 
turing plant,  two  foundries,  one  of  which 
manufactures  car  wheels ;  a  wagon  factory, 
cooperage  works,  large  printing  house  and 
blank  book  manufactory,  two  shoe  factories, 
several  cigar  factories,  shell  button  factories, 
a  pump  manufacturing  works,  pressed  brick 
plant,  large  pork-packing  house,  large 
flouring  mills,  ice-making  plant,  breweries, 
soap  works,  overall  factory,  box  factories, 
lime  works  and  more  than  thirty  other 
manufacturing  establishments,  some  of 
which  are  of  considerable  size  and 
give  employment  to  many  hands.  A 
new,  but  perhaps  temporary,  industry, 
is  the  gathering  of  mussels  and  the 
manufacture  of  button  blanks.  A  bed  of 
mussels,  said  to  be  six  or  seven  feet  deep  and 
a  half  mile  long,  extends  in  front  of  the  city 
limits.     This   space   is   dotted  with    mussel 


HANNIBAL  &  ST.  JOSEPH  RAIIvROAD— HANNIBAL  CAVES. 


169 


boats,  suggesting  the  oyster  pungies  on  the 
shallows  of  the  Chesapeake.  There  are  alto- 
gether nearl>  400  business  concerns  in  the 
city,  including  the  above  mentioned  and  a 
number  of  wholesale  establishments.  There 
is  one  daily  paper,  the  "Journal,"  and  two 
weeklies,  the  "Journal"  and  the  "Courier- 
Post."  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  all 
kinds  of  property  in  the  city  in  1900  was 
$3,648,821.  It  is  the  converging  point  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy ;  the  St. 
Louis,  Keokuk  &  Northwestern ;  the  Hanni- 
bal &  St.  Joseph;  the  Missouri,  Kansas  & 
Texas ;  the  St.  Louis  &  Hannibal,  and  the 
Wabash  Railroads.  The  principal  place  of 
interment  at  Hannibal  is  Mount  Olivet  Cem- 
etery, situated  just  south  of  the  city  lim- 
its. It  contains  eighty-seven  acres,  crowning 
the  elevated  slopes  which  overlook  the  Cave 
Mills  on  the  south,  the  city  on  the  north,  and 
on  the  east  the  river  glimpse,  the  river  plain 
and  the  far  hills  and  towns  of  Illinois.  Na- 
ture never  presented  a  more  lovely  site.  The 
grounds  have  been  well  laid  off  at  great  ex- 
pense, a  residence  is  provided  for  the  warden, 
a  cut-stone  slate-roofed  chapel  costing  $2,000 
occupies  a  central  position,  and  many  very 
beautiful  and  costly  monuments  are  within 
the  cemetery  enclosure.  Three  present  life- 
size  granite  statues.  Mount  Olivet  Ceme- 
tery Association  is  a  benevolent  corporation. 
Its  president  is  Thomas  H.  Bacon,  and  its 
secretary  and  treasurer  is  John  L.  R.  Bards, 
who  is  the  founder  and  general  patron  of  the 
enterprise.  Under  his  management  a  fund 
of  near  $10,000  has  been  accumulated  from 
the  sales  of  lots,  and  this  money  is  maintained 
at  interest  on  real  estate  security  with  a  view 
of  providing  ultimate  income  to  defray  the 
running  expenses,  as  well  as  to  improve  the 
grounds. 

The  free  public  library  of  Hannibal  was  es- 
tablished in  1889,  under  the  promotion  of 
Robert  Elliott.  It  is  the  first  free  public  li- 
brary organized  in  the  State,  and  is  sup- 
ported by  a  5  per  centum  city  tax,  producing 
$1,700  per  annum.  The  incidental  revenue 
is  $100  besides.  The  library  contains  7,647 
books.  The  officers  and  board  serve  with- 
out  compensation.         ^^^^^^  ^   ^^^^^ 

Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad. — 

The  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad  Com- 
pany was  chartered  under  the  laws  of  Mis- 
souri in  1847.     It  received  a  land  grant  of 


600,000  acres,  and  the  State  guaranteed  its 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  $3,000,000.  The 
road  was  opened  February  15,  1859,  with  J. 
T.  K.  Hayward  as  its  general  superintendent. 
In  the  beginning,  its  management  was  inimi- 
cal to  St.  Louis,  the  road  crossing  the  State 
in  such  a  way  as  to  divert  traffic  to  Chicago 
and  the  East.  It  is  now  part  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  system,  which  see. 

Hannibal  Bridge. — In  the  year  1870-1 
a  combined  railroad  and  wagon  bridge  was 
built  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Hannibal, 
at  a  cost  of  $485,000.  It  is  used  by  the  Wa- 
bash and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
railways. 

-^Hannibal  Caves. — There  are  several 
interesting  caves  in  the  vicinity  of  Hannibal. 
The  largest  one  (the  Mark  Twain-"Tom  Saw- 
yer" Cave)  is  a  mile  below  the  city  and  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  Mississippi  River, 
having  an  ante-chamber  eight  feet  high  and 
fifteen  feet  long,  descending  into  the  Nar- 
rows, through  which  access  is  had  to  Grand 
Avenue,  Washington  Avenue,  and  Altar 
Chamber.  In  Bat  Chamber  there  are  thou- 
sands of  bats  clinging  to  the  ceiling  and  walls, 
and  in  Washington  Avenue  are  long  corri- 
dors of  stalactites  and  stalagmites.  Devil's 
Hall  is  a  spacious  chamber  with  a  horizontal 
ceiHng  and  level  floor;  AlHgator  Rock  and 
Elephant's  Head  afford  rude  resemblances  to 
the  animals  they  are  named  after;  Table 
Rock  is  twenty  feet  in  height,  with  regular 
steps  to  the  top.  Not  far  away  is  the  La 
Beaume  Cave.  Within  the  limits  of  the  city 
are  Murphy's  Cave  and  Ure's  Cave,  but  they 
are  smaller  and  contain  fewer  formations  of 
interest.  These  caves  could  be  used  in 
mushroom  culture.  They  are  generally  free 
from  moisture.  Their  occurrence  is  confined 
to  the  Louisiana  limestone,  which  nowhere 
extends  below  water  level.  All  stories  of 
chambers  or  avenues  extending  under  the 
river  are  fabrications,  the  stock  products  of 
cave  mendacity.  No  archaeological  relics 
can  ever  be  found  in  these  caverns.  The 
floor  is  a  clay  of  high  specific  gravity.  This 
mud  was  deposited  when  the  whole  country 
was  under  water.  The  same  agencies  sealed 
up  the  many  openings.  The  avenues  are 
huge  crevices  in  the  rock,  labyrinths  of  inter- 
secting passages.  The  cave  limestone  is  also 
called  "pot  metal,"  from  its  metallic  ring.   It 


170 


HANNIBAL  TUNNEL— HARDIN. 


is  applicable  to  lithographic  purposes.  Mark 
Twain  Cave  was  discovered  as  the  refuge  of  a 
panther.  Two  other  panthers  were  after- 
ward cornered  there  by  the  earliest  settlers. 
About  1858,  Rogers,  the  sculptor,  lived  ui 
Hannibal,  where  he  held  some  position  in  the 
Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad  offices.  He 
made  a  survey  and  diagram  of  the  Mark 
Twain  Cave.  Thomas  H.  Bacon. 

Hannibal  Tnnnel. — A  railway  tunnel 
cut  through  Bridge  Hill,  just  north  of  Holli- 
day's  Hill  at  Hannibal.  It  is  302  feet  in 
length,  20  feet  in  height  and  18  feet  in  width. 
The  Louisiana  limestone  being  full  of  cavi- 
ties, making  it  difficult  to  blast,  dynamite  was 
used,  and  in  several  instances  with  fatal  re- 
sults. 

Hardeman's  Garden. — A  name  given 
to  a  beautiful  ornamented  spot  of  ten  acres 
laid  off  and  cultivated  as  a  botanical  garden 
by  John  Hardeman,  about  live  miles  above 
Old  Franklin,  Howard  County,  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  in  1820.  The  proprietor  was  a 
native  of  North  Carolina,  a  gentleman  of 
wealth,  leisure  and  taste,  who  came  to  Mis- 
souri to  practice  law,  but  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession for  the  gentler  pursuit  of  floriculture. 
The  garden  was  the  central  attraction  in  a 
fine  farm  of  several  hundred  acres  which  the 
proprietor  owned  and  cultivated,  and  was 
famous  for  its  shell  walks,  its  exotic  and  in- 
digenous plants,  its  vines  and  its  ornamental 
shrubbery.  But  it  was  swallowed  up  in  the 
rapacious  Missouri  long  ago,  and  the  very 
name  is  almost  forgotten.  John  Hardeman 
died  of  yellow  fever  at  New  Orleans  in  1829. 

Hardin.— A  fourth-class  city,  in  Ray 
County,  on  the  Wabash  and  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroads,  five  miles 
north  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  ten  miles 
east  of  Richmond.  It  has  Methodist  Epis- 
copal, Christian  and  Baptist  churches,  a  free 
public  school,  a  bank,  flouring  mill,  two  grain 
elevators,  a  newspaper,  the  "News,"  and 
about  twenty-five  stores,  shops,  etc.  Popula- 
tion, 1899  (estimated),  650. 

Hardin,  Charles  B.,  physician,  and 
medical  examiner  for  various  life  insurance 
companies,  is  a  native  of  Missouri,  and  was 
born  in  Lafayette  County,  August  30,  1857. 
His  parents  were  Daniel  S.  and  Sallie  (Buck- 


ner)  Hardin,  both  natives  of  Kentucky,  who 
soon  after  their  marriage  removed  to  Mis- 
souri, and  in  recent  years  have  resided  in 
Jackson  County.  Of  their  five  children.  Dr. 
C.  B.  Hardin  was  the  second.  He  was  reared 
upon  the  home  farm  and  began  his  education 
in  the  common  schools  in  the  neighborhood. 
Having  the  medical  profession  in  view,  he 
availed  himself  of  every  opportunity  to  ad- 
vance in  knowledge,  and  afterward  became  a 
student  in  Woodland  College,  at  Independ- 
ence, Missouri,  and  in  the  Christian  College, 
at  Canton,  Missouri,  pursuing  the  complete 
course  in  the  latter  institution.  Upon  leav- 
ing college,  he  taught  school  for  a  time  in 
Saline  County,  Missouri,  with  such  success 
as  to  mark  him  as  well  fitted  for  a  teacher. 
Determined  upon  medicine,  however,  he  en- 
tered upon  the  study  of  that  science  in  Kan- 
sas City,  Missouri,  and  in  1881  he  was  grad- 
uated from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons.  After  his  graduation  he  prac- 
ticed with  his  first  preceptor.  Dr.  John  Bry- 
ant, at  Independence,  Missouri,  afterward 
removing  to  Excelsior  Springs,  Missouri, 
where  he  practiced  alone.  Desirous  of  at- 
taining further  proficiency  in  his  profession, 
in  the  fall  of  1882  he  closed  his  office  and 
went  to  New  York  City,  and  entered  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1883.  With  the  thorough  prepa- 
ration afforded  through  these  various  courses 
of  study,  he  located  at  Independence,  and  en- 
tered upon  a  practice  which  was  useful  and 
remunerative  almost  from  the  first.  Recog- 
nition of  his  ability  soon  came  in  his  appoint- 
ment as  examining  physician  by  several  of 
the  most  exacting  insurance  companies  and 
fraternal  insurance  orders,  among  them  the 
Bankers'  Life  Insurance  Company,  the  An- 
cient Order  of  United  Workmen,  the  Fra- 
ternal Guardians,  and  the  Provident  Life  In- 
surance Company.  With  no  reason  for 
dissatisfaction  with  his  practice,  a  laudable 
ambition  moved  him  to  seek  a  field  more  rich 
in  opportunities  for  effort,  and  affording  a 
keener  stimulation  through  contact  with 
greater  numbers  in  the  profession,  and  in 
1888  he  removed  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
where  he  has  since  built  up  a  large  and  in- 
creasing practice,  general  in  its  character, 
among  an  excellent  class  of  people.  To  deep 
knowledge  in  his  profession  he  unites  those 
personal  attributes  which  adorn  the  true  phy- 
sician and  contribute  to  his  success.    Courte- 


ptyrffm^Myr 


T^c^^  ^  "?^ 


HARDIN. 


171 


ous  in  his  demeanor,  he  possesses  a  naturally 
sympathetic  feeUng  which  affords  assurance 
of  a  deep-seated  personal  interest  in  his  pa- 
tients, inspiring  that  confidence  which  is  so 
efficient  an  aid  to  medical  skill.  He  is  now 
lecturer  on  physical  diagnosis  in  the  Medico- 
Chirurgical  College  of  Kansas  City,  and  sec- 
retary of  the  faculty.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  in  which  he 
holds  the  position  of  censor;  of  the  Kansas 
City  District  Medical  Society;  of  the  Kansas 
City  Academy  of  Medicine,  in  which  he  has 
served  as  secretary  and  as  censor ;  of  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Society,  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  He  is  a 
Democrat  in  politics,  but  has  taken  little  act- 
ive interest  in  political  affairs  on  account  of 
the  exactions  of  his  profession.  The  year 
following  his  removal  to  Kansas  City,  he  was 
the  nominee  of  his  party  for  the  position  of 
city  physician,  and  was  defeated  by  but  one 
vote.  With  his  wife  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church.  He  holds  membersnip 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  with  the 
Woodmen  of  the  W^orld,  and  with  the 
Brotherhood  of  America.  June  19,  1884, 
Dr.  Hardin  married  Miss  Lunette  Mosby,  an 
amiable  and  well  educated  lady,  of  Liberty, 
Missouri.  Two  children  have  been  born  of 
this  marriage,  Celeste  and  Samuel  B.  Hardin. 
The  first  named  was  a  second  year  student  in 
the  Kansas  City  High  School,  and  the  last 
named  was  a  student  in  the  ward  school  in 
1900. 

Hardin,  Charles  Henry,  ex-Governor 
of  Missouri,  was  born  in  Trimble  County, 
Kentucky,  July  15,  1820,  and  died  at  Mexico, 
Missouri,  July  29,  1892.  He  was  a  son  of 
Charles  and  Hannah  (Jewell)  Hardin,  both 
descendants  of  old  Virginia  families.  Mrs. 
Hardin  was  a  sister  of  Dr.  William  Jewell,  of 
Columbia,  the  founder  of  William  Jewell 
College,  at  Liberty,  Missouri.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hardin  were  the  parents  of  five  children, 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Charles  H. 
Hardin  was  their  second  child.  At  an  early 
day  his  parents  removed  from  Virginia,  their 
birthplace,  to  Kentucky,  and  after  a  few 
years'  residence  there  removed  to  Boone 
County,  Missouri,  where  the  family  was 
reared  and  where  the  elder  Hardin  prospered 
financially.  He  died  August  20,  1830,  when 
his  son,  Charles  H.,  was  only  ten  years  of  age. 
The  care  and  education  of  the  son  devolved 


upon  the  mother,  who  was  a  firm,  devout 
Christian  of  unusual  strength  of  mind.  The 
son  attended  the  excellent  schools  at  Colum- 
bia until  1837,  when  he  entered  the  college 
at  Bloomington,  Indiana,  where  he  remained 
two  years.  From  1839  to  1841  he  attended 
Miami  University,  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  where 
he  graduated  with  honor,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  bachelor  of  arts,  July  13,  1841.  Sub- 
sequently this  institution  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts.  William  Jewell 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws.  Returning  to  Columbia  after  com- 
pleting his  college  course,  he  began  the  study 
of  law  under  Judge  James  M.  Gordon,  then 
one  of  the  prominent  lawyers  of  the  State. 
In  1843  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  lo- 
cated at  Fulton,  the  judicial  seat  of  Callaway 
County,  where  he  entered  actively  into  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  and  soon  became 
recognized  as  a  young  attorney  of  more  than 
ordinary  ability,  and  by  the  people  of  Fulton 
was  elected  a  justice  of  the  peace.  His  de- 
cisions of  cases  were  remarkable  for  correct- 
ness, and  the  few  successful  appeals  from  his 
court  attracted  the  attention  of  the  legal  fra- 
ternity. As  a  lawyer  he  was  highly  success- 
ful, and  his  arguments  in  cases  and  all  his 
legal  papers  were  models  of  conciseness  and 
accuracy.  As  a  pleader  he  was  forcible,  a 
clear  thinker,  and  while  not  of  the  greatest 
eloquence  and  brilliancy  as  an  orator,  his 
convincing  manner  and  plain  common  sense 
successfully  appealed  to  the  court  and  jurors. 
After  a  term  of  five  years  of  eminently  suc- 
cessful practice  he  was  chosen  prosecuting 
attorney  of  the  Third  Judicial  Circuit  and 
served  a  four  years'  term,  remarkable  on  ac- 
count of  no  indictment  drawn  by  him  ever 
being  overruled  by  the  court.  In  his  duties 
he  was  conscientious,  and  through  no  fault  of 
his  did  any  offender  escape.  In  1859  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  managers  of  the  State 
Lunatic  Asylum  at  Fulton,  which  position  he 
held  for  twelve  years,  in  the  meantime  being 
secretary  of  the  board.  Under  his  watchful 
eye  the  affairs  of  the  institution  were  man^ 
aged  economically  and  with  consummate 
ability.  Prior  to  his  appointment  to  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Asylum,  and  in  1852,  he  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature  from  Callaway  County,  and  at 
the  close  of  his  term  was  returned.  In  1855 
the  Legislature  appointed  him,  together  with 
Honorable      John     W.     Reid,     pf      Kansas 


172 


HARDIN. 


City,  and  Hon.  Thomas  C.  Richardson,  of 
Scotland  County,  to  revise  and  compile  the 
"State  Statutes,"  and  he  was  selected  to  su- 
perintend the  printing  of  the  same,  a  task 
which  he  discharged  with  credit  and  marked 
ability.  For  the  third  time  he  was  elected 
to  the  Legislature  in  1859,  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  close 
of  his  term  in  i860,  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  for  the  district  composed  of  Cal- 
laway and  Boone  Counties.  The  term  in 
which  he  served  was  one  of  the  most  excit- 
ing and  stormy  in  the  history  of  the  State. 
He  was  made  the  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  judiciary,  a  place  at  that  period  which 
called  for  the  calmest  consideration  and  the 
exercise  of  powerful  judgment.  He  filled 
the  position  admirably.  While  a  member  of 
the  State  Senate  in  1861,  he  removed  his  resi- 
dence from  Fulton  to  his  farm,  nine  miles 
southwest  of  Mexico,  where  he  remained 
until  1865,  when  he  opened  an  office  and  prac- 
ticed his  profession  for  several  years  in  Mex- 
ico. In  1866  he  improved  a  farm,  two  miles 
north  of  Mexico,  where  he  resided  until  his 
death.  For  a  while  he  withdrew  from  the  po- 
litical field.  He  had  the  confidence  of  all  who 
knew  him.  Legal  and  business  affairs  of 
every  kind  and  character  were  thrust  upon 
him.  His  reputation  for  honesty,  combined 
with  his  great  ability,  caused  him  to  be  over- 
whelmed with  work,  arising  out  of  adminis- 
trative, executive  and  guardianship  affairs. 
In  all  his  transactions  he  was  guided  by  the 
highest  sense  of  honor.  He  was  exacting  to 
the  fraction,  and  never  held  *a  cent  in  trust 
but  what  was  carefully  accounted  for.  Gov- 
ernor Hardin  retired  from  legal  practice  in 
1871,  and  a  year  later  was  sent  to  the  State 
Senate — the  honor  unsolicited,  for  he  never 
sought  ofifice — from  the  district  composed  of 
Audrain,  Boone  and  Callaway  Counties. 
Again  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  judiciary 
committee,  and  also  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee on  the  Lvuiatic  Asylum.  The  people  of 
the  State  wanted  him  for  Governor,  and  at 
the  Democratic  convention,  which  met  in 
1874,  he  was  nominated,  and  at  the  following 
election  was  elected,  receiving  a  majority  of 
nearly  40,000  votes.  As  State  executive,  his 
administration  marks  an  important  era  in 
Missouri's  financial  affairs.  Differences  aris- 
ing out  of  the  Civil  War,  and  recklessness  and 
mismanagement  resultant,  had  impaired  the 
credit  of  the  State.  Governor  Hardin's  man- 
agement soon  raised  the  value  of  the  State 


bonds  from  ninety-five  cents  on  the  dollar  to 
a  premium  of  7  per  cent  above  par.  He 
maintained  law  and  order,  and  in  every  way 
upheld  and  added  to  the  dignity  of  the  com- 
monwealth. The  following  resolution  was 
adopted  by  the  Democratic  State  convention, 
July  19,  1876:  "Resolved,  That  we  point 
with  pride  to  the  administration  of  Charles 
H.  Hardin,  Governor  of  Missouri,  as  a  model 
one  in  the  history  of  the  State,  and  challenge 
comparison  for  it  with  that  of  any  other  State 
in  the  Union ;  and  upon  the  honorable  record 
thus  made  in  the  management  of  our  State 
affairs,  we  invite  all  good  men  to  co-operate 
with  us  in  our  determination  to  present  and 
elect  a  State  ticket  that  shall  prove  worthy 
successors  to  Governor  Charles  H.  Hardin 
and  his  associates  in  the  various  State  af- 
fairs." 

At  the  close  of  his  term  as  Governor  he  re- 
turned to  his  farm,  two  miles  north  of 
Mexico,  and  retired  from  public  life.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Missionary  Baptist  Church. 
The  well  known  female  college,  Hardin  Col- 
lege, at  Mexico,  Missouri,  now  stands  as  a 
monument  to  the  man's  generosity,  and  will 
for  time  to  come  perpetuate  his  memory.  To 
this  institution  he  gave  nearly  $75,000.  In 
works  of  charity  he  was  foremost  among  the 
citizens  of  Missouri.  He  even  lived  in  a 
simple  and  economical  manner  so  that  he 
could  accomplish  lasting  good  to  his  fellow 
men.  Like  all  men  of  extraordmary  mental 
qualities,  often  by  his  friends  he  was  accused 
of  eccentricities,  but  time  demonstrated  that 
his  alleged  peculiarities,  which  were  mainly 
of  an  economic  nature,  were  not  without  wis- 
dom, and  served  as  a  veil  for  the  purely 
charitable  inclinations  of  the  man.  During 
life  he  had  the  confidence  and  respect  of  all 
who  knew  him,  and  never  did  his  virtues 
shine  brighter  in  the  eyes  of  the  people  of 
Missouri  than  when  the  announcement  of  his 
death  was  made.  In  i8zi4  Governor  Hardin 
was  married  to  Miss  Mary  B.  Jenkins,  daugh- 
ter of  Theodorick  Jenkins,  of  Boone  County, 
Missouri.  Mrs.  Hardin  resides  at  Mexico 
surrounded  by  a  circle  of  faithful  friends,  and 
continues  in  the  charitable  work  inaugurated 
by  her  noted  husband. 

Hardin,  Hopkins,  was  born  Septem- 
ber 19,  1838,  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia. 
His  parents  were  Hopkins  and  Amanda  (Beal) 
Hardin,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of  Vir- 


HARDIN  COLLEGE. 


173 


ginia.  The  paternal  ancestors  came  to  this 
country  from  England  before  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  and  the  great-grandfather,  Hugh 
Hardin,  owned  a  farm  adjoining  that  of  Gen- 
eral George  Washington,  and  served  in  a 
Virginia  regiment  of  the  Colonial  troops. 
Hopkins  Hardin,  Sr.,  died  in  Virginia  in  1893, 
and  was  the  father  of  eight  children,  four  of 
whom  are  living.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  educated  in  the  private  schools  of  his 
native  State,  and  resided  at  home  with  his 
father  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War. 
In  April,  1861,  he  enlisted  in  Company  C, 
Nineteenth  Virginia  Regiment,  at  Scottsville, 
Virginia,  and  served  in  Pickett's  Division,  be> 
ing  a  participant  in  all  of  the  principal 
engagements  in  which  that  part  of  the  Con- 
federate army  figured.  He  was  at  both 
battles  of  Bull  Run,  WilHamsburg,  Freder- 
icksburg, Boonesborough  and  Gettysburg.  At 
the  latter  place  he  was  wounded  three  times. 
The  bravery  of  this  soldier  could  not  be 
questioned.  Always  seeking  the  thickest  of 
the  fray,  he  was  in  constant  peril,  but  thought 
little  of  the  many  dangers  which  surrounded 
him,  as  enthusiasm  carried  him  on,  and  a  de- 
sire to  fight  as  his  heart  dictated  led  him 
toward  the  front  of  the  struggling  column. 
He  was  captured  at  Gettysburg,  and  for 
nearly  two  years  suffered  the  hardships  en- 
dured by  prisoners  of  war.  He  was  at  Fort 
McHenry,  Point  Lookout,  Fort  Delaware, 
Morris  Island  and  Fort  Pulaski,  In  1862  he 
was  given  a  lieutenant's  commission.  After 
the  surrender  of  Lee  he  was  paroled  from 
Fort  Delaware,  June  13,  1865,  after  long  iso- 
lation from  the  activity  of  a  Hfe  in  which  he 
found  true  patriotic  enjoyment.  He  returned 
to  his  home  in  Virginia  at  the  war's  close, 
and  after  spending  four  years  there  started 
for  Missouri  in  1869,  purchasing  a  farm  four 
miles  south  of  Independence,  where  he  re- 
sided until  1899  ^^^  where  he  reared  his 
family.  At  that  time  he  removed  to  Inde- 
pendence and  is  now  a  resident  of  that  city. 
Mr.  Hardin  has  always  been  an  enthusiastic 
Democrat,  but  has  not  sought  public  honors 
at  the  hands  of  his  party.  He  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South  for  over  thirty-five  years,  and  has 
among  his  interesting  papers  a  license  to  ex- 
hort for  the  church,  showing  that  in  good 
works  he  has  been  as  earnest  and  zealous  as 
he  was  intense  in  his  military  service.  Mr. 
Hardin  was  married   October  25,    1875,  to 


Miss  Susan  L.  Westmoreland,  daughter  of 
Bufort  Westmoreland,  of  North  Carolina.  To 
this  union  seven  children  were  born :  Mrs. 
Ardelia  Palmer,  of  Independence,  Missouri; 
John  H.  Hardin,  a  teacher  in  Jackson  County, 
Missouri;  William  H.,  who  resides  at  home, 
and  Misses  May,  Mattie,  Allie  and  Sallie,  the 
three  first  named  being  pupils  in  the  schools 
of  Independence,  and  living  at  home,  while 
Miss  Sallie  makes  her  home  with  her  uncle, 
John  McCurdy,  of  Independence.  In  the 
education  of  this  interesting  family  and  the 
performance  of  labor  for  the  cause  of  Chris- 
tianity Mr.  Hardin  leads  a  quiet,  unassuming 
life.  Having  experienced  his  full  share  of 
peril  and  the  unpleasant  side  of  life,  he  pre- 
fers to  end  his  days  in  comfortable  retire- 
ment, with  the  satisfaction  that  duty  well 
performed,  however  humble  the  performance 
may  have  been,  brings  a  reward  that  is  more 
satisfying  in  life's  closing  days  than  empty 
honors  and  great  riches. 

Hardin  College. — An  educational  in- 
stitution located  at  Mexico,  for  higher  fe- 
male education,  and  conducted  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Missionary  Baptist  Church 
of  Missouri,  though  non-sectarian  in  man- 
agement. The  college  was  founded  in  1873, 
in  which  year  it  received  a  charter  from 
the  State.  The  college  was  established 
through  the  munificence  of  ex-Governor 
Charles  H.  Hardin.  He  purchased  five  acres 
of  land,  on  which  was  located  what  was 
known  as  the  "Old  Seminary,"  which  he  and 
his  wife  transferred  to  the  Hardin  College 
Association,  with  a  donation  of  about  $40,- 
000.  Later  he  made  additional  donations, 
altogether  giving  $75,000  to  the  institution. 
The  citizens  of  Mexico  gave  about  $15,000 
to  the  support  of  the  college,  and  in  the  past 
twenty  years  various  endowments  have 
been  given.  From  the  beginning  the  college 
was  successful,  and  its  patronage  rapidly  in- 
creased until  it  gained  recognition  as  one 
of  the  leading  female  educational  institutions 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  college 
is  beautifully  located  in  the  southern  suburbs 
of  Mexico,  on  spacious  and  handsomely  laid 
out  grounds.  The  main  building  is  an  im- 
posing brick  structure,  four  stories  in  height, 
with  a  frontage  of  100  feet.  One  of  the 
wings  of  this  building  is  three  stories  high, 
and  contains  the  chapel  and  recitation  rooms ; 
another  wing,  on  the  east  side,  48  x  y6,  four 


174 


HARDING. 


stories,  is  used  for  dormitory  and  class  room 
purposes.  The  grounds  about  the  college 
have  an  area  of  ten  acres,  are  artistically  laid 
out  in  walks,  and  present  pretty  examples  of 
landscape  gardening.  The  school  has  three 
departments — primary,  preparatory  and  col- 
legiate. The  courses  of  study  are  in  accord- 
ance with  those  of  other  leading  colleges 
for  women,  including  literature,  music,  art, 
domestic  science  and  business.  The  total 
value  of  the  grounds  and  buildings  is  $90,- 
000,  and  the  furniture,  appliances,  library  and 
equipment  of  laboratories,  etc.,  $20,000.  The 
total  amount  of  the  endowment  fund  is  ^6;^,- 
600.  The  board  of  trustees  in  1900  was  com- 
posed of  the  following  named  gentlemen : 
T.  B.  Hitt,  president;  C.  F.  Clark,  secretary; 
William  Harper,  J.  A.  Potts,  W.  W.  Harper, 
C.  A.  Witherspoon,  W.  H.  Kennan,  W.  M. 
Pollock,  J.  E.  Jesse,  Lewis  Hord,  A.  G.  Tur- 
ner and  C.  W.  Lewis.  The  president  of  the 
faculty  is  John  W.  Million ;  vice  president, 
George  A.  Ross.  A  corps  of  twenty-one 
teachers  is  employed.  The  number  of  stu- 
dents in  attendance  at  the  1898-9  term  was 
166  boarding  students  and  eighty-eight  day 
students. 


and  after  spending  some  time  there,  returned 
to  this  country  and  made  his  home  in  Spring- 
field, Massachusetts.  After  that,  however, 
he  frequently  spent  his  winters  in  St.  Louis, 
and  painted  a  number  of  portraits  of  the 
most  prominent  people  of  the  day  then  re- 
siding in  that  city.  At  different  times  many 
of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the  United 
States  sat  for  him,  and  among  others  he 
painted  portraits  of  James  Madison,  James 
Monroe,  John  Quincy  Adams,  John  Mar- 
shall, Charles  Carroll,  William  Wirt,  Henry 
Clay,  John  C.  Calhoun,  Washington  AUston, 
the  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  Hamilton  and  Sussex, 
Samuel  Rogers  and  Sir  Archibald  Allison. 
His  last  work  was  a  portrait  of  General  Wil- 
liam T.  Sherman.  His  portrait  of  Daniel 
Webster  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Bar 
Association  of  New  York,  and  that  of  John 
Randolph  is  in  the  Corcoran  Gallery  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  He  wrote  "My  Egotisto- 
graphy,"  which  has  been  printed,  but  not 
published.  All  things  considered,  he  was 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  portrait  paint- 
ers America  has  produced,  and  St.  Louis  is 
proud  to  have  numbered  him  among  her 
resident  artists. 


Harding,  Chester,  artist,  was  born  in 
Conway,  Massachusetts,  September  i,  1792, 
and  died  in  Boston,  April  i,  1866.  His  fam- 
ily removed  to  Caledonia,  New  York,  when 
he  was  fourteen  years  old,  and  he  was  early 
thrown  on  his  own  resources  for  support. 
Going  to  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  he  eventu- 
ally became  a  house  painter,  and  had  worked 
at  this  occupation  a  year  when  his  acquaint- 
ance with  a  traveling  portrait  painter  led  Tiim 
to  attempt  art.  Having  succeeded  in  pro- 
ducing a  crude  portrait  of  his  wife,  he  de- 
voted himself  enthusiastically  to  the  profes- 
sion. He  painted  several  other  portraits  at 
Pittsburg,  and  then  went  to  Paris,  Kentucky, 
where  he  finished  100  portraits  in  six  months, 
at  $25  each.  After  receiving  slight  instruc- 
tion in  Philadelphia,  he  established  himself 
in  St.  Louis,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest 
portrait  painters  to  make  his  home  in  that 
city.  In  August  of  the  year  1823  he  went 
to  London,  England,  and  spent  the  three 
years  following  in  studying  and  painting  in 
that  city.  He  then  returned  to  the  United 
States  and  established  himself  in  Boston, 
where  he  became  very  popular  as  a  portrait 
painter.    In  1843  he  went  to  England  again, 


Harding,  Chester,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  1826,  in  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  and 
died  in  St.  Louis,  in  1875.  He  was  a  son 
and  namesake  of  Chester  Harding,  the  artist, 
and  came  of  an  old  New  England  family. 
After  graduating  at  a  New  England  college 
he  began  his  law  studies  in  St.  Louis,  under 
the  preceptorship  of  Judge  John  M.  Krum, 
of  the  circuit  court,  who  was  his  brother-in- 
law.  After  studying  for  some  time  in  Judge 
Krum's  office  he  went  to  Cambridge,  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  there  entered  the  Harvard 
Law  School,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  at  the  end  of  a  full  course,  in  the 
class  of  1850.  In  1852  he  returned  to  St. 
Louis,  and,  forming  a  partnership  with 
Judge  Krum,  soon  acquired  an  enviable  rep- 
utation as  a  practitioner  of  law.  The  firm 
of  Krum  &  Harding  continued  in  existence 
until  1861,  when  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War  temporarily  diverted  Mr.  Hard- 
ing from  professional  pursuits.  His  inher- 
ited tendencies,  education  and  training  made 
him  an  ardent  Unionist,  and,  volunteering 
his  services  in  defense  of  his  country,  he  \ 
was  commissioned  a  colonel  of  volunteer  ' 
troops.    When  General  Lyon  took  command 


HARDING. 


175 


of  a  brigade  Colonel  Harding  was  assigned 
to  duty  on  his  staff,  and  for  some  months 
prior  to  the  arrival  of  General  Fremont,  in 
1861,  he  was  in  command  of  the  United 
States  military  forces  at  St.  Louis.  After 
that  he  was  in  active  service  in  the  field 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  and  gained  dis- 
tinction for  his  gallantry  and  ability  as  a 
commanding  officer.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  resumed 
his  practice  of  the  law,  and  held  a  promi- 
nent position  at  the  bar  until  his  death.  He 
was  a  chivalrous  gentleman  as  well  as  an 
able  lawyer,  and  the  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held  by  the  bar  was  demonstrated  by  its 
adoption  of  a  series  of  highly  eulogistic  res- 
olutions and  the  attendance  of  the  bar  at 
his  funeral  in  a  body.  He  had  endeared  him- 
self during  the  years  of  his  residence  in  St. 
Louis  after  the  war,  especially  to  the  veter- 
ans of  the  Union  Army,  and  at  his  death 
the  survivors  of  that  conflict  were  among 
the  sincerest  mourners  who  followed  his 
remains  to  their  last  resting  place.  One  of 
these  comrades  in  arms  and  also  a  brother 
lawyer,  distinguished  as  lawyer,  soldier  and 
statesman.  Colonel  James  O.  Broadhead, 
presided  at  the  meeting  of  the  bar  at  which 
appropriate  action  was  taken  on  the  death 
of  Colonel  Harding.  On  that  occasion  sev- 
eral addresses  were  made  by  prominent 
members  of  the  bar,  all  of  whom  united  in 
paying  the  highest  tributes  to  Colonel  Hard- 
ing's ability  as  a  lawyer,  to  his  patriotism 
as  a  soldier  and  to  his  admirable  qualities 
as  a  man  and  a  citizen.  A  son  of  New 
England,  he  revered  the  history  and  tradi- 
tions of  the  region  in  which  he  was  born 
and  brought  up,  but  was  none  the  less  loyal 
to  Western  interests  and  to  the  city  in  which 
he  spent  neai  ly  all  the  years  of  his  manhood 
in  the  practice  of  an  honorable  profession 
and  the  building  up  of  a  good  name. 

Harding',  James,  who  has  served  as 
soldier,  civil  engineer  and  public  official,  and 
who  is  now  and  has  for  some  years  been,  a 
resident  of  Jefferson  City,  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  February  13,  1830,  son 
of  the  distinguished  artist,  Chester  Harding. 
His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Caroline 
Woodruff,  and  she  belonged  to  an  old  and 
well  known  New  England  family.  In  the 
paternal  line  he  is  descended  from  Abraham 
Harding,  who  came  from  England  in  1623, 


and  settled  near  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Nine  generations  of  this  family  have  been 
represented  in  America,  and  many  of  its 
members  have  distinguished  themselves  in 
various  walks  of  life. 

James  Harding  attended,  in  his  early  youth, 
the  best  private  schools  of  Boston  and 
Springfield.  In  1843  he  obtained  his  earli- 
est knowledge  of  the  West,  coming  then  to 
Missouri  and  residing  in  St.  Louis  with  his 
sister,  the  wife  of  Honorable  John  M. 
Krum.  Upon  his  return  to  the  East,  in  the 
autumn  of  1844,  he  entered  Phillips  Exeter 
Academy,  of  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  at 
which  institution  he  completed  his  scholastic 
training.  After  finishing  his  course  at  the 
academy  he  chose  to  go  to  sea  rather  than 
enter  Harvard  College,  as  his  parents  de- 
sired. In  1849  1^6  made  a  sea  voyage  to 
California,  and  after  remaining  there  two 
years  returned  overland  to  the  East,  passing 
through  Mexico  en  route,  and  making  the 
journey  from  Mazatlan  to  Vera  Cruz  on 
horseback.  In  the  summer  of  185 1  he  re- 
ceived his  first  practical  training  for  the  pro- 
fession of  civil  engineer,  beginning  as  a  rod- 
man  in  a  surveying  party  then  making  a 
survey  of  the  Lafayette  &  Indianapolis  Rail- 
way. At  a  later  day  (in  1853)  he  was  con- 
nected with  a  surveying  party  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railway,  engaged  in  locating 
the  line  of  that  railway  from  Jefferson  City 
east  to  the  Gasconade  River.  Still  later  he 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  construction  of 
a  five-mile  division  between  the  Osage  River 
and  L'Oms  Creek,  and  was  so  engaged  until 
early  in  1854,  when  he  was  sent  as  transit 
man  to  accompany  a  location  survey  party 
west  from  Jefferson  City  to  the  vicinity  of 
Knobnoster.  Following  this,  he  had  charge  of 
fifteen  miles  of  construction  from  Jefferson 
City  to  Centretown,  completing  the  work  in 

1858,  after  which  he  made  a  visit  to  Vir- 
ginia, remaining  there  until  the  autumn  of 

1859,  when  he  returned  to  Missouri.  In  Oc- 
tober, i860,  he  received  an  appointment  as 
chief  clerk  in  the  office  of  W.  S.  Mosely, 
State  Auditor.  His  duties  at  the  State  capi- 
tal naturally  brought  him  into  contact  with 
men  of  prominence  in  military  and  civil 
affairs  in  a  most  stirring  period,  and,  with  his 
views  upon  national  questions,  it  was  to  be 
expected  that  he  would  make  no  delay  in 
taking  an  unmistakable  position.  In  Novem- 
ber, i860,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Gov- 


176 


HARDING. 


ernor's  Guards,  at  Jefferson  City,  and  later 
in  that  year  he  was  appointed  division  in- 
spector, with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1861,  he  received  from  Governor  Jack- 
son appointment  to  the  highly  responsible 
position  of  quartermaster  general  of  the  State 
of  Missouri,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier  gen- 
eral, and  served  actively  in  the  field  as  chief 
quartermaster  of  the  Missouri  State  Guards 
until  April,  1862,  when  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission at  Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  and  was 
appointed  by  Major  General  Sterling  Price 
to  the  position  of  quartermaster  of  his  di- 
vision, in  the  Confederate  States  service, 
with  the  rank  of  major.  He  discharged  the 
duties  of  this  position  until  he  received  his 
commission  from  Richmond,  while  at  Corinth, 
Mississippi,  when  he  declined  it.  He  was 
then  appointed  captain  of  artillery  in  the  Con- 
federate States  Army,  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  in  the  Ordnance  Department,  and 
served  at  Columbus,  Mississippi,  Selma,  Ala- 
bama, and  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  being 
on  duty  at  the  last  named  place  for  twenty- 
one  months  in  the  years  1863  and  1864.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  ordered  to  Columbus, 
Georgia,  in  charge  of  the  Confederate  States 
armory,  where  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  major,  and  was  paroled  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  in  May,  1865.  He  then  went  to 
Pensacola,  Florida,  and  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber business,  in  which  he  continued  for  two 
years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time  he  re- 
turned to  the  profession  for  which  he  was 
so  well  qualified,  carrying  on  important  en- 
gineering and  surveying  enterprises.  He 
also  filled  a  term  of  office  as  city  engineer 
of  Pensacola.  In  February,  1871,  he  re- 
turned to  Missouri  and  was  appointed  chief 
engineer  of  the  Jefferson  City,  Lebanon  & 
Southern  Railroad,  and  conducted  elaborate 
surveys  between  Jefferson  City  and  Leba- 
non, and  located  and  directed  the  grading  of 
eighteen  miles  of  the  line  from  Jefferson  City 
to  near  Russellville,  in  Cole  County.  In 
1875  and  1876  General  Harding  served  as 
architect  and  superintendent  of  improve- 
ments at  the  Missouri  State  penitentiary, 
Jefferson  City.  In  November  of  the  latter 
year  he  was  elected  railroad  commissioner 
of  Missouri,  and  in  1882  was  re-elected  for 
a  term  of  six  years.  In  1889,  at  the  close 
of  this  term  of  office,  he  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  railroad  commission,  and  has 
held  that  position  from  that  time  to  the  pres- 


ent. In  1893  and  1894  he  was  engineer  in 
charge  of  improvements  of  the  Capitol 
grounds.  In  1896  he  received  appointment 
from  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
as  commissioner  from  Missouri  to  settle  the 
boundary  line  dispute  between  the  States  of 
Missouri  and  Iowa.  Amid  these  duties  he 
has  done  his  immediate  neighbors  some 
service  as  an  alderman  in  Jefferson  City. 
This  narrative  implies  that  General  Harding 
has  ever  been  an  earnest  and  consistent  Dem- 
ocrat. He  holds  no  church  relationship.  His 
connection  with  fraternal  organizations  is 
limited  to  membership  in  Capital  City  Lodge,. 
No.  67,  Ancient  Order  United  Workmen.  He 
was  married,  December  18,  1855,  to  Miss 
Christine  A.  Cordell,  daughter  of  Dr.  L.  C. 
Cordell,  of  Charlestown,  Jefferson  County, 
Virginia.  It  falls  to  the  lot  of  few  men  to 
fill  so  long  a  life  with  so  many  important 
duties,  all  well  and  faithfully  discharged,  and 
to  be  so  honored  by  those  in  whose  service 
he  has  been  engaged.  Such  a  career  is  an. 
honor  to  him  who  has  lived  it,  and  an  in- 
spiration to  all  who  are  privileged  to  know 
of  it. 

Harding,  John  Thomas,  lawyer,  who 
is  descended  from  a  family,  many  represent- 
atives of  which  have  distinguished  themselves 
in  public  life  in  the  United  States,  was  born 
in  St.  Louis,  November  15,  1866,  son  of  Dr. 
Nathan  M.  and  Emily  Dyer  (Badger)  Hard- 
ing. The  Harding  family  came  to  Missouri 
from  Baltimore  in  the  pioneer  days  of  this 
State,  while  the  family  of  which  Mr.  Hard- 
ing's mother  was  a  member  were  for  sev- 
eral generations  residents  of  Connecticut. 
The  latter,  who  now  resides  with  her  son, 
Joseph  E.  Harding,  of  Nevada,  is  a  descend- 
ant of  the  famous  Bradford  family,  two  mem- 
bers of  which  were  Colonial  Governors  of 
Connecticut.  Rear  Admiral  Oscar  E.  Bad- 
ger, of  the  United  States  Navy,  who  died 
in  1899,  was  her  brother.  Thomas  Dyer,  a 
member  of  her  mother's  family,  was  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  citizens  of  Connect- 
icut, and  for  many  years  was  chief  justice 
of  that  State.  George  E.  Badger,  secretary 
of  the  Navy  during  the  administration  of 
President  William  Henry  Harrison,  was  her 
paternal  uncle.  Her  education  was  received 
chiefly  at  Mount  Holyoke  Collegiate  Semi-  ^ 
nary,  in  Massachusetts,  which  for  many 
years  was  the  most  noted  institution  of  its 


HARDING. 


177 


kind  in  the  United  States.  The  family  of 
Nathan  M.  Harding  and  his  wife  consisted 
of  the  following  children:  Joseph  E.,  cash- 
ier of  the  Thornton  Bank,  of  Nevada;  Ora, 
residing  in  Nevada ;  James  W.,  a  teacher  in 
Oklahoma;  Yancey  and  John  T.,  of  Nevada, 
and  Leof,  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States 
Navy,  now  seeing  service  in  the  Philippine 
Islands.  Soon  after  the  birth  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  his  parents  removed  to 
Nevada,  and  in  that  city  his  early  educa- 
tion was  received.  After  completing  the  pre- 
scribed course  in  the  public  schools  there, 
he  attended  the  Southwest  Normal  School, 
at  Fort  Scott,  Kansas,  following  which  he 
entered  the  Missouri  State  University,  and 
took  the  academic  and  law  courses.  In  1889 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Nevada,  and 
immediately  afterward  began  his  professional 
career  with  the  firm  of  Burton  &  Wight, 
then  regarded  as  the  strongest  alliance  of 
legal  talent  in  that  section  of  Missouri.  When 
Judge  Burton  was  elected  to  Congress,  Mr. 
Harding  opened  an  office  and  practiced  alone, 
but  upon  the  expiration  of  the  former's  con- 
gressional term  in  1898,  he  entered  into  a 
partnership  with  the  latter,  under  the  style 
of  Burton  &  Harding,  which  relation  still 
continues.  Mr.  Harding  has  always  remained 
firm  in  his  allegiance  to  the  Democratic 
party,  and  as  its  candidate  was  elected  to 
the  office  of  city  attorney  and  city  counselor, 
serving  from  1891  to  1896.  In  Masonry  he 
is  a  member  of  the  Lodge,  Chapter  and  Com- 
mandery,  and  of  Ararat  Temple,  Nobles  of 
the  Mystic  Shrine,  of  Kansas  City.  He  is 
also  an  Odd  Fellow.  In  religion  he  is  identi- 
fied with  All  Saints'  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  of  Nevada,  of  which  he  is  now  a 
senior  warden.  His  marriage  occurred  No- 
vember 4,  1 89 1,  and  united  him  with  Mary 
Joel  Atkinson,  daughter  of  Edwin  J.  Atkin- 
son, M.  D.,  a  prominent  physician  of  Nevada. 
They  are  the  parents  of  one  daughter,  Patti 
Douglas  Dyer  Harding.  Mr.  Harding  is 
highly  esteemed  by  his  fellow  practitioners 
as  a  man  of  merit,  whose  foundation  of  learn- 
ing in  the  law  is  secure.  Few  attorneys  have 
the  opportunities  which  were  extended  to 
him  in  the  earlier  days  of  his  career,  and  his 
association  in  practice  with  such  men  as  Hon- 
orable Charles  G.  Burton  and  Honorable  S. 
A.  Wight  has  had  a  marked  influence  upon 
his  professional  life.  Older  members  of  the 
profession  prophesy   that   his   future  public 

Vol.  111-12 


career  will  depend  practically  upon  his  own 
inclination  in  the  matter,  for  his  administra- 
tion of  the  legal  affairs  of  the  city  of  Nevada 
was  conducted  in  a  manner  which  demon- 
strated his  fitness  for  the  higher  and  more 
responsible  public  duties  which  none  but  men 
of  recognized  ability  and  integrity  should  be 
called  upon  to  fulfill. 

Harding,  Russell,  railway  builder  and 
manager,  was  born  July  24,  1856,  in  the  city 
of  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  son  of  William 
H.  and  Mary  E.  Harding,  the  father  a  native 
of  Massachusetts,  and  the  mother  of  Virginia. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Portland,  Maine,  and  was  fitted  by  a  thor- 
ough course  of  training  for  the  profession  of 
civil  engineering.  His  father,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Fuller  &  Harding,  and 
who  lived  at  Portland,  Maine,  until  his  death, 
January  24th,  1900,  was  extensively  engaged 
for  many  years  in  railway  building  in  Maine, 
Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
New  York,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  the  Canadas, 
and  from  1880  to  1884  he  was  president  of  a 
Texas  Railroad  Company.  Under  the  guid- 
ance of  his  father,  who  was  an  accomplished 
man  of  affairs,  the  son  became  connected 
with  railway  construction  work  in  1870,  first 
as  an  office  boy  in  his  father's  office.  A  lit- 
tle later  he  became  paymaster  for  his  father, 
who  was  then  engaged  in  contract  work  on 
the  Portland  &  Ogdensburg  Railway.  From 
1873  to  1876  he  was  connected  with  the  en- 
gineering department  of  his  father's  business, 
and  from  1877  till  1880  he  was  station  agent, 
operator  and  ticket  seller  on  the  Portland  & 
Ogdensburg  line.  From  1880  till  1883  he 
was  assistant  engineer,  in  charge  of  construc- 
tion of  the  International  &  Great  Northern 
Railway  of  Texas,  and  from  1883  until  1884 
engineer  and  superintendent  of  construction 
on  that  line.  From  1884  until  1886  he  was 
resident  engineer  in  charge  of  tracks,  bridges 
and  buildings  on  the  same  road.  From 
January  i,  1886,  to  August  21,  1894,  he  was 
superintendent  and  engineer  of  the  lines  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  Company,  in 
southern  Kansas,  with  his  headquarters  at 
Wichita,  Kansas.  He  then  went  to  Grand 
Forks,  North  Dakota,  as  superintendent  of 
the  Dakota  division  of  the  Great  Northern 
Railway,  and  filled  that  position  until  March 
1st  of  1896.  He  then  became  general  su- 
perintendent of  the  Western  Division  of  the 


178 


HARDING— HARDY 


Great  Northern  Railway,  at  Spokane,  Wash- 
ington, and  was  thus  engaged  until  February 
15,  1897.  From  that  date  until  November 
I,  1898,  he  was  general  superintendent  of  the 
Great  Northern  system,  at  St.  Paul,  Minne- 
sota. He  was  then  made  vice  president  and 
general  manager  of  the  St.  Louis  Southwest- 
ern Railway,  and  this  brought  him  to  St. 
Louis.  January  6,  1899,  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Louis  Southwestern  Railway 
Company  of  Texas.  March  12,  1900,  he  was 
elected  vice  president  and  general  manager 
of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  system.  As 
the  representative  in  St.  Louis  of  this  great 
railway  system  Mr.  Harding  is  a  conspicuous 
figure  in  the  railway  circles  of  the  city,  and 
his  long  connection  with  Western  railroads 
has  made  him  widely  known.  Few  men  in 
the  railway  service  have  a  broader  or  more 
thorough  practical  knowledge  of  everything 
pertaining  to  railway  management,  and  his 
advancement  from  one  position  of  responsi- 
bility to  another  of  greater  responsibility  has 
been  a  systematic  progression  which  is  the 
best  evidence  of  his  capability.  While  living 
in  New  Hampshire  he  served  at  one  time  as 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  that  State, 
but  with  this  exception  he  has  held  no  po- 
litical office.  Tn  1887  he  married  Miss  Isabel 
Rowsey,  daughter  of  Charles  A.  Rowsey,  of 
Toledo,  Ohio.  Mrs.  Harding's  father,  who 
was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Toledo,  and 
who  served  as  a  captain  in  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion, is  still  living  in  Toledo,  being  at  this 
date,  1900,  eighty-live  years  of  age. 

Harding,  Josei)h  Edimind,  banker, 
was  born  in  Vernon  County,  Missouri,  Octo- 
ber 30,  1847,  a  son  of  Nathan  M.  and  Emily 
D.  (Badger)  Harding,  of  whom  more  ex- 
tended mention  will  be  found  in  the  forego- 
ing sketch  of  John  T.  Harding.  During  the 
childhood  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  his 
parents  removed  to  St.  Louis  County,  Mis- 
souri, locating  at  Webster  Groves,  where  he 
attended  the  common  schools.  Upon  the 
completion  of  his  elementary  studies  he  en- 
tered the  college  at  that  place,  where  his 
education  was  finished.  In  1866  he  accompa- 
nied his  parents  to  Vernon  County,  where 
he  has  since  continuously  resided.  Soon 
after  his  removal  to  Nevada  Mr.  Harding  re- 
ceived an  appointment  of  deputy  county  sur- 
veyor. In  1868  he  was  elected  county  sur- 
veyor,  serving    in    that    office    four   years. 


though  he  left  the  duties  of  the  office  prin- 
cipally in  the  hands  of  a  deputy  during  the 
greater  portion  of  that  period,  enabling  him 
to  engage  in  the  book  and  stationery  busi- 
ness with  H.  L.  Tillotson,  which  partnership 
continued  about  a  year.  In  187 1  he  was 
appointed  cashier  of  the  newly  organized 
bank  now  operated  by  the  Thornton  Banking 
Company,  and  since  that  time  has  occupied 
the  same  position,  with  the  exception  of  five 
years.  During  that  period  the  management 
of  the  bank's  interests  has  been  chiefly  in 
his  hands,  and  largely  through  his  sagacious 
conduct  of  its  affairs  it  has  become  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  most  prosperous  financial 
institutions  of  southwestern  Missouri.  Aside 
from  his  banking  experience,  Mr.  Harding 
has  been  interested  in  other  ventures.  He 
was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Nevada 
Gas  Company,  and  its  first  president.  Always 
firm  in  his  allegiance  to  the  Democratic 
party,  he  was  chosen  as  the  candidate  of 
that  party,  first  mayor  of  the  city  of  Nevada, 
filling  the  office  one  term.  He  was  also  for 
one  term  presiding  justice  of  the  Vernon 
County  court.  A  member  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  at  Nevada,  for  several 
years  he  filled  the  office  of  warden.  In 
Masonry  he  has  filled  the  highest  chairs  in 
the  Lodge,  Chapter  and  Commandery.  Mr. 
Harding  was  married,  on  January  2,  1873, 
to  Kate  A.  McNeil,  daughter  of  Colonel 
Robert  W.  McNeil,  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
Vernon  County,  and  an  influential  citizen  of 
Nevada.  Mrs.  Harding  died  in  Nevada,  Feb- 
ruary iS,  1898.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harding 
were  born  a  family  of  nine  children,  of  whom 
three  are  deceased.  Those  now  Uving  are : 
Murray,  Anna,  Ennna  (Mrs.  C.  H.  Graves), 
Robert,  Amy  and  Josephine,  all  of  whom  re- 
side at  home. 

Hardy,  Joseph  Allen,  mine-owner  and 
operator,  was  born  August  15,  1840,  in  Ralls 
County,  Missouri,  son  of  Joseph  Arnold  and 
Julia  Anna  (Gardner)  Hardy.  Both  his 
parents  were  born  in  Frankfort,  Kentucky, 
the  father  in  1812  and  the  mother  in  1810. 
The  first  named  died  in  1879  ^"^  ^^e  last 
named  in  1890.  A  short  time  previous  to  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  Joseph  Arnold  Hardy 
went  from  Ralls  County  to  Illinois,  and  dur- 
ing the  war  with  the  Indians  he  saw  active  \ 
military  service,  becoming  well  acquainted 
with  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was  also  a  par- 


'thira  Msfffrf  Ca 


£7^^  i-if  I^Pf/^a^s  /•/y 


^      ^^       ^ 


; 


i 


HARGADINE. 


179 


ticipant  in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  In  1846 
the  elder  Hardy  removed  to  Wisconsin  and 
became  a  mine-owner  at  ShuUsburg,  in  that 
State.  There  the  younger  Hardy  passed  the 
greater  part  of  his  boyhood,  and  received  a 
plain  practical  education  in  the  common 
schools.  At  that  time  the  lead  mines  at 
Galena,  Illinois,  and  in  Grant  County,  Wis- 
consin, were  the  most  noted  in  the  country, 
and  at  fifteen  years  of  age  Joseph  Allen 
Hardy  began  working  in  the  mines  in  the 
neighborhood  of  his  home.  It  may  be  said, 
therefore,  that  he  was  trained  to  this  pursuit 
in  boyhood,  and  during  all  the  years  of  his  life 
since  that  time  he  has  engaged  in  mining  en- 
terprises and  identified  with  the  lead  and 
zinc  interests.  If  follows,  therefore,  as  a 
natural  consequence  that  he  has  become  thor- 
oughly conversant  with  all  the  details  of  this 
business,  and  expert  in  his  judgment  of  min- 
ing properties  and  mining  problems.  He 
removed  from  Wisconsin  to  Jasper  County, 
Missouri,  in  1873,  and  settled  at  Oronogo, 
where  he  resided  until  1882,  He  then 
changed  his  place  of  residence  to  Webb  City, 
which  is  still  his  home.  A  natural  spirit  of 
independence  and  self-reliance  caused  him  to 
begin  life  on  his  own  account  when  he  was 
but  fifteen  years  of  age.  When  he  com- 
menced mining  he  worked  much  of  the  time 
for  little  or  nothing,  and  was  highly  pleased 
when  he  earned  a  dollar  a  day.  His  earnings 
were  carefully  saved,  however,  and  in  time  he 
became  an  investor.  Energy,  tireless  indus- 
try, thrift  and  sagacity  earned  for  him  their 
legitimate  reward,  and  have  made  him  a  man 
of  means  and  influence,  highly  esteemed  in 
the  business  circles  of  the  region  with  which 
he  has  been  identified  for  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century.  He  is  now  (1900)  heavily 
interested  in  mineral  lands  in  Jasper,  Newton 
and  Moniteau  Counties,  in  Missouri,  and  his 
opinions  concerning  the  mineral  development 
of  Missouri  are  always  interesting  and  enter- 
taining. Speaking  of  Jasper  County,  Mr. 
Hardy  says:  "Ignorance  and  poverty  de- 
veloped the  mineral  wealth  of  this  region.. 
Ignorance  brought  the  people  here,  and  pov- 
erty kept  them  here.  The  ore  was  discovered 
by  accident,  and  the  results  have  been  the 
development  of  great  wealth."  While  in 
Wisconsin,  Mr.  Hardy  sold  ore  as  low  as  $2 
per  ton  to  the  Matthews  &  Hagler  Zinc  Com- 
pany, and  this  recollection  causes  him  to  have 
a  lively  appreciation  of  present  prices  and 


present  prosperity.  Politically,  Mr.  Hardy  is 
identified  with  the  Democratic  party,  and  he 
is  a  firm  believer  in  the  principles  of  that  or- 
ganization. He  has  never  been  an  office- 
seeker,  however,  and  the  only  office  he  has 
held  was  that  of  member  of  the  School  Board 
of  Oronogo.  He  and  his  family  are  members 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  are 
liberal  contributors  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
church  and  its  institutions.  His  only  frater- 
nal connection  is  with  the  Order  of  United 
Workmen.  On  the  15th  of  September,  1862, 
Mr.  Hardy  married  Miss  Emma  Edstrom, 
and  ten  children  have  been  born  of  this  union. 
These  children  are  Harriet,  now  the  wife  of 
James  McKenna,  a  foundryman  of  Joplin, 
Missouri;  Mary,  now  the  widow  of  Dr.  Ty- 
ree ;  George,  interested  in  mining  at  Webb 
City;  Alice,  now  the  wife  of  George  Burg- 
ner,  of  Joplin ;  Catherine,  unmarried ;  Anna, 
wife  of  B.  C.  Aylor,  of  Webb  City;  Allen, 
Thomas,  Agnes  and  Herbert  Hardy.  To  his 
estimable  wife,  Mr.  Hardy  attributes  much  of 
the  success  he  has  achieved,  she  having  been 
to  him  in  the  fullest  sense,  helpmate,  advisor 
and  faithful  companion.  A  successful  busi- 
ness man,  a  public-spirited  citizen  and  a  gen- 
tleman of  strict  integrity,  Mr.  Hardy  will 
leave  to  his  children  and  grandchildren  not 
only  the  abundant  fruits  of  his  labors,  but  the 
legacy  of  a  well  spent  and  useful  life  and  an 
untarnished  reputation. 

Hargadine,    William    Anderson, 

merchant,  was  born  near  Frederika,  in  the 
State  of  Delaware,  January  6,  1822,  son  of 
Robert  and  Nancy  (Anderson)  Hargadine. 
He  spent  the  early  years  of  his  life  on  what 
was  known  as  the  "Anderson  farm,"  near 
Frederika,  an  ancestral  estate  which  is  still' 
in  possession  of  his  family.  When  he  was 
sixteen  years  old  and  after  he  had  obtained 
a  good  practical  education,  he  left  the  farm 
and  went  to  the  little  city  of  Dover,  the  cap- 
ital of  his  native  State,  to  fit  himself  for  the 
business  of  merchandising.  Forming  a  con- 
nection with  a  mercantile  house  in  that  city, 
he  remained  there  four  years,  and  then  went 
to  St.  Louis.  He  arrived  there  in  1842,  a 
young  man  twenty  years  of  age,  and  began 
his  business  career  there  as  a  clerk  in  the 
house  of  John  Warburton  &  Co.  Later  he 
was  for  some  time  in  the  employ  of  the  old- 
time  merchants,  Powell  &  Robbins,  and  then 
entered  the  service  of    Crow,  McCreery  & 


180 


HARGADINE. 


Barksdale,  then  coming  into  prominence  as 
a  wholesale  dry  goods  house.  Here  he  be- 
came associated  with  very  accomplished  mer- 
chants, and  it  soon  developed  that  the  con- 
nection was  mutually  advantageous  and 
agreeable.  June  i,  1849,  Mr.  Hargadine  and 
George  D.  Appleton  were  admitted  to  a- 
partnership  in  the  firm,  the  name  of  which 
was  then  changed  to  Crow,  McCreery  &  Co., 
and  under  that  name  its  business  was  con- 
ducted until  1875,  although  in  the  meantime 
some  changes  occurred  in  the  personnel  of 
the  firm.  Mr.  Barksdale  withdrew  his  inter- 
est in  the  house  and  was  succeeded  by  Hugh 
McKittrick  in  1854,  and  Mr.  McCreery  died 
in  1861,  but  his  name  was  retained  for  sev- 
eral years  after  his  estate  ceased  to  have 
an  interest  in  the  business.  George  D.  Ap- 
pleton withdrew  from  the  firm  about  1862. 
In  1875  the  firm  name  was  changed  to  Crow, 
Hargadine  &  Co.  In  1881  Edward  J. 
Glasgow,  Jr.,  became  a  member  of  the  firm, 
and  in  1885,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Crow, 
its  name  was  changed  to  Hargadine,  McKit- 
trick &  Co.  A  corporation  has  since 
succeeded  the  copartnership,  and  the  Harga- 
dine-McKittrick  Dry  Goods  Company  per- 
petuates the  name  and  fame  of  the  honored 
merchant  who  contributed  so  largely  to  the 
upbuilding  of  this  great  commercial  establish- 
ment. Mr.  Hargadine's  connection  with  the 
house,  known  all  over  the  West  and  South- 
west, and  regarded  everywhere  as  a  commer- 
cial institution  of  the  highest  character  and 
standing,  covered  a  period  of  more  than 
forty  years,  and  during  all  that  time  he  was 
a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  commercial  cir- 
cles of  St.  Louis.  He  was  a  potential  factor 
in  building  up  the  vast  business  interest 
with  which  he  was  directly  connected,  and 
was,  in  addition,  a  man  whose  operations 
were  beneficial  to  the  whole  city.  Comment- 
ing upon  his  life  work  and  his  usefulness  as 
a  citizen,  a  city  paper  had  this  to  say  the 
day  after  his  death:  "The  commercial  emi- 
nence this  city  has  attained  is  due  in  no  small 
degree  to  William  A.  Hargadine."  That 
this  was  the  feeling  of  the  community 
with  which  he  had  been  so  long  iden- 
tified, and  especially  of  his  contempo- 
raries among  the  merchants  of  St.  Louis, 
was  shown  by  their  action  on  the  day  of 
his  funeral,  when  every  wholesale  busi- 
ness house  in  the  city  was  closed  as  a 
token  of  respect  to  the  man  and  his  mem- 


ory. His  success  as  a  business  man  was 
achieved  by  dint  of  persistent  effort  and 
close  attention  to  his  affairs,  coupled  with 
extraordinarily  good  judgment  of  both  men 
and  markets.  He  was  an  apt  student  of  hu- 
man nature,  and  in  the  vast  dealings  which 
brought  him  into  contact  with  hundreds  of 
people,  he  seldom  made  mistakes  in  his  esti- 
mates of  their  characters  and  abilities.  Born 
with  the  instincts  of  a  merchant,  he  was  for- 
tunate in  his  early  training  and  associations 
and  in  his  later  business  connections,  and 
developed  into  a  man  of  broad  views  and  su- 
perior qualifications  for  the  business  in  which 
he  was  engaged.  Outside  of  commercial 
affairs  and  in  all  the  activities  of  life,  he 
showed  himself  always  fhe  public-spirited 
citizen,  interested  in  the  welfare  and  happi- 
ness of  his  friends  and  neighbors,  and  solic- 
itous for  the  prosperity  of  the  city  in  which 
he  lived.  His  good  nature,  unfailing  court- 
esy and  cordiality  of  manner  left  a  pleas- 
ant impress  upon  those  associated  with  him 
in  the  affairs  of  everyday  life,  lighted  his 
own  home  with  the  sunshine  of  happiness, 
and  attached  to  him,  as  with  hooks  of  steel, 
the  friends  of  a  lifetime.  As  his  wealth  and 
resources  increased,  his  activities  were  ex- 
tended, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
officially  identified  with  the  Boatmen's  Bank, 
the  Missouri  State  Mutual  Insurance  Com- 
pany, the  Venice  &  St.  Louis  Ferry  Com- 
pany, the  St.  Charles  Car  Company,  of  St. 
Charles,  Missouri,  and  the  Bellefontaine 
Cemetery  Association.  He  had  also  been 
for  many  years  a  warm  friend  of  the  Mis- 
souri State  militia,  doing  much  to  aid  in 
perfecting  that  organization ;  and  in  earlier 
years  he  had  been  conspicuously  identified 
with  the  St.  Louis  fire  department.  Num- 
bered among  the  most  helpful  friends  of 
Washington  University,  he  contributed  to 
the  building  up  of  that  institution,  and  de- 
serves to  be  classed  among  the  popular  ben- 
efactors of  the  city.  His  philanthropy  knew 
no  distinction  of  sect  or  creed,  and  his  re- 
ligious views  were  as  broad  and  liberal  as 
his  philanthropy,  his  church  affiliations  being 
with  the  Unitarian  "Church  of  the  Messiah." 
His  death  occurred  January  4,  .1892,  two  days 
before  the  seventieth  anniversary  of  his  birth, 
and  on  the  seventieth  anniversary  day  his 
remains  were  laid  to  rest  in  Bellefontaine  \ 
Cemetery.  In  1850  he  married  Miss  Acrata 
Davidge  McCreery,  daughter  of  Dr.  Charles 


"i^  .Si^f'i4r.n^Ji&fyru  /^a 


.^Ptt^.  ^£^  ^■^^?^i^m^  A/^  i 


I 


HARIG— HARKLESS. 


181 


McCreery,  a  distinguished  physician  and  sur- 
geon of  Hartford,  Kentucky.  Two  sons  born 
of  this  union,  Phocion  and  Atreus,  died  be- 
fore their  father,  and  the  members  of  his 
family  who  survived  him  were  his  wife  and 
three  daughters.  The  eldest  daughter  is  now 
the  wife  of  William  H.  Thomson,  cashier  of 
the  Boatmen's  Bank;  the  second  is  the  wife 
of  Edward  J.  Glasgow,  Jr.,  vice  president  of 
the  Hargadine-McKittrick  Dry  Goods  Com- 
pany, and  the  third  is  the  wife  of  Otto  U. 
Von  Schrader,  also  of   that  city. 

Harig,  Albert,  merchant  and  manufac- 
turer, was  born  in  Germany,  January  14,  1826, 
and  died  November  3,  1892,  in  St.  Louis.  He 
came  to  America  when  nine  years  of  age,  and 
obtained  a  limited  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Coming  to 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  while  he  was  still  a 
child,  he  lived  in  that  city  until  he  was  nine- 
teen years  of  age.  There  he  learned  the  hat- 
maker's  trade  and  added  somewhat  to  his  ed- 
ucation by  attending  night  schools.  He  came 
to  St.  Louis  in  1847,  when  he  was  twenty-one 
years  of  age.  He  worked  at  his  trade  for 
two  years  thereafter  and  then  opened  a  hat 
store  and  manufacturing  establishment,  in 
company  with  Frederick  Woesten.  In  1862 
Mr.  Harig  sold  his  interest  to  his  partner, 
and  two  years  later  opened  another  store. 
Eleven  years  thereafter  he  disposed  of  his 
mercantile  interests,  retiring  with  a  comfort- 
able fortune.  His  health  was  seriously  im- 
paired for  some  years,  and  he  traveled  in 
this  country  and  abroad.  Although  fre- 
quently solicited  by  the  Democratic  party  to 
accept  ofificial  positions,  he  always  declined. 
In  religion  he  was  a  Catholic.  July 
30,  1850,  he  married  Miss  Harriet  Whit- 
aker,  daughter  of  Samuel  Whitaker,  of  St. 
Louis.  Their  only  child,  Ameha  Harig,  is 
the  wife  of  Frank  E.  Fowler,  a  prominent  in- 
surance man  of  St.  Louis. 

Harkless,  James  H.,  senior  member 
of  the  law  firm  of  Harkless,  O'Gready  & 
Crysler,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  May  15, 
1856,  in  Belmont  County,  Ohio.  His  parents 
were  James  and  Sarah  (McComm)  Harkless, 
the  former  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  the  latter  of 
Virginia.  The  father,  with  a  partner,  was  a 
contractor  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Rail- 
way, and  built  thirty-two  miles  of  track 
between  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  and  Alex- 


andria, Virginia.  In  1866  he  located  in  Bar- 
ton County,  Missouri,  where  he  engaged  in 
freighting,  finally  retiring  to  a  farm,  where 
he  died  in  1883.  His  wife  died  two  years 
previously.  Five  children  were  born  to  them, 
of  whom  James  H.  was  the  eldest.  The 
others  were  Thomas  W.,  a  merchant  at  La- 
mar, Missouri ;  Ella,  wife  of  Monroe  Billings, 
superintendent  of  bridge  construction  on  the 
Kansas  City,  Pittsburg  &  Gulf  Railway; 
George  A.,  a  merchant  at  Lamar,  Missouri, 
and  Cora  B.,  wife  of  W.  B.  Moudy,  of  Fort 
Scott,  Kansas.  James  H,  Harkless  was 
reared  upon  the  home  farm  and  in  the  pur- 
suits followed  by  the  father.  When  ten  years 
of  age  he  drove  a  freight  wagon  between  La- 
mar and  Sedalia,  a  distance  of  160  miles,  the 
trip  requiring  eight  days.  He  afterward 
drove  a  stage  for  the  Southwestern  Stage 
Company,  of  which  his  father  was  manager. 
During  this  time  his  educational  opportuni- 
ties were  necessarily  limited  to  a  few  winter 
months  in  each  year,  but  he  had  determined 
upon  a  professional  life,  and,  in  lieu  of  school 
training,  he  acquired  a  liberal  fund  of  prac- 
tical knowledge,  derived  from  self-appointed 
reading  and  intercourse  with  men,  sufficient 
equipment  for  the  beginning  of  a  useful  and 
creditable  career.  When  eighteen  years  of 
age  he  took  a  course  in  the  Janesville  (Wis- 
consin) Business  College.  The  next  year  he 
began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Judge 
R.  B.  Robinson,  of  Lamar,  Missouri,  and 
after  two  years  of  diligent  application,  just 
previous  to  attaining  his  majority,  after  pass- 
ing a  highly  creditable  examination,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  He  at  once  formed  a 
partnership  with  his  preceptor,  and  the  firm 
of  Robinson  &  Harkless  carried  on  a  suc- 
cessful practice  for  nine  years,  when  they  re- 
moved to  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  In  1888 
John  O'Gready  was  admitted  to  the  firm, 
which  became  Robinson,  O'Gready  &  Hark- 
less. In  1889  Mr.  Robinson  withdrew.  In 
1895  '^^-  Charles  S.  Crysler  was  admitted, 
and  the  firm  adopted  its  present  title  of 
Harkless,  O'Gready  &  Crysler.  While  cov- 
ering all  the  departments  of  a  general  prac- 
tice, the  firm  devotes  special  attention  to  the 
intricate  questions  of  corporation  law,  and 
in  this  field  guards  the  interests  of  various 
large  companies.  Among  these  are  the  Fi- 
delity &  Casualty  Employer's  Liability  Com- 
pany of  New  York,  one  of  the  largest  of  its 
class   in  the  world,  and  the   Slitz  and   Her 


182 


HARLEM— HARMONY  MISSION. 


Brewing  Companies.  With  natural  aptitude 
for  the  profession,  deep  knowledge  of  the 
law,  a  keen  analytical  mind,  large  command 
of  language  and  clearness  of  expression,  and 
intense  but  not  overwrought  oratory,  Mr. 
Harkless  holds  high  position  at  a  bar  noted 
for  the  conspicuous  ability  of  its  members. 
He  is  an  earnest  Republican,  holding  to  the 
doctrines  of  his  party  as  constituting  the  sur- 
est foundations  for  national  prosperity,  and 
asserting  them  vigorously  and  intelligently  as 
a  matter  of  patriotic  duty.  At  the  same  time 
he  has  steadfastly  set  aside  all  opportunities 
for  political  preferment.  In  1884  he  was 
proffered  the  nomination  for  Congress  from 
the  old  Twelfth  Congressional  District,  and 
in  1888  he  declined  a  like  honor  in  the  Fifth 
Congressional  District.  He  also  declined 
appointment  to  the  position  of  assistant  city 
counselor.  In  1890  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  State  Republican  League,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  position  two  years  later.  Dur- 
ing these  years  he  was  active  and  successful 
in  the  work  of  organization,  visiting  numer- 
ous cities,  where  his  earnestness  and  enthu- 
siasm were  effective  in  the  restoration  of 
harmony  and  inducement  to  vigorous  eflfort. 
Mr.  Harkless  was  married,  in  1884,  to  Miss 
Carrie  M.  Kiser,  daughter  of  Israel  Kiser, 
of  Ohio,  a  lady  of  fine  education  and  amiable 
character,  a  graduate  of  Otterbein  (Ohio) 
University.  Two  children,  Fay  and  James 
H.  Harkless,  were  born  of  this  marriage, 

Harlem. — A  hamlet  in  the  southwestern 
corner  of  Clay  County,  directly  opposite 
Kansas  City.  The  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph, 
the  Wabash,  the  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  & 
Council  Bluffs,  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Isl- 
and &  Pacific  Railroads  pass  through  it. 
Population,  about  200. 

Harmony  Mission. — An  extinct  town 
in  Bates  County,  which  was  three  miles 
northwest  of  the  present  site  of  Papinsville, 
and  notable  as  the  first  white  settlement  in 
the  county.  About  1820  a  number  of  Osage 
chiefs,  while  in  Washington,  expressed  a  de- 
sire that  missionaries  should  be  sent  to  their 
people  to  establish  schools  and  churches  and 
instruct  them  in  the  arts  of  civilization.  The 
American  Board  of  the  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  recognized  the  value  of  the  field  and 
organized  a  missionary  party.  Meanwhile, 
White  Hair,  a  most  influential  chief,  assem- 


bled a  council  of  Big  and  Little  Osages,  to 
the  number  of  8,500,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Marais  des  Cygnes  (Osage  River),  and  made 
a  speech,  in  which  he  explained  the  benefits 
to  be  derived  from  churches  and  schools,  and 
gained  the  consent  of  the  tribes.  In  182 1  the 
mission  band  formed  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, comprising  N.  B.  Dodge,  superintend- 
ent ;  Wm.  B.  Montgomery  and  Mr.  Pixley,  all 
ministers ;  D.  H.  Austin,  a  millwright,  and 
S.  B.  Bright,  a  farmer.  All  these  were  mar- 
ried and  took  their  families.  There  were 
also  three  teachers,  Amasa  and  Roxanna 
(Sterns)  Dodge,  just  married,  a  Miss  Ettress 
and  others,  in  all  about  forty  persons,  includ- 
ing children.  The  party  embarked  on  two 
keelboats  without  sails.  During  the  journey 
Mrs.  Jones  taught  the  children  daily;  on 
Sundays  the  boats  were  tied  up,  and  the  day 
was  given  to  religious  services.  Mrs.  Mont- 
gomery died  and  was  buried  on  the  bank  of 
the  Ohio  River.  After  a  voyage  of  six 
months  the  party  reached  the  place  now 
known  as  Papinsville,  on  the  Osage  River, 
occupied  by  a  large  Indian  village,  where 
were  a  number  of  French  and  half-breed 
traders,  who  soon  moved  away.  The  band 
located  about  one  mile  to  the  north,  and 
lived  in  tents  until  huts  were  built  for  them 
by  Colonel  Henry  Renick,  a  Kentuckian,  who 
came  for  the  purpose.  By  this  time  nearly 
all  were  sick  from  exposure ;  haste  was  made 
to  prepare  a  hut  for  Mrs.  Jones,  prostrated 
with  typhoid  fever,  and  she  was  the  first  per- 
son to  occupy  a  civilized  habitation  in  the 
county.  Schools  were  at  once  established, 
and  religious  services  were  held  with  regu- 
larity, but  the  effort  of  the  missionaries 
effected  little  good.  Austin,  the  millwright, 
made  several  attempts  to  build  a  water  mill, 
but  the  impetuous  Marais  des  Cygnes  washed 
away  his  dams,  and  he  was  obliged  to  build 
a  horsemill.  The  mission  made  a  farm  and 
planted  an  orchard  to  supplement  the  aid  af- 
forded them  by  the  American  Board.  The 
band  suffered  at  times  at  the  hands  of  the 
people  whom  they  sought  to  benefit.  Once, 
while  in  pursuit  of  Indians  who  had  stolen 
animals,  a  son  of  Superintendent  Dodge  was 
killed.  Eight  hundred  militia  came  from 
Jackson  County,  but  their  support  worked 
more  of  a  hardship  upon  the  missionaries 
than  did  the  forays  of  the  Indians.  In  1837  ^^ 
the  Indians  were  removed  to  the  West.  The 
United  States  paid  $8,000,  as  compensation 


HARNED. 


183 


for  improvements,  to  the  American  Board, 
which  that  body  received  into  its  treasury,  al- 
lowing each  mission  family  a  quantity  of 
provisions,  clothing  and  stock,  and  the  band 
separated.  Mr.  Jones  had  become  a  physi- 
cian, succeeding  Dr.  Belcher,  who  had  re- 
moved previously,  and  was  also  a  minister, 
becoming  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Henry  County.  He  died  in  1870,  leaving 
two  daughters,  of  whom  Jane  married  John 
Austin,  son  of  the  mission  millwright,  D.  H. 
Austin,  who  died  in  1861.  The  mission  lands 
were  held  under  lease  from  the  government 
by  Colonel  James  Allen,  whose  son  James 
married  Eliza,  oldest  daughter  of  Dr.  Jones. 
They  were  afterward  held  as  a  reservation, 
and  finally  opened  to  entry;  much  litigation 
ensued  and  title  was  not  quieted  until  after 
the  war.  The  mission  house,  built  by  the  mis- 
sionaries for  church  and  school  purposes, 
was  used  as  a  courthouse  from  1841,  when 
the  seat  of  justice  was  there  established,  until 
1847,  when  Papinsville  became  the  county 
seat.  (See  "Bates  County.")  In  1848  Thos. 
Scroghern  purchased  the  building  and  re- 
moved it  to  the  latter  place,  where  it  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1861.  After  the  aban- 
donment of  the  mission  Captain  William 
Waldo  opened  a  store  in  1838,  bringing  his 
goods  in  wagons  drawn  by  oxen,  from  Lex- 
ington, a  distance  of  150  miles.  In  1844  he 
brought  a  small  steamboat,  the  "Maid  of  the 
Osage,"  from  Jefferson  City,  a  wonderful  un- 
dertaking. Freeman  Barrows  came  from 
Massachusetts  the  same  year  and  worked  in 
Captain  Waldo's  store.  He  was  the  first 
county  clerk,  and  became  first  postmaster 
after  the  establishment  of  the  county  seat,  the 
postoffice  being  called  Batesville.  His  wife, 
a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  F.  Vaill,  was 
the  first  white  child  born  at  the  Union  Mis- 
sion, in  Arkansas,  in  1822.  Miss  Sarah 
Lutzenhiser  was  the  first  school  teacher  at 
Harmony  Mission  after  the  missionaries  de- 
parted. When  Papinsville  became  the  county 
seat.  Harmony  Mission  began  to  decay,  and 
soon  passed  out  of  existence. 

F.  Y.  Hedley. 

Harnecl,  George,  for  many  years  one 
of  the  leading  farmers  and  stock-raisers  of 
Missouri,  was  born  April  11,  1829,  in  Nelson 
County,  Kentucky,  and  died  September  i, 
1900,  at  his  home  in  Cooper  County,  Mis- 
souri.     Both    his    parents    were    born    and 


reared  in  Kentucky,  and  the  son  grew  to 
manhood  in  that  State.  As  a  boy  he  attended 
what  was  known  as  the  old  "field"  schools  of 
Kentucky,  and  thereafter  added  to  his  attain- 
ments by  a  process  of  self-education.  He 
became  noted  locally  as  an  excellent  gram- 
marian and  a  careful  and  diligent  reader  of 
good  books,  and  throughout  his  life  he  was 
regarded  as  an  unusually  well  informed  man. 
When  he  was  twenty-two  years  of  age  he 
came  to  Missouri  and  settled  in  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  the  State,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  agricultural  pursuits.  He  returned 
to  Kentucky  in  1855,  and  on  the  9th  of  Au- 
gust of  that  year  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Marcia  Pash.  Immediately  after  his 
marriage  he  came  back  to  Missouri  with  his 
wife  and  bought  a  farm  in  Scott  County, 
where  he  remained  until  1865.  In  that  year 
he  sold  his  Scott  County  farm  and  removed 
to  Cooper  County,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  There  he  became  a  large 
land-owner,  and  was  widely  known  as  one  of 
the  most  successful  farmers  in  that  part  of 
the  State.  Soon  after  his  removal  to  Cooper 
County  he  became  interested  in  the  raising 
of  Short  Horn  cattle,  and  during  the  first 
year  of  his  residence  there  he  purchased 
some  of  the  best  specimens  of  this  breed  of 
cattle  in  the  East,  and  established  the  now 
celebrated  "Idlewild"  herd,  which  is  the 
property  of  his  son,  W.  P.  Harned.  His 
health  failed  several  years  before  his  death, 
and,  in  the  hope  of  restoring  his  physical 
vigor,  he  traveled  somewhat  extensively  in 
different  portions  of  the  country.  His  effort 
to  regain  his  health  was,  however,  in  vain^ 
and,  returning  to  his  home,  he  arranged  all 
his  business  affairs  and  waited,  like  the  true 
Christian  and  philosopher,  for  the  end.  In 
his  young  manhood  he  had  united  with  the 
Christian  Church,  and  throughout  his  later 
life  he  was  a  worthy  and  useful  member  of 
that  church.  His  prosperity  in  a  business 
way  enabled  him  to  give  generously  in  aid  of 
the  advancement  of  religious  work,  to  the 
extension  of  his  church  and  to  the  cause  of 
charity,  and  his  ear  and  heart  were  ever  open 
to  appeals  from  these  sources.  Without  os- 
tentation, and  without  other  thought  than 
that  of  doing  good  and  being  helpful  to  man- 
kind, he  gave  liberally  to  the  poor  and  needy, 
and  assisted  them  with  counsel  and  advice,  as 
well  as  with  generous  gifts.  Politically  he 
affiliated  with  the  Democratic  party,  but  he 


184 


HARNEY. 


was  devoid  of  any  ambition  for  ofifice-holding 
and  took  no  active  part  in  public  affairs.  The 
surviving  members  of  his  family  are  his  esti- 
mable wife,  three  sons  and  one  daughter. 
Of  the  sons,  William  P.  Harned,  one  of  the 
prominent  cattle-raisers  of  Missouri,  resides 
at  the  old  homestead  in  Cooper  County; 
Benjamin  Harned  and  Edwin  P.  Harned  are 
both  prominent  farmers  and  stock-raisers  of 
that  county ;  Hulda  Harned,  the  daughter,  is 
now  the  wife  of  Walter  Williams,  of  Colum- 
bia, Missouri. 

Harney,  William  Selby,  a  distin- 
guished general  of  the  United  States  Army, 
was  born  in  Davidson  County,  Tennessee, 
August  22,  1800.  In  1818  President  Monroe 
appointed  him  a  lieutenant  in  the  First  In- 
fantry, and  his  first  service  was  with  the  ex- 
pedition against  Lafitte,  the  pirate.  In  1823 
he  was  ordered  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  accompanied  General  Atkinson 
and  Major  O'Fallon  to  the  upper  Missouri 
on  a  mission  to  treat  with  the  Indians.  In 
1825  he  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy.  He 
spent  some  years  in  Wisconsin,  where  the 
Winnebagoes  had  been  giving  some  trouble. 
His  most  conspicuous  military  service  in  the 
North  was  during  the  Black  Hawk  War, 
where  his  courage  won  him  great  distinction. 
In  1833  he  was  appointed  paymaster,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  When  the  Seminole  War 
broke  out  he  had  been  promoted  lieutenant 
colonel  of  the  Second  Regiment.  In  this  war 
his  bravery  and  gallant  bearing  brought  him 
much  credit,  and  he  was  brevetted,  April, 
1841,  for  meritorious  conduct.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Mexican  War  he  was  pro- 
moted colonel  of  the  Second  Dragoons  and 
placed  in  command  on  the  Texas  border. 
This  position  of  comparative  inactivity  was 
galling,  and,  on  his  refusal  to  remain,  he  was 
court-martialed  and  sentenced  to  six  months' 
suspension,  but  this  punishment  was  counter- 
manded, and,  rejoining  his  regiment,  he  took 
part  in  all  the  leading  engagements  on  the 
march  to  the  Mexican  capital.  At  Cerro 
Gordo  his  valor  was  so  impetuous  and  daring 
that  he  was  brevetted  brigadier  general. 
From  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War  to  1852 
General  Harney  was  stationed  in  Texas  and 
commanded  several  expeditions  against  hos- 
tile Indians.  He  was  then  furloughed,  but 
the  Sioux    Indians  making  warlike  demon- 


strations, he  was  appealed  to  by  President 
Buchanan  to  return  and  suppress  the  threat- 
ened war.  This  he  did  successfully,  and  ne- 
gotiated a  treaty  of  peace.  Preceding  the 
Civil  War  he  was  stationed  in  Kansas,  but 
later  was  ordered  to  Oregon  on  another  mis- 
sion of  quelling  Indian  disturbances.  On 
arriving  at  San  Francisco,  the  British  claim 
to  the  ownership  of  San  Juan  being  then  in 
controversy,  he  proceeded  to  Fort  Van- 
couver and  took  possession  of  the  island, 
greatly  to  the  chagrin  of  the  British,  who  had 
a  fleet  there  for  a  like  purpose,  an  act  subse- 
quently confirmed  by  the  arbitration  of  Em- 
peror William,  to  whom  the  question  was 
submitted  by  the  contending  governments. 
When  the  Civil  War  opened,  General  Harney 
was  stationed  at  St.  Louis.  On  his  way  to 
Washington,  in  April,  1861,  he  was  detained 
by  the  Confederates  at  Harper's  Ferry,  but 
was  released.  He  returned  to  St.  Louis  a 
day  or  two  after  the  capture  of  Camp  Jack- 
son, and  his  presence  served  to  quiet  the  peo- 
ple and  restore  peace.  He  issued.  May  14th, 
a  proclamation,  in  which  He  pronounced  the 
military  bill  passed  by  the  Missouri  Legis- 
lature a  virtual  secession  ordinance  and  a 
nullity ;  avowed  that  Missouri  must  share  the 
destiny  of  the  Union,  and  declared  that  the 
whole  power  of  the  government  would  be  ex- 
erted to  maintain  the  State  in  the  Union.  He 
remained  in  command  until  the  31st  of  May, 
when  he  was  relieved  by  General  Lyon,  and 
at  once  retired  to  the  country  around  Jeffer- 
son, Franklin  and  Crawford  Counties,  where 
he  owned  large  tracts  of  farming  land,  and 
where  he  lived  for  several  years  after  the 
war,  until  seeking,  for  his  health,  a  more 
agreeable  climate  at  Pass  Christian,  Louisi- 
ana. He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
noted  Indian  Peace  Commission  of  1865, 
which  laid  out  the  Sioux  Reservation.  Phys- 
ically General  Harney  was  a  magnificent 
specimen  of  manhood,  tall,  straight,  lithe  of 
limb,  handsome,  strong,  cheerful,  consider- 
ate, affable.  He  was  six  feet  three  inches  in 
height,  and  every  inch  a  soldier.  In  January, 
1833,  he  married  Mary  Mullanphy,  a  daugh- 
ter of  John  Mullanphy,  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
St.  Louis.  Their  children  were  John  M., 
Eliza  and  Anna  B.  Harney.  Mrs.  Harney 
died  in  Paris  in  1864,  and  the  general  again 
married  in  1885,  the  second  wife  being  Mrs. 
M.  Elizabeth  St.  Cyr. 


HARRELSON— HARRINGTON. 


185 


Harrelson,  Nathan  O.,  physician  and 
surgeon,  was  born  September  3,  1869,  at 
Pleasant  Hill,  Missouri.  His  parents  were 
James  West  and  Olivia  (Woodson)  Harrel- 
son. The  Harrelson  genealogy  is  traceable 
for  four  hundred  years,  the  family  blending 
the  blood  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
The  American  branch  were  early  Colonial 
settlers  in  North  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and 
a  county  in  the  latter  State  bears  their  name, 
with  the  trifling  change  of  one  "r"  omitted. 
The  Harrelsons  spread  into  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky and  Mississippi,  and  are  widely  and 
favorably  known  in  those  States.  James 
West  Harrelson,  now  a  successful  business 
man  at  Belton,  Missouri,  was  descended,  on 
the  maternal  side,  from  the  well  known  West 
family  of  Kentucky.  His  mother  was  a  di- 
rect des'cendant  of  the  great  English  painter, 
Sir  William  West ;  and  an  ancestral  marriage 
brought  him  into  relationship  with  General 
Graham,  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  War,  and 
a  pronounced  Unionist  during  the  Civil  War, 
of  Lexington,  Missouri.  His  wife,  Olivia 
Woodson,  who  died  in  1869,  was  descended 
from  General  Davidson,  of  Revolutionary 
War  fame,  and  from  the  Ewing  and  Fulker- 
son  families,  of  Kentucky.  Their  son, 
Nathan  O.,  received  his  elementary  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  at  Belton,  Missouri, 
and  then  entered  Wentworth  Military  Acad- 
emy, at  Lexington,  completing  the  course  in 
1889,  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  the  Cadet 
Corps.  He  then  went  to  California,  and  later 
to  Arizona,  where  he  remained  for  a  time  on 
a  ranch  belonging  to  his  uncle,  William  H. 
Harrelson,  upon  whose  advice  he  soon  de- 
termined to  become  a  physician.  With  this 
purpose  he  returned  to  Missouri,  in  1892,  and 
entered  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1894.  Im- 
mediately afterward  he  found  employment  as 
an  interne  in  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  and  the 
same  year  was  advanced  to  the  position  of 
house  surgeon.  His  service  continued  until 
1896,  when  ill  health  obliged  him  to  seek  less 
confining  occupation,  and  he  resigned  to  ac- 
cept the  position  of  surgeon  for  the  Mining 
Company  of  Texas  and  Old  Mexico.  He  was 
so  engaged  for  six  months,  during  which 
time  he  traveled  extensively  through  Mexico. 
Returning  to  Kansas  City,  he  entered  upon 
general  practice,  making  surgery  a  principal 
feature.  In  addition  to  his  personal  practice 
he  discharges  the  duties  of  consulting  sur- 


geon for  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  assistant  to 
the  chief  surgeon  of  the  Kansas  City  South- 
ern Railway,  and  surgical  clinic  in  St.  Jo- 
seph's Hospital.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Jackson  County  Medical  Society,  of  the 
Academy  of  Medicine,  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  and  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Military  Surgeons  of  the 
United  States.  His  connection  with  the  last 
named  association  is  based  upon  an  honor- 
able record  made  during  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War.  At  the  commencement  of  hostili- 
ties he  enlisted  as  a  hospital  steward  in  the 
Fifth  Regiment  of  Missouri  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, May  18,  1898.  Two  weeks  afterward 
he  successfully  passed  a  critical  examination 
and  was  commissioned  surgeon,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  He  accompanied  his  regi- 
ment to  Camp  Stephens,  Missouri ;  to  Camp 
Thomas,  at  Chickamauga,  Georgia,  and  to 
Camp  Hamilton,  Kentucky,  where  he  was 
detached  from  his  command  and  placed  on 
the  hospital  staflf  of  the  Third  Division  of  the 
First  Army  Corps.  On  the  reduction  of  the 
military  force  he  returned  with  his  command 
to  Camp  Sanger,  near  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
and  was  honorably  mustered  out  of  the 
United  States  service  November  9,  1898.  He 
was  married,  October  25,  1899,  to  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Lee  Cole.  She  is  granddaughter  of 
Dr.  W.  F.  Cusick,  a  leading  physician  and 
public-spirited  citizen  of  Blanchester,  Ohio. 
Her  maternal  grandmother  was  a  member 
of  the  old  Lee  family,  of  Virginia,  from  which 
was  descended  the  famous  Southern  general, 
Robert  E.  Lee.  Dr.  Harrelson  is  accom- 
plished in  his  profession,  and  possesses  in 
an  eminent  degree  those  genial  qualities 
which  inspire  confidence  and  esteem  in  those 
whom  he  is  called  to  serve. 

Harrington,  Alnius,  lawyer,  and  a 
typical  representative  of  that  class  of  men 
whom  we  call  "self-made,"  was  born  in 
Greene  County,  Missouri,  December  25, 
1849.  Soon  after  his  birth  his  parents  re- 
moved from  their  country  home,  nine  miles 
west  of  Springfield,  to  the  city,  and  there  the 
son  passed  the  first  ten  years  of  his  life.  His 
mother  died  when  he  was  little  more  than  an 
infant,  and  his  father  died  when  he  was  ten 
years  old.  When  thus  orphaned  he  went  to 
live  with  his  brother  at  the  old  home  place, 
but  soon  became  dissatisfied,  and,  being  an 
adventurous     and     independent     youth,     he 


186 


HARRINGTON. 


started  out  to  make  his  own  way  in  life.  For 
a  time  he  found  employment  at  such  work  as 
a  boy  could  do  on  a  farm,  and  then  went  to 
eastern  Missouri,  where  he  obtained  a  posi- 
tion in  the  Massic  Iron  Works.  He  was  at 
work  in  this  manufactory  in  the  spring  of 
i86i,  when  the.  lowering  war  cloud  which  had 
been  hovering  over  the  United  States  for 
years  burst  into  a  storm,  Missouri  being  one 
of  the  first  States  to  become  involved  in  the 
civil  strife.  Young  as  he  was,  he  was  carried 
away  by  the  martial  spirit,  and,  when  he 
heard  the  fife  and  drum  of  Colonel  Sigel's 
command,  he  managed  to  get  himself  ac- 
cepted as  a  volunteer,  there  being  no  one  to 
protest  against  his  enlistment  on  account  of 
his  youthfulness.  After  serving  three  months 
he  re-enlisted,  on  the  19th  of  August,  1861, 
in  the  Twenty-fourth  Volunteer  Infantry 
Regiment,  in  which  he  served  for  three  years 
and  two  months,  being  mustered  out  Octo- 
ber 14,  1864.  He  was  a  participant  in  numer- 
ous engagements,  among  them  being  those 
at  Tupelo,  Carthage,  Pleasant  Hill  and  Fort 
Derney,  and  he  still  bears  scars  and  suflfers 
from  wounds  received  in  battle.  Although 
one  of  the  youngest  soldiers  in  the  army  that 
fought  for  the  Union,  he  proved  his  loyalty 
and  patriotism  by  excellent  service,  and  now 
has  in  his  possession  a  complimentary  letter 
written  to  him  by  his  old  commander,  Gen- 
eral Sigel.  When  he  laid  ofif  the  uniform  of 
a  soldier  and  returned  to  civil  pursuits  he 
had  had  an  interesting  and  varied  experience, 
and  had  seen  much  of  life,  but  he  had  no 
knowledge  of  books.  During  his  boyhood 
there  had  been  no  one  to  direct  his  educa- 
tion, and  he  had  never  attended  school  a  day 
in  his  life.  That  he  had  much  native  ability 
was  recognized  by  all  who  knew  him,  but 
thus  far  he  had  drifted,  like  a  ship  without  a 
pilot,  and  without  well  defined  aims  or  pur- 
poses. It  was  not  until  after  he  had  married 
and  children  were  growing  up  about  him  that 
he  determined  upon  a  calling  and  set  about 
fitting  himself  for  it.  He  first  learned  to  read 
and  write,  and  then  diligently  and  carefully 
pursued  other  studies  until  he  had  acquired 
a  practical  education.  In  1876  he  began  read- 
ing law  at  his  own  fireside,  and  in  1879  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  As  poets  are  born, 
so  lawyers  and  orators  are  sometimes  born 
rather  than  made,  and  Mr.  Harrington  soon 
demonstrated  his  fitness  for  the  calling  which 
he  had  chosen.    With  forensic  talent  of  a  high 


order  he  combined  painstaking  effort  in  the  ' 
preparation  of  cases,  and  a  capacity  for  the 
analysis  of  legal  propositions,  which  made 
him  a  successful  practitioner  from  the  start. 
He  began  practicing  in  Christian  County^ 
and  in  1880  made  the  race  for  prosecuting 
attorney  there,  but  was  defeated  by  a  small 
majority.  Later  he  opened  a  law  office  in 
Ozark,  in  that  county,  and  still  later  was 
chosen  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  county, 
as  a  candidate  of  the  Greenback  party,  by  an 
overwhelming  majority.  He  filled  that  posi- 
tion for  two  years,  and  was  engaged  in 
general  practice  at  Ozark  until  1888,  when 
he  removed  to  Springfield,  Missouri.  Since 
then,  by  sheer  force  of  his  ability,  his  elo- 
quence and  the  breadth  of  his  legal  knowl- 
edge, he  has  worked  his  way  up  to  a  place 
among  the  leading  members  of  the  bar  of  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  Missouri.  As  an  ad- 
vocate he  has  become  especially  prominent, 
and  as  a  criminal  lawyer  he  occupies  a  posi- 
tion in  the  front  rank  of  the  bar  of  south- 
western Missouri.  He  "has  always  had  a 
warm  feeling  of  comradeship  for  those  who 
served  with  him  in  the  war  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  Union,  and  is  a  member  of  Cap- 
tain John  Mathews  Post  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  at  Springfield.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows.  He  married  Miss  Wincy  M.  Mer- 
ritt,  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Merritt. 

Harrington,  Charles  O.,  mayor  of 
Carthage,  was  born  December  14,  1844,  in 
Ovid,  Seneca  County,  New  York.  His  par- 
ents were  Ransley  and  Mary  (Hall)  Harring- 
ton. The  father,  who  was  a  Methodist  clergy- 
man of  Lyons,  New  York,  was  descended 
from  an  English  family  which  immigrated  to 
America  early  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
Several  of  his  ancestors  served  during  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  one,  John  H.  Har- 
rington, was  killed  in  the  fight  at  Lexington. 
The  ancestral  homestead,  near  Brookfield, 
Massachusetts,  has  descended  from  father  to 
son  through  several  generations.  Charles  O. 
Harrington's  mother  also  belonged  to  an  old 
New  England  family,  and  was  related  to  Wil- 
liam L.  Marcy,  who  was  Governor  of  New 
York,  Secretary  of  War  under  President 
Polk,  and  Secretary  of  State  under  President 
Pierce.  Mr.  Harrington  was  a  member  of  \ 
the  sophomore  class  of  Genesee  College,  at  i 
Lima,  New  York,  when  the  Civil  War  began, 


HARRINGTON. 


187 


in  1861,  and  in  May  he  left  school,  enlisting 
in  Company  G,  Twenty-seventh  Regiment 
New  York  Volunteer  Infantry.  With  this 
command  he  participated  in  all  the  cam- 
paigns and  engagements  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  from  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  to  the 
second  Fredericksburg  engagement.  During 
his  army  service  he  performed  much  scout- 
ing duty,  and  engaged  in  various  important 
and  hazardous  missions ;  he  was  several 
times  captured,  and  at  one  time  made  his  es- 
cape from  Belle  Island,  swimming  the  James 
River.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  located  at 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  and  while  living  there  oc- 
cupied a  responsible  position  in  the  city  fire 
department.  In  1870  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Carthage,  Missouri,  and  has  since 
been  an  enterprising  citizen  of  that  city.  In 
1880  occurred  there  the  disastrous  fire,  in 
which  thirteen  buildings  were  destroyed, 
among  them  being  four  belonging  to  Mr. 
Harrington,  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
Central  National  Bank  and  adjacent  houses. 
He  had  previously  recognized  the  necessity 
for  a  suitable  hotel,  and  he  now  sought  to 
interest  others  in  the  erection  of  a  building. 
To  this  end  he  purchased  the  old  Aetna 
House,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Harrington 
House,  and  was  making  arrangements  for  its 
removal  to  give  room  to  a  new  structure, 
when  it  caught  fire  in  daylight  and  was 
burned  down,  on  Thanksgiving  Day,  1881. 
There  was  no  insurance,  and  Mr.  Harring- 
ton's associates  declined  to  go  on  with  the 
building  project.  Stimulated,  rather  than  de- 
terred by  these  unfortunate  circumstances, 
he  connected  others  with  himself,  but  prac- 
tically assumed  all  the  expense  and  responsi- 
bility of  erecting  the  Harrington  House, 
beginning  the  work  soon  after  the  fire  in 
188 1,  and  completing  it  in  the  year  following, 
at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  In  1893  he  expended 
$25,000  additional  in  building  additions  and 
in  refurnishing.  It  is  now  a  one  hundred 
room  hotel,  and  is  known  to  the  traveling 
public  as  one  of  the  most  comfortable  public 
houses  in  Missouri,  and  unapproachable 
among  those  of  inland  cities  in  management 
and  cuisine.  Mr.  Harrington  has  always 
been  one  of  the  foremost  citizens  of  Car- 
thage in  all  enterprises  for  the  development 
of  its  material  interests.  He  aided  largely  in 
bringing  to  success  the  building  of  the  new 
courthouse,  and,  with  others,  carefully  over- 
looked every  step  of  the  work  which  has  re- 


sulted in  the  erection  of  a  model  public 
edifice  at  a  phenomenally  low  cost.  He  was 
active  in  the  organization  of  the  fire  depart- 
ment, and  was  the  first  chief,  continuing  to 
serve  in  that  position  for  many  years ;  it  was 
during  his  administration  that  the  first  appa- 
ratus was  procured,  a  large  Babcock  extin- 
guisher engine,  which  was  afterward  supple- 
mented with  a  hook  and  ladder  equipment. 
He  served  as  a  city  councilman,  and  in  1898 
was  chosen  mayor,  his  popularity  being  at- 
tested by  the  fact  that  he  was  elected  as  a 
Democrat  in  spite  of  a  Republican  majority 
of  several  hundred.  He  was  one  of  the  orig- 
inal members  of  the  Carthage  Light  Guard, 
and  contributed  largely  to  the  success  of  that 
organization  through  his  influence  and  lib- 
eral gifts.  After  rising  to  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant  in  that  command  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain  and  aid-de-camp  on 
the  staff  of  Brigadier  General  Milton  Moore, 
when  that  officer  commanded  the  one  brig- 
ade then  constituting  the  military  establish- 
ment of  the  State.  He  was  afterward  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  major  and  brigade 
commissary  of  subsistence,  and  retired  from 
service  in  1898.  He  is  a  comrade  in  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  in  1899 
was  elected  commander  of  Stanton  Post,  No. 
16,  of  Carthage.  He  assisted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Carthage  Commercial  Club,  and 
has  served  as  president  of  that  body.  Major 
Harrington  was  married,  in  September,  1869, 
to  Miss  Ida  A.  Britton,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
Two  children  have  been  born  of  this  mar-  i 
riage,  Alice,  wife  of  Ray  Ream,  and  Walter, 
owner  of  a  cigar  manufactory. 

Harrington,  James  Louis,  secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Medico-Chi- 
rurgical  College,  at  Kansas  City,  was  born 
August  3,  1867,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  His 
parents  were  Daniel  A.  and  Mary  A.  (Tobin) 
Harrington,  natives  of  Ireland,  who  came  to 
America  in  early  childhood.  They  removed 
to  Kansas  City  in  1869,  and  are  yet  living. 
Of  their  seven  children,  James  Louis  was  the 
eldest.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Kansas  City,  and  attended  the  high 
school.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
when  nineteen  years  of  age,  was  graduated 
from  the  University  Medical  College,  March 
15,  1889,  and  engaged  in  practice  in  Kansas 
City  immediately  after  graduation.  In  1889 
he  became  assistant  to  Dr.  McDonald,  city 


188 


HARRIS. 


physician,  and  occupied  that  position  from 
April  of  that  year  to  October  of  1890,  when 
he  went  to  Los  Lunas,  New  Mexico.  He 
was  engaged  in  practice  there  until  August, 
1895,  when  he  returned  to  Kansas  City, 
where  he  has  since  been  occupied  in  his  pro- 
fession. For  four  years  past  he  has  given 
special  attention  to  the  treatment  of  genito- 
urinary and  skin  diseases.  In  1895,  with 
others,  he  organized  the  Kansas  City  College 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery  of  Kansas  City, 
Kansas,  which,  in  1897,  became  the  Medico- 
Chirurgical  College  of  Kansas  City  Missouri, 
and  from  that  time  until  the  present  has 
served  as  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
and  professor  of  genito-urinary  diseases.  He 
is  also  a  lecturer  in  the  Kansas  City  Training 
School  for  Nurses.  In  1899  he  was  ap- 
pointed quarantine  officer  by  Dr.  G.  O.  Cof- 
fin, city  physician,  and  served  until  the  ces- 
sation of  the  smallpox  epidemic.  He  was 
peculiarly  fitted  for  this  task,  owing  to  his 
previous  experience  in  combatting  the  dis- 
ease in  New  Mexico.  During  the  five  years 
of  his  residence  in  New  Mexico  he  was  act- 
ing coroner  of  Valencia  County.  In  politics 
he  has  always  been  a  Republican.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  of  the  An- 
cient Order  of  United  Workmen — in  which 
he  was  past  chief  of  honor  in  its  aux- 
iliary body — of  the  order  of  Woodmen  of 
the  World,  of  the  Independent  Order  of  For- 
esters, and  of  the  Fraternal  Union.  Dr. 
Harrington  was  married,  April  25,  1892,  to 
Miss  Viola  Greenwald,  at  Las  Lunas,  New 
Mexico.  She  was  born  in  Illinois,  was  lib- 
erally educated  in  a  convent  school  in  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  is  an  accomplished 
pianist.  In  her  young  womanhood  she  fre- 
quently performed  for  local  entertainments, 
but  since  her  marriage  has  not  appeared  in 
public.  Three  children  have  been  born  of 
this  marriage,  two  of  whom  are  deceased. 

Harris. — An  incorporated  village  in  Sul- 
livan County,  located  on  Medicine  Creek  and 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad, 
eighteen  miles  northwest  of  Milan.  It  con- 
tains two  churches,  a  public  school,  steam 
flouring  mill,  sawmill,  a  telephone  exchange, 
hotel,  a  newspaper,  the  "Journal,"  and  about 
twenty  miscellaneous  stores  and  shops.  Pop- 
ulation, 1899  (estimated),  500. 

Harris,  Joseph  Ellison,  physician, 
was  born  in  Madison  County,  Kentucky,  Jan- 


uary 13,  1821,  son  of  Robert  and  Jael  (Elli- 
son) Harris.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
and  well-to-do  Kentucky  farmer,  who  served 
twenty  years  in  the  Legislature  of  that  State, 
and  died  in  Kentucky,  in  1870.  Although 
reared  on  a  farm  and  in  the  midst  of  rural 
environments.  Dr.  Harris  was  not  inclined  to 
follow  farming  as  an  occupation,  and  edu- 
cated himself  for  a  professional  career.  After 
attending  the  district  schools  of  Madison 
county  through  boyhood  he  entered  an  acad- 
emy at  Richmond,  Kentucky,  and  was  grad- 
uated from  that  institution.  Immediately 
afterward  he  began  the  study  of  medicine, 
and  was  a  student  in  the  office  of  his  elder 
brother.  Dr.  J.  M.  Harris,  at  Richmond,  for 
two  years.  After  attending  the  regular 
courses  of  lectures  at  Louisville  Medical  Col- 
lege, in  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  graduating 
from  that  institution,  he  began  the  practice 
of  the  profession  in  Madison  County,  Ken- 
tucky, in  1849.  He  remained  in  that  county 
until  1853,  when  he  removed  to  Manchester, 
Kentucky.  After  practicing  there  a  year  he 
came  to  Missouri  and  resumed  professional 
labor  at  Trenton,  Grundy  County.  That 
city  has  ever  since  been  his  home,  and  for 
forty  years  he  was  a  leading  practitioner  in 
that  portion  of  the  State.  He  began  practice 
in  Trenton  and  vicinity  when  the  life  of  a  phy- 
sician was  spent  mostly  on  horseback,  travel- 
ing over  almost  impassable  roads  and  visiting 
patients  scattered  throughout  a  wide  ex- 
tent of  territory.  Throughout  these  early 
years  of  professional  life,  and  during  his  en- 
tire career,  he  has  been  known  as  a  typical 
family  physician,  ready  to  respond  to  every 
call  made  upon  him,  and  putting  duty  before 
everything  else.  He  commanded  the  unlimited 
confidence  of  those  who  came  under  his  care, 
and  to  all  such  he  was  friend  and  counselor, 
as  well  as  physician.  In  1894  ill  health  com- 
pelled him  to  retire  from  practice,  much  to 
the  regret  of  the  general  public.  Although 
he  always  took  a  warm  interest  in  public  af- 
fairs. Dr.  Harris  was  never  in  any  sense  a 
politician.  In  early  life,  however,  he  was  an 
ardent  member  of  the  Whig  party,  and  later 
affiliated  with  the  Democratic  party.  In  re- 
ligion he  adheres  to  the  tenets  and  faith  of 
the  Christian  Church.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  order  of  Freemasons,  and,  in  1855,  rode 
on  horseback  from  Trenton  to  Huntsville,  a 
distance  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles,  to 
take  the  Royal  Arch  degrees.     In  early  life, 


Z^>':2>^^>\^ 


The  Sotidttrri  Jj'istory  Cp 


HARRIS. 


189 


and,  in  fact,  until  advancing  years  impaired 
his  activity,  he  was  a  great  lover  of  field 
sports,  and  particularly  delighted  in  the  old- 
lime  fox  hunt.  He  was  popular  in  all  cir- 
cles, and  in  both  professional  and  everyday 
life  was  always  the  genial  and  companionable 
gentleman.  Dr.  Harris  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried— first  to  Miss  Jane  McDonald,  who 
died  in  1861.  In  1865  he  married  Mrs.  Eva 
A.  (Crews)  Bishop,  who  was  born  and  reared 
in  Missouri.  His  children  are  Robert  M. 
Harris,  a  farmer  of  Grundy  County ;  Mrs. 
Anna  Bowlin,  who  is  married  to  a  Grundy 
County  farmer;  Mrs.  Lillie  Retlish,  whose 
home  is  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri;  Ada  and 
Pearl  Harris,  both  of  whom  reside  in  Tren- 
ton. Another  daughter,  May  Harris,  is  dead. 
James  L.  Bishop,  a  lawyer,  who  resides  at 
Selma,  Alabama,  is  a  son  of  Mrs.  Harris, 
born  of  her  first  marriage. 

Harris,  Samuel  Stanhope,  physician 
and  surgeon,  was  born  in  Jackson,  Cape 
Girardeau  County,  Missouri,  December  26, 
1836,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  December  6, 
1899.  He  was  a  son  of  Dr.  Elam  W.  and 
Mary  (Alexander)  Harris,  both  natives  of 
North  Carolina,  who  became  residents  of 
Missouri  in  1821,  first  locating  at  Farming- 
ton,  and  afterward  at  Jackson,  Missouri.  The 
maternal  grandfather  of  Dr.  S.  S.  Harris, 
Abraham  Alexander,  and  his  uncle,  Charles 
Alexander,  and  also  his  paternal  grandfather, 
were  signers  of  the  famous  "Mecklenburg 
Declaration,"  in  May,  1775,  and  were  active 
in  advancing  the  glorious  cause  it  repre- 
sented. His  maternal  great-grandfather, 
Caleb  Phifer,  was  a  colonel  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  served  with  distinction. 
Samuel  S.  Harris,  in  his  youth,  attended  the 
private  academy  at  Pleasant  Hill,  near  Jack- 
son, and  later  entered  the  college  at  Lexing- 
ton, Missouri,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
when  eighteen  years  of  age.  He  was  of  a 
family  of  physicians,  and  it  was  but  natural 
that  he  should  incline  toward  the  profession 
of  medicine,  and  to  fit  himself  for  his  life's 
work  he  entered  Bellevue  Medical  College, 
of  New  York  City,  from  which  he  received 
his  diploma  when  he  was  twenty-one  years 
old,  and  in  an  open  competition  of  all  grad- 
uates won  the  postgraduate  prize,  which 
carried  with  it  the  appointment  of  house  sur- 
geon for  two  years.  In  i860  he  returned  to 
Jackson,  Missouri,  and  commenced  practice, 


with  success  from  the  beginning.  Then  were 
tumultuous  times;  the  war  for  the  Con- 
federacy was  at  hand,  and  Dr.  Harris  aban- 
doned his  practice  and  entered  into  armed 
championship  of  the  cause  of  the  South.  He 
organized  a  company  of  cavalry  that  became 
noted  as  the  "Swamp  Rangers,"  and  later  re- 
cruited a  company  of  artillery  and  served 
with  it  at  the  battle  of  Fredericktown,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  for  bravery ;  the 
guns  being  deserted  by  his  men,  he  stood  in 
the  open  field  alone,  facing  the  Federal  force, 
manning  the  cannon  the  best  he  could,  until 
it  meant  certain  death  to  remain  longer,  and 
his  comrades  almost  by  force  compelled  him 
to  retreat.  His  battery  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  naval  engagement  at  Fort  Pillow. 
When  the  famous  ironclad  ram  "Arkansas" 
started  on  its  trip  down  the  Yazoo  River  to 
encounter  the  fleet  of  Admiral  Farragut  and 
Davis,  volunteers  were  called  for.  Among 
the  first  to  respond  were  Captain  S.  S.  Har- 
ris and  Lieutenant  J.  C.  Galvin,  with  sixty  of 
General  Jeff  Thompson's  men.  The  history 
of  the  "Arkansas"  and  its  crew  is  one  of  the 
most  thrilling,  telling  of  bravery  unequaled 
in  the  Civil  War,  and  is  well  known  to  both 
Confederate  and  Federal  veterans.  Captain 
Harris,  throughout  all  the  adventures  of  the 
"Arkansas,"  in  all  of  its  victories,  had  charge 
of  its  batteries  that  dealt  such  awful  blows  to 
the  ships  of  the  Federal  fleet,  and  his  record 
is  one  of  heroism  fitting  for  the  annals  of  the 
most  worthy  military  achievements.  At  the 
termination  of  the  war  Dr.  Harris  settled  at 
Water  Valley,  Mississippi,  where  he  practiced 
medicine  for  a  short  time,  and  then  removed 
to  Cape  Girardeau,  Missouri,  where,  until  his 
death,  he  remained,  except  for  a  short  time, 
when  he  was  surgeon  for  the  Scotia  Iron 
Company,  in  Jefferson  County.  As  a  phy- 
sician he  acquired  a  high  reputation  and  en- 
joyed a  large  practice.  He  was  inclined 
toward  literature,  and  was  a  contributor  to 
numerous  medical  journals  on  matters  per- 
taining to  his  profession ;  also  devoting  con- 
siderable attention  to  the  preparation  of  mis- 
cellaneous articles  for  the  magazines  and 
daily  papers.  In  public  enterprises  he  was 
foremost,  and  always  active  in  the  promotion 
of  the  best  interests  of  his  city  and  county. 
In  politics  he  was  Democratic,  and  active  in 
afifairs  of  his  party.  For  eight  years  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Pension  Exam- 
iners, and  in  1886    he  was    appointed  post- 


190 


HARRIS. 


master  of  Cape  Girardeau,  serving  for  nearly 
three  years,  when  he  resigned,  owing  to  his 
practice  demanding  his  whole  attention.  The 
parents  of  Dr.  Harris  were  of  the  Presby- 
terian faith,  and  in  that  church  he  was  bap- 
tized, and  until  he  reached  manhood  was  a 
regular  attendant  at  its  services.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  he  was  favorably  inclined  toward 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  later  at- 
tended the  Episcopalian  Church,  in  which, 
for  a  number  of  years,  he  was  superintendent 
of  the  Sunday  school.  In  this  church  his 
children  were  baptized,  though  he  himself 
was  never  confirmed.  He  was  entirely  free 
from  any  sentiment  that  could  be  classed  as 
bigotry,  but  was  sincere  as  a  Christian,  and 
respected  the  religious  convictions  of  all. 
Yet  he  was  so  faithful  to  duty  that  he  never 
neglected  to  use  his  good  influence  to  induce 
his  patients,  whose  recovery  was  impossible, 
to  call  a  priest  or  minister  and  receive  bap- 
tism and  communion.  He  was  benevolent 
and  charitable,  and  was  never  known  to  re- 
fuse a  worthy  cause  his  hearty  support.  Dr. 
Harris  was  twice  married.  His  first  wife,  to 
whom  he  was  united  January  lo,  1867,  was 
Miss  Amanda  Brown,  daughter  of  Lieutenant 
Governor  Brown.  She  died  in  April,  1868,  leav- 
ing one  child,  Mary  Amanda  Harris,  now  the 
wife  of  E.  F.  Blomeyer,  of  Cape  Girardeau, 
general  manager  of  the  Southern  Missouri  & 
Arkansas  Railroad.  In  1880  Dr.  Harris  mar- 
ried Miss  Julia  E.  Russell,  of  Jackson,  Mis- 
souri, a  daughter  of  Joseph  W.  and  Mary  L. 
(Frizel)  Russell.  Two  children  were  born  of 
this  union,  but  died  in  infancy.  The  father 
of  Mrs.  Harris,  Joseph  W.  Russell,  was  of 
an  old  Virginia  family,  who  came  from  Eng- 
land prior  to  the  Revolution.  Her  mother, 
Mary  L.  F.  Russell,  was  a  daughter  of  Jo- 
seph and  Sarah  (Bolinger)  Frizel,  and  was 
born  and  reared  in  Jackson,  Missouri.  When 
she  was  thirteen  years  of  age  she  made  a 
journey  by  stage  coach  to  Bethlehem,  Penn- 
sylvania, to  the  Moravian  Seminary,  where 
she  was  educated  in  part,  for  she  was  a  stu- 
dent all  her  life.  She  was  a  brilliant  woman, 
of  many  accomplishments,  a  devoted  Chris- 
tian of  the  Episcopalian  faith,  and  for  more 
than  forty  years  was  a  member  of  the  church. 
She  was  baptized  into  the  church  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Horrell,  rector  of  Christ  Church,  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  in  whose  diary  is  the  record: 
"Rode  a  horse  from  St.  Louis  to  Jackson, 
September  4,   1823.      Baptized  Mary  Frizel 


and  sister,  after  reading  funeral  service  at  the 
grave  of  their  father."  Joseph  Frizel  was  of 
an  old  English  family,  which  came  to  Amer- 
ica at  an  early  date  and  settled  in  Boston,  and 
the  Pemberton  and  Vance  families  were 
among  his  ancestors.  About  1805  Joseph 
Frizel  settled  in  St.  Louis  and  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  business,  later  removing  to  Jack- 
son, where  he  continued  in  business  until  his 
death.  Sarah  Bolinger  Frizel,  his  wife,  was 
a  woman  of  rare  accomplishments.  While 
quite  young  she  rode  on  horseback  from  her 
home,  at  Jackson,  to  Salem,  North  Carolina, 
to  attend  the  Moravian  Seminary.  In  1816 
she  brought  by  wagon  the  first  piano  across 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  the  instrument  is 
still  in  the  possession  of  the  family.  She  wae 
a  daughter  of  George  Frederick  Bolinger, 
who  located  in  the  Territory,  now  Missouri, 
in  1796.  Removing  to  North  Carolina,  he 
returned  with  his  own  and  twenty  other  fami- 
lies in  1800,  having  received  large  conces- 
sions from  the  Spanish.  He  was  a  colonel 
under  Commandant  Louis  Lorimier.  His 
father,  Henry  Bolinger,  was  killed  in  the 
Revolution.  The  Bolinger  family  was  promi- 
nent in  the  early  affairs  of  Missouri.  Mem- 
bers of  the  family  have  in  their  possession  a 
number  of  pieces  of  old  silverware  marked 
with  the  Frizel  family  crest,  one  of  the  early 
Bibles,  with  the  Pemberton  name  on  its 
silver  clasp,  and  many  other  valuable  heir- 
looms. 

Harris,  William  Torrey,  eminent  as 
an  educator,  and  present  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Education,  was  born  at  North 
Killingly,  Connecticut,  September  10,  1835. 
In  the  common  schools  and  such  academies 
as  Phillips  (Andover)  he  received  his  early 
education,  and  for  two  years  and  a  half  he 
was  a  student  at  Yale  College,  but  left  before 
graduating.  That  institution,  however,  be- 
stowed on  him,  in  1869,  the  degree  of  A.  M., 
and,  in  1895,  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  In  1893 
Brown  University  honored  him  with  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.  D.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was 
conferred  on  him  successively  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri,  in  1870,  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  in  1894,  and  the  Princeton 
University,  in  1896.  His  contributions  to  the 
educational  exhibit  of  the  United  States  at 
Paris,  the  "Saint  Louis  Annual  School  Re- 
ports," published  in  thirteen  volumes,  at- 
tracted such  attention  that  he  was  tendered 


HARRISON. 


191 


the  honorary  title  of  "Officier  de  I'Acad- 
€mie,"  signifying  office  of  the  educational  sys- 
tem of  France,  the  reports  themselves  being 
placed  in  the  pedagogical  library  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Public  Instruction.  In  1889  he  also 
received  the  title  of  "Officier  de  I'lnstruction 
Publique."  In  1880  he  represented  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Education  at  the  In- 
ternational Congress  of  Educators  at  Brus- 
sels, and,  returning  to  America,  settled  at 
Concord,  Massachusetts,  where,  he  took  a 
prominent  place  as  member  of  the  School  of 
Philosophy.  In  1889  he  again  represented 
the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education 
at  the  Paris  Exposition,  and  the  same 
year  was  appointed  Commissioner  of 
Education  of  the  United  States,  and  re- 
moved to  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1857  he 
became  a  resident  of  St.  Louis,  where,  for 
twenty-three  years,  he  was  teacher,  principal, 
assistant  superintendent  and  superintendent 
of  public  schools,  holding  the  last  named 
office  from  1867  to  1880.  During  this  period 
of  superintendency  he  witnessed  an  increase 
in  the  attendance  of  the  schools  of  from  17,- 
000  to  55,000  pupils.  Resigning  in  1880  on 
account  of  failing  health,  Dr.  Harris  was,  by 
the  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  presented  with  a 
gold  medal  costing  $500,  and  a  purse  of 
$1,000,  in  grateful  recognition  "of  his 
faithful  and  distinguished  service."  The 
history  of  the  public  school  system  of 
St.  Louis,  prepared  by  Dr.  Harris  for 
this  "Encyclopedia,"  recounts  the  results 
accomplished  during  his  notable  administra- 
tion. But  not  alone  as  a  school  educator 
were  the  uncommon  acquirements  of  Dr. 
Harris  displayed  during  his  residence  in  St. 
Louis.  In  1866  he  was  the  founder  of  the 
Philosophical  Society  of  St.  Louis.  The 
"Journal  of  Speculative  Philosophy,"  estab- 
lished by  him  in  1867,  was  the  first  attempt 
of  its  kind  in  the  English  language,  and  he 
has  continued  to  edit  and  publish  it  without 
interruption.  In  1870  he  was  president  of  the 
National  Educational  Association.  Since  he 
removed  from  St.  Louis  he  has  found  time 
for  an  immense  amount  of  scientific  and  lit- 
erary work.  For  the  American  Social  Sci- 
ence Association,  of  which  he  has  been  an 
officer  for  nearly  twenty  years,  he  has  written 
many  papers.  He  was  assistant  editor  of 
"Johnson's  Cyclopedia,"  contributing  forty 
articles  on  philosophy  and  psychology.  In 
co-operation  with  A.  J.  Rickofif  and  Mark 


Bailey  he  prepared  the  "Appleton's  School 
Readers,"  and  with  Duane  Doty,  of  Detroit, 
drew  up  for  the  Educational  Bureau  the  first 
formulated  "Statement  of  the  Theory  of 
American  Education."  In  1898  he  was  the 
editor  of  "Appleton's  International  Educa- 
tion Series."  From  his  constant  contribu- 
tions to  the  foremost  magazines,  an  "Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Philosophy"  has  been 
compiled.  He  is  a  deeply  versed  and  emi- 
nent expounder  of  German  thought,  and  has 
recently  published  "Hegel's  Logic."  This, 
with  a  commentary  on  "The  Spiritual  Sense 
of  Dante's  Divina  Commedia,"  is  ranked  as 
marking  an  era  in  the  history  of  mutual  de- 
velopment in  the  United  States.  In  1898  he 
published  "Psychologic  Foundations  of  Edu- 
cation," a  volume  on  the  psychology  of 
school  work,  art  and  philosophy,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  institutions  of  civilizations.  A 
record  of  devotion  to  the  subject  of  intellec- 
tual enlightenment  so  constant,  so  untiring, 
so  steadily  aimed,  often  hampered  by  phys- 
ical discouragements,  is  itself  a  monument. 

Harrison,  Clifford  Melvin,  editor 
and  legislator,  was  born  May  22,  1863,  at 
Fairview,  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania, 
eight  miles  from  Johnstown.  His  father, 
Christian  Harrison,  who  was  a  school 
teacher,  farmer  and  merchant,  was  also  a  na- 
tive of  Cambria  County.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Caroline  Watters,  and  she 
was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Ohio.  In  the 
paternal  line  Mr.  Harrison  is  descended  from 
English  ancestry,  and  his  antecedents  on  the 
mother's  side  were  Scofch-Irish.  His  father 
died  in  February  1900,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
eight  years,  and  his  mother  in  August,  1883, 
at  the  age  of  forty-nine  years.  In  1867,  when 
he  was  four  years  of  age,  his  parents  removed 
from  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania,  to 
Blackhawk  County,  Iowa,  where  his  early  life 
was  uneventfully  passed  upon  a  farm.  There 
he  obtained  the  rudiments  of  an  education  in 
the  public  schools.  When  he  was  eleven 
years  old  the  family  removed  to  Grant  City, 
Worth  County,  Missouri,  where  the  youthful 
Harrison  worked  at  anything  he  could 
find  to  do  during  the  summer  months, 
and  attended  school  during  the  winter 
months  of  each  year,  until  he  was  fif- 
teen years  of  age.  He  then  apprenticed 
himself  to  the  "Grant  City  Star,"  and 
spent  the  following  three  years  learning  the 


192 


HARRISON. 


printer's  trade.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  ap- 
prenticeship he  began  working  as  a  journey- 
man printer,  and  thereafter  was  successively 
employed  on  the  "Denver  (Missouri)  New 
Era,"  the  "Worth  County  (Missouri)  Times," 
the  "Mt.  Ayr  (Iowa)  Record,"  the  "Holden 
(Missouri)  Herald,"  the  "St.  Joseph  (Mis- 
souri) Evening  News,"  and  the  "Kansas  City 
(Missouri)  Daily  Journal."  He  worked  on 
the  last  named  paper  eight  years,  and  during 
four  years  of  that  time  was  head  proof- 
reader. In  1 89 1  he  purchased  the  "Grant 
City  Star,"  at  Grant  City,  Missouri,  and  was 
editor  and  proprietor  of  that  paper  for  eight 
years  thereafter.  Selling  this  paper  at  the 
end  of  that  time,  he  soon  afterward  pur- 
chased the  "Albany  (Missouri)  Advocate,"  a 
Democratic  paper.  He  changed  both  the 
politics  and  the  name  of  this  paper  and  pub- 
lished it  as  the  "Albany  Capital,"  a  Repub- 
lican newspaper,  for  six  months.  Selling  out 
the  "Capital"  at  the  end  of  that  time,  he  pur- 
chased the  "Gallatin  North  Missourian,"  in 
March  of  1899.  This  paper  is  one  of  the  old- 
est and  most  widely  known  Republican 
newspapers  in  northwest  Missouri.  It  was 
established  before  the  Civil  War  as  the  "Gal- 
latin Sun,"  and  its  name  was  changed  to 
"North  Missourian"  in  1864.  It  is  the  oldest 
paper  in  Daviess  County,  and  one  of  the 
most  influential  in  the  Third  Congressional 
District.  An  eight-page,  six-column  paper, 
it  is  printed  entirely  at  Gallatin,  and  the  office 
is  equipped  with  the  latest  machinery  and 
type  faces.  Under  Mr.  Harrison's  manage- 
ment the  noted  old  paper  has  increased  in 
prestige  and  usefulne'ss,  and  occupies  a  place 
among  the  leading  press  exponents  of  Re- 
publicanism in  Missouri.  Personally  Mr. 
Harrison  has  been  active  in  Republican  cam- 
paigns, and  in  promoting  the  interests  of  his 
party  for  many  years.  At  the  present  time 
(1900)  he  is  chairman  of  the  Republican  cen- 
tral committee  of  Daviess  County,  and  a 
member  of  the  Republican  congressional  and 
executive  committees  of  the  Third  District. 
The  first  office  which  he  held  was  that  of 
member  of  the  Grant  City  School  Board 
which  he  filled  from  1892  to  1895,  serving  as 
vice  president  of  the  board.  In  1894  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives of  the  Missouri  General  Assembly 
from  Worth  County.  During  the  ensuing 
session  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee   on    eleemosynary    institutions,   vice 


chairman  of  the  committee  on  printing,  and 
member  of  the  committee  on  penitentiary.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  bill  providing  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  State  Board  of  Pardons,  and 
the  Parole  of  Convicts  from  the  Penitentiary. 
The  last  named  provision  of  this  bill  was  en- 
acted into  law  at  a  later  session.  In  1898  Mr. 
Harrison  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans 
of  the  First  Senatorial  District  for  State  Sen- 
ator, but  at  the  ensuing  election  he  was  de- 
feated by  a  fusion  of  Democrats  and  Popu- 
lists. A  Presbyterian  churchman,  he  is 
active  in  church  work,  and  is  an  elder  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Gallatin.  He 
has  been  chancellor  commander  of  Gallatin 
Lodge,  No.  206,  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  orders  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows, Freemasons,  Modern  Woodmen  and 
Knights  of  the  Maccabees.  June  27,  1888,  he 
married  Miss  Hannah  Ella  Marrah,  at  Kings- 
ville,  Missouri.  Five  children  have  been  born 
of  this  union,  of  whom  Frederick  Melvin, 
Greeta  Viola  and  Garret  Hobart  Harrison 
are  now  living.  Mrs.  Harrison  is  a  native  of 
Ireland,  reared  in  the  faith  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  and  a  devout  member  of  that  church. 

Harrison,  Edwin,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in 
1836,  in  Washington,  Arkansas,  son  of  James 
Harrison,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of 
Western  manufacturers.  He  came  to  St. 
Louis  as  a  child,  and  when  twelve  years  of 
age,  through  the  friendship  which  existed  be- 
tween his  father  and  Father  De  Smet,  he  was 
sent  to  Namur,  in  Belgium,  where  he  at- 
tended school  for  several  years.  In  1851  he 
returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  continued  his 
studies  at  Wyman's  school.  In  1853  he  en- 
tered the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  a  de- 
partment of  Harvard  University,  where  he 
studied  mechanics  and  engineering,  gradu- 
ating in  1855.  While  in  this  school  he  was 
under  the  preceptorship  of  Agassiz  and  Asa 
Gray.  He  was  appointed,  in  1859,  assistant 
to  State  Geologist  G.  C.  Swallow,  of  Mis- 
souri. He  served  some  time  as  assistant  to 
Drs.  Schumard  and  Norwood  in  the  Missouri 
Geological  Survey,  and  then  went  to  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  where  he  was  engaged  in 
merchandising  from  i860  to  1862, and  return- 
ing to  Mexico  in  1862,  he  became  head  of  the 
firm  of  E.  Harrison  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of  \ 
pig  iron.  In  1870  he  was  elected  president  of 
the    Iron    Mountain    Company,   and    of   the 


HARRISON. 


193 


Chouteau,  Valle  &  Harrison  Iron  Company, 
owners  of  the  Laclede  Rolling  Mills.  He 
was  one  of  the  organizers  and  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Louis  Smelting  &  Refining 
Company,  and  of  its  branch,  the  Harrison 
Reduction  Works,  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Leadville,  Colorado.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  each  of  ten  corporations  for  fifteen 
years,  and  at  the  same  time  engaged  in  many 
mining  enterprises.  The  Hope  and  Granite 
Mountain  mines,  of  Montana,  were  both  en- 
terprises Avith  which  he  was  identified  from 
their  inception.  Governor  B.  Gratz  Brown 
appointed  him  to  membership  on  the  board 
of  managers  of  the  State  Geological  Survey, 
and  by  reappointment  of  Governors  Hardin 
and  Woodson,  he  served  until  the  survey 
was  discontinued.  In  1876  he  was  commis- 
sioner from  Missouri  to  the  Philadelphia 
Centennial  Exposition,  but  other  duties  com- 
pelled him  to  decline.  He  has  served  as  pres- 
ident of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Animals,  in  St.  Louis ;  of  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  Association,  of  the  Mercan- 
tile Library  Association,  of  the  Missouri 
Historical  Society,  of  the  managing  commit- 
tee of  the  Manual  Training  School,  and  of 
other  organizations.  He  has  also  been  a 
warm  friend  of  Washington  University,  and 
the  St.  Louis  Fair  Association ;  was  for  many 
years  a  director  in  each,  and  was  one  of  the 
incorporators  of  the  St.  Louis  Club.  In  1897 
he  was  nominated  for  mayor  of  St.  Louis, 
but  was  defeated  by  reason  of  factional  dif- 
ferences in  the  Democratic  party,  with  which 
he  has  always  affiliated.  Mr.  Harrison  mar- 
ried, in  1873,  Miss  Laura  E.  Sterne,  of  Glas- 
gow, Missouri,  and  two  sons  and  a  daughter 
have  been  born  of  his  marriage. 

Harrison,  James,  merchant  and  man- 
ufacturer, was  a  Kentuckian,  born  in  Bour- 
bon County,  October  10,  1803.  His  educa- 
tional advantages  were  meager.  Before  he 
attained  his  majority  he  came  to  Missouri 
and  settled  in  Fayette,  Howard  County, 
where  he  became  associated  with  James  Glas- 
gow in  commercial  pursuits.  He  engaged  in 
numerous  other  successful  ventures,  among 
them  being  the  shipment  of  live  stock  to  St. 
Louis,  and  'of  grain  by  flatboat  from  St. 
Louis  to  New  Orleans.  In  1831-2  he  traded 
in  Mexico,  extending  his  operations  to  Chi- 
huahua. From  1834  to  1840  he  was  engaged 
in  merchandising  in  Arkansas,  maintaining 

• 

Vol.  Ill— 13 


trading  establishments  in  several  different 
towns.  He  became  a  resident  of  St.  Louis  in 
1840.  In  1843  he  became  a  third  owner  of 
the  Iron  Mountain  property,  and  in  1845  o^" 
ganized  the  "Iron  Mountain  Company." 
One  after  another  obstacles  were  sur- 
mounted, and  Mr.  Harrison  and  his  associ- 
ates became  known  as  among  the  largest 
producers  of  iron  in  the  world.  The  manu- 
facturing firm  in  St.  Louis  was  known  as 
Chouteau,  Harrison  &  Valle,  and  for  many 
years  this  was  one  of  the  most  famous  estab- 
lishments of  its  kind  in  the  West.  He  in- 
spired the  organization  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
Railroad  Company,  and  for  several  years  was 
a  managing  director.  He  was  a  director  also, 
of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 
and  when  that  road  was  purchased  from  the 
State  he  was  one  of  the  men  who  negotiated 
a  $7,000,000  loan  in  aid  of  the  enterprise.  He 
contributed  to  the  building  of  churches, 
schools  and  public  institutions  of  various 
kinds,  and  was  in  all  respects  a  potent  factor 
in  promoting  the  progress  and  prosperity  of 
the  city  of  St.  Louis.  His  death  occurred 
August  3,  1870.  He  married,  in  1830,  Maria 
Louisa  Prewitt,  daughter  of  Joel  Prewitt,  of 
Howard  County,  Missouri,  who  died  in  St. 
Louis  in  1847. 

Harrison,  James  Frank,  was  born 
August  7,  1852,  near  Lancaster,  in  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio.  His  parents  were  Dixon  A. 
and  Elizabeth  (Williams)  Harrison.  The 
father  was  born  on  the  same  farm  as  was  the 
son ;  he  became  a  lawyer,  and  was  for  some 
time  a  partner  with  General  J.  Warren 
Keifer,  of  Springfield,  Ohio.  He  removed  to 
Carthage,  Missouri,  in  1868,  where  he  con- 
tinues to  practice.  The  mother  was  a  native 
of  Ohio,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  The  pa- 
ternal ancestry  is  highly  honorable,  and 
rarely  interesting.  In  the  Cromwellian  Par- 
liament in  England,  a  Harrison  voted  for  the 
execution  of  Charles  I,  and  for  this  act  was 
hung  by  Charles  II,  after  the  restoration  of 
the  monarchy.  Another  Harrison  removed  to 
Ireland  and  participated  in  the  siege  of 
Derry.  His  three  sons  immigrated  to  Amer- 
ica prior  to  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  took 
a  part  in  that  struggle.  Of  these,  one  settled 
in  Virginia,  and  all  his  male  descendants  in 
the  Civil  War  period  took  up  arms  for  the 
Confederacy..  The  descendants  of  the  other 
two  settled  in  Ohio,  and,  to  the  number  of 


194 


HARRISON. 


twenty-eight,  served  in  the  Union  Army.  To 
•this  branch  of  the  family  belongs  James 
Frank  Harrison.  In  1868  he  came  to  Car- 
thage with  his  parents,  and  for  two  years  at- 
tended the  public  school.  He  then  read  law 
with  his  father,  but  having  no  liking  for  the 
profession,  did  not  ask  for  admission  to  the 
bar.  For  sixteen  years  he  was  State  agent 
and  adjuster  for  the  German  Fire  Insurance 
Company  of  Freeport,  Illinois.  He  then  en- 
gaged in  the  lumber  business  as  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Harrison,  Calhoon  &  Harrison, 
from  which  he  afterward  retired.  In  1895  ^^ 
became  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Jas- 
per County  Railway  Company,  and  was  one 
of  the  leaders  in  the  construction  of  the  road 
from  Carthage  to  Carterville.  The  road  was 
purchased  by  the  South  West  Missouri  Elec- 
tric Railway  Company,  and  consolidated  with 
the  Carterville  and  Galena  line,  in  1898,  and 
he  was  then  elected  vice  president  of  the 
company.  Since  that  time  he  has  given  his 
attention  principally  to  mining  operations,  in 
the  Empire,  Central  City  and  Zincite  tracts. 
Among  the  richest  holdings  in  the  Missouri- 
Kansas  mineral  belt  is  a  forty-acre  tract  ad- 
joining Carterville,  owned  by  himself  and 
Judge  Malcolm  G.  McGregor,  which  they 
have  had  in  possession  for  twenty-one  years. 
Parties  holding  lease  rights  have  recently 
found  upon  this  property  rich  disseminated 
ore.  Upon  the  ground  is  a  one  hundred  ton 
mill  and  four  compressed  air  drills.  The 
prospects  were  most  promising  from  the 
outset,  and  the  shafts  are  producing  bounti- 
fully. Mr,  Harrison  is  a  Republican  in  poli- 
tics, but  is  averse  to  public  life,  and  the  only 
office  which  he  has  ever  held  was  that  of 
councilman,  some  years  ago.  He  and  his 
family  are  members  of  the  Methodist  Church. 
For  twelve  years  he  has  been  a  member  of 
the  order  of  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  was 
married,  September  4,  1878,  to  Miss  Emma 
Dora  Walker,  daughter  of  Dr.  Madison  G. 
Walker,  of  Pendleton,  Indiana.  She  was  a 
student  in  the  female  college  connected  with 
the  University  of  Ohio,  at  Delaware.  She  is 
highly  cultured,  a  well  trained  musician,  and 
has  been  for  several  years  an  active  member 
of  the  lanthe  Chautauqua  Club.  Five  chil- 
dren were  born  of  this  marriage.  Mary  is  a 
student  at  the  Central  College,  Lexington, 
Missouri.  Edith  graduated  in  1900  from 
the  Carthage  High  School.  The  younger 
children  are  Merle,  Ruth  and  Frances. 


Harrison,  James  Washington,  mer- 
chant and  ex-judge  of  the  Lafayette 
County  Court,  was  born  seven  miles  south- 
east of  Higginsville,  Missouri,  March  i, 
1839,  son  of  William  Washington  and  Polly 
(Sims)  Harrison.  His  father  was  a  native  of 
Madison  County,  Virginia,  and  his  mother  of 
Greene  County,  in  the  same  State.  His  par- 
ents came  to  Missouri  in  1838,  locating  on  a 
farm  in  Lafayette  County,  where  J.  W.  Har- 
rison was  born.  The  subject's  father  was  a 
son  of  John  Harrison,  of  Prince  William 
County,  Virginia,  one  of  seven  brothers  who 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  he  holding 
a  commission  as  lieutenant  in  Captain 
Mountjoy's  company,  in  Willis'  regiment, 
which  guarded  the  prisoners  at  Valley  Forge. 
The  family  is  descended  from  the  same  stock 
as  that  of  General  William  Henry  Harrison. 
Judge  Harrison's  education  was  received  in 
the  country  schools  of  Lafayette  and  Saline 
Counties.  The  first  twenty-five  years  of  his 
manhood  were  devoted  to  farming  and  stock- 
raising,  after  which  he  engaged  in  merchan- 
dising at  AuUville,  Corder  and  Higginsville, 
ten  years  being  spent  at  the  latter  place. 
Since  August,  1900,  he  has  been  engaged  in 
business  at  Odessa,  Lafayette  County,  with 
his  son,  W.  H.  Harrison,  operating  two 
stores.  Judge  Harrison  established  the  bank 
at  Corder,  in  1892,  and  also  assisted  in  the 
founding  of  the  Bank  of  Wellington,  Mis- 
souri, and  the  Citizens'  Bank  of  Higginsville, 
now  defunct.  For  about  one  year  he  served 
as  cashier  of  the  Corder  Bank.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  episodes  in  his  career  oc- 
curred during  the  six  years  of  his  incum- 
bency of  the  office  of  judge  of  Lafayette 
County,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1879.  In 
1883  and  1884  the  serious  questions  over 
the  adjustment  of  the  compromises  on 
the  Lafayette  County  Railroad  bonds 
arose,  and  he  and  the  other  two  judges 
were  arrested  by  order  of  the  United  States 
Court  and  taken  to  Jefferson  City,  where  he 
was  held  a  prisoner  for  two  years  for  refusing 
to  levy  a  tax  for  the  payment  of  the  bonds  as 
directed  by  the  courts.  Three  months  of  this 
time  he  was  compelled  to  sleep  in  jail,  but 
during  the  remainder  of  the  perigd  of  his  de- 
tention he  was  allowed  the  freedom  of  a  sec- 
tion of  the  city.  During  his  term  in  office 
the  entire  bond  issue,  excepting  about  $10,- 
000,  was  compromised.  Subsequent  to  serv- 
ing as   ^ounty  judge  he  held  the  office   of 


HARRISON. 


195 


county  collector  for  two  terms,  from  1885  to 
1889.  In  1895  and  1896  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Democratic  county  committee,  and  fre- 
quently has  been  a  delegate  to  conventions 
of  the  Democratic  party.  Judge  Harrison  is 
a  Confederate  veteran  with  a  good  service 
record.  His  first  enlistment  was  in  Captain 
Samuel  Taylor's  company  in  the  regiment  of 
Colonel  Routt,  which  formed  a  part  of  Gen- 
eral Price's  army.  He  subsequently  entered 
Hunter's  regiment,  and  afterward  Jackman's 
regiment,  both  of  which  formed  a  part  of 
General  Shelby's  brigade.  In  this  command 
he  served  during  the  last  year  of  the  war, 
surrendering  at  Shreveport,  Louisiana,  June 
14,  1865.  At  that  time  he  was  first  lieutenant 
of  Company  G,  Colonel  Jackman's  regiment, 
and,  as  the  higher  officers  in  command  had 
gone  to  Mexico,  he  commanded  the  division 
at  the  time  of  the  surrender.  Judge  Harri- 
son is  a  member  of  the  Baptist  Church,  in 
which  he  is  a  deacon.  He  was  married,  Sep- 
tember 27,  1859,  to  Ellen  Davis,  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Hamilton  C.  Davis,  a  native  of  North 
Carolina,  and  a  grandson  of  General  Hamil- 
ton, of  that  State.  They  are  the  parents  of 
seven  living  children,  namely,  Comorah,  now 
the  wife  of  Nathan  Corder,  of  Corder,  Mis- 
souri; William  H.,  Joseph  S.,  Fleet  H., 
Estella,  Leslie  R.  and  Hugh  J.  Harrison.  Their 
eldest  son,  Marcellus,  who  was  graduated  as 
a  civil  engineer  from  the  State  University, 
became  a  deputy  United  States  surveyor,  and 
served  as  such  during  two  years  of  President 
Cleveland's  first  administration.  He  died  in 
1890. 

Harrison,  John  W.,  manufacturer, 
was  born  in  Howard  County,  Missouri,  in 
1840,  son  of  John  and  Pamela  (Marr)  Harri- 
son, both  of  whom  were  reared  m  that 
county.  He  was  educated  at  the  Missouri 
State  University  and  then  took  a  commercial 
course  in  St.  Louis.  In  i860  he  became  man- 
ager of  the  iron  furnace  at  Irondale,  Mis- 
souri. In  1867  he  aided  in  founding  the 
Shickle,  Harrison  &  Howard  Iron  Company, 
which  is  still  in  existence.  In  1890,  in  com- 
pany with  Thomas  Howard,  he  organized  the 
Howard-Harrison  Iron  Company,  which 
erected  large  pipe  works  at  Bessemer,  Ala- 
bama. Of  both  these  corporations  Mr.  Har- 
rison is  president,  and  he  is  also  the  principal 
owner  of  stock  in  both  companies.  For  many 
years  he  and  his  associates  have  been  large 


employers  of  labor,  and  in  all  this  time  they 
have  never  had  a  strike  among  such  em- 
ployes. He  has  usually  indorsed  the  prin- 
ciples and  policies  of  the  Democratic  party. 
He  is  an  Episcopal  churchman,  and  a  vestry- 
man in  the  Church  of  the  Redeemer  of  St. 
Louis.  Mr.  Harrison  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried. First,  in  i860,  to  Miss  Laura  Harrison, 
daughter  of  James  Harrison,  of  St.  Louis,  a 
union  of  which  three  children  were  born. 
After  the  death  of  his  first  wife  he  married 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Campbell,  daughter  of  Captain 
William  Eads,  of  Carrollton,  Missouri. 

Harrison,  Leon,  was  born  in  Liver- 
pool, England,  August  13,  1866.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  public  schools  of  New 
York  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years.  Soon 
afterward  he  was  one  of  nine  hundred  and 
twenty  applicants  for  admission  to  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  ranked 
first  among  the  five  hundred  admitted.  He 
afterward  entered  Columbia  College,  in 
which  institution  he  won  a  scholarship  prize, 
graduating  in  1886.  During  his  academic 
course  he  also  attended  Emanuel  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  of  New  York,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1886,  at  the  age  of 
twenty  years.  After  that  he  took  a  post- 
graduate course  of  three  years  in  philosophy 
at  Columbia  College.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  Jewish  priesthood,  and  preached  his  first 
sermon  at  Temple  Israel,  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  in  1886,  being  then  but  twenty  years  of 
age,  and  the  youngest  minister  of  this  church 
in  America.  He  occupied  this  pastorate  five 
years,  completing,  at  the  same  time,  his  aca- 
demic and  theological  courses.  Under  his 
ministration  the  church  grew  from  a  very 
small  membership  into  one  of  the  leading 
congregations  of  Brooklyn,  and  built  and 
paid  for  a  temple  which  cost  $75,000.  In 
1890  he  was  invited  to  deliver  a  sermon  at 
Temple  Israel,  of  St.  Louis,  and  as  a  result 
he  was  chosen  unanimously  from  twenty- 
eight  candidates  to  fill  the  pastorate  left 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Rev.  Dr.  Son- 
neschein.  He  entered  upon  his  duties  and 
established  his  home  in  St.  Louis,  January  i, 
1891,  and  since  then  has  ranked  among  the 
first  pulpit  orators  of  the  city. 

Harrison,  William,  physician  and 
surgeon,  is  a  representative  of  the  family 
which   includes   the   two    Presidents   of  the 


196 


HARRISON. 


United  States  bearing  the  same  name.  He 
was  born  on  a  farm  in  Madison  Township, 
Fayette  County,  Ohio,  July  8,  1850,  son  of 
Captain  Scott  and  Frances  (Young)  Harri- 
son. His  father,  who  was  born  in  the  same 
county,  February  22,  1817,  and  died  at  Mar- 
shall, Missouri,  in  October,  1875,  was  a  son 
of  Captain  Batteal  Harrison,  born  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1780.  The  latter's  father.  Captain 
Benjamin  Harrison,  also  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, held  a  commission  in  Washington's 
command  in  the  Continental  Army.  He  mar- 
ried a  Miss  Vance  and  subsequently  removed 
to  Wheeling,  and  thence  to  Cynthiana,  Ken- 
tucky. One  of  his  sons,  William,  located  in 
Crawford  County,  Missouri,  prior  to  1830. 
Another  son,  Batteal,  Dr.  Harrison's  grand- 
father, was  three  years  of  age  when  his 
parents  removed  to  Kentucky,  and  was  left 
with  his  uncle,  at  Wheeling,  on  account  of 
the  Indian  troubles  in  the  Territory  of  Ken- 
tucky, In  181 1  Batteal  Harrison  moved  to 
Belmont  County,  Ohio,  and  the  following 
year  received  from  President  Madison  a 
commission  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Infantry,  United  States  Army.  March 
17,  1814,  he  was  promoted  to  the  captaincy 
of  the  Second  Company  of  Riflemen,  United 
States  Army,  and  served  until  the  conclusion 
of  peace.  After  the  War  of  1812  he  was  ap- 
pointed Adjutant  General  of  Ohio,  subse- 
quently was  made  brigadier  general,  and  while 
serving  in  this  office,  in  1835,  refused  to  mus- 
ter the  "cornstalk  militia"  for  the  government. 
His  action  was  followed  generally  by  the 
commanders  of  the  State  troops  throughout 
the  country.  In  1817  he  was  elected  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
for  Fayette  County,  Ohio,  and  also  served  in 
the  Ohio  Legislature  for  some  time.  He 
married  Elizabeth  Scott,  of  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky. Their  son,  Captain  Scott  Harrison, 
in  1862,  organized  Company  D,  One  Hun- 
dred and  Fourteenth  Ohio  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, of  which  he  was  elected  captain,  and 
served  until  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  when  he 
was  discharged  by  reason  of  disabilities  oc- 
casioned by  illness.  When  the  colonel  of  his 
regiment  fell  he  was  promoted  to  the  com- 
mand, but  refused  to  accept  the  honor  on  ac- 
count of  his  personal  regard  for  the  officers 
ranking  ahead  of  him.  He  was  subsequently 
elected  major  of  the  regiment,  but  decHned 
this  office  also.  After  the  surrender  of  Vicks- 
burg he  entered  the. Ohio  militia  and  com- 


manded his  regiment  at  Chillicothe  during 
Morgan's  raid.  He  was  honorably  dis- 
charged at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  October, 
1863.  He  married  Frances  Young,  of  Pick- 
away County,  Ohio,  and  they  were  the  par- 
ents of  eight  children,  Annetta,  Batteal  V., 
J.  v.,  Elizabeth,  William,  Belle,  John  and 
James  Cook  Harrison.  He  came  to  Mis- 
souri and  located  in  Cooper  County  in  1865, 
but  the  next  year  removed  to  Marshall,  where 
he  died,  October  5,  1875.  The  education  of 
Dr.  William  Harrison  was  received  in  the 
common  schools  of  Fayette  County,  Ohio, 
and  Saline  County,  Missouri;  Newton's 
Academy,  in  Marshall,  and  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1874.  For  twenty-six  years  he  has 
practiced  continuously  in  Marshall,  part  of 
that  time  with  Dr.  B.  St,  George  Tucker,  and 
twelve  years  as  a  partner  of  Dr.  John  B. 
Wood.  During  Cleveland's  second  adminis- 
tration he  served  as  pension  examiner,  and 
for  a  time  was  local  surgeon  for  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroad.  He  has  served  as  county 
physician,  was  an  organizer  of,  and  chief 
medical  examiner  for,  the  Home  Protectors' 
Association,  founded  in  Marshall  in  1897, 
and  for  many  years  has  been  local  examiner 
for  leading  insurance  companies.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Saline  County,  Missouri  Val- 
ley District,  State,  and  American  Medical 
Associations,  and  has  been  president  of  the 
first  named  society.  Aside  from  his  profes- 
sional associations  he  has  been  identified 
with  various  public  movements.  For  several 
years  he  was  an  officer  of  the  Saline  County 
Agricultural  Society ;  helped  to  organize,  and 
for  some  time  was  president  of  the  Marshall 
Driving  Club,  and  was  one  of  the  prime 
movers  in  the  establishment  of  the  Ridge 
Park  Cemetery,  at  Marshall.  He  is  widely 
known  as  a  lover  of  fine  horses,  and  has  bred 
some  of  the  best  produced  in  Missouri.  He 
refused  $4,000  for  "Zo,"  the  fast  running 
mare ;  owns  "Sallie  L.,"  a  trotter  with  a  fine 
record,  and  was  interested  in  the  breeding  of 
"Tranby,"  a  running  horse,  which  made  a. 
record  of  i :  40  3-4  at  Oakley,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  the  spring  of  1899.  Since  1832  the 
family  of  which  "Sallie  H."  is  a  member  has 
been  owned  by  the  Harrison  family.  Dr. 
Harrison  has  always  been  a  staunch  Demo- 
crat, but  has  never  cared  for  public  office.  In 
Masonry  he  is  a  Knight  Templar,  He  was 
married,  October  4,  1881,  to  Sallie  Akin  Mar- 


HARRISON  COUNTY. 


197 


maduke,  daughter  of  Colonel  Vincent  Mar- 
maduke,  of  Marshall.  Their  only  child  died 
in  infancy. 

Harrison  County. — A  county  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  State  of  Iowa,  east  by  Mer- 
cer and  Grundy  Counties,  south  by  Daviess, 
and  west  by  Gentry  and  Worth  Counties ; 
area,  468,000  acres.  The  county  presents  a 
variety  of  surface.  About  two-thirds  is  un- 
dulating prairie,  the  remainder  considerably 
broken.  There  are  some  low  bottom  lands, 
the  soil  of  which  is  a  black  loam.  The  prai- 
ries have  a  dark  brown  loam,  in  places  mixed 
with  sand,  and  ranging  from  one  to  two  feet 
in  depth,  resting  on  a  clay  subsoil.  In  the 
broken  sections  the  soil  is  light.  Big  Creek, 
an  affluent  of  Grand  River,  flows  from  north 
to  south  through  the  county,  a  little  west  of 
the  center.  Sugar,  Sampson,  Cypress  and 
smaller  streams,  which  are  subtributaries  of 
Grand  River,  water  and  drain  different  parts 
of  the  county.  These  streams  generally  have 
rocky  or  gravelly  beds  and  rapid  currents, 
affording  good  water  power.  In  various 
parts  springs  abound.  There  are  some  good 
deposits  of  bituminous  coal  in  the  county, 
which  for  many  years  have  been  mined  for 
home  use,  and  small  quantities  for  export. 
There  is  an  abundance  of  good  fire  clay,  and 
limestone  and  sandstone  suitable  for  build- 
ing purposes.  About  75  per  cent  of  the  land 
is  under  cultivation ;  the  remainder  is  in  tim- 
ber, consisting  of  hickory,  oak  of  different 
varieties,  ash,  elm,  lind,  black  and  white  wal- 
nut, etc.  The  timber  exists  in  tracts,  along 
or  near  the  courses  of  the  streams.  Diversi- 
fied farming,  of  which  stock-raising  and 
dairying  are  profitable  branches,  is  the  prin- 
cipal industry  of  the  county.  The  cereals 
grow  well,  the  average  yield  per  acre  being, 
corn,  33  bushels;  wheat,  11  bushels;  oats,  20 
bushels.  The  grasses  grow  in  abundance. 
Potatoes  average  from  75  to  100  bushels  to 
the  acre.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  Labor  Statistics,  the  surplus  products 
shipped  from  the  county,  in  1898,  were : 
Cattle,  15,300  head;  hogs,  71,600  head; 
sheep,  3,680  head;  horses  and  mules,  1,260 
head;  wheat,  1,893  bushels;  corn,  11,237 
bushels ;  flour,  20,350  pounds ;  corn  meal, 
1,300  pounds;  ship  stuff,  6,300  pounds;  tim- 
othy seed,  387,000  pounds;  lumber,  171,800 
feet ;   walnut   logs,   62,350   feet ;    piling   and 


posts,  66,000  feet ;  cord  wood,  852  cords ;  coal, 
23  tons;  stone,  8  cars;  lime,  15  barrels;  ce- 
ment, 6  barrels;  poultry,  681,000  pounds; 
eggs,  690,000  dozen;  butter,  44,362  pounds; 
tallow,  14,900  pounds;  hides  and  pelts,  39,- 
910  pounds ;  canned  goods,  1,160,000  pounds ; 
nursery  stock,  2,120  pounds.  Other  articles 
exported  were  cooperage,  cheese,  dressed 
meats,  vegetables,  furs  and  feathers.  That 
section  of  the  Grand  River  country  which 
was  organized  into  Harrison  County  was,  be- 
fore the  advent  of  white  men,  one  of  the 
choice  hunting  spots  of  the  Indians,  and  as 
late  as  1845  bands  roamed  over  its  prairies 
and  along  its  streams,  hunting  and  fishing. 
It  has  been  long  lost  to  tradition  just  who 
was  the  first  white  man  venturesome  enough 
to  visit  the  country,  but  most  likely  he  was 
some  one  of  the  French  fur-traders.  After 
1830  the  class  of  men  known  as  bee-hunters 
went  into  the  section  and  traversed  the 
courses  of  the  various  streams,  to  which  they 
gave  names.  According  to  the  most  reliable 
authority,  no  permanent  settlements  were 
made  in  the  county,  which  was  then  a  part 
of  Daviess,  until  1839,  when  John  Conduit, 
Reuben  Massey  and  William  Mitchell  located 
in  the  southern  part.  They  were  soon  fol- 
lowed by  others,  who  settled  in  the  timbered 
portions,  in  the  southeastern  and  south- 
western parts  of  the  county.  The  circulating 
medium  of  the  early  times  consisted  of 
honey,  beeswax,  coon  skins  and  other  peltry. 
Their  food  was  of  the  plainest  kind,  corn, 
hominy,  honey,  game  and  fish,  and  it  was 
many  years  before  any  luxuries  were  in- 
dulged in.  St.  Joseph  was  the  nearest  trad- 
ing point  of  any  importance.  Schools  were 
not  known  until  some  time  after  the  organi- 
zation of  the  county.  Harrison  County  ter- 
ritory was  included  within  the  limits  of  Ray 
when  that  county  was  organized,  and  later 
was  part  of  Daviess  County,  from  which  Har- 
rison County  was  organized  by  legislative 
act  approved  February  14,  1845.  ^^  was 
named  in  honor  of  Honorable  Albert  G.  Har- 
rison, of  Callaway  County,  who  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  from  Missouri  from 
1834  to  1839.  The  commissioners  appointed 
to  locate  a  permanent  seat  of  justice  selected 
Bethany,  which,  upon  the  organization  of  the 
county,  was  laid  out  and  named  by  a  number 
of  settlers  who  had  come  from  Tennessee. 
The  first  county  court  convened  in  August, 
1845,  under  an  oak  tree.    The  year  it  was  ere- 


198 


HARRISONVILLE. 


ated  the  county  was  surveyed  and  section- 
ized,  and  the  first  land  entries  were  made 
during  the  following  year.  After  being  com- 
pelled to  leave  Illinois,  the  Mormons  at- 
tempted to  re-enter  and  establish  themselves 
in  Missouri.  A  company  of  militia  was  or- 
ganized in  Harrison  County,  and,  under  com- 
mand of  Colonel  C.  L.  Jennings,  met  the 
"Saints"  at  Mt.  Pisgah,  Iowa,  where  a  treaty 
was  entered  into  with  Brigham  Young,  in 
which  it  was  agreed  that  the  Mormons  would 
not  again  try  to  settle  in  Missouri.  In  1843, 
when  an  Indian  raid  was  threatened,  a  com- 
pany of  militia  was  organized  in  the  county 
for  protection,  and  was  under  command  of 
Colonel  Jennings  and  Major  S.  C.  Allen.  A 
few  soldiers  were  recruited  in  the  county  for 
service  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  during  the 
Civil  War  men  were  supplied  by  the  county 
to  both  the  Northern  and  Southern  armies. 
There  was  not  much  trouble  experienced  in 
the  county  during  the  conflict.  Harrison 
County  is  divided  into  twenty  townships, 
named,  respectively,  Adams,  Bethany,  But- 
ler, Cypress,  Dallas,  Fox  Creek,  Grant,  Ham- 
ilton, Jeflferson,  Lincoln,  Madison,  Marion, 
Sherman,  Sugar  Creek,  Trail  Creek,  Union, 
Washington,  White  Oak,  Colfax  and  Clay. 
There  are  sixty-one  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
county,  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
running  from  the  northern  boundary, 
through  the  county,  to  the  southwestern 
boundary,  and  the  Des  Moines  &  Kansas 
City  Railroad,  running  along  near  the  east- 
ern border  for  some  distance.  The  number 
of  public  schools  in  the  county,  in  1899,  was 
162;  teachers  employed,  187;  pupils  enumer- 
ated, 7,684.  The  population  of  the  county,  in 
1900,  was  24,398. 

Harrisonville. — The  county  seat  of 
Cass  County,  and  a  city  of  the  fourth  class. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas,  the  Kansas  City 
Osceola  &  Southern,  and  the  Kansas  City, 
Clinton  &  Southern  Railways,  forty-five 
miles  south  of  Kansas  City,  and  254  miles 
west  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  on  high,  undulating 
prairie,  surrounded  by  a  picturesque,  richly 
productive  and  highly  cultivated  country, 
which  sends  to  the  market  large  supplies  of 
all  the  cereals,  stock,  cattle,  horses  and 
mules,  hogs,  sheep,  wool  and  hides.  The 
city  is  lighted  by  electricity.  The  county 
courthouse  is  a  spacious  building,  and  an  or- 


nament of  architecture.  It  is  of  brick,  three 
stories  in  height,  with  a  lofty  clock  and  ob- 
servation tower.  Over  the  porch  entrance 
is  the  inscription :  "A  public  office  is  a  public 
trust."  It  was  built  in  1895,  and  cost  $45,000. 
There  are  a  public  library  and  an  operahouse. 
The  banks  are  the  Allen  Banking  Company, 
the  Bank  of  Harrisonville,  and  the  Cass 
County  Bank,  with  ample  capital  and  large 
lines  of  deposits.  There  are  four  weekly 
newspapers,  conducted  with  ability,  and  with 
large  circulations — the  "Democrat"  and  the 
"Leader,"  both  Democratic;  the  "News," 
Republican,  and  the  "Record,"  Populist. 
Churches  are  the  Baptist,  Christian,  Protes- 
tant Episcopal,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  South,  Cumberland  Presby- 
terian and  colored  Methodist  Episcopal.  In 
1899  the  population  (estimated)  was  2,500. 
The  first  settlers  at  Harrisonville  were 
James  Lackey,  Humphrey  Hunt  and  John 
Blythe,  "squatters" ;  the  former  had  built  a 
cabin  on  the  tract  of  public  land  taken  for 
county  seat  purposes,  in  1837.  January  9th 
a  postolfice  was  established  with  James  W. 
McLellan  as  postmaster,  who  was  succeeded 
by  Lorenzo  E.  Dickey,  December  2d.  The 
same  year  Henry  F.  Baker  opened  the  first 
store  in  a  log  building.  In  1838  David  Wil- 
son opened  a  blacksmith  shop.  Lynch 
Brooks  was  the  first  physician  and  druggist; 
the  first  resident  lawyers  were  Charles  Sims, 
Charmichall,  R.  L.  Y.  Peyton,  and  Snyder. 
Samuel  Wilson  kept  a  "tavern,"  a  log  build- 
ing of  two  rooms,  one  above  the  other.  The 
first  shoemakers  were  David  Dawson  and 
James  Wilson ;  the  first  tailor  was  John 
Yanny,  and  William  Cook  was  the  first  cabi-. 
net  and  coffinmaker.  John  Cummins,  after- 
ward county  judge,  erected  the  first  brick 
dwelling  house,  in  1846,  and  Abraham  Casle 
built  the  first  brick  business  house,  about  the 
same  time.  The  first  newspaper.  Whig  in 
politics,  appeared  in  1854,  the  "Cass  County 
Gazette,"  of  which  Nathan  Millington  was 
editor  and  owner.  He  sold  it,  in  1856,  to  R. 
O.  Boggess,  who  styled  it  the  "Western 
Democrat,"  and  made  it  Democratic  in  tone. 
In  1857  Boggess  sold  it  to  Thomas  Fogle, 
but  continued  to  write  the  editorials.  The 
paper  was  destroyed  soon  after  the  war 
began.  The  first  school  was  opened 
about  1840,  and  was  taught  by  Frank 
Love.  William  Jones  was  another  early 
teacher.     In  1849  Richard  Massey  opened  a 


HARTVIIvIvE. 


199 


small  academy  for  both  sexes,  with  Miss 
Sallie  Hays  as  assistant.  They  were  married 
the  same  year.  Thomas  A.  Russell  succeeded 
to  the  charge  of  the  school.  Instruction  was 
confined  almost  entirely  to  private  institu- 
tions until  1853,  when  B.  C.  Hawkins  became 
county  commissioner,  and  the  public  school 
system  was  brought  to  a  fair  degree  of  effi- 
ciency, but  the  war  occasioned  discontinu- 
ance of  effort.  The  existing  educational  sys- 
tem had  its  beginning  in  1869,  when  a  board 
of  education  was  elected,  consisting  of 
Thomas  Holloway,  president ;  George  M. 
Houston,  secretary,  and  D.  K.  Hall,  treas- 
urer, who,  with  W.  J.  Terrell,  J.  C.  Boggs 
and  J.  D.  Hines  were  the  directors.  In  1871 
$20,000  in  bonds  were  issued,  and  a  three- 
story  brick  building  was  erected. 

Churches  were  prosperous  and  possessed 
valuable  property,  until  the  war  dispersed  the 
congregations  and  wrought  material  damage 
to  the  buildings,  if  they  were  not  utterly  de- 
stroyed. The  first  was  that  of  the  Missionary 
Baptists,  organized  some  time  previous  to 
1840,  nearly  two  miles  southwest  of  Harri- 
sonville,  with  Elder  John  Jackson  as  pastor. 
In  1844  the  congregation  removed  to  the 
town  and  erected  the  first  house  of  worship 
in  the  place.  In  1854  a  brick  edifice  was 
erected  in  its  stead,  and  in  1883  this  gave 
place  to  a  modern  structure,  costing  $10,000. 
The  Cumberland  Presbyterians  formed  a 
church  about  1845.  It  was  reorganized  in 
1866,  and  in  1870  a  building  was  erected  at 
a  cost  of  $4,000.  The  Methodist  Church, 
South,  dates  to  1856,  when  it  occupied  a  spa- 
cious and  handsome  edifice  for  that  time. 
The  building  was  replaced  in  1878  at  a  cost 
of  $4,500.  The  Christian  Church,  also  dating 
to  about  1856,  erected  a  frame  building  in 
i860,  which  cost  $4,400,  which,  in  1882,  gave 
place  to  a  modern  brick  structure  of  nearly 
the  same  cost.  The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  was  organized  in  1865,  and  in  1871  a 
church  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$4,000.  A  colored  Methodist  Church  was 
formed  in  1866,  and  a  house  of  worship  was 
built,  costing  $800.  Among  the  fraternal 
societies,  the  first  was  Old  Prairie  Lodge, 
No.  90,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  chartered  October  12, 
1847.  The  first  meeting  was  held  in  a  store ; 
ithe  seats  were  nail  kegs,  and  the  officers' 
[jewels  were  made  from  tin.  This  lodge  sus- 
)ended  in  1861.  Existing  bodies  of  the  order 
^are :    Cass  Lodge,  No.  147 ;  Signet  Chapter, 


No.  68;  Arcana  Council,  No.  16,  and  Bayard 
Commandery,  No.  26.  Other  societies  are 
Harrisonville  Lodge,  No.  7,  I.  O.  O.  P.; 
Harrisonville  Lodge,  No.  30,  Order  of  Mu- 
tual Protection;  a  lodge  of  the  Knights  of 
Honor,  and  a  lodge  of  United  Workmen. 

The  town  site  was  designated  as  the  seat 
of  justice,  in  April,  1837,  by  Francis  Prine, 
Welcome  Scott  and  Enoch  Rice,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  Albert  G.  Harrison,  of 
Callaway  County,  one  of  the  two  Missouri 
Congressmen  elected  in  1836.  The  name 
"Democrat"  was  strongly  urged,  but  finally 
rejected.  It  was  located  on  160  acres  of  pub- 
lic land,  and  was  laid  off  by  Martin  Rice,  the 
first  county  surveyor.  Fleming  Harris  was 
appointed  county  seat  commissioner  and 
made  a  sale  of  lots.  In  1838  a  courthouse 
and  jail  were  erected ;  in  1844  the  former  was 
replaced  with  a  brick  building,  costing  $3,000. 
In  i860  $15,000  were  appropriated  for  a  new 
edifice,  but  the  war  caused  abandonment  of 
the  project  after  the  bricks  had  been  burned, 
and  in  1865  they  were  utilized  for  repairing 
the  old  structure,  damaged  through  military 
occupation.  In  1863  the  town'  was  depopu- 
lated, and  most  of  the  buildings  burned,  the 
jail  among  them ;  the  latter  was  replaced  in 
1869.  (See  "Cass  County.")  Harrisonville  was 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  1859,  when  H.  W. 
Younger  was  elected  mayor ;  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  J.  M.  Cooper,  who  served  until 
1861.  Civil  law  was  unknown  from  that  year 
until  the  restoration  of  peace,  and  municipal 
rule  was  not  re-established  until  May,  1867, 
when  an  election  was  called  by  John  B.  Stitt, 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  the  following  offi- 
cers were  elected :  John  Christian,  mayor ; 
James  Blair,  Jr.,  Alexander  Robinson, 
George  S.  Akin,  A.  H.  Boggs,  councilmen. 
Appointed  officers  were :  A.  J.  Briggs, 
clerk ;  J.  H.  Williams,  treasurer ;  J.  D.  Sar- 
vor,  attorney,  and  M.  O.  Teeple,  marshal. 

Hartville. — The  judicial  seat  of  Wright 
County,  situated  in  Hart  Township,  near  the 
center  of  the  county,  on  the  Gasconade 
River,  twelve  miles  north  of  Mansfield,  the 
nearest  railroad  shipping  point.  It  has  a 
good  public  school,  four  churches,  lodges  of 
two  fraternal  orders,  two  banks,  live  general 
stores,  six  grocery,  two  dry  goods  and  other 
stores,  a  hotel  and  two  newspapers,  the 
"Press,"  Democratic,  published  by  Carl  Gar- 
ner, and    the  "Progress,"  Republican,    pub- 


200 


HARTVILLE,   BATTLE  OF— HARTWIG. 


lished  by  Thomas  H.  Musick.     Population, 
1899  (estimated),  600. 

Hartville,  Battle  of. — After  the  re- 
pulse of  the  Confederates  under  General 
Marmaduke,  on  the  8th  of  January,  1863,  at 
Springfield,  they  moved  to  Marshfield,  and 
thence  to  Hartville,  in  Wright  County,  where 
a  Federal  garrison  was  stationed.  The  at- 
tack was  made,  January  nth,  by  Shelby's 
brigade,  and  was  sternly  met,  many  of  the 
assailants  going  down  before  the  destructive 
fire  of  a  body  of  Union  troops  concealed  in 
a  dry  ditch  behind  a  high  rail  fence.  Every 
captain  in  Shelby's  regiment  fell  under  these 
volleys,  and  Shelby  had  two  horses  shot, 
and  Marmaduke  one.  The  desperate  nature 
of  the  fighting  was  maintained  to  the  end, 
and  although  the  Unionists  were  forced  at 
last  to  evacuate  the  place,  they  were  not  pur- 
sued, and  the  Confederates  gained  little  to 
compensate  them  for  the  loss  of  many  valu- 
able officers,  among  them  Colonel  John  M. 
Wimer,  ex-mayor  of  St.  Louis,  and  Colonel 
Emmet  McDonald,  of  St.  Louis;  Mayor 
George  Kirtley,  Captain  Charles  Turpin, 
Captain  Dupuy  and  Lieutenant  Royster.  The 
battle  was  followed  by  the  retreat  of  the  Con- 
federates into  Arkansas,  through  bitter  Jan- 
uary weather,  and  was  marked  by  great  suf- 
fering. 

Hartwig,  Henry  R.  W.,  retired  capi- 
talist, soldier  and  politician,  was  born  April 
II,  1837,  near  Hesse-Cassel,  Nieder  Moll- 
rich,  Prussia.  His  parents  were  Frederick 
Oswald  Hartwig  and  Elizabeth  (Rosenblath) 
Hartwig.  They  were  both  born  in  Prussia, 
the  father  being  engaged  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits in  that  country  for  many  years.  The 
grandfather  was  a  preacher  of  the  German 
Reformed  denomination,  and  traveled  exten- 
sively, expounding  the  faith  wherever  he 
went.  While  on  the  island  of  Surinam,  a 
Dutch  possession,  he  met  Miss  Maria  Louise 
Von  Schalge,  who  became  his  wife.  They 
returned  to  Prussia  and  there  ended  a  life  of 
ease  and  quiet  retirement.  Gustave  C.  Lud- 
wig  Hartwig,  an  uncle  of  Henry  R.  W.,  was 
a  lieutenant  in  the  Prussian  Arrhy  under 
Bluecher,  and  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Leipsic  and  Waterloo.  Henry  received  a 
good  education  in  the  schools  of  Hesse-Cas- 
sel, and  at  the  close  of  his  educational  career 
he  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  with  his 


father.  The  young  man  yearned  for  greater 
things,  however,  and  soon  decided  to  give 
up  the  quiet  life  of  the  farm  and  come  to  the 
country  he  had  for  years  longed  to  see.  It 
was  in  1854  that  Henry  bade  his  loved  ones 
farewell  and  came  to  America.  He  settled 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  clerked  in  a  dry 
goods  store  until  the  spring  of  1857.  The 
Western  fever  took  a  strong  hold  upon  him 
and  he  moved  to  Council  Bluflfs,  Iowa,  spend- 
ing one  year  in  that  locality  and  in  Nebraska. 
In  the  spring  of  1858  he  went  to  St.  Joseph, 
where  he  has  since  resided.  Mr.  Hartwig, 
after  deciding  to  locate  in  St.  Joseph  perma- 
nently, first  engaged  in  the  business  of  out- 
fitting miners  for  the  long  journey  to  Colo- 
rado. Those  were  the  days  of  the  Pike's 
Peak  emigration,  and  the  Colorado  gold  ex- 
citement was  at  its  height.  In  one  year  Mr. 
Hartwig  succeeded  in  saving  a  goodly  sum 
of  money,  and  when  he  combined  the  profits 
with  the  earnings  of  previous  years  he  found 
that  he  was  possessed  of  a  comfortable  sum, 
an  amount,  in  fact,  sufficiently  large  to  enable 
him  to  embark  in  the  wholesale  and  retail 
liquor  business.  Fortune  again  smiled,  and, 
under  the  firm  name  of  H.  R.  W.  Hartwig  & 
Co.,  the  business  was  carried  on  until  1863, 
when  Mr.  Hartwig  concluded  to  change  his 
line  of  operations  and  engage  in  the  grain 
and  commission  business.  This  proved  to  be  a 
profitable  experiment  of  one  year's  duration, 
but  Mr.  Hartwig  preferred  the  line  he  had 
abandoned  a  few  months  before.  Accord- 
ingly, he  re-engaged  in  the  wholesale  and  re- 
tail trade,  combining  groceries  and  liquors. 
In  1869  the  grocery  stock  was  sold,  and  from 
that  time  until  1888  Mr.  Hartwig  was  en- 
gaged in  the  wholesale  liquor  and  rectifying 
business.  When  he  stepped  aside  from  the 
ranks  of  active  commercial  life  he  had  at  his 
command  a  competency  that  has  grown 
steadily  through  judicious  investments  and 
w^ise  speculations.  Mr.  Hartwig's  brother, 
E.  F.  Hartwig,  succeeded  to  the  business  and 
is  still  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  most  substan- 
tial concerns  of  its  kind  in  the  West.  Major 
Hartwig's  military  career  was  one  of  steady 
promotion  and  honorable  advancement.  The 
spirit  of  the  true  soldier  was  inborn,  and  from 
the  day  he  entered  the  service,  until  his  dis- 
charge, he  had  an  untarnished  record  on  the 
battlefield  and  in  the  disciplined  camp.  In  the 
summer  of  1861  he  enlisted  in  Captain  Har- 
bine's  company  of  Enrolled  Missouri  Militia 


HARTWOOD— HARVEY. 


201 


and  was  at  once  made  a  sergeant.  In  1862 
he  was  appointed  first  lieutenant  of  Landry's 
battery  of  artillery.  Soon  afterward  Captain 
Landry  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major 
of  the  Swiss  St.  Louis  regiment.  The  bat- 
tery was  reorganized  with  Captain  Hartwig 
at  its  head,  and  was  known  as  Hartwig's  In- 
dependent Artillery.  In  that  service  the  gal- 
lant captain  and  his  faithful  men  continued 
until  1864,  when  there  was  another  deserved 
promotion,  and  he  became  major  of  the  First 
Regiment,  Enrolled  Missouri  Militia.  Major 
Hartwig's  political  career  has  likewise  been 
one  of  distinguished  prominence.  He  is  not 
placed  in  the  class  of  politicians  as  the  word 
is  accepted  in  this  day,  but  is  a  type  of  the 
true  politician  of  the  time  when  impurity  was 
not  such  a  common  characteristic  of  public 
life.  Major  Hartwig  has  always  stood  for 
the  best  government  and  the  honest  adminis- 
tration of  the  people^s  aflfairs.  In  1867  he 
had  attained  sufficient  prominence  to  war- 
rant his  appointment,  by  Governor  Fletcher, 
as  one  of  the  Missouri  commissioners  to  the 
Paris  Exposition.  In  1870  he  was  elected 
collector  of  the  city  of  St.  Joseph  and  held 
that  position  two  years.  In  1884  the  people 
of  St.  Joseph  called  him  to  be  their  executive, 
and  for  two  years  he  was  mayor  of  the  city, 
his  administration  being  marked  by  the 
steady  growth  of  the  municipality  and  her 
entrance  into  the  second  class  of  cities:  He 
was  nominated  for  Congress  on  the  Repub- 
lican ticket,  in  1888,  against  the  Honorable 
James  N.  Burnes,  who  was  representing  the 
Fourth  Missouri  District  in  the  lower  house 
of  Congress,  but  the  district  was  strongly 
Democratic  and  Major  Hartwig  was  unable 
to  overcome  the  majority  against  his  party. 
He  has  always  been  a  Republican.  Although 
not  actively  engaged  in  church  work,  he 
clings  to  the  creed  of  his  antecedents  and 
pins  his  faith  to  the  German  Reformed 
Church.  He  was  married,  March  i,  i860,  to 
Miss  Caroline  Kuechler,  of  St.  Joseph,  and 
two  sons  were  the  result  of  the  happy  union. 
George  Henry  Hartwig  died  June  7,  1867. 
The  other  son,  Ernst  Charles  Hartwig,  has 
fought  his  own  battles  and  won  them,  and  is 
now  assistant  cashier  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Buchanan  County,  Missouri.  Mrs. 
Hartwig  died  in  December,  1885.  The 
major's  second  marriage  occurred  March  24, 
1898,  his  bride  being  Miss  Emma  Vegely, 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  August  Vegely,  of  - 


St.  Joseph.  Mr.  Vegely  was  a  well  known 
and  prominent  resident  of  St.  Joseph.  He 
came  to  that  city  in  1852,  and  was  for  many 
years  engaged  in  the  candy  manufacturing 
business.  Looked  upon  as  one  of  St.  Jo- 
seph's most  enterprising  and  liberal  citizens, 
the  worthy  cause  always  receives  the  assist- 
ance of  Major  Hartwig.  He  is  one  of  the 
strong  supporters  of  the  Commercial  Club, 
and  is  not  slow  to  respond  to  a  call  for  assist- 
ance when  such  assistance  means  the  im- 
provement of  St.  Joseph  and  the  advance- 
ment of  her  interests.  At  the  present  time 
he  is  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
of  the  city  of  St.  Joseph.  He  is  also  president 
of  the  Hartwig  Realty  and  Investment  Com- 
pany, which  has  large  holdings  of  realty,  not 
alone  in  St.  Joseph,  but  in  Denver,  Colorado, 
Salt  Lake,  Utah,  and  Wichita,  Kansas,  and 
large  bodies  of  land  in  Missouri,  Kansas  and 
Nebraska. 

Hartwood.— See  "Oakland." 

Harugari. — A  secret  society  whose  of- 
ficial head  is  the  "Grand  Lodge  of  the  German 
Order  of  Harugari,"  and  which  traces  back 
to  an  ancient  German  order  of  knighthood. 
It  was  instituted  in  1848,  and  the  first  lodge 
in  Missouri  was  organized  in  St.  Louis  in 
1864.  Its  objects  are  aiding  and  assisting 
the  helpless,  sick  and  suffering.  In  the  year 
1900  there  were  3^9  lodges  with  18,268  mem- 
bers in  the  United  States,  107  being  ladies' 
lodges  with  5,519  members.  In  the  State  of 
Missouri  there  were  nineteen  lodges,  two  of 
them  being  ladies'  lodges.  In  the  fifty-three 
years  of  its  existence  the  order  had  paid  out 
in  the  United  States  for  the  benefit  of  sick 
and  for  deaths  $6,250,000,  of  which  $535-3 1 7 
was  paid  out  in  Missouri.  The  Grand  Lodge 
of  Missouri  was  incorporated  for  fifty  years 
in  October,  1899,  and  it  has  its  capital  in  the 
hall  built  by  itself,  and  valued  at  $14,000,  at 
the  corner  of  Tenth  and  Carr  Streets,  in  St. 
Louis.  The  officers  in  1900  were:  Grand 
bard,  Oscar  Home;  grand  secretary,  Theo- 
dor  Thielman;  grand  treasurer,  August 
Boettgar ;  and  the  trustees  were  F.  W.  Heide- 
mann,  H.  E.  Heuer  and  F.  W.  Mueller. 

Harvey,  William  C,  physician,  mer- 
chant and  man  of  affairs,  was  born  in  Howard 
County,  Missouri,  August  8,  1825.  He  comes 
of  "F.  F.  V."  ancestry,  the  name  having  fig- 


202 


HARVIELL— HATCHER. 


ured  prominently  in  the  annals  of  Virginia 
for  many  generations.  His  parents  were 
John  and  Elizabeth  (Walkup)  Harvey.  John 
Harvey  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  but  was 
reared  to  manhood  in  Kentucky  and  removed 
from  there  to  Howard  County,  Missouri,  in 
1817.  Dr.  W.  C.  Harvey  had  the  usual  ad- 
vantages in  an  educational  way  that  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  the  county  afforded,  and  ap- 
plied himself  so  well  that  he  became  qualified 
to  teach,  and  followed  that  occupation  for  two 
years.  He  chose  medicine  as  his  profession, 
and  spent  two  years  in  study  under  the  in- 
struction of  Dr.  L.  C.  Thomas.  In  1846 
he  went  to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  became 
a  student  at  the  Transylvania  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which  institution  he  graduated 
with  high  honors  in  1848.  Returning  to  Mis- 
souri, he  practiced  his  profession  for  a  short 
time  in  Linn  County,  but  in  the  winter  of 
1848  located  at  Roanoke,  in  his  native  county, 
where  he  has  continued  in  active  practice  ever 
since.  Dr.  Harvey  is  a  skillful  and  success- 
ful practitioner,  and  has  achieved  wide  dis- 
tinction in  his  chosen  profession,  but  he  has 
been  and  is  much  more  than  simply  a  phy- 
sician of  extensive  practice.  In  connection 
with  his  practice  he  established  and  has  con- 
ducted a  drug  and  grocery  store, 
and  has  always  commanded  the  trade 
of  a  large  scope  of  territory.  He 
operated  for  many  years  the  old 
Roanoke  tobacco  factory,  which  gave  em- 
ployment to  many  laborers  each  year.  In 
addition  to  this  he  has  for  several  years  en- 
gaged extensively  in  farming,  and  now  owns 
850  acres  of  beautiful  and  fertile  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  Roanoke.  He  is  also  prominent 
as  a  stock-trader  and  dealer  in  the  county, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  State. 
Seldom  a  week  in  any  year  passes  that  he 
does  not  ship,  through  his  agents,  from  one 
to  six  or  eight  cars  of  live  stock.  Truly  a 
man  of  this  type  is  of  incalculable  value  to  any 
community.  Such  men  are  the  true  builders 
of  the  commonwealth.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Church  and  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity.  Dr.  Harvey  was  married  Septem- 
ber 16,  1852,  to  Miss  Leah  A.  Blakey.  They 
have  two  children,  Gussie  S.  and  Zallie  A. 
Harvey. 

Harviell. — A  village  in  Harviell  Town- 
ship, Butler  County,  seven  miles  southwest 
of    Poplar    BlufT.      It  has  two  churches,  a 


graded  school,  six  sawmills  (near  by),  a  stave 
tactory,  fiouring  mill,  hotel  and  two  large 
general  stores.  Population,  1899  (estimated), 
450- 

Harwood. — ^A  town  in  Vernon  County, 
on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railway, 
fourteen  miles  north  of  Nevada,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  public  school,  Baptist  and 
Methodist  Episcopal  Churches,  lodges  of 
Modern  Woodmen,  Royal  Neighbors,  the 
Royal  Tribe  of  Joseph,  a  Grand  Army  Post, 
and  a  Woman's  Relief  Corps ;  a  bank  and  nur- 
series. Considerable  quantities  of  coal  are 
shipped.  In  1899  the  population  was  225,  It 
was  platted  in  1882  by  John  T.  Birdseye,  for 
Charles  E.  Brown,  of  St.  Louis,  owner  of  the 
site. 

Hatch,  William  Henry,  lawyer,  sol- 
dier and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in 
Scott  County,  Kentucky,  September  11,  1833, 
and  died  at  Hannibal,  Missouri,  December 
23,  1896.  He  was  educated  at  Lexington,  in 
his  native  State,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1854.  Shortly  after  he 
came  to  Missouri  and  entered  on  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  In  1858  he  was  elected 
circuit  attorney  for  the  Sixteenth  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  in  i860  was  re-elected.  When 
the  Civil  War  began  he  took  the  Southern 
side,  entered  the  military  service,  and  was 
commissioned  captain  and  assistant  adjutant 
general,  and  the  next  year  was  assigned  to 
duty  as  assistant  commissioner  of  exchange 
under  the  cartel,  and  in  this  capacity  he  con- 
ducted the  exchange  of  prisoners  on  the  Con- 
federate side  to  the  end  of  the  war.  He  then 
returned  to  Missouri  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Hannibal,  and  in  1878 
was  elected  to  Congress,  and  re-elected  seven 
times  in  succession,  serving  with  distin- 
guished ability  in  the  Forty-sixth,  Forty-sev- 
enth, Forty-eighth,  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth, 
Fifty-first,  Fifty-second  and  Fifty-third  Con- 
gresses, and  being  particularly  noted  for  his 
championship  of  Western  interests. 

Hatcher,  Robert  A.,  lawver,  member 
of  the  Confederate  Congress  and  the  United 
States  Congress,  was  born  in  Rockingham 
County,  Virginia,  February  24.  1819.  and  died 
at  Charleston,  Missouri,  December  18,  1886. 
He  received  his  education  at  private  schools 
in  Lynchburg,  in  his  native  State,  and  after 


^^ 


The   Loulhern  Bisiorij  Co 


HAUGHN'S   MILIv   MASSACRE— HAWES. 


203 


studying  law  removed  to  Kentucky  and  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In 
1847  he  came  to  Missouri  and  located  at  New 
Madrid,  where  he  acquired  a  large  practice. 
He  was  elected  and  re-elected  circuit  attor- 
I  ney,  holding  the  office  for  six  years,  and  was 
afterward  twice  elected  to  the  State  Legisla- 
ture. In  1861  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
State  convention,  but  withdrew  from  it  and 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  South,  and  was 
sent  as  member  to  the-  Confederate  Congress 
from  Missouri.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to 
the  Forty-third  Congress  and  was  re-elected 
in  1874  and  again  in  1876,  serving  three  full 
terms. 

Haughn's  Mill  Massacre. — See  "Mor- 
monism." 

Havens,  Harrison  E.,  lawyer,  jour- 
nalist and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in 
Franklin  County,  Ohio,  December  15,  1837, 
and,  after  receiving  his  eduation  at  the  com- 
mon schools,  studied  law  and  practiced  for  a 
time  in  his  native  State,  afterward  removing 
to  Iowa.  In  1867  he  came  to  Missouri  and 
located  at  Springfield,  where  he  published  the 
"Patriot."  In  1870  he  was  elected  from  the 
Fourth  Missouri  District,  as  a  Republican, 
to  the  Forty-second  Congress  by  a  vote  of 
8,830  to  7,833  for  W.  E.  Gilmore,  Liberal, 
and  in  1872  was  re-elected,  serving  two  full 
terms. 

H awes,  Harry  Bartow,  was  born  in 
Covington,  Kentucky,  November  15th,  1869. 
He  comes  from  a  long  line  of  men  distin- 
guished in  the  political  and  military  history  of 
the  country.  Samuel  Hawes,  who  was  the 
first  of  his  family  to  arrive  in  this  country, 
came  to  Virginia  in  1727  with  the  King's 
commission  as  a  magistrate.  Early  Vir- 
ginia records  speak  of  him  as  a  worthy  and 
public  spirited  man  who  took  great  interest 
in  politics.  His  son  Samuel  commanded  a 
regiment  in  the  Revolutionary  Army,  which 
was  fitted  out  by  himself  and  father.  In  re- 
turn for  his  military  services  and  the  money 
advanced  for  Colonial  troops,  he  was  after^ 
ward  issued  letters  patent  for  30,000  acres  of 
land  in  Kentucky,  and  moved  with  his  family 
and  slaves  from  Virginia  to  his  new  posses- 
sions, settling  at  the  town  of  Hawesville,  on 
the  Ohio  River.  His  son  commenced  his 
professional  career  as  a  lawyer  at  Paris,  Ken- 


tucky, where  he  married  Hettie  Nicholas, 
whose  father,  George  Nicholas,  had  written 
the  Constitution  of  Kentucky,  and  was  the 
author  of  the  celebrated  State's  Rights  doc- 
trine, his  resolutions  on  this  subject  being 
even  at  this  date  the  accepted  authority.  The 
town  of  Nicholasville  and  Nicholas  County 
were  named  after  the  father  of  Hettie  Nicho- 
las. 

Through  the  Nicholas  family,  Mr.  Hawes 
is  descended  from  Samuel  Smith,  who  was 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  Thomas  JefTer^ 
son.  Secretary  of  State  under  Madison,  and 
was  United  States  Senator  from  Maryland. 
Samuel's  brother,  Robert  Smith,  was  Gover- 
nor of  Maryland  and  an  officer  in  the  Colonial 
Army.  George  Nicholas  was  Governor  of 
Virginia  and  a  personal  friend  and  confidant 
of  Thomas  Jefiferson,  having  married  Samuel 
Smith's  daughter.  Through  this  line  Mr. 
Hawes  is  also  descended  from  Richard  Car- 
ter, who  had  a  grant  of  land  from  the  At- 
lantic coast  as  far  west  as  his  majesty's 
possessions  extended,  being  the  largest  land- 
holder and  the  wealthiest  man  in  the  colony 
of  Virginia.  Robert  Carey,  of  Virginia,  from 
whom  Mr.  Hawes  is  also  lineally  descended, 
was  a  colonel  in  the  Colonial  Army  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  stirring  events  of  the  Revo- 
lution. 

Richard  Hawes,  husband  of  Hettie  Nicho- 
las, and  the  grandfather  of  Mr.  Hawes,  was 
a  contemporary  of  Henry  Clay,  with  whom 
he  practiced  law  for  many  years,  being  asso- 
ciated with  him  as  counsel  in  the  settlement 
of  the  celebrated  Nicholas  estate,  which  was 
in  the  courts  of  Kentucky  for  over  fifty  years. 
He  represented  the  Ashland  District  In  Con- 
gress, was  a  volunteer  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  and  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
bellion was  elected  by  the  Confederate  troops 
at  Frankfort,  Confederate  Provisional  Gov- 
ernor of  Kentucky.  His  home  at  Paris  was  a 
place  of  meeting  for  distinguished  men  from 
the  entire  South.  He  was  a  man  noted  for 
his  uprightness  of  character,  simplicity  of 
manner,  and  was  generally  beloved  and  es- 
teemed by  all  who  knew  him. 

Jeflferson  Davis,  President  of  the  Confed- 
eracy, described  him  as  follows: 

"I  knew  him  long  and  esteemed  him 
highly.  Direct  and  unswerving,  faithful  in 
private  as  well  as  public  life,  he  commanded 
the  regard  and  confidence  of  all  who  knew 
him  well.     The  position  of  Kentucky  tested 


204 


HAWES. 


the  sincerity  of  her  sons'  adherence  to  the 
doctrine  she  had  taught  in  the  infancy  of  her 
statehood,  but  Richard  Hawes,  true  to 
principle  as  the  magnetic  needle  to  the  pole, 
quietly  took  his  position,  and  through  good 
and  evil  report  efhciently  worked  to  main- 
tain the  constitution  as  it  was  written  and  in- 
terpreted by  the  men  who  made  it." 

After  the  war,  shattered  in  health  and  in 
fortune,  Richard  Hawes  returned  to  his  old 
home,  and  was  immediately  elected  county 
judge  by  his  old  constituents,  which  position 
he  held  until  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
came  in  his  eighty-third  year.  His  eldest 
son.  General  Morrison  Hawes,  was  a  class- 
mate of  Grant  and  Longstreet  at  West  Point, 
graduating  from  that  academy  at  the  same 
time  with  them.  He  served  throughout  the 
Mexican  War,  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War  was  in  command  of  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas,  when  he  was  offered  a  com- 
mission as  brigadier  general  in  the  Union 
Army  by  Secretary  of  War  Stanton,  his  wife's 
uncle.  He  chose,  however,  to  resign  and  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  colonel  of  the  Second 
Kentucky,  afterward  being  transferred  to 
the  Division  of  Texas  and  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  surrendering  his  command  upon  the 
cessation  of  hostilities  at  Galveston  in  1865. 
Two  of  his  brothers  were  killed  in  the  Con- 
federate  Army. 

General  Morrison  Hawes'  youngest 
brother.  Smith  Nicholas  Hawes,  was  made  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  age 
of  seventeen,  receiving  his  commission  at 
Maryville,  Missouri,  in  1861.  He  was  later 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  being  severely 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  After  the 
war  Captain  Hawes  returned  to  Kentucky, 
where  he  married  Susan  E.  Simrall.  Two 
boys  were  the  result  of  this  marriage,  Harry 
B.  Hawes,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  and 
Richard  S.  Hawes.  The  Simrall  family  is 
well  known  in  Kentucky  and  the  South,  four 
generations  in  a  direct  line  having  been  dis- 
tinguished lawyers  and  jurists. 

Financial  reverses  overtaking  the  Hawes 
family,  young  Hawes  left  Kentucky  and  came 
to  St.  Louis  to  carve  out  his  own  fortunes. 
He  arrived  in  St.  Louis  in  his  seventeenth 
year  without  acquaintances,  friends  or 
mone3\  but  accidentally  met  an  old  army 
comrade  of  his  father,  who  secured  a  posi- 


tion for  him  in  the  Third  National  Bank. 
Continuing  his  studies  at  spare  times,  he  pre- 
pared himself  for  the  study  of  the  law.  In  the 
meantime  his  father  died  and  Harry  B. 
Hawes  brought  his  widowed  mother  and 
younger  brother  to  St.  Louis.  He  was  later 
enabled,  through  the  assistance  of  Honorable 
John  G.  Carlisle,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
an  old  friend  and  legal  adviser  of  the  family 
in  Kentucky,  to  secure  a  Federal  appointment 
which  occupied  but  a  few  hours  each  day,  en- 
abling him  to  attend  the  lectures  at  the  St. 
Louis  Law  School,  and  at  the  same  time  pro- 
vide for  the  support  of  himself  and  family. 
He  graduated  from  this  institution,  repre- 
senting his  class  at  its  closing  exercises,  and 
entered  into  the  practice  of  law  in  the  office 
of  Governor  Charles  P.  Johnson. 

Being  sent  as  a  delegate  from  Missouri  to 
the  Trans-Mississippi  congress  which  met  at 
Salt  Lake,  in  Utah,  he  there  met  and  formed 
the  acquaintance  of  Honorable  Lorin  A. 
Thurston,  the  representative  of  the  Hawaiian 
Republic,  who  was  in  this  country  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  the  annexation  of  those 
islands  to  the  United  States.  The  question 
of  annexation  was  presented  to  the  conven- 
tion for  its  approval  or  rejection,  and  Mr. 
Hawes  entered  into  an  active  debate  in  behalf 
of  annexation.  The  resolutions  were  passed 
and  he  returned  to  St.  Louis.  Two  months 
later  the  Hawaiian  government  offered  him 
a  position  in  its  diplomatic  service,  under  the 
direction  of  Honorable  Lorin  A.  Thurs- 
ton and  President  Dole.  The  position  was 
accepted  by  Mr.  Hawes,  and  he  remained  in 
the  employ  of  the  little  republic  until  the  isl- 
ands were  annexed  to  the  United  States. 
During  his  engagement  in  this  work  for  over 
a  year,  he  spoke  in  the  leading  cities  of  the 
South,  and  was  instrumental  in  disclosing  the 
operations  of  the  sugar  trust  in  its  attempt  to 
defeat  the  annexation  of  the  islands,  which 
seriously  threatened  its  monopoly.  His 
speech  before  the  Jefferson  Club  on  sugar 
trust  interference  went  through  three  edi- 
tions, over  40,000  copies  of  it  being  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  United  States. 

Resuming  the  practice  of  the  law,  Mr. 
Hawes  associated  himself  with  three  other 
young  lawyers  uiider  the  firm  name  of  John- 
son, Houts,  Marlatt  &  Hawes,  this  firm  now 
being  recognized  as  the  strongest  among  the 
younger  members  of  the  bar  in  the  city.  Mr. 
Hawes  had  inherited  a  natural  aptitude  for 


HAWKINS. 


205 


politics,  and  taking  a  decided  stand  against 
the  old  boss  system  in  his  adopted  city,  he  or- 
ganized what  is  now  known  as  the  Jefferson 
Club,  which  at  the  present  time  controls  the 
politics  of  St.  Louis.  After  eight  years' 
struggle  with  the  old-line  bosses,  they  were 
defeated  in  the  primaries  of  May,  1900,  and 
the  authority  of  the  organization  built  up  by 
the  young  Kentuckian  was  made  supreme. 
In  1898  Mr.  Hawes  was  appointed  police 
commissioner  by  Governor  Stephens,  who 
had  been  his  personal  friend  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  was  immediately  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  board  and  in  the  same  year  he 
caused  to  be  introduced  and  secured  the  pas- 
sage through  the  Legislature  of  a  new  police 
law  increasing  the  size  of  the  department  to 
meet  the  growing  needs  of  his  city.  The 
passage  of  this  bill  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  whole  State,  the  conflict  becoming  bit- 
terly partisan,  and  was  the  sole  topic  of  con- 
versation in  political  circles  while  it  was 
pending,  and  has  since  become  a  fruitful 
source  of  discussion. 

Although  not  thirty  years  of  age,  with  a  po- 
sition of  tremendous  responsibility  placed 
upon  him  as  president  of  the  police  board, 
Mr.  Hawes  was  not  found  lacking  in  the 
necessary  executive  capacity  or  ability.  In 
the  spring  and  summer  of  1900,  the  great 
street  railway  strike,  involving  the  employ- 
ment of  3,500  men  and  extending  over  street 
railroad  tracks  of  over  400  miles  in  length, 
and  having  the  active  support  of  40,000  union 
workmen  in  St.  Louis,  presented  the  greatest 
struggle  between  labor  and  capital  ever  wit- 
nessed in  America.  Mr.  Hawes'  position  as 
president  of  the  police  board  brought  him 
between  these  two  conflicting  interests.  Pur- 
suing a  fair  and  impartial  course  as  an  of- 
ficer of  the  law,  without  injustice  to  one  side 
or  the  other,  he  was  made  the  storm  center 
of  attack  and  abuse  from  both  sides.  His 
political  opponents,  taking  advantage  of  the 
crisis  then  upon  the  city,  sought  by  the  arts 
of  demagogery  to  inflame  the  public  mind 
against  him.  The  trouble  was  finally  settled 
with  little  loss  of  life  or  property,  and  the 
public,  having  had  time  and  opportunity  to 
review  the  strike  in  a  dispassionate  manner, 
generally  approved  his  conduct  through  this 
critical  and  dangerous  period.  Mr.  Hawes 
was  reappointed  police  commissioner  by 
Governor  Dockery,  in  1901. 

On  November  15th,  1899,  Mr.  Hawes  mar- 


ried Miss  Eppes  Osborne  Robinson,  of 
Washington,  D.  C.  Her  family,  like  his,  was 
distinguished  in  the  early  politics  of  the  Old 
Dominion,  she  being  descended  from  the 
Randolph,  Eppes  and  Giles  families  of 
that  State.  Her  great-grandfather,  William 
Branch  Giles,  was  one  of  the  early  Governors 
of  Virginia,  a  staunch  supporter  of  Thomas 
Jefferson  and  a  bitter  foe  of  Hamilton.  In 
the  debates  of  the  constitutional  convention, 
and  later  on,  during  Hamilton's  administra- 
tion as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under 
Washington,  he  was  fiercely  assailed  for  his 
monarchical  tendencies  by  Giles  of  Virginia. 
Partisan  papers  take  delight  in  referring  to 
Mr.  Hawes  as  "young  Mr.  Hawes,"  and  in 
assailing  him  for  his  Democratic  partisanship. 
The  serious  charge  of  being  a  young  man 
seems,  however,  to  have  been  the  only  charge 
of  incompetency  that  they  could  substantiate. 
Firm  in  his  convictions,  aggressive  in  action, 
warm  in  his  friendships  and  determined  in  op- 
position, he  has  made  many  friends  and  ene- 
mies in  his  brief  period  in  public  life.  As  a 
forensic  orator  and  public  speaker,  he  is 
plausible  and  convincing.  His  rapid  rise  in 
politics  in  St.  Louis,  he  being  now  the  recog- 
nized leader  of  his  party  in  the  city,  has 
brought  with  it  jealousies  and  animosities  as 
a  natural  consequence.  He  has  refused  nomi- 
nations for  public  office,  and  has  often  stated 
to  his  intimate  friends  that  his  life  work  shall 
be  in  the  line  of  his  chosen  profession,  the 
law. 

Hawkins,  Charles  P.,  lawyer  and  leg- 
islator, was  born  February  15,  i860,  in  Fulton 
County,  Kentucky,  son  of  Dr.  James  M.  and 
Matilda  (Harris)  Hawkins.  His  father,  who 
was  a  native  of  Tennessee  and  was  reared  in 
that  State,  was  a  brother  of  ex-Governor 
Hawkins,  who  achieved  much  distinction  as 
a  public  man.  Dr.  J.  M.  Hawkins  removed 
from  Tennessee  to  Kentucky  and  there  mar- 
ried. He  was  a  minister  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South,  in  early  life,  but 
later  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Fulton  County,  Kentucky,  where  he  became 
very  prominent  in  his  profession  and  accu- 
mulated a  handsome  fortune.  The  son  was 
educated  at  McKenzie  College,  Tennessee, 
and  after  his  graduation  from  that  institution 
began  reading  law  in  Fulton  County,  Ken- 
tucky. In  1879  he  came  from  there  to  Mis- 
souri and  established  his  home  in  New  Mad- 


206 


HAWKS  -HAYNESVILLE. 


rid,  where  he  completed  his  law  studies  with 
his  brother,  who  was  a  member  of  that  bar. 
He  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1880,  and  be- 
gan his  professional  career  at  New  Madrid, 
where  he  remained  until  the  fall  of  1882.  He 
then  removed  to  Maiden,  in  Dunklin  County, 
and  from  there  removed  to  Clarkton,  in  the 
same  county,  in  1884,  At  the  last  named 
place  he  was  engaged  in  private  practice  until 
1886,  when  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attor- 
ney, and  removed  to  Kennett,  the  county 
seat  of  Dunklin  County,  which  has  since  been 
his  home.  Here  he  has  since  practiced  suc- 
cessfully, and  has  gained  a  prominent  place 
among  the  lawyers  and  public  men  of  his 
county.  In  1888,  he  was  the  nominee  of  the 
Democratic  party  for  representative  in  the 
General  Assembly,  and  was  elected  to  that  po- 
sition by  a  handsome  majority.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1892,  serving  four  years  in  all  in 
the  Legislature,  and  becoming  recognized  not 
only  by  his  immediate  constituency,  but 
throughout  the  State,  as  an  able  legislator  and 
a  public  servant  of  unquestioned  integrity. 
As  a  member  of  the  Democratic  party  he  has 
been  devoted  to  its  principles,  has  partici- 
pated actively  in  many  campaigns,  and  has 
contributed  his  full  share  to  the  advancement 
of  its  interests.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  South,  and  of  the 
orders  of  Freemasons  and  Odd  Fellows.  In 
April,  1884,  he  married  Miss  Augusta  Wal- 
trip,  daughter  of  Judge  James  M.  Waltrip, 
a  prominent  citizen  of  Dunklin  County.  Four 
children  have  been  born  of  this  union. 

Hawks,  Cicero  Stephens,  first  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Bishop  of  Missouri,  was 
born  in  New  Berne,  North  Carolina,  May  26, 
1812.  He  received  his  education  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  age  of  eighteen.  He  studied  law, 
but  when  almost  ready  for  admission  to  the 
bar  he  abandoned  it  for  theology  under 
the  direction  of  his  brilliant  brother.  Rev. 
Francis  Lister  Hawks,  then  rector  of 
St.  Thomas  parish.  He  was  made 
deacon  December  8,  1834,  and  was 
ordained  priest,  July  24,  1836.  His  first 
parish  was  Saugerties,  New  York.  In  1837 
he  was  transferred  to  Trinity  Church,  Buf- 
falo, New  York,  and  in  October,  1843,  ^^~ 
cepted  the  rectorship  of  Christ  Church,  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  and  entered  on  his  duties 
January  i,  1844.     Missouri  then  was  under 


the  jurisidiction  of  Rt.  Rev.  Jackson  Kem- 
per, missionary  Bishop  of  Missouri  and  Indi- 
ana ;  but  the  extent  and  rapidly  increasing 
population  of  that  region  made  it  necessary 
to  divide  the  jurisdiction,  and  the  entire 
State  was  set  off  as  an  independent  diocese, 
under  the  name  of  the  Diocese  of  Missouri, 
and  the  new  rector  of  Christ  Church,  St. 
Louis,  was  elected  its  first  bishop,  and  he  was 
consecrated  October  20,  1844.  The  poverty 
of  the  new  diocese  compelled  Bishop  Hawks 
to  continue  to  be  rector  of  Christ  Church  as 
well  as  Bishop  of  Missouri,  and  he  discharged 
the  duties  of  both  offices  for  more  than  ten 
years.  In  twenty-three  years  he  organized 
more  than  twenty  parishes  and  missions,  and 
the  number  of  communicants  increased  un- 
der his  pastorate  to  nearly  2,000.  He  was 
exemplary  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as 
pastor  of  a  parish  as  well  as  those  of  the 
episcopate.  During  the  pestilence  of 
1849,  Bishop  Hawks  remained  at  his 
post,  ministering  to  the  sick  and  dying  and 
burying  the  dead.  In  the  midst  of  his  ardu- 
ous labors  he  has  found  time  for  the  exer- 
cise of  those  literary  talents  which  were  a 
family  possession.  He  edited  Harper's 
"Boys'  and  Girls'  Library"  and  Appleton's 
"Library  for  My  Young  Countrymen,"  and 
was  the  author  of  the  little  work,  ''Friday 
Christian,  or  the  First  Born  of  Pitcairn's 
Island."  In  1867  Bishop  Hawks  began  to 
show  symptoms  of  the  disease  which  termi- 
nated his  life.  He  continued,  however,  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  his  office  till  1868, 
when  he  was  compelled  to  request  the  assist- 
ance of  Bishop  Vail,  of  Kansas,  in  the  visita- 
tion of  the  diocese.  The  last  service  of  the 
church  in  which  he  participated  by  his  pres- 
ence was  on  the  Sunday  before  Easter,  April 
5th.  He  was  then  too  weak  to  take  any 
part  in  the  service,  and  he  died  on  Sunday, 
April  19,  1868.  Bishop  Hawks  was  twice 
married,  first,  to  Miss  Jones,  of  Hillsboro, 
North  Carolina.  Mrs.  Hawks  died  in  1855. 
Second,  he  married  Miss  Leonard,  daughter 
of  Judge  Abiel  Leonard,  of  Howard  County, 
Missouri,  who  survived  him. 

Haynesville. — A  small  village  in  the 
southern  part  of  Clinton  County,  laid  out  in 
1842  by  Solomon  Kimsey,  W.  F.  Franklin 
and  J.  R.  Coflfman.  It  was  a  thriving  and 
prosperous  place  until  the  Cameron  Branch 
Railroad  was  built,  running  a  mile  distant, 


HAYTI— HAZEN. 


207 


in  1867,  when  most  of  its  business  and  many 
of  its  inhabitants  moved  to  the  town  of  Holt, 
on  the  railroad,  in  Clay  County.  Since  then 
Haynesville  has  been  an  unimportant  village 
of  about  seventy-five  population. 

Hayti. — A  village  on  the  St.  Louis,  Ken- 
nett  &  Southern  Railway,  in  Little  River 
Township,  Pemiscot  County,  four  miles 
south  of  Gayoso.  It  has  several  sawmills 
near  by,  and  six  general  stores,  a  school  and 
a  church.     Population,  estimated  (1899),  600. 

Hazard,  Rebecca  Naylor,  a  recog- 
nized leader  among  the  philanthropic  women 
of  St.  Louis,  was  born  November  10,  1826, 
in  Woodsfield,  Ohio.  She  was  receiving  her 
education  at  Marietta  Female  Seminary,  but 
left  it  at  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  her  fam- 
ily removing  to  Cincinnati,  and  thence 
to  Quincy,  Illinois,  where  she  was  married, 
in  1844,  to  William  T.  Hazard,  of  Newport, 
Rhode  Island.  In  1850  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hazard 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  soon  after  her 
coming  Mrs.  Hazard  became  interested  in 
the  neglected  young  girls  of  the  city.  Be- 
coming a  director  in  the  Girls'  Industrial 
Home,  she  entered  upon  the  work  of  build- 
ing up  that  institution.  For  five  years  she 
was  engaged  in  this  work,  but  upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  a  more  im- 
perative demand  was  made  upon  her  activi- 
ties by  the  sufferings  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers.  In  the  winter  of  1863-4  she  was 
appointed  by  the  Union  League,  with  five 
other  ladies,  to  inaugurate  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  memorable  Sanitary 
Fair.  At  the  close  of  the  war  she  aided  in 
founding  the  Guardian  Home  for  unfortu- 
nate women.  In  May,  1867,  she  assisted  in 
forming  the  Woman  Suffrage  Association  of 
Missouri.  She  has  filled  the  offices  of  secre- 
tary and  president  of  the  Missouri  Associa- 
tion, and  in  1878  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  Woman  Suffrage  Association.  In 
1873  the  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Women  was  formed  in  New  York,  and  Mrs. 
Hazard  has  been  associated  as  vice  president 
for  Missouri  for  more  than  twenty  years. 
She  a"ssisted  in  forming  in  St.  Louis  the 
School  of  Design.  She  is  a  member  of  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  and 
has  been  known  in  politics  also  as  a  pro- 
nounced bimetallist.  For  several  years  she 
has  lived  in  comparative  retirement  in  the 


country,  near  Kirkwood.  For  the  past  six- 
teen years  she  has  met  at  her  home  a  class 
of  ladies  who  devoted  themselves  to  the  study 
of  the  poets,  Homer,  Dante,  Goethe  and 
Shakespeare,  and  have  also  given  attention 
to  the  philosophic  writings  of  Plato  and 
Hegel.  In  early  years  she  was  attached  to 
the  Methodist  Church,  but  in  middle  life  she 
became  imbued  with  a  love  of  the  doctrines 
of  Emanuel  Swedenbbrg.  The  children  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hazard  have  been  Charles  F., 
who  graduated  from  the  Washington  Univer- 
sity and  died  in  early  manhood;  Nathaniel, 
well  known  in  the  musical  circles  of  St. 
Louis ;  William  T.,  Jr.,  who  graduated  from 
Yale  College  in  the  class  of  1871,  and  is  now 
connected  with  the  Missouri  Car  &  Foundry 
Company,  and  two  children,  who  died  in  in- 
fancy. A  grandchild,  Grace  Hazard,  a  stu- 
dent at  the  St.  Louis  School  of  Fine  Arts,  is 
also  a  member  of  Mrs.  Hazard's  family. 

Hazeltiiie,  Ira  S.,  lawyer,  farmer  and 
member  of  Congress,  was  born  at  Andover, 
Vermont,  July  13,  1821.  He  was  educated  in 
the  schools  of  his  native  State,  and  when  a 
young  man  removed  to  Wisconsin,  where  he 
taught  school  for  three  years,  then  studied 
law  and  spent  ten  years  lecturing  on  scien- 
tific and  reformatory  subjects,  and  also  took 
an  active  part  in  building  up  Richland  Cen- 
tre, the  county  seat  of  Richland  County,  in 
Wisconsin,  and  introducing  improved  farm- 
ing into  the  State.  He  served  in  the  Wis- 
consin Legislature.  In  1870  he  came  to  Mis- 
souri and  located  upon  a  farm  near  Spring- 
field and  directed  his  attention  to  the  culti- 
vation of  fruit  and  the  rearing  of  sheep.  He 
participated  in  the  Granger  movement,  and 
was  also  made  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Missouri  State  Grange.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty-seventh 
Congress  as  a  Greenbacker-Republican  over 
James  R.  Waddill,  Democrat,  the  vote  being 
22,787  for  Hazeltine  and  22,680  for  Wad- 
dill. 

Hazeii,  William  L.,  secretary  and 
manager  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Lumber  & 
Supply  Company,  of  Kansas  City,  was  born 
January  29,  1848,  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  His 
parents  removed  to  Kansas  when  he  was  a 
youth,  and  he  soon  afterward  entered  the 
employe  of  IngersoU  &  Rush,  lumber  dealers 
at   Leavenworth,  where  he  gained  his  first 


208 


HEARD— HEDBURG. 


experience  in  the  business  which  now  engages 
his  attention.  He  left  these  employers  to 
take  a  clerical  position  in  the  United  States 
quartermaster's  department  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, under  Generals  Eaton,  Van  Vliet  and 
Saxton.  He  manifested  such  aptitude  for  his 
duties,  and  acquired  so  great  familiarity  with 
all  the  details  of  the  intricate  business  to 
which  he  had  been  introduced,  that  he  was 
soon  sent  to  the  terminal  points  of  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  and  of  the  Denver 
&  Rio  Grande  Railways,  to  superintend  the 
shipment  of  army  suppHes  thence  to  the  vari- 
ous military  posts  in  New  Mexico,  Colorado 
and  Arizona.  He  was  continued  in  this  im- 
portant position  until  wagon  transportation 
was  rendered  obsolete  through  railway  ex- 
tensions. In  1880  he  located  at  Wichita, 
Kansas,  where  he  became  engaged  with  the 
Chicago  Lumber  Company,  for  whom  he 
conducted  yards  at  the  car  works,  and  then 
in  the  city  proper.  With  many  others,  he 
met  with  reverses  in  the  reaction  following 
the  speculative  period,  but  suffered  no  im- 
pairment of  energy  or  damage  to  reputation 
for  integrity.  He  then  became  associated 
with  E.  R.  Rogers,  with  whom  he  conducted 
a  commission  lumber  business  under  the  firm 
name  of  Hazen  &  Rogers,  handling  yellow 
pine  almost  exclusively,  from  the  mills  of  the 
Long-Bell  Lumber  Company.  During  1892-3 
Mr.  Hazen  was  engaged  for  the  latter  cor- 
poration as  a  salesman  in  western  Kansas 
and  Oklahoma.  January  i,  1894,  the  Pacific 
Coast  Lumber  &  Supply  Company  began 
business  in  Kansas  City,  and  Mr.  Hazen  was 
placed  in  charge  as  secretary  and  manager, 
a  two-fold  position  which  he  continues  to 
occupy.  He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  judges  and  handlers  of  lumber 
in  the  market,  and  as  possessing  exceptional 
ability  in  extending  and  maintaining  trade 
relations  throughout  an  extensive  and  con- 
stantly increasing  territory.  Uniformly  fair 
and  liberal  in  his  dealings,  his  broad  intelli- 
gence and  geniality  of  disposition  attach  to 
him  firmly  the  friends  once  gained,  and  he  is 
equally  esteemed  in  business  affairs  and  in 
the  social  relations  of  life. 

Heard,  John  T.,  lawyer  and  member 
of  Congress,  was  born  at  Georgetown,  Mis- 
souri, October  29,  1840,  and  was  educated 
at  the  common  schools  and  the  State  Uni- 
versity, graduating  in  i860.     He  then  read 


law  in  the  office  of  his  father,  George  Heard, 
and  practiced  in  partnership  with  him  at 
Sedalia.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Legislature,  and  served  as  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  ways  and  means,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  on  judiciary,  and 
the  committee  on  the  State  University.  In 
1881  he  was  elected  without  opposition  to 
the  State  Senate,  serving  for  four  years,  dur- 
ing which  time  he  prosecuted  the  claims  of 
the  State  against  the  general  government  on 
behalf  of  the  fund  commissioners.  In  1884 
he  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to  the  Forty- 
ninth  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  in  suc- 
cession to  the  three  following  Congresses, 
receiving  in  his  last  election  24,027  votes  to 
16,365  cast  for  E.  L.  Redmond,  Republican. 

Hedburg,  Eric,  mining  engineer,  was 
born  May  28,  1859,  ^t  Soderhamn,  Sweden. 
His  parents  were  A.  O.  and  A.  B.  (Johans- 
docter)  Hedburg.  The  father,  who  was  a 
machine  works  owner  and  manager,  died  in 
1879,  aged  thirty-six  years,  and  the  mother 
died  in  1865,  on  the  family  homestead  in 
Enonger,  Sweden.  The  Hedburg  family 
originated  in  Heidelburg,  Germany.  Among 
them  were  ironmasters  dating  from  1780, 
who  emigrated  to  the  north  of  Sweden  to 
give  instruction  in  iron  manufacture.  Six 
members  of  the  family  divided  an  estate ;  two 
continued  in  the  iron  trade,  one  engaged  in 
the  lumber  and  two  in  mercantile  bus- 
iness in  the  city  of  Gavle,  and  another  entered 
government  service  as  postmaster  in  the 
same  place.  From  this  family  descended  the 
Hedburgs  in  America,  four  in  number,  of 
whom  there  are  two  in  Joplin  and  one  in 
California.  Another,  a  captain  in  the  United 
States  Army,  died  recently.  Eric  Hedburg 
attended  the  common  schools  in  Enonger, 
Sweden,  until  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age. 
He  then  entered  the  School  of  Mining  in 
Bergslagen,  studying  metallurgy  and  me- 
chanics, with  two  years  of  practical  work  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron,  and  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  years  received  the  degree  of  assist- 
ant ironmaster.  At  a  later  day  he  supple- 
mented his  technical  studies  with  a  six 
months'  course  in  the  School  of  Mines  at 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  After  his  grad- 
uation in  Sweden  he  engaged  in  extensive 
travel  to  add  to  his  knowledge  of  his  chosen 
profession.  In  1878  he  went  to  England, 
first  to  London  and  then  to  Shields,  famous 


HEEGE. 


209 


for  its  coal  mines  and  iron  working  establish- 
ments. He  then  visited  Norway,  remaining 
three  months  at  Christiania,  returning  to 
London,  and  thence  journeying  to  Lisbon, 
Portugal.  In  1879  he  went  to  St.  John's,  New 
Brunswick,  and  from  that  point  attended  an 
exploring  party  200  miles  inland.  He  then 
visited  Liverpool,  in  England,  and  Dublin, 
in  Ireland,  thence  sailing  to  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  and  thence  to  St.  Nazaire,  France, 
where  he  made  a  stay  of  two  months.  In 
1880  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and 
was  employed  for  a  time  with  the  Thompson 
Steel  Company,  of  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey. 
In  1881  he  went  to  Carthage,  Missouri,  and 
assisted  in  developing  the  now  famous  Pleas- 
ant Valley  zinc  mines.  In  1883  he  laid  out 
the  town  of  Boxley,  Newton  County,  Arkan- 
sas, and  organized  the  Carthage  (Arkansas) 
Mining  and  Smelting  Company,  built  the 
necessary  works,  and  carried  on  lead  mining 
and  smelting  for  eighteen  months,  when  the 
company  made  an  assignment,  the  business 
proving  unprofitable  on  account  of  the  long 
wagon  haul  of  ninety-five  miles  to  a  railway 
shipping  point.  He  then  went  to  Lehigh, 
Jasper  County,  Missouri,  and  successfully 
superintended  zinc  mining  until  the  ore  was 
exhausted,  when  he  became  superintendent 
of  the  Sherwood  Mines.  In  1890  he  entered 
upon  a  five  years'  engagement  as  superin- 
tendent of  the  Roaring  Springs  Mining  Com- 
pany. During  that  period  of  service  he  opened 
the  Gordon  Hollow  Mines,  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  Newton  County,  Missouri. 
These  now  famous  mines  led  to  the  opening 
of  nine  other  paying  mines  in  the  vicinity, 
induced  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Rail- 
way to  build  a  mile  switch  to  the  properties, 
and  built  up  in  a  wilderness  a  prosperous 
town  with  900  inhabitants,  a  postofHce  and 
a  number  of  stores.  In  1895  he  visited  the 
lead  mines  in  Tennessee  and  Iowa,  and  made 
an  expert  report  of  the  same.  In  1896-7  he 
opened  the  Leadville  and  Chettwood  Hollow 
Mines,  in  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  and  or- 
ganized the  Chicago  Consolidated  Company. 
In  1898  he  organized  the  Narragansett  Min- 
ing Company,  of  Webb  City,  with  a  capital 
of  $150,000.  He  has  now  a  permanent  office 
in  the  Columbian  Building  in  Joplin,  Mis- 
souri, and  gives  attention  solely  to  his  pro- 
fession as  a  mining  expert  and  organizer, 
lines  in  which  he  has  established  a  high  repu- 
tation.   His   volunteer   and   unrecompensed 

Vol.  Ill— 14 


labor  has  been  of  great  value  to  the  com- 
mercial and  scientific  world.  In  1896  he 
wrote  for  the  "Chicago  Engineer"  a  pro- 
fusely illustrated  series  of  articles  descriptive 
of  the  various  kinds  of  machinery  used  in  the 
Western  mines.  In  1898  he  wrote  twelve 
illustrated  articles  for  the  "Mines  and  Min- 
erals," of  Scranton,  Pennsylvania,  giving  a 
complete  history  of  Joplin,  its  geology,  the 
mining,  milling  and  smelting  of  lead  and 
zinc,  with  plans  and  cost  of  production.  He 
has  also  written  an  illustrated  pamphlet  on 
"Lead  and  Zinc  Mining,"  which  is  a  recog- 
nized authority  upon  these  subjects,  and  has 
reached  an  issue  of  20,000  copies  in  the  East 
alone.  His  professional  attainments  are 
recognized  by  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers,  a  scientific  body  having 
representation  in  all  mining  countries,  of 
which  he  is  an  active  member;  and  by  the 
National  Association  of  Steam  Engineers,  of 
which  he  is  deputy  president.  During  his 
early  residence  in  America  he  was  a  Demo- 
crat, being  personally  acquainted  with  Gen- 
eral Hancock,  Democratic  candidate  for 
President  when  he  came  to  the  country,  and 
having  an  intimate  friend  in  Colonel  J.  M. 
Tower,  who  expected  the  appointment  of 
Minister  to  Sweden,  and  sought  his  services 
as  interpreter.  In  the  campaign  of  1896  he 
became  a  staunch  Republican  on  account  of 
the  Democratic  party  favoring  free  silver  and 
other  dogmas  which  he  could  not  approve. 
He  is  a  member  of  Fellowship  Lodge,  No. 
345,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  of  Joplin.  Mr.  Hed- 
burg  was  married,  in  1884,  at  Carthage,  Mis- 
souri, to  Miss  Sophia  J.  Anderson,  who  was 
born  in  Warmland,  near  Philipstad,  Sweden. 
Three  children  have  been  born  of  this  union, 
George,  Nora  and  Lillie  Hedburg. 

Heege,  Theodore,  merchant  and  bank- 
er, was  born  November  15,  1834,  in  Bruns- 
wick, Germany.  His  parents  were  William 
and  Frederika  (Bierman)  Heege.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  his  native  town.  In  1854,  when  twenty 
years  of  age,  he  immigrated  to  America, 
locating  in  St.  Louis,  where  he  carried  on 
the  shoemaking  trade  until  i860.  He  then 
removed  to  Kirkwood,  where  he  was  simi- 
larly occupied  until  1865,  when  he  established 
a  grocery  store  on  the  site  which  he  yet 
occupies.  By  diligent  attention  to  his  con- 
cerns and  careful  economy  he  has  developed 


210 


HEER. 


his  business  until  it  has  reached  the  sum 
of  $50,000  per  annum,  and  he  has  acquired  a 
handsome  competency.  He  was  among  the 
organizers  of  the  Bank  of  Kirkwood,  and 
from  its  foundation  has  been  its  vice  presi- 
dent. During  the  Civil  War  he  assisted  in 
the  organization  of  Company  F,  First  Regi- 
ment of  Missouri  Infantry  Militia,  and  held 
a  commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  that 
command.  In  1888  he  was  called  upon  to 
serve  as  presiding  judge  of  the  county  court 
of  St.  Louis  County,  and  his  acceptance  of 
the  position  was  in  the  nature  of  a  response 
to  a  popular  demand  and  expression  of  con- 
fidence, rather  than  as  the  gratification  of 
personal  ambition.  His  service  in  that  posi- 
tion was  so  eminently  creditable  to  himself 
and  satisfactory  to  the  cqmmunity  that  he 
•was  twice  re-elected,  his  terms  of  service 
•covering  the  long  period  of  ten  years.  He 
was  also  elected  a  town  trustee  for  Kirk- 
wood, and  re-elected,  serving  in  that  capacity 
ior  four  years.  In  political  concerns  he  is  a 
Republican,  and  has  always  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  afifairs  of  the  party  throughout 
the  county  and  district,  as  well  as  locally.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity  and 
of  the  Royal  Arcanum,  and  of  all  the  leading 
•German  societies  in  the  county.  He  was 
married,  April  9,  1857,  to  Miss  Louisa  Al- 
brand,  of  St.  Louis,  who  died  July  22,  1894. 
Of  this  union  were  born  eight  children,  Wil- 
liam ;  Emma,  wife  of  Leith  Decker,  of  St. 
Louis ;  August,  who  is  associated  in  business 
with  his  father;  Frederick;  Lena,  wife  of 
Charles  Hilderbrand,  of  Buffalo,  New  York; 
Ida,  wife  of  Joseph  Fansler,  of  St.  Louis; 
George,  of  St.  Louis,  and  Eliza,  wife  of  Frank 
Witerow,  of  Brantwood,  Missouri.  He  was 
married,  March  2,  1899,  to  Miss  Johanna 
Rogall,  of  St.  Louis.  Beginning  life  as  he 
did,  in  a  strange  land,  with  little  knowledge 
of  the  people  he  came  to  dwell  among,  or 
of  the  language  they  spoke,  and  without 
means,  the  success  which  has  crowned  his 
efforts  evidences  the  sterling  qualities  of 
which  he  is  possessed.  In  the  community  in 
which  he  lives  he  is  regarded  as  an  entirely 
upright,  substantial  and  public-spirited  citi- 
zen. He  is  an  excellent  type  of  the  best 
German-American  character,  and  the  unusu- 
ally large  relationship  by  which  he  is  sur- 
rounded, descended  from  him  or  allied  by 
marriage,  are  worthy  of  him. 


Heer,  Charles  H.,  merchant,  was  bon 
in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  Germany,  Apri 
30,  1820,  son  of  Gerhardt  W.  and  Mary  E 
(Klecker)  Heer,  The  elder  Heer,  who  wa 
a  landed  proprietor  and  public  official  in  Ger 
many,  died  three  months  before  the  birth  o 
his  son.  The  latter  passed  the  years  of  hi; 
early  youth  in  Germany,  and  was  well  edu 
cated  with  a  view  to  his  entering  the  Catholi( 
priesthood.  In  1835,  however,  his  mothe: 
married  again  and  later  came  with  her  hus 
band  and  family  to  America.  Tliis  even 
changed  the  course  of  Mr.  Heer's  life,  anc 
made  him  a  merchant  instead  of  a  priest 
After  landing  at  Baltimore  the  family  jour 
neyed  to  Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  in  a  larg( 
old-fashioned  Pennsylvania  wagon,  the  jour 
ney  occupying  three  weeks.  From  M^heelin^ 
to  St.  Louis  they  came  by  river,  ayd  in  th( 
last  named  city  they  established  their  home 
The  family  then  consisted  of  seven  persons 
namely  Louis  Heer,  the  stepfather;  Mrs 
Heer,  Charles  H.  Heer  and  his  half-brotheri 
and  sisters,  Edward,  Francis,  Mary  ant: 
Agnes  Heer.  Soon  after  they  settled  in  St 
Louis  Charles  H.  Heer  obtained  a  positioi 
in  a  wholesale  and  retail  queensware  house 
with  which  he  remained  until  he  was  twenty 
two  years  of  age.  By  this  time  he  had  re 
ceived  a  thorough  business  training,  anc 
having  saved  some  money,  he  determined  t( 
begin  merchandising  on  his  own  account,  am 
forming  a  partnership  with  R.  Heitcamp,  h( 
engaged  in  the  grocery  and  provision  trad( 
in  St.  Louis.  Two  years  later  he  sold  hi; 
interest  in  this  establishment  and  became  i 
partner  with  D.  L.  Myer  in  the  grocery  trade 
expanding  this  business  later  so  as  to  includ( 
a  fine  general  stock  of  goods.  Close  atten 
tion  to  business  and  overexertion  caused  Mr 
Heer's  health  to  become  impaired,  and  t( 
bring  about  its  betterment  he  abandonee 
merchandising  operations  temporarily,  spend 
ing  some  time  in  the  South,  and  later  goin^ 
to  Illinois.  In  Illinois  he  purchased  a  larg( 
farm  near  the  home  of  his  mother  and  step 
father,  who  had  removed  to  Monroe  County 
in  that  State.  This  farm  he  conducted  per 
sonally  until  1850,  when  he  placed  it  undei 
the  care  of  a  tenant,  and  engaged  in  genera 
merchandising  at  Waterloo,  Illinois.  H< 
continued  in  business  at  Waterloo  until  1871 
but  in  1868  visited  Springfield,  Missouri,  am 
purchased  the  lot  now  occupied  by  the  build 


^.?^.-^. 


,^^^ 


HEIDORN. 


211 


ing  in  which  the  business  of  the  Heer  Dry 
Goods  Company  is  carried  on.  Soon  after 
purchasing  this  property  he  erected  a  brick 
store  building,  and  in  1871  he  removed  to 
Springfield  and  occupied  this  building.  There 
he  carried  on  a  wholesale  and  retail  business 
imtil  the  end  of  his  life,  becoming  known  as 
one  of  the  most  sagacious  merchants  in 
southwestern  Missouri,  and  in  all  respects  a 
highly  successful  and  honorable  busiriess 
man.  In  1879  this  business  was  incorporated 
as  the  Charles  H.  Heer  Dry  Goods  Com- 
pany, all  the  stock  being  held  in  the  family 
of  Mr.  Heer.  The  house  which  he  thus 
founded  is  now  the  oldest  and  largest  retail 
house  in  the  city,  its  wholesale  business  hav- 
ing been  discontinued  some  years  since. 
Successful  as  a  merchant,  Mr.  Heer  was 
prominently  identified  also  with  various  other 
enterprises  which  aided  materially  in  the 
building  up  of  the  city  of  Springfield.  He 
was  one  of  a  company  of  capitalists  of  that 
city  who  bought  the  franchises  of  the  old 
Springfield  &  Western  Missouri  Railroad — 
now  a  part  of  the  Gulf  Railroad  system — only 
a  small  portion  of  which  had  then  been 
graded,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  company 
engaged  in  its  construction  had  failed.  The 
Springfield  company  built  twenty  miles  of 
the  road  to  Ash  Grove,  and  ran  trains  be- 
tween that  place  and  Springfield  until  they 
sold  out  to  the  company  now  operating  it, 
two  years  later.  Mr.  Heer  was  also  an  exten- 
sive owner  of  real  estate  in  Springfield. 
January  6,  1846,  he  was  married,  in  St. 
Charles  County,  Missouri,  to  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Buneman,  whose  maiden  name  was  Koenig. 
The  children  born  of  this  union  were  Charles 
H. ;  Henry  L.,  who  died  at  the  age  of  thirty 
years;  Mary  E. ;  Louis  H.,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  seven  years ;  Agnes ;  Francis  X.,  now 
at  the  head  of  the  mercantile  house  estab- 
lished by  his  father,  and  Celia  Herr.  Mr. 
Heer  was  a  devout  Catholic,  and  in  1892  he 
founded  St.  Joseph's  College,  located  at  the 
corner  of  Jefferson  and  Chestnut  Streets,  in 
Springfield,  to  which  he  donated  $12,000  in 
property  and  money.  His  first  wife  died  Sep- 
tember 25,  1 88 1,  and  he  afterward  married 
Mrs.  Sarah  Barry.  He  died  at  Springfield, 
Missouri,  April  3,  1898. 

Heidorii,  Frederick  August,  Jr., 

lawyer,   was    born   at    Bridgeton,    Missouri, 
December  31,  1857,  son  of  Frederick  August 


and  Anna  Dorothea  (Hopke)  Heidorn.  He 
was  educated  at  Bridgeton  Academy,  and  for 
one  year  attended  Washington  University,  of 
St.  Louis,  and  later  took  a  two  years'  course 
at  the  Christian  University  at  Canton,  Mis- 
souri. After  leaving  the  Christian  Univer- 
sity he  taught  school  for  four  years  in  St. 
Louis  County,  in  the  meantime  reading  law 
in  the  office  and  under  the  direction  of  Judge 
Warfield,  of  Clayton.  Later  he  entered  the 
St.  Louis  Law  School,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1886.  After  being  admitted  to 
the  bar  he  opened  offices  at  Bridgeton  and 
Clayton,  and  soon  had  a  valuable  clientage. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  was  assistant 
prosecuting  attorney  of  St.  Louis  County. 
In  1892  he  was  elected  on  the  Republican 
ticket  to  the  Thirty-seventh  General  Assem- 
bly, and  in  1894  was  elected  prosecuting 
attorney  of  St.  Louis  County,  and  has  been 
re-elected  three  successive  times  since  then. 
He  has  always  been  a  Republican  and  is  an 
able  exponent  and  supporter  of  sound  money, 
always  a  gold  standard  advocate.  Regardless 
of  his  political  views,  he  is  highly  esteemed 
by  the  citizens  belonging  to  both  Republican 
and  Democratic  parties  in  St.  Louis  County. 
As  an  attorney  his  reputation  for  ability  ex- 
tends beyond  the  limits  of  his  home  county, 
where  he  has  been  known  from  childhood, 
and  he  is  favorably  known  to  the  majority 
of  the  members  of  the  St.  Louis  bar.  He 
is  a  man  of  fine  social  qualities,  is  a  Mason 
— being  a  member  of  Bridgeton  Lodge,  No. 
80 — a  member  of  the  Hyde  Park  Council, 
Legion  of  Honor,  and  a  member  of  all  the 
leading  German  societies  and  clubs  of  St. 
Louis  County. 

Heidorn,  William  Henry,  physician, 
was  born  March  2,  i860,  in  the  village  of 
Bridgeton,  Missouri,  which  is  now  his  home. 
His  parents  were  Frederick  A.  and  Anna  C. 
(Hopke)  Heidorn,  natives  of  Hanover,  Ger- 
many, who  immigrated  to  America,  locat- 
ing in  St.  Louis  County.  The  father  was  a 
successful  business  man  and  stood  high  in 
the  community ;  at  one  time  he  was  treasurer 
of  St.  Louis  County;  his  death  occurred  in 
1881.  The  son  began  his  education  in  the 
common  schools  in  the  home  neighborhood, 
and  then  entered  the  Christian  University  of 
Canton,  Missouri,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated in  June,  1882,  receiving  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  laws  and   bachelor   of  science. 


212 


HEIDORN. 


and  an  unlimited  State  teacher's  certificate, 
in  the  first  grade  of  the  first  class.     For  two 
years  following  he  taught  school  in   Lewis 
County  and  in  St.  Louis  County,  in  order  to 
secure  means  with  which  to  enter  upon  a 
course  of  medical  study.     He  read  medicine 
in  the  office  of  Dr.  Morris  at  Bridgeton,  and 
in   1884    entered   the   St.   Louis   College   of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  was 
graduated   in   1886  •  as  valedictorian   of  his 
class.     After  this  he  entered  upon  a  course 
of  study  in  the  Post-Graduate  School  of  New 
York,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the 
spring  of   1887.     In  these  later   studies   he 
took  up  surgery  as  a  specialty,  and  in  order 
to  further  qualify  himself,  made  an  arrange- 
ment  with   Dr.   Bernays,   of   St.    Louis,   an 
eminent  practitioner,  in  whose  office  he  re- 
mained for  some  months.     He  also  made  a 
study    of    pulmonary    diseases    under    Dr. 
William  B.  Hazard,  of  the  same  city.     Not 
having  the    means   to    establish    himself   in 
practice  in  St.  Louis  as  he  had  wished,  he 
returned  to  Bridgeton  and  entered  into  part- 
nership with  his  friend  and  former  preceptor, 
Dr.  Morris,  this  relationship  continuing  until 
the  death  of  that  gentleman,  when  he  engaged 
in  practice   on   his   own  account.     His   one 
ambition  in  life  has  been  to  master  all  possi- 
ble knowledge  of  his  chosen  calling,  and  he 
is  regarded  as  an  unusually  well  read  and 
capable  practitioner  in  surgery  as  well  as  in 
general  medicine.     No  more  severe  test  can 
come  to  one  than  to  engage  in  one  of  the 
learned  professions    in  the  place  where  he 
was   born  and   reared.    That   Dr.   Heidorn 
should    have  attained  his  present  high  posi- 
tion   and  enjoy  in  such  large  measure  the 
confidence  of   the  connnunity  in  all  its  con- 
cerns, attests  his  superior  ability  and  moral 
worth.     He  has  always  affiliated  with  the  Re- 
publican party,  but  has  never  cared  to  take 
an  active  part  in  political  concerns  or  to  seek 
personal  advancement.     In  religion    he  was 
reared  a  Lutheran,  but  for  several  years  has 
attended  the  ]\Tethodist  church.     September 
30,  1 881,  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Mattie  Til- 
lette  Utz,  of  Bridgeton. 

Heidorn,  Frederick  August,  Sr., 
was  born  at  Neustadt,  Ruebenberg,  Province 
of  Hanover,  Germany,  April  14,  181 5,  and 
died  in  Bridgeton,  Missouri,  September  23, 
1881.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  the 
Lutheran  church  in  his  native  country,  and 


while  a  young  man  learned  the  shoe  and  har- 
nessmaker    trade.      In    1836    he    came    to 
America  and  located  in  St.  Louis,  where  for 
a  while  he  worked  as  a  laborer  for  a  lime 
company.     In  1837  he  went  to  Bridgeton,  St. 
Louis  County,  where  he  engaged  at  his  trade 
as  shoe  and  harnessmaker,  in  which  business 
he  continued  until  1877.     When  he  arrived 
in  the  United  States  he  was  almost  penniless, 
but  by  his  industry  and  good  business  quali- 
ties he  accumulated   considerable  property, 
and  the  later  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in 
independent   ease.     He   was   a   man   of  the 
strictest  integrity,  one  who  by  his  honesty 
and  general  honorable  dealings,  gained  and 
maintained  the  respect  of  all  in  St.  Louis  and 
St.  Louis  County  who  knew  him.     His  repu- 
tation as  an  honest  man  was  dear  to  him,  and 
there  was  not  one  among  his   friends  and 
acquaintances   in   financial   transactions   but 
would  as  soon  have  his  word  as  his  bond. 
He  was  never  known  to  break  his  word  or  fail 
to  keep  a  promise.     It  was  his  chief  pride  to 
provide  well  for  his  family  and  rear  them  to 
be  honest  and  honorable.     His  home  was  his 
castle   and  the  dearest  of  all  places  to  him. 
He  was  an  extensive  reader   and  fond  of  his- 
tory, though  he  always  kept  thoroughly  in- 
formed on  current  doings  in  all  parts  of  the 
world.     During  the  Civil  War,  though  sur- 
rounded   by    slave-owners    and    Confederate 
sympathizers,  he  was  loyal  to  the  Union,  and 
the  home  of  himself  and  wife  was  the  head- 
quarters for  Federal  soldiers.     On  one  occa- 
sion his  wife  nearly  brought  about  a  serious 
riot  by  hoisting  the  Union  flag  in  front  of  her 
house.     He  was  a  Republican    and  took  an 
active  part  in  county  and  State  affairs  of  his 
party,  and  his  counsel  was  sought  by  men 
high  in  the  ranks  of  the  party  at  St.  Louis 
and  elsewhere.     He  was  not  an  office-seeker, 
but  was  honored  by  the  people  of  his  county 
on  several  occasions.     For  a  number  of  years 
he  was  town  trustee  of  Bridgeton,  and  was 
one  of  the  incorporators  and  for  a  long  time 
a  director  of  the   Bridgeton  Academy.     In 
1878  he  was  elected  treasurer  of  St.  Louis 
County,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term 
was   re-elected,  though  he  did  not   live  to 
complete  his  second  term.     He  was  one  of 
the  supporters  of  the  proposition,  which  was 
successfully  carried,   to   separate   St.   Louis 
from  St.  Louis  County.     He  was  a  man  ot 
refined   social   qualities,  and   was   an   active 
member   of   a   number   of  leading   German 


f'S :^<7i, f'.irn.Hutirnf  Cc 


£.'ttj.  ill  i>I^Ti':'ia'nsA/y^ 


I^^. 


HEIM. 


213 


societies.  March  24,  1842,  he  was  married 
to  Miss  Anna  Dorothea  Hopke,  at  Bridgeton, 
His  Hving  children  are  George  Henry  Wil- 
liam, connected  with  the  St.  Louis  Transit 
Company;  Edward  Frederick,  agent  of  the 
Wabash  Railroad  Company,  at  Bridgeton; 
Frederick  August,  Jr.,  prosecuting  attorney 
of  St.  Louis  County ;  William  Henry,  a  prac- 
ticing physician  at  Bridgeton,  and  Anna 
.Louise,  who  resides  with  her  brother  at  the 
old  homestead  in  Bridgeton.  Mr.  Heidorn 
was  a  member  of  the  German  Lutheran 
Church. 

Heim,  Frederick,  was  born  Septem- 
ber 16,  1826,  in  Bregenz,  Tyrol,  Austria,  son 
of  Wunnibald  and  Mary  A.  (Osterly)  Heim, 
who  were  the  parents  of  a  family  of  nine  sons 
and  three  daughters.  The  elder  Heim  was  a 
prosperous  rope  manufacturer  and  farmer  of 
the  Tyrol,  and  his  sons  and  daughters  were 
well  reared  and  received  good,  practical  edu- 
cations. The  sons  then  served  a  term  of  years 
as  apprentices  to  the  rope-maker's  trade  in 
Europe,  and  subsequently  in  St.  Louis.  Fred- 
erick and  Ferdinand  also  learned  and  worked 
at  the  baker's  trade  before  coming  to  this 
country.  They  arrived  in  the  United  States 
in  the  year  1850,  and  came  at  once  to  St. 
Louis,  which  has  ever  since  been  their  home, 
and  in  which  they  have  come  to  be  recognized 
as  capable  and  honorable  men  in  business 
affairs  and  worthy  citizens.  For  some  years 
after  coming  to  St.  Louis,  Frederick  worked 
with  his  five  brothers  in  their  own  rope  fac- 
tory in  that  city,  but  in  1855  they  engaged  in 
the  dairy  business,  which  they  continued  for 
ten  years  thereafter.  In  1865  he  disposed  of 
his  dairy  interests  and  then  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  lumber  trade,  becoming  a  whole- 
sale and  retail  dealer  in  that  commodity. 
Establishing  a  lumber  yard  at  the  corner  of 
Fourteenth  Street  and  Russell  Avenue,  he 
has  since  handled  at  that  place  several 
millions  of  feet  of  lumber  each  year,  and  for 
over  thirty  years  he  has  been  a  successful  and 
extensive  dealer  in  all  kinds  of  building  ma- 
terial. For  the  success  which  has  attended 
his  enterprise  as  a  business  man  he  is  in- 
debted to  his  own  energy,  tact,  courtesy, 
sagacity,  and  his  ability  to  make  and  retain 
friends.  Some  of  the  earliest  and  most 
valued  friends  of  the  brothers  in  the  city 
were  men  who  have  since  gained  unusual  dis- 
tinction in  the  business  world,  and  Samuel 


Cupples  and  Francis  Saler  were  among  those 
who  showed  appreciation  of  their  pluck  and 
energy  and  gave  them  kindly  encourage- 
ment and  assistance  in  their  earliest  business 
ventures.  Ferdinand  and  Michael  Heim, 
two  brothers  of  Frederick,  both  gained  great 
prominence  in  later  years  as  the  owners  of 
large  brewing  plants  in  East  St.  Louis  and 
Kansas  City.  Joseph,  John  and  G.  F.  Heim 
were  also  associated  at  one  time  with  their 
three  other  brothers  in  business  in  St.  Louis, 
and  all  were  worthy  and  useful  citizens.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  all  the  brothers  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Union  organization  of  Home 
Guards,  which  rendered  valuable  services  to 
the  State  and  the  general  government.  In 
politics  Mr.  Heim  has  been  independent  since 
the  war  period,  while  his  religious  affiliations 
are  with  the  Catholic  Church.  He  is  a  ra- 
tional churchman  of  that  faith,  and  active  at 
all  times  in  advancing  its  interests,  and  is  a 
member  also  of  the  Catholic  Knights  of 
America.  He  is  much  of  a  student,  as  well 
as  a  business  man,  and  devotes  his  leisure 
time  to  the  study  of  astronomy,  astrology, 
theosophy,  and  the  occult  sciences. 

Heim,  Joseph  J.,  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  i860,  in  St.  Louis  County,  Mis- 
souri, on  a  farm  adjoining  that  of  General 
Grant.  His  parents  were  Ferdinand  and 
Elizabeth  Heim.  The  father  was  a  native  of 
Wolfort,  Austria,  and  came  to  America  in 
1850,  when  twenty-one  years  of  age.  For 
some  years  he  made  rope  by  hand  for  Samuel 
C.  Cupples,  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  at  the 
same  time  carrying  on  a  dairy  business 
which  was  principally  managed  by  his  wife. 
From  i860  to  1869  he  lived  at  French  Village, 
Illinois,  on  the  road  between  Belleville  and 
East  St.  Louis.  He  there  kept  a  tavern, 
known  as  the  Yellow  House,  in  its  day  the 
most  famous  stage-line  roadhouse  in  South- 
ern Illinois,  where  he  frequently  entertained 
the  most  noted  men  of  the  time  as  they 
traversed  this  great  central  highway,  before 
the  railway  era.  In  1869  he  removed  to  East 
St.  Louis,  where  he  kept  a  similar  house. 
He  here  set  up  a  hand  brewery,  producing 
about  fifty  gallons  per  day,  which  he  made 
solely  for  his  own  guests.  His  brew  be- 
came favorably  known  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  in  order  to  supply  the  demands  of  other 
tavern-keepers  he  increased  his  manufactur- 
ing facilities  from  time  to  time.     In  1871   he 


k 


214 


HEITKAMP. 


set  up  an  ox  treadmill,  which  was  replaced 
two  years  later  with  a  three-horse  power. 
In  1875  he  set  up  the  first  steam  brewing 
plant,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  interest  that  when 
he  retired  from  the  business  many  years  later, 
the  original  engine  was  retained  in  the  family, 
and  is  now  kept  as  a  relic  in  the  Heim  brew- 
ery, at  Kansas  City.  In  1875  Mr.  Heim  as- 
sociated with  himself  his  brother  Michael,  and 
the  partnership  was  continued  until  the  death 
of  the  latter  named,  in  1883.  In  1881  the 
East  St.  Louis  business  was  incorporated 
under  the  name  of  the  Heim  Brewing  Com- 
pany, and  was  continued  until  1890,  when  it 
was  sold  for  $350,000  to  an  English  syndicate. 
During  his  business  career  Mr.  Heim  twice 
lost  his  brewery  property  by  fire ;  he  was 
without  insurance,  and  the  restoration  of  his 
fortunes  was  solely  due  to  his  indefatigable 
industry  and  undaunted  resolution.  In  1884 
he  visited  Kansas  City,  and  being  desirous  of 
establishing  in  business  his  three  sons,  now 
grown  to  manhood,  he  purchased  the  small 
brewery  plant  then  operated  by  Frank  Kump. 
Joseph  J.,  the  oldest  of  the  sons,  was  placed 
in  charge,  while  the  father  assumed  no  part 
of  the  business  direction,  but  maintained  a 
paternal  interest  and  advised  freely  with  his 
sons  until  his  death.  His  wife  died  in  East 
St.  Louis,  Illinois,  in  1893.  From  that  time, 
his  most  constant  residence  was  in  California, 
where  he  owned  a  large  amount  of  property. 
His  death  occurred  in  1895,  at  East  St.  Louis, 
Illinois.  He  was  a  self-made  man,  remark- 
ably energetic  and  industrious,  strictly  hon- 
orable in  all  his  dealings,  and  possessed  of 
the  highest  qualifications,  both  executive  and 
advisory.  The  son,  Joseph  J.  Heim,  was 
educated  in  the  district  schools  of  St.  Clair 
County,  Illinois.  At  an  early  age  he  began 
his  life  work  in  his  father's  brewery,  and 
acquired  an  intimate  knowledge  of  every  de- 
tail of  the  brewing  art,  and  also  learned  the 
quiet  methodical  business  methods  which 
characterized  the  parent.  His  subsequent 
career  affords  assurance  that  he  inherited 
those  sterling  traits  of  character  which  dis- 
tinguished the  parent,  and  which  are  in  no 
manner  the  result  of  education  or  fortuitous 
circumstances.  At  the  inception  of  the  Ferd. 
Heim  Brewing  Company,  in  1884,  he  was 
elected  president  and  treasurer,  and  now  oc- 
cupies the  position  of  president.  To  his 
masterly  management  is  largely  due  the  mar- 
velous development  of  the  Heim  establish- 


ment, one  of  the  most  important  among  the 
great  industries  of  Kansas  City.  Beginning 
with  an  annual  output  of  12,000  barrels,  the 
product  rose  to  130,577  barrels  in  1900.  The 
brewery  is  the  largest  west  of  St.  Louis,  rep- 
resents a  valuation  of  $2,500,000,  and  afifords 
employment  to  250  men,  most  of  them  with 
dependent  families.  In  May,  1900,  an  exten- 
sive amusement  park  was  laid  out  by  the 
Heim  Brothers  adjacent  to  their  manufac- 
turing plant.  In  1899  was  completed  the 
East  Side  electric  line,  a  double  track  street 
railway,  extending  from  the  business  center 
of  Kansas  City  to  and  beyond  the  brewery 
property.  Mr.  J.  J.  Heim  was  president  at 
the  organization  of  the  operating  company, 
and  yet  occupies  that  position.  He  is  an 
active  member  of  the  Commercial  Club  and 
of  the  Manufacturers'  Association ;  in  the 
latter  body  he  occupies  the  position  of  second 
vice  president.  He  was  married  in  1886  to 
Miss  Hettie  Hinze,  daughter  of  Frederick 
Hinze,  an  early  settler  and  well-to-do  citizen 
of  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois.  Born  of  this 
marriage  was  a  daughter,  Gertrude,  who  has 
completed  a  liberal  education,  and  is  now  in 
Europe  studying  music  and  continental 
languages,  for  which  accomplishments  she 
has  developed  special  talent.  Associated  in 
business  with  Mr.  Heim  are  his  brothers, 
Ferdinand  Heim  and  Michael  G.  Heim.  Fer- 
dinand Heim  was  born  in  St.  Louis  County, 
Missouri,  and  was  educated  at  the  Irving 
Park  Military  School,  Chicago,  Illinois.  He 
became  connected  with  the  Ferd.  Heim  Brew- 
ing Company  in  1891,  and  is  the  present  sec- 
retary. He  married  Miss  Cracentia  Auchter, 
and  a  daughter,  Elizabeth,  has  been  born  of 
this  marriage.  Michael  G.  Heim  was  born 
at  French  Village,  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois, 
and  was  educated  in  the  Poughkeepsie  (New 
York)  Military  Academy.  His  connection 
with  the  Ferd.  Heim  Brewing  Company  dates 
from  1892,  and  he  is  now  superintendent.  He 
married  Miss  Olympia  I.  Droz,  of  East 
St.  Louis,  Illinois,  and  has  two  children, 
Mabel  and  Joseph  Heim. 

Heltkamp,  Frederick  Joseph,  was 

born  in  Hanover,  Germany,  February  to, 
1813,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  December  27, 
1869.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Henry  and 
Mary  Angela  (Ostendorf)  Heitkamp.  country 
people,  who  spent  their  lives  in  Germany. 
Educated  in  a  parochial  school  in  his  native 


HEITMAN. 


216 


town,  young  Heitkamp  immigrated  to  the 
United  States,  landing  in  New  Orleans  in 
1833,  where  he  suffered  from  a  severe  attack 
of  yellow  fever.  After  recovering  he  came  to 
St.  Louis,  paying  his  way  from  New  Orleans 
as  steward  on  a  river  steamer.  Soon  after  ar- 
riving in  St.  Louis  he  took  a  course  of  study 
in  the  city  schools,  learning  to  speak  the 
English  language  fluently.  Later  he  served 
as  steward  in  one  of  the  leading  hotels  of  the 
city.  About  the  year  1841  he  engaged  in 
business  on  his  own  account,  as  a  retail 
grocer,  on  Franklin  Avenue.  Later  he  leased 
the  property  now  known  as  900  South  Broad- 
way, upon  which  he  erected  a  small  building. 
Into  this  building  he  moved  with  his  family, 
and  opened  what  was  then  known  as  the  Mill 
Tavern  and  general  store,  both  of  which  he 
conducted  for  several  years  thereafter.  He 
made  money  rapidly,  and  invested  a 
portion  of  his  surplus  earnings  in  va- 
cant real  estate  adjoining  the  O'Fallon 
Mill,  and  upon  this  ground  he  erected 
a  large  brick  block.  Mr.  Heitkamp 
did  a  large  wholesale  and  retail  trade. 
In  1855  he  leased  the  hotel  to  his  nephew 
Fritz  Heitkamp,  and  thereafter  until  his 
death  devoted  his  entire  time  to  the  grocery 
trade.  After  his  death,  in  1869,  his  son, 
B.  Joseph  Heitkamp,  conducted  the  business 
until  1880,  when  he  purchased  the  interest  of 
the  estate  in  the  grocery  store,  and  has  since 
conducted  it  on  his  own  account  in  the  name 
of  B.  Joseph  Heitkamp.  Mr.  Heitkamp  was 
remarkably  successful  in  his  commercial 
career,  and  at  his  death  left  large  blocks  of 
valuable  real  estate,  located  in  different  parts 
of  the  city,  which  have  since  been  improved 
imder  the  wise  supervision  of  his  son,  B. 
Joseph  Heitkamp.  The  realty  is  the  proper- 
ty of  the  surviving  children — Josephine  M. 
and  B.  Joseph  Heitkamp — and  the  estate  is 
one  of  the  largest  owners  of  real  property  in 
the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  Heitkamp  wasa  staunch  Democrat, and 
a  devoted  Catholic  churchman.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  and  a  charter  member  of  the 
German  St.  Vincent  Orphans'  Society,  also  a 
charter  member  of  St.  Mary's  School  Society 
and  Church,  and  a  liberal  contributor  to  edu- 
cational, church  and  charitable  objects.  He 
was  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  a  stockholder  in  the  Franklin 
Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company  and  the 
Lumbermens'  and  Mechanics'  Fire  Insurance 


Company.  Mr.  Heitkamp  was  widely  and 
favorably  known  as  one  of  the  leading  pioneer 
hotel  proprietors  and  merchants  of  St.  Louis. 
He  was  industrious,  economical,  honest,  a 
man  of  sound  judgment,  and  possessed  exec- 
utive and  financial  ability  of  a  high  order. 
His  word  was  his  bond,  and  his  name  was  a 
synonym  of  the  highest  honor  and  integrity. 
He  was  domestic  in  his  tastes,  devoted  to  his 
family,  and  a  self-made  man  in  the  fullest 
acceptation  of  that  term.  Mr,  Heitkamp  was 
twice  married:  First  to  Miss  Mary  Angela 
Bulla,  a  native  of  Germany,  in  1841.  Mrs. 
Heitkamp  and  two  children  died  of  cholera 
June  7,  1849,  leaving  two  surviving  children, 
Frederick  R.  Heitkamp,  Jr.,  who  died  June 
12,  1867,  and  Josephine  M.  Heitkamp.  His 
second  marriage  was  with  Miss  Mary  Jose- 
phine Battermann,  a  native  of  Germany,  Sep- 
tember 28,  1850.  Mrs.  Mary  Josephine  Heit- 
kamp died  March  12,  1895.  One  son,  B. 
Joseph  Heitkamp,  survives.  B.  Joseph 
Heitkamp,  who  inherits  his  father's  busmess 
ability  and  is  his  successor,  was  born  in  St, 
Louis,  January  26,  1852,  was  educated  at  the 
Christian  Brothers'  College,  and  married 
Miss  Lena  H.  Kleekamp,  daughter  of  a 
pioneer  merchant  of  St.  Louis.  They  have 
eight  children — Joseph  J.,  Edward  J.,  Lena 
E.,  Charles  E.,  Emily  M.,  Oliver  F.,  Eugene 
A.  and  Hilda  J.  Heitkamp. 

Heitman,  Nvima  F.,  lawyer,  was  born 
on  the  nth  of  September,  i860,  in  Davidson 
County,  North  Carolina,  near  Lexington. 
His  parents  were  William  A.  and  Martha 
(Tussey)  Heitman.  His  great-grandfather 
Heitman  was  a  pioneer  in  that  State  and 
came  from  Germany.  His  grandfather, 
Henry  N.  Heitman,  was  a  man  distinguished 
for  a  high  degree  of  intelligence  and  force  of 
character.  He  was  a  local  Methodist 
preacher  and  noted  for  his  eloquence.  His 
ability,  honesty  and  geniality  rendered  him 
an  unusually  popular  man.  Before  the  war 
he  was  elected  continuously  for  sixteen 
years  to  the  olitice  of  clerk  of  the  Davidson 
County  Superior  Court.  He  was  a  highly 
self-educated  man  and  a  great  reader.  His 
precept  and  example  inspired  two  of  his  sons 
to  become  college  graduates,  and  to  seek  and 
follow  professional  careers.  One  of  his  sons, 
John  F.  Heitman,  became  a  preacher  and  a 
member  of  the  North  Carolina  Methodist 
conference.     Another  son  became  a  success- 


216 


HELENA— HELENA,  BATTLE  OF. 


ful  lawyer,  who  stands  in  the  front  rank  of 
his  profession  in  the  State  of  Idaho.  The 
maiden  name  of  the  grandmother  of  N.  F. 
Heitman  on  his  father's  side  was  McCrary. 
The  McCrary  family  was  also  a  pioneer  fam- 
ily, and  she  and  her  family  were  a  high  order 
of  Scotch-Irish  people.  Her  brother,  John 
McCrary,  is  an  extraordinarily  popular  man. 
He  held  the  office  of  treasurer  of  Davidson 
County  for  twenty  years.  The  father  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  is  a  well  informed  man 
and  a  great  reader.  He  married  young  and 
became  a  farmer. 

The  maternal  grandfather  of  N,  F.  Heit- 
man was  an  Englishman,  who  possessed  a 
large  farm  in  North  Carolina  and  a  large 
number  of  slaves  before  the  war.  Several  of 
his  sons  went  into  the  Confederate  Army  and 
lost  their  lives.  His  wife,  the  maternal 
grandmother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
belonged  to  the  Wagner  family  of  East  Ten- 
nessee, a  large,  wealthy,  influential,  pioneer 
family  of  that  section.  She  was  an  estimable 
woman,  and  died  highly  beloved  by  all  who 
knew  her,  at  the  age  of  eighty-two.  The 
mother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  is  an 
unusually  intelligent  woman,  a  woman  of 
great  force  of  character  and  high-mindedness. 

The  childhood  and  youth  of  N.  F.  Heitman 
was  spent  on  his  father's  farm.  He  was 
always  studious.  He  early  became  imbued 
with  an  ambition  and  determination  to  ac- 
quire a  thorough  education.  His  father, 
having  a  large  family  and  being  unable  to 
educate  all  of  his  children  in  the  manner 
young  Heitman  had  planned  for  himself, 
early  told  him  that  he  would  have  to  execute 
his  plan  of  education  in  his  own  way.  For 
a  time  the  accomplishment  of  this  cherished 
ambition  seemed  impossible,  but  the  deter- 
mination never  wavered.  Through  the  aid 
of  his  uncle  he  was  enabled  to  enter  the 
University  of  North  Carolina.  Having  made 
the  opportunity  for  himself,  he  thoroughly 
appreciated  it.  He  set  to  work  with  charac- 
teristic energy  and  high  ambition,  and  in  his 
sophomore  year  obtained  a  gold  medal  in  the 
Greek  language.  When  he  graduated  in  1883 
he. reaped  a  harvest  of  honors  as  a  result  of 
four  years  of  hard  work.  On  graduation  he 
was  awarded  the  moral  philosophy  prize,  the 
highest  average  grade  in  his  class,  and  the 
oratory  medal.  This  was  a  proud  day  in  his 
life.  This  success  opened  the  opportunity 
for  a  two  years'  course  of  law  at  the  Univer- 


sity of  Virginia,  from  which  institution  he 
graduated  in  1885. 

From  there  he  came  directly  to  Kansas 
City  looking  for  a  location.  He  landed  there 
with  a  small  sum  in  his  pocket,  having  burned 
the  bridges  behind  him  so  far  as  getting  any 
more  money  from  his  friends  was  concerned. 
Kansas  City  was  then  a  perfect  bee  hive. 
Immediately  on  arriving  there  he  caught  the 
spirit  of  the  place  and  determined  to  make 
it  his  home  at  all  hazards.  He  made  up  his 
mind  to  practice  law  on  his  own  independent 
account,  and  flung  his  shingle  to  the  breeze. 
From  the  very  start  he  made  a  living. 

He  married  the  youngest  daughter  of  John 
H,  Coleman,  of  Kansas  City,  a  beautiful  and' 
charming  woman.  Of  this  marriage  there 
was  born  a  son,  John  Hood  Heitman,  who  is 
a  student  in  the  Kansas  City  schools. 

Mr.  Heitman's  reputation  as  a  lawyer  was 
firmly  established  when  he  won  the  famous 
land  case  of  McKenzie  vs.  Donnell.  This 
case  involved  a  great  deal  of  hard  work.  In 
it  Mr.  Heitman  succeeded  in  setting  aside  a 
deed  made  in  1875  to  five  acres  of  valuable 
land  in  Kansas  City  on  the  ground  of  the 
insanity  of  the  maker,  thereby  restoring  the 
title  to  the  heirs  of  the  insane  man.  Since 
that  time  he  has  enjoyed  a  constantly  grow- 
ing practice,  and  he  is  counted  among  the 
strongest  members  of  the  Jackson  County 
bar.  His  offices  are  in  the  New  York  Life 
Building,  in  Kansas  City.  He  has  a  clientage 
that  holds  him  in  highest  respect,  and  a  large 
circle  of  friends  who  esteem  him  as  a  man 
worthy  of  confidence  and  having  at  heart  the 
best  interests  of  the  city  and  State,  of  which 
he  is  a  loyal  and  progressive  part. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Heitman  are  members  of  the 
Southern  Methodist  Church.  He  has  de- 
voted his  attention  to  his  profession  and  has 
never  held  office.  He  takes  a  citizen's  in- 
terest in  politics  and  is  a  loyal  Democrat. 

Helena. — A  village  in  Rochester  Town- 
ship, Andrew  County,  on  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1878  by  H.  C.  Webster  and  Henry 
Snowden,  It  is  a  considerable  shipping  point. 
Population  about  250. 

Helena,    Battle    of. — The    attack    on 
Helena  was  one  of  the  most  signal  failures        I 
and  one  of  the  most  disastrous  experiences        '^ 
that  attended  the  Missouri  Confederates  in 


c/cd, 


^^.A^f^^^-^^ZA/^Z^^^ 


HELFENSTEIN. 


217 


the  Civil  War.  Helena  is  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  on  the  Mississippi  River,  in 
Arkansas,  situated  about  lOO  miles  below 
Memphis,  and  at  the  time  of  the  attack,  July 
4,  1863,  was  in  possession  of  a  strong  Federal 
garrison  of  3,000  men  under  General  Pren- 
tiss, and  provided  in  the  rear  with  powerful 
defences ;  on  the  south,  Fort  Hindman,  a 
battery  of  four  guns  protected  with  earth- 
works and  rifle  pits ;  next  to  it  on  the  north, 
the  Graveyard  Fort,  with  three  heavy  guns ; 
next  to  it  Fort  Solomon,  with  three  heavy 
guns,  and  on  the  extreme  north  a  line. of  rifle 
pits,  with  the  gunboat  Tyler  in  the  harbor. 
The  object  of  the  attack  was  to  relieve  the 
Confederate  garrison  at  Vicksburg,  lower 
down  the  river,  which  was  sorely  pressed  by 
General  Grant,  and  reduced  to  such  straits 
that  unless  relieved  in  some  way  it  would  be 
forced  to  surrender.  But,  even  if  the  Helena 
enterprise  had  been  successful,  it  would  not 
have  accomplished  this  purpose,  for  Vicks- 
burg surrendered  the  day  before  the  attack 
at  Helena  was  made.  The  plan  of  attack,  de- 
vised and  executed  in  person  by  General 
Holmes,  commander  of  the  Confederate 
Trans-Mississippi  Department,  imposed  on 
General  Fagan's  command  the  task  of  carry- 
ing by  assault  Fort  Hindman ;  General  Price, 
with  a  portion  of  the  Missouri  troops,  was  to 
carry  the  Graveyard  Fort;  General  Marma- 
duke,  with  General  Shelby,  was  to  carry  Fort 
Solomon,  and  General  Walker,  of  Texas,  was 
to  complete  the  semicircle  of  captures  by 
carrying  the  works  at  the  northern  end  of 
the  line.  The  combined  attacks  were  to  be 
made  at  sunrise.  Through  some  misunder- 
standing there  was  a  failure  of  co-operation 
in  the  movements,  and  while  Fagan  and  Price 
were  making  their  assaults. at  the  lower  half 
of  the  semicircle,  and  Shelby,  next  to  Price, 
was  plying  the  guns  of  Collins'  battery,  the 
only  artillery  brought  into  action  against 
Fort  Solomon,  Walker,  in  the  north,  made  no 
advance,  and  this  rendered  it  impracticable 
for  Marmaduke  to  move,  since  to  do  so 
would  expose  his  flank  unprotected  to  the 
Federals'  fire.  In  addition  to  this  disadvan- 
tage of  want  of  co-operation,  the  Confeder- 
ates met  with  a  resistance  they  were  not 
prepared  for.  The  place  was  stronger  than 
they  thought,  and  the  defense  of  the  garrison 
was  perfect  in  arrangement  and  determined 
in  spirit.  Fagan's  attack  on  Fort  Hindman 
was   completely   repulsed,   with    severe   loss 


to  the  assailants;  Price's  division  advanced 
gallantly,  and  fought  its  way  toward  the  cen- 
ter of  the  town  until  it  was  beaten  back  by 
the  attack  on  its  flank  of  the  Federals  that 
had  repulsed  Fagan,  The  recoil  of  Fagan's 
and  Price's  columns  on  the  southern  half 
of  the  line  was  followed  by  an  advance  in 
force  from  the  garrison,  which  inflicted  great 
loss  upon  the  retreating  Confederates.  The 
Federals  followed  Shelby's  brigade  in  its 
retreat,  and  it  was  only  by  the  most  desper- 
ate fighting  and  after  many  of  his  men  were 
killed,  that  he  managed  to  save  his  artillery. 
It  was  a  bitter  day  to  the  Missourians,  who, 
in  broken  and  bleeding  masses,  abandoned 
the  field,  leaving  their  dead  and  wounded 
behind.  Colonel  Lewis'  brigade  of  Price's 
division  was  almost  entirely  destroyed,  nearly 
all  being  killed  and  captured,  and  among 
those  killed  were  Captain  John  Clark,  shot 
down  in  leading  a  forlorn  hope,  and  Major 
Robert  Smith.  General  Shelby  had  two 
horses  killed  under  him,  and  was  painfully 
wounded  in  the  arm;  and  Colonel  Shanks, 
Captain  Arthur  St,  Clair  and  Lieutenant 
James  Walton,  of  his  brigade,  were  severely 
wounded  also.  The  Confederate  force  en- 
gaged in  the  attack  was  8,000,  and  their  loss, 
as  stated  by  General  Holmes,  was  one-fifth, 
or  1,600.  It  was  probably  even  greater,  for 
they  left  300  dead  on  the  field  and  1,100  pris- 
oners in  the  hands  of  the  Federals.  The  loss 
of  the  garrison  was  250.  The  defeat  of  Lee 
at  Gettysburg  and  the  surrender  of  Vicks- 
burg, both  of  which  occurred  the  day  before, 
and  the  bloody  defeat  at  Helena,  made  a 
triple  calamity  that  broke  the  power  of  the 
Confederate  cause,  and  from  that  time  it 
hastened  to  its  doom. 

Helfenstein,  John  Philip,  mer- 
chant, was  born  in  Frederick,  Maryland, 
September  16,  1816,  and  died  at  Webster 
Groves,  Missouri,  November  15,  1890.  He 
was  one  of  the  representative  merchants  and 
business  men  of  St.  Louis,  representative  of 
its  business  methods  and  interests  in  a  period 
that  abounds  in  names  of  which  the  city  and 
the  State  have  a  right  to  be  proud.  As  the 
name  indicates,  he  was  of  German  origin, 
although  for  nearly  200  years  the  family  has 
been  in  this  country,  dwelling  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Maryland,  and  identified  with  the 
Revolution.  He  was  one  of  a  family  of 
fourteen    children,    his    parents    being    Rev. 


218 


HEMATITE. 


Jonathan  and  Mary  (Cloninger)  Helfenstein, 
the  former  born  at  Germantown,  and  the  lat- 
ter at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.  The  stock 
is  associated  with  the  German  Reformed 
Church  in  the  United  States  and  in  Europe, 
the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  having 
been  a  clergyman  of  that  church,  and  another 
ancestor,  Rev.  J.  C.  Albert  Helfenstein,  of 
Mosbach,  Germany,  one  of  the  earliest  min- 
isters sent  to  this  country  by  the  fathers  of 
Holland  to  look  after  the  spiritual  interests 
of  the  Germans  of  Pennsylvania,  and  an- 
other ancestor  being  identified  with  the 
cause  of  Protestantism  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  Rev.  Jonathan  Helfenstein  was  a  man 
of  high  and  noble  character,  and  served  as 
pastor  of  the  German  Reformed  Church  in 
Frederick,  Maryland,  for  eighteen  years,  re- 
spected and  beloved.  He  died  there  in  1829, 
and  his  widow  shortly  after  removed  to  Lan- 
caster, Pennsylvania,  where  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  received  such  education  as  the 
common  schools  afforded,  and  then  served  a 
short  apprenticeship  in  a  retail  dry  goods 
store.  This  was  all  the  preparation  for  bus- 
iness that  the  youth  was  able  to  secure  in  a 
day  when  commercial  colleges  were  not 
thought  of,  but  fortunately  he  possessed  with- 
in himself  the  making  of  a  successful  mer- 
chant— temperate  habits,  a  diligent  spirit,  a 
fair  and  open  nature,  and  principles  of  rec- 
titude imparted  by  religious  parents.  It  was 
in  1838,  when  he  was  twenty-two  years  of  sge, 
that  he  came  to  Missouri.  The  trip  was 
made  in  the  winter  and  attended  by  hard- 
ships, for,  when  the  boat  on  which  he  came 
down  the  Ohio  River  from  Pittsburg  reached 
Cairo,  the  Mississippi  above  that  point  was 
frozen  over,  and  he  was  forced  to  walk  to  St. 
Louis.  He  brought  with  him  letters  from 
Philadelphia  to  St.  Louis  merchants,  and 
soon  after  his  arrival  he  had  the  good  fortune 
to  secure  a  situation  in  the  large  and  pros- 
perous trading  house  of  Sublett  &  Campbell, 
Captain  William  Sublett  and  Robert  Camp- 
bell both  rising  to  the  eminence  they  after- 
ward achieved,  and  both  of  whom  were  his 
steadfast  friends  to  the  end  of  their  lives. 
Although  contributing  regularly  to  the 
maintenance  of  his  mother  and  the  education 
of  her  family,  he  managed  to  save  a  share 
of  his  salary,  and  after  a  few  years,  with  these 
accumulations,  amounting  to  several  hun- 
dred dollars,  he  embarked  in  the  wholesale 
grocery  business  with  Stephen  D.  Gore,  un- 


der the  name  of  Helfenstein,  Gore  &  Com- 
pany. They  commanded  a  good  business 
from  the  beginning,  and  in  a  few  years  both 
the  young  men  ranked  high  as  merchants, 
with  a  credit  that  passed  every  piece  of  paper 
their  names  were  on,  and  enjoyed  a  large 
measure  of  influence  in  business  circles.  It 
was  during  the  era  of  the  Bank  of  the  State 
of  Missouri,  the  only  bank  of  issue  in  the 
State,  and  no  other  proof  of  Mr.  Helfen- 
stein's  recognized  probity  and  sagacity  as  a 
merchant  is  needed  than  the  fact  that  he  was 
repeatedly  chosen  by  the  Legislature  one  of 
the  State  directors  of  the  institution.  In  i860 
he  retired  from  business  with  an  ample  for- 
tune, and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  at 
his  beautiful  and  hospitable  country  home 
at  Webster  Groves,  ten  miles  from  St.  Louis. 
His  manners  were  simple  and  cordial,  his 
temper  gentle,  and  it  might  be  said  of  him 
that  he  was  such  a  stranger  to  selfishness  that 
he  hardly  knew  the  meaning  of  the  word. 
Even  during  his  active  business  career,  with 
a  large  and  prosperous  trade  demanding  his 
energies  and  resources,  he  would  find  time 
to  listen  to  the  appeals  of  worthy  struggling 
men  who  desired  help,  and  when  he  died 
there  were  not  a  few  in  St.  Louis  who  could 
say  they  had  found  in  John  P.  Helfenstein 
a  friend  who  had  proved  a  friend  indeed.  It 
was  said  of  him  that  "in  his  family  he  was 
singularly  affectionate  and  gentle,  and  with 
his  personal  friends  he  was  an  example  of 
innocence,  sincerity  and  thoughtful  consid- 
eration for  others,  while  in  the  community 
in  which  he  spent  the  last  thirty  years  of  his 
life  his  unaffected  kindness  and  courtesy,  and 
his  liberal  contributions  to  all  good  causes 
won  for  him  the  respect  and  esteem  of  every- 
one who  knew  him."  In  1844  he  married 
Mary  Ann  Gore,  who  died  a  short  time  be- 
fore him.  To  them  were  born  six  children, 
Mrs.  J.W.  Slaughter.  Mrs.  Wm.  M.  Hell  Mrs. 
N.  D.  Thompson,  Mrs.  H.  C.  Simmons.  M. 
Louise  Helfenstein  and  fohn  P.  Helfenstein. 

Hematite. — A  town  in  Jefferson  County, 
on  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern 
Railway,  thirty-five  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Louis.  It  was  platted  in  1861  by  Stephen 
Osborn,  of  St.  Louis.  It  contains  Christian, 
Congregational  and  Methodist  Churches,  a 
public  school,  and  a  water  power  flourmill. 
It  is  a  large  shipping  point  for  building  stone. 
Population,  in  1899  (estimated),  300. 


HEMPSTEAD— HENDERSON. 


219 


Hempstead,    Edward,    one    of    the 

earliest  immigrants  from  the  Eastern  States 
to  St.  Louis,  was  born  at  New  London,  Con- 
necticut, June  3,  1780.  He  received  a  good 
education  at  Hebron,  Connecticut,  studied 
law,  and  began  practice  in  1801.  He  lived 
for  a  time  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  but  in 
1804  he  set  out  on  horseback  to  St.  Louis. 
He  continued  his  journey  to  St.  Charles,  and 
there  located,  but  the  next  year  he  removed 
to  St.  Louis  and  engaged  in  practice.  In 
1806  he  was  appointed  deputy  attorney  gen- 
eral for  the  districts  of  St.  Louis  and  St. 
Charles,  and  three  years  later  Governor 
Meriwether  Lewis  appointed  him  deputy 
attorney  general  for  the  Territory,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  1812,  when  he  was  elected 
delegate  to  represent  Missouri  Territory  in 
Congress.  He  rendered  valuable  service  in 
securing  the  passage  of  acts  to  confirm  the 
incomplete  titles  to  land  un'der  Spanish 
grants,  concessions  and  warrants,  and  to 
afiford  pre-ertiption  rights  to  settlers  in  the 
Territory.  But  the  measure  for  which  the 
people  of  St.  Louis  most  gratefully  remember 
Edward  Hempstead  is  the  act  confirming  to 
St.  Louis  and  other  towns  in  the  Territory 
the  title  to  village  lots,  out-lots  and  common 
fields  in  and  adjoining  them  and  claimed  by 
them  prior  to  December  22,  1803,  and  provid- 
ing that  such  lots  should  be  reserved  for 
public  schools.  This  measure  was  the  origin 
of  that  patrimony  of  the  public  schools  of 
St.  Louis  which  has  been  of  such  great  value 
and  advantage  to  them  from  the  organization 
of  the  system.  Mr.  Hempstead  served  in 
several  expeditions  against  depredating  par- 
ties of  Indians  north  of  the  Missouri  River, 
and  served  several  terms  in  the  Territorial 
Legislature,  in  which  body  he  was  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House.  After  he  became 
permanently  established  at  St.  Louis  he 
brought  his  father  and  family  from  Connec- 
ticut. He  lost  his  life  by  being  thrown  from 
his  horse,  August  4,  181 7. 

Hempstead,  Stephen,  pioneer,  was 
born  in  New  London,  Connecticut,  May  6, 
1754,  and  there  married  Mary  Lewis,  who 
was  born  in  the  same  place  in  1757.  In  181 1 
he  came  with  his  family  to  St.  Louis,  to 
which  place  two  of  his  sons  had  preceded 
him.  He  was  accompanied  hither  by  rela- 
tives and  friends  to  the  number  of  twenty  in 
all,  and  the  arrival  of  this  colonv  was  an  event 


in  the  early  history  of  the  village.     He  died 
in  St.  Louis,  October  3,  183 1. 

Henderson. — A  hamlet  in  West  Benton 
Township,  Webster  County,  one  and  a  half 
miles  from  Rogersville,  on  the  Kansas  City, 
Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Railroad.  It  is  one 
of  the  oldest  settled  points  in  the  county,  and 
is  picturesquely  located  in  a  beautiful  valley. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Henderson  Academy,  a 
private  institute,  founded  in  1876.  The  town 
has  two  churches,  a  hotel,  flouring  mill  and 
about  half  a  dozen  stores.  Population,  1899 
(estimated),  200. 

Henderson,  John  Brooks,  lawyer 
and  statesman,  was  born  in  Pittsylvania 
County,  Virginia,  November  16,  1826.  His 
parents  removed  to  Lincoln  County,  Mis- 
souri, in  1832,  but  died  before  John  was  ten 
years  old,  leaving  him  with  small  means  of 
support.  He  obtained  a  good  education  from 
the  common  schools  and  from  excellent  clas- 
sical teachers.  Whilst  teaching  school  he 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1848,  beginning  the  practice  a  year  later  in 
Louisiana,  Missouri,  and  continuing  there 
until  1861.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
ture from  Pike  County  in  1848,  and  again  in 
1856.  In  i860  he  was  defeated  by  James  S. 
Rollins  in  a  close  contest  for  Congress.  He 
was  a  Douglas  delegate  to  the  Charleston  and 
Baltimore  conventions  of  i860,  and  from  that 
time  forward  opposed  secessionism  and  its 
kindred  ideas.  In  i860  he  was  a  presidential 
elector  on  the  Douglas  Democratic  ticket. 
In  1856  also  he  was  a  Democratic  presidential 
elector.  In  February,  1861,  Mr.  Henderson 
was  elected  as  a  Unionist  to  the  State  conven- 
tion, and  in  the  several  sessions  of  that  body 
took  a  conspicuous  part.  He  was,  in  1861, 
appointed  a  brigadier  general  of  militia,  and 
organized  a  brigade  of  State  troops.  In  1862 
he  was  appointed  by  Lieutenant  Governor 
Hall  to  fill  the  vacancy  in. the  United  States 
Senate  caused  by  the  expulsion  of  Honorable 
Trusten  Polk,  and  the  next  year  was  elected 
by  the  Legislature  to  fill  out  the  term,  and 
then  to  serve  six  years  ending  March  4,  1869. 
In  the  United  States  Senate  he  was  appointed 
on  the  committees  of  finance,  foreign  rela- 
tions, postofifice,  Indian  aflFairs,  claims,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  and  others.  As  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  Indian  aflfairs,  and  as 
special  commissioner  in   1867,  he  organized 


220 


HENDERSON. 


the  Indian  peace  commission,  which  con- 
cluded treaties  quieting  hostile  tribes.  He 
effected  the  reimbursement  from  the  Federal 
treasury  of  Missouri  war  expenditures.  He 
contributed  to  the  country  the  thirteenth* 
amendment  to  the  United  States  Constitu- 
tion, abolishing  slavery,  which  amendment  he 
wrote  and  introduced  into  the  Senate,  and  was 
among  the  original  agitators  of  the  suffrage 
amendment  embodied  in  the  organic  law  as 
the  fifteenth  amendment.  During  the  impeach- 
ment trial  of  President  Andrew  Johnson, 
Senator  Henderson,  together  with  Senators 
Trumbull,  of  Illinois ;  Fessenden,  of  Maine, 
and  Ross,  of  Kansas,  voted  for  acquittal, 
their  votes,  united  to  those  of  the  Democrats, 
barely  saving  the  President  from  conviction. 
This  act  doubtless  cost  Senator  Henderson 
his  re-election  and  ended  his  public  career  in 
Missouri.  On  the  expiration  of  his  sena- 
torial term,  having  not  long  before  married 
in  Washington  Miss  Mary  Newton  Foote, 
daughter  of  Judge  EHsha  Foote,  of  New  York, 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis  and  devoted  himself 
to  law  practice.  In  May,  1875,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Grant  to  assist  the 
United  States  district  attorney  in  the  prose- 
cution of  violators  of  the  revenue  laws.  Some 
of  his  comments  were  construed  into  criti- 
cism of  officials  at  Washington,  and  in  De- 
cember he  was  removed.  In  1884  he  was 
president  of  the  National  Republican  Con- 
vention that  nominated  James  G.  Blaine,  and 
was  ex-ofhcio  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
notification.  Since  removing  to  Washington, 
General  Henderson  has  been  a  regent  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute,  elected  by  Congress 
in  January,  1892,  and  again  in  1898.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  International  (Pan-Ameri- 
can) Conference,  held  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
1889-90. 

Henderson,  Mary  Foote,  was  born 
July  21,  1846,  in  Seneca  Falls,  New  York. 
She  was  educated  at  Temple  Grove  Seminary, 
in  Saratoga  Springs,  and  at  Ashgrove 
Seminary,  in  Albany,  finishing  at  Mrs.  Mc- 
Cauley's  French  school,  in  New  York  City. 
June  25,  1868,  she  was  married  to  General 
John  B.  Henderson.  For  more  than  twenty 
years,  from  1870,  they  resided  in  St.  Louis, 
and  there  Mrs.  Henderson  was  a  recognized 
leader  in  social  and  intellectual  life.  Her 
home  was  a  treasury  of  art,  paintings  by  Eu- 
ropean   masters,    statuary    and    bric-a-brac 


picked  up  in  her  travels,  and  even  its  ordinary 
furnishings  were  works  of  art,  and  formed  a 
perfect  setting  to  the  brilliant  evening  parties, 
as  well  as  the  noted  dinners,  at  which  tlie 
most  prominent  and  talented  men  and  women 
of  St.  Louis  were  brought  together,  Mrs. 
Henderson's  domestic  graces,  her  vivacity 
and  social  prestige  availed  greatly  in  breaking 
down  the  barriers  of  prejudice  then  existing 
against  "reforms,"  and  she  became  a  pioneer 
in  the  "woman  movement"  in  all  directions. 
She  was  one  of  the  early  members  and  for 
two  years  president  of  the  Woman  Suffrage 
Association,  and  actively  co-operated  with 
her  husband  in  civil  service  reform.  When 
the  Centennial  Exposition  had  awakened 
Americans  to  their  great  need  for  extended 
art  culture,  Mrs.  Henderson  organized  and 
carried  to  eminent  success  "The  Decorative 
Art  School"  of  St.  Louis.  She  wrote  two 
books  on  the  subject  of  scientific  and  hygienic 
cooking,  works  of  great  merit  and  large  cir- 
culation. Since  her  removal  to  Washington 
in  1889  she  has  been  equally  active  and  prom- 
inent. Her  hospitality  in  her  beautiful  home, 
"Boundary  Castle,"  is  unstinted,  and  her  in- 
tellectual brilliancy,  her  familiarity  with 
European  capitals,  and  her  fluency  in  French 
make  her  very  popular  in  diplomatic  society. 
She  has  found  time  through  all  these  years 
to  keep  up  her  study  of  art  under  the  best 
masters  of  America  and  Paris,  and  some  of 
her  paintings  are  of  great  merit. 

Henderson,  William  B.,  general 
agent  of  the  United  States  Life  Insurance 
Company  of  New  York,  has  been  identified 
with  the  insurance  interests  of  this  State  since 
1896.  He  was  born  in  Morrisonville,  Illinois, 
but  lived  in  Pana,  Illinois,  until  1887,  when 
he  accompanied  his  parents  to  Kansas,  where 
the  family  resided  until  the  removal  to  Mis- 
souri. His  father,  R.  M.  Henderson,  who 
was  a  well-known  insurance  man,  went  to 
Kansas  City  in  1891.  The  son  attended 
Westminster  College,  at  Fulton,  Missouri,  in 
1891  and  1892.  After  leaving  school  he  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railroad  Company.  He  remained  in  that 
line  of  work  until  1896,  when  he  went  to 
Kansas  City  and  became  associated  with  his 
father  as  assistant  manager  of  the  insurance 
company  referred  to  in  the  introductory  lines 
of  this  article.  In  1898  the  father  surren- 
dered   the    responsibilities    of    the    general 


HENDLEY— HENDRICKSON. 


221 


agency  and  they  were  assumed  by  the  subject 
of  this  sketch.  How  well  he  has  discharged 
the  duties  resting  upon  him  is  best  shown  in 
the  growth  of  the  company's  business  in 
Kansas  City.  Mr.  Henderson  is  probably 
the  youngest  general  agent  in  the  business, 
having  been  born  in  1874  and  having  as- 
sumed his  present  duties  when  he  was  only 
twenty-four  years  of  age.  In  January,  1900, 
he  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Kansas  City 
Life  Underwriters'  Association,  an  organiza- 
tion composed  of  the  representative  life  in- 
surance men  of  the  city.  He  is  also  the 
secretary  of  the  Street  Railway  Supply  Com- 
pany, of  Kansas  City,  a  concern  that  holds 
an  important  place  among  the  manufacturing 
establishments  of  the  West. 

Hendley,  Henry  M,,  who  has  long 
been  a  prominent  farmer  and  man  of  affairs 
in  Stoddard  County,  was  born  September  12, 
1833,  in  Cabarrus  County,  North  Carolina, 
son  of  James  and  Sarah  (Fleming)  Hendley. 
His  father,  who  was  a  farmer  and  miller  by 
occupation,  was  born  in  Montgomery  Coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  in  1799,  came  to  Stoddard 
County,  Missouri,  in  1857,  ^^^  resided  in  this 
State  until  his  death.  His  mother,  who  was 
a  native  of  Cabarrus  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, was  born  in  1809,  and  died  in  Carroll 
County,  Tennessee,  in  1855,  two  years  be- 
fore the  remainder  of  the  family  came  to 
Missouri.  Henry  M.  Hendley,  who  was  the 
sixth  of  seven  children  born  to  his  parents, 
was  reared  on  a  farm  and  obtained  in  boy- 
hood a  common  school  education.  Until  he 
was  twenty-two  years  of  age  he  worked  alter- 
nately on  the  farm  and  in  his  father's  mill, 
and  then  learned  the  carpenter's  trade,  which 
he  followed  until  1861.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  Company  A  of  the 
First  Missouri  Infantry  Regiment  for  serv- 
ice in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  discharged 
the  duties  of  a  soldier  faithfully  until  1863, 
when  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Union 
troops.  For  twenty-two  months  thereafter 
he  was  confined  in  northern  military  prisons, 
first  at  St.  Louis,  and  later  at  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, Fort  Delaware,  and  Johnson's  Island,  in 
the  order  named.  Prior  to  his  capture  he  had 
been  made  a  lieutenant  of  his  company,  and 
while  in  prison  enjoyed  some  liberties  by 
reason  of  being  an  ofBcer,  which  he  would 
not  have  enjoyed  as  a  private.  Turning  his 
attention  to  study,  he  applied  himself  closely 


to  mathematics  and  surveying,  completely 
mastering  those  sciences  while  a  prisoner 
of  war.  When  released  from  prison  he 
returned  to  Stoddard  County,  Missouri,  and 
for  some  time  thereafter  worked  at  the  car- 
penter's trade.  In  1872  he  was  elected  sur- 
veyor of  Stoddard  County,  and  held  that 
office  continuously  until  1886.  A  natural 
fondness  for  agricultural  pursuits  had  caused 
him  to  purchase  a  farm  in  Stoddard  County 
in  1867,  and  thereafter  while  working  at  his 
trade  and  following  the  profession  of  sur- 
veyor, he  also  gave  a  share  of  his  time  to 
the  cultivation  and  improvement  of  his  land. 
At  a  later  date  his  farming  interests  occupied 
all  his  attention  until  he  practically  retired 
from  business  some  years  since.  Mr. 
Hendley  has  also  been  interested,  in  years 
past,  in  the  operation  of  a  sawmill,  and  his 
enterprise  and  energy  along  various  lines 
have  contributed  much  to  the  upbuilding  and 
development  of  the  community  in  which  he 
has  resided  for  more  than  forty  years.  His 
political  affiliations  are  with  the  Democratic 
party.  In  1868  he  married  Miss  Lucretia  J. 
Harvey,  a  native  of  Stoddard  County,  born  in 
1839.  The  parents  of  Mrs.  Hendley  are 
numbered  among  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Stod- 
dard County.  The  only  child  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Hendley  is  a  son,  James  L.  Hendley. 

Hendrickson,  Ulysses,  farmer,  mine 
owner  and  legislator,  was  born  April  24,  1832, 
in  Holmes  County,  Ohio.  His  parents  were 
Samuel  and  Sarah  (Wetherby)  Hendrickson, 
the  former  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  the  latter 
of  Massachusetts.  He  attended  the  common 
schools  in  his  native  State  until  he  was  four- 
teen years  of  age,  when  his  parents  removed 
to  Linn  County,  Iowa,  where  they  made  their 
home  upon  a  farm.  In  1866  the  son,  with 
his  family,  and  a  number  of  neighbors,  set  out 
for  the  South,  traveling  with  wagons  and 
consuming  thirteen  weeks  in  the  journey,  an 
experience  which  he  looks  back  upon  as  one 
of  the  most  pleasurable  in  his  life.  They 
went  as  far  as  Arkansas,  but  turned  back  to 
Jasper  County,  Missouri,  as  being  preferable 
to  the  region  further  south.  Mr.  Hendrick- 
son arrived  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
present  South  Oronogo  in  July,  and  at  once 
began  clearing  up  the  farm  whereon  he  now 
lives.  He  witnessed  the  growth  and  entire 
development  of  mining  interests  in  that 
neighborhood,  and  contributed  his  eflFort  and 


222 


HKNDRIX. 


means  to  the  work.  In  1867  he  laid  off  an 
addition  to  the  town  of  Minersville,  as  Orono- 
go  was  then  called.  At  a  later  day  he  found 
mineral  upon  his  own  property,  and  expended 
about  $30,000  to  develop  it,  with  ultimate 
satisfactory  results,  and  yet  continues  mining 
upon  this  property.  He  also  manages  his 
farm  and  gives  particular  attention  to  the 
condition  of  domestic  animals,  breeding  only 
the  best  strains.  He  now  has  upon  his  place 
four  beautiful  Angora  goats,  bred  in  Texas 
from  animals  recently  imported  from  South 
Africa;  these  were  the  premium  goats  ex- 
hibited at  the  Trans-Mississippi  Exposition 
at  Omaha.  Politically  Mr.  Hendrickson  is  a 
Democrat.  In  1874  he  was  elected  sheriff  of 
Jasper  County,  and  served  one  term.  An  in- 
cident of  his  service  in  that  capacity  was  an 
attempted  jail  delivery  on  the  night  of  July 
17,  1875.  Sixteen  prisoners,  among  whom 
were  several  desperate  characters,  one  under 
sentence  of  death,  planned  an  escape,  and 
securing  instruments,  succeeded  in  cutting 
through  several  of  the  iron  bars  of  the  win- 
dows. The  sheriff  discovered  the  plot  at  an 
opportune  moment,  and  frustrated  the  con- 
spirators. In  1891  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate,  and  during  his  term  of  four 
years  served  on  numerous  committees,  the 
more  important  of  which  were  those  on  mines 
and  mining,  and  manufactures.  He  holds 
membership  with  the  Masonic  Order.  Mr. 
Hendrickson  was  married  in  1853  to  Miss 
Mary  J.  Cochran,  a  native  of  Ohio,  living  in 
Iowa  when  he  met  her.  Of  the  children  born 
of  this  marriage,  Commodore  Perry  is  suc- 
cessfully engaged  in  mining  on  his  own  ac- 
count, associated  with  his  brothers,  John  P. 
and  Cole,  at  Webb  City  and  South  Oronogo ; 
lantha  is  the  wife  of  T.  R.  McLaughlin,  a 
farmer  living  at  Hutchinson,  Kansas ;  Min- 
erva is  the  wife  of  Harvey  Nance,  living  near 
Oronogo,  and  Grace,  unmarried,  lives  at 
home.  Mr.  Hendrickson  is  temarkably  well 
preserved,  and  gives  diligent  personal  atten- 
tion to  all  concerns  in  which  he  Is  interested. 
He  is  a  graceful  conversationalist,  and  his 
reminiscences  of  bygone  days,  with  his  com- 
ments upon  current  topics,  are  at  once  en- 
tertaining and  instructive. 

Hendrix,  Eugene  Russell,  bishop  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  was 
born  May  17,  1847,  in  Fayette,  Howard  Coun- 
ty,  Missouri.     He   is   descended   from   well 


blended  Dutch  and  Scotch  ancestry,  and  be- 
longs immediately  to  a  family  conspicuous 
through  various  of  its  members,  in  the  his- 
tory of  his  native  State,  in  religious  and  edu- 
cational concerns,  and  in  the  financial  field. 
He  was  educated  at  Central  College,  Fayette, 
Missouri,  and  at  the  Wesleyan  University, 
Middletown,  Connecticut;  he  was  graduated 
from  the  latter  institution  in  1867,  when 
twenty  years  of  age,  and  was  awarded  the 
first  prize  for  oratory.  He  then  entered 
Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York 
City,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1869. 
He  began  his  ministerial  work  the  year  of  his 
graduation,  and  was  for  two  years  pastor  of 
the  Broadway  Southern  Methodist  Church, 
in  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  He  then  in  turn 
occupied  pastorates  in  the  Methodist  Church, 
South,  as  follows:  Macon,  Missouri,  1870-72; 
St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  1872-6;  Glasgow,  Mis- 
souri, 1877.  In  1878  he  was  elected  president 
of  Central  College,  at  Fayette,  Missouri,  and 
he  remained  at  the  head  of  that  institution 
until  he  was  called  to  the  service  of  the  church 
and  elected  as  one  of  the  bishops.  May  18, 
1886.  During  the  eight  years  of  his  presi- 
dency Central  College  prospered  in  unusual 
degree,  not  alone  in  the  field  of  its  educa- 
tional purposes,  but  in  material  ways.  Two 
chairs  were  liberally  endowed,  through  mu- 
nificent gifts  by  the  late  Robert  A.  Barnes, 
of  St.  Louis.  In  recognition  of  his  scholarly 
attainments  and  of  his  ability  as  a  divine  Mr. 
Hendrix  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
divinity  from  Emory  College,  at  Oxford, 
Georgia,  in  1878.  At  a  later  day,  for  similar 
reason,  and  in  testimony  to  his  great  serv- 
ice in  behalf  of  higher  education,  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  laws  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  University  of  Missouri,  by  the  University 
of  North  Carolina,  and  by  Washington-Lee 
University.  At  other  times  signal  recogni- 
tion came  to  him  in  proffers  of  the  presidency 
of  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  of  the  vice 
chancellorship  of  Vanderbilt  University,  both 
of  which  he  declined.  Dr.  Hendrix  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  at  Richmond,  Virginia.  May 
20.  1886.  The  ceremonial  was  conducted 
by  Bishop  McTyeire,  assisted  by  Bishops 
Keener,  Wilson,  Cranberry  and  Har- 
grove. April  1st,  following,  Bishop  Hendrix 
established  his  home  in  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, where  he  performs  his  literary  work, 
and    whence    he    makes    incessant    journey-      \ 


HENNEPIN. 


223 


ings  in  oversight  of  the  churches  committed 
to  his  charge,  or  in  aid  of  educational  and 
charitable  institutions  to  which  he  devotes  his 
effort  in  the  pulpit,  upon  the  platform,  and 
in  the  field  of  literature.  He  has  long  served 
as  a  trustee  of  the  Woman's  College  of  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  to  which  he  has  devoted 
much  attention.  He  has  delivered  com- 
mencement sermons  and  addresses  at  Wes- 
leyan  University,  at  Garrett  Biblical  Institute, 
at  Cornell  University,  and  other  leading 
northern  institutions,  and  before  colleges  and 
academies  in  nearly  every  Southern  State. 
In  1876-7  he  accompanied  his  intimate  friend, 
Bishop  Marvin,  in  his  tour  around  the  world. 
He  subsequently  made  an  Episcopal  visita- 
tion to  Japan  and  China,  visiting  the  various 
mission  fields,  and  to  Korea,  where  he  estab- 
lished a  new  and  prosperous  mission.  He 
has  also  officially  visited  Mexico  and  Brazil, 
and  secured  from  the  Christians  in  the  latter 
country  the  sum  of  $10,000,  an  average  of 
$1,000  from  each  church  visited,  to  be  used 
for  educational  purposes  in  Brazil.  In  the 
summer  of  1900,  as  fraternal  messenger  from 
the  American  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South,  to  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church  of 
Great  Britain,  he  visited  the  University  and 
College  cities  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, studying  their  educational  systems,  in 
association  with  distinguished  divines  and 
educators  of  those  countries,  with  whom  he 
already  held  relations  of  personal  friendship, 
or  to  whom  he  was  accredited  by  eminent 
American  churchmen  and  statesmen.  He  is 
author  of  "Around  the  World,"  a  narrative 
of  personal  experience  in  travel,  which  has 
been  so  favorably  regarded  that  several 
editions  have  been  exhausted ;  and  another 
work  from  his  pen,  "Skilled  Labor  for  the 
Master,"  was  issued  from  the  press  in  1900. 
During  many  years  past  he  has  been  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  leading  religious  and 
educational  periodicals.  In  character,  nat- 
ural gifts  and  attainments.  Bishop  Hendrix 
happily  combines  all  the  qualifications  essen- 
tial to  pre-eminent  usefulness  in  his  high 
office,  and  to  the  advancement  of  those  noble 
causes  which  are  included  in  church  work  or 
nearly  related  to  it.  In  the  pulpit  or  upon 
the  platform  his  addresses  display  the  powers 
of  the  deeply  read  scholar  and  clear  logician, 
and,  above  all,  reveal  the  deep  earnestness 
of  the  man,  intent  upon  leading  humanity  up 
to  a  higher  conception  of  and  closer  depen- 


dence upon  the  Father  of  All.  His  eloquent 
but  forceful  diction  is  expressed  in  faultless 
oratory,  without  art  or  affectation,  with  a 
voice  musical  in  its  intonation.  He  is  a 
graceful  writer,  and  his  written  page  is  re- 
mindful of  the  utterance  of  the  naturally  ac- 
complished conversationalist  addressing  a 
circle  of  interested  friends  rather  than  of  the 
self-obtruding  essayist.  Bishop  Hendrix 
married  Miss  Ann  E.  Scarritt,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Nathan  Scarritt,  founder  of  the 
Scarritt  Bible  and  Training  School,  Kansas 

City,  Missouri.  ^  ^.   ^^ 

^'  F.  Y.  Hedley. 

Hennepin,  Louis,  one  of  the  early  ex- 
plorers of  the  Mississippi  River  region,  "was 
born  in  Ath,  Belgium,  about  1640,  and  died 
in  Holland  after  1701.  He  entered  the  order 
of  Recollets  of  St.  Francis,  and  his  fondness 
for  travel  led  him  to  Italy,  where  he  remained 
several  years.  He  was  then  sent  to  preach  at 
Halles,  in  Heinault,  and  afterward  passed 
into  a  convent  in  Artois.  He  was  employed 
by  his  brethren  to  solicit  alms  at  different 
places,  among  others  in  Dunkirk  and  Calais, 
where  the  stories  related  by  old  sailors  stim- 
ulated his  desire  to  visit  distant  countries. 
At  the  battle  of  Senef,  between  the  Prince  of 
Conde  and  William  of  Orange,  he  was  pres- 
ent as  regimental  chaplain,  and  in  1673  he 
was  ordered  to  Canada.  After  preaching 
at  Quebec  for  a  time  he  went,  in  1676,  to 
Fort  Frontenac,  where  he  founded  a  convent. 
When  La  Salle  undertook  his  expedition  to 
the  West  he  solicited  Recollet  fathers  as 
chaplains  of  the  posts  he  intended  to  estab- 
lish. Among  those  assigned  to  him  was 
Father  Hennepin.  The  latter  accompanied 
the  Sieur  de  la  Motte  in  a  brigantine, 
reached  the  outlet  of  Niagara  River  Decem- 
ber 6,  1678,  and  chanted  a  Te  Deum  in  thanks- 
giving. Leaving  the  vessel,  he  went  in  a 
canoe  to  the  mountain  ridge,  where  a  rock 
still  bears  his  name,  and  after  ascending  the 
heights  of  Lewiston  came  in  sight  of  a  cat- 
aract. He  then  went  with  his  companions  to 
Chippewa  Creek  in  search  of  land  suitable 
for  a  colony,  and,  returning  the  next  morn- 
ing, was  the  first  to  offer  mass  on  the  Niag- 
ara. He  then  began  the  erection  of  a  bark 
house  and  chapel  at  the  Great  Rock,  on  the 
east  side,  where  La  Motte  was  building  Fort 
de  Conty.  He  then  traveled  through  the 
great  lakes  as  far  as  Mackinaw,  where  he 
arrived    August    26,    1679.     After    reaching 


224 


HKNRY. 


Peoria,  on  the  Illinois  River,  where  La  Salle 
built  Fort  Creve  Coeur,  Hennepin,  by  his 
orders,  set  out  with  two  men  in  a  canoe  Feb- 
ruary 29,  1680,  to  ascend  the  Mississippi 
River.  He  descended  the  Illinois  to  its 
mouth,  and,  after  sailing  up  the  Mississippi 
until  April  nth,  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  large 
party  of  Sioux,  who  carried  him  and  his  com- 
panions to  their  country.  Here  he  discovered 
and  named  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  He 
spent  eight  months  among  the  savages,  when 
he  was  rescued  by  Daniel  Greysolon  du  Lhut, 
who  enabled  him  to  reach  Green  Bay  by  way 
of  Wisconsin  River.  He  passed  the  winter 
at  Mackinaw,  and  returned  to  Quebec  April 
5,  1682.  There  is  reason  to  suppose  that 
before  this  time  he  was  invited  by  some 
Roman  Catholics  in  Albany  to  become  their 
pastor.  On  his  return  to  Europe  he  was 
named  guardian  of  the  convent  of  Renty  in 
Artois.  He  refused  to  return  to  this  coun- 
try, and,  having  had  several  quarrels  with  his 
superiors,  withdrew  to  Holland  in  1697  with 
their  permission.  Here  he  gained  protectors 
at  the  court  of  William  III.  Although  he 
abandoned  the  religious  dress  in  order  to 
travel  in  Holland  without  exciting  attention, 
he  did  not  renounce  his  vows,  and  always 
signed  himself  Recollet  missionary  and 
notary  apostolic." — (Appleton's  "Cyclopedia 
of  American  Biography.") 

Henry,  Edward  Payson,  was  born  in 
Barlow,  Washington  County,  Ohio,  on  No- 
vember 24,  1837,  and  died  at  Butler,  Bates 
County,  Missouri,  June  6,  1889.  His  father, 
Matthew  Henry,  was  born  in  the  southern 
part  of  Ohio,  and  was  descended  in  the  third 
generation  from  Scotch-Irish  ancestors,  his 
grandfather,  a  native  of  the  North  of  Ireland, 
and  a  staunch  adherent  of  the  principles  of 
Presbyterianism,  having  located  at  or  near 
the  original  settlement  at  Marietta,  Ohio. 
The  entire  life  of  Matthew  Henry  was  spent 
in  Ohio,  where  he  owned  and  operated  an 
extensive  farm.  The  mother  of  Edward  P. 
Henry,  whose  maiden  name  was  Mary  Park, 
was  a  native  of  Oneida  County,  New  York. 
When  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  child 
his  parents  removed  to  Amesville,  Athens 
County,  Ohio,  where  his  education  was  be- 
gun in  the  common  schools.  It  was  his 
ambition  to  prepare  himself  for  a  legal  career, 
and  with  this  end  in  view  he  entered  Wash- 
ington University,  at  Athens.    In  the  mean- 


time he  had  engaged  in  teaching  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  neighborhood.  While 
he  was  still  a  student  at  the  university  the 
country  was  suddenly  plunged  into  the  hor- 
rors of  the  Civil  War,  and  President  Lincoln 
issued  a  call  for  300,000  volunteers.  Inspired 
with  a  desire  to  assist  the  government  in  its 
effort  speedily  to  crush  the  rebellion,  young 
Henry,  then  in  his  twenty-fourth  year,  pro- 
posed to  his  friend,  W.  H.  G.  Adney,  that  the 
two  unite  and  organize  a  volunteer  company 
whose  services  should  be  offered  to  the  Pres- 
ident. The  proposed  organization  was  soon 
effected,  and  young  Henry  became  its  first 
lieutenant,  insisting  that  his  friend,  Adney, 
should  assume  the  chief  command.  In 
August,  1861,  the  organization  was  mustered 
into  the  service  as  Company  B,  Thirty-sixth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  assigned  to  a 
place  in  the  army  division  commanded  by 
General  Crook.  August  27th  the  command 
started  for  western  Virginia,  and  during  the 
following  winter  was  encamped  at  Summer- 
ville,  on  the  Kanawha  River.  While  stationed 
here  it  engaged  in  many  expeditions,  break- 
ing up  the  Confederate  Camp  at  Meadow 
Bluffs  and  destroying  all  the  camp  equipages. 
The  first  regular  battle  in  which  the  regi- 
ment engaged  was  that  of  Louisburg,  Vir- 
ginia, in  March,  1862,  in  which,  with  the 
Forty-fourth  Ohio  and  one  company  of  cav- 
alry, it  engaged  and  defeated  a  force  of  4,000 
of  the  enemy.  In  the  following  fall  the  regi- 
ment joined  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
fought  under  Pope  throughout  the  Vir- 
ginia campaign,  participating  in  the  sec- 
ond battle  of  Bull  Run.  In  the  Maryland 
campaign  which  followed,  it  was  assigned 
to  the  corps  of  General  McClellan,  engaging 
in  the  actions  at  Frederick,  South  Mountain 
and  Antietam.  After  the  latter  battle  Captain 
Adney  was  promoted  to  a  colonelcy,  and 
Lieutenant  Henry  was  promoted  to  the  cap- 
taincy of  his  company.  From  that  time  until 
February,  1863,  the  command  was  encamped 
at  Charleston,  West  Virginia,  when  it  pro- 
ceeded to  Carthage,  Tennessee,  and  thence  to 
Murfreesborough.  After  the  action  here,  in 
which  it  participated,  it  started  for  Chatta- 
nooga. One  of  the  first  duties  of  Captain 
Henry's  company  in  the  operations  about 
Chattanooga  was  to  guard  the  signal  corps 
located  on  Signal  Mountain.  Subsequently 
it  crossed  Lookout  Mountain,  where  it  en- 
gaged a  large  Confederate  force,  after  which 


HENRY. 


225 


it  fell  back  in  time  to  perform  perilous  duty 
at  the  memorable  battle  of  Chickamauga. 
When  the  army  of  the  gallant  General 
Thomas  was  surrounded  at  this  point,  the 
brigade  of  which  Captain  Henry's  company 
formed  a  part,  was  ordered  to  cut  its  way 
through  the  Confederate  lines,  which  it  suc- 
ceeded in  doing  after  a  fierce  and  bloody 
fight,  making  a  comparatively  clear  path  for 
the  main  army  to  follow.  This  heroic  action 
was  followed  by  the  brigade's  covering  the 
retreat  of  the  army  to  Chattanooga,  and 
when  the  news  of  the  gallant  achievement 
reached  the  North,  popular  enthusiasm  and 
praise  for  the  heroes  of  the  engagement  was 
unbounded.  The  next  important  engagement 
in  which  Captain  Henry's  command  distin- 
guished itself  was  the  bloody  fight  at  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  in  which  the  loss  of  life  was 
appalling.  In  March,  1864,  the  regiment  re- 
turned to  Chattanooga,  where  it  was  fur- 
loughed  home  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  it 
to  recuperate  from  the  terrible  strain  to 
which  it  had  been  subjected.  Upon  the  ex- 
piration of  its  leave  of  absence  it  rejoined 
General  Crook's  army  in  western  Virginia, 
and  soon  afterward  followed  Hunter  on  his 
raid.  From  here  it  entered  upon  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley  campaign,  and  while  thus  en- 
gaged the  war  came  to  an  end.  Shortly 
afterward  the  command  was  mustered  out 
and  returned  home.  The  unexpected  turn  of 
events  in  the  life  of  Captain  Henry  caused 
by  the  war  changed  his  entire  career.  In- 
stead of  fitting  himself  for  the  practice  of 
the  law  he  spent  one  winter  at  his  home  in 
Ohio,  and  in  1866  removed  to  Butler,  Mis- 
souri, where  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
devoted  to  the  real  estate  business,  in  part- 
nership with  R.  G.  Hartwell.  November  24, 
1870,  he  married  Gertrude  A.  Garrison,  a 
native  of  Oswego  County,  New  York,  and 
a  daughter  of  John  C.  and  Lydia  R.  (Jewell) 
Garrison,  both  natives  of  Oneida  County, 
New  York.  She  was  born  July  16,  1850. 
When  she  was  a  child  of  two  or  three  years 
her  parents  removed  to  Geneva  Lake,  Wis- 
consin, where  her  father  was  engaged  at  the 
machinist's  trade  until  1867.  In  that  year  he 
removed  with  his  family  to  Butler,  where  he 
remained  engaged  in  business  until  failing 
health  compelled  him  to  retire.  His  death 
occurred  February  18,  1880.  Mrs.  Henry's 
mother  is  still  living  at  Butler.  Captain 
Henry  was  one  of  the  organizers,  and  for 

Vol.  Ill— 15 


many  years  president,  of  the  Butler  Savings 
Bank,  which  is  now  extinct.  A  deeply  re- 
ligious man,  he  united  with  the  Presbyterian 
Church  while  a  young  man  residing  in  Ohio. 
Soon  after  the  founding  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Butler  he  became  a  ruling  elder, 
and  retained  this  connection  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  Though  always  a  staunch  ad- 
herent of  the  Republican  party,  he  never 
sought  nor  held  public  office.  About  a  year 
after  their  marriage  Captain  Henry  and  his 
estimable  wife  removed  to  the  farm  in  the 
suburbs  of  Butler,  where  the  remainder  of  his 
life  was  spent.  Here  Mrs.  Henry  continues 
to  reside  in  a  handsome  and  splendidly 
located  residence,  surrounded  by  her  family. 
The  children  born  to  them  numbered  five, 
namely :  Alice,  who  resides  at  home ;  Bertha, 
wife  of  J.  S.  Francisco,  an  attorney  of  But- 
ler ;  Charles  Edward  and  Walter  W.,  at  home, 
and  Emma  Dell,  deceased.  Captain  Henry 
was  a  gentleman  possessed  of  traits  of  char- 
acter which  endeared  him  closely  to  a  large 
circle  of  acquaintances.  The  men  who 
fought  under  him  during  the  Civil  War,  some 
of  whom  are  still  living  and  known  to  the 
writer,  pay  a  high  tribute  to  his  ability  as  a 
disciplinarian,  the  fortitude  he  displayed  in 
most  trying  times,  his  heroism  and  his  great 
kindness  of  heart.  These  characteristics 
caused  him  to  be  idolized  by  them,  and  his 
death  was  deeply  mourned.  General  Ruth- 
erford B.  Hayes,  ex-President  of  the  United 
States,  gave  a  very  high  estimate  of  him  in 
a  letter  read  by  his  pastor  on  the  occasion 
of  his  funeral :  "Captain  E.  P.  Henry,  Com- 
pany B,  Thirty-sixth  Ohio  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, of  Amesville,  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
served  with  me  during  the  last  year  of  the 
war  in  the  campaigns  of  the  valley  of  Vir- 
ginia and  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1864.  Cap- 
tain Henry  was  an  officer  of  rare  merit; 
intelligent,  brave,  faithful  and  cheerful  under 
all  circumstances.  I  can  truly  say  I  have 
not  known  a  more  deserving  or  sterling  char- 
acter. Feeling  that  I  know  him  quite 
intimately,  I  can  confidently  commend  him  as 
a  man  to  be  implicitly  relied  upon  in  every" 
relation  of  life,  as  an  upright,  intelligent  and 
honorable  gentleman  " 

Henry,  John  W.,  prominent  in  the 
history  of  Missouri  jurisprudence,  was  bom 
January  27,  1825,  at  Cynthiana,  Kentucky^ 
son   of   Jesse   and    Nancy    (Porter)    Henry, 


226 


HENRY. 


natives  of  the  State  in  which  the  son  was 
born.  The  Henry  family  was  descended  from 
Watson  Henry,  a  Virginian,  one  of  the 
pioneer  settlers  of  Kentucky,  who  reared  a 
large  family  and  lived  to  an  advanced  age. 
Jesse  Henry  was  long  prominent  in  Harrison 
County,  Kentucky;  he  was  a  successful  mer- 
chant, and  served  as  sheriff  for  several  terms. 
In  1845  he  removed  to  Boonville,  Missouri, 
and  three  years  later  to  Independence,  where 
he  died  in  1852;  his  wife  survived  him  for 
fifteen  years.  Of  their  six  children  three  are 
now  living:  Dr.  James  P.,  a  physician  at  In- 
dependence; Mary  T.,  wife  of  J.  Brown 
Hovey,  in  his  life  a  prominent  lawyer  of 
Kansas  City,  and  John  W.  The  latter  named, 
on  arriving  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  was 
sufificiently  advanced  in  education  to  enter 
upon  the  study  of  law  in  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity, at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  from  which 
institution  he  was  graduated  before  he  had 
attained  his  twentieth  year.  He  was  at  once 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  entered  upon  prac- 
tice, but  removed  to  Boonville  the  following 
year.  The  bar  there  included  many  of  the 
most  able  and  brilliant  practitioners  of  the 
State,  and  there  was  little  opening  for  one  of 
his  youth  and  inexperience ;  however,  this 
proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  important 
events  of  his  life,  for  his  acquaintance  with 
eminent  men  and  observation  of  their  meth- 
ods served  him  to  good  purpose  at  a  later 
day.  Removing  to  Fayette,  he  was  elected 
attorney  for  the  branch  of  the  State  Bank 
at  that  place,  and  was  also  associated  in 
practice  with  Robert  T.  Prewitt,  an  able  law- 
yer, and  carried  on  a  successful  business.  In 
1875  he  removed  to  Independence,  and  in 
1887  to  Kansas  City,  where  he  has  since  re- 
sided. But  two  years  of  this  long  period  was 
he  engaged  in  private  practice,  the  remainder 
of  the  time  being  occupied  in  high  position 
in  the  line  of  his  profession.  He  first  en- 
tered upon  public  service  in  1854,  when  he 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Sterling  Price 
to  the  position  of  State  superintendent  of 
public  schools,  wherein  he  acquitted  himself 
with  much  tact  and  conspicuous  ability.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  circuit  judge  for  the 
Twenty-seventh  Judicial  Circuit,  comprising 
the  counties  of  Macon,  Adair,  Schuyler  and 
Putnam,  serving  so  acceptably  that  he  was 
re-elected  in  1875.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  his 
ability  upon  the  bench  and  his  personal  popu- 


larity secured  his  election  in  both  instances 
by  a  vote  considerably  more  than  that  of  his 
party.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the  supreme 
bench  of  the  State,  retiring  from  that  position 
in  1887.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
first  two  circuit  judges  provided  for  Jackson 
County  under  a  new  law.  Upon  the  expiration 
of  this  fragmentary  term,  he  was  elected  by 
the  people  to  the  same  position,  and  suc- 
ceeded himself  in  the  election  in  1895  by  an 
increased  majority.  The.  latter  term  ex])ires 
in  1901.  In  his  long  service  upon  the  bench 
Judge  Henry  has  gained  well  deserved  recog- 
nition for  his  eminent  judicial  ability.  As  a 
supreme  court  judge  he  was  regarded  by  the 
best  legal  authorities  of  the  day  as  one  of  the 
wisest  and  ablest  of  the  many  great  jurists 
who  had  occupied  such  position.  His  con- 
duct in  his  present  place,  one  less  conspicu- 
ous but  not  less  important,  has  ever  been 
distinguished  by  the  same  ability  and  con- 
scientiousness. A  deeply  read  lawyer,  the 
value  of  his  professional  attainments  is  en- 
hanced by  the  most  desirable  mental  qualifi- 
cations, keenness  of  perception,  exactness  in 
discrimination,  and  that  judicial  equilibrium 
which  knowns  no  bias.  While  the  most  im- 
portant of  his  life  work  has  been  as  a 
judge,  he  was  equally  well  equipped  as  an 
advocate  and  counselor,  and  when  in  prac- 
tice was  successful  in  many  momentous 
cases.  Personally  Judge  Henry  is  widely 
regarded  as  one  of  1  he  most  conspicuous  and 
useful  citizens  of  the  great  State  in  which 
he  has  resided  for  more  than  a  half  century. 
At  an  earlier  day  his  travels  on  horseback  and 
by  stage  extended  over  forty  counties,  in 
all  of  which  his  voice  was  heard  in  public 
assemblages  in  promotion  of  enterprises  for 
internal  development  and  in  enunciation  of 
his  political  principles.  Beginning  with  1845, 
he  made  acquaintance  with  every  man  of 
prominence  in  the  State,  and  very  many  of 
them  were  his  deeply  attached  personal 
friends,  drawn  to  him  through  his  rare  in- 
telligence and  genial  companionability. 
These  traits  have  suffered  no  diminution  in 
later  years,  and  his  converse  is  valued  for  its 
wealth  of  fact  and  opinion,  and  his  pleasant 
and  instructive  reminiscenses  of  the  past.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Democrat  of  the  old  school. 
Judge  Henry  was  married  August  29.  1849, 
to  Miss  Maria  Williams,  of  Howard  County, 
Missouri.    Their  children  are  Nannie,  wife  of 


HENRY. 


227 


E.  C.  Johnson;  Jesse,  of  Jefferson  City; 
Frank,  an  Episcopal  clergyman  at  Maquo- 
keta,  Iowa,  and  Robert,  deputy  county  clerk 
of  Jackson  County. 

Henry,  Nelson  B.,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  July  23,  1848,  near  Burford- 
ville,  Missouri,  son  of  Nelson  and  Juliette 
(Cook)  Henry.  On  his  mother's  side  he  comes 
of  one  of  the  noted  pioneer  families  of  Mis- 
souri, his  grandfather  having  been  John  D. 
Cook,  who  was  born  in  Orange  County, 
Virginia,  in  1790.  This  ancestor  married 
Sarah  Middleton  Taylor,  a  cousin  of  General 
Zachary  Taylor,  near  Frankfort.  Kentucky, 
and  from  there  moved  to  Ste.  Genevieve 
County,  Missouri,  in  1814.  His  brother. 
Colonel  Nat  Cook,  was  one  of  the  leading 
opponents  of  Thomas  H.  Benton  for  the 
United  States  senatorship  in  1821,  immedi- 
ately after  the  admission  of  Missouri  to  the 
Union.  Another  brother,  Daniel  P.  Cook, 
was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illi- 
nois, and  at  one  time  was  a  bearer  of  im- 
portant dispatches  from  the  government  of 
the  United  States  to  the  court  of  St.  James. 
The  father  of  Nelson  B.  Henry,  who  was  a 
native  of  Massachusetts  and  a  Methodist 
preacher,  was  transferred  from  the  Pittsburg 
conference  of  that  church  to  the  Alissouri 
conference  in  1834.  He  was  one  of  the 
pioneer  Methodist  ministers  of  southeast 
Missouri,  and  for  four  years  prior  to  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1853,  he  was  pre- 
siding elder  of  his  district.  His  wife,  the 
mother  of  Nelson  B.  Henry,  was  a  daughter 
of  John  D.  Cook,  who  was  one  of  the  first 
three  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Mis- 
souri. After  her  husband's  death  she  reared 
their  family  of  children,  and  lived  to  the  ripe 
old  age  of  seventy-seven  years.  Nelson  B. 
Henry  grew  up  on  a  farm  and  as  a  boy  ex- 
celled in  the  athletic  sports  of  the  neighbor- 
hood in  which  he  lived,  and  was  a  leader 
among  the  farm  boys  and  young  men  of 
that  region.  He  learned  to  read  under  the 
tutorage  of  his  mother,  who  was  a  cultivated 
woman,  and  afterward,  during  his  boyhood, 
he  read  all  the  books  in  his  father's  library, 
which  was  a  good  one  for  those  times.  He 
attended  school  only  a  few  months  until  he 
was  twenty-one  years  of  age,  but  at  that 
time  he  was  far  ahead  of  his  classmates  in 
general  knowledge.  After  attending  the 
common  schools  for  two  months  he  went  to 


the  home  of  his  uncle,  Rev.  W.  H.  Cook,  in 
Wayne  County,  Missouri,  and  for  two  months 
thereafter  was  a  student  at  Cherry  Grove 
Academy.  He  then  taught  school  for  three 
months,  after  which  he  returned  to  the 
academy  and  enjoyed  its  educational  advan- 
tages during  a  period  of  four  months.  Dur- 
ing the  following  four  months  he  again 
taught  school,  and  in  September  of  1871  en- 
tered the  State  Normal  School  at  Kirksville. 
From  this  institution  he  received  the  degree 
of  bachelor  of  science  in  1876,  and  a  post- 
graduate degree  in  1879.  From  1876  to  1878 
he  was  principal  of  the  high  school  at  Oak 
Ridge,  Missouri.  In  1878  he  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  English  language  and  literature 
in  the  State  Normal  School  at  Cape  Girar- 
deau, and  filled  that  professorship  until  1885. 
In  that  year  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
pedagogy  in  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, from  which  position  he  was  called  to  the 
presidency  of  Pueblo  Collegiate  Institute  at 
Pueblo,  Colorado,  in  1888.  Pueblo  Institute 
was  the  school  of  the  Denver  conference  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South,  and 
Professor  Henry  did  much  to  aid  its  advance- 
ment. He  continued  at  the  head  of  this 
school  until  the  year  1892,  when  he  returned 
to  Missouri  and  was  elected  president  of 
Bellevue  Collegiate  Institute,  conducted  un- 
der the  auspices  of  the  St.  Louis  conference 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 
After  serving  in  this  capacity  two  years  he 
resigned  on  account  of  the  removal  of  the 
school  to  Fredericktown,  Missouri.  While 
residing  in  Colorado  he  was  licensed  to 
preach  and  joined  the  Denver  conference  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  in 
1890.  During  the  year  1891,  while  he  was 
at  the  head  of  Pueblo  Institute,  he  was  also 
pastor  of  the  East  Pueblo  Church.  He  was 
transferred  from  the  Denver  conference  to 
the  St.  Louis  conference  in  1892,  and  when 
he  resigned  the  presidency  of  Bellevue  Col- 
legiate Institute,  he  was  appointed  presiding 
elder  of  the  Farmington  district.  The  year 
following  this  appointment  he  was  urged  to 
accept  the  presidency  of  Marvin  Collegiate 
Institute,  the  new  conference  school  which 
had  been  established  at  Fredericktown. 
Yielding  to  these  solicitations,  he  again  en- 
tered the  school  room,  and  has  since  been 
at  the  head  of  this  admirable  educational  in- 
stitution. In  addition  to  his  educational  work 
he  served  as  pastor  in  the  Methodist  Church 


228 


HENRY   COUNTY. 


in  Fredericktown  during  the  year  1897. 
Early  in  his  career  as  an  educator  Professor 
Henry  began  taking  an  active  interest  in 
improving  the  public  school  system  of  Mis- 
souri, and  he  was  the  originator  of  the  dis- 
trict school  associations,  which  have  con- 
tributed so  much  to  the  betterment  of 
methods  of  teaching  in  this  State.  During 
the  year  1884  he  served  as  president  of  the 
Missouri  State  Teachers'  Association.  In 
1898  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  State  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic schools,  but  withdrew  from  the  race, 
although  southeastern  Missouri  was  practi- 
cally solid  in  support  of  his  candidacy  and 
most  of  the  counties  in  that  part  of  the  State 
had  instructed  their  delegates  to  vote  for  him 
in  the  convention.  While  he  has  been  an 
orthodox  Democrat  in  his  political  belief,  he 
has  been  broadly  liberal  in  his  tolerance  of 
the  views  of  others,  and  neither  in  religion 
nor  in  politics  have  his  friendshij5s  been  cir- 
cumscribed by  church  creed  or  partisan  lines. 
In  1899  Carleton  College,  conducted  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  North,  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  divinity.  The  fraternal 
spirit  breathed  by  this  act  was  a  graceful 
acknowledgement  of  Professor  Henry's  lib- 
eral views  as  a  Christian  gentleman.  He  is 
a  member  of  Marcus  Lodge,  No.  210,  of  the 
Order  of  Free  Masons,  at  Fredericktown, 
Missouri,  and  for  one  year  was  worshipful 
master  of  University  Lodge  of  that  order  at 
Chapel  Hill,  North  Carolina.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen,  and  has  held  official  positions  in 
lodges  of  that  order  with  which  he  has  affil- 
iated. December  21,  1876,  Professor  Henry 
married  Miss  Lucretia  Thompson,  of  Kirks- 
ville,  Missouri.  Mrs.  Henry's  grandfather. 
Rev.  Caleb  Crain,  was  one  of  the  pioneer 
Methodist  ministers  of  southeastern  Mis- 
souri. Mrs.  Henry  was  graduated  from  the 
Normal  School  at  Kirksville  in  1876,  and  re- 
ceived her  post-graduate  degree  from  that  in- 
stitution in  1879.  She  taught  with  her 
husband  in  the  Oak  Ridge  high  school,  and 
later  taught  mathematics  and  bookkeeping  in 
Pueblo  Collegiate  Institute.  Still  later  she 
filled  the  chair  of  pure  and  applied  mathe- 
matics in  Bellevue  Collegiate  Institute,  and 
at  the  present  time  (1900)  fills  this  chair  in 
Marvin  Collegiate  Institute,  serving  also  as 
matron  of  that  school.     For  four  years  she 


was  secretary  of  the  Woman's  Home  Mission 
Society,  and  in  1900  was  elected  vice  presi- 
dent of  that  society  for  the  St.  Louis  confer- 
ence. She  is  a  woman  of  strong  mental  and 
religious  character,  and  exerts  a  remarkable 
influence  for  good  over  her  pupils.  She  was 
born  in  Dade  County,  Missouri,  August  16^ 
1857.  Seven  children  have  been  born  to 
Professor  and  Mrs.  Henry,  all  save  one  of 
whom  are  now  living. 

Henry  County.— A  county  in  the  cen- 
tral western  part  of  Missouri,  seventy  miles 
southeast  of  Kansas  City,  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Johnson  county,  on  the  east  by 
Pettis  and  Benton  Counties,  on  the  south  by 
St.  Clair  County,  and  on  the  west  by  Bates 
and  Cass  Counties.  Its  area  is  740  square 
miles,  of  which  less  than  one-fourth  is  un^ 
tilled.  The  surface  is  undulating  prairie  with 
a  productive  sandy  loam,  and  a  small  pro- 
portion of  broken  woodland,  bearing  the  na- 
tive hard  woods.  The  principal  water  course 
is  Grand  River,  passing  diagonally  through 
the  county  from  the  northwest  to  a  point 
southeast  of  the  center,  whence  it  courses 
meandering  to  the  east.  It  receives,  just 
north  of  Brownington,  Deepwater  Creek, 
originating  on  the  west,  and  fed  by  Camp 
Branch,  Brush  and  Bear  Creeks ;  and  from 
the  northwest.  Big  Creek,  fed  by  numerous 
tributaries.  Tebo  Creek,  with  many  feeders^ 
drains  the  northeast,  and  the  Osage  River  in- 
dents the  county  in  the  extreme  southeast. 
The  county  is  underlaid  with  coal,  which  is 
profitably  mined  near  Clinton,  at  Deepwater, 
and  at  Brownington.  Fine  pottery,  brick  and 
tile  clays  are  found  and  utilized  by  various 
extensive  works.  Iron  has  been  found,  but 
remains  undeveloped.  In  1898  the  chief  sur- 
plus products  were:  Wheat,  36,715  bushels; 
corn,  49,169  bushels;  oats,  11,316  bushels; 
flax,  87,746  bushels ;  hay,  4,628,500  pounds ; 
flour,  21,407,520  pounds;  cornmeal,  253,35a 
pounds ;  shipstufT,  8,358,850  pounds ;  grass 
seed,  146,485  pounds;  poultry,  1,891,808 
pounds  ;  eggs,  624,420  dozen  ;  butter,  103,695 
pounds ;  vegetables,  27,220  pounds ;  canned 
goods,  35,855  pounds;  nursery  stock,  146,800 
pounds;  broom  corn,  545,318  pounds;  cattle, 
17,196  head;  hogs,  59,750  head;  sheep,  2,306 
head;  horses  and  mules,  2,187  head;  lumber 
and  logs,  156,900  feet;  coal,  26,448  tons; 
brick,  738,000 ;  tile  and  sewer  pipe,  290  cars ; 
clay,  233  cars.   There  were  116  schools,  180 


HENRY  COUNTY. 


229 


teachers,  and  9,364  pupils;  the  permanent 
school  fund  was  $34,128.75.  The  population 
in  1900  was  28,054.  Railways  are  the  Kansas 
City  &  Springfield  branches  of  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco  and  the  Kansas  City,  Fort 
Scott  &  Memphis  Railways,  passing  south- 
eastwardl}',  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  & 
Texas  Railway,  passing  diagonally  through 
the  county  from  the  northeast.  The  county 
seat  is  Chnton;  other  important  towns  are 
Windsor,  Deepwater,  Brownington,  Calhoun 
and  Montrose. 

American  hunters  traversed  Henry  County 
in  1828.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were 
made  in  what  is  now  Windsor  Township, 
in  the  extreme  northeast  part  of  the  county. 
Thomas  Arbuckle  and  Thomas  Kimsey  are 
regarded  as  the  pioneers ;  Arbuckle  is  said  to 
have  built  the  first  cabin  in  1830,  about  four 
miles  west  of  the  present  town  of  Windsor; 
some  contend  that  he  was  preceded  in  1829, 
by  Kimsey,  who  came  from  Johnson  County, 
where  others  of  his  family  had  previously 
located.  He  made  his  home  two  miles  south 
of  Arbuckle.  Mathew  and  James  Arbuckle 
and  Isom  Burnett  also  came  in  1830.  In 
1831  came  David  McWilliams  and  his  sons 
James  and  Jesse,  Jesse  Hill,  William  Simp- 
son, Fielding  A.  Pinnell,  and  Mason  Fewell. 
Thomas  Anderson,  who  located  in  this  neigh- 
borhood, was  the  first  blacksmith  in  the  coun- 
ty. Here  also  occurred  what  was  probably 
the  first  death  in  the  county,  that  of  Joseph 
Bogarth,  who  was  killed  by  lightning  while 
returning  home  from  Pettis  county.  Thomas 
Collins  located  about  1830  in  the  northwest 
part  of  the  county;  he  was  a  justice  of  the 
peace  for  Davis  Township  under  the  Lafay- 
ette County  organization.  Tebo  Township, 
adjoining  that  of  Windsor  on  the  west,  is  his- 
toric. Among  the  earliest  settlers  was  Henry 
Avery,  who  came  in  1831,  having  visited  the 
place  and  staked  a  claim  the  previous  year. 
He  was  a  man  of  strong  character,  and  lived 
a  most  useful  life.  Others  who  came  to  the 
neighborhood  were  Colby  S.  Stevenson,  who 
taught  a  school  in  1833 ;  Richard  Wade,  the 
first  physician,  and  Addison  Young,  a  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  minister,  who  is  said  to 
have  delivered  the  first  sermon,  followed 
soon  afterward  by  Abraham  Millice,  a 
Methodist  circuit  rider,  and  Thomas  Kenney, 
a  Baptist  preacher.  In  1835  a  log  school- 
house  was  built  and  a  school  was  taught  by 
Benjamin     L.     Durrett.      The     same     year 


Thomas  and  Charles  Waters  opened  a  store 
not  far  from  Avery's  house.  The  first  births 
in  the  county  occurred  in  Tebo  Township ;  the 
first  was  a  colored  girl,  whose  mother  be- 
longed to  Mr.  Avery ;  the  second  was  Susan, 
afterward  Mrs.  Henry  Roberts,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Avery.  A  few  miles  west  of  the  Tebo  set- 
tlement, in  the  central  north  of  the  present 
county,  Ezekiel  Blevins  located  in  1831,  and 
there  was  born  his  son  Preston,  the  first  male 
white  child  in  the  county.  William  GoflF 
located  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  county, 
about  one  and  one-half  miles  south  ot  Cal- 
houn. The  present  Field's  Creek  Township, 
adjoining  Clinton,  the  county  seat,  on  the 
northwest  was  settled  in  183 1-2,  by  Joseph 
Fields,  the  first  sheriff,  and  others.  The 
southern  portions  of  the  county  were  not 
settled  until  1835  and  later.  Nearly  all  the 
settlers  were  from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
with  a  few  from  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 
lina. Beginning  in  1835,  ^  number  of  coun- 
try stores  and  horse  gristmills  were  estab- 
lished. In  1840  Henry  County  (which  then 
included  St.  Clair  County)  had  a  population  of 
4,090,  including  four  negroes ;  it  is  estimated 
that  2,220  belonged  to  Henry  County  prop- 
er. June  18,  1843,  occurred  the  death  of 
William  Baylis,  who  had  served  as  lieutenant 
in  a  Kentucky  regiment  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  About  100  men  from  Henry 
County  took  part  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
nearly  the  same  number  went  to  California 
in  1849.  The  opening  of  the  Civil  War  found 
the  people  almost  unanimously  Southern  in 
sympathy.  The  county  afiforded  about  500 
men  to  the  Confederate  Army,  while  it  is 
estimated  that  less  than  one-tenth  this  num- 
ber took  up  arms  for  the  Union.  The  county 
suffered  little  material  damage  during  the 
struggle,  but  industry  and  trade  practically 
ceased.  At  one  time  General  "Jim"  Lane 
entered  Clinton  and  threatened  to  destroy  the 
county  records,  but  was  dissuaded  from  doing 
so;  another  alarm  led  to  the  records  being 
taken  by  Judge  J.  G.  Dorman  to  Sedalia  for 
safe-keeping.  On  the  restoration  of  peace 
the  people  devoted  themselves  earnestly  to 
the  improvement  of  their  fortunes.  Coal  was 
found  at  various  points,  and  mines  were 
opened  up.  Beginning  in  1869,  numerous 
fairs  were  held,  and  a  Farmers'  Club  proved 
a  stimulus  to  effort.  During  the  same  years 
schools  and  churches  were  founded  in  all  the 
various  townships,  or  those  of  an  earlier  date 


230 


HENRY   COUNTY. 


were  resuscitated.  In  1870  the  first  railway 
into  the  county  was  completed,  and  popula- 
tion   began    to   increase    rapidly. 

Until  1834  Henry  County  was  included  in 
the  territory  belonging  to  the  county  of  Lil- 
lard,  afterward  known  as  Lafayette,  and  was 
then  constructively  a  portion  of  Lexington 
Township,  which  extended  southward  to  the 
Osage  River.  In  1830  it  was  included  in 
Davis  Township,  and  in  1832  in  Tebo  Town- 
ship, which  included  all  of  the  present  coun- 
ties of  Johnson  and  Henry,  and  all  that  por- 
tion of  St.  Clair  County  lying  north  of  the 
Osage  River.  James  McWilliams  was  the 
first  constable  in  Tebo  Township,  whose 
home  was  then  within  the  present  county  of 
Henry.  December  13,  1834,  Rives  County 
was  created,  named  in  honor  of  William  C. 
Rives,  of  Virginia.  To  it  was  attached  St. 
Clair  County,  then  unorganized,  for  civil  and 
military  purposes,  which  was  designated  as  a 
township,  March  21,  1835,  and  was  separated 
as  a  county,  February  15,  1841.  William  C. 
Rives,  for  whom  Rives  County  was  named, 
having  become  a  Whig,  the  General  Assem- 
bly, by  act  of  October  15,  1841,  changed  the 
name  to  Henry  County,  in  honor  of  Patrick 
Henry,  the  great  patriot  orator.  The  first 
county  court  sat  May  4,  1835,  at  the  house 
of  Henry  Avery.  The  justices  appointed  by 
Governor  Dunklin  were  Thomas  Arbuckle 
and  William  Goflf,  who  appointed  Jonathan  T. 
Berry  as  clerk.  The  next  session  was  held 
at  the  house  of  William  GofT,  when  Joseph 
Montgomery  presented  his  commission  as 
an  associate  county  justice,  and  sat  with  those 
previously  named.  Joseph  Fields  was  ap- 
pointed sheriff;  he  died  soon  afterward,  and 
Robert  Allen  succeeded  him.  In  1836  Berry 
resigned  the  clerkship,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Fielding  A.  Pinnell.  who  served  for  sev- 
eral years.  In  November,  1836,  Peyton 
Parks,  commissioner  appointed  to  locate  a 
permanent  county  seat,  reported  the  site  of 
Clinton,  and  the  necessary  land  was  pre- 
empted from  the  government.  The  sale  of 
lots  amounted  to  $2,500.  The  county 
court  appropriated  $2,500  for  building  a 
courthouse,  and  a  two-story  brick  edifice  was 
erected  imder  the  superintendence  of  John  F. 
Sharp  and  Thomas  B.  Wallace.  The  brick 
were  burned  upon  the  public  square,  and 
were  noted  as  darkly  tinctured  with  iron 
existing  in  the  clay.  Pending  the  comple- 
tion of  the  building,  court  sessions  were  held 


at  the  house  of  James  B.  Sears,  and  after- 
ward in  a  building  rented  from  Littleberry 
Kimsey,  The  present  courthouse  was  occu- 
pied in  1893;  for  a  few  years  previous  rented 
rooms  were  used  for  court  purposes.  In 
1856  a  jail  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$3,844.  In  1879  this  was  replaced  with  a  larger 
structure  built  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $10,000. 
In  1871  an  attempt  was  made  to  create  a  new 
county  by  detachment  of  portions  of  Pettis, 
Johnson,  Henry  and  Benton  Counties,  under 
the  name  of  Meadow  County,  of  which  Wind- 
sor was  to  be  the  county  seat.  The  bill  was 
favorably  reported  in  the  General  Assembly, 
but  was  defeated,  mainly  through  influence 
exerted  by  residents  of  Clinton.  Another 
attempt  was  made  in  the  session  of  1872-3, 
but  this  also  was  futile.  March  30,  1900,  the 
bonded  debt  of  the  county  was  $32,000  on 
account  of  the  courthouse,  and  $498,000  on 
railway  indebtedness,  the  latter  being  a  com- 
promise issue  on  a  basis  of  75  per  cent, 
upon  the  original  of  principal  and  defaulted 
interest.  Henry  County  was,  in  1900,  in  the 
Sixth  Congressional  District,  the  Sixteenth 
Senatorial  District,  and  the  Twenty-ninth 
Judicial  Circuit. 

The  first  general  election  was  held  in  1836. 
George  B.  Woodson  was  elected  Representa- 
tive, and  succeeded  himself  twice.  Joseph 
Montgomery  was  the  first  senator.  The 
bench  and  bar  of  the  Henry  County  Judicial 
Circuit  have  been  distinguished  for  ability. 
The  first  term  of  circuit  court  was  held  at 
the  house  of  William  Goflf  September,  23, 
.  1835,  Judge  Charles  H.  Allen  presiding.  His 
successors  were:  John  F.  Ryland,  1837;  Fos- 
ter P.  Wright.  1845;  W.  P.  Johnson,  1851  ; 
DeWitt  C.  Ballou,  1854;  Foster  P.  Wright, 
1859;  Burr  H.  Emerson,  1862;  David  Mc- 
Gaughey,  1868;  Foster  P.  Wright,  1873; 
James  B.  Gantt,  1880;  D.  A.  De  Armond, 
1886.  Judge  De  Armond  was  elected  to 
Congress  in  1890,  and  was  succeeded  by  J.  H.  1 
Lay,  who  completed  the  unexpired  period, 
and  was  elected  in  1892  for  a  full  term.  W. 
W.  Graves  was  elected  in  1898.  Among  the 
earlier  lawyers  were  DeWitt  C.  McNutt  and 
William  McCord,  who  were  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  1838;  Foster  P.  Wright,  who  soon 
took  a  seat  upon  the  bench ;  James  L.  Eng- 
lish, Samuel  L.  Sawyer,  Robert  L.  Stewart, 
Hamilton  Carmichael  and  Waldo  P.  Johnson, 
in  1839.  Others  who  followed  later  were 
William    Steele,    Thomas    Raflfin,    Mark    L. 


HEREFORD  CATTLE   BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATION. 


231 


Means,  Henderson  Young,  Robert  G.  Smart, 
R.  L.  Burge,  and  DeWitt  C.  Ballou.  Among 
resident  members  of  the  Henry  County  bar 
have  been  Asa  C.  Marvin,  Paul  F.  Thorn- 
ton, Robert  Allen,  Joshua  Ladue,  A.  D. 
Ladue,  J.  B.  Gantt,  James  Parks,  Fred  E. 
Savage,  Robert  C.  McBeth,  Banton  G.  Boone, 
Matthew  A.  Fyke,  Samuel  B.  Orem,  Charles 
T.  Collins,  Clement  C.  Dickinson,  Hannibal 
H.  Armstrong,  Samuel  E.  Price,  Charles  A. 
Calvird,  Alvin  Haynie,  Robert  E.  Lewis, 
Julius  C.  Jennings,  Thomas  M.  Casey,  P.  M. 
Kistler,  Theodore  Thompson,  E.  C.  Munson, 
James  Wilson  E.  A.  Gracey,  Henry  F.  Pogue, 
M.  C.  Campbell,  C.  I.  Davis,  Walter  Owen, 
William  Jeffries,  J.  H.  Kyle,  George  S.  Holli- 
day,  John  I.  Hinkle,  P.  A.  Parks,  Sterling  P. 
Dorman,  and  Britts  Gorman  Boone,  the  latter 
succeeding  his  lamented  father.  Many  of 
these  have  attained  marked  distinction,  and 
are  mentioned  more  fully  elsewhere  in  this 
work. 

Henry   Shaw   School  of  Botany. — 

See  "Washington  University." 

Heiison.  — A  hamlet  on  the  Belmont 
branch  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  in 
Mississippi  Township,  Mississippi  County, 
eight  miles  southeast  of  Charleston.  It  has 
a  large  hoop  factory  and  general  store.  Pop- 
ulation 1899  (estimated),  250. 

Hepzibah  Rescue  Home. — The  first 
rescue  home  for  fallen  women  in  St.  Louis 
was  the  Spruce  Street  Mission,  opened  by 
V.  O.  Saunders,  January  21,  1892.  Mrs. 
M.  E.  Otto  became  interested  in  this  work, 
and,  after  assisting  Mr.  Saunders  for  eight 
months,  she,  with  the  assistance  of  B.  Carra- 
dine,  D.  D.,  organized  the  Hephzibah  Rescue 
Home  on  January  23,  1893.  The  home  was 
opened  at  1222  Elliot  Avenue,  and  incor- 
porated July  16,  1894,  with  the  following  man- 
agers; Mrs.  M.  E.  Otto,  president  and 
treasurer ;  T.  L.  Cadwallader,  secretary ;  Dr. 
B.  Carradine  and  Rev.  M.  B.  Gott.  None  of 
the  workers  are  salaried.  Eighteen  girls  ap- 
plied for  admission  during  the  first  six  weeks. 
The  work  met  with  a  hearty  response  from 
the  beginning,  and  funds  have  never  been 
lacking.  In  August,  1897,  the  home  was 
moved  into  a  handsome  dwelling  containing 
fourteen  rooms.  This  house,  2813  Lucas 
Avenue,  is  now  owned  by  the  home.     The 


officers  in  1899  were  Mrs.  M.  E.  Otto,  presi- 
dent; Mrs.  F.  B.  Fuqua,  secretary;  Rev.  B. 
Carradine,  treasurer.  An  advisory  board  of 
twenty  ladies  co-operate  with  the  president; 
also  an  executive  board  of  nine  gentlemen, 
who  meet  annually  or  at  call  of  the  president. 

Herculaneum.— An  article  in  Scharf's 
"History  of  St.  Louis,"  contributed  by  Fred- 
erick L.  Billon,  gives  a  full  history  of  the  old 
town  of  Herculaneum,  thirty  miles  below  St. 
Louis,  now  fallen  into  decay,  but  at  one  time 
an  important  settlement  in  the  West.  The 
land  was  purchased  in  1808  by  Samuel  Ham- 
mond, Sr.,  and  Moses  Austin,  who  laid  it  out 
in  town  lots,  the  peculiar  advantage  possessed 
by  the  site  being  its  contiguity  to  the  lead 
mines  in  the  neighborhood,  which  at  that 
time  were  the  chief  source  of  wealth  in  Mis- 
souri. A  shot  tower,  the  first  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  was  erected  on  the  rocky  bluff 
at  the  mouth  of  Joachim  Creek,  in  the  south 
of  the  town,  by  John  N.  Macklot,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  manufacture  of  shot  and  lead  begun. 
In  181 7  a  second  shot  tower,  with  lead  manu- 
factory, was  erected  by  Ellis  and  William 
Bates.  In  1818  Jefferson  County  was  or- 
ganized and  Herculaneum  made  the  county 
seat.  The  place  continued  to  thrive  on  its 
lead  industry  and  trade  until  shipping  points 
for  lead  were  established  at  Selma  and  Rush 
Tower,  six  or  eight  miles  below,  where  great- 
er facilities  for  the  business  were  afforded, 
when  Herculaneum  began  to  decline ;  and 
when,  in  1836-7,  Monticello,  afterward  Hills- 
boro,  was  made  the  county  seat  of  Jefferson 
County,  it  fell  rapidly  into  decay  and  was 
forgotten.  The  thriving  manufacturing  town 
of  Crystal  City,  seat  of  prosperous  plate- 
glass  works,  now  occupies  the  place  where 
it  once  stood. 

Hereford  Cattle  Breeders'  Asso- 
ciation.—Missouri  is  the  home  of  the  Here- 
ford Cattle  Breeders'  Association,  although 
it  is  incorporated  in  the  State  of  Illihois.  The 
headquarters  of  this  organization,  which  is 
one  of  the  strongest  in  the  world,  are  located 
at  Independence,  in  Jackson  County,  and  the 
territory  embraced  in  the  operations  of  the 
association  includes  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  The  association  was  incorporated 
in  Illinois  in  the  year  1883.  Charles  Gudgell, 
a  prominent  capitalist  and  former  banker  of 
Kansas  City,  has  the  honor  of  having  brought 


232 


KEREN— HERMANN. 


to  Missouri  the  first  herd  of  Hereford  cattle. 
The  herd  was  made  up  of  ten  head  and  he  is 
therefore  the  pioneer  importer  and  breeder 
of  Herefords  in  this  State.  Missouri  now 
has  more  cattle  of  this  breed  than  any  other 
State  in  the  Union,  a  condition  in  which  Mr. 
Gudgell  has  pardonable  pride.  It  was  in  1876 
that  Mr.  Gudgell  brought  the  first  herd  of 
Herefords  to  Missouri.  There  are  now  at 
least  6,000  head  of  this  variety  in  the  State. 
Every  animal  is  registered  at  the  office  of  the 
association  in  Independence.  In  1884  the 
headquarters  of  the  association  were  trans- 
ferred to  that  city.  The  association's  affairs 
are  looked  after  by  an  executive  committee 
of  three  members.  In  1883  Mr.  Gudgell  was 
elected  chairman  of  this  committee  and  the 
following  year  he  was  chosen  secretary  and 
treasurer.  In  that  capacity  he  served  until 
1886,  when  he  resigned  and  the  duties  of  the 
office  were  turned  over  to  Chas.  R.  Thomas, 
the  present  secretary.  The  members  of  the 
executive  committee  are  Charles  Gudgell, 
Independence,  Mo.,  chairman  ;  Thomas  Clark, 
Beecher,  111. ;  H.  H.  Clough,  Elyria,  Ohio. 
The  total  membership  of  the  association  in 
1900  was  about  1,500,  of  whom  250  are  Mis- 
souri breeders.  The  members  of  the  associa- 
tion hold  an  annual  meeting,  but,  on  account 
of  the  fact  that  it  is  incorporated  in 
Illinois,  these  gatherings  are  necessarily 
held  in  that  State.  The  importance  of  this 
association  in  the  perfection  of  a  superior 
grade  of  cattle  can  not  be  overestimated. 
From  a  modest  start  it  has  grown  to  mar- 
velous proportions,  an  evidence  of  the  un- 
flinching determination  of  its  founders  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  breeders  and  to  elevate 
the  standard  of  the  Hereford  to  the  highest 
possible  plane. 

Hereii,  William,  was  born  in  Zanes- 
ville,  Ohio,  November  15,  1825.  After  re- 
ceiving what  education  he  could  at  the 
country  schools  he  came  to  Andrew  County, 
Missouri,  in  1845.  He  taught  school  for 
a  time  and  then  studied  law  with  Prince  L. 
Hudgens,  of  Savannah.  In  1857  he  opened 
an  office  in  that  place,  and  was  doing  a  fine 
business  when  the  Civil  War  began  in  1861. 
He  went  to  the  camp  of  Colonel  Graynor, 
in  Worth  County,  and  joined  the  Union 
forces,  and  a  short  time  afterward  was 
chosen  colonel  of  the  Forty-first  Regiment 
of  Enrolled  Missouri  Militia.    He  served  in 


this  position  until  1862  when  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate.  On  his  return  after 
the  session  he  was  elected  colonel  of  the 
Fifth  Regiment  Provisional  Militia,  and  ren- 
dered efficient  service  in  restoring  order  in 
northwest  Missouri.  In  1863  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  Twelfth  Judicial  Circuit,  and 
filled  the  position  with  marked  ability  until 
1869,  when  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  in  partnership  with  Honorable 
David  Rea,  the  partnership  continuing  until 
Mr.  Rea  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1874. 

Herman,  Israel  W.,  a  well  known  and 
worthy  citizen  of  Macon  County,  was  born 
July  2,  1835,  in  Tioga  County,  Pennsylvania, 
son  of  William  and  Elizabeth  (Sheffer)  Her- 
man, both  of  whom  were  natives  of  the  Key- 
stone State,  and  came  of  sturdy  German 
ancestry.  When  the  son  was  twelve  years 
of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Stephenson 
County,  Illinois,  where  he  grew  to  man- 
hood and  completed  a  practical  common 
school  education.  When  he  was  seventeen 
years  of  age  he  began  learning  the  carpen- 
ter's trade,  and  after  having  thoroughly  mas- 
tered that  calling  he  went  to  Washington 
County,  Minnesota.  There  he  worked  at 
his  trade  for  two  years,  and  then  returned 
to  his  old  home  in  Illinois,  where  he  com- 
bined farming  with  the  building  trade  until 
1867.  In  that  year  he  came  to  Missouri  and 
established  his  home  at  LaPlata,  in  Macon 
County.  Since  then  he  has  been  a  resident 
of  Missouri,  and  in  the  community  in  which 
he  lives  he  is  recognized  as  a  business  man 
of  sterling  integrity  and  a  most  estimable 
citizen.  July  2,  1857,  his  twenty-second 
birthday,  he  married  Miss  Jane  A.  Ellis, 
daughter  of  Cornelius  Ellis,  of  Washington 
County,  Minnesota,  who  had  formerly  resided 
in  Stephenson  County,  Illinois.  Three  chil- 
dren have  been  born  of  this  union.  Of  these 
Ida  A.  Herman  is  now  (1900)  the  wife  of  \ 
S.  M.  Gibson,  who  is  in  the  service  of  the 
Wabash  Railroad  Company  as  station  agent 
at  Brunswick,  Missouri.  The  others  are 
Ada  Asenath  Herman  and  Wesley  S.  Her- 
man, who  is  freight  agent  for  the  Wabash 
Railroad  Company  at  Macon,  Missouri,  and 
a  well  known  and  popular  citizen  of  that 
place. 

Hermann. — The  judicial  seat  of  Gascon- 
ade County,  located  on  the  Missouri  River 


HERMANN,    RAID   ON. 


233 


and  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad,  eighty- 
one  miles  west  of  St.  Louis.  The  town  was 
founded  in  1837,  on  land  owned  by  William 
Hensley,  by  the  German  Settlement  Society 
of  Philadelphia,  and  was  incorporated  a  year 
later.  A  large  number  of  colonists  from 
Germany  settled  in  the  town  and  in  the  sur- 
rounding country,  many  of  them  engaging 
in  the  cultivation  of  grapes  and  the  manu- 
facture of  wine  on  an  extensive  scale.  Vari- 
ous lines  of  business  were  established,  and 
from  its  foundation  the  town  was  prosper- 
ous. In  1840  it  became  the  county  seat,  and 
a  good  courthouse  was  erected.  About  1896 
the  present  courthouse  was  finished,  at  a 
cost  of  $50,000,  which  amount  was  be- 
queathed to  the  county  for  the  purpose  by 
Charles  D.  Eitzen.  The  town  has  excel- 
lently graded  and  macadamized  streets,  an 
electric  lighting  plant,  a  graded  pubhc 
school,  an  excellent  high  school,  an  opera- 
house  of  600  seating  capacity,  a  school 
library,  an  exposition  building,  owned  by 
the  Gasconade  County  Agricultural  Exposi- 
tion Association,  Catholic,  Evangelical  and 
Methodist  Episcopal  Churches,  three  weekly 
newspapers,  the  "Republican  Banner,"  the 
"Advertiser-Courier"  and  the  "Hermanner 
Volksblatt,"  a  brewery,  ice  factory,  two  dis- 
tilleries, several  wine  manufactories,  one 
having  the  largest  wine  vaults  in  Missouri,  a 
steam  flouring  mill,  a  steam  stone  and  mar- 
ble works,  an  iron  foundry,  machine  shops, 
soda  water  factory,  telephone  exchange,  one 
bank,  three  hotels,  and  numerous  stores 
and  small  shops.  The  town  is  one  of  the 
wealthiest  and  most  progressive  in  central 
Missouri.  The  population  in  1890  was  1,410; 
(estimated)  1899,  1,700. 

Herniaiiii,  Raid  on.— Missouri,  as  a 
State,  did  not  secede  from  the  Union,  but 
being  a  slave  and  at  the  same  time  a  bor- 
der State,  its  inhabitants  were  naturally 
divided  on  the  slavery  question.  Some  parts 
of  the  State  remained  loyal,  others  abounded 
in  Southern  sympathizers  or  declared  seces- 
sionists, and  in  some  counties  both  elements 
were  represented.  Gasconade  County,  with 
its  large  German  population,  and  especially 
the  town  of  Hermann,  the  county  seat,  proved 
their  adherence  to  the  government  rights  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war;  old  and  young 
men  went  into  the  army,  and  comparatively 
few  who  could  bear  arms  stayed  at  home,  and 


even  these  joined  the  militia  as  home  guards. 
The  soil  of  Missouri  furnished  many  a  battle- 
field, especially  in  1861,  and  became  the 
place  of  many  bloody  encounters  during  the 
following  years,  in  which  the  Confederates 
or  their  allies  conducted  a  sort  of  guer- 
rilla warfare,  at  longer  and  shorter  inter- 
vals invading  the  State  here  and  there,  so 
that  the  loyal  inhabitants  were  never  sure 
what  the  next  day  might  bring.  One  of  these 
invasions  took  place  in  the  early  fall  of  1864, 
when  General  Sterling  Price,  the  chief  leader 
of  the  Missouri  secessionists,  returned  with 
his  army  from  the  South.  One  of  his  di- 
visions, commanded  by  General  Marmaduke, 
made  some  of  the  counties  along  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railroad  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Missouri  River  the  special  field  of  its 
activity,  and  his  men  reached  the  vicinity 
of  Hermann  in  the  beginning  of  October. 
Their  presence  soon  became  known,  and  be- 
ing aware  of  their  particular  animosity  to- 
ward the  Germans,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
town  became  rather  frightened,  and  were  not 
tardy  with  precautionary  measures.  Most 
of  the  women  and  children  were  taken  to 
a  place  of  safety  on  the  morning  of  the  3d 
of  October;  this  was  the  residence  of  Wil- 
liam Peschel,  the  wine-grower,  situated  in 
the  midst  of  dense  woods.  The  only  cannon 
was  brought  to  the  river  front,  and  when  the 
advance  column  of  Marmaduke's  men  became 
visible,  coming  up  from  the  eastern  out- 
skirts along  the  railroad,  the  first  shot  was 
fired,  causing  them  to  leave  the  road  and 
turn  southward,  taking  their  line  of  march 
around  the  town,  over  the  hills  and  through 
the  vineyards.  A  few  more  shots  followed 
in  quick  succession,  and,  believing  that  the 
town  was  well  provided  with  artillery,  they 
put  the  four  guns  which  they  had  with  them 
in  action.  The  citizens  had  in  the  meantime 
carried  their  cannon  from  the  levee  to  the 
top  of  the  Catholic  Church  hill,  situated  in 
the  western  end  of  the  town,  and  with  one 
of  the  first  shots  made  on^e  of  Marmaduke's 
guns  unlit  for  use.  This  happened  at  about 
4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  two  hours  after 
their  coming.  In  spite  of  the  constant  firing 
of  their  three  guns,  very  little  damage  was 
done  and  not  a  single  life  lost.  The  firing 
was  continued  on  both  sides  until  the  am- 
munition of  the  citizens  was  exhausted, 
whereupon  they  spiked  the  cannon,  left  it  on 
the   hill  and   dispersed   (they  were   only    a 


234 


HERMITAGE— HESS. 


handful)  into  the  cliffs  and  roads  further 
west.  The  Confederates  were  much  disap- 
pointed when  they  found  the  cannon  spiked, 
and  threw  it  in  disgust  into  the  Missouri 
River,  from  which  it  was  afterward  recov- 
ered. At  night  the  rain  came  down  in  tor- 
rents, causing  the  ill  clad  troops  to  seek 
shelter  wherever  they  could  find  it.  They 
were  half  starved,  and  appropriated  all  the 
provisions  they  could  lay  their  hands  on, 
but  conducted  themselves  well  otherwise.  It 
is  true  that  some  of  them  threatened  to  set 
the  town  on  fire,  but  wiser  counsel  prevailed. 
Toward  morning  the  rain  ceased,  and  at  lo 
o'clock  Marmaduke's  whole  column,  about 
2,000  men  in  number,  took  up  their  march 
toward  Jefferson  City,  relieving  the  people 
of  Hermann  of  their  unwelcome  presence. 
Ernst  D.  Kargau. 

Hermitage. — The  county  seat  of  Hick- 
ory County,  and  an  unincorporated  town. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Pomme  de  Terre  River, 
forty-five  miles  northwest  of  Lebanon  and 
twenty-two  miles  northeast  of  Humansville, 
its  nearest  shipping  point.  It  has  a  public 
school,  five  religious  societies,  two  newspa- 
pers, the  "Index-Gazette,"  Republican,  and 
the  "Democrat,"  Democratic;  a  bank  and 
a  saw  and  gristmill.  In  1899  the  population 
was  estimated  at  250.  It  was  laid  out  in 
1845,  by  Jacob.  A.  Romans,  county  commis- 
sioner, and  was  named  for  the  home  of  Gen- 
eral Andrew  Jackson,  in  Tennessee.  The 
first  residents  were  Thomas  Davis,  who 
opened  a  tavern ;  William  Waldo,  who 
opened  a  store,  and  W.  E.  Dorman,  who 
set  up  an  ox  sawmill. 

Herndon,  Andrew  J.,  lawyer,  was 
born  near  Robinson's  Tavern,  Orange 
County,  Virginia,  July  23,  1817.  When 
eighteen  years  of  age  he  located  in  Howard 
County,  Missouri,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
school-teachers  near  Fayette.  Later  he  was 
a  teacher  in  the  academy  of  Archibald  Pat- 
terson, which  was  evolved  into  the  Howard 
High  School,  the  predecessor  of  the  Howard- 
Payne  and  Central  Colleges.  For  twenty- 
eight  years  he  was  county  clerk  of  Howard 
County,  leaving  the  office  in  1874.  For  many 
years  he  was  an  honored  member  of  the 
Howard  County  bar,  and  became  noted  for 
his  high  sense  of  honor  and  judgment.  He 
is  one  of  the  few  pioneers  of  Howard  County 


now  living  (1900).  He  resides  at  his  home, 
in  the  western  limits  of  th-^  city  of  Fayette, 
and  still  reads  without  glasses. 

Hess,  Ferdinand  J.,  lawyer,  farmer 
and  legislator,  was  born  in  Trenton,  Tennes- 
see, in  1848,  son  of  Dr.  Nelson  I.  Hess,  a 
physician  by  profession  and  also  an  ordained 
minister  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
Church,  who  was  a  native  of  Kentucky.  His 
mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Catherine 
Hill,  and  who  was  a  native  of  Tennessee,  died 
at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-four  years,  and 
it  is  worthy  of  note  that  his  progenitors  in 
both  the  paternal  and  maternal  lines  were 
long-lived.  His  paternal  grandmother  lived 
to  be  ninety-three  years  of  age,  and  his  ma- 
ternal grandmother  died  at  the  age  of  seven- 
ty-five. Both  his  parents  died  and  were 
buried  in  Tennessee.  Mr,  Hess  had  three 
sisters,  the  eldest  of  whom  is  the  wife  of  Dr. 
W.  A.  Jordan,  of  Clinton,  Kentucky.  The 
second,  who  died  in  1894,  was  the  wife  of 
Judge  J.  S.  Cooper,  of  Trenton,  Tennessee, 
and  the  third  is  the  wife  of  Judge  H.  C. 
O'Brien,  of  Charleston,  Mississippi  County, 
Missouri.  The  family  to  which  he  belongs 
came  into  Kentucky  at  an  early  date,  and  its 
representatives  were  early  settlers  in  the 
"Blue  Grass"  region,  where  they  had  many 
thrilling  adventures  with  the  Indians.  Mr. 
Hess  was  educated  for  the  law  at  Trenton, 
Tennessee,  and  on  attaining  his  majority  went 
to  Hickman  County,  Kentucky,  where  he 
practiced  his  profession  and  served  two  years 
as  county  attorney.  In  1875  he  came  to.  Mis- 
souri and  located  in  Mississippi  County, 
where  he  became  interested  in  farming  en- 
terprises and  finally  abandoned  the  law. 
There  he  served  as  county  judge  and  justice 
of  the  peace,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
public  affairs.  In  1890  he  was  made  the  Rep- 
resentative of  his  county  in  the  Thirty-sixth 
General  Assembly.  In  1896  he  was  again 
sent  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  General  As- 
sembly, and  was  re-elected  in  1898.  As  a 
legislator  Mr,  Hess  has  always  exhibited 
sound  judgment,  firmness  in  maintaining 
what  he  deemed  to  be  for  the  best  interests  of 
his  constituents,  and  indomitable  energy  in 
discharging  his  duties  as  a  Representative. 
During  the  session  of  the  Fortieth  General 
Assembly  he  was  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  railroads  and  internal  improvements — 
one  of  the  most  important  committees  of  the 


HETHERINGTON— HETHERIvY   WAR. 


235 


House — and  discharged  the  responsible  duties 
of  this  position  with  marked  ability.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  steering  committee  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  the  House,  and 
wielded  an  important  influence  in  shaping  the 
legislative  policies  and  action  of  his  party. 
His  democracy  is  thoroughly  orthodox  in 
character,  and  his  religious  affiliations  are 
with  the  Episcopal  Church.  Coming  of  an 
old  Southern  family,  he  was  in  sympathy  with 
the  South  during  the  years  of  his  boyhood, 
when  the  Civil  War  was  in  progress,  but  he 
was  too  young  to  become  a  participant  in  the 
struggle.  Three  of  his  brothers  older  than 
himself,  Dr.  Nelson  I.  Hess,  Dr.  John  H. 
Hess  and  Rev.  Andrew  J.  Hess,  were  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  however,  the  two  last 
named  serving  with  distinction  under  General 
Forrest,  while  the  first  named  was  a  member 
of  the  Twelfth  Tennessee  Infantry  Regiment, 
and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 
Mr.  Hess  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order, 
and  an  interesting  heirloom  which  he  has  in 
his  possession  is  the  Masonic  apron  worn  by 
his  grandfather,  William  Hess,  who  was  a 
Royal  Arch  Mason.  This  grandfather,  as 
well  as  Judge  Hess'  own  father,  were  sol- 
diers in  the  War  of  1812,  and  were  with  Jack- 
son at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  While  he 
has  never  been  married,  Judge  Hess  has  a 
beautiful  home  on  his  Mississippi  County 
plantation,  and  is  known  throughout  that 
region  as  a  hospitable  entertainer  of  the  old 
Southern  school. 

Hetherington,  Ellery  Miles,  physi- 
cian, was  born  February  24,  i860,  in  Johnson 
Parish,  Queens  County,  New  Brunswick,  Do- 
minion of  Canada.  His  parents  were  James 
Grearson  and  Mary  Jane  (Clark)  Hethering- 
ton,  both  Canadians,  of  English  and  Scotch 
ancestry.  Their  son,  Ellery  Miles,  made  ex- 
cellent preparation  for  his  life  work.  He  ac- 
quired his  literary  education  in  the  common 
schools  near  his  birthplace,  and  in  Raymond's 
grammar  school,  at  Hampton,  New  Bruns- 
wick. He  then  taught  school  for  one  year, 
and  when  eighteen  years  of  age  he  became 
an  apothecary's  clerk  at  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick. In  this  place  he  completed  a  thorough 
course  of  study,  and  received  the  diploma  of 
the  Provincial  Pharmaceutical  Association  of 
New  Brunswick.  During  his  residence  in 
St.  John,  he  also  read  medicine  studiously 
under    the    instruction    of   his   brother,    Dr. 


George  A.  Hetherington.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1885,  locating  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  where  he  received  a  diploma 
from  the  Board  of  Pharmacy,  and  prosecuted 
medical  studies  under  Dr.  A.  L.  McCormack. 
The  following  year  he  entered  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1888. 
In  April  of  the  same  year  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  entered 
upon  a  general  practice  which  has  grown  to 
large  proportions.  Conscientiously  devoted 
to  his  profession,  and  deeply  interested  in  its 
advancement,  he  has  contributed  his  effort 
in  its  behalf  through  service  in  various  im- 
portant positions.  He  was  among  the  found- 
ers of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Kansas 
City  University  of  Kansas  City,  Kansas, 
known  as  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  from  its  organization  has  been  a 
member  and  the  secretary  of  the  board  of 
trustees,  secretary  of  the  faculty,  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  assistant  to  the  professor  of 
gynecology.  He  is  also  obstetrician  to 
Bethany  Hospital,  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  and 
consulting  obstetrician  to  the  Hospital  for 
Women  and  Children,  Kansas  City,  Missouri. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Jackson  County  Med- 
ical Society,  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, of  the  British  Medical  Association  of 
London,  England,  and  honorary  member  of 
the  Wyandotte  County  (Kansas)  Medical 
Society.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican,  and 
in  religion  a  Baptist.  He  holds  membership 
with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  the  Odd  Fellows 
and  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  is  also  con- 
nected with  the  Independent  Order  of  For- 
esters, the  Knights  of  the  Maccabees  and  the 
North  American  Union,  fraternal  insurance 
orders  which  he  serves  as  medical  examiner. 
Genial  and  companionable  in  disposition,  with 
a  mind  well  improved  through  careful  read- 
ing, much  travel  and  intercourse  with  men  of 
high  attainments,  he  is  esteemed  "in  all  the 
circles  in  which  he  moves,  social  as  well  as 
professional.  Dr.  Hetherington  was  married 
in  1887,  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  Miss 
Annie  Blackader,  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia. 
She  died  in  1894,  leaving  a  daughter,  Helen 
Hibbard  Hetherington. 

Hetherly  War. — A  name  applied  to 
disturbances  in  1836  in  Carroll  County,  m 
which  the  family  of  Hetherlys,  with  kindred 
desperadoes,  were  the  chief  actors.     Carroll 


236 


HEWITT. 


County  at  that  time  extended  to  the  Iowa 
border,  and  the  Hetherlys,  Hving  in  what. was 
called  the  Upper  Grand  River  country,  car- 
ried on  operations  somewhat  similar  to  those 
of  Big  and  Little  Harpe  in  Kentucky,  thirty 
years  before.  It  was  said  old  Airs,  Hetherly 
was  a  sister  of  the  Harpes.  Associated  with 
the  Hetherlys  were  James  Dunbar,  Alfred 
Hawkins  and  a  man  named  Thomas,  and  ^heir 
vocation  was  stealing  horses  from  the  scat- 
tered settlers,  and  also  from  the  friendly  In- 
dians over  the  border  in  Iowa,  In  a  fight 
with  the  Indians  from  whom  they  had  stolen 
a  lot  of  ponies,  Thomas  was  killed,  and  not 
long  after  this  a  quarrel  took  place  between 
the  Hetherlys  and  Dunbar,  and  the  latter  was 
killed,  it  was  suspected  by  the  former  to  pre- 
vent him  from  giving  evidence  against  them. 
The  popular  feeling  against  the  Hetherlys  on 
account  of  their  murders  and  depredations, 
and  the  fear  that  they  would  provoke  Indian 
retaliations,  increased,  and  they  fled  to  the 
denser  settlements  near  the  Missouri  River, 
and  spread  a  report  that  they  had  been  driven 
from  their  homes  by  an  Indian  invasion.  Two 
military  companies,  one  of  them  the  "Liberty 
Blues,"  commanded  by  Captain  D.  R.  Atchi- 
son, afterward  United  States  Senator,  the 
other  by  Captain  Smith  Crawford,  were  or- 
dered to  the  scene  of  trouble,  but  no  Indians 
were  found,  and  no  sign  of  depredations  by 
them  were  met ;  but  the  crimes  which  dis- 
turbed the  settlements  were  traced  to  the 
Hetherlys  themselves,  and  on  the  17th  of 
June,  1836,  they  were  arrested.  On  the  trial 
in  the  following  March,  they  turned  State's 
evidence  and  accused  Hawkins  of  killing 
Dunbar.  Hawkins  was  found  guilty,  and  was 
sent  to  the  penitentiary  for  ten  years,  while 
the  Hetherlys  were  discharged. 

Hewitt,  Calvin  Blythe,  dentist,  was 
born  March  22,  1847,  i"  Huntingdon  County, 
Pennsylvania.  His  parents  were  John  and 
Hepzibah  (Moore)  Hewitt.  The  father — 
who  died  in  1865 — was  of  German  extraction, 
son  of  Nicholas  Hewitt,  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  a  soldier  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  The  mother,  born  in  the  same  State, 
of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  died  in  1893,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-seven  years.  The  son  was 
reared  on  the  parental  farm,  and  at  the  age 
of  sixteen  years  he  was  obliged  to  assume  its 
management,  owing  to  the  ill  health  of  his 
father,  and  for  this  reason  he  was  deprived  of 


educational  advantages  he  had  hoped  for. 
After  such  advancement  as  was  possible  in 
the  neighborhood  common  school,  he  studied 
for  two  years  in  Pine  Grove  Academy,  in  Cen- 
ter County,  Pennsylvania,  but  was  unable  to 
remain  to  complete  the  course.  He  then 
taught  a  district  school  during  one  winter. 
In  that  day  dental  colleges  were  few  and  far 
apart,  and  he  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  R.  B. 
Moore,  a  skillful  practitioner  at  Huntingdon, 
Pennsylvania,  under  whom  he  mastered  all 
of  the  science  then  to  be  known,  so  much  to 
the  satisfaction  of  his  tutor,  that  he  was  ac- 
cepted as  a  partner.  This  relationship  was 
maintained  until  1868,  when  Dr.  Hewitt  lo- 
cated in  Kansas  City,  then  a  rapidly  growing 
city,  claiming  a  population  of  15,000,  and  hav- 
ing but  six  or  seven  dental  practitioners.  In 
the  years  which  followed,  he  was  assiduous  in 
acquiring  knowledge  in  his  profession,  and  in 
all  its  advancement  he  has  been  regarded  as 
among  its  foremost  and  most  capable  mem- 
bers. He  was  a  leader  in  the  organization  of 
the  Kansas  City  Dental  College,  the 
pioneer  dental  school  of  the  Mis- 
souri Valley,  affording  to  it  his  per- 
sonal effort,  and  contributing  liberally  of 
his  means.  He  was  the  second  dean  of  the 
faculty  of  this  institution,  and  served  as  such 
from  1884  to  1889,  and  as  president  from  1889 
to  1894,  when  he  resigned,  being  unable  to 
devote  to  the  school  the  time  he  considered 
its  interests  demanded.  From  this  institu- 
tion he  received  in  recognition  of  his  pro- 
fessional attainments  and  his  service  in  its 
interests,  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of 
dental  surgery.  For  some  years  he  lectured 
upon  the  "Care  of  Teeth,"  before  the  Scar- 
ritt  Bible  and  Training  School.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Missouri  State  Dental  Association, 
and  has  served  as  its  president;  of  the  Kan- 
sas State  Dental  Society,  and  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Dental  Association.  He 
has  read  before  these  bodies  various  meri- 
torious papers,  which  have  appeared  in  the 
"Western  Dental  Journal."  He  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Grand  Avenue  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  from  the  time  of  his  com- 
ing to  Kansas  City ;  soon  after  his  arrival  he 
was  called. to  serve  upon  the  official  board, 
with  which  he  is  yet  connected,  and  he  was 
identified  with  the  building  of  the  present 
church  edifice,  and  all  other  enterprises  of  the 
society.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican, 
earnest  in  advocacy  of  his  political  principles, 


HEWITT. 


237 


but  without  thought  of  personal  advance- 
ment. He  is  an  enthusiastic  member  oi  the 
Missouri  Anghng  Club,  and  passes  a  portion 
of  each  summer  on  the  club  grounds  at  Lake 
Miltona,  Minnesota.  He  was  married  De- 
cember 30,  1875,  to  Miss  Kate  W.  Schaflfer, 
a  native  of  Blair  County,  Pennsylvania,  who 
came  to  Kansas  City  in  1866  with  her  sister, 
Mrs.  P.  S.  Brown.  She  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  of  the  Old  Ladies'  Home 
Society,  and  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, serving  in  the  latter  body  on  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  Children's  Home. 
Dr.  Hewitt  is  a  broadly  cultured  man,  deeply 
interested  in  all  topics  that  afifect  the  country 
and  society,  and  feeling  great  pride  in  the 
city  which  he  has  seen  grow  from  a  humble 
position  to  that  of  leadership  among  the 
great  marts  of  commerce,  and  in  which  de- 
velopment he  has  borne  an  important  but  un- 
pretentious part.  Of  especial  value,  is  his 
knowledge  of  the  history  of  his  own  profes- 
sion, which  is  given  in  this  work,  under  the 
caption,  "Dentistry  in  Kansas  City." 

Hewitt,  Julius  A.,  one  of  the  active 
business  and  public  men  of  Joplin,  was  born 
April  15,  1841,  in  Auburn,  New  York.  His 
parents  were  George  M.  and  Mary  A.  (Far- 
ley) Hewitt.  The  son  acquired  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, beginning  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
home  city,  and  finishing  with  an  academical 
course  in  Union  Seminary  at  Rogersville, 
New  York.  He  had  not  yet  determined  as  to 
the  calling  upon  which  he  would  enter  as  a 
life  occupation,  when  the  Civil  War  began, 
and  his  patriotic  feeling  moved  him  to  lay 
aside  personal  concerns  and  enter  the  military 
service.  He  at  once  enlisted  in  the  Sixth 
Regiment  of  New  York  Volunteer  Cavalry, 
and  in  that  command  performed  the  full  duty 
of  a  soldier  until  the  restoration  of  peace.  His 
period  of  service  covered,  the  most  stirring 
scenes  of  action,  and  he  was  engaged  in  the 
momentous  campaigns  conducted  by  Custer, 
Pleasanton  and  Sheridan.  He  served  under 
McClellan  in  the  Peninsular  Campaign,  and 
the  body  of  cavalry  to  which  he  belonged 
took  part  in  numerous  important  battles  and 
engaged  and  defeated  the  famous  Confeder- 
ate cavalry  of  General  J-  E.  B.  Stuart. 
Through  successive  promotions,  Mr.  Hewitt 
reached  the  rank  of  brevet  captain,  and  after- 
ward served  on  the  staff  of  General  Thomas 
C.  Devin.     He  saw  much  arduous   service. 


discharged  every  duty  to  which  he  was  as- 
signed taithfully,  and  retired  from  the  army 
with  a  highly  creditable  record.  In  1866  he 
located  at  Atlanta,  New  York,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  the  lumber  business,  which  he  prose- 
cuted with  great  success  and*  profit  until  1868, 
when  the  property  was  destroyed  by  fire.  In 
1869  he  became  connected  with  a  surveying 
party  operating  in  Kansas,  with  Fort  Scott 
as  their  central  point.  His  connection  with 
this  corps  was  of  great  advantage  to  him  at 
a  later  day,  affording  him  opportunity  to  ac- 
quire a  practical  knowledge  of  the  natural 
resources  and  conditions  of  the  great  South- 
west, then  just  opening  out  for  development. 
In  March,  1871,  he  removed  to  Joplin  and 
was  among  the  first  to  engage  in  systematic 
mining  operations.  The  present  city  was  then 
but  a  mining  camp,  and  it  was  not  even  plat- 
ted until  some  months  later.  Among  his 
most  important  work  is  to  be  named  his  con- 
nection with  the  Lone  Elm  Mining  and 
Smelting  Company.  He  was  superintendent 
of  the  world-famous  mines  operated  by  this 
corporation,  at  the  time  when  the  Bartlett 
experiments  were  carried  on,  for  the  conver- 
sion of  the  hitherto  wasted  fumes  from  the 
smelting  furnaces,  a  process  which  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  most  extensive  white 
lead  works  in  the  country,  and  unrivaled  in 
the  world  except  at  Bristol,  England.  From 
that  day  until  the  present,  Mr.  Hewitt  has 
been  constantly  interested  in  mining  con- 
cerns, and  with  marked  success.  His  skill 
and  experience  are  widely  recognized,  and 
he  is  frequently  consulted  with  reference  to 
financial  values  and  expectations,  as  well  as 
physical  conditions.  In  addition  to  his  in- 
terest in  mining  matters,  he  carries  on  a  lum- 
ber business,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
extensive  in  the  city.  He  feels  a  deep  pride 
in  all  that  enters  into  the  making  of  the  city, 
in  a  social  and  commercial  way,  and  in  all 
public  enterprises  bears  a  willing  part. 
Recognition  of  the  value  of  his  services  in 
such  matters  is  found  in  the  fact  that  he  has 
been  elected  for  four  consecutive  terms  to  a 
seat  in  the  city  council  from  the  third  ward. 
In  politics  he  is  a  Republican  in  national  con- 
cerns, recognizing  the  principles  of  that  party 
as  affording  the  only  substantial  foundation 
for  monetary  and  commercial  stability.  In 
local  affairs  he  sees  no  object  but  the  wel- 
fare of  the  community  and  the  advancement 
of  its  interests,  regardless  of  personal  or  po- 


238 


HEZEIv— HICKORY   COUNTY. 


litical  opinion.  He  was  married  November 
29,  1865,  to  Miss  Elizabeth  E.,  daughter  of 
Hiram  and  Emily  M.  (Wheeler)  Clason,  of  At- 
lanta, New  York.  In  the  absence  of  children 
of  their  own  they  have  adopted  a  daughter, 
Mollie  H.  Hewitt,  upon  whom  they  bestow 
the  tender  affection  of  parents. 

Hezel,  John,  was  born  December  24, 
1834,  at  Wittenberg,  Germany.  His  parents 
were  Thomas  and  Martine  (Schmitt)  Hezel, 
who  belonged  to  that  substantial  and  indus- 
trious middle  class  of  Germans,  whose  chil- 
dren have  accomplished  so  much  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  in  all  the  various  branches  of 
industry,  in  the  making  of  happy  homes  and 
the  rearing  of  useful  families.  Their  son, 
John,  was  given  such  instruction  as  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  birthplace  would  afford, 
and  this  embraced  all  those  fundamental 
branches  knowledge  of  which  is  necessary 
for  the  transaction  of  ordinary  business.  In 
1850,  being  then  sixteen  years  of  age,  he 
came  to  America  and  directly  to  St.  Louis. 
It  was  a  strange  experience,  for  one  of  his 
years  to  find  himself  in  a  strange  land,  with 
all  his  surroundings  so  different  from  those 
he  had  been  accustomed  to  in  his  native  coun- 
try. But,  with  the  industry  and  perseverance 
characteristic  of  his  people  he  adapted  him- 
self to  the  necessities  and  opportunities  of  the 
moment,  as  they  presented  themselves,  and 
entered  upon  a  career  of  success  from  the 
outset.  He  first  learned  a  trade  in  St.  Louis, 
remaining  there  for  four  years.  For  two 
years  afterward  he  was  employed  on  the 
steam  ferry  between  St.  Louis  and  East  St. 
Louis,  then  called  Illinoistown.  In  1856  he 
engaged  as  a  teamster  for  the  Cabanne  Milk 
Company,  and  continued  in  the  employ  of 
that  concern  for  two  years.  In  1858,  associ- 
ated with  his  brother,  Morris,  who  had  fol- 
lowed him  to  America,  he  established  the 
Woodland  Dairy,  which,  under  their  ener- 
getic management,  became  the  largest  busi- 
ness in  its  line  in  St.  Louis  for  that  time. 
After  carrying  this  on  for  eleven  years  the 
brothers  sold  out  to  Charles  S.  Cabanne,  and 
bought  a  farm  at  Fern  Ridge,  in  St.  Louis 
County.  This  Mr.  Hezel  has  made  one  of 
the  most  valuable  and  beautiful  pieces  of 
agricultural  property  to  be  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  St.  Louis.  It  comprises  nearly 
500  acres  of  most  fertile  soil,  beautifully  sit- 
uated, and  on  this  farm  he  had  a  luxurious 


home,  with  all  the  outbuildings  necessary  to 
so  extensive  a  property.  In  1896.  near  his 
residence,  he  opened  a  business  in  farm  im- 
plements, hardware  and  lumber,  under  the 
firm  name  of  John  Hezel  &  Son,  associating 
with  himself  in  its  management  his  son, 
Charles,  who  had  been  given  an  excellent 
education,  and  who  had  developed  all  the 
traits  necessary  for  the  making  of  a  success- 
ful business  man.  For  a  number  of  years 
after  the  establishment  of  this  business,  Mr. 
Hezel  was  postmaster  at  Fern  Ridge.  Po- 
litically, he  has  always  been  a  Democrat,  but 
has  contented  himself  with  the  discharge  of 
the  duty  of  a  citizen  at  the  polls,  holding  aloof 
from  any  active  participation  in  party  man- 
agement. He  is  a  Catholic  in  faith  and  prac- 
tice, and  liberal  in  his  contributions  to  the 
causes  which  the  Church  fosters.  He  was 
among  the  first  and  most  efficient  of  those 
who  founded  the  now  flourishing  church  and 
school  of  St.  Monica,  in  his  neighborhood. 
In  1857  Mr.  Hezel  was  married  to  Miss  Kate 
Schonhofft,  of  St.  Louis.  Of  this  union  have 
been  born  four  children,  Elizabeth,  Charles, 
John  and  Mary.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hezel  are 
most  comfortably  situated  in  life,  and  they 
enjoy  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  all  who 
know  them. 

Hickory  County. — A  county  in  the 
southwest  central  part  of  the  State,  no 
miles  southeast  of  Kansas  City.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Benton  County,  on  the  east 
by  Camden  and  Dallas  Counties,  on  the 
south  by  Dallas  and  Polk  Counties,  and  on 
the  west  by  St.  Clair  County.  It  is  abun- 
dantly watered  by  the  Pomme  de  Terre  River, 
flowing  southwardly  through  the  center,  and 
by  the  Weaubleau  and  the  Little  Niangua 
Rivers.  Its  area  is  415  square  miles,  of 
which  nearly  one-half  is  under  cultivation. 
July  I,  1899,  there  were  5,580  acres  of  public 
land  subject  to  entry.  The  surface  is  nearly 
equally  divided  between  prairie  and  wood- 
land. The  soil  is  a  dark  sandy  loam,  and 
the  bottoms  are  exceedingly  fertile.  There 
is  abundant  heavy  wood,  including  ash,  wal- 
nut and  maple,  as  well  as  the  more  common 
varieties.  Cannel  coal,  zinc,  lead  and  iron 
are  found,  and  lime,  sandstone  and  fireclay 
are  abundant ;  none  of  these  have  been 
worked,  except  experimentally.  Among  the 
principal  surplus  products  in  1898  were: 
Hay,     110,000     pounds;      poultry,     150,000 


HiCKS. 


239 


pounds;  eggs,  192,000  dozen;  cattle,  4,250 
head;  hogs,  9,000  head;  sheep,  1,260  head; 
wool,  8,500  pounds;  hides,  7,560  pounds. 
There  were  in  the  same  year  55  public 
schools,  60  teachers  and  3,223  pupils.  The 
permanent  school  fund  was  $17,877.28.  The 
population  in  1900  was  9,985.  The  only  rail- 
way is  the  Kansas  City,  Osceola  &  Southern, 
crossing  the  southwest  corner.  The  county 
seat  is  Hermitage.  The  first  residents 
known  were  Hogle,  a  German,  and  his  part- 
ner. Pensoneau,  a  Frenchman,  who  came  to 
carry  on  trade  with  the  Indians.  In  1832 
the  Zumwalt  and  Inglese  families  settled 
some  miles  southeast  of  Hermitage.  About 
the  same  time  Joseph  C.  Montgomery, 
Samuel  Judy  and  John  Graham  located  in 
the  northwest  part  of  the  county.  A  settle- 
ment was  also  made  in  the  northeast,  where 
a  primitive  Baptist  Church  was  formed  at 
the  house  of  Washington  Young.  In  1839 
came  to  the  northwest  the  Turk  family, 
whose  bloody  feud  with  the  Jones  family, 
living  in  what  is  now  Benton  County,  is 
narrated  under  the  heading,  "Slicker  War." 
The  public  lands  were  opened  to  entry  in  1838, 
and  a  considerable  immigration  came  from 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Hickory  County 
was  organized  under  the  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  February  14,  1845,  ^^^  received 
the  familiar  name  given  to  General  Andrew 
Jackson.  Its  territory  was  taken  from  the 
counties  of  Benton  and  Polk.  The  appointed 
county  justices  were  Amos  Lindsey,  Joel  B. 
Halbert  and  Thomas  Davis,  who  held  their 
first  meeting  at  Halbert's  house,  nine  miles 
northeast  of  the  present  Hermitage,  and 
appointed  Albert  H.  Foster  as  clerk,  and  John 
S.  Williams  as  sheriff.  The  next  meeting  was 
held  at  Heard's  Spring,  north  of  the  present 
Wheatland.  The  commissioners  named  in 
the  organic  act  to  locate  a  county  seat  were 
Henry  Bartlett,  William  Lemon  and  James 
Johnson.  The  residents  upon  either  side  of 
the  Pomme  de  Terre  River  were  intent  upon 
securing  the  location,  and  a  bitter  struggle 
ensued,  marked  by  some  turbulent  scenes, 
in  which  some  of  the  actors  sufifered  hurts, 
wk  but  without  loss  of  life.  Location  was  finally 
^k  declared  upon  the  stream,  nearly  central,  in 
^H  a  bend  which  could  scarcely  be  claimed  by 
^H  either  faction.  In  1847  ^  o^i^  ^^^  ^  half 
^H  story  frame  courthouse  was  built,  which  was 
^H  destroyed  by  fire  in   1852.     Feeling  on  ac- 


so  high  that  the  building  of  another  court- 
house was  not  effected  until  i860;  this  was 
of  brick,  two  stories  in  height,  and  cost 
$5,500.  In  1864  the  question  of  relocation 
was  submitted  to  the  people,  and  was  de- 
feated, lacking  a  little  of  the  required  two- 
thirds  affirmative  vote  required  by  law.  In 
1881  the  second  courthouse  was  burned 
down,  many  of  the  records  being  destroyed 
at  the  same  time.  The  building  was  replaced 
by  an  edifice  similar  to  the  preceding  one, 
and  was  built  by  subscription,  at  a  cost  of 
$5,000.  In  1847  a  log"  jail  was  built,  and 
in  1870  this  was  replaced  with  a  two-story 
stone  structure,  costing  $4,600.  The  date 
of  the  first  circuit  court  session  is  uncertain ; 
the  probabilities  are  that  it  took  place  in 
the  summer  of  1845,  ^t  the  house  of  Thomas 
Davis,  Judge  Foster  P.  Wright  sitting.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  the  county  was  the  scene 
of  many  disturbances.  In  1861  the  Union 
men  were  ordered  tp  leave  the  county,  and 
in  their  departure  a  conflict  occurred  in  Ben- 
ton County,  which  resulted  in  the  burning 
of  a  large  portion  of  Warsaw. 

Hicks,  Irl  R.,  clergyman  and  editor, 
was  born  December  18,  1844,  in  Bristol, 
Tennessee.  He  attended  what  was  known 
as  the  "old  field"  schools  in  his  native  State 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War.  When 
he  was  eighteen  years  of  age  he  entered  the 
First  Confederate  Cavalry  Regiment,  and 
took  part  in  numerous  battles.  From  Chick- 
amauga  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  of  war  to 
Johnson's  Island,  Ohio,  where  he  was  de- 
tained until  the  close  of  the  war.  Returning 
to  Tennessee,  he  educated  himself  for  the 
ministry  at  Andrew  College,  Trenton.  In 
1869  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  South,  at  Trenton, 
and  in  1871  he  was  ordained  by  Bishop  H. 
H.  Kavanaugh,  at  Columbus,  Mississippi. 
In  the  same  month  he  was  transferred  to 
St.  Louis.  He  was  pastor  of  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  at  the 
time  of  its  removal  from  Eighth  Street  and 
Washington  Avenue  to  Twenty-ninth  and 
Dayton  Streets,  in  1882.  Afterward  he  con- 
nected himself  with  the  Congregational 
Church,  and  he  is  still  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  Association  of  Congregational  Minis- 
ters. While  in  the  Methodist  ministry  he 
organized  a  benevolent  order  known  as  the 
Missouri   Brotherhood   of  Ministers.     Since 


240 


HIGBEE— HIGDON. 


1887  his  time  has  been  devoted  to  scientific, 
literary,  family  and  religious  publications. 
Becoming  deeply  interested  in  meteorological 
work,  his  investigations  attracted  wide  at- 
tention, and  led  to  his  inaugurating  a  series 
of  publications  which  have  gained  much 
celebrity.  "Word  and  Works,"  a  monthly 
journal,  and  "Quarterly  Echoes,"  including 
the  "Irl  R.  Hicks  Almanac,"  are  the  chief 
publications  of  the  Word  and  Works  Publish- 
ing Company,  a  corporation  organized  by 
Mr.  Hicks,  and  of  which  he  is  vice  president, 
as  well  as  editor  of  all  its  publications.  At 
Wells'  Station,  on  the  Suburban  Electric 
Railroad,  he  has  two  acres  of  lawn,  surround- 
ing a  comfortable  home,  which  has  been 
christened  "Skyview."  Here  he  has  a  fine 
telescope,  through  which  thousands  of  vis- 
itors view  the  heavens  without  charge.  As 
an  observer  of  meteorological  phenomena 
he  has  an  international  reputation,  and  his 
publications  have  been  translated  into  nearly 
all  languages.  In  1865  Mr.  Hicks  married 
Miss  Belle  Abbott,  of  Ripley,  Mississippi, 
who  died  within  a  year  after  their  marriage, 
without  issue.  In  1875  he  married  Miss 
Kate  Miller,  daughter  of  James  Miller,  of 
St.  Louis  County,  and  grandniece  of  John 
Miller,  who  was  one  of  the  early  Governors 
of  Missouri.  In  1885  the  second  Mrs.  Hicks 
died,  leaving  an  infant  daughter,  Irline  Hicks. 
In  1891  Mr.  Hicks  married  Miss  Lily 
Hornsby,  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  children  born 
of  this  union  are  Lilyan  Hicks  and  Irl  R. 
Hicks,  Jr. 

Higbee. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  in 
Randolph  County,  located  nine  miles  south- 
west of  Moberly,  at  the  junction  of  the  Mis- 
souri, Kansas  &  Texas  and  the  Chicago  & 
Alton  Railroads.  It  is  the  third  city  in  pop- 
ulation and  importance  in  the  county,  being 
exceeded  only  by  Moberly  and  Huntsville. 
The  town  was  originally  known  as  Bourns- 
ville,  having  been  thus  originally  named  for 
an  early  settler,  but  upon  the  building  of  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railroad  the 
name  was  changed  to  Higbee.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city  of  the  fourth  class  July 
14,  1891.  It  has  two  good  banks,  three  very 
large  coal  mines,  which  employ  hundreds  of 
men,  and  which  put  out  annually  many  thou- 
sands of  tons  of  fine  bituminous  coal;  two 
hotels,  and  about  thirty-five  stores  and  shops 
in  different  lines  of  trade.    There  are  three 


churches  and  an  exceptionally  good  public 
school.  One  newspaper,  the  "Higbee 
Weekly  News,"  is  published  there.  Popula- 
tion in  1899  (estimated),  1,500. 

Higdoii,  John  E.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Nelson  County,  Kentucky,  six  miles  from 
Bardstown,  March  28,  1836.  His  father, 
Samuel  Higdon,  was  born  in  the 
State  of  Maryland,  in  1803,  later 
moved  to  Ohio,  and  still  later  to 
Hardin  County,  Kentucky.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Anna  Jester,  who  was  born  near 
Dover,  in  the  State  of  Delaware.  The  father 
died  in  Hardin  County  in  1855.  The  mother 
removed  to  Gentry  County,  Missouri,  in 
1857,  where  she  lived  until  her  death,  which 
occurred  in  1872.  The  subject  of  this  nar- 
rative was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
of  the  State  of  his  nativity,  attending  college 
at  Elizabethtown.  After  finishing  the  re- 
quired readings,  he  was  admitted  to  practice 
at  the  bar  in  1857.  His  first  practice  was 
in  Hardin  County,  in  that  State,  later  at 
Louisville,  still  later  at  Pittsburg,  Springfield, 
Pittsfield  and  Griggsville,  Illinois.  Still  later, 
in  1866,  he  removed  to  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, where  he  engaged  in  manufacturing 
pursuits  until  1878,  when  again  he  took  up 
the  legal  profession,  making  patent  law  a 
specialty.  He  has  since  been  the  senior  mem- 
ber of  the  patent  law  firm  of  Higdon  &  Hig- 
don. The  junior  member  of  the  firm,  until 
March  i,  1898,  was  John  C.  Higdon,  his  son, 
who  since  that  time  is  only  a  silent  mem- 
ber, and  who  is  now  the  senior  member  of 
the  patent  law  firm  of  Higdon  &  Longan, 
of  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  attends  to  the  affairs  of  the  firm  in 
Kansas  City,  their  patronage  covering  a  very 
large  portion  of  the  United  States  and  for- 
eign countries,  their  operations  including  the 
soliciting  and  securing  of  patents  as  well  as 
protecting  patent  rights  under  the  statutes 
of  the  same.  Mr.  Higdon  is  a  Democrat, 
and  an  active  member  of  the  Baptist  Church. 
He  was  married,  in  1857,  to  Sarah  Ann 
Baldwin,  of  Hardin  County,  Kentucky.  To 
them  four  children  have  been  born:  Mrs. 
Dr.  E.  C.  Rankin,  of  McLouth,  Kansas ;  John 
C.  Higdon,  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  Mrs.  A. 
A.  Fischer,  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and 
Miss  M.  N.  Higdon,  who  resides  at  home. 
Mr.  Higdon's  career  in  Missouri,  through- 
out a  long  period  of  time,  has  been  one  of 


HIGGINSVILLE— HIGH   LICENSE. 


241 


usefulness  and  credit,  being  mainly  devoted 
to  his  profession,  his  home  and  modest 
social  duties. 

Higginsville. — A  city  in  Lafayette 
County,  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railways, 
twelve  miles  southeast  of  Lexington,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  well  built  and  is  an  active 
business  point,  in  the  midst  of  an  extremely 
rich  agricultural  region.  Its  water  supply  is 
derived  from  bored  wells  and  is  distributed 
by  waterworks  owned  by  the  corporation.  It 
maintains  a  local  telephone  system,  which  has 
connection  with  all  important  places  in  the 
county.  A  handsome  brick  edifice  erected  at 
a  cost  of  $10,000,  the  courthouse  and  city 
hall,  accommodates  the  municipal  offices  and 
the  circuit  court,  which  holds  two  terms  an- 
nually, alternately  with  the  court  sessions  at 
Lexington.  There  are  two  spacious  public 
school  buildings,  valued  at  $8,000;  twelve 
teachers  are  employed,  and  the  enrollment 
of  pupils  is  825.  A  business  college  has  an 
attendance  of  125  students.  There  are 
churches  of  the  Baptist,  Catholic,  Christian, 
Evangelical,  Lutheran,  Cumberland  Presby- 
terian and  Methodist  denominations ;  the 
Methodist  bodies  comprise  Northern  and 
Southern  and  German  congregations.  The 
newspapers  are  the  "Leader"  and  the  "Jeffer- 
sonian,"  both  Democratic;  the  "Advance," 
Republican ;  the  "Thalbote,"  German ;  the 
"Queen  City  Quarterly,"  educational,  and  the 
"Progressive  Bee  Keeper,"  quarterly.  There 
are  two  banks,  two  building  and  loan  asso- 
ciations, a  machine  shop,  two  flourmills,  a 
fruit  cannery  and  a  bee  keepers'  supply 
house.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  are  numer- 
ous extensive  coal  mines,  producing  a  highly 
superior  grade  of  coal,  and  large  brick  yards ; 
these  interests  give  employment  to  about  five 
hundred  men.  Two  miles  from  the  city  is 
the  Missouri  Confederate  Home  (which  see), 
a  State  institution.  Higginsville  was  platted 
in  1869,  and  took  its  name  from  that  of  the 
owner  of  the  land  upon  which  it  was  laid  out, 
Harvey  J.  Higgins.  A.  B.  E.  Lehman  was  the 
first  postmaster  and  storekeeper.     It  was  in- 

torporated  as  a  city  of  the   fourth   class   in 
878.     In  1900  the  population  was  2,791. 


High  Hill. — An  unincorporated  village  in 
[Montgomery  County,  on   the  Wabash  Rail- 
road.    It  is  located    near  the    old    site    of 

Vol.  Ill— 16 


Lewiston,  the  first  county  seat,  and  is  its 
successor.  It  has  a  public  school,  two 
churches,  a  flouring  mill,  two  general  stores 
and  a  few  other  business  places.  Population, 
1899  (estimated),  250. 

High  License. — A  term  applied  to  the 
system  of  largely  increasing  the  cost  of 
saloon  licenses  authorized  by  the  act  of  1877. 
Before  that  the  tax  on  dramshop  license  had 
been  nominal,  and  any  one  could  open  a 
saloon  where  and  when  he  pleased,  and  the 
result  was  that  small  saloons  abounded  in  the 
State,  one  being  found  at  nearly  every  cross 
roads,  where  there  was  a  blacksmith  shop  or 
store ;  and  these  neighborhood  drinking 
places  not  only  bred  idleness  and  encouraged 
dissipation,  but  were  the  scenes  of  fre- 
quent encounters  and  homicides.  Partly  to 
break  up  these  centers  of  disturbances,  partly 
to  promote  the  cause  of  temperance,  and 
partly  to  increase  the  revenue  from  the 
saloons,  the  high  license  law  was  enacted. 
With  the  view  of  allowing  the  counties, 
towns  and  cities  to  reap  the  chief  benefits  of 
the  license  tax,  it  placed  the  minimum  county 
tax  on  a  license  at  $250  for  six  months,  mak- 
ing the  cost  for  a  year  $500,  and  allowing  the 
county  court  to  make  it  greater,  at  its  dis- 
cretion, the  minimum  State  tax  being  $25 
for  six  months,  or  $50  a  year.  It  also  sub- 
jected saloons  to  rigorous  restrictions,  and 
increased  the  penalty  for  selling  without 
license.  The  law  was  attended  almost  from 
the  first  by  marked  and  favorable  results. 
The  lowest  the  tax  on  a  saloon  license  could 
be  was  $550  a  year — and  this  caused  the 
small  saloons  to  disappear  and  reduced  the 
whole  number  in  the  State  nearly  one-half. 
In  the  year  1898,  of  the  115  counties  in  the 
State  (counting  the  city  of  St.  Louis  as  one) 
fifty-five  of  them  charged  $500  a  year  for 
license;  eleven  charged  $550;  twelve  charged 
$600 ;  six  charged  $700,  and  four  charged 
$800 — causing  the  total  cost  of  a  saloon 
license  in  these  counties,  with  the  State  tax 
of  $100  a  year  added,  to  be  $600  to  $900. 
The  saloon  license  tax  yielded  to  the  counties, 
in  1898,  a  revenue  of  ^1,699,457,  and  to  the 
State  $336,480,  making  a  total  of  $2,035,937. 
The  towns  and  cities  are  allowed  to  charge 
a  tax  of  their  own,  and  this  tax  varies  from 
$300  to  $1,000  a  year.  The  most  marked 
effects  of  the  high  license  system  are  ex- 
hibited in  the  interior  of  the  State,  particu- 


242 


HIGH   POINT— HIGHSMITH. 


larly  in  those  counties  where  there  are  no 
large  towns.  In  1898  there  were  eighteen 
counties  in  Missouri — Adair,  Bollinger,  Car- 
ter, Dallas,  Daviess,  Dent,  Gentry,  Harrison, 
Hickory,  Mercer,  Ozark,  Polk,  Putnam, 
Reynolds,  Shelby,  Stone,  Webster  and 
Worth — without  a  licensed  saloon;  there 
were  twelve  Avith  only  one  each;  and  there 
were  sixteen  others  with  only  three  each. 
The  high  license  system  may  be  said  to  be  a 
Missouri  product.  It  had  been  experimented 
with  in  Illinois  before,  but  it  did  not  attract 
attention  until  the  successful  working  of  it  in 
Missouri  caused  its  merit  to  be  recognized, 
and  then  it  was  introduced  in  many  other 
States. 

High  Point. — A  village  in  Moniteau 
County,  twelve  miles  south  of  California.  Its 
beginning  dates  from  1831,  when  H.  H. 
Simpson  located  upon  land  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. In  1843  ^63-d  was  found  near  by,  and 
H.  W.  Kelly  built  a  store,  and  soon  a  good- 
sized  settlement  was  formed,  and  a  flax- 
mill  and  two  churches  were  built.  The  town 
contains  150  population,  and  has  a  few  gen- 
eral stores  and  small  shops.  It  is  the  most 
elevated  point  in  Moniteau  County. 

Highland.— A  village  adjacent  to  St. 
Louis,  laid  out  by  John  R.Shepley,  August  i, 
1848.  It  became  a  part  of  the  city,  December 
5,  1855,  and  extends  from  Jefferson  to  Lef- 
fingwell  Avenues,  between  Laclede  Avenue 
and  Eugenia  Street. 


Highland    County.— See 

County." 


"Sullivan 


Highsmith,  George  Rolla,  physician, 
surgeon  and  contributor  to  medical  litera- 
ture, was  born  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  Decem- 
ber 4,  1848.  When  he  was  about  two  years 
of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Lincoln 
County,  Missouri,  and  a  year  later  to  Craw- 
ford County,  Illinois,  where  his  mother  soon 
afterward  died.  At  the  age  of  twelve  years, 
Dr.  Highsmith  was  thrown  on  his  own  re- 
sources. A  thirst  for  knowledge  was  a  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic  of  the  lad,  and  all 
his  energies  were  directed  to  the  acquirement 
of  an  education.  He  labored  at  whatever  his 
hands  found  to  do,  attencied  district  schools 
when  opportunity  oflfered,  began  teaching 
school    when    but    sixteen,  and    for    several 


years  pursued  that  vocation.  When  nineteen 
years  of  age  he  came  to  Missouri  and  took 
a  course  of  instruction  at  the  Normal  School 
aj;  Kirksville.  Having  chosen  medicine  as 
his  profession,  he  took  up  the  study  in  con- 
nection with  his  business  as  teacher,  and 
later  (in  1875),  he  graduated  from  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  at  St.  Louis.  He 
located  at  DeWitt,  in  Carroll  County,  Mis- 
souri, and  engaged  in  active  practice.  In  1882 
he  went  to  New  York  City  and  spent  a  year, 
taking  a  post-graduate  course  at  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  receiving  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  medicine,  and  also  took 
special  courses  in  surgery,  diseases  of  women 
and  children,  diseases  of  the  ear,  nose  and 
throat,  and  physical  diagnosis.  Returning 
to  DeWitt,  he  continued  in  practice  there 
until  1888,  when  he  removed  to  CarroUton, 
Missouri,  where  he  has  since  practiced.  Dr. 
Highsmith  is  an  active  member  of  the  Carroll 
County  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  has 
been  president ;  Grand  River  District  Med- 
ical Society;  North  Missouri  District  Med- 
ical Society,  of  which  he  has  been  president ; 
Missouri  State  Medical  Society,  of  which 
he  has  been  president ;  Tri-State  Medical 
Society ;  Western  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Association ;  Missouri  Valley  Medical  Soci- 
ety; Wabash  Railway  Surgical  Association, 
of  which  he  has  been  president ;  International 
Railway  Surgical  Association ;  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  Medical  and 
Surgical  Association,  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  Among  his  contribu- 
tions to  medical  and  surgical  literature  may 
be  mentioned :  "That  Sort  of  Thing ;"  "A 
Single  Dressing  After  Amputation;"  "Lig- 
atures Cut  Short;"  "The  Country  Practi- 
tioner ;"  "Gynecological  Humbuggery ;" 
"The  General  Practitioner;"  "Dreams  That 
Came  True ;"  "Does  Missouri  Need  a  Home 
For  Epileptics?"  "Sexual  Sins;"  "Methods  of 
Teaching,  Laboratory  Endowment  and  the 
Value  of  Laboratory  Work ;"  and  "Trauma  | 
an  Etiologic  Factor  in  Tuberculosis  of  Bones  * 
and  Joints."  He  is  also  author  of  the  follow- 
ing lectures :  "Chips  and  Whetstones ;" 
"Development ;"  "The  Relation  of  the  Med- 
ical Profession  to  Popular  Education;" 
"Heredity  and  Crime  ;"  "Contributions  of  the 
Medical  Profession  to  General  Literature 
and  Collateral  Sciences ;"  "The  Doctor  in 
Literature,"  etc.  Dr.  Highsmith  is  a  man 
of  extensive  reading,  a  clear  thinker,  and  one 


HILDEBRAND,   THE   OUTI.AW. 


243 


who  keeps  in  kindred  touch  with  the  most 
modern  and  advanced  thought  in  medical 
science.  He  is  poetic  in  feeUng  and  sen- 
timent, as  his  writings  show,  and  the  ardent 
champion  of  the  country  practitioner,  beUev- 
ing  that  much  of  the  best  talent  in  the  med- 
ical field  is  to  be  found  among  the  rank  and 
file  of  the  village  and  country  physicians. 
He  was  married  October  17,  1877,  to  Miss 
Emma  F.  McKinney,  of  Carroll  County, 
Missouri.  They  have  one  daughter,  Mary 
Elizabeth,  born  August  23,  1883. 

Hildebrand,    the    Outlaw. — Of  the 

class  of  men  known  as  guerrillas,  bush- 
whackers and  desperadoes,  with  which  Mis- 
souri, particularly  the  southern  part,  was 
infested  during  and  for  some  years  after  the 
Civil  War,  none  were  more  noted  nor  had 
any  such  a  record  as  a  "man-killer,"  as 
Samuel  S.  Hildebrand.  Of  him  many  books 
have  been  written,  chiefly  fiction,  and  the 
character  of  the  man  has  been  presented  ac- 
cording to  the  prejudices  of  the  biographers. 
By  some  his  acts  have  been  commended,  by 
others  condemned ;  some  have  placed  him 
in  the  role  of  a  martyr  or  avenger,  others 
have  classed  him  with  the  darkest  dyed 
criminals,  a  man  without  moral  principle, 
and  by  nature  a  murderer.  Hildebrand  was 
a  scion  of  a  pioneer  family  of  Missouri ;  his 
ancestors  were  from  Germany.  He  was  born 
at  Big  River,  in  St.  Francois  County,  Jan- 
uary 6,  1836.  In  appearance  he  was  a  type 
of  the  degenerate  Dane.  He  was  tall,  raw- 
boned,  his  cheek  bones  high  and  protruding, 
his  complexion  pallid,  and  his  color  bright- 
ened by  almost  scarlet  spots  on  his  cheeks, 
his  hair  light  and  beard  scraggy,  with  eyes  of 
"blue,  cold  and  almost  expressionless.  He 
married  when  nineteen  years  old.  He  was 
remarkable  for  his  laziness,  and,  as  he  admits 
in  his  autobiography,  was  perfectly  illiterate, 
not  knowing  two  letters  of  the  alphabet. 
Nearly  a  score  of  times  he  was  arrested  for 
hog-stealing,  though  he  claimed  that  the 
charges  were  unjust.  Early  in  the  spring  of 
1861  depredations  in  St.  Francois  and  neigh- 
boring counties  caused  the  organization  of  a 
vigilance  committee,  composed  of  both 
Northern  and  Southern  sympathizers  of  con- 
servative views,  bent  upon  protecting  their 
farms  and  property.  Hildebrand  and  a 
brother  named  Frank  were  known  to  have 
stolen  a  number  of  horses  and  mules  and  sold 


them  to  Confederate  forces.  One  day  Frank 
Hildebrand,  at  the  point  of  his  gun,  made  a 
Mrs.  Carney  disrhount  and  give  him  the 
horse  she  rode.  Soon  after,  Frank  was 
arrested  and  tried  on  a  charge  of  horse- 
stealing and  murder.  Firman  Mcllvaine  was 
president  of  the  vigilance  committee.  The 
committee  turned  Frank  over  to  a  committee 
of  three,  one  of  whom  was  Mr.  Carney,  hus- 
band of  the  wronged  woman,  and  the  next 
day  young  Hildebrand's  body  was  found 
suspended  to  a  tree  near  Punjaub,  in  Ste. 
Genevieve  County.  Sam  Hildebrand,  who 
was  also  being  looked  after  by  the  commit- 
tee, started  out  to  avenge  his  brother's  death. 
His  first  victim  was  Cornecious,  who  had  told 
the  vigilantes  where  his  brother  Frank  could 
be  found.  He  was  waylaid  and  shot.  Fir- 
man Mcllvaine  was  the  next  to  fall.  He  was 
shot  from  behind  a  fence  at  a  distance  of 
120  yards,  while  whetting  his  cradle  scythe  in 
his  wheat  field.  After  this  Sam  Hildebrand 
vacillated  between  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 
By  General  Jeflf  Thompson  he  was  given  a 
major's  commission,  a  document  he  did  not 
know  the  purport  of,  nor  did  he  know  the 
rank  it  conferred,  but  he  construed  it  to 
mean  authority  for  him  to  carry  on  warfare 
as  he  pleased,  and  particularly  to  war  against 
his  enemies,  and  this  he  did  with  an  ardor 
rarely  equaled.  In  his  confession,  made  to 
Dr.  A.  Wendell  Keith,  of  St.  Francois 
County,  in  1870,  he  confessed  to  the  kilHng 
of  nearly  one  hundred  men,  but  this  is  evi- 
dently an  exaggeration,  as  careful  investiga- 
tion in  all  parts  of  the  country  infested  by 
him,  revealed  that  he  had  killed  only  thirty. 
During  the  war  his  greatest  following  was 
sixteen  men.  His  knowledge  of  the  country, 
and  his  instinct,  almost  identical  with  that  of 
the  Indian,  enabled  him  to  evade  his  pursu- 
ers. He  was  an  excellent  marksman  and  ap- 
parently devoid  of  fear.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  continued  his  depredations,  and 
Governor  McClurg  offered  a  reward  for 
him,  dead  or  alive.  He  was  pursued  by 
posses  without  number,  and  in  1869  was  shot 
and  wounded  in  the  thigh  by  Dr.  Cyrus  A. 
Peterson,  a  citizen  who  tried  to  capture  him. 
After  this  he  went  to  Arkansas  and  then  to 
Texas.  In  both  States  he  was  indicted  for 
murder,  and  more  than  twenty  indictments 
for  murder  in  the  first  degree  were  returned 
against  him  in  Missouri.  In  1872,  under  the 
name  of  John  Ferguson,  he   rented   a   farm 


244 


HILDKBRAND'S   CAVE— HILL. 


near  Pinckneyville,  Illinois,  became  intox- 
icated and  attempted  to  kill  a  respectable 
German  resident  of  the  town.  Two  loaded 
revolvers  and  two  bowie  knives  were  taken 
from  him,  and  by  the  city  marshal,  John 
Ragsdale,  he  was  being  taken  to  jail.  On 
the  way  he  drew,  from  beneath  the  collar 
of  his  coat,  a  dirk  a  foot  in  length,  and  with 
it  made  a  lunge  at  the  marshal,  who  fell  in 
avoiding  the  blow,  the  knife  cutting  his  leg. 
As  Hildebrand  was  about  to  plunge  the  knife 
the  second  time  into  the  body  of  the  pros- 
trate marshal,  the  later  shot  him,  the  bullet 
entering  beneath  the  chin  and  pushing 
through  his  head,  killing  him  almost  in- 
stantly. Hildebrand's  fifteen-year-old  son 
was  with  him  and  told  who  he  was.  The  body 
was  taken  to  Farmington,  in  St.  Francois 
County,  where  it  was  fully  identified.  Of 
Hildebrand's  victims  in  Missouri  only  one,- 
James  Mcllvaine,  was  killed  in  self-defense, 
and  all  were  citizens  except  one  who  was  a 
Federal  soldier. 

Hildebrand's  Cave.  —  A  cave  on  Big 
River,  near  the  northern  line  of  St.  Francois 
County,  named  after  the  notorious  outlaw, 
Sam  Hildebrand,  who  made  it  a  safe  retreat. 
It  is  located  in  a  high  bluflf  of  the  river.  The 
entrance,  some  forty  feet  above  the  bed  of 
the  stream  and  accessible  only  by  a  narrow 
path,  on  a  projecting  ledge  winding  from  the 
top  of  the  cliflf,  can  not  be  seen  from  either 
top  or  bottom.  Hildebrand  remained  in  this 
cave  for  a  month  in  1869,  when  he  was 
recovering  from  a  gunshot  wound  in  his 
thigh,  received  from  one  of  his  pursuers.  Only 
one  man  at  a  time  could  pass  over  the  ap- 
proach to  it,  and  the  outlaw  could  have  de- 
fended himself  against  an  army  in  this 
stronghold. 

Hill,  Alonzo  D.,  physician,  was  born 
August  24,  1836,  in  Havana,  Schuyler 
County,  New  York,  son  of  Caleb  and  Eunice 
(Durfey)  Hill,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of 
Connecticut.  Caleb  Hill  removed  from  Con- 
necticut to  Pennsylvania  in  his  young  man- 
hood and  married  there  in  1825.  Soon 
afterward  he  removed  to  New  York  State, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  until  1882,  in 
which  year  he  and  his  wife  died,  the  husband 
on  December  9th,  and  the  wife  August  nth 
of  that  year.  The  elder  Hill  was  a  master 
builder  by  occupation.     Dr.  Hill  finished  his 


academic  education  at  the  graded  high  school 
in  Havana,  and  during  the  years   1859  and 
i860    he    attended  medical    lectures    at    the 
famous  State  University  of  Michigan,  located 
at  Ann  Arbor.     He  then  came  to  Missouri 
and  began  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Bloom- 
field  in  Stoddard  County.     In  1861  he  joined 
the    State    troops    called    out    by    Governor 
Jackson  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War, 
and  served  as  assistant   brigade   surgeon   in 
General   Jeff  Thompson's  command   for  six 
months.     His  term  of  enlistment  having  ex- 
pired,  he  returned    to    Bloomfield,  and    in 
company  with  thirty  others  was  arrested  by 
the  Federal  authorities  and   taken   to    Cape 
Girardeau.       There   they   were   released   on 
parole,  and  some  time  later  Dr.  Hill  went  to 
Marion,  New  York,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  the  private  practice  of  his  profession  dur- 
ing the  next  year.     At  the  end  of  that  time 
he    joined    the    Ninth    New    York    Heavy 
Artillery  Regiment  for  service  in  the  Union 
Army.     Shortly  afterward  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Sixth   Army  Corps   and  detailed   for 
duty  in  the  artillery  hospital.     In  this  capac- 
ity he  served  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 
At  the  close  of  the  war   he  returned  to  Mis- 
souri and  again  began  practicing  at  Bloom- 
field,  continuing  at  the  same  time  his  medical 
studies.     In    1866   he    received   his   doctor's 
degree  from  Miami  Medical  College  of  Cin- 
cinnati,   Ohio.     In    1873    he    removed   from 
Bloomfield    to    Dexter,    Missouri,    and    has 
continued  his  professional  labors  at  the  last 
named   place   up   to   the  present  time.     For 
thirty-five     years     he     has     practiced     con- 
tinuously   in    Stoddard    County,    and    he    is 
highly   esteemed   both   for   his    professional 
attainments  and  his  many  good  qualities  as  a 
man  and  a  citizen.     David  B.  Hill,  the  dis- 
tinguished     Qx-Governor      and      ex-United 
States  Senator  of  New  York,  is  a  brother  of 
Dr.    Hill,    and    the    two    men    have    many 
characteristics  in  common.  Like  his  brother,^ 
Dr.  Hill  is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  he  has 
never  sought  office  of  any  kind.     His   most 
active  efforts  in  public  affairs  have  been  put 
forth  in  favor  of  legislation  prohibiting  the 
liquor   traffic,   of    which   he    is    an    ardent 
advocate.     He  is  examining  physician  to  the 
New  York  Life  and   Aetna    Life    Insurance 
Companies,  and  also  to  the  Fraternal  Home 
and  Supreme  Court  of  Honor.    His  religious 
affiliations  are  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  and   he  is  a  member   of  the 


HILL. 


245 


Masonic  order.  January  6,  1877,  Dr.  Hill 
married  Miss  Emma  E.  Montgomery,  a 
native  of  Tennessee,  and  they  have  one  child, 
a  daughter. 

Hill,  Britton  Armstrong,  lawyer 
and  author,  was  born  in  Hunterdon  County, 
New  Jersey,  December  7,  1816,  and  died  in 
St.  Louis  in  1888.  After  completing  his 
education  at  Ogdensburg,  New  York,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839.  Two  years 
later  he  came  to  St.  Louis.  He  first  formed 
a  partnership  with  John  M.  Eager,  which 
continued  in  existence  until  1848.  Two  years 
later  he  associated  with  himself  his  brother, 
David  W.  Hill,  and  William  N.  Grover,  of 
Illinois.  This  partnership  was  dissolved  in 
1858,  and  thereafter  Mr.  Hill  devoted  himself 
largely  to  the  practice  of  land,  insurance  and 
railroad  law.  From  1861  to  1871  he  practiced 
in  partnership  with  D.  T.  Jewett,  and  from 
1863  to  1865  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Ewing,  Hill  &  Browning,  of  Washington 
City.  From  1873  to  1876  Frank  J.  Bowman, 
of  Vermont,  was  the  partner  of  Mr.  Hill  in 
St.  Louis,  and  after  that  he  retired  practi- 
cally from  active  practice  and  devoted  himself 
to  literary  work.  He  was  a  daily  visitor 
among  the  poor  of  the  city,  administering  to 
the  sick  and  relieving  the  distress  of  those  in 
want  by  all  the  means  in  his  power,  and  at 
his  own  expense.  In  1873  he  wrote  and  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled  "Liberty  and  Law  Un- 
der Federative  Government,"  and  in  1876 
published  two  pamphlets  on  monetary  ques- 
tions. In  1877  he  published  another  pamphlet 
entitled  "Gold,  Silver  and  Paper  as  Full, 
Equal,  Legal  Tenders,"  and  the  monetary 
system  which  he  advocated  in  this  paper  was 
that  which  was  put  into  effect  in  1878  by 
Congress  and  the  United  State  Treasury 
Department.  In  1877  he  was  instrumental 
in  having  called  at  St.  Louis  a  State  con- 
vention which  declared  in  favor  of  the  over- 
throw of  monopolies,  government  control  of 
railroads  and  telegraphs  and  other  internal 
improvements,  postal  savings  banks,  inter- 
national clearing-houses,  courts  of  arbitra- 
tion, and  for  restoration  to  the  people  of  the 
unearned  public  domain  held  by  railroad 
companies.  In  the  campaign  of  that  year  he 
made  an  active  canvass,  but  his  health  failed, 
and  he  retired  from  active  participation  in 
politics,  although  he  was  the  candidate  of  the 
anti-monopoly    party    for    Congress    in    the 


Ninth  Missouri  District  in  1882.  Mr.  Hill 
was  twice  married;  first  to  Miss  Mary  M. 
Shepard,  daughter  of  Elihu  H.  Shepard,  one 
of  the  pioneers  of  St.  Louis,  and  second,  to 
Miss  Johanna  Behrens,  of  St.  Charles,  Mis- 
souri. 

Hill,  Howard,  physician,  was  born  in 
Lisbon,  Howard  County,  Missouri.  On  the 
paternal  side  he  is  descended  from  the  Hill 
and  Urquahart  families,  the  former  coming 
from  England  about  1800,  and  the  latter 
from  Scotland  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1750,  re- 
moving thence  to  Canada  in  1775.  On  the 
maternal  side  he  is  descended  from  the  Bliss 
family,  which  came  from  England  to  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  about  1750,  and  from 
the  Smith  family,  of  Verrriont  and  of  Can- 
ada. A  maternal  ancestor,  Colonel  Meade, 
served  with  Vermont  troops  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  W.  Nelson  Hill  was  a  native 
of  Canada,  and  from  1853  to  1865  made  his 
home  in  Australia;  he  married  Olive  Bliss, 
a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York.  The 
family  home  was  in  Howard  County,  Mis- 
souri. The  first  named  died  in  1888,  at  West- 
port,  Missouri;  the  last  named  is  yet  living 
in  Kansas  City.  Their  son,  Howard,  was 
reared  upon  a  farm,  and  was  educated  in 
the  public  school  at  Walnut  Grove,  Missouri, 
and  in  the  Shawnee  (Kansas)  Mission  School. 
In  1892  he  entered  the  Kansas  City  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1895,  being  awarded  the  faculty  prize  for 
general  proficiency.  He  at  once  entered 
upon  general  practice,  in  which  he  now  ren- 
ders acceptable  service  to  a  large  and  influ- 
ential patronage.  In  1897  he  became  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College,  in  1898  lecturer  on  anatomy  and 
assistant  to  the  chair  of  clinical  surgery,  and 
in  1 899- 1 900  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 
same  institution.  In  1900  he  became  profes- 
sor of  surgical  anatomy  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  at  Kansas  City, 
Kansas.  In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  and 
in  religion  a  Methodist.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  order  of  Modern  Woodmen  of  America, 
and  formerly  served  as  examining  physician 
for  that  order.  Dr.  Hill  was  married,  June 
10,  1891,  to  Miss  Lillie  Wiedenmann,  daugh- 
ter of  Christian  Wiedenmann,  an  early  settler 
at  Westport,  where  he  lived  for  more  than 
fifty  years,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time 
engaged  as  a  builder.     Two  children    have 


246 


HILL. 


been  born  of  this  marriage,  Nelson  and  Mary 
Hill. 

Hill,  John  W.,  farmer  and  stock- 
breeder, was  born  in  Jefiferson  County,  In- 
diana, January  lo,  1848,  son  of  Louis  C. 
and  Mary.  J.  Hill.  The  family  was  well  known 
at  an  early  day  in  Virginia,  from  which  State 
they  removed  to  Pennsylvania  and  thence 
to  Kentucky,  where  many  descendants  bear- 
ing the  name  still  reside.  The  father,  Louis 
C.  Hill,  who  was  a  farmer,  came  to  Missouri 
about  1865,  and  settled  in  Livingston  County, 
four  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  John  W.  Hill 
was  reared  on  his  father's  farm  and  attended 
the  common  schools  in  the  neighborhood. 
Unlike  so  many  similarly  reared,  he  did  not 
seek  opportunity  to  escape  from  it  and  de- 
vote himself  to  a  professional  or  commer- 
cial life,  but  followed  farming  with  the 
ardor  of  a  man  enamored  of  his  vocation; 
and  his  experience  illustrates  the  truth  that 
when  a  man  honors  his  calling,  his  calling 
will  honor  him,  for  it  has  brought  him  pros- 
perity, infi^ience  and  happiness,  and  enabled 
'"him  to  be  a  benefit  to  others.  In  the  culti- 
vation of  his  ground  and  the  management 
of  his  crops  he  brought  a  high  degree  of 
intelligence  to  the  task,  and  his  farming  has 
been  patterned  after  the  most  improved  and 
productive  modern  methods  practiced  else- 
where. He  was  accustomed  to  reflect,  com- 
pare and  make  experiments,  and  when  these 
experiments  revealed  the  best  methods  of 
planting  and  cultivating,  he  disregarded  the 
old  slovenly  habits  of  farming  and  carefully 
applied  the  new.  The  result  is  that  his  farm 
is  one  of  the  best  of  its  size  in  north  Mis- 
souri, and  his  system  of  farming  is  admired 
by  all  who  have  a  knowledge  of  it.  Some 
years  ago,  before  the  decline  in  the  demand 
for  horses  and  mules  impaired  the  business, 
he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  breeding 
of  mules,  and  contributed  no  little  to  the 
high  reputation  that  Missouri  enjoyed  for 
size,  symmetry  and  beauty  of  these  animals ; 
but  of  late  years  he  has  directed  his  efforts 
mainly  to  cattle.  He  has  254  acres  in  his 
home  farm,  and  600  acres  in  all,  most  of 
it  devoted  to  grain,  grass  and  pasture.  His 
reputation  as  an  intelligent,  observant  and 
successful  farmer  extends  over  north  Mis- 
souri, and  under  Governor  Stone's  adminis- 
tration he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 


State  Board  of  Agriculture,  composed  of 
one  member  from  each  congressional  dis- 
trict, with  the  Governor  and  dean  of  the 
x\gricultural  College  as  ex-oMcio  members, 
and  in  1900  he  was  president  of  the  board. 
He  is  a  Democrat,  and  for  several  years  has 
been  chairman  of  the  Livingston  County 
Democratic  central  committee.  He  is  also 
a  director  in  the  Farmers'  Mutual  Insurance 
Company,  at  Chillicothe.  Mr.  Hill  was  mar- 
ried, November  2y,  1873,  to  Martha  A. 
Evans,  of  Livingston  County,  and  they  have 
one  child,  William  F.  Hill,  born  August  i, 
1878. 

Hill,  Joseph,  civil  engineer  and  railroad 
manager,  was  born  near  Urbana,  Ohio,  No- 
vember 17,  1824,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Sep- 
tember 27,  1896.  He  was  reared  on  a  farm, 
attended  a  country  school,  and  after  ob- 
taining a  good  English  education  he  began 
teaching,  earning  the  means  of  completing 
a  course  of  study  at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University,  of  Delaware,  Ohio,  where,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  regular  curriculum,  he  took 
a  special  course  in  civil  engineering.  After 
leaving  college  he  entered,  a  dry  goods  store 
in  Urbana  as  a  clerk,  and  later  became  the 
owner.  He  then  engaged  with  the  engi- 
neering corps  of  the  Columbus,  Piqua  & 
Indiana  Railroad.  In  1853  he  became 
chief  engineer  of  the  Atlantic  &  Great  West- 
ern Railway  Company,  and  surveyed  and 
built  the  road  through  the  States  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York.  Later  he  was  su- 
perintendent of  this  line.  In  1862  he  aided 
in  recruiting  the  Forty-fifth  Ohio  Volun- 
teer Infantry  Regiment,  and  was  commis- 
sioned major.  He  served  in  the  field  until 
sickness  compelled  him  to  resign,  having 
been  promoted  to  lieutenant  colonel.  After 
his  recovery  he  was  appointed  chief  engi- 
neer of  a  line  of  railway,  now  a  part  of 
the  Pennsylvania  system,  and  some  time  later 
became  superintendent  of  the  Chicago  di- 
vision. He  retained  the  last  named  posi- 
tion until  1881,  and  then  removed  to  St. 
Louis  as  general  superintendent  of  the  Van- 
dalia  Line.  In  1887  he  became  assistant 
general  manager,  retaining  that  position 
until  1894,  when  he  resigned  to  retire  to 
private  life.  At  the  same  time  he  resigned 
the  general  superintendency  of  the  St.  Louis 
&  Carondelet  Railroad.  He  was  largely  in- 
terested   in    various    important    enterprises. 


HILL. 


247 


chief  among  them  being  the  Union  Trust 
Company  and  the  Continental  National 
Bank,  in  both  of  which  he  was  a  director, 
and  the  first  named  of  which  he  helped  to 
organize.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  its  first  board  of  directors  and  was 
several  times  re-elected. 

Hill,  Thomas  W.,  mine-operator,  was 
born  September  28,  1851,  in  Wilson  Cotinty, 
Tennessee,  son  of  John  L.  and  Lillie  A. 
(Davis)  Hill,  the  first  named  of  whom  was 
born  in  Williamson  County,  Tennessee, 
twelve  miles  south  of  Nashville,  on  a  planta- 
tion that  has  been  in  the  family  for  three 
generations.  The  original  owner  of  the 
plantation  was  Green  Hill,  the  great-grand- 
father of  Thomas  W.  Hill.  The  next  owner 
was  Joshua  Hill,  and  from  him  it  passed  to 
John  L.  Hill,  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  All  three  of  these  ancestors  of  Mr. 
Hill  were  ministers  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  Green  Hill  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  but  passed  the  early  years  of  his 
life  in  Virginia.  Including  the  present  gen- 
eration, four  generations  of  the  family  have 
been  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  in  this 
country.  The  father,  grandfather  and  great- 
grandfather of  Thomas  W.  Hill  were  slave- 
owners, but  were  noted  for  their  kindness 
to  the  bondsmen,  and  after  emancipation 
many  of  these  former  slaves  remained  on 
the  old  plantation  in  Tennessee.  In  1852 
John  L.  Hill  died  at  his  home  in  Tennessee. 
His  wife  afterward  married  John  MaxweU, 
and  is  still  living  in  Overton  County,  in  that 
State.  Thomas  W.  Jlill  obtained  his  edu- 
cation at  Spring  Hill  Academy,  in  Maury 
County,  and  at  Hardiman  Academy,  in  Wil- 
liamson County,  Tennessee.  He  completed 
his  studies  when  he  was  about  twenty  years 
of  age,  and  October  2^,  1872,  married  Miss 
Ada  V.  Paschall,  whose  parents  were  na- 
tives of  North  Carolina,  in  which  State  Mrs. 
Hill  was  born,  the  town  of  Oxford  having 
been  her  birthplace.  During  the  Civil  War 
her  parents  resided  in  Alabama.  Later  they 
removed  to  Williamson  County,  Tennessee, 
where  she  met  and  married  Mr.  Hill.  Her 
parents  were  the  founders  of  Hardiman 
Academy,  a  noted  educational  institution, 
located  at  Triune,  Tennessee.  In  the  spring 
of  1873  Mr.  Hill  and  his  wife  removed  from 
Tennessee  to  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  and 


settled  on  a  farm  in  Jbplin  Township,  on 
which  they  lived  for  nine  years  thereafter. 
During  this  time  he  was  engaged  mainly 
in  farming  and  stock-raising,  but  in  1879 
made  his  first  venture  in  mining.  In  that 
year  he  sunk  the  first  shaft  at  what  is  known 
as  the  Troup  Mines,  and  since  then  he  has 
been  continuously  identified  with  mining  op- 
erations. For  two  years  he  operated  at 
the  noted  Eleventh  Hour  Mine.  In  1895  he 
opened  the  Good  Enough  Mines,  on  what 
is  known  locally  as  the  "McKinley  Lease," 
and  in  1898  he  built  on  that  property  an 
eighty-ton  stamp  mill.  In  1899  he  built  a 
hundred-ton  mill  on  the  famous  Mount  Ara- 
rat Hill,  on  the  "Tom  Connor"  land.  This 
is  said  to  be  the  best  ten-acre  tract  of  min- 
eral land  in  Jasper  County.  Mining  opera- 
tions are  now  being  carried  on  there  at  a 
depth  of  220  feet,  with  a  face  of  ore  of 
over  100  feet.  Mr.  Hill  owns  a  one-half  in- 
terest in  the  lease  of  this  land.  As  a  min- 
ing operator  he  has  been  remarkably  suc- 
cessful, and  for  years  he  has  been  recognized 
as  one  of  the  best  authorities  in  the  Missouri- 
Kansas  mineral  belt  in  regard  to  everything 
pertaining  to  mineral  interests.  In  politics 
Mr.  Hill  is  a  Jefifersonian  Democrat,  belong- 
ing to  that  branch  of  his  party  which  cham- 
pions the  free  coinage  of  silver  at  the  ratio 
of  sixteen  to  one.  Holding  these  views,  it 
follows  as  a  natural  consequence  that  he  is 
an  ardent  admirer  of  the  eloquent  advocate 
of  free  coinage  and  the  leader  of  his  party, 
William  J.  Bryan.  In  fraternal  circles  Mr. 
Hill  is  known  as  a  member  of  the  order  of 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  of  the  order  of 
Select  Knights.  The  children  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Hill  are  Lillie  A.,  wife  of  Sherman 
Smith,  a  resident  of  Newton  County ;  Carrie, 
wife  of  Frank  Boyer,  of  Prosperity,  Jasper 
County;  Virginia,  Katie,  Thomas  W.  and 
Laura  Edith  Hill. 

Hill,  Timothy,  a  prominent  Presby- 
terian divine,  than  whom  few  men  have  had 
more  to  do  with  molding  the  religious  life  of 
the  West,  was  born  June  30,  1819,  in  Mason, 
New  Hampshire.  Tracing  his  ancestry 
along  many  lines  to  the  earliest  Puritan  set- 
tlers of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  and 
their  descendants,  who  proved  their  piety 
and  patriotism  by  the  parts  they  took  in  the 
founding  and  defense  of  that  Commonwealth 
and  of  the  nation,  he  displayed,  throughout 


248 


HILL. 


his  life  those  same  qualities  of  head  and 
heart  which  made  their  influence  so  potent 
and  far-reaching.  His  father  was  the  Rev. 
Ebenezer  Hill,  a  native  of  Boston,  a  gradu- 
ate of  Harvard  College  in  1786,  a  student 
of  theology  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Seth  Payson, 
of  Rindge,  New  Hampshire,  and  ordained 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  of 
Mason,  New  Hampshire,  November  3,  1790. 
His  pastorate  continued  until  his  death,  May 
20,  1854.  In  the  days  when  the  church  was 
maintained  by  the  town,  such  long  pastor- 
ates were  more  common  than  now.  The 
lives  of  several  succeeding  generations  were 
thus  influenced  by  him  who,  called  in  youth, 
spent  his  whole  ministerial  life  with  the  one 
people.  The  history  of  the  church,  preserved 
in  its  records,  was  largely  that  of  the  town, 
whose  most  respected  and  prominent  citizen 
was  its  minister.  This  is  proven  by  the  "His- 
tory of  Mason,"  page  324,  and  the  "Memoirs 
of  the  Rev.  Ebenezer  Hill,"  page  114,  both 
published  in  1858,  by  the  late  Honorable 
John  B.  Hill,  of  Bangor,  Maine.  Dr.  Hill's 
mother,  Abigail  Jones  (Stearns),  was  the 
third  wife  of  the  Rev.  Ebenezer  Hill,  and 
daughter  of  Colonel  Timothy  Jones,  of  Bed- 
ford, •  Massachusetts.  Dr.  Hill  was  the 
youngest  of  a  large  and  widely  scattered 
family,  all  trained  to  habits  of  industry  and 
educated  for  positions  of  usefulness,  which 
they  long  filled  with  modesty  and  honor.  His 
education  after  leaving  the  home  farm  was 
obtained  at  the  New  Ipswich  (New  Hamp- 
shire) Academy,  class  of  1838;  Dartmouth 
College,  1842,  and  Union  Theological  Sem- 
inary, 1845.  During  and  after  his  college 
course  he  taught  school  for  several  years. 
His  choice  after  leaving  the  seminary  was 
to  go  as  a  missionary  to  India,  but  Provi- 
dential causes  turned  his  steps  toward  the 
home  mission  field.  In  the  fall  of  1845  he  was 
one  of  the  ten  young  theologues  induced  by 
the  late  Dr.  Artemas  BuUard  to  locate  in  Mis- 
souri. His  first  winter  was  spent  in  Mon- 
roe County,  after  which  he  settled  in  St. 
Charles,  where  he  was  ordained  October 
22,  1846,  and  remained  in  charge  of  the  New 
School  Presbyterian  Church  until  185 1.  He 
then  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  organized 
the  Fairmount  Presbyterian  Church,  of 
which  he  was  pastor  until  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War.  In  1861  he  removed  to  Illi- 
nois, and  supplied  the  churches  at  Rose- 
mond  and  Shelbyville  about  two  years  each. 


In  all  the  years  of  political  agitation  preced- 
ing and  during  the  war  he  was  an  ardent 
Whig,  and  later  a  Republican  in  politics,  well 
known  as  a  decided  anti-slavery  man  in  the 
days  when  such  were  much  in  the  minority  in 
Missouri.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  Missouri,  settling  in  Kansas  City, 
where  he  organized  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  July  16,  1865.  This  church  belonged 
to  what  was  then  known  as  the  New  School 
Synod  of  Missouri,  of  which  its  pastor  had 
long  been  a  prominent  member.  For  years 
he  was  its  stated  clerk  and  three  times  its 
moderator.  Through  his  efforts  the  Sec- 
ond Church  was  the  first  of  the  many 
churches  organized  in  Kansas  City  after  the 
war,  to  procure  a  house  of  worship,  and  from 
the  beginning  it  secured  a  foremost  position 
among  the  churches  of  the  city,  which  it  has 
since  maintained.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
synodical  missionary,  having  superintendence 
for  the  board  of  home  missions  over  its 
work  in  the  Southwest.  His  field  was  at  first 
Missouri,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory  and 
Texas,  but  as  the  work  increased  he  gave 
the  States  one  by  one  into  other  hands, 
until  at  the .  time  of  his  death  he  retained 
Indian  Territory  only.  In  those  nineteen 
years  he  had  much  to  do  with  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Presbyterianism  in  Missouri  after 
the  war,  and  with  its  planting  and  propaga- 
tion in  the  other  States  and  Territories 
mentioned.  His  work,  especially  in  Kan- 
sas, is  even  yet  spoken  of  as  the  most  suc- 
cessful ever  accomplished  anywhere  by  one 
in  his  position.  He  was  a  born  organizer, 
a  skilled  executive,  a  good  judge  of  men 
and  of  opportunities,  a  zealous  advocate  of 
Presbyterian  doctrine  and  polity,  and  a  ready 
and  convincing  public  speaker.  Few  com- 
mercial travelers  of  his  day  had  so  large  a 
territory  as  he  to  visit,  or  covered  it  oftener. 
His  correspondence  was  large  and  burden- 
some, his  preaching  frequent,  and  his  re- 
ports to  the  board  of  home  missions  and 
contributions  to  the  religipus  press  were 
numerous  and  important.  Had  he  turned 
his  attention  to  secular  business  he  doubt- 
less would  have  acquired  wealth,  as  many 
investments  made  by  him  for  others  amply 
proved.  His  judgment  was  admired  and 
trusted  by  all.  No  man  of  his  day  had  so 
large  a  knowledge  of  the  Presbyterian  his- 
tory of  the  West,  or  had  done  more  to  make 
it.     There   is,   therefore,   great   regret   that 


HILL. 


249 


the  last  years  of  his  Hfe  could  not  have  been 
spent,  as  he  had  planned,  in  committing  that 
history  to  writing.  Dr.  Hill  was  married, 
November  2,  1854,  in  St.  Louis,  to  Miss 
Frances  A.  Hall,  a  native  of  Orange  County, 
New  York,  a  student  at  Mount  Holyoke 
Female  Seminary  under  Mary  Lyon,  and  for 
several  years  a  teacher  in  the  South  and  in 
St.  Louis.  To  her  is  due  much  of  the  credit 
for  the  good  accomplished  by  her  husband. 
She  yet  survives  him,  with  her  two  sons,  the 
Rev.  John  B.  Hill,  and  Henry  E.  Hill,  an 
architect,  all  resident  in  Kansas  City.  The 
elder  son,  JOHN  B.  HILL,  was  born  No- 
vember 3,  i860,  in  St.  Louis,  and  has  been 
almost  continuously  a  resident  of  Missouri. 
He  received  his  classical  education  at  Knox 
College,  Galesburg,  Illinois,  from  which  he 
received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  in 
1881,  and  that  of  master  of  arts  in  1884. 
From  1881  to  1884  he  was  professor  of  Greek 
in  Park  College,  Parkville,  Missouri.  He  was 
a  student  in  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  New  York  from  1884  to  1887,  grad- 
uating in  the  latter  year,  and  taking  the 
alternate  fellowship,  the  second  honor.  He 
gathered  the  Westminster  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Topeka,  Kansas,  which  was  or- 
ganized May  28,  1889,  was  ordained  by  the 
Presbytery  of  Topeka  July  5th  following,  and 
supplied  the  church  from  the  date  of  its  or- 
ganization until  the  summer  of  1890.  He 
then  went  abroad,  and  gave  particular  at- 
tention to  studying  the  conditions  and  his- 
tory of  Egypt  and  Palestine.  Returning  home 
late  in  1890,  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate 
of  the  church  at  Butler,  which  he  served  until 
1894.  In  the  latter  year  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Kansas  City,  and  since  that 
time  has  declined  pastoral  work  to  devote 
his  attention  to  services  as  an  evangelist 
among  the  churches  of  Kansas  City  Pres- 
bytery and  to  literary  labors.  For  several 
years  he  has  been  chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee on  Presbyterial  History,  and  chairman 
of  a  similar  synodical  committee.  In  this 
twofold  capacity  he  has  found  exacting  em- 
ployment in  the  preparation  of  an  exhaustive 
"History  of  the  Presbytery  of  Kansas  City 
from  1821  to-  1900,"  which  will  be  issued 
from  the  press  early  in  1901.  From  time  to 
time  he  has  contributed  articles  to  the  re- 
ligious press,  and  he  is  author  of  the  article 
on  "Presbyterianism  in  Kansas  City,"  in  the 


"Encyclopedia  of  the  History  of  Missouri." 
His  researches  for  these  various  purposes 
have  been  industrious  and  successful,  and 
the  result  of  his  labors  will  prove  of  lasting 
value.  Mr.  Hill  was  commissioner  to  the 
Presbyterian  General  Assembly  in  1895,  and 
for  eight  years  past  he  has  served  in  his 
present  position  of  permanent  clerk  of  the 
Synod  of  Missouri.  , 

Hill,  Walter  H.,  priest  and  educator, 
was  born  near  Lebanon,  Kentucky,  January 
21,  1822.  His  earliest  American  ancestors 
were  among  the  Catholics  who  settled  in 
Maryland  in  the  colony  founded  by  Lord 
Baltimore.  He  was  graduated  from  St. 
Mary's  College,  located  in  Marion  County, 
Kentucky.  He  then  located  in  St.  Louis, 
and  for  a  time  studied  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Dr.  Linton,  in  the  medi- 
cal department  of  St.  Louis  University.  In 
February  of  1847  he  joined  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  and  was  fitted  for  the  priesthoocj. 
Engaging  in  the  educational  work  of  the 
church,  he  was  made  president  of  St.  Xavier 
College,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1865,  and  held 
that  position  until  1869.  Later  he  accepted 
the  professorship  of  philosophy  at  St.  Louis 
University,  and  filled  that  chair  for  many 
years.  He  is  now  emeritus  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  same  institution.  He  is 
the  author  of  two  philosophical  works  used 
as  text-books  in  the  schools  of  this  country, 
England  and  Ireland,  one  treating  of* logic 
and  general  metaphysics  and  the  other  enti- 
tled, "Ethics,  or  Moral  Philosophy."  He  has 
also  written  a  history  of  St.  Louis  University, 
and  has  long  been  a  contributor  to  various 
magazines,  and  especially  to  the  "American 
Catholic  Quarterly."  In  1897  he  celebrated 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  admission  to 
the  Jesuit  order,  the  day  being  observed  by 
a  celebration  of  solemn  high  mass  in  the 
morning,  followed  by  a  banquet  in  the  even- 
ing. During  the  time  he  has  occupied  the 
chair  of  philosophy  at  St.  Louis  University 
more  than  100  young  men  have  been  grad- 
uated from  that  institution,  many  of  whom 
have  achieved  marked  distinction.  Father 
Hill  is  widely  known,  not  only  to  members 
of  the  Catholic  Church,  but  to  all  classes  of 
people ;  and  by  all  who  have  come  within  the 
sphere  of  his  usefulness  and  influence,  regard- 
less of  church  affiHations,he  is  much  beloved. 


250 


HILIv— HILUKER. 


Hill,  William  Moberly,  was  born  July 
6,  1836,  in  Independence,  Missouri.  His 
father,  Adam  Hill,  was  born  in  Virginia,  on 
the  southern  branch  of  the  Potomac  River, 
August  29,  1799,  and  was  only  four  years  of 
age  when  his  parents  removed  to  Muskingum 
County,  Ohio.  It  was  in  that  county  he  was 
reared  and  given  an  education  such  as  the 
common  schools  of  the  time  afforded.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  blacksmith,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty  years  removed  to  the  neighborhood 
of  the  Red  River  Iron  Works  in  Kentucky. 
While  a  resident  of  that  State  he  married  in 
1828  Miss  Ann  Woods  Moberly.  In  1834 
they  came  to  Missouri  in  search  of  land  and 
a  brighter  future  for  the  family.  The  head 
of  the  family  was  accompanied  by  his  wife, 
three  children  and  two  negroes,  and  they  lo- 
cated on  a  farm  of  300  acres  two  miles  west  of 
Independence.  Since  that  time  this  splendid 
place  has  been  the  family  home.  Adam  Hill 
was  a  man  of  strong  connections  and  convic- 
tions in  religious  and  political  life.  Primarily 
a  Whig,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  his 
sentiments  changed  and  he  became  a  Demo- 
crat. Although  more  than  sixty  years  of  age 
he  fought  for  what  he  believed  was  right,  and 
gave  six  months  of  his  life  to  active  service 
in  the  Confederate  Army.  He  was  an  ardent 
supporter  of  the  Christian  Church,  but 
neither  sought  nor  held  office  in  public  or 
church  affairs.  He  died  February  24,  1886. 
His  wife  had  gone  into  the  unseen  several 
years  before,  her  death  occurring  July  12, 
1851.  They  were  the  parents  of  five  children: 
Mary  Catl^erine  Ralston  and  Benjamin 
Franklin,  who  were  both  buried  at  the  same 
time ;  Jane,  who  died  in  childhood ;  William 
M.,  and  Curtis,  who  was  killed  by  Indians  in 
Kansas  in  June,  1867,  when  twenty-one  years 
of  age.  William  M.  Hill  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  of  Jackson  County,  Mis- 
souri, and  was  for  one  year  under  the  pre- 
ceptorship  of  John  O.  Buchanan,  a  teacher 
whose  memory  is  familiar  to  earlv  residents 
of  western  Missouri.  The  terms  of  1853-4  he 
spent  at  the  Missouri  State  University,  but 
was  obliged  to  cut  short  his  time  at  school  on 
account  of  sickness.  Until  the  Civil  War 
burst  over  the  country  he  remained  upon  the 
old  home  place,  when  he  removed  to  Texas 
and,  with  fourteen  negroes  to  work  for  him, 
leased  and  operated  a  farm  in  that  State. 
There  he  remained  until  the  fall  of  1865,  when 
he  returned  to  Independence  and  has  since 


made  his  home  on  the  old  estate  cleared  by 
his  father  in  pioneer  times.  Mr.  Hill  has 
served  as  school  director  for  about  thirty 
years,  but  beyond  this  service  ambition  to 
hold  public  office  has  not  led  him.  He  has 
been  a  staunch  Democrat  all  his  life.  He 
was  married  November  10,  1869,  to  Miss  Ann 
Elizabeth  Gossett  (who  died  November  4, 
1880),  daughter  of  Rev.  J.  D.  Gossett,  a  pio- 
neer minister.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hill  have  been 
the  parents  of  six  children :  Curtis,  a  civil 
engineer,  residing  in  St.  Louis ;  Jo  Lisle,  re- 
siding on  the  old  homestead  ;  Jacob  Gossett,  a 
miner  at  Sonora,  California ;  Fannie  Brooks, 
living  at  home  ;  Adam,  a  student  of  law  in  the 
Missouri  State  University,  and  William  Hick- 
man, a  graduate  of  the  Kansas  City  Univer- 
sity Medical  College.  With  such  a  worthy 
family  to  cherish  his  memory  and  reap  the 
rewards  of  his  useful  years,  Mr.  Hill  is  able 
to  enjoy  a  life  of  retirement  in  the  satisfaction 
that  true  happiness  does  not  follow  worldly 
honor,  but,  rather,  is  the  fruit  of  years  spent 
in  living  up  to  a  high  standard  of  duty,  and 
accomplishing  the  most  good  possible  with 
the  means  and  talents  at  command. 

Hilliker,  Ryersoii  W.,  among  the 
first  founders  of  industrial  interests  in  Kansas 
City,  and  for  many  years  a  leader  in  various 
important  enterprises,  was  born  April  7,  1830, 
near  Poughkeepsie,  New  York.  While  he 
was  but  a  lad  his  parents  removed  to  Oxford, 
Canada,  where  he  was  reared  upon  a  farm, 
and  attended  a  private  country  school.  He 
early  developed  an  aptitude  for  mechanics, 
and  worked  in  a  carriage  shop,  where  he  pro- 
duced various  articles  of  original  design. 
Upon  attaining  his  majority  he  made  a  visit 
to  the  United  States,  to  which  he  permanently 
removed  in  1862.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  contracting  firm  of  Walton,  Wright,  Tal- 
bort  &  Hilliker,  and  personally  superintended 
the  raising  of  the  bridges  and  laying  the  track 
of  the  Flint  &  Pere  Marquette  Railway. in  the 
lumber  and  salt  region  of  Michigan.  He  was 
afterward  a  building  contractor  in  Ohio,  on 
the  railway  now  known  as  the  Ashtabula  di- 
vision of  the  Lake  Shore  Railway,  building 
tracks  into  the  coal  and  coal  oil  districts  of 
Pennsylvania.  Upon  the  completion  of  this 
work,  attracted  by  projected  railway  enter- 
prises at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  he  set  out  for 
that  place,  which  he  reached  September  i, 
1865,  on  the  first  through  train  arriving  from 


HILLIKER. 


251 


St.  Louis.  At  that  day  there  was  keen  inter- 
est in  the  proposed  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott 
&  Gulf  Railway,  and  he  went  to  Topeka,  Kan- 
sas, with  a  view  to  securing  a  building  con- 
tract. Becoming  known  as  an  experienced 
railway  man,  at  the  solicitation  of  people  in- 
terested in  the  enterprise,  he  addressed  meet- 
ings at  various  points  in  advocacy  of  this 
purpose.  When  work  was  begun  it  was 
performed  in  the  most  rapid  and  unsubstan- 
tial manner,  the  ties  being  laid  upon  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  without  roadbed 
preparation.  He  was  disinclined  to  take  part 
in  such  methods,  and  he  took  up  his  residence 
in  Kansas  City,  where  he  formed  the  firm  of 
Hilliker  &  Kinney,  and  set  up  a  stonemill, 
putting  in  operation  the  first  stationary  en- 
gine in  the  West  Bottoms  of  Kansas  City. 
These  works  were  situated  at  the  corner  of 
Hickory  Street  and  Union  Avenue.  This 
business  was  continued  for  several  years,  and 
during  this  period  the  works  provided  ma- 
terial for  about  4,000  buildings,  including  the 
most  elaborate  of  the  store,  office  and  resi- 
dence edifices  ;  the  firm  also  graded  and  paved 
Fifth  Street.  They  also  opened  the  lime- 
stone quarries  at  Junction  City,  and  erected 
a  mill  for  the  production  of  stone  for  railway 
bridges.  The  stone  in  the  front  wing  of  the 
Kansas  capitol  building  at  Topeka  and  the 
Corinthian  columns  were  furnished  from 
these  works.  In  1870-1,  the  firm  made  bids 
to  supply  stone  for  four  public  buildings  in 
Missouri,  the  State  Normal  School  at  Kirks- 
ville,  the  State  Normal  School  at  Warrens- 
burg,  the  Scientific  and  Agricultural  building 
at  Columbia,  and  the  Executive  Mansion  at 
Jefiferson  City,  and  secured  all  contracts  ex- 
cept for  the  latter  edifice,  over  numerous  St. 
Louis  and  St.  Joseph  competitors.  They 
opened  quarries  near  Warrensburg  to  pro- 
cure foundation  stone  for  the  building  in  that 
city,  and  when  it  was  put  upon  the  ground 
the  architect  was  so  impressed  with  its  su- 
perior beauty  and  durability  that  he  sug- 
gested the  use  of  the  same  material  for  the 
superstructure,  although  Junction  City  stone 
was  specified  in  the  contract.  Hilliker  & 
Kinney  readily  consented  to  the  change,  and 
from  their  effort  dates  the  celebrity  attaching 
to  the  Warrensburg  stone  and  the  beginning 
of  its  wide  use  in  Missouri  and  other  States. 
The  first  large  shipment  made  by  the  firm 
was  a  300  car  lot  to  Chicago  immediately 
after  the  great  fire.-    The  opening  up  of  this 


large  enterprise  led  to  the  sale  of  the  Junction 
City  quarries.  In  all  these  operations  Mr. 
Hilliker  was  the  practical  outdoor  man,  and 
his  partner  conducted  the  office  business.  In 
1874  the  firm  became  bankrupted  on  account 
of  the  outside  operations  of  the  junior  part- 
ner, and  the  property  was  alienated  for  a 
pitiful  sum.  Not  a  shadow  of  culpability  or 
want  of  business  ability  was  imputed  to  Mr. 
Hilliker,  but  his  financial  misfortunes  were 
regarded  with  commiseration  and  as  a  public 
calamity.  In  addition  to  the  large  enter- 
prises hereinbefore  named,  Mr.  Hilliker  was 
constantly  busied  with  various  other  im- 
portant concerns.  He  incorporated  a  com- 
pany and  personally  directed  the  building  of 
a  toll  bridge  over  the  Kaw  River  at  its  mouth, 
the  first  bridge  there  built,  at  an  outlay  of 
$70,000.  This  project  was  stoutly  resisted  by 
a  ferryboat  company  which  had  hitherto 
monopolized  the  traffic,  exacting  onerous 
charges.  The  company  became  involved  in 
numerous  law  suits,  and  Mr.  Hilliker  prose- 
cuted the  work  in  face  of  repeated  attempts 
to  destroy  the  property  and  inflict  upon  him- 
self personal  injury.  He  finally  succeeded, 
and  the  bridge  was  operated  for  about  seven 
years,  when  it  was  abandoned  in  consequence 
of  the  building  of  a  free  bridge  by  Wyan- 
dotte County,  Kansas.  Mr.  Hilliker  also 
made  the  plans  and  specifications  for  the 
Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railway  bridge,  and 
was  contractor  for  furnishing  timber  for  the 
caissons  and  stone  for  the  piers.  He 
also  built  several  bridges  in  Kansas, 
two  at  Junction  City,  one  across 
Smoky  Hill  River,  and  one  across  the 
Republican  River.  After  the  disruption  of 
the  firm  of  Hilliker  &  Kinney,  Mr.  HilHker 
mined  in  Colorado  for  two  years.  In, 1876 
he  returned  to  Kansas  City  and  founded  the 
"Evening  Express,"  which  he  conducted  suc- 
cessfully for  about  one  year.  He  then  sold  it 
out  at  a  sufficient  advance  to  recompense  him 
for  previous  disastrous  efforts  in  the  news- 
paper field.  In  1878  he  assisted  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Central  Bank  of  Kansas,  at 
Kansas  City,  Kansas,  and  served  as  cashier 
until  it  went  into  liquidation  in  1894.  He  was 
president  of  the  Bankers'  Association  of  Kan- 
sas. In  1895  ^^  estabhshed  the  business  of 
the  Novelty  Manufacturing  Company,  of 
which  he  is  sole  owner  and  manager.  His 
manufactures  embrace  numerous  useful  ar- 
ticles and  toys  upon  which  he  holds  patents, 


252 


HII.LSBORO— HINRICHS. 


and  which  are  marketed  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Europe,  He  has  borne  his 
full  share  of  public  burdens,  and  in  all  posi- 
tions which  he  has  occupied  he  has  acquitted 
himself  honorably  and  usefully.  He  served 
as  a  member  of  the  City  Council  of  Kansas 
City,  Missouri,  from  1869  to  1872,  and  during 
his  term  of  office  rendered  efficient  aid  in  the 
restoration  of  the  financial  integrity  of  the 
city.  In  1883  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Kan- 
sas City,  Kansas,  and  was  the  prime  mover 
in  effecting  the  consolidation  of  that  city  with 
Wyandotte  and  Armourdale  as  a  single  mu- 
nicipality. From  1890  to  1894  he  served 
under  appointment  of  Governor  Martin  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  police  commissioners 
of  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  and  was  secretary  of 
that  body  throughout  his  entire  term.  The 
blank  forms  prepared  by  him  for  the  use  of 
his  board  were  so  exhaustive  in  character 
that  they  were  adopted  in  all  cities  of  the 
first  class  maintaining  a  metropolitan  police 
force.  In  1885  he  was  named  for  Congress, 
and  was  defeated  for  the  nomination  by  only 
nine  votes.  He  was  originally  a  Lincoln  Re- 
publican, and  afterward  a  Liberal  Republican, 
favoring  the  political  reinstatement  of  the 
disfranchised  classes  in  Missouri.  For  many 
years  he  was  habitually  a  delegate  in  the  State 
and  congressional  district  conventions  of 
these  parties.  He  supported  Cleveland  for 
the  presidency,  and  now  affiliates  with  the 
Bryan  Democracy.  His  financial  and  social 
interests  have  been  equally  centered  in  both 
divisions  of  Greater  Kansas  City,  and  he  has 
been  zealous,  public  spirited  and  enter- 
prising in  behalf  of  each.  Of  late,  his  resiy 
dence  and  immediate  business  has  been  on 
the  west  side.  He  was  among  the  organ- 
izers of  the  Manufacturers'  Association  of 
Kansas  City,  and  is  at  present  first  vice  presi- 
dent of  that  body.  He  was  married,  in  1850, 
to  Aliss  Sarah  A.  Durkee,  a  native  of  New 
Hampshire,  who  died  in  1873.  Born  of  this 
marriage  were  six  children.  Charles  E.  has 
been  engaged  in  the  transfer  business  in  Kan- 
sas City  for  twenty  years  past ;  James  D.  is  a 
farmer  in  De  Soto,  Kansas ;  Henry  C.  is  a 
stonemason ;  Delia  is  the  wife  of  William 
Smith,  formerly  of  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
way ;  Margaret,  widow  of  James  Beatty,  de- 
ceased, who  long  had  charge  of  the  Santa  Fe 
yards  at  Denver,  Colorado,  is  temporarily  re- 
siding in  Canada :  Elizabeth,  wife  of  William 
Babbitt,  lives  in  Kansas.     In  1886  Mr.  Hil- 


liker  was  married  to  Miss  Martha  W.  Griffin, 
a  native  of  New  York  State  and  for  some 
time  a  resident  of  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
who  died  in  July,  1899.  No  children  w^re 
born  of  this  marriage. 

Hillsboro. — ^The  county  seat  of  Jeffer- 
son County,  thirty-six  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Louis.  The  first  settler  was  one  Hanson,  in 
1832.  In  1840  it  became  the  seat  of  justice 
by  removal  from  Herculaneum.  It  contains 
a  church,  public  school,  bank,  two  hotels  and 
a  newspaper,  the  "Jefferson  Democrat."  It 
is  without  railway  facilities,  and  the  nearest 
shipping  points  are  De  Soto  and  Victoria,  on 
the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern 
Railway.  Population  in  1899  (estimated), 
300. 

Hinrichs,  Charles  F.,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1828,  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin,  son  of  C.  D.  and  Louise 
(Priester)  Hinrichs.  His  parents  were  well- 
to-do  people  and  the  son  received  a  good 
education  in  the  schools  of  his  native  land. 
His  independence  and  self-reliance  manifested 
itself  when  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age,  at 
which  time  he  determined  to  leave  his  early 
home  and  come  to  America.  Being  frus- 
trated in  several  attempts  which  he  made  to 
get  away  from  home  and  start  out  on  an 
adventurous  career,  he  finally  obtained  a  let- 
ter of  recommendation  from  the  burgomaster 
of  his  native  city  to  a  public  official  at  the 
city  of  Schwerin,  the  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  to  whom 
he  fnade  a  statement  concerning  his  aspira- 
tions and  desires.  He  then  returned  home 
and  shortly  afterward  received  notice  that 
he  had  been  legally  declared  to  be  "of  age" 
and  that  the  authorities  consented  to  his 
emigration  to  America.  He  acted  promptly, 
and  at  the  end  of  a  thirteen-weeks  sea  voy- 
age he  landed  at  Galveston,  Texas.  He  was 
without  means  and  in  a  strange  land,  but 
he  had  the  resources  of  youth,  intelligence 
and  industry.  He  at  once  went  to  work  as 
a  "butcher's  boy,"  and  made  progress  from 
the  start  in  bettering  his  condition.  Pleased 
with  this  country  and  with  the  prospects  of 
success,  he  worked  his  way  back  to  Germany 
as  a  cabin  boy  in  1847,  ^^id  when  he  returned 
to  the  United  States  he  brought  his  parents 
back  with  him.  They  settled  in  Cape  Girar- 
deau County,  Missouri,  where  his  father  died 


j-^i-*<^.',  f-r-i 


HIRSCHBERG— HIRZEI.. 


253 


soon  afterward.  The  care  of  the  family  was 
thereafter  one  of  the  responsibilities  which 
rested  upon  the  son,  and  he  faithfully  dis- 
charged this  duty  until  the  death  of  his 
mother  in  1861.  Early  in  that  year  he  en- 
listed in  the  Missouri  State  Militia,  and  gave 
his  services  to  the  defense  of  the  Union 
throughout  the  Civil  War.  In  1862  he  was 
mustered  into  Company  L,  of  the  Tenth 
Missouri  Cavalry  Regiment,  as  first  lieu- 
tenant, and  in  1863  he  was  made  captain  of 
his  company.  In  this  capacity  he  served  gal- 
lantly until  the  close  of  the  war,  participat- 
ing in  over  sixty  engagements  in  all.  After 
the  war  he  kept  a  country  store  in  Cape 
Girardeau  County  until  1867,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Butler  County.  For  several  years 
thereafter  he  was  engaged  in  business  in 
that  county  as  a  merchant  and  stock-raiser, 
and  in  1879  had  the  thrilling  experience  of 
being  visited  by  a  band  of  robbers,  who 
robbed  him  of  all  the  cash  he  possessed  and 
killed  his  nephew.  Since  that  time  he  has 
resided  in  the  city  of  Poplar  Bluflf,  where  he 
has  engaged  successfully  in  real  estate  ope- 
rations. His  home  is  one  of  the  notable 
residences  of  Poplar  Bluff,  and  the  park-like 
grounds  by  which"  it  is  surrounded  have  been 
handsomely  improved  and  ornamented.  He 
is  the  owner  of  the  lands  in  Butler  County 
on  which  are  the  old  Indian  silver 
mines,  information  of  which  came  to  him 
during  the  Civil  War,  and  which  he  located 
shortly  afterward.  Until  1896  he  affiliated' 
with  the  Republican  party  politically,  but 
since  then  he  has  held  advanced  Socialistic 
views,  and  has  acted  in  harmony  with  that 
party.  He  is  broadly  liberal  in  his  religious 
views,  and  has  been  the  author  and  publisher 
of  a  work  of  some  500  pages  entitled, 
"Apocalypse  Interpreted,  or  the  Destiny  of 
Rome  and  of  the  Great  American  Republic 
in  the  Light  of  Revelation."  His  fraternal 
connections  are  limited  to  membership  in 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  In  1861 
Mr.  Hinrichs  married  Miss  Malinda  Moye,  a 
native  of  Cape  Girardeau  County,  Missouri, 
who  died  in  1879.  I"  ^^^^  he  married  for 
his  second  wife  Miss  Belle  Cook. 

Hirschberg,  Francis  D.,  prominent 
in  the  .insurance  circles  of  St.  Louis,  was 
born  September  10,  1854,  in  St.  Louis,  son 
of  Louis  C.  and  Lucille  (Chauvin)  Hirsch- 
berg.     His  father,  who  was  for  many  years 


a  well  known  citizen  of  St.  Louis,  came  from 
Rhenish  Bavaria  in  1840,  and  soon  became 
prominent  in  business  and  social  circles.  His 
son,  Francis  D.  Hirschberg,  was  educated  at 
Washington  University.  In  1875  he  em- 
barked in  the  fire  insurance  business,  pur- 
chasing an  interest  in  an  established  firm. 
In  the  early  '8o's  he  associated  with  him- 
self in  this  business  his  brother,  Louis 
Hirschberg,  since  deceased,  and  Mr.  Christo- 
pher J.  Kehoe.  This  firm,  which  has  ever 
since  borne  the  name  of  F.  D.  Hirschbergf^ 
&  Bro.,  is  among  the  leading  representa- 
tives of  Western  insurance  interests,  and  is 
a  prominent  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Board 
of  Fire  Underwriters.  Mr.  Hirschberg's  firm 
was  the  pioneer  in  insuring  employers 
against  accident  to  their  employes.  In  ad- 
dition to  his  insurance  interests,  Mr.  Hirsch- 
berg is  one  of  the  chief  representatives  of 
the  transatlantic  steamship  business  in  St. 
Louis.  Mr.  Hirschberg  is  no  less  conspicu- 
ous for  his  admirable  social  qualities  than 
for  his  superior  business  talent.  His  mother 
was  a  Chauvin,  her  mother  a  Papin,  and  her 
grandmother  a  Chouteau,  a  distinguished  an- 
cestry, which  runs  back  to  the  beginning  of 
St.  Louis.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Gen- 
eral D.  M.  Frost,  and  thus  became  connected 
with  another  distinguished  family.  A  natural 
fondness  for  society  has  made  him  a  recog- 
nized social  leader,  and  the  womanly  graces 
and  accomplishments  of  Mrs.  Hirschberg, 
coupled  with  the  polished  geniality  of  her 
husband,  have  made  them  popular  favorites 
in  the  best  social  circles  of  St.  Louis  and 
other  cities.  He  is  a  Catholic  churchman, 
and  both  he  and  Mrs.  Hirschberg  are  active 
workers  in  and  liberal  contributors  to  char- 
itable enterprises  and  movements  having  for 
their  object  the  extension  of  the  church  of 
their  ancestors. 

Hirzel,  Rudolph,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  December  9,  1845,  ^^  Wurttemberg, 
Germany,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Clayton, 
St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  July  10,  1900. 
He  passed  the  years  of  his  boyhood  and  youth 
in  Germany,  and  was  carefully  educated  in  the 
government  and  Latin  schools  of  his  native 
city.  Attracted  to  the  United  States  by  the 
superior  advantages  which  it  offers  to  young' 
and  ambitious  men,  he  came  to  this  country 
when  he  was  nineteen  years  of  age  and  soon 
after  landing  in  New  York  City  went  to  Con- 


254 


HISTORICAIv  SOCIETIES  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 


necticut.  There  he  worked  on  a  farm  for 
two  years  and  then  came  west,  reaching  Mis- 
souri in  1866.  For  a  time  after  his  coming 
to  this  State  he  taught  school  and  then  en- 
tered Central  Wesleyan  College  at  Fayette, 
Missouri,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with 
well  merited  honors.  After  completing  his 
college  course  he  went  to  Hermann,  in  Gas- 
conade County,  well  known  throughout  this 
State  and  elsewhere,  as  the  trade  center  of  a 
prosperous  and  intelligent  German  commu- 
nity. At  Hermann  he  engaged  in  nevyspaper 
work,  being  employed  on  both  English  and 
German  newspapers.  Later  he  went  to  Jef- 
ferson City,  Missouri,  where  he  studied  law 
with  the  firm  of  Lay  &  Belch,  and  in  1873  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  A  finished  educa- 
tion and  much  knowledge  of  the  world  ad- 
mirably fitted  him  for  professional  life, and  his 
study  of  the  law  had  been  thorough  and  con- 
scientious. It  followed  therefore  as  a  natural 
consequence  that  he  soon  came  into  promi- 
nence as  a  practicing  lawyer,  and  two  years 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Gasconade  County. 
This  position  he  filled  with  rare  ability  and 
fidelity  to  duty  until  1880,  when  he  removed 
from  Hermann  to  St.  Louis.  After  practic- 
ing in  the  last  named  city  four  years  he  re- 
moved to  Washington,  and  with  broadened 
knowledge  and  ripened  experience  in  pro- 
fessional labor  continued  the  practice  at  that 
place.  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  judge 
of  the  old  Ninth  Circuit, and  in  1892,  when  St. 
Louis  County  was  added  to  this  circuit,  which 
then  became  known  as  the  Thirteenth  Judicial 
Circuit,  he  was  again  elected  to  the  judgeship 
without  opposition.  He  was  on  the  bench 
continuously  thereafter  until  his  death,  and 
his  distinguished  ability  caused  him  to  be- 
come recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest  mem- 
bers of  the  State  judiciary.  With  a  broad 
knowledge  of  the  law  and  its  underlying  prin- 
ciples, and  a  thorough  understanding  of  all 
that  comes  within  the  scope  of  jurisprudence, 
he  coupled  that  exact  rectitude  and  unbiased 
judgment,  which  makes  the  ideal  jurist.  In 
his  intercourse  with  members  of  the  bar  he 
was  dignified  and  courteous,  and  throughout 
his  judicial  career  he  had  the  unbounded  con- 
fidence of  the  general  public.  Those  who  were 
brought  into  contact  with  him  as  an  admin- 
istrator of  the  law  always  felt  that  their  per- 
sonal and  property  rights  were  safe  in  his 
hands,  and  in  every  relation  of  life  he  won 


the  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens.  In  politics 
he  affiliated  with  the  Republican  party  and 
was  always  a  firm  believer  in  the  wisdom  of  its 
principles  and  policies.  In  later  years,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  take  an  active  part  in 
political  campaigns,  deeming  such  action  in- 
compatible with  the  exercise  of  judicial  func- 
tions. Judge  Hirzel  married  Miss  Matilda 
Nasse,  and  his  widow  and  two  children,  Cora 
and  Otto  Hirzel,  are  the  surviving  members 
of  his  family. 

Historical  Hocieties  of  Kansas 
City. — The  Missouri  Historical  Society  of 
Kansas  City  was  organized  in  1897,  with 
Edward  L.  Dimmitt  as  president ;  Honorable 
Phil  E.  Chappell,  Father  William  J.  Dalton 
and  Colonel  E.  H.  Phelps,  as  vice  presidents ; 
James  M.  Fairweather  as  secretary,  and 
Honorable  R.  L.  Yeager,  J.  V.  C.  Karnes, 
J.  S.  Chick  and  L.  T.  Collier,  as  directors, 
the  object  being  to  protect  and  preserve  the 
history  of  Missouri,  county  by  county,  writ- 
ten by  the  school  children  and  the  editors 
of  the  county  papers.  It  holds  monthly 
meetings. 

There  are  in  Kansas  City,  besides  this,  two 
other  associations  somewhat  similar — the 
Western  Historical  Society,  organized  in 
1892,  with  Honorable  Gardiner  Lathrop, 
president ;  William  B.  Clarke,  vice  president, 
and  S.  E.  Long,  secretary  and  librarian ;  and 
the  Early  Settlers'  Historical  Society,  organ- 
ized in  1894,  with  J.  R.  Twitchell,  president; 
Joseph  S.  Chick,  vice  president,  and  F.  E. 
Winship,  secretary.  The  latter  is  not  strictly 
a  historical  society,  in  the  sense  of  seeking 
to  gather  and  preserve  historical  records, 
but  is  devoted  chiefly  to  gatherings  of  old 
settlers.  In  January,  1900,  an  effort  was 
made  to  consolidate  all  three  societies  in 
one,  and  it  is  probable  that  this  union»  will 
be  effected. 

Historic  Spots  and  Buildings  in 
Kansas  City. — The  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph 
Railway  bridge  is  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous monuments  of  the  past,  com- 
memorating an  epoch  in  the  growth  and 
importance  of  the  city.  The  opening  of  the 
bridge  occurred  July  3,  1869.  There  was  a 
barbecue  and  an  imposing  parade  of  artisans, 
including  the  divers  in  their  diving  suits. 
O.  H.  Chanute.  for  whom  is  named  a 
thriving    Kansas    town,    who    was    designer 


HISTORIC  SPOTS  AN.D  BUILDINGS  IN   KANSAS  CITY. 


255 


and  builder  of  the  bridge,  and  others, 
delivered  addresses.  A  balloon  ascension 
followed,  the  first  known  in  the  place  or 
vicinity.  Frank  Grice,  a  newspaper  man, 
made  the  ascent,  and  during  his  journey, 
which  extended  over  a  considerable  part  of 
Clay  County,  scattered  to  the  ground  copies 
of  the  Kansas  City  ''Evening  Bulletin."  The 
last  bridge  spike  was  driven  by  William  Gil- 
liss  and  Colonel  Kersey  Coates. 

Below  the  bridge,  on  the  river  bank,  is  a 
building  recently  used  as  a  soap  factory  by 
Peet  Brothers,  which  has,  perhaps,  more  real 
history  connected  with  it  than  any  other 
building  now  standing.  First  known  as  the 
Gilliss  House,  it  was  built  by  Dr.  Troost  to 
accommodate  the  travelers  to  California. 
The  property  was  left  by  Mrs.  Troost,  a 
niece  of  William  Gilliss,  for  the  endowment  of 
an  orphan  asylum.  The  old  Gilliss  House 
sheltered  more  various  phases  of  humanity 
than  it  is  now  possible  to  find  in  America. 
Ten  Indian  tribes  drew  annuity  money  in 
Kansas  City ;  civilized  Christianized  Indians 
and  drunken  blanketed  Indians ;  scouts,  trap- 
pers and  soldiers  of  fortune  of  every  degree 
and  many  nationalities ;  merchants  from 
Mexico,  and  freighters,  ox  and  mule  drivers 
from  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  all  were  guests  of 
the  house.  Men  seeking  to  make  invest- 
ments in  the  West,  strolling  players,  gam- 
blers, missionaries  to  the  Indians,  all  landed 
at  the  doors  of  the  hotel  from  the  boats 
which  crowded  the  wharf.  Later  the  "tav- 
ern" was  sold  to  the  Massachusetts  Emigrant 
Aid  Society,  and  under  the  Eldridge  Broth- 
ers was  headquarters  for  the  great  migration 
of  New  England  people  to  Kansas.  It  was 
variously  known  as  the  Free-Soil  Hotel,  the 
Eidridge  House,  the  Abolition  Tavern,  the 
American  House,  and  the  Aid  Society 
Hous*e.  Under  its  roof  was  hidden  for  two 
weeks  Governor  Reeder,  who  ifinally  made 
his  escape  in  disguise  from  the  mob  which 
sought  him.  Here  were  brought  Dr.  Rob- 
inson and  his  wife,  who  had  been  arrested 
on  a  boat  while  journeying  to  the  East. 
Here  stayed  at  different  times.  John  Sher- 
man and  his  brother.  General  W.  T.  Sher- 
man; Senator  Thomas  H.  Benton  and  his 
son-in-law.  General  John  C.  Fremont ;  and  in 
1867,  Major  General  Jubal  A.  Early,  formerly 
of  the  Confederate  Army,  and  Major  Gen> 
eral  Frank  P.  Blair,  formerly  of  the  Union 


Army.  Edwin  Booth  registered  from  Balti- 
more about  the  same  time.  Before  the  war" 
the  house  was  headquarters  for  the  wealthy 
planters  of  Jackson  and  Clay  Counties,  who 
were  often  accompanied  by  slaves,  who  came 
to  journey  to  the  South,  via  St.  Louis,  by 
boat.  The  first  permanent  newspaper,  which 
survives  as  the  "Journal,"  was  evolved  by 
men  who  met  in  the  house  for  that  purpose 
in  1854.  During  the  border  war  the  house 
was  the  most  threatened  place  in  the  city. 
Mobs  searched  it,  and  only  the  vigilance  of 
the  marshal,  J.  P.  Howe  (now  living  at  up- 
wards of  ninety  years  of  age)  saved  it  and 
its  proprietors  and  many  "of  its  guests,  from 
ruffian  violence.  After  the  sacking  of  Law- 
rence, Kansas,  the  raiders  returned  to  Kan- 
sas City,  and  over  the  bar  of  the  Gilliss 
House  boasted  of  their  exploit  and  displayed 
their  trophies.  An  English  writer,  named 
Gladstone,  gave  in  a  London  paper  a  most 
graphic  description  of  these  men  as  he  saw 
them  that  night  at  the  Gilliss  House.  In  the 
"Life  of  Lincoln,"  by  Nicolet  and  Hay,  ap- 
pears a  fine  picture  of  the  old  house  as  it 
then  appeared.  Soon  after  the  Lawrence 
affair  the  house  was  bought  by  a  pro-slavery 
man  from  Kentucky,  who  brought  his  slaves 
with  him,  and  the  erstwhile  abolition  house 
was  changed,  in  free-soil  parlance,  to  the 
border  ruffian  house.  During  the  war  it 
was  a  temporary  abiding  place  for  refugees 
from  military  rule.  General  Curtis  occupied 
it  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Westport. 
The  next  day  he  was  on  the  roof  of  the 
Harris  House  in  Westport,  a  building  scarce- 
ly less  noted  than  the  Gilliss  House.  There 
also  were  Colonel  Van  Horn,  Colonel 
Coates,  Colonel  Jim  Lane,  S.  C.  Pomeroy, 
and  others,  consulting  until  the  meeting  of 
the  contending  forces  near  the  Wornall 
farm.  The  Wornall  home  was  soon  occupied 
by  the  Confederates  as  a  hospital.  The  Har- 
ris House  is  one  of  the  best  preserved  build- 
ings of  that  day  which  are  now  standing. 
Three  miles  beyond  are  the  old  Shawnee 
mission  buildings.  The  schoolhouse  still 
stands,  as  does  the  Johnson  home,  where  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Johnson,  missionary  and  agent, 
reared  his  family  while  preaching  to  the 
Indians  and  teaching  them.  Here  was  born 
his  eldest  son,  the  first  white  child  born  in 
Kansas.  Here,  too,  convened  the  first  Ter- 
ritorial Legislature  of  Kansas.     This  is  not 


256 


HISTORIC   SPOTS  AND   BUILDINGS   IN   KANSAS   CITY. 


strictly  a  Kansas  City  landmark,  but  no  place 
has  had  a  more  direct  influence  upon  early 
life  there  than  has  the  Shawnee  mission. 

In  Kansas  City,  at  Agnes  Avenvie  and 
Thirty-fifth  Street,  stands  a  brick  house 
owned  by  Mr.  Clark,  where  was  murdered 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson,  in  1864,  by  bush- 
whackers. The  Parish  farm,  just  beyond 
and  across  the  street,  and  the  Eliza  Johnson 
farm,  farther  west,  have  the  distinction  of 
having  been  held  .under  a  government  pat- 
ent seventy  years  in  one  family  as  farming 
land,  while  for  years  near  by  were  costly 
modern  city  homes  and  street  car  service. 

Where  the  Linwood  schoolhouse  stands 
was  fought  the  battle  (so-called)  between  the 
Mormons  and  the  Gentiles,  in  which  three 
people  were  killed.  The  retreating  Mormons, 
followed  by  the  Gentiles,  passed  diagonally 
along  the  winding  road  from  that  place  to 
near  the  intersection  of  Eighteenth  Street 
and  Cleveland  Avenue,  and  thence  to  Inde- 
pendence. On  Linwood  Street,  near  Olive 
Street,  is  a  long,  low  gray  house,  once  the 
farm  home  of  J,  C.  McCoy,  who  laid  out 
both  Kansas  City  and  Westport,  and  was  the 
first  merchant  in  the  latter  place.  At  the 
corner  of  Broadway  and  Twelfth  Street,  amid 
beautiful  trees  and  flowers,  stood  the  home 
of  Dr.  Lykins,  the  first  acting  mayor  of  Kan- 
sas City.  In  its  day  it  was  one  of  the  very 
fine  residences  in  the  town.  When  Wash- 
ington Street  was  laid  out  it  brought  the 
back  of  the  house  on  that  street.  It  was 
removed,  entire,  directly  across  the  street, 
now  facing  Washington  Street  at  Twelfth 
Street.  The  brick  of  which  it  was  built  were 
brought  from  St.  Louis.  The  master  of  the 
house  was  one  of  the  early  and  diligent  pro- 
moters of  church  and  city  work,  and  the 
brilliant  mistress  was  long  a  social  factor 
and  a  pioneer  in  organized  charity. 

At  Thirteenth  and  Summit  Streets,  in  the 
midst  of  several  acres  of  lawn  and  garden, 
is  the  Mulkey  home,  a  typical  Southern 
house  of  the  olden  time.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mul- 
key have  lived  here  more  than  fifty  years. 
Mrs.  Mulkey  inherited  the  land  from  her 
father.  Major  Dripps,  an  early  French  trader, 
who  married  an  Indian  wife.  The  half- 
French  half-Indian  girls  assisted  in  keeping 
up  the  early  schools  of  Kansas  City,  and  their 
brothers  generally  became  scouts.  In  this 
house  lived  "Old  Pino,"  a  Canadian  French- 
man, who  trapped  for  furs  in   181 5  where 


Kansas  City  now  stands.  He  died  at  the 
Mulkey  home  in  1871,  aged  124  years;  he  re- 
membered incidents  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, fought  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  lived 
on  the  border  during  the  Civil  War. 

While  not  so  old  as  many  houses  in  Kan- 
sas City,  the  Coates  homestead  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Pennsylvania  Avenue 
and  Tenth  Street  is  historically  worthy  of 
mention.  The  land  upon  which  it  stands  lay 
between  Cherokee  Street  and  Choteau  Ave- 
nue, now  Tenth  and  Eleventh  Streets. 
Pennsylvania  Avenue,  then  Huron  Street, 
was  a  side  street.  It  was  bought  of  Madame 
Berenice  Choteau,  the  second  white  woman 
in  Kansas  City.  During  the  Civil  War  the 
cellar  of  the  house  contained  arms  secreted 
for  use  by  the  Unionists.  It  was  often 
guarded  by  sentinels,  and  was  at  times  some- 
thing of  an  annex  to  the  fort  near  the  point 
at  Central  and  Tenth  Streets. 

The  first  white  woman  settler  was  Madame 
Grandlouis  Bartholet,  whose  first  home-  was 
the  first  habitation  of  white  people  in  the 
Upper  Missouri  Valley.  This  was  a  cabin 
set  in  the  cleft  of  rocks,  at  the  end  of  the 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  bridge  at  Randolph. 
Between  1855  and  i860  Colonel  Milton  Mc- 
Gee  laid  out  through  his  farm  Grand  Avenue, 
making  it  eighty  feet  wide,  the  most  gener- 
ous width  ever  given  by  a  landowner  to  a 
Kansas  City  street.  South  of  Twelfth 
Street,  then  Ottawa  Street,  the  place  was 
known  for  twenty  years  as  McGee's  Addi- 
tion, or  "The  Addition,"  as  it  was  often 
.  registered,  when  people  across  Twelfth 
Street  stopped  at  the  Gilliss  House  for  meals 
or  lodging.  To  start  this  village,  in  the  then 
far  outskirts  of  town,  Mr.  McGee  built  on 
Grand  Avenue,  near  Seventeenth  Street,  a 
large  house  called  the  Southern  Hotel.  It 
was  truly  what  its  name  indicated,  and  during 
the  border  war  was  thronged  with  South- 
erners. At  the  same  time  Mr,  McGee 
formed  a  company  and  built  a  business  block 
between  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Streets, 
upon  the  east  side  of  Grand  Avenue.  This 
was  then  the  largest  and  finest  row  of  build- 
ings between  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco, 
and  yet  stands  strong  and  presentable,  al- 
though somewhat  altered. 

Directly  opposite  the  new  postoffice,  from 
Grand  Avenue,  is  a  quaint  brick  cottage 
perched  high  above  the  street.  It  was 
among  the  very  first  of  brick  houses,  and 


HISTORIC  SPOTS  AND   BUILDINGS  IN  KANSAS   CITY. 


257 


was  built  by  J.  C.  McCoy.  Lockridge  Hall, 
near  Fifth  and  Main  Streets,  was  built  some 
time  before  the  war,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest 
business  houses  in  town.  It  was  erected 
when  all  the  business  part  of  town  was  upon 
the  levee,  except  a  few  scattering  buildings 
along  Main  Street,  and  Colonel  McGee's  ex- 
periment in  drawing  business  to  "The  Addi- 
tion" on  Grand  Avenue.  Lockridge  Hall  was 
the  first  place  where  public  entertainments 
were  given.  After  the  battle  of  Westport, 
250  wounded  soldiers  were  placed  in  the  hall 
upon  cots.  Both  Union  and  Confederate 
soldiers  were  here  cared  for  by  both  Union 
and  Confederate  surgeons.  Among  the 
women  still  living  in  Kansas  City  who  acted 
as  nurses,  and  who  gave  a  charity  fair  in  the 
old  market  house  on  the  public  square  to 
raise  money  to  buy  delicacies  for  the  suffer- 
ers, are  Mrs.  Guinotte,  Mrs.  R.  T.  Van  Horn, 
Mrs.  D.  M.  Jarboe,  Mrs.  Millett  and  Mrs. 
Vina  Salisbury  Chase.  Blood  wet  the  streets 
from  Westport  to  the  hall  as  it  dripped  from 
the  wounded  men.  Another  building  near  by, 
between  Third  and  Fourth  Streets,  on  the 
east  side  of  Main  Street,  was  used  as  head- 
quarters for  the  Confederate  volunteers  in 
1861,  and  from  it  floated  a  large  Confederate 
flag.  Later  it  was  used  as  a  postoffice.  On 
Grand  Avenue,  between  Thirteenth  and 
Fourteenth  Streets,  is  a  one-story  brick 
building,  the  gable  end  toward  the 
street,  and  a  feed  store  in  front.  In  this 
half-hidden  house  General  Jim  Lane  organ- 
ized his  famous  brigade  before  the  battle  of 
Wilson's  Creek,  in  186 1.  On  the  northwest 
corner  of  Grand  Avenue  and  Sixteenth 
Street  is  an  old  building,  once  the  headquar- 
ters of  Colonel  Jennison's  command,  he  and 
his  men  as  much  feared  as  Quantrell  and  his 
desperate  followers.  The  stone  foundation 
of  the  older  portion  of  the  Coates  House, 
built  in  i860,  was  boarded  over  and  served 
as  a  stable  for  Fort  Union.  The  north  wing 
of  St.  Theresa's  Academy,  on  West  Elev- 
enth Street,  was  built  in  1859,  and  very  many 
of  the  present  generation  of  Kansas  City 
women  at  some  time  went  to  school  there. 
The  first  public  school  building,  completed 
in  1868,  was  the  front  part  of  the  Washing- 
ton school  on  Cherry  Street  and  Independ- 
ence Avenue.  This  part  of  Kansas  City  was 
then  thickly  settled  with  the  best  people  of 
the  town.  It  is  curious  to  note  that  in  the 
settlement  of  the  city  after  the  war,  east  of 

Vol.  111—17 


Main  Street  the  people  were  chiefly  South- 
erners, while  upon  the  west  side  they  were 
mostly  Northerners.  The  few  old  houses  left 
on  either  side  are  representative  of  the  dif- 
ferent sections. 

The  entire  town  site  is  historic.  Like  the 
tombs  of  the  mound  builders  (one  of  which 
stood  where  the  old  glass-roofed  Exposition 
Building  stands),  the  principal  points  of 
memorable  events  have  been  graded  away. 
The  old  cemetery  where  the  cholera  victims, 
early  settlers  and  French  and  Indians  were 
first  given  burial,  was  brought  down  twenty 
feet.  It  was  long  in  litigation,  and  is  known 
as  Shelley  Park.  The  old  Catholic  cemetery 
at  Eleventh  Street  and  Pennsylvania  Avenue 
stood  twenty-five  feet  above  the  graded  site 
of  beautiful  homes.  Above  Holmes  and 
Ninth  Streets,  stretching  northwest,  during 
the  Civil  War  were  breastworks  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  city.  From  Kansas  City  to  the 
Blue  River,  to  Hickman's  Mills,  and  to  the 
Kansas  prairies,  the  ground  was  traversed 
by  red-leg  and  border  ruffian,  guerrilla  and 
jayhawker,  intent  upon  murder  and  plunder, 
not  less  cruel  than  the  painted  savages  who 
rode  a  few  years  before  to  war  upon  other 
tribes  within  the  same  territory.  Agnes 
Avenue  was  once  the  river  end  of  the  tribal 
crossing  and  trail,  leading  across  Exposi- 
tion Park  and  along  Prospect  Avenue,  diag- 
onally crossing  from  about  Eighteenth  Street 
to  the  Kaw  River  and  to  the  prairies  beyond. 
Only  the  canyon  at  the  north  end  of  Agnes 
Avenue  remains,  that  can  be  In  any  way  re- 
garded as  a  landmark  of  the  earlier  denizens 
of  the  hills,  ravines  and  plateaus,  where  once 
stood  Indian  wigwams  in  tribal  village.  We 
may  sympathize  with  their  fate,  but  rejoice 
that  homes  of  civilization  and  city  refinement 
have  taken  the  place  of  wigwam  and  cabin. 
To  preserve  the  few  landmarks,  however, 
left  by  those  who  "tramped  down  the  net- 
tles" of  the  waste  places,  should  be  a  labor 
of  love  to  the  pioneers  who  "made  the  wilder- 
ness to  blossom  as  the  rose."  They  changed 
Indian  trails  to  trails  of  commerce,  thereby 
indicating  the  lines  of  least  resistance  now 
followed  by  long  lines  and  radiating  branches 
of  railroads.  Nowhere  on  earth  have  condi- 
tions changed  so  rapidly,  or  barriers  been 
swept  away  so  completely,  in  so  short  a  span 
of  time,  as  here  and  in  the  contiguous  regions 
beyond.  The  living,  restless  tide  of  emigra- 
tion that  has  added  millions  to  the  metallic 


258 


HITCHCOCK. 


wealth  of  the  world,  and  changed  the  whole 
iace  of  nature,  has  swept  with  resistless  force 
the  old  landmarks  of  homes,  churches,  ceme- 
teries, and  even  the  names  of  those  who 
wrought  the  changes,  into  a  fast  receding 
past.  The  landmarks  of  Kansas  City  are  now 
-almost  altogether  the  bluflf  or  loess  forma- 
tion of  the  geologic  ages.  The  limestone 
quarries,  and  a  sedimentary  deposit  of  very 
fine  material,  valuable  for  making  brick,  are 
constantly  building  anew  a  monument  of  the 
pre-historic  past  upon  which  is  the  ever-re- 
curring word,  change. 

Mrs.  M.  Rollin. 

Hitchcock,  Ethan  Allen,  ambassa- 
dor and  cabinet  officer,  was  born  in  Mobile, 
Alabama,  in  1835.  He  received  an  academic 
education  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and 
then  came  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  followed 
commercial  pursuits  until  i860.  In  that  year 
he  went  to  China,  where  he  remained  for 
twelve  years  as  the  representative  of  an 
American  house.  Returning  to  St.  Louis  in 
1874,  he  became  interested  in  various  busi- 
ness enterprises  in  that  city,  and  acquired 
prominence  as  a  man  of  wealth  and  superior 
business  qualifications.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  politics,  and  became  recognized  as 
one  of  the  leading  Republicans  of  Missouri. 
Soon  after  the  inauguration  of  President  Mc- 
Kinley  he  was  appointed  United  States 
minister  to  Russia,  and  held  that  position 
until  he  resigned  to  accept  the  office  of  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior,  to  which  he  had  been 
appointed  by  President  McKinley  in  Decem- 
ber of  1898.  He  entered  upon  the  discharge 
of  his  duties  as  a  cabinet  officer  early  in  1899. 
Mr.  Hitchcock  married,  in  1869,  Miss  Mar- 
garet D.  Collier,  second  daughter  of  George 
Collier,  of  St.  Louis. 

Hitchcock,  Henry,  lawyer,  was  born 
July  3,  1829,  at  Spring  Hill,  near  Mobile, 
Alabama.  He  was  graduated  in  1846  from 
the  University  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and 
then  entered  Yale  College,  graduating  in  1848 
with  high  honors.  He  then  studied  law  in 
New  York  City  until  November,  1848,  when 
he  accepted  the  position  of  classical  teacher 
in  the  high  school  at  Worcester,  Massachu- 
setts, remaining  there  until  November,  1849, 
then  returning  to  his  home  in  Nashville, 
where  he  studied  law  under  William 
F.     Cooper.      In     September,     1861,     Mr. 


Hitchcock  came  to  St.  Louis,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  After  he 
began  practice  he  became  assistant  editor 
of  the  "St.  Louis  Intelligencer,"  a  Whig 
newspaper.  Retiring  from  editorial  work  at 
the  end  of  a  year,  he  applied  himself  assidu- 
ously to  his  profession,  and  in  1854  made  his 
first  appearance  before  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Missouri.  March  5,  1857,  he  married  Mary, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  George  Collier, 
a  prominent  merchant  of  St.  Louis.  De- 
clining criminal  practice,  he  has  devoted  him- 
self especially  to  equity  and  commercial  law. 
His  first  political  speech  was  made  in  advo- 
'  cacy  of  Lincoln's  election  to  the  presidency, 
in  i860.  In  1861  he  was  elected  a  delegate 
from  the  city  and  county  of  St.  Louis  on  the 
"Unconditional  Union  Ticket"  to  the  Mis- 
souri State  Convention.  In  October,  1864, 
he  was  appointed  assistant  adjutant  general 
of  volunteers  in  the  Union  Army,  and  as- 
signed to  duty  as  judge  advocate  on  the  staff 
of  General  W.  T.  Sherman.  On  June  23, 
1865,  he  was  honorably  mustered  out  of 
service.  Immediately  afterward  he  spent 
several  months  traveling  in  Europe,  and  then, 
returning  to  St.  Louis,  resumed  his  law  prac- 
tice. .  In  1869  he  was  urged  to  accept  the 
appointment  of  United  States  circuit  judge 
for  the  Eighth  Circuit,  but  declined.  His 
health  failing  in  1870,  he  rested  for  a  time 
from  professional  labors,  and  in  1871  spent 
some  months  in  traveling  in  China  and  Japan. 
Since  his  return  he  has  been  in  active  prac- 
tice. From  1884  to  1890  he  was  the  senior 
partner  in  the  law  firm  of  Hitchcock,  Madill 
&  Finkelnburg.  That  partnership  expired  in 
1890,  and  Mr.  Hitchcock  has  continued  to 
practice  alone,  principally  in  the  State  and 
Federal  appellate  courts  and  as  counsel  to 
large  corporations. 

He  has  also  devoted  much  labor  to  various 
important  trusts  of  a  public  nature.  As  a 
member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  Wash- 
ington University  since  1859,  and  its  vice 
president  since  1885,  he  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  affairs  of  that  institution.  Per- 
haps his  most  important  service  in  that 
connection  has  been  the  building  up  of  the 
law  department  of  the  university,  known  as 
the  St.  Louis  Law  School,  which  he  assisted 
to  organize  in  1867.  In  1875  he  received 
from  his  alma  mater,  Yale  University,  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  ., 

Mr.  Hitchcock  is  a  member  of  the  board        ^ 


Xiqazine  .f  West&Ti  HlSlCi 


HOAGI.AND. 


259 


of  trustees  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Gar- 
den, being  one  of  the  original  trustees  named 
in  Mr.  Shaw's  will.  Ever  since  the  board  was 
organized,  in  September,  1889,  he  has  been, 
and  still  is,  its  vice  president  and  chairman  of 
the  garden  committee. 

He  was  elected  president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Bar  Association  in  1880,  and  in  December 
of  that  year  took  part  in  organizing  the  Mis- 
souri State  Bar  Association,  of  which  he  was 
elected  president  in  1882.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  fifteen  founders  of  the  American  Bar 
Association,  organized  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
New  York,  in  August,  1878,  and  for  many 
years  was  one  of  its  most  active  and  prom- 
inent members. 

In  February,  1890,  at  the  centennial  of  the 
organization  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  celebrated  with  impressive 
ceremonies  in  the  city  of  New  York,  where 
that  court  first  assembled,  he  was  one  of  four 
speakers  selected  to  represent  different  sec- 
tions of  the  Union, 

Mr.  Hitchcock  has  been  an  earnest  advo- 
cate of  civil  service  reform.  In  May,  1881, 
he  organized  the  Missouri  Civil  Service  Re- 
form Association,  and  served  for  several 
years  as  its  president.  In  August,  1881,  he 
aided  in  establishing  the  National  Civil 
Service  Reform  League,  of  which  he  is  a 
vice  president  and  member  of  the  general 
committee. 

Hoagland,  George  Tunis,  for  many 
years  one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  St. 
Joseph,  was  born  February  7,  1814,  at  Eliza- 
bethtown  (now  Elizabeth),  New  Jersey,  son 
of  Cornelius  and  Catherine  (Brown)  Hoag- 
land.  He  received  but  a  meager  education 
in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  town, 
laying  aside  his  books  when  very  young  to 
learn  the  trade  of  a  carpenter.  He  followed 
this  occupation  in  and  about  that  place,  and 
afterward  in  New  York  City,  until  1838,  when 
he  removed  to  Boonville,  Missouri,  and  en- 
gaged in  selling  lumber  and  contracting  for 
the  erection  of  buildings,  public  and  private. 
He  continued  in  this  until  1852,  when  he  re- 
moved to  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  which  he  has 
made  his  home  from  that  day  to  this.  He 
established  the  first  lumber  yard  in  St. 
Joseph  in  1852,  and  in  1861  opened  up  a 
similar  business  at  Omaha,  Nebraska,  which 
is  now  being  carried  on  by  his  eldest  son, 
George   A.    Hoagland,   who    is    owner    and 


manager.  In  1862  he  opened  a  lumber  yard 
at  Council  Bluflfs,  Iowa,  and  some  years  later 
a  wholesale  lumber  yard  at  Hannibal,  Mis- 
souri. Subsequently  he  became  interested  in 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  lumber  at  Eau 
Claire,  Wisconsin,  and  at  Chippewa  Falls, 
Wisconsin.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  in  the 
Badger  Lumber  Company,  which  has  yards 
at  various  points  in  Wisconsin,  Kansas  and 
Nebraska,  the  headquarters  of  the  business 
being  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  Mr.  Hoag- 
land, in  politics,  holds  to  a  strong  indepen- 
dence, regarding  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the 
citizen  to  act  as  his  conscience  may  dictate, 
disregarding  all  blind  allegiance  to  a  party 
for  the  party's  sake,  or  because  he  may 
have  acted  with  it  at  one  time  or  other.  In 
his  early  manhood  he  was  a  Whig.  As  old 
issues  disappeared  and  new  issues  arose,  he 
became  a  Democrat.  At  present  he  acts  with 
the  Prohibitionists,  In  a  personal  way  he 
cares  nothing  for  practical  politics,  and  has 
never  held  any  public  office  except  that  of 
councilman  in  the  city  which  is  his  home, 
considering  that  such  service  is  a  duty  that 
a  good  citizen  owes  to  his  neighbors  and  to 
the  community.  In  such  high  regard  is  he 
held  that  he  has  frequently  been  called  upon 
to  fill  that  position.  Fully  fifty  years  ago 
Mr.  Hoagland  became  a  member  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church,  but  subsequently  united 
with  the  Methodist  Church,  South.  He  has 
always  lived  a  consistent  Christian  life,  and 
his  religion  has  ever  been  much  more  than 
mere  profession.  His  benefactions  have  been 
frequent  and  generous.  Friends,  who  have 
reason  to  know  whereof  they  speak,  have 
stated  that  his  contributions  for  religious, 
philanthropic  and  benevolent  purposes  dur- 
ing the  past  fifteen  years  have  been  in  excess 
of  $100,000.  Mr.  Hoagland  was  married  to 
Miss  Nancy  A.  Gale,  at  Elizabeth,  New  Jer- 
sey, February  2,  1842.  Three  children  have 
been  born  to  them,  all  of  whom  are  living, 
namely:  George  A.  Hoagland,  Theodore  B. 
Hoagland  and  Emaline  B.  Hoagland,  now 
Mrs.  B.  R.  Vineyard,  whose  husband  is  a 
prominent  attorney  of  St,  Joseph,  Missouri. 
George  T,  Hoagland  retired  from  active  bus- 
iness about  1880,  and  lives  in  pleasant  com- 
panionship with  his  family  and  grandchildren. 

Hoagland,  Theodore   Brown,    was 

born  at  Boonville,  Cooper  County,  Missouri, 
October  6,  1845,    His  parents  were  George 


260 


HOBBS— HOCKADAY. 


T.  and  Nancy  (Gale)  Hoagland,  both  of 
whom  are  living,  the  former  aged  eighty-five 
years  and  the  latter  aged  eighty-three  years. 
Theodore  B.  Hoagland  received  such  educa- 
tion as  might  be  acquired  in  the  common 
schools  of  his  native  town.  When  seventeen 
years  of  age  he  entered  a  lumber  yard  be- 
longing to  his  father,  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri, 
and  aided  in  carrying  on  the  business  until 
he  was  thirty-seven  years  of  age,  when  he  was 
seized  with  chronic  rheumatism  of  so  severe 
a  character  that  he  was  obliged  to  desist 
from  all  business  requiring  any  considerable 
activity  or  subjecting  him  to  exposure. 
About  the  same  time  his  father,  George  T. 
Hoagland,  was  compelled  to  seek  retirement 
from  business  on  account  of  his  enfeebled 
condition,  and  the  son,  able  to  perform  all 
office  duties,  took  upon  himself  the  manage- 
ment of  the  father's  concerns,  collecting  from 
his  former  investments  and  reinvesting  the 
means  from  time  to  time,  this  affording  him 
as  much  occupation  as  his  physical  condition 
would  admit  of  his  taking  upon  himself. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  private  in  a 
local  military  company,  but  never  saw  more 
service  than  camping  for  some  nights  upon 
the  hills  overlooking  St.  Joseph,  in  antici- 
pation of  an  attack  by  guerrillas.  In  politics 
he  was  a  Democrat  until  a  few  years  ago, 
when  he  became  impressed  with  the  necessity 
for  the  Prohibition  movement,  and  is  now 
attached  to  that  party.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  but 
has  had  connection  with  no  other  organiza- 
tions. Mr.  Hoagland  is  unmarried,  and 
makes  his  home  with  his  aged  parents. 

Hobbs,  William  Alexander,  ed- 
itor and  publisher,  was  born  June  4,  1854, 
in  St.  Louis.  His  educational  advantages 
were  limited  to  an  irregular  attendance  at  the 
public  schools  of  St.  Louis,  and  his  first 
knowledge  of  business  was  gained  as  a  news- 
boy. Later  he  became  a  messenger  for  the. 
Western  Union  Telegraph,  and  this  led  to  his 
learning  telegraphy.  Drifting  into  reporto- 
rial  work  connected  with  the  press  of  St. 
Louis,  his  education  was  broadened  in  the 
practical  school  of  journalism.  His  work  in 
the  newspaper  field  led  to  his  becoming  in- 
terested in  politics,  and  he  became  an  avail- 
able candidate  for  public  office.  In  1886  he 
was  nominated  by  the  Republican  party  for 
recorder  of  deeds,   and   he  was   elected   to 


that  office.  In  1890  he  was  renominated  and 
re-elected,  and  in  1894  was  again  the  nominee, 
but  suffered  defeat.  He  soon  afterward  re- 
turned to  journahsm  as  one  of  the  owners 
and  editors  of  the  "Daily  Hotel  Reporter," 
with  which  he  is  still  connected.  He  has 
been  prominently  identified  with  fraternal  or- 
ganizations of  St.  Louis.  September  17,  1879, 
he  married  Miss  Barbara  F.  Meyers,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  he  has  one  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters, named,  respectively,  Joseph  McCuUagh 
Hobbs,  Katherine  Laura  Hobbs  and  Helen 
Eva  Hobbs. 

Hockaday,  Irvine  O.,  pioneer  and 
banker,  was  born  in  Clark  County,  Kentucky, 
July  II,  1797,  and  died  at  Fulton,  Missouri^ 
in  1864.  When  a  young  man  he  was  cashier 
of  a  bank  in  his  native  county,  which  posi- 
tion he  resigned,  and  in  1820  removed  to 
Missouri  and  settled  at  Elizabeth,  then  the 
county  seat  of  Callaway  County.  In  1821  he 
was  appointed  clerk  of  the  county  and  cir- 
cuit courts,  which  position  he  filled  con> 
tinuously  for  eighteen  years.  He  was  also 
the  first  treasurer  of  Callaway  County,  and 
for  a  time  was  probate  judge.  He  was  noted 
for  his  firmness  of  character,  his  integrity 
and  benevolence.  In  i860  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Western  Bank  at  Fulton. 

Hockaday,  John  A.,  lawyer  and  judge 
of  the  Ninth  Judicial  Circuit,  was  born  in 
Callaway  County,  Missouri,  in  1837,  son  of 
Irvine  O.  and  Emily  (Mills)  Hockaday.  Judge 
Hockaday  is  a  descendant  of  an  old  South- 
ern family.  He  was  educated  in  Westminster 
College,  at  Fulton,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  i860.  In  1860-61  he  was  city  attorney 
of  Fulton,  and  in  1865  was  elected  county 
attorney  of  Callaway  County.  In  1868  he  was 
the  Democratic  nominee  for  attorney  gen- 
eral, but  was  defeated.  In  1872  he  was  an 
elector  on  the  Greeley-Brown  presidential 
ticket.  In  1874  he  was  elected  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  Missouri  and  held  the  office  for  two 
years.  In  1873  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  Missouri  State 
Lunatic  Asylum  at  Fulton,  and  held 
that  position  continuously  until  1885, 
in  which  year  he  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  for  the  Missouri  School 
for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  which  position  he  held  for  six  years. 
In  1877  he.  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 


-   >    >c/ 


-^^ 


HODGEN. 


261 


curators  of  the  State  University.  In  1878  he 
was  again  elected  to  the  State  Senate  and 
was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  ju- 
diciary and  the  joint  committee  for  the  re- 
vision of  the  State  statutes  in  1879.  In  1888 
he  was  made  permanent  president  of  the 
Democratic  State  convention  at  Sedalia,  and 
the  same  year  was  a  Cleveland  and  Thurman 
elector  for  the  Eleventh  District.  In  April, 
1890,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Francis, 
Judge  of  the  Second  (now  the  Ninth)  Ju- 
dicial Circuit  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
Judge  Burkhart,  deceased.  The  same  year 
at  the  November  election  he  was  elected  to 
the  judgeship  without  opposition,  and  re- 
elected in  1892  and  again  in  1898.  In  1867 
Judge  Hockaday  was  married  to  Miss  Edith 
Cox,  of  Vicksburg,  Mississippi.  Judge  Hock- 
aday is  president  of  the  board  of  directors 
and  chairman  of  the  executive  committee  of 
Westminster  College.  He  has  done  much  as 
a  private  citizen  in  the  upbuilding  of  the 
city  of  Fulton,  and  has  been  most  active  in 
educational  matters  in  his  own  county  and 
throughout  the  State. 

Hodgen,   John   Thompson,    one  of 

the  greatest  of  Western  physicians  and  sur- 
geons, was  born  in  Hodgenville,  Larue 
County,  Kentucky,  not  far  from  the  birth- 
place of  Abraham  Lincoln,  January  19,  1826, 
and  died  in  St.  Louis  April  28,  1882.  His 
father  was  Jacob  Hodgen,  a  worthy  man  and 
an  elder  in  the  Christian  Church  of  Hodgen- 
ville, and  his  mother's  maiden  name  was 
Frances  Park  Brown.  Both  his  parents  were 
people  of  superior  intellectual  attainments, 
and  the  counsel  and  guidance  of  his  mother 
influenced  especially  both  his  early  and  later 
life.  He  obtained  his  rudimentary  education 
in  the  common  schools  of  Pittsfield,  Pike 
County,  Illinois,  to  which  place  the  family 
removed  in  his  childhood,  and  took  a  col- 
legiate course  later  at  Bethany  College,  of 
Bethany,  West  Virginia,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  was  graduated  at  an  early  age.  He 
then  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Missouri,  and  was  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  the  class  of  1848.  He 
at  once  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
St.  Louis,  and  from  April  of  1848  to  June 
of  1849  ^^  was  assistant  resident  physician 
of  the  St.  Louis  City  Hospital.  From  1849 
to  1853  he  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
Missouri  Medical  College,  and  from  1854  to 


1858  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  in  that 
institution,  and  from  1858  to  1864  professor 
of  anatomy  and  physiology.  During  the  Civil 
War,  when  the  building  of  the  Missouri  Med- 
ical College — better  known  as  McDowell 
Medical  College — was  seized  by  the  Federal 
authorities  and  converted  into  a  military 
prison,  he  made  a  heroic,  but  unsuccessful 
effort,  to  preserve  the  organization  of  the  in- 
stitution. Failing  in  this,  he  transferred  his 
allegiance  to  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
in  which  he  filled  the  chairs  of  physiology 
and  anatomy,  respectively,  until  1875.  He 
was  then  made  professor  of  surgical  anatomy, 
fractures  and  dislocations,  and  became  dean 
of  the  faculty  of  the  college,  a  position  which 
he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death.  During 
a  period  of  eighteen  years,  extending  from 
1864  to  1882,  he  taught  clinical  surgery  at  the 
City  Hospital.  His  great  surgical  skill  was 
utilized  by  the  government  during  the  war, 
first  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon  general  of  the 
Western  sanitary  commission,  later  as  sur- 
geon of  a  regiment  of  the  United  States  Vol- 
unteers, and  as  surgeon  general  of  the  State 
of  Missouri.  For  twenty  years,  from  1862  to 
1882,  he  was  consulting  surgeon  of  the  City 
Hospital,  and  during  the  years  1867  and  1868 
he  was  president  of  the  St.  Louis  board  of 
health,  and  a  member  of  that  body  until  1871. 
While  serving  in  that  capacity  he  laid  the 
foundation  for  the  Charity  Hospital  and  dis- 
pensary system  of  the  city,  and  inaugurated 
sanitary  measures  which  have  been  of  lasting 
benefit  to  St.  Louis.  He  was  president  of  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  Society  in  1872,  chairman 
of  the  surgical  section  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association  in  1873,  president  of  the  State 
Medical  Society  in  1876,  and  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1880.  Re- 
nowned for  his  surgical  skill  and  his  superior 
attainments  as  a  physician,  he  was  hardly  less 
famous  in  local  medical  circles  for  his  me- 
chanical and  inventive  genius.  Some  of  his 
inventions  have  since  attained  world-wide 
celebrity,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
wire  splint  for  fracture  of  the  thigh ;  suspen- 
sion cord  and  pulleys,  permitting  flexion,  ex- 
tension and  rotation  in  fracture  of  the  leg; 
forceps-dilator,  for  removal  of  foreign  bodies 
from  the  air  passage  without  having  re- 
course to  tracheotomy;  cradle  splint,  for  frac- 
ture of  the  thigh ;  wire  suspension  splint,  for 
injury  of  the  arm ;  double-action  syringe  and 
stomach  pump,  and  hair-pin  dilator,  for  sepa- 


262 


HODGEN. 


rating  lips  of  the  opening  in  the  trachea,  and 
designed  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  trachea 
tube.  The  following  were  his  chief  contribu- 
tions to  literature :  "Wiring  the  Clavicle  and 
Acromion  for  Dislocation  of  the  Scapular 
End  of  the  Clavicle,"  "Modification  of  the 
Operation  for  Lacerated  Perineum,"  "Dislo- 
cation of  Both  Hips,"  "Two  Deaths  from 
Chloroform,"  "Use  of  Atropia  in  Collapse 
of  Cholera,"  "Three  Cases  of  Extra-Uterine 
Foetation,"  "Skin  Grafting,"  "Nerve  Section 
for  Neuralgia  and  Induration  of  Penis,"  "Re- 
port on  Antiseptic  Surgery,"  and  "Shock  and 
Effects  of  Compressed  Air,  as  Observed  in 
the  Building  of  the  St.  Louis  and  Illinois 
Bridge."  "Remarkable  for  erudition  and 
knowledge  of  the  art  he  professed,  untiring 
in  study,  an  extensive  and  thorough  reader, 
clearly  digesting  and  appropriating  ideas,  he 
was  noted  for  his  solidity  and  sobriety  of  un- 
derstanding, the  legitimate  fruit  of  industry 
and  application.  He  loved  his  profession  and 
knelt  at  its  shrine  with  the  devotion  of  a 
priest.  He  was  quick  to  cheer  and  help  the 
deserving  and  struggling  young  student  and 
practitioner,  and  of  a  free  and  open  nature. 
He  was  easy  and  familiar  with  the  younger 
members  of  the  profession,  rejoiced  in  their 
emoluments,  success  and  honors;  gave  them 
their  full  meed  of  praise  when  merited,  and 
never  sought  to  monopolize  the  honors  of  his 
calling.  Broad  and  liberal  in  his  views,  arid 
original  and  independent  in  thought  and  ac^ 
tion,  he  was  the  standard-bearer  of  progress 
in  the  medical  profession.  Possessed  of  a 
bold  heart  and  a  clear  head,  he  yet  had  the 
keenest  sympathy  for  suffering  humanity. 
The  poor,  the  halt,  the  lame  and  the  blind 
received  his  ministrations  without  price,  and 
he  made  no  distinction  in  his  treatment  be- 
tween the  rich  and  the  poor.  In  his  pro- 
fessional counsel  and  friendly  intercourse  he 
was  the  comfort  and  help  of  the  young  prac- 
titioner. No  time  was  too  inconvenient,  no 
call  too  sudden,  no  patient  too  humble  to 
claim  immediate  attention.  Like  the  soldier 
on  the  eve  of  battle,  he  was  ever  ready  to 
respond  to  the  bugle  call,  no  matter  when  or 
where  it  sounded."  In  every  sense  of  the  term 
a  manly  man,  a  learned  doctor  and  a 
skillful  surgeon,  it  is  no  disparagement 
to  other  eminent  physicians  who  have 
in  their  day  practiced  their  profession 
in  St.  Louis  to  say  that  hardly  any  other 
has  left  so  pronounced  an  impress  upon  the 


history  of  medicine  in  St.  Louis.  His  son, 
HARRY  A.  HODGEN,  physician,  was  born 
in  Pittsfield,  Pike  County,  Illinois,  August 
21,  1855,  and  died  at  Alma,  Michigan,  to 
which  place  he  had  gone  in  search  of  health, 
August  29,  1896.  He  was  reared  in  St.  Louis 
and  completed  his  academic  education  at  the 
St.  Louis  high  school  when  he  was  nineteen 
years  of  age.  He  was  married  in  1875,  and 
for  several  years  thereafter  was  engaged  in 
the  commission  business  in  St.  Louis.  He 
then  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  his  father,  and  in  1883  was 
graduated  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege. During  the  year  following  his  grad- 
uation he  was  assistant  physician  at  the  City 
Hospital,  and  then  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  making  a  specialty  of  orthopedic 
surgery.  His  success  as  a  practitioner  was 
phenomenal,  and,  although  he  was  a  young 
man  at  the  time  of  his  death,  he  had  become 
widely  known  and  was  greatly  beloved  both 
by  his  professional  brethren  and  the  general 
public.  Becoming  interested,  as  his  father 
had  been  before  him,  in  medical  education,  he 
was  made  professor  of  orthopedic  surgery  in 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and  was  for  sev- 
eral years  one  of  the  most  talented  lecturers 
connected  with  that  institution.  The  feeling 
entertained  toward  him  by  those  members  of 
his  profession  who  knew  him  the  most  inti- 
mately and  were  most  competent  to  judge 
of  his  attainments,  was  aptly  expressed 
in  a  memorial  adopted  by  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  at  a  meeting  held 
October  3,  1896.  This  memorial  said  of  him : 
"He  was  earnest,  industrious  and  faithful  as 
a  physician,  as  the  head  of  a  family  and  as  a 
citizen.  Ill  health  had  been  his  companion  for 
many  years,  and  yet  he  never  complained,  nor 
did  he  deviate  from  the  straight  line  of  earn- 
est, honest  work.  His  desire  to  achieve  a 
place  in  his  profession  and  to  properly  serve 
his  family,  to  which  he  was  almost  fanatically 
devoted,  prompted  him  to  deny  himself  the 
rest  and  vacation  from  time  to  time  which  he 
should  have  had  during  many  years  past.  He 
kept  in  the  harness,  hard  at  work,  almost  to 
the  last.  Physical  exhaustion  finally  drove 
him  to  rest,  which  was  soon  followed  by  his 
sudden  death.  The  medical  profession  of  St. 
Louis  will  never  possess  a  member  with  a 
keener  sense  of  professional  honor  and  duty, 
and  one  who  more  unselfishly  and  heroically, 
although  a  sufferer,  served  humanity  without 


HOEVEIy— HOFFMAN. 


263 


regard  to  his  own  interests  than  Dr.  Harry 
Hodgen." 

Hoevel,  August,  prominently  con- 
nected with  one  of  the  most  important  manu- 
facturing industries  of  St.  Louis,  was  born 
March  19,  1845,  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where 
he  died  February  25,  1900.  His  parents  were 
August  and  Clementine  (Gabriel)  Hoevel, 
both  of  German  birth.  His  father  was  a  cabi- 
netmaker and  worked  at  his  trade  in  St. 
Louis.  The  son,  August  Hoevel,  received  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
city.  Notwithstanding  his  youth,  being  then 
but  seventeen  years  of  age,  when  the  dis- 
turbed conditions  presaged  civil  war, 
his  patriotic  instinct  led  him  to  sus- 
pend his  school  studies  and  to  enlist, 
May  8,  1861,  in  Captain  James  C. 
Campbell's  company,  of  the  Fourth  Regi- 
ment, United  States  Reserve  Corps,one  of  the 
four  local  regiments  which  saved  St.  Louis  to 
the  Union.  In  this  command  he  performed 
faithful  service  in  the  troublous  early  days, 
but  his  health  unfitted  him  for  the  duties  of 
active  campaigning  in  the  field,  and  he  was 
discharged  August  17th  following  on  account 
of  disability.  Upon  leaving  the  service  he 
learned  tinsmithing,  and  in  1864,  when  nine- 
teen years  of  age,  he  opened  a  store  and  tin- 
ware business  in  St.  Louis,  which  he 
successfully  conducted  until  about  1878,  when 
he  sold  it  to  his  brothers.  He  then  became 
connected  with  the  St.  Louis  Stamping  Com- 
pany, now  incorporated  with  the  National 
Enameling  and  Stamping  Company,  and  was 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  a  period 
of  about  twenty-two  years,  superintend- 
ent of  the  tinware  department.  For  some 
years  he  directed  the  operations  of  manu- 
facturing tin  plate  and  galvanized  iron  work, 
and  in  later  years,  in  addition  to  these  duties, 
he  was  the  company  designer  in  tin.  An  ac- 
complished mechanic  and  possessing  execu- 
tive qualities  of  a  high  order,  he  was  an  im- 
portant factor  in  the  development  of  the 
great  industry  with  which  he  was  so  long  as- 
sociated. His  marked  traits  were  industry 
and  integrity,  and  he  enjoyed  the  esteem  and 
confidence  of  the  company  management  as 
one  of  their  most  useful  and  dependable  as- 
sistants. In  politics  he  was  a  Republican,  but 
he  was  entirely  devoid  of  personal  ambition, 
and  his  political  acts  were  altogether  gov- 
erned by  a  proper  consideration  of  the  duties 


of  good  citizenship.  He  was  a  consistent 
member  of  the  Union  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  afforded  liberal  aid  to  its  support 
and  its  benevolences.  He  was  a  well  regarded 
member  of  the  Lodge  of  Honor,  the  Royal 
Arcanum,  and  Ransom  Post  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Repubhc,  and  the  latter  named 
brotherhood  conducted  his  funeral  and  paid 
a  fervent  tribute  to  his  memory.  He  was  mar- 
ried October  5,  1865,  to  Miss  Louisa 
Niedringhaus,  the  daughter  of  Frederick 
Niedringhaus,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
great  enterprise  which  had  enlisted  the  best 
of  his  effort  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
active  life.  Mrs.  Hoevel  died  in  1877,  leaving 
five  children,  all  of  whom  occupy  useful  po- 
sitions in  life  and  are  residents  of  St.  Louis. 
Otto  W.  Hoevel  is  in  charge  of  the  shipping 
department  of  the  Granite  City  Steel  Com- 
pany. Edwin  L.  Hoevel  was  for  some  years 
a  member  of  the  Blair-Hoevel  Furniture 
Company,  and  is  now  in  the  employ  of  the 
Lammert  Furniture  Company.  Amelia  C. 
Hoevel  is  wife  of  George  A.  Hussman,  an 
employe  of  the  Moffitt-West  Drug  Company. 
Pauline  Hoevel  is  wife  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Pfafif,  a 
practicing  dentist.  Arthur  L.  Hoevel  is  a 
pharmacist.  Mr.  Hoevel  was  again  married. 
May  15,  1879,  to  Miss  Mary  L.  Schrader,  who 
survives.  She  was  a  daughter  of  William  and 
Mary  Angel  (Hackmann)  Schrader.  Her  fa- 
ther was  an  old  citizen  of  St.  Louis,  and  a 
pioneer  plowmaker  on  Cherry  Street,  be- 
tween Main  and  Second  Streets,  in  1837.  He 
retired  from  business  about  1865,  and  died 
May  5,  1885  ;  his  widow  died  on  the  same  date 
nine  years  later.  Born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Au- 
gust Hoevel  were  five  children,  of  whom  the 
oldest,  Oliver  Augustus,  is  deceased.  Alex- 
ander W.  is  a  student  in  the  School  of  Mines, 
at  Rolla,  Missouri;  Florence  L.  is  a  high 
school  student;  Charles  W.  is  a  student  at 
Smith  Academy,  and  Mabel  L.  attends  the 
Eugene  Field  School,  the  three  last  named 
in  St.  Louis. 

Hoffman,  George,  who  has  been 
prominently  identified  with  the  development 
of  the  real  estate  interests  of  Kansas  City  for 
many  years,  was  born  October  17,  1855,  in 
Wheeling,  West  Virginia.  From  Wheeling 
he  removed  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  in 
1880,  Three  years  after  his  removal  to  that 
western  city  of  promise  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Evan  A.  Fussell,  under  the  firm 


264 


HOGAN— HOGG. 


name  of  Hoffman  &  Fussell,  for  the  transac- 
tion of  a  general  real  estate  business.  Under 
this  association  and  in  co-operation  with  a 
number  of  enterprising  capitalists  and  strong 
companies,  Mr.  Hoffman  had  an  important 
part  in  the  development  and  improvement 
which  attracted  toward  Kansas  City  the  eyes 
and  admiration  of  the  world.  The  princi- 
pal residence  additions  which  he  was  in- 
strumental in  laying  out  were  as  follows :  F. 
A.  Woods'  addition,  1882,  ten  acres;  Hoff- 
man Park,  1883,  twenty  acres;  Boston 
Heights,  1884,  thirty  acres;  Troost  Park 
Addition,  twenty  acres;  South  Windsor, 
thirty-seven  acres;  DuQuesne  Heights,  ten 
acres ;  Riverview  Heights,  forty  acres.  These 
have  all  been  built  up,  with  the  exception  of 
South  Windsor,  which  was  resold  in  1900. 
The  additions  named  contain  some  of  the 
most  pleasant  homes  in  Kansas  City.  In 
1890  Mr.  Hoffman  took  the  preliminary 
steps  that  resulted  in  the  erection  of  the  Bos- 
ton Building,  one  of  the  important  office 
structures  of  Kansas  City.  He  has  been 
connected  with  various  other  large  enter- 
prises and  has  been  a  strong  factor  in  the 
growth  of  the  city  and  the  advancement  of 
her  realty  and  other  material  interests.  Dur- 
ing the  years  1890  and  1891  Mr.  Hoffman 
built  about  thirty-five  houses  for  residence 
purposes,  and  these  were  disposed  of  to  good 
advantage.  Since  1893  he  has  been  alone  in 
his  business  transactions,  and  his  activity  is 
unbroken,  just  as  his  faith  in  the  future  great- 
ness of  Kansas  City  is  unfaltering. 

Hogaii,  John,  was  born  in  Ireland  and 
came  to  America  in  1817.  His  mother  died 
when  he  was  about  ten  years  old.  A  year 
l^ter  his  father  married  again.  He  left  home 
on  that  account,  and  was  indentured  as  ap- 
prentice to  a  shoemaker.  When  twelve  years 
old  he  entered  a  Methodist  Sunday  school. 
At  fifteen  he  joined  the  church,  and  before 
he  was  twenty  years  old  he  was  a  licensed 
preacher.  In  1825  he  was  received  into  the 
Illinois' Conference,  and  in  1829  was  trans- 
ferred to  Missouri  and  served  in  St.  Louis 
County.  He  married  in  Missouri,  but  the 
illness  of  his  wife  induced  his  removal  to  Illi- 
nois, where  he  became  register  of  lands.  He 
afterward  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  became 
interested  in  a  wholesale  grocery  business. 
The  excessive  labor  imposed  by  increased 
business  brought  on  a  palsy,  from  which  he 


did  not  recover.  He  became  postmaster  of 
St.  Louis  under  President  Buchanan,  and 
later  was  in  Congress.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  first  and  the  present  Centenary  Church, 
and  maintained  his  ministerial  authority 
as  a  local  elder  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  South.  His  last  sermon  was 
preached  in  Centenary  Church  a  few  months 
before  he  died,  in  the  summer  of  1891.  He 
was  buried  in  Bellefontaine  Cemetery,  after 
funeral  services  in  the  church  to  which  he  had 
been  so  long  attached.  He  lived  to  be  about 
eighty-six  years  old.  He  was  a  good  writer, 
and  wrote  memoirs  of  men  in  his  church 
which  were  printed  in  the  St.  Louis  "Chris- 
tian Advocate." 

Hogg,  James  R.,  was  born  January  4, 
1863,  in  Jennings  County,  Indiana,  son  of 
Marion  and  Mary  B.  (Winslow)  Hogg.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  and  his 
mother  of  South  Carolina.  In  1876,  when 
their  son,  James  R.  Hogg,  was  seven  years 
of  age,  they  removed  to  Butler  County,  Mis- 
souri, where  the  elder  Hogg  engaged  in 
farming.  He  was  a  well-to-do  man  of  affairs 
and  a  substantial  citizen,  well  known  locally 
as  an  ardent  and  enthusiastic  member  of  the 
Democratic  party.  His  children  were  two 
sons  and  two  daughters.  James  R.  Hogg  re- 
ceived a  practical  education  in  the  common 
schools  of  Butler  County,  and  until  he  was 
twenty-one  years  of  age  lived  on  a  farm.  He 
then  engaged  in  business  at  Poplar  Bluff  as 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Wilson  &  Hogg, 
dealers  in  country  produce.  Some  time  later 
he  bought  out  Mr.  Wilson's  interest  in  this 
business,  and  has  since  continued  it,  having 
expanded  it  to  large  proportions.  Reared 
on  a  farm,  he  has  never  ceased  to  be  inter- 
ested in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  in  later 
years  he  has  carried  on  a  large  stock  farm, 
giving  to  it  much  of  his  time  and  attention. 
A  member  of  the  Democratic  party,  he  has 
adhered  strictly  to  the  tenets  of  that  political 
faith,  and  has  been  among  those  most  active 
in  promoting  the  interests  of  his  party  in 
Butler  County.  In  1894  he  was  elected 
sheriff  of  the  county,  and  in  1896  was  re- 
elected, holding  the  office  in  all  four  years, 
and  proving  himself  a  thoroughly  competent 
and  upright  public  official.  His  excellent 
record  and  personal  popularity  caused  him 
to  be  chosen  mayor  of  Poplar  Bluff  in  1898, 
and  he  filled  that  office  one  term.    He  is  a 


HOI.COMB— HOLDKN. 


265 


member  of  the  orders  of  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  Odd  Fellows,  and  his  religious  leanings 
are  toward  the  Baptist  Church,  of  which  his 
wife  is  a  member.  In  1880  Mr.  Hogg  mar- 
ried Miss  Ida  Dillard,  of  Poplar  Bluflf,  and 
they  have  three  children. 

Holcomb. — A  village  in  Holcomb  Island 
Township,  Dunklin  County,  eleven  miles 
from  Kennett,  on  the  St.  Louis,  Kennett  & 
Southern  Railway.  It  has  three  churches, 
one  Methodist  Episcopal,  one  Methodist 
Episcopal,  South,  and  a  Baptist;  a  public 
school,  two  cotton  gins,  a  hotel  and  about 
six  stores.    Population,  1899  (estimated),  250. 

Holdeii. — ^A  city  in  Johnson  County,  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas &  Texas  Railways,  fourteen  miles  south- 
west of  Warrensburg,  the  county  seat.  It  Is 
provided  with  water  by  a  local  company,  and 
is  lighted  by  an  electric  light  plant  owned 
by  the  city.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Cecilia's 
Academy,  formerly  Holden  College.  The 
public  schools  number  nearly  500  pupils ;  ten 
teachers  are  employed  for  white  children,  and 
two  for  colored  children.  The  churches  are 
Baptist,  Catholic,  Christian,  Episcopal, 
Methodist  Episcopal,  German  Methodist 
and  Cumberland  Presbyterian.  There  are 
one  Baptist  Church  and  two  Methodist 
Churches  for  colored  people.  There  are 
also  two  banks,  a  Republican  news- 
paper, "The  Globe,"  and  a  Democratic  news- 
paper, the  "Enterprise."  In  1857  Isaac 
Jacobs  bought  from  the  original  patentees 
160  acres  of  land,  for  which  he  paid  12^ 
cents  per  acre.  He  associated  with  himself 
Sanford  Cummings,  and  laid  oflf  the  town  of 
Holden,  which  was  named  for  Major  N.  B. 
Holden,  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  who 
was  instrumental  in  the  location  of  the  rail- 
road. Major  Holden  was  a  Mexican  War 
soldier  and  an  early  school  teacher  in  John- 
son County.  He  was  with  General  Price  at 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  after  that  affair 
was  assassinated  by  a  militiaman  at  Warrens- 
burg. In  1858  Jacobs '&  Cummings  opened 
the  first  store.  The  same  year  Joseph  T. 
Mason  &  Son  built  a  frame  hotel,  Horatio 
Cox  opened  a  blacksmith  shop,  and  Dr.  C. 
L.  Carter,  the  first  physician,  began  practice. 
In  1859  ^  schoolhouse  was  built,  in  which  E. 
N.  Cooter  taught  a  school,  and  religious 
services  were  held  by  William  Roup,  a  Meth- 


odist, and  by  ministers  of  other  denomina- 
tions. In  1861  the  population  did  not  exceed 
100.  The  growth  of  the  city  began  with  the 
restoration  of  peace.  In  1865  Mrs.  John 
Doran  opened  a  hotel,  and  a  Christian 
Church  was  organized.  In  1866  Hubbard  & 
Coventry  opened  a  dry  goods  store,  and  H. 
C.  Bettes  a  hardware  store.  In  1867  E.  Giles 
began  the  publication  of  the  "Enterprise" 
newspaper,  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway 
put  up  an  enginehouse  and  turntables. 
In  1868  J.  H.  Reed  and  A.  L.  Daniels 
built  a  mill.  In  1870  a  two-story  brick  school- 
house  was  erected,  and  the  present  system  of 
education  had  its  beginning.  In  1872  I.  M. 
Smith  and  Louis  Cheney  opened  a  bank. 
Holden  was  originally  incorporated  in  1861 ; 
the  organization  was  revived  in  1868;  it  is 
now  a  city  of  the  third  class.  .The  population 
in  1900  was  2,126. 

Holden  College. — A  non-sectarian  co- 
educational academical  school  at  Holden, 
founded  in  1881,  through  the  generosity  of 
citizens,  who  built  for  its  occupancy  a  sub- 
stantial three-story  brick  edifice.  This  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  was  rebuilt,  and  the 
school  placed  in  charge  of  a  minister  and 
teacher  of  the  Christian  denomination.  In 
1890  the  building  was  purchased  by  a  Cath- 
olic sisterhood,  who  maintain  in  it  a  school 
for  both  sexes,  under  the  name  of  St. 
Cecilia's  Seminary.  In  1899  the  property 
was  valued  at  $20,000;  there  were  seven 
teachers  and  120  pupils. 

Holden,  Howard  M.,  conspicuously 
identified  with  the  establishment  of  the  most 
important  financial  and  commercial  enter- 
prises in  Kansas  City  immediately  after  the 
Civil  War  period,  was  born  August  28,  1837, 
at  Maiden,  Massachusetts.  His  parents  were 
Eli  and  Phoebe  (Shute)  Holden,  both  natives 
of  Massachusetts,  descended  from  families 
prominent  in  the  history  of  their  native  State ; 
immediate  paternal  ancestors  on  both  sides 
performed  military  service  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  Howard  M.  Holden  was 
educated  in  the  high  school  in  his  native 
town.  In  1855,  when  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  removed  to  Muscatine,  Iowa,  where  he 
was  engaged  for  three  years  in  the  banking 
house  of  Green  &  Stone.  He  developed 
marked  ability  in  his  chosen  work,  and  was 
called  to  a  position  with  the  American  Ex-. 


266. 


HOLDEN. 


change  Bank,  of  New  York.  His  ideas  of 
the  larger  opportunities  in  the  West  for  men 
of  small  capital  led  him  to  return  to  Iowa 
after  the  expiration  of  one  year.  In  1859  he 
established  a  branch  of  the  Iowa  State  Bank 
at  Washington,  of  which  he  was  the  first 
cashier  and  then  president.  He  success- 
fully managed  the  affairs  of  that  institution 
until  1866,  when  he  removed  to  Kansas  City, 
Missouri.  His  capital  then  amounted  to 
$110,000,  which  he  had  accumulated  in  its 
entirety  in  the  eleven  years  following  his 
leaving  his  native  State.  This  sum,  the  larg- 
est yet  brought  to  the  embryo  city  by  any 
new  resident,  he  at  once  put  into  active  use. 
He  bought  the  controlling  interest  in  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Kansas  City,  sub- 
scribing for  $80,000  of  its  capital  stock,  four- 
fifths  of  the  entire  amount.  Under  his  man- 
agement as  cashier  the  bank  made  a  record 
of  rare  usefulness  and  prosperity,  and  was 
for  many  years  the  leading  financial  institu- 
tion west  of  St.  Louis.  Theretofore  the  local 
banks  had  been  little  more  than  collecting 
agencies,  affording  little  encouragement  or 
assistance  to  cattle  traders  or  industrial  en- 
terprises. Combining  a  feeling  of  public 
spirit  with  business  sagacity,  he  instituted  a 
policy  which  aided  largely  in  attracting  cattle 
dealers  to  the  city  and  in  fostering  the  pack- 
ing and  grain  interests,  if,  indeed,  it  did  not 
afford  the  very  foundations  for  those  great 
intierests.  The  first  important  innovation 
made  by  the  bank  was  the  liberal  discounting 
of  commercial  paper,  commission  houses  be- 
ing specially  favored  on  cattle  and  grain  in 
warehouse  or  in  transit.  In  1868  this  liber- 
ality was  extended  to  the  beef-packing  indus- 
try, then  just  opening  up.  Aided  in  large 
degree  by  this  liberal  dealing,  business  rap> 
idly  increased,  and  in  1870  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  increase  the  bank  capital  to  $250,000, 
an  amount  which  was  speedily  subscribed, 
out  of  confidence  in  the  management  and  in 
conviction  of  its  usefulness  to  the  mercantile 
community.  During  the  great  financial  panic 
of  1873  the  bank  was  compelled  to  suspend 
for  a  time,  owing  to  the  bankruptcy  or  em- 
barrassment of  many  of  its  debtors.  Such, 
however,  was  the  popular  confidence  in  the 
wise  management  of  Mr.  Holden,  that  the 
bank  was  soon  enabled  to  resume  business, 
with  additional  stock  subscriptions  amount- 
ing to  $250,000,  increasing  the  capital  to 
$500,000.    In  1878,  during  a  period  of  finan- 


cial disaster,  the  bank  finally  closed  its  doors. 
In  the  general  depression  which  followed, 
public  sentiment  was  tempered  with  a  strong 
feeling  of  sympathy  for  Mr.  Holden,  who 
was  held  blameless  morally,  and  whose  abil- 
ity in  management  stood  unimpeached.  For 
several  years  afterward  he  devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  the  work  of  liquidation,  finally  ful- 
filling his  pledge  that  the  creditors  should 
receive  payment  in  full.  During  his  connec- 
tion with  the  bank,  and  in  the  years  follow- 
ing, he  was  variously  occupied  with  semi- 
public  concerns,  and  he  was  an  habitual  and 
influential  participant  in  all  meetings  having 
for.  their  purpose  the  fostering  of  movements 
intended  to  advance  the  commercial  interests 
of  the  city.  He  also  occupied  various  im- 
portant positions  in  which  his  services  were 
advantageous  to  his  fellows,  to  the  city  and 
to  its  tributary  region.  In  1868  he  was  a 
principal  colleague  with  C.  J.  White,  Colonel 
Bucklin  and  others,  in  the  organization  of  a 
Live  Stock  and  Drovers'  Association.  In 
1869  he  aided  in  the  organization  of  the 
Kansas  City  Board  of  Trade,  of  which  he  was 
the  "first  treasurer  and  afterward  the  presi- 
dent. The  best  possible  evidence  of  his  high 
standing  and  unimpeachable  integrity  is 
afforded  by  the  action  of  this  body  in  1878, 
immediately  following  the  suspension  of  the 
First  National  Bank,  of  which  he  was  man- 
ager. Moved  by  a  sense  of  delicacy  he 
tendered  his  resignation  as  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  which  was  returned  to  him 
by  a  chosen  committee  of  five,  representing 
the  entire  membership  of  the  body,  accom- 
panied with  sincere  assurances  of  sympa- 
thy, respect  and  confidence,  and  asking  his 
continued  service  in  his  high  position.  Dur- 
ing the  period  between  1867  and  1870  he  was 
instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf,  now  a  part 
of  the  system  known  as  the  Kansas  City, 
Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Railway.  He  was 
among  the  organizers  of  the  first  waterworks 
company,  and  was  its  first  secretary  and 
treasurer.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
Standard  Mining  Company,  of  Colorado,  and 
was  a  director  of  the  Excelsior  Springs  Com- 
pany. In  1893  he  was  appointed  assignee  of 
the  Kansas  City  Safe  Deposit  and  Savings 
Bank,  and  the  liquidation  of  its  affairs  still 
partially  engages  his  attention.  The  per- 
sonal affairs  which  principally  occupy  his  time 
are  the   management   of  a   farm   of   nearly 


HOUDAYS— HOLLADAY. 


267 


6,000  acres  in  Shawnee  County,  Kansas,  and 
a  cattle  ranch  in  Idaho.  Mr.  Holden  has 
always  felt  a  deep  interest  in  educational 
affairs.  He  was  founder  of  the  Holden  Prize 
of  $100,  annually  paid  in  money  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lege to  the  student  showing  the  greatest 
proficiency  in  his  studies  at  the  annual  exam- 
ination. His  religious  connection  is  with  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  In  politics  he  is  a  Re- 
publican. He  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Legislature  of  Iowa  in  the  session  of  1865-6. 
Despite  his  long  and  active  life,  and  his  pres- 
ent close  attention  to  large  and  intricate 
concerns,  he  is  preserved  with  unimpaired 
physical  and  mental  vigor,  and  maintains  a 
deep  hold  upon  the  regard  of  the  people  of 
the  city  which  owes  so  much,  in  its  begin- 
ning, development  and  present  pre-eminent 
position  in  the  commercial  world,  to  his  in- 
telligent and  public-spirited  effort.  Mr. 
Holden  was  married  May  30,  1867,  to  Miss 
Mary  F.  Oburn,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William 
Oburn,  of  Hanover,  Indiana,  a  lady  of  ex- 
cellent education,  held  in  high  esteem  for  her 
zealous  yet  unobtrusive  labors  in  behalf  of 
various  charitable  and  other  commendable 
objects.  Three  children  were  born  of  this 
union.  Bertha  Lynde  Holden  was  educated 
at  Bradford  (Massachusetts)  Academy,  and 
in  a  private  school  at  Chicago,  Illinois.  Her 
talents  are  mainly  in  the  lines  of  art  work 
peculiarly  adapted  to  women.  She  is  a  grace- 
ful writer,  and  has  contributed  much  enter- 
taining and  instructive  matter  to  art  journals 
and  to  the  local  press.  Hale  Holden  received 
his  classical  education  at  Williams  College, 
Massachusetts,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  in  1890;  he  then  took  a  two  years' 
course  in  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and  in 
October,  1892,  became  a  member  of  the  law 
firm  of  Warner,  Dean,  McLeod  &  Holden, 
Kansas  City.  William  M.  Holden  was  a 
student  for  three  years  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity. 

Holidays.  — The  legal  public  holidays  in 
Missouri  are  the  first  of  January,  New  Year's 
Day ;  the  twenty-second  of  February,  Wash- 
ington's Birthday;  the  thirtieth  of  May, 
Decoration  Day;  the  Fourth  of  July,  Inde- 
pendence Day;  every  general  election  day; 
any  Thanksgiving  Day,  appointed  by  the 
Governor  of  Missouri  or  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  twenty-fifth  of    De- 


cember, Christmas  Day.  When  one  of  those 
days  falls  on  Sunday  the  following  day  is  the 
holiday.  Notes  falling  due  on  a  public  holi- 
day are  extended  to  the  following  day,  un- 
less it  be  Sunday,  in  which  case  they  fall  due 
the  day  before  the  holiday.  An  act  passed  in 
1895  makes  every  Saturday  afternoon  a  legal 
half-holiday  in  cities  in  Missouri  having  a 
population  of  one  hundred  thousand  and 
over;  banks  and  trust  companies  and  other 
similar  institutions  are  allowed  to  close  at 
12  o'clock,  and  all  notes,  bills  and  other  sim- 
ilar paper  presentable  on  Saturday  are  con- 
sidered presentable  on  the  business  day  next 
succeeding. 

Holladay,  Ben,  pioneer  citizen  of 
Platte  County,  plains  trader,  freighter,  mail- 
carrier,  founder  of  the  Pony  Express,  and 
one  of  the  most  interesting  exemplars  of 
border  enterprise,  was  born  in  Kentucky. 
From  there  he  came  to  Missouri  and  settled 
in  Platte  County,  in  1838.  It  was  before  the 
county  was  organized,  but  he  opened  a  dram- 
shop in  Weston,  then  a  small  but  growing 
settlement,  and  soon  became  a  prosperous 
and  prominent  man  of  affairs.  In  1849  he 
was  one  of  a  party  of  forty  emigrants  organ- 
ized on  the  Missouri  border  to  cross  the 
plains  to  Salt  Lake  and  California.  Holladay, 
with  a  partner  named  Warner,  made  it  his 
first  important  business  venture,  taking  to 
Salt  Lake  a  large  stock  of  goods,  which  he 
disposed  of  to  good  advantage.  Other  over- 
land ventures  followed,  and  Holladay  soon 
became  the  most  enterprising  and  influential 
trader,  freighter  and  mail  carrier  on  the 
plains.  In  i860  he  conceived  the  "Pony  Ex- 
press," a  line  of  mail-carriers  on  horseback, 
between  St.  Joseph  and  San  Francisco,  and, 
in  connection  with  Majors  Russell  and  Wad- 
dell,  put  it  into  operation  April  3d  of  that 
years.  Afterward  he  established  a  line  of 
overland  mail  coaches,  which  was  maintained 
until  the  completion  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad.  He  made  a  great  deal  of  money, 
and  at  one  time  was  the  wealthiest  man  on 
the  border,  but  he  lost  it  all,  and  died  poor  in 
Denver. 

Holladay,  Hiram  IVewton,  manufac- 
turer, was  born  May  10,  1850,  in  Frederick- 
town,  Madison  County,  Missouri,  son  of 
William  and  Jane  (Long)  Holladay.  He  re- 
ceived a  good  common  school  education,  and 


268 


HOI^IyAND. 


this  education,  natural  capacity,  thrift  and  in- 
dustry, constituted  the  capital  with  which  he 
began  life.  He  began  his  business  career 
with  a  span  of  mules  and  a  wagon,  on  which 
there  was  a  mortgage,  in  construction  work 
on  the  extension  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Rail- 
road, from  Bismarck  southward.  After  the 
grading  of  this  line  of  railroad  had  been  com- 
pleted Mr.  Holladay  hauled  logs  for  the  saw- 
mills that  located  along  the  line  of  the  road, 
he  having  in  the  meantime  secured  two  or 
three  good  teams.  His  earnings  were  care- 
fully saved,  and  in  a  comparatively  short  time 
he  was  the  owner  of  an  interest  in  a  small 
sawmill,  and  also  in  a  store  at  WilHamsville. 
During  the  succeeding  years  he  had  varied 
experiences  with  numerous  ups  and  downs, 
but  upon  the  whole  made  substantial  pro- 
gress toward  the  acquisition  of  a  fortune.  In 
1888  he  erected  a  large  circular  sawmill  at 
WilHamsville,  which  was  operated  under  his 
own  name  until  1890,  when  the  H.  N.  Holla- 
day  Lumber  &  Mercantile  Company  was 
formed.  September  i,  1895,  in  company  with 
other  gentlemen,  he  organized  the  Holladay- 
Klotz  Land  &  Lumber  Company,  of  which 
he  became  president.  The  other  officers  of 
the  corporation  were  R.  J.  Medley,  vice 
president;  Eli  Klotz,  secretary,  and  Major 
C.  C.  Rainwater,  of  St.  Louis,  treasurer. 
While  this  corporation  was  operating  the  mill 
at  WilHamsville,  a  standard  gauge  railroad 
was  built  through  the  range  of  hills  north- 
eastwardly until  it  reached  the  St.  Francis 
River  and  the  town  of  Greenville,  the  county 
seat  of  Wayne  County.  After  acquiring  a 
mill  site,  just  at  the  edge  of  this  little  town, 
and  extending  the  road  on  toward  the  Bel- 
mont branch  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad, 
and  purchasing  a  great  body  of  timber  land, 
it  was  determined  to  erect  a  plant  which 
would  be  creditable  to  the  land  and  lumber 
company  and  which  should  include  all  the 
latest  and  best  features  of  modern  sawmiU 
construction.  The  railroad  was  chartered  as 
the  WilHamsville,  Greenville  &  Northeastern 
Railroad,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,500,000, 
the  officers  of  this  corporation  being  the 
same  as  those  of  the  lumber  company.  The 
capital  stock  of  the  lumber  company  was 
$600,000,  and  its  holdings  amounted  to  some- 
thing like  130,000  acres  of  timber  land.  The 
new  sawmill  was  a  model  of  its  kind  and  one 
of  the  most  famous  lumber  manufacturing 
establishments    in    the  West.     The    moving 


spirit  in  forwarding  these  important  enter- 
prises was  Mr.  Holladay,  and  his  life  was  one 
of  tremendous  energy,  unceasing  industry 
and  indomitable  perseverance.  As  the 
founder  and  builder  of  a  great  industry  he 
had  become  widely  known  in  the  business 
world,  when  he  was  suddenly  stricken  down 
and  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  an  assassin, 
who  was  at  the  time  in  his  employ. 

A  shrewd,  far-seeing  and  sagacious  man, 
Mr.  Holladay  was  eminently  practical  and 
had  remarkable  executive  ability.  Although 
never  an  active  politician,  he  took  an  interest 
in  public  affairs  and  acted  with  the  Dem- 
ocratic party  until  1896.  In  that  year 
economic  issues  caused  him  to  transfer  his 
allegiance  to  the  Republican  party.  His  reli- 
gious affiliations  were  with  the  Methodist 
Church,  and  he  was  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order.  Mr.  Holladay  married,  in  1882,  Miss 
Ellen  Haynie,  who  died,  leaving  three  chil- 
dren, William  A.,  Walter  L.  and  Ellen  Hol- 
laday. He  afterward  married  Miss  Mary  S, 
Haynie,  a  sister  of  his  first  wife,  to  whom  he 
was  wedded  in  1892.  The  children  born  of 
this  marriage  were  Mary  Katherine,  Hiram 
M.  and  Elizabeth  Holladay.  Modest  and  re- 
tiring in  his  every  day  life  and  in  his  inter- 
course with  men  of  affairs,  he  was  rigidly 
upright,  and  commanded  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  all  with  whom  he  was  brought 
into  contact. 

Holland,  Colley  B.,  prominent  in  the 
history  of  Springfield,  was  born  August  24, 
1816,  in  Robberson  County,  Tennessee. 
While  quite  young  he  was  left  fatherless,  and 
upon  him  devolved  the  duty  of  assisting  his 
mother  in  the  support  of  her  three  children, 
of  whom  he  was  the  eldest.  This  duty  he 
faithfully  performed,  and  he  purchased  her  a 
home  before  attempting  to  establish  himself 
in  life.  His  educational  opportunities  were 
meager,  but  he  succeeded  in  acquiring  a 
large  fund  of  practical  information  from  a 
few  books  accessible,  and  from  intercourse 
with  his  fellows.  While  a  young  man  he 
learned  tailoring,  and  soon  after  mastering 
his  trade  he  married  Miss  Emeline  H.  Big- 
bee,  who  was  reared  in  the  same  neighbor- 
hood with  himself.  In  1841  he  removed  to 
Springfield,  Missouri,  with  his  brother,  J.  L. 
Holland.  They  at  once  opened  a  tailor  shop, 
and  continued  in  business  together  until 
1846,  when  they  engaged  in  business  sepa- 


-  Seuthsri  J^isf^r^ 


£r^„  h  !:-'^^iiA^^A^-' 


\  /^  A/o  ^^<^^-'^-^^^__ 


HOIylvAND. 


269 


rately.  He  was  one  of  the  organizing  com- 
pany of  the  Springfield  Cotton  Mills,  and  was 
for  some  years  the  president.  In  1875,  in 
company  with  his  sons,  T.  B.  and  W.  C.  Hol- 
land, he  opened  the  business  of  the  Holland 
&  Sons  Banking  Company,  of  which  he  re- 
mained president,  though  not  an  active  offi- 
cer, until  his  death.  The  excellence  of  his 
business  qualifications  had  been  previously 
attested  by  his  conduct  as  a  director  of  the 
Springfield  branch  of  the  State  Bank  of  Mis- 
souri, and  he  was  highly  reputed  for  integ- 
rity and  business  sagacity.  The  business  of 
the  Holland  Banking  Company  has  always 
been  confined  to  the  channels  of  strictly 
legitimate  banking,  and  as  an  evidence  of 
the  conservative  spirit  which  has  charac- 
terized their  institution,  and  the  public  appre- 
ciation of  their  integrity  and  upright  business 
methods,  during  the  panic  of  1893,  between 
the  months  of  May  and  November,  Spring- 
field had  six  bank  failures  out  of  a  total  of 
ten  banks,  and  during  that  time  the  Holland 
Banking  Company's  deposits  more  than 
doubled.  On  account  of  his  advanced  age 
and  feeble  health,  General  Holland  retired 
from  active  business  life  several  years  ago, 
in  the  evening  of  a  well  spent  life,  enjoying 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  the  bank  bearing 
his  name  grow  steadily,  year  by  year,  under 
the  able  management  of  the  vice  president, 
Mr.  T.  B.  Holland,  and  the  cashier,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam B.  Sanford,  who  have  been  identified 
with  the  institution  during  its  history.  While 
this  bank  is  incorporated,  all  the  stock  is  held 
and  owned  by  the  officers  and  members  of 
their  families.  General  Holland  was  orig- 
inally a  Whig  in  politics,  and  in  1852  was 
appointed  postmaster  at  Springfield,  but  re- 
signed the  position  the  following  year.  He 
liberally  aided  various  educational  enter- 
prises, and  in  1859  was  one  of  the  incorpo- 
rators and  a  member  of  the  building  com- 
mittee of  the  Springfield  Male  Academy, 
which  in  its  day  was  one  of  the  best  schools 
in  Missouri.  In  religion  he  was  a  Cumber- 
land Presbyterian;  he  assisted  in  organizing 
the  first  church  of  that  denomination  in 
Springfield,  and  served  it  as  stated  clerk  for 
nearly  forty  years.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  became  conspicuous  for  loyalty 
and  an  efficient  aid  in  the  organization  of 
Union  troops.  He  had  served  as  a  non- 
commissioned officer  against  the  Seminole 
Indians  in  Florida  in  1836-7,  and  the  experi- 


ence was  valuable  to  himself  and  his  col- 
leagues in  the  troublous  times  beginning  in 
1 86 1.  He  was  captain  of  company  D  of  the 
Phelps  regiment,  and  was  promoted  to  lieu- 
tenant colonel.  The  regiment  fought  vali- 
antly in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  and  suffered 
severely.  In  the  fall  of  1862  he  assisted  in 
organizing  the  Seventy-second  Regiment, 
Missouri  Militia,  of  which  he  was  commis- 
sioned colonel,  September  9th  of  that  year. 
October  2.y,  1862,  Governor  Gamble  commis- 
sioned him  brigadier  general  of  Missouri 
militia,  his  command  including  the  militia  in 
all  the  counties  in  southwest  Missouri.  His 
headquarters  were  in  Springfield,  and  he  oc- 
cupied the  position  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
As  commander  of  the  militia  in  the  battle  of 
Springfield,  January  8,  1863,  he  acquitted 
himself  as  a  true  soldier,  and  at  critical 
moments  restored  confidence  when  the  fight 
was  well  nigh  hopeless.  Particularly  was  this 
the  case  when  General  E.  B.  Brown  was 
wounded  about  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
and  he  became  the  commander.  General 
Holland  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  nearly 
eighty-five  years,  March  5,  1901,  at  his  home 
in  Springfield.  His  eldest  and  only  surviving 
child,  T.  B.  Holland,  is  at  present  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Holland  Banking  Company.  A 
daughter,  Victoria,  died  in  1856,  and  a  son, 
W.  C.,  died  in  1877. 

Holland,  Robert  A.,  S.  T.  D.,  rector 
of  St.  George's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
St.  Louis,  was  born  in  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
in  1844.  When  seventeen  years  of  age  he 
was  graduated  from  Louisville  (Kentucky) 
College.  Even  before  his  graduation  he  had 
been  "licensed  to  preach"  in  the  Methodist 
Church,  and  a  month  after  his  first  sermon 
was  delivered.  Four  months  later  he  was 
sent  as  "preacher  in  charge"  to  Campbells- 
ville  circuit,  where,  however,  he  shortly 
raised  a  company  and  with  it  entered  the 
Southern  Army,  and  soon  found  himself  the 
juvenile  chaplain  of  Buford's  brigade  of  Ken- 
tucky cavalry.  At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
(being  then  just  twenty-one  years  old)  he 
went  to  New  York  City  to  organize  a  church 
among  the  Southerners  there.  He  held  meet- 
ing's in  a  hall  in  Cooper  Institute,  but  his 
work  ended  on  account  of  the  illness  of  his 
wife  (Miss  Theodosia  Everett),  whom  he  had 
married  in  Georgia.  He  then  went  abroad, 
and  on  his  return  to  America  was  for  three 


270 


HOLI.IDAY. 


years  pastor  of  Trinity  Methodist  Church, 
Baltimore,  then  probably  the  leading  congre- 
gation of  Southern  Methodism.  At  the  end 
of  that  period  he  became  a  convert  to  Epis- 
copalianism  and  a  candidate  for  holy  orders. 
His  first  call  as  an  Episcopal  minister  was 
to  St.  George's,  St.  Louis,  of  which  he  be- 
came rector  in  1872.  After  seven  years  with 
the  latter  named  church  he  was  for  four 
years  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois, and  then  for  some  years  rector  of 
Trinity  Church,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  He 
was  then  recalled  to  the  church  of  his  first 
pastorate  in  St.  Louis,  where  for  fourteen 
years  (to  present  date,  1900)  he  has  worked 
to  the  degree  of  repeated  self-exhaustion. 
Among  his  labors  in  St.  Louis  have  been 
those  pertaining  to  the  higher  educational 
field,  such  as  conducting  in  the  guild  room 
of  his  church  "The  Dante  School  of  Philo- 
sophy" and  "The  Social  Science  Club." 

Hoi  lid  ay. — An  incorporated  village  in 
Monroe  County,  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  & 
Texas  Railroad,  six  miles  west  of  Paris.  It 
has  a  school,  two  churches  and  fourteen  busi- 
ness places,  including  stores,  shops,  etc. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  250. 

Holliday,  John  J.,  for  many  years  a 
prominent  citizen  and  public  official  of  St. 
Louis,  was  born  in  Pike  County,  Missouri, 
July  23,  1819,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Septem- 
ber 18,  1881.  His  father  was  Major  Joseph 
Holliday,  who  came  to  the  State  from  Ken- 
tucky in  1817,  and  who  was  later  commis- 
sioned to  lay  out  the  county  seat  of  Monroe 
County.  John  J.  Holliday  was  educated  in 
St.  Charles  College,  of  St.  Charles,  Missouri, 
and  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1846.  For  several 
years  he  was  associated  in  business  with  his 
uncle,  Captain  John  S.  McCune.  In  1849  ^^ 
made  the  overland  trip  to  California  as  a 
gold-seeker,  and  remained  on  the  Coast  two 
years.  Returning  to  St.  Louis  in  185 1,  he 
bought  a  farm  in  Lafayette  County,  which 
subsequently  became  the  site  of  the  present 
town  of  Higginsville.  He  lived  in  Lafayette 
County  seven  years,  and  represented  the 
county  in  the  Legislature  during  the  admin- 
istration of  Governor  Trusten  Polk.  In  1858 
he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  became  general 
agent  of  the  Wiggins  Ferry  Company,  re- 
taining that  position  five  years.  In  1863  he 
became  associated  with  James  Collins  in  the 


proprietorship  of  the  Broadway  Foundry, 
and  in  this  capacity  was  identified  with  the 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  city  thirteen 
years.  Later  he  was  engaged  in  the  real  es- 
tate business  as  head  of  the  firm  of  Holliday 
&  Bulkley.  He  served  for  many  years  as  a 
member  of  the  school  board  of  St.  Louis. 
In  1881  Governor  Crittenden  appointed  him 
coal  oil  inspector  of  St.  Louis,  and  he  was 
discharging  the  duties  of  that  office  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  The  surviving  members 
of  his  family  were  a  widow,  seven  sons  and 
two  daughters.  His  eldest  daughter  is  now 
the  widow  of  James  H.  Wear,  long  known  as 
one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  St.  Louis. 

Holliday,  Samuel  N.,  lawyer,  was  born 
on  a  farm  near  Spencer  Creek,  in  Pike 
County,  Missouri,  October  30,  1829,  son  of 
Major  Joseph  and  Nancy  McCune  Holliday, 
of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  His  father  was  one 
of  the  most  interesting  pioneer  settlers  of 
Missouri,  having  come  to  this  State  from 
Kentucky,  where  he  was  born  in  1789.  The 
elder  Holliday  was  one  of  the  volunteer 
mounted  riflemen  of  Kentucky  who  served 
under  Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson  in  the 
War  of  1812.  He  was  a  participant  in  the 
battle  of  the  Thames,  Canada,  fought  in  181 3, 
and  in  an  autobiography,  which  he  wrote  in 
1863,  gave  some  interesting  reminiscences  of 
the  battle  and  the  killing  of  Tecumseh. 
Samuel  N.  Holliday  obtained  his  early  edu- 
cation at  the  country  schools  in  Monroe 
County.  He  was  later  a  student  at  the  Col- 
legiate Institute,  of  Hannibal,  Missouri;  at 
Spring  River  Academy,  in  Lawrence  County, 
Missouri,  and  also  pursued  studies  at  home 
under  the  tutorship  of  James  Carr.  In  1849 
he  went  to  California  and  spent  two  years  in 
that  State,  engaged  in  freighting  and  mer- 
chandising. He  returned  to  Missouri  in 
185 1,  and  immediately  after  reaching  his  old 
home  entered  the  academic  department  of 
Cumberland  University,  at  Lebanon,  Ten- 
nessee, and  after  completing  his  classical 
studies  took  up  the  study  of  law,  and  was 
graduated  from  the  law  department  of  that 
institution  in  1855.  He  entered  upon  prac- 
tice in  St.  Louis.  He  belongs  to  the  old 
school  of  Democracy,  believing  in  a  strict 
construction  of  the  Constitution,  a  tariff  for 
revenue  only,  and  the  maintenance  of  the 
gold  monetary  standard.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church 


I 


HOLUNGSWORTH— HOIvMAN. 


271 


in  1848,  and  afterward  transferred  his  mem- 
bership to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church, 
in  which  he  has  been  a  ruHng  elder  for 
twenty  years.  He  married,  in  i860,  Maria 
Fithian  Glasby,  who  died  in  1886.  Three 
children  were  born  of  their  union,  of  whom 
Ida  Rebecca  Holliday,  their  only  daughter, 
died  in  1878.  Their  living  children  are  two 
sons — Joseph  G.  Holliday,  a  graduate  of 
Yale  College,  and  now  a  member  of  the  St. 
Louis  bar,  and  William  Harrison  Holliday, 
who  graduated  from  Harvard  College,  and  is 
now  cashier  of  the  Merchants'  National  Bank 
of  Los  Angeles,  California. 

Holliiigsworth,  Jeptlia  Gideon, 

dentist,  and  noted  also  as  an  inventor  of 
dental  devices,  was  born  February  16,  1856, 
in  Platte  City,  Missouri.  His  parents  were 
Benjamin  F.  and  Mary  (Mimms)  Hollings- 
worth,  both  natives  of  Kentucky..  The  father 
was  a  practicing  physician,  a  graduate  of  the 
Louisville  Medical  College',  who  came  to 
Missouri  in  1853.  The  son,  Jeptha  Gideon, 
was  educated  in  the  common  school  of  his 
native  town.  In  1879  he  entered  the  office  of 
Dr.  J.  K.  Stark,  of  Kansas  City,  the  leading 
dental  practitioner  of  his  day  in  that  city,  and 
later  the  founder  of  the  Kansas  City  Dental 
College.  After  a  thorough  course  of  instruc- 
tion under  that  highly  capable  tutor,  in 
course  of  which  he  had  the  advantage  of  a 
wide  practical  experience,  he  returned  to 
Platte  City,  where  he  conducted  a  successful 
practice  for  ten  years.  In  1890  he  located  in 
Kansas  City,  where  his  professional  skill  en- 
abled him  to  take  a  leading  place  among 
practitioners.  For  ten  years  past  he  has 
taught  in  the  Kansas  City  Dental  College, 
and  is  the  present  resident  demonstrator  in 
that  school.  His  high  attainments  in  opera- 
tive dentistry  have  won  for  him  national 
fame,  and  he  has  been  called  upon  to  hold 
clinics  at  sessions  of  State  and  national  den- 
tal associations  in  more  than  one-half  the 
States  of  the  Union,  including  the  World's 
Columbian  Dental  Congress,  in  Chicago,  in 
1893,  ^"<i  notable  gatherings  in  New  York 
City,  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore.  He  is 
principally  distinguished  as  an  inventor  of 
devices  for  operative  dentistry,  which  have 
been  brought  into  general  use  in  nearly  all 
the  countries  of  the  civilized  world.  His 
greatest  accomplishment  is  in  the  Hollings- 
worth   system   of   crown   and   bridge   work, 


which  was  introduced  at  the  World's  Fair 
Dental  Congress,  in  Chicago,  and  won  the 
approbation  of  the  entire  body  of  dental 
scientists  there  assembled.  This  system  is 
reported  at  length  in  "Essig's  American 
Text  Book  of  Prosthetic  Dentistry,"  pub- 
lished by  Lea  Brothers  &  Co.,  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1896.  It  affords  greater  range  of 
ready  application  than  any  of  its  predeces- 
sors, surpassing  all  others  in  accuracy  of 
method,  simplicity  of  procedure  and  beauty 
of  result.  In  its  use,  many  practitioners  who 
previously  sent  their  patients  to  specialists 
have  become  accomplished  bridge  and  crown 
workers,  its  simplicity  and  accuracy  enabling 
the  average  workman  to  use  it  readily  and 
with  entire  success.  Other  products  of  his 
inventive  genius  are  his  crown  driver,  unsur- 
passed for  utility ;  his  process  for  conturing 
crowns,  and  one  for  hermetically  sealing 
joints  between  porcelain  and  gold.  The  ad- 
vantages of  the  latter  he  bestowed  entirely 
upon  the  American  Dental  Association. 
These  valuable  contributions  to  dental  sci- 
ence have  given  him  unapproachable  distinc- 
tion among  the  professional  inventors  of  the 
country,  if  not  of  the  world.  For  the  past 
few  years  he  has  applied  himself  assiduously 
to  his  personal  practice,  seeking  no  farther 
triumphs  in  the  field  of  invention.  For  eight- 
een years  past  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Kansas  State  Dental  Society,  and  recently 
severed  his  relations  with  the  Missouri  State 
Dental  Association  after  twenty  years'  mem- 
bership in  that  body.  He  is  a  Democrat  in 
politics,  and  a  member  of  the  fraternities  of 
Masons  and  Odd  Fellows.  He  was  married, 
October  2,  1884,  to  Miss  Bushie  Park,  a  na- 
tive of  Montana,  reared  in  Missouri,  and  a 
graduate  of  the  Daughters'  College,  in  Platte 
City.  Two  children,  Kathleen  and  Park,  have 
been  born  of  this  union. 

Holman,  John  Beriah,  manufacturer, 
was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  October  11, 
1854.  Mr.  Holman's  parents  removed  to  St. 
Louis  when  he  was  eleven  years  of  age,  and 
he  completed  his  education  at  Washington 
University.  He  entered  the  employ  of  the 
Iron  Mountain  Railroad  Company  in  1871. 
In  that  year  he  embarked  in  business  in  that 
city  as  a  commission  merchant,  continuing 
until  1879,  when  he  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
business.  Some  time  later  he  became  the 
owner  of  a  patent  utilized  in  the  manufacture 


272 


HOI.MAN— HOI.MES. 


of  boxes,  and,  with  his  brother,  William  H. 
Holman,  established  the  manufacturing  en- 
terprise with  which  he  has  since  been  identi- 
fied, and  which  was  incorporated  in  1885, 
with  William  H.  Holman  as  president,  and 
John  B.  Holman  as  secretary  and  treasurer. 
William  H.  Holman  died  in  1891,  and  John 
B.  Holman  succeeded  to  the  presidency,  a 
position  which  he  still  retains.  Other  corpo- 
rations in  which  he  is  interested  are  the  Mis- 
souri Fire  Brick  Company,  of  which  he  is 
president,  and  the  Vincennes  Paper  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  is  a  director.  He  is  also  a 
director  of  the  National  Bank  of  the  Re- 
public. He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order.  He  honors  the  memory  of  his  Revo- 
lutionary ancestors  through  his  active  mem- 
bership in  the  Missouri  Society  of  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution.  He  is  an  ac- 
complished amateur  photographer,  and  is 
vice  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Photographic 
Society.  December  20,  1876,  Mr.  Holman 
married  Miss  Frances  Wash,  daughter  of 
Martin  W.  and  Margaret  (Humphreys) 
Wash,  of  St.  Louis.  The  only  son  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Holman  is  John  Edgar  Holman, 
who  graduated  from  Smith  Academy  in  1895, 
and  is  now  associated  with  his  father  in  busi- 
ness. 

Holman,  Minard  L.,  water  commis- 
sioner of  St.  Louis,  was  born  June  15,  1852, 
in  Mexico,  Maine,  son  of  John  H.  and  Mary 
(Richards)  Holman.  He  was  reared  in  St. 
Louis,  fitted  for  college  in  the  public  schools 
of  that  city,  and  graduated  from  Washington 
University  in  1874.  He  became  connected 
with  the  United  States  Treasury  Department 
as  an  assistant  architect,  filling  that  position 
for  two  years.  He  then  spent  some  time  in 
Tennessee  introducing  drilling  machines  into 
the  stone  quarries,  and  then,  returning  to  St. 
Louis,  entered  the  office  of  Flad  &  Smith, 
civil  engineers.  In  October,  1877,  he  became 
connected  with  the  waterworks  department 
of  St.  Louis  as  a  draughtsman,  and  served  in 
that  connection  until  1887.  For  some 
months  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Missouri 
Street  Railway  Company,  but  before  the 
close  of  the  year  was  appointed  water  com- 
missioner of  St.  Louis,  which  office  he  has 
held  ever  since.  He  has  at  different  times 
written  on  subjects  coming  within  the  do- 
main of  waterworks  operation  and  manage- 
ment, and  his  official  reports  have  contained 


much  valuable  information.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  comprehensive  historical  sketch  of 
the  waterworks  system  of  St.  Louis,  pub- 
lished elsewhere  in  this  work.  He  has  acted 
at  different  times  as  consulting  engineer  for 
various  cities,  and  is  a  member  of  leading 
societies  of  engineers.  In  the  autumn  of 
1879  Mr.  Holman  married  Miss  Margaret  H. 
Holland,  daughter  of  Charles  H.  Holland,  of 
St.  Louis,  and  they  have  a  family  of  three 
sons  and  one  daughter. 

Holmes,  Daniel  Boone,  lawyer,  was 
born  March  13,  1850,  at  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky. His  parents  were  John  and  Sally  A.  ; 
(Gilbert)  Holmes.  The  father,  a  native  of 
Virginia,  removed  in  early  life  to  Kentucky, 
and  became  a  man  of  considerable  influence 
in  his  neighborhood;  he  was  for  some  years 
a  justice  of  the  peace.  The  mother,  a  noble 
Christian  woman,  was  born  in  Maryland. 
Nine  children  were  born  to  them,  of  whom 
Daniel  Boone  alone  is  now  living;  he  was 
but  a  year  old  when  his  father  died.  His 
education  was  begun  in  the  public  schools, 
and  he  was  fitted  for  college  at  the  Transyl- 
vania High  School,  at  Lexington,  after 
which  he  entered  the  Kentucky  University, 
graduating  in  1870.  During  his  senior  colle- 
giate year  he  read  law  privately,  and  after 
his  graduation  from  college  he  pursued  legal 
studies  in  the  office  of  a  lawyer.  In  1871  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  after  an  examination 
by  the  judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  at 
Frankfort,  the  highest  licensing  body  in  the 
State.  He  then  entered  the  Harvard  Law 
School,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
June,  1872.  In  November  of  the  same  year 
he  located  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  the  courts  of  the 
State ;  in  1892  he  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
Soon  after  locating  in  Kansas  City  he  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Thomas  V.  Bryant, 
an  eminent  lawyer,  with  whom,  upon  investi- 
gation, he  formed  a  partnership,  which  was 
maintained  for  thirteen  years,  until  his  friend 
and  associate  was  constrained  by  failing 
health  to  retire.  After  three  years  of  indi- 
vidual practice  he  became  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Karnes,  Holmes  &  Krauthoff,  and 
subsequently  of  the  firm  of  Holmes  &  Perry, 
which  yet  exists.  While  actively  engaged  in 
general  practice  all  these  years,  it  is  in  the 
field  of  corporation  law  that  he  has  achieved        ^ 


HOI^MES. 


273 


the  most  distinction,  and  has  at  the  same 
time  been  enabled  to  render  great  service  to 
the  community,  albeit  in  an  indirect  way. 
The  story  of  his  introduction  to  this  depart- 
ment of  the  law  is  tinged  with  romance,  link- 
ing personal  friendliness  with  a  business 
transaction,  and  that,  in  turn,  leading  to  a 
deeper  attachment,  which  made  almost 
strangers  the  most  devoted  friends  ever 
after.  Shortly  after  the  death  of  Nehemiah 
Holmes,  the  founder  of  street  car  service  in 
Kansas  City,  the  decedent's  estate  was  found 
to  include  an  interest  in  certain  street  railway 
property,  which  was  subject  to  a  mortgage, 
regarded  by  capable  lawyers  as  irredeemable 
and  lost,  to  the  great  detriment  of  the  estate. 
Young  Holmes,  in  no  way  related  to  the 
family  whose  name  was  the  same  as  his  own, 
was  a  well  regarded  visitor  at  their  home, 
where,  as  guest,  was  the  lady  who  after- 
ward became  his  wife.  He  was  then  fresh 
from  his  law  studies,  and  as  yet  without  any 
very  substantial  footing  in  his  chosen  profes- 
sion. Having  heard  discussion  as  to  the 
jeopardized  interest,  he  ventured  to  suggest 
a  line  of  action,  and  Mrs,  Holmes,  the  widow 
and  administratrix,  was  so  impressed  with 
the  confidence  of  the  young  lawyer  in  the 
reasonableness  of  his  conclusions,  that  she 
committed  the  case  to  him,  in  association 
with  her  regular  counsel,  who  approved, the 
young  lawyer's  suggestion,  and  it  being  put 
in  force,  the  property  was  saved  to  the  estate. 
Shortly  afterward  the  road  passed  into  the 
control  of  Walton  H.  Holmes,  son  of  its  orig- 
inal projector  and  builder,  who  soon  associ- 
ated with  himself  his  brother,  Conway  F. 
Holmes.  Between  the  two  brothers  and  the 
attorney,  who  had  so  ably  and  successfully 
maintained  their  family  rights,  grew  up  the 
most  devoted  personal  friendship,  based  in 
part  upon  gratitude  for  interest  surpassing 
that  of  the  mere  legal  adviser,  and  in  equal 
degree  upon  confidence  in  his  professional 
ability,  and  he  has  since  been  constantly  their 
counselor  in  all  their  concerns.  His  services 
have  been  continuously  enlisted  in  street  rail- 
way business  from  the  day  of  the  one  pio- 
neer Westport  line,  with  its  cars  drawn  by 
mules,  to  that  of  the  Metropolitan  Street 
Railway  Company,  with  its  superb  equip- 
ment and  nearly  one  hundred  miles  of  double 
track.  In  conducting  the  legal  business  for 
the  various  companies  now  merged  into  the 
one  great  corporation,  which  he  serves  as 

Vol.  Ill— 18 


counsel,  and  in  other  cases  coming  under  the 
same  head,  Mr.  Holmes  long  ago  achieved 
distinction  as  among  the  very  highest  au- 
thorities in  the  great  department  of  corpora- 
tion law,  and  he  has  appeared  in  many  of  the 
most  important  of  such  cases  adjudicated  in 
the  State.  His  wealth  of  resource  lies  in  his 
indefatigable  industry  and  keenness  of  per- 
ception. His  preparation  of  a  case  is  so  ex- 
haustive that  no  iota  of  its  merits  or  demerits 
escapes  his  knowledge  and  accurate  esti- 
mate, enabling  him  to  immediately  meet  all 
manner  of  attack,  as  well  as  to  take  instant 
advantage  of  error  or  omission  upon  the  part 
of  his  opponent.  In  nothing,  however,  does 
he  resort  to  evasion  or  trickery,  all  his  pro- 
cesses being  honest  and  dignified.  His 
strength  appears  in  his  evident  sincerity,  per- 
fection of  preparation,  sound  logic  and  vig- 
orous but  not  vehement  speech.  A  genuine 
enthusiasm  for  his  profession  finds  manifes- 
tation in  his  interest  in  several  bodies  with 
which  he  maintains  connection,  the  American 
Bar  Association,  the  Missouri  State  Bar  As- 
sociation, the  Kansas  City  Bar  Association, 
which  he  has  served  as  president,  and  the 
Harvard  Law  School  Association,  of  which- 
he  is  a  life  member.  Yet  another,  and  an 
eloquent  assurance,  is  found  in  his  sympathy 
for  young  law  students  and  graduates,  and 
his  helpfulness  to  such  as  opportunity  pre- 
sents. His  relationship  with  the  Metropoli- 
tan Street  Railway  Company,  as  counsel,  has 
enabled  him  to  render  service  of  signal  ad- 
vantage in  the  way  of  extending  and  perfect- 
ing rapid  transit  facilities  in  Kansas  City, 
and  he  has  entered  into  this  work  with  gen- 
uine public  spirit  and  enterprise.  He  gave 
early  and  intelligent  attention  to  the  succes- 
sive establishment  of  cable  and  electric  mo- 
tive power,  as  invention  jprogressed,  and  he 
was  a  prime  mover  in  projecting  the  Grand 
Avenue  and  Fifteenth  Street  lines,  and  in  the 
organization  of  companies  to  build  and  oper- 
ate them.  In  these  cases,  as  welt  as  in  others, 
he  safeguarded  public  interests  in  a  spirit  of 
liberality  and  deep  regard  for  the  rights  and 
interests  of  the  people.  In  his  personal 
traits  he  is  the  unaffected  gentleman,  not 
self-assertive,  but  considerate  and  compan- 
ionable. Well  versed  in  general  literature 
and  given  to  discrimination  and  originality 
in  thought,  his  society  is  rarely  instructive 
and  entertaining.  Mr.  Holmes  was  married, 
February  6,  1877,  to  Miss  Lyda  A.  Massey, 


274 


HOIvMES. 


daughter  of  the  Honorable  Ben  F.  Massey,  a 
former  Secretary  of  State  of  Missouri,  and  a 
member  of  the  Missouri  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1875.  She  is  a  highly  educated 
and  accomplished  lady,  a  member  of  various 
literary  and  art  societies,  and  of  the  order 
of  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
and  of  the  Colonial  Dames  of  America  in 
Virginia.  Three  children  were  born  of  this 
marriage.  Massey  Bryant  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  University  in  1899,  ^^^  is  now 
a  student  in  the  law  school  of  the  same  insti- 
tution, class  of  1902;  Miss  Sydney  was  edu- 
cated at  Monticello  Female  Seminary,  God- 
frey, Illinois,  and  Mignon  Gilbert  is  also  at 
Monticello  Seminary. 

Holmes,  Edward  E.,  has  been  identi- 
fied with  the  real  estate  interests  of  Kansas 
City  since  1882.  He  was  in  the  loan  and  real 
estate  business  in  Iowa  in  1871,  removed 
thence  to  Emporia,  Kansas,  and  remained 
there  until  1882,  when  he  went  to  Kansas 
City.  His  connection  with  real  estate  was 
not  as  an  active  agent,  however,  but  as  one 
who  loaned  money  on  properties.  The  year 
of  his  removal  to  Kansas  City  he  became  in- 
t^ested  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  Dundee 
Place,  an  attractive  addition,  bounded  by 
Twelfth,  Virginia  and  Campbell  Streets,  and 
a  line  drawn  between  Seventeenth  and  Eight- 
eenth Streets.  This  addition  included  the 
old  Kansas  City  fair  grounds,  and  at  the  time 
.of  purchase  but  one  house  was  located  on  it. 
Jt  is  now  built  up  closely  with  fine  homes, 
And  is  one  of  the  best  residence  portions  of 
:the  city.  Mr.  Holmes  was  later  interested 
.extensively  in  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  prop- 
(Crty.,  and  laid  out  a  number  of  additions 
tthere.  In  1899  he  organized  the  company 
which  purchased  the  beautiful  Roanoke  addi- 
tion, one  of  the  most  picturesque  suburbs  to 
be  found  in  any  locality.  Roanoke  contains 
116  acres,  most  of  which  is  shaded  by  mag- 
nificent forest  trees  that  have  stood  for  many 
years.  It  is  required  by  the  management  of 
the  suburb  that  no  house  erected  thereon 
shall  cost  less  than  $4,500,  and  that  a  pur- 
chaser must  acquire  a  title  to  not  less  than 
fifty  front  feet  of  ground.  The  work  of  im- 
proving Roanoke  was  completed  in  1900,  and 
at  that  time  a  large  number  of  splendid  struc- 
tures for  residence  purposes  were  in  course 
of  erection.  The  Pitkin  Realty  Company, 
jvhich  was  organized  by  the  subject  of  these 


lines,  purchased  Oakhurst,  a  suburban  place 
of  forty-three  acres,  at  the  terminus  of  the 
Fifteenth  Street  car  line.  Winchester  Place, 
which  contains  forty-three  acres,  was  laid  out 
by  E.  E.  and  W.  P.  Holmes,  and  is  well 
adapted  for  model  home  sites.  Mr.  Holmes 
is  at  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Holmes  Brothers, 
his  brother,  Willard  P.  Holmes,  having  be- 
come associated  with  him  in  the  real  estate 
business  in  1894.  E.  E.  Holmes  negotiated 
the  realty  deals  upon  lands  touching  the 
route  of  the  electric  car  line  connecting  Kan- 
sas City  and  Independence,  Missouri,  the 
total  amount  of  cash  represented  in  the  ex- 
tensive transactions  being  about  $500,000. 
He  has  been  otherwise  actively  identified 
with  public  enterprises  in  Kansas  City,  and 
has  been  an  influential  factor  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  city's  most  important  interests. 
Mr.  Holmes  was  married,  in  1873,  to  Miss 
Martha  J.  Hawley,  of  Muscatine,  Iowa.  She 
died  in  1895.  Two  sons  were  born  of  that 
union,  of  whom  Albert  E.  is  in  partnership 
with  his  father  in  the  real  estate  department 
of  their  business.  Mr  Holmes  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Congregational  Church,  and  po- 
litically is  a  Republican, 

Holmes,  Nehemiah,  one  of  the  most 
progressive  citizens  of  Kansas  City  during 
its  formative  period,  and  founder  of  the 
street  railway  system  of  that  city,  was  born 
in  1826,  in  New  York,  son  of  Nehemiah  and 
Clara  (Dan)  Holmes.  His  father,  a  mer- 
chant, afforded  him  an  excellent  practical 
business  education,  which  included  some 
knowledge  of  civil  engineering,  an  acquisi- 
tion which  was  of  no  advantage  for  many 
years,  but  ultimately  proved  a  substantial 
foundation  for  personal  fortune,  and  at  the 
same  time  largely  conducive  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  metropolitan  city  of  the  Mis- 
souri Valley.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  years 
he  left  school  and  went  to  Aberdeen,  Mis- 
sissippi, where  he  became  associated  with  a 
brother  and  another  partner  in  the  conduct 
of  a  general  mercantile  business.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  years  he  was  placed  in  sole  charge 
and  was  so  occupied  for  about  ten  years.  In 
1856  he  visited  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and 
recognizing  in  the  geographical  situation  an 
opportunity  for  the  upbuilding  of  a  trading 
mart  for  a  large  region,  he  determined  upon 
making  it  his  permanent  abode.  He  had 
brought  with  him  a  considerable  amount  of 


£^/Z-e^971L^OcLrZ.'  c 


^/o^<^ 


HOLMES. 


275 


money,  a  portion  of  which  he  invested  in  real 
estate,  reserving  the  remainder  for  use  in 
business  enterprises  as  opportunity  might 
present.  From  the  beginning  he  was  quick 
to  discern  opportunity,  at  times  even  antici- 
pating it,  for  business  enterprises  conducing 
to  the  general  improvement  of  the  city  and 
providing  employment  for  workingmen,  and 
he  soon  came  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
foremost  business  men  of  the  city  and  a  pub- 
lic benefactor.  Considerable  portions  of  his 
real  estate  holdings  he  sold  to  men  of  small 
means  on  favorable  terms,  more  regardful  of 
assisting  in  their  permanent  establishment 
than  of  making  profit  out  of  these  transac- 
tions. In  1857  he  was  chief  organizer  of  a 
branch  of  the  Mechanics'  Bank  of  St.  Louis, 
and  was  for  many  years  its  president.  This 
was  the  second  banking  house  established  in 
Kansas  City,  and  for  some  years  it  did  a 
profitable  business.  The  disturbed  condi- 
tions of  the  Civil  War  period  caused  great 
embarrassment,  but  it  continued  to  transact 
business  until  it  went  into  liquidation  in  1871. 
During  the  critical  periods  of  its  history,  and 
in  its  retirement  from  business,  Mr.  Holmes 
was  particularly  useful,  and  his  unquestioned 
integrity  and  ability  as  a  financier  was  a  po- 
tent influence  in  averting  disaster.  During 
a  portion  of  this  time  he  was  an  organizer 
and  manager  of  various  insurance  compa- 
nies, which  contributed  in  no  small  degree  to 
the  interests  of  the  business  community  in 
providing  indemnity  not  readily  obtained 
elsewhere  and  in  keeping  large  amounts  of 
money  for  use  at  home.  It  is,  however,  as 
the  founder  of  street  railway  service  in  Kan- 
sas City  that  Mr.  Holmes  is  most  gratefully 
remembered  and  most  highly  honored,  for 
the  establishment  of  the  modest  parent  line 
marks  the  beginning  of  the  real  growth  of 
the  present  metropolis.  Indeed,  it  may  be 
asserted  as  a  fact  that,  owing  to  topograph- 
ical conditions,  that  growth  was  absolutely 
dependent  upon  such  service,  and  that  its  ab- 
sence would  have  proved  stagnation.  With 
the  exception  of  a  few  poorly  equipped  horse 
car  lines  in  St.  Louis,  there  were  no  street 
railways  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Kan- 
sas City  was  then  regarded  as  little  more 
than  the  gateway  for  the  cattle  trade,  and 
Mr.  Holmes'  project  was  regarded  by  the 
general  public  with  little  favor.  He  per- 
sisted, however,  and  secured  the  co-operation 
of  a  number  of  citizens  in  the  formation  of 


the  Kansas  City  &  Westport  Horse  Railway 
Company.  His  associates  were  serviceable, 
but  nominal,  the  law  requiring  a  certain 
number  of  incorporators.  Mr.  Holmes  alone 
provided  the  means,  and  the  line  was  estab- 
Hshed  solely  through  his  effort ;  in  short,  he 
was  sole  owner  and  manager  from  the  incep- 
tion to  the  consummation  of  the  enterprise. 
An  evidence  of  the  fair  dealing  which  was 
ever  one  of  his  principal  characteristics,  is 
found  in  the  fact,  not  heretofore  stated,  that 
the  broad  highway  from  Kansas  City  to 
Westport  was  his  gift  to  the  public  use.  It 
was  originally  a  toll  road;  he  purchased  the 
stock,  and  built  his  horse  railway  upon  that 
line,  and  subsequently  dedicated  the  toll  road 
to  Jackson  County  as  a  free  public  road,  sub- 
ject only  to  his  right  of  way  for  car  service. 
In  1870  the  first  cars  were  run  on  Fourth 
Street,  from  Main  Street  to  Walnut  Street; 
thence  to  Twelfth  Street;  thence  to  and  on 
Grand  Avenue  to  Sixteenth  Street,  and  the 
following  year  the  line  was  completed  to 
Westport.  Mr.  Holmes  was  subsequently 
the  prime  mover  in  the  organization  and 
building  of  the  Jackson  County  Horse  Rail- 
way, although  his  name  did  not  appear 
among  the  original  incorporators,  and  he 
personally  superintended  it  to  the  comple- 
tion of  its  western  end,  from  Main  Street  to 
the  Union  Depot.  This  was  in  April,  1873, 
and  his  death  occurred  the  twenty-sixth  day 
of  that  month,  undoubtedly  hastened  by  over- 
exertion and  anxiety.  From  the  beginning 
he  had  encountered  difficulties  which  would 
have  overwhelmed  one  of  less  determination. 
Until  shortly  before  his  death  he  had  oper- 
ated his  lines  at  a  pecuniary  loss.  On  ac- 
count of  the  severe  grades,  the  roads  were 
expensive  in  operation,  and  in  his  day  only 
animals  were  used  for  drawing  the  cars.  He 
was  burdened  with  the  immediate  manage- 
ment, as  well  as  with  projects  for  future  de- 
velopment. In  none  had  he  the  stimulus 
proceeding  from  the  success  he  desired,  and 
commensurate  reward;  he  lived  upon  hope 
for  the  future,  and  in  the  conviction  that  he 
was  giving  his  life  effort  toward  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  great  mart  of  trade  and  center 
of  population.  Among  his  designs  was  that 
of  the  establishment  of  a  public  park  on  the 
Westport  Road,  and  he  set  apart  for  the 
purpose  a  tract  of  land  yet  known  as  Holmes 
Park.  His  death  occurred  without  his  ac- 
complishing this  design,  but  he  had  directed 


276 


HOI.MES. 


attention  to  the  early  necessity  for  a  place  of 
public  resort,  of  which  there  were  then  none, 
nor  until  1889,  a  quarter  century  after  his 
death.  The  death  of  Mr.  Holmes  was  re- 
garded by  all  classes  of  the  community  as  a 
public  calamity.  Intent  upon  great  enter- 
prises of  public  importance,  he  never  lost  an 
iota  of  that  fellow  feeling  which  marks  the 
personal  friend  and  neighbor.  Known  to 
nearly  every  inhabitant,  he  was  accessible  to 
all,  affording  sympathy,  counsel  and  assist- 
ance as  necessity  required,  and  was  never 
known  to  fail  a  friend  or  leave  a  kindness 
unrequited.  Holding  to  the  highest  ideals  of 
integrity,  and  decided  in  his  convictions  when 
he  had  formed  a  judgment,  he  was  absolutely 
immovable,  and,  while  respecting  honest  dif- 
ferences, was  heedless  of  antagonism  or  cen- 
sure. Reared  by  Methodist  parents,  he  held 
connection  with  no  religious  body,  but  held 
all  in  deep  respect  and  aided  many  liberally. 
Originally  a  Whig  in  politics,  he  was  latterly 
a  Democrat,  but  gave  no  attention  to  party 
management  nor  aspired  to  any  office.  In 
1858  Mr.  Holmes  married  Miss  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Colonel  Dan  and  Nancy  (Rector) 
Floweree,  of  Fauquier  County,  Virginia.  Of 
this  marriage  were  born  fciur  children,  of 
whom  Clarence,  the  first  born,  is  long  de- 
ceased. The  second  and  fourth  children, 
Walter  H.  and  Conway  F.,  have  proven 
worthy  successors  of  the  father,  taking  up 
the  tasks  which  he  laid  down,  and,  in  turn, 
training  in  the  same  pursuits  sons  of  their 
own,  who  in  early  years  aflford  evidence  of 
talents  and  tastes  inherited  through  two  gen- 
erations. The  second  child,  Frederica,  is  the 
wife  of  Henry  Evans,  a  merchant  of  New 
York  City.  This  narrative  would  be  incom- 
plete without  reference  to  the  fact  that  the 
Westport  Public  Library  owes  its  existence 
to  the  Holmes  estate.  Tax  levies  were  prop- 
erly made  to  pay  the  interest  and  principal 
of  $25,000  in  bonds,  voted  by  Westport,  in 
1869,  to  aid  in  building  Mr.  Holmes'  pioneer 
horse  railway.  Upon  the  reorganization  of 
the  company,  after  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Mrs.  Nehemiah  Holmes  voluntarily  paid 
$12,500,  one-half  the  amount  of  the  bonds. 
When  the  bonds  were  finally  paid  by  the 
municipal  authorities  there  remained  in  the 
treasury  the  amount  of  Mrs.  Holmes'  gift. 
No  disposition  could  be  made  of  this  fund, 
and  the  Legislature  passed  a  special  act  au- 
thorizing the  county  court  to  pay  it  over  to 


the  Westport  School  Board  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  public  library.  Thus  that  ex- 
cellent institution  perpetuates  in  its  own 
history  that  of  an  earlier  important  public 
enterprise  and  the  memorv  of  a  generous 
gift.  WALTON  H.  HOLMES,  the  second 
child  of  Nehemiah  and  Mary  Holmes,  was 
born  in  1861,  at  Independence,  Missouri. 
He  was  educated  in  the  Kansas  City  High 
School  and  the  Christian  Brothers'  College,, 
at  St.  Louis,  leaving  the  latter  institution 
when  eighteen  years  of  age.  Until  that  time, 
from  the  age  of  fifteen  years,  he  had  devoted 
his  vacations  to  work  in  the  street  railway 
office  and  among  the  workmen  on  the  road. 
When  sixteen  years  of  age  he  had  the  over- 
sight of  a  crew  of  forty  men  engaged  in  quar- 
rying and  breaking  stone.  When  seventeen 
years  of  age  he  was  made  vice  president  of 
the  Kansas  City  &  Westport  Horse  Railway 
Company,  and  would  have  been  president 
had  not  the  law  excluded  one  of  his  years 
from  such  position.  Practically  the  manager 
of  the  road,  his  selection  was  no  empty 
honor,  but  was  due  to  his  knowledge  of  the 
duties  devolved  upon  him  and  his  capability 
for  their  proper  discharge.  Upon  attaining 
his  majority  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
company,  and  from  that  time  has  been  a 
leader  in  every  successive  movement  for  the 
improvement  and  extension  of  rapid  transit. 
In  1886  he  was  the  second  to  introduce  the 
cable  system,  to  the  displacement  of  animal 
power,  and  the  first  in  the  United  States  to 
introduce  the  overhead  trolley  electric  sys- 
tem, the  newly  equipped  lines  having  been 
the  Kansas  City  &  Westport,  the  Fifteenth 
Street  and  Walnut  Street,  followed  by  the 
Mellier  Place  and  Independence  lines.  He 
was  chiefly  instrumental  in  effecting  the  con- 
solidation of  the  Grand  Avenue  Cable  Com- 
pany and  the  Kansas  City  Cable  Company 
under  his  own  management,  in  1894.  This 
change  demonstrated  the  advisability  of  fur- 
ther consolidation  in  the  interest  of  economy, 
and  chiefly  through  his  effort  these  proper- 
ties and  others  were  merged  in  the  Metro- 
politan Street  Railway  Company,  of  which 
Walton  H.Holmes  became  vice  president  and 
general  manager,  and  Conway  F.  Holmes 
became  general  superintendent.  While  these 
important  results  were  effected  mainly 
through  the  planning  of  Walton  H.  Holmes, 
his  brother,  Conway  F.  Holmes,  was  his 
chief  counselor  and  assistant  at  every  step. 


HOIvSTEIN. 


277 


and  the  two  were  as  one  in  both  purpose  and 
agreement  as  to  means.  The  later  great  im- 
provements made  under  their  management 
are  noted  in  the  article  on  "Street  Railways 
of  Kansas  City,"  in  this  work.  With  perfect 
mastery  of  every  detail  of  the  great  business 
in  his  charge,  the  conduct  of  President 
Holmes  in  management  is  easy  and  unas- 
suming, with  no  indication  of  self-impor- 
tance, or  that  his  duties  involve  unusual  labor 
or  responsibility.  Yet  he  has  control  of 
property  valued  at  $18,000,000,  has  directed 
the  expenditure  of  $1,800,000  for  improve- 
ments in  a  single  year,  and  has  in  employ- 
ment 2,500  men,  with  an  annual  pay  roll  of 
about  $1,000,000.  While  his  attention  has 
been  chiefly  devoted  to  these  important  in- 
terests, of  which  he  is  the  active  head,  he  has 
ever  rendered  aid  in  behalf  of  all  enterprises 
conducive  to  the  development  and  improve- 
ment of  Kansas  City.  It  was  chiefly  through 
his  effort  that  Mr.  Fleming,  of  London,  Eng- 
land, holding  large  interests  in  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  and  other  in- 
dustrial enterprises,  was  induced  to  invest 
considerable  capital  in  the  city.  He  has  aided 
in  the  establishment  of  parks  and  boulevards, 
in  the  building  and  rebuilding  of  Convention 
Hall,  being  at  present  vice  president  of  the 
Convention  Hall  Association,  and  in  all  the 
various  purposes  of  the  Commercial  Club,  in 
which  he  is  a  director.  In  October,  1900,  at 
its  convention  in  Kansas  City,  Walton  H. 
Holmes  was  elected  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Street  Railway  Association.  His  per- 
sonal traits  are  those  of  the  well  bred  gentle- 
man, who  derives  from  genteel  society  that 
relief  from  business  cares  which  conduces  to 
mental  equipoise  and  physical  wellbeing, 
and  who  contributes  the  best  of  his  own  at- 
tractive personality  to  the  circles  in  which  he 
moves.  Mr.  Holmes  was  married,  in.  1884, 
to  Miss  Fleecie  Philips,  daughter  of  Dr.  W. 
C.  Philips,  of  Austin,  Texas,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  surgeons  in  that  State,  who  per- 
formed duty  in  the  Federal  Army  during  the 
Civil  War.  She  is  also  related  to  Judge  J.  F. 
Philips,  of  the  United  States  circuit  bench. 
A  son  born  of  this  marriage,Walton  Holmes, 
Jr.,  is  being  carefully  educated,  and  during 
vacations  is  engaged  in  the  office  of  the  en- 
gineer of  the  Metropolitan  Street  Railway 
Company.  CONWAY  F.  HOLMES,  young- 
est child  of  Nehemiah  and  Mary  Holmes, 
was  born  in  1864,  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri. 


He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  that  city 
and  in  a  business  college  at  Poughkeepsie, 
New  York.  Following  the  example  of  his 
brother,  Walton  H.,  while  yet  a  lad  he  en- 
tered the  street  railway  service,  and,  with 
natural  aptitude  and  ambition  to  excel,  be- 
came familiar  with  the  practical  administra- 
tion of  all  its  various  departments.  In  1886, 
before  he  had  arrived  at  age,  he  became 
superintendent  of  the  Grand  Avenue  Railway 
Company.  Popularly  known  as  the  "boy 
superintendent,"  he  commanded  entire  con- 
fidence and  respect  in  recognition  of  his 
abilities.  In  close  touch  with  his  brother,  to 
whom  he  was  subordinate  little  more  than 
nominally,  he  heartily  seconded  his  every 
effort,  and  divided  with  him  responsibility  in 
important  transactions.  He  was  particularly 
serviceable  in  forwarding  the  plans  of  the 
brother  for  the  first  street  railway  consolida- 
tion, and  the  subsequent  merging  of  nearly 
all  the  Kansas  City  lines  in  the  Metropolitan 
Street  Railway  system,  of  which  he  became 
general  superintendent  when  the  consoli- 
dated organization  was  effected.  In  addition 
to  his  duties  in  connection  with  the  street 
railway  service,  he  is  an  active  director  in  the 
Kansas  City  State  Bank,  and  president  of  the 
Kansas  City  Electric  Light  Company,  hav- 
ing been  elected  to  the  latter  position  Janu- 
ary I,  1900.  There  is  marked  resemblance 
between  him  and  his  brother  in  both  business 
and  social  traits.  With  excellent  executive 
powers,  he  accomplishes  a  purpose  with  great 
exactness  and  promptitude  and  with  little  dis- 
play of  authority,  in  every  detail  giving  un- 
spoken assurance  of  a  fully  informed  and 
determined  mind.  In  social  affairs  he  shares 
equally  in  pleasures  and  responsibilities, 
without  affectation,  out  of  desire  for  bene- 
ficial recreation  and  to  contribute  to  the  en- 
tertainment of  his  associates.  Mr.  Holmes 
was  married,  in  1885,  to  Miss  Maud  Gregory, 
daughter  of  W.  L.  Gregory,  the  first  mayor 
of  Kansas  City.  A  son  and  a  daughter  were 
born  of  this  marriage;  the  former,  William 
Gregory,  at  thirteen  years  of  age,  is  giving 
attention  to_  work  and  study  in  the  electric 
shops  of  the  Metropolitan  Street  Railway 
Company. 

Holstein. — A  hamlet  in  Warren  County, 
on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railroad, 
thirteen  miles  south  of  Warrenton,  the 
county  seat.    It  is  a  German  settlement.    It 


278 


HOIvT— HOIvT  COUNTY. 


has  two  churches,  German  EvangeHcal  and 
German  Lutheran,  a  pubHc  school,  a  flouring 
mill  and  about  a  dozen  other  business  con- 
cerns, including  two  general  stores,  furni- 
ture and  drug  stores  and  shops.  Population, 
1899  (estimated),  225. 

Holt. — A  town  of  about  300  population, 
in  Clay  County,  located  near  the  Clinton 
County  line,  in  Kearney  Township,  on  the 
Cameron  branch  of  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Jo- 
seph Railroad.  It  takes  its  name  from  Jerry 
A.  Holt,  a  North  Carolinian,  who  came  to 
the  county  in  1835,  ^"^  who  owned  a  large 
tract  of  land  in  the  neighborhood.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1867,  and  the  first  house  was  built 
by  J.  C.  Dever,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  railroad  depot  was  built,  the 
first  station  agent  being  Hiram  Towne.  In 
1873  a  public  schoolhouse  was  erected,  and 
in  1883  a  mill  and  a  Methodist  Church, 
South,  were  built.  The  village  was  incorpo- 
rated February  4,  1878,  the  first  board  of 
trustees  being  composed  of  B.  L.  McGee, 
A.  P.  Cutler,  A.  Eby,  J.  C.  Dever  and  W.  H. 
Mclntyre.  There  are  in  the  place  several 
stores,  three  churches,  a  lodge  of  Masons, 
the  Holt  Bank,  with  capital  of  $11,200,  and 
deposits  of  $30,000,  and  a  Democratic  news- 
paper, the  "Rustler." 

Holt,  David  R.,  was  born  in  Green 
County,  Tennessee,  March  8,  1803,  and  died 
at  Jefferson  City,  Missouri,  December  17, 
1840.  He  was  educated  at  Washington  Col- 
lege, Virginia,  and  after  graduating  entered 
the  ministry,  and  was  licensed  by  his  presby- 
tery. He  afterward  studied  medicine  and 
made  it  the  vocation  of  his  life.  In  1838  he 
settled  in  Platte  County,  and  in  1840  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature  without  opposi- 
tion, but  died  before  the  expiration  of  his 
term.  He  was  held  in  high  esteem,  and  the 
Legislature  gave  his  name  to  Holt  County, 
and  erected  a  monument  over  his  grave  at  a 
cost  of  $15,000. 

Holt  County. — ^A  county  in  the  north- 
western section  of  the  State,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Atchison  and  Nodaway  Coun- 
ties ;  on  the  east  by  Nodaway  River ;  and  on 
the  south  and  west  by  the  Missouri  River, 
and  containing  an  area  of  434  square  miles. 
It  was  named  after  David  R.  Holt,  who  had 
been   a   Representative    in   the    Legislature 


from  Platte  County.  It  is  one  of  the  six 
counties  included  in  the  "Platte  Purchase," 
added  to  Missouri  by  act  of  Congress  in 
1836.  Prior  to  that  time  this  territory  be- 
longed to  the  Indians,  lowas.  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  who  prized  it  highly  on  account  of 
its  abundance  of  game,  but  who  in  1836  re- 
linquished their  claim  to  it  in  favor  of  the 
United  States,  in  consideration  of  the  sum 
of  $7,500.  White  men  had  been  aware  of 
the  abundance  of  game  in  this  region  and 
there  were  a  few  settlers  in  the  district  now 
included  in  Holt  County  as  early  as  1838; 
but  permanent  settlement  in  the  district  did 
not  begin  until  the  year  1841.  The  Missouri 
River  borders  the  county  for  sixty  miles, 
separating  it  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska  on 
the  south  and  west,  and  the  bottom  along  the 
river  is  very  wide  in  the  northern  part,  con- 
stituting about  one-third  of  the  area  of  the 
county.  The  blufifs  which  border  the  bottom 
district  are  a  hundred  to  a  hundred  and 
twenty-five  feet  in  height,  in  a  few  places  at- 
taining an  elevation  of  two  hundred  feet,  the 
line  being  broken  occasionally  by  a  stretch  of 
low  hills.  Back  of  the  blufifs  the  country 
becomes  rolling.  For  a  distance  of  ten 
miles  north  of  the  mouth'  of  the  Nodaway 
River  the  hills  are  high  and  the  surface 
broken.  In  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
county  the  hills  are  low  and  undulating. 
One-third  of  the  county,  including  half  the 
Missouri  River  bottom,  is  prairie,  the  prairie 
district  in  Benton,  Union,  Liberty,  Clay, 
Nodaway  and  Lincoln  Townships,  showing 
an  undulating  surface  well  adapted  to  tillage 
and  very  productive.  South  of  Oregon,  the 
county  seat  of  Holt  County,  the  land  is  tim- 
bered, but  along  the  bottoms  of  the  streams 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  few  trees 
are  seen,  while  in  the  bottom  of  the  creeks 
in  other  parts  of  the  county  are  found 
growths  of  black  walnut,  maple,  honey  locust, 
elm,  wahoo  and  sumach.  Nearly  all  the  soil  in 
the  county  is  fertile,  poor  land  being 
scarcely  known,  and  all  the  grains  cultivated 
in  the  United  States  thrive  and  yield  bounti- 
ful crops.  According  to  the  report  of  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  the  products 
shipped  from  the  county  in  1898  were : 
cattle,  25,600  head ;  hogs,  80,922  head ;  sheep, 
3,318  head;  horses  and  mules,  513  head; 
wheat,  89,886  bushels;  oats,  11,256  bushels; 
com,  460,500  bushels  ;  hay,  88  tons  ;  poultry, 
360,671  pounds;  eggs,  217,990  dozen;  butter, 


HOLT  COUNTY. 


279 


66,773  pounds ;  tallow,  35,505  pounds ;  hides 
and  pelts,  139,584  pounds ;  apples,  9,925  bar- 
rels; peaches,  1,915  baskets;  whisky  and 
wine,  10,000  gallons  ;  flour,  3,483,000  pounds  ; 
shipstuff,  243,000  pounds ;.  lumber,  51,500 
feet;  cord  wood,  1,860  cords;  brick,  51,250; 
sand,  37  cars ;  potatoes,  800  bushels ;  canned 
goods,  960,510  pounds;  nursery  stock, 
129,140  pounds,  and  other  products  in 
smaller  quantities.  There  is  no  lack  of 
running  water.  In  addition  to  the  stretch 
of  sixty  miles  along  the  Missouri  River, 
Nodaway  River  which  rises  in  Iowa,  forms 
the  entire  eastern  boundary  of  the  county, 
while  Tarkio,  Little  Tarkio,  Square  Creek, 
and  Davis  Creek,  flowing  southwest  and 
south  into  the  Missouri  River  and  other 
streams  flowing  east  and  southeast  into  the 
Nodaway  River,  water  every  part  of  the 
county.  The  mineral  resources  of  the  county 
have  never  been  developed.  Coal  has  been 
discovered  at  a  depth  of  600  feet,  but  the 
vein  has  not  been  worked.  About  the  year 
1875,  cement  of  good  quality  was  made,  but 
after  a  while  the  manufacturing  company 
failed  and  the  works  were  abandoned.  There 
are  quarries  of  limestolie  in  the  county  and 
a  sandstone  quarry  near  Forest  City.  In  the 
early  days  Holt  County  was  rich  in  game  and 
wild  honey,  and  the  hunting  of  bee  trees 
became  an  art  and  profession  with  a  class  of 
persons  who  were  averse  to  work  and  found 
in  it  an  easy  means  of  living.  One  of  these 
was  James  Kee,  a  pioneer  from  Indiana,  who 
settled  in  the  county  in  1838.  Hunting  deer 
and  bee  trees  was  his  business,  and  he  was 
so  successful  that  he  always  had  on  hand  a 
supply  of  both  honey  and  venison  to  sell  to 
his  neighbor.  His  store  of  wild  honey  was 
kept  in  a  wooden  trough  hewed  out  of  a 
forest  tree.  Kee  was  J<illed  in  1848  by  his 
friend,  Alexander  Boyles,  who,  while  hunt- 
ing, mistook  him  for  a  turkey  and  shot  him 
dead.  Fruit-raising  is  an  important  interest 
in  the  county,  particularly  in  Forbes  Town- 
ship. Some  of  the  finest  apple  orchards  in 
the  State  are  found  there,  and  one  farmer 
exhibited  at  the  St.  Joseph  Exposition  in 
1873,  two  hundred  varieties  of  apples. 
Peaches  attain  large  size  and  high  flavor,  and 
there  are  many  profitable  vineyards  also.  In 
a  strip  of  country  along  the  bluffs,  ten  miles 
long  by  three  miles  wide,  in  Forbes  Town- 
ship, a  wild  blackberry  of  very  fine  quality 
grows    abundantly,  and   large   quantities    of 


them,  packed  in  baskets  and  crates,  are  sent 
to  market  in  season.  There  are  many 
nurseries,  also,  and  a  large  quantity  of 
nursery  stock  is  shipped  out  of  the  county. 
Holt  County  was  organized  under  an  act  of 
the  Legislature,  passed  February  5,  1841.  At 
first  it  embraced  Atchison  County  lying 
north  of  it  to  the  Iowa  line.  In  1854  Atchi- 
son County  was  cut  off,  and  Holt  County 
reduced  to  its  present  proportions.  March 
24,  1841,  five  weeks  after  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  the  Legislature,  the  first  county  court 
met  in  the  house  of  William  Thorp  in  what 
is  now  Lewis  Township.  Harrison  G. 
Noland,  James  Crowley  and  Joshua  Adkins 
produced  their  commissions  from  Governor 
Reynolds  appointing  them  justices  of  the 
Holt  County  Court — these  commissions 
being  dated  "City  of  Jefferson,  February  16, 
1841" — the  day  after  the  act  was  passed. 
The  first  act  of  the  court  was  to  appoint 
Justice  Noland  presiding  judge ;  Bayless  B. 
Grigsby,  county  clerk;  and  John  W.  Kelley 
was  enrolled  as  an  attorney  to  practice  be- 
fore the  court ;  Joshua  Horn  and  Josiah 
Shelton  were  granted  grocer's  licenses,  and 
R.  M.  Parkhurst  was  granted  license  to  keep 
a  ferry  across  Nodaway  River  at  the  rapids. 
Green  B.  Thorp  was  appointed  assessor.  At 
the  next  meeting  of  the  court  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  April,  1841,  three  townships  were 
organized — Nodaway,  Lewis  and  Nishna- 
botna.  The  first  election  in  the  county  was 
held  in  May,  1841,  when  six  justices  of  the 
peace  were  elected.  The  next  time  the  court 
met,  June  14,  it  was  at  the  house  of  Gilbert 
Ray,  two  and  a  half  miles  east  of  the  present 
site  of  Oregon,  and  at  this  meeting  the 
commissioners  who  were  appointed  to 
locate  a  permanent  seat  of  justice — John  A. 
Williams,  Edward  Smith  and  Travis  Finley 
— made  their  report  of  the  site  selected  as 
the  east  half  of  the  southeast  quarter  of 
Section  2^,  and  the  west  half  of  the  south- 
west quarter  of  Section  26  in  Range  38, 
Township  60,  the  place  to  be  called  Finley. 
At  the  succeeding  October  term  of  court, 
the  name  Finley  was  changed  to  Oregon. 
At  that  term  of  court  the  commissioners 
made  "the  public  square  near  the  stake  now 
stuck."  The  court  "considered  that  five 
hundred  dollars  is  necessary  to  be  raised  for 
defraying  the  expenses  of  the  county"  for  the 
year,  and,  therefore,  ordered  that  on  all  sub- 
jects of  taxation  the  county  tax  should  be 


280 


HOLT  COUNTY. 


double  the  State  tax;  and,  further  that  "as 
the  county  is  poor  and  thinly  settled,"  the 
grand  jurors  should  not  be  paid  for  their 
services.  October  21,  1841,  the  court  met  at 
the  house  of  Larkin  Packwood  and  at  the 
February  term,  1842,  it  was  ordered  that  the 
courts  of  record  hereafter  meet  at  Rachael 
Jackson's.  The  first  term  of  the  circuit 
court  was  held  at  the  house  of  William 
Thorp,  commencing  March  4,  1841,  Honor- 
able David  R.  Atchison  presiding  as  judge; 
General  Andrew  S.  Hughes  was  appointed 
clerk  pro  tern.;  and  William  Thorp,  sherifif; 
and  Peter  H.  Burnett  produced  his  com- 
mission as  prosecuting  attorney.  The  first 
indictments  returned  by  the  grand  jury  were 
against  Joseph  Roberts  for  trading  with 
Indians,  and  against  Henry  Casner  for 
robbery.  At  the  June  term  of  the  same 
year.  Prince  L.  Hudgens,  James  B.  Garden- 
hire,  Benjamin  Hays,  Edwin  Toole.  James 
S.  Thomas,  Solomon  S.  Leonard,  Lansford 
M.  Hastings,  Frederick  Greenough,  James 
Baldwin,  John  M.  Young,  Christopher  P. 
Brown,  Elias  P.  West  and  Theodore  D. 
Wheaton  were  enrolled  as  attorneys.  The 
first  pioneers  were  two  brothers  from  Parke 
County,  Indiana,  Blank  and  Peter  Stephen- 
son, who  came  in  the  spring  of  1838  and 
settled  about  five  miles  from  the  present  site 
of  Oregon.  In  the  summer  following  five 
other  persons  from  Indiana,  R.  H.  Russell, 
John  Sterrett,  John  Russell  and  James  Kee 
came  in  and  settled  in  the  same  neighbor- 
hood. R.  H.  Russell  afterward  became  the 
first  postmaster  in  the  county,  being  appointed 
over  the  post  office  at  Thorp's  -Mill  named 
after  John  Thorp,  who  built  the  first  mill  on 
Mill  Creek,  two  miles  southeast  of  Oregon. 
W.  A.  and  Abraham  Sharp,  settled  Sharp's. 
Grove  in  1841,  and  about  the  same  time 
Nickol's  Grove,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
county  was  settled  by  the  brothers,  John 
and  Robert  Nickols.  In  the  western  part  of 
the  county  Germans  were  the  pioneers — 
John  H.  Roselius,  Henry  Bankers,  Henry 
Peters  and  Andrew  Buck  being  among  the 
first  who  settled  there.  Whig  Valley,  a 
beautiful  and  fertile  district,  was  settled  and 
nameS  by  Theodore  Higley,  who  was  prob- 
ably an  admirer  and  follower  of  Henry  Clay.- 
While  the  very  first  settlers  in  the  county 
were  from  Indiana,  -the  bulk  of  settlers  who 
came  in  just  after  them  were  from  Tennessee, 
Kentucky   and   Virginia,    some    coming   di- 


rectly from  those  states,  and  others  coming 
from  Howard,  Ray,  Carroll  and  other  coun- 
ties in  Missouri,  where  they  had  lived  for  a 
short  time.  The  first  courthouse  was  built 
in  1842 — a  frame  building  twenty  by  sixty 
feet,  and  two  stories  high  with  a  rock 
foundation.  Jesse  Carroll  was  the  builder 
and  the  cost  was  $659.  In  1851  a  brick  court- 
house, forty-four  feet  square  and  two  stories 
high,  was  built  in  the  center  of  the  public 
square,  H.  Watson  being  the  contractor,  and 
the  cost  of  the  structure  being  $6,000.  In 
1881  all  the  walls  of  this  second  building 
were  taken  out,  except  the  lower  part  and  a 
structure  almost  new  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$9,600.  The  first  jail  was  a  log  house,  built 
in  1841  ;  the  second  was  of  stone,  built  in 
1859,  and  in  1876  remodeled  and  enlarged 
with  brick.  The  pioneer  school-teacher  of 
Holt  County  was  Uriah  Garner,  and  the 
first  school  in  the  county  was  taught  by  him 
in  a  log  cabin  built  by  R.  H.  Russell  for  a 
dwelling,  three  miles  and  a  half  southeast 
from  where  Oregon  now  stands.  It  was  in 
1839,  two  years  before  the  county  was  organ- 
ized. Among  the  first  few  pupils  in  this 
school  were  the  children  of  John  Russell, 
Thomas  Crowley,  G.  B.  Thorp  and  John 
Sterrett.  Uriah  Garner  met  with  a  terrible 
death  some  years  after  this,  being  struck  on 
the  head  with  a  spade  and  killed  by  a  man 
with  whom  he  was  working  on  the  road. 
In  the  year  1898,  there  were  seventy-eight 
public  schools  in  the  county,  two  of  which 
were  colored;  teachers  employed  115;  esti- 
mated value  of  school  property  in  the  county, 
$189,900;  number  of  pupils  enrolled,  4,774; 
total  receipts  for  school  purposes,  $71,624; 
permanent  school  fund  of  the  county,  $110,- 
746.  The  Nodaway  River  was  navigated  by 
steamboats,  for  sonje  distance  above  its 
mouth,  in  high  water,  in  the  palmy  days  of 
steamboating,  and  in  the  year  1868  a  steam- 
boat was  built  near  the  State  ferry  on  the 
Nodaway,  by  R.  Danelsbeck;  and  in  1865, 
the  steamer  "Watosa"  was  sunk  in  the  river. 
The  bell  of  this  boat  now  hangs  in  the  steeple 
of  the  Christian  Church  at  Oregon.  The 
first  newspaper  printed  in  the  county  was  the 
"Holt  County  News,"  issued  in  Oregon,  for 
the  first  time  in  July,  1858,  by  S.  H.  B. 
CundifT.  In  January,  1861,  the  name  was 
changed  to  the  "Courier  and  News."  It  was 
suppressed  on  account  of  its  secession 
articles,   by   Major   Peabody,  whose   troops 


HOME  FOR  AGED  AND  INFIRM  ISRAElvITES. 


281 


carried  off  the  press  and  type  to  St.  Joseph, 
but  they  were  subsequently  restored.  In 
September,  1858,  J.  R.  Van  Natta  and  A.  R. 
Conklin  started  the  "Monitor"  at  Forest 
City.  It  was  succeeded,  in  1861,  by  the  "Holt 
County  Sentinel"  published  by  Daniel  Zook 
&  Co.,  which  lasted  only  a  few  weeks.  The 
"Missouri  Expose"  appeared  first  at  Forest 
City  in  July,  1868.  It  suspended  and  was  fol- 
lowed in  February,  1869,  by  the  "Holt 
County  Journal,"  which  also  suspended  after 
the  eighteenth  issue.  In  December,  1869, 
the  "Independent"  was  started  at  Forest 
City,  and  was  published  about  a  year  when  it 
suspended.  In  July,  1865,  the  "Holt  County 
Sentinel"  was  first  issued  at  Oregon,  and 
after  some  changes  took  the  name  of  the 
"County  Paper"  published  by  D.  P.  Dobyns 
&  Co.  It  is  the  Republican  organ  of  the 
county.  In  October,  1879,  the  "Missouri 
Valley  Times"  was  first  issued  at  Oregon  as 
a  Republican  paper,  but  afterward  changed 
hands  and  became  Democratic.  The  first 
railroad  begun  in  the  county  was  the  Platte 
County  Railroad,  to  which  the  county  issued 
$75,000  bonds,  which  were  duly  paid,  though 
the  road  was  never  finished.  Other  roads 
projected  through  the  county  were  more 
fortunate,  and  in  1900  there  were  the  fol- 
lowing railroads  in  Holt  County :  Atchi- 
son &  Nebraska ;  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  & 
Council  Bluffs ;  Nodaway  Valley  Branch ; 
Tarkio  Valley  Branch  and  St.  Joseph 
&  Nebraska.  The  county,  in  the  year 
1900,  had  no  bonded  or  township  debt. 
The  assessed  value  of  property  in  the 
county  for  1898  was:  lands,  282,957  acres, 
valued  at  $3,371,130;  town  lots  4,400,  valued 
at  $673,065;  total  real  estate,  $4,044,195; 
personal  property,  $1,795,010;  railroad, 
bridge  and  telegraph  property,  $827,758; 
total  taxable  wealth  of  the  county,  $6,666,963, 
The  population  in  1900  was  17,083. 

Home  Builders  of  St.  Joseph. — 

An  association  formed  to  bring  to  public 
notice  the  commercial  importance  of  St. 
Joseph  and  its  vicinity.  It  uses  all  proper 
means  to  show  the  public  the  advantages  of 
reciprocal  home  trade  and  of  developing  a 
home  market  for  home  products,  raw  and 
manufactured.  To  defray  expenses,  it  col- 
lects membership  fees  and  dues  from  its 
members  and  solicits  private  subscriptions. 
It  has  the  power  tc  provide  club  rooms  and 


quarters  where  the  members  and  others  may 
meet  and  discuss  matters  of  mutual  interest. 

Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Israel- 
ites.—  About  1863  Isidor  Bush  and  others 
endeavored  to  establish  in  St.  Louis  a  Jewish 
hospital.  The  city  authorities  donated  a 
block  of  ground  near  the  Marine  Hospital 
for  that  purpose,  conditioned,  however,  that 
the  hospital  be  erected  within  two  years 
thereafter.  The  Jewish  community  being 
unable  to  raise  the  requisite  means  to  build 
the  hospital,  and  other  difficulties  arising,  the 
property  reverted  to  the  city.  No  action  was 
therefore  taken  to  further  the  object  until 
October  13,  1878,  when,  at  the  suggestion  of 
the  late  Bernard  Singer,  the  president,  the 
United  Hebrew  Relief  Association  of  St. 
Louis  subscribed  sixteen  hundred  and  twenty 
dollars,  in  aid  of  a  home  for  old  and  infirm 
Israelites,  and  appointed  a  committee  con- 
sisting of  Dr.  Sonneschein,  Jacob  Furth  and 
A.  Binswanger,  to  draft  an  appeal  to  all 
Israelites  in  the  city  to  meet  at  Harmonie 
Hall,  October  27,  1878,  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  a  Jewish  Hospital  Association. 
A  large  number  of  persons  convened  and  the 
association  adopted  as  its  name  the  title  of 
Jewish  Infirmary  and  Hospital  Association 
of  St.  Louis.  At  that  meeting  eight  hun- 
dred and  seventy  dollars  additional  to  the 
sixteen  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  before 
contributed,  were  subscribed,  with  the  under- 
standing that  no  part  of  said  subscriptions 
was  to  be  collected  until  the  sum  of  five  thou- 
sand dollars  was  subscribed.  The  association 
organized  by  electing  Jacob  Furth  as  presi- 
dent, William  Goldstein  as  treasurer,  and  A. 
Binswanger  as  secretary.  After  this  there 
seemed  to  be  a  lack  of  interest  in  the  subject, 
and  the  Relief  Association,  in  view  of  this 
fact,  concluded  to  establish  a  home  for  aged 
and  infirm  persons,  with  a  hospital  as  an 
appendage,  thereby  reversing  the  plan  pre- 
viously adopted,  and  making  the  hospital  an 
appendage  to  the  home.  To  carry  out  this 
purpose  they  annually  set  aside  from  the 
proceeds  of  grand  charity  balls  of  the  ReUef 
Association  certain  sums  of  money  until  the 
sum  thus  set  apart  amounted  to  seven  thou- 
sand two  hundred  dollars.  For  about  twenty 
years  there  has  existed  an  association  known 
as  "The  Ladies'  Widows'  and  Orphans' 
Society,"  which  had  been  organized  to  aid  in 
establishing  an  orphan  asylum  in  St.  Louis.  In 


282 


HOME  OF  THE  FRIENDLESS,  ST.  LOUIS. 


1882  it  had  a  fund  of  ten  thousand  dollars  in 
its  treasury.  The  president  of  the  Relief 
Association  conceived  the  idea  of  persuading 
the  society  to  donate  its  funds  to  establish- 
ing a  home  for  the  aged  and  infirm  persons, 
and  the  funds  of  the  "Ladies'  Widows'  and 
Orphans'  Society"  were  equally  divided  be- 
tween the  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Orphan  Asylum 
and  this  association.  The  property  at  No. 
3652  Jefferson  Avenue  was  purchased  in 
April,  1882,  by  the  United  Hebrew  Associa- 
tion, and  a  society  was  permanently  organ- 
ized as  the  Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm 
Israelites  of  St.  Louis.  The  home  was 
formally  dedicated  May  28,  1882. 

Home  for  Ex-Slaves. — This  unique 
institution  was  established  at  St.  Joseph,  by 
Charles  W.  Baker,  an  intelligent  young 
negro;  and  its  name  indicates  its  object.  In 
1887,  Dr.  P.  J.  Kirchner  donated  to  the 
enterprise  the  purchase  price  of  a  tract  of 
two  acres  of  land  on  which  was  a  substantial 
brick  building.  Charitably  inclined  persons 
have  assisted  in  supporting  the  institution 
since  that  time.  Its  capacity  is  fifteen  per- 
sons, and  it  has  supplied  a  home  to  numerous 
unfortunates  of  the  colored  race. 

Home  for  Little  Wanderers. — An  in- 
stitution located  at  St.  Joseph,  at  which 
orphans  and  other  children  deprived  of  nat- 
ural guardianship  are  cared  for  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Ladies'  Union  Benevolent 
Association.  The  Home  was  built  by  Charles 
W.  Noyes,  who  endowed  it  as  a  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  his  daughter.  It  has  a  capacity 
for  one  hundred  children. 

Home  Guards. — Volunteer  companies 
formed  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Union  men 
of  St.  Louis  to  aid  in  protecting  the  United 
States  Arsenal  in  case  of  its  being  attacked 
by  Confederates,  and  also  to  protect  the  lives 
and  property  of  Union  men. 

Home  of  the  Friendless,  St.  Louis. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  corporators  of  the 
"Home  of  the  Friendless,"  held  in  the  Church 
of  the  Messiah,  November  4,  1853,  John  A. 
Kasson,  in  behalf  of  the  ladies  of  the  home, 
moved  that  Wayman  Crow  act  as  their  chair- 
man and  Julius  Morisse  as  secretary,  which 
motion  was  unanimously  adopted. 

The  meeting,  at  the  request  of  the  chair- 


man, was  opened  with  prayer  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Gassaway,  after  which  the  first  annual  report 
of  the  board  of  trustees  was  presented  and 
read  by  Rev.  W.  G.  Elliot.  The  corporators 
then  proceeded  to  the  election  of  officers  and 
directors  for  the  ensuing  year,  when  the  fol- 
lowing persons  were  unanimously  elected : 
Mrs.  H.  T.  Dorrah,  first  directress ;  Mrs.  G. 
Partridge,  second  directress;  Mrs.  A.  Hitch- 
cock, secretary;  Mrs.  A.  Park,  treasurer; 
managers,  Mrs.  Joseph  Charless,  Mrs.  H.  D. 
Bacon,  Mrs.  H.  T.  Blow,  Mrs.  Samuel  C. 
Doris,  Mrs.  Thomas  L.  Warne,  Mrs.  George 
Collier,  Mrs.  Ann  M.  Perry,  Mrs.  Meredith 
Martin,  Mrs.  Joseph  A.  Sire,  Mrs.  R.  J. 
Lockwood,  Mrs.  Anson  Loomis,  Mrs.  J.  B. 
Hill,  Mrs.  Thomas  S.  O'SuUivan,  Mrs.  Oliver 
Bennett,  Mrs.  Wm.  Belcher ;  advisory  com- 
mittee, Asa  Wilgus,  Chas.  D.  Drake,  Isaac 
H.  Sturgeon,  General  Bernard  Pratte. 

The  origin  of  this  noble  charity  lay  in  the 
needs  and  sufferings  of  one  poor,  frail 
woman,  who  had  been  forced  to  die  at  the 
county  farm  for  lack  of  a  more  fitting  asylum. 
This  stimulated  the  sympathies  of  a  sister 
woman  to  the  point  of  action.  In  three 
weeks'  time  she,  unaided,  had  raised  the  sum 
of  $15,000.  After  that  money  poured  in  from 
all  quarters,  from  private  persons  as  well  as 
from  the  county  treasury,  for  "under  the  act 
of  incorporation,  the  County  Court  of  St. 
Louis  was  authorized  to  subscribe  $20,000  to 
the  'Home  of  the  Friendless'  in  county  bonds 
of  6  per  cent,  having  thirty  years  to  run." 

The  building  now  occupied,  formerly 
known  as  the  "Swiss  College,"  was  pur- 
chased from  Edward  Wyman  for  the  sum  of 
$18,500,  and  is  situated  on  what  was  then 
Carondelet  Road,  between  three  and  four 
miles  from  the  courthouse,  now  4431  South 
Broadway.  Since  1853  additions  have  been 
made  to  the  old  building,  which  stands  in  the 
midst  of  an  eight-acre  lot,  partly  wooded  and 
including  an  orchard  and  garden,  and  which 
to-day  shelters  seventy-five  old  ladies.  The 
name  "Widows'  Home,"  first  selected  for  the 
new  institution,  was  discarded  for  the  present 
name,  in  consequence  of  the  protestations  of 
"an  opulent  bachelor,"  says  the  ninth  annual 
report,  "who  declared  that  he  would  never 
give  a  dime  unless,  in  the  very  foundation  of 
the  benefaction,  some  project  should  be  de- 
vised for  the  good  of  old  maids."  From  that 
day  until  the  present  there  has  always  been 
beneath  the  roof  of  the  "Home  of  the  Friend- 


HOMEOPATHIC  COI^IvEGE  OF   MISSOURI. 


283 


less"  a  number  of  unmarried  women,  whose 
resources  have  been  cut  off  by  misfortune, 
or  whose  energies  have  been  maimed  by  ill- 
ness or  age. 

The  purpose  of  the  "Home  of  the  Friend- 
less" is  to  relieve  distress  among  that  class 
which  to  the  ills  of  poverty,  add  the  feeble- 
ness of  age  and  sex;  that  feebleness  which 
requires  comfort  and  support,  such  as  money 
alone  can  not  supply  and  as  only  such  an  in- 
stitution can  offer. 

The  requisites  for  admission  are  simply 
good  moral  character  and  destitute  circum- 
stances, and,  unless  the  applicant  be  disabled 
from  supporting  herself,  she  must  not  be  less 
than  sixty  years  of  age.  In  conformity  with 
the  practice  in  similar  institutions  elsewhere, 
an  admission  fee  of  $200  is  requisite  on  en- 
tering. This  gives  to  the  inmate  a  Hfe-long 
home,  with  all  the  necessities,  most  of  the 
comforts  and  some  of  the  luxuries  of  life, 
followed  by  a  decent  and  reverent  burial. 

This  institution  is  termed  Protestant,  but 
beyond  that  broad  general  term,  the  religious 
views  of  its  inmates  are  not  questioned. 
Christian  ministers  of  every  sect  are  cordially 
welcomed  when  they  come  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  religious  instruction  to  the  inmates. 
A  Sunday  service  is  generally  held  every 
week,  the  services  being  conducted  succes- 
sively by  ministers  representing  most  of  the 
religious  bodies  of  the  city.  The  red-letter 
day  of  the  year  is  the  "Old  Ladies'  Festival," 
as  it  is  termed,  celebrated  about  June  ist, 
strawberry  time,  on  which  occasion  each 
inmate  in  festal  attire  "receives"  in  her  own 
apartment,  while  the  friends,  patrons  and  the 
charitably  disposed  public  generally,  wander, 
and,  perhaps,  lose  themselves  in  the  intri- 
cacies of  the  long  corridors,  eat  ices  in  the 
broad  verandas,  drink  coffee  in  the  stately 
dining  room,  served  by  groups  of  busy  man- 
agers, and  generally  carry  away  as  a  souvenir 
of  the  day  some  article  of  use  or  beauty  from 
the  fancy  work  tables,  often  the  work  of  the 
inmates.  A  noticeable  feature  of  this  institu- 
tion is  that  those  who  as  managers  once  put 
their  hands  to  the  plow  never  draw  back,  and 
this,  in  itself,  gives  an  element  of  perma- 
nency to  the  general  administration.  Mrs. 
Charles  Holmes,  honorary  president,  was 
elected  to  the  board  of  managers  in  1854,  and 
has  served  continuously.  Mrs.  J.  C.  Vogel 
has  served  on  important  committees  since 
i860. 


Homeopathic  College  of  Missouri. 

This  institution  was  chartered  November  23, 
1857,  with  John  M.  Wimer,  George  R.  Tay- 
lor, Robert  Renick,  Samuel  C.  Davis  and 
Bernard  Pratte  as  the  first  board  of  trustees. 
The  charter  lay  dormant  until  1859,  when  a 
meeting  of  leading  homeopathic  physicians  of 
Missouri  and  adjoining  States  was  held  in 
St.  Louis,  and  measures  were  taken  which 
resulted  in  the  opening  of  the  school  in  the 
autumn  of  that  year,  with  the  following  fac- 
ulty: R.  E.  W.  Adams,  M.  D.,  Springfield, 
Illinois,  professor  of  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine;  B.  L.  Hill,  M.  D.,  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  professor  of  institutes  and  practice  of 
surgery;  J.  Brainard,  M.  D.,  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  professor  of  chemistry  and  medical  bot- 
any; A.  R.  Bartlett,  M.  D.,  of  Aurora,  Illi- 
nois, professor  of  physiology  and  general 
pathology;  E.  A.  Gilbert,  M.  D.,  of  Du- 
buque, Iowa,  professor  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children ;  John  T.  Tem- 
ple, A.  M.,  M.  D.,  of  St.  Louis,  professor  of 
materia  medica ;  William  Todd  Helmuth,  M. 
D.,  of  St.  Louis,  professor  of  anatomy.  Dr. 
Temple  was  dean  and  Dr.  Helmuth  was  reg- 
istrar. Dr.  Temple  received  his  collegiate 
education  at  Lexington,  Virginia,  and  was 
graduated  in  medicine  from  the  University 
of  Maryland  in  1824;  in  1843  he  became  a 
convert  to  homeopathy  and  came  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  established  the  "Southwest 
Homeopathic  Journal,"  which  existed  for 
two  years.  He  served  as  dean  of  the  college 
and  professor  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics until  shortly  before  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  1877.  Dr.  Helmuth  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  standard  work  on  "Surgery  and  Its 
Adaptation  to  Homeopathic  Practice."  He 
was  subsequently  called  to  the  New  York 
Homeopathic  Medical  College.  E.  C. 
Franklin,  M.  D.,  who  became*  a  member  of 
the  faculty  at  a  later  day,  achieved  a  national 
reputation  as  an  author  on  "Homeopathic 
Surgery."  For  many  years  the  college  oc- 
cupied rented  rooms,  and  removals  were 
frequent.  The  first  home  was  the  third  story 
of  a  building  on  the  ground  now  occupied 
by  Nicholson's  grocery  house,  on  Tenth,  be- 
tween Market  and  Chestnut  Streets.  From 
i860  to  1864  the  college  was  closed  on  ac- 
count of  want  of  patronage  and  the  con- 
fused condition  of  affairs  due  to  the  Civil 
War.  In  the  latter  year  it  was  reopened,  and 
progressed  successfully  until  1869,  when  disa- 


284 


HOMEOPATHIC  MEDICAID  ASSOCIATION— HOOG. 


greements  arose,  resulting  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Homeopathic 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  headed  by  Dr.  Hel- 
muth.  The  parent  college  continued  to 
thrive,  and  its  rival  was  closed  in  1871.  A 
further  attempt  was  made  in  1872  to  estab- 
lish a  new  college,  but  this  was  abandoned 
before  an  organization  was  effected.  The 
old  college  prospered  well  until  1880,  when 
the  managers  decided  upon  a  change  of  pol- 
icy, and  abandoned  the  old  organization,  in- 
corporating as  the  St.  Louis  College  of 
Homeopathic  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  This 
innovation  was  not  received  with  favor,  and 
the  parent  college  was  re-established  under 
its  former  name,  the  Homeopathic  College 
of  Missouri.  Both  colleges  existed  for 
two  years,  when'  their  faculties  united 
under  the  title  of  the  original  and 
the  present  school.  In  1885  a  building 
fund  of  $10,000  was  secured  through 
subscriptions  solicited  by  the  officers  and 
faculty,  which  sum  was  expended  in  the  erec- 
tion of  the  college  building  now  in  use.  It 
is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue 
and  Howard  Street,  and  contains  spacious 
and  well  lighted  clinical  and  lecture  rooms, 
amphitheater,  dissecting  rooms,  and  labora- 
tories equipped  with  modern  apparatus.  The 
old  charter  being  about  to  expire  in  1897 
a  new  charter  was  issued,  covering  a  period 
of  ninety-nine  years  from  its  date.  At  the 
same  time  a  stock  issue  of  $30,000  was  made ; 
of  this  amount  $10,000  was  issued  to  the  old 
stockholders,  and  $20,000  is  held  as  treas- 
ury stock,  to  be  sold  at  convenient  oppor- 
tunity, the  proceeds  to  be  used  in  building 
a  hospital  on  the  adjoining  lot.  The  num- 
ber of  collegiate  graduates  up  to  the  1899 
commencement  was  607.  Females  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  school  in  1869,  and  nearly  fifty 
have  been  graduated.  The  faculty  covers  all 
departments,  with  capable  and  experienced 
instructors.  The  senior  classes  have  un- 
usual bedside  advantages,  Dr.  A.  L.  Boyce 
having  instituted  an  obstetrical  clinic  at  Jef- 
ferson Avenue  and  Papin  Street  for  their  in- 
struction. 

Homeopathic  Medical  Associa- 
tion, Missouri  Valley. — This  associa- 
tion was  organized  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri, 
November  21,  1894,  with  D.  A.  Foote,  M.  D., 
for  president;  T.  H,  Hudson,  M.  D.,  vice 
president;   W.  A.  Humphrey,  M.  D.,  secre- 


tary; C.  F.  Meninger,  treasurer,  and  A.  H. 
Dorris,  M.  D.,  H.  P.  Holmes,  M.  D.,  and 
P.  J.  Montgomery,  M.  D.,  for  board  of  cen- 
sors. Its  object  is  the  professional  and  so- 
cial benefit  of  its-  members.  The  member- 
ship in  1899  was  about  150. 

Homeopathy. — See  "Medicine,  Homeo- 
pathic." 

Homeopathy,  Missouri  Institute 

of. — This  institution  was  organized  at  Se- 
dalia,  Missouri,  May  10,  1876,  with  Dr.  John 
T.  Temple,  of  St.  Louis,  for  president;  Dr. 
D.  T.  Miles,  of  Boonville,  vice  president; 
Dr.  W.  H.  Jenney,  of  Kansas  City,  general 
secretary;  Dr.  D.  T.  Abell,  of  Sedalia,  pro- 
visional secretary;  Dr.  W.  S.  Hedges,  of 
Warrensburg,  treasurer,  and  Dr.  E.  C. 
Franklin,  of  St.  Louis,  Dr.  W.  H.  Jenney,  of 
Ka'nsas  City,  and  Dr.  H.  T.  Cooper,  of  Kan- 
sas City,  board  of  censors.  The  object  is 
"the  improvement  of  homeopathic  thera- 
peutics, and  all  other  departments  of  med- 
ical science."  Any  person  who  shall  have 
pursued  a  regular  course  of  medical  studies 
and  regularly  graduated,  and  by  the  board 
of  censors  has  been  found  qualified  in  the 
theory  and  practice  of  homeopathy,  may  be  • 
elected  a  member — initiation  fee  $3.00  and 
annual  dues  $2.00.  Any  respectable  prac- 
titioner of  homeopathy  may  become  a 
licentiate  member  and  have  the  privilege  of 
taking  part  in  the  discussions,  but  without 
the  right  to  vote.  The  regular  sessions  are 
held  three  successive  days  in  April  every 
year. 

Homestead. — The  Missouri  law  exempts 
a  family  homestead  to  the  amount  of  $1,500 
in  value  for  debts  contracted  after  the  home- 
stead was  acquired,  and  on  the  death  of  the 
head  of  the  family  the  widow  and  minor 
children  have  a  right  to  live  on  it,  the  widow 
during  life  and  the  children  during  minority. 
In  the  country  the  homestead  may  be  160 
acres,  not  exceeding  in  value  $1,500,  or  so 
much  of  the  farm  of  160  acres  as  is  worth 
not  more  than  $1,500. 

Honey   Creek. — See  "Southwest  City." 

Hoog,  Otto  Joseph  Stanislas,  rec- 
tor of  St.  Peter's  Roman  Catholic  Church  of 
Jefferson  City,  was  born  April  8,   1845,  ^^ 


HOOG. 


285 


Ettenheim,  Baden,  Germany,  He  came  to 
America  in  1854  with  his  parents,  who  died 
from  cholera  in  St.  Louis  the  year  of  their 
arrival.  They  received  the  last  rites  of  the 
church  from  the  hands  of  the  Rev.  Father 
Uland,  who  took  into  his  care  the  lad  thus 
orphaned  at  the  tender  age  of  seven  years, 
and  afforded  him  that  education  and  train- 
ing which  fitted  him  for  the  holy  work  of  his 
mature  manhood.  Otto  passed  the  first  five 
years  in  St.  Vincent's  Orphan  Asylum,  where 
he  was  properly  schooled  in  the  .rudiments  of 
an  education.  Becoming  convinced  that  duty 
called  him  to  the  service  of  the  church,  in 
1859  he  entered  the  St.  Louis  University, 
where  he  completed  the  collegiate  course.  In 
1861  he  became  a  student  in  the  Theological 
Seminary  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales,  Wisconsin, 
and  after  a  four-years'  course  was  transferred 
to  the  St.  Louis  Diocesan  Seminary,  at  Cape 
Girardeau.  He  was  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood December  21,  1867,  by  the  Right  Rev. 
Bishop  Junker,  of  Alton,  and  on  the  Sunday 
following  celebrated  his  first  holy  mass  at  St. 
Vincent's  Orphan  Asylum,  where  he  received 
his  early  literary  and  religious  instruction. 
He  was  soon  afterward  appointed  to  the 
church  at  Lexington,  Missouri,  where  he 
remained  until  September  20,  1876,  when  his 
people  reluctantly  bade  him  farewell  upon  his 
assignment  to  the  rectorate  of  St.  Peter's 
Church  at  Jefferson  City,  to  succeed  the  Rev. 
H.  Mours,  recently  deceased.  In  this  more 
important  station,  Father  Hoog  became  suc- 
cessor to  a  noble  line  of  godly  priests,  and 
administrator  of  a  parish  conspicuous  in  the 
history  of  Western  Catholicism.  It  dates  from 
the  celebration  of  the  first  mass  in  1831  by 
Father  Felix  L.  Verreydt,  S.  J.,  from  the  In- 
dian mission  at  Portage  des  Sioux.  In  1838 
Father  Helias,  S.  J.,  began  regular  monthly 
visitations.  In  1844  a  house  of  worship,  the 
pioneer  church  of  Jefferson  City,  was  erected 
of  oaken  boards  at  a  cost  of  $300.  In  1855-6 
the  Rev.  William  Walsh  completed  a  brick 
edifice  at  a  cost  of  $10,000;  laborers  on  the 
railway  then  building  were  liberal  contribu- 
tors, and  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  fund  was 
donated  by  non-Catholics.  The  present  mag- 
nificent parish  property  was  built  during 
the  rectorship  of  the  Rev.  Father  Hoog,  the 
present  incumbent.  The  church  was  begun 
in  1881  and  completed  in  1883,  at  a  cost  ol 
about  $40,000.  Among  the  extremely  liberal 
contributors  was  Mr.  G.  H.  Dulle,  who  fur- 


nished nearly  one  million  brick  for  the  church 
proper  and  the  rectory.  The  Right  Rev.  P. 
J.  Ryan,  then  coadjutor  bishop  of  St.  Louis, 
performed  the  act  of  consecration  August  2, 
1883,  and  the  chapel  was  dedicated  February 
2,  1883,  by  Right  Rev.  Monseigneur  Muehl- 
siepen.  The  church  edifice  is  the  largest  in 
central  Missouri  and  is  without  a  superior  in 
excellence  of  construction  and  architectural 
beauty.  It  is  173^^  feet  long  and  6o>4  feet 
wide,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  about  1,000. 
The  summit  of  the  cross  is  170  feet  above 
the  street.  The  building  rests  upon  a  massive 
stone  basement  foundation,  and  the  brick 
walls  are  perfect  in  color,  alignment  and 
solidity  of  setting.  The  roof  is  of  slate  and 
bears  on  either  slope  a  large  cross,  variegated 
in  the  same  material.  The  tower  contams  a 
beautiful  chime  of  four  bells,  costing  $1,354, 
and  a  clock  costing  $1,250.  The  interior  of 
the  building  is  purely  gothic.  Two  rows  of 
massive  columns  sustaining  a  double-groined 
ceiling  mark  the  formation  of  a  central  nave 
rising  fifty-six  feet,  with  a  nave  forty-two 
feet  high  on  either  side.  The  high  altar  is 
of  white  walnut,  gothic  in  design,  surmounted 
with  a  cross  reaching  a  height  of  fifty  feet. 
The  two  side  altars  are  similar,  but  smaller; 
their  aggregate  cost  was  $2,900.  Beautiful 
memorial  windows  of  cathedral  glass,  and  an 
organ,  are  adornments  of  the  sacred  edifice. 
The  basement,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  450, 
is  fitted  up  as  a  chapel.  The  present  St. 
Peter's  school  building  was  built  in  1889-90, 
at  a  cost  of  $16,500.  It  is  a  handsome  brick 
building  of  two  stories  and  basement.  The 
latter  is  used  for  sodality  and  gymnasium  pur- 
poses. There  are  six  school  rooms  on  the 
first  floor.  The  second  floor,  St.  Peter's  Hall, 
is  a  spacious  auditorium  used  for  exhibitions 
and  occasional  public  functions.  It  is  lighted 
by  thirty-four  arched  windows  and  is  provided 
with  ample  scenery  and  stage  accessories. 
The  present  rectory  was  built  in  1885  at  a  cost 
of  $6,000;  it  is  brick,  two  stories,  with 
basement  and  annex.  All  the  buildings  are 
steam-heated.  The  parish  now  numbers  503 
families.  The  school  is  conducted  by  a  princi- 
pal and  employs  the  attention  of  five  school 
Sisters  of  Notre  Dame ;  the  average  number 
of  pupils  in  attendance  is  350.  In  large  meas- 
ure this  important  parish,  with  its  valuable 
holdings,  has  grown  up  under  the  watchful 
care  of  Father  Hoog,  who  to  the  wise  man- 
agement of  the  man  of  affairs,  unites  those 


286 


HOO-HOOS— HOPE. 


gentle,  lovable  qualities  which  are  adorn- 
ments of  the  priestly  character,  and  consti- 
tute its  most  potent  influence  for  good.  He 
is  held  in  warm  regard  throughout  the  com- 
munity, and  among  his  most  ardent  friends 
and  admirers  are  many  who  are  of  other 
faiths  than  his  own.  During  his  rectorship 
he  has  had  at  various  times  fifteen  assistants ; 
nearly  all  are  yet  living,  transferred  to  other 
fields  of  usefulness.  Several  have  become 
widely  known  as  ministers  or  teachers,  among 
them  being  the  Rev.  Joseph  Selinger,  D.  D., 
who  is  now  professor  of  dogmatic  theology 
in  St.  Francis'  Seminary,  Wisconsin.  His 
present  assistant  is  the  Rev.  Father  Freder- 
ick Francis  Peters.  Father  Peters  was  born 
in  Haltern,  Westphalia,  Germany,  March  lo, 
1873.  He  was  partly  educated  in  a  collegiate 
course  in  his  native  city,  and  completed  his 
course  in  Quincy,  Illinois.  He  studied  theol- 
ogy in  Kenrick  Theological  Seminary,  St. 
Louis,  was  ordained  in  1898,  and  was  almost 
immediately  appointed  assistant  to  Father 
Hoog.  He  is  highly  regarded,  and  is  held  in 
particular  esteem  for  his  unaffected  kindliness 
in  his  intercourse  with  the  penitentiary  occu- 
pants to  whom  he  regularly  ministers. 

Hoo  -  Hoos.  —  The  Concatenated  Or- 
der of  Hoo-Hoos  is  a  secret  order,  which 
looks  somewhat  after  the  lumber  interest  and 
encourages  fun  and  mirth  among  the  mem- 
bers at  its  regular  meetings.  It  is  a  national 
organization,  with  a  good  membership  in  St. 
Louis.  It  was  founded  by  W.  E.  Barns,  of 
St.  Louis ;  George  K.  Smith,  of  St.  Louis ;  A. 
Strauss,  of  St.  Louis ;  B.  A.  Johnson,  of  Chi- 
cago, and  W.  S.  Mitchell,  of  Little  Rock,  Jan- 
uary 24,  1892,  at  a  small  town  called  Gurdon, 
in  Arkansas,  where  the  founders  chanced  to 
be  thrown  together  for  a  day.  It  has  no 
regular  officers.  At  first  membership  was 
limited  to  persons  engaged  in  the  lumber 
business,  but  the  rules  were  afterward 
extended  so  as  to  take  in  railroad  men  and 
newspaper  men. 

Hope,  John  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  Missouri,  November 
20,  1869,  son  of  James  A.  and  Mary  (Thomp- 
son) Hope,  who  were  descendants  of  pioneer 
families  of  the  county.  The  early  genealogy 
of  the  Hope  family  in  America  shows  that 
the  members  were  of  Scottish  origin,  and 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century  a  branch  of 


the  family  settled  in  the  Virginias,  and  of  this 
branch  was  Robert  Hope,  who  was  born 
about  1750  in  Cabarrus  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, where  in  1771  he  married  Catherine  Al- 
lison and  where  both  resided  during  their 
lives.  They  were  the  parents  of  thirteen  chil- 
dren. The  two  eldest  children  were  James 
and  Abner.  James  married  in  North  Caro- 
lina in  1800  to  Mary  Young,  and  about  eight 
years  later,  with  his  family  and  accompanied 
by  his  brother  Abner,  removed  to  Gape  Gi- 
rardeau District,  then  in  Louisiana  Territory. 
Here  he  reared  a  family  of  children,  one  of 
whom  was  Robert  Young  Hope,  who  died  in 
Cape  Girardeau  County  in  November,  1885, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-three  years.  He  was  the 
paternal  grandfather  of  John  A.  Hope.  Abner 
Hope,  mentioned  above,  was  the  father  of 
Honorable  David  C.  Hope,  who  at  the  time  of 
his  death  in  1885,  and  for  about  ten  yea^^5 
prior,  was  judge  of  the  Probate  Court  of 
Cape  Girardeau  County.  John  A.  Hope  at- 
tended the  high  school  at  Oak  Ridge,  near  his 
home,  later  the  normal  school  at  Cape  Girar- 
deau, where  he  received  a  thorough  course; 
then  he  entered  William  Jewell  College  at 
Liberty,  Missouri,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated. In  April,  1891,  he  represented  William 
Jewell  College  at  the  State  oratorical  contest 
at  Sedalia.  In  January,  1892,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  practice  of  law  by  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  and  has  been  ad- 
mitted to  practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the 
State.  His  poHtical  affiliations  are  Demo- 
cratic and  he  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
affairs  of  his  party.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
and  the  Kappa  Alpha  College  fraternity, 
South.  Mr.  Hope  was  married  in  September, 
1894,  to  Miss  Susie  Brandom,  a  daughter  of 
Hon.  John  F.  Brandom,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Carroll  County,  Missouri,  which  county  he 
represented  in  the  Legislature  two  terms. 
Mr.  Brandom  died  January  14,  1900.  He  was 
a  descendant  of  an  old  Virginia  family,  his 
parents  becoming  settlers  in  Missouri  at  an 
early  date.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served 
in  the  Confederate  Army  as  a  private.  Mrs. 
Hope's  ancestors  were  related  to  those  of 
William  J.  Bryan.  Silas  Bryan,  his 
father,  when  left  an  orphan  in  his 
youth  and  while  teaching  school,  re- 
sided for  a  time  with  her  grandparents  in 
Virginia.  Mrs.  Hope  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Baptist  Female  College  at  Lexington,  Mis- 


HOPKINS. 


287 


souri,  and  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
that  college,  and  for  three  years  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  faculty  of  Liberty  Female  College. 
It  was  while  attending  William  Jewell  College 
at  Liberty,  Missouri,  that  Mr.  Hope  made 
her  acquaintance,  which  soon  ripened  into 
love  and  found  its  fruition  in  marriage.  They 
are  the  parents  of  two  daughters,  Annabel 
and  Mary,  and  one  son,  Brandom.  Mr.  Hope 
is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and 
his  wife  of  the  Baptist  Church  at  Jackson,  and 
they  enjoy  high  social  standing.  Mr.  Hope  is 
a  self-made  man  and  his  future  course  is 
bright  with  promise  of  continued  successs. 

Hopkins. — A  thriving  town  of  i,ioo  in- 
habitants, in  Hopkins  Township,  Nodaway 
County,  named  after  A.  L.  Hopkins,  super- 
intendent of  the  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  & 
Council  Bluffs  Railroad,  in  1870,  when  the 
town  was  laid  out.  It  is  located  half  a  mile 
east  of  the  East  Fork  of  One  Hundred  and 
Two  River,  fourteen  miles  north  of  Mary- 
ville,  on  the  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Coun- 
cil Blufifs  Railroad.  It  has  one  bank,  the  Bank 
of  Hopkins,  with  a  capital  and  surplus  of 
$21,000,  and  deposits  of  $80,000;  fifteen 
stores,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Presbyterian 
and  Baptist  Churches.  Of  secret  orders  it  has 
Xenia  Lodge,  No.  50,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons ;  Hopkins  Lodge,  No.  333,  of 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows ;  Hop- 
kins Lodge,  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work- 
men, and  Hopkins  Lodge,  Independent  Order 
Good  Templars,  No.  410.  The  "Hopkins 
Journal"  is  the  third  oldest  paper  in  Nodaway 
County,  having  been  established  in  1875,  and 
enjoys  the  confidence  of  its  patrons. 

Hopkins,  Henry,  pastor  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church  of  Kansas  City,  was 
born  November  30,  1837,  ^^  Williamstown, 
Massachusetts.  His  parents  were  Mark  and 
Mary  (Hubbell)  Hopkins.  The  father  was  a 
distinguished  teacher,  author  and  divine,  and 
was  president  of  Williams  College.  The  Hop- 
kins family  has  honorable  distinction  in  the 
history  of  America  from  the  earliest  colonial 
days.  The  first  American  ancestor  settled  in 
1634  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  whence  he 
removed  to  Hartford,  Connecticut.  Ancestors 
of  the  Hopkins  and  Hubbell  families  were  of- 
ficers in  the  patriot  army  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  The  great  grandfather  of  Rev. 
Henry    Hopkins,    Colonel    Mark    Hopkins, 


served  on  the  staff  of  General  Israel  Putnam. 
Samuel  Hopkins,  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
a  brother  of  Colonel  Mark  Hopkins,  was  a 
distinguished  theologian  and  philanthropist. 
Henry  Hopkins  received  his  classical  educa- 
tion at  Williams  College,  graduating  in  the 
class  of  1858,  when  twenty  years  of  age,  and 
afterward  went  abroad  and  spent  some  time 
in  study  and  in  travel.  His  course  in  the 
Union  Theological  Seminary  of  New  York 
was,  after  two  years,  interrupted  by  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Civil  War.  In  September, 
1861,  he  became  by  appointment  of  President 
Lincoln  a  hospital  chaplain  in  the  Union 
Army,  and  was  stationed  at  Alexandria,  Vir- 
ginia. While  on  duty  here,  after  the  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  he  was  sent  with  a  flag  of 
truce  in  charge  of  the  entire  ambulance  corps 
of  the  post  into  the  lines  of  the  enemy  to 
bring  out  the  wounded  left  on  the  battlefields 
of  Chantilly  and  Bull  Run.  Through  his 
representations  at  a  later  day  Congressman 
H.  L.  Dawes  and  others  effected  the  legisla- 
tion in  Congress  which  resulted  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  national  soldiers'  cemeteries. 
Early  in  1864  Mr.  Hopkins  resigned  his  post 
chaplaincy  to  become  chaplain  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Twentieth  Regiment  New  York 
Volunteers,  which  was  at  first  a  part  of  the 
Third  Corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and  was  afterward  assigned  to  the  Third 
Division  of  the  Second  Corps.  He  was  with 
his  regiment  in  the  field  and  at  the  front 
through  the  campaigns  and  siege  operations 
from  the  Wilderness  to  the  surrender  of  Lee 
at  Appomattox  Courthouse,  and  took  part 
in  the  final  grand  review  at  Washington.  In 
the  report  of  his  brigade  commander  in  the 
Petersburg  campaign  he  received  honorable 
mention  for  gallantry  under  fire.  On  being 
mustered  out  of  military  service  at  the  end 
of  the  war  he  returned  to  Williamstown,  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  resumed  theological  training 
under  his  father.  In  1866  he  was  called  to 
the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Congregational 
Church  at  Westfield,  Massachusetts,  and  oc- 
cupied the  position  until  1880.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  installed  in  the  pastorate  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church  at  Kansas  City, 
Missouri,  and  entered  upon  a  work  which  he 
continues  to  perform  usefully  and  acceptably. 
In  his  preaching  he  is  intensely  earnest,  force- 
ful and  practical,  devoting  his  effort  to  the 
aid  of  righteous  purposes  and  maintaining 
the  dignity  of  the  pulpit  as  a  moral  force.  He 


288 


HORNERSVIIvI.E— HORTON. 


is  a  strong  adherent  of  a  free,  non-sectarian, 
democratic,  evangelical  and  missionary  type 
of  Christian  life,  as  represented,  in  his  judg- 
ment, in  the  Congregational  Churches.  He 
has  no  faith  in  simple  humanitarianism  as  a 
saving  and  reforming  power,  but  is  an  earnest 
advocate  of  an  apphed,  embodied  Christianity, 
and  believes  in  the  duty  and  necessity  of  the 
individual  taking  all  his  religion  into  politics, 
education,  literature  and  business;  and  he 
seeks  to  teach  and  administer  church  affairs 
upon  these  principles.  His  active  interest 
in  municipal  improvement,  in  associated 
charities  work  and  in  educational  concerns, 
has  been  constantly  based  upon  the  same  con- 
siderations. During  his  long  pastorate  it 
has  been  his  privilege  to  afford  substantial 
assistance  in  the  establishment  of  new 
churches  from  time  to  time,  as  the  city  ex- 
tended its  bounds  and  increased  its  popula- 
tion, and  his  effort  has  been  freely  given  to 
establishing  and  maintaining  various  moral 
and  charitable  institutions.  Deeply  interested 
in  missionary  work,  he  became  a  corporate 
member  of  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions,  and  was  made 
vice  president  of  that  body  and  vice  president 
of  the  American  Missionary  Association.  In 
1900  he  was  a  member  of  the  Ecumenical 
Missionary  Conference.  He  has  held  in- 
fluential place  in  many  important  denomina- 
tional bodies,  and  in  1899  he  was  a  member  of 
the  International  Congregational  Council. 
His  interest  in  higher  education  has  been 
recognized  in  his  election  to  the  positions  of 
trustee  of  Williams  (Massachusetts)  College, 
and  trustee  of  Drury  College,  Springfield, 
Missouri.  Ancestry,. army  service  and  minis- 
terial life  have  combined  to  endow  him  with 
a  splendid  Americanism  of  character.  In 
national  affairs  he  is  a  Republican,  and  in 
municipal  matters  he  is  absolutely  non-par- 
tisan. He  is  a  thorough  Missourian  and  an 
ardent  believer  in  the  future  grandeur  and 
vital  importance  to  the  nation  of  the  vast 
Southwest,  with  the  citizenship  and  institu- 
tions of  which  he  is  heartily  identified.  His 
connection  with  fraternal  societies  is  re- 
stricted to  patriotic  organizations.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  and 
chaplain  of  the  Missouri  Chapter ;  of  the  Mis- 
souri Commandery  of  the  Military  Order  of 
the  Loyal  Legion,  and  past  chaplain-in-chief; 
and  of  McPherson  Post  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic.     Mr.  Hopkins  was  married 


in  1866  to  Miss  Alice  Knight,  of  Easthamp- 
ton,  Massachusetts,  who  died  in  April,  1869. 
In  October,  1876,  he  married  Miss  Jeanette 
M.  Southworth.  Four  children  have  been 
born  of  the  latter  marriage. 

Hornersville. — A  town  in  Clay  Town- 
ship, Dunklin  County,  the  terminal  point  of 
the  Paragould  &  Southeastern  Railway.  It 
was  established  in  1840  by  William  H.  Hor- 
ner, who  conducted  a  store  there.  Its  popu- 
lation was  small  until  the  building  of  the 
Paragould  &  Southeastern  Railway,  when  a 
number  of  new  residences  were  built  and  its 
business  increased.  It  is  fifteen  miles  south 
of  Kennett.  It  has  two  sawmills,  a  cotton 
gin,  school,  hotel  and  three  general  stores. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  400. 

Horse-Breeders'  Fund. — A  State 
fund  composed  of  all  moneys  received  for 
licenses  issued  by  the  State  Auditor  to  book- 
makers, auction  pool-sellers  and  registers  of 
bets  made  under  the  act  of  April  7,  1897.  The 
moneys  in  the  fund  are  to  be  used  for  the  de- 
velopment of  the  breed  of  horses  in  Missouri, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture. The  receipts  into  the  fund  in  1897  were 
$3,062,  and  in  1898  $2,718. 

Hortoii,  James  C,  was  born  in  Sara- 
toga County,  New.  York,  of  which  State  both 
his  parents,  who  were  of  English  descent, 
were  also  natives.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  neighborhood  in  which 
he  was  reared,  and  in  1857  came  West,  estab- 
lishing his  home  at  Lawrence,  Kansas.  With 
Eastern  thought  and  energy  and  Eastern 
ideas  of  business,  he  took  an  active  part  in 
upbuilding  the  city  of  Lawrence  and  laying 
the  foundation  of  the  present  splendid  com- 
monwealth of  Kansas.  His  association  with 
the  leading  free-soilers  of  the  Territory  was 
intimate,  and  he  was  among  the  most  reliable 
and  resourceful  of  those  who  strove  to  ex- 
clude slavery  from  the  State  which  was  about 
to  be  formed.  He  shared  in  all  the  responsi- 
bilities and  dangers  of  those  troublous  times, 
and  his  personal  safety  was  frequently  in 
jeopardy.  When  Quantrell  raided  Lawrence 
on  the  21  St  of  August,  1863,  Mr.  Horton's 
wife  was  a  prisoner  for  several  hours,  with 
others,  in  the  Eldridge  House,  from  which 
building  they  were  finally  marched  out  under 
guard,  the  hotel  having  been  set  on  fire.    In 


HOSMER— HOSPES. 


289 


later  years  Mr.  Horton  esteemed  it  a  privi- 
lege to  be  one  of  the  building  committee 
which  erected  a  massive  monument  to  the 
memory  of  the  people  of  that  city  who  were 
massacred  on  that  dreadful  day.  Soon  after 
settling  in  Kansas  he  was  made  deputy 
county  clerk  of  Douglas  County,  and  in  that 
capacity  attended  the  last  meeting  of  the 
county  commissioners  at  Lecompton  in  1857, 
and  acted  as  clerk  at  their  first  meeting  in 
Lawrence  in  1858.  From  1859  ^o  1865  he 
was  register  of  deeds  for  Douglas  County. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the 
Kansas  House  of  Representatives  and  served 
as  chairman  of  the  ways  and  means  commit- 
tee of  that  body  at  its  ensuing  session.  In 
J874  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  and 
was  made  chairman  of  the  Senate  committee 
on  finance.  For  some  years  he  was  express 
agent  at  Lawrence,  and  during  this  time  he 
dealt  to  a  considerable  extent  in  school  and 
courthouse  bonds,  and  has  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  that  every  bond  which  he  ever  sold 
was  afterward  paid.  At  a  later  date  he  was 
connected  with  the  drug  house  of  B.  W. 
Woodward,  Faxon  &  Company,  of  Lawrence. 
In  1878  the  firm  of  Woodward,  Faxon  & 
Company,  in  which  Mr.  Horton  was  the  silent 
partner,  established  a  wholesale  drug  busi- 
ness in  Kansas  City.  March  i,  1897,  the  firm 
name  was  changed  to  Faxon,  Horton  &  Gal- 
lagher, as  it  now  exists.  The  premises  oc- 
cupied comprise  a  four-story  and  basement 
brick  building  at  1206-10  Union  Avenue,  from 
which  are  distributed  over  all  the  territory 
tributary  to  Kansas  City,  only  at  wholesale, 
drugs,  druggists'  sundries,  paints,  oils,  glass 
and  artists'  materials,  the  trade  being  second 
to  that  of  no  similar  house  in  the  Missouri 
Valley.  During  his  residence  in  Kansas  City 
Mr.  Horton  has  held  aloof  from  active  par- 
ticipation in  ordinary  political  affairs,  but  has 
always  stood  firmly  for  cleanliness  in  politics, 
and  through  his  effort  and  means  has  at  crit- 
ical times  materially  contributed  to  local  puri- 
fication. For  many  years  he  has  been  the 
leadingvestrymanof  Grace  Episcopal  Church, 
and  was  one  among  the  foremost  in  building 
and  beautifying  the  splendid  structure  known 
by  that  name.  In  every  trait  of  character  he 
is  estimable  as  a  citizen  and  neighbor.  Mr. 
Horton  was  married  in  1867  to  Mrs.  Fannie 
(BHsh)  Robinson,  a  native  of  Maine,  who  was 
educated  in  Boston,  Massachusetts.  She  is 
an  active  leader  among  the  ladies  of  Grace 

Vol.  111-19 


Church  in  works  of  usefulness  and  benevo- 
lence, and  is  an  efficient  aid  in  other  worthy 
organizations.  She  was  among  the  founders 
of  the  Friends  in  Council,  the  oldest  and  in 
many  respects  the  most  important  of  the 
woman's  clubs  of  the  city,  and  has  always 
served  as  president  of  that  body.  The  history 
of  the  society  in  this  work  is  from  her  pen. 

Hosmer,  Frederick  L.,  clergyman, 
was  born  October  16,  1840,  in  Framingham, 
Massachusetts.  In  1862  he  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  College,  and  in  1869  from  the 
Divinity  School  of  that  University.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  ministry  October  28,  1869, 
as  associate  minister  with  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph 
Allen,  of  the  First  Congregational  Church 
(Unitarian)  of  Northborough,  Massachusetts. 
He  accepted  a  call  to  the  Second  Congrega- 
tional Society  (Unitarian)  of  Quincy,  Illi- 
nois, in  September  of  1872,  and  remained 
there  until  1877.  In  that  year  he  resigned 
his  pastorate,  and  for  more  than  a  year 
studied  and  traveled  abroad.  Upon  his  re- 
turn he  accepted  a  call  to  Unity  Church,  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  entering  upon  this  pastorate 
in  November  of  1878.  In  1892  he  resigned 
the  pastorate  to  seek  rest  from  pulpit  care 
and  labor.  From  that  time  until  November, 
1893,  he  was  secretary  of  the  Western  Uni- 
tarian Conference,  and  was  located  at  Chi- 
cago. He  then  spent  some  months  traveling 
on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  was  chiefly  engaged 
in  literary  work  until  July  of  1894,  when  he 
was  called  to  the  Church  of  the  Unity,  of  St. 
Louis.  He  entered  upon  the  duties  of  this 
pastorate  in  September  following,  and  at  once 
took  a  leading  position  among  the  pastors 
and  moral  teachers  of  the  city.  In  1885, 
jointly  with  his  friend.  Rev.  William  C.  Gan- 
nett, he  published  "The  Thought  of  God  in 
Hymns  and  Poems."  In  1894  the  two  pub- 
lished a  second  series  of  hymns  and  poems 
under  the  same  title.  His  literary  style  is 
characterized  by  elevation  and  directness  of 
thought  and  classic  purity  and  simplicity  of 
language,  and  his  sonnets  and  other  lyrics  are 
noble  in  expression  and  exquisite  in  finish. 

Hospes,  Richard,  banker,  was  born  in 
Augusta,  St.  Charles  County,  Missouri,  De- 
cember 25,  1838,  son  of  Conrad  and  Lydia 
(Schrader)  Hospes.  He  was  well  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis,  and  at  six- 
teen years  of  age  began  his  apprenticeship  in 


290 


HOSPITAI.  SATURDAY  AND  SUNDAY   ASSOCIATION. 


the  banking  business,  in  which  he  has  ever 
since  been  engaged.  He  began  as  messenger 
in  the  German  Savings  Institution,  and  his 
efficient  services  and  intelHgence  soon  won 
him  a  clerkship,  and  he  was  regularly  ad- 
vanced from  one  position  of  trust  and  re- 
sponsibility to  another  until  he  became 
cashier  of  the  bank.  This  position  he  has 
long  held,  and  as  its  chief  executive  officer 
he  has  been  largely  instrumental  in  making 
the  German  Savings  Institution  one  of  the 
leading  banking  houses  of  St.  Louis.  Mr. 
Hospes  married,  in  1862,  Miss  Johanna 
Bentzen,  of  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Hospital  Saturday  and  Sunday 
Association. — An  association  organized 
November  28,  1893,  in  St.  Louis,  and  incor- 
porated November  26,  1894.  The  objects  of 
this  society  are  to  associate  together  the 
hospitals  of  the  city  and  persons  friendly  to 
them,  thus  bringing  into  the  hands  of  one 
organization  the  entire  interest  of  the  sick 
poor  as  a  distinct  class  of  the  population  of 
the  city.  The  association  is  an  example  of 
systematized  charity.  It  comes  before  the 
public  each  Thanksgiving  week — that  is,  on 
the  Saturday  and  Sunday  following  Thanks- 
giving day — and  asks  universal  subscriptions 
for  the  benefit  of  the  hospitals  of  the  city. 
The  boxes  of  the  society  are  placed  in  many- 
public  places,  such  as  hotels,  office  buildings, 
depots,  saloons  and  stores.  On  "Hospital 
Saturday"  a  committee  of  ladies  attends  each 
of  the  hotels,  theaters  and  large  office  build- 
ings to  present  the  cause  to  all  whom  they 
meet  in  these  places.  The  church  commit- 
tees make  collections  on  "Hospital  Sunday." 
The  different  hospitals  that  are  members  of 
this  association  receive  their  pro  rata  of  the 
money  collected  at  the  end  of  each  year. 

Hospitals  of   Kansas   City.— In  the 

establishment  of  hospitals  in  Kansas  City 
there  has  been  no  lavish  expenditure  of 
means  in  rearing  great  structures  remark- 
able for  architectural  beauty,  but  the  sole 
purpose  has  been  practical  utility.  With 
modest  exteriors,  these  houses  are  reason- 
ably complete  in  all  their  appointments,  sup- 
plied with  all  modern  appliances  necessary 
for  the  treatment  of  patients.  All  are  served 
by  the  most  capable  resident  members  of 
the  medical  profession,  whose  effort  is  in- 
spired by  genuine  humanity,  a  laudable  pride 


in  their  calling  and  a  praiseworthy  public 
spirit.  To  them  also  is  due  in  large  degree 
the  dignity  and  usefulness  of  the  female 
nurse,  to  whose  education  they  have  con- 
tributed by  instituting,  in  connection  with  the 
several  medical  colleges,  training  schools, 
whose  graduates  afford  cheerful  and  efficient 
assistance  to  the  physician  and  surgeon  in  a 
field  for  which  woman  is  by  nature  emi- 
nently qualified,  and  in  which  she  is  enabled 
to  earn  a  genteel  livelihood.  To  the  medi- 
cal student  these  hospitals  afford  unusuaf 
opportunity  for  witnessing  treatment  in  all 
departments  in  the  practice  of  medicine,  and 
operations  throughout  the  entire  range  of 
surgery  and  gynecology  at  the  hands  of  prac- 
titioners and  operators  who  for  technical  skill 
and  knowledge  are  unsurpassed  in  the  United 
States.  The  field  of  observation  is  remark- 
ably broad,  due  in  part  to  the  cosmopolitan 
character  of  the  population,  and  again  to  the 
fact  that  the  central  position  of  the  city 
makes  it  an  entrepot  for  the  unfortunate 
from  all  sections.  The  latter  condition  im- 
poses upon  the  hospitals,  and  particularly 
upon  that  conducted  by  the  city,  labors  and 
expenditures  largely  in  excess  of  the  require- 
ments of  a  normal  populace,  and  points  out 
the  necessity  for  the  more  ample  provision 
now  being  made  or  contemplated  by  various 
existing  institutions,  as  noted  in  reference 
thereto.  In  addition,  a  Children's  Hospital, 
in  connection  with  a  Home  for  Children 
and  a  Home  for  Old  People,  is  to  be  estab- 
lished at  an  early  day  upon  ground  which 
has  been  donated  for  the  purpose  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Swope. 

The  exact  date  of  the  founding  of  the 
City  Hospital  is  unascertainable  on  account 
of  the  destruction  of  the  records  by  fire  in 
1874.  Its  beginning  was  about  1870,  in  a 
small  frame  building  at  Twenty-second  and 
McCoy  Streets.  In  1875  there  were  three 
frame  buildings,  with  inferior  accommoda- 
tions for  seventy-five  patients.  In  1884  a 
brick  edifice  was  erected,  with  provisions  for 
forty  additional  patients.  The  cost  was 
$5,600,  of  which  amount  $1,000  was  contrib- 
uted by  Jackson  County.  In  1895  the  city 
council  appropriated  $25,000  for  building 
purposes.  A  frame  building  used  for  small- 
pox patients  was  destroyed,  and  upon  its 
site  was  erected  a  two-story  brick  edifice, 
with  full  basement,  which  contained  the  of* 
fices,  insane  ward,  female  ward,  and  surgical 


HOSPITALS  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 


291 


department,  all  provided  with  modern  equip- 
ments and  accessories.  In  1897  the  original 
brick  building  was  remodeled  at  an  expense 
of  $7,000.  The  greater  part  of  the  old 
woodwork  was  renewed,  new  bath  rooms 
and  water  closets  were  built,  and  in  the  rear 
was  erected  a  clinical  amphitheater  with  seats 
for  200  students.  In  1899  $3,5cx)  were  ex- 
pended in  the  erection  of  a  one-story  brick 
building  for  tuberculous  and  infectious  cases, 
with  accommodations  for  forty-four  patients. 
In  1898-9  the  old  wooden  bedsteads  were 
replaced  with  iron  in  all  the  buildings.  The 
present  capacity  of  the  hospital  is  200,  and 
from  150  to  175  patients  are  constantly 
cared  for.  In  1899  $25,000  additional  were 
asked  for  additional  ward  rooms  and  im- 
provement of  existing  buildings.  Financial 
conditions  forbade  the  appropriation  at  the 
time,  but  the  necessity  was  fully  recognized, 
and  the  demand  will  be  met  at  the  earliest 
possible  moment.  During  the  year  1898 
1,876  patients  were  admitted,  and  152  re- 
mained from  the  previous  year.  The  deaths 
were  220  and  the  births  64.  Of  the  admit- 
tances given,  1,539  were  natives  of  the  United 
States,  including  539  natives  of  Missouri, 
and  337  were  of  foreign  birth.  At  the  dis- 
pensary 25,425  persons  were  treated.  St. 
George's  Hospital,  the  pesthouse,  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  early  in  1899,  and  a  tempo- 
rary building  is  used  when  necessity  re- 
quires. The  cost  of  hospital  service  in  1898 
was  as  follows  :  Food,  $7,884.53  ;  medicines, 
$1,810.89;  salaries,  $6,515.28;  miscellaneous, 
$5,858.66.  Total,  $22,069.36.  The  manage- 
ment of  the  hospital  is  vested  in  a  city  physi- 
cian, who  is  also  surgeon  in  charge.  Subor- 
dinate to  him  is  a  house  surgeon,  with  two 
medical  graduates  as  assistants,  and  a  stew- 
ard. The  supervisory  management  rests 
with  the  board  of  health,  consisting  of  the 
heads  of  municipal  departments.  The  mayor 
is  ex-oflficio  president  of  the  board,  with  the 
city  physician  as  executive  officer.  Subordi- 
nate officers  are  a  city  chemist,  a  health  offi- 
cer, a  milk  and  food  inspector  and  a  stock 
and  meat  inspector,  who  make  their  reports 
to  the  city  physician. 

St.  Joseph's  Hospital  was  founded  in  1875 
by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  of  Carondelet. 
The  original  building  was  a  frame  house  ac- 
commodating twenty  patients,  under  the  care 
of  Mother  .Celestia  and  three  sisters  who 
came  with  her.     The  present  building,  com- 


pleted in  1886,  is  located  in  a  quiet  but  con- 
venient neighborhood,  at  710  Penn  Street. 
It  is  of  brick,  three  stories,  with  three  ope- 
rating rooms  and  ample  equipment,  includ- 
ing a  complete  X-ray  plant,  the  equal  of 
those  in  metropolitan  hospitals,  the  gift  of 
Dr.  J.  D.  Griffith.  The  buildings  are  pro- 
vided with  all  modern  devices  for  lighting, 
heating  and  sewering.  One  hundred  patients 
are  provided  for,  and  1,557  were  treated  dur- 
ing the  year  ending  November  i,  1899.  The 
superioress  in  charge  is  assisted  by  nineteen 
sisters,  trained  nurses  of  the  Sisters'  Training 
School,  connected  with  the  hospital,  and  the 
most  eminent  physicians  and  surgeons  of 
the  city  afiford  their  services  in  the  sick 
wards,  operating  rooms  and  in  lectures. 
Patients  of  all  religious  denominations  are 
admitted  without  question,  and  are  permitted 
to  receive  visits  from  clergymen  of  their  own 
faith.  Religion  is  not  spoken  of  by  any 
hospital  attendant  unless  on  suggestion  of 
the  patient,  who  is  privileged  to  provide  him- 
self with  a  special  nurse.  Abundant  provision 
is  made  for  charity  cases.  In  1900,  was 
erected  an  additional  building  of  five  stories, 
90  X  100  feet,  and  containing  thirty  private 
rooms,  affording  accommodations  for  eighty 
additional  patients,  a  free  dispensary  and  an 
amphitheater  seating  eighty  students.  The 
cost  of  the  building  was  about  $40,000. 

The  University  Hospital  is  successor  to 
All  Saints'  Hospital,  which  was  instituted 
about  1883,  under  the  auspices  of  St.  Mary's 
Episcopal  Church.  The  latter  grew  out  of  the 
efifort  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  H.  D.  Jardine,  actively 
aided  by  Miss  Fitzgerald,  who  at  a  later  day 
became  Sister  Isabel  in  an  Episcopal  Sister- 
hood. The  building  now  known  as  the  Uni- 
versity Hospital,  at  1005  Campbell  Street, 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $17,000.  Its 
work  was  most  useful,  but  the  removal  of 
Dr.  Jardine  and  financial  difficulties  made 
impossible  its  continuance  under  the  then 
existing  management.  In  1898  the  building 
was  leased  by  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lege which,  in  the  summer  of  1899,  became 
sole  owner  by  purchase.  The  property  was 
substantially  improved,  newly  plumbed,  and 
the  operating  rooms  were  supplied  with  all 
necessary  modern  equipments,  including 
X-ray  apparatus  and  other  electric  appli- 
ances. The  property  is  valued  at  $20,000, 
and  has  accommodations  for  fifty  patients. 
The  first  report  made  by  the  new  manage- 


292 


HOSPITALS   OF   KANSAS  CITY. 


ment,  for  the  period  beginning  September  i, 
1898,  and  ending  July  i,  1899,  shows  the 
number  of  cases  treated  to  be  190,  of  which 
eighty  were  surgical  cases.  A  managing 
physician  is  in  charge,  with  a  lady  superin- 
tendent, who  has  as  assistants  three  medical 
undergraduates.  There  are  13  active  nurses, 
5  nurses  subject  to  duty  outside  the  hospital, 
5  probationary  nurses  and  5  subordinate  em- 
ployes. All  the  nurses  are  graduates  of  the 
Training  School  connected  with  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College.  The  hospital  is  open 
to  all,  without  regard  to  sect  or  nationality. 
At  present  there  are  no  means  of  carrying 
on  charity  work,  but  treatment  is  provided 
so  reasonably  as  to  bring  it  within  the  reach 
of  persons  of  limited  means. 

The  German  Hospital  Association  was  or- 
ganized January  17,  1886,  by  a  number  of 
German-American  citizens.  Its  first  officers 
were  C.  E.  Schoellkopf,  president ;  A.  Long, 
vice  president ;  J.  A.  Bachman,  treasurer, 
and  C.  Spengler,  secretary.  A  fund  was  cre- 
ated by  subscription,  and  a  building  at 
Twenty-third  and  Holmes  Streets,  on  high 
ground  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  city, 
was  purchased  and  remodeled  at  a  cost  of 
$10,000,  providing  accommodations  for 
twenty-three  patients. .  In  1887  $5,654  were 
realized  from  a  fair,  and  in  1892  a  bequest 
of  $8,000  in  cash  and  real  estate  was  received 
from  the  estate  of  William  Gebhard,  de- 
ceased, the  trustees  erecting  a  monument 
over  his  grave  in  recognition  of  his  gift. 
These  amounts  were  expended  in  building 
extensions.  The  property  is  valued  at  $50,- 
000,  and  provides  accommodations  for  100 
patients.  Indebtedness  on  building  account 
to  the  amount  of  $5,000  has  been  paid  off 
during  the  past  two  years.  The  remaining 
indebtedness  is  $6,000,  which  finds  an  offset 
in  real  estate  of  that  value  devised  from  the 
Gebhard  estate,  and  not  necessary  for  hos- 
pital uses.  Plans  have  been  adopted  for  new 
buildings,  doubling  the  hospital  capacity. 
Patients  are  admitted  without  regard  to  re- 
ligion or  nationality,  and  as  much  charity 
service  is  rendered  as  means  will  permit. 

The  Kansas  City  Homeopathic  Hospital, 
incorporated  February  27,  1888,  was  founded 
by  a  number  of  leading  homeopathic  prac- 
titioners, among  whom  were  Dr.  William 
Davis  Foster,  Dr.  H.  C.  Baker,  deceased, 
Dr.  W.  A.  Forster,  Dr.  Mark  Edgerton,  Dr. 
W.  H.  Jenney,  Dr.  S.  H.  Anderson,  Dr.  A.  E. 


Neumeister,  Dr.  J.  F.  Elliott  and  Mrs.  Can- 
field.  The  latter  named,  also  a  practitioner, 
was  instrumental  in  organizing  a  Ladies' 
Homeopathic  Aid  Society,  which  afforded 
substantial  assistance,  securing  a  large  part 
of  the  means  necessary  for  maintaining  the 
hospital  m  contributions  from  the  charitably 
disposed.  The  first  building  occupied  was 
on  Lydia  Avenue,  between  Thirteenth  and 
Fourteenth  Streets,  in  the  spring  of  1888. 
Late  the  same  year  removal  was  made  to  a 
large  double  building  on  Eighth  Street,  be- 
tween Charlotte  and  Campbell  Streets.  In 
1890  another  removal  was  made,  to  Seventh 
Street,  between  Washington  and  Pennsylva- 
nia Streets.  At  this  location  a  portion  of 
the  building  was  used  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Kansas  City  Homeopathic  Medical  College. 
In  1890  the  hospital  was  closed,  owing  to 
the  want  of  a  suitable  building  and  the  dimi- 
nution of  contributions,  due  to  stringency 
in  monetary  concerns  and  waning  interest 
on  the  part  of  contributors.  In  its  begin- 
ning it  accommodated  some  twenty-five  pa- 
tients, and  latterly  it  provided  for  forty,  a 
considerable  proportion  of  whom  were  char- 
ity cases. 

On  September  20,  1899,  the  Homeo- 
pathic Hospital  and  Training  School  of  Kan- 
sas City  was  opened  by  Mrs.  W.  E.  Dockson, 
as  matron,  and  was  incorporated  in  Novem- 
ber following.  It  occupies  rented  premises 
at  402  Whittier  Place,  and  is  provided  with 
aseptic  furnishings.  It  has  accommodations 
for  fourteen  patients,  and  the  management 
is  prepared  to  extend  its  facilities  as  neces- 
sity requires.  Thirty  patients  were  treated 
during  the  first  three  months  of  its  ex- 
istence. 

The  hospital  connected  with  the  Scarritt 
Bible  and  Training  School,  founded  in  1892, 
occupies  the  west  wing  of  the  school  build- 
ing. It  contains  the  office  of  the  superin- 
tendent, the  pharmacy,  the  operating  rooms, 
two  social  halls  for  convalescents,,  and  ac- 
commodations for  fifty  patients,  including 
nine  private  rooms.  For  the  year  ending 
April  I,  1899,  202  patients  were  admitted, 
including  14  college  students ;  164  operations 
were  performed,  of  which  64  were  capital. 
Men,  women  and  children,  regardless  of  re- 
ligion or  nationality,  are  admitted  upon 
recommendation  of  a  reputable  physician. 
The  hospital  is  self-sustaining,  but  has  no 
means  for  charity  work. 


HOSPITALS   OF   KANSAS   CITY. 


293 


The  Maternity  Hospital  was  established 
in  1885  by  the  East  Side  Wpman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  It  occupied  rented 
premises  and  was  supported  by  voluntary 
contributions,  supplemented  at  a  later  day 
by  the  proceeds  of  laundry  work  performed 
by  girls  who  had  been  treated,  and  who 
needed  work  and  a  home  after  their  recov- 
ery. The  management  was  by  women  ex- 
clusively. Dr.  Pauline  Canfield  was  the  first 
physician  in  charge.  In  1887  she  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  Avis  E.  Smith,  who  served 
until  1895.  Dr.  Eliza  Mitchell  was  in  charge 
from  the  latter  date  until  1896,  when  the  hos- 
pital closed  for  want  of  support,  and  donated 
its  furniture  to  the  Women  and  Children's 
Hospital  and  Training  School  for  Nurses. 
The  latter  institution  was  chartered  June 
19,  1897,  and  was  organized  by  substantially 
the  same  body  which  had  projected  and 
managed  the  Maternity  Hospital.  The  man- 
agement is  vested  in  a  board  of  directors, 
composed  exclusively  of  women,  all  medical 
graduates,  a  number  of  whom  are  members 
of  the  hospital  staff.  The  hospital  is  self- 
supporting.  Its  charity  work  is  limited  to 
a  free  ward  for  crippled  children.  Legiti- 
mate maternity  cases  are  received.  The 
building  occupied  is  rented.  It  has  accom- 
modations for  twenty-three  patients,  and  the 
average  number  cared  for  is  ten. 

Agnew  Hospital,  a  general  hospital,  with 
a  maternity  department,  was  founded  by  its 
present  conductor,  Dr.  C.  A.  Dannaker,  July 
I,  1897.  It  began  in  an  emergency  case,  for 
which  a  borrowed  bed  was  provided  in  a  sin- 
gle room  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Four- 
teenth Street  and  Pennsylvania  Avenue.  In 
September  following  removal  was  made  to 
1220  East  Eighth  Street,  where  eight  beds 
were  occupied.  October,  1898,  the  present 
building,  at  637  Woodland  Avenue,  was 
leased,  and  during  the  ensuing  three  months 
forty-two  soldiers  of  the  Third  and  Fifth 
Missouri  Regiments  were  cared  for  without 
the  loss  of  a  case.  One  hundred  and  twelve 
patients  were  treated  from  January  i  to 
November  25,  1899.  The  hospital  has  ac- 
commodations for  twenty-five  patients.  In 
connection  with  it  is  the  Kansas  City  Train- 
ing School  for  Nurses,  incorporated  in  1894. 
Twelve  students  were  in  attendance  in 
1 899- 1 900. 

The  railway  hospitals  provide  medical  at- 
tendance and  boarding  for  the  employes  of 


their  respective  roads  taken  ill  or  injured  in 
the  line  of  duty.  They  are  maintained  out  of 
assessments  upon  all  employes,  ranging  from 
thirty-five  to  fifty  cents  per  month,  based 
upon  salaries  paid.  In  1881  Dr.  James  P. 
Jackson,  acting  under  his  brother.  Dr.  John 
W.  Jackson,  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  hospital 
system,  organized  a  railway  hospital  serv- 
ice in  Kansas  City,  in  the  joint  interest  of 
the  Wabash  and  Missouri  Pacific  Railways. 
The  first  year  patients  were  treated  in  St. 
Joseph's  Hospital.  In  1885  Dr.  John  W. 
Jackson  became  chief  surgeon  of  the  Wa- 
bash Railway,  which  purchased  the  John 
Campbell  homestead,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000. 
This  was  a  two-story  brick  building  at  Third 
and  Campbell  Streets,  and  accommodated 
twenty-five  patients.  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
way patients  were  also  admitted.  In  1889 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  established  its 
own  hospital,  in  the  old  Lathrop  school 
building,  and  in  1891  the  Wabash  Railway 
transferred  its  hospital  to  Moberly,  selling 
its  Kansas  City  hospital  property  to  the 
Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Rail- 
way. 

The  Missouri  Pacific  hospital  system  was 
founded  about  1879,  by  Dr.  John  W.  Jack- 
son, who  established  the  first  hospital  at 
Washington,  Missouri,  which  was  afterward 
removed  to  Sedalia.  In  1881  Dr.  W.  B. 
Outten  organized  hospital  service  for  the 
Iron  Mountain  Railway  at  Carondelet.  In 
1885  Dr.  Jackson  became  chief  surgeon  of 
the  Wabash  Railway,  and  Dr.  Outten  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  sys- 
tem, also  remaining  in  charge  of  the  Iron 
Mountain  system.  With  these  were  included 
various  other  roads,  among  them  being  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railway.  In 
October,  1888,  the  latter  was  separated  from 
the  Missouri  Pacific  system,  whose  hospital 
was  removed  from  Sedalia  to  Independence, 
and  in  June,  1889,  to  Kansas  City,  where 
the  old  Lathrop  school  building,  at  Eighth 
and  May  Streets,  was  leased  and  continu- 
ously occupied.  The  death  rate  has  been 
phenomenally  low,  less  than  that  of  any 
other  hospital  in  the  world,  so  far  as  can 
be  ascertained,  being  usually  less  than  one- 
half  of  I  per  cent.  The  only  exception  was 
in  1897,  when  the  death  of  three  aged 
consumptives  and  of  three  injured  men  on 
the  way  to  the  hospital,  or  within  thirty  min- 
utes after  arrival,  increased  the  death  rate 


294 


HOSPITALS   OF   ST.   LOUIS. 


to  eleven.  The  wounded  treated  at  or  near 
the  scene  of  disaster  has  usually  numbered 
250  to  350,  being  from  one-fourth  to  one- 
fifth  of  the  number  treated  within  the  hos- 
pital. In  addition  to  the  latter  class,  the 
hospital  system  corps  have  annually  pre- 
scribed for  and  furnished  medicines  to  from 
4,000  to  6,000  persons  outside  the  building 
or  along  the  lines  within  its  division,  com- 
prising all  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  west 
of  Sedalia.  Dr.  Willis  P.  King  became  as- 
sistant chief  surgeon  February  2,  1885,  at 
Sedalia,  removed  it  to  Kansas  City  in  1889, 
and  was  continuously  in  charge  of  it  from 
that  time.  Subordinate  to  him  were  a  first 
and  second  house  surgeon,  and  usually  a 
medical  student  in  his  final  collegiate  year. 
The  nursing,  cooking,  dining  room  work  and 
supervision  of  the  laundry  department  has 
been  done  by  Sisters  of  Charity,  nine  to 
eleven  in  number.  The  annual  pay-roll  has 
borne  twenty-one  to  thirty-five  names.  The 
hospital  property  has  been  held  under  lease. 
The  equipments,  valued  at  $10,000,  belong 
to  the  Railway  Hospital  Department.  De- 
cember I,  1899,  under  the  reorganization  of 
the  hospital  system  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway,  the  hospital  at  Kansas  City  was 
closed,  and  it  became  an  Emergency  Station. 
It  was  subsequently  deemed  necessary  to  re- 
establish the  hospital,  and  May  15,  1900,  the' 
A.  L.  Mason  Home,  at  Eleventh  and  Central 
Streets,  was  opened  for  railway  patients,  un- 
der a  one-year  lease,  with  option  of  renewal. 
The  hospital  contains  twelve  rooms,  with 
accommodations  for  thirty  patients.  Dr. 
George  F.  Hamel  is  division  surgeon,  with 
Dr.  A.  L.  Brown  as  house  surgeon.  The 
railway  company  is  considering  the  advisa- 
bility of  erecting  a  hospital  building  in 
1901. 

In  1893  the  Employes'  Hospital  Associa- 
tion of  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Mem- 
phis Railway  system  was  organized,  through 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  Naoman  J.  Pettijohn,  the 
present  company  surgeon.  For  some  years 
previous  he  had  cared  for  railway  employes 
at  St.  Joseph's  hospital.  The  association 
purchased  the  old  Wabash  Railway  hospital, 
with  the  half-block  of  ground  upon  which  it 
stood.  The  old  building  was  remodeled,  and 
in  1898  an  addition  was  built,  containing  a 
kitchen,  dining  room  and  quarters  for  nurses, 
increasing  the  capacity  of  the  hospital  proper 
to   seventy-five   beds   and   the   value   of  the 


property  to  $20,000.  The  number  of  pa- 
tients under  treatment  ranges  from  twenty- 
five  to  thirty.  A  house  surgeon  is  in 
charge,  under  whom  are  eight  nurses  and 
six  other  employes. 

The  Kansas  City,  Pittsburg  &  Gulf  Rail- 
way owns  no  hospital  property.  It  main- 
tains a  staff  surgeon,  who  treats  the  patients 
of  the  company  in  St.  Joseph's  Hospital. 
The  number  cared  for  is  from  thirty-five  to 
seventy-five. 

Hospitals  of  St.  Louis. — The  first 
hospital  in  St.  Louis  was  established  by  the 
Sisters  of  Charity — a  Catholic  order — in  1828, 
was  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  St. 
Louis  Hospital  Association,  and  afterward 
became  known  as  the  Mullanphy  Hospital. 
As  the  city  continued  to  grow,  other  hospitals 
were  established,  and  in  1898  there  were 
twenty-three  public  and  seven  private  institu- 
tions of  this  kind  in  St.  Louis. 

In  the  year  1823  application  was  made  to 
the  community  at  Emmitsburg,  Maryland,  to 
procure  Sisters  of  Charity  to  open  a  hospital 
in  St. Louis, property  having  been  donated  by 
Mr.  John  Mullanphy  for  this  purpose ;  but  it 
was  not  until  November  6,  1828,  that  four 
Sisters  arrived  to  take  possession.  The  work 
was  commenced  in  a  log  house  on  Spruce 
Street,  between  Third  and  Fourth  Streets, 
containing  two  rooms  and  a  kitchen.  In 
183 1  the  corner  stone  of  a  brick  building 
fronting  on  Spruce  Street  was  laid.  It  was 
completed  in  1832,  being  the  first  hospital  of 
its  kind  established  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  During  this  year  Asiatic  cholera  be- 
came epidemic  in  St.  Louis,  and  the  hospital 
was  crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity  with  sick 
and  dying.  This  institution  was  incorporated 
in  1843  t>y  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  Association, 
In  1849  ^^^  '^  1866  Asiatic  cholera  again 
visited  St.  Louis,  and  the  hosjSitals  were  filled 
with  patients  suffering  from  this  disease.  In 
1872  a  lot  was  purchased  on  Montgomery 
Street,  near  Grand  Avenue,  on  which  the 
present  hospital  was  erected  and  completed 
in  July,  1874. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  city  council  July  10, 
1845,  ^"  ordinance  was  passed  directing  the 
appointment  of  a  committee  of  five  to  select 
a  building  site  and  cause  plans  to  be  made 
for  a  city  hospital.  The  committee  selected 
a  tract  of  ground  of  about  eight  acres  in  the 
city  commons  originally  occupied  by  the  St. 


HOSPITALS  OF  ST.   LOUIS. 


295 


Louis  Cemetery.  Contracts  were  awarded 
in  August,  1845,  for  the  construction  of  the 
building,  and  in  June  following  it  was  partly 
completed  and  occupied.  The  portion  of  the 
building  then  completed  cost  $17,068.57.  The 
hospital  could  accommodate  about  ninety  pa- 
tients, and  the  annual  cost  of  maintenance  at 
that  time  was  about  $18,000.  At  different 
times  during  the  next  ten  years  additions 
were  made  to  it,  at  a  cost  to  the  city  of  about 
$40,000.  On  May  15,  1856,  the  hospital  was 
totally  destroyed  by  fire.  Arrangements 
were  then  made  for  the  use  of  a  part  of  the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital  and  of  the 
buildings  on  the  County  Farm  until  a  new 
hospital  could  be  erected.  In  order  to  do 
this  a  loan  of  $50,000  was  made.  In  May, 
1857,  the  main  building  and  extensions  were 
completed,  but  were  not  occupied  until  the 
following  July,  representiilg  an  outlay  of 
about  $62,000.  During  the  years  1873  and 
1874  a  large  addition  was  made  to  the  hos- 
pital, at  a  cost  of  about  $30,000,  and  in  sub- 
sequent years  additional  wards  were  built  at 
a  cost  of  about  $20,000.  May  27,  1896,  the 
terrible  tornado  that  swept  over  the  city  en- 
tirely wrecked  the  building,  but  only  three 
fatalities  occurred.  The  patients,  some  450 
in  number,  were  transferred  to  the  old  Con- 
vent of  the  Good  Shepherd,  at  the  corner  of 
Seventeenth  and  Pine  Streets,  and  this  build- 
ing is  still  occupied. 

Prior  to  1854  the  quarantine  station  was 
located  on  Arsenal  Island, but  as  the  southern 
portion  of  the  city  became  more  densely  peo- 
pled, arrangements  were  made  for  its  re- 
moval. In  the  year  above  mentioned  the  city 
purchased  fifty-eight  acres  of  land  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  Mississippi  River,  a  mile 
and  a  quarter  south  of  Jefferson  Barracks. 
On  this  ground  stood  a  stone  house,  which 
was  refitted  and  afterward  used  as  the  resi- 
dence of  the  superintendent  of  the  quarantine. 
One-story  wooden  buildings  were  erected  for 
hospital  purposes  near  the  river.  In  1867 
four  large  buildings  on  Arsenal  Island  were 
removed  to  quarantine,  and  thus  a  first-class 
hospital  was  established  there.  At  the  time 
of  the  yellow  fever  scourge  in  1878  these 
buildings  were  used  for  the  reception  and 
treatment  of  yellow  fever  patients.  A  recur- 
rence of  the  disease  was  expected  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  it  was  determined  to  erect 
buildings  further  from  the  river  and  on  more 
elevated  ground  for  the  reception  of  the  pros- 


pective patients.  The  old  buildings  were  ac- 
cordingly burned  in  the  summer  of  1879  and 
six  new  pavilions  were  erected,  about  300 
yards  from  the  river,  on  ground  sixty  feet 
higher  than  that  on  which  those  burned  had 
stood. 

St.  Ann's  Lying-in  Hospital  was  estab- 
lished September  8,  1853,  in  connection  with 
the  St.  Ann's  Widows'  Home  and  Foundling 
Asylum,  located  on  the  southeast  corner  of 
Tenth  and  O'Fallon  Streets.  The  institution 
was  incorporated  March  5,  1869,  the  Sisters 
of  Charity  being  the  incorporators.  It  is 
nonsectarian  in  the  matter  of  admissions. 

The  United  States  Marine  Hospital  is  lo- 
cated on  Marine  Avenue  and  Miami  Street, 
and  the  grounds  connected  with  it  cover  an 
area  of  sixteen  acres,  sparsely  shaded  with 
trees.  The  original  hospital,  .a  two-story 
brick  dwelling,  was  first  occupied  by  patients 
in  1858.  During  the  Civil  War  two  pavilions 
were  constructed  for  the  wounded  of  the 
army.  These  temporary  barracks  were  torn 
down  in  1884.  Three  new  pavilion  wards 
were  then  erected  on  the  old  foundation.  Sea- 
men and  rivermen  who  have  been  in  the  serv- 
ice of  the  government  three  months  are  en- 
titled to  treatment  at  the  hospital.  The 
average  number  of  patients  is  about  forty, 
it  being  less  in  summer,  as  more  men  are 
then  employed  on  distant  river  service.  The 
institution  is  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  not  of  the 
Navy  Department,  as  are  the  hospitals  for 
salt  water  seamen. 

The  Good  Samaritan  Hospital  was  founded 
in  1858  by  a  German  minister  named  E.  L. 
Nollau,  who  was  at  that  time  pastor  of  St. 
Peter's  Evangelical  Church.  It  was  opened 
in  a  small  house  on  the  corner  of  Sixteenth 
and  Carr  Streets,  with  one  attending  physi- 
cian. It  was,  and  still  continues  to  be,  sup- 
ported by  the  Protestant  Churches  and  the 
charitably  disposed  citizens  of  St.  Louis.  In 
1859  the  hospital  was  incorporated.  In  i860 
the  board  purchased  property  on  Jefferson 
Avenue,  at  the  head  of  O'Fallon  Street,  and 
suitable  plans  were  drawn  for  the  erection  of 
a  new  hospital  building.  The  corner  stone 
was  laid  in  August,  i860,  and  the  building 
was  completed  in  1861,  after  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War.  When  finished  it  was  rented 
to  the  government  to  be  used  as  a  military 
hospital  for  nearly  two  years.  This  new 
building  cost  $38,000.  The  founder,  Mr.  Nol- 


296 


HOSPITALS   OF  ST.   LOUIS. 


lau,  who  died  February  20,  1869,  left  a  debt 
of  $22,000  hanging  over  the  hospital.  Upon 
his  deathbed  he  requested  Mr.  Bolte  to  see 
that  the  hospital  did  not  suffer.  Shortly  aft- 
erward, Mr.  Francis  Whitaker  made  a  verbal 
bequest  of  $1,000  toward  the  payment  of  this 
debt,  provided  the  balance  be  collected.  The 
sons  of  Mr.  Whitaker  carried  out  their 
father's  wishes,  and  Mr.  Bolte  did  not  rest 
until  the  balance  had  been  paid.  In  1888  a 
new  addition  was  built,  the  accommodations 
still  being  too  small.  The  hospital  was  origi- 
nally intended  to  be  a  strictly  charitable  in- 
stitution, and  during  the  lifetime  of  Mr. 
Nollau  this  idea  was  carried  out  as  far  as 
practicable ;  but,  having  no  permanent  en- 
dowment fund  for  its  support,  it  is  now  main- 
tained in  part  by  the  patients  paying  when 
they  have  the  means  to  do  so.  Patients  of 
either  sex  and  of  all  nationalities  are  treated. 

The  Lutheran  Hospital  was  established  De- 
cember 15,  1858,  on  the  corner  of  Seventh  and 
Sidney  Streets,  and  was  chartered  in  1863. 
Rev.  Dr.  Binger  was  the  founder  of  this  hos- 
pital. In  1883  the  hospital  committee  pur- 
chased the  Lange  residence,  on  the  corner  of 
Potomac  and  Ohio  Streets,  and  moved  there 
in  the  fall  of  that  year.  Finding  the  residence 
too  small  for  the  accommodation  of  their  pa- 
tients, they  built  an  addition  to  the  old  resi- 
dence in  1889,  which  gave  them  a  capacity 
for  sixty  patients,  one-fourth  of  which  is  re- 
served for  charity  patients. 

St.  John's  Hospital  is  conducted  by  the  Sis- 
ters of  Mercy,  an  order  established  in  the  city 
of  Dublin,  Ireland.  It  was  in  1861,  and  at 
the  suggestion  of  Drs.  Papin  and  Yarnall, 
that  they  established  this  hospital  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Twenty-third  and  Morgan  Streets. 
The  institution  rapidly  grew  and  necessitated 
enlargement  of  accommodations  and  exten- 
sion of  facilities,  until  now,  besides  the  main 
building,  two  wings  have  been  erected,  one 
fronting  on  each  street.  One  wing  is  devoted 
to  male,  and  another  to  female  patients.  A 
small  house  east  of  the  convent  chapel  has 
been  purchased  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  and 
suitably  arranged  as  an  infirmary  for  a  lim- 
ited number  of  respectable  colored  women 
and  girls.  There  is  also  a  free  dispensary 
connected  with  the  hospital.  The  medical 
and  surgical  departments  of  the  institution 
ar^  under  the  control  of  the  faculty  of  the 
Missouri  Medical  College. 

St.  Luke's  Hospital  had  its  beginning  in 


two  meetings,  held  in  November,  1865,  in  the 
Mercantile  Library,  by  a  few  zealous  Epis- 
copalians. Articles  of  incorporation  were 
drawn  up  and  approved,  and  the  name,  "St. 
Luke's  Association,"  was  adopted.  A  build- 
ing was  erected  on  grounds  between  Ohio 
and  Sumner  Streets.  The  first  patient  was 
admitted  in  April,  1866.  In  1870  the  hospital 
was  moved  to  the  corner  of  Sixth  and  Elm 
Streets.  In  June,  1873,  the  hospital  was  again 
removed  to  a  building  on  Pine  Street,  be- 
tween Ninth  and  Tenth  Streets.  In  1874  the 
board  of  trustees  announced  the  fact  that  the 
institution  was  entirely  out  of  debt.  The 
present  location  of  the  hospital  is  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Washington  Avenue  and  Nineteenth 
Street,  the  site  having  been  donated  by  the 
late  Henry  Shaw.  The  corner  stone  of  this 
building  was  laid  on  the  26th  of  June,  1881, 
and  the  completed  structure  cost  $41,000. 

The  order  which  conducts  the  Alexian 
Brothers'  Hospital  was  established  in  Ger- 
many. The  St.  Louis  branch  of  this  order 
was  established  in  October,  1869,  and  char- 
tered in  March,  1870,  with  Brother  Stanislaus 
Schwiperich  as  its  first  president,  and  Brother 
Prochus  Schutte  as  secretary.  The  first 
house  occupied,  a  small  one,  was  purchased 
in  1870  with  the  grounds,  which  are  located 
on  Broadway  and  Osage  Streets,  at  the  foot 
of  Jefferson  Avenue.  The  present  building, 
the  corner  stone  of  which  was  laid  June  6, 

1873,  has  a  frontage  of  176  feet  by  a  depth  of 
300  feet,  and  was  opened  for  patients  June  4, 

1874.  The  building  will  accommodate  100 
patients,  sick  and  insane.  The  grounds  con- 
tain about  four  and  one-half  acres. 

The  Female  Hospital,  on  Old  Manchester 
Road,  near  January  Avenue,  was  opened  Oc- 
tober I,  1872,  as  the  "House  of  Industry," 
and  was  devoted  to  the  treatment  of  women 
who  were  sent  thither  on  certificates  of  the 
examining  physicians,  under  the  "Social  Evil" 
registration  law.  In  1875  this  institution  was 
made  a  general  hospital  for  the  reception  of 
the  female  patients  of  the  city,  except  emer- 
gency and  night  patients  who  might  not  be 
carried  to  such  a  distance.  On  the  grounds 
at  the  time  of  their  purchase  by  the  city,  was 
a  three-story  brick  residence.  Large  hos- 
pital buildings  have  been  added,  and  there 
is  at  present  a  capacity  for  about  275  patients. 
It  is  used  exclusively  for  females.  The  cost 
of  maintaining  this  hospital  is  about  $60,000 
a  year. 


HOSPITAI.S  OF  ST.   LOUIS. 


297 


Pius  Hospital,  or  the  Hospital  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan Sisters,  is  located  on  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  Fourteenth  and  O'Fallon  Streets.  The 
order  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Francis  was  char- 
tered in  January,  1878.  Their  present  house 
was  erected  in  1878-9,  and  Pius  Hospital,  as 
they  call  it,  received  its  first  patient  January 
I,  1880.  See  also  "Convent  and  Hospital  of 
Franciscan  Sisters,"  under  the  heading  "Con- 
vents  in  St.  Louis." 

The  religious  order  in  charge  of  St.  Mary's 
Infirmary  is  called  the  Sisters  of  Mary.  In 
1873  they  erected  a  three-story  home  on  St. 
Mary's  Church  property.  The  Sisters  them- 
selves begged  the  materials  used  in  its  con- 
struction. In  1877  they  purchased  the  old 
Felix  Coste  residence,  on  Sixteenth  and 
Papin  Streets.  These  quarters  becoming 
overcrowded  in  1891,  they  built  the  present 
establishment  in  front  of  the  old  building.  It 
is  five  stories  high,  fire  proof,  and  has  a 
capacity  for  about  eighty  patients.  In  addi- 
tion to  voluntary  contributions  the  order  de- 
pends mainly  upon  donations  received  from 
a  house  to  house  canvass,  which  is  made  twice 
a  year. 

The    St.    Louis    Children's    Hospital    was 
chartered  in  November,   1879,  but  the  first 
board  of  managers  was  not  able  to  secure  a 
house  in  which  to  begin  their  work  until  the 
spring  of  1880,  when,  through  the  efforts  of 
Mrs.  F.  P.  Blair,  president  of  the  board  at 
that  time,  a  small  one  was  secured  on  Frank- 
lin Avenue,  near  Twenty-ninth  Street.     This 
house  was  bought  and  paid  for  by  the  sub- 
scriptions  of  several   ladies   and   gentlemen 
who  were  interested  in  the  project.      Mrs. 
Samuel  Cupples  and  Gerard  B.  Allen  gener- 
ously  heading  the   list.     After   much   labor 
and  patient  endeavor  they  were  enabled  to 
buy  the  lot  and  erect  the  present  hospital  on 
the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Adams 
Street.     The  new  building  was  opened  and 
dedicated  on  November  26,  1884,  and  during 
the  winter  of  1884-5  the  payment  for  the  lot, 
building  and  furnishing  was  completed,  which 
;  amounted  to  a  little  over  $21,000.    In  June, 
[1885,  a  free  dispensary  was  established  in  the 
[basement  of  the  hospital,  where  a  large  num- 
ber of  patients  are  treated  annually.     In  the 
summer  of  1890  the  lot  adjoining  the  hospital 
■was  purchased,  and  an  addition  of  six  rooms 
[was  made  to  the  building,  giving  capacity  for 
sixty-five  children.     In  November,  1891,  the 
^basement  caught  fire  and  was  considerably 


damaged,  but  no  children  were  hurt  nor  lives 
lost.  The  hospital  has  an  endowment  fund 
of  $11,000.  This  institution  is  nonsectarian, 
and  the  religious  beliefs  of  the  patients  are 
never  questioned. 

In  the  spring  of  1881  a  "Medical  Mission" 
was  organized  under  the  supervision  of  a 
committee  from  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  Rooms 
were  fitted  up  in  a  building  that  belonged  to 
the  association  on  Eleventh  Street,  and  a 
stock  of  drugs  was  purchased.  About  the  end 
of  the  year  the  work  was  enlarged  by  fitting 
up  the  remaining  rooms  of  the  building  as  a 
hospital.  In  the  autumn  of  1882  an  organi- 
zation was  effected  under  the  name  of  the  St. 
Louis  Protestant  Hospital  Association,  and 
a  charter  procured.  This  association  was  in- 
corporated June  23,  1883,  and  the  St.  Louis 
Protestant  Hospital  was  built  up.  In  1886 
a  ladies'  auxiliary  board  was  formed.  This 
board,  by  its  constitution,  is  composed  of 
members  from  the  different  Protestant 
churches  desiring  to  participate  in  this  work. 
During  this  year  the  quarters  on  Eleventh 
Street  became  too  cramped  and  the  hospital 
was  removed  to  its  present  location  on  Eight- 
eenth Street,  near  Wash.  In  October,  1890, 
a  training  school  for  nurses  was  organized 
in  connection  with  it,  which  has  a  course  of 
study  extending  over  a  period  of  eighteen 
months.  A  free  dispensary  is  also  connected 
with  this  hospital. 

The  Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital  for 
Children  was  organized  April  18,  1884,  having 
for  its  object  the  care  and  medical  and  sur- 
gical treatment  of  indigent  and  sick  children. 
It  was  first  known  as  the  Free  Hospital  for 
Children,  but  some  confusion  having  arisen 
from  the  similarity  of  names,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  give  the  institution  a  more  dis- 
tinctive name.  It  was,  therefore,  given  the 
name  of  a  child  of  one  of  the  members  of  the 
board,  who  had,  in  memory  of  the  little  one, 
been  most  active  in  furthering  the  project 
from  its  inception  until  it  had  reached  the 
basis  of  an  established  organization,  and  as 
the  Augusta  Free  Hospital  for  Children  it 
was  incorporated  in  June,  1884.  Money  was 
raised  and  a  lot  purchased  on  the  corner  of 
School  Street  and  Channing  Avenue,  on 
which  was  built  a  small  hospital  with  a  ca- 
pacity for  twenty-four  children,  being  form- 
ally opened  in  October,  1886.  In  the  spring 
of  1890  Mr.  Charles  Parsons  offered  to  do- 


298 


HOSPITALS  OF  ST.   LOUIS: 


nate  the  sum  of  $15,000  to  the  hospital  on 
condition  that  its  name  be  changed  to  "The 
Martha  Parsons  Free  Hospital  for  Chil- 
dren." After  much  discussion  it  was  decided 
to  accept  the  offer  and  the  change  was  there- 
fore made  in  April,  1890.  A  building  fund  of 
$6,030  was  also  raised  and  an  annex  was 
built.  The  new  building  was  opened  in  March, 
1892.  The  hospital  has  now  sufficient  ac- 
commodations for  forty  children. 

The  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  Hospital  was 
established  August  14,  1884,  by  the  railway 
company  bearing  that  name.  It  is  splendidly 
located,  fronting  on  California  Avenue,  and 
extending  from  Henrietta  to  Eads  Avenue, 
and  the  grounds  are  high  and  well  kept.  Dr. 
W.  B.  Outten  is  chief  surgeon,  with  three 
assistant  house  surgeons  and  a  full  corps  of 
physicians.  The  hospital  has  a  capacity  of 
135  beds  and  averages  16,000  patients  a  year, 
65  per  cent  being-  medical  cases.  It  is  sup- 
ported by  the  employes  of  the  company,  who 
are  taxed  each  month  according  to  their 
wages.  It  is  the  oldest  railroad  hospital  in 
the  West,  and  the  largest  in  St.  Louis.  The 
building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 
On  Wednesday,  May  27,  1896,  the  cyclone 
struck  the  southeast  wall  of  the  buil  ling, 
damaging  it  to  the  extent  of  $6,000.  The 
nurses  at  the  hospital  are  the  Sisters  of  the 
Incarnate  Word,  of  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

The  Polyclinic  Hospital  was  established  in 
1885,  connected  with  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  and  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Lucas 
and  Jefferson  Avenues.  The  hospital  is  es- 
pecially maintained  for  the  reception  of  pa- 
tients treated  in  the  college  clinics,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  work  is  charitable. 

The  Evangelical  Deaconess  Hospital  was 
founded  in  1889,  in  which  year  the  minis- 
ters of  the  different  Evangelical  Churches 
of  St.  Louis,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
church  members,  organized  a  Deaconess 
Society  for  the  purpose  of  caring  for  the 
Protestant  poor  and  sick,  and  to  furnish 
nurses  at  the  homes  of  the  indigent  sick 
when  needed.  The  Deaconess  Society  in 
1898  numbered  nearly  400  members  of  the 
different  Evangelical  churches.  In  1889  the 
society  established  a  hospital  on  Eugenia 
Street,  and  remained  there  until  the  end  of 
the  year  1892.  They  then  purchased  prop- 
erty on  the  corner  of  Sarah  Street  and  West 
Belle  Place.  To  the  building  on  these 
grounds,    which    was    formerly    used    as    a 


school  building,  an  addition  was  made  for 
hospital  purposes,  giving  a  capacity  for  fifty 
patients.  In  January,  1893,  they  moved  into 
the  new  hospital  on  West  Belle  Place,  which 
they  occupy  at  the  present  time. 

The  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium  was  es- 
tablished December  18,  1890,  by  the  Missouri 
Baptist  Association,  and  is  controlled  by  that 
association.  The  hospital  is  favorably  located 
on  Taylor  Avenue.  It  is  a  non-sectarian  in- 
stitution in  its  benefits,  and  is  self-sustaining. 
It  has  a  capacity  of  150  beds  and  seventy- 
five  private  rooms.  Patients  in  the  private 
rooms  are  at  liberty  to  choose  their  own 
physicians.  Mr.  A.  D.  Brown,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  institution,  has  materially  aided 
it  in  a  financial  way,  having  given  the  associ- 
ation $25,000  at  the  start  for  its  mainte- 
nance. There  is  a  training  school  for  nurses 
connected  with  the  sanitarium,  in  which 
young  women  are  fitted  to  become  thor- 
oughly competent  trained  nurses.  The  char- 
ity work  of  the  institution  is  under  the  super- 
vision and  control  of  the  Women's  Board  of 
Charity,  connected  with  the  sanitarium. 

The  St.  Louis  Baptist  Hospital  was  estab- 
lished in  February,  1893.  on  the  corner  of 
Nineteenth  and  Carr  Streets,  and  was  in- 
corporated May  19,  1893.  The  board  of 
managers  purchased  a  lot  and  residence  on 
the  northeast  corner  of  Garrison  and  Frank- 
lin Avenues  from  F.  G.  Niedringhaus,  con- 
verted it  into  a  hospital  and  moved  into  it 
in  the  fall  of  1896.  During  the  summer  of 
1898  an  addition  was  erected  on  Garrison 
Avenue  and  completed  October  15th  of  that 
year,  giving  the  hospital  a  capacity  of  sixty- 
five  beds.  There  is  a  training  school  for 
nurses  in  connection  with  the  hospital.  This 
institution  has  no  endowment,  but  is  sup- 
ported entirely  by  the  pay  patients  who  en- 
ter it. 

The  St.  Louis  Hospital  Association  was 
organized  in  connection  with  and  at  the 
same  time  that  the  St.  Louis  Baptist  Hospital 
was  founded,  and  remained  with  that  institu- 
tion until  the  spring  of  1897,  when  it  se- 
cured quarters  of  its  own  on  account  of  the 
lack  of  room  in  the  Baptist  Hospital.  On 
the  15th  day  of  April,  1897,  the  association 
removed  to  its  present  quarters,  at  913  North 
Garrison  Avenue.  The  object  of  this  asso- 
ciation is  to  furnish  wage-earning  people 
with  medical  treatment  at  a  very  small  cost. 
The   members   of  the   association    pay   fifty 


HOSS. 


299 


cents  monthly  and  receive  treatment  and  at- 
tention at  any  time  without  extra  cost. 

In  October,  1893,  the  Franciscan  Sisters 
purchased  the  Walters  residence,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Chippewa  Street  and  Grand  Avenue. 
The  residence  was  fitted  up  for  a  hospital 
and  occupied  in  May,  1894,  as  St.  Anthony's 
Hospital,  being  a  branch  of  the  Pius  Hos- 
pital, at  Fourteenth  and  O'Fallon  Streets. 
Plans  were  made  for  the  erection  on  these 
grounds  of  a  new  hospital,  which  was  com- 
pleted in  the  fall  of  1899. 

The  Women's  Hospital  was  established 
and  incorporated  September  12,  1894.  The 
building  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Six- 
teenth and  Pine  Streets,  and  has  capacity 
for  fifty  patients,  with  twenty  nurses  in  at- 
tendance. Dr.  George  F.  Hulbert  was  the 
founder  of  this  institution,  and  its  first 
president  and  chief  physician.  The  hospital 
is  governed  by  a  board  of  trustees.  It  is 
a  philanthropic  and  charitable  institution, 
being  obligated  to  reserve  at  all  times  one- 
third  of  its  capacity  for  charity  patients. 

Rebekah  Hospital  owes  its  inception  to  a 
meeting  held  in  1891  of  certain  ladies  who 
felt  that  the  best  accommodations  for  med- 
ical treatment  and  nursing  should  be  pro- 
vided for  women  whose  circumstances 
prevent  their  paying,  but  who  are  not  fit 
candidates  for  either  the  city  or  female  hos- 
pitals. Financial  difficulties  were  encountered 
in  carrying  forward  the  enterprise,  and  in 
1895  an  arrangement  was  made  under  which 
the  Marion  Sims  Medical  College  took  con- 
trol of  the  institution.  Under  the  auspices 
of  this  medical  college  it  has  since  been  con- 
ducted as  a  hospital  for  both  sexes. 

On  the  2d  of  April,  1892,  Mr.  Robert  A. 
Barnes,  of  St.  Louis,  died,  leaving  an  es- 
tate worth  something  over  a  million  dollars, 
with  Messrs.  Smith  P.  Gait,  S.  M.  Kennard 
and  R.  M.  Scruggs  as  trustees.  In  his  will 
he  left  a  bequest  of  $1,000,000  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  hospital  in  St.  Louis.  In  1897  the 
three  trustees  purchased  three  acres  of 
ground,  known  as  the  old  Glasgow  place, 
which  fronts  on  Garrison  Avenue,  between 
Glasgow  and  Sheridan  Avenues.  Several 
plans  were  submitted  to  the  trustees  for  the 
hospital  building,  and  toward  the  close  of 
1898  they  practically  reached  the  conclusion 
that  it  should  be  modeled  after  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  in  Baltimore,  which  is 
said  to  the  finest  equipped  and  arranged  in 


this  country.  It  had  then  been  determined 
that  the  buildings  should  be  fireproof,  built 
of  steel,  brick  and  terra-cotta,  consisting  of 
an  administration  building,  four  wards, 
kitchen,  enginehouse,  etc.,  and  its  cost 
$200,000.  The  purpose  of  the  trustees  was 
to  begin  the  erection  of  the  buildings  not 
later  than  the  spring  of  1899  and  complete 
the  work  within  one  year.  When  completed, 
the  hospital  was  to  have  a  capacity  for  100 
patients  in  the  general  wards,  with  thirty 
rooms  for  private  patients.  A  thorough 
training  school  for  nurses  was  also  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  hospital,  especially  to  fit  them 
for  use  in  private  families. 

Hoss,  Oliver  Heber,  lawyer,  is  a  de- 
scendant of  an  old  and  distinguished  family 
of  Tennessee.  His  father,  Samuel  B.  Hoss, 
a  native  of  the  latter  State,  was  a  son  of 
Henry  Hoss,  who  was  born  on  the  old 
homestead,  about  six  miles  north  of  Jon«s- 
borough,  the  seat  of  Washington  County, 
Tennessee,  in  1790.  The  latter  was  the 
youngest  child  in  a  family  of  six  sons  and 
one  daughter.  To  each  of  his  sons  his  father 
gave  a  farm,  or  the  money  with  which  to 
purchase  one.  The  farm  of  640  acres  on 
which  Henry  Hoss  was  born  was  bequeathed 
to  him  by  his  father.  The  latter  came  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1788,  and  settled  on  the 
farm  on  which  his  grandchildren  were  born 
and  reared.  His  parents  were  natives  of 
Germany,  and  immigrated  to  this  country 
prior  to  or  during  the  Revolution,  settling 
in  Pennsylvania.  Henry  Hoss  was  educated 
at  Washington  College,  the  oldest  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  Tennessee,  which  was  lo- 
cated in  a  grove  eighteen  miles  south  of  his 
home.  While  attending  college  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Mary  Blackburn,  whose 
father  owned  a  fine  farm  on  the  Nollychucky 
River.  After  his  graduation  from  college 
he  married  Miss  Blackburn  and  soon  after- 
ward settled  on  his  farm  with  the  intention 
of  spending  his  life  there.  But  his  friends, 
appreciating  his  rare  intellect  and  strength 
of  character,  had  other  plans  for  him,  and 
soon  afterward  they  elected  him  as  Washing- 
ton County's  Representative  in  the  State 
Legislature.  After  his  return  from  Knox- 
ville,  then  the  capital  of  Tennessee,  he  was 
strongly  urged  by  his  neighbors  and  friends 
to  build  on  his  farm  an  academy,  where 
their  children   could   be  taught   the    higher 


300 


HOSS. 


branches.  He  acceded  to  their  request,  and 
the  members  of  the  first  class  gave  the  insti- 
tution the  name  of  Liberty  Hall.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  presided  over  this  school,  and 
many  of  his  students  afterward  rose  to  posi- 
tions of  trust  and  responsibility  in  the  State 
and  nation.  So  great  was  the  success  which 
greeted  his  efforts  that  the  trustees  of  Green- 
ville College  tendered  him  the  presidency  of 
that  institution,  which  was  located  three  and 
one-half  miles  south  of  Greenville,  the  home 
of  President  Andrew  Johnson.  He  accepted 
the  trust  and  assumed  the  duties  of  the  posi- 
tion in  1828,  removing  with  his  family  to 
Greenville  in  October  of  that  year.  Here  for 
eight  years  he  presided  over  this  noted 
school,  dying  August  29,  1836,  in  the  prime 
of  his  manhood.  He  was  an  earnest  Chris- 
tian and  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
He  inherited  from  both  his  father  and 
mother  the  determination,  integrity  and 
honesty  of  purpose  which  have  characterized 
his  descendants  in  every  generation.  His 
mother  was  a  cousin  of  Daniel  Boone,  the 
celebrated  Kentucky  pioneer,  and  was  one 
of  a  family  of  six  sons  and  three  daughters. 
Her  parents  also  came  from  Pennsylvania 
in  an  early  day  and  took  up  farming  land 
in  Washington  County.  Her  paternal  grand- 
parents came  from  England  to  America  and 
settled  in  Pennsylvania.  Henry  Hoss  and 
his  wife  each  had  a  brother  who  served  in 
the  War  of  1812,  under  General  Jackson — 
Isaac  Hoss  and  Nathaniel  Blackburn.  The 
mother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was, 
before  her  marriage,  Almeda  Snell,  a  native 
of  Monroe  County,  Missouri,  and  a  daughter 
of  Cumberland  Snell,  a  pioneer  of  that 
county. 

In  1842  Samuel  B.  Hoss  removed  from 
Tennessee  and  took  up  a  claim  near  Seda- 
lia,  Missouri,  where  he  at  once  began  the 
development  of  a  fine  farm.  For  many  years 
thereafter  he  resided  in  Pettis  County,  where 
he  reared  his  family,  consisting  of  nine  chil- 
dren: Albina,  wife  of  Dr.  Willis  P.  King, 
of  Kansas  City;  Albert,  of  Southwest  City, 
Missouri;  Henry,  deceased;  Granville  S., 
a  practicing  attorney  of  St.  Louis;  Emily, 
wife  of  Dr.  L.  O.  Ellis,  of  Nevada ;  Edward, 
a  miner  and  stock-raiser  in  Colorado ;  Theo- 
dore, deceased ;  Oliver  H.,  and  Fannie,  wife 
of  William  Arnold,  of  Pueblo,  Colorado, 
in  1884  Samuel  B.  Hoss  went  to  California 
for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  remaining  in  that 


State  about  three  years.  After  returning  to 
Missouri  he  settled  in  McDonald  County, 
where  he  still  resides  (1900),  at  the  age  of 
eighty-two  years.  An  old-line  Whig  in  the 
ante-bellum  days,  Mr.  Hoss  was  a  staunch 
Union  man  during  the  Civil  War,  but  since 
that  time  has  been  an  adherent  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Democratic  party.  During  the 
reconstruction  period  he  endeavored  by 
every  means  possible  to  allay  the  bitterness 
and  strife  engendered  by  the  war,  and  was 
instrumental  in  checking  much  of  the  rapac- 
ity exhibited  in  his  section  of  the  State  by 
unscrupulous  persons  who  were  invested 
with  brief  authority  by  the  administrations 
of  that  period.  The  education  of  our  sub- 
ject was  begun  in  the  district  school  at  his 
home.  This  was  followed  by  a  three-years' 
course  in  Van  Petten  and  Ready's  private 
seminary  at  Sedalia,  after  which  he  attended 
the  Missouri  State  University  for  two  years — 
1878  and  1879.  The  breaking  out  of  the 
Leadville  excitement  in  the  latter  year  cre- 
ated in  him  a  strong  desire  to  seek  his  for- 
tune in  the  new  Eldorado,  where  he  spent 
two  and  a  half  years.  Returning  home  in 
1882,  he  began  the  study  of  the  law  in  Ne- 
vada, under  the  personal  supervision  of 
Judge  C.  R.  Scott,  being  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1883.  In  the  latter  year  he  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  independently. 
Subsequently  he  formed  partnerships,  suc- 
cessively, with  Irvin  Gordon  and  Levi  L. 
Scott,  but  since  1895  he  has  maintained  an 
oflfice  alone.  Mr.  Hoss  has  always  been  a 
Democrat,  and  has  wielded  a  strong  influence 
in  the  councils  of  his  party.  In  1884  he 
served  as  chairman  of  the  Democratic  county 
central  committee,  and  in  1890,  1891  and  1892 
was  at  the  head  of  the  congressional  commit- 
tee of  his  party.  Though  frequently  besought 
to  become  a  candidate  for  office,  he  has  always 
refused  to  do  so,  preferring  to  devote  his 
time  exclusively  to  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, in  which  he  has  been  very  successful. 
Deeply  interested  in  Masonic  work,  he  has 
filled  all  the  chairs  in  the  local  bodies  of 
that  order — the  blue  lodge,  chapter  and 
commandery — and  is  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine,  affiliating  with  Ararat  Temple  of 
Kansas  City.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
order  of  Modern  Woodmen  of  America.  He 
and  his  family  are  attendants  upon  the  serv- 
ices of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Mr.  Hoss 
was  married,  October  7,  1891,  to  Luna  M. 


HOUCK. 


301 


Wilson,  daughter  of  H,  C.  and  Helen  Wil- 
son, of  Topeka,  Kansas,  where  her  father 
is  a  prominent  business  man.  The  profes- 
sional contemporaries  of  Mr.  Hoss  accord 
him  a  high  position  at  the  bar  of  Vernon 
County.  He  is  recognized  as  having  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  principles  of  the  law, 
and  his  ability  correctly  to  apply  these  prin- 
ciples to  the  causes  intrusted  to  his  care 
is  attested  by  the  abundant  success  which 
has  attended  his  professional  career. 

Houck,  Louis,  railroad  builder  and 
president,  lawyer  and  legal  writer,  was  born 
near  Belleville,  Illinois,  April  i,  1841,  son  of 
Bartholomew  and  Anna  (Senn)  Houck.  His 
father,  Bartholomew  Houck,  was  born  in  Ba- 
varia, and  in  1829  came  to  America,  locating 
in  St.  Louis  in  1835.  He  was  a  man  of  liberal 
education  and  literary  talent  and  a  printer 
and  journalist  by  profession.  He  married 
his  wife,  who  was  born  in  the  Canton  of 
Argau,  Switzerland,  in  St.  Louis,  in  1837. 
From  St.  Louis  they  removed  to  Belleville, 
Illinois,  in  1841,  and  afterward  to  Gasconade 
County,  Missouri,  where  Mr.  Houck  com- 
menced farming.  After  several  years'  expe- 
rience as  an  agriculturist  Mr.  Houck  re- 
turned to  St.  Louis,  where  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  press.  In  1849  ^^  again  went 
to  Belleville,  Illinois,  and  began  the  publica- 
tion of  the  "Belleville  Zeitung."  At  this  time 
his  son  Louis  was  eight  years  old,  and  his 
earliest  training  was  received  at  home  and  in 
his  father's  printing  ofBce,  where  he  became 
a  printer  and  gained  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  newspaper  work.  In  the  meantime  he  oc- 
casionally attended  school,  and  in  1858  was 
sent  to  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  where 
he  studied  for  two  years.  Returning  to 
Belleville  he  published  a  German  paper,  and 
while  preparing  copy  and  giving  his  atten- 
tion to  all  the  details  of  publishing  a  news- 
paper, he  found  time  to  devote  to  the  study 
of  law.  In  1861  he  entered  upon  a  course  of 
reading  in  the  office  of  Judge  William  H. 
Underwood,  and  the  year  following,  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  at 
Mt.  Vernon,  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
began  practice  in  Belleville,  and  also  con- 
tinued his  newspaper  until  1865,  when  he  dis- 
posed of  it  and  went  to  Cairo,  Illinois,  where 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  H.  K.  S. 
O'Melveny,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  lawyers 
of  southern  Illinois.    In  1868  the  partnership 


was  dissolved  and  Mr.  Houck  took  up  his 
residence  in  St.  Louis,  and  was  appointed  as- 
sistant United  States  attorney,  the  United 
States  attorney  being  General  John  W.  No- 
ble. In  1869  he  located  in  Cape  Girardeau 
and  continued  in  active  practice  until  1881, 
when  he  began  the  construction  and  opera- 
tion of  a  railroad  from  Cape  Girardeau  west, 
and  consequently  abandoned  the  legal  prac- 
tice he  had  built  up.  Mr.  Houck,  in  1865, 
published  a  work  on  "Mechanic's  Liens,"  and 
in  1868  a  work  on  the  "Law  of  Navigable 
Rivers."  In  1871-2  he  edited  and  annotated 
the  first  fifteen  volumes  of  the  "Missouri  Re- 
ports." In  1882,  before  the  Missouri  Bar  As- 
sociation, he  read  a  paper  on  the  "Federal 
Courts,"  published  in  the  Missouri  Bar  As- 
sociation proceedings  of  that  year.  Mr. 
Houck,  upon  becoming  a  resident  of  Cape 
Girardeau,  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  de- 
velopment of  southeastern  Missouri.  He 
realized  the  great  wealth  of  agricultural  and 
timber  lands  and  the  varied  resources  of  that 
section  and  the  need  of  rail  transportation. 
Through  his  efforts  a  road  from  Cape  Girar- 
deau west  was  constructed,  now  known  as 
the  Southern  Missouri  &  Arkansas  Railroad. 
This  road  was  built  by  him  slowly  and  in 
small  sections,  owing  to  limited  means  at  his 
command,  from  Cape  Girardeau.  In  1880 
fifteen  miles  of  line  was  built ;  the  next  year 
eleven  miles,  and  at  intervals  construction 
was  carried  on  until  the  line  was  ninety-four 
miles  in  length,  extending  from  Cape  Girar- 
deau to  Hunter,  in  Carter  County,  Missouri, 
where  it.  connects  with  the  Current  River 
branch  of  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  & 
Memphis  Railroad.  Other  roads  built  by 
Mr.  Houck  are  the  St.  Louis,  Kennett  & 
Southern,  from  Caruthersville  to  Kennett 
and  Campbell,  seventy-five  miles  in  length; 
the  Chester,  Perryville,  Ste.  Genevieve  & 
Farmington,  from  Perryville  to  Clearyville, 
thirty  miles,  and  Houck's  Missouri  &  Arkan- 
sas Railway,  from  Commerce  to  Morley  and 
Morehouse,  thirty  miles.  The  Cape  Girar- 
deau, Bloomfield  &  Southern,  although  not 
altogether  built  by  him,  is  now  owned  and 
was  greatly  extended  and  improved  by  him. 
He  is  the  principal  owner  of  the  stock  of 
these  roads.  To  some  extent  it  can  be  truly 
said  that  Mr.  Houck  has  made  the  actual 
wealth  of  southeast  Missouri  known  to  the 
country  at  large.  His  active  pen  has  de- 
scribed its  unbounded  resources ;  by  personal 


302 


HOUGH.' 


solicitation  he  has  enlisted  the  capital  for 
needed  enterprises,  and  his  every  energy  has 
always  been  exerted  for  the  full  and  complete 
development  of  this  section  of  the  State.  Mr. 
Houck  has  always  taken  a  deep  interest  in 
politics,  and  is  a  consistent  member  of  the 
Democratic  party.  In  1872  he  was  nomi- 
nated as  alternate  Democratic  elector  for  the 
State  at  large.  He  married,  December  29, 
1872,  Miss  Mary  Hunter  Giboney,  daughter 
of  Mr.  Andrew  Giboney,  a  member  of  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  respected  families  of  the 
State,  the  family  having  settled  in  what  is 
now  Missouri,  in  1797.  They  have  three 
children,  Irma,  Giboney  and  Rebecca  Ram- 
sey Houck. 

Hough,  Samuel  B.,  identified  with  the 
real  estate  interests  of  Kansas  City  since 
1886,  came  to  Missouri  from  his  native  State, 
New  Jersey,  in  1880.  He  located  in  Kansas 
City,  and  for  the  following  six  years  was  em- 
ployed as  a  traveling  salesman,  a  practical 
school  that  is  admitted  to  be  of  invaluable 
help  to  one  who  possesses  a  determination 
to  engage  in  business  for  himself.  In  1886 
Mr.  Hough  entered  the  real  estate  business, 
being  associated  with  Samuel  F.  Scott,  the 
present  postmaster  of  Kansas  City,  under  the 
firm  name  of  S.  F.  Scott  &  Co.  In  1890  this 
partnership  was  dissolved  and  the  firm  be- 
came S.  B.  Hough  &  Co.  During  the  years 
of  his  association  with  Mr.  Scott  several  im- 
portant residence  additions  to  Kansas  City 
were  laid  out  by  this  firm.  Among  the  more 
noteworthy  of  these  were  Brighton  Park,  an 
addition  of  seven  and  a  half  acres,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  city;  Saighman  Place, 
containing  five  acres ;  Bernard  Place,  adjoin- 
ing the  Athletic  Park,  in  the  eastern  part  pf 
the  city;  Rockaway,  a  fine  addition  of  forty- 
six  acres,  in  Argentine,  Kansas,  and  several 
others.  All  of  these  additions  have  been  sold 
out,  are  now  covered  by  comfortable  homes, 
and  give  evidence  of  the  wonderful  growth 
made  possible  by  the  improvements  projected 
in  the  interests  of  Kansas  City  and  her 
thrifty  people.  From  1886  to  1888  this  firm 
laid  out  ten  or  twelve  additions,  and  all  of 
them  are  now  places  of  pleasant  habitation. 
Mr.  Hough  is  a  man  who  is  not  only  active 
in  the  line  of  business  which  he  has  chosen 
to  follow,  but  who  takes  a  lively  interest  in 
public  and  social  affairs.  The  welfare  of 
Kansas  Citv,  and  the  advancement    of    her 


commercial  greatness,  are  subjects  of  his 
pride  and  an  incentive  to  the  determined  ef- 
fort which  he  has  put  forth.  In  1896  he  was 
elected,  on  the  Republican  ticket,  a  member 
of  the  Common  Council  of  Kansas  City, 
serving  two  years.  In  1898  he  was  elected 
to  the  upper  branch  of  the  City  Council  for 
a  term  of  four  years. 

Hough,  Warwick,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  Jan- 
uary 26,  1836,  son  of  George  W.  and  Mary  C. 
(Shawen)  Hough.  His  earliest  Virginia  an- 
cestor was  John  Hough,  who  removed  from 
Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  to  Loudoun 
County  about  the  year  1750,  and  there  mar- 
ried Sarah  Janney,  whose  family  had  also 
moved  to  Virginia  from  Bucks  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  who  was  great-aunt  to  John 
Janney,  president  of  the  Virginia  Secession 
Convention  of  1861,  and  who,  by  the  author- 
ity and  in  the  presence  of  the  convention,  in- 
vested Robert  E.  Lee  with  the  command  of- 
the  military  forces  of  Virginia. 

John  Hough  was  a  grandson  of  Richard 
Hough,  who  came  from  Cheshire,  England, 
to  Pennsylvania,  under  the  auspices  of  Wil- 
liam Penn,  in  the  ship  "Endeavor,"  landing 
in  Philadelphia  in  1683.  After  the  death  of 
Richard  Hough,  William  Penn  wrote  of  him : 
"I  lament  the  loss  of  honest  Richard  Hough. 
Such  men  must  needs  "be  wanted  where  self- 
ishness and  forgetfulness  of  God's  mercies  so 
much  abound." 

Both  the  parents  of  Judge  Warwick  Hough 
were  born  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia,  his 
father  April  17,  1808,  and  his  mother  Decem- 
ber 25,  1814,  and  they  were  married  there  in 
1833.  In  1838  they  removed  to  Missouri, 
Judge  Hough's  father — who  was  at  that  time 
a  merchant — bringing  with  him  a  stock  of 
goods,  which  he  disposed  of  in  St.  Louis.  He 
then  moved  overland  with  his  family  to  Jef- 
ferson City,  which  a  few  years  earlier  had 
been  made  the  capital  of  Missouri.  At  Jef- 
ferson City  he  continued  to  be  engaged  in 
merchandising  until  the  year  1854,  when  he 
retired  from  business  pursuits.  Prior  to  this 
he  had  been  prominent  and  influential  in  Mis- 
souri politics,  and  had  served  with  distinction 
as  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature.  In 
1854  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party  for  Congress,  and  engaged  actively  in 
the  political  controversies  of  the  day,  which 
were  then  of    a  very  fervid    character,  and 


tiyf^^ZytyC^ 


^^^^r/g^t^lc^^ 


HOUGH. 


303 


plainly  foreshadowed  the  great  contest  of 
i860  to  1865.  In  conjunction  with  Judge 
William  B.  Napton  and  Judge  William  Scott, 
then  on  the  Supreme  bench  of  Missouri,  and 
Judge  Carty  Wells,  of  Marion  County,  Mr. 
Hough  participated  in  framing  the  famous 
"Jackson  Resolutions,"  introduced  by  Clai- 
borne F.  Jackson,  afterward  Governor,  in  the 
Missouri  Legislature,  in  1849,  which  resolu- 
tions occasioned  the  celebrated  appeal  of 
Colonel  Thomas  H.  Benton  from  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  Legislature  to  the  people  of  Mis- 
souri. These  resolutions  looked  forward  to 
a  conflict  between  the  Northern  and  South- 
ern States,  and  pledged  Missouri  to  a  co- 
operation with  her  sister  States  of  the  South. 
The  leading  Democrats  of  Missouri  were 
then  known  as  Calhoun  Democrats,  chief 
among  them  being  David  R.  Atchison,  Wil- 
liam B.  Napton,  James  S.  Green,  Carty  Wells 
and  Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  and  the  bitter  per- 
sonal hostility  existing  between  Calhoun  and 
Benton  was  much  intensified  by  these  reso- 
lutions, the  authorship  of  which  Colonel  Ben- 
ton attributed  to  Calhoun.  The  result  of  the 
canvass  was  Colonel  Benton's  retirement 
from  the  United  States  Senate.  Soon  after 
making  his  unsuccessful  canvass  for  Con- 
gress in  1854,  Mr.  Hough  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Sterling  Price  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Public  Works  of  Missouri,  which 
was  then  charged  with  the  supervision  of  all 
the  railroads  in  the  State  to  which  State  aid 
had  been  granted.  For  several  years  he  de- 
voted his  entire  time  to  the  public  interests 
in  this  connection,  and  rendered  valuable 
service  in  conserving  the  interests  of  the 
State  in  these  various  railroad  enterprises. 
He  was  frequently  tendered  positions  in  the 
government  service,  which  would  have  neces- 
sitated his  removal  to  the  national  capital, 
but  declined  to  accept  such  appointments. 
He  was  for  a  time  curator  of  the  Missouri 
University,  and  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Eliot, 
of  St.  Louis,  did  much  to  benefit  that  institu- 
tion. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Missouri,  and  a  public  man 
who  contributed  largely  to  the  formulation 
of  legislation  essential  to  the  development  of 
the  resources  of  the  State.  He  had  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  political  history  of  the  country 
unsurpassed  by  that  of  any  one  in  the  State, 
and  a  superior  knowledge  also  of  general 
.  history,  constitutional  law  and  literature.  He 
died  at  Jefferson  City,  February  13,  1878,  re- 


spected and  mourned  not  only  by  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  lived,  but  by  the  people  of 
the  entire  State.  His  wife,  Mary  C.  Hough, 
daughter  of  Cornelius  and  Mary  C.  (Maine) 
Shawen,  was  the  first  person  to  receive  the 
rite  of  confirmation  in  the  Episcopal  Church 
at  Jefferson  City.  She  was  a  woman  of  great 
refinement,  of  rare  amiability  and  sweetness 
of  temper,  devoted  to  her  husband,  home  and 
children,  and  at  the  time  of  her  death,  which 
occurred  at  Jefferson  City,  January  17,  1876, 
it  was  said  of  her :  "The  works  of  this  quiet. 
Christian  woman  do  follow  her.  They  are 
seen  in  the  character  of  the  children  she 
raised  and  trained  for  usefulness,  in  the  num- 
ber of  young  persons  whom  she  influenced 
by  her  precept  and  example  to  a  higher  life 
and  nobler  aim,  and  in  the  grateful  remem- 
brance of  the  many  who  have  been  the  re- 
cipients of  her  kind  attentions  and  unosten- 
tatious charities." 

Warwick  Hough,  the  son  of  these  worthy 
parents,  was  reared  at  Jefferson  City,  and  ob- 
tained the  education  which  fitted  him  for  col- 
lege in  the  private  schools  of  that  city.  He 
was  a  precocious  student,  and  at  sixteen 
years  of  age,  when  the  principal  of  the  school 
he  was  attending  was  compelled  by  illness  to 
abandon  his  place,  he  assumed  charge  of  the 
school  at  the  request  of  its  patrons,  and  con- 
ducted it  to  the  end  of  the  term,  teaching  his 
former  schoolmates  and  classmates,  and 
hearing  recitations  in  Latin  and  Greek,  as 
well  as  in  other  branches  of  study.  At  fif- 
teen years  of  age  he  acted  as  librarian  of  the 
State  Library  while  the  Legislature  was  in 
session.  Entering  the  State  University  of 
Missouri,  he  was  graduated  from  that  insti- 
tution in  the  class  of  1854,  with  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  arts,  and  three  years  later  re- 
ceived his  master's  degree  from  the  same 
institution.  As  a  collegian  he  was  especially 
noted  for  his  fondness  for  the  classics  and  for 
the  sciences  of  geology  and  astronomy.  He 
could  repeat  from  memory  page  after  page 
of  Virgil,  and  nearly  all  the  Odes  of  Horace. 
In  his  senior  year  he  invented  a  figure  illus- 
trating the  gradual  acceleration  of  the  stars, 
which  was  used  for  years  after  he  left  college 
by  his  preceptor,  whose  delight  it  was  to  give 
him  credit  for  the  invention.  His  superior 
scientific  attainments  caused  him  to  be  se- 
lected from  the  graduating  class  of  the  Uni- 
versity, in  1854,  to  make  some  barometrical 
observations  and  calculations   for  Professor 


I 


304 


HOUGH. 


Swallow,  then  at  the  head  of  the  geological 
survey  of  Missouri.  Later  he  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Sterling  Price  assistant  State 
Geologist,  and  the  results  of  his  labors  in  this 
field  were  reported  by  B.  F.  Shumard  and  A. 
B.  Meek  in  the  published  geological  reports 
of  Missouri.  Before  he  had  attained  his 
majority  he  was  chief  clerk  in  the  office  of 
the  Secretary  of  State,  and  he  was  secretary 
of  the  State  Senate  during  the  sessions  of 
1858-9,  1859-60  and  1860-1.  Meantime  he 
had  studied  law,  and  in  1859  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  In  i860  he  formed  a  law  partner- 
ship with  J.  Proctor  Knott,  then  Attorney 
General  of  Missouri,  which  continued  until 
January  of  1861,  when  he  was  appointed  Ad- 
jutant General  of  Missouri  by  Governor  Clai- 
borne F.  Jackson.  As  Adjutant  General  he 
issued,  on  the  226.  of  April,  1861,  the  general 
order  under  which  the  military  organizations 
of  the  State  went  into  encampment  on  the 
third  day  of  May  following.  It  was  this  order 
which  brought  together  the  State  troops  at 
Camp  Jackson,  St.  Louis,  the  capture  of 
which  precipitated  the  armed  conflict  be- 
tween the  Federal  authorities  and  Southern 
sympathizers  in  Missouri.  Prior  to  his 
appointment  as  Adjutant  General,  Judge 
Hough  had  had  military  experience  as  an 
officer  in  the  Governor's  Guards  of  Missouri, 
in  which  he  had  been  commissioned  first 
lieutenant,  January  17,  i860.  He  com- 
manded the  Governor's  Guards  in  the  South- 
west expedition  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  i860, 
under  General  D.  M.  Frost.  His  appoint- 
ment as  Adjutant  General  gave  him  the  rank 
of  brigadier  general  of  State  troops,  and  his 
occupancy  of  that  position  continued  until 
after  the  death  of  Governor  Jackson,  when 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by  Gov- 
ernor Thomas  C.  Reynolds.  He  resigned 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  State  in  1863  to 
enter  the  Confederate  military  service,  and 
January  9,  1864,  he  was  commissioned  a  cap- 
tain in  the  Inspector  General's  Department 
and  assigned  to  duty  by  James  A.  Seddon, 
Confederate  Secretary  of  War,  on  the  staff 
of  Lieutenant  General  Leonidas  M.  Polk. 
After  the  death  of  General  Polk  he  was  first 
assigned  to  duty  on  the  staff  of  General 
Stephen  D.  Lee,  and  afterward  served  on  the 
staff  of  Lieutenant  General  Dick  Taylor, 
commanding  the  Department  of  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  East  Louisiana  and  West  Flor- 
ida, with  whom  he  surrendered  to  General  E. 


R.  S.  Canby,  receiving  his  parole  May  10, 
1865.  The  proscriptive  provisions  of  the 
Drake  Constitution  prevented  him  from  re- 
turning at  once  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  Missouri,  and  until  1867  he  practiced 
law  at  Memphis,  Tennessee.  After  the  abo- 
lition of  the  test  oath  for  attorneys  he  re- 
turned to  Missouri  and  established  himself 
in  practice  at  Kansas  City,  entering  at  once 
upon  a  brilliant  and  distinguished  career  as  a 
lawyer.  He  soon  became  recognized  as  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  Western  bar,  and  in  1874 
was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Missouri.  During  his  ten  years  of  service  on 
the  Supreme  bench — in  the  course  of  which 
he  served  two  years  as  chief  justice  of  that 
distinguished  tribunal — he  was  conspicuous 
for  his  learning,  his  scholarly  attainments 
and  uncompromising  independence.  His 
style  was  sententious  and  pre-eminently  judi- 
cial ;  and  his  opinions,  which  are  noted  for 
their  perspicuity,  are  perhaps  the  most 
polished  rendered  by  any  judge  who  has  oc- 
cupied a  place  on  the  Supreme  bench  of  Mis- 
souri in  recent  years.  The  style  and  quality 
of  his  judicial  labors  may  be  judged  by  refer- 
ence to  his  opinions  in  the  following  cases : 
Sharpe  v.  Johnson,  59  Mo.  557;  S.  C,  y6  Mo. 
660;  Rogers  v.  Brown,  61  Mo.  187;  Valle  v. 
Obenhause,  62  Mo.  81,  dissenting  (his  views 
in  this  dissenting  opinion  were  afterward  ap- 
proved by  the  court  in  Campbell  v.  Laclede 
Gas  Company,  84  Mo.  352,  378,  and  Valle  v. 
Obenhause  was  formally  overruled  in  Dyer 
V.  Wittier,  89  Mo.  81,  after  Judge  Hough  left 
the  bench);  Turner  v.  Baker,  64  Mo.  218; 
Smith  V.  Madison,  67  Mo.  694;  Noell  v. 
Gaines,  68  Mo.  649,  dissenting  (the  views  an- 
nounced by  Judge  Hough  in  his  dissenting 
opinion  in  this  case  were  subsequently 
adopted  by  the  Supreme  Court  in  1896,  and 
the  case  of  Noell  v.  Gaines  was  overruled  in 
Owings  v.  McKenzie,  133  Mo.  323) ;  Mclll- 
wrath  V.  Hollander,  73  Mo.  105 ;  Buesching 
v,  St.  Louis  Gas  Light  Company,  73  Mo. 
219;  State  ex  rel.  v.  Tolson,  73  Mo.  320; 
State  v.  Ellis,  74  Mo.  207;  Fox  v.  Hall,  74 
Mo.  315,  Skrainka  v.  Allen,  76  Mo.  384,  and 
Fewell  V.  Martin,  79  Mo.  401. 

His  independence  in  refusing  to  lend  his 
judicial  sanction  to  the  spirit  of  repudiation 
of  municipal  obligations,  with  which  many 
of  the  counties  of  Missouri  had  unwisely 
burdened  themselves,  was  the  most  potent 
factor  in  preventing  his  renomination,  and  in 


\ 


x\' 


(t^  /^^9~txsyH 


HOUSE   OF  INDUSTRY. 


805 


depriving  the  State  of  the  more  extended 
services  of  one  of  its  ablest  and  most  accom- 
pHshed  jurists.  What  was,  however,  a  loss 
to  the  State  was  a  gain  to  Judge  Hough,  for 
immediately  after  his  retirement  from  the 
bench  he  removed  to  St,  Louis,  and  after 
1884  enjoyed  a  large  and  lucrative  practice 
in  that  city,  where  he  was  identified  with 
much  of  the  most  important  litigation  occu- 
pying the  attention  of  the  State  and  Federal 
courts,  until  he  was  again  called  to  the  bench. 

In  October,  1893,  representing  forty-five 
banks,  located  in  twenty-one  different  States, 
in  a  proceeding  against  the  Union  Loan  & 
Trust  Company  of  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  which 
had  failed  for  over  six  millions  of  dollars, 
Judge  Hough  was  appointed  by  Judge  Shiras, 
of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States  for 
the  Western  District  of  Iowa,  one  of  the  re- 
ceivers of  the  Sioux  City  &  Iowa  .Railroad, 
and  sole  receiver  of  the  Sioux  City  Terminal 
&  Warehouse  Company.  This  position  he 
occupied  for  six  years,  during  which  time  all 
the  debts  oi  the  railroad  company  were  paid, 
of  every  kind  and  character,  the  road  was 
put  in  thorough  repair,  the  rolling  stock 
equipped  with  safe  appliances,  several  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  of  interest  was  paid  on 
the  bonds,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  receiver- 
ship and  the  discharge  of  the  receiver,  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars  in  money  was 
turned  over,  along  with  the  road,  to  its  pur- 
chasers. In  the  fall  of  1900,  during  his  ab- 
sence from  the  city,  he  was  nominated  as  a 
candidate  for  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
the  city  of  St.  Louis,  for  the  term  of  six 
years ;  and,  without  making  any  efforts  to  se- 
cure either  the  nomination  or  election,  re- 
ceived a  larger  vote  than  any  other  judicial 
candidate  on  the  ticket. 

The  State  University  of  Missouri  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  in 
1883. 

Politically  Judge  Hough  has  always  affili- 
ated with  the  Democratic  party,  and  held  the 
views  entertained  by  Mr.  Calhoun  as  to  the 
nature  and  powers  of  the  Federal  govern- 
ment, and  the  reserved  rights  of  the  States. 
He  is  widely  known  to  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity as  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish 
Rite  Mason. 

He  married,  in  1861,  Miss  Nina  E.  Massey, 
daughter  of  Honorable  Benjamin  F.  Massey 
(then  Secretary  of  State  of  Missouri),  and 
Maria  Withers,  his  wife,  of  Fauquier  County, 

Vol.  Ill— 20 


Virginia,  whose  great-grandmother  was  Le- 
titia  Lee,  daughter  of  Philip  Lee,  grandson 
of  Richard  Lee,  who  came  to  Virginia  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I. 

In  December  of  1861  Mrs.  Hough  joined 
her  husband,  who  was  then,  with  Governor 
Jackson  and  other  State  officers,  with  Gen- 
eral Price's  army  in  southwest  Missouri,  and 
remained  south  during  the  entire  period  of 
the  Civil  War,  making  her  home  at  Colum- 
bus, Mississippi,  in  the  military  department 
to  which  her  husband  was  assigned  after  en- 
tering the  Confederate  service.  Of  Judge 
Hough's  five  children  two  are  sons  and  three 
are  daughters.  His  eldest  son,  Warwick 
Massey  Hough,  was  graduated  from  Central 
College,  at  Fayette,  Missouri,  in  the  class  of 
1883,  while  Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix  was  presi- 
dent of  that  institution,  as  one  of  the  honor 
men  of  his  class,  winning  two  prizes,  one  for 
elocution  and  the  other  for  oratory.  He  is 
now  a  lawyer  of  recognized  ability,  practicing 
his  profession  in  St.  Louis,  and  for  several 
years  was  assistant  United  States  district  at- 
torney. Judge  Hough's  second  son,  Louis 
Hough,  was  graduated  at  the  Missouri  Medi- 
cal College,  of  St.  Louis,  in  1891,  and  is  now 
surgeon  in  charge  at  the  works  of  Pearson  & 
Sons,  English  contractors,  engaged  in  deep- 
ening the  harbors  of  Coatzacoalcos  and  Sa- 
lina  Cruz,  on  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec, 
Republic  of  Mexico. 

Judge  Hough  has  two  brothers  and  three 
sisters.  His  eldest  brother.  Dr.  Charles  Pinck- 
ney  Hough,  is  a  graduate  of  the  Missouri 
Medical  College,  of  St.  Louis,  and  now  lives 
in  Salt  Lake  City.  He  has  high  rank  as  phy- 
sician and  surgeon,  and  has  had  extended 
observation  and  experience  in  the  hospitals 
of  England,  France  and  Germany.  The 
youngest  brother,  Arthur  M.  Hough,  is  a 
lawyer  and  resides  at  Jeflferson  City,  Mis- 
souri, the  place  of  his  birth.  He  ranks  well 
at  the  bar,  has  taken  much  interest  in  Ma- 
sonry, and  has  been  grand  master  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri.  The  eldest  of 
Judge  Hough's  sisters  married  Dr.  George 
B.  Winston,  of  Jeflferson  City,  a  physician  of 
note,  and  survives  him.  His  second  sister  is 
the  wife  of  Captain  John  P.  Keiser,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  the  third,  Georgie  B.  Hough,  is 
unmarried. 

House  of  Industry. — This  was  the 
name    given   to   an   institution    which    was 


306 


HOUSE  OF  MERCY— HOUSE  OF  REFUGE. 


I 


opened  in  St.  Louis,  October  i,  1872,  for  the 
reception  of  women  sent  there  for  medical 
treatment  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  the  "social  evil"  registration  law.  After 
the  repeal  of  this  law  the  institution  was 
made  a  general  female  hospital,  and  has  since 
been  conducted  as  such  by  the  city. 

House  of  Mercy,  St.  Joseph's. — 

In  1856  Rev.  Father  Damen,  S.  J.,  then  pas- 
tor of  St.  Xavier's  Church,  St.  Louis,  saw  the 
necessity  in  the  growing  city  for  a  commu- 
nity which  would  devote  its  attention  solely 
to  the  poor.  Archbishop  Kenrick,  who  cor- 
dially approved  of  Father  Damen's  plans, 
made  formal  application  for  Sisters  of  the 
Order  of  Mercy,  and  six  Sisters  from  the 
parent  house  in  New  York  arrived  in  St. 
Louis  on  June  27th,  locating  on  Tenth  and 
Morgan  Streets,  and  began  immediately  their 
work  of  mercy.  The  jail  was  visited  regu- 
larly, the  sick  poor  were  sought  out  in  their 
homes,  and  provisions  supplied  by  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  were  distributed  to  the  needy.  At 
the  close  of  the  same  year  the  House  of 
Mercy  was  inaugurated,  affording  shelter  to 
poor  children,  besides  serving  as  a  home  for 
respectable  women  out  of  employment.  St. 
Joseph's  Convent  of  Mercy  was  chartered  in 
1857.  In  1861,  their  house  having  become 
too  small,  the  archbishop  gave  the  site  for  a 
new  building  on  Morgan  and  Twenty-second 
Streets,  where  the  institution  at  present 
stands.  On  this,  besides  a  convent  for  the 
Sisters,  was  a  building  for  the  House  of 
Mercy.  It  became  necessary,  in  1866,  to 
erect  a  new  school  building,  the  number  of 
pupils  increasing  to  600  in  1871.  In  1869  the 
Convent  of  Mercy  in  St.  Louis  became  a 
parent  house,  sending  out  two  branches — one 
in  March,  to  New  Orleans.  In  May,  1871, 
the  Sisters  converted  their  school  building 
into  a  female  infirmary,  which  developed  into 
a  hospital  for  both  sexes,  which  was  placed 
under  the  patronage  of  St.  John.  The  pri- 
vate patients  in  St.  John's  Hospital  were  re- 
moved to  their  new  building  at  Locust  and 
Twenty-third  Streets ;  later  the  ward  patients 
were  also  removed,  and  the  entire  building 
has  since  been  occupied  by  the  home  for 
young  working  girls,  the  Industrial  School 
for  little  girls,  and  the  Night  Hospital  for 
homeless  women.  The  visitation  of  the  sick 
and  alms-giving  are  still  continued. 


House  of  Refuge. — A  St.  Louis  city 
institution  for  the  detention  and  training  of 
boys  and  girls  who  are  otherwise  uncared  for, 
the  object  being  to  rescue  them  from  crimi- 
nal association  and  give  them  a  home  in 
which  they  will  be  supported,  educated  and 
disciplined,  and  enabled  to  take  care  of 
themselves.  It  was  established  as  a  city  in- 
stitution in  1854,  with  F.  S.  W.  Gleason  as 
superintendent,  and  in  1855  was  made  a  State 
institution,  under  a  board  of  managers.  The 
first  board  consisted  of  the  mayor  of  the  city, 
Washington  King,  ex  oMcio;  John  How  and 
Madison  Miller,  appointed  by  the  county 
court;  Marshall  Brotherton  and  John  Hart- 
nett,  appointed  by  the  mayor ;  Daniel  G.  Tay- 
lor and  J.  W.  Thornburgh,  elected  by  the  city 
assembly  from  the  board  of  aldermen,  and 
J.  W.  Heath  and  James  H.  Small,  elected  by 
the  city  assembly  from  the  board  of  dele- 
gates. The  institution  was  located  on  a 
forty-acre  tract,  one-half  of  which  was  after- 
ward sold.  The  first  buildings  were  three 
long,  narrow,  two-story  and  on^  small  two- 
story  brick  structures,  the  place  previously 
having  been  used  for  a  city  poorhouse,  and 
also  as  a  smallpox  hospital.  In  1855  a  brick 
addition  was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $5,000,  and 
in  1858  a  large  building  on  the  western  part 
of  the  tract  was  completed.  For  a  time  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  this  building  was  occupied 
by  the  United  States  government  as  a  hos- 
pital for  soldiers.  On  the  14th  of  February, 
1865,  the  east  wing  and  center  of  the  House 
of  Refuge  were  destroyed  by  fire.  In  1866 
the  west  wing  was  refitted  and  occupied  by 
the  boys,  the  girls  remaining  in  the  old  house. 
Workshops  and  schools  were  then  operated 
on  an  extensive  scale.  In  1872  the  superin- 
tendent, Gleason,  was  charged  with  cruel 
treatment  of  the  inmates,  tried  by  a  court 
and  acquitted;  but  fresh  charges  were  pre- 
ferred against  him  and  investigated  by 
Mayor  Brown,  resulting  in  the  passage  of  an 
act  of  the  Legislature  in  1873,  placing  the  in- 
stitution under  the  control  of  a  board  of  man- 
agers, five  in  number,  the  mayor  of  the  city 
and  four  others  appointed  by  him.  The  first 
board  under  the  new  organization  consisted 
of  Mayor  Jos.  Brown,  John  G.  Priest,  John  J. 
Fitzwilliam,  Wm.  Currie  and  Wm.  C.  Lange. 
John  D.  Shaffer  was  appointed  superintend- 
ent. Since  1866  several  additional  buildings 
of  brick  have  been  erected — one    for    girls,\ 


HOUSE  OF  REPRKSKNTATIVES— HOUSER. 


307 


near  the  boys'  main  building,  two  stories,  no 
feet  by  lOo;  residence  of  superintendent,  two 
stories ;  a  building  for  shops,  chapel,  bakery, 
school  rooms,  bath  room,  300  feet  by  35,  and 
two  stores.  The  occupations  of  the  inmates 
are  shoemaking,  tailoring,  baking,  painting, 
carpentering,  dressmaking,  gardening,  laun- 
dry work  and  engine  room  work.  There  is  a 
girls'  training  school,  with  special  instruction 
in  several  kinds  of  skilled  work.  The  num- 
ber of  inmates  in  1898  was  354,  of  which 
number  210  were  white,  and  sixty-four  col- 
ored boys,  and  sixty-six  were  white,  and 
fourteen  colored  girls.  The  officers,  teachers 
and  overseers  numbered  about  forty.  The 
location  of  the  House  of  Refuge  is  3300 
Osage  Street,  corner  of  Louisiana  Avenue. 

House  of  Representatives,  State. 

The  more  numerous  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly,  or  State  Legislature.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  lower  house,  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  Senate,  which  is  called  the  upper 
house.  It  is  composed  of  Representatives 
elected  by  the  people  at  the  general  State 
election  every  two  years.  Each  county  in  the 
State  is  entitled  to  one  Representative,  no 
matter  how  comparatively  small  its  popula- 
tion is,  and  the  larger  counties  to  more, 
though  not  altogether  in  proportion  to  their 
population.  The  apportionment  is  made 
anew  after  each  decennial  United  States  cen- 
sus. In  the  decade  ending  with  1899,  the 
population  of  the  State,  2,679,000,  was  di- 
vided by  200,  which  gave  the  ratio  of  appor- 
tionment at  13,395.  A  county  having  two 
and  a  half  ratios — 33,487 — had  two  Represen- 
tatives ;  a  county  having  four  ratios — 53,580 
— had  three,  and  a  county  having  six  ratios — 
80,370 — had  four;  and  from  that  on  an  addi- 
tional population  of  33,487,  or  two  ratios,  en- 
titled a  county  to  one  additional  Representa- 
tive, The  presiding  officer  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  is  the  Speaker,  chosen  by 
itself. 

House  of  the  Good  Shepherd, 
Kansas  City. — See  "Catholic  Charities  of 
Kansas  City." 

House  of  the  Guardian  Angel,  St. 

liOuis. — ^This  institution  is  under  the  care 
of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul.  The  home  was  founded  August  24, 
1859,  and  was    incorporated    May  25,  1870. 


The  founder  was  Archbishop  Kenrick,  who 
followed  its  onward  course  with  paternal  in- 
terest. In  1859  he  gave  to  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  a  small  building  of  four  rooms,  in 
which  they  opened  their  asylum.  The  object 
of  the  work  was  and  still  is  to  give  a  home  to 
young  girls ;  to  teach  them  trades  and  other 
useful  industries,  which  will  enable  them  in 
the  future  to  be  self-supporting.  The  insti- 
tution is  for  girls  only,  orphans  or  half- 
orphans  and  other  homeless  ones  who  are 
properly  recommended.  They  are  received 
at  any  age  between  the  years  of  eight  and 
sixteen.  They  are  kept  in  the  house  until 
they  are  of  age,  and  longer  if  they  desire  to 
stay.  When  they  wish  to  go  suitable  posi- 
tions are  sought  for  them.  None  are  given 
in  adoption.  They  are  taught  the  ordinary 
English  branches  of  a  grammar  school,  and 
are  trained  in  all  the  branches  of  domestic 
economy  by  their  participation  in  the  daily 
work  of  the  house,  all  sharing  in  rotation  the 
duties  of  the  kitchen,  bake  room,  laundry  and 
general  house-cleaning.  Plain  and  fancy 
sewing  is  taught  to  those  who  have  a  taste 
for  it.  No  board  is  received,  the  only  reve- 
nue of  the  institution  being  that  earned  by 
the  children  and  their  teachers  through  sew- 
ing and  fancy  work.  Each  girl  on  leaving  is 
provided  with  a  moderate  outfit.  Should  one 
prefer  to  remain  after  eighteen,  a  sum  of 
money  is  deposited  for  her,  which,  on  leav- 
ing, she  receives.  The  house  sheltered  many 
during  the  Civil  War,  when  its  work  really 
began.  Since  that  time  hundreds  have  here 
found  a  home.  A  new  building  was  soon  re- 
quired, which  was  later  much  enlarged,  af- 
fording accommodations  for  seventy-five 
inmates. 

Houser,  Daniel  M.,  president  of  the 
Globe  Printing  Company  of  St.  Louis,  was 
born  December  i}^,  1834,  in  Washington 
County,  Maryland.  In  1839  his  parents  re- 
moved to  Clark  County,  Missouri,  and  from 
there  to  St.  Louis,  in  1846.  In  his  early 
youth  Mr.  Houser  obtained  what  tuition  the 
common  schools  afforded,  and  was  well 
grounded  in  the  rudiments  of  education 
when,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  set  out  to 
make  his  own  way  in  the  world.  He  began 
in  an  humble  place  in  the  work  rooms  of  the 
"Union"  newspaper,  and  was  with  that  paper 
when  Hill  &  McKee  purchased  it  and  merged 
it  into  the  "Missouri  Democrat."  The  general 


308 


HOUSER. 


history  of  this  institution,  now  known  far  and 
wide  as  the  "Globe-Democrat, '  is  given  in 
the  article  on  "Newspapers  of  St.  Louis."  To 
have  been  identified  with  such  a  lever  of 
power  and  influence  for  nearly  half  a  century 
already,  with  the  prospect  of  many  years  more 
of  continuance,  is  itself  a  distinction  of  extra- 
ordinary note.  With  his  foot  upon  the  ladder, 
Mr.  Houser  rose  until  in  a  few  years  he  was  a 
bookkeeper,  and  then  general  business  man- 
ager. He  had  just  attained  his  majority 
when  the  interest  of  the  senior  proprietor  of 
the  "Democrat"  was  absorbed  by  Francis  P. 
Blair,  who  was  then  planting  the  seed  of  his 
future  political  career.  On  the  retirement  of 
Blair,  who  remained  but  a  short  time  in  the 
firm,  a  pecuniary  interest  in  the  new  organi- 
zation fell  to  George  W.  Fishback  and  D.  M. 
Houser.  In  those  days  a  newspaper  partner- 
ship meant  no  such  immense  outlay  of  money 
as  is  involved  in  modern  city  journalism,  nor 
were  the  demands  of  readers  upon  publishers 
anything  like  such  as  they  are  now.  Adver- 
tising and  circulation  patronage  were  both 
limited,  and  it  is  a  feature  of  Mr.  Houser's 
long  career  that  the  wonderful  evolution  of 
the  newspaper  business  in  the  last  half  cen- 
tury has  been  conspicuously  participated  in 
by  him.  Able  and  fortuitous  as  has  been  the 
editorial  management  of  the  "Globe-Demo- 
crat," the  paper  never  could  have  attained 
the  success  it  has  except  by  the  application  of 
systematic  business  methods.  A  liberal  ex- 
penditure of  money  in  the  collection  and 
transmission  of  the  latest  news,  competent 
and  properly  distributed  agents,  ample  pro- 
vision for  the  composing  and  press  rooms, 
and  attention  to  the  innumerable  details  of 
the  counting  room,  require  executive  ability 
of  the  highest  standard.  The  combination  of 
talents  that  can  look  to  these  is  exceedingly 
rare  and  admits  of  but  a  single  test — success. 
Up  to  the  death  of  William  McKee,  that  vet- 
eran of  the  press  was  president  of  the  Globe 
Printing  Company,  the  corporate  name  of  the 
"Globe-Democrat"  concern,  Mr.  Houser 
succeeded  him  in  1879.  He  was  for  many 
years  a  director  of  the  Western  Associated 
Press,  and  shared  with  Richard  Smith,  W. 
N.  Haldeman,  Murat  Halstead,  Joseph  Me- 
dill  and  other  well  known  newspaper  men  in 
planning  the  operations  of  that  great  pur- 
veyor of  the  public's  intellectual  aliment.  He 
was  one  of  the  incorporators  and  original  di- 
rectors of  the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  and  has 


been  very  prominent  in  promoting  that  en- 
terprise, both  through  his  journal  and  indi- 
vidual effort.     In  the  latter  part  of  November, 
1897,  having  positively   declined   re-election 
to  the  directory  of  the  St.  Louis  Exposition 
&  Music  Hall  Association,  the  general  man- 
ager was  requested  by  the  board  to  express 
to  Mr.  Houser  their  great  regret  at  his  de- 
cision.    In  conveying  this  regret  Mr.  Frank 
Gaiennie  said:    "Your  unselfish  and  disinter- 
ested work  in  behalf  of  the  Exposition  for 
fifteen   years  attest  your  loyalty  to   it  and 
your  prublic  spirit  in  everything  that  has  the 
interest  of  St.  Louis  at  heart.     Your  unani- 
mous nomination  by  the  board  would  have 
been  ratified  by  the  stockholders  at  the  elec- 
tion.    Your  uniform,  courteous  and  consid- 
erate manner  will  long  be  remembered,  and 
the  good  wishes  of    all  will  follow  you  for 
your  future  welfare."     At  the  present  time 
Mr.  Houser  is  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion, which  will  be  held  in  St.  Louis  in  1903. 
In  national  and  State  politics  he  has  long 
wielded  a  potent  influence,  both  through  the 
journal  of  which  he  is  manager  and  by  per- 
sonal effort.    A  Republican  of  the  staunchest 
sort,  he  has  rendered  services  of  great  value 
to  that  organization,  asking  from  it,  however, 
nothing  for  himself  in  return  and  evincing  no 
desire  for  political  preferment.     In  the  year 
1900,  however,  the  Republicans  of  Missouri, 
in  State  Convention  assembled,  showed  their 
appreciation  of  these  services  by  paying  him 
the  high  compliment  of  making  him  one  of 
the  four  delegates  at  large  from  Missouri  to 
the  Republican  National  Convention  of  that 
year,  by  a  unanimous  vote.    As  the  head  of 
the  Missouri  delegation,  he  sat  in  the  mem- 
orable   Philadelphia    Convention    which    re- 
nominated  President  McKinley  and  named 
Theodore  Roosevelt  for  Vice  President.     In 
1862  Mr.  Houser  married  Miss  Margaret  In- 
gram, of  St.  Louis,  of  which  marriage  two 
sons  and  one  daughter  were  born.    Both  the 
sons,  who  were  young  men  of  rare  promise, 
were  employed  in  the  business  department  of 
the    "Globe-Democrat,"    until   they  were    in 
turn  stricken  down  by  disease  and  died  in-the 
flush  of  manhood.     The  first  Mrs.   Houser 
died  in  February,  1880,  and  nine  years  later 
Mr.  Houser  was  married  to  Miss  Agnes  Bar- 
low, daughter    of    Stephen    'D.  Barlow,  de- 
ceased,   by    whom    he    had    four    children. 
Daniel  M.  Houser  is  without  ostentation,  and 


HOUSTON— HOWARD. 


309 


has  never  sought  notoriety  of  any  sort.  He 
is  a  plain,  practical  business  man,  with  a  kind 
heart  and  an  evident  purpose  to  do  the  right 
thing.  A  good  deal  of  his  money  has  been 
spent  in  a  way  to  adorn  the  city  architec- 
turally, and  it  can  well  be  said  of  him  that  he 
is  deserving  of  the  cordial  respect  and  es- 
teem of  his  fellow  citizens. 

Houston.  — The  county  seat  of  Texas 
County,  located  on  Brushy  Creek,  about  in 
the  center  of  the  county,  and  twenty  miles 
northwest  of  Cabool,  on  the  Kansas  City, 
Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Railroad,  the  nearest 
shipping  point.  It  was  founded  in  1846,  when 
it  became  the  seat  of  justice  of  the  county. 
R.  Y.  Smiley  built  the  first  house  in  the  town 
and  opened  the  first  store.  It  has  a  good 
courthouse  and  jail,  a  graded  school,  a  bank, 
four  churches,  two  weekly  newspapers,  the 
"Herald"  and  the  "Star,"  two  flouring  mills, 
a  sawmill,  iron  foundry,  two  hotels  and  about 
twenty  stores,  representing  all  branches  of 
mercantile  business.  It  is  the  trading  point 
for  a  large  territory.  Houston  is  an  incor- 
porated city  of  the  fourth  class.  Population, 
1899  (estimated),  700. 

Houstonia. — A  village  in  Pettis  County, 
on  the  Lexington  branch  of  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific Railway,  sixteen  miles  north  of  Sedalia. 
It  was  laid  out  when  the  railway  was  built, 
in  1872,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
Thomas  F.  Houston,  who  lived  in  the  vicin- 
ity, and  was  active  in  aiding  to  secure  the 
railway  for  Pettis  County  and  in  other  enter- 
prises. He  was  a  litterateur  and  an  interest- 
ing annalist,  best  known  for  his  writings 
with  reference  to  Napoleon's  famous  mar- 
shal, Ney,  reputed  to  have  been  executed  in 
France,  but  who,  as  Colonel  Houston  as- 
serted, feigned  death  and  escaped  to  Amer- 
ica, locating  in  North  Carolina  and  engaging 
in  teaching  a  school  in  which  Colonel  Hous- 
ton was  a  pupil.  In  February,  1875,  Hous- 
tonia  was  devastated  by  a  tornado,  several 
persons  being  injured,  and  property  to  the 
value  of  $30,000  destroyed.  There  are  a  pub- 
lic school,  churches  of  the  Baptist,  Christian, 
Methodist  Episcopal  and  Methodist  Episco- 
pal, South,  denominations ;  an  independent 
newspaper,  the  "Spectator" ;  a  bank,  and  sev- 
eral stores.  In  1899  ^^^  population  was  375.. 
McAllister  Springs  (medicinal)  are  three  and 
one-half  miles  north. 


How,  John,  for  many  years  a  prominent 
and  wealthy  merchant  of  St.  Louis,  and 
twice  mayor  of  the  city,  was  born  and  reared 
in  Philadelphia,  and  came  to  St.  Louis  while 
a  young  man  and  engaged  in  business.  He 
was  very  successful,  and  as  liberal  as  suc- 
cessful. Washington  University  was  the  re- 
cipient of  a  princely  gift  at  his  hands.  He 
was  elected  mayor  in  1853,  and  again  in  1856. 
He  lost  his  fortune  through  imprudent  min- 
ing enterprises  and  reverses  following  the 
Civil  War,  and  died  in  San  Francisco  in  li 


Howard,  Benjamin,  first  Governor 
of  Missouri  Territory  under  that  name,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1760,  and  died  in  St. 
Louis  in  1814.  He  was  the  son  of  John  How- 
ard, a  Revolutionary  soldier,  and  one  of  the 
first  settlers  at  Boonesboro,  Kentucky.  -  Ben- 
jamin Howard  entered  public  Hfe  in  his  early- 
manhood,  serving  in  the  Kentucky  Legisla- 
ture, and  later  as  a  member  of  Congress  from 
that  State.  He  resigned  from  Congress  to 
become  Governor  of  Upper  Louisiana  Ter- 
ritory, which  became  Missouri  Territory  dur- 
ing his  administration.  In  1813  he  resigned 
the  governorship  to  accept  a  brigadier-gen- 
eralship in  the  United  States  Army,  being  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  Eighth  Mili- 
tary Department,  including  the  territory  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  He  was  in  active 
military  service  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Howard,  David  B.,  who  has  long  oc- 
cupied a  position  of  prominence  in  Western 
railroad  circles,  was  born  January  5,  1840,  in 
Maulman,  Burmah.  He  entered  the  railway 
service  January  i,  i860,  as  a  clerk  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  and  was  employed 
by  that  corporation  in  the  same  office  for 
four  years.  He  was  then  made  paymaster  of 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  and  held  that 
position  until  June  i,  1866.  From  July,  1866. 
until  January,  1873,  he  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  St.  Louis,  Jacksonville  & 
Chicago  Railroad  Company,  and  from  Jan- 
uary, 1873,  to  November,  1879,  he  was  aud- 
itor of  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  & 
Northern  Railroad  Company.  He  was  then 
made  auditor  of  the  Wabash  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  has  ever  since  held  that  position. 

Howard,  Tlionias,  manufacturer,    was 
born  in  Lewes,  Delaware,  January  31,  183 1, 


yi^^4-  ^ 


o^^VayLiTC 


HOWARD   COUNTY. 


311 


by  receiving  the  waters  of  Bonne  Femme, 
■Salt  and  Moniteau  Creeks,  sluggish  streams 
that  flow  southwardly  from  the  interior  of 
the  county.  While  the  county  is  abundantly 
supplied  with  water,  none  of  the  streams 
afford  water  power.  There  are  numerous 
fresh  water  springs  and  a  few  saline  springs, 
from  which,  in  the  days  before  navigation, 
much  salt  was  made.  Boone's  Lick,  about 
two  miles  west  of  Boonesborough,  which  was 
named  for  the  noted  Daniel  Boone,  is  the 
most  notable  of  these.  Boone,  when  he  first 
visited  Missouri,  camped  near  this  spring, 
and  later  his  two  sons,  Nathan  and  Daniel 
M.,  with  their  companions,  Messrs.  Bald- 
ridge,  Manly  and  Goforth,  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  salt  at  the  springs,  which 
they  shipped  to  St.  Louis  down  the  Missouri 
River  in  rude  canoes  made  of  hollow  syca- 
more logs.  The  soil  \vhich  exists  generally 
throughout  the  county  is  a  clay  loam  of  great 
fertility,  in  places  well  mixed  with  sand,  and 
excellent  for  the  growing  of  corn,  oats,  pota- 
toes and  all  the  vegetables  adapted  to  the 
climate.  The  highest  lands  of  the  county  are 
the  best  for  fruit,  the  smaller  varieties  having 
a  peculiarly  choice  flavor.  Large  crops  of 
tobacco  can  be  grown,  the  average  produc- 
tion being  i,ooo  pounds  to  an  acre.  Some 
of  the  low  bottom  lands,  years  ago  considered 
worthless,  by  a  system  of  drainage  have  been 
converted  into  the  richest  of  farms.  Nearly 
90  per  cent  of  the  land  is  under  cultivation 
and  in  pasture.  In  1898,  according  to  the 
1899  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statis- 
tics, the  following  surplus  products  were 
shipped  from  the  county :  Cattle,  6,557  head  ; 
hogs,  36,264  head;  sheep,  4,917  head;  horses 
and  mules,  703  head;  wheat,  105,792  bushels; 
corn,  500  bushels  ;  hay,  374,400  pounds  ;  flour, 
5,850,058  pounds ;  shipstuff,  29,970  pounds ; 
clover  seed,  155,428  pounds;  timothy  seed, 
15,663  pounds;  lumber,  402,762  feet;  logs, 
24,000  feet ;  walnut  logs,  140,000  feet ;  piling 
and  posts,  6,000  feet ;  cross  ties,  7,491 ;  cord- 
wood,  155  cords;  cooperage,  2  cars;  iron 
ore,  26  tons;  brick,  11,334;  lime,  65  barrels; 
wool,  24,041  pounds;  tobacco,  9,495  pounds; 
pouhry,  453.370  pounds;  eggs,  195,870  doz- 
en ;  butter,  2,826  pounds ;  hides  and  pelts, 
59>i75  pounds;  apples,  740  barrels;  fresh 
fruit,  17,859  pounds ;  dried  fruit,  16,865 
pounds ;  vegetables,  48,563  pounds ;  honey, 
860  pounds;  whisky  and  wine,  1.705  gallons; 
nuts,     3,771     pounds;     canned     goods,     320 


pounds ;  nursery  stock,  25,230  pounds ;  furs, 
1,889  pounds;  feathers,  6,703  pounds.  Other 
articles  exported  were  potatoes,  dressed 
meats,  game,  fish,  lard,  tallow,  molasses,  cider 
and  junk.  The  minerals  in  the  county  are 
iron,  coal,  limestone  and  fire  clay.  Large 
quantities  of  coal  are  mined.  Prior  to  the 
advent  of  white  men  the  territory  now  in- 
cluded in  Howard  County  was  occupied  by 
the  Sacs,  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  Pottawottomies 
and  other  tribes  of  Indians,  and  many  villages 
of  them  were  in  the  county  when  Lewis  and 
Clark  made  their  expedition  up  the  Missouri 
in  1804.  The  section  had  undoubtedly,  before 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  been 
visited  by  French  hunters  and  trappers,  who 
were  on  friendly  terms  with  the  Indians, 
though  the  first  authentic  record  of  white 
men  setting  foot  on  land  now  in  Howard 
County  appears  in  the  diary  of  Clark.  On 
the  night  of  June  7,  1804,  the  party  camped 
at  the  mouth  of  Bonne  Femme  (Good 
Woman)  Creek.  The  following  day  was 
spent  exploring  the  country  near  by,  and  at 
the  mouth  of  Big  Moniteau  Creek  was  found 
a  point  of  rocks  bearing  rough  hieroglyphic 
paintings.  The  presence  of  many  venomous 
rattlesnakes  prevented  Clark  and  his  party 
making  further  examination.  Proceeding  to 
the  mouth  of  Lamine  River,  they  camped 
for  the  night,  and  the  next  day  they  reached 
Arrow  Rock,  and  some  time  was  spent  in  ex- 
ploring the  country.  A  salt  spring  was 
found,  which,  from  the  description  given,  is 
beyond  doubt  that  which  a  few  years  later 
became  known  as  Boone's  Lick.  Two  years 
afterward,  upon  the  return  of  the  party  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  evening  of  Sep- 
tember 18,  1806,  they  camped  near  the  mouth 
of  Lamine  River,  and  the  following  morning 
passed  the  present  site  of  Boonville.  The 
first  to  become  residents  of  the  territory,  now 
Howard  County,  were  the  Boones  and  their 
companions,  who  built  cabins  at  Boone's 
Lick,  but  they  lived  there  only  temporarily.- 
In  1808  Ben  Cooper,  a  native  of  Madison 
County,  Kentucky,  after  a  year's  residence  in 
St.  Charles  County,  went  to  the  Boone's  Lick 
country,  where  he  built  a  cabin  and  lived  for 
a  few  months.  Returning  to  St.  Charles 
County,  in  February,  1810,  with  his  five  sons, 
he  started  for  Boone's  Lick,  where  he  ar- 
rived the  following  month  and  took  up  his 
residence  in  the  cabin  he  had  built  two  years 
before.     The  level  country  about   Cooper's 


312 


HOWARD   COUNTY. 


cabin  became  known  as  Cooper's  Bottoms, 
and  there  the  first  extensive  settlement  was 
made.  There  were  the  members  of  the 
Cooper  family,  James  and  Albert  Hancock, 
John  and  William  Berry,  four  members  of 
the  Thorp  family,  one  of  them,  William 
Thorp,  being  a  Baptist  minister,  and  about 
ten  others,  inchiding  Robert  Erwin,  Rob- 
ert Brown,  Joseph  and  William  Wolfskill, 
Gilead  Rupe,  James  Jones,  John  Peak  and 
Andrew  Woods,  all  from  Madison  County, 
Kentucky;  James  Alexander  and  three  of  the 
Ashcroft  family  from  Estill  County,  Ken- 
tucky, and  a  few  from  Tennessee,  South  Car- 
olina and  Georgia.  All  of  these  settled  near 
the  Coopers,  and  soon  Boone's  Lick  became 
a  well  known  point  in  the  new  country.  As 
soon  as  cabins  were  built  all  the  married  men 
brought  their  wives  and  families  to  their 
new  homes.  The  Indians  were  troublesome 
in  those  days,  and  one  of  the  first  acts  of  the 
settlers  was  to  build  forts  for  protection. 
One,  known  as  Cooper's  Fort,  was  erected 
two  miles  west  of  Boone's  Lick,  and  Fort 
Kincaid  was  erected  nine  miles  from  the  lick 
and  about  where  the  old  town  of  Franklin 
was  located.  These  forts  were  completed  in 
1812,  and  for  three  years,  during  which  the 
Sacs,  Foxes,  Kickapoos  and  Pottawottomies 
were  in  a  hostile  state,  they  were  occupied 
by  the  settlers.  The  total  number  of  males 
settled  in  the  county  at  that  time  was  about 
300,  112  of  whom  were  adults,  and  these  were 
formed  into  a  military  company,  with  Sarshall 
Cooper  captain.  Between  1812  and  1815  a 
number  of  small  stockades  were  built  in  the 
different  settlements.  March  9,  1815,  a 
treaty  was  made  with  the  Indians  by  which 
they  resigned  to  the  whites  the  territory  "be- 
ginning at  the  mouth  of  the  Kaw  River, 
thence  running  north  140  miles,  thence  east 
to  the  waters  of  the  Au-ha-ha,  which  empties 
into  the  Mississippi,  thence  to  a  point  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Gasconade,  thence  up 
the  Missouri  River,  with  its  meanders  to  the 
place  of  beginning."  After  the  proclamation 
of  this  treaty  by  Governor  Clark,  March  9, 
1815,  the  Indians  left  the  country,  returning 
about  once  a  year  in  small  hunting  parties, 
on  which  trips  they  committed  no  more  seri- 
ous ofifenses  than  a  few  petty  thefts.  The 
first  man  killed  by  the  Indians,  when  hostil- 
ities were  commenced  prior  to  the  signing  of 
the  treaty,  was  Jonathan  Todd.  His  head 
was  cut  oflf  and  placed  on  a  pole  near  Thrail's 


Prairie,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 
His  companion,  Thomas  Smith,  was  also 
overtaken  by  the  Indians  while  attempting 
to  escape,  was  killed  and  his  head  placed  on 
a  pole  and  displayed  beside  the  trail.  Cap- 
tain Sarshall  Cooper  was  assassinated  April 
14,  1814,  by  some  unknown  person,  supposed 
to  have  been  a  Frenchman  who  was  inter- 
cepted on  his  journey  up  the  river  with  a 
pirogue  loaded  with  whisky,  powder  and  lead 
for  the  Indians.  Joseph,  the  son  of  Sarshall 
Cooper,  however,  always  claimed  that  his 
father  was  killed  by  Indians.  In  July,  1813, 
Noah  Smith  was  killed  a  few  miles  west  of 
the  present  site  of  New  Franklin.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1813,  Braxton  Cooper,  Jr.,  was 
killed  by  Indians,  about  two  miles  northeast 
of  New  Franklin,  while  he  was  cutting  tim- 
ber for  a  cabin.  About  half  a  dozen  others 
of  the  earliest  pioneers  were  killed  by  the 
Indians  during  the  trouble.  The  early 
settlers  had  many  trials  and  troubles.  Hand 
mills  were  used  for  reducing  corn  to  meal 
until  181 5,  when  a  cogmill,  run  by  horse- 
power, was  erected  at  Fort  Kincaid,  and  a 
year  later  one  was  put  in  operation  at  Fort 
Hempstead,  one  and  a  half  miles  north.  Corn 
was  carried  on  backs  of  horses  for  more  than 
twenty  miles  to  these  mills.  Clothes  were 
made  from  nettles,  which  was  the  material 
for  both  shirts  and  trousers  for  summer 
wear.  During  winter  buckskin  clothes  were 
worn.  The  first  lot  of  goods  brought  into 
the  county  was  in  181 5  by  Robert  Morris. 
The  first  flatboat  on  the  Missouri  was  built 
in  1818  by  Joseph  Cooper,  who  loaded  it  with 
corn,  which  he  took  to  St.  Louis  and  sold 
it  for  from  50  cents  to  $1  a  bushel.  The  fol- 
lowing year  the  first  steamboat,  the  "Inde- 
pendence," ascended  the  Missouri  River, 
after  which  immigration  became  more  rapid. 
Howard  County  was  organized  by  the  Ter- 
ritorial Legislature  January  23,  1816,  and 
was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Benjamin 
Howard,  who  was  Governor  of  the  Territory 
of  Louisiana  from  1810  to  1812.  It  then  in- 
cluded all  that  part  of  Missouri  Territory 
north  of  the  Osage  River  and  west  of  Cedar 
Creek  and  the  dividing  ridge  between  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Missouri  Rivers.  This 
vast  territory  since  has  been  organized  into 
thirty-one  counties  and  has  supplied  portions 
to  nine  others.  The  creative  act  located  the 
county  seat  at  Cole's  Fort,  which  was  just 
below  the  present  site  of  Boonville,  and  there 


HOWARD   COUNTY. 


313 


the  first  court  met  July  8,  1816,  with  Honor- 
able David  Barton,  judge ;  Gray  Bynum, 
clerk;  John  J.  Heath,  circuit  attorney,  and 
Nicholas  S.  Burkhartt,  sheriff.  Under  the 
Territorial  laws  the  court  exercised  both  the 
functions  now  incumbent  on  the  county  and 
circuit  courts.  Benjamin  Estill,  David  Jones, 
David  Kincaid,  William  Head  and  Stephen 
Cole,  who  were  named  by  the  Legislature  to 
select  a  county  seat,  at  a  meeting  held  at 
Cole's  Fort,  June  16,  1816,  selected  Franklin, 
to  which  place  the  court  moved  in  1817.  In 
1823  the  seat  of  justice  was  changed  to 
Fayette,  where  it  has  since  remained.  The 
old  town  of  Franklin  was  laid  out  on  fifty 
acres  of  land  donated  to  the  county  by  differ- 
ent persons.  It  was  located  on  Cooper's 
Bottoms  opposite  the  site  of  Boonville.  It 
grew  rapidly  and  became  an  important  point. 
In  1818  a  land  office  was  established  there, 
and  the  first  land  sales  west  of  St.  Louis  were 
made  there  the  same  year.  In  1819  the  first 
newspaper  in  Missouri  west  of  St.  Louis  was 
established  there  by  Nathaniel  Patton.  In 
1820  a  four-horse  stage  line  was  put  in  opera- 
tion from  St.  Louis  to  the  then  most  im- 
portant town  west  of  the  metropolis.  It  was 
a  flourishing  town  for  a  number  of  years,  but 
the  treacherous  Missouri  was  dumb  to  its 
greatness,  and  its  restless  waters,  year  after 
year,  made  inroads  into  the  town  and  eventu- 
ally washed  it  out  of  existence  and  now  flow 
over  what  was  the  business  portion  of  the 
town.  The  dyke  of  the  Boonville  bridge, 
finished  in  1874,  runs  through  what  was  the 
public  square.  As  the  river  made  inroads 
into  the  town  the  people  settled  farther  back, 
and  the  Franklin  of  to-day  is  some  distance 
north  of  the  original  site,  and  two  and  a  half 
miles  northeast,  pleasantly  situated  on  ele- 
vated land,  is  the  town  of  New  Franklin,  a 
thriving  town.  Upon  changing  the  county 
seat  to  Fayette,  a  log  courthouse  was  built, 
which  was  soon  replaced  by  a  brick  struc- 
ture. This  one  was  used  until  1858,  when 
another  one,  also  of  brick,  was  built.  It  was 
poorly  constructed  and  was  burned  down  in 
1887.  Plans  for  another  building  were  ap- 
proved and  a  contract  let  for  its  erection. 
The  contractor  failed  ere  the  work  was  com- 
pleted, and  the  building  was  not  finished  for 
occupancy  until  in  1889,  and  cost  in  the 
neighborhood  of  $50,000.  This  building  is 
equipped  with  all  the  modern  conveniences 
and   is  a   substg,ntial   and   handsome   court- 


house. Among  the  early  lawyers,  who  for 
many  years  before  the  Civil  War  practiced 
before  the  courts  of  Howard  County,  were 
Abiel  Leonard,  who  was  in  the  county  in 
1830,  was  an  able  jurist  and  became  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Mis- 
souri ;  John  Wilson,  Thomas  Reynolds,  John 
B.  Clark,  Jo.  Davis  and  W.  B.  Napton. 
Thomas  Reynolds  became  Governor  of  Mis- 
souri and  ended  his  life  in  a  tragic  manner. 
Napton  became  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  all  the  others  named  became  more 
or  less  prominent  in  public  affairs.  Among 
the  earliest  physicians  of  the  county  were  Dr. 
Samuel  T.  Crews,  who  was  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky and  settled  in  Howard  County  before 
1830,  and  Dr.  John  A.  Talbot.  The  earliest 
schools  were  run  on  the  subscription  plan 
and  were  held  in  the  houses  of  settlers  who 
had  a  room  that  could  be  spared  for  the 
accommodation  of  a  few  children  of  the 
neighborhood  during  the  day.  In  1835  An- 
drew J.  Herndon  taught  a  small  school  about 
four  miles  northeast  of  Fayette,  Among  the 
earliest  teachers  was  James  Ferguson,  who 
taught  the  young  idea  "how  to  shoot"  for 
many  years.  Benjamin  H.  Tolson  was  an- 
other early  teacher.  About  1828  Archibald 
Patterson  established  at  Fayette  a  private 
academy,  which  he  conducted  with  success 
until  1844,  when  it  was  succeeded  by  the 
Howard  High  School,  which  was  the  nucleus 
of  the  two  magnificent  colleges  of  Fayette — 
the  Central  College  and  the  Howard-Payne 
Female  Academy — both  flourishing  institu- 
tions. Pritchett  College  is  a  successful 
school  which  is  located  at  Glasgow.  Colonel 
William  F.  Switzler,  now  of  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri, when  a  boy  attended  school  in  a  little 
log  schoolhouse  at  Fayette.  In  1835  there 
was  not  a  house  of  worship  in  Howard 
County.  Meetings  were  held  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  academy  building  and  in  the  courthouse. 
Rev.  Tyson  Dines  was  the  earliest  minister 
of  this  denomination,  and  through  his  efforts 
a  frame  building  was  erected  at  Fayette  in 
1836.  The  Christians  about  this  time  began 
holding  meetings,  and  soon  after  bought  the 
little  church  building  erected  by  the  Metho- 
dists. The  next  denomination  to  gain  a  foot- 
hold was  the  Missionary  Baptists,  As  the 
country  was  settled  the  number  of  religious 
bodies  increased  and  additional  churches 
were  built.    The  morality  of  the  residents  of 


314 


HOWARD  COUNTY   MOUNDS— HOWARD-PAYNE   COLLEGE. 


Howard  County  from  the  earliest  times  has 
been  of  high  standard  and  the  county  has 
had  a  minimum  amount  of  crime.  The  first 
legal  execution  was  in  1837,  when  two 
negroes  were  hanged  for  the  killing  of  a  blind 
man  named  Kemper,  who,  they  thought,  had 
considerable  money.  Only  a  few  legal  hang- 
ings have  taken  place  in  the  county  since 
then.  There  are  few  paupers  in  the  county, 
their  support  costing  the  taxpayers  less  than 
$600  a  pear.  During  the  Civil  War  the  sym- 
pathies of  the  majority  of  the  people  of 
Howard  County  were  with  the  Confederacy, 
and  during  the  conflict  there  were  trouble- 
some times  in  the  county,  as  in  other  sec- 
tions of  Missouri, though,  all  in  all, the  county 
fared  well  and  the  war  interfered  little  with 
its  prosperity.  Howard  County,  at  different 
periods,  has  been  the  home  of  some  noted 
men,  including  Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix,  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  and  the 
Episcopalian  Bishops  Leonard  and  Talbot ; 
General  John  Clark,  Colonel  William  F. 
Switzler,  Governor  Thomas  Reynolds  and 
many  others.  The  county  is  divided  into  ten 
townships,  named,  respectively.  Bonne 
Femme,  Boone's  Lick,  Burton,  Chariton, 
Franklin,  Moniteau,  North  Moniteau,  Prairie, 
Richmond  and  South  Moniteau.  The  as- 
sessed value  of  real  estate  and  town  lots  in 
the  county  in  1899  was  $3,474,604;  estimated 
full  value,  $10,423,812;  assessed  value  of  per- 
sonal property,  including  stocks,  bonds,  etc., 
$1,843,260;  estimated  full  value,  $3,686,520; 
assessed  value  of  railroads  in  the  county, 
$819,438.  There  are  49.41  miles  of  railroad 
in  the  county,  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas 
passing  through  the  center  from  the  north 
and  from  Franklin  Junction  east  to  the 
county  limits;  the  Chicago  &  Alton  crosses 
the  northwest  corner  diagonally,  and  a 
branch  of  the  Wabash  runs  to  Glasgow  from 
the  northwest  boundary  line.  The  number  of 
public  schools  in  the  county  in  1899  was  82; 
teachers  employed,  106;  pupils  enumerated, 
5,845.    The  population  in  1900  was  18,337. 

Howard  County  Movinds.— In  Howard 
County  are  numerous  mounds  commonly 
called  Indian  Mounds,  but  all  bear  evi- 
dence of  being  constructed  by  some  race 
that  occupied  Missouri  prior  to  the  Indians 
who  made  their  homes  in  the  land  when  white 
men  first  set  foot  in  America.  Three  miles 
west  of  Fayette,  on  the  Captain  Dodd  farm. 


are  three  large  mounds,  in  which,  some  years 
ago,  were  found  the  remains  of  skeletons 
which  measured  more  than  six  feet  in  length. 
On  the  farm  of  W.  H.  Nipper,  on  the  old 
Glasgow  Road,  are  a  number  of  other 
mounds.  Professor  T.  Berry  Smith,  of  Cen- 
tral College,  at  Fayette,  has  explored  these 
earthworks,  and  in  some  of  them  discovered 
flint  and  stone  implements  and  different  bits 
of  pottery  similar  to  relics  found  in  other 
mounds  of  Missouri. 

Howard-Payne  College. — A  college 
for  girls  and  young  women,  located  at 
Fayette,  Howard  County,  Missouri,  and 
conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Missouri 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.  About  1828  Archibald  Pat- 
terson established  an  academy  at  Fayette, 
which  he  conducted  successfully  until  1844, 
when  its  management  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Dr.  William  T.  Lucky,  and  the  institution 
acquired  fame  as  the  Howard  High  School. 
Under  this  name  the  school  was  popular  with 
Dr.  Lucky  at  its  head  for  fifteen  years.  On 
March  12,  1859,  the  Missouri  State 
Legislature  chartered  the  Howard  Female 
College,  which  institution  succeeded  the 
Howard  High  School,  and  for  two  years  more 
Dr.  Lucky  continued  at  its  head.  The  school 
was  run  with  varied  financial  success  until 
1869,  when  a  heavy  debt  on  the  property 
necessitated  its  sale,  and  it  was  purchased 
by  Rev.  Moses  U.  Payne,  who  deeded  it  to 
the  board  of  curators  "to  have  and  to  hold 
for  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
in  the  State  of  Missouri,  subject  to  the  dis- 
cipline, usages,  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Missouri  Conference  of  said  church,  as  from 
time  to  time  enacted  and  declared  by  said 
Missouri  Conference ;  and  that  said  premises 
be  used  for  female  school  purposes  ex- 
clusively, and  for  the  education  of  females 
only."  By  authority  of  the  State  Legislature, 
September,  1892,  the  board  of  curators 
changed  the  name  of  the  institution  to  the 
"Howard-Payne  College,"  in  honor  of  the 
liberality  of,  and  to  perpetuate  the  name  of 
Rev.  Moses  U.  Payne.  The  college  is 
located  on  an  eminence  two  blocks  west  of 
the  public  square  in  the  city  of  Fayette,  and 
is  surrounded  by  large  and  well  kept  grounds. 
The  college  building  is  of  brick,  four  stories 
in  height,  with  a  wing  lately  added,  40  x  80 
feet,  and  a  bath  room  addition,  16x21,  three 


HOWKLI.   COUNTY. 


315 


stories  high.  The  building  throughout  is 
equipped  in  modern  manner,  heated  by 
steam,  lighted  by  incandescent  electric  lights, 
hot  and  cold  water  on  each  floor,  bath  rooms, 
a  stand  pipe  and  apparatus  for  the  prevention 
of  fires,  fire  escapes,  etc.  The  rooms  for  the 
students  are  well  furnished,  have  high  ceil- 
ings, and  are  cozy  and  home-like.  The 
campus  comprises  three  acres,  is  beautifully 
shaded  and  is  laid  out  in  walks  and  terraces. 
Connected  with  the  college  is  a  museum,  a 
library  of  more  than  1,200  volumes  and  a 
reading  room.  There  are  two  literary  soci- 
eties for  the  students,  the  Philomathean  and 
the  Automathean.  The  two  societies  issue  a 
monthly  periodical  of  high  grade — the  "How- 
ard-Payne Exponent."  The  laboratory  is 
well  equipped  with  the  necessary  apparatus. 
The  departments  of  study  are  natural  sci- 
ence, chemistry  and  botany,  geology  and 
mineralogy,  zoology  and  physiology,  ancient 
and  modern  languages,  mental  and  moral 
philosophy,  music,  art,  dramatic  and  physical 
culture.  The  college  grants  certificates  of 
graduation  and  diplomas  conferring  the  de- 
grees of  mistress  of  arts  and  mistress  of  Eng- 
lish literature.  The  value  of  the  property 
of  the  college  is  $50,000.  It  has  endowment 
amounting  to  $10,000.  Also  a  helping  fund 
endowment  of  $1,100.  The  offtcers  of  the 
board  of  curators  (1900)  were  Rev.  George 
J.  Warren,  president;  Dr.  H.  K.  Givens,  sec- 
retary, and  R.  P.  Williams,  treasurer.  Since 
January  5,  1888,  the  Rev.  Hiram  D.  Groves 
has  been  the  president  of  the  college  and 
professor  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy 
and  Greek  and  Hebrew.  The  college  em- 
ploys a  force  of  fourteen  other  teachers, 

Howell  County. — One  of  the  southern 
tier  of  counties  near  the  center  from  east  to 
west,  and  bounded  on  the  north  by  Texas, 
east  by  Shannon  and  Oregon,  south  by  the 
State  of  Arkansas  and  west  by  Ozark  and 
Douglas  Counties;  area  716,800  acres.  The 
surface  is  generally  high  and  rolling,  with  an 
incline  toward  the  south,  broken  by  hills  and 
valleys,  the  latter  remarkable  for  their  fer- 
tility. There  is  considerable  prairie  land  in 
small  tracts  in  the  southern  and  western 
parts.  The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  a  sandy  loam 
on  a  base  of  red,  oily  clay,  impregnated  with 
iron  and  lime  in  places,  and  the  ridges  gener- 
ally covered  with  a  thin  soil  containing  con- 
siderable broken  flint  and  conglomerate  rock. 


Near   the    central   western   border   is   a   re- 
markable bluff  about  300  feet  in  height.     In 
the  northern  part  is  King  Mountain,  covering 
a  few  hundred  acres,  and  elevated  high  above 
the   surrounding   country.     In   the   southern 
part  the  principal  water  courses  are  Spring, 
Hutton,    Peace,    Myatt,    Howell   and    South 
Fork  Creeks,  and  in  the  northwestern  part 
are  North  and  South  Forks  of  Spring  Creek, 
which  flow  toward  the  west.     There  are  nu- 
merous springs  and  subterranean  waterways. 
In  the  northern  and  western  parts  are  sec- 
tions of  wet  land,  difificult  to  drain.   There  is 
abundance    of    timber,    chiefly,    pine,    white, 
black   and  post   oaks,   walnut,   hickory   and 
other  woods.     Iron,  lead  and  zinc  prevail  in 
different  parts  of  the  county,  and  within  the 
past  few  years  some  attention  has  been  given 
to  the  development  and  working  of  lead  and 
zinc,  the  production  of  which  promises  to  be- 
come of  much  importance  in  the  near  future. 
A       mild       climate,       plenty       of       shelter 
from    inclement    weather    and    an    abund- 
ance     of      native      grasses      favor      stock- 
raising,      which,      with      the      growing     of 
fruits,  comprise  the  two  leading  industries 
of   the  county.     No  section   of    Missouri    is 
better  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  fruit. 
Apples,   peaches,   plums,   pears   and   all   the 
berries,  as  well  as  the  different  varieties  ot 
grapes  are  always  a  successful  crop.   Wheat, 
corn,  cotton  and  tobacco  thrive  well.  Among 
the  exports  from  the  county  in  1898  were : 
Cattle,  5,196  head;  hogs,  14,880  head;  sheep, 
6,095    head ;    horses    and    mules,   646   head ; 
wheat,  6,963   bushels ;   corn,   3,305   bushels ; 
hay,  147,600  pounds;  flour,  1,456,000  pounds; 
shipstuff,  1,708,000  pounds;  lumber.   154,500 
feet;  logs,  24,000  feet;  piling  and  posts,  i,- 
028,000  feet;  cross  ties,  10,315;  lead  ore,  20 
tons ;  zinc  ore,  100  tons ;  sand  and  stone,  6 
cars;  cotton,   1,478,000  pounds;  poultry,   i,- 
040,000  pounds ;  eggs,  240,000  dozen,  apples, 
12,284    barrels;    peaches,    75,200    baskets; 
strawberries,  2,500  crates,  raspberries,  1,000 
crates;  fresh  fruits,  144,000  pounds;  nursery 
stock,  15,000  pounds.  Only  about  32  per  cent 
of  the  land  is  under  cultivation,  the  greater 
part   of  the   remainder  being   forests.    The 
various  streams  afford  splendid  water  power, 
which  no  doubt  will  be  utilized  to  a  greater 
extent  when  the  manufacturing  interests  of 
the  county  are  further  increased.    Long  be- 
fore any  permanent  settlements  were  made  in 
what  is  now  Howell  County  it  was  a  noted 


316 


HOY. 


hunting  grounds,  first  of  the  Indian  and  then 
of  the  white  men.  It  was  not  until  1832  that 
any  fixed  settlement  was  made.  That  year 
James  Howell,  after  whom  the  county  was 
named,  settled  on  the  present  site  of  West 
Plains,  and  the  valley,  a  few  years  later,  when 
it  became  the  home  of  other  settlers,  was 
called  Howell  Valley.  The  county  was  created 
by  legislative  act  approved  March  2,  1857. 
The  commissioners  appointed  to  locate  a  seat 
of  justice  selected  West  Plains.  A  small 
courthouse  was  built.  This  was  destroyed 
during  the  war,  as  were  all  other  buildings  oi 
the  town  excepting  one  small  log  cabin.  In 
i860,  the  population  of  the  county  was  3,169, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  war  in  1865  there  re- 
mained in  the  county  only  about  fifty  fami- 
lies— altogether  about  300  people.  Recovery 
from  the  effect  of  the  conflict  was  rapid,  and 
the  county  was  soon  resettled  with  an  ex- 
cellent class  of  colonists  from  Ohio.  Illinois, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  other  States,  who 
took  up  homes  under  the  homestead  act,  and 
by  1870  the  population  had  increased  to  4,218, 
and  in  the  next  ten  years  this  number  was 
more  than  doubled,  the  population  in  1880  be- 
ing 8,814,  and  in  1890  18,618.  For  the  past 
thirty  years  the  county  has  been  prosperous 
and  has  advanced  continuously.  Late  in  the 
sixties  a  new  courthouse  was  built,  which 
was  used  for  some  years,  when  it  was  re- 
placed b\  the  present  building.  Howell 
County  is  divided  into  eleven  townships, 
named  respectively,  Benton,  Chapel,  Dry 
Creek,  Goldsbury,  Howell,  Hutton  Valley, 
Wyatt,  Sisson,  South  Fork,  Spring  Creek 
and  Willow  Springs.  In  1898  the  assessed 
value  of  real  estate  in  the  county  was  $2,153,- 
105;  estimated  full  value,  $4,306,210.  As- 
sessed value  of  personal  property,  $832,149; 
estimated  full  value,  $1,664,298.  Assessed 
value  of  stocks  and  bonds,  $298,600;  esti- 
mated full  value,  $300,000.  Assessed  value  of 
railroads,  $641,043.25.  The  number  of  public 
schools  in  the  county  was  thirty-nine ;  teach- 
ers, III ;  pupils,  8,363.  The  permanent  school 
fund  was  $5,946.  The  Kansas  City,  Fort 
Scott  &  Memphis  Railroad  passes  through 
the  county  diagonally  from  the  northwest  to 
the  southeast,  and  the  Current  River  branch 
of  the  same  road  from  the  main  line  at  Willow 
Springs,  near  the  northern  border,  eastward, 
the  total  railroad  mileage  of  the  county  being 
58.72  miles.  The  population  in  1900  was 
21,834. 


Hoy,  Thomas  P.,  lawyer,  was  born  Oc< 
tober  9,  1822,  in  Logan  County,  Kentucky. 
His  father  moved  to  Mississippi  in  1832  and 
the  son  remained  in  Kentucky  with  his  grand- 
father for  a  time.  He  took  a  classical  and 
literary  course  at  St.  Joseph's  College  at 
Bardstown,  Kentucky,  completing  his  studies 
in  1840;  he  then  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  Daniel  Mayes  at  Jackson,  Mississippi, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1843.  I"  1853 
he  located  at  Louisiana,  Pike  County,  Mis- 
souri, and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, ^  meeting  at  the  bar  James  O. 
Broadhead,  John  B.  Henderson,  D.  P.  Dyer 
and  other  eminent  lawyers.  The  Civil  War 
disorganized  society  and  practically  closed 
the  courts  until  1866;  in  1861  he  entered  the 
Confederate  service.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  went  to  Mississippi,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1872,  endeavoring  to  restore 
something  of  the  family  fortune  for  his 
mother,  who  was  yet  living,  and  for  himself, 
which  proved  a  failure.  In  this  time  he  passed 
nearly  one  year  in  \'era  Cruz,  Mexico ;  he 
practiced  law  at  Canton  and  Kosciusko,  Mis- 
sissippi, until  1872;  in  1873  he  moved  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  was  engaged  in  his  profes- 
sion for  six  years;  in  1879  he  removed  to  Se- 
dalia,  where  his  professional  life  has  been 
continuously  active  and  successful  to  the 
present  time. 

•  He  is  a  veteran  of  two  wars;  during  the 
War  with  Mexico  he  joined  the  regiment  of 
Colonel  Jack  Hayes,  a  personal  friend.  This 
regiment  was  disbanded  after  the  battle  of 
Monterey;  he  then,  with  twenty-five  young 
Mississippians,  joined  a  battalion  of  Texas 
Rangers  afterward  commanded  by  Major 
Walter  P.  Lane,  of  Marshall,  Texas,  after- 
ward a  general  in  the  Confederate  Army. 
While  so  serving  he  was  attached  to  the 
armies  of  Generals  Taylor  and  Wool,  serving 
as  adjutant  of  the  battalion  most  of  the  time. 
He  participated  in  the  battles  of  Monterey 
and  Buena  Vista,  as  well  as  numerous  skir- 
mishes. 

Prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  war  between 
the  States  he  was  present  with  the  Missouri 
State  Guard  at  Camp  Jackson.  On  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  he  went  to  New 
Madrid,  Missouri,  and  assisted  in  organizing 
two  companies  for  the  Confederate  service, 
which  were  sent  to  General  Bowen  at  Mem- 
phis, Tennessee. 

He  was  the  means  of  General  Jeff  Thomp- 


HOYLE— HUCKEBY. 


317 


son  being  called  from  Doniphan,  Missouri, 
and  placed  in  command  of  the  district  of 
southeast  Missouri,  succeeding  General 
Watkins,  and  remained  in  service  with  him 
until  disabled  in  a  skirmish  at  Charleston, 
Missouri,  by  a  gunshot  wound  in  the  left 
hand. 

He  resumed  duty  in  March,  1862,  with 
General  Van  Dorn,  at  Jacksonport,  Arkansas, 
and  when  that  officer  went  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  Colonel  Hoy  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  supplies  and  property  belong- 
ing to  Missouri.  Later  he  joined  General 
Martin  Greene,  at  Corinth,  Mississippi,  for 
whom  he  performed  staff  duty  until  August, 
1862,  when  he  was  ordered  to  the  Trans-Mis- 
sissippi department,  on  duty  with  Colonel 
Waldo  P.  Johnson  in  northeastern  Arkansas 
and  southeastern  Missouri,  principally  on  re- 
cruiting service,  organizing  two  regiments 
that  were  sent  to  General  Holmes ;  during 
the  greater  part  of  his  service  he  bore  the 
rank  of  colonel.  Upon  the  abandonment  of 
Little  Rock  by  the  Confederate  troops  he 
commanded  a  small  force  which  moved  be- 
tween Little  Rock  and  Missouri  and  west  to 
the  Indian  Territory,  operating  against  Fed- 
eral troops.  In  the  latter  part  of  1863  and 
during  a  portion  of  1864  he  served  with 
General  Adams.  In  the  latter  year  he  went 
to  Selma,  Alabama,  to  procure  a  shipment  of 
arms  to  Jacksonport,  Arkansas,  for  General 
Price's  army  in  the  invasion  of  Missouri.  Dur- 
ing that  campaign  he  resumed  his  duty  in 
Arkansas  and  Missouri  and  was  so  engaged 
until  the  final  Confederate  surrender  in  May, 
1865. 

He  has  always  been  a  Democrat,  earnest  in 
the  advocacy  of  his  political  principles  and 
in  the  service  of  his  party,  acting  habitually 
with  the  regular  Democratic  party  in  its  con- 
ventions, serving  on  campaign  committees 
and  on  the  stump,  but  with  no  desire  for 
personal  advancement. 

In  1856  and  i860  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Missouri  State  Democratic  Conventions.  In 
the  Congressional  District  Convention  of 
1858  he  successfully  opposed  making  a  Dem- 
ocratic nomination,  because  Colonel  Thomas 
L.  Anderson,  the  Whig  candidate  for  re-elec- 
tion, had  in  the  previous  Congress  acted  and 
voted  with  the  Southern  Democrats,  but  he 
did  not  vote  for  Colonel  Anderson  at  the  elec- 
tion. 

In  1890  he  was  elected  probate  judge  of 


the  Pettis  County  Probate  Court,  serving 
four  years.  He  has  never  married.  His  fra- 
ternal connections  are  with  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  of  which  he  is 
a  member.  He  is  an  accomplished  lawyer,  a 
well  informed  man  in  all  matters  of  concern, 
and  one  whose  life  has  brought  him  in  con- 
tact with  many  men  of  prominence  in  politi- 
cal, military  and  commercial  affairs;  he  is 
held  in  high  esteem  in  the  community,  and 
his  companionship  is  entertaining  and  in- 
structive. 

Hoyle,  Charles,  lawyer,  was  born  July 
9,  1843,  in  St.  Louis,  son  of  George  and  Kate 
(Cruttenden)  Hoyle.  George  Hoyle  removed 
in  1834  from  Lynchburg  to  St.  Louis,  and 
resided  there  until  1867,  when  he  died,  leav- 
ing three  children,  Charles,  Ella  and  Henry 
Hoyle,  all  of  whom  still  live  in  St.  Louis. 
With  him  came  from  Virginia  his  aunt,  Mrs. 
Mary  Brown,  widow  of  a  surgeon  of  the  En- 
glish Army.  She  built  and  lived  in  a  large 
three-story  house  on  the  corner  of  Fourth 
and  Elm  Streets,  in  St.  Louis,  until  her  death, 
in  1853,  and  in  this  house  Charles  Hoyle  was 
born.  Charles  Hoyle  was  educated  at  Wash- 
ington University,  being  graduated  from  that 
institution  in  the  polytechnic  course.  He  then 
studied  law,  and  after  graduating  from  Al- 
bany— New  York — Law  School  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  St.  Louis  in  1866.  In  1890 
he  retired  from  the  practice  of  law  and  en- 
gaged in  business,  and  is  now  interested  in 
the  Interchangeable  Brake  Beam  Company. 
In  politics  he  has  been  identified  with  the 
Democratic  party,  is  an  Episcopalian  church- 
man, and  is  a  member  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  He  married  in  1875  Miss  Caroline 
Harris,  daughter  of  Judge  J.  W.  M.  Harris, 
a  distinguished  lawyer  of  Vicksburg,  Mis- 
sissippi, and  a  niece  of  General  N.  H.  Har- 
ris, prominent  in  the  Confederate  Army.  The 
children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hoyle  are  Mary, 
George,  Charles  and  Mildred  Hoyle, 

Hiickeby,  George  Proffitt,  lawyer 
and  dealer  in  real  estate,  was  born  in  Rome, 
Perry  County,  Indiana,  May  7,  1841,  son  of 
Elijah  and  Nancy  (Groves)  Huckeby,  His 
father,  a  native  of  Hardin  (now  Breckinridge) 
County,  Kentucky,  was  a  son  of  John  Hucke- 
by, a  native  of  Botetourt  County,  Virginia, 
who  removed  to  Kentucky  in  the  early  days 
of  that  State.     Elijah  Huckeby  was  born  in 


318 


HUDSON— HUGHES. 


1811.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  he 
removed  to  Indiana,  where  he  married  Nancy 
Groves,  a  native  of  the  last  named  State 
and  a  descendant  of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  an- 
cestry. She  was  a  daughter  of  David  Groves, 
who  came  from  Germantown,  Pennsylvania, 
locating  in  Perry  County,  Indiana,  in  1808. 
Upon  his  death,  August  22,  1851,  he  left  an 
independent  fortune  to  all  his  heirs.  Most  of 
the  life  of  Elijah  Huckeby  was  devoted  to 
merchandising.  In  1874  he  located  in  Butler, 
Missouri,  where  he  died  in  May,  1895.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  resided  in  his  native 
town  until  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War,  at- 
tending school  there  and  at  Hanover  College, 
at  Hanover,  Indiana.  When  President  Lin- 
coln first  called  for  volunteers  he  enlisted, 
July  29,  1 861,  as  a  private  in  Company  D, 
First  Indiana  Cavalry.  His  command  saw 
service  in  southeast  Missouri,  participat- 
ing in  the  battle  of  Fredericktown.  Soon 
after  this  engagement  he  contracted  typhoid 
fever,  and  upon  his  recovery  was  ^discharged 
and  sent  home,  being  mustered  out  as  a 
sergeant  of  his  company.  After  his  course  in 
Hanover  College  he  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Randall  Crawford,  at  New  Albany,  Indiana, 
and  then  took  a  course  in  the  law  department 
of  the  Indiana  University  at  Bloomington. 
In  October,  1865,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  New  Albany,  Indiana,  and  at  once  began 
practicing  his  profession  there,  where  he  re- 
mained for  nearly  fifteen  years.  In  1879  he 
removed  to  Butler,  Missouri,  where  he  was 
engaged  in  teaching  school  for  a  year.  Upon 
the  founding  of  Rich  Hill,  in  1880,  he  removed 
to  that  place  and  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of 
leading  Republicans  there  he  established  the 
"Rich  Hill  Gazette."  A  year  later,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  services  to  the  Republican  party 
in  the  campaign  of  1880,  President  Garfield 
appointed  him  postmaster  of  Rich  Hill,  in 
which  office  he  served  from  May,  1881,  to 
October,  1885.  At  the  close  of  his  term  he 
opened  a  loan  and  real  estate  office  in  Rich 
Hill.  In  1887  he  went  to  Wichita,  Kansas, 
where  he  operated  in  real  estate  for  about  a 
year  and  then,  returning  to  Rich  Hill,  he  re- 
sumed his  business  there.  From  October,  1890, 
to  October,  1894,  he  again  served  as  postmas- 
ter under  appointment  by  President  Harrison. 
Since  1894  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  real 
estate  and  insurance  business,  besides  prac^ 
ticing  his  profession.  Mr.  Huckeby  has  al- 
ways been  a  staunch  Republican.    In   1882, 


1883  and  1884  he  was  a  member  of  the  Re- 
publican congressional  committee,  served  on 
the  Bates  County  Republican  committee 
three  terms,  and  in  March,  1900,  was  honored 
by  his  party  in  being  nominated  for  presi- 
dential elector.  Since  he  was  twenty-two 
years  of  age  he  has  been  a  Mason,  and  in 
that  order  has  taken  thirty-five  degrees.  He 
retains  his  membership  in  the  blue  lodge 
at  New  Albany,  Indiana.  For  forty-five  years 
he  has  been  a  consistent  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  church  at  Rich  Hill,  in 
which  he  is  trustee.  He  is  a  member  of  Gen- 
eral Canby  Post,  No.  10,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  of  Rich  Hill,  of  which  he  has  been 
adjutant  almost  continuously  since  its  or- 
ganization. Mr.  Huckeby  was  married  De- 
cember 21,  1865,  to  Maria  Castlen,  of  New 
Albany,  Indiana,  who  died  April  i,  1898, 
leaving  five  children.  They  are  Jessie  Fre- 
mont, Nancy  Rafter,  Sallie  Lyndall,  Isabel 
de  la  Hunt,  now  the  wife  of  Samuel  H.  Gos- 
nell,  of  Butler,  and  George  Andrew  Huckeby. 

Hudson.— See  "Macon." 

Huelfs-Gesellschaft. — A  Swiss  be- 
nevolent society,  a  branch  of  which  was  or- 
ganized in  St.  Louis  at  Helvetia  Hall,  corner 
of  Fourth  and  Poplar  Streets,  in  1873.  While 
it  is  an  independent  body,  it  is  in  affiliation 
and  correspondence  with  similar  societies  in 
American  cities,  and  with  a  parent  organiza- 
tion in  Berne,  Switzerland.  Its  objects  are  the 
relief  of  needy  immigrants  and  travelers  of 
the  Swiss  nationality,  and  it  is  supported  by 
fees  and  dues  and  by  appropriations  from  the 
Swiss  government  and  Swiss  Cantons. 

Hughes,  Albert  M.,  president  of  the  A. 
M.  Hughes  Paint  and  Glass  Company,  of 
Kansas  City,  is  a  native  of  Brampton,  Prov- 
ince of  Ontario,  Canada.  His  father,  William 
H.  Hughes,  removed  to  the  United  States  in 
1869,  ^^^  reared  his  family  in  Missouri  and 
Texas;  he  was  for  many  years  a  resident  of 
Kansas  City,  and  was  a  leading  real  estate 
dealer  during  the  most  stirring  days  in  the 
development  of  the  city.  Albert  M.  Hughes 
laid  the  foundations  for  his  remarkably  suc- 
cessful business  career  in  1881,  in  Kansas 
City,  in  the  paint  manufacturing  house  of 
Campbell  &  Cutler,  where  he  mastered  all 
the  details  of  mechanical  processes  and  busi- 


I 


k 


HUGHES. 


S19 


ness  methods.  In  1889  he  entered  upon  the 
paint  manufacturing  business  upon  his  own 
account  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Sewall 
&  Hughes.  The  partnership  continued  until 
1895,  when  he  withdrew  and  organized  the 
company  of  which  he  is  now  the  head.  The 
new  firm  was  incorporated  as  the  A.  M. 
Hughes  Paint  and  Glass  Company;  the  of- 
ficers were,  and  continue  to  be,  A.  M. 
Hughes,  president;  Hutton-  Crater,  vice 
president;  W.  J.  Hughes,  treasurer,  and  C. 
H.  Hughes,  secretary.  The  two  last  named 
are  brothers  of  the  president  of  the  company. 
The  capital  was  originally  $10,000;  it  was 
increased  in  1897  to  $25,000,  and  in  1899  to 
$60,000.  In  the  last  named  year  the  com- 
pany moved  into  a  new  building  erected  for 
its  use  at  Twenty-fourth  Street  and  Broad- 
way, a  substantial  edifice,  with  30,000  square 
feet  of  floor  space.  A  city  office  is  maintained 
at  1204-6  Walnut  Street.  The  factory  is  the 
largest  of  its  kind  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  is  only  surpassed  by  one  at  Lin- 
coln, Nebraska.  Its  products  are  about  forty 
in  number,  and  include  the  popular  Hughes' 
Crescent  Cottage  Paints,  colors  in  oil,  white 
lead  and  stains.  Window  glass,  varnishes, 
brushes  and  painters'  supplies  are  handled  in 
the  jobbing  department.  The  goods  of  the 
house  are  distributed  throughout  the  West 
to  California,  and  South  to  the  Mexican  bor- 
der. Mr.  Hughes  and  his  colleagues  are  act- 
ive business  men,  and  while  devoting  their 
energies  to  the  conduct  of  their  own  large 
concern,  maintain  a  laudable  interest  in  all 
movements  tending  to  the  welfare  and  de- 
development  of  their  city.  They  hold  mem- 
bership with  the  Manufacturers'  Association 
of  Kansas  City. 

Hughes,  Bela  M.,  for  many  years  a 
prominent  citizen  of  Platte  County,  was  born 
at  Carlisle,  Kentucky,  April  6,  1817.  His 
father,  Andrew  S.  Hughes,  came  to  Missouri 
in  1829  and  located  at  Liberty,  in  Clay  Coun- 
ty. He  was  appointed  agent  for  the  Sac  and 
Fox  Indians  and  had  his  post  at  the  ford 
of  Platte  River  east  of  Blacksnake  Hills, 
where  St.  Joseph  now  stands.  Bela  M. 
Hughes  was  educated  at  Augusta  College,  in 
Kentucky,  studied  law,  and  took  a  prominent 
part,  while  a  young  man,  in  the  organization 
of  Platte  County,  being  one  of  the  founders 
K)f  Weston  in  1838,  and  a  practitioner  in  the 


courts  of  Platte  County  and  the  adjoining 
counties.  He  served  as  brigadier  general  of 
the  Missouri  militia,  was  register  of  the 
United  States  land  office  at  Plattsburg,  and 
a  member  of  the  Legislature.  About  1875  he 
removed  to  Denver,  Colorado. 

Hughes,  Charles  Hamiltou,  phy- 
sician, son  of  Captain  Harvey  J.  and  Eliza- 
beth R.  (Stocker)  Hughes,  was  born  in  St. 
Louis  near  the  Little  Mound,  the  site  of  St. 
Louis'  first  reservoir.  His  parents  were  resi- 
dents of  St,  Louis  during  his  earlier  years, 
and  he  received  his  first  instruction  at  Mrs. 
Freeman's  school.  When  he  was  nine  years 
of  age  the  family  removed  to  Rock  Island, 
Illinois,  and  his  education  was  continued  at 
Dennison  Academy.  His  academic  studies 
were  completed  at  Iowa  College,  Davenport. 
In  1855  he  began  reading  medicine  at  Dav- 
enport, and  continued  his  studies  for  four 
years,  afterward  graduating  from  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College.  In  1859  he  served  as 
acting  assistant  physician  to  the  United 
States  Marine  Hospital  in  St.  Louis,  and  after 
that  practiced  medicine  in  Warren  County, 
Missouri.  In  1861  he  entered  the  Federal 
military  service  as  assistant  surgeon  of  the 
First  Missouri  Regiment  of  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, and  in  July  of  1862  was  promoted  to 
surgeon,  and  was  in  charge  of  various  army 
hospitals  until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1866 
he  became  medical  superintendent  of  the 
Missouri  State  Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  Ful- 
ton, a  position  which  he  retained  until  1871. 
Since  then  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  St.  Louis.  He  is  a 
prominent  member  of  the  leading  medical 
associations.  He  has  for  many  years  filled 
chairs  in  various  St.  Louis  medical  colleges, 
and  is  now  dean  of  the  medical  faculty  and 
professor  of  nervous  diseases  in  the  Barnes 
Medical  College.  In  1880  he  founded  and  has 
since  edited  and  published  the  "Alienist  and 
Neurologist."  He  is  a  man  of  literary  abil- 
ity, and  has  made  frequent  contributions  to 
the  press.  He  is  a  member  of  the  leading 
military  societies  and  of  the  Masonic  order. 

Dr.  Hughes  married,  October  16,  1862, 
Miss  Addie  Case,  of  St.  Louis,  who  died  in 
1870.  February  16,  1873,  he  married  Miss 
Mattie  D.  Lawther,  of  Fulton,  Missouri,  de- 
ceased December  12,  1898.  His  living  chil- 
dren are  Charles  C,  Clarence  H.,  Frank  S., 


320 


HUGHES. 


Henry  L.  and  Ray  J\I.  Hughes.  His  daughter, 
Bessie,  a  young  lady  of  rare  promise  and 
much  beloved,  died  several  years  ago. 

Hughes,  Elliott  McKay,  judge  of 
the  Eleventh  Judicial  Circuit,  was  born  at' 
Troy,  Lincoln  County,  Missouri,  November 
7,  1844,  son  of  Elliott  and  Jane  Sandridge 
(McConnell)  Hughes.  The  ancestors  of  the 
Hughes  family  were  residents  of  Virginia, 
some  of  the  members  having  removed  from 
there  to  Kentucky  and  settled  in  Bourbon 
County,  where,  in  1809,  Elliott  Hughes,  the 
father  of  Judge  Hughes,  was  born.  In  1836 
the  elder  Hughes  removed  to  Illinois  and  that 
year  married  his  wife,  who  was  also  a  native 
of  Bourbon  County,  Kentucky,  where  she 
was  born  in  April,  181 1.  Soon  afterward 
they  removed  from  Illinois  to  Lincoln  Coun- 
ty, Missouri,  where  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  born.  He  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  the  High  Hill  School.  Before 
he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age  he  began 
teaching  school  in  Illinois,  and  later  in  Mont- 
gomery County.  He  was  inclined  toward  the 
study  of  law  and  while  teaching  read  Black- 
stone  during  spare  hours.  Giving  up  peda- 
gogy, he  went  to  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  and 
entered  the  law  oflfice  of  Morrison  &  Epler, 
where  he  studied  for  nearly  two  years.  Fin- 
ishing his  course  of  reading,  he  returned  to 
Montgomery  County,  and  in  April  of  1867  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  Judge  Gilchrist 
Porter.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  at 
Danville,  Montgomery  County,  with  success 
from  the  start.  In  1870  he  was  elected 
superintendent  of  schools,  and  in  1872  was 
elected  prosecuting  attorney.  The  latter 
office  he  filled  three  successive  terms.  In 
1886  he  was  elected  circuit  judge,  and  in  1887 
Judge  Hughes  left  Danville  and  became  a 
resident  of  Montgomery  County.  At  the 
expiration  of  his  term  in  1892  he  was  re- 
elected, and  was  again  re-elected  in  1898. 
His  political  affiliations  are  with  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  Judge  Hughes  is  a  Royal  Arch 
Mason  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  and  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen,  in  which  orders  he  has 
filled  seats  of  honor.  He  was  married,  De- 
cember II,  1872,  to  Miss  Virgie  F.  Potts,  at 
St.  Charles,  Missouri.  Mrs.  Hughes  is  of  a 
Virginia  family.  Judge  and  Mrs.  Hughes  are 
the  parents  of  seven  children,  six  sons  and 
one  daughter. 


Hughes,  Reece,  for  many  years  one  of 
the  best  known  citizens  of  Pettis  County,  was 
a  man  of  brilliant  mental  attainments  and  of 
strict  integrity,  a  fine  type  of  the  pioneer  and 
a  worthy  representative  of  the  class  of  men 
who  laid  the  foundations  of  the  modern  Com- 
monwealth of  Missouri.  Born  in  Tennessee, 
September  5,  1818,  he  accompanied  his  fath- 
er, Rice  Hughes,  also  a  native  of  Tennessee, 
to  Missouri  in  boyhood.  His  early  years 
were  spent  in  assisting  his  father  in  the  devel- 
opment of  his  farm,  and  his  elementary  edu- 
cation was  obtained  at  the  country  schools 
of  his  neighborhood.  His  early  ambition  to 
make  a  position  for  himself  in  the  world  led 
him  to  take  up  the  study  of  the  law,  and  when 
he  deemed  himself  suflficiently  prepared  the 
circuit  court  readily  granted  his  application 
for  admission  to  the  bar.  For  several  years 
he  practiced  his  profession  with  Honorable 
Waldo  P.  Johnson,  in  Sedalia,  and  was 
eminently  successful.  He  warmly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Democracy  and  sympathized 
with  the  Confederacy,  but  took  no  active 
part  in  the  Civil  War.  His  party  nominated 
him  for  the  office  of  county  treasurer,  and 
for  seventeen  consecutive  years  he  filled  this 
position,  his  prudence  and  sagacity  result- 
ing in  an  economical  and  highly  satisfactory 
adrhinistration  of  the  finances  of  the  county, 
a  thing  much  desired  in  those  days.  He  be- 
came the  possessor  of  a  number  of  fine  farms,, 
and  founded  Hughesville,  located  on  land 
owned  by  him.  He  also  owned  considerable 
valuable  property  in  Sedalia.  He  was  deeply 
interested  in  movements  which  had  for  their 
aim  the  enhancement  of  the  welfare  of  the 
county,  and  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the 
Lexington  branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway.  Mr.  Hughes  was  the  pioneer  in 
apple  culture  in  Pettis  County,  an  industry  in 
which  he  took  especial  pride.  Fraternally 
he  was  a  Mason,  and  afifiliated  with  the  lodge 
at  Georgetown,  of  which  he  was  a  charter 
member.  A  self-made  man  in  every  sense  of 
the  word,  contact  with  many  of  the  most 
prominent  men  of  the  State  rendered  him 
l3road-minded  and  liberal.  His  public  spirit 
and  generosity  of  heart  were  evidenced  on 
innumerable  occasions.  He  gave  freely  of 
his  means  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of 
those  in  distress,  and  repeatedly  saved  his 
friends  from  financial  disaster  at  great  cost 
to  himself.  He  knew  personally  many  of  the 
most  eminent  men  in  the  State,  and  United 


HUGHES— HUMANE  SOCIETY  OF  KANSAS  CITY. 


321 


States  Senator  George  G.  Vest  and  Honor- 
able John  F.  Philips,  of  the  Federal  bench, 
who  were  his  pupils  in  early  life,  became' 
warmly  attached  to  him.  He  died  April  6, 
1882,  on  his  farm  near  Georgetown,  and  his 
demise  was  a  distinct  loss  to  the  community. 
Mr.  Hughes  married  Sarah  Burch,  a  native 
of  Tennessee,  and  a  daughter  of  John 
Burch,  one  of  whose  ancestors  held  a  com- 
mission in  the  Continental  Army  during  the 
Revolutionary  War.  Their  children  were 
John  Burch,  Abijah,  Edward  S.,  Bettie,  Chas. 
R.  and  Mary  A.  Hughes. 

Hughes  William  E.,  lawyer  and 
financier,  was  born  March  15,  1840,  in  Mor- 
gan County,  Illinois.  After  studying  at  Illi- 
nois College,  he  began  the  study  of  law  at 
Jacksonville,  Illinois.  He  was  living  in 
Texas  when  the  Civil  War  began,  and  joined 
the  Confederate  Army  as  a  private  soldier, 
becoming  a  member  of  the  First  Texas  Ar- 
tillery. He  served  throughout  the  war, 
winning  successive  promotions,  and  at  the 
close  held  the  rank  of  colonel.  After  the 
cessation  of  hostilities  he  was  admitted  to 
practice  and  opened  a  law  office  at  Weather- 
ford,  Texas.  In  1873  he  removed  to  Dallas, 
Texas,  and  became  prominent  as  a  financier, 
as  well  as  in  the  practice  of  law.  In  1880  he 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  but  still  continued  to 
be  largely  interested  in  financial  and  other 
affairs  in  Dallas.  In  the  meantime  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  active  practice  of  law  in 
St.  Louis,  and  at  the  same  time  had  become 
identified  with  various  business  interests.  In 
1 88 1  he  was  made  president  of  the  Conti- 
nental Land  &  Cattle  Company,  a  corporation 
composed  mainly  of  St.  Louis  capitalists, 
having  its  chief  offices  in  that  city,  owning 
ranches  in  Texas  and  Montana.  He  was 
afterward  president  of  the  Union  Trust  Com- 
pany of  St.  Louis,  from  which  office  he  re- 
signed in  1893,  although  he  is  still — 1898 — a 
director.  Still  retaining  large  interests  in 
Dallas,  Colonel  Hughes  divides  his  time  be- 
tween St.  Louis  and  that  city.  In  1870  he 
represented  a  Texas  District  in  the  State 
Legislature.  In  1867  he  was  married,  at  Fort 
Worth,  Texas,  to  Miss  Annie  C.  Peete.  The 
only  child  born  of  their  union  was  Eliza 
Clifton  Hughes,  now  married  and  living  in 
Denver,  Colorado. 

Hugliesville.— A  town  in  Pettis  Coun- 
ty, on  the  Lexington  branch  of  the  Missouri 

Vol.  Ill— 21 


Pacific  Railway,  eleven  miles  northwest  of 
Sedalia.  It  has  two  churches,  a  public 
school  and  a  private  school,  an  Odd  Fellows' 
Hall,  an  elevator  and  business  houses.  In 
1890  the  population  was  250.  The  town 
takes  its  name  from  Samuel  Hughes,  a  pio- 
neer settler. 

Hvilbert,  George  Frederick,  phy- 
sician, was  born  August  11,  1855,  in  western 
New  York.  He  came  to  St.  Louis  and  com- 
pleted his  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  that  city.  He  studied  medicine  at  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  and  served  in  the  United 
States  Marine  Hospital.  After  obtaining  his 
degree  he  entered  upon  practice  in  St.  Louis, 
and  from  1882  to  1887  was  superintendent 
of  the  St.  Louis  Female  Hospital.  In  1880 
and  1881  he  was  also  surgeon-in-charge  of 
the  St.  Louis  House  of  Refuge.  For  a  time  he 
was  professor  of  gynecology  in  the  St.  Louis 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  Later 
he  was  professor  of  the  principles  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine  at  the  Marion  Sims  Medical 
College.  He  is  now  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  St.  Louis  Woman's  Hospital,  and 
is  also  consulting  surgeon  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railroad  Hospital,  and  examining 
physician  for  the  Fidelity  Mutual  Life  In- 
surance Company.  He  is  a  Presbyterian 
churchman,  and  is  a  Republican  in  politics. 
December  22,  1881,  he  married  Miss  Susie  Q. 
Cowan,  daughter  of  James  E.  Cowan,  of  St. 
Louis.  Their  children  are  George  Freder- 
ick Hulbert,  Jr.,  and  James  Cowan  Hulbert. 

Humane  Society  of  Kansas  City.— 

This  society,  having  for  its  purposes  the  pro- 
tection of  children,  the  prevention  of  cruelty 
to  animals,  and  the  promotion  of  humane 
sentiments  among  all  classes  of  persons,  was 
organized  in  December,  1883,  and  was  incor- 
porated December  24th  of  that  year.  The 
initial  movement  grew  out  of  interest  in  the 
work  of  similar  societies  in  New  York  and 
Boston.  The  original  membership  com- 
prised nearly  100  persons,  representing  all 
reputable  callings  in  life,  and  all  religious 
denominations.  The  first  officers  were:  T. 
B.  Bullene,  president;  Samuel  H.  Yonge, 
first  vice  president ;  W.  N.  McDearmon,  sec- 
retary, and  Homer  Reed,  treasurer.  Two 
agents  are  employed ;  they  are  commissioned 
police  officers,  and  have  authority  to  make 
arrests  of  those  guilty  of  cruelty  to  children 


§22 


HUMANE  SOClEf Y  OF   MISSOURI— HUMANITY   CLUB. 


or  dumb  animals.  An  additional  agent  is  to 
be  employed,  whose  sole  duty  shall  be  to 
secure  the  enforcement  of  laws  for  the  pro- 
tection of  animals,  especially  of  horses.  In 
■the  first  year  of  its  existence  the  society  pro- 
cured the  passage  of  a  city  ordinance  "For 
the  Punishment  of  Cruelty  to  Animals." 
Under  the  operations  of  this  and  other  ordi- 
nances, every  offense,  including  overloading 
and  mistreatment,  is  provided  against.  Up  to 
September,  1900,  nearly  50,000  cases  of 
humane  work  had  received  attention,  these 
including  about  3,000  children  provided  with 
homes,  and  many  adults  cared  for  in  asylums 
and  hospitals,  or  transported  to  the  custody 
of  distant  friends.  The  society  also  procured 
the  establishment  of  drinking  fountains  for 
animals,  and  has  aided  in  securing  State  leg- 
islation to  further  humane  purposes.  Mr. 
T.  B.  Bullene  served  as  president  in  1884-5, 
and  again  in  1893,  his  death  occurring  during 
his  latter  term;  to  his  intelligent  enthusiasm 
in  the  work,  and  his  liberality  in  contribu- 
tions, is  ascribed  in  large  measure  the  firm 
establishment  of  the  society  and  its  early 
successes.  Edwin  R.  Weeks  was  elected 
president  in  1895  and  has  served  continuously 
to  the  present  time,  devoting  his  time  and 
means  unstintingly  to  a  cause  in  which  he  is 
deeply  interested.  At  his  instance  was  held 
a  most  unique  meeting  in  the  Academy  of 
Music,  January  14,  1895,  the  purpose  of 
which  was  to  consider  "The  Humane  and 
Economic  Care  of  the  Horse,"  and  the  ad- 
dresses and  discussions  were  of  far-reaching 
effect.  The  Humane  Society,  led  by  Presi- 
dent Weeks,  effected  the  organization  of 
Bands  of  Mercy  in  all  the  schools,  their  mem- 
bership comprising  children  pledged  "to  be 
kind  to  all  harmless  living  creatures  and  to 
try  to  protect  them  from  cruel  usage."  Aside 
from  the  primal  purpose  of  the  Band  of 
Mercy,  school-teachers  commended  it  for  its 
reflex  influence  in  improved  personal  conduct 
on  the  part  of  children,  and  consequent  im- 
provement in  school  discipline.  The  imme- 
diate work  of  organization  was  principally 
devolved  upon  Mrs.  Jessie  Mackenzie 
Walker.  Some  years  previous  to  that  time 
Miss  Mary  B,  Little  had  organized  a  few 
similar  bands  in  connection  with  the  work 
of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  but  these  had  practically  disappeared. 
One  •  of  the  most  notable  gatherings  ever 
held  in  the  great  Convention  Hall  was  April 


28,  1899,  when  Mr.  Weeks  assembled  the 
Bands  of  Mercy,  25,000  children  being 
present,  with  10,000  adults  as  spectators. 
This  was  the  largest  meeting  of  the  kind  ever 
held  in  the  world,  surpassing  the  famous  one 
held  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  Sandringham, 
England,  and  it  brought  to  Mr.  Weeks  con- 
gratulatory letters  and  telegrams  from  many 
foreign  countries.  In  1900  the  Humane  Soci- 
ety numbered  about  1,000  members;  the 
annual  expenditures  were  about  $1,500;  the 
city  provided  a  place  for  meetings  in  the  City 
Hall. 

Humane  Society  of  Missouri,    for 

the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  children  and  ani- 
mals, was  organized  January  3,  1870,  but  after 
an  existence  of  a  few  years  became  dormant, 
and  was  reorganized  May  t,  1881.  On  the 
28th  day  of  May,  1884,  the  society  was  in- 
corporated, and  in  1892  an  addition  to  its 
charter  was  made.  The  first  articles  of  in- 
corporation stated  that  the  objects  of  the 
society  were  to  aid  in  preventing  cruelty  to 
animals  and  to  promote  humane  sentiment 
among  all  classes,  to  which  was  added  by  the 
amended  charter  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to 
children  and  the  right  of  the  society  to  be- 
come guardian  for  waifs.  Many  of  the  best 
citizens  of  St.  Louis  have  been  members  of 
the  society,  and  among  the  presidents  were 
George  Partridge,  Edwin  Harrison,  J.  Cliff 
Richardson,  Charles  Parsons  and  George  D. 
Barnard.  Dr.  T.  Griswold  Comstock  has, 
since  the  reorganization  of  the  society,  been 
chairman  of  the  executive  committee.  Thou- 
sands of  revolting  cases  of  cruelty  have  come 
under  its  notice  and  been  remedied.  Many 
cruelties '  to  children  have  been  prevented, 
and  over  500  children  cared  for  in  the  five 
years'  work  of  the  society  in  that  branch.  The 
cruelties  that  made  the  society  a  necessity 
did  not  save  it  from  the  enmity  of  some,  the 
ridicule  of  others,  and  the  indifference  of  the 
masses.  But  the  founders  were  constant  and 
confident,  and  the  society  has  gone  forward, 
making  its  way  in  popular  esteem,  and  in- 
creasing its  opportunities  and  power  for 
good,  until  it  is  now  one  of  the  acknowledged 
and  highly  favored  institutions  of  the  city. 

Humanity  Club.— This  club  originated 
with  Lizabeth  H.  Noble  (Mrs.  John  W. 
Noble)  in  the  autumn  of  1893.  The  general 
desire  for  beneficence  was  then  brought  to  a 


HUMANITY  CIvUB. 


323 


focus  through  her  attention  being  called  by 
Susan  V.  Beeson  to  the  report  of  some  abuses 
in  the  hold-over  system  of  St.  Louis.  She  re- 
solved at  once  to  call  upon  her  friends  to  aid 
in  finding  out  what  was  wrong  and  to  use 
their  influence  toward  having  it  righted.  She 
believed  that  women  are  not  exempt  from 
civic  duties  by  the  fact  that  they  have  no  po- 
litical power.  Indeed,  this  may  well'  be  of 
value  to  the  work,  as  no  partisanship  can  en- 
ter into  the  aims  of  such  an  organization. 
Social  evolution  has  reached  the  point  where 
the  ideal  is  not  justice,  but  the  welfare  of  hu- 
manity, and  hence  woman's  place  in  public 
life  is  necessary  and  logical,  for  in  her  is  the 
spirit  of  motherhood  toward  the  whole  race. 
Hearty  response  was  given  to  Mrs.  Noble's 
call,  and  the  club,  organized  under  its  pres- 
ent name,  adopted  the  motto  of  "Nothing 
human  is  alien  to  me."  This  later  was  in- 
scribed upon  the  club  stamp,  which  shows  a 
shield  bearing  the  club  name  and  motto  and 
the  device  of  a  winged  world.  From  the  first 
the  idea  prevailed  that  the  efforts  of  the  club 
should  not  be  confined  to  any  one  place,  but 
embrace  all  the  departments  for  charity  and 
correction  belonging  to  the  city.  The  stand- 
ard of  judgment  was  that  no  person  should  be 
worse  on  leaving  a  public  institution  for  hav- 
ing been  there.  This  seems  to  be  self-evi- 
dent, for,  while  most  of  the  places  are  not 
reformatories,  every  one  would  agree  that  the 
criminal  should  no  more  be  demoralized  by 
his  method  of  punishment  than  the  insane  or 
the  pauper  should  be  oppressed  under  the 
guise  of  care.  The  sound  public  sense  of  jus- 
tice and  decency  would  uphold  any  organiza- 
tion looking  to  this  end.  The  club  was  di- 
vided into  committees,  each  one  of  which  had 
a  department  relegated  to  its  care  for  investi- 
gation and  report.  Every  city  institution  is 
continuously  visited,  and  one  is  selected  as 
the  object  of  concentrated  effort  each  year, 
those  already  in  hand  being  firmly  held  mean- 
while. The  first  field  was  the  jail  and  hold- 
over, and  after  the  facts  had  been  investigated 
a  memorial  to  the  mayor  was  drawn  up,  in 
which  remedies  were  suggested  for  the  evils 
found.  The  mayor,  Mr.  C.  P.  Walbridge,  and 
the  president  of  the  council,  Mr.  Charles  Na- 
gel,  always  glad  to  forward  any  good  move- 
ment, encouraged  the  club  in  its  efforts.  One 
of  the  chief  changes  -advocated  was  in  regard 
to  the  insane  and  delirious,  taken  up  on  the 
street  or  elsewhere,  who  were  confined  in  the 


hold-over  until  the  health  officer  could  ex- 
amine them.  The  cells  set  apart  for  them 
were  dark,  utterly  bare,  and  opposite  those 
used  for  drunkards.  Here  they  were  kept 
for  a  few  hours  or  several  days.  The  com- 
mittee was  told  repeatedly  that  however 
slightly  demented  the  unfortunates  were  on 
entering,  they  never  left  save  as  raving 
maniacs.  An  ordinance  changing  the  law  so 
that  such  persons  should  be  taken  direct  to 
the  City  Hospital  for  observation  was  drawn 
up  at  the  request  of  the  club,  and  pushed 
through  the  municipal  assembly  successfully. 
Now  there  are  frequently  ten  or  twelve  per- 
sons under  observation  at  the  hospital,  where 
they  receive  intelligent  attention  and  are 
often  sent  away  as  sane  after  a  short  deten- 
tion. In  the  jail,  the  women  at  that  time 
were  not  only  cooped  up  in  small  cells,  three 
or  four  in  each,  overlooking  the  rotunda, 
where  the  male  prisoners  were  exercised 
twice  daily,  but  they  were  allowed  no  exer- 
cise, were  in  the  sole  charge  of  men,  and  were 
often  put  in  the  dungeon,  sometimes  for 
eighteen  hours,  once  at  least  for  the  horri- 
fying period  of  three  weeks.  Where  there 
are  women  confined  there  should  be  a  woman 
in  charge,  is  one  of  the  plain  principles  enun- 
ciated by  the  club.  It  has  been  carried  into 
effect  gradually  at  the  jail;  first  by  getting  a 
law  passed  authorizing  a  day  woman  guard, 
later,  one  authorizing  a  night  guard,  and 
quite  recently  by  causing  these  laws  to  be 
obeyed,  so  that  now  all  the  women  are  under 
the  care  of  a  woman  guard  continuously  all 
the  twenty-four  hours.  This  was  not  accom- 
plished save  by  persistent  determination,  with 
the  aid  of  the  press,  and  in  spite  of  much  op- 
position. The  result  proved,  however,  that 
the  club's  reliance  on  a  deep-seated  sense  of 
fairness  in  the  majority  of  legislators  and  in 
the  mind  of  the  people  at  large  was  a  secure 
foundation.  New  day  quarters,  airy  and  sun- 
ny, were  built  for  the  women,  and  a  bath 
room  and  out-of-door  exercise  ground  were 
provided.  With  a  woman  guard  present  no 
abuses  were  allowed,  and  she  maintains  dis' 
cipline  continuously,  so  that  punishment  is 
less  often  needed  and  less  severe  when  given. 
Of  course,  no  adequate  classification  is  pos- 
sible  so  long  as  men  and  women  are  where 
they  can  see  and  hear  each  other,  and  where 
those  possibly  innocent  and  those  adjudged 
guilty  are  confined  together,  even  in  the  same 
cell.  This  is  true  of  men,  as  well  as  of  women 


324 


HUMANSVILI.E. 


and  children  also.  The  more  decent  of  those 
under  arrest  are  without  protection  from 
those  hardened  in  crime,  used  to  filth  and 
often  diseased.  Great  improvement  might  be 
made  even  with  the  present  wretched  con- 
ditions. The  House  of  Refuge  was  next  un- 
dertaken. Here  criminals,  vagrants  and  those 
simply  thrown  upon  the  city  for  support  were 
mixed  up  together,  and  still  are,  though  some 
measure  of  classification  has  now  been  adopt" 
ed.  The  club  arranged  with  several  charitable 
institutions  of  different  religious  denomina- 
tions to  take,  free  of  charge,  any  unoffending 
children  without  support,  but  this  did  not 
prove  practicable,  as  parents  or  guardians 
prefer  the  House  of  Refuge.  Two  of  the 
members  of  the  club  were  appointed  by  the 
mayor  as  members  of  the  board  of  managers 
of  this  institution,  and  under  their 'supervi- 
sion, with  the  aid  of  their  colleagues,  there 
have  been  provided  greater  cleanliness,  im- 
provement of  dormitories,  a  woman  teacher, 
a  trained  nurse,  a  kindergarten  and  a  train- 
ing school  for  girls  in  domestic  work.  The 
Woman's  (Female)  Hospital  was  next  taken 
up.  Here  and  at  the  Insane  Asylum  the  club 
was  instrumental  in  getting  good  superin- 
tendents appointed  when  the  quadrennial 
change  was  made;  also  in  helping  to  put 
through  bills  providing  a  supervisor  of 
nurses,  a  trained  nurse  in  each  department 
and  a  separate  lying-in  ward.  This  latter  cost 
endless  efforts,  and  when  finally  completed 
was  so  badly  built  that  it  was  adjudged  un- 
safe and  has  stood  unoccupied,  therefore, 
many  months,  with  a  badly  overcrowded  hos- 
pital  alongside.  The  Workhouse  came  next  on 
the  programme.  The  first  object  was  to  get 
women  guards  in  charge  of  women  sentenced 
there.  The  bill  introduced  into  the  mu- 
nicipal assembly  to  accomplish  this  was  de- 
feated once,  but  the  club  does  not  give  up 
easily,  and  when  reintroduced,  the  bill  was 
supported  by  incessant  efforts  and  finally  be- 
came a  law.  The  mayor  appointed  the  candi- 
dates recommended  by  the  club,  and  they 
were  installed  early  in  1897.  ^^  small  part 
of  the  club's  work  is  in  selecting  suitable 
women  for  these  new  and  trying  occupations. 
They  have  to  meet  many  prejudices  working 
against  them,  as  well  as  to  do  the  work  ade- 
quately, and  the  first  trial  has  not  always 
been  successful;  but  the  mayor,  Mr.  Wal- 
bridge,  constantly  supported  the  club,  and 
while  he  was  in  office  the  reforms  instituted 


by  it  were  left  largely  in  its  hands  to  carry 
out.  The  City  Hospital  and  the  Poorhouse 
are  frequently  visited  by  the  club's  commit- 
tees, but  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  whole 
hospital  system,  including  the  Poorhouse, 
where  there  are  more  insane  than  paupers, 
was  given  over  for  four  years  to  a  hospital 
commission,  created  especially  to  construct 
it,  the  club  has  made  little  effort  in  regard 
to  them,  except  in  minor  matters.  The  In- 
sane Asylum  is  well  built  and  admirably  con- 
ducted, and  is  justly  a  pride  to  the  city.  The 
Poorhouse  is  also  well  and  humanely  con- 
ducted. 

There  is  no  limit  to  the  scope  of  the  Hu- 
manity Club  save  such  as  is  set  from  time  to 
time  by  expediency  and  tact.  Perhaps  the 
chief  object  the  club  has  gained  is  in  estab- 
Hshing  itself  as  a  recognized  body,  which  the 
public  knows  and  officials  have  acknowledged 
to  be  disinterested  and  earnest  in  its  aims, 
and  whose  judgment  is  considered  worthy  of 
attention.  The  efficient  co-operation  of  a 
mayor  desirous  of  having  the  city  benefit  by 
the  efforts  of  the  club,  and  the  assistance  of 
a  majority  of  the  Municipal  Assembly,  have 
been  incalculable  aids  to  its  work,  but  it  relies 
chiefly,  as  all  good  work  must,  on  the  funda- 
mental integrity  of  public  opinion.  It  is  in 
voicing  this  and  in  thus  convincing  those  who 
have  the  power  that  it  should  be  used  in 
the  right  direction  that  the  club's  reason  for 
being  lies.  Mrs.  Noble,  the  first  president, 
died  soon  after  founding  the  club,  and  it  was 
continued  with  increased  activity  as  a  me- 
morial to  her  undying  public  spirit.  Mrs.  E. 
C.  Cushman  succeeded  her,  Miss  Beeson  and 
Mrs.  Henry  C.  Pierce  were  made  vice  presi- 
dents, and  Miss  Leonora  B.  Halsted,  secre- 
tary and  treasurer.  At  the  end  of  two  years 
these  officers  were  unanimously  re-elected, 
but  Mrs.  Pierce  resigning,  Mrs.  Edwin  Har- 
rison was  made  vice  president  in  her  stead. 
The  chairmen  of  committees  have  changed 
from  time  to  time;  among  those  who  have 
rendered  efficient  services  in  that  capacity 
are  Mrs.  John  A.  Allen,  Mrs.  Dwight  Tred- 
way,  Mrs.  Henry  Eliot,  Mrs.  Anthony  H. 
Blaisdell  and  Mrs.  Hugh  McKittrick. 

Leonora  B.  Halsted. 

Humansville. — A  fourth-class  city  in 
Polk  County,  on  Brush  Creek,  and  on  the 
Kansas  City,  Clinton  &  Southern  Railway, 
eighteen    miles    northwest    of    Bolivar,    the 


HUMANSVIIvLE,  CAPTURE   OF— HUME. 


325 


county  seat.  It  has  a  graded  school ;  churches 
of  the  Baptist,  Christian,  Methodist  Episco- 
pal and  Southern  Methodist  denominations ; 
a  RepubHcan  newspaper,  the  "Star-Leader;" 
two  banks,  a  steam  flourmill,  a  cannery,  a 
woolen  mill,  a  broom  factory  and  two  ele- 
vators. In  1899  the  population  was  1,500. 
The  town  takes  its  name  from  James  Human, 
who  in  1834  located  upon  its  site,  near  the 
"big  spring."  He  was  a  man  of  sterling  quali- 
ties, and  served  in  the  General  Assembly  and 
as  a  county  justice.  Humansville  was  incor- 
porated in  1873,  and  in  1886  became  a  city  of 
the  fourth  class,  with  J.  H.  Washburn  as  first 
mayor. 

Humansville,  Capture  of. — On  th^e 
occasion  of  the  Shelby  raid  into  Missouri 
in  October,  1863,  the  Confederates,  after  cap- 
turing Greenfield  and  Stockton,  and  burning 
their  courthouses,  appeared  before  Humans- 
ville and  surrounded  it  so  suddenly  that  the 
garrison  of  150  Union  soldiers  found  it  im- 
possible to  retreat.  They  did  not  surrender, 
however,  until  after  a  spirited  fight  in  which 
seventeen  of  their  number  were  killed  and 
wounded. 

Humboldt   Medical    College.— This 

institution  was  organized  as  a  German  Med- 
ical College  in  1859,  ^^  St.  Louis,  under  the 
name  of  "Humboldt  Institut  oder  Deutsche." 
Its  founder  was  Dr.  Adam  Hammer,  and 
two  classes  were  graduated  before  the  Civil 
War.  Its  sessions  were  then  discontinued 
until  1866,  when  the  institution  was  reorgan- 
ized and  the  first  faculty  was  composed  of 
the  following  named  physicians :  Dr.  F.  G. 
Bernays,  Dr.  G.  Bernays,  Dr.  D.  Goebel,  Dr. 
Adam  Hammer,  Dr.  F.  W.  Hauck,  Dr.  T.  C. 
Hilgard,  Dr.  C.  Roesch  and  Dr.  E.  Schmidt. 
The  first  course  of  lectures  was  given  during 
the  winter  of  1866-7,  and  the  ambition  of  the 
promoters  of  this  enterprise  was  to  make 
Humboldt  Medical  College  an  institution 
which  would  compare  favorably  with  the  far- 
famed  medical  institutions  of  Germany. 
After  the  reopening  in  1866  the  institution 
gave  promise  of  success  and  graduated  some 
physicians  who  have  since  become  eminent 
in  their  profession,  but  it  failed  to  meet  the 
expectations  of  its  promoters,  and  in  1869 
most  of  the  members  of  the  faculty  resigned 
and  the  existence  of  the  college  terminated 
with  the  end  of  its  third  course  of  lectures. 


Hume. — ^A  village  in  Bates  County,  on 
the  Kansas  City,  Pittsburg  &  Gulf,  and  the 
Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Rail- 
ways, twenty-three  miles  southwest  of  Butler, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  public  school,  a 
Baptist  Church  and  a  Methodist  Church,  an 
independent  newspaper,  the  "Border  Tele- 
phone;" a  bank,  and  a  steam  flourmill.  In 
1899  the  population  was  600.  It  was  platted 
in  1880  by  Noah  Little. 

Hume,  John  Y.,  physician,  is  a  native 
of  Howard  County,  Missouri,  where  he  has 
achieved  distinction  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  and  won  high  esteem  and  regard 
as  a  citizen.  His  parents  were  Reuben  Y. 
and  Frances  A.  (Payton)  Hume,  both  of 
whom  were  natives  of  Kentucky,  and  who 
immigrated  to  Missouri  and  settled  on  a  farm 
in  Howard  County,  Missouri,  in  1844.  Dr. 
J.  Y.  Hume  was  born  November  13,  1851. 
He  was  educated  at  Central  College,  at  Fay- 
ette, and  became  a  student  of  medicine  under 
the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  F.  M.  Scroggin,  of 
Howard  County.  After  two  years  of  private 
instruction  and  study  he  entered  St.  Louis 
Medical  College  in  1876,  and  graduated  from 
that  institution  with  honors  in  1879.  He 
located  at  once  in  Armstrong,  in  his  native 
county,  being  among  the  first  settlers  there. 
His  success  is  best  attested  by  the  fact  that 
he  never  found  it  advisable  to  make  a  change, 
but  kept  pace  with  the  growth,  progress  and 
prosperity  of  the  town,  until,  at  the  present 
(1900)  he  is  one  of  its  leading  citizens,  with 
a  beautiful  home  in  the  heart  of  the  city  and 
ten  acres  of  ground  attached,  thus  giving 
ample  evidence  of  his  material  prosperity,  all 
of  which  has  been  based  upon  and  acquired 
by  his  success  in  his  profession.  Dr.  Hume 
was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  drug  firm 
of  Fugate  &  Hume,  but  the  demands  for  his 
professional  services  became  so  great  that  it 
left  him  no  time  for  consideration  of  outside 
affairs,  and  he  withdrew  from  the  firm.  He 
is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  feeling  and  sympa- 
thy, but  has  never  taken  an  active  part  in 
campaign  work,  and  never  held  an  office  ex- 
cept as  a  member  of  the  board  of  pension 
examiners  for  Howard  County,  under  ap- 
pointment from  Grover  Cleveland.  He  affili- 
ates with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  Workmen  and  the  Knights 
of  Pythias.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church.    Dr.  Hume  was  married,  November 


326 


HUMPHREYS— HUNDLEY. 


13,  1879,  to  Miss  Fannie  Walker,  daughter  of 
Dr.  J.  M.  Walker,  of  Howard  County.  They 
have  two  children,  Leslie  W.  and  Ada  L. 
Hume. 

Humphreys.  — An  incorporated  vil- 
lage in  Sullivan  County,  on  the  Omaha,  Kan- 
sas City  &  Eastern  Railway,  fifteen  miles 
southwest  of  Milan,  264  miles  from  St.  Louis 
and  120  miles  from  Quincy,  Illinois.  It  was 
founded  in  1881.  It  has  a  college.  Baptist, 
Christian  and  Methodist  Episcopal  Churches, 
an  operahouse,  a  bank,  hotel  and  steam 
flouring  mill.  There  are  about  twenty-five 
stores  and  miscellaneous  business  places  in 
the  town.    Population,  1899  (estimated),  600. 

Hundley,  Harry  Marvin,  wholesale 
merchant,  was  born  January  30,  1868,  at  St. 
Joseph;  Missouri,  son  of  John  Boring  and 
Tabitha  (Witten)  Hundley.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Joseph, 
completing  the  prescribed  course  in  the  high 
school.  Early  in  life,  and  soon  after  leaving 
the  study  desk,  the  young  man  entered  the 
wholesale  dry  goods  house  of  McKinney, 
Hundley  &  Walker,  of  which  firm  his  father 
was  a  member.  He  was  a  faithful  employe 
and  mastered  the  wholesale  business  step  by 
step.  In  1893  the  firm  was  succeeded  by 
Kemper,  Hundley  &  McDonald,  and  of  this 
company  Harry  M.  Hundley  was  elected 
president  and  treasurer  in  1896.  The  fol- 
lowing year  the  style  of  the  firm  was  changed 
to  Hundley,  Frazer  &  Co.,  and  it  so 
remains  at  this  day,  with  Mr.  Hundley  at  its 
head.  He  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  bus- 
iness men  upon  whom  the  business  world 
can  safely  rely.  The  success  of  the  firm  with 
which  he  is  connected  is  largely  due  to  his 
untiring  faithfulness  to  the  work  he  has  be- 
fore him.  The  interests  of  St.  Joseph  have 
always  been  his  own  interests  and  he  has 
worked  faithfully  to  uphold  them.  As  a 
member  of  the  Commercial  Club  of  that  city, 
and  one  of  its  most  enterprising  officers,  he 
has  demonstrated  his  public  spirit  on  many 
occasions  when  loyalty  to  the  city  was  in 
demand.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active 
workers  in  the  formulation  and  perfection  of 
plans  for  St.  Joseph's  first  jubilee,  held  in 
1898,  and  his  services  were-  again  demanded 
and  rendered  when  the  organization  was 
effected  preparatory  to  a  repetition  of  the 
festivities  in  1899.    Mr.  Hundley  is  an  active 


member  of  the  Commercial  Club,  of  St. 
Joseph,  and  is  invariably  relied  upon  as  one 
of  its  most  liberal  and  progressive  members. 
The  wholesale  dry  goods  establishment  of 
which  he  is  president  recently  moved  into 
more  commodious  quarters  than  the  build- 
ing formerly  occupied  by  it,  which  was  itself 
among  the  largest  structures  devoted  to 
jobbing  in  St.  Joseph.  The  company  has  not 
only  secured  more  floor  space  for  an  in- 
creased stock  of  goods,  but  the  business  has 
been  enlarged  in  the  increased  number  of 
traveling  representatives,  as  well  as  additions 
to  the  working  force,  that  are  evidences  of  the 
steady  advancement  that  has  been  made  by 
the  company  during  the  time  Mr.  Hundley 
has  been  at  the  head  of  the  corporation.  Mr. 
Hundley  is  a  member  of  the  Hundley  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  and  is  one  of  the' 
stewards  of  this  organization.  This  church 
was  named  for  his  father,  John  B.  Hundley, 
whose  generous  donations  to  the  cause  at 
the  time  the  erection  of  the  church  was  con- 
templated made  it  possible  for  the  prayers 
of  the  faithful  flock  to  be  speedily  realized. 
He  gave  the  ground  on  which  the  church  is 
located  and  subscribed  a  large  portion  of  the 
sum  necessary  for  the  construction  of  the 
handsome  edifice  that  stands  upon  it.  Mr. 
Hundley  was  married,  October  21,  1891,  to 
Miss  Mary  Esther  Pindell,  of  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri. 

Hundley,  John  Boring,  wholesale 
merchant,  was  born  December  19,  1819,  in 
Washington  County,  Tennessee,  and  died 
August  31,  1896,  at  his  home  in  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri.  His  parents  were  John  Simms  and 
Mary  (Boring)  Hundley.  The  son  took  ad- 
vantage of  a  thorough  common  school 
education  at  Greenville,  Tennessee,  and  al- 
though his  studies  were  limited  to  the 
branches  taught  in  a  modest  institution  of 
that  kind  John  imbibed  knowledge  rapidly 
and  at  an  early  age  was  well  prepared,  after 
a  few  years  of  close  mental  application,  to 
take  his  place  in  the  ranks  of  business  life 
and  to  enter  into  competition  with  the  army 
of  young  men  who  were  struggling  for 
places,  fame  and  fortune  at  that  early  day. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  years  John  Hundley  left 
his  native  State  and  removed  to  Missouri, 
locating  in  Ray  County.  There  he  found 
that  the  training  through  which  he  had  just 
passed  faithfully  and  with  credit  to  himself 


HUNNEWKlvIv— HUNT. 


327 


proved  of  double  value,  for  there  came  an 
opportunity  to  engage  in  the  work  of  teach- 
ing school.  In  that  he  was  successful  during 
the  school  months  of  two  years.  Economy 
was  practiced  and  at  the  close  of  his  experi- 
ence as  a  pedagogue  the  young  man  found 
that  he  had  saved  an  amount  of  money  that 
would  enable  him  to  engage  in  business,  an 
ambition  that  he  had  fondly  entertained  and 
cherished  for  several  years.  He  went  to 
Gentry  County,  Missouri,  and  opened  a  coun- 
try store  of  the  familiar  type,  receiving  a 
liberal  trade  at  the  hands  of  those  who  were 
in  that  immediate  neighborhood,  as  well  a*s 
of  those  who,  in  the  pioneer  days,  were 
obliged  to  travel  long  distances  in  order  to 
dispose  of  their  produce  and  buy  the  articles 
which  the  merchant  had  to  sell.  Then  fol- 
lowed a  successful  business  career  in  Gentry 
County,  during  which  time  Mr.  Hundley  won 
the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the  people  of 
the  county  to  such  an  extent  that  he  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  county  treasurer  by  a 
majority  that  attested  the  high  regard  in 
which  he  was  held.  The  office  of  treasurer 
was  filled  by  him  twelve  years.  Retiring 
from  public  life  voluntarily,  he  acted  upon  a 
decision  to  seek  a  new  location  and  accord- 
ingly, in  1864,  he  removed  to  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri,  where  he  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  along  various  lines.  His  largest  in- 
terest was  in  the  wholesale  boot  and  shoe 
trade.  A  few  years  later  he  became  one  of 
the  leading  jobbers  in  dry  goods,  and  the 
firm  which  he  established  has  grown  to  be 
one  of  the  principal  mercantile  establish- 
ments of  St.  Joseph.  In  1886  Mr.  Hundley 
retired  from  active  business  on  account  of 
failing  health.  In  1869  he  was  converted  to 
the  creed  of  Methodism  and  became  an  active 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South.  To  every  good  and  charitable  cause 
he  was  a  liberal  giver,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
most  open-hearted  contributors  to  church 
work,  as  well  as  to  the  various  organizations 
and  movements  that  appealed  to  him  for 
financial  assistance.  In  1848  he  married 
Miss  Tabitha  A.  Witten,  of  Tazewell  County, 
Virginia..  Eight  children  who  blessed  this 
marriage  survived  the  father  on  the  day  of 
his  death.  On  August  31,  1896,  John  B. 
Hundley  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  seven- 
ty-seven years,  his  demise  resulting  from  a 
complication  of  diseases  which  had  laid  claim 
to  him  for  several  months  before  his  death. 


In  his  death  St.  Joseph  lost  one  of  her  most 
liberal  and  progressive  citizens.  His  name 
was  synonymous  with  success  and  was  in- 
variably linked  with  that  which  was  whole- 
some and  good. 

The  name  of  John  Boring  Hundley  will  live 
longest  in  memory  through  its  association 
with  the  Hundley  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri.  His 
generous  donations  made  it  possible  for  this 
edifice  to  be  erected,  and  a  grateful  people 
gave  to  it  the  name  of  Hundley  as  a  tribute 
of  gratitude  for  the  immortal  beneficence  of 
this  noble  man. 

Hunnewell. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
in  the  southeast  corner  of  Shelby  County,  on 
the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  division  of  the 
Burlington  Railroad,  ten  miles  south  of 
Shelbina,  and  thirty-seven  miles  from  Han- 
nibal. It  was  laid  out  by  the  railroad  com- 
pany in  1857.  It  has  a  good  public  school, 
three  churches,  a  bank,  hotel,  a  weekly  paper, 
the  "Graphic,"  and  fourteen  stores  in  differ- 
ent branches  of  trade,  and  a  few  miscel- 
laneous shops.  Population,  1899  (estimated), 
600. 

Hunt,  Theodore,  United  States  naval 
officer,  was  born  in  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  in 
1779.  His  father  was  Abraham  Hunt,  an  emi- 
nent merchant  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  and 
the  personal  friend  of  General  Washington. 
His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Theodosia 
Pearson.  He  was  carefully  educated  in  his 
youth  and  on  the  2d  of  September,  1798,  was 
appointed  to  the  United  States  ship  "Ganges" 
as  midshipman.  April  23d  in  the  year  1800, 
he  was  ordered  to  join  the  United  States 
ship  "New  York."  March  4,  1802,  he  was 
promoted  to  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  and  May 
24,  1803,  he  was  attached  to  the  ship  "Phila- 
delphia." When  this  ship  struck  on  a  reef 
off  Tripoli  in  the  autumn  of  1803  and  was 
captured,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Tripolitans.  He  was  held  in  captivity  during 
the  war  which  followed  between  the  United 
States  and  Tripoli,  but  was  liberated  June 
3,  1805,  when  peace  was  concluded.  In  July 
of  1806  he  returned  to  the  United  States  as 
commander  of  the  "Spitfire."  January  31, 
1807,  he  was  given  permission  to  make  a  voy- 
age to  India  from  which  he  returned  in  1808. 
May  20,  1809,  he  was  ordered  to  relieve  Cap- 
tain Dent  in  command  of  the  ship  "Hornet," 


328 


HUNT'S  EXPEDITION. 


and  he  was  appointed  master  commandant 
July  7,  1810.  May  11,  181 1,  he  resigned  from 
the  navy  and  retired  to  private  Hfe.  Later 
he  came  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  became  a  fa- 
vorite in  the  social  circles  of  the  pioneers, 
and  some  years  afterward  married  Miss  Ann 
Lucas,  the  only  daughter  of  Judge  Jean  B.  C. 
Lucas.  He  died  in  St.  Louis  January  21,  1832. 
The  children  of  Captain  and  Mrs.  Hunt  were 
Theodosia,  who  married  Henry  Potter ; 
Charles  Hunt,  and  Julia,  who  married  Major 
Henry  S.  Turner,  of  the  United  States  Army. 

Hunt's  Expedition. — An  account  of 
the  disastrous  expedition  of  Wilson  P.  Hunt 
in  1810  belongs  properly  to  the  history  of  St. 
Louis,  because,  although  conceived  in  New 
York  and  started  in  Montreal,  it  had  its  sec- 
ond and  final  starting  from  St.  Louis,  and  the 
person  who  commanded  it  had  been  a  citizen 
of  St.  Louis  before  the  expedition  and  was  a 
citizen  afterward.  The  affair  grew  out  of  the 
great  enterprise  of  John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New 
York,  to  establish  a  post  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
as  the  center  of  a  vast  fur  trade  in  the  Colum- 
bia River  region,  which  he  proposed  to  build 
up  in  imitation  of  what  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany and  the  Northwest  Fur  Company  of 
Montreal  had  done  and  were  doing  in  the 
country  further  north  and  in  the  whole  of 
British  America.  Mr.  Astor  knew  that  the  fur 
trade  was  a  mine  of  wealth,  and  he  was  anx- 
ious to  embark  in  it.  President  Jefferson,  to 
whom  he  presented  his  scheme,  approved  and 
encouraged  it,  and  promised  for  it  the  favor 
and  protection  of  the  government.  The  in- 
auguration of  the  enterprise  consisted  of  two 
parts,  the  dispatch  of  a  ship  from  New  York 
round  Cape  Horn  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia River,  with  a  body  of  men  and  a  supply 
of  Indian  goods ;  and  the  sending  of  an  ex- 
pedition from  St.  Louis  across  the  country  to 
meet  it  at  the  point  of  destination.  It  was  a 
noble  scheme  and  worthy  of  the  great  trader 
who  planned  it,  and  if  its  history  proved  a 
succession  of  blunders,  mishaps  and  disasters, 
it  was  not  his  fault.  The  ship  chosen  for  the 
ocean  part  of  the  enterprise  was  the  "Ton- 
quin,"  a  good  vessel  of  290  tons  burden, 
which  sailed  from  New  York  on  the  8th  of 
September,  1810,  armed  with  ten  guns,  carry- 
ing a  crew  of  twenty  men  and  having  on 
board  four  of  Mr.  Astor's  partners  in  the 
American  Fur  Company,  twelve  clerks,  sev- 
eral of  whom  were  Canadians    familiar  with 


the  fur  trade,  several  artisans  and  thirteen 
Canadian  voyageurs  for  service  in  such  ex- 
peditions by  water  as  might  be  found  neces- 
sary after  establishing  the  post.  On  the  22d 
of  March  following,  after  a  short  stay  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  the  vessel  arrived  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia;  on  the  12th  of  April 
a  landing  was  effected  and  the  post  of  Astoria 
was  established.  The  subsequent  history  of 
the  "Tonquin"  is  a  tragic  one.  After  remain- 
ing at  Astoria  for  two  months  she  sailed  up 
the  coast  to  gather  furs  and  peltries  from  the 
Indians,  but  at  the  first  landing  she  made,  on 
tlie  coast  of  Vancouver,  her  captain  provoked 
the  hostility  of  the  Indians  in  some  trading 
arrangements,  and  the  savages  treacherously 
murdered  him  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
crew.  Mr.  Lewis,  the  ship's  clerk,  after  being 
mortally  wounded,  managed  to  reach  the 
magazine,  to  which  he  applied  a  match,  and 
the  ship,  with  more  than  a  hundred  Indians 
on  her,  was  blown  to  pieces. 

The  land  expedition  was  entrusted  to  Wil- 
son P.  Hunt,  of  New  Jersey,  one  of  the  part- 
ners in  the  company,  who  had  been  engaged 
in  the  Indian  trade  at  St.  Louis,  with  Donald 
McKenzie,  another  partner,  as  lieutenant.  In 
July,  1810,  two  months  before  the  sailing  of 
the  "Tonquin,"  they  repaired  to  Montreal, 
Canada,  and  there  secured  an  outfit  for  the 
expedition,  a  large  birch-bark  canoe  between 
thirty  and  forty  feet  long  and  several  feet 
wide,  with  a  capacity  of  four  tons,  and  along 
with  it  a  company  of  Canadian  voyageurs. 
A  supply  of  ammunition,  provisions  and  In- 
dian goods  was  purchased,  and  with  every- 
thing in  good  order  they  started  up  the  Ot- 
tawa River  and  made  their  way  by  the  ancient 
route  of  the  fur  traders  along  a  succession 
of  small  lakes  and  rivers  to  Michilimackinac, 
now  called  Mackinaw.  Here  Mr.  Hunt  re- 
mained for  a  time  to  complete  his  assort- 
ment of  Indian  goods  and  to  engage 
additional  voyageurs,  the  journey  from  Mont- 
real having  shown  that  those  who  started 
out  with  him  were  ineflficient  and  unreliable. 
It  was  not  until  near  the  middle  of  August 
that  he  left  Mackinaw,  coming  by  Green  Bay, 
Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers  to  Prairie  du 
Chien,  and  from  there  down  the  Mississippi 
to  St.  Louis,  where  he  arrived  on  the  3d  of 
September.  Here  it  was  necessary  to  engage 
additional  men,  and  in  this  task  Mr.  Hunt 
made  the  mistake  of  provoking  the  opposition 
of  the  St.  Louis  traders  by  enlisting  in  his 


HUNT'S   EXPEDITION. 


829 


service  persons  who  were  in  the  retinue  of 
the  Missouri  Fur  Company.  All  arrange- 
ments being  completed,  the  expedition  de- 
parted October  21st  from  St.  Louis  in  three 
boats,  two  barges  and  a  keelboat.  On  the 
i6th  of  November  they  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  Nodaway  River,  and  as  game  was  abun- 
dant, they  went  into  camp.  Two  days  after- 
ward the  river  was  closed  by  ice  and  they  re- 
solved to  make  their  camp  winter  quarters. 
Mr.  Hunt  returned  to  St.  Louis  to  procure 
additional  hunters  and  secure  a  Sioux  in- 
terpreter.  He  arrived  at  St.  Louis  on  the 
20th  of  January.  The  Missouri  Fur  Company 
was  preparing  to  send  out  an  expedition  un- 
der Manuel  Lisa,  a  resolute  and  enterprising 
member,  to  look  for  Mr.  Henry,  who  had 
been  forced  by  the  hostility  of  the  Blackfeet 
tribe  to  abandon  his  fort  on  the  upper  Mis- 
souri, and  of  whom  no  tidings  could  be  ob- 
tained; and  as  Mr.  Hunt  was  acting  in  the 
domain  of  the  American  Fur  Company, 
wisdom  would  have  dictated,  if  not  a  union  of 
interests  with  them,  at  least  a  punctilious 
avoidance  of  anything  they  could  complain 
of.  On  his  first  arrival  at  St.  Louis  he  had 
persuaded  into  his  employ  some  of  the  Ca- 
nadians and  others  who  were  accustomed  to 
the  service  of  the  Missouri  Fur  Company, 
and  now,  on  his  second  visit,  he  went  further 
and  enticed  away  Pierre  Dorion,  a  half-breed, 
to  act  as  interpreter,  who  was  attached  to  the 
Missouri  Fur  Company  in  that  capacity. 
When  he  was  about  ready  to  start  back  to 
the  camp  on  the  Nodaway  with  his  additional 
employes,  Mr.  Hunt  was  surprised  by  the 
sudden  appearance  in  St.  Louis  of  five  of  his 
hunters  from  Nodaway,  who  gave  as  an  ex- 
planation of  their  desertion  that  they  had 
been  badly  treated  by  those  in  command. 
Their  statements  discouraged  the  new  hunt- 
ers who  had  taken  service  under  Mr.  Hunt, 
and  in  spite  of  all  his  persuasions  and  ex- 
postulations, they,  too,  abandoned  him.  Only 
one  hunter  remained  with  him,  and,  at  the 
last  moment,  Pierre  Dorion  refused  to  go 
until  it  was  agreed  that  his  squaw  and  two 
children  should  go  along,  too.  Finally,  how- 
ever, his  additional  arrangements  were  com- 
pleted, and  Mr.  Hunt  started  on  his  return 
to  the  camp,  accompanied  by  two  English- 
men, Mr.  John  Bradbury,  who  had  been  sent 
out  by  the  Linnaean  Society  of  Liverpool  to 
make  a  collection  of  American  plants,  and 
Mr.  Nutall,  a  botanist,  traveler  and  author. 


On  the  17th  of  April  the  party  reached  the 
camp  on  the  Nodaway,  and,  after  a  little  wait- 
ing for  the  rajns  to  subside,  took  up  their 
journey,  thus  inauspiciously  begun,  and  des- 
tined to  a  more  unfortunate  ending.  There 
were  nearly  sixty  persons  in  the  expedition, 
five  of  them  partners,  one  clerk,  forty  Ca- 
nadians, several  hunters  and  two  English 
guests,  all  embarked  in  four  boats,  one  of 
them  mounting  a  swivel  and  two  howitzers. 
On  the  2d  of  May,  shortly  after  passing  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte,  two  of  the  hunters  an- 
nounced their  determination  to  abandon  the 
expedition,  and  in  spite  of  all  that  could  be 
said  to  dissuade  them,  they  stalked  off.  Their 
loss  was  regarded  as  a  great  misfortune,  for 
the  party  was  approaching  the  Sioux  country, 
where  their  assistance  might  be  needed.  How- 
ever, two  weeks  later  this  loss  found  some- 
thing like  a  compensation  in  the  acquisition 
of  two  additional  men,  Benjamin  Jones  and 
Alexander  Carson,  who  were  met  descend- 
ing the  river  in  a  canoe.  They  had  been  hunt- 
ing and  trapping  on  the  upper  Missouri  and 
were  now  on  their  way  back  to  the  settle- 
ments, but  were  easily  persuaded  to  join  the 
expedition.  A  few  days  afterward  three  hunt- 
ers were  met  descending  the  river  in  canoes. 
They  had  been  associated  with  Captain 
Henry,  and  after  passing  several  years  in  the 
wilderness,  were  on  their  return  to  the  homes 
they  had  left  in  Kentucky;  but  they  gladly 
accepted  Mr.  Hunt's  invitation  and  cast  in 
their  lots  with  the  expedition.  On  the  3d  of 
June  they  were  overtaken  by  the  expedition 
sent  out  from  St.  Louis  by  the  Missouri  Fur 
Company  to  look  after  Captain  Henry.  It 
consisted  of  a  barge,  mounting  a  swivel, 
rowed  by  twenty  oarsmen,  and  five  other  em- 
ployes, the  whole  in  charge  of  Manuel  Lisa, 
who  was  accompanied  by  his  friend,  the 
pioneer  author,  Henry  M.  Brackenridge.  The 
meeting  between  the  two  parties  was  any- 
thing but  cordial,  for  there  was  ill-feeling 
between  a  man  named  McClellan,  of  the  Hunt 
party,  and  Lisa;  and  Lisa  still  resented 
Hunt's  unbusinesslike  act  of  enticing  away 
his  Sioux  interpreter,  Dorion.  Indeed,  the 
two  parties  had  not  traveled  together  three 
days  before  a  quarrel  occurred  between  Lisa 
and  Dorion,  followed  by  one  between  Lisa 
and  Hunt,  which,  but  for  the  interference  of 
the  two  authors,  Brackenridge  and  Bradbury, 
who  acted  as  peacemakers,  would  have  ended 
in  bloodshed.  From  this  time  the  two  expedi- 


330 


HUNT'S  EXPEDITION. 


tions  kept  the  width  of  the  river  between 
them,  each  taking  its  own  side.  The  ill-feehng 
was  partially  dissipated  a  short  time  after- 
ward, however,  when  the  two  expeditions 
reached  the  village  of  the  Arrickarees,  from 
whom  Mr.  Hunt  expected  trouble ;  for,  when 
in  the  general  council  between  the  whites  and 
Indians,  Lisa,  who  knew  the  Arrickarees  well 
and  had  great  influence  with  them,  told  them 
that  the  Hunt  party  were  his  friends  and 
must  be  permitted  to  pass  through  the  coun- 
try unmolested,  as  he  would  make  their  cause 
his  own,  the  Hunt  party  could  not  but  ap- 
preciate this  manly  and  chivalrous  spirit,  and 
matters  between  the  two  expeditions  from 
this  time  went  on  harmoniously.  The  Ar- 
rickaree  village  was  the  point  at  which  Mr. 
Hunt  had  determined  to  abandon  the  river 
and  make  his  journey  across  the  country, 
and  to  facilitate  this  purpose,  Lisa  offered 
to  take  his  boats,  which  he  no  longer  needed, 
and  supply  him  with  horses,  which  he  did 
need,  the  horses  to  be  obtained  from  the 
nearest  fort  in  the  Mandan  country  belong- 
ing to  the  Missouri  Fur  Company.  This  was 
not  only  a  very  profitable  bargain  and  a  most 
valuable  advantage  to  Mr.  Hunt,  but  an  act 
of  good  will  on  the  part  of  Lisa  which  proved 
that  so  far  from  being  hostile  to  the  Hunt 
expedition,  he  was  ready  to  assist  and  further 
it  in  the  true  Western  spirit.  On  the  i8th  of 
July  the  expedition,  consisting  now  of  a  cav- 
alcade of  eighty-two  horses,  most  of  them 
heavily  laden  with  Indian  goods,  ammuni- 
tion, beaver  traps,  corn,  meal  and  other 
necessaries,  left  the  Arrickaree  village  and 
took  their  way  toward  the  still  far  distant  Pa- 
cific in  a  march  that  was  destined  to  be  fruit- 
ful only  of  trials,  hardships  and  disaster.  The 
guide  was  Edward  Rose,  who  had  lived 
among  the  Crow  tribe  and  married  a  Crow 
squaw.  He  turned  out  to  be  faithless,  a  bet- 
ter friend  to  the  thieving  Crows  than  to  the 
whites,  and  had  to  be  constantly  watched  to 
prevent  him  from  betraying  the  whole  party. 
Journeying  westward  and  encountering  at 
times  bands  of  Indians  of  various  tribes, 
against  whom  they  were  compelled  to  be  on 
their  guard,  they  came  on  the  24th  of  Sep- 
tember to  a  small  stream  flowing  west, 
which  proved  to  be  an  affluent  of  the  Colum- 
bia ;  and  now  they  thought  they  had  nothing 
to  do  but  to  construct  canoes  and  entrust 
them  with  their  goods  to  a  current  that  would 
bear  them  peacefully  to  the  point  of  their  des- 


tination. But  an  exploring  party  sent  out  to 
examine  the  stream  returned  with  the  report 
that  it  was  unnavigable  and  dangerous,  and 
the  floating  scheme  had  to  be  abandoned. 
They  pursued  their  journey  on  foot,  there- 
fore, and  on  the  8th  of  October  arrived  at 
several  deserted  log  huts,  which  proved  to 
be  a  post  of  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  that 
had  been  occupied  by  Captain  Henry  and 
abandoned.  Two  weeks  before,  Mr.  Hunt  had 
detached  four  trappers  to  pursue  their  voca- 
tion on  the  head  waters  of  the  Columbia,  and 
now  another  small  detachment  of  hunters  and 
trappers  was  left  behind  to  occupy  the  de- 
serted post,  Mr.  Miller,  one  of  the  partners 
of  the  company,  resolving  to  take  his  chances 
with  them  in  spite  of  all  that  Mr.  Hunt  could 
do  to  dissuade  him.  As  the  stream  at  this 
point  was  wide  and  deep,  the  party  decided  to 
entrust  themselves  to  its  current,  and  on  the 
18th  of  October  embarked  in  fifteen  canoes, 
which  they  had  constructed.  On  the  28th,  in 
passing  a  rapids,  one  of  the  boats  was 
wrecked  and  Antoine  Clappine,  the  steers- 
man, drowned.  Next  day  two  more  canoes 
were  lost,  together  with  the  weapons  and 
effects  of  the  four  men  in  it.  Hardships  and 
privations  were  now  encountered,  two  of  the 
party,  Crooks  and  LeClerc,  became  so  sick 
and  weak  that  Mr.  Hunt  had  to  travel  slowly 
for  fear  of  exhausting  them,  and  the  other 
members  of  the  party,  growing  impatient  at 
the  delay,  left  him  and  pushed  forward  on 
their  own  account,  leaving  Mr.  Hunt  with 
only  five  men  to  bear  him  company.  There 
was  no  game  in  the  country  through  which 
they  were  traveling,  and  they  were  on  the 
point  of  starving  when  they  came  unexpected- 
ly upon  a  Shoshone  lodge  with  several  horses 
grazing  round  it.  These  they  captured,  with- 
out leave  or  license,  and  killed  one  on  the 
spot  and  devoured  it.  In  an  attempt  to  cross 
a  stream  another  man,  Jean  Baptiste  Prevost, 
was  drowned.  On  the  29th  of  December  the 
squaw  of  Pierre  Dorion,  the  only  female 
in  the  party,  was  brought  to  confinement, 
and  gave  birth  to  a  child  amid  the  bleak  sur- 
roundings of  midwinter  in  a  wild  and  inhos- 
pitable land,  where  there  were  no  comforts 
and  not  even  a  sufficient  supply  of  food.  The 
child  lived  only  a  week.  Shortly  afterward,  at 
the  end  of  a  painful  and  difficult  journey  over 
a  mountain  pass,  where  the  snow  was  knee- 
deep  and  sometimes  up  to  their  waists,  they 
emerged  into  a  beautiful  region,  where  were 


HUNTER. 


331 


thirty-four  Indian  lodges,  round  which  2,000 
horses  were  grazing  in  rich  pastures.  Pro- 
visions were  now  to  be  had  in  abundance, 
and  the  party  remained  in  this  inviting  re- 
gion for  several  days,  until  the  sick  were  re- 
covered and  all  refreshed  and  rested.  On  the 
2ist  of  January  the  eyes  of  the  travelers  were 
gladdened  with  a  view  of  the  Columbia  River, 
after  two  hundred  and  forty  miles  of  toilsome 
marching  through  wintry  wastes  and  rugged 
mountains  after  leaving  Snake  river,  and  six 
months  after  their  separation  from  the  Lisa 
expedition  at  the  Arrickaree  village  on  the 
east  of  the  mountains.  Their  entire  route  by 
land  and  water  from  the  Arrickaree  village 
had  been,  according  to  their  reckoning,  1,751 
miles,  and  it  had  been  an  experience  of  toil, 
uncertainty,  disappointment  and  disaster,  in 
which  their  spirit  was  broken,  and  they  were 
brought  at  times  to  the  verge  of  despair.  Ten 
days  after  their  first  sight  of  the  Columbia 
'  they  arrived  at  the  falls.  The  party  were 
weary  of  land  traveling,  and  gladly  took  the 
canoes,  which  were  borne  peacefully  on  the 
bosom  of  the  great  river  to  the  west,  and  on 
the  15th  of  February,  1812,  as  they  swept 
around  a  point  they  came  in  sight  of  the  long- 
sought-for  object  of  their  eleven  months' 
wanderings,  and  Astoria  stood  before  them, 
with  its  magazines,  habitations  and  picketed 
bulwarks,  overlooking  a  beautiful  bay,  in 
which  a  shallop  was  quietly  riding  at  anchor. 
A  shout  of  delight  burst  forth  from  each  ca- 
noe in  the  fleet  at  the  sight,  they  pulled 
rapidly  and  joyfully  across  the  bay  and  were 
soon  on  shore,  warmly  greeted  by  friends,  the 
first  among  them  being  Reed,  McClellan,  Mc> 
Kenzie  and  eight  Canadians,  who  had  become 
separated  from  the  expedition  at  Caldron 
^  Linn  in  November,  and  after  almost  incredi- 
ble sufferings  had  succeeded  in  making  their 
way  to  Lewis  River,  where  they  fell  in  with  a 
friendly  tribe  of  Indians,  who  ministered  to 
their  necessities,  and  from  whom  they  pro- 
cured two  canoes  in  which  they  floated  down 
to  Astoria,  reaching  that  place  haggard, 
emaciated  and  in  rags,  a  month  beford  the  ar- 
rival of  Mr.  Hunt.  The  joy  that  attended  the 
arrival  of  the  Hunt  party  at  Astoria  was 
short-lived.  Before  arrangements  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  fur  trade  were  completed, 
Astoria  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Brit- 
ish, the  enterprise  was  broken  up,  and  Mr. 
Hunt,  after  various  wanderings,  returned  to 


St.  Louis,  where  he  lived  till  the  day  of  his 
^^^^^-  D.  M.  Grissom. 

Hunter,  David  B.,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Washington  City,  July  21,  1802.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1822.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War  in  1861  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  cavalry,  and  commanded 
the  main  body  of  Union  troops  in  the  battle 
of  Bull  Run,  where  he  was  severely  wounded. 
In  August  he  was  made  major  general  of 
volunteers  in  the  Department  of  Missouri, 
under  General  Fremont,  and  commanded  one 
of  the  five  divisions  of  the  army  that  marched 
to  Springfield  in  October,  1861.  On  the 
arrival  there  General  Fremont  was  ordered 
to  turn  the  command  over  to  General  Hunter, 
but  Hunter  held  it  only  for  five  days,  when 
General  Halleck  succeeded  him.  Shortly 
after  General  Hunter  was  ordered  to  the 
South. 

Hunter,  Joseph,  banker  and  land  own- 
er, was  born  March  10,  1823,  in  Scott 
County,  Missouri,  son  of  Honorable  Abra- 
ham and  Sarah  (Ogden)  Hunter.  His  father, 
who  was  of  Kentucky  parentage,  was  born 
in  1794,  came  to  Scott  County,  Missouri,  in 
his  youth  and  attained  a  position  of  promi- 
nence in  politics  and  public  life  in  this  State. 
He  was  a  Democrat  of  influence  in  his  party, 
served  twelve  years  in  the  Missouri  House 
of  Representatives  and  eight  years  in  the 
State  Senate,  giving  twenty  years  in  all  to  the 
service  of  the  public  as  a  legislator.  He  was 
also  sherifif  and  probate  judge  of  Scott 
County,  where  he  held  office  as  early  as  1820. 
His  death  occurred  October  25,  1869. 
Joseph  Hunter  grew  up  in  Scott  County,  and 
when  twenty  years  of  age  went  to  New  Mad- 
rid County,  where  he  engaged  in  agricultural 
pursuits.  His  wife  died  there  in  1845  ^^^ 
soon  afterward  he  went  to  Louisiana,  where 
he  managed  a  sugar  plantation  for  nine 
years  thereafter.  He  returned  to  Scott 
County,  Missouri,  and  settled  on  a  farm  there 
in  1855.  When  the  Civil  War  overshadowed 
everything  else  and  drew  men  from  the  farms 
and  workshops  into  the  maelstrom  of  strife, 
he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army  as  a 
member  of  the  Second  Missouri  Cavalry 
Regiment.  He  served  with  this  regiment 
through  the  entire  war,  and  had  the  good 
fortune  to  escape  being  either  wounded  or 


332 


HUNTERS  AND   TRAPPERS. 


captured,  although  he  was  a  participant  in 
numerous  engagements,  among  them  being 
those  at  Corinth,  Fort  Pillow,  Middleburg 
and  Farmington.  After  the  war  he  returned 
to  New  Madrid  County,  where  he  engaged 
in  farming  on  a  large  scale,  and  he  has  ever 
since  been  identified  with  that  interest.  He 
is  also  president  of  the  People's  Bank,  of 
New  Madrid,  and  is  widely  known  as  one 
of  the  wealthiest  citizens  of  New  Madrid 
County  and  one  of  its  most  capable  and 
sagacious  business  men.  For  a  number  of 
years  he  was  interested  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits, but  in  later  years  farming  and  banking 
have  engaged  all  of  his  time  and  attention. 
In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  and  his  religious 
affiliations  are  with  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Mr.  Hunter  has  been  three  times  married. 
First,  in  1845,  to  Mary  Dunklin,  who  died  in 
1846.  In  1856  he  married  Elizabeth  Russell, 
of  Cape  Girardeau  County,  who  died  in  1861, 
leaving  two  children,  Sallie  and  Abraham 
Hunter.  For  his  third  wife  Mr.  Hunter  mar- 
ried Emeline  (Dunklin)  Sherwood,  a  sister 
of  his  first  wife,  and  a  daughter  of  William 
Dunklin,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  New  Madrid 
County.  The  children  born  of  this  marriage 
have  been  Robert  Lee,  Emma  and  Jennie 
Hunter. 

Hunters  and  Trappers. — More  than 
three-quarters  of  the  male  adults  of  early  St. 
Louis  were  hunters.  Some  followed  the 
chase  the  year  round;  others  were  engaged 
•  in  it  only  a  part  of  the  time.  The  prospective 
profits  of  hunting  founded,  and  the  actual 
profits  sustained,  St.  Louis.  No  class  of  its 
residents  more  actively  contributed  to  the 
growth  of  the  trading  post  than  the  hunters 
and  trappers.  Without  the  services  of  these 
hardy  pioneers  St.  Louis  could,  at  best,  have 
attained  only  a  tardy  prosperity.  It  is  quite 
probable  that  without  their  assistance  the 
feeble  life  of  the  new-born  settlement  would 
have  been  terminated  by  an  early  death.  The 
hunters  furnished  the  peltry  which,  in  the  be- 
ginning, was  almost  the  sole  commodity  in 
which  St.  Louis  dealt.  They  supplied  the 
furs  which  the  boatmen  transported.  To  the 
services  of  these  complementary  factors  the 
commercial  prosperity  of  St.  Louis  owes  its 
first  impulses.  Spending  months  at  a  time  in 
the  forests,  sleeping  in  the  open  air,  exposed 
day  and  night  to  every  inclemency  of  the 
^  weather,   living  on   the  precarious   supplies 


which  the  rifle  provided,  and  subject  to  dan- 
gers, privations  and  hardships  of  every 
kind,  the  hunters  and  trappers  became  almost 
as  hardy  as  the  animals  they  pursued.  By 
their  tact  and  facility  of  adaptation  they  al- 
ways preserved  friendly  relations  with  the 
Indians.  They  partially  adopted  the  Indian 
style  of  dress  and  manner  of  living.  Many 
had  Indian  wives  and  sweethearts.  Fair 
dealing  and  a  careful  avoidance  of  every  just 
cause  of  offense  won  the  confidence  of  the 
Indians.  The  genial  good  nature  of  the 
French  and  their  easy  conformity  with  the 
aboriginal  customs  were  more  than  the  for- 
tunate accidents  of  a  happy  organization. 
They  were  qualities  which  were  at  that  time 
of  historic  importance.  Without  the  concilia- 
tion which  such  dispositions  effected  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  Indians  would  have 
been  impossible.  Amity  and  peace  were  the 
essential  conditions  of  mercantile  success. 
An  austere  race,  haughtily  disregarding  the 
traditions  and  tastes  of  the  savages,  would 
have  provoked  hostilities  and  prevented  the 
possibility  of  commercial  intercourse.  The 
effect  of  national  character  upon  public  pol- 
icy is  conspicuously  shown  by  the  examples 
of  France  and  England.  The  French  were 
wont  to  conciliate  their  foreign  subjects  by 
personal  kindness;  the  English  were  accus- 
tomed to  hold  theirs  by  the  strong  arm  of 
military  power.  The  two  systems  of  treat- 
ment produced  their  natural  effect  upon  the 
Indians.  With  a  few  exceptions,  attributable 
chiefly  to  bribery  and  intrigue,  the  savages 
were  friendly  to  the  French  and  hostile  to 
the  English.  The  Indian  trade,  which  French 
suavity  won,  fostered  the  growth  of  early 
St.  Louis. 

The  garb  of  the  hunters  was  picturesque. 
It  combined  the  styles  of  civilized  and  savage 
life  in  proportions  which  varied  according  to 
the  tastes  and  needs  of  the  wearers.  The 
description  which  tradition  has  transmitted 
depicts  the  various  fashions  which  prevailed 
in  different  sections  of  the  West.  As  it  por- 
trays the  combined  peculiarities  of  a  vast 
region,  its  detail  is  not  wholly  applicable  to 
any  one  locality.  The  garb  here  described  is 
a  representative  type,  rather  than  the  exact 
dress  of  the  St.  Louis  hunter.  In  the  sum- 
mer the  hunter  usually  wore  a  light  handker- 
chief on  the  head.  It  served  as  a  protection 
against  heat  and  insects.  Adjusted  in  the 
style  of  a  turban,  and  rich  in  gaiety  of  color, 


HUNTERS  AND  TRAPPERS. 


333 


it  formed  an  attractive  head-dress.  In  win- 
ter the  head  was  covered  with  a  fur  cap  or 
heavy  woolen  hood.  The  hood  was  generally 
attached  to  the  blanket  cloak,  which  was  used 
as  an  overcoat.  In  the  warm  season  a  light, 
loose  shirt  of  coarse  cotton,  linen  or  linsey 
was  worn.  The  trousers  were  commonly 
made  of  buckskin,  but  sometimes  the  mate- 
rial was  domestic  linsey  or  tow  linen.  They 
were  cut  so  as  to  fit  closely.  Occasionally, 
instead  of  trousers,  breeches  and  long  deer- 
skin leggings  were  worn.  In  this  case  the 
thighs  and  hips  were  bare.  A  leather  belt 
encircled  the  waist  and  buckled  behind.  The 
cloth  which  was  folded  around  the  loins  was 
held  in  place  by  the  girdle.  The  hanging 
ends  were  often  gaily  embroidered.  A  hunt- 
ing shirt,  with  a  large  cape  and  loose  sleeves, 
reached  nearly  to  the  knees.  For  winter  use 
this  frock  was  often  made  of  dressed  deer- 
skin. .The  edge  of  the  cape,  the  bottom  of 
the  skirt  and  the  shoulder  and  wrist  bands 
of  the  sleeves  were  adorned  with  colored  tas- 
sels and  fringes.  The  shirt  opened  in  front 
like  a  coat,  and  was  made  so  large  as  to 
lap  at  least  a  foot  across  the  breast.  The 
folds  of  the  bosom  served  the  purpose  of  a 
pocket.  In  this  capacious  receptacle  were 
carried  the  food  and  other  indispensable  arti- 
cles of  a  hunter's  outfit.  The  equipment 
always  included  slices  of  game,  wads  for  the 
rifle,  an  awl  and  strips  of  buckskin  for  the 
repair  of  torn  moccasins.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  settlements  it  was  possible  for  the 
hunter  to  procure  dried  meat  and  cornbread, 
but  the  available  supply  was  limited  to  the 
capacity  of  the  folds  of  the  frock.  This  food 
the  hunter  carried  with  him  in  the  chase. 
When  it  was  exhausted  and  when  the  fare 
which  the  rifle  purveyed  became  distasteful, 
the  wood  ranger  went  for  a  fresh  supply  to  an 
Indian  village  or  returned  to  the  stock 
which  had  been  deposited  in  a  temporary 
hovel,  erected  as  a  shelter  from  storms  and  a 
storehouse  for  provisions  and  peltries.  But 
many  hunters  exclusively  depended  for  a 
subsistence  upon  the  catering  of  their  rifles. 
The  moccasin  was  made  of  a  single  piece  of 
heavy  dressed  buckskin.  A  plain  seam  ran 
from  the  heel  to  the  ankle, but  the  upper  part, 
from  the  toes  to  the  instep,  was  gathered. 
The  shoe-thread  was  the  sinews  of  deer  or 
strings  cut  out  of  buckskin.  For  winter 
service  the  top  of  the  moccasin  was  made 
with  long  folds    which  wrapped  around  the 


ankle.  In  cold  weather  the  shoes  were  lined 
with  wool  or  deer  hair.  The  hunter  never 
set  out  on  a  trip  without  an  ample  supply 
of  material  for  mending  his  moccasins.  The 
flaps,  or  insteps,  were  sometimes  embellished 
with  beaded  embroidery.  In  cold  weather 
the  hunter  wore  a  hooded  cloak  made  of 
heavy  blanketing.  It  was  called  a  capote. 
The  belt,  which  held  the  powder  horn  and 
shot  bag,  passed  across  from  the  left  shoulder 
to  the  right  side.  The  hunter's  outfit  was 
never  complete  without  a  hatchet  and  a 
strong  knife.  These  were  carried  in  leather 
cases  attached  to  the  girdle.  Some  rangers, 
when  their  hunting  grounds  were  far  from 
Indian  villages,  were  accustomed  to  build  a 
rude  hut,  in  which  they  stored  provisions  and 
the  skins  of  the  animals  which  they  cap- 
tured. The  frequency  of  their  return  to  their 
headquarters  depended  upon  their  success 
with  the  rifle  and  the  trap.  They  were  occa- 
sionally absent  for  weeks  at  a  time.  If  game 
was  abundant  the  hut  would  be  retained 
throughout  the  hunting  season,  otherwise 
another  shelter  was  erected  in  wilds  where 
the  trophies  of  the  chase  were  richer.  The 
hunters  were  brave  adventurers;  no  dangers 
or  hardships  daunted  the  spirit  of  these  in- 
trepid pioneers.  Traversing  the  vast  soli- 
tudes of  the  wilderness  and  penetrating  the 
fastnesses  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  they  were 
the  first  to  make  known  to  civilization  the 
physical  features  of  the  far  West.  The  enter- 
prise of  hunters  anticipated  the  explorations 
of  the  government.  Lewis  and  Glark  were 
not  the  first  to  unlock  the  gates  of  the  moun- 
tains. Indeed,  the  early  expeditions  which 
the  government  sent  to  explore  the  far  West 
owed  much  of  their  success  to  the  co-opera- 
tion and  practical  guidance  of  huntsmen. 
James  Pursley  was  a  typical  hunter.  Ani- 
mated with  a  spirit  of  daring  adventure,  he 
set  out  on  a  hunting  excursion,  and,  after 
roaming  over  the  plains  for  three  years, 
finally,  in  1802,  reached  Santa  Fe.  To  him 
has  been  ascribed  the  honor  of  being  the 
first  American  that  ever  made  this  journey. 
In  the  service  of  the  fur  companies,  or  in  the 
independent  pursuit  of  game,  the  hunters 
traced  the  great  Western  rivers  to  their 
sources,  traversed  the  basin  between  the 
Rocky  and  Sierra  Nevada  ranges,  and  ulti- 
mately crossed  the  continent.  Their  camp- 
ing grounds  were  chosen  with  a  keen 
appreciation  of  local  advantages.    The  spots 


334 


HUNTSVILLE— HURDLAND. 


which  their  trained  judgment  selected  often 
became  the  sites  of  prosperous  villages. 
Their  choice  of  a  situation  was  of  itself  a 
strong  presumptive  evidence  of  its  excellence. 
The  valuable  consignments  of  furs  which 
they  annually  sent  to  St.  Louis  were  the 
sources  of  its  commercial  success.  For  the 
tact  and  just  dealing  with  which  they  main- 
tained friendly  relations  with  the  Indians,  for 
the  contributions  which  they  made  to  physi- 
cal knowledge,  and  for  the  services  which 
they  rendered  in  the  extension  of  trade,  the 
Western  hunters  deserve  a  tribute  of  historic 
praise.  St.  Louis,  which  owes  so  much  to 
their  adventurous  hardihood,  will  ever  cher- 
ish a  spirit  of  gratitude  toward  the  humble 
founders  of  its  early  prosperity. 

Prof.  S.  Waterhouse. 

Huiitsv411e. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
in  Randolph  County,  on  the  Wabash  Rail- 
road, seven  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Moberly. 
The  site  of  the  town  was  settled  in  1823  by 
Nathan  and  Daniel  Hunt,  William  Goggin, 
Gideon  Wright,  Blandermin  Smith  and 
Henry  Winburn.  In  1829  the  County  of 
Randolph  was  organized  and  in  183 1  the 
county  seat  was  located  at  Huntsville.  The 
courthouse  was  located  in  the  exact  center 
of  the  original  town,  which  was  a  perfect 
square,  consisting  of  four  donations  of  twelve 
and  one-half  acres  each,  contributed  by 
Daniel  Hunt,  William  Goggin,  Gideon 
Wright  and  Henry  Winburn.  The  present 
city  of  Huntsville  covers  more  than  1,000 
acres.  It  was  named  for  Daniel  Hunt,  who 
was  the  first  settler  among  the  above  named 
pioneers,  though  the  others  came  very 
shortly  after  he  located.  At  the  sale  of  town 
lots  which  occurred  in  the  spring  of  183 1, 
all  the  original  town  lots  were  sold  except 
those  reserved  for  the  courthouse,  jail  and 
markethouse.  The  lots  sold  for  prices  rang- 
ing from  $3.25  to  $115.  The  following  order 
appears  on  the  records  of  the  county  court, 
made  when  the  town  was  located : 

"Ordered,  that  all  persons  cutting  timber 
in  the  streets  of  Huntsville  are  required  to 
leave  the  stumps  not  more  than  one  foot  in 
height,  and  to  clear  all  timber  so  cut,  to- 
gether with  the  brush." 

The  city  is  delightfully  located  on  elevated 
land'  about  half  a  mile  distant  from  the  rail- 
road, and  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural 
district.     It  has  a  good  modern  courthouse, 


six  churches — Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Metho- 
dist Episcopal,  South,  Christian  and  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  and  Baptist,  the  last  two  for 
colored  people.  A  few  years  ago  a  fine  high 
school  building  was  erected.  This  building 
was  burned  in  January,  1900,  but  the  enter- 
prising citizens  of  the  town  at  once  began 
the  erection  of  another,  even  finer,  which 
is  now  completed  and  may  be  numbered 
among  the  best  high  school  buildings  in  the 
State.  For  a  number '  of  years  Huntsville 
was  the  seat  of  Mount  Pleasant  College, 
which  was  under  the  control  of  the  Baptist 
denomination  of  the  State.  The  charter  for 
this  institution  was  obtained  February,  1855, 
and  the  college  was  opened  shortly  after- 
ward. It  became  the  alma  mater  of  many 
men  and  women  afterward  prominent  in  the 
history  of  Missouri.  Its  presidents  were  as 
follows,  and  their  terms  of  service:  Rev. 
William  Thompson,  LL.  D.,  one  year;  Rev. 
W.  R.  Rothwell,  D.  D.,  twelve  years ;  Rev.  J. 
W.  Terrill,  seven  years ;  Rev.  M.  J.  Breaker, 
three  years;  Rev.  A.  S.  Worrell,  one  year, 
and  Rev.  J.  B.  Weber,  one  year.  The  col- 
lege occupied  buildings  costing  over  $50,- 
000.  They  were  destroyed  by  fire  in  1880 
and  have  never  been  rebuilt. 

The  present  business  of  the  city  of  Hunts- 
ville is  represented  by  two  good  banks,  a 
large  medicine  company,  a  flour  and  grist- 
mill, lumber  mill,  rake  and  stacker  factory, 
handle  factory,  two  hotels,  and  about  forty 
other  business  houses  representing  all 
branches  of  trade.  The  "Herald,"  published 
by  Balthis  &  Dameron,  is  a  progressive  and 
money-making  weekly  paper  published  in  the 
city,  and  a  religious  periodical  is  also  pub- 
lished. There  are  numerous  large  coal 
mines  in  and  near  the  city,  which  employ  a 
great  number  of  miners  and  annually  pro- 
duce a  large  tonnage  of  good  coal.  There 
are  also  extensive  coke  works  located  near 
the  city  limits,  and  a  fine  grade  of  the  best 
quality  of  coke  is  produced.  Population  in 
1899  (estimated),  2,000. 

Hurdlaiid. — An  incorporated  village  in 
Knox  County,  on  the  Omaha,  Kansas  City 
&  Eastern  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  Railroads,  eight  miles  west  of  Edina.  It 
has  a  public  school,  two  churches,  a  bank, 
flouring  mill,  sawmill,  weekly  newspaper,  the 
"News,"  and  about  twenty  other  business 
places,  including  stores  and  shops  in  differ- 


HURT— HUSTON. 


335 


ent  lines  of  trade.     Population   1899  (esti- 
mated), 500. 

Hurt,  Peyton  Leonidas,  physician, 
was  born  August  26,  1845,  in  Chariton 
County,  Missouri,  son  of  Martin  C.  and  Par- 
melia  (Philpott)  Hurt.  His  father  was  a 
Virginian  and  his  mother  a  Kentuckian,  and 
both  came  to  Missouri  in  1837.  Dr.  Hurt 
was  reared  in  Chariton  County  and  obtained 
his  preparatory  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  county.  He  then  entered 
Central  College,  at  Fayette,  Missouri,  which 
he  attended  for  three  years.  At  the  end  of 
that  time,  having  determined  to  make  the 
practice  of  medicine  his  vocation  in  life,  he 
went  to  Jeflferson  Medical  College  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  widely  known  institutions  of  its  kind  in 
the  United  States,  and  there  entered  upon  a 
course  of  study  which  was  completed  in  1867, 
when  he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  medicine.  Returning  to  Missouri 
immediately  after  his  graduation  from  the 
medical  college,  he  began  practicing  at  Lis- 
bon, in  Howard  County,  and  continued  there 
until  1870.  He  then  removed  to  Arrow  Rock, 
in  Saline  County,  and  practiced  there  until 
1873,  when  he  established  his  home  in  Boon- 
ville.  Cooper  County.  In  this  larger  and 
more  satisfactory  field  of  practice  he  has  since 
continued  his  professional  labors,  gathering 
about  him  a  large  clientele  as  a  result  of 
his  skillful  treatment  of  those  who  came 
under  his  care,  and  his  conscientious  dis- 
charge of  every  responsibility  which  rests 
upon  the  general  practitioner  of  medicine. 
His  superior  attainments  and  high  character 
have  received  deserved  recognition  from  his 
professional  brethren  as  well  as  the  general 
public,  and  during  the  year  1890  he  served 
as  president  of  the  Central  Medical  Associ- 
ation of  Missouri.  He  has  also  served  three 
terms  as  coroner  of  Cooper  County,  an  offi- 
cial position  in  the  line  of  his  profession. 
Affiliating  with  the  Democratic  party  polit- 
ically, he  has  frequently  served  as  a  dele- 
gate to  State  and  other  conventions,  and  also 
as  a  member  of  the  central  committee  of  his 
county,  but  has  had  little  inclination  to 
office-holding,  and  has  held  no  position  of 
this  character,  aside  from  that  of  coroner, 
except  the  position  of  city  councilman  at 
Boonville.  For  several  years  Dr.  Hurt  has 
taken  much  interest  in  keeping  up  the  fish 


supply  of  the  streams  of  Missouri,  and  dur- 
ing the  year  1898  he  served  as  president  of 
the  State  Board  of  P'ish  Commissioners.  He 
is  still  a  member  of  this  board  and  has  ren- 
dered services  of  great  value  to  the  public 
in  this  connection.  June  29,  1887,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Cora  Kinney,  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain Joseph  Kinney,  a  noted  old-time  steam- 
boat owner  and  a  prominent  man  of  affairs, 
whose  home  was  in  Howard  County.  A 
daughter,  Mary  Hurt,  is  the  only  child  of  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Hurt. 

Huse,  William  L.,  merchant,  was  born 
in  Danville,  Vermont,  March  9,  1835.  He 
received  an  English  and  commercial  edu- 
cation in  Chicago.  When  seventeen  years 
old  he  became  clerk  in  a  grocery  house.  He 
then  became  connected  with  the  forwarding 
and  commission  house  of  Isaac  D.  Harmon 
&  Co.,  of  Peru,  Illinois,  and  was  given  charge 
of  a  steamer  in  the  Illinois  River  trade,  and 
in  1858  his  earnings  enabled  him  to  pur- 
chase the  boat  and  enter  into  the  transporta- 
tion business  on  his  own  account.  When 
twenty-five  years  of  age  he  owned  three 
steamers  plying  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  a 
year  later  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  organ- 
ized the  firm  of  Huse,  Loomis  &  Co.,  which 
engaged  in  the  ice  and  transportation  busi- 
ness in  that  city,  later  incorporated  as  the 
Huse  &  Loomis .  Ice  and  Transportation 
Company.  Of  this  corporation  Mr.  Huse 
became  and  still  continues  to  be  president. 
Mr.  Huse  is  also  president  of  the  Creve 
Coeur  Ice  Company,  a  stockholder  and  di- 
rector in  the  Crystal  Plate  Glass  Company, 
a  stockholder  and  director  in  the  Peru  Plow 
&  Wheel  Company,  president  of  the  Union 
Dairy  Company,  a  director  of  the  Boatmen's 
Bank  and  of  the  St.  Louis  Trust  Company, 
and  a  stockholder  in  various  other  financial, 
commercial  and  manufacturing  enterprises. 
He  has  served  as  president  of  the  St.  Louis 
Commercial  Club  and  has  been  a  conspicu- 
ously active  member.  Mr.  Huse  married, 
in  1867,  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Harvey  Brown, 
of  New  York  City,  a  well  known  Methodist 
clergyman.  Both  he  and  his  wife  being  fond 
of  travel,  they  have  indulged  their  tastes  in 
this  direction  largely,  and  have  traveled  ex- 
tensively both  in  this  country  and  Europe. 

Huston,  John  Percy,  banker,  is  de- 
scended from  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 


336 


HUSTON. 


prominent  of  the  pioneers  of  Central  Mis- 
souri. His  paternal  grandfather,  Joseph 
Huston,  a  native  of  Augusta  County,  Vir- 
ginia, married  Miss  Brownlee,  and  in  1819 
moved  to  Saline  County,  settling  on  a  farm  in 
Arrow  Rock  Township.  There  he  built  a 
hotel,  the  first  in  the  neighborhood,  which  he 
conducted  for  many  years,  later  in  life  estab- 
lishing a  mercantile  business  there  which  he 
conducted  in  connection  with  the  hotel. 
After  his  first  wife  died  he  married  the  widow 
of  Bradford  Lawless.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  influence  in  Saline  County,  and  for 
many  years  in  the  early  history  of  that  place, 
was  the  only  justice  of  the  peace  in  his  town- 
ship. The  reputation  for  probity,  integrity 
and  strength  of  character  descended  to  his 
son  Joseph,  and  is  also  the  heritage  of  the 
grandson.  Joseph  Huston,  Jr.,  son  of  the 
pioneer,  was  born  and  raised  on  the  farm.  In 
youth  he  entered  his  father's  store  as  a  clerk 
and  for  some  time  continued  in  that  business. 
In  1859  he  formed  a  partnership  in  the  same 
business  with  Will  H.  Wood,  and  in 
1865  they  added  a  commission  business 
to  their  joint  interests.  The  firm  was 
dissolved  in  1869,  and  four  years  later  a 
new  partnership  was  organized  by  them, 
as  Wood  &  Huston,  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
gaging in  the  banking  business  in  Marshall. 
In  1874  they  opened  their  bank  for  the  trans- 
action of  business,  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
the  square  in  Marshall,  their  capital  being 
$20,000.  The  institution  was  conducted  as  a 
private  bank  until  1882,  when  the  capital  was 
increased  to  $100,000,  stock  issued  for  that 
amount,  and  incorporation  under  the  laws  of 
Missouri  effected.  Of  this  bank  Joseph 
Huston  served  as  President  until  his  death  in 
1884,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Will  H. 
Wood,  who  continued  at  the  head  of  the  insti- 
tution until  his  death  in  1890.  Mr.  Huston 
was  twice  married,  first  in  1849  to  Virginia 
Thompson,  daughter  of  Philip  Thompson,  an 
early  settler  of  Howard  County.  His  second 
wife,  to  whom  he  was  united  in  1857, 
was  Mary  Smith,  the  daughter  of  G.  S. 
Smith,  who  was  a  native  of  Kentucky. 
They  had  ten  children,  of  whom  six 
are  living,  namely :  John  Percy,  Bettie, 
Harry  L.,  Will  S.,  C.  Louise,  wife  of  Charles 
L.  Bell,  of  Marshall,  and  Arthur  E.  Huston. 
Joseph  Huston  was  a  quiet,  unostentatious 
man,  of  great  integrity  and  cast-iron  business 
principles.      He   seldom  made  an   error   in 


judgment,  and  was  equally  as  correct  in  his 
clerical  work.  He  was  a  quiet  and  retiring 
man  of  generous  impulses,  giving  liberally  of 
his  means  to  worthy  causes.  He  was  public- 
spirited  to  a  marked  degree,  and  from  every 
point  of  view  a  valued  member  of  the  com- 
munity. JOHN  PERCY.  HUSTON,  his 
eldest  child,  was  born  in  Saline  County,  Mis- 
souri, November  28,  i860.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
years  he  was  graduated  from  Kemper  Mih- 
tary  School  at  Boonville,  being  the  youngest 
graduate  to  leave  that  institution.  The  year 
following  his  graduation  from  the  last  named 
institution  he  entered  his  father's  bank  as 
bookkeeper,  and  in  1882  was  made  assistant 
cashier  and  in  1885  cashier.  Since  the  death 
of  Will  H.  Wood,  in  1890,  the  management 
of  the  institution  has  been  in  his  hands.  So 
successful  has  his  conduct  of  affairs  been  that 
he  is  recognized  by  the  bankers  of  Missouri 
as  one  of  the  most  sagacious  financiers  in  the 
State,  with  a  masterly  grasp  of  questions 
pertaining  to  this  most  important  interest. 
In  1895  he  was  complimented  by  election  to 
the  office  of  president  of  the  Missouri  Bank- 
ers' Association.  In  1897  he  was  elected  vice 
president  from  Missouri  of  the  American 
Bankers'  Association,  and  in  1900  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  executive  council  of  that 
association.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
papers  presented  before  the  State  associa- 
tion. At  its  meeting  at  Cape  Girardeau,  in 
1898,  he  read  a  carefully  prepared  paper  on 
"The  Banking  Department  of  the  State  of 
Missouri  and  the  Laws  Governing  the  Same," 
which  was  awarded  a  prize  of  $100  as  the 
best  paper  on  the  new  bank  inspection  law. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Bankers' 
Association  at  Denver,  Colorado,  in  August, 
1898,  he  delivered  an  address  on  the  "Re- 
sources and  Banking  Statistics  of  Missouri," 
which  was  applauded  as  the  best  address  on 
a  kindred  subject  delivered  before  that 
session.  For  several  years  he  has  been  treas- 
urer of  the  Sappington  fund  for  the  education 
of  poor  children.  In  1885  he  became  one  of 
the  incorporators  of  the  Ridg6  Park  Ceme- 
tery Association,  which  laid  out  the  present 
attractive  burying  grounds  at  Marshall.  He 
also  has  large  holdings  and  is  a  director  in 
the  Marshall  Gas  Light,  Water  and  Ice  Com- 
panies. Fraternally  he  is  a  Knight  Templar 
in  Masonry.  In  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  he  is  president  of  the  board 
of  stewards,  and  was  elected  in  1900  a  trustee 


HUTCHINSON. 


337 


of  Central  College  at  Fayette,  Missouri.  Mr. 
Huston  married,  November  14,  1889,  Nellie 
Cary,  a  native  of  Kansas  City,  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Judge  Lucius  and  Martha 
(Stone)  Cary.  They  are  the  parents  of  two 
children,  Lucius  Cary  and  John  Percy  Hus- 
ton, Jr.  Politically  Mr.  Huston  is  a  Demo- 
crat, and  he  was  a  member  of  the  military 
staff  of  Governor  Stephens,  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general. 

Hvitchiiisoii,  E.,  Carter,  clergyman 
and  educator,  was  born  in  Hebron,  Connecti- 
cut, December  25,  1804,  and  died  at  Sara- 
toga, New  York,  July  27,  1876.  He  com- 
pleted his  education  at  Brown  University, 
graduating  with  high  honors.  He  studied 
theology  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary, 
and  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  Thereafter  he  was  in  charge  of 
churches,  successively,  at  Petersburg,  Shep- 
herdstown  and  Alexandria,  Virginia,  until 
1840,  when  he  took  orders  in  the  Episcopal 
Church.  He  came  west  the  same  year  in 
order  to  accept  the  presidency  of  Kemper 
College,  and  he  was  at  the  head  of  this  insti- 
tution until  1845,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to 
St.  George's  Church,  of  St.  Louis,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  rector.  Subsequently  he 
founded  Trinity  Episcopal  Church,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  occupied  the  rectorship  until  the 
close  of  his  ministerial  career.  He  was  one 
of  the  pioneers  of  Episcopalianism  in  Mis- 
souri. Dr.  Hutchinson,  in  .1829,  married 
Lucy  Burwell  Randolph,  at  Carter  Hall, 
Clark  County,  Virginia,  and  left  three  surviv- 
ing children,  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 

Hutchinson,  Robert  Randolph, 

banker  and  financier,  was  born  August  28, 
1837,  in  Petersburg,  Virginia.  Removing  to 
St,  Louis  with  his  parents  when  he  was  four 
years  of  age,  he  grew  up  in  that  city  and 
obtained  his  early  education  there.  He  was 
then  sent  to  the  University  of  Virginia,  and 
later  to  the  University  of  Berlin,  Germany, 
where  he  completed  his  education.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  St.  Louis,  but  had  only 
begun  practice  when  the  Civil  War  began. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Missouri  Minute 
Men  in  St,  Louis  in  i860,  and  aided  in  raising 
a  company  of  the  Second  Regiment  of  the 
Missouri  State  Guards,  and  was  serving  as 
first  lieutenant  at  the  time  of  the  capture  of 
Camp  Jackson.     He  was  made  adjutant  of  his 

Vol.  Ill— 22 


regiment  and  then  promoted  to  captain  and 
assistant  adjutant  general  of  Bowen's 
brigade,  and  later  of  the  division.  He  was  in 
active  service  in  the  field  thereafter  during 
the  whole  period  of  the  Civil  War.  On  re- 
turning to  St.  Louis,  he  found  himself  dis- 
barred under  the  Drake  Constitution,  and 
this  political  disability  operated  to  turn  him 
away  from  the  law,  and  he  became  identified 
with  the  banking  interests  of  the  city.  He 
served  as  cashier  of  the  Lucas  Bank,  and 
later  as  cashier  of  the  Mechanics'  Bank,  with 
which  he  has  ever  since  been  conspicuously 
identified.  In  1897  he  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency of  this  bank,  and  the  same  year  was 
elected  president  also  of  the  St.  Louis  Clear- 
ing  House  Association.  He  has  interested 
himself  especially  in  the  upbuilding  of  the 
Mercantile  Library,  having  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  library  association.  Major 
Hutchinson  married  in  1865  Miss  Mary 
Mitchell,  daughter  of  Colonel  D.  D.  Mitchell, 
a  descendant  of  Major  William  Christy,  a 
pioneer  settler  of  St.  Louis.  The  engage- 
ment had  existed  during  the  war,  a  period 
of  total  separation,  excepting  a  visit  made  in 
February,  1865,  by  Miss  Mitchell,  by  special 
permission  of  President  Lincoln,  to  her  in- 
tended husband,  who  was  then  a  prisoner  of 
war  at  Fort  Delaware. 

Hutchinson,  William  Tarlton,  pres- 
ident of  the  Citizens'  National  Bank  of  Se- 
dalia,  is  descended  on  the  paternal  side  from 
Scotch-Irish  ancestors  who  settled  in  Mary- 
land during  the  early  colonial  period.  His 
father,  Oregon  Hutchinson,  was  born  in  Fay- 
ette County,  Kentucky,  a  son  of  Archibald 
Hutchinson,  and  spent  his  entire  life  in  the 
Bluegrass  State,  dying  during  our  subject's 
childhood.  He  married  Hettie  Tarlton,  a 
daughter  of  Caleb  Tarlton,  who  was  a 
prominent  representative  of  the  family  of  that 
name.  The  latter  served  in  the  Kentucky 
Legislature,  and  for  many  years  occupied  a 
judicial  position  in  that  State.  William  T. 
Hutchinson,  son  of  Oregon  and  Hettie  (Tarl- 
ton) Hutchinson,  was  born  in  Fayette  Coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  September  3,  1828.  After  at- 
tending the  common  schools  of  his  native 
county  he  located  at  Lexington,  Missouri, 
with  his  widowed  mother,  in  1846,  where  he 
engaged  in  farming.  Two  or  three  years 
later  he  removed  to  Georgetown,  Pettis 
County,   and   upon  becoming  of  legal   age 


338 


HUTTIG. 


entered  government  land  there.  From  time 
to  time  thereafter  he  added  to  his  possessions 
by  taking  up  raw  prairie  land,  which  he  im- 
proved, and  some  of  which  he  still  possesses. 
In  1885  he  removed  to  Sedalia,  and  in  that 
city  he  has  since  resided,  witnessing  its  de- 
velopment into  one  of  the  leading  cities  of 
the  State,  and  assisting  in  the  formation  of 
many  of  its  important  public  enterprises. 
Since  removing  to  Sedalia,  Mr.  Hutchinson 
has  been  almost  continuously  identified  with 
the  banking  interests  of  the  city.  He  was 
one  of  the  organizers  and  for  many  years 
a  director  in  the  old  Sedalia  Savings  Bank, 
now  extinct,  and  in  1872  became  one  of  the 
incorporators  of  the  Citizens'  National  Bank, 
of  which  he  has  served  as  president  since 
1893.  For  many  years  he  was  identified  with 
the  Missouri  Trust  Company  as  its  vice  presi- 
dent. While  a  resident  of  Bowling  Green 
Township  he  took  a  warm  interest  in  educa- 
tional affairs,  and  served  on  the  school  board 
there  for  a  long  time.  Always  a  Democrat 
of  the  old  school,  he  has  never  cared  for 
public  elective  office.  His  marriage  occurred 
September  20,  T849.and  united  him  to  Martha 
Porter,  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  a  daughter 
of  Belfeel  Porter,  who  settled  in  Pettis 
County  in  1833.  They  are  the  parents 
of  seven  living  children,  namely :  Belfeel, 
who  is  a  farmer  of  Pettis  County,  and 
for  several  years  'proprietor  of  a  woolen 
mill  in  Sedalia;  Emma,  wife  of  Ethel- 
bert  Lamkin,  of  Henry  County ;  Hettie,  wife 
of  W.  Y.  Cline,  of  Pettis  County ;  Sallie,  wife 
of  Lon  B.  Ware,  of  the  Citizens'  National 
Bank;  Viiginia,  wife  of  Milton  Cane,  of 
Sedalia ;  and  Martha  and  Nannie  at  home. 
Mrs.  Hutchinson  is  a  member  of  the  Method- 
ist Church,  South.  Mr.  Hutchinson  has  in 
various  ways  shown  himself  to  be  a  useful, 
helpful  citizen,  with  the  best  interests  of  the 
community  at  heart,  always  ready  to  en- 
courage movements  intended  to  promote  the 
public  weal.  His  integrity  of  character  has 
never  been  brought  into  question.  As  a 
financier  he  has  demonstrated  his  prudence 
and  sagacity,  and  is  regarded  as  a  safe  ad- 
viser to  investors. 

Hiittig,  Charles  H.,  manufacturer  and 
banker,  was  born  in  Muscatine,  Iowa,  son  of 
Frederick  and  Sophia  (Snell)  Huttig.  He  was 
reared  and  educated  in  his  native  city,  quit- 
ting the  high  school  at  sixteen  years  of  age. 


His  early  business  training  was  as  a  book- 
keeper in  the  banking  house  of  Cook,  Musser 
&  Co.,  of  Muscatine.  At  the  end  of  three 
years,  and  before  he  had  attained  his  ma- 
jority, he  became  a  stockholder  in  the  Hut- 
tig  Brothers'  Manufacturing  Company,  of 
Muscatine,  and  was  made  assistant  man- 
ager. In  1885  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and 
established  the  Huttig  Sash  and  Door  Com- 
pany, becoming  president  of  the  corpora- 
tion. This  company  started  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  $40,000,  and  eleven  years  later  its 
capital  and  surplus  amounted  to  $190,000, 
the  result  of  accumulated  profits.  As  Mr. 
Huttig  has  been  at  the  head  of  the  corpo- 
ration, acting  as  president  and  chief  execu- 
tive officer  since  its  formation,  the  growth 
and  prosperity  of  the  enterprise  reflects 
upon  him  the  greatest  credit  and  testifies 
strongly  to  his  s.uperior  abilities  and  high 
character  as  a  business  man.  He  has  borne 
various  other  important  responsibilities. 
After  filling  the  office  of  vice  president  of 
the  Third  National  Bank  for  some  time  he 
was  made  president  in  1897,  and  still  holds 
that  position.  He  is  also  a  director  in  the 
American  Central  Fire  Insurance  Company, 
a  director  in  the  St.  Louis  Safe  Deposit  and 
Savings  Bank,  vice  president  of  the  West- 
ern Sash  and  Door  Company,  of  Kansas 
City,  and  has  considerable  lumber  interests 
in  the  Northwest.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Mercantile  Club,  of  the  Noonday  Club,  and 
of  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  and  served 
during  the  first  three  years  of  its  existence 
as  secretary  of  the  Citizens'  Smoke  Abate- 
ment Association.  Busy  as  he  has  been  in 
the  conduct  of  his  private  aflfairs,  he  has 
found  time  to  serve  the  public  to  a  consid- 
erable extent,  although  compelled  to  decline 
some  of  the  official  positions,  or  at  least 
some  of  the  nominations  for  office  ten- 
dered to  him.  Consideration  of  his  busi- 
ness interests  compelled  him  some  years 
since  to  decline  a  profifered  nomination  for 
Congress  in  the  old  Eighth  Congressional 
District,  but  a  nomination  to  the  .St.  Louis 
school  board  was  accepted  in  1891,  and  his 
popularity  was  evidenced  by  the  fact  that 
he  was  elected  by  the  largest  vote  cast  at 
that  time.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the 
school  board  four  and  a  half  years,  acting 
as  the  chairman  of  the  ways  and  means  com- 
mittee of  the  board  during  the  last  two 
years  of  his  term  of  service.     His  political 


t*7/&.^i-  Ary 


-■^^~-^0(JL..fSJLy\_yU 


•■hrri  /A- 


HUTTIG. 


339 


affiliations  have  been  with  the  Democratic 
party  since  he  became  a  voter,  and  since 
•divisions  have  arisen  in  the  party,  growing 
out  of  financial  questions,  he  has  acted  with 
that  portion  of  the  party  favoring  a  single 
monetary  standard  and  opposed  to  new  and 
•dangerous  innovations  in  our  financial  sys- 
tem. A  Protestant  in  his  religious  affilia- 
tions, he  is  broadly  liberal.  He  has  been 
a  director  of  the  Ethical  Culture  Society  and 
of  the  Self-Culture  Club,  and  a  liberal  con- 
tributor to  the  Humane  and  Provident  Soci- 
■eties  and  other  charitable  associations.  He 
is  a  member  also  of  the  order  of  Knights 
Templar  and  other  branches  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  and  of  the  order  of  Knights  of 
Pythias.  Mr.  Huttig  was  married,  in  1892, 
to  Miss  Annie  E.  Musser,  daughter  of  Peter 
Musser,  of  Muscatine.  Iowa.  Her  father  was 
•one  of  the  pioneers  in  building  up  the  lumber 
and  milling  industry  of  the  upper  Mississippi 
region,  and  is  now  one  of  the  largest  owners 
of  white  pine  lands  in  the  country.  Mrs. 
Huttig  was  educated  at  Muscatine,  Iowa, 
and  at  Highland  Park  Seminary,  near  Chi- 
cago, and  is  an  accomplished  lady,  well  fitted 
to  grace  the  home  of  a  successful  man  of 
affairs. 

Huttig:,  William,  founder  of  one  of 
the  most  important  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments in  the  West,  and  prominently 
identified  with  many  of  the  largest  financial 
and  commercial  interests  of  Kansas  City  and 
vicinity,  was  born  November  26,  1859,  in 
Muscatine.  Iowa.  His  parents  were  Frederick 
and  Sophia  (Snell)  Huttig.  The  father,  a 
Saxon  by  birth,  came  to  America  when  he 
was  twenty  years  of  age,  was  a  stonemason 
by  occupation,  and  built  the  abutments  and 
bridges  for  the  Rock  Island  Railway.  In 
1864  he  established  at  Muscatine,  Iowa, a  sash 
and  door  factory,  from  which  have  sprung 
other  like  houses  in  St.  Louis.  St.  Joseph 
and  Kansas  City.  He  is  now  living  in  Kan- 
sas City,  retired  from  active  business.  The 
mother,  a  native  of  Strasburg,  France,  is  de- 
ceased. The  son,  William  Huttig,  began 
work  in  his  father's  factory  when  he  was 
but  ten  years  of  age,  receiving  a  daily  wage 
of  forty  cents.  He  mastered  every  detail  in 
the  manufacturing  department,  and  became 
particularly  expert  as  a  glazier,  making  a 
record  of  putting  in  1,400  window  lights  m 
a  ten-hour  day.    He  attended  a  public  school 


prior  to  entering  the  factory,  and  while  en- 
gaged in  his  apprenticeship  took  instruction 
in  a  night  school.  Despite  his  meager  edu- 
cational opportunities,  he  acquired  a  fund  of 
knowledge  which,  supplemented  by  attentive 
reading  and  native  ability,  enabled  him  to 
give  masterly  direction  to  the  management 
of  financial  and  commercial  enterprises. 
When  nineteen  years  of  age  he  was  admitted 
to  partnership  in  his  father's  business,  and 
soon  afterward  he  founded  the  Muscatine 
Oat  Meal  Mills,  and  conducted  its  financial 
affairs  in  addition  to  his  factory  duties.  On 
attaining  his  majority  in  1882  he  founded  the 
Western  Sash  and  Door  Company,  of  Kan- 
sas City,  and  began  business  with  a  plant  not 
exceeding  $30,000  in  value.  Th^e  same  year 
incorporation  was  effected  under  the  name 
given  above,  with  William  Huttig  as  presi- 
dent, and  his  brother,  Fred  Huttig,  Jr.,  as 
secretary  and  treasurer.  In  1900  their  fac- 
tories had  become  the  largest  of  their  class 
in  the  West,  if  not  in  the  United  States.  The 
value  of  the  property  is  more  than  a  half- 
million  dollars,  and  the  buildings  and  sheds 
at  Twenty-third  Street  and  Grand  Avenue 
occupy  five  acres  of  ground.  The  number 
of  men  employed  is  260,  and  60,000  feet  of 
lumber  are  used  daily -in  the  manufacture  of 
artistic  and  plain  doors,  blinds,  sash,  mold- 
ings and  fine  hardwood  finishings.  The  ma- 
terial includes  all  native  woods  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
The  shops  contain  a  turning  lathe  for  porch 
columns  which  has  but  one  counterpart  in 
the  world,  and  has  a  daily  capacity  of  400 
complete  columns.  A  planer  in  daily  use 
is  the  largest  in  the  United  States.  The  an- 
nual output  of  the  plant  is  250,000  doors,  2ao,- 
000  glazed  windows  and  2,000,000  feet  of  inte- 
rior finish.  So  complete  are  the  resources 
of  the  plant  that  all  the  mill  work  for  the 
new  Convention  Hall  in  Kansas  City  was 
made  and  delivered  within  seven  days,  every 
sash  and  door  being  made  to  order,  no  such 
unusual  sizes  being  kept  in  stock.  An  exam- 
ple of  ihe  elaborate  interior  work  furnished 
bv  the  company  is  found  in  the  Baltimore 
Hotel,  in  which  cherry,  oak  and  hard  pine 
predominate,  and  in  the  beautiful  mahogany 
work  for  the  National  Rank  of  Commerce. 
The  company  also  operates  factories  in  St. 
Louis  and  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  in  Mus- 
catine, Iowa,  and  maintains  immense  ware- 
houses in  the  first  named  city.     President 


340 


HUTTON. 


Huttig,  the  directing  head  of  this  great  es- 
tabHshment,  is  interested  in  various  other 
important  concerns.  He  is  a  stockholder  in 
the  Eagle  Manufacturing  Company  and  in 
the  Eclipse  Starch  Company,  both  of  Kan- 
sas City,  and  in  the  lola  (Kansas)  Cement 
Works,  the  largest  of  their  class  in  the  world. 
He  is  vice  president  of  the  Electrical  Subway 
Company,  of  Kansas  City,  a  director  and 
large  stockholder  in  the  Kansas  City,  Mexico 
&  Orient  Railway,  a  director  in  the  National 
Bank  of  Commerce,  and  in  the  United  States 
&  Mexico  Trust  Company,  and  a  stockholder 
in  the  Fidelity  Trust  Company  and  in  the 
Armourdale  Bank.  In  all  these  relations, 
associated  in  some  way  with  all  the  financial 
and  commercial  enterprises  of  the  Missouri 
Valley,  Mr.  Huttig  displays  business  qualifi- 
cations of  the  highest  order,  and  he  is  re- 
garded by  his  associates  as  one  of  the  most 
resourceful  and  capable  of  the  men  of  large 
affairs  in  the  metropolis  of  the  Missouri 
Valley.  He  is  an  active  member  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  the  Kansas  City  Club  and  the 
Driving  Park  Association,  and  is  connected 
with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks,  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Knights 
of  Honor.  In  politics  he  is  a  sound  money 
Democrat.  Mr.  Huttig  was  married,  in  1883, 
to  Miss  Ella  L.  Hart,  daughter  of  Jacob  A. 
Hart,  a  wealthy  business  man  of  Cedar  Rap- 
ids, Iowa.  She  died  in  1892,  leaving  two 
children,  Hart  and  Fred,  who  are  high  school 
students  in  Kansas  City.  In  1895  Mr.  Hut- 
tig married  Miss  Nannie  E.  Holmes,  daugh- 
ter of  James  T.  Holmes,  a  large  property- 
owner  in  Kansas  City.  Mrs.  Huttig  is  a 
liighly  educated  lady,  a  graduate  of  Liberty 
Ladies'  College.  Born  of  this  marriage  is  a 
daughter,  Elizabeth  Huttig. 

Hiitton,  John  E.,  Congressman  and 
journalist,  was  born  in  Polk  County,  Ten- 
nessee, March  28,  1828.  His  father,  Wil- 
liam Hutton,  was  a  native  of  Virginia.  At 
the  age  of  three  years  young  Hutton,  with 
his  parents,  moved  to  Lincoln  County,  Mis- 
souri, and  was  brought  up  on  a  farm  one 
and  a  half  miles  from  Troy.  He  received  the 
benefits  of  such  education  as  the  common 
schools  at  that  time  afforded,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  became  a  teacher,  spending  his 
spare  moments  reading  medicine  with  Dr. 
Logan,  a  leading  practitioner  at  Flynt  Hill, 
and  later  attended  lectures  at  Pope's  Medical 


College,  St.  Louis.  In  1853  he  went  to  War- 
renton,  Missouri,  where  he  built  up  a  large 
practice.  In  1859-60  he  took  a  second  course 
at  a  medical  college  in  St.  Louis,  from  which 
he  was  graduated,  and  then  entered  upon 
his  practice  again  in  the  spring  of  i860.  In 
the  presidential  contest  of  i860  he,  with  Hon- 
orable J.  V.  Hayes,  made  a  joint  canvass  of 
Warren  County.  Both  were  strong  speak- 
ers, and  the  debate  proved  only  second  in 
interest  to  the  celebrated  canvass  of  the 
county  by  RolHns  and  Henderson  a  few  years 
before.  He  was  Democratic  nominee  for  the 
State  Senate  in  the  Warren-St.  Charles  dis- 
trict in  1862,  but  was  defeated  by  Honorable 
Frederick  Muench,  the  district  being  over- 
whelmingly Republican.  September  2,  1862, 
he  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  Fifty- 
ninth  Regiment  by  Governor  Willard  P. 
Hall.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  in  1863 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Warrenton  in 
1864,  having  disposed  of  his  medical  prac- 
tice to  Dr.  H.  H.  Middlecamp,  who  had 
entered  his  office  as  a  student  in 
1862.  On  February  7,  1865,  Colonel  Hut- 
ton was  married  to  Miss  Euphemia  Gordon, 
daughter  of  James  Gordon,  one  of  the  most 
substantial  citizens  and  prominent  merchants 
of  St.  Louis.  In  the  same  year  that  he  was 
married  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Hutton  removed 
to  Mexico.  To  this  union  there  were  born 
four  sons — Nathaniel  D.,  Dr.  John  E.,  Jr., 
of  Mexico,  Harry  and  William  G.  Hutton. 
Colonel  Hutton  followed  the  practice  of  law 
until  1873,  P^rt  of  that  time  being  a  partner 
of  the  late  Judge  G.  B.  Macfarlane.  Dur- 
ing the  reconstruction  period  Colonel  Hut- 
ton had  taken  an  active  part  in  organizing 
the  shattered  remnants  of  the  Democratic 
party.  In  addition  to  making  speeches,  he 
wrote  vigorous  articles  for  the  press,  and  was 
universally  recognized  as  a  courageous  and 
honest  leader.  These  articles  prompted  his 
friends  to  urge  him  to  go  into  journalism, 
and  in  1873,  with  John  W.  Jacks,  now  pro- 
prietor of  the  Montgomery  "Standard,"  he 
purchased  the  "Ledger."  The  name  of  the 
paper  was  changed  and  the  publication  issued 
as  the  "Intelligencer."  Subsequently  Colo- 
nel Hutton  purchased  Mr.  Jacks'  interest  and 
became  sole  proprietor.  In  1884  Colonel 
Hutton  made  his  first  canvass  for  nomina- 
tion to  a  political  office,  and  announced  him- 
self for  the  Democratic  nomination  for  Con- 
gress.    The  contest  was  a  heated  one,  and 


_^  ''^y  ^c*  f-t^^.&t^^s /^/It^ 


>^  *:^^^  r^^^fn  Arf^  *^re^ 


HYDE. 


341 


after  a  deadlock  of  over  two  weeks  Hut- 
ton  was  nominated,  and  later  elected  to  the 
office.  In  1888,  after  another  spirited  con- 
test and  a  like  deadlock,  he  was  again  nom- 
inated and  re-elected  to  this  ofhce.  After 
serving  through  the  Forty-ninth  and  Fiftieth 
Congress  he  decided  not  to  become  a  can- 
didate for  a  third  term,  and  practically  re- 
tired from  public  life.  After  his  retirement 
he  prepared  a  very  excellent  lecture,  en- 
titled, "The  March  of  Fifty  Years,"  which 
he  delivered  in  a  number  of  places  in  this 
State.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  and  an  earnest  Sabbath  school 
worker.  Colonel  Hutton  died  at  his  home, 
in  Mexico,  December  28,  1893,  after  an  ill- 
ness of  one  week.  His  widow  and  three 
youngest  sons  reside  in  Mexico.  The  eldest 
son  is  dead. 

Hyde,  Ira  B.,  lawyer,  soldier  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  at  Guildford,  New  York, 
January  18,  1838.  He  was  raised  on  a  farm 
and  educated  in  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  and 
after  studying  law  located  at  St.  Paul,  Min- 
nesota in  1861.  In  1862  he  entered  the  Union 
Army  as  a  private  in  a  cavalry  regiment,  and 
served  to  the  end  of  the  war.  In  1866  he 
came  to  Missouri  and  resumed  the  practice 
of  law  at  Princeton,  and  served  a  term  as 
prosecuting  attorney.  In  1874  he  was  elected 
to  the  Forty-third  Congress  as  a  Republican 
by  a  vote  of  13,953  to  12,318  for  C.  H.  Man- 
sur.  Democrat. 

Hyde,   William,    was   born   at    Lima, 

near  Rochester,  New  York,  August  27,  1836, 
and  died  at  St.  Louis,  October  30,  1898.  His 
father  was  Elisha  Hyde,  a  native  of  Connecti- 
cut, a  well  educated  and  accomplished  man, 
who  had  removed  to  New  York  and  become  a 
teacher  in  Genesee  College;  and  his  mother 
was  Amanda  N.  Gregory,  of  Ithaca,  New 
York.  She  is  still  living  at  Belleville,  Illinois, 
at  an  advanced  age.  His  great-grandfather 
on  his  mother's  side,  Uriah  Gregory,  was 
brevetted  colonel  at  the  battle  of  Saratoga, 
where  Burgoyne  was  captured,  and  the  sword 
he  won  on  this  field  he  afterward  presented  to 
his  son,  William  R.  Gregory,  who,  during  the 
War  of  1812,  served  on  the  Canadian  border. 
He  was  fortunate  in  both  his  parents,  for  both 
were  proficient  and  accomplished  scholars 
and  educators,  and  it  was  directly  from  them 
that  he  received  an  education  and  training  in 


letters,  which    was    singularly  accurate    and 
thorough.     During  his  early  manhood  Mr. 
Hyde  himself  showed  the  bent  of  his  training 
by  teaching  for  a  short  time,  after  an  attend- 
ance of  two  years  at   McKendree   College. 
But  this  vocation  was  too  tame  for  him;  his 
active,  aggressive   spirit,   not   less    than   his 
robust,  active  body,  demanded  a  less  tranquil 
field  of  usefulness,  and,  with  the  purpose  of 
fitting  himself  for  it,  he  went  to  Kentucky 
and  attended  the  law  school  of  Transylvania 
University,  at   Lexington,  where  Robertson, 
Marshall  and  Wickliflfe,  jurists  of  renown  the 
country  over,  were  the  teachers.     When  he 
left   the   university   he    had   a   law   practice 
license,  signed  by  Judge  Marshall.  Although 
he  never  entered  upon  the  practice,  the  in- 
struction  he    received    at   Transylvania  was 
worth,  in  the  vocation  he  did  choose  and  fol- 
low, all  that  it  had  cost  him  in  time,  study 
and  expense ;  for,  while  the  proficient  and 
successful  journalist  is  expected  to  know,  and 
should  know,  no  little  on  all  subjects,  a  severe 
and  accurate  discipline  in  the  principles  and 
workings  of  the  law  must  constitute,  in  this 
country,  an    essential    qualification    for    his 
tasks.     Mr.  Hyde  conceived  a  high  admira- 
'tion   for   Stephen   A.   Douglas,   the   famous 
Democratic  champion  of  Illinois  from  1845 
to  i860,  and  his  first  newspaper  writing,  pub- 
lished in  the     Belleville  "Tribune,"  was  in 
support  of  Douglas'  position  on  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska    question.       For   a   time    he   was 
editor  of  the  "Tribune,"  and  later  of  the  Ster- 
ling (Illinois)  "Times."     The  proprietors  of 
the   St.   Louis  "Republican"  discovered  his 
talents  for  writing,  and  in  1857  engaged  him 
as    Springfield  (111.)  correspondent    for   that 
paper  during  the  sitting  of  the  Legislature. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  a  connection  with 
the  "Republican"  which  was  maintained  for 
twenty-eight  years.     In  the  fall  of  1857  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Paschall,  editor  of  the  paper,  asked 
him  to  take  a  position  as  local  reporter.     He 
accepted  it,   and   three  years  later  became 
assistant  editor  under  Mr.  Paschall,  the  most 
cordial  and  confidential  relations  existing  be- 
tween them  until  the  day  of  Mr.  Paschall's 
death,    in    1866,    when    Mr.    Hyde    became 
editor-in-chief.       He     managed    the    paper 
through  the  five  presidential  campaigns  that 
followed,  and  it  may  be  fairly  said,  so  directed 
its  editorial  policy  and  managed  its  entire 
course  as  to  largely  increase  its  influence  and 
usefulness — an     influence     and     usefulness 


342 


HYDE. 


which  received  signal  recognition  in  1872, 
when,  through  the  "passive  poHcy,"  of  which 
he  was  the  author,  and  the  "Republican"  the 
organ,  the  Democrats  of  Missouri  abstained 
from  State  nominations  and  supported  and 
elected  JJ.  Gratz  Brown,  the  Liberal  Repub- 
lican candidate,  Governor,  and  by  this  means 
overthrew  the  Republican  ascendancy  which 
had  been  maintained  for  six  years.  In  1885 
he  made  a  visit  to  Europe,  taking  his  family 
with  him,  and  shortly  after  his  return  was 
appointed  by  President  Cleveland  postmaster 
of  St.  Louis — a  position  whose  duties  he  dis- 
charged with  the  conscientious  diligence  that 
marked  all  his  tasks  of  trust  and  responsibil- 
ity, and  in  a  spirit  of  fairness  and  liberality 
that  gained  for  him  the  respect  of  his  political 
opponents.  The  fast  mail,  which  has  been  of 
so  great  advantage  to  St.  Louis  and  the  West, 
is  one  of  the  achievements  brought  about  by 
his  personal  efforts.  After  the  expiration  of 
his  term  of  service  he  went  to  St.  Joseph,  and 
started  a  daily  morning  paper  called  '*The 
Ballot,"  but  the  enterprise  was  not  financially 
successful.  He  was  next  called  to  Salt  Lake 
City  to  assume  the  editorship  of  the  Salt 
Lake  "Herald,"  and  under  his  guidance  the 
Democratic  party  of  Utah  was  organized  and" 
won  its  first  signal  victory.  At  the  close 
of  this  ably  conducted  campaign  he  resigned 
the  editorship  of  the  "Herald,"  and  returning 
to  St.  Louis,  accepted  a  position  in  the  post- 
oflfice  under  Postmaster  Carlisle,  continuing 
literary  work  at  the  same  time.  It  was  while 
holding  this  place  that  he  fell  into  the  ill 
health  which  grew  worse  until  it  ended  in  his 
death.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1897  he 
was  called  upon  to  undertake  another  work, 
which,  in  the  nature  of  things,  is  destined  to 
live  longer  than  any  other  labor  of  his  life, 
and  which  will  well  round  out  his  useful  and 
honorable  career.  At  that  time  he  was  asked 
by  a  well  known  publishing  house  to  take  the 
position  of  editor-in-chief  of  the  "Encyclope- 
dia of  the  History  of  St.  Louis,"  a  work 
which,  it  was  proposed,  should  be  compiled 
on  the  ssme  plan  as  Appleton's  "Encyclope- 
dia," but  dealing  only  with  the  history  of  that 
city  and  its  environments.  It  was  an  am- 
bitious project,  but  one  which  at  once  com- 
mended itself  to  the  practical,  experienced 
journalist.  He  had  never  seen  the  history  of 
a  great  city  put  into  cyclopedic  form,  because 
no  such  thing  had  ever  been  attempted  in  any 
American  cit}^;  but  he  had  sat  at  his  desk 


many  times  wishing  for  just  such  a  work,  and 
he  knew  that  other  busy  men  had  felt  the 
same  want.  The  practicabihty  and  desirabil- 
ity of  putting  the  local  history  of  St.  Louis 
into  this  form  was  evident  to  him,  and  real- 
izing that,  in  the  closing  years  of  the  first 
century  of  its  existence  as  an  American  city,, 
the  time  was  opportune  for  the  compilation 
of  such  a  compendium  of  history,  he  entered 
upon  the  task.  The  extent  of  his  influence 
and  the  strong  hold  which  he  had  upon  the 
confidence  of  the  people  of  St.  Louis  was 
demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  within  a  com- 
paratively short  time  he  had  called  to  his 
assistance  as  contributors  and  advisory 
editors  fully  one  hundred  leaclmg  citizens 
from  various  walks  of  life,  whose  eminent  fit- 
ness to  write  on  the  special  topics  assigned 
to  them  was  apparent  to  everyone  having  any 
knowledge  of  city  affairs.  The  closing  weeks 
of  his  life  witnessed  the  gathering  in  and  edit- 
ing of  ti^ese  contributions,  the  revision  of 
most  of  his  own  manuscripts  and  the  practical 
completion  of  the  laborious  task  upon  which 
he  had  entered  nearly  two  years  earlier.  Mr. 
Hyde  was  robust  and  vigorous  both  in  body 
and  mind,  his  stalwart  and  massive  frame  pre- 
senting a  fair  indication  of  his  character, 
which  was  strong,  aggressive  and  unbending, 
and  yet  fair,  generous  and  kind.  His  writing 
was  marked  by  strength,  accuracy  and  careful 
reflection.  He  never  used  Latin  or  French 
phrases,  and  few  persons  could  use  simple 
Anglo-Saxon  words  with  greater  skill  and 
effect.  In  his  young  days,  when  acting  as 
reporter  on  the  "Republican,"  he  was  ad- 
dicted to  making  sportive  and  ludicrous  com- 
binations of  words  for  the  amusement  of 
hearers  and  readers,  but  when  he  became 
chief  editor  he  lost  much  of  this  habit  in 
the  serious  responsibilities  of  the  position. 
His  friends  were  accustomed  to  say  that  he 
was  absolutely  fearless  and  never  blanched 
before  man  or  condition ;  and  his  daring 
balloon  adventure  with  two  companions,  on 
the  1st  of  July,  1859 — when  he  made  a  voyage 
from  St.  Louis  to  Jefferson  County,  New 
York,  passing  over  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 
Ontario,  in  twenty  hours — was  certainly  an 
illustration  of  this  admirable  quality.  Those 
who  were  intimate  with  him  knew  that  be- 
neath his  strong,  robust  appearance  he  was 
the  gentlest  of  men,  and  while  he  was  abso- 
lutely incorruptible  and  savagely  intolerant 
to  anyone  who  approached  him  with  a  propo- 


HYPES. 


343 


sition  involving  in  the  slightest  degree  faith- 
lessness to  duty  or  honor,  he  was  patient  and 
considerate  to  all  who  fairly  claimed  his  at- 
tention, sweet  as  summer  to  those  whom  he 
numbered  as  his  friends,  and  warm-hearted 
and  affectionate  to  the  few  who  were  enshrin- 
ed in  his  heart.  For  twenty  years  he  was  a 
leader  of  the  Democracy  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  influencing  men  both  by  his  forceful- 
ness  and  tact  in  personal  contact,  and  through 
the  press  by  his  masterly  editorials.  In  those 
days  there  was  hardly  an  editor  in  the  United 
States  whose  utterances  commanded  to  a 
greater  extent  the  attention  of  the  public,  and 
being  widely  copied,  they  made  him  known 
in  journalistic  and  political  circles  from  one 
end  of  the  country  to  the  other.  In  politics 
he  was  a  Warwick,  shaping  the  policies  of  his 
party  and  influencing  its  nominations  to  high 
office,  but  holding  himself  always  in  the  back- 
ground and  asking  for  himself  neither  honors 
nor  emoluments.  He  was  marvelously  ac- 
curate in  his  judgment  of  men,  easily  discern- 
ing the  far-reaching  effect  of  the  act  of  a 
public  man,  and  this  was  one  of  the  secrets 
of  his  success  in  both  politics  and  journalism. 
Concerning  matters  of  public  moment  his 
views  were  statesmanlike,  his  convictions 
sincere,  and  his  impulses  always  patriotic. 
He  was  deeply  sensitive,  modest  as  a  woman, 
and  had  an  air  of  reserve  which  made  him 
seem  unapproachable  to  those  not  intimately 
acquainted  with  him.  His  friends  knew  him, 
however,  as  one  of  the  most  charmingly  com- 
panionable of  men,  with  boundless  generosity 
and  warmth  of  heart.  His  nature  was  full 
of  poetry  and  tender  sentiment,  and  no 
friendship  could  be  truer  than  was  his.  His 
knowledge  of  literature  was  broad,  and  his  apt 
quotations  delighted  his  friends  hardly  less 
than  his  rare  wit  and  humor,  always  mirth- 
provoking,  and  yet  always  without  a  sting. 
His  home  life  was  one  of  enviable  happiness. 
Sympathetic,  kindly,  considerate  and  indul- 
gent, he  seemed  to  live  for  those  who  loved 
him,  and  found  the  sweetest  joys  of  life  at  his 
own  fireside. 

It  may  well  be  said  of  him,  as  has  been  said 
of  another,  that  when  he  ceased  to  live  "a 
brilliant  light  went  out ;  a  sweet,  deep-toned 


bell  was  hushed;  honor  and  dignity  were  de- 
prived of  a  courtly  devotee.  Loved  for  him- 
self in  life,  he  shall  be  revered  for  his  graces 
in  death."  Mr.  Hyde  was  married  at  Tor- 
onto, Canada,  June  4,  1866,  to  Miss  Haille 
Benson,  daughter  of  James  L.  Benson,  an 
estimable  citizen  of  St.  Louis,  and  flour  in- 
spector for  the  Merchants'  Exchange.  Mrs. 
Hyde  is  a  native-born  Missourian,  and  has 
lived  in  the  State  all  her  life,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  two  years  spent  with  her  parents  in 
Canada.  They  had  two  daughters,  both  liv- 
ing— Chaille  F.,  now  Mrs.  Howard  Payne,  of 
Webter,  Missouri,  and  Miss  Amy,  living  with 
her  mother. 

Hypes,  Beiijaniin  Murray,  physi- 
cian, was  born  July  31,  1846,  in  Lebanon, 
Illinois.  He  was  educated  at  McKendree 
College,  graduating  with  the  degree  of  bach- 
elor of  arts,  and  taking  the  degree  of  master 
of  arts  in  1869.  He  was  for  a  time  a  profes- 
sor in  Arcadia  Seminary,  in  Arcadia,  Mis- 
souri, and  at  the  German  Methodist  College, 
of  Warrenton,  Missouri.  He  then  began  the 
study  of  medicine  and  attended  lectures,  first 
at  Rush  Medical  College,  of  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois. After  that  he  attended  lectures  at  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  and  graduated  in 
1872.  Upon  competitive  examination  he  was 
appointed  assistant  physician  at  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
for  two  years.  After  leaving  the  hospital 
he  engaged  in  private  practice  in  St.  Louis. 
He  has  contributed  to  medical  literature, 
many  of  the  monographs  written  by  him 
having  been  published  in  foreign  as  well  as 
in  American  medical  journals.  He  has 
acted  with  the  Republican  party  in  cam 
paigns  involving  economic  and  other  political 
issues.  He  has  adhered  to  the  faith  of  his 
father  and  mother,  given  freely  of  his  time 
and  means  to  advance  the  interests  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  contributed  liberally  to  in 
stitutions  of  a  philanthropic  character,  and 
has  been  one  of  the  benefactors  of  McKen- 
dree College.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  ot 
Marion  Sims  Medical  College,  has  been  iden- 
tified with  it  since  as  lecturer  and  profes- 
sor, and  is  now  vice  dean  of  that  institution. 


844 


lATAN— ICARIAN  SETTLEMENT. 


1 


latan,  a  village  on  the  Missouri  River, 
in  Marshall  Township,  Platte  County,  four- 
teen miles  northwest  of  Platte  City,  the 
county  seat,  was  laid  out  in  1841,  by 
Dougherty,  Swords  and  Schultz,  and  in  1859 
was  incorporated  for  school  purposes.  It  has 
a  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church  and  two 
stores.     Population,  100. 

Iberia. — An  incorporated  village  in  Mil- 
ler County,  sixteen  miles  southeast  of  Tus- 
cumbia,  and  eleven  miles  from  Crocker,  the 
nearest  railroad  point.  The  village  occupies 
land  that  was  entered  by  Reuben  Short  in 
1838,  who  built  a  log  house  upon  it.  The 
first  frame  house  was  erected  in  1859  by 
Henry  Dockson,  who,  with  one  Noyes,  ran 
a  store.  Large  rocks  surround  the  place  and 
it  became  known  as  "Rock  Town."  The 
place  assumed  no  considerable  proportions 
until  after  the  war,  when  it  became  known  as 
Iberia.  It  has  three  churches,  a  good  public 
school,  a  private  institute  (the  Iberia  Nor- 
mal School),  a  large  flouring  mill,  two  saw- 
mills, a  newspaper,  the  "Intelligencer,"  pub- 
lished by  W.  F,  B.  Goforth,  two  hotels  and 
a  number  of  stores  in  diflFerent  branches  of 
trade.    Population  in  1899,  4°°- 

Iberia  Normal  School. — A  private 
academy  founded  at  Iberia,  Miller  County, 
in  1887.  It  has  a  high  school,  academic  and 
normal  courses,  each  grade  providing  for  a 
two  years'  course  of  study. 

Iberville,  Pierre  le  Moyiie,  the  foun- 
der of  Louisiana,  was  born  in  Montreal, 
Canada,  July  16,  1661,  and  died  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  July  9,  1706.  He  entered  the  French 
Navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1675,  accompanied 
De  Troye  on  his  overland  expedition  from 
Canada  against  the  English  forts  on  Hudson 
Bay,  and  in  1690  was  one  of  the  leaders  in 
the  retaliatory  expedition  against  Quebec. 
In  1692  he  was  given  command  of  a  frigate, 
and  in  1697  had  become  recognized  as  the 
most  skillful  naval  officer  in  the  French  serv- 
ice. In  1698  he  obtained  a  commission  for 
establishing  direct  intercourse  between 
France  and  the  Mississippi,  and  arrived  in 


Mobile  Bay  with  an  expedition  having  that 
object  in  view,  January  31,  1699.  In  March 
following  he  entered  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  ascending  and  exploring  the 
river  to  the  mouth  of  Red  River.  Soon 
afterward  he  built  old  Fort  Biloxi,  the  first 
post  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  head  of  Biloxi 
Bay.  In  May  following  he  sailed  for  France, 
but  returned  the  following  year  in  command 
of  another  expedition,  and  built  another  fort 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  establishing  a  post 
also  at  the  copper  mines  on  the  Mankato. 
He  was  again  in  Louisiana  in  1701,  and  be- 
gan the  colonization  of  Alabama  and  Mobile. 
He  was  made  captain  of  a  French  line-of- 
battle  ship  in  1702,  and  was  preparing  for  a 
cruise  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  when 
he  died. 

Icarian  Settlement. —  A  settlement 
founded  at  Cheltenham,  St.  Louis  County, 
in  1857,  by  followers  of  the  celebrated  French 
communist,  Etienne  Cabet,  who  died  in  St. 
Louis  in  1856.  Antecedent  to  their  coming 
here  the  founders  of  this  community  had' 
formed  a  part  of  the  Icarian  community  at 
Nauvoo,  Illinois.  Dissensions  had  caused 
them  to  separate  from  the  Illinois  commu- 
nity, and  accompanied  by  its  founder,  Cabet, 
they  came  to  St.  Louis  and  began  making 
preparations  for  the  founding  of  a  new  Ica- 
rian settlement.  For  a  time  they  lived  in 
North  St.  Louis,  and  there  Cabet  died.  It 
had  been  his  purpose  to  obtain  for  the  new 
colony  a  large  tract  of  land  remote  from  any 
city,  but  in  February  of  1857,  soon  after 
his  death,  those  who  had  succeeded  him  in 
the  conduct  of  the  enterprise  purchased  a 
comparatively  small  tract  of  land  at  what 
w^as  known  as  Sulphur  Springs,  in  St.  Louis 
County,  for  which  they  contracted  to  pay 
$25,000,  paying  $8,000  in  cash.  The  land  was 
purchased  from  Thomas  Allen,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  was  adjacent  to  the  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
road station,  which  had  been  named  Chelten- 
ham Station.  A  spacious  building  and  several 
small  cottages  had  been  erected  on  this  tract 
of  land  some  years  earlier  by  William  Sub- 
lette, who  had  occupied  it  as  a  summer  re- 
sort, and  these  and  such  additional  struct- 


ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 


345 


ures  as  were  needed  were  occupied  by  the 
Icarians  to  the  number  of  about  150  per- 
sons. The  society  was  governed  by  a  presi- 
dent and  advisory  council,  all  had  the  same 
interest  in  the  property  holdings  and  funds 
of  the  community,  and  all  lived  and  labored 
alike,  their  employment  being  directed  bv 
the  president  and  his  advisers.  They  had 
blacksmith,  carpenter,  shoemaker,  tailor, 
cabinet  and  cooper  shops,  and  the  products 
of  these  shops  were  either  utilized  in  the 
colony  or  sold  in  the  Qity.  All  the  earnings 
went  into  the  common  treasury,  and  about 
$15,000  was  expended  for  improvements,  a 
fine  garden  and  a  reservoir,  which  supplied 
the  place  with  water,  being  improvements 
which  attracted  special  attention.  All  the 
afifairs  of  the  colony  were  conducted  with 
military  precision,  a  trumpet-call  summoning 
the  members  of  the  community  to  their  meals 
in  the  great  dining-hall,  hours  for  labor  and 
recreation  being  prescribed,  and  strict  reg- 
ularity observed  in  everything.  Besides  their 
schools  for  the  training  of  children,  they 
had  schools  for  the  study  of  practical  and 
economic  questions,  and  were  an  unusually 
intelligent  and  well  informed  body  of  peo- 
ple. In  matters  religious  all  were  left  free 
to  follow  their  own  inclinations,  and  while 
some  members  of  the  community  were  Cath- 
olics others  were  inclined  to  atheism,  and 
a  majority  prided  themselves  on  being  "Free- 
thinkers." Meetings  were  held  regularly  for 
the  purpose  of  promoting  culture  and  intel- 
lectual development,  but  public  religious  cer- 
emonies of  every  kind  were  eschewed.  Fam- 
ily life  and  its  obligations  were  sacredly  re- 
garded. For  a  time  the  community  pros- 
pered and  seemed  to  realize  a  large  meas- 
ure of  the  expectations  of  its  founders  in  the 
betterment  of  social,  moral  and  economic 
conditions.  Then  the  Civil  War  came  on 
and  many  of  the  men  enlisted  in  the  Union 
Army.  Others  drew  away  from  the  com- 
munity, and  the  president — M.  Mercardier — 
proposed  that  its  afifairs  should  be  settled 
up  and  the  experiment  abandoned.  This  was 
not  agreed  to,  but  the  burden  of  debt  caused 
the  society  to  reconvey  the  property  to  Mr. 
Allen.  After  that  it  was  rented  for  some 
years  from  Mr,  Allen,  but  the  afifairs  of  the 
colony  became  still  further  embarrassed  by 
dissensions  among  the  Icarians,  President 
Mercardier  retired  from  the  government  of 
the  colony,  and  Messrs.  Mesnier,  Laura  and 


Vinsot  were  appointed  to  take  charge  of 
its  afifairs.  Finally  all  consented  to  the 
breaking  up  of  the  community,  and  in  1864 
Henry  Vinsot  was  authorized  to  dispose  of 
its  property  and  liquidate  its  indebtedness. 
This  was  done,  and  a  balance  of  $400  remain- 
ing to  the  credit  of  the  colony  was  distributed 
among  the  poorest  of  the  Icarians.  Thus 
ended  the  community  experiment  at  Chelten- 
ham, which  has  since  become  a  part  of  the 
city  of  St.  Louis.  A  considerable  number  of 
those  who  were  members  of  the  community 
were  still  living  in  St.  Louis  in  1898.  The 
old  Sublette  mansion,  which  was  the  com- 
munity headquarters,  was  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1875.  Besides  laying  the  foundation  of 
the  settlement  at  Cheltenham,  Cabet  founded 
during  his  lifetime  co-operative  communi- 
ties in  Icaria,  Texas,  Nauvoo,  Illinois,  and 
in  Adams  County,  Iowa,  none  of  which  were 
in  existence  in  1898. 

Illinois  Central  Railroad. — The  Illi- 
nois Central  is  one  of  the  few  great  roads 
that  began  great.  When  it  was  chartered,  in 
185 1,  as  a  road  from  Cairo  to  Chicago,  with  a 
branch  from  Centralia  to  Galena,  over  700 
miles  in  extent,  it  was  regarded  as  an  enter- 
prise so  vast  and  so  far  beyond  the  needs  and 
capabilities  of  the  State  that  it  would  require 
nearly  a  generation  for  the  State  to  grow  up 
to  it.  But  when  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  then 
United  States  Senator  from  Illinois,  managed 
to  get  a  bill  through  Congress — the  second  of 
the  kind — granting  to  the  road  alternate  sec- 
tions of  public  lands  along  the  route,  it  put  a 
dififerent  face  on  the  matter.  The  line  ran 
through  one  of  the  best  farming  regions  in 
the  country,  and  as  there  was  at  the  time  a 
fair  immigration  into  the  State,  it  was 
thought  that  a  large  share  of  it  might  be 
attracted  to  the  line  of  the  road  to  locate  on 
its  lands.  This  hope  was  more  than  fulfilled, 
for  the  enterprise  very  largely  increased  the 
immigration  into  the  State,  and  the  company 
found  itself  busy  disposing  of  its  lands  to 
actual  settlers  locating  along  the  road  as  it 
advanced,  or  along  the  defined  route.  The 
work  was  prosecuted  with  an  energy  unusual 
at  that  day.  In  May,  1853,  the  first  portion 
of  the  road  was  completed  and  opened  be- 
tween La  Salle  and  Bloomington;  in  June, 
1855,  the  branch  to  Galena  and  Dubuque  was 
finished,  and  in  September,  1856,  the  road 
was  opened  through  from  Chicago  and  Ga- 


346 


ILLINOIS   CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 


lena  to  Cairo,  St.  Louis  having  a  connection 
with  it  by  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  at  Sandoval. 
It  was  recognized  as  a  strong  road  as  soon 
as  it  was  completed,  and  the  gradual  acquisi- 
tion arnd  control  of  subsidiary  roads  already 
built,  and  the  construction  of  branches  and 
extensions  was  an  easy  task.  It  leased  the 
St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad 
and  secured  the  Cairo  Short  Line,  thus  per- 
fecting a  system  of  connections  with  the 
South  which  already  embraced  Memphis, 
Jackson  and  New  Orleans.  It  controls  a  lin^ 
from  Dubuque,  on  the  Mississippi,  across  the 
State  of  Iowa,  to  Sioux  City,  on  the  Missouri, 
and  a  line,  also,  north  through  Iowa  to  the 
Minnesota  boundary.  Its  total  mileage  is 
2,888  miles.  In  granting  the  charter  in  185 1 
the  Legislature  of  Illinois  exempted  the  road 
from  taxation,  but  it  required  it,  in  return 
for  this  exemption,  to  pay  into  the  State 
treasury  the  sum  of  7  per  cent,  of  the  gross 
earnings  of  the  original  line  of  705  miles,  year 
by  year.  These  payments,  from  1855  to 
1895,  inclusive,  amounted  to  $15,198,581. 
During  the  same  period  it  paid  to  its  stock- 
holders in  dividends  $75,542,361. 

The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company  was 
chartered  by  the  State  of  Illinois  in  1851. 
That  part  of  the  system  of  4,706  miles  of  rail- 
road now  controlled  by  that  company  which 
extends  from  Cairo  to  Dubuque,  and  from 
Centralia  to  Chicago,  comprising  in  all  some 
705  miles  in  Illinois,  which  was  built  under 
the  original  charter,  was  the  outgrowth  of  re^ 
peated  efforts  on  the  part  of  that  State  to 
establish,  as  a  part  of  its  scheme  of  internal 
improvements,  a  central  railroad,  which 
should  develop  its  prairie  lands. 

As  early  as  1823  the  State  of  Illinois  had 
already  appointed  commissioners  to  devise 
means  for  connecting,  by  canal,  the  navigable 
waters  of  the  Illinois  River  and  of  Lake 
Michigan,  and  in  1827,  John  Quincy  Adams 
being  President  of  the  United  States,  a  grant 
of  lands  was  made  by  Congress  to  the  State 
in  aid  of  this  project. 

In  1836  the  State  chartered  a  private  com- 
pany to  build  a  railroad  across  the  prairies 
from  Cairo  to  the  terminus  of  that  canal,  near 
La  Salle.  This  scheme  having  failed,  the 
State  itself,  in  1837,  undertook  the  work  and 
appropriated  $3,500,000  therefor. 

The  ambition  of  the  State  exceeded  its 
ability  to  carry  on  the  projected  improve- 
ments, and  it  soon  found  itself  unable  to  pay 


the  interest  on  the  bonds  issued  therefor. 
Later  on  private  capital  more  than  once  un- 
dertook the  construction  of  the  projected  rail- 
road, without  success,  although  aided  by 
liberal  charters. 

In  1850  Congress  granted  to  the  States  of 
Illinois,  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  in  trust  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  aiding  the  construction  of 
a  chain  of  interstate  railroads  from  the  Great 
Lakes  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  right  of  way 
through  public  lands  and  in  addition  six 
square  miles  of  land  for  each  mile  of  railroad 
built. 

The  State  of  Illinois,  in  chartering  its  rail- 
road company,  prudently  reserved  to  itself 
forever,  in  lieu  of  taxes,  7  per  cent  of  the 
gross  receipts  of  the  railroad  built  thereunder, 
while  the  more  lavish  Southern  States  are  be- 
lieved to  have  granted  to  their  companies  an 
exemption  frorfi  taxation. 

These  payments  enabled  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, which  in  185 1  was  in  arrears  for  interest 
on  some  $16,000,000  of  its  bonds,  to  extin- 
guish all  of  its  debt  in  1880.  In  the  year 
ended  June  30,  1898,  the  State's  7  per  cent, 
share  of  the  gross  receipts  of  the  original  705 
miles  of  railroad  so  built  amounted  to  $658,- 
723,  which  if  capitalized  at  3^  per  cent., 
would  give  $18,820,657  as  the  State's  proprie- 
tary interest  in  the  railroad. 

The  wisdom  of  the  State  in  making  its 
grant  to  the  railroad  company  is  at  once 
apparent  when  it  is  considered  that  the  lands 
thus  granted  could  then  be  bought  for  cash 
at  about  fifty  cents  per  acre.  The  State  was 
sparsely  settled,  and  while  the  early  settlers 
were  a  thrifty,  hardy  people,  they  had  moved 
from  timber  growing  portions  of  the  older 
and  more  developed  States  east  and  south  of 
Illinois,  along  the  water  courses,  and,  nat- 
urally settled  in  the  timber  districts.  It, 
therefore,  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  to  become  the  great  developer 
of  the  inaccessible  interior  of  the  State,  and 
demonstrate  the  value  and  productiveness  of 
the  prairie  lands.  During  the  time  of  this 
early  development  it  experienced  the  usual 
hardships  of  the  pioneers,  especially  in  finan- 
cial matters.  Results,  however,  show  how 
well  and  efficiently  it  did  the  work.  The  orig- 
inal line  of  railroad  of  this  company  traversed 
29  of  the  102  counties  of  the  State.  In  1850 
those  29  counties,  mostly  prairie,  had  a  popu- 
lation of  only  216,196,  or  about  one-fourth 
of  the  entire  population  of  the  State.     In  i8;;o 


ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 


347 


their  population  was  2,005,084,  or  over  one- 
half  of  tne  population  of  tne  entire  State. 

This  phenomenal  growth  is  further  empha- 
sized by  the  tact  that  in  1898  the  total  value 
of  assessed  property  in  the  State  was  $778,- 
474,910,  or  about  six  and  one-half  times  as 
much  as  it  was  in  1850. 

For  fully  thirty  years  the  company  devoted 
itself  to  the  development  of  its  origmal  lines, 
and  the  country  contiguous  thereto.  Then 
began  its  policy  of  expansion,  and  since  that 
time  it  has  acquired  many  branches  upon 
which  the  same  policy  of  development  has 
been  energetically  carried  on. 

In  1883  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany acquired  by  lease  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis 
&  New  Orleans  railroad,  extending  from 
Cairo  to  New  Orleans,  thus  giving  it  a  direct 
line  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  since  which  time  its  progressive  in- 
fluence has  been  felt  throughout  the  lower 
Mississippi  Valley. 

It  has  contributed  very  largely  to  the  build- 
ing up  of  New  Orleans  as  a  seaport.  This 
growth  has  received  an  impetus  by  the  won- 
derful development  of  the  company's  facili- 
ties in  that  city  within  recent  years,  notably 
by  the  construction,  at  New  Orleans,  of  the 
Stuyvesant  docks,  extensive  shed-covered 
wharves,  and  a  million  bushel  grain  elevator. 
The  company  now  has  under  contemplation  a 
further  increase  in  its  facilities  at  that  point 
by  the  construction  of  a  modern  sorting  yard, 
containing  about  seventy-live  miles  of  side 
tracks,  and  another  million  bushel  grain  ele- 
vator. 

It  is  a  matter  worthy  of  note  that  there  are 
now  over  forty  steamship  schedules  in  force 
between  New  Orleans,  Central  America,  the 
West  Indies  and  Europe,  and  in  addition  to 
this  arrangements  are  practically  completed 
for  direct  service  to  Asiatic  points. 

In  1896  the  Illinois  Central  Company  ac- 
quired the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute 
railroad,  or  what  was  commonly  known  as  the 
''Cairo  Short  Line,"  thus  giving  it  a  direct* 
entrance  into  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  with  ex- 
tensive terminals  at  East  St.  Louis. 

Subsequently  it  also  acquired  the  Chesa- 
peake, Ohio  &  Southwestern  railroad,  giving 
it  entrance  to  the  city  of  Louisville,  and  at 
the  same  time,  in  connection  with  its  main 
line,  a  direct  and  short  route  from  St.  Louis 
to  Memphis. 

In    August,     1896,    the    Illinois    Central 


opened  up  its  St.  Louis-Chicago  line,  with 
service  second  to  none  in  both  passenger  and 
freight. 

Westward  the  Illinois  Central  has  a  line  ex- 
tending through  Dubuque,  across  the  State  of 
Iowa  to  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  and  Sioux  Falls^ 
South  Dakota.  From  Tara,  in  Iowa,  a  point 
on  this  western  line,  there  is  being  built  a  line 
to  Omaha,  Nebraska,  where  connection  will 
be  made  with  the  Union  Pacific,  thereby  cre- 
ating a  trans-continental  line  from  Chicago  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Illinois  Central  was  the  first  of  the 
large  railroads  of  the  country  to  adopt  a  plan 
for  encouraging  employes  of  the  company 
to  become  stockholders  on  a  fair  and  equit- 
able basis.  On  June  30,  1898,  the  number  of 
officers  and  employes,  other  than  directors  of 
the  corporation,  registered  on  the  books  of 
the  company  as  stockholders,  was  733,  and 
their  holdings  amounted  to  2,536  shares,  or 
$253,600. 

By  giving  to  each  stockholder  the  privilege 
of  free  transportation  to  Chicago  at  the  time 
of  the  annual  meeting,  in  September,  the 
company  is  also  encouraging  the  purchase  of 
shares  by  patrons  living  on  the  line  of  road. 
In  each  of  the  ten  States  in  which  the  com- 
pany is  operating  railways,  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  stockholders,  varying  from  four  in 
Indiana  to  732  in  Illinois.  The  total  number 
of  stockholders  in  the  ten  States  traversed 
by  the  system  was,  in  June,  1898,  1,115,  ^^^ 
the  number  of  shares  held  by  them,  26,630,  or 
$2,663,000.  There  were  then,  resident  in  the 
United  States,  3,365  stockholders,  owning 
237,709  shares ;  in  Great  Britain,  2,896,  own- 
ing 229,252  shares;  elsewhere,  120,  owning 
57,983  shares. 

The  aforementioned  figures  are  given  to 
show  what  the  Illinois  Central  is  doing  in  the 
-  solution  of  one  of  the  greatest  problems  that 
is  now  engaging  the  attention  of  thoughtful 
men;  that  is  the  establishment,  or  re-estab- 
lishment, of  harmony  between  labor  and 
capital.  One  of  our  leading  journals  has  pre- 
sented the  matter  in  the  following  language, 
viz. : 

"It  is  questionable  whether  there  be  an- 
other big  corporation  in  the  United  States 
whose  management  treats  the  employes  with 
as  much  justice  and  common  sense  as  the 
Illinois  Central   road. 

"It  was  only  a  year  or  so  ago  that  we  had 
the  pleasure  of  directing  attention  in  these 


348 


IMMIGRATION,  STATE  BOARD  OF. 


columns  to  the  encouragement  which  Presi- 
dent Fish  was  holding  out  to  employes  to 
become  stockholders  in  the  corporation,  and 
to  the  success  of  his  liberal  efforts  in  that  di- 
rection, as  seen  in  the  fact  that  several  thous- 
ands of  employes  were  owners  of  stock  in  the 
road,  and  now  again  we  have  to  chronicle  a 
further  common-sense  extension  of  privilege 
to  the  employes  of  this  same  road  by  the 
same  sagacious  management.  The  employes 
of  the  Illinois  Central  are  no  longer  subject 
to  the  rough  and  autocratic  discipline  which 
would  send  them  from  their  employment  for 
any  minor  fault  of  omission  or  commission, 
or  at  the  mere  caprice  or  whim  of  an  offended 
superior  officer. 

"Their  faults,  whether  of  omission  or  com- 
mission, are  all  jotted  down  in  a  book,  in 
which  book  also  are  duly  written  whatever 
unusually  meritorious  services  they  may  have 
performed  for  the  road,  such  as  working 
heartily  spells  of  overtime  under  stress  of 
circumstances,  preventing  accidents,  saving 
life,  etc.  It  is  a  sort  of  debtor  and  creditor 
account,  so  to  speak,  between  the  employes 
and  the  corporation,  in  which  the  employes 
may  work  off  any  demerit  marks  written 
against  them  by  doing  meritorious  acts  and 
showing  zeal  and  interest  in  the  road's  affairs. 

"This  surely  is  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  good 
management  on  the  part  of  a  corporation. 
There  is  in  it  what  has  hitherto  been  wanting 
in  the  relations  of  capital  and  labor,  a  recog- 
nition on  the  part  of  capital  that  it  is  de- 
pendent on  labor,  just  as  labor  is  dependent 
on  it,  and  that  labor  is  not  likely  to  take  the 
hearty  interest  toward  its  (capital's)  advance- 
ment, unless  capital  return  the  compliment 
and  show  a  corresponding  good  will  and  in- 
terest in  labor's  advancement. 

"The  Illinois  Central  management  is  enti- 
tled to  the  warmest  congratulations  for  its  ■ 
wise  treatment  of  its  employes.  It  is  the  sort 
of  action  that  will  bind  the  employes  to  the 
road,  and  make  them  more  of  co-operators 
with  it  than  mere  mercenary  workers.  And 
it  is  a  magnificent  precedent  to  set  to  less 
thoughtful  and  less  liberal  corporations, 
which  may  be  induced,  by  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral's example  to  'go  and  do  likewise.' " 

As  going  to  show  that  railroads,  when 
built,  as  the  Illinois  Central  has  been,  with  a 
capital  stock  actually  and  fully  paid  up  in 
cash,  are,  in  some  cases  at  least,  profitable, 
we  may  add,  in  closing,  that  ever  since  the 


shares  became  full  paid,  in  1863,  a  cash  divi- 
dend thereon  has  been  paid  every  six  months. 
Such  dividends  have  averaged  $2,270,543,  or 
nearly  6^  per  cent  per  annum  on  the  stock 
outstandmg  at  the  time  they  were  paid.  The 
capital  now  outstanding  is  $52,500,000,  and 
dividends  have,  since  1890,  been  uniformly 
paid  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent  per  annum. 

Illinois  Society  of  St.  Louis. — One 

of  the  societies  in  St.  Louis  composed,  re- 
spectively, of  citizens  of  Missouri  born  in 
other  States,  associated  together  to  keep 
alive  the  recollections  of  their  native  States. 
It  was  organized  at  a  meeting  held  at  the 
Southern  Hotel,  in  St.  Louis,  November  26, 
1900,  at  which  the  first  officers  were  chosen: 
Richard  M.  Johnson,  president;  Thomas  E. 
Mulvihill,  first  vice  president;  Charles  J. 
Maurer,  second  vice  president;  M.  R.  Linn, 
third  vice  president ;  B.  F.  Copeland,  treas- 
urer; E.  C.  Dodge,  secretary,  and  Charles 
P.  Wise,  Honorable  John  E.  McKeighan, 
Ford  Smith,  Sterling  P.  Bond  and  F.  S.  Bach 
for  the  board  of  directors.  Its  first  banquet 
was  given  December  3,  1900,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  seventy-second  anniversary  of  the 
admission  of  Illinois  into  the  Union  as  a 
State,  December  3,  1818. 

Im migration,    State   Board  of. — 

This  is  a  board  consisting  of  three  commis- 
sioners appointed  by  the  Governor,  who 
in  turn  are  authorized  to  appoint  one  in 
each  congressional  district  in  the  State  to 
collect  information  about  the  price  of  lands 
and  farms  for  sale,  and  assist  the  board  in 
other  ways  to  prepare  a  handbook  for  cir- 
culation in  other  States  and  in  Europe 
showing  the  advantages  offered  by  Missouri 
to  persons  seeking  homes.  When  first  es- 
tablished the  board  was  greatly  favored  by 
the  Legislature,  and  a  biennial  appropriation 
of  $20,000  was  usually  made  to  assist  in  the* 
preparation  and  distribution  of  the  Missouri 
Handbook.  After  the  establishment  of  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  in  1878,  it  took 
in  hand  much  of  the  work  that  had  been 
performed  by  the  Board  of  Immigration,  and 
the  latter  was  neglected.  The  appropriations 
ceased  and  the  Governor  forebore  to  make 
appointments  of  commissioners.  This  con- 
dition prevailed  down  to  1899,  when  Gov- 
nor  Stephens  revived  the  board  by  appoint- 
ing Joseph  W.   Folk,  of    St.   Louis,  presi- 


IMPEACHMENT— INDEPENDENCE. 


349 


dent,  and  Thomas  R.  Ballard,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  W.  D.  McRoberts,  of  Lewis  County, 
members.  The  State  Senate  confirmed  the 
appointments,  but  no  appropriation  was 
made.  The  president  of  the  board  receives 
a  salary  of  $i,8oo  a  year,  and  the  other  two 
commissioners  their  traveling  expenses, 
when  there  is  an  appropriation  to  pay  with. 

Impeacliment.  —  The  method  of  pro- 
ceeding against  the  Governor,  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  State  Auditor, 
State  Treasurer,  Attorney  General,  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Schools,  and  judges  of  the 
supreme,  circuit  and  criminal  courts,  and  the 
courts  of  appeals,  for  high  crimes  or  misde- 
meanors, and  for  misconduct,  habits  of 
drunkenness,  or  oppression  in  office.  The 
lower  house  of  the  Legislature,  or  House  of 
Representatives,  has  the  sole  power  of  im- 
peachment, and  all  impeachments  are  tried  by 
the  Senate,  or  upper  house.  When  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State  is  impeached  or  put  on 
trial  the  chief  justice  of  the  Svipreme  Court 
must  preside. 

Implement  and  Vehicle  Board  of 
Trade. — This  body  was  first  organized  in  St. 
Louis  under  the  name  of  Farm  Implement  & 
Vehicle  Association,  January  31,  1887.  In 
1896  it  was  incorporated  and  took  the  name 
of  the  Implement  &  Vehicle  Board  of  Trade. 
The  first  officers  were  :  A.  Mansur,  president ; 
D.  W.  Haydock,  vice-president;  William 
Koenig,  second  vice  president;  H.  L.  Whit- 
man, third  vice  president ;  George  K.  Oyler, 
secretary;  W.  T.  Haydock,  treasurer.  Its 
objects  are  social  intercourse,  the  communi- 
cation of  useful  knowledge  connected  with 
the  style,  construction  and  workmanship  of 
implements  and  vehicles,  information  affect- 
ing trade  and  commerce  in  and  traffic  upon 
vehicles,  "and  measures  calculated  to  ad- 
vance the  implement,  machinery  and  vehicle 
trade  of  St.  Louis." 

Independence.— The  county  seat  of 
Jackson  County.  The  General  Assembly  ap- 
pointed David  Ward  and  Julius  Emmons,  of 
Lafayette  County,  and  John  Bartleson,  of 
Clay  County,  to  select  the  seat  of  justice  for 
Jackson  County.  They  pre-empted  160  acres 
(the  southwest  yi,  Section  2,  Township  49, 
Range  32),  had  John  Dunston  survey  it,  and 
made  their  final  report  to  the  circuit  court 


March  29,  1827.  George  W.  Rhodes  made  a 
plat  of  it,  which  was  approved  by  the  county 
court  June  i,  1827.  S.  C.  Owens,  Garrett  M. 
Hensley,  John  R.  Swearington  and  John 
Smith  were  authorized  to  sell  the  lots,  which 
was  done  July  9,  10,  11,  1827.  The  lots  were 
sold  partly  on  time,  the  cash  payments 
amounting  to  $374.57.  The  General  Assem- 
bly added  eighty  acres  in  1831  and  fifteen  ad- 
ditions containing  240  acres  have  since  been 
added.  A  courthouse  and  jail  were  built  and 
occupied  as  soon  as  practicable.  About  sixty 
persons  bought  lots  and  the  work  of  building 
a  town  began.  In  1831,  the  Santa  Fe  trade 
began  and  a  landing  was  established  at  Blue 
Mills,  six  miles  away.  The  trade  had  been 
carried  on  from  Old  Franklin  opposite  Boon- 
ville,  Lexington,  Sibley  and  Liberty,  pack 
mules  being  used.  The  goods  nad  to  be 
brought  from  Philadelphia  in  wagons  over 
the  mountains  and  by  water  from  Pittsburg 
to  Independence  Landing,  and  conveyed 
thence  800  miles  in  wagons  to  Santa  Fe. 
Samuel  C.  Owens  was  the  first  trader  at 
Independence,  and  others  were  engaged  in 
the  business.  The  trade  prospered  and  a 
customhouse  was  established  for  the  accom- 
modation of  these  frontier  merchants.  Sev- 
eral persons  engaged  in  the  industry  of 
manufacturing  wagons  and  harness.  West- 
port  having  the  better  landing  only  four  miles 
away,  at  once  became  a  rival.  From  1831  to 
1834  the  Mormon  troubles  interfered  with  the 
prosperity  of  the  town.  The  Baptists, 
Methodists,  Christians  and  Presbyterians 
organized  churches,  and  some  of  them  built 
edifices  for  worship,  the  Christian  Church  in 
1836,  the  Methodists  in  1837,  the  Cumberland 
Presbyterians  in  1832,  and  the  Presbyterians 
in  1852.  The  Baptists  built  their  first  church 
at  "Six-n}ile."  The  Catholics  built  their  first 
church  in  1849.  The  Masons  organized  In- 
dependence Lodge  October  14,  1846,  and  In- 
dependence Chapter  October  13,  1848.  The 
Odd  Fellows  instituted  Chosen  Friends 
Lodge  March  12,  1847,  and  Occidental  En- 
campment June  I,  1857.  The  Knights  of 
Pythias  established  Independence  Lodge,  No. 
3,  in  February,  1871.  The  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen,  the  Woodmen,  the  Hepta- 
sophs  and  the  Chosen  Friends  have  since 
instituted  lodges.  The  business  of  Indepen- 
dence suffered  a  severe  blow  when  the  flood 
of  1844  washed  away  the  landing  of  Wayne 
City,  although  it  remained  a  great  frontier 


350 


INDEPENDENCE   BANKS. 


town.      In   1850,  through   mails   from   Inde- 
pendence were  dispatched  to  Santa  Fe  and  to 
Salt  Lake  City.     In  1857,  Turner  &  Thorn- 
ton   organized    the    Independence     Savings 
Bank,  which  has  lived  and  prospered  under 
various  names  ever  since.     In  1858  a  branch 
of  the  Southern  Bank  of  St.  Louis  was  estab- 
lished there.     This  became  a  national  bank 
after  the  Civil  War,  but  liquidated  in  1878. 
No   Independence   bank   has   ever   failed   on 
account   of   hard   times.     Independence   was 
the  scene  of  several  conflicts  during  the  Civil 
War.     It   was    raided    by    Union   cavalry    in 
1861,  and  occupied  by  Union  troops  in  1862. 
Quantrell  made  a  dash  into  the  town  m  the 
spring,  and  on  the  loth  of  August  Col.  Buell 
was   surprised   by    1,500   Confederates,   who 
captured  the  town  and  350  prisoners.     The 
Federals  reoccupied  it  and  built  Fort  Pen- 
nock.     On  August  24,  1863,  Southern  sym- 
pathizers were  expelled,  and  in   1863  home 
guards  were  organized  to  protect  the  people. 
Price  occupied  the  town  October  20,  1864,  but 
General  Pleasanton  retook  it  four  days  after- 
ward.    The  surrender  of  Lee  in  1865  did  not 
bring  peace   to   this   distracted    community. 
The    Confederates   returning    to    their    old 
homes  in  the  county  had  to  go  to  Indepen- 
dence and  subscribe  to  an  oath  containing 
eighty    conditions.     Neighbor    would    chal- 
lenge his  neighbor's  oath,  which  often  led  to 
fresh  bloodshed.     A  Law  and  Order  Associa- 
tion was  formed  July  14,  1866,  and  citizens 
of  diverse  opinions  were  finally  able  to  sup- 
press violence  and  banish  discord  and  com- 
motion.    In  1867  churches  were  rebuilt  and 
schools   established,  but   soon   some   of  the 
courts  were  removed  to  Kansas  City,  and  the 
further  growth    of    Independence,  except  as 
an  inland  town,  was  checked.  With  five  public 
schools  and  three  institutions  for  higher  edu- 
cation, the  city,  organized  in   1849.  ^^^  be- 
come quite  an  educational  center.    For  nearly 
sixty  years  Independence  has  had  good  pri- 
vate   schools.     In     1841     Professor    H.   D. 
Woodworth  established  Independence  Acad- 
emy, which  flourished  for  three  years.     In 
1846    Mrs.    Gertrude    Buchanan    opened    a 
school  for  young  ladies.     In  1847  Professor 
D.  I.  Caldwell,  still  living,  bought  property 
and   established  a   school,   which   prospered 
and  was  continued  by  Rev.  R.  P.  Syming- 
ton, a  Presbyterian  minister,  and  then    Dr. 
Bruner  conducted  it.    In   1853  Rev.  W,  H. 
Lewis,  a  Southern  Methodist  minister,  opened 


a  school  for  which  a  stock  company  provided 
a   suitable   building.     The   school   continued 
till  the  war  caused  Mr.  Lewis  to  leave,  and 
the  building  was  occupied  as  a  barracks  and 
hospital.     Miss   Bettie  T.  Tillery   opened  a 
school  in  1847,  with  which  a  boarding  depart- 
ment was  connected.     This  school  prospered 
until  the  war  drove  its  head  away.     In  1857 
the  Independence  high  school  was  organized 
by  H.  W.  Miller,  who  has  been  principal  of 
the  Webster  School  in  St.  Louis  since  1862. 
George  S.  Bryant  continued  this  school  from 
1862  till   1871,  when  he  became  a  professor 
in  Christian  College,  at  Columbia,  for  twelve 
years.    In  1869  W.  A.  and  W.  Buckner  in- 
vested $17,000  in  a  school  which  proved  a 
great  educational  success,  the  patronage  and 
teachers   of   Independence    high   school   be- 
coming a  part  of  this  school  in  1871.    A  de- 
cade after  its  founding,  a  stock  company  was 
formed    and   the   school  became  Woodland 
College,  at  the  head  of  which  Mr.  George 
S.  Bryant  has  been  since  1883.  Independence 
Female   College  was  founded    in    1871   and 
closed    December,    1898.     In    1878    Father 
Fitzgerald  estabhshed  St.  Mary's  Academy, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy. 
Independence  now  has  good  public  schools. 
There   are   four    ward    schools   of    modern 
structure   and   equipment,   in   which   twenty- 
six  teachers  are  employed,  and  a  high  school 
enrolling  150  students,  with  five  teachers  be- 
sides the  superintendent.    A  new  high  school 
building  costing  $30,000  was  erected  in  1898, 
with  class  rooms  and  a  large  assembly  hall. 
The  school  offices  and  the  public  library,  con- 
taining 1,700  volumes,  are  in  this  building. 
Independence     contains     twelve     churches, 
three  banks,  three  hotels,  four  newspapers, 
three  colleges,  three  railroads,  a  large  flour- 
ing mill,  planing  mill,  novelty  works,  canning 
factory,  seventy-three  stores,  several  restau- 
rants,  etc.    The   temple   lot,   containing   163 
acres,  belongs  to  the  Hendrickites,   one  of 
the  Mormon  Churches,  which  claims  to  be 
the  true  successor  of  Joseph  Smith.    The  city 
has  a  mayor,  eight  aldermen,  a  marshal,  etc., 
with  modern  improvements.    The  population 
in  1900  was  6,974. 

Thomas  R.  Vickroy. 

Independence  Banks. — The  history 
of  banking  in  Independence  dates  back  to 
a  time  seven  years  before  the  Civil  War, 
when  Ulysses  Turner  and  James  T.  Thorn- 


INDEPENDENCE   BANKS. 


351 


ton  established  a  business  of  this  kind.  This 
was  prior  to  the  time  of  the  organization 
of  the  pioneer  bank  in  Kansas  City,  when 
the  latter  was  but  a  growing  infant  and  her 
people  dependent  upon  the  banks  of 
Lexington,  Independence  and  other  localities 
that  were  so  fortunate  as  to  be  provided  with 
financial  institutions.  The  Turner  &  Thorn- 
ton Bank  discontinued  business  shortly  be- 
fore the  beginning  of  the  war,  suffering  the 
fate  of  so  many  like  establishments  during 
those  days  of  disturbance  and  commercial 
unrest. 

About  three  years  later  than  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Turner  &  Thornton  Bank,  in 
1856,  a  branch  of  the  Southern  Bank  of  Mis- 
souri was  established  at  Independence. 
There  was  a  similar  branch  of  this  bank, 
which  had  its  headquarters  at  St.  Louis, 
located  in  Liberty,  Missouri.  The  Independ- 
ence branch  was  succeeded  by  the  old  First 
National  Bank,  which  was  in  existence  until 
1879,  when  its  assets  were  turned  over  to 
the  Chrisman-Sawyer  Bank  and  the  business 
liquidated  over  the  latter's  counters.  In  1880 
McCoy  &  Son  took  the  building  which  had 
been  occupied  by  the  First  National  and  con- 
tinued until  1898,  when  its  affairs  were  liqui- 
dated. The  McCoy  Bank  was  first  a  private 
concern,  under  the  name  of  McCoy  &  Son, 
and  with  a  capital  of  $25,000.  In  1886  it  be- 
came the  McCoy  Banking  Company,  with 
William  McCoy  as  president,  John  T.  Smith, 
vice  president,  and  A.  L.  McCoy  as  cashier. 
The  capital  stock  was  increased  to  $50,000. 
P.  Roberts  was  president  of  the  old  First 
National  Bank  and  William  McCoy  was 
cashier. 

The  Chrisman-Sawyer  Banking  Company 
is  the  outgrowth  of  the  Independence  Sav- 
ings Institution,  and  is,  therefore,  one  of  the 
oldest  banking  houses  now  in  existence  :n 
Missouri.  It  was  the  only  Jackson  County 
bank  that  went  through  the  trying  expe- 
riences of  the  panic  of  1873  without  suc- 
cumbing to  the  financial  stringency  of.  tliat 
well  remembered  time.  The  Independence 
Savings  Institution  was  founded  in  1856  by 
William  Chrisman,  William  S.  Stone,  V/il- 
liam  McCoy,  Miles  W.  Burford,  George  W. 
Buchanan  and  John  Parker.  This  company 
of  capitalists  opened  their  banking  office 
in  the  old  courthouse,  and  after  a  short  time, 
under  the  requirements  of  a  law  governing 
such   organizations,   its   name   was   changed 


to  the  Independence  Savings  Association. 
It  was  succeeded  by  Stone,  McCoy  &  Co., 
and  just  after  the  war  the  business  was  taken 
by  Stone,  Sawyer  &  Co.  Two  years  later 
William  S.  Stone  died,  and  the  firm  name  be- 
came Chrisman,  Sawyer  &  Co.,  with  Wil- 
liam Chrisman  and  Samuel  L.  Sawyer  and 
John  Wilson  as  members.  Under  that  name 
the  business  was  profitably  continued  until 
1877,  when  incorporation  papers  were  se- 
cured for  the  Chrisman-Sawyer  Banking 
Company.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  a 
State  bank,  and  its  solidity  has  been  fre- 
quently proved.  Samuel  L.  Sawyer,  the  vice 
president,  died  in  1890,  and  his  son,  A.  F. 
Sawyer,  who  was  then  cashier,  was  pro- 
moted to  the  vice  presidency.  Previous  to 
this  time  I.  U.  Rogers  was  assistant  cashier. 
In  1897  William  Chrisman  died  and  A.  F. 
Sawyer  was  made  president.  At  the  same 
time  Judge  G.  Lee  Chrisman,  a  son  of  Wil- 
liam Chrisman,  was  elected  vice  president, 
and  still  holds  that  position.  I.  N.  Rogers, 
the  present  cashier,  was  chosen  for  that  place 
in  1890,  when  A.  F.  Sawyer  was  made  vice 
president.  This  bank  has  a  capital  of  $100.- 
000,  a  surplus  of  $100,000  and  deposits 
amounting  to  $300,000.  Its  directors  are  L. 
O.  Swope,  G.  L.  Chrisman,  William  S.  Flour- 
noy,  W.  L.  Bryant,  I.  N.  Rogers,  A.  F.  Sav/- 
yer  and  W.  A.  Cunningham. 

The  present  First  National  Bank  of  Inde- 
pendence is  the  outgrowth  of  the  banking 
house  of  Brown,  Hughes  &  Co.,  an  early 
private  institution  capitalized  at  $15,000.  Dr. 
J.  T.  Brown,  William  Hughes  and  H.  C. 
Clair,  all  of  whom  are  now  deceased,  were 
actively  interested  in  this  bank,  and  M.  W. 
Anderson,  who  is  now  the  president  of  the 
First  National  Bank,  was  a  silent  partner. 
This  bank  was  incorporated  later  as  the 
Anderson-Chiles  Banking  Company,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $80,000,  and  in  1881  moved 
to  its  present  handsome  building,  which  was 
rebuilt  and  remodeled.  C.  C.  Chiles  and  Jo- 
seph W.  Mercer  were  admitted  to  the  busi- 
ness and  operations  were  carried  on  under  a 
State  charter  until  November,  1889,  when  it 
became  a  national  bank.  The  capital  was 
increased  to  $100,000.  A  short  time  before 
the  bank  was  nationalized  C.  C.  Chiles,  Judge 
E.  P.  Gates  and  W.  H.  Wallace  withdrew  and 
became  interested  in  the  Bank  of  Independ- 
ence, which  had  increased  its  capital  stock 
for  this  purpose  a  short  time  before.     The 


k 


352 


INDEPENDENCE,   BATTLE  OF— INDIANA  JUDGES. 


first  president  of  the  First  National  Bank 
was  M.  W.  Anderson,  the  first  vice  president 
was  Joseph  W.  Mercer,  and  the  cashier  was 
W,  A.  Symington.  These  substantial  men 
still  hold  the  positions  named,  and  the  bank 
is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  in  the  State. 
T.  N.  Smith  was  the  first  assistant  cashier 
this  bank  had.  Since  March,  1899,  Frank  C. 
Wyatt  has  filled  this  position.  The  First 
National  has  a  surplus  of  $20,000,  undivided 
profits  of  about  $9,000  and  a  line  of  deposits 
averaging  about  $250,000.  The  directors  are 
M.  W.  Anderson,  Joseph  W.  Mercer,  S.  H. 
Chiles,  W.  S.  Furnish,  W.  A.  Symington,  F. 
C.  Wyatt,  J.  G.  Paxton,  M.  L.  Hall,  W.  B. 
C.  Brown  and  Dr.  T.  J.  Watson. 

The  Bank  of  Independence  was  founded  by 
Dr.  J.  D.  Wood,  John  A.  Sea  and  L.  P.  Muir 
(deceased),  and  opened  its  doors  January  2, 
1887.  Since  that  time  it  has  enjoyed  an 
increasing  business,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  stable  financial  institutions  of  western 
Missouri.  Dr.  Wood  was  the  first  presi- 
dent, and  he  still  serves  in  that  capacity. 
Jacob  Gossett  was  the  first  vice  presiden^ 
and  he  was  succeeded  by  Jonathan  Hill.  \V. 
S.  Wells  was  the  first  cashier.  C.  C.  Chiles, 
who  sold  his  interest  in  the  First  National 
Bank,  is  now  the  vice  president  of  the  Bank 
of  Independence,  and  M.  G.  Wood  is  the 
cashier,  coming  from  Odessa,  Missouri 
where  he  was  the  cashier  of  the  National 
Bank  of  Odessa.  Mr.  Wood  has  been  in  the 
banking  business  for  twenty  years.  For  the 
first  five  years  of  this  bank's  existence  the 
capital  was  $80,000.  It  was  increased  to  its 
present  standing,  $125,000.  There  is  a  sur- 
plus of  $25,000,  undivided  profits  amounting 
to  $14,000  and  deposits  of  about  $230,000. 
This  bank  is  incorporated  as  a  State  institu- 
tion. Jacob  Gossett,  the  first  vice  president, 
who  was  succeeded  by  Jonathan  Hill,  is  now 
dead.  The  directors  are  T.  D.  Wood,  C.  C. 
Chiles,  William  M.  Hill,  judge  E.  P.  Gates, 
Fleming  Pendleton,  John  A.  Sea,  J,  P.  Jones 
and  William  H.  Waggoner. 

Independence,  Battle  of.— On    the 

nth  of  August,  1862,  the  Unionist  garrison 
at  Independence,  Jackson  County,  consisting 
of  450  men,  under  Lieutenant  Colonel  J.  T. 
Buell,  Seventh  Missouri  Cavalry,  was  at' 
tacked  by  a  Confederate  force  estimated  at 
600  to  800  men,  under  General  John  T. 
Hughes,  author  of  "Doniphan's  Expedition." 


The  attack  was  made  before  daybreak,  the 
Confederates  entering  by  the  Harrisonville 
and  Big  Spring  roads,  and  securing  posses- 
sion of  the  commanding  positions  of  the 
town  before  the  garrison  was  aware  of  their 
presence.  Colonel  Buell's  headquarters  were 
surrounded  so  that  he  could  not  communicate 
with  his  officers,  and  the  provost  guard 
around  the  jail  was  attacked  and  forced  to 
flee.  The  Confederates  having  thus  secured 
possession  of  the  town  and  of  positions  com- 
manding the  Unionist  camp,  the  garrison, 
after  making  a  desperate  stand  in  the  streets, 
and  fighting  under  great  disadvantage  and 
against  superior  numbers,  was  forced  to  re- 
treat to  Woodson's  pasture,  where  they  main- 
tained the  fight  for  a  time  behind  a  stone 
wall.  General  Hughes,  in  leading  his  men 
in  a  charge  against  this  defense,  was  shot' 
and  fell  dead  from  his  horse,  but  the  Federals 
were  overpowered  and  Colonel  Buell,  seeing 
the  hopelessness  of  the  contest,  displayed  a 
white  flag  and  surrendered. 

Independence    Female    College. — 

See  "Kansas  City  Ladies'  College." 

Independent  Evangelical  Protes- 
tant Church. — A  liberal  Christian  Church 
established  originally  in  St.  Louis  in  1856, 
and  having  then,  as  now,  a  membership  ex- 
clusively German.  In  1868  a  church  edifice 
was  erected  at  the  corner  of  Thirteenth  and 
Tyler  Streets,  which  has  ever  since  been  oc- 
cupied by  the  congregation,  numbering,  in 
1898,  208  families.  In  connection  with  the 
church  a  Sunday  school  and  day  school  are 
maintained,  and  excellent  educational  ad- 
vantages are  afforded  to  the  children  of  the 
parish.  The  teachings  of  the  church  are 
ethical,  rather  than  dogmatic,  and  its  name 
is  significant  of  its  independent  attitude. 

Indiana  Judges. — Thomas  T.  Davis, 
Henry  Vandenburgh  and  John  Griffin,  three 
judges  of  Indiana  Territory,  acted  with  Gen- 
eral William  Henry  Harrison  in  framing  a 
civil  government  for  the  "District  of  Louisi- 
ana" immediately  after  the  cession  of  the 
Territory  to  the  United  States.  October  i, 
1804,  these  judges  went  with  General  Har- 
rison to  St.  Louis  and  opened  the  first  United 
States  court  held  there,  and  participated  in 
the  installation  of  General  Wilkinson  as  Gov- 
ernor. 


INDIANA  SOCIETY— INDIAN  MASSACRE  AT  ST.   LOUIS. 


353 


Indiana  Society. — A  social  organiza- 
tion, composed  of  native  Indianians  and  de- 
scendants of  persons  born  in  Indiana,  organ- 
ized in  St.  Louis  January  28,  1889.  T.  B. 
Glazebrook,  D.  D.  Fisher,  W.  A.  Rannells, 
Charles  M.  Reeves,  G.  H.  Sallee,  W.  H.  Cot- 
ton, W.  M.  Dunn  and  others  were  the  found- 
ers and  first  officers  of  the  society.  The  first 
public  reception  was  given  by  the  society  on 
the  evening  of  February  9,  1898,  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  "the  Hoosier  poet,"  being  the 
guest  of  honor  on  that  occasion. 

Indian  Burial. — The  burial  customs  of 
the  Osage  Indians  are  better  known  than 
those  of  other  Western  tribes.  W^hen  death 
had  occurred  the  corpse  was  wrapped  in  a 
blanket,  taken  to  a  mound  or  other  conspic- 
uous spot,  and  covered  with  earth  and  stones. 
The  grave  was  then  fenced  in  with  crossed 
stakes  to  protect  it  from  wolves'.  It  was  cus- 
tomary to  sacrifice  at  the  tomb  all  the  horses 
belonging  to  the  deceased,  and  to  there 
destroy  his  hunting  implements  and  other 
property,  in  the  belief  that  these  immolations 
would  supply  his  wants  during  his  journey 
to  his  new  hunting  ground.  In  some  in- 
stances the  corpse  was  conveyed  to  the  grave 
upon  his  favorite  horse,  which  was  then 
killed  and  interred  with  him.  Only  the  near- 
est relatives  attended  the  funeral.  The  male 
mourners  wore  their  most  shabby  garments, 
covered  their  faces  with  dirt  and  allowed  their 
hair  to  grow.  The  women  also  dressed  in 
their  poorest  clothing,  but  clipped  their  hair 
closely.  They  displayed  these  evidences  of 
mourning  until  some  offering  had  been  made 
to  the  spirit  of  the  deceased,  and  often  weeks 
or  months  elapsed  before  this  was  accom- 
plished. The  offering,  which  differed  accord- 
ing to  the  character  and  achievements  of  him 
who  was  commemorated,  might  be  the  steal- 
ing of  a  horse,  burning  the  lodge  of  an  en- 
emy, the  performance  of  a  valorous  deed, 
the  sacrifice  of  a  favorite  animal,  or  the  tak- 
ing of  a  human  life.  The  latter  act  was  of 
frequent  occurrence,  and  at  times  the  victim 
was  a  near  relative  or  close  friend.  The 
wife  retained  her  mourning  for  a  year,  and 
its  laying  aside  was  observed  with  a  final 
ceremony  in  honor  of  the  deceased.  At  this 
time  those  whose  lamentations  were  the  loud- 
est were  esteemed  as  paying  the  sincerest 
tributes  to  the  dead,  and  were  recompensed 
by  the  family.    The  death  of  a  female  was 

Vol.  Ill— 23 


regarded  more  lightly,  but  there  were  in- 
stances where  young  braves  or  young  white 
men  were  slain  in  order  that  the  deceased 
might  have  a  spirit  companion  on  her  jour- 
ney from  earth. 

Indian  Legend. — The  Lenni  Lenape,  or 
Delawares,  have  a  tradition  handed  down 
to  them  by  their  ancestors  that  many  hun- 
dred years  ago  they  resided  in  a  distant 
country  in  the  western  part  of  America,  but 
desired  to  migrate  eastwardly.  After  a  long 
journey  they  at  length  arrived  at  the  Namae- 
si-Sipu,  where  they  met  the  Mengwe.who  had 
also  come  from  a  distance  northwardly,  and 
both  were  journeying  with  the  same  object 
in  view — to  settle  in  a  better  country.  The 
Mengwe  had  previously  sent  out  spies,  who 
reported  that  the  country  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi was  inhabited  by  a  powerful  nation  who 
had  many  towns  built  along  great  rivers 
and  had  fortified  places,  and  were  known  as 
Allegewi.  They  also  reported  that  the  men 
of  this  nation  were  tall  and  large  like  giants. 
The  Lenape  then  sent  messengers  to  these 
people,  asking  permission  to  settle  near  them. 
This  they  refused,  but  agreed  that  the  Lenape 
might  pass  through  their  territory  and  go 
beyond.  The  Lenape  crossed  over,  but  an 
attack  was  made  upon  them.  The  Mengwe 
and  Lenape  then  united,  and  a  very  severe 
battle  was  fought.  The  Allegewi  were  de- 
feated and  fled  down  the  Mississippi  never  to 
return.  The  others  divided  the  country,  the 
Lenape  going  south  and  eastwardly,  the 
Mengwe  toward  the  great  lakes.  (D.  S.  Brin- 
ton,  in  "Lenni  Lenape,"  etc.) 

G.  C.  Broadhead. 

Indian  Massacre    at    St.    Louis. — 

Early  histories  give  much  space  to  the  in- 
vasion of  the  settlements  near  St.  Louis,  on 
the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi,  in  May, 
1780.  This  was  a  raid  by  the  savages  inhabit- 
ing the  northern  lake  country,  incited  by 
"guerrillas,"  probably  for  plunder,  though 
some  writers  have  essayed  to  connect  it  with 
the  design  of  aiding  the  plans  of  the  British 
government.  Governor  Reynolds,  in  his 
"History  of  Illinois,"  is  positive  it  was  or« 
ganized  at  Mackinaw.  There  is  no  evidence 
worthy  of  the  word  that  the  Indians  on  this 
side  were  parties  to  it.  Whatever  the  object, 
it  was  frustrated  by  the  precautions  of  Gen- 
eral George  Rogers  Clark,  then  in  military 


354 


INDIAN   MEDICINE   MEN— INDIAN   MOUNDS. 


possession  of  the  villages  on  the  eastern 
shore.  Learning,  through  their  scouts,  of 
the  defensive  attitude  of  the  Americans,  the 
design  of  attacking  Cahokia  was  abandoned 
when  near  the  scene.  According  to  the  best 
authority  the  numbers  of  the  raiders  esti- 
mated in  the  sensational  reports  at  the  time 
were  greatly  exaggerated.  Instead  of  there 
being  eight  or  ten  hundred,  as  many  scores 
would  probably  cover  the  Indian  force.  On 
dispersing,  some  of  these  lurked  in  the  woods 
of  the  vicinity,  and  on  the  26th  day  of  May 
crossed  over,  landing  near  Bissell's  Point. 
Finding  some  of  the  farmers  ploughing  in 
their  fields,  situated  from  one  to  four  miles 
northwest  of  the  village,  and  between  it  and 
the  site  of  the  present  Fair  Grounds,  a  most 
ferocious  and  murderous  assault  was  made 
upon  them.  It  does  not  appear  that  the  sav- 
ages were  moving  en  masse,  but  had  sepa- 
rated into  little  parties.  Of  the  seven  unsus- 
pecting victims  thus  surprised  and  slain,  the 
one  found  nearest  the  village  was  on  his 
forty-arpens  field,  where  Cass  Avenue  now 
is,  between  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Broadway. 
Another  was  killed  east  of  the  site  of  the  Fair 
Grounds,  about  three  miles  northeast  of  the 
courthouse.  Localities  are  given,  of  course, 
as  they  are  known  at  present.  The  body  of 
one  was  found  about  a  mile  further  north. 
Billon's  "Annals"  gives  the  names  of  the  vic- 
tims. The  Indians  escaped  without  loss. 
They  carried  away  no  booty,  and  the  only  ex- 
planation of  the  horrible  butchery  is  that  they 
must  have  been  actuated  by  revenge  for  the 
disappointment  their  band  had  met  with  in 
not  being  allowed  to  pillage  the  Cahokians. 
Apprehensions  of  a  new  attack  terrified  the 
villagers  for  several  days,  adult  males  being 
kept  on  duty,  while  the  women  and  children 
took  refuge  on  the  premises  of  Auguste  and 
Pierre  Chouteau.  But  all  anxiety  shortly 
disappeared  and  the  customary  quietude  pre- 
vailed.  There  is  a  record  that  an  English 
family  named  Kerr  was  massacred  by  ma- 
rauding Indians,  June  21,  1788.  Kerr,  with 
his  wife,  two  sons  and  daughters,  settled  on 
a  farm  six  and  a  half  miles  north  of  the  village 
on  the  Eellefontaine  Road,  having  come  over 
from  the  Illinois  side.  One  of  the  sons,  a  lad 
of  fifteen  or  sixteen,  escaped  with  his  two- 
year-old  sister.     All  the  others  were  slain. 

Indian  Medicine  Men. — Few  diseases 
were  known  among  the  Indians  prior  to  the 


coming  of  the  white  man.  For  ordinary  ail- 
ments they  treated  themselves  with  simple 
remedies.  The  Osages  used  certain  roots  for 
the  cure  of  snake  bites,  but  the  remedy  failed 
as  often  as  it  succeeded.  In  some  diseases 
vapor  baths  were  used,  taken  in  temporary 
lodges  put  up  for  that  purpose.  In  local 
affections  attended  with  pain,  dry  and  wet 
cups  were  applied,  the  cups  being  made  of 
buffalo  horn.  The  Medicine  Man  was  only 
called  in  serious  cases,  and  while  in  discharge 
of  his  duties  he  was  treated  with  the  highest 
honor.  An  example  of  his  treatment  is  given 
in  the  case  of.  a  little  girl,  the  daughter  of  a 
chief,  who  was  threatened  with  the  loss  of  an 
arm  from  injury  by  a  blow.  The  wound  had 
occasioned  an  abundant  secretion  of  pus  and 
the  child  had  suffered  intensely  for  many 
days.  The  Medicine  Man  was  sent  for  and 
came  grotesquely  dressed,  with  his  face  and 
arms  painted  red  and  green.  He  was  re- 
ceived with  great  deference,  and  all  the  family 
withdrew,  leaving  a  white  trader  as  the  only 
spectator  of  what  followed.  The  Medicine 
Man  began  with  a  solemn  exorcism.  With 
hands  uplifted  he  called  upon  the  evil  spirit 
to  leave  the  child.  He  then  lay  down  at  her 
side,  and  putting  his  lips  and  teeth  to  the 
most  painful  spot,  he  pulled  the  skin  vio- 
lently from  one  side  to  the  other,  meantime 
keeping  up  a  peculiar  nasal  noise,  and  at 
times  uttering  threatening  exclamations 
against  the  cause  of  the  hurt.  After  thus 
continuing  for  about  fifteen  minutes  his  ex- 
clamations became  more  excited  and  he 
pulled  the  girl's  flesh  more  violently  with  his 
teeth,  then  sprang  to  his  feet  and  spat  from 
his  mouth  a  small  frog  which  he  had  brought 
with  him  and  had  kept  concealed.  Pointing  to 
the  frog,  the  Medicine  Man  exultingly  cried 
that  the  girl  had  been  relieved  of  the  cause 
of  her  agony.  He  then  threw  upon  the  fire 
a  quantity  of  aromatic  root,  and  with  its 
smoke  was  supposed  to  ascend  the  remaining 
causes  of  the  sufferer's  illness.  A  similar 
ceremony  was  observed  by  the  Medicine  Man 
in  nearly  all  cases  of  sickness  or  injury,  the 
evil  spirit  being  a  frog,  a  grasshopper,  a  peb- 
ble or  whatever  object  he  might  think  to  use. 

Indian  Mounds. — To  the  Indian 
mounds  in  existence  on  the  site  of  St.  Louis 
before  the  touch  of  civilization  changed  its 
topography,  the  city  is  indebted  for  the 
title  of  "Mound  City."     Henry  M.  Bracken- 


INDIAN  MUSEUM— INDIAN  SLAVES. 


355 


ridge,  the  distinguished  jurist  and  author, 
who  visited  St.  Louis  in  1810  and  made  an 
intelhgent  examination  of  these  mounds  be- 
fore their  effacement  began,  said  of  them : 
"They  are  situated  on  the  second  bank  just 
above  the  town  and  are  disposed  in  a  singu- 
lar manner;  there  are  nine  in  all,  and  form 
three  sides  of  a  parallelogram,  the  open  side 
toward  the  country  being  protected,  how- 
ever, by  three  smaller  mounds  placed  in  a' 
circular  manner.  The  space  enclosed  is 
about  400  yards  in  length  and  200  in  breadth. 
About  600  yards  above  there  is  a  single 
mound,  with  a  broad  stage  on  the  river  side ; 
it  is  thirty  feet  in  height  and  150  in  length; 
the  top  is  a  mere  ridge,  five  or  six  feet  wide. 
Below  the  first  mound  there  is  a  curious 
work,  called  the  'Falling  Garden.'  Advantage 
is  taken  of  the  second  bank,  nearly  fifty  feet 
in  height  at  this  place,  and  three  regular 
stages,  or  steps,  are  formed  by  earth  brought 
from  a  distance.  This  work  is  much  admired. 
It  suggests  the  idea  of  a  place  of  assembly 
for  the  purpose  of  counseling  on  public  oc- 
casions." What  was  known  as  the  "Big 
Mound,"  to  which  reference  is  made  in  the 
above,  did  not  disappear  until  1869,  when  it 
was  cut  down  and  carted  away  to  make  a 
"railroad  fill."  It  was  at  one  time  occupied 
by  the  residences  of  a  considerable  number 
of  the  old  French  settlers,  and  a  movement 
was  once  set  on  foot  to  secure  the  donation  of 
the  property  to  the  city  and  convert  it  into 
a  public  garden:-  The  plan  failed  on  account 
of  the  indisposition  of  some  of  the  residents 
there  to  give  up  their  homes,  and  the  op- 
portunity was  lost  of  preserving  to  St.  Louis 
a  wonderfully  interesting  and  attractive  relic 
of  antiquity.  In  the  American  Bottom,  op- 
posite St.  Louis,  the  Indian  mounds  were 
large  and  numerous,  presenting,  according  to 
one  writer,  the  appearance  of  "a.  city  of 
mounds,  a  vast  and  mysterious  collection  of 
monumental  remains."  This  system  is  re- 
peated and  continued  on  a  scale  almost 
equally  as  large  at  New  Madrid.  (See  also 
"Archaeology,"  and  "Aboriginal  Antiqui- 
ties.") 

Indian  Museum. — Governor  Meri- 
wether Lewis  and  Governor  William  Clark 
interested  themselves  during  their  travels, 
explorations  and  residence  in  the  West,  in 
the  collection  of  an  Indian  museum,  which 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  chief  attrac- 


tions of  St.  Louis.  During  the  later  years 
of  Governor  Clark's  life  it  had  grown  to 
large  proportions,  and  visitors  to  the  city 
seldom  failed  to  inspect  this  remarkable  col- 
lection of  Indian  relics  and  curios. 

Indian  Scliools. — The  first  effort  in 
the  direction  of  educating  the  Indians  west 
of  the  Mississippi  of  which  we  have  any  rec- 
ord was  made  in  1824.  Early  in  the  preceding 
year  Rt.  Rev.  William  Louis  Dubourg,  who, 
in  181 5,  at  Rome,  was  consecrated  Bishop 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Louisiana,  consulted 
the  Monroe  administration  in  Washington 
on  the  subject  of  educating  the  children  of 
the  Indian  tribes  in  his  diocese.  The  good 
bishop  provided  a  farm  near  Florissant,  and 
Rev.  Charles  Van  Quickenborne,  a  Belgian 
priest,  was  selected  as  the  head  of  the  Jesuit 
community  to  be  established  there.  Father 
Van  Quickenborne  was  accompanied  from 
Maryland  by  six  young  Belgians,  enthusiastic 
with  the  idea  of  civilizing  the  savages  in  the 
far  West.  As  the  government  was  to  allow 
a  money  compensation  for  each  Indian  boy 
boarded  and  taught,  this  fund,  though  small, 
aided  the  novitiates  in  their  preparations  for 
the  greater  work  before  them.  Two  Indian 
boys  were  received  from  St.  Louis  in  1824, 
and  three  others  from  the  wild  tribes  some- 
what later.  In  1827  there  were  fourteen 
Indian  children  at  the  boys'  seminary,  and 
as  many  Indian  girls  in  charge  of  the  Ladies 
of  the  Sacred  Heart  at  Florissant,  the  ma- 
jority of  whom,  however,  were  Cherokee 
half-breeds.  The  seminary  in  1828  was  at- 
tended also  by  some  fifteen  sons  of  the  most 
respectable  white  families,  as  affording  bet- 
ter educational  facilities  than  were  elsewhere 
obtainable  at  that  period.  The  first  of  these 
recorded  is  "Charles  P.  Chouteau,  aged  eight 
years."  But  though  similar  Indian  school 
establishments  were  made  among  the  Osages 
and  Pottawottomies,  further  west,  the  re- 
sults of  these  educational  efforts  were  far 
from  encouraging.  The  Indian  character 
was  intractable.  Priests  went  among  the 
tribes  and  exercised  a  humanizing  and  peace- 
ful influence,  but  the  savages  were  entirely 
indifferent  to  books.  In  1830  the  Indian 
schools  had  been  discontinued. 

Indian  Slaves.— Before  negro  slavery 
was  introduced  into  Louisiana  it  was  the 
custom  of  the  Spaniards  to  make  slaves  of 


356 


INDIAN  SPRINGS— INDIAN  TRADE  AT  WESTPORT. 


the  Indians  whenever  any  act  of  the  natives 
afforded  them  a  pretext  for  doing  so.  This 
action  was  given  royal  sanction  by  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  who  heard  that  some 
Spaniards  had  been  killed  by  natives  of  the 
West  Indies,  and  ordered  that  all  those  who 
should  be  found  guilty  of  that  crime  should 
be  sent  to  Spain  as  slaves.  Bartholomew 
Columbus,  who  had  been  left  in  command 
at  Santo  Domingo  by  his  brother,  Christo- 
pher, gave  the  order  so  broad  an  interpre- 
tation that  he  sent  back  to  Spain  Indian 
slaves  to  the  number  of  300.  These  were 
the  first  Indian  slaves  sent  to  Europe. 

Indian  Springs. — A  village  in  McDon- 
ald County,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Pineville, 
the  county  seat,  and  seven  miles  from  Don- 
ohue,  its  shipping  point.  It  coptains  a  hotel, 
a  public  school,  lodges  of  Odd  Fellows  and 
Knights  of  Labor,  a  Grand  Army  Post,  and 
saw,  grist  and  carding  mills.  The  town  is 
beautifully  situated  on  high  ground  over- 
looking Lake  McNatt,  a  large  body  of  water 
formed  by  damming  Indian  Creek.  The 
stream  is  largely  fed  by  the  "Four  Great 
Medicine  Springs,"  of  known  medicinal  value. 
The  springs  were  an  Indian  rendezvous, 
sought  for  their  healing  properties.  A  man 
named  Friend  was,  in  1833,  ^^^  ^^st  white 
man  to  visit  them.  They  were  rediscovered 
in  1871  by  Drury  Wilkerson.  The  town 
was  formerly  known  as  Baladan,  the  post 
office  name,  changed  to  Indian  Springs 
when  it  was  platted,  July  7,  1881.  It  was 
governed  by  a  committee  until  September 
9,  when  it  was  incorporated,  with  R.  W.  Wil- 
liams, Thomas  McGuire,  David  Fiscus,  W. 
J.  Adkins  and  W.  O.  Blanchard  as  trustees. 
In  1890  the  population  was  131. 

Indian  Territory. — During  the  first 
quarter  of  the  last  century  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  formulated  the 
policy  of  concentrating  all  the  scattered  In- 
dian tribes  into  one  nation,  which  should 
be  confined  to  territory  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  Treaties  were  made  with  the 
Osage  and  Kansas  Indians  extinguishing 
their  titles  to  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  this  territory  was  set  aside  for  the  pro- 
posed Indian  commonwealth.  This  idea  was 
kept  in  mind  when  the  boundaries  of  the 
State  of  Missouri  were  fixed,  and  the  lands 
north  and  west  of  the  domain  included  in 


the  present  State  were  reserved  to  the  In- 
dians. In  1834  an  act  of  Congress  declared 
that  "all  that  part  of  the  United  States  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River — and  not  within  the 
States  of  Missouri  and  Louisiana,  or  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Arkansas — shall  be  considered  the 
Indian  country,"  and  during  the  early  years 
of  its  existence  as  a  State,  Missouri  was 
bounded  both  on  the  north  and  west  by  the 
Indian  Territory,  This  original  Indian  Ter- 
ritory has  been  reduced  in  area  by  the  cre- 
ation of  new  States  and  Territories  until 
only  a  corner  of  it  borders  on  Missouri,  and 
its  other  boundaries  are  Arkansas  on  the 
east,  Texas  on  the  south,  Oklahoma  on  the 
west,  and  Kansas  on  the  north. 

Indian  Trade  and  Early  Traffic  at 
Westport. — Prior  to  the  settlement  of 
the  whites  in  Jackson  County,  the  western 
part  of  Missouri  was  occupied  by  the  Osage 
Indians,  and  the  western  part  of  Jackson 
County  by  a  branch  of  that  tribe,  known  as 
the  Kansas,  Kanzas  or  Kansau  Indians,  the 
remnant  of  which  tribe  was  removed  to  the 
Indian  country  in  1836  and  located  on  the 
Kaw  River,  about  seventy-five  miles  west  of 
Kansas  City.  About  the  year  1826  immi- 
grants commenced  locating  west  of  the  Big 
Blue  River,  and  later  came  a  number  of  Mor- 
mons, between  whom  and  the  other  settlers 
contentions  arose  which  resulted  in  the  Mor- 
mons being  expelled  from  the  county  in  1833. 

In  1833  the  town  of  Westport  was  founded, 
and  became  the  headquarters  of  the  Indian 
trade  for  all  the  tribes  then  located  in  what 
is  now  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  of  Kan- 
sas, Across  the  State  line  from  Westport 
were  the  Shawnee  Indians.  The  Delawares 
and  Kickapoos  were  between  the  Kansas  and 
Missouri  Rivers.  The  Kaws  occupied  the 
country  on  the  Kaw  River,  about  where  To- 
peka  is  now  situated.  South  of  the  Shawnees 
were  the  Weas,  Peorias,  Piankishaws,  Otta- 
was  and  Chippewas,  and  further  south  were 
the  Osages,  Senecas  and  another  branch  of 
the  Shawnee  tribe.  In  southern  Nebraska 
were  the  Pawnees,  Otoes  and  other  tribes. 
A  branch  of  the  Pottawottomie  tribe  was  lo- 
cated on  the  western  branch  of  the  Osage 
River,  near  where  the  town  of  Garnet  is  now 
located,  about  the  year  1838.  '  At  the  same 
time  the  Miamis  were  located  along  the  State 
line,  west  of  Bates  County,  Missouri.  In 
1843  the  Wyandottes  purchased  land  of  the 


INDIAN  TREATIES. 


357 


Delawares  and  located  in  what  afterward  be- 
came Wyandotte  County,  Kansas.  The  Sac 
and  Fox  tribes  located  in  what  afterward  be- 
came Franklin  County,  Kansas,  about  1846. 
The  status  of  these  tribes  remained 
about  the  same  until  the  passage  of 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  law  in  1854, 
after  which  the  government  purchased 
parts  of  the  reservation  from  the  vari- 
ous tribes,  and  white  settlers  began  10  occupy 
these  lands.  Now  there  is  hardly  a  trace  of 
the  red  man  in  all  this  region.  In  those  days 
the  American  Fur  Company  had  branches, 
or,  as  the  company  called  them,  "outfits," 
such  as  "Delaware  outfits,"  "Shawnee  out- 
fits," etc.,  for  the  different  tribes.  Its 
immense  trade  with  the  Indians  led  that  com- 
pany to  seek  a  depot  for  the  landing  of  sup- 
plies nearer  to  the  trading  country,  and  at 
an  early  date  Francis  Chouteau  located  a 
warehouse  in  what  is  known  as  the  "East 
Bottoms,"  about  three  miles  east  of  the  pres- 
ent location  of  Main  Street,  Kansas  City. 
There  supplies  were  landed,  not  only  for  the 
tribes  mentioned,  but  also  for  other  "outfits," 
extending  across  the  plains  as  far  as  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  This  was  the  original 
Westport  landing.  As  the  territory  west  of 
Missouri  filled  up  with  Indians,  they  were 
followed  by  their  traders,  most  of  whom  made 
their  headquarters  at  Westport.  Among 
these  early  traders  were  W.  G.  and  G.  W. 
Ewing,  who  went  to  Westport  from  Fort 
Wayne,  Indiana,  and  there  became  lively 
competitors  of  the  American  Fur  Company, 
establishing  branch  trading  houses  or  trading 
outfits  among  all  the  tribes  in  the  region 
which  is  now  tributary  to  Kansas  City.  For 
some  time  the  goods  and  peltries  handled  by 
this  firm  passed  through  the  Chouteau  ware- 
house, but  realizing  that  this  gave  their  com- 
petitors an  insight  into  their  business,  the 
Ewings  established  a  warehouse  about  half  a 
mile  west  of  the  Chouteau  warehouse,  at 
which  all  their  goods  were  afterward  landed 
from  the  Missouri  River  boats.  These  two 
warehouses  were  the  centers  of  an  Indian 
trade  which  aggregated  a  large  amount  an- 
nually. In  1838  the  town  company  of  Kan- 
sas was  formed  and  a  small  log  warehouse 
was  built  at  what  is  now  the  foot  of  Main 
Street,  Kansas  City.  This  warehouse  be- 
came the  receiving  place  for  goods  delivered 
to  Westport  merchants.  In  1844  the  ware- 
houses of  the  Ewings  and   Chouteau  were 


swept  away  by  a  disastrous  flood,  and  after 
that  the  Indian  trade  centered  at  what  later 
became  Kansas  City  and  contributed  largely 
toward  laying  the  foundation  of  its  com- 
merce. Vast  quantities  of  furs  and  peltries 
were  received  from  the  Upper  Missouri  and 
Platte  River  countries.  These  peltries  were 
mainly  brought  down  to  Kansas  City  in  what 
were  called  "Mackinaw  boats,"  and  there  were 
usually  twenty  to  thirty  of  these  boats  in  a 
fleet.  The  wagon  trains  which  crossed  the 
plains  also  helped  to  swell  the  Indian  trade 
with  Kansas  City,  and  the  foundations  of  the 
present  metropolis  may  be  said  to  have  been 
laid  by  those  engaged  in  this  branch  of  com- 
merce. 

Indian  Treaties. —  During  August, 
1804,  treaties  were  made  by  General  W.  H. 
Harrison,  at  Vincennes,  by  which  the  claims 
of  several  Indian  nations  to  tracts  of  land 
in  Indiana  and  Illinois  were  relinquished  to 
the  United  States. 

In  November,  1804,  Governor  Harrison; 
at  St.  Louis,  also  negotiated  with  chiefs  of 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes  for  their  claim  to  a  tract 
lying  between  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Fox 
and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  the  United  States  to 
protect  them  and  also  to  deliver  goods  and 
an  annuity  to  them.  But  the  Sacs  and  Foxes 
really  had  no  right  to  this  land. 

November,  1808,  a  treaty  was  made  with 
the  Osages  by  Pierre  Chouteau,  Commis- 
sioner of  the  United  States  at  Fort  Clark 
(afterward  called  Fort  Osage,  and  now  Sib- 
ley, Jackson  County,  Missouri,)  by  which  the 
Indians  relinquished  all  rights  to  land  east 
of  a  line  beginning  on  the  Missouri  River 
two  miles  east  of  Fort  Clark  and  extending 
due  south  to  the  Arkansas  River.  The 
Osages  also  by  same  treaty  relinquished  title 
to  all  lands  in  north  Missouri  to  which  they 
may  have  laid  claim.  In  1814  .General  W. 
H.  Harrison  and  Lewis  Cass  executed 
treaties  at  Greenville,  Ohio,  v^dth  the  Wyan- 
dottes,  Delawares,  Shawnees  and  Senecas, 
portions  of  the  Pottawottomies  and  of  the 
Ottawas,  and  they  all  promised  to  aid  the 
United  States  in  wars  with  Great  Britain. 

In  July,  181 5,  a  large  number  of  Indians 
assembled  at  Portage  des  Sioux,  Missouri, 
to  negotiate  treaties  of  peace.  The  United 
States  commissioners  were  William  Clark, 
Governor  of  Missouri  and  superintendent  o£ 
Indian  affairs  west  of  the  Mississippi;   Gov- 


358 


INDIAN  TREATIES. 


ernor  Ninian  Edwards,  of  Illinois,  and  Au- 
guste  Chouteau,  of  St.  Louis.  Robert  Wash 
was  secretary  to  the  commission,  and  General 
Henry  Dodge  was  at  hand  to  prevent 
trouble.  Those  who  took  part  were  the  Pot- 
tawottomies,  Kickapoos,  Great  and  Little 
Osages,  lowas  and  Kansas ;  also  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes,  who  reaffirmed  the  treaty  of 
1804,  and  would  still  continue  separate  from 
the  Sacs  of  Rock  River.  The  Osages  re- 
confirmed the  treaty  of  1808. 

A  party  led  by  Black  -Hawk  even  now  re- 
fused to  sign  the  treaty,  proclaimed  them- 
selves British  subjects  and  went  to  Canada. 
In  1812  Black  Hawk  had  been  granted  a 
military  title  by  the  British,  and  this  puffed 
up  his  vanity  very  much.  The  same  com- 
missioners finished  up  the  Indian  treaties  at 
St.  Louis  in  May,  1816.  In  September,  1819, 
General  Cass  concluded  a  treaty  with  the 
Chippewas  at  Saginaw.  July  30,  1819,  Au- 
guste  Chouteau  and  Benjamin  Stephenson, 
at  Edwardsville,  Illinois,  bought  of  the  Kick- 
apoos all  of  their  claims  upon  the  Wabash, 
and  other  lands  reaching  west  to  the  Illi- 
nois River.  August,  1821,  a  treaty  was  made 
at  Chicago  between  Lewis  Cass  and  Solo- 
mon Sibley,  commissioner  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  Ottawa,  Chippewa  and  Pot- 
tawottomie  Indians. 

A  treaty  was  made  by  Governor  Harrison, 
at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  November  3,  1804, 
with  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  by  which 
they  relinquished  all  title  to  a  part  of  north- 
east Missouri  lying  east  of  a  line  running 
due  north  from  the  Missouri  River  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Gasconade  River  to  the 
GeofTrian  (Salt  River.)  The  title  to  the  re- 
mainder of  north  Missouri  was  acquired 
through  the  diplomacy  of  Governor  Clark, 
not  by  making  a  new  treaty,  but  by  explain- 
ing an  old  treaty,  viz. :  By  the  treaty  of 
1808  the  Osages  relinquished  all  right  to 
any  lands  north  of  the  Missouri  River,  but 
did  not  say  where  those  lands  lay.  Governor 
Clark  caused  a  strict  examination  to  be  made, 
with  the  following  result: 

"By  William  Clark,  Governor  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Missouri,  etc. :  Whereas,  by  the  treaty 
with  the  Osages,  entered  into  at  Fort  Clark, 
November  10,  1808,  the  said  nation  did  cede 
and  transfer  to  the  United  States  (together 
with  other  lands)  all  that  portion  of  terri- 
tory which,  previous  to  that  time,  had  been 
in  their  possession,  which  should  be  found 


to  the  northward  of  the  Missouri  River ;  and, 
whereas,  the  said  claim  and  possession  of 
the  Great  and  Little  Osages  northward  of 
the  Missouri  is  now  ascertained  to  be  im- 
memorially  bounded  as  follows,  to  wit :  Be- 
ginning at  a  point  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Kansas  River  and  running  northwardly 
140  miles,  thence  eastwardly  to  the  waters 
of  the  river  Au-Ha-Ha,  which  empties  into' 
the  Mississippi  River;  thence  to  a  point  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Gasconade ;  thence  up  the 
Missouri  with  its  meanders  to  the  begin- 
ning. The  pretension  of  other  Indians  to 
lands  within  these  limits  is  of  recent  date 
and  utterly  unsupported. 

"In  exercise,  therefore,  of  that  authority 
with  which  I  am  invested  by  the  laws,  I  do 
hereby  declare  and  make  known  that  all  that 
portion  of  country  northward  of  the  Mis- 
souri River  acquired  by  the  treaty  of  Fort 
Clark,  the  boundaries  of  which  are  set  forth 
above,  is  hereby  annexed  to  and  made  a 
part  of  the  County  of  St.  Charles  for  all 
purposes  of  civil  government  whatsoever, 
the  proprietary  as  well  as  sovereign  rights 
to  the  same  having  been  regularly  acquired 
by  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  above 
mentioned.  Of  this  annexation  all  officers, 
civil  and  military,  are  requested  to  take  due 
notice. 

"In  testimony  whereof,  etc.,  given,  etc.,  at 
St.  Louis,  the  9th  of  March,  181 5. 

"William  Clark." 

The  above  proclamation  was  the  first  as- 
sertion by  any  public  authority  of  the  rights 
of  the  United  States  to  the  country  north 
and  west  of  the  old  County  of  St.  Charles, 
and  has  since  been  admitted  by  all  the  In- 
dians having  claims  to  that  country,  also 
by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Territory 
and  by  the  government  of  the  United  States. 
The  Great  and  Little  Osages  recognized  and 
confirmed  the  treaty  of  1808  as  understood 
by  the  Governor's  proclamation,  in  council 
at  Portage  des  Sioux,  the  12th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1815  (Land  Laws,  United  States,  page 
78).  Governor  Clark  was  the  presiding  com- 
missioner in  the  council,  and  took  great  in- 
terest in  seeing  that  the  various  tribes  were 
satisfied.  A  few  months  after  the  treaty 
the  Legislature  met,  and  in  January,  1816, 
established  the  County  of  Howard  and  gave 
for  its  boundary  a  line   running  north   140 


INDIAN  WARS. 


359 


miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  River, 
as  described  in  Governor's  proclamation 
(Acts  1816,  page  82.)  The  general  govern- 
ment afterward  ordered  the  line  to  be  sur- 
veyed, which  was  done  by  John  Sullivan,  to 
the  extent  of  100  miles,  the  western  boundary 
of  Missouri. 

Thus,  by  the  prudence  of  Governor  Clark 
and  his  influence  with  the  Indians  in  ex- 
plaining the  old  treaty,  the  people  were  re- 
lieved from  the  charge  of  being  intruders 
upon  the  Indian  lands,  and  all  of  this  with- 
out any  expense.  No  man  but  Governor 
Clark  could  have  done  this.  His  influence 
with  the  Indians  was  very  great  as  long  as 
he  lived. 

The  title  of  the  Sacs,  Foxes  and  lowas 
to  this  portion  of  north  Missouri  was  relin- 
quished at  Fort  Armstrong  (Rock  Island), 
September  3,  1822,  where  the  treaty  of  1804 
was  also  ratified,  in  August,  1824.  Ten  dele- 
gated head  chiefs  of  these  tribes  met  with 
Governor  Clark  at  Washington  and  agreed, 
for  a  valuable  consideration,  to.  relinquish 
all  their  title  in '  north  Missouri  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  western  boundary  of  the 
State.  In  1825  a  treaty  was  entered  into  at 
Prairie  du  Chien  for  the  purpose  of  settling 
hostilities  among  the  Northern  and  North- 
western Indians. 

November  7,  1825,  a  treaty  was  effected 
between  Governor  Clark,  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs,  and  Shawnee  Indians,  concern- 
ing their  reservations  west  of  Missouri.  The 
Shawnees  held  a  tract  of  land  in  Cape  Girar- 
deau County,  Missouri,  settled  under  per- 
mission of  the  Spanish  government,  given 
to  the  Shawnees  and  Delawares  by  the  Baron 
de  Carondelet  July  4,  1793,  and  recorded  in 
the  office  of  recorder  of  land  titles  of  St. 
Louis,  containing  twenty-five  square  miles. 
This  tract  was  abandoned  by  the  Delawares 
in  181 5,  and  the  Shawnees,  under  an  assur- 
ance of  receiving  other  lands,  removed 
therefrom  after  making  valuable  and  last- 
ing improvements  thereon,  which  were 
taken  possession  of  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  For  this  Governor  Clark  agreed, 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  to  give 
to  the  Shawnees  in  Missouri  and  also  in 
Ohio,  who  might  desire  to  emigrate  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  a  tract  equal  to  fifty  miles 
square  west  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  within 
the  purchase  then  recently  made  from  the 
Osages  by  treaty  of  date  June  2, 1825,  bounded 


as  follows  :  Commencing  at  a  point  two  miles 
north  of  the  southwest  corner  of  the  State 
of  Missouri,  thence  north  twenty-five  miles, 
west  100  miles,  south  twenty-five  miles,  east 
100  miles  to  place  of  beginning;  also,  in  con- 
sideration of  their  improvements  and  cost 
of  moving,  the  United  States  agreed  to  pay 
$14,000  to  those  emigrating. 

If  said  tract  should  not  be  acceptable  they 
were  then  to  select  lands  on  Kansas  River 
west  of  the  western  line  of  Missouri.  The 
friendship  between  the  Shawnees  and  the 
government   of  the   United   States   was   re- 

"^^^^-  G.  C.  Broadhead. 

Indian  Wars. — At  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century  the  Iowa  Indians  lived  in 
North  Missouri.  The  Missouris  lived  on  the 
Missouri,  in  Missouri  and  Kansas.  About 
the  year  1720  the  Spanish  of  New  Mexico, 
wishing  to  check  the  French  in  their  attempts 
to  treat  with  the  Indians  and  settle  among 
those  west  of  the  Mississippi,  started  an 
expedition  against  the  Missouri  Indians,  who 
were  in  alliance  with  the  French.  The 
Pawnees  and  the  Missouris  were  not  then  at 
peace  with  each  other. 

The  Spaniards  after  many  days'  journey 
reached  what  they  supposed  to  be  a  Pawnee 
village,  but  they  were  among  the  Missouris 
without  knowing  it.  They  freely  spoke  of 
their  designs  and,  thinking  themselves 
among  friends,  were  not  undeceived.  But 
during  the  night  the  Indians  attacked  them 
and  killed  all  save  one  priest. 

Aboui;  this  time  the  French  sent  out  De 
Bourgmont,  who  established  a  fort  on  an 
island  in  the  Missouri,  about  240  miles  from 
its  mouth  and  called  it  Fort  Orleans.  This 
would  place  it  about  five  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Grand  River.  It  is  stated  that 
De  Bourgmont  established  his  fort  near  the 
tribe  of  the  Missouris,  as  they  were  friendly 
and  might  be  of  assistance  in  trading.  It  is 
also  said  that  the  Missouris  had  a  village  on 
the  river  opposite  the  island,  and  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  river. 

De  Bourgmont  established  peace  among 
the  various  tribes  near  by.  In  1724  the 
Padoucahs  (Camanches)  still  remaining  hos- 
tile, he  organized  an  expedition  into  their 
country,  accompanied  by  Osages  and  Mis- 
souris, and  effected  a  treaty  with  them.  The 
Missouris  were  apparently  so  friendly  that 
Captain  Du  Bois,  of  the  party,  took  one  of 


360 


INDIAN  WARS. 


the  women  for  a  wife.  De  Bourgmont  went 
to  France.  A  few  years  after,  some  traders 
from  Kaskaskia  went  up  the  Missouri  and 
found  the  fort  destroyed,  but  no  informa- 
tion was  ever  obtained  concerning  the  fate  of 
the  garrison.  Madame  Du  Bois  had  re- 
nounced Christianity,  and  had  gone  back  to 
her  own  people.  Not  a  Frenchman  was 
saved.  Several  years  after,  this  woman 
married  a  French  captain  named  Marin,  and 
in  1757  their  daughter  was  living  in  Kas- 
kaskia. 

The  Missouri  Indians  at  that  time  seemed 
to  be  friendly  with  the  Osages,  but  some 
years  later  the  Missouris  were  attacked  by 
the  Sauks  and  lowas  and  a  severe  fight  took 
place,  in  which  200  Missouris  were  killed 
and  they  were  driver!  across  the  Missouri 
River.  Afterward  they  were  attacked  by  the 
Osages,  and  the  remnant  took  refuge  with 
the  Little  Osages  and  Ottoes.  In  Saline 
County,  four  miles  southwest  of  Miami,  there 
is  evidence  of  an  ancient  fortified  place. 
Probably  ten  acres  are  encompassed  by  two 
or  three  ditches  and  as  many  earthen  walls 
or  ridges,  the  latter  being  formed  of  the  dirt . 
thrown  out  of  the  ditches,  the  ditches  at 
present  being  nearly  filled  up  and  walls 
washed  down,  but  in  1872  the  tops  of  the 
ridges  were  about  three  feet  above  the 
bottom  of  the  ditches.  Large  oaks,  three 
feet  in  diameter,  were  abundant  on  the 
grounds.  Outside  flint  fragments  abounded 
and  one  was  found  sticking  in  a  part  of  a 
human  skull. 

The  Miami  Indians  resided  here  until  1814, 
when  General  Dodge  removed  them  to  their 
nation  on  the  Wabash,  In  1775  settlements 
were  formed  in  Jefferson  County.  In  1780 
the  Indians  forced  them  to  leave,  but  other 
settlements  were  made.  Soon  after,  and  in 
1790,  the  Indians  were  again  troublesome. 
After  1795  more  whites  moved  in. 

In  1780  St.  Louis  was  threatened  with  an 
attack  by  the  Indians.  Governor  Clark  and 
Colonel  Todd,  who  commanded  at  Kas- 
kaskia, offered  to  send  assistance,  but  De 
Leyba,  Lieutenant  Governor,  refused  aid. 
Captain  Charles  Valle  with  sixty  men  from 
Ste.  Genevieve  then  marched  to  the  relief. 
De  Leyba  would  not  furnish  Captain  Valle 
with  ammunition,  but  Valle  secured  it.  De 
Leyba  then  ordered  the  men  to  spike  their 
guns  and  retreat  to  the  garret,  but  Valle 
refused,    replying,    "My   post   is    near    my 


cannon  and  not  in  the  garret."  The  danger 
passed  and  the  company  returned  home.* 
This  year  was  afterward  referred  to  as 
'Tannee  du  coup"  (the  year  of  the  attack). 
The  Indians  included  Winnebagoes,  Ojib- 
ways,  Menomonies  and  Sacs,  and  they  lost 
seven  killed. 

The  population  of  St.  Louis  in  1780  was 
eight  or  nine  hundred.  In  1800,  the  Osages 
and  Kickapoos  were  numerous  and  trouble- 
some in  Missouri. 

In  1804  roving  bands  of  Creek  Indians 
committed  depredations  in 
Wars-1800-1815.  New  Madrid  County. 
Governor  Delassus  called 
out  the  militia  and  several  Indians  were  ar- 
rested and  put  to  death.  In  1808,  John  Rufty 
was  fired  on  and  *  killed  by  Indians  six  miles 
above  Fort  Osage.  In  1809  there  were 
hostilities  between  the  Osages  and  Iowa 
Indians,  and  a  battle  took  place  near  where 
is  now  the  town  of  Liberty,  Clay  County. 
In  1810,  the  Indians  stole  horses  at  Loutre 
Island.  A  party  followed  and  overtook  them 
hear  Salt  River.  The  Indians  fled,  and  the 
whites  went  into  camp,  but  about  midnight 
were  surprised.  Stephen  Cole,  although 
wounded,  killed  four  Indians.  His  brother, 
W.  T.  Cole,  and  two  others  were  killed. 

In  1812  Captain  Heath,  of  the  United 
States  Army,  had  a  bloody  fight  with  Indians 
near  where  the  town  of  Mayview,  Lafayette 
County  now  is. 

About  1812  Isaac  Best  had  a  horse  mill  in 
the  northwest  part  of  Gasconade  County. 
One  day  a  few  Shawnees  shot  and  wounded 
one  Callahan,  who  was  at  the  mill.  Best 
shot  at  the  Indians ;  nevertheless,  they  made 
off  with  the  horses.  The  mill  was  then 
abandoned. 

June  26,  1812,  Tecumseh  and  the  prophet 
held  a  council  with  the  Winnebagoes,  Potta- 
wQttomies,  Kickapoos,  Shawnees,  Miamis, 
Sioux,  Ottoes,  Sacs  and  Foxes  and  lowas, 
and  a  majority  of  them  favored  war,  and 
some  of  them  soon  after  began  active  hos- 
tilities and  were  very  troublesome  from  1812 
to  181 5.  In  this  they  were  encouraged  by 
British  emissaries.  Many  skirmishes  took 
place  in  Lincoln  and  St.  Charles  Counties  be- 
tween 1812  and  181 5.  In  1814  a  severe  fight 
took  place  near  Cap-au-Gris  in  which  many 
persons  were  killed.    There  was  also  a  severe 


*  Rozier's  History. 

•  Rozier. 


INDIAN  WARS. 


361 


r 


fight  near  Chain  of  Rocks  on  Cuivre  River; 
Woods  Fort  (Troy)  was  in  almost  constant 
siege.  A  party  under  Black  Hawk  had  a 
severe  fight  with  rangers  at  Sulphur  Lick. 
Four  Indians  and  three  of  the  whites  were 
killed.  In  1813  Captain  Nathan  Boone  had 
a  fight  with  Indians  between  the  Illinois 
and  Mississippi,  and  later  another  skirmish 
near  the  same  place.  During  the  War  of 
1812  there  were  the  following  forts  in  St. 
Charles  and  neighboring  counties  :  Boone's 
Fort,  on  Darst's  Bottom;  Howell's  Fort,  on 
Howell's  Prairie;  Castlio's  Fort,  near 
Howell's  Prairie;  White's  Fort,  on  Dog 
Prairie ;  Pond  Fort,  on  Dardenne  Prairie ; 
Zumwalt's  Fort  near  where  is  the  present 
town  of  O'Fallon ;  Kennedy's  Fort,  near 
Wright  City ;  Callaway's  Fort,  near  Marthas- 
ville  ;  Wood's  Fort  at  Troy ;  Clark's  Fort  four 
miles  southeast;  Howard's  Fort  at  Chain  of 
Rocks ;  Stout's  Fort,  at  Auburn ;  Fort  Clem- 
son,  on  Loutre  Island,  and  a  fort  at  Cote 
Sans  Dessein,  with  four  forts  in  Howard 
County  near  Franklin. 

May  18,  181 5,  the  Indians  attacked  the 
Ramsey  family,  who  lived  two  miles  north- 
west from  where  the  town  of  Marthasville, 
Warren  County,  now  stands.  Three  children 
were  tomahawked  and  scalped,  and  Mrs. 
Ramsey,  being  in  a  delicate  condition,  was 
frightened  so  that  she  died  a  few  days  after. 
Mr.  Ramsey,  who  walked  with  one  wooden 
leg,  was  shot  but  not  killed,  and  he  managed 
to  reach  the  horn  used  to  signal  with  and 
gave  a  blast  which  caused  the  Indians  to 
retreat.  Thirty  scouts  soon  after  pursued 
them  and  a  fight  took  place  the  next  day  near 
Fort  Howard  with  the  now  reinforced  In- 
dians. En  route  the  whites  were  deceived  by 
the  Indians*  imitating  the  call  of  turkeys,  and 
several  men  were  killed.  The  next  day  three 
men  were  killed  near  Old  Monroe.  About 
the  same  time  the  Indians  attacked  the  fort, 
but  were  repulsed  and  pursued.  Black  Hawk 
with  eighteen  men  took  refuge  in  a  sinkhole 
on  the  bluflfs  near  Cap-au-Gris.  An  irregular 
fire  was  kept  up  until  dark,  but  during  the 
night  the  Indians  escaped.  One  white  man 
and  one  Indian  were  killed  at  the  sinkhole. 

In  181 3  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  shot  a  man 
named  Massey  while  plowing  near  Loutre 
Island.  His  sister,  hearing  the  report  of  the 
gun,  blew  a  horn  which  the  Indians  mistook 
for  that  of  rangers  and  left.    The  French  at 


Cote  Sans  Dessein  firmly  withstood  a  severe 
attack  of  the  Indians. 

In  the  spring  of  1814,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes 
stole  horses  near  Loutre  Island.  Captain 
James  Callaway  with  fifteen  rangers  pursued 
and  found  their  camp  near  the  head  of 
Loutre  River.  The  Indians  were  absent,  and 
Callaway  started  on  the  return  with  the 
horses.  Near  where  the  Prairie  Fork  joins 
Loutre,  Captain  Callaway  asked  Lieutenant 
Riggs  to  take  command  while  he  assisted  in 
driving  the  horses.  In  crossing  the  creek 
Captain  Callaway,  being  some  distance  in  the 
rear,  was  fired  on  by  Indians  from  ambush. 
The  men  ran,  Callaway  attempted  to  rally 
them,  but  was  intercepted  and  fell  into  the 
creek  mortally  wounded.  His  body  and  the 
bodies  of  three  others  who  were  killed  were 
buried  on  the  bank  of  the  stream  and  their 
graves  can  yet  be  seen.* 

The  Cheyennes,  Crows  and  Arickarees  of 
the  Upper  Missouri  were  supposed  to  be 
hostile  to  the  Americans  in  1813.  A  dozen 
or  more  men  were  shot  down  in  Howard 
County  between  1812  and  1814.  During  the 
war  with  Great  Britian  a  party  of  Sauk  ** 
Indians  lived  on  the  Moniteau,  south  of  the 
Missouri  River.  After  the  war  they  were 
ordered  oflf  and  removed  to  Grand  River,  re- 
maining there  for  a  while  and  then  removed 
to  Rock  River,  Illinois,  and  joined  others  of 
their  tribe. 

The  Pottawottomies  caused  the  greatest 
trouble  to  the  Boone's  Lick  settlements,  and 
stole  from  the  whites  as  many  as  three  hun- 
dred horses.  The  Sacs  and  Foxes,  lowas 
and  Kickapoos,  caused  much  trouble  for  two 
years.  There  were  four  stockade  forts 
erected  in  the  southern  part  of  Howard 
County;  Cooper's  Fort,  near  Boone's  Lick; 
Kincaid's  one  mile  east  and  Fort  Hempstead 
one  mile  north  of  Franklin;  Head's  Fort 
was  on  the  Moniteau  at  the  crossing  of  the 
St.  Charles  Road.  Cole's  Fort  was  erected 
about  two  miles  below  Boonville,  but  was 
soon  abandoned.  Captain  Benjamin  Cooper 
had  command  of  the  forts.  The  plowman 
worked  with  his  rifle  slung  over  his  shoulder, 
and  sentinels  were  often  placed  outside  of  the 
field.  In  1812,  while  out  hunting  in  Cooper 
County,  Smith  and  Savage  were  fired  on  by 
Indians   and   Smith  was   wounded.     In   the 


■^Callaway  County  was  named  after  Captain  Callaway. 

**  "  Sac  "  or  "  Sauk  " — many  early  writers  spelled  it  "  Sauk." 


362 


INDIAN  WARS. 


spring  of  1812  Jonathan  Todd  and  Thomas 
Smith  were  killed  near  the  line  of  Howard 
and  Boone  Counties.  A  party  of  men  pur- 
sued the  Indians  and  one  Indian  was  shot. 
Several  skirmishes  also  took  place  soon  after. 
Late  in  the  summer  of  1812  a  fight  took 
place  four  miles  west  of  Franklin  in  which 
four  Indians  were  killed  and  one  white  man 
wounded. 

The  settlers  manufactured  their  salt, 
saltpeter  and  gun  powder.  Several  at- 
tacks were  made  by  the  Indians  on  men  at 
work  at  the  Burckhart  salt  lick,  and  a  negro 
boy  was  killed.  In  one  attack  the  Indians 
shot  at  Mr.  Austin,  who  quickly  wheeled  his 
horse,  with  the  result  that  he  was  missed 
but  his  horse  was  shot.  A  Frenchman  hav- 
ing a  pistol  in  his  belt  and  a  double-barreled 
gun,  was  shot  at  by  Indians.  The  French- 
man quickly  fired  both  gun  barrels  and  the 
pistol  and  shot  three  Indians.  The  fourth 
yelled  and  ran  ofif  and  reported  that  the  man 
shot  twice  without  loading,  and  drew  his 
knife  and  shot,  and  he  then  ran  for  fear  the 
man  would  shoot  him  with  his  pipe.  For  two 
years  this  gallant  people,  unaided  by  govern- 
ment and  surrounded  by  numbers  of  warlike 
savages,  sustained  the  conflict  and  defended 
their  firesides  with  Spartan  fortitude.*  Gen- 
eral Dodge  at  last  came  to  their  relief  with  a 
detachment  of  rangers  and  some  Shawnees 
and  Delawares.  The  Indians  were  routed 
and  there  was  no  further  trouble. 

In  181 7,  Martin  Palmer   built  a  cabin    on 
Lick   Branch,   in    Carroll 

Wars— 1815-1830.        County,    to    shelter    him 
while    trapping.     In    the 
spring,    the    Indians    appearing   hostile,    he 
vacated  it. 

July  29,  1820,  nine  Sac  Indians  came  to  the 
house  of  Mr.  Mackelwee,  on  Fishing  River, 
Clay  County,  drove  off  his  horses  and  sur- 
rounded the  house.  A  boy  escaped  through 
the  chimney  during  the  night  and  alarmed 
the  neighbors.  Ten  men  headed  by  Captain 
Martin  Palmer  went  to  the  rescue.  The  In- 
dians gave  up  the  shot  bags,  but  leveled  their 
guns.  Palmer  ordered  his  men  to  fire  and 
five  Indians  were  killed.  The  other  Indians 
entered  the  house  and  cut  off  a  child's  hand. 
One  Indian  wheeled  and  was  about  to  shoot, 
but  was  shot  himself. 

In  1828  citizens  of  Howard  County  moved 
about  eighty  miles  up  Grand  Chariton  for  the 

*  Wetmore's  Gazetteer. 


purpose  of  raising  stock  and  formed  a  settle- 
ment near  where  is  now  the  town  of  Kirks- 
ville.  This  was  long  known  as  the  "Cabin 
of  White  Folks."  Indians,  lowas  and  Sacs 
were  hunting  in  that  neighborhood  in  the 
spring  of  1829  and  ordered  the  settlers  off, 
pretending  that  the  land  belonged  to  them. 
James  Myers  settled  in  this  neighborhood 
March  15,  1829.  On  the  20th  of  June,  while 
he  was  absent,  three  Indians  came  and  asked 
his  wife  for  a  meal.  It  was  refused.  They 
then  made  signs  of  scalping  and  took  hold 
of  a  child  and  drew  a  knife  around  its  head 
as  if  scalping.  They  then  left  and  told  her 
if  the  family  did  not  leave  by  12  o'clock 
next  day  thirty  men  would  come  and  kill 
them  all.  A  messenger  had  already  gone  to 
Randolph  County  for  aid.  The  messenger 
reached  the  house  of  William  Blackwell  the 
night  of  July  24th,  and  by  next  evening  a 
company  of  twenty-eight  men,  commanded 
by  Mr.  Trammel,  marched  to  the  "Narrows" 
(in  Macon  County).  They  camped  here  at 
night  and  next  day  sought  the  Indians.  The 
citizens  rode  peaceably  into  the  Indian  camp, 
but  the  Indians  acted  as  if  hostile.  John 
Myers  began  to  talk  with  them.  His  son 
John,  seeing  the  Indian  who  had  insulted  his 
wife  draw  a  tomahawk  and  cock  his  gun, 
shot  him.  The  chief  was  also  shot,  but  the 
troops  were  compelled  to  retreat,  the  Indians 
pursuing.  Three  whites  were  killed  and 
several  wounded,  including  Captain  Tram- 
mel. They  returned  to  "The  Cabin"  for  the 
women  and  children,  and  getting  them,  did 
not  stop  until  within  five  miles  of  Huntsville. 
Sixty  others  under  Captain  Sconce  returned 
to  the  battlefield  and  buried  the  bodies  of 
Winn,  Owenby  and  Myers.  Information 
was  received  that  other  Indians  were  concen- 
trating near  the  scene.  Winn  was  burned  by 
the  Indians  after  being  wounded.  Governor 
Miller  called  for  one  thousand  volunteers. 
Brigadier  General  J.  P.  Owen,  who  was  on 
the  ground  soon  after,  said  that  the  Indians 
moved  toward  the  Des  Moines,  from  which 
he  supposed  them  to  be  Sacs.  By  August  7, 
1829,  all  the  militia  who  had  been  ordered  to 
the  frontier  were  dismissed.  August  28th 
there  were  further  reports  of  large  bodies  of 
Indians  near  the  same  region,  and  Captain 
Goggin,  of  Randolph,  with  one  hundred  men, 
went  to  the  district,  but  the  Indians  had  fled. 
Colonel  H.  T.  Williams,  of  Fayette,  with 
eight  companies,  visited  Grand  Chariton  and 


INDIAN  WARS. 


363 


Salt  Rivers,  but  no  Indians  were  found. 
General  Leavenworth,  of  the  United  States 
Army,  came  up  to  Fayette,  investigated  the 
affair  and  went  west.  Volunteers  were 
offered  by  companies  from  Boone,  Howard, 
Callaway,  Cooper,  Randolph,  Clay  and 
Chariton  Counties.  Concerning  Indian  wars 
in  Missouri  and  the  Black  Hawk  War,  in- 
formation is  chiefly  derived  from  articles  in 
the  "Missouri  Intelligencer,"  Fayette  and 
Columbia,  published  at  the  time. 

The  Sacs  and  Foxes  had  no  original  title 

in  Illinois.    They  intruded 
Black  Hawk  War.      on    the    country    of    the 

lowas  and  others.  A 
portion  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  including 
Black  Hawk,  were  never  friendly  to  the 
whites  of  the  United  States,  and  they  op- 
posed all  treaties  entered  into  by  the  other 
tribes.  Black  Hawk  called  himself  "Chief," 
but  he  was  only  a  "brave"  or  leading  war- 
rior. He  held  a  commission  as  an  officer 
from  the  British,  and  drew  a  regular  annuity 
from  them  up  to  1827.  His  men  refused  to 
attend  the  conference  of  1816,  and  announc- 
ing themselves  as  British  subjects,  went  to 
Canada.  By  the  treaty  of  1804  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes  were  permitted  to  hunt  upon  the 
lands  sold  as  long  as  they  belonged  to  the 
United  States.  In  July,  1827,  Keokuk  was 
appointed  a  chief  of  the  Sacs,  but  Black 
Hawk  refused  to  recognize  him.  Keokuk 
was  always  the  white  man's  friend.  Black 
Hawk  then  gathered  together  the  young  and 
restless  spirits  and  set  himself  up  as  chief. 
He  had  not  the  talent  or  influence  of 
Tecumseh,  yet  he  sent  out  his  emissaries  and 
attempted  to  unite  all  the  Indians  of  the 
West,  from  Rock  River  to  Mexico,  in  a  war 
against  the  United  States.  On  July  15, 
1830,  another  treaty  was  entered  into  with 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  in  which  former  treaties 
were  confirmed,  and  they  promised  to  move 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Black  Hawk 
refused  to  move.  An  arrangement  was  also 
made  between  the  Americans  who  had  pur- 
chased land  and  the  Indians  to  live  as 
neighbors  to  each  other.  Indians  returning 
with  Black  Hawk  from  their  winter  hunt  in 
the  spring  of  1831  committed  depredations 
on  the  frontier  settlements.  He,  the  leader, 
was  cunning  enough  to  prevent  any  killing, 
but  trained  his  party  to  do  other  acts,  so  as 
to  force  the  Americans  to  attack  them  and 
then  to  fight  in  defense  of  Indian  rights.    On 


April  28,  183 1,  Governor  Reynolds,  of 
Illinois,  called  for  troops.  Twelve  hundred 
men  under  General  Joseph  Duncan,  and  the 
United  States  troops  under  General  E.  P. 
Gaines,  marched  to  the  scene.  Black  Hawk 
became  frightened  and  recrossed  the  Mis- 
sissippi. General  Gaines  conferred  with  the 
Sacs.  They  disavowed  any  intention  of  hos- 
tilities, but  insisted  that  they  had  never  sold 
the  lands  in  dispute  and  would  occupy  them. 
They  were  told  that  they  must  move  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River.  Next  morning  Gen- 
eral Gaines  heard  that  the  Sacs  had  invited  the 
Winnebagoes  and  Kickapoos  to  join  them. 
General  Gaines  then  called  on  Governor 
Reynolds  for  a  battalion  of  mounted  men. 
In  August,  1831,  a  band  of  Menomonies  were 
surprised  in  sight  of  Prairie  du  Chien  by  the 
Foxes,  and  twenty-four  of  them  were  mas- 
sacred, one-half  of  them  being  women  and 
children.  The  others  escaped  for  protection 
into  the  fort.  On  May  14,  1832,  275 
mounted  men  under  Major  Stillman  met  a 
party  of  Indians  on  Sycamore  Creek,  killing 
two  and  taking  two  prisoners.  The  militia 
then  advanced  and  encountered  a  large  party 
of  Indians  in  ambush.  Major  Stillman 
ordered  a  retreat',  and  the  Indians  followed 
for  several  miles.  About  this  time  the 
militia  under  General  Whiteside  united  with 
the  regulars  under  General  Atkinson  at 
Dixon's  Ferry.  The  next  day  after  Still- 
man's  fight,  General  Whiteside  marched  to 
the  scene,  finding  the  bodies  very  much 
mutilated,  and  buried  the  dead,  eleven  in 
number.  On  May  21,  1832,  a  party  buried 
fifteen  women  and  children  on  Indian  Creek, 
La  Salle  County,  Illinois,  who  were  killed  by 
Sac  and  Fox  Indians.  Two  women  were 
taken  prisoners  and  carried  off,  but  were 
afterward  rescued  by  the  Winnebagoes  and 
brought  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  their  rescue 
costing  the  government  $2,000  in  goods.  A 
scouting  party  under  F.  Stahl  were  attacked 
about  fifty  miles  from  Galena  and  one  man 
was  killed.  The  scouts  returned  to  Galena. 
The  Sioux,  Menomonies,  Kaskaskias  and 
Winnebagoes  joined  the  whites.  The  people 
of  Fulton,  Tazewell  and  Peoria  Counties  in 
Illinois  were  great  sufferers.  On  the  15th 
of  June  five  men  were  killed  in  sight  of  Fort 
Hamilton,  on  Peeketo  Lake.  Next  day 
General  Dodge  pursued  and  killed  eleven 
Indians.  Soon  after  the  Menomonies  under 
Colonel  Hamilton  came  up  and  commenced 


364 


INDIAN  WARS. 


an  inhuman  butchery  of  the  bodies.  This 
was  in  revenge  for  the  massacre  of  some  of 
their  tribe  a  year  before  at  Prairie  du  Chien. 
Indians  stole  some  horses  near  Galena;  their 
trail  was  followed  by  four  men,  and  the 
Indians  were  overtaken  at  breakfast.  The 
Indians  fled,  then  made  a  circuit  and  got  in 
the  rear  of  the  men  and  killed  all  four. 

General  Atkinson's  entire  army  consisted 
of  3,000  militia  and  500  regular  soldiers. 
June  24th,  Major  Dement  repulsed  Black 
Hawk  and  his  200  warriors  at  Kellogg's 
Grove,  between  Rock  River  and  Galena.  A 
detachment  under  General  Henry  had  a  hard 
fight  with  the  Indians  near  Blue  Mounds. 
In  this  fifty-two  Indians  and  one  American 
were  killed.  On  June  nth  Captain  Stephen- 
son's company  from  Galena,  on  a  scout,  were 
fired  upon  and  two  men  killed  and  Captain 
Stephenson  severely  wounded.  The  army 
under  General  Atkinson  marched  up  to  the 
White  Water.  On  their  approach  the  In- 
dians changed  their  position.  General  Dodge 
marched  to  intercept  the  Indians  and  en- 
deavor to  cut  them  off  from  reaching  the 
Mississippi.  The  whole  army  under  General 
Atkinson  crossed  the  Wisconsin  at  Helena 
on  the  28th  and  29th  of  July  and  took  up  a 
line  of  march  to  intercept  the  Indian  trail. 
When  the  trail  was  discovered  leading  north- 
west toward  the  Mississippi,  the  troops 
moved  rapidly,  leaving  baggage  •  and  in- 
cumbrances. The  trail  led  between  the  Wis- 
consin and  Kickapoo  Rivers,  across  hills  and 
deep  valleys,  and  through  heavy  timber.  The 
army  gained,  and  on  the  fourth  night  from 
Helena  the  spies  found  that  the  main  body 
had  that  day  gone  to  the  Mississippi.  A 
rest  was  made  for  a  few  hours.  General 
Dodge  and  the  United  States  troops  oc- 
cupied the  center  and  front,  Generals  Posey 
and  Alexander  the  right,  and  General  Henry 
the  left.  In  this  order  the  troops  descended 
these  steep  hills.  In  five  miles  the  enemy's 
picket  guard  was  seen.  General  Henry  was 
the  first  to  reach  the  enemy  and  open  fire. 
The  Indians  were  driven  from  hill  to  hill,  but 
kept  up  a  brisk  fire,  and  being  routed  they 
retreated  to  their  main  body  on  the  river. 
General  Alexander  and  General  Posey) 
marching  down  the  river,  fell  in  with  another 
part  of  the  enemy's  army  and  killed  and 
routed  all  that  opposed  them.  The  battle 
lasted  three  hours.  Fifty  women  and  children 
were  taken  prisoners,  and  the  Indian  loss  in 


killed  was  about  150;  that  of  the  whites 
twenty-seven.  A  prisoner  said  during  the 
heat  of  battle  Black  Hawk  stole  off  up  the 
east  side  of  the  river.  His  papers,  cer- 
tificates of  good  character  and  of  having 
fought  bravely  against  the  United  States  in 
the  last  war,  signed  by  British  officers,  were 
found  upon  the  battle  ground.  General 
Atkinson  and  his  officers  arrived  at  Prairie 
du  Chien  on  the  4th  of  September.  On  that 
day  a  party  of  fifteen  men  unden  Captain 
Price  overtook  a  party  of  Sacs  and  killed 
three  and  took  twelve  prisoners.  General 
Scott  and  staff  soon  after  reached  Prairie  du 
Chien,  and  on  the  i6th  of  September  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  the  Winnebagoes,  by 
which  they  ceded  to  the  United  States  all 
lands  south  and  east  of  the  Wisconsin  and 
Fox  Rivers  and  Green  Bay,  for  which  they 
received  $10,000  annually  for  twenty-seven 
years,  a  school  to  be  established,  and  also 
oxen  and  agricultural  implements  supplied  to 
them.  The  United  States  granted  to  the 
Winnebagoes  part  of  a  tract  west  of  the 
Mississippi  and  running  back  seventy-six 
miles.  The  Sacs  and  Foxes  also  ceded  to  the 
United  States  part  of  the  country  extending 
along  the  Mississippi  300  miles  and  extend- 
ing back  thirty-five  miles  west.  A  reserva- 
tion of  twenty-five  miles  square  was  made  in 
favor  of  the  Indians,  to  include  the  principal 
villages  on  the  Iowa,  with  other  grants  of 
property.  Black  Hawk  and  his  two  sons 
were  to  be  kept  as  hostages  during  the 
pleasure  of  the  President.  No  chief  of 
Black  Hawk's  party  was  to  exercise  any 
authority  whatever.  Black  Hawk  was  fol- 
lowed and  surprised  by  a  party  of  Win- 
nebagoes and  delivered  up  at  Prairie 
du  Chien.  With  this  Black  Hawk's  power 
was  broken.  He  was  sent  as  a  prisoner 
to  Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia,  where  he 
remained  until  June,  1833.  He  died  a  few 
years  later.  Keokuk  and  his  party,  on  ac- 
count of  their  friendly  attitude,  were  given  a 
reservation  of  forty  square  miles  of  territory. 
Governor  Miller,  of  Missouri,  called  for 
1,000  volunteers  for  the  Black  Hawk  War, 
and  authorized  Major  General  Richard 
Gentry  to  enlist  them.  Two  regiments  of 
500  men  each  were  organized.  Austin  A. 
King  was  elected  colonel  of  the  first  regi- 
ment, J.  B.  Dale,  lieutenant  colonel,  and 
Thomas  Conyers,  major.  Companies  were 
formed  in  Howard,  Boone,  Callaway,  Mont- 


INDIAN  WARS. 


365 


gomery,  St.  Charles,  Lincoln,  Pike,  Ralls, 
Marion  and  Monroe  Counties.  Some  of 
these  companies  marched  toward  the  fron- 
tier, but  peace  was  made  too  soon  for  them 
to  take  an  active  part. 

Nearly  all  Indians  are   naturally   disposed 
to  be  warlike.      In  their 
Indians  Beyond  Our    wild      condition     warfare 
Frontier.  was  frequent  between  the 

different  tribes.  In  their 
intercourse  with  the  whites  they  were  easily 
offended  and  always  ready  to  spring  to  arms. 
Very  few  were  permanently  friendly.  The 
hunters  and  trappers  had  to  be  always 
vigilant,  and  with  the  best  watchfulness  were 
sometimes  surprised.  Some  whites  were 
killed  by  the  Indians  prior  to  1820.  From 
1820  to  1835  many  lost  their  lives  at  the 
hands  of  the  savages.  An  old  pioneer 
(William  Waldo)  says  that  "the  soil  of  the 
plains  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  has  been 
fertilized  by  the  blood  of  the  sons  of  many  of 
the  best  families  of  St.  Louis  and  Missouri." 
Nearly  all  the  trappers  and  traders  of  the 
vast  region  of  the  plains  and  mountains  west 
were  Missourians  and  chiefly  of  St.  Louis. 
For  that  reason  it  is  proper  to  briefly  men- 
tion some  of  the  conflicts  in  which  they  en- 
gaged. 

On  July  26,  1806,  Captain  Meriwether 
,  Lewis  on  his  return  trip  from  the  mountains 
I  and  beyond,  met  eight  Indians  near  the 
Forks  of  Marias  River.  They  were  Minni- 
tarees.  They  shook  hands,  smoked,  and 
Captain  Lewis  gave  them  presents,  and  they 
camped  together.  As  a  precaution,  R.  Fields 
acted  as  sentinel  during  the  night.  Very 
early  in  the  morning  the  Indians  crowded 
near  him,  and  one  of  them  snatched  up 
Fields'  gun  and  the  others  picked  up  those 
of  Captain  Lewis  and  one  of  the  men  and 
started  off  with  them.  Fields  called  loudly 
to  awake  the  others  and  ran  after  the  Indian 
who  had  his  gun.  He  overtook  him  and 
stabbed  him.  A  gun  was  wrenched  from 
another  Indian.  Captain  Lewis  awakened  to 
find  his  gun  gone,  and  drew  his  pistol,  and  the 
Indian  dropped  his  gun.  The  Indians  then 
attempted  to  drive  off  the  horses;  Captain 
Lewis  and  his  men  pursued  and  shot  at  them. 
Two  horses  were  lost,  but  Captain  Lewis  took 
four  of  the  Indians'  horses,  and  then  moved 
on  rapidly  down  the  river,  for  fear  the  In- 
dians would  return  with  reinforcements. 
John  Colter  left  the  company  of  Lewis  and 


Clark  soon  after  leaving  the  mountains,  and 
stayed  there  alone  for  the  purpose  of  trap- 
ping. He  afterward  met  a  man  named  Potts, 
with  whom  he  trapped.  While  trapping  in 
the  country  of  the  Blackfeet,  on  Jefferson's 
Fork,  they  were  surprised  by  Indians  who 
came  from  each  side  of  the  stream.  They 
took  Potts'  rifle.  Colter  jerked  it  away  from 
the  Indian  and  gave  it  back  to  Potts.  Potts 
then  shot  an  Indian,  and  the  next  moment  fell 
pierced  with  many  arrows.  The  Indians 
then  caught  Colter  and  stripped  him  of  all 
his  clothing  and  told  him  to  run.  He  started, 
the  Indians  after  him,  but  he  ran  faster  than 
they  did.  He  ran  so  that  the  blood  issued 
from  his  mouth  and  nostrils.  One  savage 
was  ahead  of  the  others  and  gaining  on  him. 
Colter  turned,  the  savage  raised  his  spear  to 
hurl  at  him  and  it  broke.  Colter  picked  up 
the  broken  part  and  pinned  the  Indian  to  the 
ground.  The  Indians  as  they  reached  him 
stopped  to  howl,  and  Colter  ran  ahead  into 
the  stream  and  hid  in  a  mass  of  drift  wood. 
The  Indians  came  up,  but  after  a  long  search 
left.  In  the  night  Colter  came  out  of  the 
raft  and  swam  down  the  stream  and  escaped. 
For  days  he  traveled,  having  nothing  to  pro- 
tect his  feet  from  gravel  and  innumerable 
cacti;  his  body  burned  by  the  sun  dur- 
ing the  day  and  chilled  at  night,  and  with 
nothing  to  subsist  on  except  berries  and 
roots.  Finally,  after  many  days  he  reached 
a  trading  post.  On  this  trip  he  certainly 
passed  in  view  of  the  geysers  of  the  Yellow- 
stone Park,  but  what  he  told  seemed  so 
wonderful  that  no  one  would  believe  him. 
Wilson  P.  Hunt's  party,  in  1810,  saw  him  not 
far  from  St,  Louis.  The  Blackfeet  were 
nearly  always  hostile  to  the  Americans. 
About  1809-10  a  St.  Louis  company  at- 
tempted to  form  a  trading  post  at  the  Three 
Forks,  but  the  Indians  were  so  troublesome 
that  it  had  to  be  abandoned.  After  that  no 
Americans  attempted  anything  in  that  vicin- 
ity until  1823.  The  American  Fur  Company, 
in  1822,  fitted  out  an  expedition  under 
Immel  and  Jones  to  endeavor  to  extend  their 
business  to  the  head  of  the  Missouri,  and  also 
to  trap  beaver.  In  the  spring  of  1823  the 
party  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Three  Forks. 
No  Blackfeet  were  seen  until  the  middle  of 
May,  when  the  party  concluded  to  return  to 
the  Yellowstone.  While  descending  the 
Jefferson  they  met,  for  the  first  time,  a  party 
of  Blackfeet.    The  Indians  were  kept  at  a 


366 


INDIAN   WARS. 


distance.  Finally  one  of  them  exhibited  a 
letter.  They  were  then  invited  to  approach. 
It  was  superscribed  (the  letter)  in  the  English 
language,  "God  save  the  King."  The  paper 
contained  a  recommendation  stating  that  the 
Indians  were  well  disposed  toward  the  whites 
and  had  furs  for  sale.  The  Indians  were  in- 
vited to  remain  with  the  party  during  the 
night,  which  they  did,  making  great  profes- 
sions of  friendship  and  apparently  gratified 
at  the  prospect  of  trading  posts  in  their 
country.  Presents  were  given  to  the  Indians 
in  the  morning  and  they  left,  apparently  well 
pleased.  The  whites  being  suspicious,  moved 
rapidly  and  reached  the  Yellowstone,  but 
found  there  three  or  four  hundred  Blackfeet, 
who  attacked  the  party,  killing  Immel  and 
Jones  and  five  others,  and  carried  away  all  the 
property  in  their  possession,  amounting  to 
over  $12,000  in  value.  About  the  same  time 
a  party  of  Blackfeet  attacked  a  party  of  trap- 
pers headed  by  Major  Henry,  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Yellowstone,  killed  four  or  five 
and  drove  the  others  off. 

In  March,  1823,  a  party  of  Arickarees 
descended  the  Missouri  about  200  miles 
below  their  village  to  a  trading  house  of  the 
Missouri  Fur  Company,  and  stripped  six  men 
on  the  prairie,  robbing  them  of  clothes  and 
three  horses.  They  then  attacked  the  house, 
but  it  was  well  defended  by  ten  men,  and  the 
Indians  finally  were  repulsed,  losing  two 
killed.  The  following  is  derived  chiefly  from 
letters  from  Colonel  Ashley  and  official  re- 
ports of  Colonel  Leavenworth,  all  published 
in  the  "Missouri  Intelligencer,"  at  Franklin, 
Missouri,  1823  and  1824. 

The  losing  of  some  of  their  men  in  various 

outrages     attempted     on 

Arickaree  War.        traders  was  thought  to  be 

one  reason  for  the  attack 

made  by  the  Arickarees  on  General  Ashley's 

party  in  1823. 

About  1823,  General  W.  H.  Ashley,  of  St. 
Louis,  did  an  extensive  business  as  a  fur 
trader  on  the  Upper  Missouri  and  its  trib- 
utaries. He  had  a  post  on  the  Missouri 
above  the  Yellowstone,  which  was  in  charge 
of  Major  Henry,  who  had  been  engaged  in 
the  fur  trade  for  over  ten  years.  General 
Ashley  discovered  the  South  Pass  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  in  1824  extended  his 
trade  to  Salt  Lake,  and  between  1824  and 
1827  his  men  sent  to  St.  Louis  furs  to  the 
amount   of  $180,000.     General  Ashley  sold 


out  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  Company,  com- 
posed of  Robert  Campbell,  W.  L.  Sublette, 
J.  S.  Smith  and  David  E.  Jackson.  In  the 
latter  part  of  March,  1823,  keelboats  of 
General  Ashley  left  St.  Louis,  bound  for  their 
trading  post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow- 
stone. Three  boats  with  100  men  on  board 
passed  Franklin,  Missouri,  on  the  ist  and 
2d  days  of  April.  The  arms  and  equipments 
carried  by  the  men  were  similar  to  those 
carried  by  all  Indian  traders,  and  no  more. 
It  was  necessary  to  be  prepared  for  any  hos- 
tile demonstrations  as  well  as  to  have  guns 
with  which  to  shoot  game,  which  was  not 
new  to  the  Indians. 

At  ten  and  fourteen  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  Grand  River  there  were  at  that  time  two 
Arickaree  villages.  The  mouth  of  Grand 
River  is  653  miles  above  Council  Bluflfs  and 
444  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow- 
stone. There  is  an  island  in  the  Missouri  a  few 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  Grand  River  called 
Ashley  Island,  and  the  portion  of  the  shore 
above  on  the  left  bank  is  called  Arickaree 
Point.  The  Indian  villages  were  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river  and  in  the  northern  part  of 
what  is  now  South  Dakota.  The  following 
is  from  General  Ashley's  report : 

"Some  days  before  reaching  the  Indian 
villages,  some  of  the  Arickarees  came  to  the 
boats  and  demanded  remuneration  for  two 
warriors  who  were  killed  in  a  skirmish  the 
winter  before  with  a  party  of  the  Missouri 
Fur  Company.  General  Ashley  gave  them 
powder  and  twenty-five  muskets,  which  at 
first,  seemed  to  satisfy  them.  But  they  were 
not  satisfied  and  demanded  more  with  threats 
of  an  attack  if  refused.  General  Ashley  coolly 
told  them  to  attack  if  they  chose  to.  Ashley 
moved  up  the  river  cautiously  as  he  ap- 
proached the  Arickaree  towns.  On  the  30th 
of  May,  while  the  boat  was  in  the  middle  of 
the  river,  he  took  several  men  and  went 
ashore.  He  was  met  by  the  chiefs,  who  ap- 
peared to  be  friendly  and  asked  him  to  land 
some  goods.  Ashley  proposed  to  exchange 
goods  for  horses  so  as  to  be  able  to  send  a 
party  of  forty  men  overland  to  the  Yellow- 
stone. The  principal  chiefs  met  him  on  the 
beach.  Ashley  spoke  to  them  of  their  pre- 
vious conduct  and  of  the  impropriety  of  re- 
peating it.  They  professed  to  regret  it  and 
confessed  that  they  had  been  much  dis- 
pleased with  Ashley's  men,  but  now  all  those 
angry  feelings  had  left  them;  that  they  con- 


INDIAN  WARS. 


367 


sidered    the   Americans    their   friends.     The 
next  morning  General  Ashley  proceeded   to 
purchase  the  horses,  and  on  the  evening  of 
the  30th  was  ready  to  proceed,  intending  to 
start  the  next  morning.     In  the  evening,  by 
invitation,  he  visited  the  lodge  of  the  prin- 
cipal chief  (The  Bear),  and  was  treated  with 
great      apparent      friendship.        At      3 :30 
o'clock  next  morning  he  heard  that  one  of 
the  men  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians,  and 
that  the  boats  would  be  attacked.     The  boats 
were  in  the  stream  ninety  feet  from  the  shore. 
Forty  men  who  expected  to  go  by  land  were 
encamped  on    the    shore    between    the    two 
boats.     About    sunrise     the    Indians    began 
firing  from  along  a  line  600  yards  in  length, 
aiming  chiefly    at  the  men    on    shore.     The 
fire  was  returned.     An  attempt  was  made  to 
land  the  boats,  but  the  men  were  too  panic- 
stricken  to  do  anything.     Two   skiffs  were 
launched  to  bring  the  men  from   shore,  but 
the  oarsman  of   one  was  shot  and   the   skiff 
went  adrift.     Some  swam  to  the  boat,  others 
were  shot  down  at  the   edge  of  the  water. 
From  the   time   the  firing  began   until  the 
survivors  embarked  was   about  fifteen   min- 
utes.    Thirteen  Americans   were   killed   and 
eleven    wounded.      The    Indians'    loss    was 
probably    not     over     six    or     eight.       The 
Arickarees  had  600  warriors,  three-fourths  of 
whom  were  armed  with  guns,  the  others  had 
bows  and  arrows.     They  had  two  villages  at 
this  place   about  300  yards   apart.     General 
Ashley  immediately  started   down   the   river 
with  his  men  and  sent  a  messenger  to  Col- 
onel   Leavenworth,  at    Forth   Atkinson,  for 
aid.     The    letter    was    received    by    Colonel 
Leavenworth  on  the  i8th  of  June,  and  on  the 
22d  six  companies  of  the  Sixth  Regiment  left 
on  three   keelboats    laden  with   subsistence, 
ammunition    and    two     six-pound     cannon. 
Among  the  officers   were    Major   Ketchum, 
Captain  Armstrong,  Captain    Bennett    Riley 
and  Captain   Morris.     The   river   was   high, 
navigation    difficult,  and    boats    had    to    be 
cordelled,  and  men  were  continually  in  mud 
and  water.     On  the  27th   Joshua  Pilcher,  of 
the  Missouri  Fur  Company,  and  special  In- 
dian   subagent,    with    two    boats,    overtook 
Colonel  Leavenworth.     He  had  on  his  boat 
a  5  1-2  inch  howitzer.  On  the  3d  of  July  one  of 
the  boats  was  lost  by  striking  on  a  concealed 
tree  and  breaking  in  two.     Seven  men  were 
drowned  and  fifty-seven   muskets  and   some 
pork   were    lost.     The    other   property   was 


saved,  and  Mr.  Pilcher  took  part  of  it  on  his 
boat.  Early  next  morning  the  boats  were 
under  way  again.  At  10  p.  m.,  July  8th,  the 
boats  were  struck  by  a  severe  gale.  Its  roar- 
ing was  heard  as  it  approached ;  the  largest 
boat  was  driven  from  her  moorings,  the 
anchor  was  cast,  but  it  dragged,  and  the  boat 
was  driven  with  great  violence  on  a  bar  and 
the  mast  and  deck  carried  overboard  and 
broken.  Dr.  Gale  took  a  party  and  saved 
most  of  the  cargo,  although  the  swells  were 
rough  and  gale  very  severe.  After  a  long 
time  the  boat  was  cleaned  of  mud  and  water 
and  found  to  be  uninjured.  There  was  a 
good  deal  of  powder  and  many  cartridges  on 
the  boat,  and  its  loss  would  have  compelled  a 
return.  On  the  nth  it  was  under  way  again. 
On  the  19th  it  passed  Fort  Recovery,  a  trad- 
ing post.  The  Yankton  and  Teton  Sioux  were 
found  here,  and  part  of  them  joined  the  expe- 
dition. On  the  26th  of  July  they  passed 
friendly  Cheyenne  camps.  On  August  ist 
they  obtained  2,000  pounds  of  buffalo  meat 
for  ten  gallons  of  whisky.  Colonel  Leaven- 
worth met  General  Ashley  some  distance 
below  the  Arickaree  camp,  and  Ashley  ten- 
dered his  services  and  eighty  men.  The 
riflemen  were  placed  under  command  of 
Captain  Riley,  the  artillery  under  Lieutenant 
Morris.  When  within  twenty-five  miles  of 
the  Arickarees  a  party  of  Sioux  were  sent  in 
advance.  The  Indian  allies  of  the  United 
States  Army  here  amounted  to  nearly  750. 
On  the  8th  of  August  the  troops  were  fifteen 
miles  from  the  Arickarees,  and  moved  for- 
ward early  on  the  9th.  Many  contradictory 
accounts  were  received  and  reported  by  the 
Sioux.  After  crossing  Grand  River  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  9th,  the  troops  were  ordered 
to  move  forward,  the  Sioux  to  remain  on  the 
flank,  but  they  moved  on  ahead.  Colonel 
Leavenworth  then  moved  on  to  check  the 
advance  in  order  to  move  more  compactly. 
The  Indians  then  went  to  the  rear,  but  soon 
made  to  the  front  and  returned  with  captured 
horses.  The  United  States  troops  then 
moved  rapidly  forward  with  Captain  Riley 
and  General  Ashley.  The  Arickarees  came 
out  from  their  hiding  place ;  the  Sioux  fired 
on  them,  and  the  Arickarees  entered  their 
towns.  The  troops  advanced  to  within  400 
yards  of  them  and  halted  to  wait  for  the 
artillery.  Captain  Riley  in  the  meantime  ad- 
vancing so  as  to  keep  the  Indians  within  their 
towns.     The  artillery  was   disembarked   be- 


368 


INDIAN  WARS. 


fore  sundown.  Sergeant  Perkins  with  a  six- 
pounder  and  a  detachment  of  men  was  sent 
against  the  upper  village.  The  attack  was 
commenced  early  on  the  loth  by  Lieutenant 
Morris  and  the  artillery.  His  first  shot  killed 
Chief  Grey  Eyes.  Major  Ketchum  advanced 
toward  the  lower  village.  The  first  cannon 
shots  were  from  a  hill  too  high  to  be  effec- 
tual They  then  descended  to  the  plains  and 
the  shots  did  their  work.  In  the  meantime 
the  Sioux  had  discovered  the  cornfields  and 
busied  themselves  gathering  corn.  It  was 
discovered  that  the  town  was  surrounded 
with  deep  ditches  and  picketed  entrench- 
ments. Some  of  the  Arickarees  who  had  taken 
position  in  a  ravine  were  dislodged  by  Major 
Ketchum.  Lieutenant  Morris  and  Sergeant 
Lathrop  continued  an  artillery  fire  into  the 
village.  Later  an  Arickaree  messenger  ap- 
peared and  was  asked  what  he  wanted.  He 
said  that  the  Arickarees  wished  the  troops  to 
have  pity  on  their  women  and  children  and 
not  to  fire  upon  them  any  more ;  that  the 
man  who  had  done  all  the  mischief  and  had 
caused  both  the  whites  and  themselves  so 
much  trouble  had  been  killed.  Colonel 
Leavenworth  told  the  man  to  go  back  and 
inform  his  chiefs  that  the  whites  were  for 
peace,  and  would  meet  them  and  arrange 
terms.  Colonel  Leavenworth  and  staff  met 
the  chiefs,  who  seemed  terrified.  They  re- 
peated what  the  others  had  said,  and  added 
"do  with  us  what  you  please,  but  do  not  fire 
any  more  guns  at  us ;  we  are  all  in  tears." 
Leavenworth  told  them  that  they  must  make 
up  the  losses  to  General  Ashley  and  behave 
well  in  future,  and  give  five  hostages  of  their 
principal  men  as  security.  They  replied  that 
they  would  restore  what  they  could,  but  their 
horses  had  been  taken  by  the  Sioux  and 
many  of  them  killed;  they  would  return  all 
the  g^ns  they  could  find.  On  the  nth  it  was 
found  that  the  Sioux  had  all  gone  and  carried 
off  six  mules  belonging  to  the  quartermaster 
and  six  of  General  Ashley's  horses.  There 
was  much  trouble  afterward  in  endeavoring 
to  get  the  Indians  near,  as  Campbell,  the  in- 
terpreter, made  them  believe  that  Colonel 
Leavenworth  would  get  them  in  his  power 
and  kill  them,  and  Dr.  Gale  was  made  to  be- 
lieve by  Mr.  Pilcher  and  Campbell  that  the 
Indians  were  going  to  fire  on  them,  and  then 
Gale  and  Campbell  both  fired.  On  the  nth 
the  first  chief.  Little  Soldier,  came  and  asked 
why  they  were  fired  on.     Colonel  Leaven- 


worth told  him  that  it  was  against  his  orders. 
Little  Soldier  said  he  would  try  and  have  his 
people  come  out  again  and  smoke,  and  would 
also  be  glad  if  some  of  the  officers  would  visit 
them  in  their  villages,  but  the  Indians  were 
very  much  alarmed.  They  were  visited  and 
found  to  be  well  disposed,  and  the  Indians 
supplied  the  whites  ^\4th  corn  and  vegetables. 
Early  on  the  13th  it  was  found  that  the 
Indians  had  left.  Major  Ketchum  then  took 
possession  of  the  towns.  A  messenger  was 
sent  to  call  the  Indians  back,  but  they  could 
not  be  found.  Thirty-one  graves  were  found, 
and  each  contained  more  than  one  person, 
so  that  probably  over  fifty  were  killed.  No 
whites  were  killed,  but  two  were  wounded. 
The  widow  of  Grey  Eyes  was  found  alone, 
being  left  by  the  Indians.  She  was  furnished 
with  plenty  of  provisions  and  water,  and  was 
left  in  quiet  possession  of  the  Arickaree 
towns,  seventy-one  dirt  lodges  in  one  and 
seventy  in  the  other.  By  10  p.  m.  of  the 
15th  the  troops  were  embarked  to  descend 
the  river." 

The  above  account  of  the  fight  is  from 
Colonel  Leavenworth's  official  report  pub- 
lished soon  after  in  the  "Missouri  In- 
telligencer." 

An  amicable  treaty  was  effected  with  the 
Arickaree  Indians  on  the  i8th  of  July,  1825, 
by  United  States  Commissioners.  The  treaty 
was  signed  by  sundry  Indians  and  General 
H.  Atkinson,  brigadier  general.  United 
States  Army,  and  Benjamin  O'Fallon,  Indian 
agent,  with  witnesses,  among  whom  were 
Colonel  Leavenworth,  Major  S.  W.  Kearney, 
Major  D.  Ketchum,  Captain  B.  Riley,  Cap- 
tain Gantt,  Captain  Spencer,  Captain 
Armstrong  and  Lieutenant  W.  S.  Harney; 
and  A.  L.  Langham,  secretary.  Between 
1825  and  1830  two-fifths  of  the  men 
employed  in  the  trade  on  our  western 
frontier  and  beyond  were  either  killed 
by  Indians  or  lost  their  lives  by  ac- 
cidents due  to  the  dangerous  character  of  the 
country.  The  dangers  became  so  great  that 
the  traders  petitioned  for  assistance,  and  in 
1829  Major  Bennet  Riley  *  scoured  the 
plains  and  remained  conveniently  near  the 
Mexican  line,  guarding  some  on  their  way, 
and  so  it  soon  became  less  dangerous  and 
the  traders  united  into  strong  bands.  Gov- 
ernor M.  M.  Marmaduke,  Governor  Boggs, 

*  Captain  Riley  in  the  Arickaree  war  and  General  Riley  of 
later  period.  He  was  the  first  military  Governor  of  California 
before  it  was  a  State. 


INDIANS,  REMOVAL  OF  FROM  MISSOURI. 


369 


the  Bents,  Waldos  and  others,  were  engaged 
in  the  trade  and  were  often  in  dangerous 
positions. 

In  1832  William  L.  Sublette,  a  member  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Company,  had 
fights  with  parties  of  Blackfeet  on  the  head 
of  the  Colorado  River  and  lost  two  men  and 
some  horses.  But  to  write  out  and  trace  out 
all  the  disasters  befalling  our  plainsmen  and 
hunters  is  beyond  the  present  scope  of  this 
article,  so  we  will  end  it  here. 

G.  C.  Broadhead. 

ludians  in  3Iissouri. — ^At  different 
times  Alissouri  was  inhabited  by  the  Osages, 
Missouris,  lowas.  Sacs  and  Foxes,  Kicka- 
poos,  Shawnees  and  Delawares.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  Osages 
had  possession  of  all  of  southwest  Missouri, 
and  were,  no  doubt,  the  most  powerful  tribe 
in  Missouri,  and  their  parties  would  go  on  ex- 
peditions as  far  as  the  lakes. 

Billon's  "'Annals  of  St.  Louis"  informs  us 
that  there  were  estimated  in  1810  to  be  about 
20,000  Indians  in  Missouri,  including  Sacs, 
Foxes,  Shawnees,  Delawares,  Osages  and 
lowas.  The  Osages  occupied  Bates  and  Ver- 
non Counties  until  1824,  and  continued  to 
hunt  in  Henry  County  until  1837.  They  had 
a  village  seven  miles  northeast  of  Nevada  and 
one  three  miles  north  of  Balltown.  In  1808 
by  treaty  they  relinquished  their  right  to  all 
territory  east  of  a  line  running  due  south  to 
the  Arkansas  River  from  a  point  two  miles 
east  of  Fort  Osage  (now  Sibley).  In  1824 
they  relinquished  their  right  to  the  strip  lying 
west  to  the  State  line.  Up  to  1835  the  Shaw- 
nees and  Osages  had  villages  in  Benton 
County  and  lived  peaceably  with  the  white 
people.  In  1794  there  were  two  Shawnee 
and  one  Delaware  village  on  Apple  Creek, 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  twenty  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  in  181 1  one  of  their  towns  had 
eighty  houses.  The  Shawnees  also  resided 
on  the  Meramec  during  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  Until  1824  there  were 
3,000  Indians  in  Perry  County,  two-thirds  of 
them  Shawnees,  the  other  one-third  Dela- 
wares. 

In  1823  the  Delawares  built  a  town  in 
Christian  County;  they  also  lived  in  Stone 
County.  In  1830  they  were  removed  to  Kan- 
sas. They  returned  to  hunt  every  year  until 
1836,  but  annoyed  the  people  so  much  that 
the  Governor  sent  a  militia  force  to  investi- 

Vol.  Ill— 24 


gate,  and  after  that  the  Indians  gave  no  more 
trouble.  At  one  time  the  Osages,  then  the 
Delawares  and  Kickapoos,  lived  in  Greene 
County.  In  1840  the  Delawares  ceded  their 
lands  to  the  United  States.  The  Sacs  and 
Foxes  lived  in  Carroll  County  until  1820. 

In  1814  the  Miamis  had  villages  on  the 
Petite  Osage  Plains,  Saline  County,  and  were 
troublesome  to  the  settlers  in  Howard 
County.  General  Dodge  marched  to  their 
village  and  took  about  400  of  them,  men, 
women  and  children,  and  sent  them  to  their 
nation  on  the  Wabash,  in  Indiana. 

G.  C.  Broadhead. 

Iiidiau8,  Removal  of  from  Mis- 
souri.— Under  the  pressure  of  a  constantly 
advancing  white  immigration,  the  Indian 
tribes  which  had  originally  occupied  the  Illi- 
nois country,  or  had  been  forced  into  it  from 
the  eastward,  migrated  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  in  greater  part  dispersed 
throughout  the  region  between  that  stream 
and  the  present  eastern  boundary  of  Kansas. 
Several  fragmentary  tribes  pitched  their  wig- 
wams within  St.  Louis  County,  and  as  late  as 
1820  there  were  1,800  Shawnees  encamped 
within  twenty  miles  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis. 
Up  to  1825  twenty-one  tribes,  numbering 
more  than  30,000  people,  had  come  from  the 
north  and  east,  and  crossed'  the  Mississippi 
River  at  and  near  St.  Louis.  A  further  re- 
moval from  the  east  took  place  about  1833. 
Among  the  migrating  tribes  during  these 
periods  were  the  Delawares,  Pottawottomies, 
Wyandottes,  Ottawas,  Peorias  and  remnants 
of  others,  and  these  were  gradually  pushed 
farther  westward  by  the  advancing  whites. 

By  treaty  made  with  the  Osage  Indians  in 
1808  at  Fort  Clark  (afterward  Fort  Osage} 
was  extinguished  the  Indian  title  to  all  terri- 
tory in  Missouri,  excepting  a  strip  twenty- 
four  miles  wide,  extending  eastward  from  the 
western  boundary  of  the  State.  The  Indian 
title  to  this  strip,  in  which  was  contained 
nearly  all  of  Jackson  County,  was  extin- 
guished in  1825,  and  the  Indians  retired  from 
the  greater  part  of  this  region. 

In  1836-7  small  bands  of  Osages  infested 
Greene  and  adjoining  counties  and  became 
obnoxious  to  the  white  settlers,  who  often 
complained  of  them  for  stealing  and  for  en- 
dangering their  safety.  In  1837  Governor 
Boggs  ordered  Colonel  Charles  S.  Yancey, 
commanding  the  Greene  County  militia,  to 


370 


INDIANS,  WHY  SO  CALLED. 


remove  the  Indians  out  of  the  State.  Under 
this  authority  Colonel  Yancey,  with  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Chesley  Cannefax  and  Cap- 
tain Henry  Fulbright,  went  to  an  Indian  camp 
in  the  present  Stone  County,  near  the  mouth 
of  Finley  Creek,  and  notified  the  Indians  that 
they  must  remove.  The  Indians  professed 
peaceful  intentions  and  promised  good  con- 
duct, and  Colonel  Yancey  and  his  party 
returned  to  Springfield.  They  found  the 
white  inhabitants  there  in  great  fear  of  an 
Indian  uprising,  whereupon  Colonel  Yancey 
assembled  about  loo  armed  men  and  re- 
turned to  confront  the  Indians.  After  ren- 
dering their  arms  useless  he  escorted  the 
band,  about  lOO  men  and  as  many  squaws 
and  children,  beyond  the  Arkansas  line.  It 
was  inclement  winter  weather,  and  the  In- 
<iians  suffered  great  hardships  on  their  forced 
journey.  After  this  there  was  no  further 
trouble  in  that  region. 

There  now  remained  to  the  Indians  in  what 
is  now  the  State  of  Missouri  only  the  terri- 
tory which  came  to  be  known  as  the  Platte 
Purchase,  a  tract  unsurpassable  in  point  of 
healthfulness,  beauty  and  fertiHty.  (See 
"Platte  Purchase.")  This  territory  was  ac- 
quired by  the  Stat'e  of  Missouri,  through  an 
act  of  Congress  to  extend  the  boundaries  of 
the  State,  passed  June  7,  1836,  and  a  treaty 
with  the  Sac,  Fox  and  Iowa  Indians  made  at 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  September  17th, 
following.  The  occupants  at  the  time  were 
the  tribes  named,  holding  title  under  a  treaty 
made  in  1830.  and  fragments  of  the  Potta- 
wottomies,  Omahas  and  Sioux,  temporarily 
located  there.  In  1837  the  Indians  removed 
to  a  reservation  granted  them  by  the  govern- 
ment, com.prising  400  sections  in  what  are 
now  the  counties  of  Doniphan  and  Brown,  in 
Kansas.  The  government  paid  them  $7,500 
in  money,  erected  for  them  five  buildings, 
provided  each  tribe  with  an  interpreter  and 
a  school-master,  broke  up  200  acres  of  tillable 
land  for  each  tribe  and  provided  each  with 
agricultural  implements  and  a  ferryboat,  and 
furnished  all  with  rations  sufficient  for  one 
year.  The  vacated  lands  were  at  once  taken 
up  by  white  settlers,  many  of  whom  had  al- 
ready entered  them  in  anticipation  of  their 
acquisition,  either  under  arrangement  with 
the  Indians  or  without  authority. 

Indians,  Why  So  Called.— When  Co- 

lumbus  landed  on  the  Island  of  San  Salvador 


he  supposed  that  he  was  landing  on  an  -island 
at  the  extremity  of  India,  and  hence  he  called 
the  inhabitants  of  the  island  "Indians.'"  By 
that  name  he  continued  to  call  the  natives  of 
America,  and  Spanish  writers  from  the  outset 
gave  them  the  same  name.  The  English 
translators  of  these  writers  followed  in  their 
footsteps,  and  while  the  name  applied  origi- 
nally only  to  the  tribes  with  which  the  Span- 
ish came  into  contact,  by  degrees  it  was 
extended  to  all  the  natives  of  the  continent, 
and  they  have  since  been  known  as  American 
Indians,  ^ 

Indictment. — The  formal  written  charge 
or  accusation  of  a  crime  against  a  person, 
drawn  up  by  the  prosecuting  attorney  of  the 
county  and  approved  and  presented  by  the 
grand  jury  to  the  court. 

Indigo. — A  leguminous  plant  of  several 
species  from  which  indigo  is  prepared.  The 
different  varieties  are  natives  of  Africa,  Asia 
and  America.  The  early  settlers  of  Ste. 
Genevieve  and  other  counties  in  southeastern 
Missouri  cultivated  the  plant  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  and  as  late  as  1818  indigo,  with 
other  crops,  was  grown  in  the  Belleview  val- 
ley. 

Indnstrial    Benefit    Association. — 

This  association  was  organized  in  the  city 
of  St.  Louis  in  July,  1883,  and  incorpo- 
rated the  same  year.  Its  purposes  are  the 
relief  of  working  people  and  their  families. 
It  pays  sick  and  accident  benefits  and  also 
a  burial  benefit.  Its  membership  numbered 
2,000  in  1898.  The  ofificers  of  the  associa- 
tion at  that  time  were  :  William  Andrew  Orr, 
president ;  Oliver  J.  Jones,  vice  president ;  J. 
Hamilton  Jones,  secretary  and  treasurer ;  Dr. 
Vincent  J.  Mueller,  examining  and  visiting 
physician. 

Industrial  Home  for  Girls  Fund. — 

This  fund,  devoted  to  the  support  of  the  in- 
stitution whose  name  it  bears,  is  made  up 
of  moneys  collected  by  the  treasurer  from 
counties  and  individuals  for  care  of  the  girls. 
What  is  lacking  for  the  support  of  the  girls 
is  made  up  by  appropriation  by  the  General 
Assembly.  The  receipts  into  the  fund  in 
1897  were  $4,794,  and  in  1898,  $7,111,  and  the 
disbursements  were  in  1897,  $4,801,  and  in 
1898,  $6,994,  with  a  balance  January  i,  1899, 
of  $116. 


INDUSTRIAI.  HOME— INSPECTOR  OF  STEAM  VESSELS. 


371 


Indvistrial  Home  for  Girls,  State.— 

An  institution  designed  for  the  education  and 
reformation  of  wayward  girls,  located  at  Chil- 
licothe.  It  was  founded  in  1887,  ^^^  i'l  1900 
had  about  100  inmates.  The  institution  is 
conducted  on  the  cottage  plan,  and  is  located 
on  a  tract  of  forty-seven  and  a  half  acres 
of  land.  Buildings  on  this  tract  are  two 
cottages  for  inmates — one  known  as  the  Mis- 
souri Cottage  and  the  other  as  the  Marma- 
duke  Cottage — one  chapel,  including  school- 
house  and  basement,  two  barns  and  other 
outbuildings.  The  chapel  contains  three 
school  rooms  and  an  auditorium.  Girls  sent 
to  this  institution  attend  school  a  portion 
of  the  time,  and  also  receive  instruction 
which  is  designed  to  make  them  self-support- 
ing young  women.  The  institution  is  con- 
trolled by  a  board  of  managers  appointed 
by  the  Governor ;  and  a  superintendent,  sec- 
retary, three  teachers,  two  managers,  two 
housekeepers  and  four  other  salaried  offi- 
cers were  connected  with  it  in  1900. 

Industrial  School,  Sisters  of  Mer- 
cy's.— This  home  and  school  was  estab- 
lished in  1856  by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph's 
Convent  of  Mercy,  in  St.  Louis.  Little 
girls,  whose  parents  or  friends  are  unable 
to  support  them,  are  here  fed,  clothed  and 
educated.  The  little  ones  from  three  to  ten 
years  of  age  are  instructed  all  day  in  a  warm, 
well  lighted  and  well  ventilated  school  room ; 
those  from  ten  to  fifteen  years  old  for  one- 
half  day.  They  are  taught  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  primary  grammar  and  geogra- 
phy of  the  United  States,  besides  being  care- 
fully instructed  in  plain  sewing  and  every 
branch  of  domestic  employment.  If  not  re- 
moved by  friends  or  parents,  carefully  se- 
lected situations  are  provided  for  them,  for 
which  they  have  been  previously  trained. 
Even  then  the  watchful  care  of  the  Sisters 
follows  them,  to  warn,  advise,  or  even  draw 
them  back  into  the  institution,  should  it  be 
deemed  necessary.  They  are  always  free 
to  return  to  the  home  with  or  without 
money.  The  location  of  the  school  has, 
since  1861,  been  at  Twenty-second  and  Mor- 
gan Streets. 

Insane  Asylum. —  The  St.  Louis  In- 
sane Asylum  was  erected  by  the  County  of 
St.  Louis  in  1868,  and  was  a  county  institu- 


tion until  1876,  when  the  city  was  separated 
from  the  county  and  it  was  given  to  the 
city.  The  cost  of  the  asylum  was  $700,000. 
It  is  of  brick,  five  stories  in  height,  with 
fire-proof  walls,  surmounted  by  a  cupola 
which  commands  an  extended  view  of  the 
city  and  its  environs.  The  asylum  tract  em- 
braces twenty-nine  acres,  nearly  one-half  of 
which  is  under  cultivation.  The  location  is 
5400  Arsenal  Street,  between  Brannon  and 
Sublette  Streets.  The  institution  is  con- 
trolled by  the  city,  and  is  intended  for  the 
city's  insane,  but  the  State  makes  a  biennial 
appropriation  for  the  partial  support  of  it, 
the  city  doing  the  rest.  It  is  under  the  su- 
pervision of  the  health  commission  and  the 
board  of  health,  with  a  superintendent  in 
immediate  charge.  In  1898  there  were  585 
inmates,  its  capacity  being  taxed  to  the  ut- 
most, and  in  addition  there  were  800  insane 
persons  in  the  poorhouse.  The  number  of 
officials  and  employes  was,  eighty-eight,  with 
thirty-nine  attendants  in  addition.  The  su- 
perintendent has  three  assistant  physicians. 
An  interesting  feature  of  the  asylum  is  the 
artesian  well  sunk  at  great  expense,  and  a 
failure  at  last.  It  is  the  deepest  boring  of 
the  kind  in  the  world,  with  the  possible  ex- 
ception of  one  in  Belgium,  being  3,850  feet. 
It  would  have  been  sunk  further  had  not 
the  sinking  of  the  drill  into  the  granite 
showed  the  hopelessness  of  the  effort  to  find 
water.  The  only  service  the  boring  resulted 
in  is  a  column  showing  the  successive  strata 
passed  through,  with  specimens  of  the  forma- 
tions. The  water  supply  for  the  institution 
comes  through  a  pumphouse  from  the  river. 

Inspector  of  Grain. — An  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  board  of  railroad  and  ware- 
house commissioners  of  Missouri.  The  office 
was  created  in  1889,  and  Jasper  N.  Burks  was 
the  first  chief  inspector.  He  has  "general 
supervision  of  the  inspection  of  grain,  under 
the  immediate  direction  of  the  board  of  rail- 
road and  warehouse  commissioners,"  and 
names  his  deputies,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  board. 

Inspector  of  Steam    Vessels. — An 

officer  of  the  government,  stationed  in  St. 
Louis,  known  as  the  supervising  inspector 
of  steam  vessels,  has  his  office  in  the  new 
Customhouse  building.     The  office  was  es- 


372 


INSPECTORS   OF   PETROLEUM   OIL— INSURANCE. 


tablished  under  the  law  of  1852,  and  the  ap- 
pointment is  made  by  the  President.  There 
are  ten  inspectorial  districts  in  the  United 
States.  St.  Louis  is  in  the  fourth  district, 
which  takes  in  portions  of  the  Mississippi, 
Missouri  and  Illinois  Rivers,  embracing 
about  1,700  miles  of  navigable  waters.  There 
is,  in  connection,  a  board,  comprising  two 
officials,  a  boiler  inspector  and  a  hull  in- 
spector, who  report  to  the  supervising  in- 
spector. The  duties  of  the  latter  require 
him  to  inspect  every  boat  propelled  by  ma- 
chinery within  his  district.  There  are  about 
250  steam  vessels  in  this  district  subject  to 
inspection.  No  charge  is  made  for  inspec- 
tion, except  under  special  circumstances,  and 
the  office  handles  no  money. 

Inspectors  of  Petrolevim  Oil. — 

These  officers,  commonly  called  coal  oil  in- 
spectors, are  State  officers,  four  in  number, 
one  in  St.  Louis,  one  in  Kansas  City,  one 
at  Hannibal  and  one  at  St.  Joseph — the  one 
at  St.  Louis  being  the  most  important.  They 
may  be  appointed  for  other  cities  and  towns 
upon  application  of  the  local  authorities. 
They  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  for  two 
years.  Their  business  is  to  inspect  petro- 
leum oil,  kerosene,  gasoline  and  all  other 
products  of  petroleum  used  for  illuminating 
purposes.  The  samples  that  stand  a  temper- 
ature of  150  degrees  without  igniting  are 
branded  "Approved  Standard  Oil,"  and  if 
they  do  not  stand  this  test  they  are  marked, 
"Rejected  for  Illuminating  Purposes."  The 
inspector's  fees  are  twelve  cents  a  barrel  or 
larger  packages,  and  six  cents  for  a  smaller 
package.  Inspections  in  bulk  are  at  the  rate 
of  twelve  cents  a  barrel. 

Insurance. — Insurance  is  a  product  of 
advanced  civilization,  and  the  extent  to  which 
it  is  employed  by  a  community  is  no  inade- 
quate measure  of  its  progress  in  those  arts  of 
peace  which  produce  wealth  and  induce  its 
conservation.  The  practice  of  distributing  the 
losses  of  individuals  among  the  community  is 
of  ancient  date,  the  charters  of  some  English 
boroughs  of  the  tenth  century  providing  that 
on  the  destruction  of  the  house  of  a  free- 
holder by  fire  all  the  freeholders  of  his  guild 
should  contribute  one  penny  each  for  its 
restoration,  and  at  his  death  five  pence  each 
for  the  benefit  of  his  family.  These  provisions 


have  by  some  been  identified  with  insurance, 
but  they  lack  the  element  of  the  voluntary 
contract  for  a  money  consideration,  charac- 
teristic of  modern  insurance.  Insurance  as 
we  understand  it — the  business  of  insuring 
persons  against  loss  of  life  or  property,  in  a 
certain  sum,  for  a  specified  consideration  or 
premium — is  of  comparatively  recent  origin, 
the  first  mutual  association  in  this  country 
for  these  purposes  dating  from  1752,  while 
the  oldest  American  insurance  company  was 
chartered  as  late  as  1794,  about  twenty-five 
years  before  insurance  was  in  demand  in  St. 
Louis.  The  advent  of  insurance  into  St. 
Louis  business  life  seems  to  have  been  con- 
temporaneous with  the  extension  of  trade 
which  followed  the  introduction  of  the  steam- 
boat on  Western  rivers.  There  is  no  record 
of  insurance  transactions  in  the  days  of 
French  and  Spanish  occupation,  nor,  as  far 
as  can  at  present  be  ascertained,  before  the 
year  1824,  although  there  is  little  doubt  that 
prior  to  that  date  cargoes  consigned  to  St. 
Louis  merchants  from  Ohio  River  towns  and 
from  New  Orleans  were  insured  at  the  port 
of  shipment  for  the  protection  of  the  shipper. 
It  is  also  probable  that  policies  insuring 
against  fire  had  ere  this  been  obtained  by  resi- 
dents of  St.  Louis  from  the  home  offices  of 
insurance  companies  in  Ohio,  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee.  The  records  accessible  at  the 
present  time  make  no  mention  of  life  insur- 
ance. Light  may  be  thrown  on  these  mat- 
ters when  the  private  papers  of  some  of  the 
oldest  St.  Louis  firms  shall  be  opened  to  the 
examination  of  the  historian. 

In    1824   the   first   insurance   agency   was 
opened    in   St.    Louis   by 
losurance,  Fire       Edward  Tracy  as  agent  of 
and  Marine.  the  Farmers'  Fire  Insur- 

ance &  Loan  Company,  of 
New  York.  Soon  after  appear  the  advertise- 
ments of  Wilson  P.  Hunt,  agent  of  the  Trad- 
ers' Insurance  Company,  of  New  York;  H. 
C.  Simmons  &  Co.,  agents  of  the  Protection 
Fire  &  Marine  Insurance  Company  of  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut,  and  Charles  Wahrendorf, 
agent  of  the  Ohio  Insurance  Company,  of 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  These  were  the  pioneers 
of  insurance  in  St.  Louis ;  they  did  an  ex- 
clusive fire  and  cargo  insurance  business,  and 
they  seem  to  have  enjoyed  a  monopoly  of  it 
till  1830,  when  the  Aetna  of  Hartford  opened 
an  agency,  of  which  Mr.  Charles  D.  Drake 


INSURANCE. 


373 


appears  soon  after  as  agent.  The  first  St. 
Louis  company,  the  Missouri  Insurance 
Company,  was  organized  in  183 1.  Its  direc- 
tors were  George  ColHer,  John  MuUanphy, 
Peter  Lindell,  Henry  Von  Phul,  W.  Hill, 
Thomas  Biddle,  Bernard  Pratte  and  James 
Clemens,  Jr.  George  Collier  was  elected 
president,  and  John  Ford  secretary.  At  a 
later  reorganization  of  the  board  William 
Glasgow  was  elected  president,  and  remained 
at  the  head  of  the  institution  during  the 
greater  part  of  its  existence.  These  were 
among  the  best  men  of  their  day  in  St.  Louis. 
In  1836  the  Hartford  Insurance  Company 
and  some  others  of  less  note  were  attracted 
to  the  growing  Western  town.  The  wave  of 
inflation  and  speculation  which  spread  over 
the  whole  country  at  this  time  manifested 
itself  in  St.  Louis  by  the  creation  of  business 
corporations  of  all  kinds,  among  them  insur- 
ance companies.  In  the  session  of  the  Mis- 
souri Legislature  of  1836-7  no  less  than  seven 
St.  Louis  insurance  companies  were  char- 
tered;  the  Marine,  Union,  Citizens',  St.  Louis, 
Floating  Dock,  Farmers'  &  Mechanics' 
and  Perpetual.  The  subscribed  capital  of 
these  companies  exceeded  a  million  dollars, 
of  which  a  considerable  part  was  paid  up,  the 
rest  being  held  in  the  notes  of  the  stockhold- 
ers, subject  to  assessment.  The  charters  of 
these  companies  and  of  most  of  the  St.  Louis 
stock  companies  incorporated  at  a  later 
period,  authorized  them  to  transact  fire  and 
marine  insurance,  life  insurance,  insurance  of 
the  payment  of  notes,  bonds  and  mortgages, 
and  such  other  insurance  as  they  might  deem 
necessary,  and  to  loan  their  funds  on  business 
paper  at  a  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  ten 
per  cent  per  annum.  These  were  very  at- 
tractive privileges,  but  the  financial  panic  and 
ruin  which  immediately  followed  their  organ- 
ization in  1837,  rendered  them  for  the  time 
being  unprofitable.  In  1846  the  St.  Louis 
Home  Mutual  was  incorporated,  and  in  1849 
the  Phenix  and  Missouri  State  Mutual. 
Companies  of  other  States  had  meantime  en- 
tered the  field,  and  the  "great  fire"  of  1849 
found  St.  Louis  a  prosperous  city  of  70,000 
inhabitants  and  well  equipped  with  insurance 
facilities.  The  "great  fire"  deserves  more 
than  a  passing  notice  in  an  article  on  insur- 
ance in  St.  Louis.  This  historic  fire  started 
on  the  steamer  "White  Cloud,"lying  near  the 
foot  of  Cherry  Street,  and  before  it  was  ex- 


tinguished had  destroyed  twenty-three  steam- 
boats and  four  barges  and  their  cargoes,  be- 
sides a  large  amount  of  merchandise  on  the 
levee,  and  crossing  the  levee,  consumed  the 
business  center  of  the  city  comprising  the 
whole  or  part  of  fifteen  city  blocks  extending 
from  Vine  to  Market  streets,  and  from  the 
levee  to  Second  Street.  The  loss  by  this  fire 
was  estimated  at  nearly  $5,000,000.  Every 
St.  Louis  fire  insurance  company,  except  the 
Marine,  which  insured  cargoes  only,  lost  its 
entire  capital  and  assets  in  this  great  fire ; 
some  of  the  agency  companies  were  bank- 
rupted and  others  seriously  crippled.  Writing 
in  1897,  the  president  of  one  of  America's 
greatest  companies  states  that  their  agency 
in  St.  Louis  has  never  been  able  to  make  up 
the  amount  lost  by  it  in  the  fire  of  1849.  "We 
are  struggling  to  wipe  out  the  balance  against 
us ;  but  it  is  a  long  and  tedious  work.  Forty- 
seven  years  have  we  been  trying  to  accom- 
plish this,  but  I  doubt  if  we  will  accomplish 
it  this  century.  The  balance  against  the 
agency  at  the  present  time  is  about  $40,000.'* 
The  secretary  of  another  great  company 
writes :  "The  premiums  received  by  our  com- 
pany in  St.  Louis  from  1844  to  1850 
amounted  to  $26,838 ;  our  losses  by  the  fire  of 
1849  were  $294,855."  With  such  experience, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  many  agency 
companies  withdrew  from  St.  Louis.  Not- 
withstanding this  tremendous  disaster,  the 
home  companies  replaced  their  capital  with 
wonderful  energy  and  promptness,  and  re- 
sumed business  with  ardor  and  hopefulness. 
Between  1849  and  1870  St.  Louis  had  suc- 
ceeded in  establishing  herself  securely  as  the 
distributing  point  for  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
the  Southwest  and  the  great  Northwest.  Her 
trade  developed  enormous  proportions,  and, 
as  it  was  all  carried  by  river,  the  insurance  of 
hulls  and  cargoes  became  an  important  busi- 
ness. It  was  to  compete  for  this  business 
that  the  Atlantic,  now  the  American  Central, 
the  Merchants'  Mutual,  the  United  States, 
the  Boatmen's,  the  Globe,  the  Pacific,  the 
Lumbermen's  and  Mechanics'  were  incorpo- 
rated; and  while  the  river  trade  lasted  they, 
in  common  with  the  older  companies,  did  a 
large  and  very  profitable  business.  In  fact, 
the  St.  Louis  stock  companies  had  for  a  long 
time  a  monopoly  of  the  insurance  of  hulls  and 
cargoes,  the  agency  companies  and  local  mu- 
tual companies  preferring  to  seek  the  fire 


374 


INSURANCE. 


business.  The  mutual  plan  of  fire  insurance 
had  great  development  in  St.  Louis  during 
the  "sixties,"  the  Franklin,  German,  Hope, 
Jefferson,  Laclede,  St.  Louis  and  Washington 
mutuals  all  dating  from  that  period.  They 
were  organized  to  write  fire  insurance  on 
dwellings  and  business  buildings,  and,  as 
these  have  multiplied,  the  local  mutuals  still 
survive  in  spite  of  the  strenuous  competition 
for  the  same  business  by  the  agency  com- 
panics.  But  besides  the  strong  and  honorable 
companies  named,  many  of  a  very  different 
character  were  organized  during  this  period. 
Of  the  thirty-five  or  forty  companies  char- 
tered between  1855  and  1870,  the  majority 
had  few  of  the  elements  of  strength  or  per- 
manence, and  many  of  them  lacked  honesty 
of  purpose.  The  laws  governing  insurance 
corporations  at  this  time  were  entirely  in- 
adequate for  the  protection  of  the  public.  To 
quote  from  the  first  annual  report  of  the  in- 
surance superiVitendent :  "Any  five  or  more 
persons  could  procure  a  license  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  to  do  business  on  the  mutual 
plan,  without  capital,  bona  fide  notes,  or  any 
other  provision  for  meeting  their  obligations  ; 
there  were  no  police  regulations  governing 
either  home  or  foreign  companies  ;  no  reports 
were  required  nor  examinations  made,  and  it 
was  very  difficult  for  any  person  but  an  of- 
ficer of  a  company  to  gain  any  information 
of  its  condition  or  its  transactions."  Frauds 
were  openly  perpetrated  under  the  guise  of 
insurance,  until  finally  the  Legislature  inter- 
posed, and  on  March  4,  1869,  passed  "An  Act 
to  Create  an  Insurance  Department,"  which 
went  into  effect  immediately  and  cleared  the 
State  of  the  motley  crowd  of  so-called  insur- 
ance companies,  leaving  in  existence  only 
companies  that  could  make  the  showing  of 
cash  capital  and  resources  required  by  the 
new  law.  To  Honorable  Henrv  J.  Spaun- 
horst,  then  State  Senator  from  St.  Louis,  is 
due  the  credit  of  carrying  this  great  reform- 
atory measure  against  the  most  powerful  and 
unscrupulous  opposition.  Since  1869  the  his- 
tory of  insurance  in  Missouri  is  recorded  in 
the  annual  reports  of  the  department.  One 
hundred  and  eleven  fire  and  marine  com- 
panies reported  to  the  department  under  the 
law,  December  31,  1870.  Of  these  thirty-six 
were  St.  Louis  companies,  showing  capital 
and  assets,  including  stock  notes,  amounting 
to  $11,032,073.  The  amount  of  St.  Louis 
business  done  in  that  year    and  the  propor- 


tion  done   by   each   class    of   companies     is 
shown  in  the  following  table : 

PREMIUMS  TAKEN  IN  ST.  LOUIS  IN  1870. 

19  St.  Louis  Stock  Companies  : 

Fire  premiums $240,281 

Cargoandhull 632,858        $873,139 

17  St.  Louis  Mutual  Companies: 

Fire  premiums 418,454  418,454 

$1,291,593 
75  Companies  of  other  States  : 

Fire  premiums 620,614 

Cargoandhull 69,664  690,278 

Total  receipts  in  St.  Louis $1,981,871 

This  report  of  1870  marks  the  high  tide  of 
the  business  of  the  St.  Louis  local  companies. 
Shipments  by  river  began  soon  after  to  fall 
off,  owing  to  the  competition  of  the  railroads, 
and  with  the  decay  of  the  river  transporta- 
tion the  business  of  the  St.  Louis  stock  com- 
panies vanished.  In  1878  their  number  had 
fallen  to  six,  in  1882  to  four,  in  1892  to  two. 
There  is  a  historical  interest  connected  with 
the  destruction  of  this  important  business, 
which  at  one  time  employed  a  large  amount 
of  local  capital  and  some  of  the  most  intelli- 
gent minds  of  the  community.  In  fact,  the 
passing  of  the  St.  Louis  stock  insurance  com- 
panies marked  an  epoch  in  the  trade  of  St. 
Louis.  It  marked  the  exit  of  the  steamboat 
and  the  entrance  of  the  railroad  into  the  con- 
trol of  transportation ;  it  marked  the  opening 
up  of  the  great  prairies  to  civilized  occupa- 
tion, the  growth  of  the  country  town  and  the 
making  of  Missouri ;  it  marked  the  passing 
of  the  St.  Louis  country  store,  the  concentra- 
tion of  values  into  huge  storehouses  charac- 
teristic of  modern  business,  and  the  demand 
for  an  insurance  capital  commensurate  with 
modern  mercantile  necessities.  The  need  of 
corporations  of  this  purely  local  type  has 
passed  away;  but  while  they  were  in  exist- 
ence they  served  the  trade  of  the  city  well, 
and  as  no  other  class  of  companies  could  then 
have  served  it.  They  were  the  creatures  of 
the  time  ;  their  interests  were  all  at  home  ;  the 
bulk  of  their  business  was  furnished  by  their 
own  stockholders ;  their  capital  was  not 
locked  up  in  bonds  and  stocks,  withdrawn 
from  the  use  of  the  growing  community;  it 
was  loaned  to  the  merchant  and  manufac- 
turer at  seasons  when  his  business  most  ur- 
gently needed  capital,  and  at  rates  of  interest 
not  more  than  one-half  or  two-thirds  the  cur- 
rent bank  rates.  These  companies  were  an 
important  factor  in  building  up  the  trade  of 
the  city  and  securing  its  supremacy  in   its 


INSURANCE.  375 

proper  territory.  Their  boards  of  directors  and  forty-six  fire  and  marine  insurance  corn- 
were  the  foremost  merchants  of  the  city— the  panics,  home  and  foreign,  reported  to  the 
Glasgows,  father  and  sons;  Wayman  Crow,  insurance  department  on  December  31,  1896 
John  J.  Roe,  Carlos  S.  Greeley,  D.  A.  Janu-  The  assets  represented  by  these  companies 
ary,  Henry  and  Edgar  Ames,  Francis  Whit-  amounted  to  $265,000,000.  The  following 
taker,  James  B.  Eads,  and  many  others  of  statement  of  their  St.  Louis  business  for  that 
equal  note.  They  employed  as  their  execu-  year  shows  the  change  that  has  passed  over 
tive  officers  such  citizens  as  William  G.  Pet-  the  business  since  1870: 
tus,  Daniel  Hough,  George  K.  McGunnigle, 
Harry    I.    Bodley,    Frank    Ridgely— men    of  pkkmiums  taken  in  st.  louis  in  1896. 

character  and  ability,  who  contributed  their        '  "-"X'^etSr^^r: ,  no.o<K, 

full  share  to  the  building  up  of  St.  Louis  in  cargo ,,163      $111,163 

all  departments  of  its  civic  life.     Their  com-  ^  ®*-  ^°"'*  ^"*"*^  companies : 

1-1        ^u  1  1  LI  1  Fire  premiums 151.834  151,834 

panics,  like  themselves,  were  honorable  and  135  companies  of  other  states: 

reliable.     But  business  changed  its  character  Fire  premiums 1,816,679 

and  its  methods;  it  flowed  into  other  chan-  ^^''^'' 34.925     1.851.604 

nels  and  demanded  a  wider  distribution  of  ^°'^^ $2,114,601 

liabilities  and  more  available  security  from  The  capital  and  assets  of  the  eleven  St. 

its  insurance   companies.     Only  two  of  the  Louis  fire  insurance  companies  amounted  in 

old-time  stock  companies,  the  American  Cen-  1897  to  $6,140,189,  and  the  fire  premiums 

tral  and  the  Citizens',  adjusted  themselves  to  taken  by  the  two  St.  Louis  stock  companies 

the  new  conditions  and  equipped  themselves  in  the  United  States  in  1896  reached  the  large 

to   compete   for  the   growing  fire   insurance  sum  of  $1,122,395,  or  almost  as  much  as  the 

business  and  to  compete  for  the  business  of  entire  income  of  the  thirty-six  St.  Louis  com- 

the  United  States,  and  these  two  alone  sur-  panics  in  1870. 

vive.  The  American  Central  was  speedily  Life  insurance  had  its  aevelopment  in  St. 
called  upon  by  the  great  Chicago  fire  to  prove  Louis  at  a  much  later  day 
its  fitness  for  survival.  In  that  fire  it  lost  its  Insurance,  Life.  than  fire  and  marine  in- 
entire  capital  and  assets.  It  paid  its  losses  surance.  Most  of  the  fire 
in  full,  immediately  replaced  its  capital  and  and  marine  companies  chartered  by  the  State 
continued  in  business.  had  the  privilege  of  transacting  Hfe  insurance 
While  the  companies  depending  on  the  in-  also,  and  some  of  them  engaged  in  that  busi- 
surance  of  cargoes  were  winding  up  their  ness  to  a  small  extent.  The  Missouri  Life 
affairs  and  retiring  one  by  one,  the  fire  insur-  Insurance  and  Trust  Company  was  chartered 
ance  business  was  growing  in  volume  and  in  1837,  but  does  not  seem  to  have  had  a  suc- 
importance.  For  this  the  agency  companies  cessful  career.  It  was  ahead  of  the  times. 
and  the  St.  Louis  mutual  companies  were  The  St.  Louis  Fire  Insurance  Company,  as 
now  the  sole  competitors.  The  agents  had  early  as  1838,  set  forth  in  a  well  worded  ad- 
always  numbered  strong  and  influential  men  vertisement  the  arguments  in  favor  of  life 
among  them,  and  their  ranks  were  now  re-  insurance  as  an  investment,  and  the  superior 
cruited  from  the  most  vigorous  of  the  officers  facilities  the  company  had  to  offer  to  the  in- 
of  the  dissolving  stock  companies,  and  the  suring  public  some  time  before  any  of  the 
agencies  at  once  rose  to  commanding  promi-  great  life  companies  now  competing  for  busi- 
nence.  To  this  pre-eminence  they  were  en-  ness  were  organized.  It  does  not  appear, 
titled  by  the  enormous  capital  they  repre-  however,  that  any  of  the  home  companies  at 
sented  and  by  their  superior  fitness  to  this  time  did  any  considerable  life  business, 
respond  to  the  demands  of  modern  business,  although  one  of  them  kept  a  standing  adver- 
During  the  last  fifteen  years  the  trend  of  the  tisement  oflfering  to  insure  the  lives  of  slaves, 
business  has  been  steadily  toward  them,  and  In  1847  the  Mutual  Life  of  New  York  opened 
at  this  date  95  per  cent  of  the  fire  business  of  an  agency  In  St.  Louis,  with  Honorable 
St.  Louis  is  done  by  agency  companies,  Thomas  Allen  as  their  agent,  succeeded  in  . 
among  the  most  energetic  of  which  are  the  the  following  year  by  Mr.  Samuel  Copp.  In 
two  St.  Louis  stock  companies.  The  growth  1849  the  New  York  Life  established  an 
of  the  fire  business  has  been  commensurate  agency  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Samuel  McCart- 
with  the  growth  of  the  city.     One  hundred  ney.     These  were  followed  in  the  fifties  by 


376 


INSURANCE.    ' 


agencies  of  the  Connecticut  Mutual,  the  Mu- 
tual Benefit  of  New  Jersey,  the  New  England 
Mutual  and  other  strong  companies.  The 
success  of  the  local  fire  companies  at  that 
time  seems  to  have  stimulated  adventure  in 
the  field  of  life  insurance,  and  numerous  St. 
Louis  life  insurance  companies  were  organ- 
ized. The  Covenant  Mutual  Life  was  incor-^ 
porated  in  1853,  ^"^  the  German  Mutual  Life 
in  1857.  These  respectable  companies  have 
been  honorably  managed  from  the  beginning, 
and  are  doing  a  conservative  and  satisfactory 
business  at  the  present  time.  In  1857  the  St. 
Louis  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  was 
organized,  and  in  1866  and  1868  a  group  of 
companies  destined  to  have  a  strange  and 
disastrous  connection  with  the  St.  Louis  Mu- 
tual and  with  each  other — the  Atlas  Mutual 
in  1866,  the  Missouri  Mutual  in  1867,  the 
Mound  City  Mutual,  DeSoto  Mutual,  and  Life 
Association  of  America,  in  1868.  Of  these 
the  Life  Association  was  launched  under  the 
most  flattering  auspices  and  with  the  inten- 
tion and  promise  of  success.  In  the  light  of 
subsequent  revelations  the  others  seem  to 
have  been  organized  for.  or  to  have  been  early 
marked  for  plunder.  The  returns  made  to 
the  insurance  department,  December  31.  1870, 
show  the  following  prosperous  condition  of 
the  young  St.  Louis  companies  at  that  date : 

PREMIUMS  TAKKN  IN  MISSOURI  IN  1870. 

ASSETS.         PREM'S. 

8  St.  IvOuis  I<ife  Companies $10,446,947     $1,784,802 

52  Companies  of  other  States 2,063,468 

Total $3,848,270 

The  total  premiums  received  by  these  eight 
St.  Louis  companies  from  their  whole  field  in 
1870  amounted  to  the  large  sum  of  $3,589,- 
611 ;  the  amount  of  their  St.  Louis  premiums 
in  that  year  was,  approximately,  a  million  dol- 
lars. 

The  first  examination  by  the  department 
had  developed  weakness  in  some  of  these  or- 
ganizations, and  seems  to  have  offered  to 
their  officers  the  opportunity  and  suggestion 
of  wrecking  them  for  the  money  that  was  in 
it.  The  progress  of  the  scheme  developed 
with  great  rapidity.  The  DeSoto  was  rein- 
sured by  the  St.  Louis  Mutual  in  1871 ;  the 
Atlas  was  reinsured  by  the  St.  Louis  Mutual 
in  1872;  the  St.  Louis  Mutual  was  reinsured 
by  the  Mound  City  in  1874;  the  name  of  the 
Mound  City  was  changed  to  St.  Louis  Life 


in  1874;  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  Life  was 
changed  to  the  Columbia  in  1876;  the  Co- 
lumbia was  put  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver 
in  1877.     In  all  these  reinsurances  and  trans- 
fers of  business  from  one  company  to  another 
large  sums  were  appropriated  from  the  funds 
of  the  policy-holders  by  their  officers  and  di- 
rectors to  their  own  use  under  the  name  oi 
brokerages,  and  some  of  these  men  became 
rich  by  the  plunder  of  the  wrecked  companies. 
Concerning  the  transactions  which  resulted 
in  the  bankruptcy  of  these  five  life  insurance 
companies,  the   insurance   commissioner,  re- 
porting on  the  condition  of  the   Columbia, 
which    then  had  absorbed   them  all,    says : 
"The  developments  in  the  case  showed  the 
perpetration  of  the  most  barefaced  frauds  and 
systematic  knavery  that  have  ever  disgraced 
the  annals  of  any  life  insurance  company." 
Two  years  before  the  Columbia  reached  the 
receiver's  hands  the  directors  of  the  Life  As- 
sociation of  America  were  induced  to  pur- 
chase $900,000  of  the  stock  of  the  Columbia 
and  make  the  stock  the  basis  of  a  reinsurance 
of  a  large  part  of  the  Columbia's  outstanding 
risks,  by  which  operation  the  Life  Associa- 
tion became  involved  in  the  common  ruin, 
and  was  also  turned  over  to  the  ruinous  mer- 
cies of  a  receivership.     While  this  transac- 
tion of  the  management  of  the  Life  Associa- 
tion was  a  gross  business  mistake,  yet  it  has 
been  declared  free  from  the  charge  of  moral 
delinquency,  and  no  individual  misappropria- 
tion   of    funds    or    improper    personal    ad- 
vantage has  been  asserted  against  its  direc- 
tors or  officers.     The  episode  of  the  seven 
companies  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and 
disastrous  in  the   history  of  life  insurance. 
Disgraceful  failures  in  life  insurance  were  not, 
however,  confined  to  St.  Louis  in  this  decade 
(1870-1880).      The    extraordinary    and  long 
continued    depreciation    in    the    values    of 
securities,  together  with  the  widespread  reck- 
lessness in  dealing  with  trusts,  which  were 
characteristic  of  this  period,  and  the  lack  of 
proper  qualifications  and  experience  in  those 
who  rashly  seized  the  helm  of  the  corpora- 
tions, produced  a  deep  distrust  of  life  insur- 
ance companies.     In  1880  only  two  St.  Louis 
life  insurance  companies  remained,  and  of  the 
fifty-two  companies  of  other  States  reporting 
in  1870,  only  nineteen  continued  doing  busi- 
ness in  Missouri,  while  the  premium  receipts 
of  all  the  companies  in  Missouri  in  1880  had 


INSURANCE.  377 

fallen  to  $1,080,000.  This  distrust  of  the  Various  organizations  have  formed  around 
regular  companies  encouraged  the  growth  of  insurance  companies  as 
all  sorts  of  assessment  and  beneficiary  socie-  auxiliary  thereto  or  regu- 
ties,  which,  unfortunately,  were  exempt  from  najfance,  rgan  za-  ]^^j.j^g  ^j  ^.j^^-j.  Jq^^^  trans- 
State  supervision,  and  to  them  were  diverted  Thereto  actions,  of  which  some 
the  premiums  that  formerly  were  paid  for  life  *  have  played  an  important 
insurance.  Assessment  insurance  for  a  time  part  in  the  history  of  in- 
had  immense  development,  and,  as  it  was  un-  surance  in  St.  Louis.  The  most  important 
constrained  and  uncontrolled,  great  frauds  is  the  Board  of  Underwriters  of  St.  Louis, 
marked  its  progress ;  but  prosperous  times,  This  corporation  was  chartered  by  the  Mis- 
oblivion,  the  conservative  management  of  the  souri  Legislature,  January  14,  i860.  The  ob- 
regular  companies,  and  the  frauds  perpe-  ject  of  the  corporation  is  the  better  preserva« 
rated  by  many  assessment  and  beneficiary  tion  from  loss  or  damage  of  property  wrecked 
swindles,  have  turned  the  tide  of  business  or  stranded  upon  the  navigable  rivers  of  the 
back  into  its  old  channels,  as  may  be  seen  by  State.  The  corporation  has  power  and  it  is 
the  following  figures  from  the  returns  of  De-  its  duty  to  take  into  its  control  all  prop- 
?  cember  31,  1896:  erty  which  may  be  recovered  from  any 
PREMIUMS  TAKEN  IN  MISSOURI  IN  1896.  wrcckcd  or  disabled  steamboat  or  other  ves- 

AssETs.     PREM's.  sel  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  State,  and 

2  St.  Louis  Companies      $904,853     I  i",689  dcHver  an  accouut  to  the  owucr  for  same,  and 

40  Companies  of  other  states 5,739.373  ,,            ,             .               •    ,      11                            •           r 

to  sell  such  as  is  perishable,  accounting  for 

Total $5,852,062  J      ^u           r          -c     \i 

the  proceeds  thereof.  tov  these  purposes 
Of  which  about  40  per  cent,  or  $2,340,824,  is  the  board  was  clothed  with  all  the  powers 
written  in  St.  Louis.  of  port  wreckers.  This  company  has  saved 
Forty  assessment  associations  now  report  many  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  property 
to  the  Missouri  Insurance  Department.  Of  from  wrecked  vessels,  delivered  what  was 
these  two  are  St.  Louis  institutions.  Their  sound  of  it,  sold  what  was  damaged,  and  ac- 
membership  in  Missouri  numbers  33,278,  and  counted  to  the  owners  and  insurance  corn- 
he  claims  paid  by  them  in  Missouri  in  1896  panics  for  the  proceeds.  The  St.  Louis 
mounted  to  $693,508.  There  is  no  report  of  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  is  a  voluntary  or- 
he  revenues  collected  from  Missouri  or  St.  ganization  of  the  fire  insurance  agents  of  St. 
l>ouis  members  of  these  associations.  Louis.  It  was  organized  in  1872,  and  has 
Since  1885  there  has  been  a  steady  growth  always  included  in  its  membership  the  fore- 
of  insurance  corporations  j^Qst  and  most  influential  underwriters  of 
Insurance,  Special  transacting  special  lines  of  the  city.  Its  membership  has  varied  greatly, 
Lines  of.  insurance.  The  business  at  times  including  only  a  few  agents,  at  other 
■b.^  of  the  companies  in  these  times  including  every  agent  and  company 
BLSpecial  lines  of  insurance  in  Missouri  in  1896  ^f  standing  and  repute ;  but  whether  with 
^nras  as  follows :  many  or  few  members,  it  has  always  con- 
HP  PREMIUMS  TAKEN  IN  MISSOURI  IN  1896.  trollcd  the  fire  insurance  of  St.  Louis:  The 
p  Plate  Glass  Insurance  (6) $46,783  board  has  stood  for  that  principle  of  fire  un- 

srv\°,rfTV.tw.::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::;::;:    Z7,  derwritmg  wwch  wouw  guarantee  permanent 

Fidelity  Insurance  (8) 128,357  indemnity    to  the    assured  by  securing    an 

Empioyers'Uabiiity (7) 146,802  adequate  premium  for  the  company  that  in- 

S";crpr„Si;;,:::::::::::.:::;::::::::;:::::    '"Z  sures  wm,  and  equal  rates  for  equal  risks  to 

Mercantile  Credit  Company  (i) 1,710  evcry  man.     It  has  taken  an  efncient  part  in 

Automatic  Sprinkler  Company  (i) 625  ^^^  improvement  of  the  coHStruction  of  busi- 

Totai $870,665  j^ggg  buildings,  procuring  extensions  of  the 

Of  this  amount  50  per  cent,  or  nearly  $440,-  city  water  supply,  and,  by  strenuous  efforts, 
000,  was  taken  in  St.  Louis.  Tornado  insur-  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  fire  depart- 
ance  is  done  by  the  fire  and  marine  insurance  ment.  Its  work  in  these^  directions  has  re- 
companies,  and  is  included  in  their  receipts,  ceived  public  recognition  in  the  co-operation 
The  total  amount  paid  by  the  citizens  of  St.  of  the  various  departments  of  the  city  gov- 
Louis  annually  for  insurance  of  all  kinds  is  ernment.  About  $2,000,000  of  fire  premiums 
not  less  than  $5,000,000.  were  reported  to  the  board  in  1896.     Organi- 


378 


INSURANCE   DEPARTMENT,   STATE. 


zations  have  recently  been  effected  among  the 
life  insurance  agents,  the  plate  glass  compa- 
nies, and  the  employers'  liability  and  casualty 
companies.  j    ^    Waterworth. 

Insurance   Department,    State. — 

This  department  of  the  State  government 
was  established  in  1868.  The  superintendent 
is  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  holds  of- 
fice for  four  years  at  a  salary  of  $3,000  a 
year,  with  a  deputy  at  a  salary  of  $2,000.  The 
superintendent  issues  certificates  of  author- 
ity to  do  business  in  this  State  to  those  com- 
panies that  have  fully  complied  with  the  law,' 
and  also  such  other  certificates  as  may  be 
required  by  law  in  the  organization  of  in- 
surance companies ;  and  he  performs  all 
such  duties  as  are  or  may  be  imposed  *  on 
him  relating  to  the  matter  of  insurance.  He 
has  a  general  supervision  over  all  insurance 
companies  doing  business  in  the  State,  with 
authority  to  examine  into  their  financial 
condition,  affairs  and  management,  and  pro- 
ceed against  them  for  violations  of  law.  He 
makes  annual  reports  to  the  Governor  of 
the  State.  The  department  was  first  estab- 
lished in  St.  Louis,  and  kept  there  until  July, 
1897,  when  it  was  removed  to  Jefferson  City. 
The  first  superintendent  was  Willys  King, 
and  the  others  in  order  down  to  1899  have 
been:  Miles  Sells,  Frank  P.  Blair,  William 
S.  Relfe.  Alfred  Carr,  James  R.  Waddill,  Wil- 
liam Selby,  Celsus  Price,  John  F.  Williams, 
C  P.  Ellerbe,  Ed  T.  Orear.  August  F. 
Harvey  was  actuary  of  the  department  from 
February  7,  1870,  to  October  i,  1898.  The 
twenty-ninth  annual  report  of  the  depart- 
ment, for  the  year  1897,  by  Ed  T.  Orear, 
superintendent,  shows  that  the  whole  num- 
ber of  companies  authorized  to  transact 
business  in  the  State  that  year  was  345,  of 
which  number  2  were  stock  fire  insurance 
companies  of  Missouri,  108  were  stock  fire 
companies  of  other  States,  and  38 
were  stock  fire  companies'  of  foreign  coun- 
tries, making  altogether  148  stock  fire  com- 
panies. Eleven  were  mutual  fire  insurance 
companies  of  Missouri,  and  3  were  mu- 
tual fire  insurance  companies  of  other  States. 
Total  mutual  fire  companies,  14.  Stock 
miscellaneous  companies  of  Missouri.  5  ;  of 
other  States,  23  ;  foreign,  5.  Total  stock  mis- 
cellaneous companies,  33.  Assessment  life 
associations  of  Missouri,  3 ;  of  other  States, 
30.     Total  assessment  life   associations,   33. 


Assessment  casualty  companies,  8;  fraternal 
associations  of  Missouri,  41  ;  of  other  States, 
28.  Total  fraternal  associations,  69.  Regu- 
lar life  insurance  companies  of  Missouri,  3 ; 
of  other  States,  37.  Total  regular  life  insur- 
ance companies,  40.  The  entire  number,  345, 
was  greater  by  50  per  cent  than  in  any 
preceding  year  since  the  organization  of  the 
department.  The  total  resources  of  the  fire 
companies  was  $291,611,318;  total  surplus, 
$93,061,481  ;  total  income,  $149,551,587;  total 
disbursements,  $130,474,642.  The  casualty 
and  surety  companies  showed  total  resources, 
$101,066,089;  total  surplus,  $15,833,815;  total 
income,  $21,984,154;  total  disbursements, 
$17,795,831.  The  life  companies  showed  total 
resources  of  $1,220,486,750;  total  surplus, 
$163,169,363;  total  income,  $283,199,990; 
total  disbursements,  $199,172,241.  The  fire 
insurance  risks  written  in  Missouri  were 
$395,182,858,  an  increase  over  the  preced- 
ing year  of  $1,357,637;  marine  and  inland, 
$10,491,703,  an  increase  of  $4,687,794  ;  fidelity 
and  surety,  $89,987,647,  an  increase  of  $44,- 
861,323;  tornado,  $17,733,373,  an  increase 
of  $1,500,206;  plate  glass,  $1,882,086,  an  in- 
crease of  $310,393;  steam  boiler,  $5,424,953, 
a  decrease  of  $971,338;  employers'  liability, 
$24,299,412,  an  increase  of  $4,850,566;  per- 
sonal accident,  $155,158,710,  an  increase  of 
$7,708,337;  burglary,  $1,532,480,  a  decrease 
of  $73,376;  credit,  $399,500,  an  increase  of 
$58,500;  automatic  sprinkler,  $161,500,  an 
increase  of  $111,500;  title  guaranty,  $262,- 
975 ;  assessment  casualty,  $4,848,500,  an  in- 
crease of  $570,900.  The  total  other  than  life 
insurance  was  $707,365,697,  an  increase  of 
$65,235,417.  The  regular  life  risks  written 
were  $31,770,573,  an  increase  of  $2,661,727; 
industrial  life,  $17,939,371,  an  increase  of 
$4,027,573  ;  assessment  life,  $14,172,463,  a  de- 
crease of  $1,605,887 — making  a  total  of  life 
risks  of  $63,882,407,  an  increase  of  $5,083,- 
413,  and  an  aggregate  insurance  in  the  State 
for  the  year  of  $771,248,104,  an  increase  of 
$70,318,830.  The  total  premiums  received  for 
fire  insurance  were  $4,725,962,  a  decrease  of 
$170,284;  for  marine  and  inland,  $38,804, 
an  increase  of  $2,716;  for  fidelity  and  surety, 
$i55'9555  a  decrease  of  $36,722;  for  tornado, 
$89,340,  an  increase  of  $24,247 ;  for  plate 
glass,  $48,336,  an  increase  of  $1,553;  ^^r 
steam  boiler,  $24,202,  a  decrease  of  $3,317; 
for  employers'  liability,  $153,240,  an  increase 
of  $6,438;  for  personal  accident,  $455,363,  an 


INTER-ALUMNI   ASSOCIATION— INTERNAL   REVENUE. 


379 


I  increase  of  $21,465;  for  burglary,  $12,875, 
'  an  increase  of  $2,222 ;  for  credit,  $14,034,  an 
increase  of  $2,324;  for  automatic  sprinkler, 
$2,676,  an  increase  of  $2,051;  for  title 
guaranty,  $2,836,  an  increase  of  $2,836;  for 
assessment  casualty,  $42,500,  an  increase  of 
$1,718 — making  the  total  premiums  other 
than  life  $5,766,123,  a  decrease  of  $183,535. 
The  premiums  for  regular  life  insurance 
were  $6,102,858,  an  increase  of  $1,436,355; 
for  industrial  life,  $1,442,355;  for  assessment 
life,  $595,583,  a  decrease  of  $156,020 — making 
a  total  of  Hfe  premiums  of  $8,140,796,  an  in- 
crease of  $1,577,202,  and  an  aggregate  of 
premiums  received  for  insurance  of  all  kinds 
in  the  year,  $13,906,919,  an  increase  of 
$1,434,449.  The  losses  and  claims  paid  dur- 
ing the  year  were :  For  fire  insurance,  $2,713,- 
441,  an  increase  of  $289,265;  for  marine  and 
inland,  $35,728,  an  increase  of  $6,179;  for 
fidelity  and  surety,  $81,983,  a  decrease  of 
$11,073;  for  tornado,  $12,451,  a  decrease  of 
$47,753;  for  plate  glass,  $12,570,  a  decrease 
of  $18,949;  for  steam  boiler,  $1,818,  a  de- 
crease of  $12,899;  for  employers'  liability, 
$88,501,  a  decrease  of  $6,018;  for  personal 
accident,  $292,317,  an  increase  of  $64,377;  ^^^ 
burglary,  $4,004,  an  increase  of  $1,558;  for 
credit,  $628,  an  increase  of  $628;  for  auto- 
matic sprinkler,  $197,  an  increase  of  $178; 
for  assessment  casualty,  $24,754,  an  increase 
of  $7,317.  The  total  losses  and  claims  other 
than  life  were  $3,268,392,  an  increase  of 
$284,846,  and  for  regular  life,  $2,020,242,  a 
decrease  of  $130,599;  for  industrial  life,  $411,- 
592,  an  increase  of  $46,755 — making  the 
total  life  losses  $2,431,836,  a  decrease  of  $83,- 
222,  and  the  aggregate  of  losses  and  claims 
of  all  kinds  paid  during  the  year  $5,700,228. 
The  amount  of  premiums  received  in  Mis- 
souri in  1897  by  companies  of  other  States, 
and  subject  to  taxation,  was  $11,608,249,  of 
which  $4,552,982  was  received  for  fire  insur- 
ance, $525,603  for  miscellaneous  insurance, 
and  $6,529,663  for  life  insurance.  The  taxes 
on  these  premiums  amounted  to  $233,306. 

D.  M.  Grissom. 

Inter- Alumni  Association  of  Mis- 
souri.— This  association  was  organized  at 
Pertle  Springs  (Warrensburg),  Missouri, 
June  19,  1895.  It  is  composed  of  the  alumni 
full  course  graduates  of  the  State  Normal 
Schools,  numbering  in  the  year  1900  about 
1,000,  its  objects  being  to  promote  social  re- 


lations between  the  members  and  promote 
the  cause  of  public  education. 

Interest  Fund,  State. — This  fund  is 
constituted  and  carefully  maintained  for  the 
payment  of  the  interest  on  the  State  bonded 
debt  and  on  the  certificates  of  indebtedness 
held  by  the  State  treasurer  for  the  State 
school  and  seminary  funds,  and  it  is  com- 
posed of  the  proceeds  of  a  tax  of  ten  cents 
on  the  $100  valuation  on  all  taxable  prop- 
erty in  the  State.  The  receipts  in  1897  were 
$969,804,  and  in  1898,  $1,146,971 — making  a 
total  for  the  two  years  of  $2,116,776.  The 
disbursements  for  payment  of  interest  on 
the  bonded  debt  for  the  State  in  1897  were 
$173,547,  and  in  1898,  $145,089.  The  trans- 
fers for  payment  of  interest  on  the  school  cer- 
tificates of  indebtedness  in  1897  were  $186,- 
090,  and  in  1898,  $186,090;  for  payment  of 
interest  on  seminary  certificates  of  indebted- 
ness in  1897,  $62,711,  and  in  1898,  $64,971. 
The  law  requires  that  whatever  surplus  is 
left  over  after  paying  the  annual  interest  on 
State  bonds  and  certificates  of  indebtedness 
shall  be  transferred  to  the  State  sinking  fund 
for  the  reduction  of  the  State  debt.  In  1897 
the  transfers  on  this  account  were  $547455> 
and  in  1898,  $750,820. 

Internal  Revenue,    Assessor  of. — 

When  the  United  States  internal  revenue 
system  was  first  established  in  1862  it  pro- 
vided for  an  assessor,  as  well  as  a  collector, 
in  each  district,  the  duties  of  the  first  be- 
ing to  assess  and  fix  the  taxes,  which  were 
various  and  numerous,  and  turn  over  the 
assessment  lists  to  the  collector  for  collec- 
tion. The  first  assessor  under  the  law  in 
St.  Louis  was  Theophile  Papin,  who  held 
the  office  from  1862  through  the  adminis- 
tration of  President  Lincoln  and  that  of 
President  Johnson  into  that  of  President 
Grant,  when  Colonel  Alton  R.  Easton  was 
appointed  to  the  place.  Colonel  Easton  held 
the  office  until,  in  the  revision  of  the  internal 
revenue  law,  it  was  abolished  and  the  du- 
ties imposed  on  the  collector.  These  two 
persons  were  the  only  ones  who  were  United 
States  internal  revenue  assessors  in  St. 
Louis. 

Internal  Revenue,  Collector  of.— 

The  internal  revenue  system  is  one  of  the 
products  of  the  Civil  War.  Before  that  nearly 
the  entire  revenue  of  the  Federal  government 


380 


INTERNAL  REVENUE,  COLLECTOR  OF. 


was  derived  from  duties  on  imports  and  sales 
of  public  lands;  but  the  enormous  expense 
of  the  Civil  War  necessitated  a  larger  reve- 
nue, and  in  the  year  1862  Congress  devised 
the  system  of  taxing  a  number  of  articles 
and  occupations,  chief  among  which  were 
spirits,  tobacco,  fermented  liquors,  manufac- 
tures and  products,  gross  receipts,  sales,  in- 
comes, legacies,  bank  capital  and  deposits,' 
and  adhesive  stamps.  This  list  was  gradually 
curtailed  by  dropping  ofif  first  one  thing  and 
then  another  until,  in  1897,  the  only  articles 
left  were  distilled  spirits,  tobacco  and  the 
manufactures  thereof,  oleomargarine,  filled 
cheese,  bank  circulation,  playing  cards  and 
opium  manufactured  for  smoking.  Spirits, 
tobacco  and  beer  are  the  leading  subjects 
of  taxation,  and  they  yield  over  90  per  cent 
of  the  revenue  from  the  system.  In  the 
year  1890  the  total  internal  revenue  taxes 
paid  were  $142,594,696;  in  1891  they  were 
$146,035,415;  in  1892  they  were  $153357." 
544;  in  1893  they  were  $161,004,989;  in 
1894  they  were  $147,168,000;  in  1895  they 
were  $143,246,077;  in  1896  they  were  $146,- 
830,615,  and  in  1897  they  were  $146,619,593. 
The  total  receipts  from  the  leading  articles 
of  taxation  during  the  period  of  thirty-five 
years  from  1863  to  1897  have  been  as  fol- 
lows: From  distilled  liquors,  $2,081,043,192; 
from  tobacco, $1,059,900,901  ;  from  fermented 
liquors,  $551,466,056;  from  oleomargarine, 
$12,669,774;  from  bank  circulation,  $5,528,- 
775;  from  playing  cards,  $893,562;  from 
penalties,  $13,653,987;  from  filled  cheese, 
$18,992;  from  smoking  opium,  $1,257;  from 
articles  formerly  taxed,  but  now  exempt, 
$1,286,576,411;  aggregate,  $5,011,752,910. 
The  aggregate  collections  of  internal  reve- 
nue from  all  sources  in  the  First  District  of 
Missouri,  made  up  chiefly  of  the  city  of  St. 
Louis,  have  been  as  follows : 


1863 $  912,316 

1864 2,511,846 

1865 4.290,395 

1866 6,068,292 

1867 4,784,4«3 

1868 3.499.997 

1869 3.931. 156 

1870 4.590,339 

1871 3.780,55s 

1872 3.683.479 

1873 3,323.795 

1874 3,501,668 

»875 3.739.490 

1876 2,216,996 

J877 3.746,597 

1878 : 4.33S.756 

1879 4.374.813 

1880 4,680,266 


1881 $5,543,333 

1882 6,186,922 

1883 6,200,677 

1884 4,995,426 

1885 5.011,585 

1886 5.636.492 

1887 6,227,290 

1888 6,583,171 

1889 6,449,977 

1890 7,263,214 

1891 7,232,265 

1892 8,048,329 

1893 8,474,026 

1894 7.187.568 

1895 7.3^8,495 

1896 6,469,443 

1897 6,825,961 

Total $'79,699,263 


Of  the  total  collections  in  the  First  District 
of  Missouri,  St.  Louis,  in  1897  distillec 
liquors  paid  $1,088,247;  tobacco  and  the 
manufactures  thereof  paid  $3,822,344;  fer 
mented  liquors,  $1,909,804;  oleomargarine, 
$2,024,  and  playing  cards,  $12. 

The  first  collector  of  internal  revenue  in 
St.  Louis  was  A.  M.  Gardner,  appointed  in 
1862,  followed  in  order  by  William  Taussig, 
appointed  in  1865;  Bart  Able,  appointed  in 
1867;  C.  W.  Ford,  appointed  in  1869;  Con 
stantine  Maguire,  appointed  in  1873  5  Isaac 
H.  Sturgeon,  appointed  in  1875 ;  Freeman 
Barnum,  appointed  in  1885 ;  Charles  F. 
Wenneker,  appointed  in  1889;  Charles 
Speck,  appointed  in  1893;  Way  man  Mc- 
Creery,  appointed  in  1896,  and  Henry  C. 
Grenner,  appointed  in  1898. 

In  the  payment  of  taxes  on  tobacco  of  all 
kinds  for  the  year  1897  Missouri  ranked  as 
the  third  State  in  the  Union,  next  after  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  the  collections  in 
these  three  States  being:  New  York,  $4,775,- 
587;  Pennsylvania,  $3,965,978,  and  Missouri, 
$3,900,331.  In  collection  districts  on  tobacco 
the  First  Missouri,  St.  Louis  ranks  first, 
the  collections  in  the  three  leading  districts 
being:  First  Missouri,  $3,822,344;  Fifth 
Kentucky,  $2,427,615,  and  Third  New  York, 
$1,660,134.  In  the  payment  of  taxes  on  fer- 
mented liquors  in  1897  Missouri  ranked  as 
the  sixth  State,  the  collections  being:  In 
New  York,  $8,846,846;  in  Pennsylvania, 
$3,671,445;  in  Illinois,  $3,052,081;  in  Wis- 
consin, $2,498,341,  and  Missouri,  $2,100,266. 
Among  the  collection  districts  on  fermented 
liquors  the  First  Missouri  ranks  sixth,  the 
order  being:  Third  New  York,  $3,456,640; 
First  Illinois,  $2,683,052;  First  New  York, 
$2,279,449;  First  Wisconsin,  $2,191,479; 
First  Pennsylvania,  $2,169,676,  and  First 
Missouri,  $1,909,804.  In  the  aggregate  pay- 
ments of  internal  revenue  of  all  kinds  in 
1897  the  first  seven  States  were :  Illinois,  $32,- 
115,443;  New  York,  $18,420,037 ;  Kentucky, 
$15,657,015;  Ohio,  $12,748,736;  Pennsylva- 
nia, $11,445,752;  Indiana,  $8,564,263,  and 
Missouri,  $7,362,982.  The  first  five  col- 
lection districts  are:  The  Fifth  Illinois,  $15,- 
859,659;  Eighth  Illinois,  $10,037,794;  First 
Ohio,  $9,998,248;  Fifth  Kentucky,  $8,793,- 
057,  and  First  Missouri,  $6,824,670. 

The  1898  Congress  enacted  what  was  called 
the  war  revenue  act  to  meet  the  cost  of 
the  war  with  Spain.     Its  features  were  in-  ^ 


INTERSTATE  CLUB. 


381 


ed    taxes    on    fermented    liquors    and 
Manufactured  tobacco,  annual  special  taxes 
on  vocations,  stamp  taxes,  excise  taxes,  taxes 
on  legacies,  and  taxes  on  mixed  flour.     The 
j  tax  on  fermented  liquors  was  placed  at  $2 
1  a  barrel   of  thirty-one   gallons ;    on   cigars, 
I  $1  to  $3.60  per  thousand;     on    cigarettes, 
j  $1.50  to  $3.60  per  thousand;    on  manufac- 
tured tobacco  and  snufT,  12  cents  a  pound. 
j  The  annual  special  taxes  on  vocations  were : 
I  On  bankers  using  a  capital  of  $25,000  and 
j  under,   $50,  with  $2   in   addition   for   every 
I  $1,000    over    $25,000;    brokers,  $50;    pawn- 
j  brokers,  $20 ;  commercial  brokers,  $20 ;  cus- 
tomhouse brokers,  $10;    proprietors  of  the- 
aters and  other  places  of  amusement  in  cities 
I  of  more  than  25,000  population,  $100;    pro- 
jprietors   of   circuses,   $100;     proprietors    of 
j  other    exhibitions,  $10,   and   proprietors   ot 
j  bowling  alleys  and  billiard  tables,  $5 ;    deal- 
■  ers    in   leaf   tobacco    and   manufacturers    of 
I  tobacco  and  cigars,  $6  to  $24,  according  to' 
I  the  amount  of  sales.    The  stamp  taxes  were 
I  two  cents  on  all  bank  checks,  and  from  one 
i  to  five  cents  on  bonds,  certificates,  bills  of 
j  exchange,  agreements  to  sell,  telephone  mes- 
I  sages   and    telegraphic    dispatches,   bills    of 
i  lading  and  manifests ;    on  insurance  policies, 
I  one-half  of  one  per    cent ;    on    proprietary 
medicines,  perfumery,  cosmetics  and    other 
I  similar  articles,  one-eighth  to  five-eighths  of 
j  a  cent ;    on  chewing  gum,  four  cents  on  the 
I  dollars'  worth ;   on  charters  of  vessels,  $3  to 
j  $10 ;    on   conveyance  deeds   of  realty,   fifty 
cents  for  each  $500  worth ;  customhouse  en- 
tries  of    merchandise,   twenty-five    to    fifty 
cents ;  on  leases,  twenty-five  cents  to  $1 ;  on 
mortgages     exceeding    $1,000,     twenty-five 
cents  for  every  $500  in  excess  of  $1,500;   on 
life  insurance  policies,  eight  cents  for  each 
$100  or  fractional  part  thereof,  and  on  pol- 
icies issued  on  weekly  payment  plan,  forty 
per  cent  on  amount  of  first  weekly  payment; 
on  manifests  for  entry  or  clearance  of  ves- 
sels for  foreign  ports,  $1  to  $5 ;    on  passage 
tickets  to  foreign  ports,  $1  to  $5 ;    powers 
of  attorney,  protests  of  notes,  and  warehouse 
receipts,  twenty-five  cents.    The  excise  taxes 
were  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent  on  corpo- 
rations, companies,  persons  or  firms  refining 
petroleum  or  sugar,  or  using  pipe  line  for 
transporting  oil  or  other  products,  on  gross 
amount  of  receipts  in  excess  of  $250,000,  and 
one   cent   on   every   seat   sold   in   a   palace 
N  or  parlor  car,  and  on  every  berth  sold  in  a 

h 


sleeping  car.  The  taxes  on  legacies  and  dis- 
tributive shares  of  personal  property  were 
seventy-five  cents  to  $2.25  on  each  $100 
where  the  beneficiary  is  the  lineal  issue  or 
ancestor,  brother  or  sister  of  the  deceased; 
$1.50  to  $4.50  on  each  $100  where  the  bene- 
ficiary is  a  descendant  of  a  brother  or  sister ; 
$3  to  $9  on  each  $100  where  the  beneficiary 
is  a  brother  or  sister  of  the  father  or  mother 
or  a  descendant  of  a  brother  or  sister  of 
the  father  or  mother  of  the  deceased ;  $4  to 
$12  on  each  $100  where  the  beneficiary  is 
a  brother  or  sister  of  the  grandfather  or 
grandmother,  or  a  descendant  of  the  brother 
or  sister  of  the  grandfather  or  grandmother 
of  the  deceased,  and  $5  to  $15  on  each  $100 
where  the  beneficiary  is  a  person  of  any 
other  degree  of  collateral  consanguinity,  or  a 
stranger  in  blood,  or  a  body  politic  or  cor- 
poration. The  taxes  on  mixed  fiour  were 
one-half  of  a  cent  on  a  barrel  or  package 
containing  twenty-four  and  one-half  pounds 
or  less,  up  to  four  cents  per  barrel  contain- 
ing more  than  ninety-eight  pounds  and  less 
than  196  pounds,  with  a  tax  of  $12  on  per- 
sons or  firms  making  or  packing  or  repack- 
ing such  fiour.  In  addition  to  these  internal 
revenue  taxes,  there  is  a  tax  of  ten  cents  a 
pound  on  imported  tea. 

D.  M.  Grissom. 

Interstate  Club. — A  voluntary  organ- 
ization composed  of  representatives  of  lead- 
ing wholesale  jobbing  and  manufacturing 
houses  of  St.  Louis,  together  with  some 
professional  men.  It  was  organized  in  1894, 
and  is  the  outgrowth  of  an  excursion  of  busi- 
ness men  over  the  "Cotton  Belt"  Railroad 
to  Waco,  Texas,  taken  in  that  year.  There 
was  a  State  Fair,  with  a  cotton  palace,  at 
Waco,  and  the  patronage  of  St.  Louis  was 
invited  by  assigning  a  "St.  Louis  Day."  A 
large  body  of  St.  Louisans  accepted  the  invi- 
tation, and  there  was  accorded  a  cordial  and 
pleasant  interchange  of  courtesies,  with  an 
address  by  Honorable  Henry  T.  Kent,  on  the 
part  of  the  St.  Louis  delegation.  The  visit 
was  prolonged  for  a  week,  and  extended  to 
other  points  in  Texas ;  and  on  the  return  of 
the  excursion  the  Interstate  Club  was 
formed,  with  E.  O.  Stanard  as  president; 
Henry  T.  Kent,  vice  president,  and  George 
H.  Morgan,  secretary.  In  1895  the  club  vis- 
ited Atlanta  during  the  great  exposition  of 
that  year,  and  included   Nashville,   Chatta- 


ft 


382 


INTERSTATE   MERCHANTS'  ASSOCIATION— IRELAND. 


nooga  and  Birmingham  in  the  tour.  The 
object  of  the  club  is  to  make  such  excursions 
as  occasion  may  invite  into  the  States  having 
commercial  relations  with  St.  Louis,  and  also 
to  receive  similar  excursions  from  these 
States.  The  excursions  from  the  city  are 
made  up  of  the  heads  of  houses  whose  names 
are  well  known  throughout  the  West  and 
South.  The  club  has  no  constitution  or  by- 
laws, and  no  regular  meetings  are  held,  but 
it  is  called  together  by  the  president  at  his 
discretion,  or  on  the  suggestion  of  members. 
The  railroads  have  warmly  supported  and 
co-operated  with  it. 

Interstate  Merchants'  Association. 

An  association  organized  to  attract  mer- 
chants and  visitors  from  other  States  to  St. 
Louis  by  making  known  abroad  the  ad- 
vantages ancl  inducements  which  St.  Louis  is 
claimed  to  possess  over  other  cities,  and 
securing  facilities  in  the  way  of  low  railroad 
rates  to  such  merchants  and  visitors,  and 
showing  them  personal  courtesies  and  atten- 
tions while  in  the  city.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  strongest  voluntary  and  informal  organ- 
izations in  the  city,  and  was  formed  in  1897 
out  of  several  smaller  similar  bodies  of  more 
limited  scope.  Its  original  officers  were : 
President,  Benjamin  J.  Strauss ;  first  vice 
president,  W.  E.  Schweppe;  second  vice 
president,  O.  H.  Witte ;  third  vice  president, 
Jonathan  Rice ;  secretary  and  treasurer,  John 
A.  Lee.  It  has,  in  addition  to  these  execu- 
tive officers,  an  advisory  committee  repre- 
senting the  various  branches  of  business,  and 
a  railroad  committee  to  deal  with  railroads 
in  the  matter  of  rates.  Its  membership  is 
not  limited  to  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  and  mer- 
chants and  business  men  of  Missouri  and 
other  States  are  admitted. 

Ireland,  Harvey  C,  farmer  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  December  31,  1834,  in  Scott 
County,  Kentucky,  son  of  John  J.  and 
Martha  (Glenn)  Ireland.  Among  the  early 
settlers  of  Kentucky  was  Colonel  John  Ire- 
land, of  Revolutionary  fame,  who  was  the 
grandfather  of  Harvey  C.  Ireland.  John  J. 
Ireland,  came  from  Kentucky  to  Missouri 
in  1857  and  settled  on  a  fine  farm  near 
Mooresville,  in  Livingston  County,  on  which 
he  continued  to  reside  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  September  10,  1876.  Harvey  C. 
Ireland  was  educated  in  the  common  schools 


of  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  and  after  leaving 
school  he  engaged  in  the  merchandising  busi- 
ness at  Cynthiana,  Kentucky.  After  his 
marriage  he  engaged  in  farming  there  for 
several  years,  and  for  a  time  he  was  sheriff 
of  Harrison  County,  filling  out  the  unexpired 
term  of  his  brother-in-law,  Captain  John 
Shawhan.  During  the  Civil  War  he  engaged 
quite  largely  in  the  business  of  supplying 
horses  and  mules  to  the  Federal  government. 
Disposing  of  his  interests  in  Kentucky,  in 
1867,  he  came  to  Livingston  County.  Mis- 
souri, and  established  his  home  near  Moores- 
ville. There  he  carried  on  extensive  farming 
operations  and  became  wddely  known  as  a 
breeder  of  fancy  shorthorn  cattle  and  trot- 
ting horses.  A  disastrous  fire  destroyed  at 
one  time  forty-six  head  of  fine  trotting 
horses  belonging  to  him.  In  1886  he  re- 
moved to  Chillicothe,  but  continued  to  be 
engaged  in  farming  and  stock-raising  until 
his  death,  .diich  occurred  on  the  7th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1896,  at  his  home  in  Chillicothe.  Dur- 
ing his  entire  residence  in  Missouri  he  took 
an  active  part  in  politics  as  a  member  of  the 
Democratic  party,  in  the  principles  of  which 
he  was  a  firm  believer.  He  served  many 
times  as  a  delegate  in  State  and  county  con- 
ventions, was  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
county  central  committee  for  several  years, 
and  from  1874  to  1878  he  was  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  ably  repre- 
senting Livingston  County  in  the  Twenty- 
eighth  and  Twenty-ninth  General  Assemblies. 
While  in  the  Legislature  he  sought  by  every 
means  possible  to  promote  the  agricultural 
interests  of  the  State,  and  he  also  did  good 
service  for  these  interests  in  the  State  Board 
of  Agriculture,  of  which  he  was  a  member 
for  several  years,  resigning  this  position  only 
a  short  time  before  his  death.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  coal  oil  inspector  at 
Chillicothe.  and  after  his  decease  Governor 
Stone  appointed  Mrs.  Ireland  to  fill  out  his 
unexpired  term.  So  satisfactory  were  her 
services  to  the  public  that  Governor  Stephens 
reappointed  her  for  another  term.  Later  she 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  State 
Industrial  Home  for  Girls,  at  Chillicothe,  and 
resigned  the  inspectorship  to  accept  the 
superintendency  of  the  home,  which  she  filled 
for  a  full  term.  Mr.  Ireland  was  a  member 
of  the  Christian  Church,  and  was  in  all  re- 
spects a  most  exemplary  and  worthy  citizen. 
A  local  paper  paid  tribute  to  his  virtues,  after 


)^C^^A^. 


IRISH  IMMIGRANT  AND  CORRESPONDING  SOCIETY— IRON. 


383 


his  death,  as  follows :  "There  never  lived  in 
Chillicothe  a  man  of  more  generous  disposi- 
tion, nor  one  who  had  more  friends  than  Mr. 
Ireland.  His  nature  knew  not  what  it  was  to 
turn  from  a  cry  for  charity,  nor  to  refuse  to 
help  a  needy  friend.  Many  men  have  been 
started  on  the  road  to  prosperity  by  having- 
him  help  them  in  business."  Another  paper, 
the  "Braymer  Cornet,"  recalled  an  interest- 
ing incident  in  his  career  and  com- 
mented upon  his  character  as  follows:  "He 
achieved  some  notoriety  some  years  ago, 
when  in  the  Legislature,  by  introducing  and 
warmly  supporting  a  resolution  to  float  the 
stars  and  stripes  over  the  House  at  half-mast 
on  March  4,  1876,  when  Mr.  Hayes  was  in- 
augurated President.  He  originated  the 
expression — referring  to  the  electoral  com- 
mission— 'eight  takes  seven,  but  a  sharper 
stocked  the  deck.'  He  never  forgave  the 
Democratic  leaders  for  trading  the  Presi- 
dency for  Southern  State  government  con- 
trol. While  he  was  an  intense  partisan,  he 
never  forgot  to  be  a  gentleman."  Governor 
Francis  said  of  him :  "He  was  one  of  the 
most  popular  and  efficient  members  of  the 
Legislature,  and  a  hustler  in  getting  a  bill 
passed."  February  5,  1857,  Mr.  Ireland 
married  Georgia  A.  Rush,  daughter  of 
George  and  Nancy  (Shawhan)  Rush.  Her 
father,  who  is  a  native  of  South  Carolina, 
came  from  there  to  Kentucky,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  farmer  and  distiller, 
and  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  citizens 
of  Bourbon  County.  Three  children  were 
born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ireland,  two  of  whom 
died  in  infancy.  The  other,  Charles  I.  Ire- 
land, who  was  born  January  26,  i860,  is  now 
a  farmer  residing  three  miles  from  Chilli- 
cothe. 

Irish  Immigrant  and  Correspond- 
ing Society. — A  society  formed  in  St. 
Louis  on  the  9th  of  February,  1818,  which 
had  for  its  objects  the  promotion  of  Irish 
immigration  and  extending  aid  to  immigrants 
in  need  of  assistance.  John  Mullanphy, 
Jeremiah  Conner,  James  McGunnigle,  Alex- 
ander Blackwell,  Arthur  McGinnis  and 
others  were  the  organizers  of  the  society. 

Iron. — Missouri  is  very  rich  in  iron  ore. 
There  is  a  broad  ore  belt  crossing  the  State 
from  the  Mississippi,  on  the  east,  to  the 
Osage,  in  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to  the 


Missouri  River,  from  southeast  to  northwest, 
between  the  thirtieth  and  fortieth  township 
lines,  and  this  belt  may  be  divided  into  three 
regions,    the    eastern,    containing    the    Iron 
Mountain  specular  ore  district,  and  the  south- 
eastern limonite  district ;  the  central,  contain- 
ing chiefly  specular  ores ;  and  the  western  or 
Osage   district,   with   its   limonites   and   red 
hematites.    The  specular  deposits  occupy  the 
middle  portion  of  the  belt,  and  the  limonites 
the   ends,   the   latter,   besides,   being   spread 
over  the  entire  southern  half  of  the  State. 
There  are  valuable  deposits  of  limonites  in 
Franklin,  Osage,  Morgan  and  Benton  Coun- 
ties, and  considerable  deposits  also  in  Greene, 
Christian,  Douglas,  Ozark,  Wayne,  Bollinger 
and  Stoddard  Counties.     The  specular  ores 
are  much  more  concentrated,  and  occur  in 
larger  masses.     In  a  small  district,  compris- 
ing parts  of  the  southern  area  of  St.  Fran- 
cois County,  and  parts  of  the  northern  area 
of  Iron  County,  there  are  several  enormous 
masses  which  were  once  thought  to  be  de- 
posits of  iron,  exhaustless  in  quantity  and  of 
the  highest  quality — Iron  Mountain,  the  first 
in  the  United  States  to  bear  the  name,  a 
mass  of  specular  ore,  the  result  of  igneous 
action ;  Pilot   Knob,  six  miles  south  of  it, 
showing  a  fine  grained  ore,  light  bluish  in 
color  and  submetallic  lustre ;  and  Shepherd 
Mountain,    half    a    mile    from    Pilot    Knob. 
But  vigorous  mining  shows  that  the  estimate 
of    unlimited    metal    in    these   masses   was 
greatly  exaggerated.     The  best  ore  in  Iron 
Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  has  already  been 
nearly   exhausted,   and  operations  are   now 
confined  to  inferior  ore,  which  at  one  time 
was  thrown  away.     The  Scotia  iron  banks 
are   in   Crawford    County    on    the    Meramec 
River,  and  are  remarkable  formations.    The 
specular  ore  is  a  deep  steel-gray  color,  with 
a  metallic  lustre,  the  crystals  fine  and  regu- 
lar.    It  is  found  in  boulders,  small  to  im- 
mense in  size,  and  resting  in  soft  red  herna- 
tites.    The  boulders  contain  cavities  in  which 
the  ore  has  assumed  botryoidal  forms,  and 
upon  these  peroxide  iron  crystallizations  are 
so  formed  that  a  gorgeous  show  of  prismatic 
colors  is  presented.    The  ore  is  found  to  be 
slightly  magnetic  and  to  yield  58  to  6t)  per 
cent  of  pure  metallic  iron.    These  banks  have 
been  worked  for  many  years,  supplying  ore 
for  making  pig  iron  on  the  spot,  and  also  for 
shipment  to  the  East.     The  Iron  Ridge  in 
Crawford    County,    which    has    long    been 


384 


IRON. 


worked,  yields  ores  similar  to  those  of  the 
Scotia — chiefly  specular  boulders  imbedded 
in  soft  red  hematite,  yielding  about  60  per 
cent  of  metallic  iron.  Lewis  Mountain,  near 
Arcadia,  Iron  County,  is  a  vein  of  hard  blue 
specular  ore,  four  feet  thick,  in  porphyry. 
It  has  been  but  little  worked.  Buford 
Mountain,  in  Iron  County,  contains  an  ex- 
tensive bed  of  decomposed  specular  ore,  pos- 
sessing manganiferous  qualities.  In  Hogan 
Mountain  the  ore,  which  is  found  in  pockets 
or  chambers,  is  specular,  of  micaceous  struc- 
ture, coarsely  crystalline,  of  good  quality, 
yielding  50  to  60  per  cent  of  metallic  iron. 
The  Shut-in,  Russell,  Ackhurst,  Culberton 
and  Big  Bogy  banks  in  Iron  County  show 
specular  ore,  those  of  Ackhurst  being  man- 
ganiferous, also.  Cedar  Hill  ore  is  a  hard 
grayish  specular  ore,  with  a  submetallic 
lustre,  yielding  65  per  cent.  The  Meramec 
bank,  six  miles  south  of  St.  James,  in  Phelps 
County,  has  been  worked  for  forty  years. 
The  ores  are  specular  and  red  hematite, 
which  occur  in  the  second  sandstone  and 
yield  62  per  cent.  Benton  Creek  bank,  on  a 
creek  of  that  name  in  Crawford  County, 
shows  a  great  amount  of  brown  hematite  and 
specular  boulders,  the  ores  broken  up,  but 
compacted  by  the  central  dip  of  the  hill. 
Simmons  Mountain,  just  south  of  Salem,  in 
Dent  County,  is  a  hundred  feet  high  and 
covers  forty  acres.  Shafts  sunk  into  it  show 
a  depth  of  more  than  thirty  feet  of  solid  ore, 
which  is  a  splendid  close,  brilliant  specular, 
hard  and  free  from  deleterious  substances. 
It  is  strongly  magnetic  and  gives  a  bright  red 
streak.  The  deposit,  which  is  one  of  he 
largest  masses  of  specular  ore  in  the  State, 
is  extensively  worked.  Taylor  bank  and 
Pomeroy  bank,  in  the  same  county,  are  rich 
deposits.  Beaver  Creek  bank,  five  miles  from 
Rolla,  is  an  immense  body  of  heavy  specular 
ore  changing  to  red  hematite.  The  Thur- 
mond bank,  near  Stanton,  had  a  shaft  sunk 
into  it  some  years  ago,  showing  nearly  forty 
feet  of  red  hematite,  oxide  and  specular  ore. 
The  Cherry  Valley  banks,  east  of  Steelville, 
are  deposits  of  specular  ore,  supposed  to  be 
extensive  and  valuable.  Some  of  the  most 
extensive  red  hematite  banks  in  the  State 
are  in  Franklin  County,  thirteen  exposures 
being  found  on  the  Bourbeuse.  Near  Dry 
Branch  Station  is  an  elevation  capped  with 
saccharoidal  sandstone,  beneath  which  is  a 
large  body  of  red  and  specular  ore,  the  red 


predominating,  and  being  remarkably  pure 
and  free  from  sulphur.  The  Kerr  bank,  twa 
and  a  half  miles  from  St.  Clair  Station,  is  a 
large  deposit  of  brown  and  red  ore.  A  drift 
run  in  at  the  base  of  the  hill  exposed  several 
feet  thickness  of  red  hematite.  A  large 
deposit  of  spathic  ore  in  beautiful  crystalliza- 
tion was  found.  In  north  Missouri,  the  dis- 
tricts covered  by  the  coal  measures,  while 
containing  clay  ores  and  carbonates  of  iron, 
do  not  contain  them  in  workable  quantities, 
the  ores  occurring  in  thin  beds,  or  single 
nodules,  twenty  to  sixty  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. In  Callaway  County,  bordering  on  the 
Missouri  River,  red  earthy  hematite  is  found, 
in  workable  quantities ;  but  no  mining  north 
of  the  Missouri  River  has  been  done,  and  that 
part  of  the  State  is  not  considered  part  of 
the  Missouri  iron  region.  In  Wayne  County 
there  are  over  seventy  different  limonite  ore 
banks,  and  the  Chenoz  bank  is  a  very  large 
deposit  of  red  hematite.  In  Bollinger,  Stod- 
dard and  Butler  Counties,  along  the  line  of 
the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern 
Railroad,  there  are  banks  of  red  hematite, 
and  also  in  Miller,  Maries,  Cole  and  Camden 
Counties.  In  the  northern  portions  of  Texas 
and  Wright  Counties,  and  in  Morgan,  Ben- 
ton, Cedar  and  Laclede  Counties,  promising 
deposits  of  red  ore  are  found.  In  the  Moselle 
region  the  deposits  of  rich  Hmonites  have 
been  worked  for  years,  and  in  Osage  County 
several  promising  banks  of  fine  specular  and 
red  hematite  ore  are  found.  But  while  Mis- 
souri contains  such  an  abundance  of  iron 
ore,  rich,  and  of  the  best  quality,  the  mining 
of  it  and  making  pig  iron  of  it,  do  not  con- 
stitute an  important  feature  in  the  industries 
of  the  State.  Pig  iron  is  made  so  much' 
cheaper  in  Alabama  and  Tennessee  that  the 
manufacture  in  Missouri  has,  for  some  years 
past,  been  declining,  and  even  the  shipment  of 
ore  to  the  East,  which  was  once  an  important 
business,  has  run  down  to  insignificant  pro- 
portions. In  1880  the  production  of  iron 
ore  in  the  State  was  344,819  tons;  in  1890, 
265,718  tons,  a  falling  ofT  of  79,101  tons. 
In  1880  the  production  of  charcoal  iron  in 
the  State  was  19,114  tons,  valued  at  $510,000; 
and  of  bituminous  coal  and  coke  pig  iron, 
75,936  tons,  valued  at  $1,686,780,  making  the 
total  production  95,050  tons,  valued  at 
$2,196,780.  In  1890  the  production  was 
89,776  tons,  valued  at  $1,975,072.  In  1898  it 
was  49,788  tons,  valued  at  $1,095,336.     In 


IRON  BRIGADE— IRON  COUNTY. 


385 


1887  there  were  twelve  blast  furnaces  in  the 
State;  in  1899  there  were  only  two. 

Daniei.  M.  Grissom. 

Iron  Brigade. — ^A  name  given  by  Mis- 
souri Confederates  to  the  brigade  com- 
manded by  General  Jos.  O.  Shelby,  in  the 
Civil  War.  It  had  its  beginning  in  the 
mounted  company  which  Shelby  raised  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war,  in  Lafayette  County. 
This  company  took  part  in  the  fight  at  Car- 
thage, the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  the 
capture  of  Lexington,  and  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge,  and  then  went,  with  General  Sterling 
Price's  command,  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  to  Corinth.  It  afterward  came  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River  into  Arkansas,  and 
did  active  work  in  recruiting  in  the  region 
between  Springfield  and  Lexington.  In  1862 
there  were  three  regiments  of  Missouri  Con- 
federates, chiefly  recruits — the  Jackson 
County  regiment,  recruited  in  western  Mis- 
souri; a  regiment  recruited  in  the  southwest 
counties,  and  Shelby's  regiment,  recruited  in 
Lafayette  and  the  adjoining  counties — as- 
sembled at  Newtonia,  in  Newton  County,  and 
by  order  of  General  Hindman,  the  Confed- 
erate commander  in  Arkansas  and  Missouri, 
they  were  organized  into  a  cavalry  brigade 
and  placed  in  command  of  General  Jos.  O. 
Shelby.  The  officers  of  the  Jackson  County 
regiment  were  Colonel  Upton  Hays,  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Beal  G.  Jeans  and  Major 
Charles  Gilkey ;  those  of  the  southwest  regi- 
ment were  Colonel  John  T.  Coffee,  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  John  C.  Hooper  and  Major 
George  W.  Nichols — and  this  was  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Iron  Brigade,  which  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  every  campaign  during 
the  three  years  that  followed.  It  was  the 
best  trained  and  disciplined  body  of  troops  in 
the  Confederate  Army  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  this  caused  it  to  be  assigned  to  the 
most  difficult  and  responsible  position  in  time 
of  danger.  When  Price  made  his  raid  into 
Missouri  in  1864,  the  Iron  Brigade  usually 
led  the  advance,  until  the  raid  was  turned 
into  a  retreat,  and  then  into  a  rout,  and  from 
that  time  the  brigade  protected  the  rear, 
doing  the  hardest  fighting,  and  on  two  occa- 
sions saving  the  army  from  utter  ruin. 
Constant  fighting  thinned  its  ranks,  but 
through  the  daring  and  enterprise  of  its 
commander  its  losses  were  repaired  by  re- 
cruiting in  Missouri,  until  the   end  of  the 

Vol.  Ill— 25 


Price  raid,  out  of  which  it  came  with  more 
than  half  its  numbers  gone.  Colonel  Upton 
Hays,  Colonel  M.  Smith,  Colonel  Charles 
Gilkey,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Koontz,  Major 
George  Kirtley,  Major  Bowman  and  Major 
Pickler  being  among  the  killed.  Among  the 
wounded  were  Colonels  Jackman,  Coffee, 
Thompson,  Hooper,  Jeans,  Elliott,  Gordon, 
Williams,  Hunter  and  Slayback,  twice; 
Colonel  Shanks  four  times;  Lieutenant 
Colonels  Cravens,  Erwin  and  Vivian,  three 
times ;  Blackwell,  Gordon,  McDaniel,  Hodge, 
Dorsey  and  Nichols,  twice;  McFarland, 
once;  and  Majors  Lee  and  Walton  twice, 
Merrick  and  Thrailkill  three  times,  and  New- 
ton once.  The  advance  was  led  first  by 
Captain  Ben  Elliott,  then  by  Captain  Tucker 
Thorp,  next  by  Captain  D.  A.  Williams,  and 
next  by  Captain  Arthur  McCoy.  Attached 
to  the  brigade  was  Collins'  battery,  under 
R.  A.  Collins,  captain,  with  eighty-seven  men, 
rank  and  file,  and  of  these  twenty-one  were 
killed  and  twenty-nine  wounded — more  than 
one-half.  The  Iron  Brigade  maintained  its 
discipline  and  organization  to  the  end. 
When  the  news  of  Lee's  surrender,  followed 
by  the  news  of  Johnston's  surrender,  reached 
the  Confederate  headquarters  at  Shreveport, 
and  the  various  commands  began  to  disperse, 
some  of  them  to  spread  over  Texas  in  pillag- 
ing bands,  the  famous  Missouri  brigade  held 
firmly  together  for  a  time  and  protected  com- 
munities from  spoliation.  It  was  finally  dis- 
banded at  Corsicana,  Texas,  on  the  2d  of 
June,  1865,  Shelby,  with  500  officers  and  men, 
marching  into  Mexico,  and  the  others  mak- 
ing their  way  back  to  Missouri. 

Iron  County. — A  county  in  the  south- 
eastern section  of  the  State,  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Washington,  Crawford  and  St. 
Francois  Counties,  on  the  east  by  St.  Francois, 
Madison  and  Wayne  Counties,  on  the  south 
by  Reynolds  and  Wayne  Counties,  and  on  the 
west  by  Re3molds,  Dent  and  Crawford  Coun- 
ties. Its  area  is  347,000  acres.  The  surface  is 
broken  by  spurs  of  the  Ozark  range  of  moun- 
tains, with  rolling  hills  and  valleys  rich  and 
fertile.  The  chief  mountain  spurs  are  Pilot 
Knob,  Cedar,  Bufford  and  Shepherd  Moun- 
tains. The  first  named  is  1,118  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  St.  Louis, 
and  towers  581  feet  above  the  valley,  covering 
an  area  of  360  acres.  Shepherd  Mountain 
reaches   an   elevation   79   feet   greater   and 


386 


IRON  COUNTY. 


covers  800  acres.    The  county  abounds  in 
natural  curiosities.    The  "Granite   Quarry," 
covering  about  125  acres,  six  miles  north- 
west of  Ironton,  is  a  solid  bed  of  granite 
about  sixty  feet  in  height.    Huge  boulders 
cover  the  top,  some  of  them  twenty-five  or 
thirty  feet  in  height,  resting  on  ledges  and  so 
balanced  that  it  appears  that  one  man  could 
easily  push  them  over.  The  granite  is  of  ex- 
cellent quality  and  largely  used  for  building 
purposes.    The  "Cascade"  is  ten  miles  west 
of  Ironton  and  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
sights  in  southeastern  Missouri.  Two  moun- 
tains rise  precipitously  in  close  proximity, 
one  to  a  height  of  200  and  the  other  to  a 
height  of  300  feet.    The  Cascade  falls  down 
the  lower  one  perpendicularly  nearly  200  feet 
to  the  valley  below.   During  the  high  waters 
of  spring  the  volume  of  the  Cascade  is  so 
great  that  its  roaring  noise  can  be  heard  a 
considerable  distance.   In  the  gorge  between 
the  mountains  the  continual  erosion  by  the 
falling  waters  has  caused  cistern-like  holes 
in  the  solid  rock  holding  hundreds  of  hogs- 
heads of  water.   The  "Shut-in"  is  a  cliff-like 
passage  through  the  mountains  about  two 
miles  southeast  of  Ironton,  extending  a  mile 
in  length,  and  at  its  narrowest  point  about 
^00  feet  wide.   On  each  side  rocky  cliflfs  rise 
ifom  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high.   Through  this 
pas«  flows  a  sparkling  stream  that  joins  the 
;St.  Francis.   In  Dent  Township,  in  the  west- 
•ern  part,  there  is  a  cavern  of  such  size  that 
.only  little  of  it  has  been  explored.    It  is  fes- 
tooned   with    stalactites,    and    spectral-like 
;stalagmites  almost  awe  their  beholder.  Much 
.of  the  county  is  rocky,  but  the  valleys  contain 
^bw-jadant  .alluvial  soil  of  great  fertility.   Tlie 
uplands  are  thinly  covered  with  a  graveMy 
clay,  producing  abundant  grasses  for  grazmg 
purposes    and    excellent    for    fruit-growtng. 
The  richest  sections  are  the  Belleview  and 
Arcadia  Valleys,  in  the   northeastern  part. 
Only  about  35  per  cent  of  the  land  is  tinder 
cultivation,  the  greater  part  of  the  remainder 
being  covered  with  timber,  consisting  princi- 
pally of  the  different  species  of  oak,  pine  and 
ash,  sugar,  maple  and  some  black  walnut. 
The   county   is  well  watered  by   numerous 
ptreams  and  springs.    In  the  northern  part 
are  the  head  waters  of  Big  River  and  Black 
River ;  in  the  central  part  rises  Cedar,  Reed, 
Saline  and  Big  Creeks,  and  in  the  southern 
part  and  flowing  southerly  are  Morrie's  and 
Marble  Creeks  and  Crane  Pond  Creek.    In 


the  northeastern  part,  in  Arcadia  Township, 
is  Stout's  Creek.  All  kinds  of  vegetables  that 
can  be  cultivated  in  a  temperate  climate 
grow  well.  In  different  parts  of  the  county 
are  tracts  of  land  that  produce  tobacco  of  ex- 
cellent quality,  though  its  cultivation  has 
never  been  carried  on  to  any  great  extent. 
The  different  grasses  grow  abundantly. 
Wheat  grows  fairly  well,  as  do  other  cereals. 
Stock-raising  is  the  most  profitable  part  of 
the  farmers'  business  in  the  county.  In  1897 
there  were  exported  2,895  head  of  cattle; 
1,640  head  of  hogs;  243  head  of  horses  and 
mules;  360  head  of  sheep;  43,354  pounds  of 
poultry;  28,830  dozen  eggs;  2,363  pounds  of 
butter.  The  lumber  industry  gives  employ- 
ment to  many  hands.  In  1897  the  shipments 
were:  10,470,000  feet  sawed  lumber,  30  cars 
logs,  105  cars  piling,  1,200  cross  ties,  11  cars 
cooperage  and  103  cars  hub  timber.  Fruit- 
growing is  increasing  in  the  county,  the  up- 
lands and  hillsides  being  excellent  for 
horticulture.  In  1897  there  were  shipped 
1,065  bushels  apples,  8,011  pounds  dried 
fruits,  1,555  pounds  canned  fruits,  40  crates 
small  fruits  and  5,148  pounds  small  fruits 
and  vegetables.  The  greater  part  of  the  pro- 
duce of  the  farmers  is  marketed  and  con- 
sumed in  the  county.  The  minerals  in  the 
county  are  iron,  lead,  zinc,  copper  and 
kaolin.  Iron  exists  in  vast  quantities  and  is 
the  principal  mineral  output,  25,020  tons  of 
ore  having  been  exported  in  1897.  Granite  is 
extensively  quarried.  During  the  year  1897 
745  carloads  were  shipped.  Iron  County 
granite  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
^reat  Eads  bridge  at  St.  Louis,  the  custom- 
house at  St.  Louis,  the  State  capitol  at 
Springfield,  Illinois,  and  other  noted  struc- 
tures in  different  parts  of  the  Union.  Large 
beds  of  marble,  white  and  variegated,  are 
located  on  Marble  Creek.  In  parts  of  the 
county  asbestos  has  been  discovered,  but  not 
in  any  extensive  deposits.  The  first  settle- 
ments made  in  what  comprises  Iron 
County  were  in  the  Belleview  Valley,  in  the 
section  now  Iron  Township,  and  in  Arcadia 
Valley,  east  of  the  site  of  Ironton.  About 
1805  Ephraim  Stout,  from  Tennessee,  settled 
in  the  "Lost  Cove,"  as  it  was  called  by  the 
Delaware  Indians,  and  built  a  cabin  on  the 
creek  which  bears  his  name.  Soon  after  Stout 
came  Looney  Sharp  and  his  two  sons,  John 
and  Ellison,  and  James  Brown.  Ellison  Sharp 
settled  on  Marble  Creek,  as  did  John  Sutton, 


IRON  COUNTY. 


387 


who  arrived  some  time  prior.  Settlement  of 
the  county  was  slow.  A  few  families  located 
in  Belleview  Valley,  but  for  more  than  twenty 
years  Stout's  settlement  was  the  largest  in 
what  is  now  Iron  County.  In  1838  Colonel 
Cyrus  Russell,  of  Somers,  Connecticut,  pur- 
chased a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  valley,  to 
which  a  few  years  later  the  name  Arcadia 
was  given.  He  was  a  progressive  man,  made 
numerous  improvements  and  induced  many 
to  settle  in  the  county. 

Iron  County  was  formed  of  sections  of  St. 
Francois,  Madison,  Washington,  Dent,  Rey- 
nolds and  Wayne  Counties  by  legislative  act, 
February  17,  1857.  Difficulty  was  found 
in  securing  territory  sufficient  for  the  county 
without  reducing  other  counties  below  the 
constitutional  limit,  this  accounting  for  its 
pecuHar  shape.  The  first  members  of  the 
county  court  were  John  W.  Miller,  J.  V. 
Logan  and  Moses  E.  Edmonds,  who  were 
chosen  by  special  election  held  in  June,  1857. 
At  the  same  time  John  F.  T.  Edwards  was 
elected  clerk,  and  John  Cole,  sheriff.  At  Ar- 
cadia, on  August  4th  of  the  same  year,  the 
first  meeting  of  the  court  was  held,  and  the 
county  divided  into  townships.  At  the 
general  elections  on  the  7th  of  the  following 
September  a  site  for  a  permanent  county  seat 
was  decided  by  popular  vote.  The  villages 
of  Arcadia  and  Middlebrook  were  competing 
points.  H.  N.  Tong  and  David  Carson  pur- 
chased a  tract  of  land,  laid  out  a 
town,  which  they  called  Ironton,  and 
entered  in  the  competition  for  the 
seat  of  justice.  Every  alternate  lot 
they  donated  to  the  county,  and  the  election 
resulted  in  it  being  chosen  the  favored  place. 
The  lots  donated  were  sold  at  public  sale  and 
enriched  the  county  treasury  $10,600,  prized 
at  the  time,  as  the  county  upon  its  organiza- 
tion was  made  liable  for  its  proportion  of 
stock  subscribed  to  the  Fredericktown  & 
Pilot  Knob  Road  Company,  incorporated  in 
February,  1855.  Bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$6,666  were  issued  in  September,  1857,  and  in 
January  following  $10,000  more  for  the  build- 
ing of  a  courthouse.  The  corner  stone  of  it 
was  laid  July  4,  1858,  and  in  October,  i860, 
it  was  completed  and  occupied.  It  cost 
$14,000.  In  April,  1866,  $10,000  in  bonds  was 
voted  for  the  building  of  a  jail,  which  was 
finished  the  following  year.  At  that  time  the 
total  indebtedness  of  the  county  was  $18,000, 
and  a  dozen  years  later  the  county  was  free 


of  debt  and  had  a  surplus  above  $10,000  in 
the  treasury.  Since  then  the  county  has  been 
free  from  debt. 

The  first  term  of  circuit  court  in  Iron 
County  was  held  May  7,  1858,  Judge  John  H. 
Stone  presiding.  The  members  of  the  first 
grand  jury  were  John  F.  Green,  Joseph  Beal, 
Frank  P.  Smith,  Andrew  Henson,  Michael 
Vineyard,  William  Boatwright,  Samuel  Rice, 
John  P.  Hayden,  James  Sloan,  George  W. 
Young,  Joseph  Sutton,  J.  H.  Russell,  John 
Imboden  and  Elbridge  Clayton.  Indictments 
were  found  against  Malinda  and  Washington 
Brannum,  charged  with  grand  larceny.  The 
former  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  two 
years  in  the  penitentiary;  the  latter  was  ac- 
quitted. William  Young  was  arrested  in  i860 
for  the  murder  of  his  father,  whom  he  stab- 
bed while  under  the  influence  of  liquor.  He 
secured  a  change  of  venue  to  Reynolds  Coun- 
ty, and  while  out  on  bail  was  killed  in  a 
fight.  There  have  been  a  number  of  convic- 
tions for  murder  in  the  county,  but  none  has 
paid  the  death,  penalty.  Among  the  first  at- 
torneys of  the  county  were  Philip  Pipkin, 
who  changed  his  place  of  residence  from  Jef- 
ferson County  to  the  village  of  Arcadia  about 
the  time  Iron  County  was  organized,  and 
Thomas  Sandford,  Michael  Concannon,  John 
W.  Emerson,  A.  A.  Wilson,  William  N. 
Nalle  and  Robert  Finn.  The  Federal  authori- 
ties during  the  Civil  War  had  a  military  post 
in  the  central  part  of  the  county.  On  the 
western  slope  of  Pilot  Knob  a  fort  was  built, 
called  Fort  Davidson,  which  commanded  the 
Shepherd  Mountain  gap.  Another  fort  occu- 
pied an  elevation  between  Ironton  and 
Arcadia,  and  the  point  is  still  called  Fort 
Hill,  and  is  the  site  of  a  small  church.  The 
county  was  invaded  by  General  Price  dur- 
ing his  raid  of  1864,  and  the  battle  of  Pilot 
Knob  (which  see)  was  fought  within  its  limits. 
The  Confederate  loss  was  about  1,000  killed 
and  wounded.  The  Federal  loss  was  less  than 
100. 

The  public  school  system  was  inaugurated 
in  1866.  Prior  to  that  time  numerous  pri- 
vate schools  had  been  started,  one  of  the 
principal  ones  being  the  Arcadia  high  school, 
founded  in  1849  by  Rev.  J.  C.  Berryman  and 
conducted  under  control  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South.  This  was  the  nu- 
cleus of  Arcadia  College,  a  flourishing  in- 
stitution, which  in  1879  was  transferred  to 
the   Ursuline    Sisters.   The   present    school 


388 


IRONDALE— IRONTON. 


population  is  3,017,  with  forty-three  public 
schools  and  forty-four  teachers.  The  assessed 
valuation  of  all  taxable  property  in  the  coun- 
ty in  1898  was  $2,481,103,  less  than  one-fourth 
of  the  estimated  full  value.  In  the  county 
there  are  thirty-seven  miles  of  railroad,  the 
main  line  of  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  & 
Southern,  which  passes  south  through  the 
eastern  part.  The  townships  in  the  county 
are  Dent,  Kaolin,  Iron,  Arcadia,  Liberty  and 
Union.  The  principal  towns  and  villages  are 
Ironton,  Pilot  Knob,  Arcadia,  Graniteville, 
Annapolis,  Des  Arc,  Middlebrook  and  Sa- 
bula.  The  total  population  of  the  county  in 
1900  was  8,716. 

Irondale. — A  village  in  Washington 
County,  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railway,  ten 
miles  southeast  of  Potosi.  It  was  laid  out 
in  1857  by  Hon.  John  G.  Scott,  who,  with 
others,  erected  a  large  iron  furnace  there. 
It  has  three  churches — Catholic,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  and  Methodist — a  public  school, 
hotel,  four  general  stores  and  a  mill.  The 
population  is  about  300. 

Iron  Hall,  Order  of. — This  order  had 
its  beginning  at  IndianapoHs,  Indiana,  De- 
cember 15,  1886,  the  object  being  an  estab- 
Hshment  of  a  life  and  benefit  fund  for  its 
members,  who,  in  sickness,  were  to  receive 
a  fixed  sum  weekly,  and,  at  the  end  of  seven 
years,  would  be  paid  the  full  amount  speci- 
fied in  their  certificates  of  membership.  A 
reserve  fund  was  set  apart  for  this  purpose 
in  addition  to  the  general  fund.  The  order 
proved  very  popular,  and  obtained  a  member- 
ship of  60,000,  with  1,200  local  branches, 
there  being  several  in  St.  Louis.  But  com- 
plaint was  made  against  the  supreme  sitting, 
charging  insolvency  and  asking  for  a  re- 
ceiver on  the  grounds  that  the  business  had 
been  conducted  in  a  reckless  and  extravagant 
manner ;  that  large  sums  had  been  wasted  in 
traveling  expenses,  and  that  the  payment  of 
pretended  claims  and  salaries  of  officers  had 
been  increased  in  violation  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  the  facts  concealed  from  the  mem- 
bers. Protracted  litigation  followed,  there 
being  a  suit  in  the  court  of  criminal  correc- 
tion in  St.  Louis.  The  result  was  that  the 
Order  of  the  Iron  Hall  was  reorganized  at 
Baltimore  in  1892,  with  branches  established 
in  nearly  all  the  States  of  the  Union.  The 
reorganized  order  has  in  St.  Louis  one 
branch  with  a  membership  of  about  100. 


Iron  Mountain. — ^A  village  in  Iron 
Township,  St.  Francois  County,  at  the  foot 
of  Iron  MountaiUj  on  the  Iron  Mountain 
Railroad,  eighty-one  miles  from  St.  Louis  and 
fourteen  miles  southwest  of  Farmington.  It 
is  owned  by  the  Iron  Mountain  Iron  Com- 
pany, which  has  two  large  furnaces  there. 
It  also  contains  a  flouring  mill,  a  large  gen- 
eral store,  hotel,  shops,  etc.  There  is  a  public 
school,  three  churches.  Catholic,  Lutheran 
and  Methodist.  Population,  1890,  1,100; 
estimated  (1899),  300.  For  the  past  few  years 
little  work  has  been  done  at  the  furnaces. 

Iron  Movmtain. — A  natural  mass  of 
iron  ore,  large  enough  to  be  called  a  moun- 
tain, in  St.  Francois  County,  Missouri,  about 
ninety  miles  south  of  St.  Louis.  It  was  orig- 
inally 228  feet  in  height,  with  a  base  area 
of  about  500  acres,  and  having  the  shape  of 
a  cone.  Its  height  has  been  considerably 
reduced  by  mining  from  the  top.  The  ore  is 
known  as  specular,  and  yields  65  to  69  per 
cent  of  pure  metal.  There  are  several  Iron 
Mountains  in  the  United  States — two  in  Mis- 
souri; but  the  one  in  St.  Francois  County 
was  the  first  to  bear  the  name. 

Ironton. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  seat 
of  justice  of  Iron  County,  situated  in  Arcadia 
Township,  on  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain 
&  Southern  Railway,  eighty-eight  miles 
southwest  of  St.  Louis.  It  was  founded  in 
1857  ^"d  incorporated  in  1859.  It  is  beauti- 
fully situated  at  a  considerable  altitude  above 
the  surrounding  country,  with  many  attrac- 
tive points  near  by,  and  is  gaining  popularity 
as  a  summer  resort.  The  town  was  laid  out 
by  H.  N.  Tong  and  David  Carson,  and  by 
popular  vote  being  selected  for  the  perma- 
nent seat  of  justice  for  the  county,  half  of  the 
town  lots  were  donated  to  the  county,  and 
these  were  sold  at  public  auction,  realizing 
$10,600.  From  its  foundation  the  town  was 
prosperous,  but  did  not  rapidly  increase  in 
population  until  the  completion  of  the  rail- 
road to  it.  In  i860  a  courthouse  costing 
$14,000  was  finished,  and  six  years  later  a 
jail  costing  $6,000  was  erected.  During  the 
Civil  War  the  town  suflfe:  ed  greatly  from  the 
raid  of ,  General  Price.  Ironton  has  five 
churches — Episcopal,  Presbyterian,  Baptist, 
Methodist  Episcopal  and  Methodist  Episco- 
pal (colored).  There  is  a  fine  public  school 
and  a  school  for  colored  children.     It  has 


IRWIN. 


889 


about  fifty  business  houses,  including  one 
bank,  a  flouring  mill,  two  spoke  and  wheel 
factories,  a  screen  door  factory  and  two  well 
conducted  hotels.  The  press  is  represented 
by  two  papers,  the  "Register,"  published  by 
Eli  D.  Ake,  and  the  "Republican,"  by  Gerald 
H.  Broadwell.  The  population  in  1890  was 
965,  and  in  1899  (estimated),  1,200.  It  was 
in  this  place  that  U.  S.  Grant  received  his 
commission  as  brigadier  general  in  the 
United  States  Army.  The  spot  where  he  had 
his  quarters  at  the  time  is  now  called 
Emerson  Park,  a  private  park  of  much 
beauty.  It  contains  a  fine  statue  of  Grant 
in  commemoration  of  the  event. 

Irwin,  Joseph  M.,  lawyer  and  mer- 
chant, was  born  in  Winchester,  Virginia,  in 
1819,  and  died  at  Clarence,  Shelby  County, 
Missouri,  in  1877.  With  his  parents  he 
located  at  Shelbyville,  the  county  seat  of 
Shelby  County,  Missouri,  when  he  was  six- 
teen years  of  age.  He  had  the  advantages 
of  only  a  common  school  education,  but  was 
inclined  toward  the  study  of  law,  and  a  few 
years  after  his  arrival  in  Missouri  he  entered 
the  office  of  Judge  A.  F.  Slayback  at  Palmyra, 
and  was  soon  admitted  to  the  bar.  Between 
1850  and  i860  he  served  two  terms  in  the 
State  Senate.  In  1861  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  and  was  a 
strong  supporter  of  the  Union.  In  1866  he 
gave  up  the  practice  of  law  on  account  of 
failing  health,  and  removed  from  Shelbyville 
to  Clarence,  where  he  entered  the  mercantile 
business,  which  he  followed  until  his  death. 
One  of  his  sons  was  E.  Irwin  (deceased), 
chief  of  the  police  department  of  Kansas 
City,  and  another  son  is  W.  A.  Irwin,  of 
Maryville,  Missouri, 

Irwin,  Thomas  K.,  mine-operator,  was 
born  April  13,  1838,  in  Sangamon  County, 
Illinois.  His  parents  were  Hugh  B.  and 
Priscilla  (Kyle)  Irwin.  The  father  was  born 
in  North  Carolina  in  1812,  the  second  son 
in  a  family  of  fifteen  children,  of  whom  but 
three  survive.  He  removed,  in  1820,  to  Illi- 
nois, where  most  of  the  family  are  buried  in 
the  cemetery  near  Pleasant  Plains.  He  died 
in  1852,  leaving  five  children.  The  mother 
was  one  of  a  family  of  eight  children,  and 
her  father  was  a  steamboat  builder  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  who,  in  early  days,  removed  to 
Illinois,  where  he  engaged  in  the  mercantile 


and  pork  packing  business,  hauling  his 
product  a  distance  of  fifty  miles  to  Beards- 
town,  at  which  place  he  embarked  it  upon 
flatboats  and  marketed  it  in  New  Orleans, 
the  trip  requiring  six  months.  Thomas  K. 
Irwin  was  left  fatherless  at  the  early  age  of 
fourteen  years.  The  eldest  child,  he  was  a 
prime  dependence  of  his  widowed  mother  in 
her  efforts  to  rear  her  family,  and  his  aid 
was  even  more  necessary  in  1862,  when  his 
brother  Henry  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Fourteenth  Illinois  Infantry  Regiment, 
in  which  he  served  until  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War.  Until  1869  he  conducted  a  farm 
near  Pleasant  Plains,  and  bred  and  marketed 
stock.  He  then  engaged  in  the  lumber  busi- 
ness with  his  brother-in-law,  Thor  Simonson, 
to  whom  he  sold  his  interest  after  the  expira- 
tion of  two  years.  Removing  then,  with 
teams,  to  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  he  bought 
a  tract  of  raw  land  ten  miles  northeast  of 
Carthage,  which  he  opened  up  as  a  farm. 
After  twelve  years'  residence  upon  it,  he 
moved  to  Carthage,  and  from  that  time  he 
has  been  numbered  among  the  most  progres- 
sive residents  of  that  enterprising  city.  He 
at  once  employed  his  means  in  the  business 
of  the  Southwestern  Candy  and  Cracker 
Company,  and  was  its  vice  president.  In 
August,  1884,  the  factory  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  and  in  this  disaster  he  suffered  entire 
loss  of  his  capital.  With  characteristic 
courage  and  energy  he  engaged  in  the  auc- 
tion and  patent  right  business,  and  accumu- 
lated sufficient  means  to  enter  upon  a  grocery 
business  in  partnership  with  F.  D.  Porter. 
This  undertaking  was  profitably  continued 
for  four  years,  when  he  retired.  In  1890  he 
was  appointed  postmaster  at  Carthage  by 
President  Harrison,  and  during  his  four 
years'  term  of  service  met  the  entire  approba- 
tion of  the  community  for  the  intelligence 
and  energy  which  marked  his  conduct  of  the 
duties  of  his  position.  Upon  his  retirement 
from  office  he  formed  a  partnership  with  J. 
W.  Ground,  and  soon  afterward  opened  up 
the  richly  productive  Ground  &  Irwin  mining 
tract  at  Duenweg,  in  Jasper  County.  This 
association  was  largely  remunerative  from 
the  beginning,  and  is  yet  maintained.  Soon 
after  breaking  ground,  rich  bodies  of  zinc 
and  lead  ore  were  uncovered,  and  after  the 
original  tract  had  yielded  large  returns  they 
disposed  of  it  for  $250,000.  They  are  yet 
owners  of  large  holdings  of  mineral  lands  in 


890 


ISABEL  CROW  KINDERGARTEN. 


Jasper  County,  upon  which  are  situated 
numerous  highly  productive  mines,  operated 
by  lessees  who  hold  them  in  high,  regard  for 
their  probity  and  liberality  in  terms.  Politi- 
cally Mr.  Irwin  has  always  been  an  ardent 
Republican.  Reared  in  the  vicinity  of 
Springfield,  Illinois,  he  enjoyed  acquaintance 
with  Lincoln,  for  whom  he  cast  his  first  pres- 
idential vote.  He  has  long  been  active  in 
the  counsels  of  the  party,  and  is  now  serving 
as  chairman  of  the  Republican  executive 
committee  of  the  Fifteenth  Missouri  Con- 
gressional District.  He  and  his  family  are 
connected  with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  in 
which  body  his  wife  is  an  earnest  and  efficient 
laborer.  In  1867  he  became  a  Master  Mason 
in  Petersburg,  Illinois;  for  many  years  past 
he  has  held  membership  with  Carthage 
Lodge,  No.  197.  He  was  married  January 
24,  1867,  to  Miss  Annie  N.  Cox,  of  Ashland, 
Illinois,  and  at  the  same  time  his  sister,  Jen- 
nie, was  married  to  Thor  Simonson,  of 
Tallula,  Illinois.  Born  of  his  marriage  were 
four  children,  Edgar  H.,  Eula  H.,  Oren  H. 
and  Myrtle  H.,  all  of  whom,  except  the  eldest, 
reside  at  home.  Edgar  H.  Irwin  was  liber- 
ally educated  in  the  home  schools,  was 
assistant  postmaster  during  the  term  of 
service  of  his  father  as  postmaster,  and  is 
now  assistant  secretary  of  the  Covenant 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  of  St. 
Louis,  in  which  city  he  makes  his  residence. 
While  a  resident  of  Carthage,  he  was  married 
to  Miss  Georgia  Wood,  of  that  city,  and  to 
them  has  been  born  one  son,  Carl  W.,  now 
two  years  old. 

Isabel    Crow  Kindergarten. — The 

Isabel  Crow  Kindergfarten  Association 
of  St.  Louis  originated  in  the  education 
section  of  the  Wednesday  Club,  and  was  the 
first  practical  work  undertaken  by  the  sec- 
tion. The  idea  of  organizing  some  sort  of 
rescue  work  for  the  little  children  under  legal 
school  age — six  years — in  the  poorer  districts 
of  the  city,  was  due  to  Mrs.  Cornelia  Ludlow 
Maury.  As  early  as  the  autumn  of  1892  a 
committee  called  the  "Kindergarten  Com- 
mittee" was  selected,  consisting  of  Mrs.  An- 
thony H.  Blaisdell,  chairman;  Mrs.  C.  L. 
Maury,  Miss  S.  V.  Beeson,  Mrs.  J.  C.  Van 
Blarcom,  Miss  Clara  Freeborn  and  Mrs. 
Mary  C.  McCulloch,  which  was  instructed  to 
prepare  plans  for  work ;  and  on  Easter  Mon- 
day, 1893,  the  "Riverside  Kindergarten"  was 


opened  at  the  Bethel  Mission,  corner  of  Main 
and  Olive  Streets.  Many  reasons  in  favor  of 
a  change  of  locality  decided  the  transfer  of 
the  work  to  1206  North  Seventh  Street  when 
autumn  came,  at  which  time  the  name  was 
changed  to  "Isabel  Crow,"  and  an  "m 
memoriam"  endowment  fund  was  paid  by 
Mrs.  Edwin  C,  Cushman  into  the  treasury, 
over  which  she  began  to  keep  watch  and 
ward,  in  place  of  Mrs.  Van  Blarcom,  who 
resigned.  So  much  encouragement  attended 
the  work,  not  only  in  the  improvement  of 
the  little  children  themselves,  but  in  the  in- 
terest awakened  in  their  parents  at  the  moth- 
ers' meeting  held  in  connection  with  the 
kindergarten,  and  much  success  created  an 
appetite  for  more,  for  a  wider  scope,  a 
broader  field  of  operation.  Therefore,  in  the 
spring  of  1894,  the  kindergarten  committee 
decided,  with  the  full  approval  of  the  educa- 
tion section,  to  withdraw  from  the  Wednes- 
day Club,  and  action  was  taken  at  once  to 
secure  articles  of  incorporation  under  the 
present  name,  an  association  formed  for 
"benevolent,  scientific  and  educational  pur- 
poses," as  the  charter  reads;  and  on  July  11, 
1894,  the  "Isabel  Crow  Kindergarten  Asso- 
ciation" became  a  corporate  body.  In  the 
autumn  of  1894  the  training  school  was  or- 
ganized. Miss  Dozier  kindly  lending  the 
association,  rent  free,  her  school  rooms  at 
3401  Morgan  Street.  Miss  Mary  Waterman 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  training 
school,  and  was  assisted  by  an  able  corps  of 
teachers  arid  lecturers,  many  of  them  con- 
tributing their  services  to  the  new  enterprise. 
In  January  of  1895  a  large  class  of  West  End 
mothers  was  organized  under  the  leadership 
of  Miss  Dozier,  and  continued  throughout 
this  winter  and  the  following  one,  with  the 
assistance  of  Miss  Mary  Runyan,  of  Pratt 
Institute,  who  joined  the  corps  of  teachers 
in  1895.  In  October,  1895,  a  second  kinder- 
garten was  opened  at  the  South  Side  Day 
Nursery,  with  the  stipulation  that  the  school 
be  open  to  little  children  between  the  ages  of 
three  and  six  years,  living  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood,  up  to  the  number  of  forty. 
In  1896  the  association  was  shaken  to  its 
foundation  stones  by  the  simultaneous  loss 
of  Miss  Waterman  and  Miss  Runyan,  of  the 
faculty,  and  Miss  Dozier,  of  the  executive 
committee,  who  were  called,  respectively,  to 
the  Pratt  Institute,  Brooklyn;  the  Teachers' 
College,  New  York,  and  the  supervision  of 


ISLAND  No.   10. 


391 


the  New  York  Kindergarten  Association. 
Miss  Fredericka  M.  Smith,  a  graduate  of  the 
normal  class  of  the  Training  School — ^whose 
sudden  death,  January  24,  1898,  again  left  the 
association  desolate — was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  Training  School  and  made  supervisor 
of  the  three  kindergartens  then  under  the 
association's  care,  for  the  third  school  was 
opened  in  October,  1896,  at  1223  North 
Broadway.  The  Training  School  was  then 
moved  to  St.  Stephen's  House,  at  the  corner 
of  Rutger  and  South  Fourth  Streets,  the 
present  home  of  the  oldest  kindergarten  of 
the  association,  and  Miss  Eunice  Janes,  a 
graduate  of  the  Training  School,  ahd  former 
director  of  kindergarten,  was  placed  in 
charge.  This  association  is  supported  by  an- 
nual subscriptions,  donations,  interest  on 
endowment  fund  and  tuition  fees.  The  asso- 
ciation has  granted  a  scholarship  to  any  one 
contributing  the  sum  of  $500.  The  names 
of  those  assigned  are  as  follows :  The  "Cush- 
man,"  the  "Busch"  and  the  "Ewald"  schol- 
arships. The  officers  of  the  association  are: 
Mrs.  Anthony  H.  Blaisdell,  president;  Mrs. 
E.  C.  Cushman,  vice  president ;  Mrs.  Edward 
Wyman,  treasurer;  Mrs.  T.  G.  Portis,  re- 
cording secretary;  Mrs.  T.  G.  Meier,  cor- 
responding secretary.  Among  the  managers 
are  the  well  known  names  of  Mrs.  Beverly 
Allen,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Sterling,  Mrs.  George  F. 
Durant,  Mrs.  G.  A.  Finkelnburg,  Mrs.  C.  L. 
Maury,  Mrs.  E.  W.  LeBeaume,  Mrs.  J.  B. 
Shapleigh,  Miss  Louise  Simpkins,  Mrs. 
Albert  Merrell,  Mrs.  Frank  Henderson,  Mrs. 
Frank  P.  Crunden,  Mrs.  George  A.  Madill, 
Mrs.  Ernest  Kroeger,  Mrs.  Emile  Glogau, 
Mrs.  Charles  W.  Barstow,  Mrs.  S.  V.  Beeson 
and  Mrs.  H.  H.  Tittman. 

Mary  McConnei^l  Bi^aisdeli.. 

Island  :\o.  10. — A  famous  fortification 
of  the  Confederates  during  the  Civil  War,  in 
the  Mississippi  River,  ten  miles  above  New 
Madrid,  Missouri.  The  farthest  northern 
point  on  the  Mississippi  fortified  by  the  Con- 
federates at  the  beginning  of  the  war  was 
Columbus,  on  the  Kentucky  side,  opposite 
Belmont,  Missouri,  and  when,  in  March, 
1862,  the  loss  of  Fort  Henry  on  the  Ten- 
nessee River,  in  their  rear,  made  Columbus 
no  longer  tenable,  they  retired  sixty  miles 
down  the  river,  to  Island  No.  10,  which  they 
fortified  with  several  strong  works,  supported 
by    a    battery    on    the    opposite    Kentucky 


shore.  The  place  was  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral William  Mackall,  and  below  it  was  a 
fleet  of  Confederate  gunboats,  under  Commo- 
dore Hollins.  The  position  was  a  strong  one; 
and  its  natural  advantages  were  made  still 
more  formidable  by  the  spirited  and  effective 
defense  of  the  garrison.  Commodore  Foote, 
whose  successful  attack  on  Fort  Henry  had 
inspired  high  expectations,  was  sent,  with  a 
powerful  fleet  of  eight  gunboats,  seven  of 
them  iron-clad,  and  ten  mortar  boats,  to  re- 
duce the  place,  which  stood  as  an  effective 
barrier  to  the  extension  of  Union  military 
operations  into  the  South  by  way  of  the 
Mississippi.  Foote  drew  up  before  the  island 
and  opened  fire  with  the  batteries  of  all  the 
gunboats,  while  the  mortar  boats  attempted 
to  throw  their  shells  into  the  works.  But 
the  attack  was  a  failure.  The  fire  was  main- 
tained for  several  days  without  perceptibly 
damaging  the  works,  or  impairing  the  vigor 
and  effectiveness  of  the  defense,  and  the 
attack,  made  with  the  best  naval  appliances 
of  the  day,  only  served  to  show  that  the  posi- 
tion was  impregnable  by  water.  But  General 
Pope,  commanding  the  Union  forces  in 
southeast  Missouri,  discovered  a  way  of  tak- 
ing the  place  by  getting  both  the  Union  Army 
and  the  fleet  below  it.  There  is  a  bend  in  the 
river  at  the  locality  which  made  the  island, 
while  being  ten  miles  above  New  Madrid 
on  the  river,  to  be  ten  miles  further  south, 
and  the  low  marshy  tongue  of  land  enclosed 
in  the  river  bend  offered  the  opportunity  of 
digging  a  canal  through  which  vessels  of 
light  draught  might  pass  to  a  point  below 
the  island.  The  work  was  undertaken  and 
prosecuted  with  resolute  energy  to  perfect 
success,  and  almost  before  the  Confederates 
knew  what  was  going  on,  they  were  startled 
to  see  a  fleet  of  transports  loaded  with  troops 
in  the  river  below  them  and  between  them 
and  New  Madrid.  On  the  night  of  April  istthe 
gunboat  "Carondelet,"  favored  by  a  violent 
storm  and  the  darkness,  managed  to  run  past 
the  batteries  of  the  island,  and,  two  nights 
afterward,  another  gunboat,  the  "Pittsburg." 
performed  the  same  feat.  Finding  them- 
selves thus  attacked  in  both  front  and  rear, 
and  without  means  of  escaping  to  the  Ken- 
tucky shore,  the  Confederates  were  forced  to 
surrender.  General  Pope,  in  his  report, 
stated  that  the  victory  consisted  in  the  cap- 
ture of  three  generals,  237  other  officers, 
6,700  privates,  and  123  pieces  of  heavy  artil- 


392 


ITALIAN  REPUBLICAN  LEAGUE— IVES. 


lery,  besides  a  large  amount  of  supplies, 
ammunition  and  many  animals.  It  was  a 
serious  blow  to  the  Confederates,  for  it  gave 
•the  Mississippi  into  the  control  of  the  Union 
fleets  and  armies  from  Cairo  to  Vicksburg. 
The  famous  island  no  longer  exists,  having 
been  destroyed  by  the  erosion  of  the  river. 
A  new  Island  No,  lo  has  been  formed  near 
the  place  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  river. 

Italian   Republican    League. — ^An 

organization  of  the  Italian-Americans  of  St. 
Louis,  which  was  formed  in  June  of  1898,  and 
which  had  for  its  objects  the  betterment  of 
social  relations  between  the  Italian-speaking 
residents  of  the  city,  and  concerted  action  in 
advancing  their  interests  and  promoting  their 
prosperity.  The  membership  of  the  league 
approximated  400  at  the  end  of  the  year 
1898,  and  its  quarters  were  at  Eleventh  Street 
and  Franklin  Avenue. 

Ittner,  Anthony,  manufacturer  and 
ex-member  of  Congress,  was  born  October 
8,  1837,  in  Lebanon,  Ohio,  He  was  brought 
to  St.  Louis  with  his  parents  and  put  to  work 
at  the  early  age  of  nine  years,  and  the  only 
opportunity  which  he  had  to  attend  schools 
was  prior  to  that  time.  Afterward  he  attend- 
ed night  schools.  His  earliest  employment 
was  in  the  Glasgow  Lead  Factory.  After 
three  years  he  went  to  work  in  a  brickyard, 
and  thus  gained  his  earliest  knowledge  of  that 
branch  of  manufacturing  with  which  he  has 
since  been  so  prominently  identified.  He  then 
worked  as  a  journeyman  bricklayer  until  he 
was  twenty-one  years  of  age,  when,  in  com- 
pany with  his  elder  brother,  he  established 
himself  in  the  brickmaking  and  brick- 
laying business.  This  business  he  con- 
tinued until  1888,  when  he  abandoned 
bricklaying  and  turned  his  attention  en- 
tirely to  brick  manufacturing.  Since  then  he 
has  become  one  of  the  most  prominent  of 
western  brick  manufacturers,  having  at  the 
present  time  (1898)  two  large  plants  having  a 
capacity  of  fifty  millions  of  brick  a  year, 
which  are  operated  at  Swansea.  Illinois. 
Closely  identified,  as  he  has  been  for  many 
years,  with  the  building  trades  and  building 
interests  of  St.  Louis,  he  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Builders'  Exchange  ever  since  it 
was  organized.  He  served  three  terms  as 
president  of  this  exchange  and  served  also 
as  president  of  the  National  Builders'  Asso- 


ciation, and  as  president  of  the  National 
Brick  Manufacturers'  Association,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  charter  members.  He 
served  through  the  Civil  War  as  a  member  of 
the  Missouri  State  Militia,  doing  duty  both 
in  the  city  and  State.  A  strong  Unionist,  he 
aUied  himself  with  the  RepubUcan  party,  and 
has  ever  since  been  conspicuous  in  its  coun- 
cils. In  1867  he  was  elected  to  the  city  council, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1868,  and  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year  to  the  lower  branch  of  the 
State  Legislature.  In  1870  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate,  and  re-elected  in  1874. 
He  resigned  in  1876  to  accept  a  nomination 
for  Congress  as  Representative  of  the  First 
Missouri  District.  As  a  result  of  the  ensuing 
canvass  he  was  elected  and  served  with  credit 
in  the  Forty-fifth  Congress.  At  the  end  of 
his  term  he  retired  from  public  life.  While 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  he  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  labors  in  behalf  of  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  State  reformatory  and  trade 
school  for  juvenile  offenders.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Unitarian  Church,  and  he  is  a 
helpful  friend  of  charities  and  humanitarian 
institutions.  He  was  one  of  the  promoters 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Centennial  move- 
ment, and  was  made  a  member  of  the  original 
committee  having  it  in  charge.  In  fraternal 
circles  he  is  known  as  one  of  the  pioneer  Odd 
Fellows  of  St.  Louis,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  that  order  in  Missouri.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen,  and  of  the  Royal  Arca- 
num, and  is  a  life  member  of  the  Missouri 
Historical  Society.  In  1862  he  married  Miss 
Mary  Isabelle  Butts,  daughter  of  William 
A.  Butts.  Mrs.  Ittner  was  one  of  the  incor- 
porators of  the  South  Side  Day  Nursery 
Association,  of  which  she  has  been  vice  presi- 
dent for  several  terms.  She  has  also  been  for 
many  years  president  of  the  Ladies'  Working 
Society  of  the  Church  of  the  Unity.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Ittner  have  seven  living  children,  their 
sons  being  William  B.,  Benjamin,  George  and 
Warren  Ittner.  Their  eldest  son,  William  B. 
Ittner,  is  now  building  commissioner  of  pub- 
lic schools  for  St.  Louis.  He  married,  in  1888, 
Miss  Lottie  Allan,  of  that  city. 

Ives,  Halsey  Cooley,  an  art  in- 
structor and  art  critic,  was  born  in  1847,  ^.t 
Montour  Falls,  New,  York.  His  scholastic 
training  was  obtained  at  Union  Academy,  of 
his  native  town.  About  the  beginning  of  the 


IVES. 


393 


Civil  War  his  father  died,  and,  being  thrown 
upen  his  own  resources,  he  obtained  employ- 
ment as  a  draughtsman.  In  1864  he  entered 
the  government  service  in  this  capacity  and 
was  assigned  to  duty  at  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
His  art  education  was  begun  under  the  di- 
rection of  Alexander  Piatowski,  a  Polish 
refugee,  a  man  of  remarkable  intellectual  en- 
dowments, and  an  enthusiastic  lover  of  nature 
and  art.  In  1869  he  turned  his  attention  to 
designing  and  decorating,  and  he  traveled 
through  the  West  and  South  in  this  connec- 
tion. In  1872  he  visited  Mexico,  and  upon 
his  return  to  the  United  States  came  to  St.. 
Louis  and  entered  the  Polytechnic  School  in 
1874  as  an  instructor.  During  the  following 
year  he  pursued  his  studies  abroad,  and  upon 
his  return  to  St.  Louis  was  made  a  member 
of  the  faculty  of  Washington  University,  and 
through  his  efforts  the  St.  Louis  School  of 
Fine  Arts  was  established.  In  1881  he  was 
made  director  of  the  Art  School  and  the 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  For  many  years  he  de- 
voted much  time  to  giving  free  lectures  on 
Sundays  to  the  mechanics  and  artisans  of  St. 
Louis.  These  lectures  were  fully  illustrated 
by  examples  from  the  collections  of  the  mu- 
seum and  his  own  private  collections.  When 
the  work  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 


tion was  organized,  the  appointment  of  Mr. 
Ives  as  director  of  the  department  of  fine 
arts  was  greeted  with  universal  satisfaction, 
and  the  splendid  results  achieved  under  his 
direction  evidenced  the  value  of  his  services. 
In  1894  he  was  appointed  by  the  National 
Bureau  of  Education  to  examine  and  report 
upon  the  course  of  instruction  and  methods 
of  work  carried  on  by  various  continental 
art  schools  and  museums,  and  beginning  at 
Gizeh,  Egypt,  he  pursued  a  special  work 
which  traced  the  historical  development  of 
civilization  as  evidenced  in  art.  He  has  taken 
an  active  interest  in  municipal  affairs,  and 
for  some  years  served  as  a  member  of  the 
city  council  of  St.  Louis.  As  a  testimony  of 
appreciation  of  his  efforts  in  the  direction  of 
art  education,  he  received  from  King  Oscar, 
of  Sweden,  the  decoration  of  the  "Order  of 
the  Vasa,"  and  from  King  Christian,  of  Den- 
mark, that  of  the  "Order  of  the  Dannebrog," 
besides  marks  of  appreciation  from  the  gov- 
ernments of  France,  Germany  and  Japan. 
Mr.  Ives  married,  in  1887,  Miss  Margaret 
Lackland,  daughter  of  Rufus  J.  Lack- 
land, the  well  known  banker  and  financier 
of  St.  Louis.  Their  children  are  Caro- 
line Eliot  Lackland  Ives  and  Neil  Mc- 
Dowell Ives. 


394 


JACCARD— JACKS. 


Jaccard,  D.  Constant,  merchant, 
was  born  August  22,  1826,  in  Ste.  Croix, 
Switzerland.  He  attended  school  until  he  was 
eleven  years  of  age  and  then  began  serving 
his  apprenticeship  to  the  watchmaker's  trade. 
Until  1845  he  divided  his  studies  and  his 
work,  and  then  went  to  Lausanne,  where  he 
entered  the  normal  school.  Bending  all  his 
his  energies  to  the  work  he  completed  the 
regular  three  years'  course  in  eighteen 
months  and  graduated  first  in  a  class  of  thir- 
ty-five. He  defrayed  the  expense  by  acting 
as  a  tutor  two  hours  of  each  day  and  working 
at  his  trade  during  vacations.  After  his  grad- 
uation he  taught  school  a  year,  and  in  1848 
he  came  to  the  United  States  to  join  his  rela- 
tives, Louis  and  Eugene  Jaccard,  then .  in 
business  in  St.  Louis.  In  1855  he  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  E.  Jaccard  &  Co.  In 
1864  he  and  A.  S.  Mermod  purchased  a  jew- 
elry business  at  Fourth  and  Locust  Streets, 
and  associating  with  themselves  C.F.Mathey, 
founded  what  is  now  one  of  the  most  famous 
jewelry  houses  in  the  United  States  under 
the  name  of  D.  C.  Jaccard  &  Co.  In  1873 
the  firm  name  was  changed  to  Mermod,  Jac- 
card &  Co.,  with  the  same  partners,  and  this 
was  succeeded  by  the  present  Mermod  &  Jac- 
card Jewelry  Company  in  1883.  Of  this  cor- 
poration Mr.  Jaccard  was  vice  president,  and 
in  its  upbuilding  was  a  most  potent  factor. 
The  house  has  its  own  watch  manufactory  at 
Ste.  Croix,  Switzerland,  and  has  also  a  house 
in  Paris,  and  representatives  in  various  cities 
of  the  old  world,  through  whom  large  im- 
portations are  made  for  their  American  trade. 
During  the  Civil  War,  as  treasurer  of  the 
"Societe  du  Sou  par  Semaine,"  Mr.  Jaccard 
distributed  over  $20,000  to  relieve  the  wants 
of  those  who  suffered  from  the  effects  of  the 
great  struggle  then  going  on,  without  regard 
to  their  sympathies  either  with  the  North  or 
the  South.  In  1868  he  was  appointed  vice 
consul  for  Switzerland  at  St.  Louis,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  for  many  years.  He 
married,  in  1855,  a  Miss  Chipron,  daughter 
of  J.  G.  Chipron,  brother-in-law  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Grandpierre,  of  Paris,  France.  Mrs.  Jaccard 
was  a  Parisian  by  birth,  but  came  with  her 


father's  family  to  Highland,  Illinois,  in  1848. 
Mr.  Jaccard  died  in  1899. 

Jacks,  John  William,  newspaper 
editor,  was  born  in  Monroe  County,  Missouri, 
only  son  of  John  Richmond  and  Sarah 
(Keithley)  Jacks.  John  R.  Jacks  was  born  in 
Kentucky  and  came  with  his  parents  to  Mis- 
souri when  he  was  twelve  years  of  age.  The 
family  settled  in  Boone  County  in  1829  and 
were  among  the  pioneers  in  developing  the 
agricultural  resources  of  that  region.  The 
mother  of  John  W.  Jacks  was  a  native  of 
Pike  County,  Missouri,  to  which  place  her 
father  came  from  Pennsylvania.  William 
Milton  Jacks,  the  grandfather  of  John  W. 
Jacks,  grew  up  in  Kentucky,  but  was  a  native 
of  North  Carolina.  In  Kentucky  he  married 
a  Miss  White,  and  from  that  State  came  with 
his  family  to  Missouri.  He  died  on  his  farm 
in  Boone  County  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-four  years.  He  had  a  large  family  of 
children,  among  whom  was  Milton  Jacks, 
who  served  through  the  Mexican  War  with 
General  A.  W.  Doniphan  and  also  took  part 
in  the  Civil  War  as  a  Confederate  soldier. 
The  Jacks  family  is  supposed  to  be  of  French 
Huguenot  descent.  John  W.  Jacks  obtained 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Stur- 
geon, Missouri,  and  while  still  a  mere  youth 
began  making  his  own  living.  He  made  his 
first  money  by  chopping  a  neighbor's  wood 
pile  into  stove  sticks,  and  used  the  money 
thus  earned  to  pay  a  six  months'  subscription 
to  a  newspaper.  The  journalistic  instinct  was 
inherent  in  his  nature,  and  the  reading  of  this 
paper  and  the  few  books  he  could  get  hold 
of,  led  to  his  entering  the  office  of  the  paper 
at  Sturgeon  as  a  "printer's  devil."  There  he 
learned  the  printing  trade,  and  in  1870  is- 
sued the  first  number  of  the  "Sturgeon 
Leader,"  which  he  published  until  the  end 
of  December,  1872.  In  March,  1872,  he  had 
formed  a  partnership  with  Colonel  J.  E.  Hut- 
ton,  of  Mexico,  Missouri,  and  purchased  the 
"Ledger,"  of  that  place,  the  name  of  which 
they  changed  to  the  "Intelligencer,"  and  until 
the  close  of  the  year  Mr.  Jacks  superintended 
the  publication  of  the  "Intelligencer"  at  Mex- 


JACKSON. 


396- 


ico  and  the  "Leader"  at  Sturgeon.  Both 
enterprises  were  successful  business  ventures, 
but  Mr.  Jacks  found  himself  overworked,  and 
discontinued  the  "Leader"  at  the  end  of  1872. 
While  editing  the  "Leader"  he  gained  promi- 
nence in  political  circles,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Boone  County  delegation  to  the  Dem- 
ocratic State  Convention  which  nominated 
Silas  Woodson  for  Governor.  In  that  con- 
vention he  was  largely  instrumental  in  unit- 
ing the  Boone  County  delegation  in  support 
of  the  eloquent  orator,  Major  James  S.  Rol- 
lins, who  was  one  of  the  leading  candidates 
for  the  gubernatorial  nomination.  In  1875  he 
sold  his  interest  in  the  Mexico  "Intelligencer," 
and  for  some  time  afterward  was  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  a  book  and  job  printing  estab- 
lishment in  St.  Louis.  In  1878  he  purchased 
the  "Washington  Observer"  in  Franklin 
County,  a  paying  newspaper  property.  He 
disposed  of  it  after  a  time,  however,  and  in 
1880  he  purchased  the  "Montgomery  Stand- 
ard," of  which  he  has  ever  since  been  editor 
and  publisher.  In  1889,  the  revision  session 
of  the  Legislature,  he  was  engrossing  clerk 
of  the  State  Senate,  and  was  highly  compli- 
mented by  resolutions  of  that  body  at  the 
close  .of  the  session  for  his  faithful  and  effici- 
ent labors,  no  error  having  been  found  in  his 
engrossment.  In  1893  he  was  elected  chief 
clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and 
that  body  also  adopted,  at  the  close  of  its 
session,  a  resolution  commendatory  of  his 
services. 

Since  he  has  been  a  resident  of  Montgom- 
ery County,  Mr.  Jacks  has  been  active  in  all 
the  political  contests  waged  in  the  county 
and  in  various  other  public  movements.  He 
first  suggested  the  idea  of  providing  by  law 
for  the  holding  of  terms  of  the  circuit  court 
in  Montgomery  City  instead  of  removing  the 
county  seat  from  Danville  to  that  place,  thus 
intending  to  harmonize  in  a  measure  oppos- 
ing interests  in  the  county,  the  carrying  out 
of  which  led  to  a  long  and  fierce  conflict 
among  the  people  of  the  various  localities  of 
the  county.  The  Montgomery  County  Court 
fight  grew  to  such  dimensions  that  it  became 
the  leading  one  of  three  important  measures 
considered  during  the  revision  session  of  the 
Legislature  of  1889,  the  final  result  being 
the  passage  of  the  law  establishing  terms  of 
circuit  court  at  Montgomery  City,  and  after- 
ward the  erection  of  a  splendid  courthouse  at 
the  latter  place,  the    funds    for   which  were 


provided  by  private  subscription.  It  was  this 
contest  which  brought  upon  Mr.  Jacks  the 
anathemas  of  many  of  the  prominent  poli- 
ticians and  the  maledictions  of  nearly  all  the 
newspapers  of  the  county.  Time,  however, 
has  proved  that  his  idea  was  for  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  people,  and  eleven  years  later 
all  acknowledge  the  wisdom  of  the  measure. 
He  has  been  a  potent  factor  in  the  determi- 
nation of  the  various  important  congressional 
contests  which  gave  to  the  district  the  soubri- 
quet of  "the  bloody  seventh,"  and  resulted  in 
the  election  of  Colonel  J.  E.  Hutton  in  1884- 
86  and  R.  H.  Norton  in  1888-90,  against  the 
most  determined  opposition.  A  sturdy  cham- 
pion of  any  cause  to  which  he  commits  him- 
self, and  a  vigorous  writer,  he  has  taken  a 
prominent  place  among  the  newspaper  pub- 
lishers and  editors  of  Missouri,  and  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Missouri  Press  Association  for 
several  years,  and  president  in  1895.  He  has 
also  been  a  delegate  to  the  National  Editorial 
Association  for  several  terms.  A  staunch 
Democrat,  he  has  wielded  large  influence  in 
the  counsels  of  that  party  and  has  been  an 
able  and  consistent  champion  of  its  princi- 
ples and  policies.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church,  for  fifteen  years  has  been 
superintendent  of  the  Montgomery  City 
Christian  Sunday  school,  and  for  two  years 
was  president  of  the  Montgomery  County 
Sunday-school  (inter-denominational)  Asso- 
ciation. A  member  of  the  Masonic  Order,  he 
has  served  as  secretary  of  Sturgeon  Lodge; 
of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen, 
he  has  been  master  of  his  lodge,  and  has 
served  it  also  several  terms  as  recorder  and 
as  representative  to  the  Grand  Lodge  for 
several  terms.  October  15,  1871,  he  married 
Miss  N.  B.  Hulen,  of  Boone  County,  Mis- 
souri. The  children  born  to  them  have  been 
Mabel,  now  Mrs.  A.  E.  Kemper;  R.  K., 
Harry  S.  and  Kenneth  B.,  the  last  named  of 
whom  died  in  1898.  R.  K.  Jacks  is  now  pub- 
lishing the  "Murray  Ledger,"  in  Murray, 
Kentucky,  and  Harry  S.  Jacks  is  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  publication  of  the 
"Montgomery  Standard." 

Jackson.— A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  the 
seat  of  justice  of  Cape  Girardeau  County, 
situated  ten  miles  northwest  of  the  city  of 
Cape  Girardeau  and  the  Mississippi  Rive:, 
and  163  miles  by  railroad  from  St.  Louis.  It 
is  the  terminus  of  the  Jackson  branch  of  the 


396 


JACKSON. 


I 


Iron  Mountain  Railroad.  The  town  was  laid 
out  in  1815  on  land  that  was  granted  to 
Ezekiel  Able  by  the  Spanish  government, 
and  was  transferred  by  him  to  his  son-in-law, 
William  H.  Ashley,  from  whom  it  was  pur- 
chased in  1814  by  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  locate  a  permanent  seat  of  justice 
for  Cape  Girardeau  County.  The  town  is 
well  situated  on  Hubble  Creek  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  rolling  lands,  adding  much  nat- 
ural beauty  to  the  site.  In  the  locality  of 
the  town  many  settlers  made  their  hornes 
between  1796  and  1810.  Near  Jackson,  in 
1806,  Rev.  David  Green  founded  the  first 
Baptist  Church  in  Missouri.  Among  the 
early  settlers  of  the  town  were  Thomas  Bull, 
William  H.  Ashley  and  Thomas  Bullitt  and 
John  Scott,  both  prominent  lawyers  in  their 
time.  Other  men  well  known  in  State 
affairs,  and  members  of  the  bar,  who  lived 
there,  were  John  D.  Cook,  Alexander  Mc- 
Nair,  first  Governor  of  the  State ;  Alexander 
H.  Buckner,  General  Nathaniel  W.  Watkins 
and  Greer  W.  Davis.  In  1818  the  town  had 
about  300  inhabitants.  Then  there  were  a 
tanyard  and  a  few  small  stores  to  represent 
the  business  of  the  town.  The  first  store  was 
opened  by  a  Virginian  named  Eckhardt. 
Another  early  storekeeper  was  Joseph 
Frizel,  a  son-in-law  of  Colonel  George  F. 
Bollinger.  Later  merchants  of  the  town  were 
John  Judson,  David  Armour  and  George  H. 
Scripps.  A  Kentuckian,  Colonel  William 
McGuire,  ran  the  tannery,  and  near  the  town 
Caleb  B.  Fylenwider  conducted  a  stillhouse. 
The  first  taverns,  or  "houses  of  entertain- 
ment," were  presided  over  by  James  Edwards, 
Thomas  Stewart,  William  Sheppard  and  John 
Armstrong.  Later,  and  for  many  years, 
Samuel  Lockhart  was  the  keeper  of  the  lead- 
ing tavern  in  a  building  that  occupied  the 
site  of  the  old  Jackson  House.  The  first 
doctor  of  the  town  was  a  native  of  New  York, 
Dr.  Zenas  Priest,  who  settled  in  the  county 
in  1807.  Another  pioneer  doctor  was  Thomas 
Neale.  For  some  years  after  the  founding 
of  the  town  Indians  had  their  camps  near  by. 
A  Shawnee,  known  as  "Little  George,"  killed 
the  wife  of  Andrew  Burns,  a  settler  who  lived 
about  three  miles  north  of  Jackson.  She 
was  near  her  home  sitting  under  a  tree  with 
a  friend.  The  savage  stealthily  came  up 
behind  her,  grabbed  her  hair,  and  dragging 
her  some  distance,  stabbed  her  to  death  with 
his   hunting  knife.     A   company   of   militia 


from  Jackson  went  to  the  Indian  camp  and 
took  as  hostages  three  leading  Indian 
braves.  Members  of  the  tribe  promised  to 
surrender  the  murderer,  and  in  a  few  days 
carried  into  Jackson  the  head  of  an  Indian 
which  they  claimed  was  that  of  "Little 
George."  The  head  was  placed  on  a  pole 
and  exhibited  in  a  prominent  place  in  Jack- 
son for  some  months.  It  was  said  that  the 
murder  was  instigated  by  a  white  man,  who 
bribed  the  Indian  to  commit  the  crime.  A 
few  months  after  this  event  the  Indians  were 
removed  to  their  reservation.  The  first 
school  at  Jackson  was  held  in  a  log  building, 
erected  upon  a  lot  which  was  given  for  that 
purpose  to  the  school  commissioners  by  act 
of  the  Territorial  Assembly,  January  30,  181 7. 
In  1820  the  Jackson  Academy  was  incorpo- 
rated by  David  Armour,  Joseph  Frizel,  Dr. 
Thomas  Neale,  V.  B.  De  Lashmut  and  Wil- 
liam Surrell.  The  charter  was  allowed  to 
lapse,  and  the  academy  was  reincorporated 
in  1839.  In  the  meantime  three  private 
schools  were  estabhshed.  Among  the  early 
teachers  were  Mrs.  John  Scripps,  Edward 
Criddle,  Mrs.  Wathen  and  Mrs.  Rhoda  Ran- 
ney.  The  first  grammar  school  was  taught 
by  Henry  Sanford.  Another  educator  of  the 
earlier  days  of  the  town  was  Dr.  Barr. 
Along  about  1838  a  two-story  brick  building 
was  erected  for  school  purposes,  and  the 
Jackson  Academy  was  opened  in  1839.  The 
public  school  was  opened  in  1867.  James 
Alderson  was  the  first  teacher,  and  the  school 
was  opened  in  September.  In  1870  a  school 
for  colored  children  was  established.  White 
pupils  were  taught  in  the  old  academy  build- 
ing until  1882,  when  the  present  building 
was  erected.  In  1841  the  third  branch  of 
the  State  Bank  was  started,  with  A.  H. 
Brevard,  president,  and  Thomas  B.  English, 
cashier.  In  1853  it  was  removed  to  Cape 
Girardeau.  In  1833  and  1849  the  town 
suffered  from  epidemics  of  cholera.  During 
the  first  epidemic,  which  made  its  appearance 
in  June,  128  deaths  occurred.  At  the  out- 
break in  1849  nearly  all  the  residents  de- 
serted the  town.  The  Jackson  branch  of  the 
Iron  Mountain  Railroad  was  built  in  1884. 
Jackson  now  contains  about  seventy  busi- 
ness houses,  including  two  banks,  two  flour- 
ing mills, a  packing  house, a  creamery,a  stove 
pipe  factory,  stave  and  heading  factory, 
brick  yard  and  a  telephone  exchange.  There 
are  ten  churches,  a  training  school,  a  graded 


JACKSON. 


397 


school,  two  hotels,  and  the  courthouse  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  State.  Its  charter  as 
a  city  of  the  fourth  class  dates  from  1884. 
The  first  mayor  of  the  town  was  J.  W.  Lim- 
baugh.  The  first  paper  was  started  in  1819 
by  T.  E.  Strange,  and  was  called  the  "Mis- 
souri Herald."  The  present  papers  are  the 
"Cash  Book,"  Democratic,  and  edited  by  F. 
A.  McGuire;  the  "Herald,"  Republican,  and 
the  "Volksfreund,"  printed  in  German,  Re- 
publican, published  by  Fred  Kies  &  Son. 
The  population  of  Jackson  was  estimated  at 
1,500  in  1899. 

Jackson,  Claiborne  F.,  soldier,  leg- 
islator, bank  commissioner  and  Governor  of 
Missouri,  was  born  in  Fleming  County,  Ken- 
tucky, April  4,  1807,  and  died  in  Little  Rock, 
Arkansas,  December  6,  1862.  He  came  to 
Missouri  in  1825,  locating  in  Howard  County, 
and  in  1832  raised  a  company  and  took  part 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  In  1845  he  was 
elected  delegate  to  the  State  convention 
which  formed  a  constitution  that  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  people  and  rejected.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  and  served 
in  that  body  by  successive  re-elections  for 
twelve  years,  one  term  as  speaker  of  the 
House.  His  capacity  for  legislation  and  ex- 
perience in  public  affairs  gave  him  great 
influence  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  he  did 
much  toward  devising  the  State  bank  system 
of  1857,  under  which  six  State  banks,  with 
branches,  were  established  with  great  ad- 
vantage to  business  interests^  That  system 
provided  for  a  State  bank  commissioner  to 
visit  and  inspect  the  banks,  and  Mr.  Jackson 
held  the  position  for  several  years.  In  1849 
he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate,  and 
took  a  bold  and  conspicuous  part  in  the  slav- 
ery agitation  that  followed  as  the  result  of  the 
acquisition  of  territory  from  Mexico,  and 
was  recognized  as  one  of  the  State  rights 
leaders  of  the  Missouri  Democracy.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  Senate  committee  on  Federal 
relations,  and  reported  the  famous  "Jackson 
Resolutions,"  from  which  Colonel  Benton 
made  his  appeal  to  the  people.  These  resolu- 
tions declared  that  "the  Territories  acquired 
by  the  blood  and  treasure  of  the  whole  nation 
ought  to  be  governed  for  the  common  benefit 
of  the  people  of  all  the  States,  and  any  organ- 
ization of  the  Territorial  government  exclud- 
ing the  citizens  of  any  part  of  the  Union 
from  removing  to  such  Territories  with  their 


property  would  alienate  one  portion  of  the 
Union  from  another,  and  tend  ultimately  to 
disunion;"  that  "this  General  Assembly  re- 
gard the  conduct  of  the  Northern  States  as 
releasing  the  slave-holding  States  from  all 
further  adherence"  to  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise of  1820;  that  "the  right  to  prohibit 
slavery  in  any  Territory  belongs  exclusively 
to  the  people  thereof,  and  can  only  be  exer- 
cised by  them  in  forming  their  constitution 
for  a  State  government;"  and  that  "in  the 
event  of  the  passage  of  any  act  of  Congress 
conflicting  with  the  principles  herein  ex- 
pressed, Missouri  will  be  found  in  hearty 
co-operation  with  the  slave-holding  States 
in  such  measures  as  may  be  deemed  neces- 
sary for  our  mutual  protection  against  the 
encroachments  of  Northern  fanaticism."  In 
i860  he  was  elected  Governor,  the  vote  of 
the  State  being:  For  Claiborne  F.  Jackson 
(Douglas  Democrat),  74,446;  Sample  Orr 
(American),  64,583;  Hancock  Jackson 
(Breckinridge  Democrat),  11,415;  James  B. 
Gardenhire  (Republican),  6,135.  Thomas  C. 
Reynolds  was  elected  Lieutenant  Governor. 
In  his  inaugural  address,  delivered  on  the 
4th  of  January,  1861,  Governor  Jackson 
clearly  indicated  the  course  he  afterward  pur- 
sued, by  declaring  that  the  slave-holding 
States  had  a  common  interest,  and  it  was 
impossible  for  Missouri  to  separate  herself 
from  them;  and  that  in  the  event  of  failure 
to  reconcile  the  conflicting  interests  that 
threatened  the  disruption  of  the  Union,  she 
should  share  the  fortunes  of  the  Southern 
States.  In  accordance  with' his  recommenda- 
tion a  State  convention  was  called,  which  he 
thought  would  make  common  cause  with 
the  South,  but  which  took  the  very  opposite 
course,  as  it  held  the  State  in  the  Union, 
declared  the  Governor's  office  vacant,  chose 
Governor  Gamble  to  fill  it,  and  established  a 
provisional  government  in  place  of  the  one 
of  which  Governor  Jackson  had  been  the 
head.  On  the  advance  of  General  Lyon  with 
an  army  upon  Jefferson  City,  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Camp  Jackson  at  St.  Louis,  Governor 
Jackson  went  to  Boonville,  and  on  the  occu- 
pation of  Boonville  by  Lyon's  troops,  he 
accompanied  the  State  troops  south.  From 
Lexington  he  issued  a  call  for  the  Legisla- 
ture to  meet  at  Neosho  on  the  21st  of  Octo- 
ber. He  received  this  Legislature  on  the 
day  appointed  in  a  short  message,  and 
recommended  the  passage  of  an  ordinance  of 


398 


JACKSON. 


secession.  The  ordinance  was  passed,  and 
was  followed  by  other  legislation.  Another 
session  was  called  to  meet  at  Cassville  on 
the  31st  of  October.  On  the  advance  of  the 
Union  Army  under  General  Fremont  into 
southwest  Missouri,  Governor  Jackson  went 
to  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  and  remained 
there  till  his  death.  He  was  denied  the  priv- 
ilege which  other  distinguished  Missouri 
Confederates  enjoyed,  of  returning  after  the 
war  to  live  in  peace  in  the  State  they  loved 
so  well;  but  he  was  also  spared  the  grief 
and  pain  of  witnessing  and  sharing  the  over- 
throw of  the  cause  which  he  and  they  had 
served  so  well — for  he  died  while  the  war 
star  of  that  cause  was  in  the  ascendant  in 
the  East,  at  a  farm  house  on  the  Arkansas 
River  a  few  miles  below  Little  Rock.  He 
was  buried  there,  but  after  the  war  his  re- 
mains were  taken  up  and  brought  back  to  be 
interred  in  the  soil  of  Missouri,  which,  come 
what  will,  never  denies  a  resting  place  to  her 
sons,  whatever  cause  they  may  have  served. 
His  grave  is  in  Saline  County,  in  the  family 
burying  ground  of  the  Sappington  family. 
Contemporaries,  who  were  familiarly  ac- 
quainted with  Governor  Jackson  from  hi§ 
youth,  speak  of  him  as  possessed  of  a  robust, 
manly  nature,  frank  and  open,  scorning 
subterfuge  and  deceit,  and  puritanically  hon- 
est and  upright.  Considerate  and  generous 
in  feeling,  he  was  at  the  same  time  high- 
tempered,  and  bitter  and  vindictive  when 
aroused.  A  lover  of  fair  dealing  between  an- 
tagonists, he  was  an  open,  manly  enemy.  As 
an  orator  he  was  fluent  and  forceful,  at  times 
eloquent,  and  never  prosaic  or  uninteresting. 
He  was  three  times  married,  his  wife  in  each 
instance  being  a  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Sap- 
pington, of  Saline  County.  Of  five  children 
born  to  him,  three  sons  are  deceased,  and 
the  two  daughters  survive :  Mrs.  Louise 
Lamb,  of  Texas,  and  Mrs.  Anna  Perkins,  of 
St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Jackson,  George  P.  B.,  lawyer,  was 
born  November  28,  1846,  in  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. He  began  his  education  in  Day- 
ton, Ohio.  In  1863-4  he  attended  the  law 
school  of  Michigan  University,  and  while  in 
Canada  also  read  law  under  the  preceptor- 
ship  of  Judge  William  Pryor.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Louisiana  in  1866. 
After  practicing  for  a  time  at  Thibodeaux, 
Louisiana,    he    removed    to    MissQuri    and 


established  himself  in  practice  at  Sedalia.  In 
1876  and  again  in  1878  he  was  elected  prose- 
cuting attorney  of  Pettis  County,  and  secured 
the  first  conviction  in  a  capital  case  and  the 
first  enforcement  of  the  death  penalty  in  that 
county.  In  1879  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  John  F.  Philips,  and  when  Judge  Philips 
was  elected  to  Congress  the  business  of  the 
firm  was  left  entirely  in  Mr.  Jackson's  hands. 
Their  partnership  was  dissolved  in  1882  on 
account  of  the  appointment  of  Judge  Philips 
as  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court  Com- 
mission of  Missouri,  and  for  three  years 
thereafter  Mr.  Jackson  continued  practice 
alone.  He  then  entered  into  partnership 
with  John  Montgomery.  In  1888  this  firm 
became  attorneys  for  the  receivers  of  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  when  the  receivership  terminated, 
Mr.  Jackson  became  general  attorney  for  the 
reorganized  company.  This  caused  his  re- 
moval to  St.  Louis.  He  has  been  a  devotee 
to  his  profession,  and  declined  on  more  than 
one  occasion  nominations  for  Congress, 
which  would  have  been  equivalent  to  elec- 
tions in  the  Sedalia  district.  In  1877  -^r. 
Jackson  married  Miss  Mollie  Vest,  daughter 
of  United  States  Senator  George  G.  Vest, 
of  Missouri.  Their  children  are  George  Vest, 
Margaret  Sneed  and  SalHe  Vest  Jackson. 

Jackson,  James  P.,  surgeon  and 
emeritus  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College  of  Kansas  City,  was 
born  April  16,  1845,  in  Stafford  County,  Vir- 
ginia. His  parents  were  Richard  Ludlow  and 
Lucinda  (De  Atley)  Jackson.  The  father 
brought  his  family  to  Missouri  in  1849  ^^^ 
tilled  a  farm.  He  was  a  physician,  but  would 
not  practice  except  among  his  neighbors.  He 
died  at  Gray  Summit  in  1863.  The  elder  Dr. 
Jackson  was  descended  from  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestors who  came  to  America  in  the  colonial 
period.  The  mother  was  of  French  descent, 
and  her  father  served  in  the  patriot  army. 
The  son,  James  P.  Jackson,  was  well 
grounded  in  elementary  education  in  a  pri- 
vate school  taught  by  Professor  Johnson,  at 
Labaddie,  Missouri,  during  a  period  of  five 
years.  He  then  studied  for  one  year  in  the 
collegiate  department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan,  and  afterward  took  a  course  in  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1868.  For  four  years  following 
he  was  engaged  in  a  general  practice  at  Bige- 


JACKSON. 


399 


low,  Holt  County,  Missouri.   In  1872  he  en- 
tered the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York  City,  and  was  graduated  there- 
from in  1873.    He  then  practiced  in  Mound 
City,  Missouri,  until   1877.    In  1878  he  as- 
sisted in  the  establishment  at  Washington 
of  the  first  hospital  department  of  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railway,  his  brother,  Dr.  J.  W. 
Jackson,  being  chief  surgeon,  and  served  in 
this  work  until  it  became  identified  with  that 
of  the  Wabash  Railway,  and  the  interests  of 
the  two  were  consolidated.  He  then,  in  1879, 
established  a  hospital  at  Garnett,  Kansas,  for 
the  Lexington  Branch  Railway,  and  the  road 
between  Paola  and  Wichita,  and  had  it  in 
charge  for  two  years.    At  the  end  of  that 
time  he  came  to  Kansas  City  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  General  Manager  A.  A.  Talmage,  of 
the  Wabash  Railway,  where  he  practically 
established  a  joint  hospital  for  that  road  and 
the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  under  the  gen- 
eral direction  of  his  brother,  then  chief  sur- 
geon for  both  railways,  with  headquarters  at 
Sedalia.    For  the  first  year  he  secured  ad- 
mission for  his  patients  to  the  Sisters'  Hos- 
pital, where  he  treated  them  until  suitable 
buildings  were  erected  by  the  railway  com- 
panies.    The  two  roads  having  separated,  he 
remained  in  charge  of  the  Wabash  Hospital 
until    1891,   when  the  hospital    service   was 
transferred  to  Moberly  by  Dr.  Morehouse, 
who  had  become  chief  surgeon  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Jackson's  brother  the  previous  year. 
The  hospital  property  was  purchased  by  the 
Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Rail- 
way, and  Dr.  Jackson  became  consulting  sur- 
geon, continuing  in  that  position  to  the  pres- 
ent time.   On  coming  to  Kansas  City^  he  be- 
came professor  of  surgery  in  the  University 
Medical  College,  and  occupied  that  position 
until  early  in  1899,  when  he  withdrew  on  ac- 
count of  the  exactions  of  his  personal  prac- 
tice ;  he  is  now  emeritus  professor  of  surgery 
in  that  institution.    For  like  reason  he  re- 
signed the  medical  directorate  of  the  Bank- 
ers' Life  Association,  after  many  years'  serv- 
ice, and  relinquished  membership  in  various 
professional  bodies.  He  is  now  a  member  of 
the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society  and  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Society.    Conscien- 
tiously devoted  to  his  profession  and  with  a 
practice  which  demands  all  his  time,  he  has  in 
thirty  years  given  but  eight  months  to  recre- 
ation, at  one  time  making  a  trip  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  In  1892  visiting  Europe.   In  poli- 


tics he  is  a  Democrat.    He  has  taken  the 
Knight  Templar  degrees  in  Masonry. 

Jackson,  Johu  W.,  founder    of    the 
railway  hospital  service  in  the  United  States, 
was  a  native  of  Maryland,  born  of  Virginia 
parents.  He  was  partly  reared  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  received  his  literary  education  in 
Charleston  Academy  in  that  State,  graduat- 
ing in  1853.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  the  tutorship  of  Dr.  George  Johnson, 
of  Franklin  County,  Missouri,  and  in  1862 
became  associated  with  him  in  practice.   He 
was  graduated  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  in  1863,  and  from  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  in  1873. 
In  1863  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the 
Fortieth  Regiment  Missouri  Volunteers,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  until  the  close  of  the 
war.    He  was  engaged  in  practice  at  Labaddie 
and  Washington,  Missouri,  from  1865  until 
1881.    Meantime,  in  1872,  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed chief  surgeon  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway,  and  established  a  railway  hospital, 
the  first  in  the  United  States,  at  Washington, 
Missouri.   In  1881  he  established  his  official 
headquarters  at  Sedalia,  and  perfected  the 
organization  of  the  hospital  department  of 
the  company,  having  in  charge  the  Missouri, 
Kansas  &  Texas  Railway  and  Its  allied  lines, 
and  built  hospitals  at  Sedalia.  Missouri,  and 
at  Fort  Worth,  Texas.  In  1884  he  transferred 
his  headquarters  to  Kansas  City,  from  which 
point  his  jurisdiction  was  extended  over  the 
Wabash   Railway,  west   of   the   Mississippi. 
In  1885  he  resigned  his  position  with  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railway  and  accepted  the  po- 
sition of  chief  surgeon  of  the  Wabash  Rail- 
way  system,   which   he   occupied   until    his 
death  In  1890.  Eminently  capable  in  his  pro- 
fession, his  most  distinguished  service  was 
In  the  line  of  railway  surgery,  and  in  that 
department  and  in  the  founding  of  railway 
hospitals  is  found  the  most  enduring  monu- 
ment to  his  memory.    From  the  beginning 
made  by  him  has  developed  the  system  of 
hospital    service   now  provided    by   all   the 
prominent  railway  lines  In  America,  and  his 
methods  are  discernable  in  the  conduct  of  all. 
His  pre-eminent  ability  In  his  chosen  field 
was  recognized  by  the  profession  in  his  elec- 
tion as  the  first  president  of  the  National  As- 
sociation of  Railway  Surgeons.    At  various 
times  he  occupied  other  conspicuous  posi- 
tions of  a  professional  character.   He  served 


400 


JACKSON. 


as  president  of  the  Missouri  State  Medical 
Society,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  first 
vice  president  of  the  American  Medical  So- 
ciety, president  of  the  University  Medical 
College  of  Kansas  City  and  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  that  institution.  During  his  active 
life  he  was  busied  with  a  large  and  lucrative 
private  practice,  particularly  in  surgery.  He 
married  Miss  Virginia  C.  North,  descended 
from  a  Virginia  family,  who  survives  him, 
with  two  sons — Dr.  Jabez  North  Jackson 
and  Dr.  Walter  Emmet  Jackson. 

His  son,JABEZ  NORTH  JACKSON, was 
born  October  6,  1868,  in  Labaddie,  Missouri. 
His  early  literary  education  was  acquired  in 
Franklin  County.  He  afterward  completed 
the  high  school  course  at  Sedalia,  and  subse- 
quently attended  Central  College  at  Fayette, 
Missouri,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 

1889  with  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts ;  in 

1890  the  same  institution  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts.  His  thorough 
scholarship  is  attested  in  the  fact  that  he  was 
awarded  four  medals  for  superior  excellence 
in  scholarship,  oratory,  the  English  branches 
and  English  literature.  Immediately  after  his 
graduation  he  entered  upon  the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  University  Medical  College  at 
Kansas  City,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1891,  lacking  but  one-tenth  of  i  per  cent 
of  receiving  class  honors.  He  completed  his 
medical  education  with  a  post-graduate 
course  in  the  Polyclinic  School  of  New  York. 
In  1 89 1  he  entered  upon  general  practice  in 
Kansas  City,  in  which  he  is  yet  engaged,  giv- 
ing special  attention  to  surgery,  in  which  he 
is  regarded  as  among  the  most  capable  of  the 
local  profession.  Inheriting  the  ability  and 
predilections  of  his  father,  and  having  had 
the  great  advantage  of  intimate  association 
with  him  during  the  formative  period  of  his 
character  and  while  he  was  busied  with  his 
medical  studies,  he  naturally  directed  his  at- 
tention to  railway  surgery,  and  from  time  to 
time  has  been  appointed  to  various  impor- 
tant positions  in  that  line.  He  is  now  local 
surgeon  for  the  Wabash  Railway.  His  serv- 
ices have  been  required  in  the  most  impor- 
tant instructional  institutions  of  the 
profession  in  Kansas  City,  and  he  has  oc- 
cupied the  position  of  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  University  Medical  College,  and 
is  now  professor  of  surgery  and 
secretary  of  that  institution;  profes- 
sor  of   anatomy   and    oral    surgery    in   the 


Kansas  City  Dental  College;  professor  of 
clinical  surgery  in  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege, lecturer  on  surgery  in  the  Scarritt 
Nurses'  Training  School  and  secretary  of  its 
medical  faculty,  surgeon  to  the  Scarritt  Hos- 
pital, and  physician  in  charge  of  St.  Joseph's 
Orphans'  Home.  He  is  also  surgeon,  with 
the  rank  of  Major,  of  the  Third  Regiment, 
National  Guard  of  Missouri.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Spanish-American  War  he  entered  the 
service  as  surgeon,  with  the  rank  of  Major, 
of  the  Third  Regiment,  Missouri  Volunteer 
Infantry.  He  was  shortly  afterward  appoint- 
ed brigade  surgeon  of  United  States  Volun- 
teers and  put  in  charge  of  the  Second 
Division  Hospital  of  the  Second  Army  Corps 
at  Camp  Alger,  Virginia,  and  Camp  Meade, 
Pennsylvania.  He  remained  in  charge  of 
these  hospitals  until  he  resigned  in  October, 
1898,  to  return  to  his  practice  in  Kansas 
City.  He  maintains  active  membership  in 
many  of  the  most  important  professional  so- 
cieties, including  the  National  Association  of 
Military  Surgeons,  the  International  Asso- 
ciation of  Railway  Surgeons,  the  Tri-State 
Medical  Society,  the  Mississippi  Valley  Med- 
ical Society,  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Soci- 
ety, the  Kansas  City  Academy  of  Medicine 
and  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society. 
He  was  assistant  secretary  of  the 
International  Association  of  Railway  Sur- 
geons in  1893,  and  represented  that 
body  in  the  Pan  -  American  Medical 
Congress,  serving  as  vice  president 
of  the  railway  surgery  section.  He  is  now 
chairman  of  the  executive  board  of  the  In- 
ternational Association  of  Railway  Surgeons. 
He  served  as  chairman  of  the  surgery  sec- 
tion of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Society 
in  1896,  and  was  secretary  of  that  association 
during  the  year  1897-98.  At  the  present  time 
(1900)  he  is  president  of  the  Kansas  City 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  president  also  of 
the  Association  of  Wabash  Railway  Sur- 
geons. He  is  prominent  in  Masonry  and  is  a 
Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Democrat,  and  his  religious  affiliations  are 
with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 
October  12,  1899,  Dr.  Jackson  married  Miss 
Virlea  Wayland,  daughter  of  John  H.  Way- 
land,  of  Salisbury,  Missouri. 

r 

Jackson,  Joseph,  banker,  was  born 
September  20,  1842,  in  Jeflferson  County, 
Ohio.     His  parents  were  John  and  Harriet 


JACKSON. 


401 


(Dunn)  Jackson.  The  father  and  mother  ot 
Joseph  were  raised  in  Ohio,  their  ancestors 
having  settled  in  that  State  after  emigrating 
from  Ireland  and  England,  respectively.  In 
the  spring  of  1843  t^^  parents  of  Joseph  re- 
moved from  their  Ohio  home  to  New  Mar- 
ket, Platte  County,  Missouri.  In  the  fall 
of  the  following  year  they  settled  in  Nodaway 
County,  locating  about  one  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  the  present  site  of  Maryville.  There 
was  not  a  sign  of  a  town  at  that  time,  and 
there  was  nothing  to  indicate  that  the  Jack- 
son farm  would  ever  be  within  sight  of  a 
center  of  civilization  and  trade.  The  father 
died  in  1875.  The  grandfathers  of  Joseph 
Jackson  were  both  active  in  the  stirring 
affairs  of  Revolutionary  days.  His  grand- 
father Jackson  settled  in  Virginia,  and  his 
grandfather  Dunn  in  Pennsylvania.  In  these 
States  they  built  up  reputations  for  thrift 
and  honor  that  have  given  their  names  sure 
places  in  the  history  of  those  States.  Joseph 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of  Ohio 
and  Missouri,  the  educational  advantages 
being  limited,  but  the  young  man's  desire  to 
learn  being  none  the  less  eager  and  deter- 
•  mined.  The  young  man  led  the  life  of  the 
farmer's  son  until  he  was  eighteen  years  of 
age.  Then  the  Civil  War  called  him  from 
peaceful  pursuits,  and  he  responded  to  his 
country's  appeal  for  assistance.  After  the 
war  Mr.  Jackson  served  the  people  for  many 
years,  from  April  i,  1865,  to  January  i,  1879, 
as  a  public  officer.  In  1873,  with  John  C. 
Terhune,  he  purchased  the  interest  of  H.  C. 
French,  of  Fisher  &  French,  bankers  of 
Maryville,  and  the  firm  became  Fisher,  Jack- 
son &  Company.  In  1866  Mr.  Jackson  and 
Mr.  Terhune  purchased  Fisher's  interest  in 
the  business  and  reorganized  under  the  name 
of  the  Farmers'  Bank,  with  Mr.  Jackson  as 
president.  In  the  fall  of  1884  the  bank  was 
again  reorganized,  the  new  plan  being  under 
the  national  banking,  system  and  the  name 
that  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Mary- 
ville. Mr.  Jackson  has  been  president  of  the 
bank  continuously  since  that  time.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  Joseph  Jackson  entered 
Kimball's  regiment  of  Missouri  Militia  for 
active  service  in  the  Rebellion.  A  record  of 
his  service  shows  that  the  experience  was 
genuinely  active.  First  there  was  a  service 
of  six  months  in  northwest  Missouri,  with 
but  little  of  importance  occurring.  Then  the 
young   soldier    enlisted    in   the  Thirty-sixth 

Vol.  Ill— 26 


Missouri  State  Militia  and  served  in  that 
about  one  year.  Again  he  enlisted,  this  time 
in  the  Twelfth  Missouri  Cavalry  Volunteers, 
as  orderly  sergeant  of  Company  F,  and 
served  throughout  the  remainder  of  the 
bloody  struggle,  being  mustered  out  in  1865. 
He  campaigned  in  the  South  with  Wilson's 
cavalry,  led  by  the  General  Wilson  who  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War,  and  whose  station  at  Porto  Rico 
was  so  ably  filled  during  the  trying  days  that 
followed  the  termination  of  open  hostilities 
on  account  of  Cuban  troubles.  Mr.  Jackson 
was  badly  wounded  in  December,  1864,  dur- 
ing the  battle  of  Nashville.  The  result  of  one 
minie  ball's  awful  work  was  the  loss  of  the 
right  leg  and  a  wound  in  the  right  arm." 
After  his  return  from  the  war  Mr.  Jackson 
was  appointed  by  Governor  McClurg  to  the 
office  of  county  clerk  of  Nodaway  County,  to 
succeed  Dr.  B.  G.  Ford,  resigned.  So  well 
did  he  perform  the  duties  devolving  upon 
him  as  clerk  of  the"  county  that,  in  1866,  after 
his  preliminary  term  had  expired,  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Republicans  for  the  same 
office  and  was  elected  unanimously,  there  be- 
ing no  opposition.  In  1870  and  1874  Mr. 
Jackson  was  re-elected,  making  three  full 
terms  of  four  years  each  and  a  portion  of  a 
term — a  public  record  that  is  the  best  evi- 
dence of  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held  by  the  people  of  his  county.  Mr.  Jack- 
son also  performed  public  service  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  school  board  of  Maryville,  which 
position,  unattended  by  remuneration,  he 
filled  for  several  years.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the 
erection  of  the  handsome  public  school 
building  which  now  stands  in  Maryville,  a 
credit  to  the  public  school  system  of  this 
country  and  to  the  community  which  enjoys 
its  advantages.  Mr.  Jackson  has  always  been 
"a  Republican  in  politics,  and  although  the 
later  years  of  his  life  have  not  seen  him  tak- 
ing an  active  part  in  political  affairs,  he  is 
still  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  safest  advisers 
in  all  matters  where  the  public  good  is  at 
stake.  He  is  a  member  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church  of  Maryville,  and  is  one  of  the 
elders  of  the  church.  He  is  also  identified 
with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows. 
Mr.  Jackson  was  married,  April  29,  1866,  to 
Miss  Amanda  Broyles,  daughter  of  William 
Broyles,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  north- 
west Missouri,  and  the  head  of  a  family  of 


402 


JACKSON. 


prominence  in  county  affairs.  To  Mr,  and 
Mrs.  Jackson  six  children  have  been  born, 
five  daughters  and  one  son.  They  enjoy  the 
ideal  home  life  of  modest  elegance  and  ease. 
The  names  of  the  children  are:  Ruby,  who 
died  in  infancy;  Lola,  Mary,  Laura,  Nellie 
and  Joseph  F.  Jackson. 

Jackson,  Robert  J.,  physician,  was 
born  October  17,  1838,  in  the  County  Cavan, 
Ireland,  son  of  John  and  Betty  (Waldon) 
Jackson.  His  father  was  a  dry  goods  mer- 
chant and  manufacturer  and  a  successful  man 
of  affairs.  The  son  obtained  his  early  educa- 
tion in  his  native  county  and  later  studied  for 
a  time  in  Edinborough,  Scotland.  In  1863 
he  came  to  the  United  States  and  like  many 
other  favorite  sons  of  wealthy  parents  who 
come  to  this  country  from  Ireland,  England 
and  Scotland,  he  made  the  mistake  of  wast- 
ing his  money  in  the  course  of  the  voyage 
hither,  and  when  he  had  landed  in  Jersey  City 
he  was  practically  penniless.  Fortunately 
he  had  learned  something  of  the  carriage 
business,  in  which  his  father  was  engaged,  and 
for  some  months  after  his  landing  he  was 
employed  in  a  New  Jersey  carriage  factory. 
In  the  winter  of  1863-4  he  enlisted  in  the 
Twentieth  New  Jersey  Infantry  Regiment  for 
service  in  the  Union  Army,  the  Civil  War  be- 
ing then  in  progress.  He  served  in  this  regi- 
ment two  years  and  four  months,  and  having 
previously  studied  medicine  at  Edinborough, 
he  became  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Fifth 
Army  Corps.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
came  to  Missouri  and  attended  one  term  of 
lectures  at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  medicine.  Later  he  attended  a  course  of 
lectures  at  the  Nashville  Medical  College  of 
Nashville,  lennessee,  and  was  graduated  also 
from  that  institution.  He  first  practiced  in 
Putnam  County,  but  in  1868  removed  to' 
Bloomfield,  Stoddard  County,  which  has  since 
been  his  home.  Here  he  has  built  up  a  large 
practice  and  has  gained  enviable  distinction 
as  a  physician  of  high  character  and  superior 
attainments.  He  has  also  been  actively  iden- 
tified with  various  business  interests,  and  has 
contributed  largely  to  the  building  up  of  the 
town  which  has  now  been  his  home  for  more 
than  thirty  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
orders  of  Odd  Fellows  and  Free  Masons,  and 
of  the  Missouri  Medical  Association.  In 
1880  Dr.  Jackson  married  Mrs.  Mary  Ann 


Miller,  whose  maiden  name  was  Crytes.  Of 
three  daughters  born  to  them,  two — Mrs. 
Lizzie  Moore  and  Mrs.  Alma  Maupin — are 
married  and  now  live  in  Bloomfield. 

Jackson,  Wade  Mosby,  was  de- 
scended from  Joseph  Jackson,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, who  immigrated  to  the  United  States, 
settling  in  Virginia.  Dempsey,  son  of  Jo- 
seph Jackson,  born  in  that  State,  although 
but  a  boy,  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  was  with  the  columns  of  General  Morgan 
when  he  defeated  General  Tarleton  in  the 
famous  battle  of  the  Cowpens.  He  married 
Miss  Mary  Pickett,  a  relative  of  William  C. 
Pickett,  of  Virginia,  who  at  one  time  repre- 
sented the  United  States  in  one  of  the  South 
American  States,  and  who  presented  a  frag- 
ment of  Pizarro's  flag  to  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitute at  Washington.  The  pair  removed  in 
1792  to  Kentucky,  where  the  husband  died 
in  1832,  in  I-'leming  County.  His  wife  after- 
ward made  her  home  with  her  son.  Wade 
Mosby,  in  Howard  County,  Missouri,  where 
she  died,  aged  upward  of  seventy-eight 
years.  Their  sons  were  men  of  eminent 
ability  and  force  of  character,  commanding* 
respect  wherever  known.  Among  them 
were  Thomas  Jackson,  Governor  Claiborne 
F,  Jackson  and  his  senior  brother,  Wade 
Mosby  Jackson,  all  conspicuous  in  the  his- 
tory of  Missouri.  Wade  Mosby  was  born 
September  3,  1797,  in  Fleming  County,  Ken- 
tucky, In  1821  he  removed  to  Missouri, 
settling  in  Howard  County,  about  seven  miles 
east  of  Fayette,  where  he  resided  until  his 
death.  For  a  number  of  years  he  was  suc- 
cessfully engaged  in  salt-making  on  Moni- 
teau Creek,  but  soon  after  1840  he  gave  his 
attention  principally  to  farming,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  successful  agriculturists  of 
his  day.  Highly  respected  for  his  sterling 
integrity,  and  having  the  confidence  of  the 
people  as  a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  ex- 
cellent practical  business  ability,  he  was  re- 
peatedly called  upon  to  occupy  important 
public  positions.  He  served  as  justice  of  the 
peace,  as  Representative  in  the  Legislature, 
and  as  county  judge,  discharging  every  duty 
with  signal  ability  and  strict  fidelity  to  the 
trust  reposed  in  him.  He  was  a  Missionary 
Baptist  and  took  an  active  part  in  forward- 
.ing  the  interests  of  that  denomination,  and 
was  among  the  most  active  and  generous  of 
the  founders  of  William  Jewell  College  at 


JACKSON  ACADEMY— JACKSON  COUNTY. 


403 


Liberty,  Missouri.  A  warm  advocate  of 
progress,  he  strove  earnestly,  yet  in  a  con- 
servative manner,  to  advance  the  prosperity 
of  his  neighborhood  and  the  State.  He  was 
decided  in  his  convictions  and  somewhat 
austere  in  his  bearing,  yet  warm-hearted,  com- 
panionable, hospitable  and  accommodating; 
a  good  neighbor,  unflinchingly  truthful  and 
honorable  in  all  his  dealings,  and  kindly  to 
the  sick  and  the  poor.  Holding  to  the  lofty 
ideals  of  character  exemplified  in  his  own 
life,  he  ever  sought  to  impress  upon  the  minds 
of  his  children  the  value  of  these  moral  at- 
tributes. December  i8,  1823,  he  married 
Miss  Sarah  M.  Bass,  of  Boone  County,  Mis- 
souri, daughter  of  Lawrence  Bass,  a  highly 
respected  citizen,  son  of  a  Hollander,  who 
died  in  Virginia,  leaving  him  an  orphan  at  a 
tender  age.  Born  of  this  marriage  were  six 
sons  and  five  daughters,  all  of  whom  came  to 
maturity.  The  youngest  daughter,  Octavia, 
subsequently  died,  and  a  son,  Thomas  B.,  has 
not  been  heard  from  since  his  removal  to 
California  many  years  ago.  Of  the  other 
children  Dempsey  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  and  now  lives  in  Texas ;  Benjamin  F., 
living  in  Florida,  was  a  captain  in  the  Con- 
federate Army,  and  had  three  horses  shot 
under  him  in  the  battle  of  Yellow  Bayou, 
Louisiana ;  Craven,  a  practicing  physician  at 
Los  Angeles,  California,  also  served  in  the 
Confederate  Army  and  was  a  member  of  Gen- 
eral Price's  body  guard.  Mrs.  Jackson  died 
February  28,  1854.  January  22,  1856,  Mr. 
Jackson  married  Mrs.  Hannah  A.  Conner, 
daughter  of  James  Spillman,  of  Boone 
County,  Missouri.  A  son  was  born  of  this 
marriage.  Mr.  Jackson  died  March  22,  1879, 
aged  eighty-one  years.  His  eldest  son,  John 
P.  Jackson,  was  born  July  4,  1825,  in  How- 
ard County,  Missouri.  He  was  brought  up 
on  the  farm  and  was  educated  in  the  neigh- 
borhood schools.  When  a  young  man  he 
was  traveling  collector  for  Dr.  John  Sapping- 
ton,  of  Marshall,  a  noted  pillmaker.  His  life 
was  principally  devoted  to  farming  and  trad- 
ing, and  with  much  success.  His  early  home 
was  near  Independence  and  he  removed  to 
that  city  in  1887.  At  various  times  he  was 
called  to  responsible  public  positions,  and 
every  duty  imposed  upon  him  was  discharged 
with  ability  and  fidelity.  It  is  to  be  said  that 
he  was  never  a  seeker  for  office,  but  upon  one 
occasion  he  was  named  in  a  convention  for 
surveyor    without  his  knowledge,    and    his 


popularity  brought  him  within  one  vote  of  , 
nomination.  For  two  years  previous  to  1850 
he  was  deputy  surveyor  under  General  Con- 
way, United  States  surveyor  for  portions  of 
Illinois  and  Missouri,  and  he  surveyed  a  large 
part  of  the  latter  State  on  the  White  and  Gas- 
conade Rivers,  a  portioij  of  which  he  section- 
ized.  For  six  years  afterward  he  was  county 
surveyor  of  Audrain  County,  Missouri,  and 
some  time  later  he  was  road  and  bridge  com- 
missioner in  the  same  county.  He  also 
served  as  school  director  while  residing  near 
Independence.  During  the  Civil  War,  under 
appointment  from  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment, he  served  in  the  ordnance  department 
with  the  rank  of  captain,  and  was  for  a  part 
of  the  time  attached  to  General  Price's  army. 
In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat.  A  man  of 
strong  character,  wide  information  and  be- 
nevolent, sympathetic  disposition,  he  holds  to 
no  written  religious  creed,  yet  orders  his  life 
according  to  the  standards  laid  down  by  the 
Divine  Master,  and  is  esteemed  as  a  model 
citizen  and  neighbor.  Mr.  Jackson  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Jemima  Dodd,  who  was  educated 
at  Columbia,  Missouri.  Their  only  child  is 
a  son,  Nathaniel  D.  Jackson,  a  graduate  of 
Wentworth  Military  Academy,  later  a  student 
at  the  Missouri  State  University,  and  now 
engaged  in  business. 

Jackson  Academy.— A  school  at  Jack- 
son, Cape  Girardeau  County,  established  in 
1820.  It  was  run  for  a  few  years  and  then 
its  charter  was  allowed  to  lapse.  In  1839  it 
was  reincorporated  and  successfully  con- 
ducted for  nearly  twenty  years. 

Jackson  County.— Nearly  all  the  land 
comprising  Jackson  County  was  acquired 
from  the  Osage  and  Kansas  Indian  tribes 
by  a  treaty  signed  June  2,  1825.  Up  to  this 
time  those  Indians  owned  a  strip  of  land 
twenty-four  miles  wide,  east  of  the  State  line 
and  extending  from  the  Missouri  River  south 
into  Arkansas.  In  1808  the  Osage  Indians 
had  sold  out  of  this  strip  to  the  United  States 
a  tract  of  land  six  miles  square  in  ,  Fort 
Osage  Township,  upon  which  Fort  Clark, 
afterward  Fort  Sibley,  was  built,  and  upon 
which  the  first  settlements  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county  were  made.  From  1804 
to  1827  this  part  of  what  is  now  Jackson 
Countv  was  successively  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  St.  Louis,  Howard,  Cooper  and  Lil- 


404 


JACKSON  COUNTY. 


•  lard  or  Lafayette  Counties.  From  1827  to 
1835  the  territory  of  Jackson  County  included 
that  of  Cass  and  Bates  Counties.  As  now 
constituted  it  contains  602  square  miles.  It 
extends  from  the  Missouri  River  south  to 
Township  46,  and  from  the  State  line 
it  extends  east  to 'the  middle  of  Range 
29.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Clay  County  and  a  part  of  Ray  County, 
on  the  east  by  Lafayette  County  and  a  part 
of  Johnson  County,  on  the  south  by  Cass 
County,  and  on  the  west  by  Johnson  and 
Wyandotte  Counties,  Kansas.  The  mouth 
of  the  Kaw  is  in  latitude  thirty-seven  degrees 
six  minutes  and  longitude  ninety-five  degrees 
thirty-nine  minutes.  Jackson  County  is  in 
the  same  latitude  as  Washington  and  the 
same  longitude  as  Galveston,  Texas.  It  is 
120  miles  south  of  Iowa  and  180  miles  north 
of  Arkansas.  It  is  named  after  Andrew 
Jackson,  who  had  a  plurality  of  the  elec- 
toral vote  for  President  in  1825.  It  is 
divided  into  nine  townships  and  contains  two 
cities,  Independence  and  Kansas  City,  the 
city  of  Westport  having  been  merged  into 
the  latter  city  in  1899.  The  county  is  well 
watered,  the  Missouri  River  flowing  along 
its  northern  border  for  forty  miles.  The  Big 
Blue,  quite  a  deep  stream,  flows  through  its 
northwestern  portion,  receiving  many  tribu- 
taries, and  emptying  its  waters  into  the  Mis- 
souri within  the  eastern  limits  of  Kansas 
City.  Rock  Creek,  whose  course  is  marked 
by  huge  rocks,  and  upon  which  is  situated 
Washington  Park,  with  its  fine  artificial 
lake,  enters  the  Missouri  River  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Big  Blue.  Fairmount  Park, 
the  most  popular  resort  of  Kansas  Cityans, 
is  in  this  vicinity.  The  Little  Blue,  fed  by 
many  tributaries  and  innumerable  springs, 
flows  through  the  center  of  the  county.  Fire 
Prairie  Creek,  a  similar  stream,  flows 
through  the  northeast  portion,  while  the 
southeastern  portion  is  traversed  by 
Sniabar  Creek  (slough  of  Abar)  and  its 
tributaries.  These  three  streams  flow  into 
the  Missouri,  while  several  small  streams 
south  of  Lone  Jack  and  Lee's  Summit  flow 
into  the  Osage.  The  county  has  150  miles 
of  macadamized  roads,  with  iron  bridges  and 
stone  culverts  over  rivulets,  creeks  and  riv- 
ers. At  intervals  along  these  roads  there 
are  fountains  with  water  piped  from  living 
springs.  Several  railroads  pass  through  dif- 
ferent sections  of  the  county,  affording  ample 


facilities  for  travel  and  the  shipment  of 
produce,  cattle  and  merchandise.  The  sur- 
face is  an  undulating  prairie,  with  marked 
elevations  and  depressions  along  the  streams. 
The  bottoms  were  well  wooded,  and  as  wood 
was  needed  for  building,  fencing  and  fuel, 
the  timbered  portions  were  the  first  to  be 
settled.  As  the  railroads  now  bring  lum- 
ber and  coal,  the  prairies,  where  labor- 
saving  machinery  can  be  used,  make  the  best 
farms.  The  soil  is  of  inexhaustible  fertility, 
consisting  of  a  rich  loam  of  vegetable  de- 
posit with  a  porous  subsoil  from  two  to  six 
feet  deep.  The  rocks  belong  to  the  tertiary 
period,  above  which  are  the  alluvial  deposits 
with  the  bluflf  formation  ranging  from  six 
to  150  feet  in  depth.  Workable  veins  of 
coal  have  been  opened,  from  which  excellent 
fuel  is  obtained.  This  county  is  a  favorable 
locality  for  growing  fruit  and  shade  trees, 
and  very  large  nurseries  flourish  at  Lee's 
Summit.  Cereals,  field  and  garden  vegeta- 
bles are  cultivated  successfully,  while  no  gen- 
eral failure  of  crops  has  ever  occurred.  Fruit 
of  all  kinds  is  grown  and  fine  orchards  abound. 
The  wild  grasses  have  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared before  the  all-conquering  blue- 
grass,  which,  with  timothy  and  red  and  white 
clover,  is  proving  to  be  more  profitable  to 
farmers  than  the  cereals.  Bee  culture  has 
been  brought  to  the  front  amid  clover  fields. 
This  county  is  the  center  of  the  great  cattle- 
raising  region,  for  here  cattle  can  graze  for 
nine  months  in  the  year  and  corn  can  be  pro- 
duced at  an  expense  of  ten  cents  per  bushel. 
The  rainfall  is  forty  inches  in  summer,  and 
the  average  summer  temperature  is  seventy- 
five  degrees,  while  the  winters  are  not  rigor- 
ous. Thus  the  stock  industry  yields  abun- 
dant profits.  The  stock  is  of  the  finest  spe- 
cies and  the  breeds  are  unexcelled,  the 
best  only  being  kept.  Since  1880  Here'fords 
have  been  imported,  and  some  fifteen  farm- 
ers have  herds  of  this  breed.  The  climate  is 
generally  dry,  not  humid,  being  driest  in 
spring,  during  which  fourteen  thunder  storms 
on  an  average  occur  to  twenty  in  summer, 
seven  in  autumn  and  two  in  winter.  Bright 
sunshine  and  fair  weather  prevail,  and  all  or- 
ganized life  is  placed  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions.  The  drainage  is  unexcelled  and 
the  county  is  without  malarious  swamps  or 
untillable  land.  Springs  of  living  water  are 
found  everywhere.  Two  extinct  races  lived 
here  before  the  Indians,  fished  in  the  streams 


JACKSON  COUNTY. 


405 


and  hunted  on  the  prairies.  Daniel  Morgan 
Boone,  who  induced  his  father,  Daniel 
Boone,  the  pioneer  of  Kentucky,  to  settle 
in  Boone  County,  came  here  in  1787  and 
trapped  beaver  on  the  Big  Blue  River  for 
twelve  years.  He  died  on  a  farm  near  West- 
port  in  1832.  Louis  Bartholet,  in  1800,  estab- 
lished a  trading  post  opposite  Randolph 
Bluflf,  where  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  Railroad  enters  Kansas  City.  This 
post  prospered  until  1826,  when  it  was  swept 
away  by  the  flood  of  that  year.  The  first 
settlements  in  the  county  were  made  in  "Six- 
Mile,"  the  name  by  which  the  23,040  acres 
of  land  bought  from  the  Osage  Indians  in 
1808  is  known.  General  George  C.  Sibley, 
after  whom  Fort  Sibley  was  named,  built  a 
large  house  near  the  fort  in  1818.  The  nar- 
row strip  along  the  eastern  border,  three 
miles  wide,  began  to  be  settled  in  1819. 
Abraham  McClellan,  the  first  county  judge, 
built  a  house  of  hewn  logs  near  Sibley  in 
1822.  Some  persons  had  settled  in  "Six- 
Mile"  prior  to  this  to  raise  provisions  for 
the  post  at  Fort  Osage.  When  the  fort  was 
abandoned  in  1825  the  best  lands  were  at 
once  settled  by  emigrants  from  other  parts 
of  Missouri.  The  next  year  many  families 
came  from  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee 
and  other  States,  and  the  question  of  organ- 
izing a  county  was  agitated.  Abraham  Mc- 
Clellan and  Lilburn  W.  Boggs  were  sent  to 
the  General  Assembly  and  secured  the  pas- 
sage of  the  enabling  act,  December  15,  1826. 
In  1827  there  were  settlers  enough  to  or- 
ganize three  townships,  and  the  next  year 
316  votes  were  cast  for  John  Miller  for  Gov- 
ernor. In  1821  Pierre  Chouteau  established 
a  trading  post  at  Kawsmouth,  now  the  West 
Bottoms,  which  was  known  as  the  French 
settlement,  to  which  the  early  settlers  went 
to  trade.  There  was  also  a  ferry  at  Ran- 
dolph's BlufT,  kept  by  the  grandfather  of  the 
notorious  Younger  brothers.  This  ferry 
consisted  of  canoes  lashed  together.  There 
was  a  horse  mill  in  Clay  County,  to  which 
the  early  settlers  up  to  1836  had  to  take 
their  grists,  crossing  and  recrossing  on  this 
ferry.  In  1828  a  land  office  was  opened  at 
Old  Franklin,  opposite  Boonville,  and  settlers 
then  began  to  buy  their  lands.  James  H. 
McGee  was  the  first  white  man,  other  than 
the  French  traders,  to  settle  within  the  pres- 
ent corporate  limits  of  Kansas  City.  He 
bought  340  acres  of  land  in  1828,  eighty  acres 


in  1829,  eighty  acres  in  1831,  and  forty  acres 
in  1833.  Gabriel  Prudhomme  bought  271.77 
acres  in  1831,  and  it  was  a  part  of  this  land 
which  was  platted  in  1838  as  the  town  of 
Kansas.  The  only  persons,  other  than  the 
French  traders,  who  bought  land  at  Kan- 
sas City  at  that  time  were  O.  Caldwell,  H. 
Chiles,  W.  B.  Evans,  W.  Gilliss,  W.  Bowers, 
James  Johnson,  Daniel  King,  Adeliza  and 
Constantia  Fowler,  Joseph  Boggs,  Sr.,  and 
Lilburn  W.  Boggs.  The  land  was  heavily 
timbered  and  included  bluflfs,  hills  and 
ravines.  About  this  time  settlement  began 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  and  that 
noted  pioneer  Baptist  preacher,  Jacob  Pow- 
ell, began  to  preach  to  the  new  settlers.  Pow- 
ell was  a  large  man,  of  ability  and  piety,  but 
illiterate.  It  is  said  that  he  commented  on 
the  second  chapter  of  I  John,  but  read  it  as 
"the  two-eyed  chapter  of  one-eyed  John." 
He  was  a  great  religious  force.  The  first  or- 
ganized church  was  New  Salem,  instituted 
in  1827.  The  early  settlers  worshiped  in  pri- 
vate houses  and  in  groves,  and  the  building 
of  churches  and  schools  came  later.  Even 
the  first  courts  were  held  in  the  house  of 
John  Young.  Just  at  this  juncture  in  the 
county's  history  occurred  the  Mormon  epi- 
sode. In  1830  a  book,  purporting  to  have 
been  written  in  the  fourth  century  by  a 
prophet  named  Mormon  and  giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  aborigines  of  this  continent,' 
was  published  by  Joseph  Smith,  Oliver  Cow- 
dery  and  Martin  Harris.  Smith  professed 
to  have  revelations  direct  from  God,  and  or- 
ganized the  denomination  called  Latter  Day 
Saints  by  themselves  and  Mormons  by  oth- 
ers. These  people  are  Adventists,  and  inter- 
pret the  Scriptures  literally.  Smith  came  to 
Jackson  County  in  183 1  and  declared  that 
it  was  revealed  to  him  that  this  was  to  be 
the  "New  Jerusalem,"  and  that  the  Temple 
was  to  be  built  several  hundred  yards  west 
of  the  courthouse  in  Independence.  The  lot 
was  purchased  and  cleared,  and  after  long 
years  of  litigation,  the  title  has  just  been  ad- 
judged to  the  "Hendrickites,"  one  of  the  two 
Mormon  Churches  of  Independence.  Smith's 
deluded  followers  came  to  the  county  to  the 
number  of  1,500,  and  the  Latter  Day  Saints 
proposed  to  do  at  Independence  under  Smith 
what  was  subsequently  done  at  Salt  Lake 
City  under  Brigham  Young.  They  put  forth 
such  extravagant  claims  as  that  the  Lord 
had  given  them  Missouri,  and  that  the  other 


406 


JACKSON   COUNTY. 


people  would  either  be  destroyed  or  become 
their  slaves.  They  were  increasing  so  rap- 
idly in  1833  that  the  old  citizens  feared  that 
they  would  control  the  fall  elections,  and 
organized  steps  were  taken  to  expel  them. 
Judge  Russell  Hicks  was  chairman  of  the 
committee,  and  men  with  historic  names  were 
its  members.  The  committee  notified  the 
Mormons  to  leave,  which  they  refused  to  do. 
The  controversy  culminated  October  31, 
when  organized  bodies  of  citizens  attacked 
Mormon  settlements,  tore  down  their  houses 
and  assaulted  the  men.  Their  printing  office 
at  Independence  was  destroyed  and  the  store 
they  had  established  was  sacked.  The  Mor- 
mons applied  to  the  courts  for  redress,  but 
without  avail.  About  100  Mormons  armed 
themselves  for  self-defense,  but  were  dis- 
armed by  the  militia.  The  Mormons  em- 
ployed the  famous  lawyers,  A.  W.  Doniphan, 
David  Atchison  and  Amos  Rees,  to  defend 
their  property  and  other  rights,  and  fled  to 
Clay  County.  Much  futile  negotiation  and 
subsequent  litigation  ensued.  Trouble  con- 
tinued in  other  counties  until  1838,  when 
the  Mormons  as  a  body  located  at  Nauvoo, 
Illinois,  where  Joseph  Smith  was  killed  by 
a  mob.  Brigham  Young  became  their  leader, 
and  on  their  removal  to  Utah  in  1844  polyg- 
amy came  into  vogue.  There  are  now  two 
churches  of  Latter  Day  Saints  in  Independ- 
ence. These  Mormons  practice  and  teach 
monogamy.  For  a  generation  peace  and 
prosperity  reigned,  but  from  1861  to  1866 
the  Civil  War  raged  with  unrelenting  fury. 
The  citizens,  the  majority  of  whom  had  im- 
migrated from  Southern  States  and  were 
slave-holders,  were  naturally  in  active  sym- 
pathy with  the  Confederate  cause.  At  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities  these  men  had  sacked 
the  United  States  arsenals  at  Lexington  and 
Liberty  and  had  armed  themselves  for  the 
inevitable  conflict.  Kansas  City  was  under 
Union  control,  and  when,  in  1861,  the  Con- 
federates formed  a  camp  on  Rock  Creek,  a 
conflict  resulting  in  the  death  of  Captain 
Holliday,  of  the  Confederates,  ensued.  This 
event  created  great  local  excitement.  In  the 
autumn  of  1861  some  Federal  cavalry  raided 
Independence,  arrested  citizens,  carried  off 
personal  property  and  burned  a  mill  and  two 
residences  on  their  retreat.  In  the  winter 
of  1862  five  companies  of  the  Seventh  Mis- 
souri Infantry  were  sent  into  the  county. 
After  the  Federals  had  made  Independence 


a  quasi  headquarters,  Quantrell  made  a  dash 
into  Independence  and  created  great  excite- 
ment. The  Confederates  recruited  in  Jack- 
son County,  and  there  were  many  bodies  of 
Confederates  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county.  In  the  early  summer  Colonel  Buell 
was  placed  in  command,  but  was  surprised 
by  Colonel  John  T.  Hughes,  with  1,500  men, 
who  defeated  Buell,  August  10,  1862,  taking 
350  prisoners,  whom  he  paroled.  This  was 
followed  a  week  later  by  the  battle  of  Lone 
Jack.  After  another  year  Order  No.  11  was 
issued,  and  all  the  Confederate  sympathizers 
were  expelled  from  their  homes.  It  is  said 
that  when  Martin  Rice,  the  poet,  a  fatalist,, 
had  his  goods  loaded  and  the  oxen  drew  the 
wagon  out  of  the  barn  yard,  he  knew  not 
whither  to  go,  and  said :  "We  will  go  where 
the  oxen  take  us."  In  1863  Home  Guards 
were  organized  to  protect  the  citizens  from 
the  depredations  of  irregular  armed  bodies. 
In  1864  Price  made  his  raid  through  the 
county.  The  Federals  met  him  at  Little 
Blue,  where  a  battle  was  fought  on  October 
21,  1864.  The  Federals  were  forced  to  re- 
tire, burning  bridges  as  they  retreated. 
Price  occupied  Independence  and  held  it  for 
a  day,  when  he  marched  toward  Westport. 
The  Federal  Army  was  disposed  so  as  to  de- 
fend the  roads  leading  to  Westport  and  Kan- 
sas City  from  the  fords  of  the  Big  Blue.  A 
severe  fight  took  place  at  Byron's  Ford,  Oc- 
tober 23d,  but  on  the  24th  Price  started 
south  with  his  army  of  15,000  men.  Pleas- 
anton  reoccupied  Independence,  and  the 
strife  thereafter  dwindled  to  guerrilla  war- 
fare. The  animosities  growing  out  of  the 
war  led  to  much  personal  violence,  which  was 
finally  suppressed  by  the  Law  and  Order 
League  in  1866.  No  section  of  the  country 
suffered  more  from  the  horrors  of  the  war 
than  did  Jackson  County. 

Prior  to  the  establishment  of  the 
public  school  system  in  1839  the 
educational  interests  of  the  people  re- 
ceived no  public  attention.  The  rudiments 
were  acquired  in  pay  schools.  In  1842  six 
free  public  school  districts  had  been  organ- 
ized in  the  county.  These  increased  to 
twenty-six  in  1853,  to  seventy  in  1859,  to 
eighty-six  in  1869.  There  were  also  city 
schools  at  this  date  in  Independence,  West- 
port  and  Kansas  City,  and  the  county  had 
commodious  school  houses  with  modern 
equipments.     D.   I.   Caldwell,   still  living  in 


JACKSON  UTHIA  SPRING. 


407 


1899,  was  elected  county  superintendent  in 
1868.  He  had  long  been  a  reputable  teacher 
and  was  sufficiently  conservative  to  lead 
public  sentiment  and  overcome  existing 
prejudices.  From  that  time  to  the  present 
commendable  progress  has  been  made,  so 
that  the  public  schools  of  Jackson  County 
rank  with  the  best  in  the  State.  Outside  of 
Kansas  City,  the  schools  of  which  are  treated 
in  a  separate  article,  Jackson  County  has  114 
school  districts,  there  being  graded  schools 
in  the  larger  towns.  The  school  property 
is  valued  at  $2,000,331.  The  expenditure  in 
1898  was  $686,266.  The  enrollment  is  61,764 
persons  of  school  age.  The  permanent  fund 
of  the  county  is  $207,820,  only  the  interest 
of  which  can  be  spent.  Some  of  the  dis- 
tricts have  a  school  indebtedness.  Higher 
education  has  received  due  attention.  There 
have  been  historic  schools,  which  were  form- 
ative in  their  day.  Highland  Academy,  In 
the  southern  part  of  the  county  was  built 
by  JefTerson  H.  Johnson  in  1846,  and  was 
an  educational  force'  for  several  years.  At 
the  county  seat  eminent  teachers,  men  and 
women,  conducted  schools  of  high  grade. 
They  had  a  temporary  life,  but  afforded  in- 
valuable educational  facilities.  Others  en- 
tered into  the  labors  of  such  pioneers  in 
higher  education  as  H.  D.  Woodworth,  Mrs. 
Gertrude  Buchanan,  Mrs,  M.  M.  Langhorne, 
Miss  Bettie  Tillery,  D.  I.  Caldwell,  M.  W. 
Miller,  Rev.  R.  S.  Symington,  Rev.  W.  H. 
Lewis  and  others  prior  to  1861.  From  their 
ashes  such  institutions  of  learning  as  Inde- 
pendence Female  College  and  Woodland 
College  have  sprung.  Jackson  County  has 
not  left  her  indigent  and  insane  without  care. 
At  first  the  county  provided  for  her  idiotic, 
indigent  and  infirm  by  contract,  but  in  1852 
a  farm  of  160  acres  was  bought,  upon  which 
suitable  buildings  were  erected,  and  since  that 
time  another  160  acres  have  been  added. 
Twenty  years  ago  there  were  about  fifty 
paupers  and  thirty  insane  persons  cared  for 
at  a  daily  cost  of  twenty  cents  each.  Now 
there  are  212  paupers  and  177  insane,  and 
the  cost  of  maintenance  is  thirty  cents  a  day. 
The  financial  affairs  of  the  county,  including 
the  cities,  are  conducted  by  one  set  of  offi- 
cers. The  real  and  personal  property  in 
the  county  is  valued  for  taxation  at  $83,- 
400,124,  this  being  about  forty  per  cent  of 
its  real  value.  The  tax  rate  is  in-ioo  per 
cent.     The  total  indebtedness  of  the  county 


is  about  $225,000  above  some  indebtedness  of 
same  of  the  municipalities.  The  population 
in  1900  was  195,193, 

Thomas  R.  Vickroy, 

Jack80ii  County  Medical  Society. 

The  Jackson  County  Medical  Society  was 
organized  in  1874.  No  records  are  extant, 
and  it  is  only  known  that  its  membership  em- 
braced nearly  all  the  resident  physicians  of 
that  period.  In  1881  a  reorganization  was 
effected,  with  Dr.  C.  B.  McDonald  presi- 
dent, Dr.  Joshua  Miller  as  vice  president  and 
Dr.  C.  W.  Adams  as  secretary  and  treasurer. 
The  membership  in  1900  was  165.  Meetings 
are  held  semi-monthly.  The  object  of  the 
society  is  improvement  in  professional  lines 
through  the  medium  of  discussion  and  inter- 
change  of  opinions.  A  small  library  is  main- 
tained. 

Jackson  Fight. — The  day  following 
General  Marmaduke's  unsuccessful  attack  on 
Cape  Girardeau  in  April,  1863,  he  withdrew 
his  army  to  Jackson.  That  night  General 
Vandiver,  who  had  marched  from  Pilot  Knob, 
arrived  at  Jackson  and  made  a  night  attack 
on  the  Confederates  and  threw  them  into 
confusion,  the  Arkansas  regiment  of  Colonel 
R.  C.  Newton  breaking  into  disorder  and 
falling  back  until  they  found  protection  un- 
der Shelby's  brigade.  General  Vandiver  did 
not  press  the  attack,  and  only  prepared  for 
battle  next  day,  but  during  the  night  the  Con- 
federates silently  withdrew  from  Jackson, 
leaving  only  a  strong  rear  guard  behind.  This 
force  was  engaged  all  day  long  skirmishing 
with  the  pursuing  Federals,  and  at  the  cross- 
ing of  Whitewater  was  saved  from  destruc- 
tion only  by  the  timely  succor  rendered  by 
Shelby's  Brigade. 

Jackson  Lithia  Spring.— One  of  the 

noted  natural  features  of  Jackson  County  is 
the  Jackson  Lithia  Spring,  located  about 
seven  miles  northeast  of  Kansas  City,  in  the 
beautiful  rolling  uplands  that  overlook  the 
Missouri  River  in  that  vicinity,  and  constitut- 
ing one  of  the  highest  stretches  of  country 
along  the  Missouri  River  between  St.  Louis 
and  Omaha.  The  view  from  the  river  bluffs 
at  this  point  is  one  of  surpassing  beauty  and 
comprises  in  its  scope  many  miles  of  pictur- 
esque scenery  up  and  down  the  meandering 
river,  and  over  beyond  it,  across  the  lowlands 


408 


JACKSON  RESOIyUTIONS. 


of  Clay  County,  until  the  view  is  terminated 
by  the  distant  hills.  In  this  panoramic 
sweep  one  may  obtain  views  of  Kansas  City, 
Independence  and  several  surrounding  towns 
in  Jackson  and  Clay  Counties,  Missouri,  and 
Wyandotte  County,  Kansas.  Those  having 
an  eye  for  the  beautiful  in  nature  are  enrap- 
tured over  the  picture  that  is  here  stretched 
out  before  their  wondering  gaze.  Out  from 
the  side  of  one  of  these  rolling  hills  bubbles 
a  clear,  sparkling  water  that  has  come  to  be 
recognized  by  the  medical  profession  aAd  the 
public  at  large  as  one  of  the  finest  waters  in 
the  world,  whether  considered  from  the 
standpoint  of  a  healing  agent  or  simply  as  a 
delicious  table-  water.  That  the  water  pos- 
sessed healing  properties  has  been  known  for 
years  by  some  of  those  who  have  lived  in  its 
immediate  vicinity  and  were  wont  to  resort 
there  to  obtain  it  for  its  health-giving  prop- 
erties, but  to  the  community  at  large  it  re- 
mained like  the  "gems  of  purest  ray  serene," 
which  "the  dark,  unfathomed  caves  of  ocean 
bear,"  and  mingled  its  precious  stream  with 
the  dark  waters  of  the  Missouri,  its  virtues 
unknown,  its  praises  unsung.  As  long  ago 
as  1882  it  was  known  to  some  extent  to  the 
outside  world  as  a  medical  spring,  as  shown 
in  the  catalogue  of  "Health  Resorts  and  Min- 
eral Springs  in  the  West."  pages  10  and  11, 
published  in  1882  by  Albert  Merrell,  M.  D.. 
professor  of  chemistry,  pharmacy  and  toxi- 
cology of  the  American  Medical  College  at 
St.  Louis,  Missouri.  It  was  then  known  as 
the  "I.  W.  Duncan  Spring."  Dr.  Merrell 
says :  "It  is  an  alkaline-calcic  water  and  par- 
takes of  the  curative  nature  of  both  classes. 
The  presence  of  lithium  would  especially  in- 
dicate its  use  in  urinary  disorders."  How- 
ever, it  would  probably  have  remained  in 
comparative  obscurity  to  this  day  and  con- 
tinued to  "waste  its  sweetness,"  not  on  "the 
desert  air,"  but  in  the  turbid  waters  of  the 
"Big  Muddy,"  had  it  not  been  that  the  owner, 
in  1890,  while  suflfering  tortures  from  a  severe 
ailment  and  almost  despairing  of  life,  lying 
prostrate  upon  his  bed  racked  with  pain  and 
fever,  bethought  him  of  the  cool  spring  water 
that  had  so  often  quenched  his  thirst.  .  Little 
dreaming  that  it  was  destined  to  be  the  means 
of  saving  his  life,  but  only  craving  it  for  its 
delicious  and  refreshing  properties,  he  caused 
some  of  the  water  to  be  brought  from  the 
spring,  seven  miles  in  the  country,  to  his  bed- 
side in  the  city.     The  effect  was  wonderful. 


Although  drugs  had  failed  and  the  physician 
in  attendance  had  confessed  that  he  was  "at 
his  rope's  end,"  the  effect  produced  by  the 
water  was  like  magic.  In  a  few  days  he  was 
able  to  be  about  and  attending  to  business. 
He  is  to-day  a  living  testimonial  to  the  won- 
derful curative  properties  of  this  water.  At 
the  urgent  request  and  recommendation  of 
several  of  the  leading  physicians  of  Kansas 
City,  he  was  induced  to  put  into  execution 
the  purpose  which  he  had  long  entertained, 
but  neglected,  of  putting  the  water  on  the 
market,  especially  now  that  he  had  himself 
experienced  its  wonderful  healing  properties. 
Before  it  had  been  on  the  market  a  year,  and 
with  practically  no  advertising  except  such  as 
had  been  given  it  by  physicians  who  had 
tested  it,  and  their  patients  who  had  used  it, 
the  water  had  a  remarkable  demand,  and  has 
steadily  grown  in  popularity  until  now  it  is 
not  only  used  extensively  in  this  country, 
but  has  found  its  way  to  the  islands  of  the 
ocean  and  to  Europe.  Jt  is  said  by  chemists 
to  contain  the  finest  combination  of  medical 
properties  of  any  spring  known. 

"Jackson  Resolutions." — ^These  were 
a  series  of  resolutions  introduced  in  the  Mis- 
souri Legislature  January  15,  1849,  ^Y  Clai- 
borne F.  Jackson,  Senator  from  Howard 
County,  who  was  afterward  elected  Governor 
of  the  State.  It  was  in  the  midst  of  that 
slavery  agitation  which  followed  the  acquisi- 
tion of  territory  from  Mexico  and  which  pro- 
duced the  compromise  measures  of  1850,  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  struggle  of  1855-6  and  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-5.  There  was  a  strong  and 
increasing  disposition  in  the  North  to  exclude 
slavery  from  this  territory  and  from  all  States 
thereafter  admitted  into  the  Union,  and  this 
was  expressed  in  the  Wilmot  proviso,  which 
provided  that  slavery  should  not  be  allowed 
in  the  new  territory.  In  opposition  to  this 
policy  and  the  Wilmot  proviso,  Mr.  Calhoun, 
of  South  Carolina,  offered  in  the  Senate  his 
resolutions  which  were  intended  to  lay  down 
the  doctrine  for  all  the  slave-holding  States. 
The  Calhoun  resolutions  were  not  adopted  by 
Congress,  but  they  were  sent  to  the  Legis- 
latures of  the  slave-holding  States  to  be 
adopted  by  them,  and  so  constituted  a  com- 
mon basis  of  action.  In  Missouri  they  were 
presented,  January  i,  1849,  ^Y  Senator  Carty 
Wells,  of  "Marion  County,  and  referred  to  the 
Senate  committee  on  Federal  relations.    Jan- 


JACKSONVILLE— JAIL. 


409 


uary  15th  they  were  reported,  very  slightly 
modified,  by  Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  chairman 
of  the  committee,  whose  name  they  bore. 
The  Senate  passed  them  January  26th  by  a 
vote  of  23  to  6,  and  the  House  passed  them 
March  6th  following,  by  a  vote  of  53  to  7. 
They  are  as  follows : 

"Resolved,  By  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
State  of  Missouri,  That  the  Federal  constitu- 
tion was  the  result  of  a  compromise  between 
the  conflicting  interests  of  the  States  which 
formed  it,  and  in  no  part  of  that  instrument 
is  to  be  found  any  delegation  of  power  to 
Congress  to  legislate  on  the  subject  of  slav- 
ery, excepting  some  special  provisions  having 
in  view  the  prospective  abolition  of  the  Af- 
rican slave  trade,  made  for  securing  the  re- 
covery of  fugitive  slaves;  any  attempt 
therefore  on  the  part  of  Congress  to  legislate 
on  the  subject  so  as  to  affect  the  institution  of 
slavery  in  the  States,  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia or  in  the  Territories,  is,  to  say  the 
least,  a  violation  of  the  principles  upon  which 
that  instrument  is  founded. 

"Second — That  the  Territories  acquired  by 
the  blood  and  treasure  of  the  whole  nation 
ought  to  be  governed  for  the  common  bene- 
fit of  the  people  of  the  States,  and  any  or- 
ganization of  the  Territorial  governments  ex- 
cluding the  citizens  of  any  part  of  the  Union 
from  removing  to  such  Territories  with  their 
property  would  be  an  exercise  of  power  by 
Congress  inconsistent  with  the  spirit  upon 
which  our  Federal  compact  was  based,  in- 
suiting  to  the  sovereignty  and  dignity  of  the 
States  thus  affected,  calculated  to  alienate 
one  portion  of  the  Union  from  another,  and 
tending  ultimately  to  disunion. 

"Third — That  this  General  Assembly  re- 
gards the  conduct  of  the  Northern  States  on 
the  subject  of  slavery  as  releasing  the  slave- 
holding  States  from  all  further  adherence  to 
the  basis  of  compromise  fixed  on  by  the  act  of 
Congress  of  March  6,  1820,  even  if  any  such 
act  ever  did  impose  any  obligation  upon  the 
slave-holding  States,  and  authorizes  them  to 
insist  upon  their  rights  under  the  constitu- 
tion ;  but,  for  the  sake  of  harmony  and  the 
preservation  of  our  Federal  Union,  they  will 
sanction  the  application  of  the  principles  of 
the  Missouri  Compromise  to  the  recent  terri- 
torial acquisitions  if  by  such  concession  fur- 
ther aggressions  upon  the  equal  rights  of  the 
States  may  be  arrested  and  the  spirit  of  anti- 
slavery  fanaticism  be  extinguished. 


"Fourth— The  right  to  prohibit  slavery  in 
any  Territory  belongs  exclusively  to  the  peo- 
ple thereof,  and  can  only  be  exercised  by 
them  in  forming  their  constitution  for  a  State 
government,  or  in  their  sovereign  capacity  as 
an  independent  State. 

"Fifth — That  in  the  event  of  the  passage  o£ 
any  act  of  Congress  conflicting  with  the  prin- 
ciples herein  expressed,  Missouri  will  be 
found  in  hearty  co-operation  with  the  slave- 
holding  States  in  such  measures  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary  for -our  mutual  protection 
against  the  encroachments  of  Northern  fanat- 
icism. 

"Sixth — That  our  Senators  in  Congress  be 
instructed,  and  our  Representatives  be  re- 
quested, to  act  in  conformity  to  the  foregoing 
resolutions." 

The  resolutions  produced  great  excitement 
in  Missouri.  It  was  known  beforehand  that 
Colonel  Thomas  H.  Benton,  United  States 
Senator,  and  for  thirty  years  undisputed 
leader  of  the  Missouri  Democracy,  would  not 
submit  to  them,  for  he  had  opposed  the  Cal- 
houn resolutions  in  Congress  and  had  been 
engaged  in  a  personal  controversy  with  Mr. 
Calhoun  on  the  subject.  He  appealed  to  the 
people  against  them,  and  the  contest  was 
made  the  more  intense  and  bitter  by  the  fact 
that  his  fifth  senatorial  term  was  drawing  to 
a  close,  and  he  desired  another  re-election. 
The  popular  verdict  in  the  election  that  fol- 
lowed was  adverse  to  Colonel  Benton,  and  in 
the  joint  convention  held  in  January,  1851, 
for  the  election  of  United  States  Senator,  he 
was  beaten  by  Henry  S.  Geyer,.  Anti-Benton 

W^^^-  D.  M.  Grissom. 

Jacksonville.— See  "Graham." 

Jacksonville,— An  incorporated  town 
in  Randolph  County,  twelve  miles  from  Mob- 
erly,  on  the  north  branch  of  the  Wabash 
Railroad.  It  has  three  churches,  a  public 
school,  a  flouring  mill  and  about  fifteen  stores 
and  miscellaneous  shops  and  business  places. 
Population,  1900  (estimated),  300. 

jj^il, — The  county  prison  where  are  con- 
fined persons  charged  with  crime  who  are 
unable  to  give  bail ;  persons  convicted  of  peni- 
tentiary offenses  and  awaiting  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  State  prison  at  Jefferson  City; 
convicted  murderers,  waiting  to  be  executed, 
and  persons  convicted  of  small  offenses,  the 


410 


JAILS   IN   EARLY   DAYS— JAMES. 


penalty    of   which    is    confinement.       Every 
county  has  a  jail  located  at  the  county  seat. 

Jails  ill  Early  Days. — The  Lawrence 
County  jail,  at  Mount  Vernon,  completed  in 
June,  1846,  was  of  hewn  logs.  First  was  an 
interior  wall  of  hewn  logs  ten  inches  square, 
closely  fitted  together,  then  an  outer  wall  of 
the  same  material,  similarly  constructed,  with 
a  space  of  six  inches  between  the  two,  filled 
with  logs  six  inches  in  thickness,  set  in  ver- 
tically. The  floor  was  of  hewn  timber,  ten 
inches  thick,  covered  with  one-inch 
oak  planking  spiked  down  upon  the 
timbers,  nails  one  inch  apart  being 
driven  all  over  the  floor.  The  room 
was  ceiled  in  the  same  manner.  Two 
small  openings,  about  twelve  inches  square, 
covered  with  heavy  iron  gratings,  were  made 
on  the  east  and  west  sides  to  admit  air  and 
light.  The  entrance  was  a  trap  door  from 
above,  reached  by  a  ladder,  which  was  re- 
moved after  a  prisoner  had  been  admitted, 
and  the  trap  door  closed.  This  was  the  usual 
form  of  jail  buildings  until  they  came  to  be 
constructed  of  brick  and  stone. 

James,  Cassiiis  Melviii  Clay,  law- 
yer, was  born  in  Vermillion  County,  Indiana. 
November  13,  1856,  son  of  John  S.  and 
Matilda  (Ford)  James,  both  natives  of  the 
same  county.  The  Welsh  ancestors  of  the 
James  family  came  to  America  in  1775  and 
located  at  Jamestown,  Virginia.  The  Hon- 
orable Thomas  L.  James,  formerly  Postmas- 
ter General  of  the  United  States,  is  descended 
from  the  same  stock.  The  Ford  family,  who 
also  located  in  Virginia,  is  of  English  de- 
scent. Matilda  Ford  James  is  a  daughter  of 
Richard  Ford,  whose  father,  Augustus,  was 
a  son  of  John  Ford,  a  soldier  in  the  Conti- 
nental Army  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Augustus  Ford  served  with  distinction  in 
the  War  of  1812.  The  education  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  received  principally  in 
the  normal  schools  at  Terre  Haute,  Indi- 
ana, and  Danville,  Indiana.  After  reading 
law  at  Newport,  in  the  same  State,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1881,  and  in  Novem- 
ber of  the  same  year  was  also  admitted  to 
practice  in  the  courts  of  Iowa,  Colorado  and 
Missouri.  For  the  first  year  he  taught  school, 
and  for  five  years  was  a  traveling  salesman 
for  D.  M.  Osborne  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of 
agricultural     implements     at    Auburn,  New 


York.  In  1888  he  engaged  in  practice  at 
Saguache,  Colorado,  but  three  years  later 
removed  to  Higginsville,  Missouri,  where  he 
has  since  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  Always  firm  and 
unswerving  in  his  allegiance  to  the  Republi- 
can party,  he  has  been  an  active  worker  for 
its  success  at  the  polls,  and  is  one  of  the 
recognized  leaders  of  the  party  in  western 
Missouri.  In  1894,  1896  and  1898  he  was 
its  candidate  for  the  office  of  prosecuting 
attorney  of  Lafayette  County.  In  1900  he 
was  nominated  for  State  Senator  from  the 
Seventeenth  District,  which  has  a  large  Dem- 
ocratic plurality.  Mr.  James  made  an  en- 
ergetic campaign,  and,  though  defeated,  won 
many  friends  by  his  fairness  in  debate,  and 
praise  for  the  logical  and  honest  presenta- 
tion of  the  issues  before  the  voters  of  the 
county.  He  was  married,  October  i,  1884, 
to  Josephine  Dollarhide,  of  Paris,  Illinois, 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  Dollarhide,  who  died 
at  Carrollton,  Missouri,  in  1871.  They  are 
the  parents  of  three  children,  Mabel,  Etelka 
and  Justin  James.  The  professional  contem- 
poraries of  Mr.  James,  though  all  of  them 
are  opposed  to  him  politically,  accord  him 
rank  among  the  most  successful  lawyers 
in  Lafayette  County.  He  was  carefully 
grounded  in  the  principles  of  the  science, 
is  a  ready  and  forceful  speaker,  and  his  abil- 
ity to  apply  to  the  cause  at  issue  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  law  is  amply  attested  by  the  uni- 
form success  which  has  always  attended 
his  practice. 

James,  Samuel  C,  physician,  was 
born  June  16,  1854,  in  Franklin  County,  Vir- 
ginia. His  parents  were  Pyrant  T.  and 
Emma  R.  (Woods)  James.  The  James  fam- 
ily originated  in  England,  settling  in  Vir- 
ginia. Pyrant  T.  James,  who  was  a  phy- 
sician, removed  to  Missouri  in  1855,  locating 
at  Versailles.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
Army.  From  1864  to  1888  he  was  engaged 
in  practice  in  Litchfield,  Illinois,  and  then 
removed  to  Holden,  Missouri,  where  he 
practiced  until  his  death  in  1892.  His  wife 
was  descended  from  Samuel  H.  Woods,  a 
wealthy  Virginia  planter.  She  is  yet  living, 
wintering  each  year  in  Florida,  and  in  the 
summer  residing  with  her  son  in  Kansas  City. 
Their  son,  Samuel  C.  James,  was  but  an 
infant  when  they  came  to  Missouri,  and  he 


JAMES. 


411 


was  ten  years  of  age  when  they  removed  to 
Illinois.  There  he  received  his  literary  edu- 
cation, attending  the  high  school  at  Litch- 
field. With  a  natural  longing  for  knowledge, 
he  supplemented  this  meagre  preparation 
with  a  liberal  course  of  self-appointed  read- 
ing, to  which  he  devoted  himself  so  industri- 
i,  ously  that  early  young  manhood  found  him 
amply  prepared  to  qualify  himself  for  a  pro- 
fessional life.  He  determined  upon  medi- 
cine, and  began  reading  under  Dr.  P.  G. 
Woods,  of  Versailles,  and  followed  this  with 
taking  a  portion  of  two  courses  at  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  St.  Louis.  After  an 
interval  of  practice  at  Versailles  from  1879 
to  1881  he  attended  Rush  Medical  College, 
Chicago,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1882.  He  then  returned  to  Versailles,  where 
he  resumed  practice,  but  after  a  few  months 
removed  to  Holden,  there  finding  a  more 
extended  field  for  his  efforts.  In  1888  his 
ambition  to  gain  a  more  complete  mastery 
of  the  science  to  which  he  had  devoted  him- 
self led  him  to  New  York  City,  where  he 
passed  a  year  taking  a  general  course  in 
the  Polyclinic  Medical  School  and  observ- 
ing methods  in  the  most  completely  equipped 
hospitals  in  the  metropolis.  In  1889  he  es- 
tablished himself  at  Kansas  City,  where  he 
has  built  up  a  practice  of  sufficient  magni- 
tude to  tax  the  endurance  of  one  less  enam- 
ored of  his  calling.  The  high  estimation  in 
which  he  is  held  for  his  professional  attain- 
ments is  attested  by  the  important  positions 
he  has  held  from  time  to  time.  At  Holden 
he  was  local  surgeon  for  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway.  At  the  same  place  in  1885  he  was 
appointed  pension  examiner  by  President 
Cleveland,  and  although  a  Democrat,  was 
continued  by  President  Harrison  in  that 
position,  which  he  occupied  until  his  re- 
moval to  Kansas  City,  when  he  resigned, 
although  solicited  to  remain.  He  occupied 
the  chair  of  general  medicine  in  the  Scar- 
ritt  Bible  Hospital  and  Training  School, 
which  he  resigned  in  1898.  He  is  now  pro- 
fessor of  the  principles  and  practice  of  med- 
icine in  the  University  Medical  College,  a 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees,  a  curator, 
and  the  treasurer  of  the  same  institution, 
and  professor  of  the  principles  and  practice 
of  medicine  and  clinical  medicine  in  the 
Woman's  Medical  College.  He  is  now  and 
has  been  for  a  number  of  years  a  member 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  is  also  a  mem- 


ber of  the  National  and  Provincial  Boards 
of  Health  of  North  America,  and  was  a  rep- 
resentative from  Missouri  in  the  session  of 
the  latter  body  held  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
in  June,  1899,  and  at  Atlantic  City,  New  Jer- 
sey, in  June,  1900.  He  is  also  nominator 
of  the  medical  department  of  the  Provident 
Savings  Life  Association.  He  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety, the  Missouri  State  Medical  Society,  the 
Missouri  Valley  State  Medical  Society,  and 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and  is 
a  Fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine.  In 
all  these  various  bodies  he  occupies  an  in- 
fluential place,  and  his  opinions,  whether  in 
diagnosis,  operations  or  discussions,  are 
regarded  with  the  highest  respect  and  confi- 
dence. This  is  particularly  true  as  to  dis- 
eases peculiar  to  the  lungs  and  heart,  he  hav- 
ing a  special  aptitude  for  this  branch  of  his 
profession,  to  which  he  has  given  much  at- 
tention and  in  which  he  practices  especially 
with  marked  success.  In  these  lines  much 
of  his  time  is  occupied  with  cases  in  which 
he  is  called  in  consultation.  He  occupies  the 
position  of  consulting  physician  with  the  Fort 
Scott,  Memphis  &  Gulf  Railway,  and  his  con- 
nection with  the  Scarritt  Hospital,  the  Uni- 
versity Hospital  and  the  University  Medical 
Dispensary  clinic  brings  to  him  much  similar 
labor.  He  is  a  frequent  contributor  of 
scientific  articles  to  professional  journals  of 
acknowledged  standing.  In  politics  he  is 
a  Democrat,  for  the  sake  of  principle  and 
without  care  for  political  distinction,  and  at 
one  time  served  his  party  as  member  of  his 
congressional  committee.  The  only  public 
position  he  has  ever  held  was  that  of  cor- 
oner of  Johnson  County  in  1888.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Central  Methodist 
Church,  in  which  he  has  been  a  steward 
continuously  since  taking  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Kansas  City.  He  is  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar, a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  an  Odd 
Fellow  and  a  Knight  of  Pythias.  In  1897 
General  Joseph  Shelby,  commander  in  chief 
of  the  Department  of  the  Mississippi  of  the 
ex-Confederate  Association,  appointed  him 
surgeon  on  his  personal  staff,  with  the  rank  of 
major.  He  was  married,  October  2.  1883,  to 
Miss  Lula  Doran,  daughter  of  B.  F.  Doran, 
of  Cooper  County,  of  which  union  two  sons, 
Percy  and  Eugene  Francis,  and  a  daughter; 
Lucy  Woods,  have  been  born.  Dr.  James 
has  the  instincts  and  culture  of  a  gentleman, 


412 


JAMES— JAMESON. 


is  well  informed,  affable  and  companionable, 
and  is  as  popular  in  social  circles  as  he  is 
highly  regarded  in  the  ranks  of  his  profes- 
sion. 

James,  William  Knowles,  judge  of 
the  circuit  court,  division  No.  2,  Buchanan 
County,  Missouri,  was  born  August  20,  1852, 
in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  son  of  Urias  T. 
and  Eliza  J.  (Knowles)  James.  His  father 
was  a  native  of  Delaware,  his  ancestors  hav- 
ing removed  to  that  State  from  Virginia  be- 
fore the  War  of  the  Revolution.  In  1866 
Urias  T.  James  left  his  native  State,  and,  with 
his  family,  removed  to  Pike  County,  Illinois, 
where  he  resided  three  years,  after  which  he 
went  to  Hamburg,  Iowa,  and  became  an  hon- 
ored resident  of  Fremont  County.  The 
mother  was  born  in  Sussex  County,  Dela- 
ware, and  was  a  member  of  an  old  and  promi- 
nent family.  W.  K.  James  was  possessed  of 
an  intense  desire  to  learn,  even  in  his  boy- 
hood days,  and  he  took  every  possible  ad- 
vantage of  the  common  school  courses  in  the 
neighborhood  where  he  was  raised  in  Dela- 
ware and  Illinois.  After  the  family  removed 
to  Hamburg,  Iowa,  he  had  an  opportunity  to 
attend  an  academy,  and  this  he  took  eager 
advantage  of,  following  it  by  a  course  of 
study  at  Central  College,  Fayette,  Missouri, 
and  finally  at  Yale  College,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  classical  course  and  graduated  with 
the  class  of  1878.  It  is  therefore  apparent 
that  Judge  James,  fresh  from  the  halls  of 
learning  and  with  ambition  to  spur  him  on  to 
greater  efforts,  possessed  a  thorough  literary 
foundation  for  the  professional  successes 
which  were  to  be  his  later  in  life.  After  leav- 
ing college  in  1878,  he  took  the  advice  of  a 
school  friend  and  went  to  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri, having  received  the  assurance  that 
there  was  a  good  opening  there  and  that  in 
that  city  his  lot  should  be  cast.  He  entered 
the  office  of  ex-Governor  Willard  P.  Hall  and 
there  applied  himself  faithfully  to  a  series  of 
readings  along  legal  lines.  In  1879  ^^  ^^^ 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Buchanan  County,  and 
since  that  year  he  has  won  and  held  the  es- 
teem of  all  who  come  in  contact  with  him, 
gaining  a  reputation  as  a  lawyer  of  integ- 
rity, ability  and  keen  discernment.  His  first 
partner  was  James  P.  Thomas,  now  the  pro- 
bate judge  of  Buchanan  County,  Missouri, 
and  during  the  years  leading  up  to  the  present 
position  of  trust  and  dignity  occupied  by  him 


he  was  associated  in  active  practice  with  a 
number  of  the  best  lawyers  and  firms  in 
northwest  Missouri.  His  associations  with 
M.  A.  Reed,  the  present  general  attorney  of 
the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  a  brilliant  lawyer,  extended 
through  about  ten  years  and  were  of  the 
most  pleasant  nature.  In  1898  Mr.  James 
was  honored  by  the  people  of  Buchanan 
County,  Missouri,  by  election  to  the  position 
of  judge  of  the  circuit  court,  division  No.  2. 
His  term  is  for  four  years,  representing  the 
unexpired  portion  of  a  regular  term  whose 
incumbent  died  while  on  the  bench.  Judge 
James,  since  he  assumed  this  position  of 
grave  responsibility,  has  proved  himself  an 
able  jurist.  Frank  in  his  methods  of  con- 
ducting  affairs  in  his  court  room,  he  has  the 
confidence  of  opposing  attorneys  and  the  re- 
spect of  those  most  interested  in  the  results 
of  decisions  and  legal  turns.  Politically  Judge 
James  is  a  Democrat,  and  is  a  recognized 
leader  in  the  ranks  of  that  party.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  is  an  elder  in  that 
church.  In  social  and  fraternal  circles  he  is 
popular,  and  although  his  profession  and  his 
home  associations  demand  his  time,  he  is  a 
welcome  figure  at  every  public  function.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men, 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  Knights  and 
Ladies  of  Security,  Legion  of  Honor  and 
Royal  Court.  Judge  James  was  married  Oc- 
tober 31,  1883,  to  Miss  Mary  Tootle,  elder 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  E.  Tootle, 
of  St.  Joseph.  The  father  of  Mrs.  James  is 
one  of  St.  Joseph's  foremost  financiers,  and 
was  a  pioneer  merchant  and  capitalist  who 
helped  to  transform  Missouri  into  a  paradise 
and  to  develop  the  latent  resources  of  one  of 
the  most  fruitful  portions  of  the  State.  Judge 
and  Mrs.  James  have  two  children:  Nellie 
Tootle  James  and  Thomas  Tootle  James. 

James  Brothers.— See  "Brigands  of 
Missouri." 

Jameson. — An  incorporated  village  near 
Grand  River,  in  Daviess  County,  eight  miles 
northwest  of  Gallatin,  on  the  Wabash  Rail- 
road. It  was  settled  in  1870.  It  has  Meth- 
odist Episcopal,  Presbyterian  and  Christian 
Churches,  a  bank,  a  newspaper,  the  "Jour- 
nal,"   and    about    twenty-five    miscellaneous 


JAMESPORT— JANUARY. 


418 


stores   and    shops.     Population,    1899   (esti- 
mated),  550. 

Jamesport. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
in  Daviess  County,  eleven  miles  northeast 
of  Gallatin,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railroad.  It  has  Baptist,  Christian, 
Presbyterian,  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Meth- 
odist Episcopal,  South,  churches,  a  graded 
school,  two  hotels,  a  telephone  system,  a 
flouring  mill,  ax  handle  factory,  two  news- 
papers, the  "Gazette"  and  "Natural  Gas,"  and 
about  thirty-five  stores  and  miscellaneous 
business  places.  Population,  1899  (estimated), 
1,000. 

Jamestown.— An  incorporated  town  in 
Linn  Township,  Moniteau  County,  twelve 
miles  northeast  of  California,  the  county  seat. 
Its  beginning  dates  from  1837,  when  a  to- 
bacco factory  was  established  there  by  John 
Hightower.  In  1846  a  store  was  started 
there  by  S.  L.  &  E.  H.  James,  after  whom 
the  town  was  named.  The  settlement  in- 
creased in  size,  and  in  1873  it  had  a  popula- 
tion of  300,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
in  May  of  that  year.  The  town  has  Method- 
ist Episcopal,  Evangelical,  Lutheran  and 
Presbyterian  churches,  a  good  graded  school, 
a  bank,  a  flouring  mill  and  a  nurftber  of  stores 
and  well  stocked  shops.  Population,  1899 
(estimated)  400. 

Jamieson,  John,  lawyer  and  member 
of  Congress,  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County,  Kentucky,  and  died  at  Fulton,  Mis- 
souri, in  1855.  He  came  to  Missouri  in  1825, 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  William  Lucas, 
and  in  1826  was  admitted  to  practice.  In 
1830  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  from 
Callaway  County,  and  re-elected  twice,  serv- 
ing as  Speaker  of  the  House  one  term.  In 
1838  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  being  one 
of  the  two  members  Missouri  was  entitled 
to  at  that  time.  In  1842  he  was  elected  again, 
and  in  1846  he  was  elected  for  a  third  term, 
serving  in  the  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-eighth 
and  Thirtieth  Congresses.  After  his  retire- 
ment  from  public  life  he  became  a  preacher 
of  the  Christian  Church.  He  served  his  con- 
stituency faithfully  and  efficiently,  and  his 
name  is  cherished  with  great  respect  in  Cal- 
laway County. 

Jamison,  James  M.,  merchant,  was 
born  June  24,  1840,  in  Washington  County, 
Missouri,  and   died   September   7,  1868,   at 


Irondale  in  the   same   county.     His   parents 
were  John  and  Eliza  Jamison,  and  the  father 
was  a  prosperous  man  of  affairs  who  served 
during  the   Civil  War  as  a  captain  in  the 
Union  Army.     The  Jamison  family  is  of  Vir- 
ginia origin,  but  has  long  been  represented 
in    Missouri    and   is    numbered    among   the 
pioneer  families  of    the   State.     James   M. 
Jamison  received  a  good  practical  education 
in  the  public  schools    of   his    native    county 
and  at  De  Soto,  in  Jefferson  County.  He  was 
reared  on  a  farm  and  trained  to  agricultural 
pursuits  which  he  followed  industriously  until 
he  reached  manhood.     He   then   turned   his 
attention   to   merchandising,   embarking    in 
business  at  Irondale.     His  career  as  a  mer- 
chant was  interrupted  for  a  time  by  the  Civil 
War,  during  a  portion  of  which  he  served  as 
a  lieutenant  in  the  Union  Army.     With  this 
exception,  he  was  engaged   continuously   in 
merchandising  operations  at  Irondale  from 
the  time  he  attained   his  majority   until   his 
death.     Notwithstanding   the   fact    that   he 
passed  away  at  an  early  age,  he  had  achieved 
marked  success  as  a  man  of  affairs,  and  while 
gaining  high   standing  as  a  merchant    had 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  comfortable  fortune. 
Having  a  decided  genius  for  the  business  in 
which  he  engaged,  he  exhibited  a  degree  of 
enterprise  which  attracted  to  him  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public  throughout  a  large  region, 
and    he  was   regarded   as   a  man  of    very 
superior  intelligence  and  sagacity.     His  un- 
timely death  brought  sorrow,  to  a  large  circle 
of  friends  and  was  a  distinct  loss  to  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  resided.     He  was  never 
an  active  politician,  but  was  a  member  of  the 
Democratic  party  and  took  a  good  citizen's 
interest  in  public  affairs.    A  member  of  the 
Masonic  order,  he  enjoyed  the  warm  friend- 
ship   and    esteem    of    all   those   who   were 
brought  into  contact  with  him  through  this 
fraternal   association.     In    1865,  he  married 
Miss  Susan  Hughes,  and  one  child,  John  M. 
Jamison,  was  born  of  this  union.    The  son  is 
now  (1900)  one    of    the    foremost    of    the 
younger     business     men     in     Washington 
County.     He  resides   on   a  large   farm   one 
mile  east  of  Irondale,  and  besides  owning  two 
other  farms  is  largely  engaged  in  the  grain 
and  farm  implement  trade.     He   is   married 
and  has  one  child. 

January,  Derrick  A.,  merchant,  was 

born  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  in  1814.    He 


414 


JANUARY. 


obtained  a  good  English  education,  and  at 
Louisville  was  employed  for  some  time  in  the 
printing  office  of  the  "Advertiser"  newspaper. 
In  1832  he  removed  to  Jacksonville,  Illinois, 
and  associated  himself  with  his  brother 
in  a  general  merchandising  business.  In  the 
winter  of  1836-7,  his  family  removed  to  St. 
Louis,  where,  with  others,  he  established  the 
wholesale  grocery  house  of  January,  Stet- 
tinius  &  Co.  For  nearly  forty  years  Mr. 
January  was  at  the  head  of  this  house,  which 
passed  through  monetary  panics,  like  those 
of  1857  and  1873,  with  credit  unshaken.  He 
retired  from  active  business  affairs  in  1875, 
with  a  large  fortune.  His  accumulations 
gave  him  the  ability  to  promote  various 
enterprises,  and  his  public  spirit  was  made 
manifest  in  many  ways.  He  was  one  of  the 
builders  of  the  first  Lindell  Hotel,  and,  after 
its  destruction  by  fire,  was  a  moving  spirit  in 
its  rebuilding.  The  Merchants'  Bank  came 
into  existence  as  a  result  of  the  enterprise  of 
Mr.  January  and  other  gentlemen,  and  he 
was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  United 
States  Insurance  Company,  and  president  of 
the  St.  Louis  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany for  four  years.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
active  members  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  served  as  its  president.  Four 
years  after  his  retirement  from  business,  July 
19,  1879,  his  death  occurred  and  occasioned 
profound  regret  among  his  contemporaries 
in  commercial  and  business  circles.  In  all 
relations  of  life  he  was  a  true  man.  Mr. 
January  was  twice  married — first,  in  1842,  to 
Miss  Mary  Louisa  Smith,  stepdaughter  of 
the  late  Jesse  G.  Lindell,  by  whom  he  had 
three  children,  the  first  of  whom  died  in 
infancy;  in  i860  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Julia  C.  Churchill,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
who,  with  five  children,  survives  him. 

January,  Macliir  T.,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  March  5, 
1857,  son  of  Thomas  Thruston  and  Maria 
(Machir)  January,  both  natives  of  Kentucky. 
Thomas  T.  January,  who  was  born  in  Mays- 
ville,  Kentucky,  May  31,  1809,  was  a  son  of 
Thomas  January,  a  native  of  Virginia.  He 
married  Mary  B.  Thruston,  who  was  also 
born  in  Virginia.  Her  ancestors  were 
among  the  most  active  participants  in  the 
War  of  the  Revolution,  the  entire  family 
being  staunch  patriots.  Thomas  T.  January 
was  a  man  possessed  of  high  intellectual  at- 


tainments and  a  broad  mind.  After  attend- 
ing the  public  schools  of  his  native  State  he 
pursued  the  full  course  in  the  Transylvania 
University,  from  which  he  was  graduated. 
His  business  career  began  soon  after  he  left 
college  in  1828,  when  he  became  a  clerk  in  a 
general  store  at  Cynthiana,  Kentucky.  Four 
years  afterward  he  removed  to  Jacksonville, 
Illinois,  where  for  six  years  he  was  engaged 
in  merchandising.  In  1837  and  1838  he  con- 
structed the  Meredosia  &  Springfield  Rail- 
road, the  first  line  built  in  the  State  of 
Illinois.  In  1840  he  located  in  St.  Louis, 
where  for  two  years  he  successfully  con- 
ducted a  wholesale  grocery  business.  In 
1842  he  purchased  a  fine  farm  in  St.  Louis 
County,  to  which  he  at  once  removed  and 
there  engaged  in  agriculture  and  the  breed- 
ing of  blooded  stock  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  March,  1886.  In  1877  St.  Louis 
County  was  set  off  from  the  city  as  a  sep- 
arate political  organization,  and  Mr.  January 
was  appointed  the  first  treasurer  of  the  new 
county.  He  also  filled  other  positions  of 
trust  and  responsibility,  and  was  widely 
known  as  a  man  of  splendid  executive 
ability  and  unimpeachable  integrity.  Few 
men  wielded  so  powerful  an  influence  in 
public  affairs  in  St.  Louis  County  in 
his  day,  and  his  death  was  deeply  deplored 
as  a  distinct  loss  to  the  community  in  which 
he  had  become  so  conspicuous  a  figure.  He 
was  married  in  1834  to  Maria  Machir,  a 
native  of  Mason  County,  Kentucky.  They 
were  the  parents  of  ten  children,  of  whom 
Machir  T.  January  was  the  seventh.  As  a 
boy,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  attended  the 
common  schools  of  St.  Louis  and  St.  Louis 
County,  after  which  he  took  a  course  in  the 
Baptist  College  at  Columbia,  Missouri.  Sub- 
sequently he  entered  Racine  College,  at 
Racine,  Wisconsin,  continuing  his  studies  in 
that  institution  until  the  close  of  the  junior 
year.  Upon  leaving  college  he  began  the 
study  of  the  law  in  the  St.  Louis  Law  School, 
from  which  he  received  a  diploma  in  the 
spring  of  1880.  Removing  to  Nevada  im- 
mediately after  his  admission  to  the  bar,  he 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
the  office  of  Scott  &  Stone,  who  at  that 
time  ranked  as  one  of  the  most  prominent 
and  successful  law  firms  in  southwest  Mis- 
souri. Here  he  remained  one  year.  At  the 
end  of  that  time  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  A.  J.  Smith,  which  continued    in   effect 


JARROTT. 


415 


two  years,  when  he  became  associated  in 
practice  with  Honorable  Elbert  E.  Kimball, 
afterward  the  nominee  of  the  Republican 
party  for  Governor  of  Missouri.  In  1889 
Mr.  Kimball  was  appointed  United  States 
District  Attorney  by  President  Harrison,  at 
which  time  the  partnership  then  existing  was 
dissolved,  Mr.  January  becoming  a  member 
of  a  new  firm,  his  partner  being  E.  P.  Lind- 
ley.  Since  1891  he  has  been  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  alone.  Always  a 
Democrat,  but  not  a  strong  partisan,  espe- 
cially where  local  interests  are  concerned, 
Mr.  January  was  nominated  by  his  party  for 
mayor  of  Nevada  in  1892,  and  was  elected 
to  the  office,  in  which  he  served  one  term  of 
two  years.  For  five  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Education  of  that  city, 
three  years  of  that  period  serving  as  presi- 
dent of  that  body.  He  and  his  family  are 
attendants  upon  the  services  of  All  Saints 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  to  the  support 
of  which  he  is  a  liberal  contributor.  Mr. 
January's  marriage  occurred  March  15,  1884, 
and  united  him  with  Jeannie  Thornburgh, 
daughter  of  Josiah  Thornburg,  for  many 
years  clerk  of  the  court  at  St.  Louis.  Their 
family  consists  of  five  children,  namely,  Joe, 
George  Baird,  Samuel,  Nancy  and  Laura 
January.  Mr.  January  is  esteemed  by  his 
contemporaries  as  one  of  the  most  able 
representatives  of  the  legal  profession  in 
Vernon  County,  Well  grounded  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  law  and  possessed  of  the  faculty 
of  expressing  himself  in  a  manner  that  can 
leave  no  doubt  in  the  minds  of  those  whom 
he  addresses  when  arguing  any  cause  as- 
signed to  him,  he  has  won  the  reputation  of 
being  a  polished  orator,  logical  in  his  de- 
ductions, and  with  the  ability  correctly  to 
apply  the  law  to  the  case  involved.  His 
eflforts  as  a  barrister  have  been  attended  with 
success  greater  than  that  which  comes  to 
most  men  of  his  years  of  experience,  and  he 
stands  to-day  as  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
bar  of  Vernon  County. 

Jarrott,  William  Leavel,  lawyer  and 
Judge  of  the  Seventeenth  Judicial  Circuit,  was 
born  near  Colemansville,  Kentucky,  Feb- 
ruary 14,  1859,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  William  and 
Mollie  J.  (McMurtry)  Jarrot.  His  father 
was  a  son  of  Young  Jarrott,  a  farmer  and 
salt  manufacturer,  who  was  born  near  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,   and   removed   to   Kanawha 


County,  West  Virginia,  in  1827.  The  latter's 
father  came  from  Scotland  during  the 
colonial  period,  located  in  Virginia,  and  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  War  served  with  the 
Continental  Army.  Rev.  William  Jarrott 
was  born  in  1822  about  ten  miles  from  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,  and  in  boyhood  accompanied 
his  parents  to  Charleston,  West  Virginia. 
There  and  at  Bacon  College,  at  Harrodsburg, 
he  was  educated  for  the  Christian  ministry. 
Ill  1847  he  removed  to  Kentucky.  On  March 
25,  1872,  he  removed  to  Missouri,  settling  at 
Pleasant  Hill,  Cass  County,  but  during  most 
of  the  years  he  resided  in  this  State  and  Ken- 
tucky he  performed  evangelical  work  under 
the  direction  of  the  State  Missionary  Board. 
His  duties  called  him  throughout  various 
parts  of  the  State,  and  he  became  one  of  the 
most  widely  known  and  well  beloved  min- 
isters in  his  denomination  in  Missouri.  Dur- 
ing his  long  and  useful  career  he  immersed 
over  five  thousand  persons  who  became  com- 
municants in  the  Christian  Church.  His 
death  occurred  at  his  home  at  Pleasant  Hill, 
on  July  14,  1888.  His  wife,  who  now  resides 
at  Harrisonville,  Missouri,  was  born  at 
Cynthiana,  Kentucky,  February  3,  1825.  Her 
father,  Samuel  McMurtry,  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, was  descended  from  Irish  ancestry. 
His  death,  which  occurred  at  Cynthiana, 
Kentucky,  in  1832,  was  caused  by  the  Asiatic 
cholera,  which  in  that  year  wrought  wide- 
spread havoc  throughout  the  United  States. 
The  children  of  the  Rev.  William  Jarrott  and 
his  wife  were  as  follows :  Mrs.  Lulu  G. 
Elliott,  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  college 
at  Webb  City,  Missouri,  and  an  educator 
who  is  well  known  throughout  the  State; 
Bailie,  wife  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Smith,  of  Pleasant 
Hill;  Mollie,  wife  of  P.  G.  Trabue,  of 
Pleasant  Hill;  William  L.  Jarrott;  Patty  B., 
wife  of  B.  F.  Flora,  who  is  engaged  in  the 
drug  business  at  Harrisonville;  Fannie  B., 
residing  at  Bonner  Springs,  Kansas;  Dora, 
of  Harrisonville;  and  Bowman,  an  attorney 
at  Warrensburg,  Missouri.  The  education 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  begim  in  a 
private  school  at  Keene,  Kentucky,  and  con- 
tinued in  those  of  Nicholasville,  Kentucky, 
and  JefTersonville,  Indiana.  In  May,  1878, 
he  was  graduated  from  the  Pool  Military 
College  at  Pleasant  Hill,  soon  after  which  he 
entered  upon  the  study  of  the  law  in  the 
office  of  Captain  Robert  Adams,  of  Kansas 
City,    Missouri.     January   21,    1881,  he   was 


416 


JASPER— JASPER  COUNTY. 


admitted  to  the  bar  before  Honorable  Noah 
M.  Givan,  at  Harrisonville,  and  immediately 
opened  an  office  for  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Pleasant  Hill,  Cass  County.  From 
the  beginning  he  made  rapid  strides  in  his 
profession,  and  at  the  end  of  a  little  more 
than  three  years  of  practice  he  received  the 
Democratic  nomination  for  the  office  of 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Cass  County.  He 
was  elected  in  1884  and  re-elected  in  1886, 
serving  two  terms  of  two  years  each.  April 
5,  1885,  he  located  in  Harrisonville  with  the 
intention  of  making  his  residence  there  per- 
manent, and  since  that  time  has  practiced 
the  law  in  that  city  continuously  up  to  the 
time  of  his  election  to  the  bench  in  1898. 
His  term  of  office  will  expire  January  i,  1905. 
The  only  other  office  Judge  Jarrott  has  ever 
held  was  that  of  presidential  elector  on  the 
Democratic  ticket,  to  which  he  was  chosen  in 
1892,  casting  his  vote  for  Grover  Cleveland. 
He  has  always  been  closely  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  the  party  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
and  for  many  years  has  worked  energetically 
for  the  success  of  that  organization  at  the 
polls.  Fraternally  Judge  Jarrott  is  identified 
with  the  Masons,  having  taken  all  the  de- 
grees up  to  those  of  the  Nobles  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine,  affiliating  with  Ararat  Temple  of 
Kansas  City.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  In  the 
Christian  Church  he  has  served  as  deacon. 
His  marriage  occurred  December  7,  1882,  at 
Pleasant  Hill,  and  united  him  with  Alida 
May  Pearce,  daughter  of  William  E.  Pearce, 
a  hardware  merchant  of  that  place.  Mr. 
Pearce  has  resided  in  Pleasant  Hill  since  the 
close  of  the  Civil  War,  having  removed  there 
from  Beardstown,  Illinois.  Judge  Jarrott 
and  his  wife  are  the  parents  of  five  children, 
namely,  Effie  Lula,  Robert  Adams,  James 
Smith,  Edmund  Pearce  and  Margaret,  all 
students  in  the  graded  schools  of  Harrison- 
ville. The  contemporaries  of  the  subject  of 
this  memoir  accord  him  a  place  in  the  front 
rank  of  his  profession.  A  noteworthy  incident 
in  his  career  is  the  success  which  attended  his 
efforts  in  the  prosecution  of  the  criminal 
cases  falling  to  him  as  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Cass  County.  During  the  four  years  in 
which  he  held  that  office  not  a  single  indict- 
ment prosecuted  by  him  was  quashed  by  the 
court.  He  is  thoroughly  grounded  in  the 
principles  of  the  law,  and  possessed  of  the 
ability  successfully  to  apply  those  principles 


to  the  causes  entrusted  to  his  care.  During 
his  career  on  the  bench  he  has  shown  him- 
self to  be  eminently  just,  and  has  exhibited 
other  qualities  entitling  him  to  an  enviable 
position  in  the  history  of  the  bench  and  bar 
of  Missouri.  Personally  he  is  an  interesting 
conversationalist,  a  man  of  broad  mind  and 
liberality  of  heart  and  a  generous  contributor 
to  worthy  causes.  All  movements  calculated 
to  advance  the  material  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  resides  receive  generous 
support  from  him,  and  he  has  shown  himself 
to  be  in  every  respect  a  high-minded  and 
useful  factor  in  society. 

Jasper. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  in 
Jasper  County,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
way, eleven  miles  north  of  Carthage.  It 
was  laid  out  in  1868  by  F.  A.  Hendrichs  and 
Jacob  Rankin,  and  named  Midway  on  ac- 
count of  its  relation  to  Carthage  and  Lamar. 
The  plat  was  not  recorded.  A  post  office 
named  Jasper  was  established  in  1876,  and 
the  town  of  the  same  name  was  platted  in 
1881  by  D.  A.  Harrison,  soon  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  railway.  It  contains  a  public 
school,  five  churches,  two  papers,  the  "Bee," 
Republican,  and  the  "News,"  Independent; 
a  bank,  grain  elevator,  roller  mill  and 
stores.     In  1890  the  population  was  400. 

Jasper  County. — A  county  near  the 
southwest  corner  of  the  State,  130  miles 
south  of  Kansas  City.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Barton  County,  on  the  east  by  Dade 
and  Lawrence  Counties,  on  the  south  by 
Newton  County,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  State  of  Kansas.  It  is  almost  a 
parallelogram,  thirty-one  miles  east  and 
west,  and  twenty-one  miles  north  and 
south,  with  an  area  of  672  square  miles, 
three-fourths  of  which  is  under  cultivation. 
The  surface  is  diversified,  breaking  into  ab- 
rupt hills  along  the  streams,  particularly  in 
the  southern  part,  with  intervening  broad 
and  fertile  valleys.  Spring  River,  with  a  gen- 
eral course  from  east  to  west,  divides  the 
county  almost  equally.  Center  Creek  paral- 
lels this  stream,  four  miles  southward.  They 
have  numerous  affluents  originating  in 
springs.  The  most  important  of  the  smaller 
streams  is  Turkey  Creek,  in  the  southwest. 
The  native  woods  are  principally  oak,  walnut, 
hickory  and  maple.  Coal  is  found,  but  mines 
are  not  profitably  worked.   White  limestone 


JASPER  COUNTY. 


417 


of  unsurpassable  quality  for  general  building 
purposes  is  quarried  in  great  quantities.  The 
zinc  and  lead  fields  are  the  most  productive 
in  the  world ;  the  former  metal  exists  in  un- 
limited abundance,  and  the  output  is  about 
three-fourths  of  the  entire  product  of  the 
State,  with  lead  second  in  importance.  Min- 
ing was  begun  about  1848,  and  was  prose- 
cuted in  a  primitive  way  until  the  Civil  War 
caused  its  abandonment.  In  1871  work  was 
resumed  at  Joplin,  and  in  1873  the  Webb 
City  mines  were  opened.  At  the  outset  these 
ventures  were  of  little  profit,  owing  to  the 
great  expense  of  ox  wagon  transportation  of 
ore  to  Boonville,  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
160  miles  distant.  The  completion  of  the  St. 
Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railway,  in  1872,  pro- 
vided an  outlet,  and  the  region  was  soon 
covered  with  mining  camps,  and  extensive 
smelting  works  were  built.  Profitable  mines 
are  now  located  at  Joplin,  Carterville,  Webb 
City,  Carthage,  Central  City,  Belville,  Oron- 
ogo  and  Duenweg;  these  are  treated  of  in 
connection  with  their  respective  towns,  and 
in  the  article  on  "Zinc  and  Lead  Mining,"  in 
this  work.  The  yield  of  the  two  minerals  in 
the  Jasper  County  fields  in  1899  amounted 
to  $10,763,521,  the  production  being  greater 
than  that  of  all  Missouri  in  the  preceding 
year.  In  1898  the  principal  surplus  products 
of  the  county,  exclusive  of  minerals,  were : 
Wheat,  176,000  bushels ;  corn,  35,000  bushels  ; 
flax,  1,170,000  pounds;  hay,  85,875  bales; 
castor  beans,  90,000  pounds;  flour,  154 J 35 
barrels;  mill  feed,  4,471,500  pounds;  tallow, 
100,566  pounds ;  hides  233,405  pounds ;  straw- 
berries, 176,808  crates;  canned  goods,  113,-- 
200  pounds;  cattle,  8,102  head;  hogs,  14,243 
head.  In  wealth  the  county  ranks  third  in 
the  State,  the  assessed  valuation  amounting 
in  1898  to  $12,173,539,  of  which  $9,146,871 
was  real  property,  and  $3,026,688  was  per- 
sonal property,  about  one-third  of  the  actual 
value.  In  1890  the  population  was  50,500. 
In  1900  it  was  84,018.  Railways  are  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific,  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco, 
the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis,  and 
the  Kansas  City,  Pittsburg  &  Gulf. 

The  earliest  name  attaching  to  the  Jasper 
County  region  was  "the  Country  of  the  Six 
Bulls."  Judge  John  C.  Cox,  of  Joplin,  while 
a  youth  in  Tennessee,  met  one  Edmund  Jen- 
nings, a  wanderer,  who,  after  a  long  absence, 
returned  home,  dressed  in  skins.  In  narrat- 
ing his  adventures  he  told  of  a  country  which 

Vol.  Ill— 27 


his  hearers  understood  as  "the  Six  Bulls," 
but  which  he  explained  at  another  time  was 
the  "Six  Boils,"  meaning  bubbling  springs. 
He  described  the  country  in  such  a  manner 
that  when  Judge  Cox  came  to  the  Jasper 
County  region  in  1838,  he  became  satisfied 
that  spots  on  Cow  Skin,  Indian,  Shoal  and 
Center  Creeks,  Spring  River  and  North 
Fork  were  the  "Six  Boils  Country"  referred 
to  by  Jennings.  It  was  upon  these  streams 
that  the  first  immigrants  settled.  The  first 
was  Thacker  Vivion,  soon  followed  by  John 
M.  Fullerton,  both  from  Kentucky,  who  lo- 
cated, in  183 1,  on  Center  Creek,  where,  in 

1834,  Vivion  built  a  log  water  mill.  People 
coming  from  a  great  distance  to  have  grind- 
ing done  made  it  a  camping  ground,  calling- 
it  Centerville.  Here  were  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  Jasper  County,  and  this  was  the 
scene  of  the  earliest  events  in  its  history. 
John,  son  of  Samuel  Powers,  was  the  first 
child  born,  in  1834;  the  first  known  marriage 
was  that  of  Moses  Powers  and  Miss  Boyd,  in 

1835.  The  first  minister  was  Nathan  Buch- 
anan, a  Christian;  the  first  teacher,  Samuel 
Teas ;  the  first  physician,  Dr.  Abner  Wilson, 
and  the  first  lawyer,  John  R.  Chenault.  A 
postoffice  was  established  about  1833,  but  an- 
other Centerville  in  the  State  made  neces- 
sary a  dififerent  name,  and  Sarcoxie  was 
chosen,  after  an  Indian  chief  who  had  lived 
there.  Abner  Wilson  opened  the  first  store 
in  1833,  and  Massey  &  Tingle  another  the 
next  year.  In  1832  Abraham  Onstott,  from 
North  Carolina,  after  stopping  for  a  time  in 
Kentucky,  Indiana  and  Pike  County,  Mis- 
souri, came  to  view  the  country  and  located 
the  next  year  on  Center  Creek,  south  and 
southwest  of  the  site  of  Carthage,  with  his 
son  John,  and  Tryson  Gibson  and  sons,  Wil- 
liam and  John,  who  accompanied  him  from 
Pike  County.  With  Onstott  also  came  Isaac 
Seela  and  family,  who  settled  east  of  Sar- 
coxie. William  Seela,  John  N.  U.  Seela  and 
John  Onstott  have  probably  resided  longer 
in  the  county  than  any  others  now  living.  Mr. 
Onstott  was  living  in  Carthage  in  1900,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-four  years,  having  at  different 
times  served  as  county  judge,  county  treas- 
urer, and  in  other  honorable  positions.  In 
1833  Ephraim  Beasley  and  Hiram  Hanford 
located  near  Sarcoxie,  Ephraim  Jenkins  on 
the  creek  known  by  his  name,  and  Thomas 
Boxley  in  the  Onstott  neighborhood.  About 
the  same  time  Henry  Piercy  settled  near  the 


418 


JASPER  COUNTY. 


site  of  the  present  woolen  mills  in  Carthage, 
and  one  Woodrow,  and  another,  Skidmore, 
farther  to  the  east.  In  1838  John  C.  Cox 
came  from  Tennessee,  locating  near  the  site 
of  the  present  East  Joplin,  and  the  following 
year  Harris  G.  Joplin,  also  a  Tennesseean, 
built  a  log  cabin  where  now  stands  the  city 
bearing  his  name.  In  1839  Thomas  Living- 
stone established  a  trading  post  where  Or- 
onogo  now  stands,  and  Andrew  Kerr,  Zaca- 
riah  Weldon,  Thomas  Mills  and  Joseph  Wha- 
ley  were  settlers  in  the  vicinity.  Among 
others  who  came  to  the  county  prior  to  1840 
were  Ellwood  B.  James  and  son,  M.  M. 
James,  Hannibal  James,  John  K.  Gibson, 
David  Lemasters,  William  Tingle,  George 
Hornback,  James  Hornback,  and  his  sons 
John  and  Samuel,  John  M,  Richardson,  who 
was  Secretary  of  State  from  1852  to  1856; 
Benjamin  F.  Massey,  who  succeeded  Rich- 
ardson in  that  position,  and  was  re-elected 
in  i860;  John  Prigmore,  Judge  Josiah  Boyd 
and  his  son,  Josiah  P.  Boyd,  John  P.  Osborn, 
Claiborne  Osborne,  William  Duncan,  John 
Henry,  William  M.  Wormington,  John  Hal- 
sell,  Samuel  M.  Coolley  and  his  son,  William 
Coolley,  Jeremiah  Cravens,  Samuel  B, 
Bright,  Clisby  Roberson,  William  M.  Che- 
nault,  John  R.  Chenault,  Thomas  A.  Dale, 
Elijah  Dale  and  his  son,  Robert  J.  Dale, 
Thomas  Buck,  Martin  W.  Halsell,  William 
Spencer,  Dr.  David  F.  Moss,  Robert  R. 
Laxon,  J.  G.  L.  Carter,  James  N.  Langley, 
Calvin  Robinson  and  his  son.  Rev.  John  Rob- 
inson, Banister  Hickey,  Middleton  Hickey, 
Judge  Milton  Stevenson,  B.  W.  W.  Richard- 
son, Washington  Robinson  and  Jonathan 
Rusk.  The  first  land  surveys  were  made  in 
1836,  east  of  the  west  line  of  Range  No.  30, 
and  surveys  to  the  west  of  that  line  were  not 
made  until  1843.  Population  came  slowly, 
and  little  attempt  was  made  to  establish 
towns.  Fidelity,  seven  miles  south  of  Car- 
thage, became  a  prosperous  business  place 
by  1856,  and  Avilla,  ten  miles  east  of  Car- 
thage, gave  promise  of  large  growth  in  1858. 
In  i860  the  inhabitants  of  the  county  num- 
bered 6,883,  of  whom  350  were  slaves.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  the  county  was  constantly 
occupied  by  one  or  another  of  the  contending 
armies,  and  at  times  was  the  scene  of  serious 
conflict.  One  of  the  earliest  battles  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  world  was 
fought  at  and  near  Carthage,  July  5,  1861. 
(See  '^Carthage,  Battle  of.")  Civil  law  was  en- 


tirely suspended  until  therestorationof  peace. 
All  the  buildings  at  Carthage,  save  three  or 
four,  and  most  of  the  churches  and  school- 
houses  throughout  the  county,  were  de- 
stroyed. Incident  to  the  disturbed  conditions 
was  a  reign  of  violence,  in  which  many  lives 
were  taken  to  satisfy  grudges,  or  for  plunder. 
The  old  population  practically  disappeared, 
and  a  resettlement  began  with  the  restoration 
of  peace.  As  indicative  of  the  class  consti- 
tuting the  new  population,  it  is  to  be  noted 
that  two  of  the  new  townships  organized  in 
1873  bear  the  names  of  Lincoln  and  Sheri- 
dan— in  the  same  county  for  which  the  claim 
is  made  that  in  1861  the  first  Confederate  flag 
in  Missouri  was  displayed  near  Sarcoxie. 
The  first  incomers  were,  in  most  cases,  men 
who  had  served  in  the  Federal  Army,  and 
had  passed  through  the  territory  during  their 
war  service,  or  immigrants  from  Illinois  and 
other  States,  who  were  attracted  by  their  de- 
scription of  the  resources  and  possibilities  of 
the  region.  In  1869  Sedalia  and  Rolla,  each 
about  140  miles  distant,  were  the  nearest 
railway  points,  and  much  of  the  freighting 
was  by  boat  from  St.  Louis  to  Linn  Creek, 
on  the  Osage  River,  and  thence  by  wagon. 
In  1872  the  first  railway,  now  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco,  reached  the  county,  bring- 
ing a  new  influx  of  home-seekers,  who 
opened  up  farms  and  founded  towns.  The 
opening  up  of  the  mining  fields  attracted 
many  fortune-seekers,  among  whom  were  a 
horde  of  lawless  characters,  whose  conduct 
was  in  defiance  of  good  order  and  retarded 
enterprise  to  such  an  extent  that  many  repu- 
table people  moved  away.  The  better  ele- 
ment, however,  asserted  itself  after  a  time, 
and  for  many  years  the  county  has  been 
above  reproach  for  all  that  constitutes  an  or- 
derly, intelligent  and  progressive  people,  and 
even  the  most  remote  mining  camps  are 
noted  for  their  comparative  freedom  from 
profligacy  and  crime. 

Geographically,  Jasper  County  was  origi- 
nally a  part  of  Gasconade  County,  as  organ- 
ized in  1820,  and  was  successively  included  in 
the  territory  of  Crawford,  Greene,  Barrv  and 
Newton  Counties.  By  act  of  the  General  As- 
sembly, January  29,  1841,  Jasper  County  was 
created,  being  named  for  Sergeant  Jasper, 
who,  during  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Moul- 
trie, South  Carolina,  in  1776,  replaced  the 
American  flag  shot  away  by  a  British  can- 
non ball.     It  was  taken  from   the    northern 


JASPER  COUNTY. 


419 


part  of  Newton  County,  and  included  the 
present  counties  of  Jasper  and  Barton,  ex- 
cepting a  strip  of  land  two  miles  wide  on 
the  south  side  of  the  present  Jasper  County, 
which  remained  a  part  of  Newton  County. 
This  strip,  upon  which  are  situate  the  town 
of  Sarcoxie  and  a  part  of  the  city  of  Joplin, 
was  detached  from  Newton  County  and  be- 
came a  part  of  Jasper  County  in  1845, 
through  the  effort  of  John  M.  Richardson, 
then  a  representative  in  the  Legislature.  In 
1855  Barton  County  was  created,  reducing 
Jasper  County  to  its  present  dimensions.  In 
the  organic  act  of  1841  John  Plummer, 
George  Barker  and  Abel  Landers,  all  of 
Newton  County,  were  appointed  commis- 
sioners to  select  a  county  seat  for  Jasper 
County.  The  county  court,  consisting  of 
Samuel  M.  Coolley,  Jeremiah  Cravens  and 
Samuel  B.  Bright,  appointed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture, sat  with  Ellwood  B.  James,  clerk  by 
appointment,  February  25,  1841,  at  the  house 
of  George  Hornback,  at  Spring  Creek,  two 
miles  northwest  of  the  present  city  of  Car- 
thage. At  this  initial  session  Judge  Coolley 
was  chosen  presiding  justice,  with  John  P. 
Osborn  as  sheriff,  John  Haskins  as  assessor, 
George  Hornback  as  treasurer,  and  Clisby 
Roberson  as  public  administrator.  James 
served  as  clerk,  by  successive  re-elections, 
until  1859.  March  28,  1842,  the  county  court 
met  at  the  house  of  John  Pennington,  south 
of  the  site  of  the  present  Carthage  Woolen 
Mills,  and,  on  receiving  the  report  of  the 
county  seat  commissioners  designating  the 
present  site  for  public  purposes,  confirmed 
the  same,  and  named  it  Carthage. 

The  first  elected  county  officers,  in  1841, 
were  Henry  M.  Zachery,  Moses  Anglin  and 
William  S.  McGinnis,  judges ;  James  H. 
Farris,  clerk,  who  died  before  he  could 
be  installed,  the  first  clerk,  Ellwood  B. 
James,  being  continued  in  ofifice  by  a 
special  election;  John  P.  Osborn,  sheriff; 
George  Hornback,  who  resigned,  and  was 
succeeded  by  John  J.  Scott,  treasurer.  Ow- 
ing to  the  Civil  War  there  was  no  county 
court  in  existence  from  the  spring  of  1861 
until  early  in  1865,  when  the  following 
named  were  elected:  WilHam  B.  Hamilton, 
F.  B.  Nichols  and  Thomas  Caldwell,  judges; 
William  G.  Bulgin,  clerk ;  Jesse  H.  Fullerton, 
treasurer,  who,  after  three  months'  service, 
was  succeeded  by  James  F.  Spencer,  treas- 
urer. 


Until  1 871  the  county  clerk  was  also  cir- 
cuit clerk;  in  that  year  the  latter  office  was 
created,  and  Josiah  Lane  was  elected  to  the 
position.  Until  1874  the  circuit  clerk  was 
recorder ;  that  year  the  office  of  recorder  was 
created,  and  James  A.  Bolen  was  elected.  In 
1867  a  court  of  common  pleas  was  estab- 
lished, and  Oliver  H.  Richer  was  elected 
judge;  he  served  until  1873,  when  he  re- 
signed, being  succeeded  by  E.  O.  Brown, 
who  occupied  the  position  until  the  court  was 
abolished  in  1878.  From  1867  to  1870  the 
judge  was  also  clerk;  in  the  latter  year  the 
office  of  clerk  was  created,  and  Josiah  Lane 
occupied  it  one  year  under  appointment. 
The  same  year  W.  C.  Betts  was  elected  clerk 
and  served  until  the  court  was  abolished. 
The  sheriff  was  collector  until  1877,  when 
the  latter  position  was  created,  and  Thomas 
Wakefield  was  elected. 

The  first  term  of  circuit  court  was  held 
February  25,  1841,  at  the  house  of  George 
Hornback,  by  Judge  Charles  S.  Yancey,  act- 
ing under  appointment  of  Governor  Rey- 
nolds. James  McBride  was  circuit  attorney; 
Robert  W.  Crawford  appeared  as  an  attor- 
ney, and  John  C.  Price  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice. The  first  indictment  returned  was 
against  David  Lemasters,  for  forgery,  but  a 
nolle  prosequi  was  entered.  Judge  Yancey 
died  in  1857,  and  was  succeeded  by  Judge 
William  C.  Price;  both  were  residents  of 
Springfield.  Price  was  succeeded  by  John  R. 
Chenault,  of  Carthage,  who  served  until  1861, 
when  courts  ceased  to  sit.  Besides  Chenault, 
the  leading  resident  lawyers  during  these 
years  were  William  M.  Cravens,  who  was 
circuit  attorney  when  the  war  began ;  Benja- 
min E.  Johnson,  George  T.  Vaughn  and 
Archibald  McCoy.  The  latter  named  was 
killed  during  the  war,  and  the  others  left  the 
county  and  failed  to  return.  In  1865  court 
sessions  were  resumed.  Judge  John  C.  Price 
presiding,  with  the  following  officers :  S.  H. 
Caldwell,  sheriff;  William  G.  Bulgin,  clerk, 
and  Joseph  Estes,  prosecuting  attorney. 
James  Allison  located  in  the  county  that  year 
and  was  present  at  the  opening  session  of 
court.  W.  J.  Cameron  came  later  the  same 
year.  Malcolm  G.  McGregor,  who  after- 
ward served  for  twelve  years  on  the  circuit 
bench,  came  in  March,  1866,  and  was  fol- 
lowed the  same  year  by  L.  P.  Cunningham, 
O.  S.  Picher,  Judge  O.  H.  Richer,  R.  A. 
Cameron  and  G.  W.  Crow,  father  of  the  Ed- 


420 


JASPER  COUNTY. 


ward  C,  Crow  elected  Attorney  General  of 
Missouri  in  1896.  In  1867  came  W.  H. 
Phelps,  afterward  a  representative  in  the 
Legislature;  E.  R.  Wheeler,  B.  F.  Garrison 
and  George  D.  Orner.  Waltour  M.  Robin- 
son, now  one  of  the  Supreme  Court  judges, 
came  later.  In  1869  Judge  Price  was  suc- 
ceeded by  B.  L.  Hendrick,  of  Mount  Vernon, 
who  died  in  1874,  and  was  succeeded  by  Jo- 
seph Cravens,  of  Neosho.  Two  terms  of 
court  were  held  in  Carthage  each  year  until 
1877,  when,  by  act  of  the  General  Assembly, 
provision  was  made  for  two  terms  at 
Carthage  and  two  at  Joplin,  alternately. 
The  first  courthouse  at  Carthage  was  built 
in  1842  by  Levi  Jenkins,  at  a  cost  of  $398.50. 
It  was  of  frame,  one  story,  with  fireplace,  and 
outside  chimney,  and  stood  north  of  the  pub- 
lic square,  about  midway  of  the  block.  This 
was  replaced  by  a  brick  building  in  the  pub- 
lic square,  begun  in  1849,  ^"t  not  completed 
until  1859,  on  account  of  the  inability  of  the 
contractor.  The  cost  was  $4,000.  This  build- 
ing was  destroyed  by  Anderson's  company 
of  Confederates  in  1863.  The  public  records 
had  previously  been  taken  to  Neosho,  where 
were  the  headquarters  of  General  Sterling 
Price ;  when  that  officer  was  obliged  to  re- 
treat, they  were  recovered  by  Norris  C. 
Hood,  sheriff  of  Jasper  County,  who  con- 
veyed them  to  Fort  Scott,  Kansas,  where  he 
had  them  safely  kept  until  1865,  when  they 
were  brought  back.  In  1866  the  old  jail  was 
rebuilt  and  used  as  a  courthouse  until  1867, 
when  a  two-story  frame  building  was  erected 
on  the  west  side  of  the  square.  In  1872  the 
county  bought  the  Baptist  Church  property, 
a  frame  building,  at  a  cost  of  $5,000,  which 
was  used  for  court  purposes.  The  present 
stone  jail  was  erected  the  same  year.  The 
courthouse  burned  in  1883,  and  from  that 
time  rented  rooms  were  occupied  until  1895, 
in  which  year  the  present  magnificent  pub- 
lic structure  was  erected.  The  cost  was  not 
quite  $100,000,  one-half  of  which  was  paid  by 
the  county  and  one-half  by  the  city  of  Car- 
thage, which  occupies  a  portion  of  the  build- 
ing for  municipal  offices  and  purposes.  (See 
"Carthage.")  At  the  time  this  building  was 
undertaken  the  people  also  voted  $25,000  for 
building  a  courthouse  at  Joplin. 

Two  legal  executions  have  taken  place  at 
the  county  seat.  John  Abel  was  hanged  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1878,  for  the  murder  of  one  Lane. 
The    crime    was    committed    in    McDonald 


County,  and  the  case  was  brought  to  Jasper 
County  for  trial,  on  change  of  venue.  July 
31,  1897,  William  E.  Brewer  was  robbed  on 
the  highway  and  murdered,  at  Joplin.  James 
McAfee  was  convicted  of  the  crime,  and  was 
sentenced  to  be  hanged  July  15,  1898.  Ap- 
peal was  taken  and  a  stay  of  execution 
granted.  The  Supreme  Court  affirmed  judg- 
ment and  set  the  execution  for  April  8,  1899. 
Governor  Stephens  meantime  respited  the 
condemned  man  to  June  7th,  to  admit  of  his 
counsel  producing  evidence  of  his  alleged  in- 
sanity. June  6th  the  Governor  issued  a  fur- 
ther respite  to  July  6th,  for  the  same  reasons. 
On  the  latter  date  the  sentence  was  carried 
into  execution,  the  Governor  rejecting  all 
solicitation  to  interfere  further. 

Samuel  Melugin,  elected  in  1842,  was  the 
first  Representative  in  the  General  Assembly. 
John  B.  Dale  was  elected  in  i860,  and  served 
nominally  until  1862.  No  Representative  was 
elected  in  1862.  In  1864  James  McFarland 
was  elected,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  first  leg- 
islative assembly  after  the  restoration  of 
peace.  The  county  now  has  two  Representa- 
tives in  the  General  Assembly,  and,  with  Bar- 
ton and  Vernon  Counties,  constitutes  the 
Twenty-eighth  Senatorial  District. 

Nathan  Buchanan,  of  the  Christian  de- 
nomination, is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
minister  to  preach  in  the  county,  in  the  Sar- 
coxie  neighborhood,  probably  about  1834. 
Other  early  preachers  of  this  denomination 
were  Banister  Hickey  and  D.  F.  Moss.  In 
1840  Harris  G.  Joplin  organized  the  first 
Methodist  congregation,  to  which  he 
preached  in  his  own  cabin.  Anthony  Bewley 
was  among  the  early  Methodist  preachers, 
and  in  1844  was  appointed  to  the  Sarcoxie 
circuit  by  the  Conference  held  in  St.  Louis. 
In  1850  he  was  made  presiding  elder  of  the 
Springfield  district.  In  1856  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  General  Conference  at 
Indianapolis.  In  i860  he  removed  to  Texas 
where  he  was  regarded  as  offensive  because 
of  his  being  "a  Northern  Methodist."  In 
fear  for  his  life,  he  undertook  to  return  to 
Missouri,  and  was  followed  by  a  mob  and 
hanged.  The  Freedom  Baptist  Church  was 
the  first  house  of  worship  in  the  county, 
erected  in  the  spring  of  1841.  It  was  a  log 
building,  on  Jones'  Creek,  about  seven  miles 
east  of  Carthage.  Greenville  Spencer  organ- 
ized the  society,  to  which  he  preached  for 
many  years,  besides  traveling  and  instituting 


JASPER  COUNTY  MILITARY  COMPANIES. 


421 


other  churches  in  that  region.  The  Freedom 
Church  grounds  were  the  scene  of  many  old- 
time  camp  meetings,  where  people  assembled 
by  the  thousand,  remaining  two  or  three 
weeks.  A  cemetery  adjoining  contains  the 
graves  of  many  of  the  old  settlers.  Another 
early  Baptist  preacher  was  John  Robinson. 
John  McFarland  and  W.  R.  Fulton,  both  of 
Greenfield,  Missouri,  were  pioneer  Presby- 
terian ministers,  but  the  dates  of  their  labors 
are  not  accessible.  In  nearly  all  cases,  no 
church  records  prior  to  the  Civil  War  are 
extant.  Almost  immediately  after  the  resto- 
ration of  peace  the  various  denominations 
engaged  in  the  work  of  restoration  of  old 
churches  and  the  institution  of  new  ones,  and 
prosperous  societies  now  exist  in  all  towns  in 
the  county  and  in  various  country  neighbor- 
hoods. 

In  early  days  there  were  few  schools,  and 
they  were  private,  taught  for  a  small  monthly 
tuition  fee.  The  first  is  reputed  to  have  been 
on  Center  Creek,  with  Samuel  Teas  as 
teacher,  prior  to  1840.  About  the  same  time 
Charles  C.  Harris  taught  in  what  is  now  Jop- 
lin  Township.  About  1846  a  log  school- 
house  was  built  on  ground  near  the  present 
Baptist  Church,  in  Carthage.  In  185 1  the 
people  of  that  place  began  several  educa- 
tional efforts.  Miss  Mary  E.  Field  taught  a 
girls'  school,  and  in  1853  WilHam  M.  Cravens 
opened  a  private  school,  soon  succeeded  by  a 
Mr.  Ruark.  By  this  time  there  was  a  small 
public  school  fund,  which  afforded  a  little  as- 
sistance up  to  the  beginning  of  the  war,  when 
all  schools  closed,  and  nearly  all  school 
buildings  were  destroyed.  In  1866  effort  was 
made  toward  re-establishment,  particularly 
at  Carthage,  which  soon  had  an  excellent 
school ;  but  the  present  excellent  educational 
system  was  not  really  founded  until  1875, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  new  Constitution. 
In  1899  there  were  143  public  schools,  of 
which  three  were  for  colored  pupils;  206 
teachers,  15,558  pupils,  and  a  permanent 
school  fund  of  $204,879.60.  The  estimated 
value  of  school  property  was  $392,885,  and 
the  aggregate  indebtedness  of  the  school  dis- 
tricts was  $219,510,  July  I,  1899.  There  were 
7,823  volumes  in  the  various  school  libraries. 
Nine  school  buildings  were  erected  during 
the  year. 

Jasper    County    Military   Com- 
panies.— The  Carthage   Light   Guard,  one 


of   the    oldest    and    most    favorably   known 
military  companies  in  Missouri,  was  organ- 
ized January  3,  1876,  with  B,  F.  Garrison, 
captain;   Albert   Cahn,   first   lieutenant,  and 
John  A.  Hardin,  second   lieutenant.     A  flag 
was  presented   to  it   by  citizens,  and   later  a 
number   of  ladies   presented   it  with  a   silk 
banner.     Its  uniform  was   gray,  and   it  was 
armed   with   the   Springfield   breech-loading 
rifle.     Captain   Thomas    B.  Tuttle,  a   Union 
civil  war  veteran,  succeeded  to  the  command 
in  1877.     In   1885,  the  company  disbanded, 
but  was  reorganized  the  following  year,  with 
W.  K.  Caffee   as   captain.     In    1890,  it   was 
assigned  to  the   Second   Regiment,  National 
Guard  of  Missouri,  as    Company   A.     Upon 
the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  War, 
it    volunteered    for    active    service,  and    re- 
cruited its  numbers  to  a  total  of  106  rank  and 
file,  Captain  John  A.  McMillan,  commanding. 
March  3d,  it  went  into  camp  of  instruction  at 
Jefferson  Barracks,  at  the  assembling  of  the 
regiment,  which  was  commanded  by  Colonel 
W.  K.  Caffee,  former  captain  of  Company  A. 
May  1 2th  the  regiment  was  mustered  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States,  and   May  20th 
went  into  camp  at  Chickamauga   Park,  Ten- 
nessee, as  a  portion   of   the   Third   Brigade, 
Third  Division,  First  Army  Corps.     In  Sep- 
tember it  was  removed  to   Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky, and  in  November  to  Albany,  Georgia, 
where  it  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  of 
the    United    States,   March   3,    1899,   when 
Company  A  resumed  its  place  in  the  National 
Guard  of  Missouri,  and  reduced  its  rank  and 
file  to  fifty-eight  men.     While  in  service,  it 
lost  by  death  one  man.  Sergeant  Charles  P. 
Woods,   and   one   man  by   desertion.      The 
company  has  always  borne  a  high  reputation 
for  the  excellence   of   its   discipline,  and   its 
proficiency    in    arms.      In    the    old    militia 
establishment,  prior  to  1885,  it  was  noted  for 
its  performance  of  a  "Silent  Manual,"  com- 
prising about  one  hundred  movements  which 
were  executed  without  a  word  of  command. 
While  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  the 
regiment  to  which  it  was  attached  had  a  less 
percentage  of  men  on  the  sick  list  than  any 
other  regiment,  a  condition  due   to   the  ex- 
cellent morale  ot  the  command,  and  to  the 
efficiency  of  its  officers.     At  the  same  time. 
Company    A    habitually    appeared    with    a 
larger  percentage  of  men  for  duty  or  parade 
than  any  other  company    in    the    regiment. 
Company  A  has  participated  in  many  notable 


422 


JAYHAWKERS— JAYNES. 


events.  In  1880  it  took  part  in  the  great 
demonstration  in  Kansas  City  in  honor  of 
General  Grant,  and  in  1881,  in  the  Decora- 
tion Day  observances  at  Fort  Scott,  Kansas. 
For  four  days  in  July,  1881,  it  was  in  camp 
near  Carthage,  in  company  with  the  Mayor's 
Guard  and  the  Branch  Guard  of  St.  Louis, 
the  Parsons  Light  Guard,  and  Company  F, 
of  Fort  Scott.  The  event  is  commemorated  in 
a  massive  gold  medal  subsequently  presented 
to  the  company  by  Captain  William  Bull  and 
Sergeant  F.  L.  Garesche,  of  St.  Louis.  In 
1889,  the  company  attended  the  funeral  of 
General  Sherman,  in  St.  Louis,  and  in  1892 
it  was  present  at  the  opening  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Fair,  in  Chicago.  It  has  been 
present  upon  various  other  important  oc- 
casions, and  in  all  the  various  encampments 
of  the  National  Guard  of  Missouri.  The 
company  formerly  owned  a  fine  armory,  but 
was  unable  to  complete  payment  for  it,  and 
now  rents  the  property.  The  ball  given  by 
the  Carthage  Light  Guard  on  Thanksgiving 
evening  of  each  year,  is  the  most  brilliant 
society  event  of  the  city,  and  is  attended  by 
many  from  considerable  distances.  Upon 
this  and  other  public  occasions,  the  Guard  is 
attended  by  the  Carthage  Light  Guard  Band, 
a  most  efficient  musical  body,  whose  organ- 
ization is  entirely  independent.  The  Guard 
holds  a  gold  medal  presented  by  C.  R.  Gray, 
a  former  captain;  competitive  monthly  drills 
are  held,  in  which  the  medal  is  awarded  to 
the  best  drilled  man  of  the  rank  and  file,  and 
worn  until  the  holder  is  dispossessed  at  a 
subsequent  exhibition  by  one  more  perfect 
than  himself.  Company  G,  of  the  Second 
Regiment,  National  Guard  of  Missouri,  was 
organized  at  Joplin  in  1890,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  F.  C.  Florance.  It  in- 
creased its  membership  roll  to  106,  rank  and 
file,  and  under  command  of  Captain  Robert 
A.  Spears,  participated  in  all  the  service  of 
its  regiment,  as  narrated  in  connection  with 
Company  A.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  it  re- 
duced its  number  to  fifty  men,  and  under 
command  of  Captain  Edward  E.  Duckett, 
who  served  during  the  war  as  second  lieu- 
tenant and  first  lieutenant,  resumed  its  place 
in  the  National  Guard  of  Missouri.  It  lost 
one  man  by  death,  Irwin  E.  Brubaker,  and 
one  man  by  desertion.  Company  G,  Fifth 
Regiment,  National  Guard  of  Missouri,  was 
recruited  at  Carthage  for  the  Spanish- 
American  War,  and  was  mustered  into  the 


service  of  the  United  States  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  May  18,  1898.  It  was  stationed 
at  Chickamauga  Park,  Tennessee ;  Lexing- 
ton, Kentucky,  and  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
and  was  mustered  out  at  the  latter  place 
November  9,  1898.  It  sufifered  no  casualties, 
and  disbanded  on  expiration  of  its  term  of 
service.  The  captain,  George  P.  Whitsett, 
was  commissioned  into  the  Forty-fourth 
Regiment  United  States  Volunteers,  serving 
in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

"Jayhawkers." — A  name  applied  to  a 
set  of  marauders  and  robbers  in  Kansas,  who 
made  the  border  counties  of  Missouri,  the 
field  of  predatory  raids  during  the  slavery 
troubles  of  1855-60.  They  were  adherents 
of  the  Free  State  cause  in  Kansas,  and  acted 
on  the  assumption  that  the  people  of  Mis- 
souri were  their  enemies,  whom  they  had  a 
perfect  belligerent  right  to  plunder  at  dis- 
cretion. 

Jaynes,  Anderson  D.,  pioneer  banker 
and  railroad  promoter,  was  born  in  Lawrence 
County,  Ohio,  November  26,  1829,  son  of 
Josiah  and  Mary  (DoUihyde)  Jaynes.  He 
was  educated  for  a  business  career  and  in  his 
young  manhood  became  interested  in  the 
iron  manufacturing  industry.  In  1853,  he 
took  part  with  others  in  the  construction  of 
the  Vinton  furnace  in  Vinton  County,  Ohio, 
and  was  largely  interested  in  its  operation 
until  1859.  July  20,  1858,  he  was  married 
to  Mary  J.  Brown,  eldest  daughter  of  John 
Brown,  a  banker  and  business  man  of 
Athens,  Ohio.  Abandoning  the  iron  in- 
dustry, he  became  associated  in  business 
with  his  father-in-law,  under  the  firm  name 
of  Brown  &  Jaynes,  which  relation  continued 
until  1865.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  offered  his  services  to  the  govern- 
ment and  was  commissioned  lieutenant  col- 
onel of  the  Thirty-sixth  Ohio  Volunteer 
Militia,  which  was  called  out  during  the 
Lightburne  and  Morgan  raids  into  Ohio. 
During  this  period  he  was  commander  of  the 
post  at  Camp  Putnam,  near  Marietta.  At 
the  battle  of  Bufiington  Island,  he  com- 
manded the  northern  forces  and  helped  to 
capture  one  hundred  men  in  Morgan's  com- 
mand. In  1862  the  Thirty-sixth  Ohio  offered 
to  enter  the  regular  volunteer  service.  The 
government  accepted  its  tender  and  the  five 
companies  were  consolidated  with  five  others 


JAYNES. 


423 


in  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Hampton 
and  organized  as  the  One  Hundred  and 
Forty-first  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  and 
placed  in  command  of  Colonel  Jaynes,  who 
had  been  commissioned  as  colonel.  Soon 
afterward  he  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  the  post  at  Charleston,  where  he  im- 
mediately assumed  full  charge  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  West  Virginia.  Colonel  Jaynes' 
military  duties  ceased  in  1864,  when  the 
regiment  was  mustered  out.  He  then  went 
to  Philadelphia  as  the  representative  of  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  Clark  &  Co.,  the  big  furnace 
operators  of  Vinton  County,  Ohio,  where 
he  remained  for  four  months  settling  up  their 
business,  including  the  sale  of  over  one 
million  dollars'  worth  of  property.  Upon 
the  conclusion  of  this  important  task,  he 
decided  to  locate  in  the  West  and  removed  to 
Sedalia,  Missouri.  From  that  time  until  his 
death  he  was  actively  interested  in  the  up- 
building of  the  community,  in  which  he  soon 
became  one  of  the  most  forceful  and  potential 
factors.  In  March,  1866,  he  assisted  in  the 
organization  of  the  First  National  Bank,  of 
Sedalia,  of  which  he  became  first  cashier. 
From  that  time  forward,  no  important  bus- 
iness enterprise  or  public  movement  was 
.undertaken  without  his  co-operation.  In 
1867  and  1868  he  assisted  in  the  incorpora- 
tion of  the  Tebo  &  Neosho  Railroad  Com- 
pany and  the  construction  of  its  line,  and  for 
a  long  time  was  its  general  agent.  In  1869, 
acting  as  its  chief  executive  officer,  he  sold 
the  property  to  the  Land  Grant  Railway  & 
Trust  Company,  of  New  York,  and  was 
elected  a  director  and  made  the  bond  agent 
and  custodian  of  the  funds  of  that  company. 
December  i,  1874,  the  road  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  receiver,  William  Bond,  of  New 
York,  and  he  became  treasurer  and  agent  for 
the  receiver.  When  the  Union  Trust  Com- 
pany assumed  control  on  June  30,  1876,  he 
continued  in  the  same  relation.  In  1874,  to 
accommodate  the  business  of  the  road,  he 
became  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank.  He  acted  as  the  agent  of  Pettis 
County  in  the  location  of  the  Lexington  & 
St.  Louis  Railroad,  now  a  branch  of  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific.  In  1867  he  recommended 
the  issue  of  $30,000  in  bonds  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Broadway  school  building 
and  took  the  complete  issue  of  the  bonds, 
paying  cash  for  the  same.     In  the  same  way 


he  provided  for  the  erection  of  the  Franklin 
school.  Besides  his  connection  with  the 
banking  interests  of  Sedalia,  in  1870,  he 
established  the  First  National  Bank,  of 
Parsons,  Kansas,  of  which  he  was  president ; 
in  1876,  he  organized  the  First  National 
Bank,  of  Fort  Scott,  Kansas,  and  the  Mis- 
souri Stock  &  Bond  Company,  of  St.  Louis. 
In  1872  he  became  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank,  of  Denison,  Texas,  and  also 
a  director  and  vice  president  of  the  Valley 
National  Bank,  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Life  Associa- 
tion of  America.  Some  idea  of  the  magni- 
tude of  his  business  interests  may  be 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  he  was  at  one 
time  a  director  in  thirty-six  separate  cor- 
porations. Colonel  Jaynes  warmly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Republican  party.  In  1880, 
he  was  one  of  Missouri's  representatives  in 
the  Republican  National  Convention  held  at 
Chicago.  A  staunch  friend  of  General 
Grant,  he  fought  for  his  renomination  so 
long  as  the  slightest  hope  for  success  held 
out,  and  employed  his  prerogative  in  behalf 
of  Garfield  only  when  such  leaders  as 
Conkling,  Logan  and  Cameron  were  willing 
to  give  up  the  fight  to  the  opponents  of  the 
"third  term"  precedent.  He  was  a  Knight 
Templar  in  Masonry.  In  1869  and  1870  he 
erected,  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Broad- 
way and  Olive  Street  in  Sedalia,  a  palatial 
residence,  it  being  one  of  the  most  imposing 
in  Pettis  County.  Among  other  public  move- 
ments which  he  promoted  should  be  men- 
tioned the  Sedalia  Library  Association,  the 
Sedalia  Board  of  Trade,  the  Central  Missouri 
Fair  Association  and  the  Sedalia  waterworks 
system.  His  useful  career  was  terminated  by 
death  after  an  illness  extending  over  a  period 
of  three  years,  on  October  12,  1886.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  energy,  ambitious,  forceful, 
and  possessed  of  rare  strength  of  character. 
He  is  survived  by  his  widow  and  three  chil- 
dren— John  B.,  who  is  engaged  in  business  in 
New  York ;  Flora  May,  residing  at  home ; 
and  Jennie  S.,  wife  of -Dr.  Bransford  Lewis, 
of  St.  Louis.  Two  of  their  children  are  de- 
ceased, namely,  William  V.,  a  graduate  of 
Washington  University  and  for  several 
years  a  practicing  attorney  of  Sedalia,  whose 
death  occurred  in  July,  1891 ;  and  Hattie  E., 
wife  of  John  H.  Bothwell,  of  Sedalia,  who 
died  in  June,  1887. 


424 


JEFFERSON  AND  ADAMS  MEMORIAL  SERVICES. 


JefFersoii  and  Adams  Memorial 
Services. — Both  John  Adams  and  Thomas 
Jefferson,  second  and  third  Presidents  of  the 
United  States,  respectively,  died  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1826.  News  traveled  slowly  in  those 
days  and  St.  Louis  did  not  learn  of  the  death 
of  these  illustrious  men  until  July  28th  fol- 
lowing. On  that  day  Mayor  William  Carr 
Lane  issued  a  proclamation  calling  a  public 
meeting  of  citizens  to  take  appropriate  action 
in  this  connection.  At  this  meeting  it  was 
arranged  that  memorial  services  should  be 
held  in  the  "New  Presbyterian  Meeting 
House,"  on  Sunday  following,  and  that  on 
Monday  following  minute-guns  should  be 
fired  at  regular  intervals  from  12  to  i  o'clock 
p.  m.  These  arrangements  were  carried  out 
and  the  people  of  St.  Louis  thus  paid  their 
tributes  of  respect  to  the  dead  statesmen. 

Jefferson  Barracks. — One  of  the  most 
noted  landmarks  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
was  established  as  a  military  post  by  the  War 
Department  in  1826.  It  was  at  first  desig- 
nated as  the  "New  School  for  Instruction" 
for  the  training  of  soldiers.  The  tract  em- 
braced 1,702  acres,  and  was,  until  1824.  a 
portion  of  the  commons  belonging  to  the 
village  of  Carondelet,  now  a  part  of  St. 
Louis.  It  was  leased  by  the  old  village  to 
the  United  States,  with  a  view  to  getting  a 
market  near  by.  A  quit-claim  deed  to  the 
tract  was  given  to  the  United  States  by  the 
corporation  of  Carondelet  in  1854,  when  a 
patent  was  granted  for  the  balance  of  the 
original  commons.  Afterward  an  unsuccess- 
ful effort  was  made  by  Carondelet  to  recover 
the  land,  an  account  of  which  will  be  found 
under  the  heading  "Carondelet  Land  Claim." 
In  the  commonly  accepted  accounts  it  is 
stated  that  the  site  for  the  barracks  was 
selected  by  General  Jacob  Brown,  the  gen- 
eral-in-chief  of  the  army,  implying  that  the 
selection  was  made  after  a  personal  inspec- 
tion. But  according  to  the  recollection  of 
the  late  Richard  Dowling,  the  general  did  not 
visit  the  barracks  until  some  progress  had 
been  made  in  the  work  of  construction. 
Dowling  was  a  carpenter's  apprentice,  and 
was  employed  in  making  window  frames  for 
the  barracks  when  General  Brown,  whom  he 
saw,  visited  the  place.  But  however  this 
may  be,  the  selection  was  an  excellent  one. 
The  site  has  been  approved  as  the  most 
eligible  cantonment    in    the  whole    country, 


and  was  warmly  cherished  by  all  the  old  army 
officers  who  have  been  stationed  there.  An 
officer,  seldom  quoted,  stopping  at  the  post 
in  1827,  writes  that  the  location  is  situated 
amid  gently  rolling  hills,  crowned  with  lofty 
forest  trees,  without  undergrowth  save  grass 
and  wild  flowers.  Yet,  as  the  buildings  were 
in  the  process  of  erection,  with  none  com- 
pleted fit  for  habitation,  the  first  troops 
ordered  there  must  have  suffered  great  in- 
conveniences. The  following  may  give  a 
slight  glimpse  of  the  situation  in  1827-8.  The 
soldiers  lived  in  huts  and  tents,  protected  by 
long  fences  in  front.  One  of  the  regiments 
was  in  cantonment  on  the  south  side  of  the 
first  hill.  On  the  crest  of  the  hill  were  ex- 
tensive stone  barracks  in  progress.  Lower 
down  were  encamped  the  First  Infantry, 
and  some  staff  and  other  officers  with  their 
families.  They  occupied  huts  in  very  de- 
tached situations.  The  tedium  of  existence 
was  only  enlivened  by  the  music  of  a  full 
band,  the  musicians  occupying  what,  by 
comity,  was  called  the  "grand  parade," 
shaded  by  venerable  trees.  By  Christmas 
the  Sixth  Infantry  got  into  stone  barracks, 
yet  unfinished  and  uncomfortable.  On  the 
8th  of  January  the  First  Regiment  gave  a 
splendid  ball  in  an  unfinished  barrack.  There 
was  a  display  of  flags,  and  hundreds  of  bright 
muskets,  with  a  candle  in  the  muzzle  of  each, 
furnished  the  needed  illumination.  The  elite 
from  St.  Louis  and  Louisville  were  present, 
and  beauty  added  its  spell  to  the  charming 
scene.  The  barracks  were  planned  and  their 
erection  begun  under  the  superintendence  of 
General  Henry  Atkinson,  of  the  Sixth  In- 
fantry. In  1837  the  buildings  were  com- 
pleted, and  occupied  by  the  First  and  Sixth 
Infantry.  They  were  built  of  gray  lime- 
stone, much  of  the  masonry  being  done  by 
the  soldiers  at  a  cost,  it  is  stated,  of  only 
$70,000.  It  was  originally  intended  to  ac- 
commodate twenty-two  companies.  The 
barracks  were  built  on  three  sides  of  the  par- 
ade ground,  leaving  the  front  open  to  the 
river.  There  were  four  blocks  of  officers* 
quarters,  two  stories  high,  with  porticoes  in 
front,  and  garrets  and  basements.  The  first 
two  were  each  no  by  36  feet,  with  sixteen 
rooms  each;  the  others  120  by  26  feet,  with 
twenty  rooms  in  each.  The  soldiers'  quarters 
stood  east  and  west  between  the  quarters  for 
officers,  one  story  high,  with  basement  in  the 
rear.     About  500  yards  north  of  the  barracks 


JEFFERSON   BARRACKS. 


425 


was  the  hospital,  built  of  brick,  120  by  24 
feet,  surrounded  by  porticoes.  This  is  one 
of  the  oldest  buildings,  and  is  still  in  good 
preserv-^ation.  The  quarters  of  the  com- 
manding officer  were  near  the  river,  north  of 
the  barracks,  built  in  cottage  style.  South 
of  the  barracks,  on  the  river  bank,  a  building 
90  by  30  feet  was  used  for  storage  of  sub- 
sistence and  quartermaster's  stores.  There 
were  the  post  stables  and  other  necessary 
structures. 

From  Jeflferson  Barracks,  at  different 
times  during  the  subsequent  history  of  the 
post,  numerous  expeditions  have  started  out 
for  distant  military  service,  or  for  exploring 
purposes.  It  is  stated  that  prior  to  1861 
scarcely  a  regiment  in  the  army  had  not,  at 
one  time  or  another,  been  represented  there. 
The  military  history  of  Jefiferson  Barracks 
up  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  may 
be  thus  briefly  summed  up:  In  1831  Gen- 
eral Edmund  P.  Gaines,  then  in  command  of 
the  Western  frontier,  with  headquarters  at 
Memphis,  started  from  Jefferson  Barracks, 
with  six  companies  of  infantry,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pacifying  the  Sacs  and  Foxes.  At 
Prairie  du  Chien  he  was  joined  by  more  com- 
panies, and  effected  his  object.  The  Indian 
troubles  breaking  out  afresh  General  Atkin- 
son; on  the  8th  of  April,  1832,  set  out  from 
the  barracks  with  six  companies  of  the  Sixth 
Infantry,  for  the  upper  Mississippi  to  chastise 
the  same  refractory  Sacs  and  Foxes.  In  an 
engagement,  August  2,  1832,  near  Bad  Axe 
River,  the  Indians  were  defeated,  and  the 
principal  chief.  Black  Hawk,  captured,  and 
brought  down  as  a  prisoner  to  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks. In  the  spring  of  1833  the  First  Regi- 
ment of  Dragoons  was  organized  here  under 
Colonel  Henry  Dodge,  with  Lieutenant 
Stephen  W.  Kearney,  Major  Richard  B. 
Mason,  David  Hunter,  Edwin  V.  Sumner, 
Nathan  Boone,  Lieutenant  Philip  St.  George 
Cook  and  Lieutenant  Jefferson  Davis  as 
members.  A  portion  of  the  Second  Dra- 
goons, under  Colonel  David  E.  Twiggs,  with 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Harney,  organized  here 
in  1836,  and  did  excellent  service  in  the 
Florida  War.  June  14,  1842,  General  At- 
kinson, the  builder  and  first  commander  of 
Jefferson  Barracks,  died  at  that  post.  In 
the  same  year  it  was  the  headquarters  of  the 
Seventh  Infantry,  returned  from  fighting 
the  Seminoles  in  Florida.  The  regiment  re- 
mained until  1844.    In  1853  General  Newman 


S.  Clarke,  commander  of  the  Sixth  Military 
Department,  had  his  headquarters  at  the  bar- 
racks. From  1853  to  1856  Colonel  Joseph 
E.  Johnston  held  command  of  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks. It  was  during  that  time  that 
"Farmer"  Grant  hauled  in  and  sold  cord- 
wood  by  the  load  to  the  garrison.  In  1855 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Edwin  V.  Sumner  was 
stationed  at  the  post  as  superintendent,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Charles  A.  May, 
During  the  Mexican  War  many  troops,  re- 
cruited in  different  sections  of  the  Union, 
were  fitted  out  here  and  departed  for  the  field 
of  hostilities.  A  regiment  of  mounted  rifles, 
trained  by  Major  Sumner,  also  started  for  the 
battlefields  of  Mexico.  After  the  close  of  the 
war,  the  Fifth,  Seventh  and  Eighth  Regi- 
ments, which  had  done  good  service  in 
Mexico,  returned  to  the  barracks.  After  that 
war,  too.  Colonel  Braxton  Bragg  organized 
here  his  flying  artillery,  and  the  gunsheds  are 
still  standing,  used  by  the  battery  for  target 
shooting  across  the  river.  Mention  may  be 
made,  also,  of  the  organization  here  in  1855 
of  the  Second  Regiment  of  Cavalry,  known 
as  "Davis'  Pet  Regiment,"  formed  while 
Jefferson  Davis  was  Secretary  of  War.  It 
was  commanded  by  Colonel  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston.  The  regiment  fought  forty  battles 
with  the  Indians  of  Texas  from  1856  to  i860. 
The  barracks  continued  to  be  an  important 
military  post  until  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  they  were  transformed  into 
a  general  military  hospital.  Previous  to  that 
time  the  barracks  were  used  as  a  cavalry 
depot,  from  whence  many  recruits  were  sent 
for  service  in  the  far  West.  Before  and  up  to 
the  time  of  the  Civil  War  the  following  dis- 
tinguished officers  were  stationed  at  Jeffer- 
son Barracks,  most  of  them  at  a  time  when 
they  were  unknown  to  fame  and  holding  a 
subordinate  rank:  General  Henry  Atkin- 
son, commander  of  the  right  wing  of  the 
Western  Department,  and  hero  of  the  Black 
Hawk  War;  General  U.  S.  Grant,  President 
of  the  United  States;  General  Jefferson 
Davis,  President  of  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy; General  Stephen  Watts  Kearney,  in 
command  of  the  California  expedition  in  the 
Mexican  War;  General  David  E.  Twiggs; 
General  Philip  St.  George  Cook;  General 
David  Hunter;  General  Richard  B.  Mason, 
Military  Governor  of  the  California  Depart- 
ment during  the  Mexican  War;  General 
Edwin  V.  Sumner;  General  Braxton  Bragg, 


426 


JEFFERSON  CITY. 


of  "a  little  more  grape"  and  Confederate 
fame ;  General  Winfield  S.  Hancock,  Demo- 
cratic nominee  for  President ;  General  Joseph 
E.  Johnston,  next  to  General  Lee  as  a  Con- 
federate commander;  General  Mansfield 
Lovell;  General  Robert  E.  Lee,  the  Confed- 
erate chieftain;  General  William  J.  Hardee, 
of  "Hardee's  Tactics ;"  General  Edmund 
Kirby  Smith;  General  Earl  Van  Dorn,  in 
command  of  the  Confederates  at  Pea  Ridge, 
•March,  1862;  General  .  George  H.  Thomas; 
General  George  Stoneman,  chief  of  cavalry 
under  General  Hooker,  and  Governor  of 
California,  in  1883;  General  John  B.  Hood; 
General  Fitzhugh  Lee ;  Colonel  Francis  Lee ; 
and  General  D.  M.  Frost.  Among  the  illus- 
trious visitors  at  the  barracks  were  General 
Brown,  the  hero  of  Lundy's  Lane ;  Daniel 
Webster,  who  crossed  the  river  and  killed  a 
deer;  and  General  Grant,  while  President  of 
the  United  States. 

By  order  of  the  government,  in  the  fall  of 
1862  the  work  of  erecting  additional  buildings 
for  hospital  wards  was  commenced.  They 
composed  nine  one-story  houses,  each  610 
feet  in  length,  with  a  capacity  for  3,000  pa- 
tients. Surgeon  John  F.  Randolph  took 
charge  of  the  hospital,  and  was  commander 
of  the  post  in  1863. 

After  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  the  bar- 
racks were  used  as  a  garrison  for  troops  for  a 
short  time,  and  by  order  of  General  Sherman 
in  1867  they  were  abandoned  as  such.  They 
were  transferred  to  the  engineer  corps  and 
used  as  an  engineer  depot,  garrisoned  by 
one  company  of  the  engineer  battalion  under 
command  of  Colonel  P.  C.  Haines.  In  the 
meantime  ground  was  set  apart  for  the 
ordnance  department  and  a  large  depot  for 
gunpowder,  under  command  of  Colonel 
Franklin  D.  Callender.  On  the  south,  at  the 
same  time,  was  located  the  National  Cem- 
etery. Following  the  engineers'  occupancy, 
the  whole  place,  with  the  exception  of  the 
cemetery,  was  transferred  to  the  ordnance 
corps,  with  Captain  James  H.  Rollins,  a  son 
of  James  S.  RolHns,  in  command.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Captain  Lawrence  S.  Babbett, 
and  he  by  Major  John  W.  Todd.  On  the 
death  of  the  latter.  Major  John  James  R. 
McGinness  took  command  of  a  portion  of  the 
reservation  known  as  the  powder  depot. 
Another  change  was  made  when,  in  July, 
1878,  General  John  L.  Gregg  moved  the 
cavalry  depot  from  the  Arsenal  to  Jefferson 


Barracks,  on  account  of  the  smallness  of  the 
former  post.  Thus  Jefferson  Barracks  was 
transformed  from  an  engineers'  and  ord- 
nance department  to  a  cavalry  post.  The 
succeeding  commanders  have  been  General 
Samuel  Sturgis,  afterward  transferred  to  the 
Arsenal;  Colonel  Thomas  H.  O'Neill;  Col- 
onel Albert  G.  Brackett ;  General  Eugene  A. 
Carr ;  Colonel  Cuvier  Grover ;  Major  Alexan- 
der J.  Perry;  Colonel  Reuben  A.  Bernard; 
Colonel  S.  B.  M.  Young;  Colonel  S.  S. 
Sumner,  son  of  Edwin  V.,  and  now  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Meyer  near  Washington ;  Col- 
onel George  A.  Purrington;  Major  Samuel 
M.  Whiteside ;  Colonel  Guy  V.  Henry  and 
Major  H.  W.  Wessel. 

In  1898  new  buildings  were  being  erected^ 
and  when  the  improvements  are  completed 
according  to  the  plans  adopted,  which  will 
require  several  years,  the  old  post  will  have 
undergone  a  perfect  transformation.  Within 
three  years  previous  to  that  date  fifteen  new 
buildings  were  put  up  and  $76,000  was  ap- 
propriated for  building  improvements,  sur- 
rounding what  is  to  become  the  new  parade 
ground.  Among  these  are  six  new  officers^ 
quarters,  with  each  holding  two  or  three 
families,  also  two  sets  of  soldiers'  quarters. 
Each  building  has  two  troops  of  cavalry.  A 
large,  new  building,  the  club  house  or  bach- 
elors' quarters,  is  near  the  street  car  station. 
Nine  old  buildings  were  standing  in  1897 
around  the  parade  ground,  including  the 
guardhouse,  and  the  old  quartermaster's 
storehouse.  There  were  eight  large  cavalry 
stables  on  the  south  side  of  the  garrison. 
Only  two  cannon  were  then  at  the  barracks, 
both  brass  twelve-pounders,  used  for  firing 
salutes.  The  total  number  of  soldiers  at  the 
barracks  in  May,  1897,  was  469.  The  num- 
ber of  civilians,  officers'  and  soldiers'  fam- 
ilies, was  235.  An  electric  street  car  line 
connects  Jefferson  Barracks  with  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  with  a  change  at  Carondelet. 
Prominent  citizens  of  St.  Louis  visited  Wash- 
ington toward  the  close  of  the  year  1897  to 
impress  upon  the  War  Department  the  im- 
portance of  Jefferson  Barracks  as  a  military 
post,  and  in  1898  the  garrison  was  materially 
strengthened  and  the  post  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  a  brigadier  general's  command. 

William  Fayel. 

Jefferson  City. — The  capital  of  Mis- 
souri, and  county  seat  of  Cole  County,  named 


JEFFERSON  CITY. 


427 


in  honor  of  the  great  statesman,  then  living, 
who  wrote  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  acquired  the  Louisiana  Territory  for  the 
United  States,  It  is  situated  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  143  miles  above 
its  confluence  with  the  Mississippi,  and  125 
miles  west  of  St,  Louis,  It  is  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway,  and  is 
the  terminal  of  the  Lebanon  branch  of  the 
same  road.  The  city  stands  at  an  elevation 
of  123  feet  above  the  high-water  mark  of  the 
river,  upon  an  uneven  bed  of  sandstone,  with 
a  river  frontage  of  magnesia  limestone.  The 
situation  is  picturesque,  and  commands  a 
beautiful  view  of  the  stream  and  the  country 
beyond.  Its  attractiveness  is  enhanced  by 
the  quiet  dignity  of  the  State  and  other  pub- 
lic edifices.  The  first  building  on  the  site  of 
the  present  city  was  a  dramshop,  in  1819, 
near  the  recent  Lehman  foundry.  In  1823, 
two  years  after  its  designation  as  the  future 
seat  of  government,  the  families  of  William 
Jones  and  Josiah  Ramsey  were  the  only 
residents,  and  but  thirty-one  families  were 
named  in  1826,  when  the  Legislature  first 
assembled  there.  There  were  then  a  gen- 
eral store,  gristmill,  distillery,  several  tan- 
yards,  and  the  Rising  Sun  Hotel.  The  "J^^" 
fersonian  Republican"  was  established  by 
Calvin  Gunn  in  1827.  In  1840  the  population 
was  1,174,  of  whom  262  were  slaves.  An 
act  of  Congress,  passed  March  6,  1820,  au- 
thorized the  organization  of  Missouri  as  a 
State,  and  made  a  grant  of  four  undesignated 
sections  of  public  land  as  a  capital  site.  The 
first  State  Legislature,  elected  in  anticipation 
of  the  admission  of  Missouri  to  the  Union, 
convened  in  St.  Louis  in  September,  1820, 
and  appointed,  as  commissioners  to  make 
the  capital  location,  John  Thornton,  of  How- 
ard County;  Robert  G.  Watson,  of  New 
Madrid;  John  S.  White,  of  Pike  County; 
James  Logan,  of  Wayne  County,  and  Jesse 
B.  Boone,  of  Montgomery  County ;  the  latter 
named  died  soon  afterward,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Daniel  M.  Boone,  of  Gasconade, 
The  commissioners  met  in  May,  1821,  at 
Cote  Sans  Dessein  (now  Barkersville),  in 
Callaway  County,  which  place  contested  with 
the  new  town  of  Marion,  in  Cole  County,  for 
the  location.  The  rival  claims  were  disre- 
garded, and  the  present  site  was  chosen,  be- 
ing described  in  the  official  report  as  frac- 
tional Sections  6,  7  and  8,  Sections  17  and  18, 
and  so  much  of  Sections  19  and  20  as  would 


make  up  four  entire  sections  in  fractional 
Township  44,  south  of  the  river,  and  Range 
II.  Angus  L.  Langham  and  Thomas  Hemp- 
stead laid  claim  to  this  tract,  and  made  some 
show  of  title  before  the  Legislature,  but  in 
December,  1821,  that  body  enacted  a  law  car- 
rying into  effect  the  action  of  the  commis- 
sioners, and  retained  the  lands  described. 
Subsequently,  the  title  of  the  State  was  con- 
firmed by  the  Supreme  Court.  St.  Charles 
was  the  seat  of  the  State  government  until 
the  completion  of  the  State  House  at  Jefifer- 
son  City,  in  1826.  This  building  was  erected 
by  Daniel  Colgan,  at  a  contract  price  of  $25,- 
000.  It  was  rectangular,  of  brick,  two  stories 
high,  without  ornamentation,  and  stood  on 
the  site  of  the  present  Executive  Mansion. 
It  was  burned  in  1837,  and  a  new  edifice  was 
begun  the  same  year,  and  completed  in  1842, 
at  a  cost  of  $350,000.  Much  of  the  stone 
used  in  its  construction  was  taken  from  the 
bluffs  overlooking  the  river,  and  the  massive 
pillars  were  from  the  Callaway  County  quar- 
ries. In  1887-8  it  was  enlarged,  and  made 
practically  a  new  building,  at  a  cost  of  up- 
ward of  $250,000,  It  has  a  frontage  of  310 
feet,  and  varies  in  width  from  80  to  1 10  feet, 
the  least  of  these  dimensions  being  of  the 
old  central  portion,  and  the  greater  that  of 
the  newly  added  wings.  The  center  sustains 
a  dome  of  130  feet  above  the  roof.  Other 
State  buildings  are  the  Executive  Mansion, 
erected  in  1872,  at  a  cost  of  $75,000;  the  Su- 
preme Court  and  Law  Library  Building,  the 
rooms  of  the  latter  containing  25,000  vol- 
umes; the  Armory,  in  which  are  kept  the 
archives  of  the  adjutant  general's. office,  the 
battle  flags  borne  by  Missouri  troops  during 
the  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars,  two  field-pieces 
cast  from  artillery  captured  by  Missouri 
troops  in  the  Mexican  War ;  and  the  Peniten- 
tiary, affording  room  for  2,500  convicts. 
This  institution  is  noted  for  the  excellence  of 
its  discipline  and  morale,  and  as  being  self- 
supporting.  At  various  times  the  question 
of  capital  removal  has  been  agitated,  and  in 
1896  the  Legislature  submitted  to  the  people 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  providing 
for  the  establishment  of  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment at  Sedalia,  conditioned  upon  that  city 
providing,  without  expense  to  the  State,  pub- 
lic buildings  similar  or  superior  to  those  at 
Jefferson  City,  and  authorizing  the  County 
of  Pettis,  and  Sedalia  Township,  in  that 
county,  to  each  issue  $100,000  in  bonds  for 


428 


JEFFERSON  CITY,   MILITARY  OCCUPATION  OF. 


that  purpose.  The  amendment  act  was 
passed  in  both  houses  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly under  suspension  of  the  rules,  and  with- 
out reference  to  committee.  After  its  pass- 
age, St.  Louis  sought  to  be  included  in  the 
amendment,  similarly  with  Sedalia,  offering 
$2,000,000  for  the  erection  of  public  build- 
ings, but  this  proposition  was  defeated.  At 
the  election  in  November,  1896,  the  proposi- 
tion was  lost  by  a  vote  of  334,819  against  it, 
and  181,258  in  its  favor.  The  municipal  his- 
tory of  Jefferson  City  begins  four  years  later 
than  its  designation  as  the  seat  of  State  gov- 
ernment. It  was  incorporated  November  7, 
1825,  its  territory  being  defined  identically 
with  that  of  the  governmental  site.  This  or- 
ganization was.  not  made  effective,  and  later, 
in  the  same  month,  it  was  incorporated  as  the 
town  of  Jefferson  City,  with  Elias  Bancroft, 
Samuel  L.  Hart,  Thomas  Miller,  Reuben 
Garnett  and  Henry  Shields  as  trustees.  In 
1839  a  city  organization  was  effected,  with 
Thomas  L.  Price  as  the  first  mayor,  who  was 
re-elected.  He  was  active  in  promoting  and 
building  the  first  railway,  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific, which  reached  the  city  in  1857.  Pre- 
vious thereto,  the  traffic  of  the  city  was  car- 
ried on  by  steamboats,  which  have  practically 
disappeared.  In  1895  ^  ^"^  steel  highway 
bridge  was  built  across  the  Missouri  River, 
at  an  expense  of  $225,000,  by  a  local  com- 
pany. A  passenger  and  freight  traffic  ar- 
rangement with  this  company  makes  the  city 
accessible  by  the  Chicago  &  Alton,  and  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Railways,  which 
reach  the  northern  extremity  of  the  bridge. 
The  city  has  a  perfect  waterworks  system, 
excellent  drainage,  and  electric  light  and 
telephone  service,  but  is  without  street  rail- 
ways. The  Cole  County  courthouse  is  a 
monument  of  architectural  beauty,  and  hon- 
est expenditure  of  public  money.  The  foun- 
dations are  of  Jefferson  City  limestone,  and 
the  walls  of  Carthage  stone.  It  is  in  the 
Romanesque  style,  78  by  118  feet,  and  the 
dome  rises  to  a  height  of  137  feet  above  the 
street  level.  It  was  completed  in  1897,  at  a 
cost  of  $49,700;  $10,000  were  expended  in 
furnishings,  and  $16,000  for  a  handsome 
stone  jail.  The  City  Hall  was  the  gift  of  the 
late  Major  Joseph  M.  Clark,  a  most  exem- 
plary and  public-spirited  citizen.  In  recog- 
nition of  this  munificent  gift,  the  city  has  set 
up  in  the  City  Hall  his  statue,  in  bronze,  a 
faithful  likeness  and  a  genuine  work  of  art. 


The  upper  floor  of  the  building  is  used  for 
council  chamber  and  offices  for  officials ;  the 
lower  floors  are  for  business  purposes,  and 
yield  a  revenue  to  the  city.  There  are  three 
substantial  public  school  buildings  for  white 
children  and  one  for  colored  children;  23 
teachers  are  employed,  and  the  number  of  at- 
tending pupils  is  1,035.  St.  Peter's  School 
(Catholic)  has  a  massive  and  substantial 
building,  with  five  teachers  and  350  pupils. 
The  German  Evangelical  and  German  Lu- 
theran schools  occupy  fine  buildings,  each 
with  an  attendance  of  about  fifty  pupils.  In 
the  suburbs  of  the  city  is  Lincoln  Institute,  a 
State  Normal  School  and  academical  and 
manual  training  institution  for  colored  peo- 
ple, with  a  full  faculty,  and  236  pupils  in 
attendance.  Religious  bodies  of  large  mem- 
bership, and  holding  valuable  church  prop- 
erty, are  the  Baptist,  Catholic,  Christian, 
Methodist  Episcopal  South,  Presbyterian, 
Protestant  Episcopal,  German  Methodist 
Episcopal,  German  Evangelical,  German  Lu- 
theran, Hebrew,  Colored  Baptist,  Colored 
Methodist,  and  Methodist  Episcopal,  Col- 
ored. There  are  active  lodges  of  the  leading 
fraternal  organizations,  and  a  number  of  so- 
cial and  literary  societies,  among  them  the 
Commercial  and  Germania  Clubs,  and  the 
Jefferson  City  Library  Association,  organ- 
ized in  1898.  The  newspapers  are  the  "State 
Tribune,"  daily  and  weekly.  Democratic ;  the 
"Press,"  daily  and  weekly,  Democratic;  the 
"Cole  County  Democrat,"  weekly.  Demo- 
cratic ;  the  "Capital  City  Journal,"  weekly, 
Republican;  the  "Post,"  weekly,  German; 
the  "Missouri  Volksfreund,"  weekly,  Ger- 
man, and  the  "School  Journal."  monthly. 
The  financial  institutions  are  three  banks, 
six  building  and  loan  associations,  and  min- 
ing and  cattle  companies.  The  mechanical 
industries  include  a  large  steam  flourmill,  a 
brick  yard,  a  foundry  and  machine  shop,  and 
an  agricultural  implement  factory.  Incor- 
porated companies  employing  convict  labor 
within  the  penitentiary  premises,  manufac- 
ture large  quantities  of  shoes,  saddle  trees, 
blankets,  harness  and  whips.  In  1898  a  daily 
average  of  1,362  prisoners  were  so  engaged, 
the  State  receiving  for  their  labor  fifty  cents 
per  man.  The  population  of  the  city  in  1900 
was  9,664. 

Jefferson  City,   Military    Occupa- 
tion of. — ^June     15,     1 861,     the     steamers 


JEFFERSON  CLUB— JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 


429 


"latan"  and  "J.  C.  Swan"  arrived  from  St. 
Louis,  with  Captain  Totten's  battery  of 
United  States  Artillery ;  Companies  A  and  B, 
Second  United  States  Infantry;  Colonel 
Frank  P.  Blair's  First  Missouri  Infantry 
Regiment,  and  nine  companies  of  Colonel 
Henry  Boernstein's  Second  Missouri  Infan- 
try Regiment,  about  two  thousand  men  in 
all,  under  the  personal  command  of  General 
Lyon.  Governor  Jackson  and  the  State 
Guards  had  withdrawn  to  Boonville  two  days 
before,  burning  the  Osage  and  Gasconade 
bridges  behind  them.  The  L^nion  troops 
were  heartily  welcomed  by  a  large  number  of 
citizens,  headed  by  General  Thomas  L.  Price, 
and  there  were  no  offensive  demonstrations. 
The  artillery  and  one  battalion  of  Colonel 
Blair's  regiment  were  disembarked,  hoisted 
the  United  States  flag  over  the  State  House, 
and  took  position  on  Capital  Hill.  Leaving 
Colonel  Boernstein  and  three  companies  of 
his  regiment,  the  next  day  General  Lyon  pro- 
ceeded up  the  river  with  the  remainder  of  his 
forces.  General  Grant  visited  the  city  Au- 
gust 22d,  finding,  as  he  expressed  it  in  his 
official  report,  "a  general  looseness  prevail- 
ing." The  evils  were  remedied  by  Colonel 
Jeflferson  C.  Davis  and  General  Thomas  L. 
Price,  and  from  that  time  the  Unionists  were 
secure  in  their  possession.  There  were  re- 
peated alarms,  but  the  city  was  not  imperiled 
until  Confederate  General  Sterling  Price  in- 
vaded the  State  in  September,  1864.  After 
the  battle  at  Pilot  Knob  he  moved  across  the 
Meramec  River  to  Rich  Woods,  forty  miles 
from  St.  Louis,  which  he  had  set  out  to  at- 
tack. Changing  his  plans,  he  marched  on 
Jefiferson  City,  burning  all  bridges  behind 
him,  pursued  by  General  A.  J.  Smith,  with 
about  12,000  men.  October  5th  he  crossed 
the  Osage  River  at  Prince's  Ford,  the  Fed- 
erals in  his  front  falling  back  to  the  Green  C. 
Berry  farm,  four  miles  from  the  city.  Sharp 
skirmishing  took  place  the  next  day,  and  the 
Federals  withdrew  to  the  ridge  near  the 
Cook  place,  south  of  the  city,  the  Confeder- 
ates occupying  favorable  ground  in  their 
front,  arid  directing  an  artillery  fire  from  an 
eminence  to  the  east,  some  of  their  shells 
falling  within  the  city  limits,  doing  no  ma- 
terial damage.  On  the  night  of  October  6th 
their  lines  of  investment  were  practically 
complete,  with  an  almost  continuous  length 
of  four  miles,  the  wings  resting  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  above  and  below  the  town.    The 


headquarters  of  General  Price  and  General 
Shelby  were  at  the  Wallendorflf  farm,  three 
miles  southwest  of  the  city.  Meanwhile  the 
Federals  had  made  ample  preparation.  When 
it  became  evident  that  Jefferson  City  was  the 
objective  of  the  enemy.  General  E.  B.  Brown, 
commanding  the  post,  strengthened  his  forti- 
fications, a  majority  of  the  male  inhabitants 
engaging  cheerfully  in  the  labor,  while  the 
unwilling  were  impressed  by  three  companies 
of  Citizen  Guards.  While  this  work  was  in 
progress.  General  Clinton  B.  Fisk  arrived 
with  reinforcements  from  the  north  of  the 
river,  and  General  McNeil  and  General  John 
B.  Sanborn  with  a  force  of  mounted  Mis- 
souri State  Militia  from  Rolla.  Early  on  the 
morning  of  October  7th  the  Confederates 
withdrew,  pursued  by  a  large  force  under  the 
personal  command  of  General  Alfred  Pleas- 
anton,  the  renowned  cavalry  leader  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  who  arrived  that 
morning,  and  defeated  them  at  Westport  a 
few  days  later,  forcing  their  retreat  into  Ar- 
kansas. 

Jefferson  Club. — The  Jefiferson  Club 
Association  was  organized  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis  on  July  24,  1892,  and  was  chartered 
the  same  year.  It  is  entirely  political  and 
exclusively  Democratic,  its  declaration  of 
principles  being  in  accordance  with  the  doc- 
trines taught  by  Thomas  Jefiferson.  It  was 
first  known  as  the  St.  Louis  Democracy,  out 
of  which  organization  the  club  was  formed,  it 
having  existed  some  time  before.  Its  early 
founders  and  first  officers  were :  Thomas  M. 
Knapp,  president ;  H.  B.  Hawes,  first  vice 
president ;  H.  W.  Bond,  second  vice  presi- 
dent ;  and  D.  N.  Sharpe,  secretary.  The  club 
started  out  with  about  200  members,  and,  in 
1898,  had  a  membership  of  680.  It  has  a  hall 
and  reading  room,  and  holds  its  general 
meetings  on  the  third  Thursday  of  each 
month.  The  club  has  wielded  large  influence 
in  the  politics  of  the  city  and  State,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  influential  political  organiza- 
tions of  the  Democratic  party  in  Missouri. 

Jefferson  County. — A  county  in  the 
extreme  eastern  part  of  the  State,  nearly 
equidistant  from  the  northern  and  southern 
limits.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  St. 
Louis  County,  on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  on  the 
south  by  Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Francois  and 


430 


JEFFERSON   COUNTY. 


Washington  Counties,  and  on  the  west  by 
Franklin  County.  It  contains  about  628 
square  miles.  The  surface  is  irregular, 
marked  with  ridges,  many  breaking  into 
deep,  rugged  declivities.  In  places  the  inter- 
vening valleys  are  little  more  than  separa- 
tions of  the  ridges ;  elsewhere,  they  are  of 
considerable  width,  rising  by  a  succession  of 
gentle  slopes,  or  terraces.  A  watershed,  at 
an  elevation  of  450  feet  above  the  Mississippi 
River,  extends  through  the  central  part  of 
the  county,  north  and  south.  Running  along 
the  northern  boundary  line  for  some  distance, 
and  draining  into  the  Mississippi  River,  is 
the  Meramec  River,  a  beautiful  stream,  fed 
by  Saline,  Sugar,  Mill  and  Labarque.  Joa- 
chim, Glaize,  Little  Rock,  Sandy,  Muddy  and 
Isle  du  Bois  Creeks  flow  into  the  Missis- 
sippi. Big  River  flows  tortuously  northward, 
through  the  western  part  of  the  county,  fed 
by  Dry  Fork,  Belew,  Head  and  Jones' 
Creeks,  and  discharging  into  the  Meramec 
River.  Springs  of  purest  water  abound,  and 
at  Kimmswick  and  Sulphur  Springs  are  some 
of  known  medicinal  value.  The  county  is 
noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  natural  scenery, 
and  spots  on  the  Meramec  and  the  Missis- 
sippi River  front  are  surpassingly  pictur- 
esque. Bordering  the  latter  river,  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Meramec,  is  a  fringe  of  tillable 
alluvial  land,  reaching  back  from  one  to  four 
miles,  there  meeting  the  rock  formations 
which  rise  to  a  height  of  nearly  two  hundred 
feet.  These  are  of  white  crystalline,  white 
and  gray  magnesians,  limestone,  and  sac- 
charoidal  sandstone,  flecked  with  oxide  of 
iron.  These  varieties  abound  throughout 
the  county,  are  excellent  for  building  pur- 
poses, and  are  largely  utilized  in  St.  Louis 
and  elsewhere.  In  localities,  as  at  Crystal 
City  and  Festus,  are  immense  deposits  of 
sand,  unsurpassable  for  glass  manufacture, 
and,  until  this  industry  was  established  in 
those  places,  large  quantities  were  shipped 
to  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  The  minerals 
include  iron,  lead,  zinc  and  copper.  In  former 
years  lead  was  worked  to  great  profit,  but  of 
late  the  industry  has  languished,  while  the 
diminution  of  the  metal  is  scarcely  appreci- 
able. In  1899  the  product  was  15,800  tons. 
Iron  has  not  proven  profitable,  and  the  oper- 
ations in  zinc  and  copper,  little  more  than 
experimental,  have  been  practically  aban- 
doned. Native  woods  are  abundant.  The 
uplands  bear  a  growth  of  hickory  and  several 


varieties  of  oak;  along  the  streams  are 
found  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  maple,  sycamore, 
buckeye  and  cottonwood.  Owing  to  its 
broken  formation,  much  of  the  surface  is  of 
secondary  importance  for  tillage,  and  less 
than  one-half  is  under  cultivation.  The 
greater  part  of  the  remainder  affords  excel- 
lent pasturage.  The  white  settlements  in  the 
county  were  established  with  great  difficulty, 
and  at  the  cost  of  many  lives.  The  Osage 
Indians,  a  peculiarly  hostile  tribe,  occupied 
the  adjoining  region,  now  known  as  Frank- 
lin Cotmty,  and  made  frequent  incursions 
upon  the  settlers.  John  Hilderbrand,  of 
French  descent,  probably  the  first  white  to 
locate  there,  founded  the  Meramec  colony, 
on  Saline  Creek,  in  1774.  In  1780  it  was 
broken  up,  the  colonists  fleeing  for  their 
lives.  In  1784  Hilderbrand  made  another 
home  at  Maddox's  Mill,  on  Big  River,  about 
thirty-one  miles  from  St.  Louis,  and  was 
killed.  About  1788  John  Bailey  located  on 
Romine  Creek,  John  Piatt  on  Big  River,  and 
Adam  House  near  the  spring  which  went  by 
his  name.  Bailey  and  Piatt  were  driven 
away  and  their  cabins  burned.  House  was 
killed,  his  head  cut  off  and  hung  in  an  elm 
tree,  which,  up  to  a  few  years  ago,  was  stand- 
ing. He  was  a  maple-sugar-maker,  and  his 
slayers  thrust  a  lump  of  sugar  between  his 
lips.  His  son  was  wounded,  but  escaped  and 
alarmed  the  neighborhood.  Pursuit  was 
made  under  Captain  Mars,  and  the  enemy 
were  overtaken  on  Indian  Creek,  in  Wash- 
ington County,  and  several  of  them  killed. 
In  1790  the  settlers  built  a  blockhouse  on  Sa- 
line Creek,  in  which  they  took  refuge  at 
times,  but  it  was  not  attacked.  There  were 
other  atrocities  than  those  narrated,  while 
some  of  the  settlers  went  undisturbed.  In 
1776  Jean  Baptiste  Gomanche  established  a 
ferry  across  the  Meramec  River,  a  mile  above 
its  mouth,  to  connect  the  trail  between  St. 
Louis  and  Ste.  Genevieve,  the  first  highway 
marked  out  in  that  country.  He  was  obliged 
to  leave,  but  subsequently  returned.  In  1779 
Thomas  Jones  settled  near  Kimmswick  and 
engaged  in  salt-making.  The  ruins  of  his 
salt  trenches  were  to  be  seen  in  1890.  Be- 
tween 1799  and  1803,  under  Spanish  grants 
procured  for  them  by  Francis  Valle,  com- 
mander at  Ste.  Genevieve,  about  seventy-five 
American  families,  mostly  from  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  opened  settlements  on  Big 
River,  and    Sandy,  Joachim,  Plattin,  Belew 


JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 


431 


I 


and  Glaize  Creeks.  In  1800  Bartholomew 
Harrington,  with  several  families,  came 
from  Pennsylvania,  making  the  journey  in 
pirogues  down  the  Ohio  River  and  up  the 
Mississippi  River.  In  1806  Herrington  was 
excused  from  jury  duty  on  account  of 
wounds  received  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
In  1804  came  Christian  Wilt  and  John 
Honey,  who  erected  a  shot  tower  near  Illi- 
nois Station,  now  known  as  Riverside ;  also 
Peter  Husky  and  seven  families,  who  jour- 
neyed with  wagons  from  South  Carolina  and 
settled  on  Sandy  Creek.  In  1821  the  public 
lands  were  opened  for  entry,  and  a  large  im- 
migration set  in,  which  was  distinctively 
American.  What  is  now  the  County  of  Jef- 
ferson was  divided  between  the  districts  of 
St.  Louis  and  Ste.  Genevieve,  in  the  Terri- 
tory of  Louisiana ;  Plattin  Creek,  to  the  east 
of  De  Soto,  was  the  Hne  of  separation,  the 
region  north  of  that  stream  belonging  to  the 
former,  and  that  on  the  south  to  the  latter. 
This  division  was  maintained  when  the  dis- 
tricts became  counties,  in  the  organization  of 
the  Territory  of  Missouri,  until  the  County 
of  Jefferson — named  for  the  statesman  who 
acquired  the  Louisiana  Territory  for  the 
United  States — was  created,  December  8, 
1818.  Its  present  boundaries  are  substan- 
tially the  same  as  when  it  was  organized,  the 
few  changes  made  by  subsequent  legislation 
being  for  little  more  than  a  correct  definition 
of  boundaries.  At  first  it  comprised  the 
Townships  of  Joachim,  Plattin  and  Big  River, 
as  they  were  in  the  old  counties.  There  were 
frequent  subsequent  subdivisions  before  the 
townships  existed  as  at  present.  Joachim, 
Plattin  and  Rock  Townships  border  the  Mis- 
sissippi River ;  Meramec,  on  the  river  of  that 
name,  lies  in  the  northwest;  south  of  Mera- 
mec are  Big  River  and  Central  Townships, 
and  Valle  Township  is  in  the  extreme  south- 
west. The  legislative  act  creating  the  county 
appointed  L.  B.  Boyd,  Thomas  Evans,  Jacob 
Wise,  William  Bates,  William  Null,  Peter 
McCormack  and  Henry  Metz  commissioners 
to  select  a  seat  of  justice,  and  erect  suitable 
public  buildings.  Herculaneum  was  named, 
where  the  county  court  was  first  held,  March 
22,  1819,  and  completed  the  organization  of 
the  county.  L.  B.  Boyd,  EHas  Bates  and 
Samuel  Hammond  were  the  first  justices,  by 
appointment  of  the  Governor.  James  Bryant 
donated  a  lot  as  a  building  site,  upon  which 
■was  put  up  a  log  jail.    No  effort  was  made  to 


build  a  courthouse.  In  August,  1832,  a  vote 
of  the  people  was  taken  upon  a  proposition 
to  establish  the  county  seat  at  Monticello,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Hillsboro. 
The  election  returns  were  not  canvassed  un- 
til February,  1833,  when  they  were  disap- 
proved. On  a  further  canvass,  in  September, 
1834,  the  court  declared  the  removal  propo- 
sition carried,  and  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  lay  off  and  sell  lots,  and  erect  a 
hewed  log  courthouse,  at  a  cost  of  $400. 
These  measures  were  stoutly  opposed,  and  it 
was  not  until  April  7,  1838,  that  a  building 
site  was  provided,  a  gift  of  fifty  acres  from 
Hugh  O'Neil  and  Samuel  Merry.  February 
8,  1839,  the  General  Assembly  passed  an  act 
establishing  the  seat  of  justice  at  Hillsboro, 
the  former  name,  Monticello,  being  aban- 
doned for  the  reason  that  such  was  already 
the  name  of  the  county,  seat  of  Lewis  County. 
Under  John  J.  Buren,  as  commissioner,  a 
brick  courthouse  was  erected,  on  ground 
near  the  present  public  school  building,  at  a 
cost  of  $4,600,  including  furnishings,  and  the 
first  court  session  held  therein  was  in  April, 
1840.  To  that  time  Herculaneum  had  been 
the  county  seat.  In  1841  a  jail  was  built,  at 
a  cost  of  $1,500.  In  1865  the  present 
courthouse  and  jail  were  erected,  at 
a  cost  of  $16,500.73.  The  courthouse  is 
brick,  two  stories,  upon  a  stone  foundation. 
The  first  story  of  the  jail  is  stone,  and  con- 
tains the  cells ;  the  upper  story,  of  brick,  is 
the  jailer's  residence.  A  solid  stone  wall 
twelve  feet  high  surrounds  the  building. 
With  the  removal  of  the  seat  of  justice,  Her- 
culaneum began  to  decline.  In  1890  all  re- 
maining to  mark  the  site  were  a  shot  tower, 
erected  in  about  1808,  and  the  chimney  of  the 
old  house  where  Governor  Thomas  C. 
Fletcher  was  born.  But  new  life  was  put  in 
the  old  town  by  the  building  of  a  large  smelt- 
ing plant,  and  the  name  of  the  town  is  per- 
petuated by  the  new  hamlet  that  has  been 
built  on  the  site  of  the  old.  The  first  circuit 
court  held  in  the  county  was  in  1819,  Judge 
Nathaniel  Beverly  Tucker  presiding.  Dur- 
ing the  first  score  of  years  there  were  many 
criminal  trials,  but  not  a  legal  execution  until 
1863,  when  James  Edmonds  was  hanged  for 
the  murder  of  John  Bridgeman.  The  polit- 
ical history  of  the  county  begins  with  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1820,  in  which 
it  was  represented  by  Daniel  Hammond.  In 
the  First  General  Assembly,  William  Bates 


432 


JEFFRIES. 


sat  in  the  House,  and  Samuel  Perry,  of 
Washington  County,  was  Senator  from  the 
district  comprising  the  Counties  of  Jefiferson 
and  Washington. 

In  1806  Benjamin  Johnston  taught  a  school 
on  Sandy  Creek,  probably  the  first  in  the 
county,  and  a  few  years  afterward  nearly 
every  settlement  had  a  pay  school  for  a  short 
time  each  year.  In  1821  began  the  sale  of 
school  lands,  but  school  townships  were  not 
organized  until  1841,  and  the  public  school 
system  was  not  really  estabhshed  until  the 
close  of  the  Civil  War.  The  county  now  ranks 
with  the  first  in  efficiency  and  attendance.  In 
recent  years,  attendant  white  pupils  have 
been  86  per  cent,  and  colored  pupils  75  per 
cent  of  the  total  entitled  to  tuition.  There 
are  91  schools,  120  teachers  and  8,416  pupils. 
The  permanent  school  fund  is  $27,928.12. 
The  first  religious  teachers  of  whom  record 
is  found  were  John  Travis,  a  Methodist,  and 
Thomas  Donahue,  a  Baptist,  about  1807. 
Thomas  Donnell,  a  Presbyterian,  came  about 
1820.  The  Big  River  and  Sandy  Creek  set- 
tlements were  mostly  of  Baptists ;  those  of 
Plattin  and  Joachim  Creeks,  of  Methodists, 
and  those  of  the  upper  part  of  Big  River  and 
Dry  Creek,  Presbyterians.  The  Catholics  do 
not  appear  as  early  as  in  some  other  coun- 
ties, their  first  organization  having  been  the 
Immaculate  Conception  Church,  near  Max- 
ville,  established  in  1850.  The  first  German 
Methodist  minister  was  John  G.  Kost,  who 
organized  a  church  near  De  Soto  in  185 1.  An 
Episcopal  Church  was  founded  in  1865,  and 
a  Christian  Church  in  1868,  both  in  De  Soto. 
The  first  newspaper  was  the  **Herald," 
founded  in  1859,  at  De  Soto,  by  E.  E.  Furber, 
and  its  publication  ceased  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War.  In  1869-70  a  Republican  pa- 
per was  published  in  the  same  town  by  G.  D. 
Clark.  In  1881  the  "J^^^i'son  County 
Watchman"  was  founded  at  Hillsboro,  by  S. 
Henry  Smith.  Newspapers  now  in  existence 
are  named  in  connection  with  the  towns 
where  they  are  published.  During  the  Civil 
War,  no  organized  body  joined  the  Confed- 
erate Army,  and  the  entire  enlistment  for 
that  service  is  estimated  at  not  more  than 
two  hundred  men.  Several  companies  en- 
tered the  Union  Army,  and  the  Eightieth 
Regiment  of  Enrolled  Missouri  Militia,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  C.  A.  Newcomb,  was  en- 
tirely recruited  in  the  county,  for  guarding 
railway  bridges  and  repelling  invasion.     In 


1861  a  Confederate  detachment,  under  Gen- 
eral "Jefif"  Thompson,  burned  the  railway 
bridge  across  Big  River,  where  a  slight  skir- 
mish occurred.  Except  this,  the  county  was 
unmarked  by  war,  from  without,  although 
there  were  minor  internal  disturbances.  The 
St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern  Rail- 
way follows  the  eastern  border  of  the  county 
to  Riverside,  where  it  diverges  to  the  south- 
westward.  The  Mississippi  River  &  Bonne 
Terre  Railway  has  its  northern  terminus  at 
Riverside,  and  runs  southward.  The  Crystal 
City  Railway,  three  and  one-half  miles  long, 
connects  Crystal  City  with  the  St.  Louis, 
Iron  Mountain  &  Southern  Railway  at  Silica. 
It  is  owned  by  the  Crystal  Plate  Glass  Com- 
pany. The  population  of  Jefferson  County, 
in  1900,  was  25,712.  Its  principal  products 
for  the  same  year  were :  Wheat,  409,081 
bushels;  corn,  962,942  bushels;  hay,  18,852 
tons;  tobacco,  2,680  pounds;  neat  cattle,  17,- 
532  head ;  hogs,  28,542  head ;  sheep,  5,904 
head. 

Jeffries,  Samuel  Broaddus,  assistant 
attorney  general  of  Missouri,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1868,  in  Lewis  County,  of  this  State. 
He  is  the  son  of  William  Meredith  and  Eliza 
(Smallwood)  Jeffries,  who  are  living  at  the 
present  time  (1900)  in  Lewis  County,  where 
they  established  their  home  among  the 
pioneers  of  that  portion  of  the  State  in  1840. 
The  elder  Jeffries  is  a  native  of  Virginia  and 
is  descended  from  a  family  whose  earliest 
representatives  settled  in  Fauquier  County,  of 
the  Old  Dominion,  in  Colonial  days.  The 
mother  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Illinois, 
where  she  was  left  an  orphan  when  but 
twelve  years  of  age.  Samuel  B.  Jeffries  was 
reared  on  his  father's  farm  in  Lewis  County 
and  obtained  his  rudimentary  education  in 
the  common  schools  which  he  attended  dur- 
ing the  winter  months  of  each  year.  Later 
he  entered  the  Baptist  Male  and  Female 
College  at  La  Grange,  Missouri,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1889  with  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  science.  Soon  after  his 
graduation  he  entered  the  law  department  of 
Washington  University,  at  St.  Louis,  and  in 
1 891  was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  Judge  Ben 
E.  Turner,  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Lewis 
County.  He  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  La  Grange,  Missouri,  as  an  asso- 
ciate of  Honorable  H.  P.  Tate,  who  was  a 
lawyer  of  ability,  and  who  served  two  terms 


JENKINS— JENNKY. 


433 


in  the  General  Assembly  of  Missouri.  Later 
Mr.  Jeffries  continued  his  practice  in  connec- 
tion with  Honorable  John  C.  Anderson,  an 
eX'Circuit  judge,  now  deceased.  Almost  as 
soon  as  admitted  to  the  bar  he  was  elected 
city  attorney  of  La  Grange,  and  filled  that 
position  for  nearly  three  years,  establishing  a 
reputation  in  the  meantime  as  a  capable  and 
resourceful  lawyer,  peculiarly  adapted  to  the 
trial  of  cases  and  that  branch  of  practice 
which  brought  him  before  courts  and  juries. 
In  1894  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Lewis  County  for  a  term  of  two  years.  He 
was  re-elected  to  this  office  in  1896,  but  on 
the  nth  of  February,  following,  he  resigned 
the  prosecuting  attorneyship  to  accept  the 
position  of  assistant  attorney  general,  ten- 
dered him  by  Honorable  Edward  C.  Crow, 
Attorney  General  of  Missouri.  In  this  posi- 
tion he  proved  himself  a  careful  guardian 
of  the  interests  of  the  State  and  its  citizens, 
and  an  able,  fearless  and  conscientious 
lawyer.  While  he  has  been  actively  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  law  since  his  admission  to 
the  bar,  he  has  at  times  been  interested  in 
important  business  enterprises,  among  them 
the  organization  of  the  Citizens'  Bank  of 
Canton,  which  he  helped  to  establish  in  1893  ; 
the  Empire  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Can- 
ton, extensive  manufacturers  of  pearl  but- 
tons, and  the  Capital  Telephone  Company,  of 
Jefferson  City.  He  has  been  a  member  of 
the  directory  of  the  above  named  bank  since 
its  organization  and  its  legal  representative. 
In  politics  he  is  a  staunch  Democrat,  and  has 
been  prominent  in  the  councils  of  his  party, 
usually  attending  local  and  State  conventions 
as  a  delegate.  A  polished  and  forceful 
speaker,  he  has  participated  in  numerous 
political  campaigns,  and  in  this  connection 
has  rendered  valuable  services  to  his  party. 
His  religious  affiliations  are  with  the  Baptist 
Church.  A  member  of  the  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  he  has  passed  all  the  chairs  in  the 
subordinate  lodge  with  which  he  affiliates, 
and  he  also  belongs  to  the  orders  of  Free- 
masons and  Modern  Woodmen.  December 
8,  1897,  Mr.  Jeffries  married  Miss  L.  Frances 
Ball,  daughter  of  Willis  T.  Ball,  a  prominent 
merchant  of  Canton,  Missouri. 

Jenkins,  Marshall  J.,  clergyman  and 
legislator,  was  born  September  11,  1838,  in 
Wayne  County,  Michigan,  son  of  Jonathan 
H.  Jenkins,  who  was  a  native  of  New  York, 

Vol.  111—28 


in  which  State  he  was  born  in  1814.  The 
elder  Jenkins  was  taken  to  Detroit,  Michi- 
gan, as  a  child,  went  to  Iowa  in  his  young 
manhood,  but  returned  later  to  Michigan  and 
died  there  in  1847.  His  wife,  the  mother  of 
Marshall  J.  Jenkins,  was  born  in  New  York 
State  in  1821,  and  her  maiden  name  was 
Delia  Clarke.  Jonathan  H.  Jenkins  was  a 
farmer  by  occupation  and  his  son  passed  the 
early  years  of  his  life  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits. He  was  educated  in  the  Iowa  Confer- 
ence Seminary  and  at  what  was  then  known 
as  Western  College.  After  leaving  school 
he  engaged  in  teaching,  and  in  the  mean- 
time studied  for  the  ministry  of  the  Christian 
Church.  Removing  to  Missouri  he  began 
his  ministerial  career  in  1865  in  Andrew 
County,  of  this  State,  and  in  succeeding  years 
extended  his  work  to  Kansas.  Believing  it 
to  be  the  duty  of  ministers  to  take  a  proper 
part  in  the  conduct  of  public  affairs,  he  in- 
terested himself  in  the  championship  of  prin- 
ciples which  he  believed  to  be  right  and  in  the 
discharge  of  all  the  public  duties  incident  to 
good  citizenship.  He  voted  for  Abraham 
Lincoln  when  the  great  emancipator  was  a 
candidate  for  the  presidency,  and  supported 
his  administration,  and  later  voted  for  Gen- 
eral Grant  when  that  distinguished  soldier 
first  stood  for  election.  His  Republicanism, 
however,  was  of  the  liberal  type,  and  in  1872 
he  supported  Horace  Greeley  for  the  presi- 
dency. Still  later  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Greenback  party,  whose  principles  relating 
to  the  currency  of  our  country  he  indorsed, 
and  in  1896  he  was  an  ardent  and  enthusiastic 
supporter  of  William  J.  Bryan  for  the  presi- 
dency. In  the  year  last  named  he  was  elected 
a  Representative  in  the  General  Assembly 
of  Missouri,  from  Jasper  County,  and  in  1898 
he  was  re-elected  to  that  body.  During  the 
two  terms  of  his  service  in  the  General  As- 
sembly he  proved  himself  a  faithful  and  con- 
scientious, as  well  as  a  capable  legislator, 
winning  the  high  regard  of  his  colleagues 
and  the  commendation  of  his  constituents. 
August  9,  1863,  Mr.  Jenkins  married  Miss 
Mary  Ann  Garland,  daughter  of  Patrick  and 
Sarah  (Bagley)  Garland.  Of  this  union  one 
child  was  born,  a  daughter,  who  is  now  the 
wife  of  Charles  T.  Howard,  of  Carthage, 
Missouri. 

Jenney,  Fred  Kittredge,  lawyer,  was 
born  April  26,  1871,  at  Norwalk,  Ohio.    His 


^'- 


434 


JENSEN— JERICO. 


parents  were  William  H.  and  Laura  (Kit- 
tredge)  Jenney,  both  now  living.  The  father 
is  among  the  first  of  the  homeopathic  physi- 
cians of  Kansas  City,  and  was  active  in 
establishing  various  institutions  pertaining  to 
his  school  of  medicine.  Fred  Kittredge 
Jenney  attended  the  Kansas  City  schools, 
including  the  high  school,  and  was  afterward 
a  student  in  the  Lehigh  (Pennsylvania)  Uni- 
versity. Returning  to  Kansas  City  he  found 
employment  in  the  law  office  of  Pratt,  Ferry 
&  Hagerman,  and  while  so  engaged  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  law.  In  1897  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Herman  Brum- 
back,  under  the  firm  name  of  Brumback  & 
Jenney,  which  is  yet  maintained.  In  1898 
Mr.  Jenney  was  elected  justice  of  the  peace 
for  the  Third  Judicial  District  of  Kansas 
City.  He  is  regarded  as  well  versed  in  law, 
and  in  his  discharge  of  official  duty  he  evi- 
dences excellent  professional  knowledge  and 
clearness  of  judgment. 

Jensen,  Nicholas  Newman,  physi- 
cian, of  Florissant,  St,  Louis  County,  was 
born  April  20,  1863,  in  Hamburg,  Germany. 
His  parents  were  Peter  and  Louisa  (New- 
man) Jensen.  He  left  his  native  land  at  so 
early  an  age  that  his  schooling  and  training 
have  been  distinctively  American.  He  at- 
tended the  public  schools  in  Evansville,  Indi- 
ana, passing  through  all  the  grades  until  he 
was  graduated  from  the  high  school,  the 
course  being  equivalent  to  that  afforded  in 
many  of  the  academical  institutions.  He 
then  determined  to  prepare  himself  for  the 
practice  of  medicine,  and  he  finally  succeeded, 
in  spite  of  circumstances  so  discouraging 
that  they  would  have  deterred  one  less 
resolute  of  purpose.  When  eighteen  years 
of  age  he  took  employment  with  the  Arm- 
strong Furniture  Company,  of  Evansville, 
Indiana,  working  industriously  through  long 
days  and  devoting  his  evenings  to  reading 
medicine  under  Dr.  Gardner,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing practitioners  of  Bedford,  Indiana,  who, 
appreciating  the  laudable  ambition  of  the 
young  student,  afforded  him  all  the  aid  which 
friendly  interest  could  prompt.  In  1888  he 
entered  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  where  he  pursued  his  medical 
studies  with  unusual  thoroughness,  remain- 
ing there  for  three  years,  one  year  longer 
than  required  by  the  rules  and  course  of 
study  of  the  school,  and  receiving  his  diploma 


as  doctor  of  medicine  March  10,  1891.  He 
then  located  at  Washington,  Indiana,  where 
he  practiced  for  not  quite  one  year,  when 
he  removed  to  his  present  location  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  J.  C.  Eggers. 
April  I,  1892,  this  arrangement  was  termi- 
nated, and  he  opened  his  own  office,  entering 
upon  the  individual  practice  which  now  en- 
gages his  attention.  His  success  has  been 
marked,  and  he  not  only  enjoys  the  confi- 
dence of  the  people  who  are  his  patrons, 
over  a  large  and  constantly  increasing  scope 
of  country,  but  he  is  held  in  high  respect  by 
his  professional  associates  on  account  of  his 
scientific  attainments.  He  is  a  man  of  cul- 
ture and  wide  information,  and  is  deeply 
interested  in  all  that  enters  into  the  well- 
being  of  the  community  in  which  he  lives. 
For  the  past  three  years  he  has  been  a 
member  of  the  board  of  health.  In  politics 
he  is  a  Democrat,  in  religion  a  Presbyterian, 
and  he  is  a  highly  esteemed  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity.  He  was  married  Decem- 
ber 24,  1893,  to  Miss  Matilda  Mary,  daughter 
of  Mr,  Henry  Pohlmann,  of  Florissant,  Mis- 
souri. 

Jerico. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  in 
Cedar  County,  sixteen  miles  southwest  of 
Stockton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  public 
school ;  churches  of  the  Baptist,  Christian, 
Methodist  Episcopal,  Methodist  South,  and 
Lutheran  denominations;  a  Democratic 
newspaper,  the  "Optic,"  and  a  bank.  Fra- 
ternal societies  are  Masons,  Odd  Fellows  and 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  There 
are  several  excellent  hotels  with  bath 
houses.  The  business  interests  include  a 
steam  flourmill,  a  brick  yard  and  coal  mine. 
In  1899  the  population  was  estimated  at  600. 
The  first  settler  was  Joseph  B.  Carrico,  whose 
name  is  taken  to  have  been  intended  for  that 
of  the  town.  According  to  his  statement  the 
Indians  came  from  great  distance  to  the 
springs,  seeking  them  for  their  medicinal  vir- 
tues. In  1857  Dr,  Bass,  of  St.  Louis, 
analyzed  the  waters,  and  as  a  result  projected 
a  hospital  on  the  ground,  but  the  war  caused 
abandonment  of  the  plan.  In  1882  D.  G. 
Stratton,  from  Illinois,  came  and  bought  the 
land  and  platted  the  town,  which  was  incor- 
porated March  5,  1883.  R.  B.  Clark  erected 
the  first  dwelling  house,  and  James  A.  Cogle 
opened  the  first  store.  The  town  is  also 
known  as  Jerico  Springs. 


JEROME— JESSE. 


435 


Jerome. — In  i860  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific 
Railroad  (now  the  St.  Lx)uis  &  San  Fran- 
cisco) was  completed  to  Knob  View,  Mis- 
souri. January  i,  1861,  it  was  finished  to 
Rolla,  which  remained  the  terminus  until 
1867,  when  General  John  C.  Fremont  as- 
sumed control,  and  built  the  road  to  twelve 
miles  west  of  Rolla,  now  known  as  Jerome, 
a  flag  station  on  the  west  side  of  the  Gas- 
conade River.  April  i,  1867,  the  town  of 
Jerome  was  laid  out  by  William  F.  Greeley, 
vmder  direction  of  General  Fremont.  It  cov- 
ered several  acres,  and  in  the  middle  of  the 
town  was  laid  out  a  large  square.  On  this 
square,  work  on  a  mammoth  hotel  was  com- 
menced, and  two  stories  of  the  building 
(stone)  was  put  up  at  a  cost  of  about  $100,000. 
For  two  years  Jerome  enjoyed  prosperity 
and  had  a  population  of  nearly  1,500  people. 
In  1869,  when  the  railroad  was  built  further, 
the  town  was  deserted  and  the  proposed 
grand  hotel  was  left  unfinished.  On  the  orig- 
inal site  of  the  town  there  is  only  one  occu- 
pied building — a  cottage,  which  is  the  club 
house  of  the  Jerome  Hunting  and  Fishing 
Club,  composed  of  residents  of  St.  Louis. 

Jesse,  Richard  Henry,  doctor  of 
laws,  and  eighth  president  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  Missouri,  was  born  March  i, 
1853,  in  Lancaster  County,  Virginia,  son  of 
William  T.  and  Mary  (Claybrook)  Jesse. 
What  is  known  as  the  old  Ball  farm  was 
his  birthplace,  and  this  was  also  the  birth- 
place of  Mary  Ball,  the  mother  of  George 
Washington.  This  historic  farm  is  still 
owned  by  Dr.  Jesse  and  two  members  of  his 
family.  The  family  on  the  father's  side  came 
from  England  to  Virginia  in  early  Colonial 
days  and  settled  in  King  William  County. 
Thence  the  grandfather  of  Dr.  Jesse  re- 
moved to  King  and  Queen  County.  In  this 
county  Dr.  Jesse's  father  was  born  and 
reared.  The  great-grandfather  of  Dr.  Jesse 
in  the  maternal  line  came  from  Wales  to 
Virginia,  and  settled  in  King  and  Queen 
County.  His  wife  was  an  English  woman. 
Their  son,  the  Rev.  Richard  Claybrook,  who 
served  in  the  War  of  1812  and  was  later  a 
distinguished  Baptist  minister,  removed  from 
King  and  Queen  County  to  Middlesex 
County,  Virginia,  and  in  the  last  named 
county  the  mother  of  Dr.  Jesse  was  born  and 
reared. 

Dr.  Jesse  was  fitted  for  college  in  Lancas- 


ter County  at  an  academy  founded  by  his 
father,  who  was  a  merchant  and  farmer,  and 
at  Hanover  Academy,  the  last  named  insti- 
tution being  at  that  time  the  oldest  and  best 
fitting  school  in  Virginia.  After  completing 
his  course  at  Hanover  Academy  he  entered 
the  University  of  Virginia,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  with  honors  in  the  class  of  1875. 
The  year  after  his  graduation  he  returned 
to  Hanover  Academy  as  instructor,  chiefly  in 
French  and  in  mathematics.  For  two  years 
afterward  he  was  principal  of  an  endowed 
high  school  in  Princess  Anne,  Maryland,  a 
position  which  he  resigned  with  the  intention 
of  returning  to  the  University  of  Virginia  to 
fit  himself  for  the  bar.  In  the  summer  of 
1878,  however,  the  trustees  of  the  University 
of  Louisiana  wrote  to  the  University  or  Vir- 
ginia asking  that  a  dean  be  recommended 
for  the  academic  department.  This  institu- 
tion, founded  at  New  Orleans  in  1840,  and 
closed  as  a  result  of  the  Civil  War,  was  not 
opened  again  until  the  fall  of  1878.  The  pro- 
fessors of  the  University  of  Virginia  united 
in  recommending  Dr.  Jesse  to  the  University 
of  Louisiana,  and  he  was  unanimously  elected 
dean  of  that  institution.  Giving  up  his  idea 
of  reading  law  somewhat  reluctantly,  he 
accepted  the  position  and  determined  to  give 
all  his  time  and  energy  to  the  upbuilding  of 
his  department  of  the  university.  In  the  face 
of  the  greatest  difficulties  and  of  strenuous 
opposition  from  those  interested  in  other 
institutions,  and  in  spite  of  the  apathy  of  the 
Legislature  of  the  State  and  the  City  Council 
of  New  Orleans,  he  achieved  a  brilliant  suc- 
cess. A  few  years  after,  Paul  Tulane,  of 
Princeton,  New  Jersey,  gave  a  large  sum 
of  money  for  the  endowment  of  a  university 
in  New  Orleans.  The  trustees  appointed  a 
president,  but  did  not  at  once  take  any 
further  steps  toward  the  establishment  of 
the  proposed  institution.  Dr.  Jesse  there- 
upon set  on  foot  a  movement  to  bring  about 
a  consolidation  of  the  University  of  Louis- 
iana and  the  proposed  new  university.  He 
brought  to  the  support  of  this  proposition 
Justice  E.  D.  White,  now  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  who  was  then  one  of  the 
trustees  of  the  new  university,  and  Judge 
Charles  E.  Fenner,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Louisiana,  another  of  the  trustees,  and  Wil- 
liam Preston  Johnson,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  institution.  As  a 
result  of  the  combined  efforts  of  these  men. 


436 


JESTER  CASE. 


a  consolidation  was  effected  in  June  of  1884. 
Dr.  Jesse  was  made  senior  professor  of 
Latin  in  that  year,  and  being  thoroughly 
tired  of  administrative  work,  he  determined 
thenceforth  to  devote  himself  entirely  to 
teaching  and  to  scholarly  research.  This 
design  he  pursued  for  seven  years,  and  dur- 
ing that  time  was  made  one  of  the  original 
trustees  of  the  Howard  Memorial  Library, 
the  largest  and  best  library  in  the  South. 
While  he  was  thus  engaged,  a  professor  of 
the  University  of  Virginia  recommended 
him  to  the  trustees  of  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri for  the  presidency  of  that  institution, 
this  suggestion  and  recommendation  being 
made  without  his  knowledge  or  consent.  As 
a  result,  a  formal  tender  of  the  presidency  of 
the  University  of  Missouri  was  made  to  him 
on  the  19th  of  December,  1890,  and  a  month 
later  he  accepted  the  position.  Entering 
upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  in  the  fol- 
lowing July,  he  has  since  devoted  himself  to 
the  building  up  of  the  State  University, 
which  has  made  great  progress  during  his 
administration.  Its  buildings  were  destroyed 
by  a  fire  on  the  9th  of  January,  1892,  and 
upon  him  has  devolved  a  large  measure  of 
the  care  and  responsibility  for  their  rebuild- 
ing. The  people  responded  generously,  and 
nearly  $1,000,000  have  since  been  expended 
in  the  work. of  reconstruction,  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Missouri  having  given  to  the  univer- 
sity during  the  first  four  years  of  his 
administration  more  money  than  was  ever 
given  by  any  State  to  any  educational  insti- 
tution within  an  equal  space  of  time.  Dr. 
Jesse  has  been  especially  successful  in  foster- 
ing secondary  education  in  Missouri  and  the 
university  has  now  a  thorough  system  of  100 
affiliated  schools.  In  1893  he  was  appointed 
by  the  National  Educational  Association  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  ten,  whose  re- 
port on  secondary  schools  has  become  justly 
famous.  In  1897  he  was  made  chairman  of 
the  section  of  higher  education  for  1898  in 
the  National  Educational  Association.  The 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws  was  conferred  upon 
him  in  1891  by  Tulane  University,  which  had 
previously  conferred  that  degree  upon  no  one 
but  President  G.  W.  Custis  Lee.  In  his 
religious  affiliations  Dr.  Jesse  is  an  open-com- 
munion Baptist,  and  in  politics  he  is  a 
Democrat  of  the  Jeffersonian  school.  He 
married,  in  1882,  Miss  Addie  Henry  Polk, 
of    Princess    Anne,    Maryland.     Mrs,    Jesse 


comes  of  a  Scotch-Irish  family  which  came 
to  America  from  Ireland  more  than  a  cen- 
tury and  a  half  ago  and  settled  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Maryland.  The  family  homestead 
thus  established  has  been  handed  down  from 
father  to  eldest  son  to  the  present  time. 
They  bore  six  children.  Dr.  Jesse  attributes 
his  success  in  life  chiefly  to  two  things :  To 
the  influence  and  instruction  of  his  mother,, 
and  to  the  providence  of  God.  He  particu- 
larly dislikes  the  term  "self-made  man," 
holding  that  any  man  or  woman  that  is  self- 
made  is  necessarily  poorly  made.  When 
pressed  on  one  occasion  to  state  to  what  per- 
sonal trait  he  attributed  his  success  most,  he 
replied,  "When  the  cause  is  thoroughly  good, 
and  conimends  itself  to  my  sober  judgment, 
I  do  not  know  how  to  give  up,  and  no  man 
ought  to  learn  how." 

Jester  Case.— This  was  the  case  of 
Alexander  Jester,  who  was  tried  at  New  Lon- 
don, Ralls  County,  Missouri,  in  July,  1900, 
for  the  murder  of  Gilbert  Gates.  It  excited 
a  wide  interest  on  account  of  the  age  and 
character  of  the  defendant,  who  was  over 
seventy-seven  years  old  and  had  been  a 
preacher  or  exhorter  of  good  reputation,  and 
the  fact  that  the  alleged  murder  had  been 
committed  more  than  twenty-nine  years  be- 
fore, and  the  circumstances  that  the  friends 
and  relatives  of  the  alleged  murderer  and  his 
victim  lived  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas, 
Texas  and  Oklahoma.  The  facts  in  the  case 
were  that,  in  January,  1871,  Alexander  Jester, 
living  in  Kansas,  started  in  a  two-horse 
wagon  for  Indiana,  for  the  purpose,  as  stated 
by  himself,  of  visiting  his  mother  and  sisters, 
and  bringing  one  of  the  latter,  Mrs.  Street, 
to  his  home  in  Kansas.  After  passing 
through  Fort  Scott,  a  few  miles  out,  he  fell 
in  with  a  young  man  or  boy,  named  Gilbert 
Gates,  eighteen  years  old,  who  also  had  a  two 
horse  team,  and  was  traveling  in  the  same 
direction.  The  two  teams  stopped  to  water 
at  the  same  stream,  and  this,  according  to 
Jester's  statement,  was  the  beginning  of  their 
acquaintance.  In  Jester's  wagon  was  a  live 
buffalo  calf,  which  he  exhibited  along  the 
route,  and  also  had  a  sack  of  dried  buffalo 
meat  which  he  sold  in  small  quantities  at 
various  prices,  thirty-five  to  eighty  cents  a 
pound,  to  persons  on  the  road  who  were  curi- 
ous to  taste  it.  The  two  teams  crossed  the 
Missouri  river  at  Arrow  Rock,  and  journeyed 


JESTER  CASE. 


437 


on  until  they  came  into  Hulen's  Lane  in 
Monroe  County,  ten  miles  from  Paris,  where 
they  camped.  This  was  the  last  seen  or 
heard  of  Gates.  Jester's  story  was  that  on 
their  way  through  Missouri  they  had  been 
talking  and  bargaining  about  Gates'  team 
which  he  wished  to  sell,  and  Jester  was  will- 
ing to  buy.  At  Hulen's  Lane  they  finally 
came  to  terms,  $325  for  the  team  and  outfit, 
which  amount  Jester  paid  to  Gates,  Next 
day  another  man  wath  a  team  overtook  them, 
and  Gates  concluded  to  join  him,  which  he 
did,  the  new.  team  driving  oflf  in  a  trot  before 
Jester  on  the  same  road  he  was  traveling. 
Gates'  failure  to  arrive  at  his  home  in  Illinois, 
together  with  the  absence  of  all  tidings  from 
him,  excited  the  anxiety  of  his  father  and 
friends,  and  a  careful  investigation  was  made. 
The  track  made  by  Jester  and  Gilbert  Gates 
was  easily  traced  by  the  incident  of  the 
buffalo  calf,  from  Kansas  through  Missouri 
to  Hulen's  Lane  in  Monroe  County, and  from 
there  all  trace  of  Gates  disappeared.  In 
questioning  persons  living  in  Monroe  Coun- 
ty, enough  was  discovered  to  direct  suspicion 
to  Jester,  who,  after  completing  his  trip  to 
Indiana,  had  returned  to  Kansas — and  he  was 
arrested  in  Sedgwick  County  of  that  State. 
He  had  with  him  at  the  time  the  Gates'  team. 
Gates'  watch,  coat,  vest  and  pants,  wearing 
some  of  the  garments  when  arrested,  al- 
though they  were  too  small  for  him.  At  the 
time  of  the  arrest,  Azel  A.  Gates,  the  father 
of  the  missing  boy,  claimed  the  team  and 
took  possession  of  it,  without  opposition. 
Jester  was  brought  to  Paris,  and,  after  a  pre- 
liminary examination  sent  to  jail  in  Mexico,  a 
change  of  venue  to  Audrain  County  having 
been  taken.  Before  the  trial  came  on  the 
prisoners  in  the  jail  made  their  escape,  Jester 
with  them.  He  went  back  to  his  home  in 
Kansas,  but  remained  only  one  day,  going 
off  into  Texas.  No  further  trace  of  him  ap- 
peared until  twenty-eight  years  afterward, 
when,  upon  information  given  by  his  sister, 
iMrs.  Street,  he  was  discovered  in  Oklahoma 
living  under  the  name  of  W.  A.  Hill — a  fact 
which  he  afterward  explained  by  saying  that 
Jester  was  his  stepfather's  name,  and  he 
went  by  it  until  after  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War  when  he  took  his  father's  and  his  own 
real  name  of  William  A.  Hill.  The  case  was 
transferred  by  change  of  venue  to  New  Lon- 
don, Ralls  County.      There  were  witnesses 


from  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  Indiana  and  Illi- 
nois; but  the  most  important  evidence  was 
that  given  by  persons  living  in  Monroe 
County,  Missouri,  who  saw  Jester  and  Gates 
together  in  the  vicinity  of  Hulen's  Lane, 
where  Gates  disappeared.  Several  witnesses 
testified  to  having  seen  the  two  teams  ap- 
proaching Hulen's  Lane  on  the  25th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1871 ;  others  testified  that,  next  day, 
they  passed  or  met  the  two  teams  with  only 
Jester  in  charge.  There  was  snow  on  the 
ground,  and  several  witnesses  swore  that 
they  saw  drops  of  blood  and  a  blood  spot  as 
large  as  a  plate  in  the  road.  One  witness, 
a  neighbor  woman,  living  near  Hulen's  Lane, 
testified  that  in  the  night  of  January  25th, 
she  was  roused  by  cries  as  of  a  person  being 
killed;  and  others  testified  to  seeing,  next 
day,  the  feet  of  a  man  lying  in  the  rear  wagon, 
as  if  asleep,  or  drunk,  or  dead ;  and  several 
testified  to  having  seen  a  dead  body  floating 
down  the  creek  not  far  from  Hulen's  Lane 
when  the  ice  broke  up.  The  trial  began  on 
the  9th  of  July,  1900,  and  lasted  until  August 
I,  following,  distinguished  counsel  being  en- 
gaged on  both  sides,  with  over  a  hundred 
witnesses,  and  in  the  presence  of  a  crowd 
of  spectators  which  not  only  filled  the  court 
room,  but  surrounded  the  building  on  the 
outside.  At  9  o'clock  at  night  on  the  23d  day 
of  the  trial  the  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of 
"not  guilty,"  and  the  aged  prisoner  who  had 
been  attended  throughout  the  trial  by  his  two 
sons  and  daughter  was  set  free.  He  depart- 
ed next  day  for  his  home  at  Norman,  Okla- 
homa. The  circumstantial  evidence  in  the 
case  was  admitted  to  be  strong  against  the 
prisoner;  but  the  failure  to  prove  that  Gates 
was  dead,  together  with  the  skillful  presenta- 
tion of  authenticated  cases  of  the  disappear- 
pearance  of  persons  and  a  reappearance  after 
many  years,  determined  the  jury  in  favor  of 
the  prisoner.  The  case  against  the  prisoner 
was  worked  up  through  Chicago  detectives 
employed  by  John  W.  Gates,  of  Illinois,  a 
millionaire,  and  brother  of  the  missing  boy, 
and  this  fact  also  was  used  by  the  prisoner's 
counsel  to  influence  the  jury  in  his  favor.  It 
may  be  added  that  the  bearing  of  the  prisoner 
and  his  sons  throughout  the  trial  had  a  very 
favorable  impression,  not  only  on  the  jury 
but  on  the  community,  and  when  the  verdict 
of  acquittal  came,  it  was  received  with 
shouts  of  applause  by  the  crowd. 


438 


JEWELL— JEWETT. 


Jewell,  Jesse  L.,  physician  and  legisla- 
tor, is  a  native  of  Crawford  County,  Kansas, 
born  in  1870.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  where  he 
afterward  became  a  medical  practitioner,  re- 
ceiving his  medical  education  at  the  Universi- 
ty Medical  College.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
National  Guard  of  Missouri,  having  the  posi- 
tion of  captain  and  ordnance  officer  of  the 
Third  Regiment.  He  is  a  Republican  in 
politics,  and  in  1897-8-9  served  in  the  City 
Council  of  Kansas  City  as  alderman  from  the 
Third  Ward.  In  1900  he  was  elected  State 
Senator  from  the  Fifth  (Kansas  City)  Sena- 
torial District  for  the  term  expiring  Novem- 
ber 6,  1904. 

Jewell,  William,  founder  of  William 
Jewell  College,  at  Liberty,  was  born  January 
I,  1789,  in  Loudoun  County,Virginia.  He  ac- 
quired an  excellent  literary  education,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  medical  department 
of  Transylvania  University,  at  Lexington, 
Kentucky.  In  1820  he  located  in  Missouri, 
and  made  his  home  at  Columbia.  He  was 
accomplished  in  his  profession  and  was  also 
successful  in  various  financial  enterprises, 
and  acquired  considerable  means.  He  be- 
came a  liberal  patron  of  many  laudable  ob- 
jects, and  was  honored  for  his  public  spirit 
and  generous  benefactions.  Among  his  gifts 
was  one  of  $1,800  to  secure  the  establishment 
of  the  State  University  at  Columbia.  An 
earnest  member  of  the  Baptist  Church,  he 
exerted  his  greatest  effort  to  the  founding  of 
the  college  which  bears  his  name,  and  which 
is  his  most  enduring  monument.  He  was 
more  than  once  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
from  Boone  County,  and  in  that  body  educa- 
tion and  internal  improvements  engaged  his 
attention  earnestly  and  continuously.  His 
death  occurred  August  7,  1852,  at  Liberty, 
and  was  due  to  overexertion  in  superintend- 
ing the  erection  of  the  William  Jewell  College 
buildings. 

Jewett,  Daniel  Tarbox,  the  nestor  of 
the  St.  Louis  bar  in  1900,  was  born  Septem- 
ber 14,  1807,  in  the  town  of  Pittston,  Maine. 
In  his  youth  he  worked  on  a  farm  in  summer 
and  went  to  school  in  winter.  When  seven- 
teen years  of  age,  he  began  the  study  of 
Latin  and  Greek.  In  1826  he  entered  Water- 
ville  College  (now  Colby  University)  in 
Maine,  and  remained  there  two  years.      In 


1828  he  entered  Columbian  College,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  graduated  in  1830.  While 
in  Washington,  he  saw  Webster,  Benton, 
Calhoun,  Hayne,  Wright,  of  New  York,  and 
others,  and  heard  them  all  speak  in  the  Sen- 
ate. He  saw  President  John  Quincy  Adams, 
and  Secretary  of  State  Henry  Clay.  He  saw 
General  Jackson  inaugurated  his  first  term, 
March,  1829,  and  went  to  some  of  his  levees. 
He  never  saw  another  inauguration  until  that 
of  President  McKinley,  sixty-eight  years  aft- 
erward. While  in  college  in  Washington  he 
went  by  stage  to  Baltimore  to  see  the  first 
piece  of  passenger  railroad  made  in  this 
country.  This  was  in  1829,  and  it  was  about 
twelve  miles  long,  from  Baltimore  to  EUicot 
Mills,  and  the  cars  were  hauled  by  horses. 
After  leaving  college,  in  1830,  he  went  into 
Virginia  and  taught  school  for  three  years — 
the  first  year  the  Latin,  Greek  and  algebra 
students  of  a  large  private  school.  The  last 
two  years  he  taught  a  private  school  of  seven 
or  eight  scholars.  He  studied  law  the  two 
years  he  was  teaching  private  school.  In 
1833  he  returned  to  Maine  and  went  to 
the  law  school  in  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  went  to  Bangor,  Maine,  late 
in  1833,  where  his  next  older  brother  was 
practicing  law,  and  studdied  law  till  April, 
1834,  when  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
practiced  till  the  fall  of  1850.  In  December, 
1848,  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Wilson,  of  Bel- 
fast, Maine.  Her  father  was  an  eminent  law- 
yer, originally  from  New  Hampshire,  who 
had  been  a  member  of  Congress  while  Maine 
was  a  part  of  Massachusetts.  In  1850,  at  the 
solicitation  of  his  brother,  Minister  to  Peru, 
he  became  associated  with  him  in  building 
and  operating  a  steamer  on  the  Chagres 
River.  He  followed  this  pursuit  two  years, 
and  in  1853  went  to  San  Francisco,  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  remained  some  time  ex- 
amining the  Mexican  land  laws.  For  a  time 
he  was  interested  in  upper  California.  In 
1855  he  set  out  on  his  return  to  Maine,  taking 
the  Vanderbilt  line,  crossing  the  isthmus  on 
the  Nicaragua  route,  where  his  party  took 
mules  for  about  tvv^enty-five  miles,  then  a 
steamer  across  Lake  Nicaragua,  thence  to 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  thence  by  steamer  to 
New  York.  This  is  the  route  across  the 
isthmus  where  the  government  now  talks  of 
building  a  canal,  and  it  is  the  only  place,  in 
the  opinion  of  Mr.  Jewett,  where  a  canal  can 
be  built  to  connect  the  two  oceans.     In  1856. 


JEWETT  NORRIS  FREE  PUBLIC  UBRARY-JEWISH  CHARITIES. 


439 


Mr.  Jewett  traveled  over  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  West,  and  in  the  spring  of  1857 
he  located  in  St.  Louis  and  bought  a  lot  in 
Stoddard  addition  and  built  a  house  on  Mor- 
gan Street,  on  the  block  between  Ewing  and 
Garrison  Avenues,  and  moved  into  it  in  the 
fall  of  1857,  where  he  has  lived  ever  since. 
In  i860  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with 
Britton  A.  Hill;  now  deceased,  which  lasted 
till  the  spring  of  1872,  since  which  time  he 
has  practiced  alone.  In  the  fall  of  1866  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives in  the  State  Legislature  for  the 
session  of  1867-8.  In  1870  President  Grant 
appointed  Senator  Charles  D.  Drake  to  the 
office  of  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Claims 
in  Washington,  and  Governor  McClurg  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Jewett,  a  life-long  Republican,  to 
succeed  Judge  Drake  in  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  he  occupied  the  seat  until  the 
Legislature  elected  General  Frank  Blair  to 
fill  out  the  remainder  of  Judge  Drake's  term. 
Since  that  he  has  continued  in  the  practice 
of  the  law  and  has  never  sought  office.  He 
is  now  retired  from  practice,  but  attends  to 
a  few  matters  which  he  hopes  soon  to  dis- 
pose of.  He  has  two  children,  a  son,  born 
before  he  went  to  California,  and  a  daughter, 
born  after  his  return.  The  son  is  a  civil  and 
mining  engineer,  and  the  daughter  is  the 
wife  of  a  mining  engineer.  Mr.  Jewett's  wife 
died  in  November,  1893.  He  has  passed  his 
ninetieth  birthday,  and  is  in  good  health, 
with  unimpaired  mental  faculties. 

Jewett  Norris  Free  Public  Li- 
brary. — One  of  the  most  notable  free  pub- 
lic libraries  in  the  West,  founded  by  Honor- 
able Jewett  Norris,  at  Trenton,  Missouri,  in 
1890.  On  the  22nd  of  January,  of  that  year, 
Judge  Norris,  who  had  been  one  of  the 
pioneer  settlers  and  for  many  years  a  dis- 
tinguished citizen  of  Grundy  County,  but  who 
was  then  living  at  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  the  Board  of  Education  of 
the  city  of  Trenton,  proposing  to  give  to  the 
public  schools  of  that  city  $50,000  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  and  maintaining  a 
free  public  library  and  reading  room.  It  was 
stipulated  that  the  Board  of  Education  should 
procure  a  suitable  site  and  erect  thereon 
a  library  building,  and  that  the  library 
and  reading  room  so  established  should  be 
forever  maintained  as  a  free  public  library. 
Thirty-five  thousand  dollars  was  to  be  used 


for  the  erection  and  equipment  of  the  library 
building  and  $15,000  was  to  constitute  a 
permanent  endowment  fund  for  the  institu- 
tion. The  proposition  made  by  Judge  Norris 
was  accepted,  a  handsome  building  was 
erected  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  this  build- 
ing was  dedicated  to  the  uses  for  which  it 
was  designed  in  1891.  Judge  Norris  died 
shortly  before  the  completion  of  the  library 
building. 

Jewish    Charities,    United.— The 

first  systematic  relief  of  the  Israelitish  poor  of 
St.  Louis  was  begun  with  the  establishment 
of  the  United  Hebrew  Relief  Association  in 
October,  1871,  managed  by  the  following 
officers:  President,  B.  Singer;  vice-presi- 
dent. Rev.  S.  Wolfenstein ;  treasurer,  William 
Goldstein;  secretary,  A.  Binswanger;  super- 
intendent and  collector,  S.  Wolfner.  This 
organization  was  not  only  deemed  expe- 
dient but  made  necessary  by  the  influx  of 
many  poor  Jewish  families,  who  came  from 
Chicago  after  the  great  conflagration  there. 
Later  on  the  arrival  of  hundreds  of  Russian 
exiles  called  for  more  united  efforts.  Vari- 
ous other  Jewish  societies  distributed  relief 
without  communicating  with  one  another. 
Eflforts  were  made  to  amalgamate  the  various 
charitable  organizations  so  as  to  have  but 
one  central  office.  The  United  Hebrew  Re- 
lief was  recognized  as  the  leading  organiza- 
tion, and  during  the  many  years  in  which 
it  was  presided  over  by  Rev.  I.  Epstein  much 
good  was  accomplished.  Much  valuable  as- 
sistance was  rendered  by  the  vice-president, 
Rev.  H.  J.  Messing,  and  the  superintendent 
and  collector,  Adolph  Isaacs.  Other  officers 
were:  William  Stix,  treasurer,  and  Albert 
Arnstein,  secretary.  In  October,  1897,  the 
amalgamation  of  the  four  main  charity  dis- 
tributing societies  was  eflfected  under  the 
name  of  'The  United  Jewish  Charities"  of  St. 
Louis.  The  societies  that  united  were:  The 
United  Hebrew  Relief,  The  Sisterhood  of 
Personal  Service,  The  Ladies'  Zion  Society, 
and  The  Hebrew  Ladies'  Sewing  Society, 
each  of  these  societies  to  maintain  its  organi- 
zation, but  not  to  extend  relief  except 
through  the  main  office,  and  to  be  represent- 
ed on  the  board  of  the  main  society.  The 
main  office  for  distribution  of  relief  dis- 
tributes monthly  between  $1,200  and  $1,400 
in  groceries,  fuel,  cash  relief,  peddler  supplies, 
tools,  medicines,  and  physician  and  hospital 


440 


JEWISH   CHURCH— JEWS  AND  JUDAISM. 


treatment.  The  deserving  poor  who,  through 
sickness  or  some  other  cause,  are  unable  to 
work,  receive  their  pension  at  home,  and  each 
new  application  for  relief  is  thoroughly  in- 
vestigated before  it  is  acted  upon.  The 
society  also  maintains  a  kindergarten  for  very 
young  children,  with  a  free  library  and  read- 
ing room. 

Other  Jewish  charitable  societies  which 
have  not  joined  the  United  Jewish  Charities 
are:  The  Hebrew  Ladies'  Widows'  and  Or- 
phans' Society,  The  Ladies'  Hebrew  Relief 
Society,  and  The  Home  for  Old,  Aged  and 
Indigent  Israelites,  on  South  Jefferson.  Edu- 
cational societies  are :  The  Hebrew  Free  and 
Industrial  School  Society,  founded  in  1879  by 
Rev.  H.  J.  Messing,  and  first  presided  over 
by  Mr.  J.  B.  Greensfelder.  Over  three  hun- 
dred children  are  instructed  in  religion,  He- 
brew and  Jewish  history,  on  Saturday  and 
Sunday,  and  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
girls  are  taught  all  kinds  of  needlework  and 
dressmaking  on  Tuesdays  and  Thursdays 
after  school  hours,  this  class  being  non-sec- 
tarian ;  the  Jewish  Alliance  Night  School  for 
Emigrants,  mainly  Russians,  from  the  age  of 
fifteen  to  thirty  and  over.  About  three  hun- 
dred men  and  women,  young  and  old,  are 
taught  four  evenings  in  the  week  the  English 
language  and  American  customs  and  institu- 
tions. The  society  for  maintaining  this 
school  was  established  by  the  late  Professor 
William  Deutsch,  and  is  presided  over  by  Mr. 
Elias  Michael.  Rev.  M.  Spitz  established 
some  years  ago  the  "Jewish  Voice  Shoe 
Fund,"  which  distributes  every  winter  hun- 
dreds of  pairs  of  shoes  to  the  children  of  the 
Jewish  poor. 

Jewish  Chiircli. — The  first  Jewish 
public  worship  in  Missouri  was  in  the  year 
1838,  and,  as  might  be  supposed,  in  St.  Louis. 
There  were  no  Jews  in  Missouri  under 
Spanish  rule,  for  they  were  ostracized 
in  the  Spanish  colonies  as  well  as  in  Spain 
itself,  but  after  the  cession  of  Louisiana  Ter- 
ritory to  the  United  States  they  began  to 
come  in  and  establish  themselves  in  St.  Louis, 
and  afterward  in  the  other  large  towns 
where  the  advantages  of  trade  attracted 
them.  As  the  population  of  St.  Louis  in- 
creased so  did  the  number  of  Jewish 
synagogues,  and  in  1900  there  were  six  places 
of  worship,  some  of  them  exhibiting  in  the 
costliness     of    their    architecture    and    the 


splendor  of  their  appointments  the  striking 
prosperity  of  the  Jewish  element  of  the  city's 
population — the  larger  and  more  imposing 
temples  being  known  as  Reformed ;  and  the 
smaller  ones,  whose  congregations  are  made 
up  largely  of  Russian  Jews,  as  Orthodox, 
In  1899  there  were  estimated  to  be  60,000 
Jews  in  Missouri,  not  a  large  proportion  (2 
per  cent)  of  the  population  of  the  State,  but 
no  other  2  per  cent  exercises  a  greater  influ- 
ence on  the  State's  business  and  fortunes. 
Wherever  they  are  found  they  count  for  in- 
dustry, thrift,  public  improvement  and  good 
morals,  and  their  liberally  supported  institu- 
tions for  extending  relief  and  succor  to  the 
distressed  and  needy  are  worthy  of  all  praise. 
In  1900  there  were  twenty-five  Jewish  congre- 
gations in  Missouri,  their  synagogues  being 
found  in  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph,  Spring- 
field, Louisiana,  Joplin,  Carrollton,  Jefferson 
City  and  other  large  towns,  in  addition  to 
those  in  St.  Louis.  (See  also  "Jews  and 
Judaism.") 

Jews  and  Judaism. — It  is  no  easy 
task  to  fix  the  exact  date  when  the  first  Jews 
landed  on  American  soil.  It  is  shown,  how- 
ever, by  no  less  an  authority  than  Dr.  M.Kay- 
serling,  who  has  made  this  question  the  sub- 
ject of  special  and  minute  research,  that  there 
were  secret  Jews  (Maranos)  with  Columbus 
on  his  first  voyage  to  this  country,  and  'that 
one  of  them  settled  in  Cuba.  Owing  to  the 
hostile  attitude  of  the  world  toward  the  Jews, 
they  have  been  wanderers  on  the  face  of  the 
earth  from  the  most  ancient  times,  and  this 
enforced  itinerancy  must  have  generated  in 
them  somewhat  of  a  migratory  tendency. 
The  cruel  treatment  to  which  they  were  sub- 
jected by  the  inquisition  under  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  ending  in  their  total  expulsion  from 
Spain,  must  have  made  every  prospect  of 
escape  from  their  intolerable  condition,  how- 
ever uncertain,  appear  a  most  welcome  deliv- 
erance, and  we  might  therefore  assume,  even 
if  there  were  no  proof,  with  a  degree  of  prob- 
ability amounting  almost  to  certainty,  that  as 
many  of  them  as  were  permitted  eagerly  em- 
braced the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  expe- 
ditions of  Columbus  of  seeking  refuge  and  a 
home  in  distant  lands.  The  example  of  Ben- 
jamin of  Tudela,  who  traveled  for  eight  years 
through  the  greater  portion  of  Southern 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa,  proves  that  the  Jews 
were  not  averse  to  making  voyages  of  ex- 


JEWS  AND  JUDAISM. 


441 


ploration.  Indeed,  their  devotion  to  the 
sciences  generally,  and  to  those  of  astronomy, 
mathematics  and  geography  in  particular, 
fitted  them  not  only  to  make  tables  and 
charts  for  others,  but  must  often  have  in- 
spired in  them  the  courage  and  the  curiosity 
of  the  pioneer  and  the  explorer.  There  are 
evidences  that  there  were  Jews  in  Maryland 
early  in  the  seventeenth  century,  but  the  first 
large  and  important  settlement  took  place 
in  the  year  1654,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  or 
as  it  was  then  called.  New  Amsterdam.  The 
twenty-seven  persons,  men,  women  and 
children,  who  arrived  in  New  York  in  the 
autumn  of  1654  came  from  Bahia,  in  Brazil. 
The  Dutch  Jews  were  largely  interested  in 
the  West  India  Company,  but  when  the 
Portuguese  re-established  their  power  in 
Brazil  and  the  Jews  were  no  longer  protected 
in  the  exercise  of  their  religion,  they  sought 
refuge  in  the  Dutch  colony  in  New  York, 
whf  re  they  hoped  they  might  enjoy  the  same 
tolerance  which  had  been  wisely  accorded 
by  the  States  General  in  Holland  to  all  re- 
ligious sects. 

When  once  the  stream  of  immigration  to 
this  country  had  fairly  set  in,  it  continued  to 
flow  on  without  intermission,  but  with  more 
or  less  rapidity,  the  measure  of  which  was 
determined  by  the  political  and  social  status 
of  the  Jews  in  the  lands  in  which  they  lived 
beyond  the  sea.  Thus,  while  they  could  be 
found  in  limited  numbers  in  all  the  larger 
centers  of  our  country  during  the  Colonial 
period,  and  in  some  instances  had  attained 
positions  of  prominence  and  influence  even 
before  the  Revolution,  it  was  only  in  the 
early  decades  of  this  century,  and  especially 
in  the  period  between  1830  and  1840,  prob- 
ably as  a  result  of  the  reactionary  influences 
consequent  upon  the  French  Revolution,  that 
the  tide  of  immigration  from  southern  Ger- 
many and  Austria  set  in  with  any  consider- 
able force.  Many  of  the  Jews  who  came  to 
this  country,  fleeing  from  the  petty  limita- 
tions and  oppressive  laws  to  which  they  were 
still  subjected  at  the  time  we  speak  of, 
settled  in  the  West  and  formed  the  nucleus 
of  many. of  the  large  and  flourishing  congre- 
gations which  have  since  grown  up  there. 
St.  Louis  is  the  oldest  Jewish  settlement  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley.  In  1764  Louisiana, 
then  comprising  the  wfhole  of  the  territory 
known  as  the  Mississippi  Valley,  was  ceded 
to  Spain,  and  as  no  Jews  were  permitted  to 


live  in  its  domains,  it  is  quite  natural  that 
we  should  find  none  of  them  there  before 
1803,  when  it  was  acquired  by  our  govern- 
ment through  purchase  from  France,  to 
which  it  had  been  ceded  back  by  Spain  in 
1800.  As  early  as  1816  Jews  lived  in  St. 
Louis,  three  years  before  the  first  steamboat 
landed  there,  and  four  years  before  Missouri 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State. 
Wolf  Bloch,  born  in  Schwihau,  Bohemia,  who 
had  come  to  Baltimore  toward  the  close  of 
the  last  century,  is  generally  regarded  as  the 
pioneer  of  the  numerous  members  of  his 
family,  who,  at  his  instance,  left  their  Aus- 
trian home  and  settled  down  to  their  new 
fortunes  in  and  around  St.  Louis.  The 
experiences  of  these  first  colonists  in  St. 
Louis  were  the  same  as  those  of  their  breth- 
ren in  faith  everywhere  throughout  the 
South  and  West  in  those  early  days.  Inas- 
much as  they  found  no  kindred  associates 
either  in  race  or  religion,  they  soon  became 
lukewarm,  or,  marrying  into  Christian  fami- 
lies, they  fell  away  from  their  faith  alto- 
gether. 

The  conditions  which  confronted  them  in 
the  wilderness  in  those  pioneer  days  may 
ofifer  some  palliation  for  the  ease  and  indiflfer- 
ence  with  which  they  cast  off  their  allegiance 
to  the  faith  of  their  fathers,  but  their  convic- 
tions must  have  sat  rather  lightly  upon  them 
to  sacrifice  them  at  the  first  brush  with  the 
world  around  them.  But  there  was  one 
among  these  old  settlers — Eliezer  Block — 
who  insisted  that  he  had  never  deserted  his 
faith,  and  requested  that  he  be  buried  in  a 
Jewish  cemetery,  althoujjh  he  was  twice 
married  to  Christians  and  had  attended  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Dr.  Post  for  thirty 
years.  It  is  very  evident  that  at  least  sorne 
of  the  superstitions  which  were  current 
among  the  Jews  of  those  times  clung  to  old 
Eliezer  to  his  dying  day.  To  us  the  notion 
that  a  man  may  live  apart  from  his  co-relig- 
ionists all  his  life,  a  stranger  to  their  fellow- 
ship in  society,  synagogue  and  home,  cold 
and  unsympathetic  in  all  their  trials  and 
struggles,  their  hopes  and  aspirations,  and 
then  when  the  shadow  of  the  tomb  falls  upon 
him  assert  that  he  has  always  been  with 
them — to  us  this  notion  is  preposterous.  A 
man's  religion  is  his  life,  and  Judaism  would 
have  had  little  hope  of  a  strong  foothold  in 
St.  Louis  if  most  of  its  earliest  representa- 
tives had  been  nothing  but  cemetery  Jews. 


442 


JEWS  AND  JUDAISM. 


Indeed,  there  is  no  religion  which  is  so  en- 
tirely dependent  for  its  existence  upon  the 
soul's  homage,  and  the  living,  active  and 
enthusiastic  convictions  of  its  votaries,  as 
Judaism.  What  it  lacks  in  numbers  it  must 
make  up  in  sincerity  and  devotion.  It  has 
none  of  the  extraneous  helps  and  props  by 
which  the  various  Christian  churches  are 
supported.  The  Jews  have  no  organization 
or  government  to  which  either  their  congre- 
gations or  their  ministers  are  amenable ;  each 
religious  society  or  congregation  is  supreme 
and  independent,  a  law  unto  itself,  and  is 
absolutely  free  from  interference  from  with- 
out, both  in  the  management  of  its  aflfairs 
and  in  matters  appertaining  to  its  religious 
faith.  The  Jews  have  no  pope  and  no 
bishop ;  they  have  no  presbytery  and  no 
synod,  and  even  their  ministers  discharge 
the  offices  to  which  they  are  called,  not  by 
virtue  of  any  ordination  in  the  Christian 
sense  of  the  term,  but  simply  because  they 
have  been  chosen  for  the  position  by  their 
respective  congregations  on  account  of  an 
•especial  fitness  of  character  and  learning 
supposed  to  be  resident  in  them. 

Any  man  may  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
rabbi  or  any  other  functionary  of  the  syn- 
agogue, provided  he  possesses  the  necessary 
ability  and  can  command  the  respect  of  the 
community  that  calls  him.  Whatever  influ- 
ence a  rabbi  may  exert  in  his  own  congrega- 
tion, or  beyond  its  confines  in  the  wider 
sphere  of  his  coreligionists,  is  due  altogether 
to  personal  causes  and  qualifications,  and  not 
to  the  office  which  he  holds,  which  is  abso- 
lutely without  any  legally  constituted  author- 
ity. The  religion  of  the  Jew  must  be  rooted 
in  his  own  soul,  and  reason  and  conscience 
are  its  strongest  support  and  its  supreme 
authority.  To  form  a  congregation,  there- 
fore, it  does  not  require  a  dispensation  from  a 
higher  authority  without,  but  merely  the 
presence  of  a  certain  number  of  Jews  who 
have  sufficient  knowledge  of  their  ancestral 
faith  and  a  warm  attachment  to  the  principles 
which  it  inculcates.  Ten  men  were  supposed 
to  constitute  a  "minyan,"  or  the  number  re- 
quired by  tradition  to  hold  regular  or  public 
services,  and,  according  to  our  best  informa- 
tion, this  "minyan"  first  occurred  in  St.  Louis 
on  the  day  of  the  Jewish  New  Year,  1836. 
These  pious  pioneers  rented  a  little  room 
over  a  grocery  store  owned  by  a  man  by  the 
name  of  Max,  on  the  corner  of  Second  and 


Spruce  Streets,  and  there  in  that  modest  lit- 
tle temple  they  held  their  services,  and,  like 
the  patriarchs  of  old,  they  worshiped  the  God 
of  their  fathers,  who  had  guided  them  in  all 
their  wanderings  and  had  brought  them  from 
the  house  of  bondage  to  a  land  of  religious 
and  civil  liberty,  and  a  land  that  flowed  with 
milk  and  honey.  Out  of  these  small  begin- 
nings there  grew  several  congregations,  as 
the  influx  of  coreligionists  into  St.  Louis 
continued.  In  those  early  days  the  Jews 
were  wont  to  band  together  for  congrega- 
tional purposes  according  to  their  various 
nationalities.  Thus  there  was  a  Polish  con- 
gregation which  is  said  to  be  the  oldest 
organization  in  St.  Louis,  and  which  was 
constituted  largely  of  members  who  came 
from  the  districts  of  Austria,  Russia  and 
Germany  which  have  been  designated  by  the 
name  of  Poland.  This,  the  oldest  representa- 
tive body  of  our  faith,  is  still  living,  active 
and  thriving.  Its  synagogue  is  situated  on 
the  corner  of  Twenty-first  and  Olive  Streets, 
and  its  minister  is  Rabbi  H.  J.  Messing,  a 
man  who  is  actively  engaged  in,  and  largely 
identified  with,  the  work  of  the  United* 
Hebrew  Charities,  an  organization  which 
unites  all  of  the  Israelites  of  St.  Louis  and 
their  various  benevolent  societies  under  one 
head  and  management.  The  next  oldest  in- 
stitution, so  it  is  said,  was  a  congregation  of 
Bohemian  Jews,  known  by  the  name  of  B'nai 
B'rith,  or  sons  of  the  covenant.  Then  there 
sprang  up  a  religious  body  composed  of  co- 
religionists hailing  from  the  various  parts 
of  Germany,  and  they  assumed  the  official 
name  of  "Emanuel."  One  of  these  bodies, 
Emanuel  probably,  worshiped  on  Broadway, 
between  Washingfton  and  Lucas  Avenues,  in 
the  rear  of  the  firm  of  Samuel  C.  Davis  & 
Co.,  over  a  livery  stable,  and  the  other  had 
a  house  of  worship  on  Sixth  Street.  Sub- 
sequently these  two  societies  united  to  form 
one  congregation,  under  the  name  of  B'nai 
El,  which  now  worships  on  the  corner  of 
Tenth  and  Chouteau  Avenue.  Its  min- 
ister is  the  Rabbi  M.  Spitz,  who,  besides 
the  duties  of  his  clerical  office,  discharges 
those  of  the  editorship  of  the  "Jewish  Voice," 
the  only  denominational  organ  in  St.  Louis, 
and,  in  fact,  the  only  one  in  the  wide  West 
this  side  of  San  Francisco.  The  reforrri 
movement  in  Judaism,  which  originated  in 
Germany,  and  whose  object  it  was  to  liberal- 
ize the  synagogue  and  to  bring  the  Jew  and 


JEWS  AND  JUDAISM. 


443 


his  eternal  faith  into  closer  touch  with  mod- 
ern life,  had  hardly  become  known  even  in 
name  in  the  early  days  of  the  Jewish  settle- 
ment in  St.  Louis.  The  congregations  which 
we  have  spoken  of  were  all  formed  on  strictly 
orthodox  lines,  and  conformed  to  the  tradi- 
tional ritual  and  usages  of  the  old-time 
synagogue.  Since  their  foundation,  however, 
they  have  yielded  to  the  spirit  of  the  times 
and  introduced  changes  in  keeping  with  its 
demands,  but,  nevertheless,  both  congrega- 
tions have  remained  true  to  the  conservative 
tendencies  which  marked  their  beginning.  Of 
the  two  the  "United  Hebrew  Congregation" 
is  the  more  conservative.  Early  in  the  sixth 
decade  of  our  century  ideas  of  reform  began 
to  assert  themselves  more  vigorously  in  the 
B'nai  El  Congregation,  and  as  a  consequence 
thereof  a  number  of  its  members  withdrew 
and  formed  a  temple  association  in  1867,  with 
a  view  to  building  up  a  new  congregation  and 
erecting  a  house  of  worship  dedicated  to  the 
principles  of  the  radical  reform  movement. 
The  spiritual  concerns  of  this  religious  body 
were  administered  for  two  years  by  a  most 
excellent  man  and  scholar,  Neuman  Tuhol- 
ske,  who  had  earned  for  himself  many  years 
before  coming  to  this  country  the  reputation 
of  being  one  of  the  most  conscientious,  pro- 
found and  clear-headed  teachers  in  the  king- 
dom of  Prussia.  In  1869  the  congregation 
consecrated  its  own  edifice,  a  magnificent 
structure  in  those  days,  on  the  corner  of 
Seventeenth  and  Pine  Streets.  It  was  in- 
corporated under  the  name  of  "Shaare 
Emeth" — gates  of  truth — and  the  Rev.  Dr. 
S.  H.  Sonneschein  was  called  into  its  pulpit. 
In  1886  the  internal  broils  and  dissensions 
which  had  divided  the  members  into  factions 
resulted  in  a  breach,  the  outcome  of  which 
was  that  quite  a  number  of  the  influential 
members  withdrew,  and,  taking  Dr.  Sonne- 
schein with  them  for  their  spiritual  guidance, 
they  formed  the  nucleus  of  a  new  congrega- 
tion, which,  under  the  name  of  ''Temple 
Israel,"  dedicated  its  own  house  of  worship, 
corner  Twenty-eighth  and  Pine,  in  the  year 
1888.  For  the  last  seven  years  the  Rev.  Leon 
Harrison,  formerly  of  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
has  occupied  the  pulpit  of  Temple  Israel  in  a 
very  successful  and  satisfactory  manner.  In 
1895  Temple  Shaare  Emeth  moved  from  its 
old  sanctuary,  and,  through  the  courtesy  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Boyd  and  his  church,  it  was  in- 
vited to  hold  its  services  on  Saturday  in  the 


home  of  the  Second  Baptist  congregation, 
corner  Twenty-seventh  and  Locust  Streets. 
The  privilege  thus  kindly  extended  was  util- 
ized until  January  of  1897,  when  the  new  and 
magnificent  structure  at  the  corner  of  Lindell 
and  Vandeventer  Boulevards  was  formally 
given  over  to  its  high  and  holy  purpose. 
Samuel  Sale,  who  was  called  here  from  Chi- 
cago in  1887,  has  occupied  the  pulpit  of 
Shaare  Emeth  ever  since.  In  accordance  with 
the  more  modern  tendencies  of  Judaism, 
Sunday  services  have  been  conducted  in  the 
two  last  named  synagogues  for  more  than 
ten  years.  The  object  of  these  additional' 
services  is  to  afford  an  opportunity  of  fre- 
quenting the  house  of  worship  to  those  who 
for  some  reason  can  not  attend  on  the  tradi- 
tional Sabbath.  Besides  the  religious  bodies 
which  have  been  mentioned,  there  are  quite 
a  number  of  smaller  societies  composed 
mostly  of  the  Russian  refugees,  and  these 
are  naturally  strictly  orthodox.  The  con- 
gregation "B'nai  Amoonah,"  situated  at  the 
corner  of  Thirteenth  and  Carr,  as  the  most 
prominent  orthodox  religious  body,  deserves 
especial  mention.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Rosentreter, 
a  most  estimable  man,  is  at  the  head  of  it. 
While,  as  has  been  said,  there  is  no  outward 
force  which  holds  the  Jews  of  the  various 
religious  shades  together,  and  there  is  no 
organization  of  which  the  different  congrega- 
tions form  component  parts,  yet  there  is  a 
spiritual  bond  which  unites  them  and  makes 
them  practically  a  unit  in  all  that  appertains 
to  the  essential  and  fundamental  principles 
of  their  religion,  which  are,  in  few,  the  belief 
in  an  all-loving  and  eternal  God,  who  has 
created  the  universe  with  wisdom  and  pur- 
posive intelligence,  and  who  rules  in  it  with 
justice,  righteousness,  and  loving  kindness. 
It  is  this  faith  which  has  enabled  the  Jew  to 
present  a  solid  phalanx  to  the  world,  despite 
all  diversities  of  form  and  ceremony;  which 
has  maintained  him  in  the  past,  despite 
obloquy  and  persecution,  and  to  which  he  will 
remain  true,  while  honor  and  fidelity,  love 
and  devotion  to  home,  shall  hold  a  place  in 
the  human  heart.  It  is  this  spiritual  kinship 
which  makes  the  Jews  practically  one  family 
in  all  matters  touching  charity  and  philan- 
thropy, and  causes  them  to  sustain  in 
common  all  their  benevolent  institutions. 
Prominent  among  these  agencies  of  good,  in 
which  all  Jews  alike  participate,  there  are 
several  which  deserve  special  mention,  such 


444 


JOCKEY  CIvUB -JOHNS. 


as  the  Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Israelites, 
the  Hebrew  Free  and  Industrial  School,  the 
Jewish  Alliance  School,  the  Sisterhood  of 
Personal  Service,  the  Ladies'  Zion  Society, 
the  Widows'  and  Orphans'  Aid  Society, 
the  Ladies'  Sewing  Society,  and  last,  but  not 
least,  the  United  Hebrew  Charities,  which 
from  day  to  day  dispenses  its  gifts  to  the 
worthy  poor,  and  through  its  various  chan- 
nels enters  the  homes  of  the  sick  and  the 

-''  Samueiv  Sale. 

Jockey  Club. — A  club  devoted  to  what 
has  been  termed  the  "sport  of  kings" — that  is 
to  say,  horse-racing — which  was  organized  in 
St.  Louis  in  1828,  and  gave  the  first  races 
under  its  auspices  during  three  days,  be- 
ginning October  9th  of  that  year.  Some 
famous  contests  of  speed  were  given  on  the 
track  controlled  by  this  club.  It  passed  out 
of  existence  after  a  time,  but  in  1848  a  new 
club  bearing  the  same  name  was  organized, 
and  numbered  among  its  members  many  of 
the  most  prominent  citizens  of  St.  Louis. 
This  club  laid  out  a  track  in  an  enclosure  of 
eighty  acres  three  miles  from  St.  Louis,  on 
the  Manchester  Road,  and  its  first  race  meet- 
ing began  on  the  8th  of  October,  1848.  Like 
its  predecessor,  it  passed  out  of  existence 
in  the  course  of  time,  and  in  1877  the  St. 
Louis  Jockey  Club  was  organized  and  char- 
tered with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  This 
club  purchased  Avhat  was  known  as  the  "Cote 
Brilliante"  race  track.  Its  first  race  meeting 
began  on  the  4th  of  June,  1877.  In  1880  the 
club  was  reorganized,  and  in  1882  obtained 
a  new  charter.  Under  its  auspices  many 
famous  meetings  have  been  held,  and  it  has 
been  one  of  the  noted  racing  associations  of 
the  country. 

Johns,  Cm  111  a,  who  has  achieved 
marked  distinction  as  a  pianist,  was  born 
February  19,  1869,  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  daugh- 
ter of  Edward  W.  and  Kate  M.  (Jones)  Johns. 
Her  father  and  her  grandfather,  William 
Johns,  formerly  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
were  for  many  years  extensively  engaged  in 
the  operation  of  copper  works.  Born  and 
reared  under  favorable  auspices,  she  enjoyed 
the  best  educational  advantages  in  private 
seminaries  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  At  the  early  age  of.  nine 
years,  she  manifested  a  high  order  of  artistic 
talent  and  musical  genius,  and   was  placed 


under  the  care  of  the  thorough  and  accom- 
plished German  professors  of  music,  Messrs. 
Hydler  and  Undenner,  of  Cleveland,  and 
Professor  Giddings,  of  Pittsburg.  ,  When  but 
twelve  years  old,  she  performed  in  the 
Academy  of  Music  in  Cleveland,  and  elicited 
the  highest  commendation  of  her  teachers  for 
her  artistic  rendition  of  intricate  composi- 
tions. She  was  then ,  sent  to  Germany  to 
complete  her  education,  and  remained  abroad 
for  about  three .  years,  receiving  the  most 
careful  training  and  enjoying  unusual  ad- 
vantages for  the  cultivation  of  her  musical 
talents.  She  was  an  ardent  student,  and 
became  an  accomplished  linguist,  speaking 
six  languages  with  ease  and  fluency.  At  the 
same  time,  her  great  ambition  was  to  excel 
in  music,  to  which  art  she  devoted  herself 
with  all  the  enthusiasm  of  her  nature,  under 
the  direction  of  the  most  renowned  teachers, 
among  whom  was  for  two  years  Herman 
Scholtz,  the  celebrated  private  piano  virtuoso 
to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Saxony.  From 
him,  as  professor  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Music,  she  received  the  certificate  of  merit  of 
that  institution.  In  further  recognition  of 
her  ability,  she  was  invited  to  play  in  pres- 
ence of  the  royal  family,  and  was  made  the 
recipient  of  the  King's  Pianist  medal,  an  un- 
usual distinction.  Professor  Scholtz  regard- 
ed her  talent  as  of  such  high  order  that  he 
importuned  her  to  become  a  member  of  his 
famous  concert  company,  but  her  health, 
which  had  been  impaired  by  close  applica- 
tion to  study  and  practice,  obliged  her  to 
decline  the  flattering  ofifer.  Meantime,  her 
parents  had  made  their  home  in  Carthage, 
Missouri,  and  after  her  return  from  Europe, 
the  people  of  that  cultured  city  were  among 
the  first  of  many  American  audiences  to  ex- 
perience the  intense  delight  aflforded  by  her 
superb  genius.  Competent  critics  in  New 
York  City,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, and  other  musical  centers,  united  in 
praise  of  her  admirable  technique  and  sym- 
pathetic interpretation,  especially  of  the  most 
difficult  compositions  of  Liszt,  Chopin  and 
Gottschalk.  She  also  performed  at  various 
times  original  compositions  which  called 
forth  unstinted  praise,  delighting  those  whose 
own  musical  attainments  marked  them  as  dis- 
criminating judges.  Her  repeated  triumphs 
brought  her  frequent  solicitations  to  enter 
upon  a  public  career  as  a  concert  performer 
or  teacher  in  leading  schools  which  specialize 


^^- 


t 


JOHNSON. 


445 


he  most  advanced  instruction  in  instrument- 
al music.  Devoted  to  the  art  for  its  own 
sake,  she  declined  all  such  overtures,  to  per- 
fect herself  in  the  science  of  musical  compo- 
sition, which  she  is  now  (1899)  doing  in  New 
York  City,  under  the  instruction  of  William 
Mason,  doctor  of  music,  famed  throughout 
the  world  as  an  author  in  that  department  of 
musical  literature,  the  intimate  friend  of 
Paderewski,  and  a  teacher  who  receives  as 
pupils  only  those  who  are  beyond  instruc- 
tion in  execution.  While  so  engaged,  she 
gives  recitals  on  occasion  in  the  most  artistic 
and  fashionable  residences  of  the  metropolis, 
where  she  is  an  honored  guest,  for  her  per- 
sonal worth  as  well  as  her  professional  ability. 
At  the  elegant  parental  home  in  Carthage, 
Missouri,  a  spacious  and  beautifully  furnished 
music  room  has  been  set  apart  for  her  use. 
The  ceiling  bears,  in  fresco,  harmonious 
decorations,  representative  of  antique  instru- 
ments and  cherub  choirs,  and  the  paintings 
and  engravings  are  all  in  keeping  with  the 
purposes  to  which  the  apartment  is  devoted. 
The  family  is  held  in  high  regard  by  the 
people  of  Carthage,  who  cherish  deep  pride  in 
claiming,  as  of  their  own  community,  a  lady 
who  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  accom- 
plished musicians  in  Missouri,  and  in  the 
country. 


Johnson,  Charles  Philip,  one    of 

the  most  eminent  criminal  lawyers  of  the 
Western  bar,  was  born  in  Lebanon,  St.  Clair 
County,  Illinois,  January  18,  1836,  son  of 
Henry  and  Elvira  (Fouke)  Johnson.  In  the 
paternal  line,  he  is  descended  from  Pennsyl- 
|Vania  ancestors,  and  in  the  maternal  line  from 
Virginia  ancestors.  His  parents  were  pioneer 
Fisettlers  in  Illinois,  and  Chas.  P.  Johnson  was 
reared  and  educated  in  that  State,  completing 
'his  scholastic  studies  at  McKendree  College. 
As  a  boy  he  learned  the  printer's  trade,  and 
when  seventeen  years  old,  started  a  newspa- 
■per,  which  he  published  at  Sparta,  Illinois,  for 
over  a  year.  When  he  was  nineteen  years 
old  he  came  to  St.  Louis  and  began  reading 
law  under  the  preceptorship  of  Judge  Wil- 
liam C.  Jones  and  Attorney  General  R.  F. 
"Wingate.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1857  and  began  practicing  in  that  city,  taking 
an  active  part  at  the  same  time,  in  the  "Free 
Soil"  political  movement  of  that  period. 
Nature  had  endowed  him  with  the  gift  of 
eloquence   and   he   almost   immediately   be- 


came one  of  the  most  attractive  orators  con- 
nected with  this,  movement,  and  a  trusted 
heutenant  of  Frank  P.  Blair,  who  was  the 
recognized  leader  of  the  Missouri  forces  ar- 
rayed against  the  extension  of  slavery.  In 
1859  he  was  elected  city  attorney  of  St.  Louis, 
on  the  ticket  headed  by  Oliver  D.  Filley,  and 
in  the  campaign  of  i860  he  was  an  active  and 
enthusiastic  supporter  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
for  the  presidency.  When  the  clashing  of 
interests  and  ideas  between  the  North  and 
the  South  finally  culminated  in  civil  war, 
he  was  among  the  Unionists  of  St.  Louis  who 
gave  prompt  and  emphatic  expression  to 
their  sentiments  by  enlisting  in  the  Union 
Army,  and  early  in  1861  he  was  mustered 
into  the  Third  Regiment  of  Missouri  In- 
fantry as  a  lieutenant.  This  regiment  was 
enlisted  for  three  months,  and  during  his 
term  of  service  therein  Mr.  Johnson  helped 
to  recruit  and  organize  the  famous  Eighth 
Missouri  Regiment  of  Infantry,  which  he 
was  deputized  to  tender  to  President  Lincoln. 
He  tendered  the  services  of  this  regiment  to 
the  President  in  person,  and  upon  his  return 
to  St.  Louis  was  elected  major  of  the  regi- 
ment. His  lack  of  military  knowledge 
caused  him  to  decline  this  position.  In  1862 
he  was  tendered  a  congressional  nomination 
by  a  portion  of  the  Republican  party,  which 
refused  to  support  General  Frank  P.  Blair, 
but  this  nomination  he  declined.  At  the 
ensuing  election,  however,  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  State  Legislature  and  be- 
came a  recognized  leader  in  the  House  of 
Representatives.  He  served  on  the  commit- 
tee on  emancipation,  and,  after  failing  to 
persuade  the  leaders  of  the  pro-slavery  party 
to  accept  President  Lincoln's  proposition  to 
pay  the  slave-owners  who  had  remained  faith- 
ful to  the  Union  for  the  emancipation  of  their 
slaves,  he  took  an  advanced  position  in  favor 
of  immediate  and  unconditional  emancipa- 
tion, and  introduced  the  bill  providing  for  the 
calling  of  a  State  convention  to  consider  that 
subject.  As  a  member  of  this  Legislature, 
Mr.  Johnson  was  also  distinguished  for  his 
able  championship  of  the  interests  of  B.  Gratz 
Brown,  who  was  a  candidate  for  the  United 
States  Senate  and  who  was  elected  at  the  end 
of  a  prolonged  and  exciting  contest.  In  1864 
Mr.  Johnson  was  a  candidate  for  Congress  on 
the  Republican  ticket,  but  was  defeated  by 
reason  of  the  independent  candidacy  of 
Samuel  Knox.     In  1865  he  opposed,  on  ac- 


446 


JOHNSON. 


count  of  its  intolerant  and  proscriptive  pro- 
visions, the  adoption  of  what  became  known 
as  the  "Drake  Constitution,"  submitted  to 
the  people  for  indorsement  by  the  conven- 
tion which  had  framed  it.  On  this  issue  he 
was  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  served  in  that  body  during  the  ad- 
journed session  of  1865-6.  In  the  fall  of  1866 
he  was  appointed  circuit  attorney  for  the  city 
and  County  of  St.  Louis  by  Governor  Thomas 
C.  Fletcher,  and  in  1868  he  was  elected  to  the 
same  position  on  the  Republican  ticket,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  during  the  six  years 
following.  While  holding  this  office  Mr. 
Johnson  developed  those  great  powers,  as  an 
advocate,  which  have  since  given  him  such 
wide  celebrity  and  so  large  a  practice  as  a 
criminal  lawyer.  Missouri  inaugurated  the 
Liberal  Republican  movement,  which  swept 
over  the  country  and  resulted  in  the 
nomination  of  Horace  Greeley  and  B.  Gratz 
Brown,  respectively,  for  President  and  Vice 
President  in  1872.  Mr.  Johnson  became  a 
leader  in  this  movement,  and  in  1872  was 
elected  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Missouri  on 
the  ticket  headed  by  Silas  Woodson.  He 
was  an  able  and  accomplished  president  of 
the  Senate,  and  while  serving  in  that  capacity 
he  threw  the  weight  of  his  influence  and 
eloquence  in  favor  of  the  repeal  of  the  charter 
grant,  under  which  St.  Louis  had  passed  what 
was  known  as  the  "Social  Evil  Law,"  a  speech 
which  he  made  on  this  subject  and  at  that 
time  attracting  wide  attention.  At  the  end 
of  his  term  of  office  as  Lieutenant  Governor 
he  retired  from  active  participation  in  politics, 
and  has  since  devoted  himself  to  the  law, 
adding  at  the  same  time  to  his  own  fame 
and  to  the  fame  of  the  St.  Louis  bar.  Only 
once  has  he  consented  to  accept  a  nomina- 
tion to  office,  and  that  was  in  1880,  when  he 
was  again  sent  to  the  Legislature,  mainly 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  legislation 
which  would  break  up  a  powerful  gambling 
ring,  then  existing  in  St.  Louis.  As  a  re- 
sult, after  a  determined  and  bitter  contest, 
he  succeeded  in  having  passed  what  is  known 
as  the  "Johnson  Gambling  Law."  This  he 
followed  up  with  a  memorable  professional 
fight  on  the  gambling  and  lottery  rings  of 
the  city,  which  resulted  in  their  complete 
overthrow.  For  a  full  quarter  of  a  century 
Governor  Johnson  has  been  on  one  side  or 
the  other  of  almost  every  important  criminal 
case  tried  in  the  courts  of  St.  Louis,  and  his 


practice  has  extended  also  throughout  the 
State  of  Missouri  and  into  the  States  of 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Mississippi, 
Kansas,  Colorado,  Iowa  and  elsewhere.  As 
has  been  appropriately  said  of  him  by  one 
who  knows  him  well:  "Whether  as  a  states- 
man, advocating  the  welfare  of  the  people; 
a  lawyer  pleading  the  cause  of  the  weak  or 
innocent;  a  public  prosecutor  arraigning 
criminals  at  the  bar  of  justice;  or  a  citizen 
in  the  walks  of  private  life.  Governor  Johnson 
has  always  been  the  same  dignified,  cour- 
teous gentleman,  so  demeaning  himself 
as  to  command  the  respect  and  admiration 
of  all  who  know  him." 

The  course  pursued  by  Governor  Johnson 
in  the  case  of  Arthur  Duestrow,  condemned 
and  executed  for  the  murder  of  his  wife  and 
child,  illustrates  two  dominant  elements  in 
his  character,  his  tenacity  of  purpose  and  his 
absorbing  interest  in  the  cause  which  he  re- 
presents. Believing  in  this  instance  that  an 
insane  man  had  suffered  the  extreme  penalty 
of  the  law,  he  was  one  of  the  few  who  fol- 
lowed the  remains  of  his  unfortunate  client 
to  the  grave,  and  there  delivered  the  follow- 
ing memorable  address : 

"To  say  anything  at  the  grave  of  Arthur 
Duestrow  was  something  of  which  I  had  not 
thought  until  this  morning;  but  the  circum- 
stances surrounding  his  life  since  I  met  him 
the  morning  after  the  fatal  tragedy,  are  of 
such  a  character  as  I  think  warrant  me  in 
making  a  few  remarks  which  I  deem  due  to 
his  memory.  No  one  has  been  his  continu- 
ous associate  since  I  took  charge  of  his  de- 
fense but  myself,  and  from  my  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  man  and  all  the  facts  of  his  case, 
I  wish  to  say  here,  in  the  presence  of  his 
remains,  that  he  is  the  victim  of  a  judicial 
murder.  His  offense  in  its  every  character- 
istic was  apparently  brutal,  but  God  had 
afflicted  him  in  a  manner  that  should  have 
made  him  irresponsible  in  law,  and  the  ex- 
tent of  his  culpability  should  have  been  left 
to  his  Maker.  During  his  long,  bitter  and 
relentless  prosecution  I  never  asked  anything 
in  his  behalf  further  than  incarceration  in  an 
insane  asylum.  I  fully  realized  that  there 
was  the  place  to  which  humanity  dictated 
his  assignment.  Time  would  then  have  been 
given  to  clearly  establish  what  I  have  known 
from  the  first,  that  he  was  afflicted  with  that 
direst  disease,  insanity. 

"It  is  claimed,  my  friends,  that  this  is  a 


'MUiamsAr^ 


JOHNSON. 


447 


triumph  of  the  law  and  a  just  punishment  of 
its  victim.  I  say  here,  in  the  presence  of  you 
few  and  in  the  presence  of  my  God,  of  whom 
I  have  a  full  recognition,  both  as  to  His 
power  and  His  mercy,  that  it  is  a  disgrace 
to  the  humanity  of  the  age — a  triumph  of 
ignorance  and  prejudice,  as  against  every 
effort  of  science  and  legal  skill  to  protect  a 
poor  afflicted  son  of  humanity.  It  is  illus- 
trative of  a  retrogression  to  the  cruel  savag- 
ery of  past  ages.  Every  effort  that  I  have 
made  to  get  a  just  and  humane  view  of  this 
man's  case  has  been  thwarted  by  misrepre- 
sentation and  abuse  heaped  upon  him,  which 
he  had  no  power  to  repel,  and  which  I  was 
powerless  to  counteract. 

"The  efforts  of  the  most  skilled,  careful  and 
conscientious  physicians  were  of  no  avail. 
All  those  expedients  that  years  of  wisdom 
and  experience  have  incorporated  into  the 
law  to  protect  the  rights  of  the  individual 
against  aggressions  of  high  power,  or  the 
cry  of  the  mob,  have  been  treated,  not  only 
with  indifference,  but,  I  may  say,  with  con- 
tempt, by  the  press  and  by  both  subordinate 
and  superior  courts.  Even  the  paltry  bequest 
that  Christianity  guarantees  to  the  con- 
demned has  been  denied  by  a  weak  and  vacil- 
lating executive. 

"This  maa  was  not  allowed  Christian  prep- 
aration for  death.  Time  was^not  granted  to 
the  few  who  were  interested  in  his  fate  to 
consider  the  matter  at  all.  In  his  insane 
state  he  imagined  he  was  another  being  than 
Arthur  Duestrow.  Whether  the  ministra- 
tions of  a  Protestant  clergyman  or  a  Catholic 
priest  could  have  helped  him  in  his  clouded 
intellect,  I  know  not,  but  the  opinion  of  man- 
kind has  been,  that  under  such  circumstances, 
it  is  but  right  for  the  authorities  of  a  civil- 
ized State  to  guarantee  it  to  the  highest  and 
lowest  alike. 

"There  are,  my  friends,  none  of  the  usually 
attendant  burial  ceremonies  here.  Such  be- 
ing the  case,  it  can  hardly  be  deemed  sacrile- 
gious for  me  to  commend  his  soul  to  the  mer- 
ciful consideratfon  of  the  great  God.  'After 
life's  fitful  fever  he  sleeps  well.'  In  the  calm 
and  dispassionate  forum  of  scientific  and  his- 
torical investigation,  the  character  of  his 
act  will  be  determined  and  his  irresponsibility 
conceded.  From  out  the  darkened  intellect, 
as  he  stood  on  the  scaffold,  there  came  words 
of  forgiveness  to  those  by  whom,  in  his 
imaginary  character,  he  was  being  wronged. 


In  the  satfie  spirit  it  is  not  unbecoming  for 
me  to  say,  God,  forgive  all  those  who  have 
done  wrong  to  the  poor  insane  atom  of  hu- 
manity, whose  remains  we  consign  to  this 
lowly  grave." 

He  has  been  twice  married,  first  to  Miss 
Estelle  Parker,  of  Washington  City.  Four 
children  were  born  of  this  marriage,  three  of 
whom  were  living  at  the  beginning  of  1899. 
After  the  death  of  the  first  Mrs.  Johnson,  he 
married  Miss  Louise  Stevens,  daughter  of  a 
well  known  merchant  of  St.  Louis,  and  three 
children  have  been  born  of  this  marriage. 
By  reason  of  his  eminence  at  the  bar  and 
in  public  life,  Governor  Johnson  has  been 
honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws 
by  McKendree  College,  and  he  is  a  member 
of  the  faculty  of  Washington  University. 

Johnson,  James  Thomas,  farmer, 
trader  and  auctioneer,  was  born  in  Audrain 
County,  Missouri,  March  i,  1853,  son  of 
William  Otis  and  Mary  (Carter)  Johnson. 
William  O.  was  a  native  of  Culpeper  County, 
Virginia,  and  the  mother,  Mary  Carter,  of 
Kentucky.  The  father,  who  died  at  Mexico 
September  23,  1896,  was  a  man  of  extraor- 
dinary natural  and  mental  qualities  and  of 
fine  physique.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  Con- 
federate service  in  the  Civil  War,  and  per- 
formed some  daring  acts  of  bravery,  making 
him  a  noted  man  among  his  acquaintances 
and  in  his  community.  The  mother  was  a 
woman  of  strong  character  and  of  good 
family  lineage.  The  son,  James  T.,  inherited 
the  strong  qualities  of  both  parents.  His 
education  was  acquired  in  the  common 
schools  of  his  county  and  in  the  State  nor- 
mal school  at  Kirksville,  where  he  stood  high 
in  his  classes.  Speculation  and  security 
debts  so  involved  the  father  that  the  panic 
of  1873  swept  away  his  lands  that  under  other 
conditions  would  have  been  an  inheritance  to 
his  children.  Financial  embarrassment  in 
that  year  recalled  the  son  from  school,  and 
having  been  raised  on  a  farm  he  naturally 
adopted  agricultural  pursuits.  After  return- 
ing from  school,  one  year  was  spent  with  the 
father  in  repairing  his  fortunes,  and  the 
homestead  was  saved  from  the  wreck.  The 
next  year,  1874,  having  arrived  at  his  major- 
ity, he  started  alone  with  a  capital  composed 
solely  of  energy,  industry  and  determination. 
Beginning  as  a  tenant,  he  is  now  the  largest 
owner  of  land,  and  if  not  the  wealthiest,  he  is 


448 


JOHNSON. 


one  of  the  wealthiest  men  of  Audrain  County. 
He  lives  in  one  of  the  finest  and  most  com- 
fortable residences  of  Mexico,  and  directs 
his  farming  operations  and  the  raising;  and 
handling  of  stock  from  his  city  home.  His 
fine  intelligence  and  superior  education  has 
extended  his  acquaintance  beyond  the  limits 
of  his  State.  His  career  as  an  auctioneer 
has  been  much  like  his  career  as  a  farmer. 
Beginning  that  business  in  his  county,  it 
extended  to  the  State,  and  has  now  become 
interstate.  On  occasions  when  large  quanti- 
ties of  fine  stock  are  to  be  sold,  his  services 
are  often  required  in  adjoining  States,  and  in 
1896  he  cried  a  sale  of  stock  and  lands  at 
Paris,  Kentucky.  He  is  the  moving  spirit 
of  his  county  in  all  public  matters  relating  to 
fine  stock  and  agriculture.  For  many  years 
he  was  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Mexico 
Fair  Association.  He  does  not  confine  him- 
self, however,  to  matters  in  which  he  has 
an  immediate  interest,  but  is  in  the  front 
rank  of  all  enterprises  for  the  good  of  his 
city  and  county.  He  contributed  largely  to 
the  erection  of  the  military  academy  at  Mex- 
ico in  1889,  and  to  its  rebuilding  in  1900. 
In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat.  Though  tak- 
ing an  active  interest  in  political  affairs  he 
never  asked  for  office,  preferring  to  help 
others.  On  more  than  one  occasion  he  has 
helped  some  worthy  man  to  a  position,  and 
was  never  known  to  promote  the  interests  of 
any  one  not  wholly  worthy  of  a  place  in  the 
public  service.  April  21,  1887,  he  married 
Miss  Fannie  Cave,  daughter  of  Major 
William  S.  Cave  and  Margaret  (Harrison) 
Cave.  His  wife  is  from  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  prominent  families  in  northern 
Missouri.  By  the  marriage  there  are  four 
children,  Charles  Hardin,  William  Cave, 
Mary  Frances  and  Margaret  Louise.  Mrs. 
Johnson  is  a  useful  member  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church. 

Johnson,  John  Bates,  physician,  was 
born  in  Fairhaven,  Massachusetts,  April  26, 
1817.  His  father,  John  Johnson,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Norway,  who  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  the  year  1801  and  after  a  short  stay 
in  New  York  removed  to  Massachusetts.  His 
mother,  Harriet  Bates,  was  a  daughter  of 
Captain  Joseph  Bates,  who  rendered  dis- 
tinguished military  service  during  the  War 
of  the  Revolution.  Dr.  Johnson  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Friends'  Academy,  in  New  Bed- 


ford, Massachusetts,  where  he  was  fitted  for 
admission  to  Harvard  University,  but  owing 
to  the  death  of  his  father  and  the  declining 
health  of  his  mother,  was  unable  to  enter. 
He,  however,  continued  his  literary  and 
classical  studies  until  1835,  when,  in  accord- 
ance with  a  long  cherished  purpose,  he  began, 
in  the  office  of  Dr.  Lyman  Bartlett,  in  New 
Bedford,  Massachusetts,  and  a  year  later  en- 
tered the  Berkshire  Medical  College,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, from  which  institution  he  received 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  in  the  spring 
of  1840,  and  subsequently  was  honored  by 
the  conferring  of  an  ad  eimdem  degree 
from  Harvard.  Having  graduated  in  medi- 
cine, he  was  appointed,  after  a  competitive 
examination,  house  surgeon  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  in  Boston,  where 
he  remained  for  one  year,  and  was  there 
associated  with  many  of  the  leading  physi- 
cians of  that  city.  The  practical  knowledge 
of  disease  and  valuable  experience  which  he 
acquired  during  his  residence  in  this  cele- 
brated institution,  admirably  qualified  him 
for  commencing  the  private  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  it  was  here  that  the  founda- 
tion was  laid  for  his  subsequent  success,  both 
as  a  practitioner  and  as  a  teacher  of  medicine. 
Dr.  Johnson  came  to  St.  Louis  in  the  spring 
of  1841,  just  when  the  city  was  beginning  to 
attract  general  attention,  and  to  give  unmis- 
takable evidence  of  its  future  greatness.  His 
ability  as  a  physician  was  soon  recognized, 
and  it  was  not  long  before  he  was  in  the 
enjoyment  of  an  extensive  and  lucrative  prac- 
tice. Associating  himself  with  the  progres- 
sive men  of  his  own  age,  who  had  been 
attracted  to  St.  Louis  about  the  same  time 
as  himself,  he  assisted,  in  1843,  ^^  establish- 
ing the  first  public  dispensary  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  which  marked  a  new  era  in 
the  medical  history  of  the  city.  He  com- 
menced his  career  as  a  teacher  and  lecturer  in 
1846,  when  he  was  chosen  adjunct  professor 
of  clinical  medicine  and  pathological  anat- 
omy in  the  medical  department  of  Kemper 
College,  which  afterward  became  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College,  in  which  latter  insti- 
tution he  filled  the  same  chair  until  1854, 
when  he  was  elected  professor  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  now  a  department  of 
the  Washington  University  of  that  city.  Dr. 
Johnson  was  present  in  Philadelphia,  in  1847, 
and  assisted  in  the  formation  of  the  National 
Medical   Association,  of   which,  in   1850,  he 


"^^  S^ctfi^rn  j^is-fo. 


JOHNSON. 


449 


was  elected  as  one  of  the  vice  presidents.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Medi- 
cal Association  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and 
in  the  early  fifties  served  also  as  its  president. 
He  was  prominently  identified  with  the  vari- 
ous hospitals  and  other  medical  eleemosynary 
institutions  of  the  city,  both  as  a  promoter 
and  an  active  worker.  During  the  Civil  War 
from  1861  to  1865  he  was  an  ardent  Union 
man  and  interested  himself  in  founding  mili- 
tary hospitals  for  the  treatment  of  the  large 
number  of  sick  and  wounded,  which  were 
brought  to  St.  Louis  during  that  period ;  he 
moreover  §erved  on  the  sanitary  commission, 
which  rendered  such  signal  service  in  rais- 
ing funds  and  caring  for  disabled  and  needy 
soldiers  of  the  Union,  and,  after  the  close 
of  the  war  this  commission  was  instrumental 
in  founding  and  endowing  "The  Memorial 
Home,"  which  continues  to  furnish  a  perpet- 
ual retreat  for  aged  and  indigent  couples 
of  the  better  class,  and  which  is  one  of  the 
city's  most  valued  and  useful  charities.  His 
early  political  affiliation  was  with  the  old 
Whig  party,  and  his  first  presidential  vote 
was  cast  in  1840  for  the  elder  Harrison.  After 
the  Whig  party  ceased  to  exist — not  being  in 
any  sense  a  politician — he  failed  to  attach 
himself  actively  to  either  the  Democratic  or 
Republican  parties,  but  became  an  inde- 
pendent voter,  giving  his  support  to  the 
nominees  of  whichever  party  he  thought 
would  best  serve  the  interests  of  the  country. 
In  religious  belief  his  parents  were  both 
Presbyterians,  to  which  stalwart  faith  he  him- 
self steadfastly  adhered,  and  for  many  years 
was  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  St.  Louis.  In  185 1  he  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Miss  Nancy  Lucas  (the  eld- 
est daughter  of  Mr.  James  H.  Lucas,  one  of 
St.  Louis'  wealthiest  and  most  distinguished 
citizens),  who  bore  him  eleven  children — 
three  sons  and  eight  daughters.  Dr.  John- 
son is  a  man  of  striking  personal  appearance, 
over  six  feet  in  height  and  stout  in  propor- 
tion, of  winning  personality,  a  ready  and 
pleasant  speaker,  speedily  gaining  and  closely 
holding  the  attention  of  his  hearers,  at  once 
a  fine  specimen  of  the  genus  homo  as  well  as 
of  the  genus  medico. 

Joliiison,  Christopher  W.,  manu- 
facturer, was  born  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  April 
12,  1863,  son  of  Andrew  Johnson,  who  was 
descended     from     Scotch     ancestors.     After 


fitting  himself  for  business  pursuits,  mainly 
by  the  process  of  self-education,  he  became 
connected  with  the  lumber  trade  in  the  State 
of  Michigan  and  remained  in  that  State  until 
1883.  In  that  year  he  came  to  St.  Louis  to 
accept  the  management  of  the  manufacturing 
department  of  the  St.  Louis  Basket  and  Box 
Company,  and  has  since  been  identified  with 
that  establishment.  It  was  at  that  time  a 
comparatively  small  manufactory,  but  under 
Mr.  Johnson's  management  the  annual  vol- 
ume of  its  business  has  been  increased  to 
more  than  three  times  what  it  was  when  he 
became  connected  with  it,  and  it  is  now 
numbered  among  the  substantial  industries 
of  the  city.  In  1897,  together  with  his  asso- 
ciates on  the  Republican  ticket,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  school  board  of  St. 
Louis  by  the  largest  majority  which  has  ever 
been  given  to  candidates  for  municipal 
offices  in  that  city,  and  as  a  member  of  that 
body,  he  has  rendered  efifective  service  to  the 
cause  of  popular  education.  He  is  a  Presby- 
terian churchman,  an  active  member  of  vari- 
ous benevolent  societies  and  a  member,  also, 
of  the  order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Royal 
Arcanum,  and  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen.  He  married,  January  9,  1889, 
Miss  Lillian  G.  Shearrer. 

Johnson,  John  Davis,  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Belleville,  Illinois,  April  19,  1844.  His 
father,  Henry  Johnson,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania,  and  came  West  in  1825 
with  the  tide  of  emigration  that  swept  over 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  down  the 
Ohio  River  at  that  time.  His  mother,  Elvira 
Fouke,  was  born  at  Kaskaskia,  in  the  then 
Territory  of  Illinois,  where  her  father,  a  na- 
tive of  Virginia,  and  her  mother,  a  native  of 
Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  had  settled  during  the 
early  years  of  the  century.  Mr.  Johnson  was 
next  to  the  youngest  of  eight  children,  but 
three  of  whom  survive^ — namely,  Chas.  P., 
Richard  M.  and  himself.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  McKendree  Col- 
lege, Illinois,  but  he  left  college  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  to  enlist  in  the  Union  Army,  soon 
after  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  in 
which  he  attained  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant. 

Mr.  Johnson  has  made  St.  Louis  his  home 
since  1858.  Being  thrown  on  his  own  re- 
sources after  the  war,  he  served  as  a  deputy 
county  marshal  and  deputy  clerk  of  the  court 
of  criminal  correction,  which  were  the  only 


Vol.  Ill— 29 


450 


JOHNSON. 


official  positions  he  ever  held.  During  the . 
years  he  was  thus  employed  he  patiently  and 
persistently  pursued  his  studies  of  the  law 
with  the  view  of  fitting  himself  for  the  prac- 
tice. In  the  fall  of  1870  he  was,  without 
solicitation  on  his  part,  nominated  by  the  Re- 
publican county  convention  for  assistant 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  court  of  criminal 
correction,  and  was  soon  after  that  exam- 
ined and  admitted  to  the  bar  by  Honorable 
David  Wagner,  then  presiding  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  He  was  defeated  in  the 
election  which  followed,  and  at  the  same 
time  a  change  in  the  chief  clerkship  of  the 
court  of  criminal  correction  lost  him  his 
clerical  position.  With  many  expressed 
doubts  and  misgivings  as  to  results,  for  he 
then  had  a  wife  and  three  children  to  pro- 
vide for,  he,  on  the  first  day  of  February, 
1871,  took  desk  room  in  the  office  of  his 
brother,  Chas.  P.  Johnson,  and  began  the 
practice  of  the  law.  Within  a  year  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  Wm.  C.  Jones,  which 
continued  until  the  latter  was  elected  judge 
of  the  St.  Louis  Criminal  Court  in  1875. 

In  1879  he  formed  another  partnership 
with  Chas.  P.  Johnson  and  Jos.  G.  Lodge, 
from  which  Mr.  Lodge  soon  withdrew,  and 
thereafter  the  brothers  continued  the  practice 
under  the  firm  name  of  Chas.  P.  &  Jno.  D. 
Johnson.  As  associates  and  partners  they 
had  their  offices  together  in  the  old  "Tem- 
ple," at  Broadway  and  Walnut  Street,  for 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  during 
that  time  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  civil 
and  criminal  practice  which  extended  beyond 
the  State  and  Federal  courts  of  Missouri. 
Mr.  J.  D.  Johnson,  however,  had  no  taste  for 
the  criminal  branch  of  the  law,  and  early  in 
his  career  abandoned  it  entirely,  and  has 
since  given  his  exclusive  attention  to  the 
civil  practice,  while  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm  gave  his  best  energies  to  the  criminal 
practice. 

Mr.  Johnson  has  a  strong  legal  mind,  and 
is  a  careful  and  conscientious  counselor.  As 
a  trial  lawyer  he  has  few,  if  any,  superiors  at 
the  bar,  and  unquestionably  stands  in  the 
front  rank  of  his  profession.  Being  a  close 
student  and  endowed  with  a  quick  perception 
of  the  substantial  points  of  a  case,  his  presen- 
tation of  a  client's  cause  in  a  trial  is  always 
marked  with  rare  skill.  This  faculty,  united 
with  a  wonderful  tact  in  cross-examination 
and  power  of  analysis,  makes  him  a  formid- 


able antagonist  in  nisi  prins  courts.  The 
records  of  the  appellate  courts,  both  State 
and  Federal,  including  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,  likewise  bear  witness  to 
his  high  merits  as  a  lawyer,  and  his  briefs  on 
file  in  those  courts  show  his  appearance  in  a 
great  number  of  well  contested  and  important 
cases. 

In  1879  ^r-  Johnson  was  the  Republican 
nominee  for  judge  of  the  St.  Louis  Circuit 
Court,  but  was  defeated  by  a  small  majority. 
Six  years  later  he  was  again  nominated  by 
his  party  for  the  same  position,  but  declined 
the  honor.  He  has  always  been  a  staunch 
Republican  in  politics,  and  has  evinced  a  deep 
interest  in  all  questions  affecting  his  party 
and  the  public  welfare ;  at  the  same  time  he 
has  never  been  an  active  party  worker,  nor 
aspired  to  political  honors,  otherwise  than  as 
mentioned. 

Mr.  Johnson  is  strongly  domestic  in  his 
tastes  and  habits.  He  has  been  married  three 
times,  and  has  six  children  now  living.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  and  the  Mer- 
cantile Clubs,  and  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  but  pre- 
fers his  home  to  social  pleasures.  He  is 
passionately  fond  of  field  sports,  particularly 
bird-shooting  and  fly-fishing,  and  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  movement  for  the  protection 
of  the  wild  game  and  fish  of  the  West,  which 
has  resulted  in  the  present  laws  on  the  sub- 
ject in  many  of  the  States. 

Mr.  Johnson  is  yet  in  the  prime  of  life, 
devotedly  attached  to  his  profession.  An  in- 
dustrious worker  and  hard  student,  he  keeps 
abreast  of  the  markedly  developing  and  im- 
proving progress  in  the  jurisprudence  of  the 
day.  He  has  still  before  him  a  career  of 
further  triumph  and  widely  extended  useful- 
ness. 

Johnson,  Richard    Marnliall,    was 

born  at  Belleville,  Illinois,  May  2,  1842,  his 
parents  being  Henry  Johnson,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, who  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1827,  and 
Elvira  (Fouke)  Johnson,  of  Kaskaskia,  Illi- 
nois. After  the  marriage  of  his  parents  they 
settled  at  Belleville,  and  there  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  born.  He  received  his  first 
education  at  a  good  private  school  in  Belle- 
ville, and  was  then  sent  to  McKendree  Col- 
lege, at  Lebanon,  Illinois,  where  he  remained 
for  six  years,  and  then,  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
years,  came  to  St.  Louis.  From  1858  to  i860 
he  was   employed  in  a  dry  goods  store  at 


H<Z»>/wArjr' 


7~^e  ■Si^uf^er'y  /^sfe^ru  ^~ 


JOHNSON. 


451 


Broadway  and  Franklin  Avenue,  and  after- 
ward was  clerk  in  the  St.  Louis  post  office  for 
a  year.     When  the  Civil  War  came  on,  in 
1861,  he  promptly  espoused  the  Union  cause, 
and  enlisted  in  John  McNeil's  company,  but 
could  not  go  into  active  service  on  account  of 
physical  disability.    He  was  then  made  clerk 
at  General  Grant's  headquarters  to  the  chief 
quartermaster  for  General  Grant's  army,  and 
served  from  the  Shiloh  campaign  on  through 
the   operations   at   Corinth,   Jackson,    Holly 
Springs    and    Memphis,    to    the    capture    of 
Vicksburg,  and  afterward  served  in  a  similar 
capacity  at  Helena.     After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  the  State  Tobacco 
Warehouse,  which  then  stood  at  the  north- 
cast  corner  of  Washington  Avenue  and  Sixth 
Street.     In  1869  President  Grant,  who  knew 
him  well,  and  had  had  personal  knowledge  of 
his   administrative    capacity,    appointed    him 
consul  to  Hankow,  China.    In  this  important 
position  Mr.  Johnson  discharged  the  duties 
so  efficiently  and  faithfully  that  he  was  re- 
tained in  it  for  the  two  terms  of  President 
Grant's  administration.    On  his  return  to  St. 
Louis,  in  1877,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  has  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law 
ever    since.    "Dick"    Johnson — as    he    was 
familiarly  called  in  his  early  days,  to  distin- 
guish himself  from  his  brothers — belongs  to 
a  family  of  born  lawyers,  his  eldest  brother 
being   Honorable    Charles    P.   Johnson,   the 
most  distinguished  criminal  advocate  of  the 
St.  Louis  bar ;  and  his  next  brother,  John  D. 
Johnson,  not  less  eminent  and  successful  in 
the  civil  practice.     In   1894  he  was  elected 
assistant  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  court 
of  criminal  correction,  and  acquitted  himself 
in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  name  he  bears; 
and  in  all  his  twenty  years'  practice  at  a  bar 
noted  in  the  West  for  the  learning  and  skill 
of  its   members,   he   has   successfully   main- 
tained the  reputation  of  an  able  and  honor- 
able practitioner.     Mr.  Johnson  is  a  zealous 
and   active   Republican   in   politics,   and   his 
affable  bearing  and  cordial  manners  mark  him 
for   a   popular   favorite,   not   only   with    his 
party,  but  with  the  general  public.     He  was 
married,  in  1866,  to  Annie  W.  Blow,  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Taylor  Blow,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  merchants  of  St.  Louis  in  his  day. 
They  have  had  nine  children,  eight  of  whom 
— four  girls  and  four  boys — are  living. 


J<»liiisoii,  Keiio  De  Orville,   mining 
engineer,  was  born  September  17,   1862,  in 
Dublin,  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  son  of  El- 
wood  F.   and   Mary  Agnes  Johnson.      His 
early  education  was  obtained  in  the  public 
schools  of  Emporia  and  Kansas  City,  Kansas, 
and   of    Colorado    Springs,   Colorado.     He 
graduated    from    the    last    named    place    in 
1882,  and  afterward  worked  his  way  through 
college,  attending  Washington  University  of 
St.  Louis  from  1882  to  1887,  in  which  year 
he  graduated.     At  the  university  he  took  a 
five-year  course  in  mining  and  civil  engineer- 
ing,   and   during   the   year    1887-8,    he   was 
draughtsman   for   Professor   Potter   of  that 
institution.     In  the  last  named  year  he  be- 
came assayer  for  the  Mountain  Key  Mine  at 
Pinos  Altos,  New  Mexico.     From  there  he 
came  East,  and  during  the  following  eighteen 
months  he  was  connected  with  the  famous 
St.  Joe  Lead  Company  at  Bonne  Terre.  Mis- 
souri.    Returning  to  New  Mexico  in  1890,  he 
was    made   assistant    superintendent   of   the 
Mountain  Key  Mine,  and  held  that  position 
for  a  short  time.     While  in  New  Mexico  he 
also  erected  a  copper  smelter  for  M.  W.  Neflf. 
In  1891  he  came  back  to  Missouri  and  be- 
came connected  with  the  Granby  Mining  and 
Smelting  Company,  of  Granby,  Missouri,  as 
surveyor.     After  filling  that  position  a  year, 
he  became  assistant  superintendent  of  the  St. 
Louis     Smelting    &    Refining    Company    at 
Howard  Station,  St.  Louis  County,  a  position 
which  he  held  until  1893.     He  then  became 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  Central  Lead 
Company  at  Flat  River,  Missouri,  and  while 
in  the  employ  of  that  corporation  was  super- 
intendent  of   the   construction   of   its   large 
plant.     He   was    assistant   superintendent  of 
this  company  for  two  and  a  half  years,  and 
for  an  equal  period  held  the  position  of  super- 
intendent.   During  the  last  year  of  this  time 
he  was  also  superintendent  of  the  Theodora 
Lead  Company,  which  was  later  consolidated 
with   the   Central   Company.     He    sank   the 
shaft  and  erected  the  plant  of  the  Theodora 
Lead  Company.     On  the  ist  of  July,  1898,  he 
accepted  the  position  of  superintendent  of  the 
St.    Louis   Smelting   &   Refining   Company, 
whose  works  are  located  at  St.  Francois,  Mis- 
souri, and  this  position  he  still  retains.    Since 
he  became  connected  with  this  corporation, 
he  has  constructed  a  half-million  dollar  min- 
ing and  concentrating  plant  which  is  one  of 


452 


JOHNSON. 


the  best  equipped  and  most  complete  plants 
of  its  kind  in  existence.  Although  still  a 
young  man;  Mr.  Johnson  is  widely  known  in 
mining  circles,  and  is  regarded  everywhere 
as  an  expert  in  this  line  of  work. 

Johnson,  Samuel  Allen,  physician, 
was  born  in  Daviess  County,  Kentucky,  Sep- 
tember 15,  1863,  son  of  John  H.  and  Annie 
Maria  (Singleton)  Johnson,  natives  of  Ken- 
tucky. His  father  is  a  son  of  John  Johnson, 
a  native  of  South  Carolina,  and  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  Kentucky.  John  H.  Johnson 
came  to  Missouri  about  1882,  locating  in 
Springfield,  near  which  city  he  bought  a  farm, 
but  soon  after  retired  from  its  management 
on  account  of  physical  disability.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  well 
known  tobacco  firm  of  Ray,  White  &  Co.,  and 
is  well  known  throughout  the  State.  His  wife 
is  a  native  of  Hardinsburg,  Kentucky,  and  a 
daughter  of  Stanley  Singleton,  an  attorney  of 
that  place.  The  education  of  Dr.  Johnson 
was  begun  in  the  public  schools  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  and  concluded  in  Louisville  Uni- 
versity and  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medi- 
cine, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1889. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  taught  school  during 
portions  of  the  year  1886-7  ^"^  ^8.  In 
1882  he  had  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Springfield,  Missouri,  and  in  1890  he  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  that  place. 
His  labors  there  were  continued  until  1896, 
when  he  retired  from  private  practice  to  ac- 
cept  the  appointment  of  assistant  physician  to 
State  Insane  Asylum  Xo.  3,  at  Nevada,  ten- 
dered him  by  the  board  of  managers  of  that 
institution.  While  in  college  he  had  studied 
especially  with  the  idea  of  preparing  himself 
as  an  alienist,  and  upon  his  graduation  from 
the  medical  college  was  the  recipient  of  two 
medals,  one  as  second  honor  man  of  his  class, 
and  the  other  for  proficiency  in  physiology. 
In  religion  Dr.  Johnson  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South.  Fra- 
ternally  he  is  identified  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  In  politics,  he  affili- 
ates with  the  Democratic  party,  but  has 
never  occupied  elective  office. 

Johnson,  Thomas  Moore,  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Osceola,  Missouri,  March  30, 
1851,  son  of  Honorable  Waldo  P.  and 
Emily  (Moore)  Johnson.  His  education  was 
begun  in  the  schools  of  Osceola  and  con- 


tinued in  Clarksburg,  Virginia,  and  at  Hamil- 
ton,   Ontario,  Canada.       In    1871    he    was 
graduated  from  Notre  Dame  University,  at 
South  Bend,  Indiana,  after  which  he  returned 
to  Osceola,  and  began  the  study  of  the  law 
with  his  father.  Immediately  after  his  admis- 
sion to  the  bar,  in  1872,  he  began  practice  in 
Osceola,  but  in  1873  he  located  in  Nevada, 
Missouri,  where  he  remained  about  a  year. 
Early  in   1874  he    returned    once    more    to 
Osceola,  and   in   the   fall   of   that   year   was 
elected    prosecuting    attorney    of    St.    Clair 
County  as  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party,  serving  one  term  and  declining  a  re- 
nomination.     In  the   spring  of   1877  he  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  County,  but  in  1879  he 
again  located  in  St.  Clair  County,  and  since 
that  time  has  resided  there  continuously.     In 
1882  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  board 
of  trustees  and  president  of  the  village  of 
Osceola,  and  upon  the  incorporation  of  the 
town  as  a  city  of  the  fourth  class  he  became 
its  mayor,  serving  in  that  office  for  ten  years. 
He  has  also  been  a  member  of  the  board  of 
education  for  about  ten  years,  and  is  now  its 
president.     In  1898,  as  the  candidate  of  the 
Democracy  of  St.  Clair  County,  he  was  elect- 
ed prosecuting  attorney,  and  was  offered  a 
renomination  in  1900,  but  declined  to  become 
a  candidate.     His  interest  in  business  affairs 
is  limited  to  his  connection  with  the  John- 
son-Lucas  Banking  Company,  in  which   he 
is  a   stockholder  and   director.     Fraternally 
he  is  identified  with  the  Modern  Woodmen 
of  America,  and  the  Royal  Templars  of  Tem- 
perance.     His   marriage  occurred   in    May, 
1881,  and  united  him  with  Alice  Barr,  a  native 
of  what  is  now  Centre  Township,  St.  Clair 
County,  and  a  daughter  of  Rev.  C.  J.  Barr, 
a  minister  in  the   Cumberland   Presbyterian 
Church,  who  died  in  1897.     They  are  parents 
of  four  children,  viz. :    Ralph  P.,  Waldo  P., 
Helen  M.  and  Franklin  P.     Mr.  Johnson  is 
one   of  the   most   distinguished   bibliophiles 
and    philologists    of    the  West,  an    eminent 
authority  on  Greek  and  Latin  literature,  and 
a  gentleman  of  most  scholarly  attainments. 
He  has  not  only  been  a  liberal  contributor  to 
philosophical     and     scientific    journals,    but 
founded  and  published  two  periodicals  which 
were  warmly  welcomed  in  the  modern  world 
of  philosophy.     In  1884  he  began  the  publica- 
tion   of    "The    Platonist.    an    Exponent    of 
Philosophic  Truth,"  of  which  he  issued  four 
and  a  half  annual  volumes.     The  scope  of  the 


a^%    ^(^cF^^Um-^ 


Le.^  al  RiHislunp  G  o.  S  t,Lori  i 


JOHNSON. 


453 


journal  included  not  only  the  wisdom  religion 
of  the  archaic  period,  Oriental  as  well  as 
Occidental  philosophy,  but  philological  in- 
vestigations, translations  and  interpretations 
of  the  later  writers,  fehe  various  utterances 
of  gifted  and  enlightened  individuals,  and,  in 
short,  every  variety  of  inquiry  and  specula- 
tion relating  to  the  interior  life.  In  1888  he 
founded  "Bibliotheca  Platonica,  an  Exponent 
of  the  Platonic  Philosophy,"  the  publication 
of  which  he  conducted  one  year.  Thp  chief 
aim  of  this  publication  was  the  critical  and 
philosophic  examination  and  interpretation 
of  the  writings  of  Plato,  Aristotle,  and  the 
Neoplatonists ;  and  appropriate  treatment  of 
the  literary  history  and  characteristics  of  the 
Platonic  writings,  philological  researches, 
■emendations  of  the  text,  philosophical  an- 
alyses and  interpretations,  etc.  He  is  now 
{1900)  preparing  translations  from  the  Greek 
of  the  works  of  Plotinus  and  Damascius,  and 
an  original  work  on  the  life  and  writings  of 
Thomas  Taylor,  the  Platonist.  In  addition 
to  the  literary  work  here  noted,  Mr.  Johnson 
has  delivered  numerous  lectures  on  subjects 
included  within  the  realm  of  philosophy  and 
literature,  the  last  course  being  that  pre- 
sented in  1895  before  the  Unitarian  Society 
of  Salt  Lake  City.  The  large  number  of 
literary  works  which  he  has  personally  col- 
lected during  his  busy  life,  many  of  which 
are  very  rare  and  priceless  in  value,  he  has 
housed  in  a  commodious  and  handsomely 
appointed  stone  building  erected  by  him  in 
1899,  which  is  distinguished  as  being  the  only 
private  library  building  in  the  State  devoted 
exclusively  to  that  purpose. 

Johnson,  Waldo,  P.,  eminent  as  a  law- 
yer, soldier  and  statesman,  was  born  Septem- 
ber 16,  1817,  in  Bridgeport,  Virginia.  His 
parents  were  William  and  Olive  (Waldo) 
Johnson,  both  natives  of  the  same  State.  He 
was  educated  at  Rector  College,  Pruntytown, 
Virginia,  and  graduated  in  1839.  He  studied 
law,  and  began  practice  in  September,  1842, 
his  license  admitting  him  to  "the  superior 
and  inferior  courts  of  Virginia."  In  1843  he 
removed  to  Missouri,  locating  at  Osceola, 
St.  Clair  County,  where  two  of  his  maternal 
uncles  were  already  established.  The  village 
then  comprised  a  dozen  houses,  and  a  popu- 
lation of  about  fifty  people.  At  the  opening 
of  the  Mexican  War,  in  1846,  he  enlisted  in  a 
company  commanded  by  his  uncle,  Captain 


David  Waldo,  which  was  assigned  to  the 
First  Regiment  Missouri  Mounied  Volun- 
teers, Colonel  A.  W.  Doniphan.  He  served 
with  this  command  in  New  Mexico,  and  was 
there  mustered  out  to  enable  him  to  take  his 
seat  in  the-Legislature  of  Missouri,  to  which 
he  had  been  elected  during  his  absence.  After 
a  tedious  journey  he  arrived  at  Jefiferson  City 
the  day  previous  to  the  opening  of  the  Legis- 
lature, in  which  he  took  a  leading  part  from 
the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  session.  In 
1848  he  became  circuit  attorney,  and  in  1851 
he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Seventh  Judicial 
District;  in  both  positions  he  displayed  the 
qualifications  of  the  well  trained  lawyer  and 
sagacious  jurist.  In  1852' he  resigned  from 
the  bench  to  resume  his  law  practice,  in  order 
to  give  attention  to  personal  interests  of 
commanding  importance.  An  earnest  Demo- 
crat, and  a  close  friend  of  Senator  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  his  party  predilections  and  his 
sincere  admiration  for  the  great  statesman 
of  Missouri,  impelled  him,  in  1854,  to  accept  a 
nomination  for  Congress  against  John  S. 
Phelps;  the  contest  resulted  in  his  defeat  by 
a  small  majority.  From  this  time  until  1861 
he  devoted  his  attention  to  his  law  practice, 
adding  greatly  to  his  reputation,  and  acquir- 
ing large  property.  He  was  one  of  the  five 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  General 
Assembly  ot  Missouri  to  the  Peace  Congress 
which  assembled  at  Washington  City,  Febru- 
ary 4,  1861.  March  i8th,  following,  he  was 
chosen  United  States  Senator,  to  succeed 
James  S.  Green.  It  has  been  asserted  by 
some  that  he  was  elected  as  a  Union  man, 
but  this  statement  requires  explanation.  It 
is  true  that  he  favored  the  LTnion  as  against 
secession,  but  he  held  fealty  to  the  Union  as 
conditioned  upon  a  settlement  of  the  question 
at  issue  without  sacrifice  of  the  rights  and 
liberties  of  the  Southern  people.  At  that 
time  he  believed  that  an  amicable  adjustment 
could  be  made,  but  he  was  also  determined 
to  cast  his  lot  with  the  people  of  the  South 
if  war  should  ensue.  Holding  these  senti- 
ments, he  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States 
Senate  July  4,  1861,  in  the  special  session 
called  by  President  Lincoln.  He  soon  be- 
came convinced  that  the  dominant  party 
was  determined  upon  war,  and  he  made 
earnest  endeavor  to  dissuade  it  from  that 
purpose.  After  the  battle  of  Manassas,  disas- 
trous to  the  Federal  troops,  and  the  day 
previous  to  the  adjournment  of  the  Senate 


454 


JOHNSON. 


(August  5,  1861)  he  ofifered  the  following 
as  an  amendment  to  a  bill  then  pending: 
"And  be  it  further  enacted,  that  this  Con- 
gress recommends  the  Governors  of  the 
States  to  convene  their  Legislatures,  for  the 
purpose  of  calling  an  election  to  -select  two 
delegates  from  each  congressional  district,  to 
meet  in  a  general  convention  at  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  on  the  first  Monday  in  September 
next;  the  purpose  of  the  said  convention  to 
be  to  devise  measures  for  the  restoration  of 
peace  to  our  country,"  This  proposition  was 
defeated,  but  nine  votes  being  cast  for  it, 
and  twenty-nine  votes  against  it.  The  fact 
is  mentioned  in  Greeley's  "American  Con- 
flict," without  comment,  but  accompanied 
with  a  foot  note  stating  that  the  author  of 
the  amendment,  with  his  colleagues,  soon 
afterward  entered  the  Confederate  Army. 
Judge  Johnson,  in  common  with  many  emi- 
nent and  discriminating  men,  in  the  light  of 
the  events  of  the  war  period  and  the  disor- 
ganized conditions  existing  during  many  sub- 
sequent years,  became  deeply  impressed  with 
the  conviction  that  the  adoption  of  the  meas- 
ure which  he  introduced,  would,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  a  biographer,  have  probably 
"prevented  the  most  destructive  war  that 
ever  took  place  between  people  calling 
themselves  civilized;  the  numerous  outrages 
upon  liberty  would  have  been  avoided,  and 
neither  the  assassination  of  Lincoln,  nor  the 
assassination  of  those  charged  with  his  assas- 
sination, would  have  crimsoned  the  pages 
of  our  history."  The  rejection  of  peace  meas- 
ures determined  the  course  of  Judge  John- 
son. Upon  the  adjournment  of  Congress  he- 
made  a  brief  visit  to  Virginia,  where  his 
family  were  temporarily  staying,  and  then 
returned  to  Missouri  to  enter  the  Confeder- 
ate service.  He  was  twice  wounded  while 
leading"  his  command  in  the  battle  of  Elk- 
horn  Tavern,  or  Pea  Ridge.  He  was  with 
General  Price  in  the  operations  at  Corinth, 
Mississippi,  in  1862,  and  was  afterward 
placed  on  recruiting  service  in  Missouri 
under  special  orders  from  the  Confederate 
War  Department,  and  by  the  close  of  the 
year  had  placed  in  service  a  regiment  of 
cavalry  and  six  companies  of  infantry.  This 
accomplished,  until  the  fall  of  1863  he  was 
engaged  in  confidential  service.  He  was 
then  appointed  by  Governor  Reynolds,  of 
Missouri,  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  Confed- 
erate States  Senate,  occasioned  by  the  death 


of  Senator  R.  L.  Y.  Peyton,  and  served  in 
that  body  until  its  existence  was  terminated 
by  the  downfall  of  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment. During  his  service  he  was  among 
the  confidential  advise^-s  of  President  Davis 
and  an  ardent  supporter  of  his  policies.  In 
March,  1865,  upon  the  final  adjournment  of 
the  Confederate  Congress,  he  journeyed  to 
Shreveport,  Louisiana,  and  was  '  with  the 
Missouri  troops  there  when  they  surren- 
dered. As  the  United  States  government 
was  causing  the  arrest  of  many  persons  who 
had  been  officially  connected  with  the  Confed- 
erate government,  he  made  his  way  to  Can- 
ada, traveling  by  river  from  New  Orleans 
to  Cairo,  and  thence  by  way  of  Chicago, 
constantly  in  presence  of  United  States 
troops,  but  escaping  recognition.  His  fam- 
ily rejoined  him  at  Hamilton,  Canada,  and 
he  made  his  residence  there  until  April,  1866, 
when,  by  prearrangement,  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington City,  where  he  was  paroled,  and  then 
returned  to  his  home  in  Osceola,  Missouri. 
Under  the  terms  of  his  parole  he  was  re- 
quired to  report  when  and  where  directed 
to  "answer  any  charge  which  might  be  pre- 
ferred against  him  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,"  but  no  presentment  was  ever 
made  and  he  remained  unmolested,  notwith- 
standing he  neither  sought  pardon  or  re- 
moval of  political  disabilities,  and  never  re- 
ceded from  the  position  he  had  taken  at  the 
outset  with  reference  to  the  principles  in- 
volved in  the  great  struggle.  While  rejoicing 
that  the  war,  with  all  its  horrors  and  ex- 
cesses, was  ended,  he  had  no  regret  for  his 
personal  part  in  the  terrible  drama.  Believ- 
ing that  until  1861  the  government  rested 
upon  the  consent  of  all  the  governed,  and 
afterward  only  upon  the  dictum  of  a  ma- 
jority, he  ever  held  to  the  conviction  that 
the  South  had  contended  for  the  true  and 
better  principles,  and  that  civilization  in 
America  sustained  a  shock  and  serious  loss 
in  its  failure  to  achieve  independence.  For 
ten  years  succeeding  the  restoration  of  peace 
he  engaged  in  the  active  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  in  the  restoration  of  such  of  his 
personal  possessions  as  escaped  the  ravages 
of  war.  When,  in  1875,  the  people  of  Mis- 
souri determined  upon  an  equitable  Consti- 
tution to  replace  the  arbitrary  enactments 
which  had  grown  out  of  military  rule,  public 
sentiment  called  upon  him  to  afford  his  State 
the  benefit  of  his  wise  counsel,  and  he  was 


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LegalRiilisluagCo.  Si.i,nids. 


JOHNSON. 


455 


elected  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  and 
chosen  as  its  president,  during  an  absence 
enforced  by  his  professional  duties,  and  with- 
out aid  of  caucus  or  combination.  Over  this 
body,  remarkable. for  the  ability  and  sagacity 
of  its  members,  he  presided  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  his  constituents  and  the  peo- 
ple of  the  State.  In  order  to  more  con- 
veniently attend  to  important  professional 
duties  he  located,  in  1876,  in  St.  Louis, 
where  he  remained  until  1884,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Osceola,  but  continued  to  main- 
tain an  ofBce  in  the  former  city.  Judge  John- 
son was  married,  October  27,  1847,  to  Miss 
Emily  Moore,  of  Clarksburg,  Virginia.  Of 
this  union  were  born  four  sons  and  a  daugh- 
ter, of  whom  the  latter  died  in  infancy.  Wil- 
liam T.  is  a  lawyer  in  Kansas  City ;  Thomas 
M,  is  a  highly  accomplished  Greek  scholar 
and  lawyer  at  Osceola ;  St.  Clair  C.  and 
Charles  P.  are  residents  of  Texas.  Judge 
and  Mrs.  Johnson  both  died  at  Osceola,  Mis- 
souri, the  former  August  14,  1885,  and  the 
latter  May  31,  1884.  Their  remains  were  re- 
moved by  their  children  to  Forest  Hill  Cem- 
etery, in  the  southern  suburbs  of  Kansas 
City,  and  over  them  has  been  placed  a  mon- 
ument of  Missouri  granite,  the  reverse  side 
of  which  is  emblazoned  with  the  Confederate 
flag.  Judge  Johnson  was  a  constant  reader 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures  and  an  earnest  ad- 
mirer of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  as  the 
best  organized  exponent  of  Christianity. 
While  living  the  life  of  a  practical  believer, 
he  held  connection  with  no  religious  organ- 
ization, and  his  faith  found  its  assertion  in 
his  personal  purity,  kindliness  of  heart  and 
deeds  of  benevolence.  His  character  was 
made  the  subject  of  many  glowing  pane- 
gyrics by  eminent  orators  and  authors.  Hon- 
orable Banton  G.  Boone,  then  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  Missouri,  in  presenting  in  the 
Supreme  Court,  from  the  bar  of  St.  Louis 
and  Henry  County,  a  memorial  to  Judge 
Johnson,  said :  "Brilliant  and  commanding 
as  was  the  public  and  professional  career  of 
Judge  Johnson,  his  private  life  shone  with  a 
still  more  resplendent  lustre.  He  was  pos- 
sessed of  an  elevation  of  thought,  a  purity  of 
purpose  and  nobility  of  action  worthy  of 
earnest  emulation.  A  career  full  of  earnest 
endeavor  and  honorable  action  is  equally  the 
pride  and  glory  of  the  State,  and  among 
all  the  great  names  of  Missouri,  both 
of    the     living    and     the     dead,     there     is 


none    more    honored    than    that    of    Waldo 
P.  Johnson." 

Jolinsoii,  William  Tell,  lawyer,  was 
born  August  4,  1848,  at  Osceola,  Missouri, 
a  son  of  the  eminent  lawyer  and  states- 
man. Judge  Waldo  P.  Johnson.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Notre  Dame, 
Indiana,  graduating  in  the  class  of  1868,  He 
read  law  under  his  father,  who  directed  his 
studies  with  a  thoroughness  inspired  in  large 
measure  by  parental  hope  and  anticipation 
that  he  would  prove  a  worthy  successor  to 
himself.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  June 
29,  1872,  at  Butler,  Missouri,  and  entered 
upon  practice  at  Osceola.  In  1879  ^^  ^^" 
moved  to  Kansas  City,  his  present  home.  In 
1874  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with  John 
H.  Lucas,  and  in  1883  William  H.  Lucas  was 
admitted  to  the  firm,  the  former  name  of 
Johnson  &  Lucas  remaining  unchanged. 
The  business  of  the  firm,  for  many  years, 
included  nearly  all  important  litigation  and 
legal  affairs  in  St.  Clair  County,  extending 
throughout  southwest  Missouri,  particular- 
ly in  appellate  court  cases.  In  Kansas  City 
the  practice  of  the  firm  is  mostly  in  the  in- 
terest of  corporations,  and  they  represent 
the  John  I.  Blair  estate,  the  St.  Louis  &  San 
Francisco  Railway  Company,  and  many  other 
large  interests.  Mr.  Johnson  displays  a 
high  order  of  ability  in  all  departments  of  his 
profession.  He  is  thorough  and  painstaking 
in  the  preparation  of  his  cases,  and  in  pre- 
sentation before  court  or  jury  he  is  clear 
and  convincing.  His  speech  is  plain  and 
forceful,  unmarred  by  excess  or  ornateness 
of  language,  or  tricks  of  oratory,  incapable 
of  misconstruction,  and  holding  attention 
for  its  intrinsic  meaning.  Broad  in  his  views, 
he  is  a  model  citizen,  and  his  deep  interest  in 
matters  pertaining  to  the  general  welfare  has 
moved  him  to  render  willing  and  able  assist- 
ance to  railroads  and  Other  public  enterprises, 
at  various  times  and  in  various  localities. 
In  religion  he  is  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  in 
politics  a  Democrat.  Mr.  Johnson  was 
married  September  15,  1885,  to  Miss  Agnes 
M.  Harris,  a  liberally  educated  and  highly 
cultured  lady,  daughter  of  Dr.  Edwin  E. 
Harris,  of  St.  Clair  County,  who  rendered 
distinguished  service  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  and  died  in  the  line  of 
duty.  Three  children,  Margaret,  Robert  and 
Marv,  have  been  born  of  this  marriage.- 


456 


JOHNSON   COUNTY. 


Jolinsoii  County. — A  county  in  the 
west  central  part  of  the  State.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Lafayette  County,  on  the 
cast  by  Pettis  County,  on  the  south  by  Henry 
and  Cass  Counties  and  on  the  west  by  Jack- 
son and  Cass  Counties.  It  is  almost  rec- 
tangular in  shape.  The  greatest  length,  from 
north  to  south,  is  about  thirty-three  miles  and 
the  breadth  is  about  twenty-five  miles.  About 
thirty-one  and  one-quarter  miles  are  cut  from 
the  northwest  corner,  the  north  line  of  the 
county  being  the  only  irregular  one  of  the 
four.  There  are  no  river  boundaries.  The 
county  contains  517,848.84  acres  of  valuable 
land,  the  surface  of  the  greater  portion  of 
which  is  a  beautifully  undulating  plain.  This 
does  not  include  the  7,126  acres  of  land  which 
are  divided  into  tracts  and  town  lots.  There 
are  but  few  marked  elevations  or  depressions 
in  Johnson  County.  The  western  part  is 
hilly,  with  considerable  timber  to  relieve  the 
fruitful  stretches  of  tilled  soil.  Taken  as  a 
whole,  the  land  of  the  county  is  splendidly 
fertile  and  productive.  More  than  three- 
fourths  of  the  county  is  prairie  land.  Al- 
though not  a  river  county,  there  is  good 
drainage  into  the  Missouri  River.  In  the 
western  part  there  are  several  natural 
mounds.  A  number  of  water  courses  add  to 
the  natural  system  of  drainage,  the  largest 
of  which  is  Blackwater  Creek.  This  has  its 
smaller  tributaries.  The  southwestern  part 
of  the  county  is  drained  by  Big  Creek  and  its 
branches,  the  southeastern  part  by  the  Big 
Muddy  and  its  feeding  streams.  The  coal 
fields  of  Johnson  County,  lying  east  and 
southeast  of  Warrensburg,  yield  abundantly 
and  the  quality  is  such  that  the  product  of  the 
mines  there  finds  ready  sale  in  many  markets. 
Mining  is  carried  on  extensively.  Veins  of 
clay,  minerals  attending  coal  and  other  geo- 
logic materials  of  value  are  found.  The  out- 
put of  building  stone  is  what  has  made  the 
names  of  Johnson  County  and  Warrensburg 
more  familiar  to  the  outide  world,  perhaps, 
than  any  other  product.  This  stone  is  of  an 
extraordinarily  fine  quality,  is  sought  by 
builders  all  over  the  country  and  is  constantly 
in  demand.  The  great  layers  of  sandstone 
are  generous  in  their  thickness  and  of  unfail- 
ing quantity.  Many  of  the  finest  structures 
in  the  large  cities  of  this  country  have  been 
built  of  the  Warrensburg  stone.  Gypsum 
and  mineral  tar  are  found  in  this  county,  and 
the  presence  of  several  mineral  springs,  the 


water  from  which  is  of  medicinal  worth  most 
highly  recommended,  has  resulted  in  the 
building  up  of  a  very  popular  resort  near 
Warrensburg,  known  as  Pertle  Springs. 
There  are  a  number  of  fine,  springs  near  this 
place,  and  hundreds  of  visitors  take  advan- 
tage of  the  healing  properties  of  the  water 
every  year.  The  water  supply  of  Warrens- 
burg is  secured  from  these  springs,  the  out- 
flow being  altogether  tasteful  and  sweet.  All 
the  common  varieties  of  trees  abound  in 
Johnson  County.  Immense  quantities  of 
staple  cereals  are  raised  by  the  farmers,  and 
the  farm  lands  yield  small  quantities  of  to- 
bacco, sorghum  cane,  broom  corn  and  excel- 
lent qualities  of  vegetables,  meadow  grass 
and  other  indispensable  products  which  the 
thrifty  husbandman  finds  it  necessary  to 
raise.  Tree  fruits  are  of  good  quality,  and 
the  fruits  of  vine  and  bush  also  abound.  Thou- 
sands of  head  of  cattle,  hogs  and  sheep  are 
marketed  every  year.  A  general  view  of  the 
country  districts  of  Johnson  County  is  charm- 
ing. The  roads  are  well  kept  up  and  the 
affairs  of  the  county,  from  a  financial  stand- 
point, make  all  needed  improvements  pos- 
sible. The  average  rate  of  county  taxation  is 
seventy-five  cents  on  each  $100  valuation,  the 
lowest  being  sixty  cents  on  the  hundred  in 
the  towns  of  Holden,  Knobnoster  and  Kings- 
ville,  and  the  highest  being  $1.05  in  Warrens- 
burg Township.  Iron  bridges  are  erected 
every  year  where  needed,  and  the  improve- 
ments of  this  class  are  remarkably  well  kept 
up.  There  are  a  large  number  of  substantial 
wooden  bridges.  Johnson  County  has  one  of 
the  finest  courthouses  in  the  State.  It  is  a 
new  structure,  the  corner  stone  having  been 
laid  in  1896.  It  is  constructed  of  the  cele- 
brated Warrensburg  stone  and  is  an  impos- 
ing building.  Its  cost  was  probably  less  than 
that  of  any  other  building  equally  handsome 
and  pretentious  ever  erected.  Fifty  thousand 
dollars  was  the  amount  the  county  court  had 
at  its  disposal  for  this  purpose,  and  the  court- 
house was  completed  for  a  little  more  than 
this  sum,  the  difference  being  readily  raised 
by  private  subscription.  The  Missouri  Pa- 
cific Railway  runs  through  Johnson  County 
east  and  west,  the  towns  of  Kingsville,  Hol- 
den, Centerview,  Warrensburg,  Montserrat 
and  Knobnoster  being  on  its  line.  A  branch 
line  of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  Rail- 
way runs  through  the  western  and  southern 
parts  of  the  county,  touching  Holden,  Chil- 


JOHNSON  COUNTY. 


457 


howee,  Post  Oak  and  Leeton.  Holden  is  the 
junction  point  of  the  two  roads.  The  Kan- 
sas City,  CHnton  &  Springfield  Railway,  a 
part  of  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Mem- 
phis system,  cuts  through  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  county.  The  Johnson  County 
towns  on  this  line  are  Latour  and  Quick 
City.  In  addition  to  the  above  named  towns, 
the  largest  of  which  is  Warrensburg,  the 
county  seat,  other  settlements  in  the  county 
are  Columbus,  Fayetteville,  Pittsville,  Valley 
City,  Fulkerson,  Magnolia  and  Burtville. 
Holden  is  the  town  next  in  importance  to 
Warrensburg.  A  late  report  of  the  State 
labor  commissioner  showed  that  the  principal 
surplus  products  of  the  county  were :  Corn, 
17,160  bushels;  oats,  1,500  bushels;  wheat, 
109,198  bushels;  hay,  472,800  pounds;  cattle, 
16,197  head;  hogs,  64,530  head;  sheep,  13,- 
873  head;  coal,  1,743  tons;  stone,  154  cars; 
broom  corn,  16,000  pounds ;  lumber,  10,300 
feet;  poultry,  499,175  pounds;  eggs,  376,800 
dozen.  In  the  year  1899  the  assessed  value 
of  real  estate  in  Johnson  County  was  $7,073,- 
325,  of  which  $5,573,680  represented  farm 
lands  and  $1,499,645  represented  tracts  and 
town  lots.  The  estimated  full  value  of  real 
estate  at  that  time  was  $12,000,000.  The 
assessed  value  of  personal  property  was  $2,- 
319,125;  estimated  full  value,  $3,500,000.  In 
1900  the  population  of  Johnson  County  was 
27,843.  The  county  was  named  in  honor  of 
Richard  Mentor  Johnson,  a  distinguished 
soldier  in  the  Indian  wars,  a  United  States 
Senator  and  later  yice  President  of  the  United 
States.  By  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
Missouri  the  county  was  organized  December 
13,  1834.  It  was  laid  off  from  a  part  of  the 
territory  then  embraced  by  Lafayette  County. 
Johnson  County  first  comprised- four  town- 
ships— Jackson,  Washington,  Jefferson  and 
Madison.  Since  that  fearly  day  the  constant 
growth  of  the  county  has  necessitated  fre- 
quent subdivisions,  and  the  townships  are 
now  known  as  Grover,  Simpson,  Hazel  Hill, 
Columbus,  Jackson,  Kingsville,  Madison, 
Centerview,  Warrensburg,  Washington.  Jef- 
ferson, Post  Oak,  Chilhowee,  Montserrat  and 
Rose  Hill.  Columbus  is  the  oldest  settle- 
ment. In  1827  Pleasant  Rice  located  there 
and  raised  the  first  crop  of  corn  marketed  in 
the  county.  He  was  followed  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year  by  Nicholas  Houx.  In  a  few 
years  Dr.  Robert  Rankin,  Rev.  Robert  King, 
John  Whitsitt,  Robert  Craig,  Uriel  Murray, 


Morgan  Cockrell,  Noland  Brewer  and  others 
had  settled  in  the  same  vicinity.  Before 
1840  Harvey  Harrison,  an  early  member  of 
the  county  court,  settled  near  Hazel  Hill. 
John  L.  Trapp,  for  many  years  the  presiding 
judge  of  the  county  court,  was  an  early  set- 
tler. He  was  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary 
ability,  and  available  judicial  timber  was  ex- 
ceedingly scarce.  In  1833  Richard  Hunts- 
man settled  near  Fayetteville  and  set  out  the 
first  orchard  in  the  county,  the  tree  cuttings 
having  been  brought  from  Tennessee.  The 
same  year  Christopher  and  James  Mulkey, 
Jacob  Pearman,  Edward  Corder  and  William 
Frapp  settled  in  the  county.  These  were  fol- 
lowed by  Gideon  Harrison,  John  and  Thomas 
Evans,  William  Hooten,  Joseph  Hobson, 
Samuel  Evans,  William  Bigham,  Robert  Gra~ 
ham,  James  Cockrell  and  John,  William, 
Daniel  and  David  Marr.  Among  the  early 
settlers  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county 
were  James  Patrick,  J.  N.  Ousley,  Nathan 
Janes  and  James  Marshall.  Dr.  J.  M,  Ful- 
kerson was  among  the  early  settlers  at  Co- 
lumbus, and  he  married  the  daughter  of  Phil- 
lip Houx,  one  of  the  first  sheriffs  of  Johnson 
County.  Immediately  after  the  organization 
of  the  county  Amos  Horn,  Robert  Rankin 
and  Uriel  Murray  were  appointed  justices  of 
the  first  county  court.  The  inaugural  ses- 
sion of  the  body  was  held  at  the  residence  of 
Mrs.  Rachel  Houx,  the  widow  of  an  early 
settler  heretofore  mentioned,  near  the  pres- 
ent site  of  Columbus.  Among  the  first  papers 
acted  upon  was  a  petition  from  Harvey  Har- 
rison for  school  purposes,  this  being  the  first 
section  sold  in  the  county  for  the  benefit  of 
the  school  fund.  It  was  offered  in  eighty- 
acre  tracts  and  brought  from  $1.25  to  $3.50 
per  acre.  Among  the  second  set  of  county 
judges  was  John  Thornton,  the  gfrandfather 
of  Judge  W.  W.  Wood,  now  of  Warrensburg, 
one  of  the  prominent  lawyers  of  western  Mis- 
souri. Mr.  Thornton  located  at  an  early  day 
in  the  north  part  of  the  county.  The  first 
site  for  the  county  seat  was  about  three  miles 
east  of  the  ground  now  occupied  by  Colum- 
bus, but  as  much  opposition  was  raised  to  this 
selection  by  residents  of  other  portions  of  the 
county  a  change  was  made  and  in  1836  the 
county  seat  was  moved  to  its  present  location, 
the  place  being  named  Warrensburg  in  honor 
of  Martin  Warren.  The  first  session  of  the 
circuit  court  met  at  the  residence  of  Mrs. 
Rachel  Houx  August  6,  1835,  with  Honorable 


458 


JOHNSON  COUNTY. 


John  F.  Ryland  as  judge,  Joseph  Cockrell  as 
sheriff  and  J.  H.  Townsend  as  clerk.  Up  to 
i860  the  offices  of  county  clerk  and  circuit 
clerk  were  held  by  the  same  person.  Macklin 
White  was  Johnson  County's  first  Represen- 
tative in  the  Legislature.  The  first  court 
held  in  Warrensburg  met  in  1837,  and  among 
the  lawyers  who  appeared  for  the  transaction 
of  legal  business  were  Major  N.  B.  Holden, 
Thomas  B.  Wyatt  and  French.  None  of 
these  were  residents  of  Warrensburg,  there 
being  no  lawyers  in  that  place  at  the  time, 
but  in  a  few  years  attorneys  began  to  locate 
at  the  county  seat,  and  the  bar  has  grown  to 
be  one  of  the  strongest  in  the  State.  Senator 
F.  M.  Cockrell,  who  has  represented  Mis- 
souri in  the  United  States  Senate  for  many 
years,  was  born  in  Johnson  County,  the 
Cockrell  homestead  being  near  Chapel  Hill. 
He  began  the  practice  of  law  in  1856.  Aikram 
Welch,  another  distinguished  lawyer,  lived 
and  followed  his  profession  in  Johnson 
County.  He  was  Attorney  General  of 
Missouri  under  Governor  Gamble.  An- 
other conspicuous  Johnson  County  figure 
was  C.  C.  Morrow,  for  many  years  executive 
clerk  in  the  United  States  Senate.  His  death 
occurred  in  Washington,  D.  C,  early  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1900.  Mr.  Morrow  was  the  son  of  a 
prominent  pioneer  Methodist  minister.  His 
cousin,  William  K.  Morrow,  is  cashier  of  the 
People's  National  Bank  of  Warrensburg. 
Among  the  pioneer  merchants  of  Johnson 
County  were  John  Evans  and  Harvey  Dyer. 
A.  H.  Gilkeson,  who  is  now  actively  engaged 
m  mercantile  business  in  Warrensburg.  was 
a  merchant  there  when  what  is  now  a  lively 
little  city  was  but  a  village.  Early  attention 
was  paid  to  the  education  of  the  young,  and 
schools  were  established  as  rapidly  as  means 
were  available.  The  public  schools  of  John- 
son County  are  maintained  in  accordance 
with  a  high  standard,  education  having  a 
helpful  influence  in  the  State  normal  school, 
located  at  Warrensburg.  The  churches  have 
kept  pace  with  the  schools.  The  first  church 
in  the  county  was  established  by  the  Meth- 
odists, at  Columbus.  Since  that  time  scores 
of  substantial  edifices  for  public  worship  have 
been  erected  and  thousands  of  dollars  repre- 
sent the  investments  in  churchproperty.  John- 
son County  has  long  had  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion for  peace  and  faithful  observance  of  the 
laws.  Unpleasant  scenes  were  enacted  dur- 
ing   the    Civil    War,    the    sentiment    being 


sharply  divided,  but  no  notable  conflicts  oc- 
curred within  the  borders  of  this  county. 

The  close  of  the  war  found  the  civil  courts 
inadequate  for  the  suppression  of  crime  orig- 
inating in  the  previous  disturbed  conditions, 
and  led  to  the  organization  of  a  vigilance 
committee,  which  applied  summary  punish- 
ment in  numerous  cases.  June  i,  1866,  Gen- 
eral Frank  P.  Blair  was  announced  as  a 
political  speaker  in  Warrensburg.  A  num- 
ber of  rough  characters  declared  that  he 
should  not  be  allowed  to  speak.  He  began 
his  speech  at  2  o'clock,  and  was  soon  inter- 
rupted by  William  Stephens,  who  came  to 
the  stand  and  declared  him  a  liar.  Stephens 
was  put  out  of  the  building,  but  soon  re- 
turned, and  an  emeute  followed,  in  course  of 
which  Stephens'  son,  James,  received  a  knife 
wound  from  which  he  almost  instantly  died. 
General  Blair  completed  his  speech  about  6 
o'clock.  February  27,  1867,  two  men  came 
to  the  home  of  David  Sweitzer,  eight  miles 
north  of  Warrensburg.  Sweitzer  was  shot 
down,  and  $130  was  taken  from  his  body.  The 
next  day  Richard  Sanders,  a  vicious  des- 
perado, was  seen  in  the  neighborhood.  Sus- 
picion pointed  to  him  as  the  murderer  of 
Sweitzer,  and  his  appearance,  following  many 
cases  of  robbery  and  violence,  led  to  a  public 
meeting  at  the  courthouse  in  Warrensburg. 
Some  400  people  were  present,  among  them 
the  most  reputable  residents  of  the  city  and 
county.  Colonel  Isaminger  was  chosen 
chairman  and  N.  B.  Klaine  secretary.  Reso- 
lutions were  adopted  deprecating  the  inade- 
quacy of  the  courts  to  protect  life  and 
property,  and  pledging  support  to  law  of- 
ficers in  discharge  of  their  duty,  also  assert- 
ing the  immediate  necessity  for  repressive 
measures  by  the  people.  Sanders  was  pres- 
ent at  the  meeting,  but  disappeared  before  its 
adjournment.  That  night  about  200  men 
went  to  Sanders'  house  and  took  into  custody 
Richard  Sanders  and  Brackett  Sanders;  the 
first  named  was  taken  to  the  woods  near  by 
and  hung,  while  the  latter  was  released. 
March  3d  members  of  the  committee  went 
to  the  home  of  William  Stephens,  who  had 
led  the  disturbance  at  the  Blair  meeting  and 
was  suspected  of  various  crimes,  and  calling 
him  to  the  door  shot  him  dead.  The  next 
day,  Jeff  Collins,  a  notorious  desperado,  while 
on  a  street  in  Warrensburg,  was  covered  with 
a  number  of  guns,  taken  to  a  barn  in  town 
for    trial    and    was    hung   near    the    railway 


JOHNSON'S  "SWING   'ROUND   THE  CIRCLE." 


459 


(bridge.  Shortly  afterward,  Thomas  Ste- 
)hens,  a  son  of  William  Stephens,  and  Mor- 
gan Andrews,  charged  with  various  offenses, 

[were  brought  from  Lawrence,  Kansas,  under 

[requisition.  Upon  alighting  from  the  train 
they  were  taken  from  the  officers  by  a  com- 

[pany  of  fifty  men,  who  were  shortly  joined  by 
400  others,  by  whom  they  were  taken  to  the 
outskirts  of  the  town  and  hung.  In  August 
Thomas  W.  Little  was  hung.  He  had  been 
tried  for  robbery  and  acquitted,  and  public 
sentiment  was  so  much  in  sympathy  with  him 
that  the  vigilance  committee  came  into  disre- 
pute, and  this  was  the  last  act  for  which  they 
were  held  accountable.  The  subsequent 
hanging  by  unknown  parties  of  James  M. 
Sims,  charged  with  horse-stealing,  aroused 
great  indignation.  The  county  was  now  well 
rid  of  bad  characters,  and  the  civil  courts  re- 
sumed their  usual  functions.  Since  then,  as 
already  stated,  Johnson  County  has  been  no- 
table for  its  good  order  and  observance  of  all 
the  forms  of  law. 

Johnson's  "Swing  'ronnd  the  Cir- 
cle."— This  was  an  expression  frequently  to 
be  met  with  in  the  fall  of  1866,  and  was  ap- 
plied to  a  speech-making  tour  made  by  Pres- 
ident Johnson  about  that  time.  President 
1  Johnson  left  Washington  August  28,  1866, 
\'m  compliance  with  a  request  that  he  would 
•lay  the  corner  stone  of  a  monument  to  be 
[erected  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  at  Chicago, 
September  6th.  He  was  attended  by  a  dis- 
tinguished party,  including  several  members 
of  his  cabinet;  also  by  General  Grant  and 
Admiral  Farragut.  The  route  was  by  way 
of  Philadelphia,  New  York  and  Albany.  In 
one  of  his  addresses  the  President  referred 
to  himself  as  one  having  "swung  around  the 
entire  circle"  of  the  public  service,  from  alder- 
man to  President.  The  phrase  t6ok  with 
the  reporters,  and  so  came  to  be  generally 
applied  to  his  own  tour.  He  arrived  at  St. 
Louis  September  8,  1866,  in  answer  to  an 
invitation  extended  to  him  by  the  authori- 
ties and  citizens  of  the  city.  His  arrival  was 
by  way  of  the  Mississippi  River.  He  was 
met  at  Alton  by  a  fleet  of  thirty-six  steam- 
boats, specially  dispatched  with  the  view  of 
furnishing  him  with  a  unique  escort.  The 
boat  assigned  for  his  accommodation  was 
the  "Andy  Johnson" — specially  named  in  his 
honor.  She  was  followed  by  the  "Ruth," 
the  flagship  of  the  fleet,  upon  which    were 


Mayor  Thomas,  President  Wells,  of  the 
board  of  aldermen,  and  Chairman  Cairns,  of 
the  delegates,  and  all  the  members  of  the 
City  Council,  besides  many  other  representa- 
tive men.  The  President  arrived  at  Alton 
at  II  a.  m.,  and  after  having  exchanged 
courtesies  with  the  inayor  of  that  city,  em- 
barked on  board  the  "Andy  Johnson,"  es- 
corted by  Captain  Able  and  Honorable  John 
Hogan ;  he  was  followed  by  Secretary 
Seward,  escorted  by  Colonel  George  Knapp; 
Secretary  Wells,  escorted  by  Captain  Dan- 
iel G.  Taylor;  Admiral  Farragut,  escorted 
by  Alderman  Frudenau,  and  General  Grant, 
escorted  by  Alderman  Brockmeyer.  The 
formal  reception  took  place  on  the  lower 
deck  of  the  steamboat.  The  welcoming  ad- 
dress was  delivered  by  Captain  Fads.  The 
spirit  of  the  event  may  be  best  gathered  from 
a  few  sentences  of  the  welcome  and  the  re- 
ply. Captain  Eads,  addressing  the  President, 
said :  'Your  friends  have  witnessed  with 
breathless  anxiety  your  heroic  contest  with 
the  enemies  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 
.  .  .  While  other  officers  of  our  govern- 
ment promise  to  support  that  aegis  of  our 
liberties,  you  alone,  sir,  by  its  wise  pro- 
visions, are  required  to  swear  that  you  will 
defend  the  Constitution  of  this  republic." 
The  President,  addressing  those  present,  re- 
plied :  "In  your  name  and  in  your  behalf 
I  have  exercised  the  veto  power  for  the  pur- 
pose of  arresting  and  staying  certain  meas- 
ures until  the  sovereign  people  of  the  nation 
could  have  time  to  express  their  will ;  and, 
believing  that  I  have  done  nothing  more 
than  simply  discharge  my  duty,  I  shall  stand 
on  the  Constitution,  and  with  your  help,  an.'l 
God  being  willing,  all  the  powers  this  side 
of  the  infernal  regions,  all  combined,  shall 
never  drive  me  from  the  discharge  of  my 
duty."  The  President  and  his  party  disem- 
barked about  2  .-30  p.  m.,  amidst  the  scream- 
ing of  steam  whistles,  the  roar  of  cannon 
and  the  sound  of  music.  An  immense  throng 
crowded  the  levee,  the  housetops  and  the 
pavements.  His  welcome  was  mixed,  for 
passions  ran  high  in  those  times,  and  some 
forgot  the  President  in  the  man.  The  general 
attitude  was,  however,  courteous,  and  even 
cordial;  in  this  respect  St.  Louis  contrast- 
ed very  favorably  with  some  other  large 
cities.  Cleveland,  Chicago  and  Springfield 
had  extended  to  him  no  official  recognition,  ^ 
while  at  Indianapolis  he  was  hooted.    Presi- 


460 


JOHNSTON. 


dent  Johnson  proceeded  to  the  Lindell 
Hotel,  where  his  honor,  Mayor  Thomas, 
surrounded  by  members  of  the  common 
council  and  other  city  officials,  read  a  formal 
address  of  welcome  to  St.  Louis,  to  which 
the  President  made  appropriate  response. 
Loud  cries  were  then  made  for  a  speech  from 
General  Grant,  who  contented  himself  with 
a  few  words  of  formal  thanks,  and  Admiral 
Farragut  responded  in  like  manner.  In  the 
evening  the  President  and  his  party  attended 
a  grand  banquet  at  the  Southern  Hotel, 
where  he  delivered  another  of  his  uncompro- 
mising speeches.  Upon  the  whole,  Johnson's 
tour  did  not  strengthen  his  position  in  the 
country,  serving,  as  it  did,  but  to  intensify 
the  fury  of  the  opposition. 

Johnston,  John  T.  M.,  D.  D,,  a  prom- 
inent minister  of  the  Baptist  Church,  is  a 
native  of  Missouri,  and  was  born  in  Boone 
County,  March  17,  1856.  From  his  ances- 
try he  derived  a  •fine  physique  and  those 
strong  traits  of  character  which  underlie 
fixedness  of  purpose  and  commanding  influ- 
ence with  men.  His  parents  were  John  T.  M. 
and  Minerva  (Waters)  Johnston,  both  natives 
of  Kentucky.  The  father,  a  leading  pioneer 
Baptist  preacher,  of  central  Missouri,  was 
a  son  of  William  Johnston,  a  Virginian,  who 
settled  in  Kentucky  in  early  life,  and  was 
a  captain  during  the  War  of  181 2.  Young 
Johnston  was  left  an  orphan  when  twelve 
years  of  age,  and  his  early  life  was  neces- 
sarily one  of  labor  and  privation.  After  the 
death  of  his  parents,  with  but  twenty-five  dol- 
lars saved  from  wages  as  a  farm  boy,  he 
made  his  way  to  the  Indian  Territory  in 
quest  of  employment.  There  he  met  Col- 
onel E.  C.  Boudinot,  who  impressed  him  as 
being  of  the  highest  type  of  manhood,  and 
to  this  impression  and  the  friendly  interest 
manifested  by  that  rugged  character  he 
ascribes  the  awakening  of  his  ambition  to 
adopt  a  definite  aim  in  life  and  to  pursue 
it  despite  all  obstacles.  He  remained  in  the 
Territory  two  years,  and  during  this  period 
his  experiences  were  of  varied  character,  in- 
volving incessant  labor.  In  turn  he  performed 
ordinary  farm  labor,  split  rails  and  herded 
cattle,  but  he  managed  to  acquire  a  little 
education  through  attending  a  common 
school  during  portions  of  two  winters.  When 
fourteen  years  of  age  he  returned  to  Mis- 
souri.    He  reached  Jefiferson  City  with  less 


than  three  dollars  in  money,  and  finding 
that  a  team  to  take  him  to  his  final  desti- 
nation would  cost  him  more  than  he  pos- 
sessed, he  set  out  afoot,  crossing  the  Mis- 
souri River  on  the  ice.  At  Ashland,  in  Boone 
County,  he  found  employment  putting  up 
ice  at  a  wage  of  fifty  cents  per  day.  When 
sixteen  years  of  age  he  became  a  Christian, 
and  determined  to  acquire  an  education,  with 
a  view  to  entering  the  ministry.  To  this 
end  he  leased  twenty  acres  of  land,  which 
he  cultivated  upon  his  own  account,  mean- 
time practicing  the  most  rigid  economy. 
With  $125,  the  savings  of  his  first  year  as  an 
independent  farmer,  he  defrayed  his  ex- 
penses while  att'ending  the  high  school  at 
Ashland  during  one  winter,  and  with  a  like 
amount  saved  from  his  earnings  the  follow- 
ing season,  he  took  a  course  of  instruction 
in  a  commercial  college  in  St.  Louis.  His 
means  were  now  exhausted,  and  on  return- 
ing to  Ashland  he  took  employment  in  a 
general  store.  Two  years  afterward  oppor- 
tunity presented  for  the  purchase  of  a  mer- 
cantile business,  and  so  well  established  was 
his  reputation  for  business  ability,  industry 
and  integrity  that  it  was  transferred  to  him 
on  his  paying  the  sum  of  $175,  the  sav- 
ings of  his  two  years'  clerkship,  and  obligat- 
ing himself  for  the  remainder  of  the  $6,000, 
at  vvhic.h  it  was  valued.  His  success  was 
abundant  from  the  outset,  and  his  profits 
for  the  first  year  were  sufficient  to  reduce 
his  indebtedness  one-half.  He  soon  admitted 
into  partnership  with  himself  Hiram  Brooks, 
and  later  O.  Harris,  J.  W.  Johnston  and  L. 
Bass,  when  the  enlarged  firm  established  two 
branch  stores  in  the  county,  which,  with 
the  parent  house,  built  up  a  business  aggre- 
gating about  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars 
annually.  Subsequently  he  and  L.  Bass  es- 
tablished' the  Bass-Johnston  Banking  Com- 
pany Bank,  of  Ashland,  and  later  the  bank 
of  Brooks,  Bass  &  Johnston,  Denison, 
Texas.  After  his  business  enterprises  had 
become  firmly  established  Mr.  Johnston  com- 
mitted their  management  entirely  to  his 
partners,  L.  Bass,  H.  Brooks,  S.  R.  Hazell 
and  John  S.  Harris,  and  devoted  his  ener- 
gies to  the  purpose  he  had  formed  as  a 
youth.  He  was  now  twenty-eight  years  of 
age,  and  he  entered  the  Southern  Baptist 
Theological  Seminary  at  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, to  become  a  student  under  the  eminent 
scholars,  Drs.  Broaddus,  Boyce,  Manley  and 


(^  J^  9H  ^^^T^f^ 


HF  was  immediately  called  to  the  pastorate 
I  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  at  Jeffer- 
I  son  City,  Missouri.  His  ministrations  with' 
this  church  extended  over  a  period  of  ten 
years,  during  which  time  more  than  500  per- 
sons were  added  to  its  membership,  and  the 
building  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful  arid 
capacious  religious  edifices  at  the  State  cap- 
ital was  accomplished.  Shortly  after  the  close 
of  this  successful  pastorate  he  was  called, 
in  1897,  to  the  Delmar  Avenue  Baptist 
Church,  in  St.  Louis,  which  thus  far  during 
his  ministry  (1900)  has  received  200  per- 
sons into  membership,  while  through  his 
effort  has  been  effected  the  liquidation  of 
a  church  indebtedness  of  $15,000.  From  the 
beginning  Dr.  Johnston  has  occupied  a 
unique  position  in  the  ministerial  field.  He 
is  an  entirely  original  character,  comparable 
with  none  other,  and  his  influence  and  use- 
fulness are  recognizably  due  to  those  quali- 
ties which  mark  the  scholar  and  the  man  of 
business,  happily  blended,  and  consecrated' 
to  the  highest  purpose,  the  service  of  the 
Master,  which  has  engaged  his  attention  and 
h^  been  his  life  endeavor  from  his  youth. 
A  ripe  scholar,  deeply  read  in  sacred  and 
polite  literature,  his  pulpit  discourse  is  de- 
void of  studied  effort  or  affectation  of 
superior  knowledge.  Holding  to  the  convic- 
tion that  the  scriptures  are  intended  to  con- 
vey the  express  meaning  of  their  language, 
he  voices  the  message  in  a  practical,  under- 
standable manner,  avoiding  speculation  and" 
sensationalism,  yet  affirming  the  truth  with 
earnestness  and  force.  One  of  his  great 
elements  of  strength,  acquired  through  per- 
sonal experience  in  his  early  years  of  strug- 
gle and  through  his  business  intercourse  with 
men  in  subsequent  years,  is  his  deep  knowl- 
edge of  human  character,  its  needs,  its  hopes 
and  its  fears,  and  he  addresses  himself  to  his 
hearers  as  one  of  similar  experience,  similar 
wants  and  similar  desires.  In  his  labors  in 
the  temporal  affairs  of  the  church  he  has 
been  phenomenally  successful,  and  that,  too, 
without  in  the  least  degree  offending  pro- 
priety or  sacrificing  ministerial  dignity. 
Holding  that  upon  the  church  rests  not  only 
religion,  but  the  perpetuity  of  civilized  gov- 
ernment and  social  institutions,  and  so  hold- 
ing, he  deems  its  support  to  be  a  matter  of 
duty  incumbent  not  only  upon  church  mem- 


JOHNSTON. 


461 


bers,  but  upon  all  such  as  would  be  consid- 
ered good  citizens.  From  the  day  when  he 
first  became  self-supporting,  he  has  devoted 
to  the  support  of  the  church  and  of  benev- 
olent institutions  one-tenth  of  his  earnings. 
He  not  only  believes  such  contributions  to 
be  demanded  by  duty  and  warranted  by 
Scripture,  but  that  it  is  a  good  investment. 
Dr.  Johnston  has  ever  been  an  earnest  Dem- 
ocrat, and  has  been  for  many  years  active 
in  support  of  his  party,  but  without  in  any 
degree  suffering  his  activity  to  impair  his 
ministerial  usefulness.  While  a  resident  of 
Boone  County  he  was  a  delegate  in  nearly 
all  county  and  congressional  and  State  con- 
ventions. Aside  from  the  mayoralty  of 
Ashland,  the  only  offices  he  has  ever  held 
have  been  such  as  were  in  the  line  of  his 
calling.  He  was  chaplain  of  the  Senate  of 
Missouri  for  the  two  terms  of  1888-90  and 
1890-4,  and  chaplain  of  the  Missouri  State 
penitentiary  in  1894.  He  has  always  been 
active  in  educational,  charitable  and  kindred 
work,  and  has  been  a  member  of  the  State 
Baptist  Mission  Board  for  ten  years,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Baptist  Board  of  Ministerial  Edu- 
cation, a  member  of  the  Executive  Board 
of  the  Missouri  Baptist  Sanitarium  and  a 
curator  of  Stephens  College,  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri. He  is  prominent  in  Masonic  circles 
and  has  taken  the  commandery  degrees  and 
served  as  grand  chaplain  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Missouri.  Through  much  travel,  extend- 
ing to  Mexico,  Alaska,  Great  Britain,  Europe 
and  the  Orient,  and  familiarity  with  his  ex- 
cellent library.  Dr.  Johnston  has  acquired 
a  large  fund  of  general  information,  which 
makes  him  a  delightful  companion.  He  takes 
intense  delight  in  the  society  of  his  friends, 
in  horsemanship  and  in  hunting  and  fishing. 
In  personal  appearance  he  is  tall,  well  built 
and  muscular.  His  face  is  shaven,  and  his 
features  are  somewhat  remindful  of  those  of 
President  McKinley.  He  is  genial  in  man- 
ner and  a  charming  conversationalist.  He 
was  married,  October  15,  1879,  to  Miss  Flor- 
ence Brooks,  a  highly  educated  lady  and  a 
devoted  laborer  in  church  work.  She  is  a 
graduate  of  Stephens  College,  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri. Four  children  were  born  of  this  mar- 
riage. The  first,  Brooksie,  died  at  the  age 
of  six  years  ;  those  living  are  John  Lawrence, 
Margaret  and  Dorothy,  the  oldest  being 
thirteen  years  of  age,  the  youngest  three. 


462 


JOHNSTON— JOLIET. 


Johnston,  Thomas  Alexander,  ed- 
ucator, was  born  November  13,  1848,  in 
Cooper  County,  Missouri,  son  of  John  Be- 
noni  '  Thaxton  Johnston  and  Margaret 
Harris  Johnston,  who  were  descendants  of 
pioneer  families  of  Tennessee  and  North 
CaroHna.  J.  B.  T.  Johnston's  grandfather 
was  a  boyhood  friend  of  General  Andrew 
Jackson  and  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary 
War.  The  Johnstons  are  a  Scotch  family 
and  descendants  of  a  noble  who  came  to 
England  with  William  the  Conqueror  and 
who  received,  in  the  allotment  of  lands,  the 
parish  of  Johnstown,  on  the  River  Annan,  in 
Annandale,  Scotland.  From  this  parish  this 
early  settler  took  the  name  de  Johnstowne, 
which  has  dropped  the  "de"  and  has  been 
evolved  through  the  forms  Johnstoune  and 
Johnstone  into  Johnston.  The  branch  of 
the  family  to  which  Colonel  Thomas  A. 
Johnston  belongs,  migrated  from  Scotland 
to  northern  Ireland  and  from  Ireland  came 
to  Pennsylvania  as  early  as  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  Colonel  Johnston 
obtained  the  education  which  fitted  him  to 
enter  college  at  Kemper  School,  of  Boon- 
ville,  Missouri,  and  completed  his  scholastic 
training  at  the  University  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
arts  in  1872,  and  which  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1875,  He 
was  reared  on  a  farm  in  Cooper  County,  and 
in  1864,  when  but  sixteen  years  of  age,  he 
joined  the  Confederate  Army,  under  Gen- 
eral Sterling  Price.  This  was  at  the  time 
of  General  Price's  famous  invasion  of  Mis- 
souri from  Arkansas,  and  young  Johnston 
participated  in  all  the  battles,  skirmishes  and 
marches  incident  to  the  expedition,  and  was 
finally  surrendered,  with  the  remnant  of 
General  Price's  army,  at  Shreveport,  Louis- 
iana, in  June,  1865.  Returning  then  to  Mis- 
souri he  resumed  his  studies,  and  in  1868 
became  a  teacher  in  Kemper  School,  then 
under  the  conduct  and  management  of  Pro- 
fessor Frederick  T.  Kemper,  of  Virginia. 
At  the  death  of  Professor  Kemper,  in  1881, 
Colonel  Johnston  succeeded  him  as  head 
of  the  school,  and  has  developed  it  into  one 
of  the  most  popular  and  prosperous  institu- 
tions of  its  kind  in  the  West.  As  a  military 
academy  and  fitting  school  for  college  it 
ranks  liigh  among  Western  educational  in- 
stitutions, and  its  rapidly  growing  prestige 


and  popularity  are  due  to  the  intelligent  and 
well  directed  efforts  of  Colonel  Johnston. 
A  law  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Missouri 
in  1899  gives  the  school  official  recognition 
in  the  military  system  of  the  State,  and  in 
compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
the  rank  of  colonel  has  been  conferred  upon 
its  distinguished  superintendent.  Colonel 
Johnston  has  served  several  terms  as  an 
officer  of  the  city  government  of  Boonville, 
and  has  been  an  earnest  promoter  of  public 
enterprises  and  sanitary  improvements.  He 
was  reared  in  the  faith  of  the  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  a  member  of 
that  church  until  his  removal  to  Boonville. 
Since  then  he  has  been  a  member  and  elder 
of  the  Boonville  Presbyterian  Church.  His 
political  affiliations  are  with  the  Democratic 
party,  adhering  since  1896  to  that  branch  of 
the  Democratic  faith  which  indorses  the 
maintenance  of  the  "gold  standard"  in  the 
monetary  system  of  the  United  States.  June 
27,  1877,  Colonel  Johnston  married  Miss  Car- 
rie Rea,  of  Saline  County,  daughter  of  Rev. 
P.  G.  Rea,  a  prominent  minister  of  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  Church.  In  the  ma- 
ternal line  Mrs.  Johnston  is  a  great-grand- 
daughter of  Rev.  Finis  Ewing,  who  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Cumberland  Presby- 
terian Church,  and  a  near  connection  of  "Kit 
Carson,"  the  famous  frontiersman  and  scout. 
The  children  of  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Johnston 
are  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 

Joliet,  Louis.  —  Careful  historical  re- 
search seems  to  lead  to  the  conclusion  that 
Joliet  is  the  best  entitled  to  be  called  the 
discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  "He 
was  born  in  Quebec,  September  21,  1645,  ^^^ 
died  in  Canada  in  the  year  1700.  He  was 
educated  in  the  Jesuit  College  of  Quebec,  and 
received  minor  orders  in  1662,  but  in  1667 
abandoned  his  intention  of  becoming  a  priest 
and  went  to  the  West  for  a  time.  In  1672 
Talon,  the  intendant,  and  Frontenac,  the  Gov- 
ernor of  New  France,  determined  to  make 
an  efifort  to  discover  the  Mississippi,  which 
was  then  supposed  to  empty  into  the  Sea 
of  California.  By  the  advice  of  Talon,  Fron- 
tenac charged  Joliet  with  this  enterprise,  as 
being,  he  said,  'a  inan  very  experienced  in 
this  kind  of  discoveries,  and  who  had  been 
already  very  near  this  river.'  All  the  aid 
the  provincial  government  could  afiford  con- 
sisted of  a  single  assistant  and  a  bark  canoe. 


JONES. 


463 


To  obtain  further  assistance  in  his  project 
he  went  to  a  Jesuit  mission,  and  there  met 
P'ather  James  Marquette,  who  had  long  been 
desirous  of  visiting  the  country  of  IlHnois. 
In  concert  with  Marquette  and  five  other 
Frenchmen,  JoHet  arrived  in  Mackinaw,  De- 
cember 8,  1672.  The  savages  at  this  port 
suppHed  them  with  information  that  enabled 
them  to  draw  a  map  of  their  proposed  route, 
which  was  afterward  revised  by  Marquette, 
and  in  this  form  was  published  in  Shea's  'Dis- 
covery and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley.'  With  the  aid  of  this  map  the  ex- 
plorers descended  Wisconsin  River  and  en- 
tered the  Mississippi,  June  17,  1673.  On  the 
25th  they  visited  the  first  Illinois  village, 
and  they  then  descended  the  river  until  they 
came  to  a  village  of  the  Arkansas  Indians, 
in  33  degrees  40  minutes  north  latitude.  They 
set  out  on  their  return  for  the  colony  on 
July  17th,  having  ascertained  beyond  a  doubt 
that  the  Mississippi  empties  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  Making  their  way  northward 
against  strong  currents,  they  reached  the 
mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  on  Lac  des 
Puants  (Lake  Winnipeg),  toward  the  end 
of  September.  Here  Joliet  spent  the  winter, 
and  in  the  spring  of  1674  he  returned  to 
Quebec,  after  losing  his  valuable  maps  and 
papers  by  the  upsetting  of  his  canoe  in 
Lachine  rapids.  He  at  once  made  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  colony  and  Father  Dalton,  su- 
perior general  of  the  Jesuits  of  Canada,  fully 
acquainted  with  the  discoveries  that  he  had 
made,  drawing  a  map  from  memory,  which 
is  now  in  the  Archives  de  la  Marine,  Paris. 
After  his  return  to  Quebec  Joliet  married 
Clara  Frances  Bissot.  He  tried  to  urge  the 
French  government  to  cultivate  the  rich 
lands  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  develop 
its  mineral  resources,  but  his  plan  for  col- 
onizing the  territory  he  had  discovered  was 
for  the  time  rejected.  About  1680  he  was 
granted  the  island  of  Anticosti,  and  built 
a  fort  there,  but  it  was  destroyed  by  the 
English  in  1690  and  his  wife  taken  prisoner. 
Joliet  afterward  explored  Labrador,  and  was 
appointed  royal  hydrographer  in  1693.  On 
April  30,  1697,  he  was  granted  the  seigniory 
of  Joliet  south  of  Quebec,  which  is  still  in 
possession  of  his  descendants.  The  question 
as  to  whether  the  honor  of  first  exploring 
the  Mississippi  belongs  to  Marquette,  Joliet 
or  LaSalle  has  long  been  a  subject  of  con- 


troversy."      (Appleton's      "Cyclopedia      of 
American  Biography.") 

Jones,  Beiijaiiiiii  Charles,  physician 
and  surgeon,  was  born  August  25,  1836, 
in  Mayfield,  Kentucky,  son  of  Eli  S.  and 
Mary  P.  (Hubbard)  Jones.  His  father  was 
born  and  reared  in  Virginia  and  in  his  young 
manhood  completed  a  theological  course  at 
Lexington,  Kentucky.  He  married  Miss 
Mary  P.  Hubbard,  who  was  born  and  reared 
in  Sumner  County,  Tennessee,  and  after  their 
marriage  they  removed  to  Mayfield,  Ken- 
tucky, where  Mr.  Jones  filled  a  pastorate 
of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church. 
Afterward  they  removed  to  Troy,  Tennes- 
see, where  both  he  and  his  wife  died  at  a 
later  date.  After  obtaining  a  common  school 
education  ai  Troy,  Tennessee  and  Hickman, 
Kentucky,  their  son,  Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Jones, 
came  to  Missouri  in  1856,  when  he  was 
twenty  years  of  age.  He  established  his 
home  at  Bloomfield,  in  Stoddard  County, 
and  there  began  the  study  of  medicine.  He 
was  thus  engaged  when  the  Civil  War  be- 
gan, and  his  interest  in  the  issues  at  stake 
caused  him  to  abandon  his  studies  and  en-" 
list  as  a  private  soldier  in  the  First  Arkansas 
Infantry  Regiment  of  the  Confederate 
Army.  He  served  two  years  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  participated  in  all  the 
noted  engagements  in  the  vicinity  of  Corinth, 
luka  and  other  historic  places  in  Mississippi 
and  Tennessee.  At  the  surrender  of  Port 
Hudson,  Louisiana,  in  1863,  he  was  made 
a  prisoner  of  war,  but  was  returned  to  the 
service  within  three  months  through  an  ex- 
change of  prisoners.  He  then  returned  home 
and  recruited  a  company,  which  became 
known  as  Company  E,  of  the  Seventh  Mis- 
souri Cavalry  Regiment,  commanded  by 
Colonel  Sol  G.  Kitchen,  and  in  this  regiment 
he  served  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
completed  his  medical  studies  and  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Greene  County, 
Arkansas.  He  soon  returned  to  Missouri, 
however,  and  in  1867  established  his  home 
in  Butler  County,  in  which  county  he  has 
since  resided.  In  1890  he  was  elected  mayor 
of  the  flourishing  little  city  of  Poplar  Bluff, 
and  held  that  office  for  two  years.  In  1896 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
House  of  Representatives,  and  he  was  re- 
elected in  1898.     In  the  General  Assembly 


464 


JONES. 


he  was  a  watchful  and  capable  guardian  of 
the  interests  of  the  county  and  of  the  State 
at  large.  During  the  session  of  the  Thirty- 
ninth  General  Assembly  he  introduced  and 
procured  the  passage  of  what  is  known  as 
the  "Ditch  and  Drainage  Law/'  which  has 
been  of  incalculable  benefit  to  various  por- 
tions of  the  State.  This  law  provided  for 
the  systematic  drainage  and  redemption  of 
large  bodies  of  overflowed  lands,  and  under 
its  operation  large  quantities  of  such  lands 
are  being  reclaimed  and  are  becoming  noted 
for  their  fertility  and  productiveness.  In  the 
furtherance  of  this  great  project,  to  which 
he  has  given  the  most  careful  attention,  he 
introduced  in  the  Fortieth  General  Assem- 
bly a  memorial  to  Congress  petitioning  the 
National  Legislature  to  make  provision  for 
dredging  the. channels  of  the  St.  Francis  and 
Black  Rivers.  Should  this  work  be  under- 
taken by  the  government,  it  is  estimated  that 
5,000,000  acres  of  the  richest  land  in  the 
world  will  be  reclaimed  to  the  agricultural- 
ists of  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  A  useful  leg- 
islator and  a  successful  physician,  Dr.  Jones 
has  been  eciually  prominent  in  other  walks 
of  life,  and  in  all  respects  represents  the  best 
type  of  citizenship.  He  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried, both  unions  having  been  happy  ones 
and  both  having  been  blessed  by  children. 

Jones,  Beiijainiii  F.,  for  twenty  years 
at  the  head  of  the  waterworks  system  of 
Kansas  City,  was  born  in  Gwinnett  County, 
Georgia,  June  20,  1831.  He  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  his  native  State  and 
then  clerked  in  a  country  store.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  he  went  to  New  York  and  soon 
entered  the  grocery  business.  In  this  line  of 
work  he  traveled  extensively  through  the 
South,  and  as  these  trips  were  made  at  a 
time  when  the  relations  between  the  two  sec- 
tions of  the  country  were  assuming  a  war- 
like appearance,  Mr.  Jones  was  able  to  gather 
a  vast  amount  of  information  based  on  facts 
with  which  he  was  personally  familiar.  His 
sympathies  were  naturally  with  the  Confed- 
eracy, and  the  valuable  information  trans- 
mitted to  that  government  are  matters  of 
record  in  the  proceedings  of  the  First  Con- 
gress held  by  the  Representatives  of  the  se- 
ceding States.  In  April,  1862,  at  Rome. 
Georgia,  .he  joined  the  Cherokee  Artillery 
and  enlisted  for  service  in  the  Southern 
cause.     He  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank 


of  brigade  quartermaster,  and  took  charge  of 
the  important  supply  post  at  Chattanooga, 
Tennessee.  Other  positions  of  trust  and  im- 
portance were  held  by  him.  After  the  war 
Major  Jones  returned  to  Rome,  Georgia,  and 
there  engaged  in  the  business  of  merchan- 
dising. This  he  followed  profitably  for  sev- 
eral years,  later  turning  his  attention  to  the 
manufacture  of  pig  iron.  The  latter  industry 
was  practically  killed  for  a  time  by  the  panic 
of  1873,  and  he  ceased  operations  in  it,  re- 
moving about  two  years  later  to  Kansas  City, 
Missouri,  where  he  had  been  asked  to  take 
|:harge  of  the  waterworks  plant.  In  1873  a 
contract  was  made  between  Kansas  City  and 
the  National  Waterworks  Company  of  New 
York,  wherein  the  company  was  granted  the 
usual  rights  to  furnish  water  for  a  term  of 
twenty  years,  the  city  reserving  to  itself  the 
right  to  purchase  the  works  at  any  time  at  a 
fair  and  e(|uitable  valuation,  and  limiting  the 
bonded  debt  of  the  company  to  95  per  cent  of 
the  value  of  the  works.  The  company  was 
authorized  to  take  water  from  the  Missouri, 
the  Kansas  or  the  Blue  River,  or  all  of  them. 
Any  location  upon  the  Missouri  River  was 
not  at  that  time  to  be  considered  on  account 
of  the  great  expense ;  the  Blue  River  was  not 
suitable,  and  therefore  the  water  supply  was 
taken  from  the  Kansas  River,  which  is  wholly 
within  the  State  of  Kansas.  As  the  city  in- 
creased in  population,  danger  of  pollution 
of  the  supply  became  imminent  and  a  clamor 
was  made  for  a  better  supply.  A  serious 
dilemma  existed  in  the  fact  that  another  com- 
pany had  established  a  plant  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Kansas  River,  in  the  State  of  Kansas, 
and  had  exclusive  rights  in  Wyandotte  and 
Armourdale.  Just  where  the  Kansas  City 
company  should  get  its  supply  became  a 
burning  question.  The  result  was  that  in 
1885  the  company  purchased  the  Kansas 
works  and  erected  a  pumping  plant  and  set- 
tling basin  on  the  Missouri  River  above 
Wyandotte,  or  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  brought 
the  water  down  through  the  latter  place  to 
the  original  pumping  station  near  the  Kansas 
River,  and  from  that  point  distributed  Mis- 
souri River  water  as  it  had  hitherto  distrib- 
uted water  from  the  Kansas  River.  This 
change  cost  over  one  million  dollars  and  was 
warmly  applauded  by  the  public.  The  com- 
bined plants  represent  a  pumping  capacity 
of  67,000,000  gallons  per  day,  with  174  miles 
of  pipe  and  over  1,700  fire  hydrants,  a  mag- 


JONES. 


465 


nificent  monument  to  the  energy  and  enter- 
prise of  the  men  who  built  up  the  splendid 
system,  headed  by  the  subject  of  these  lines. 
But  there  soon  appeared  a  popular  sentiment 
in  favor  of  the  municipal  ownership  of  the 
waterworks  plant.     At   an  election   held   in 
1890  it  was  attempted  to  amend  the  charter 
of  the  city,  giving  the  common  council  the 
power  "to  make  an  entirely  new  contract,  or  to 
provide    for    constructing    and    operating   a 
plant.    The  amendment  provided  that  the  city 
might  purchase  such  portion  of  the  plant  as 
was  situated  in  the  State  of  Missouri.     Be- 
fore the  vote  on  this  amendment  was  taken 
the  company  notified  the  public  that  it  would 
not  agree  to  such  a  contract.     Nevertheless, 
the  amendment  was  carried  by  a  large  ma- 
jority.   The  attorneys  for  the  water  company 
contended  that  the  city  must  either  renew  the 
contract  or  buy  the  entire  works,  and  that  the 
contract  of  1873,  as  amended  from  time  to 
time,  was  valid  and  could  be  enforced.     The 
city  charter  having  been  amended,  the  com- 
pany was  asked  to  state  the  terms  upon  which 
it  would  make  a  new  contract  under  the  new 
charter.     The  company  offered  to  duplicate 
the  rates  of  St.  Louis,  to  leave  the  matter 
of  rates  to  experts,  or  to  duplicate  the  aver- 
age rates  of  ten  cities  of  similar  size  and  to- 
pography.    The  city  declined  to  entertain  the 
proposition.     In  April,  1891,  the  city  voted 
favorably  upon  a  proposition  to  issue  bonds 
to   the   amount   of   $2,000,000   to    construct 
waterworks.    Various  queries  and  communi- 
cations passed  between  the  city  council  and 
the  water  company.     The  fight,  which  Major 
Jones  found  in  progress  when  he  arrived  in 
Kansas  City  in  1875,  continued  for  twenty 
years,  and  the  result  was  that  the  city  finally 
purchased  the  plant  in  1895.     At  that  time 
Major  Jones  retired  from  the  management, 
having  made  a  most  favorable  record  as  the 
active   head   of  an  important   enterprise   so 
long  involved  in  a  great  legal  dispute.     In  his 
management    of   the   plant   during  this   ex- 
tended period  and  under  such  trying  circum- 
stances,    he     established     a    reputation  for 
extraordinary      shrewdness      and      business 
diplomacy.     Since  retiring  from  active  con- 
nection with  the  waterworks  plant  he  has 
devoted  himself  to  private  affairs,  has  served 
as  receiver  of  several  corporations  and  has 
continued  to  occupy  a  prominent  and  active 
place  in  the  financial  and  commercial  world. 
He  also  has  mining  interests  in  Colorado,  and 
Vol.  Ill— 30 


is  identified  with  other  industries,  both  local 
and  in  other  States. 

Jones,  Breckinridge,  lawyer  and  finan- 
cier, was  born  October  2,  1856,  near  Dan- 
ville, Kentucky.  He  attended  the  school 
of  George  C.  Anthon,  in  New  York  City,  and 
in  1867  was  fitted  for  college  in  Kentucky 
under  private  tutorship.  He  was  a  student 
at  Kentucky  University  and  Centre  College, 
and  graduated  from  the  latter  in  1875.  In 
1877  he  began  reading  law  and  in  1878  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1878  he  removed  to 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  entered  the  St.  Louis 
Law  School,  and  became  connected  with  the 
law  firm  of  Lee  &  Adams. 

He  attended  the  Summer  Law  School  of 
the  University  of  Virginia  in  1879,  ^^^  then 
entered  regularly  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  St.  Louis.  He  was  engaged  in  gen- 
eral practice,  except  while  serving  as  a 
member  of  the  Missouri  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, to  which  body  he  was  elected  in 
1883,  until  1888,  when  he  was  called  to  re- 
organize the  Decatur  Land,  Improvement 
&  Furnace  Company,  of  Decatur,  Alabama. 
This  engaged  his  attention  mainly  until  1890. 
He  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  became  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Trust 
Company,  and  was  made  secretary,  and  soon 
thereafter  was  elected  as  its  counsel.  In 
1894  he  was  made  second  vice  president,  and 
later  became  first  vice  president,  which  po- 
sition, together  with  that  of  counsel,  he 
still  holds.  He  married,  in  1885,  Miss 
Frances  Miller  Reid,  whose  ancestors  had 
lived  near  his  for  a  hundred  years  in  Lincoln 
County,  Kentucky,  and  five  children  brighten 
their  home. 

In  connection  with  the  movement  for  a 
World's  Fair,  celebrating  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase, Mr.  Jones  was  made  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  fifteen  on  organization.  He  was 
one  of  the  three  who  visited  Washington  and 
secured  the  President's  indorsement  of  the 
enterprise.  He  was  vice  chairman  of  the 
finance  committee  and  was  made  the  chair- 
man of  a  subcommittee  to  report  on  the  plan 
for  raising  the  $5,000,000  local  subscription. 
The  report  of  this  committee  was  unani- 
mously adopted  by  the  finance  committee, 
and  the  plan  therein  outlined  was  followed  in 
making  the  subscriptions. 

Jones,  Charles,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born   in   Somerset   County,   Maryland, 


466 


JONES. 


January  27,  1814.  He  received  his  early  edu- 
cation at  the  academy  in  Princess  Anne,  and 
graduated  from  the  Washington  Institute. 
He  studied  law  in  Baltimore,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  that  city.  In  1837  he 
located  in  Union,  Franklin  County,  Missouri. 
He  served  in  the  State  Legislature  from  1844 
until  1862,  with  the  exception  of  one  term 
when  he  ran  for  Congress,  but  was  defeated. 
During  his  service  in  the  assembly  he  served 
as  Senator  every  term  but  one.  He  affiliated 
with  the  Democratic  party  during  his  long 
service  in  the  State  Legislature. 

While  he  sympathized  with  the  South  he 
did  not  believe  in  secession.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rebellion  Mr.  Jones  had  about 
sixty  slaves,  and  though  convinced  that  they 
would  necessarily  be  liberated,  he  was  un- 
willing to  sell  one,  although  he  had  frequent 
opportunities.  In  1866  Mr.  Jones  moved  to 
St.  Louis.  A  few  years  later  he  was  re- 
quested by  his  friends  in  Franklin  County  to 
return  and  make  the  race  for  judge,  but  he 
declined.  He  died  at  St.  Louis  August  8, 
1876. 

Mr.  Jones  married  Emilie  Theodiste  Yosti, 
who  lived  with  her  parents  on  their  farm  op- 
posite St.  Charles,  in  St.  Louis  County.  Six 
children  were  born  of  the  marriage,  three  of 
whom  are  living. 

Jones,  Charles  Randolph,  banker,  was 
born  September  10,  1875,  in  Abingdon.  \'ir- 
ginia,  son  of  Richard  Watson  and  Bettie  Sue 
(Spratley)  Jones.  •  His  father,  who  had  been 
honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  is 
now  professor  of  chemistry  and  vice  chancel- 
lor of  the  University  of  Mississippi.  From  1861 
to  1865  the  elder  Jones  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army  as  Major  of  the  Twelfth  Virginia 
Infantry  Regiment,  which  constituted  a  part 
of  General  William  Mahone's  brigade  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  Both  the  Jones 
and  Spratley  families  are  among  the  oldest 
and  best  known  families  of  the  Old  Do- 
minion. Most  of  the  descendants  of  these 
families  still  live  in  that  State,  and  are  kins- 
men of  the  Young,  Mason  and  Turner  fami- 
lies, all  of  whom  have  had  many  distinguished 
representatives.  C.  Randolph  Jones  was  ed- 
ucated at  Webb  School  of  Bellbuckle,  Ten- 
nessee, in  the  elementary  branches,  and  then 
entered  Emory  and  Henry  College  of  Vir- 
ginia. During  the  years  1891  to  1895  he  was 
a  student  at  the  University  of  Mississippi, 


where  he  completed  his  junior  year,  in  the 
course  from  which  he  would  have  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science.  After 
finishing  his  junior  year  at  college  he  was  of- 
fered and  accepted  a  position  with  the  Con- 
tinental National  Bank  of  Memphis,  Tennes- 
see. Leaving  there  in  1897  he  went  to  Hat- 
tiesburgh,  Mississippi,  to  become  assistant 
cashier  of  the  Bank  of  Commerce,  now  the 
National  Bank  of  Commerce  of  that  place. 
He  remained  there  until  1898,  in  which  year 
he  accepted  the  position  of  secretary  of  the 
Southwestern  Cotton  Seed  Oil  Company,  at 
Oklahoma  City,  in  Oklahoma  Territory.  The 
last  named  position  he  filled  until  March  of 
1899,  when  he  was  elected  vice  president  of 
the  Webb  City  Bank,  of  Webb  City,  Missouri. 
This  position  he  has  since  filled,  and  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  most  thoroughly  capable 
and  sagacious  managers  of  a  financial  institu- 
tion which  is  widely  known  as  one  of  the 
leading  banking  houses  of  western  Missouri, 
and  one  of  the  largest  of  Missouri's  State 
banks.  As  vice  president  Mr.  Jones  is  the 
executive  head  of  the  institution,  and  al- 
though still  a  very  young  man,  has  estab- 
lished an  enviable  reputation  as  a  financier  of 
unquestioned  ability  and  integrity.  Coming 
of  a  family  which  has  long  been  known  as 
staunchly  Democratic,  he  adheres  to  its  tra- 
ditions and  is  thoroughly  orthodox  in  his 
political  belief  and  action.  His  religious  af- 
filiations are  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  and  he  is  officially  connected 
with  the  church  of  which  he  is  a  communi- 
cant, as  steward.  He  is  unmarried,  and  his 
closest  family  ties  are  those  existing  between 
him  and  his  parents,  both  of  whom  are  living, 
and  his  four  brothers  and  one  sister.  One 
of  his  brothers,  R.  W.  Jones,  Jr.,  is  president 
of  the  American  National  Bank  of  Kansas 
City,  Missouri.  Another  brother  is  Hon- 
orable Garland  M.  Jones,  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  Kansas  City  bar.  Stewart  M. 
Jones,  still  another  brother,  is  president  of 
the  Bank  of  Commerce  of  Paul's  Valley,  in 
the  Indian  Territory.  His  fourth  brother  is 
Arthur  H.  Jones,  and  his  sister  is  Elizabeth 
Virginia  Jones. 

Jones,  Garland  MordeCai,  lawyer, 
was  born  June  14,  1873,  ^"  Abingdon,  Vir- 
ginia. His  father.  Dr.  R.  W.  Jones,  is  a 
native  of  Virginia  and  one  of  the  best  known 
educators  in  the  South.     Doctor  Jones  re- 


JONES. 


467 


moved  to  Mississippi  in  1876  and  located  at 
Oxford,  where  he  entered  upon  his  duties  as 
vice  chancellor  and  professor  of  chemistry 
of  the  University  of  Mississippi,  a  position 
still  filled  by  him.  His  name  is  familiar 
wherever  university  work  is  known,  and  no 
man  is  more  highly  honored  in  the  educa- 
tional circles  of  a  section  noted  for  thor- 
oughness and  conservative  methods  than  he. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  traces  his  ances- 
try back  to  Richard  Bennett,  Colonial  Gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  before  the  struggle  for  the 
independence  of  a  young  country  was  held 
in  serious  prospect.  Richard  Bennett's 
daughter  married  Francis  Young,  who  was 
a  member  of  General  Braddock's  staflf  prior 
to  the  Revolutionary  War.  To  this  union 
was  born  a  daughter,  Nancy  Young,  who 
married  John  Jones,  the  grandfather  of  Dr. 
R.  W.  Jones,  and  great-grandfather  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch.  John  Jones  lived  in 
Virginia  and  founded  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  highly  respected  families  of  that  State. 
The  mother  of  Garland  M.  Jones  before  her 
marriage  was  Bettie  Sue  Spratley,  a  native  of 
Virginia.  She  and  her  husband  were  born  in 
Greenville  County  and  their  families  were  life- 
long neighbors.  Garland  M.  Jones  attended 
the  Webb  school  of  Tennessee,  the  Emory 
and  Henry  College  in  Virginia,  of  which  his 
father  was  president  for  a  time,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Mississippi,  of  which  his  father  is 
vice  chancellor.  From  the  latter  institution 
he  graduated  in  1893  in  the  literary  depart- 
ment, receiving  the  degree  of  B.  A.,  and  one 
year  later  graduated  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  same  university,  after  taking  the 
two  years'  course  in  one  year,  and  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  B.  During  the  five  years 
of  his  attendance  at  this  institution  Mr.  Jones 
was  a  contestant  in  all  of  the  oratorical  con- 
tests, and  he  made  the  unprecedented  record 
of  receiving  first  honors  in  every  instance. 
This  achievement,  it  is  believed,  has  never 
been  equaled,  and  evidences  the  abilities  pos- 
sessed by  Mr.  Jones  as  a  debater,  logician 
and  composer  of  good  English.  After  grad- 
uating from  the  law  department  in  1894  Mr. 
Jones  took  a  supplemental  course  at  Wash- 
ington-Lee University.  One  of  his  instruct- 
ors in  the  legal  course  was  John  Randolph 
Tucker,  the  noted  authority  on  constitutional 
law,  and  one  of  the  most  brilliant  students 
and  expounders  of  the  law  this  country  has 
produced.     Mr,  Jones  first  located  at  West 


Point,  Mississippi,  for  the  practice  of  law.  He 
was  there  from  1894  until  the  spring  of  1898, 
when  he  removed  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
of  which  place  he  has  since  been  a  resident. 
At  West  Point  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm 
of  Critz,  Beckett  &  Jones.  In  Kansas  City 
he  has  been  alone  in  the  practice.  His  time 
and  abilities  are  devoted  almost  exclusively 
to  corporation  law,  and  he  numbers  among 
his  clients  a  number  of  tire  strongest  corpora- 
tions in  the  West,  including  the  American 
National  Bank  of  Kansas  City,  the  Central 
Trust  Company  of  Kansas  City,  the  Webb 
City  Bank  of  Webb  City,  Missouri,  the  Cen- 
tral Advertising  Company,  and  other  Western 
concerns,  as  well  as  a  number  of  Eastern 
companies  whose  interests  are  placed  in  his 
hands.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Kansas  City 
Bar  Association.  Politically  he  is  a  Demo- 
crat, is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  and  is  identified  with  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America  and  other  or- 
ganizations. 

Jones,  George  M.,  was  born  in  Shelby 
County,  Tennessee,  October  19,  1836.  His 
early  life  was  spent  on  the  farm  and  his  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  common  schools 
of  the  county  where  he  lived.  At  the  age 
of  seventeen  he  went  to  Memphis.  Tennes- 
see, and  sold  dry  goods  for  the  firm  of  Cos- 
sitt,  Hill  &  Talmadge.  He  remained  with 
them  something  over  three  years,  receiving 
for  his  first  year's  services  $75  and  board, 
and  for  the  second  $100,  and  for  the  third 
$150.  He  came  to  Springfield,  Missouri,  in 
January,  1858,  but  went  back  to  Tennessee 
after  a  short  time.  In  the  fall  of  the  same 
year  he  returned  to  Springfield  and  engaged 
in  the  general  merchandising  business,  the 
firm  being  Miller,  Jones  &  Co.  He  remainecf 
there  a  year  and  then  went  to  Dillon,  Phelps 
County,  Missouri,  and  embarked  in  the  for- 
warding and  commission  business,  which  he 
carried  on  until  the  war  broke  out  in  i86r. 
In  June  of  that  year  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Captain  Dick  Campbell's  company  of  in- 
dependent State  troops  in  the  interest  of  the 
South.  He  was  next  transferred  to  Foster's 
Regiment,  Company  A,  McBride's  Division, 
Missouri  State  Guard.  He  was  shortly  after- 
ward made  quartermaster,  with  the  rank  of 
captain,  in  Greene's  Regiment  of  Confederate 
Cavalry.  On  account  of  ill  health  he  was 
honorably  discharged  at  Jacksonport,  Arkan- 


468 


JONES. 


sas,  in  August,  1863.  In  1864  he  re-enlisted, 
and  was  for  some  time  acting  provost  mar- 
shal in  Chicot  County,  Arkansas.  He  next 
engaged  with  Colonel  Campbell  in  the  re- 
cruiting service  until  General  Price's  last 
raid  in  1864.  He  surrendered  and  received 
his  parole  at  Monroe,  Louisiana,  in  the 
spring  of  1865,  and  saw  the  cause  he  had 
espoused  forever  lost.  Captain  Jones  then 
went  back  to  his  native  county  in  Tennessee 
and  remained  until  1868.  On  the  15th  of 
October,  1868,  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Eliz- 
abeth (Berry)  Campbell,  widow  of  Colonel 
Campbell,  in  Lee  County,  Arkansas.  To 
Captain  and  Mrs.  Jones  three  children  have 
been  born.  In  December,  1868,  they  came 
to  Springfield.  Captain  Jones  has  been 
actively  connected  with  the  business  inter- 
ests of  Spring^eld,  and  is  known  as  one  of 
its  most  progressive  and  substantial  citizens. 
He  was  for  several  years  connected  with  the 
Central  National  Bank  as  president.  He  has 
given  much  aid  to  the  charitable  and  philan- 
thropic institutions  of  the  city.  He  was  for 
several  years  a  member  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  Drury  College,  and  also  a  member  of 
the  board  of  curators  of  the  Missouri  State 
University. 

Jones,  Horatio  >I.,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1826,  of  Welsh 
parentage,  graduated  at  Oberlin  College  in 
1849,  and  from  the  Cambridge  Law  School 
in  1853.  In  1854  he  came  to  St.  Louis  and 
practiced  his  profession  there  until  he  was 
chosen  Supreme  Court  reporter  of  Missouri. 
In  1861  he  was  appointed  Territorial  judge 
of  Nevada,  and  served  in  that  capacity  three 
years.  Thereafter  until  1870  he  practiced 
law  at  Austin,  Nevada.  He  then  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  shortly  afterward  was  elected 
a  judge  of  the  circuit  court,  which  office  he 
held  for  one  term. 

Jones,  James  Bei^Jamin,  minister 
and  educator,  was  born  in  Bethania,  For- 
syth County,  North  Carolina,  April  16,  1846. 
His  parents  were  Dr.  Beverly  and  Julia  A. 
Jones,  the  former  at  the  present  time  (1900) 
in  his  eighty-ninth  and  the  last  named  in 
her  seventy-seventh  year.  They  are  a  re- 
markable and  interesting  couple.  Dr.  Bev- 
erly Jones  was  born  in  Henry  County,  Vir- 
ginia, his  father  being  of  Welsh  and  his 
mother  of  Huguenot    descent.     He  was  a 


graduate  of  Jefiferson  Medical  College,  Phil- 
adelphia. He  has  been  a  man  of  great  vigor 
and  energy,  in  love  with  his  chosen  profes- 
sion, and  keeping,  even  yet,  pace  with  the 
medical  literature  of  the  day.  Mrs.  Jones 
was  of  German  ancestry.  Her  parents  were 
children  of  Moravian  parents,  who  came  to 
North  Carolina  with  a  large  colony  under 
the  auspices  of  Count  Zinzendorff,  who  had 
obtained  from  King  George  III  of  England 
a  large  body  of  land  lying  along  the  waters 
of  the  Yadkin  River  and  its  tributaries.  She 
was  brought  up  in  the  Moravian  faith  and 
educated  thoroughly  at  the  Moravian  school 
at  Salem,  North  Carolina.  In  1858  she 
changed  her  religious  faith  to  the  extent 
that  she  joined  the  Christian  Church.  She 
reared  a  large  family  of  children,  was  a  most 
devoted  mother  and,  altogether,  a  splendid 
type  of  noble  womanhood.  Dr.  James  Ben- 
jamin Jones  was  educated  under  private 
tutors,  at  the  country  schools  of  North  Car- 
olina, and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
was  in  a  Moravian  school  for  boys  (Nazareth 
Hall)  in  Pennsylvania.  When  John  Brown's 
raid  on  Harper's  Ferry  was  made  he  was 
recalled  by  his  parents  to  his  Southern  home, 
and  from  1861  to  1864  was  much  employed 
on  his  father's  farm,  in  Henry  County,  Vir- 
ginia, and  visiting  at  frequent  intervals  his 
home  in  North  Carolina.  On  March  31,  1864, 
he  enlisted  as  a  Confederate  soldier  at  Kins- 
ton,  North  Carolina,  in  the  First  Battalion 
of  North  Carolina  Sharpshooters,  Major  R. 
E.  Wilson,  commanding.  In  the  summer 
of  that  year  he,  with  his  command,  was 
ordered  to  the  banks  of  the  Roanoke  to  ar- 
rest deserters,  remaining  there  until  the 
battles  of  Fisher's  Hill  and  Cedar  Run  occa- 
sioned their  transfer  to  the  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley, under  command  of  General  Jubal  A. 
Early,  where  they  remained  until  November, 
when  they  went  into  winter  quarters  where 
afterward  the  battle  of  Hatcher's  Run  was 
fought.  He  was  in  the  trenches  before  Pe- 
tersburg, and  when  the  city  fell  he,  with 
the  remnant  of  the  command,  threaded  his 
way,  with  daily  skirmishing,  to  Appomattox 
Courthouse,  where  Lee's  final  surrender  was 
made.  General  James  B.  Gordon  being  at 
the  time  their  corps  commander.  Returning 
home  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he  remained 
about  a  year,  and  on  the  26th  of  December, 
1866,  he  once  more  left  the  parental  roof, 
this  time  determined  first  to  obtain  a  bet- 


JONES. 


469 


ter  education  and  then  to  become  a  preacher 
of  the  gospel.  For  one  year  he  found  em- 
ployment as  shipping  clerk  and  bookkeeper 
in  the  cement  store  of  his  uncle,  William  A. 
Hauser,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  January 
4,  1867,  he  entered  the  Bible  College  of 
Kentucky  University,  from  which  institution 
he  was  graduated  in  1871.  During  the  next 
two  years  he  continued  in  the  College  of 
Liberal  Arts,  Kentucky  University,  pursuing 
his  studies  in  the  department  of  literature 
and  science,  and  taking  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
in  June,  1873.  In  the  meantime  he  preached 
regularly  for  churches  convenient  to  Lex- 
ington, Kentucky.  In  September  of  1873  ^^ 
accepted  a  call  to  go  to  Little  Rock,  Arkan- 
sas, and  in  the  maelstrom  of  passion  and  con- 
flict incident  to  the  reconstruction  policy 
that  was  then  in  vogue  there,  the  work  was 
trying  indeed.  He  labored  faithfully,  how- 
ever, in  both  church  and  Sunday  school,  and 
with  good  results.  A  lung  trouble  compelled 
a  change  of  place,  and  in  the  fall  of  1874  he 
resigned  his  charge  and  accepted  a  call  to 
Newport,  Kentucky,  only  to  be  forced  after 
two  months'  efforts  to  abandon  his  work 
and  return  to  his  North  Carolina  home. 
There,  by  dint  of  outdoor  exercise,  hunting, 
fishing  and  dieting,  he  in  a  measure  regained 
health  and  strength.  In  the  spring  of  1875 
he  returned  to  Kentucky  and  attempted  to 
teach  at  Columbia  Christian  College.  The 
work  proved  too  arduous,  and  he  was  forced 
to  resign.  About  Christmas  of  that  year 
Rev.  G.  W.  Yancey,  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Carlisle,  was  called  to  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
to  take  the  pastorate  of  the  Chestnut  Street 
Church  in  that  city,  and  Dr.  Jones  under- 
took to  supply  the  pulpit  left  vacant  by  him. 
He  continued  at  that  place  for  two  years, 
when  he  resigned  and  took  a  charge  at 
Georgetown,  where  after  a  year  there,  he  was 
brought  by  his  old  trouble,  hemorrhages  of 
the  lungs,  so  near  death's  door  that  his  life 
was  despaired  of  by  his  friends.  He  had,  how- 
ever, strong  recuperative  power,  and  three 
months  spent  in  the  pure  atmosphere  of 
southwestern  Texas  so  far  restored  him  that 
he  returned  to  Georgetown  and  filled  his 
pulpit  till  the  following  autumn.  October  27, 
1874,  he  had  been  united  in  marriage,  at 
Carlisle,  Kentucky,  to  Miss  Mollie  F.  Rogers, 
daughter  of  Rev.  John  Rogers,  a  Christian 
minister  of  that  place,  and  of  Mildred  Adair 
Rogers,  who  was  a  native  of  Virginia.    By 


this  marriage  he  obtained  not  only  a  charm- 
ing and  thoroughly  devoted  wife,  but   one 
who  was  possessed  of  some  financial  means. 
His  health  being  so  precarious,  it  was  de- 
termined that  he  would  for  a  time  abandon 
the  ministry  and  retire  to  rural  surroundings. 
The   wife's   patrimony   was   accordingly   in- 
vested in  a  fruit  farm  one  mile  from  Lex- 
ington,  Kentucky,  and   thither   he  repaired 
for   rest   and   recuperation.    The  love  of  his 
calling,  however,  proved  too  strong  for  any 
consideration  of  personal  comfort  or  benefit. 
Protracted  meetings  were  the  order  of  the 
day,   and  he  labored   almost   incessantly  in 
this  exhaustive  work,  with  the  result  of  a 
complete  breakdown.     His  plans    in    Ken- 
tucky all  shattered,  he  sought  to  benefit  his 
health  by  a  sojourn  in  southwest   Georgia 
and  in  Florida.     He  located  in  Gulf  Ham- 
mock, twenty  miles  from  Cedar  Keys,  and 
in  company  with  two  wealthy  North  Caro- 
lina   merchants,   planted   an   orange   grove. 
Here   he   remained  two   years.     His    lungs 
were  benefited,  but  finally  malaria  fastened 
upon  him,  and  he  was  compelled  to  change 
location.     To  make  matters  worse,  a  frost 
devastated  his  promising  orange  grove,  a  fire 
demolished  his  residence,  and,  almost  bank- 
rupt, with  his  wife  and  three  young  children, 
he  returned  to  Kentucky.     Here  he    spent 
three  years  of  hard  and  very  successful  work 
in  the  field  of  missions,  and  in  June,  1886, 
he  accepted  a  call  to  a  pulpit  in  Columbia, 
Missouri.     One  year  and  a  half  there,  his 
lung  malady  returning  with  serious  force,  he 
resigned   and   went   to   the    Temple    Street 
Church,   in  Los  Angeles,  California,  where 
he  spent  two  and  a  half  years  with  delight- 
ful surroundings  and  much  physical  benefit 
to  himself.    Yielding  to  friendly  solicitations, 
he  returned  to  his  former  labors  in  the  mis- 
sion field  in  Kentucky.    After  one  year  spent 
thus,  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Bible  literature, 
psychology  and  ethics  in  Hamilton  College, 
where  he  remained  five  years,  laboring  with 
great  ardor.     In  1896  he  came  to  Missouri 
to  accept  the  principalship  of    the  Orphan 
School  of  the  Christian  Church  of  Missouri, 
accepting  this  on  account  of  the  grand  and 
noble  character  of  the  work  to  be  done,  rather 
than  accept  the  chancellorship  of  Kentucky 
University,   which   was   tendered   him.      He 
came  under  a  misapprehension  of  the  actual 
financial  condition  of  the  institution,  but  it 
is  not  our  province  to  enter  into  these  de- 


470 


JONES. 


tails;  suffice  it  to  say  that  under  his  intelli- 
gent and  effective  management  financial 
storms  have  been  weathered,  the  school  has 
been  freed  from  debt,  is  annually  filled  with 
pupils,  and  is  in  every  way  prosperous. 

To  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Jones  have  been  born 
five  children — Julian  Robert,  who  died  in 
infancy;  Eleanor,  a  teacher  in  the  School 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Fulton;  James 
Beverly,  who  graduated  from  Westminster 
College  of  Fulton  in  1900;  Mildred  Rogers, 
a  teacher  in  the  public  schools  of  Fulton, 
and  Frances  Adair  Jones,  a  bright  little  tot 
of  six  years,  and  the  pet  of  the  school  of 
which  her  father  is  principal. 

Jones,  John  Rice,  lawyer  and  Judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1766,  and  died  at  St.  Louis  Feb- 
ruary I,  1824.  In  1787  he  came  to  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  where  he  practiced  law, 
being  the  first  English  lawyer  in  that  Ter- 
ritory. In  1808  he  came  to  Missouri  and 
located  at  Potosi,  then  a  flourishing  town, 
the  center  of  the  lead  trade,  A  leading  resi- 
dent of  the  place  was  Moses  Austin,  who 
afterward  became  prominent  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  Texas,  and  whose  name  is  borne  in 
the  capital  of  that  State,  and  he  became  the 
law  partner  of  Mr,  Austin.  He  soon  rose  to 
prominence  in  the  profession,  was  honored 
for  his  uprightness  and  learning,  and  was 
appointed  member  and  president  of  the  leg- 
islative council  of  the  Territory.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  first  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion, and  when  Missouri  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  a  State,  in  1820,  Governor  Mc- 
2^air  appointed  him  one  of  the  three  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  with  Judges  Matthias 
McGirk  and  John  D.  Cook,  He  served  with 
honor  until  his  death    in  1824. 

Jones,  Kneelancl  Parr,  physician, 
was  born  October  20,  1861,  in  Red  River 
County,  Texas.  His  parents  were  Charles 
Kneeland  and  Frances  (Parr)  Jones.  The 
father,  a  physician,  and  a  native  of  South 
Carolina,  was  killed  in  action  while  serving 
in  the  Confederate  Army  during  the  Civil 
War.  The  mother  was  a  Virginian.  The 
son,  Kneeland  Parr  Jones,  was  reared  in 
Tennessee,  to  which  State  his  mother  re- 
moved. He  attended  the  common  schools  in 
Dyer  County,  and  for  one  term  was  a 
student  in  the  Normal  School  at  Dyersburg. 


At  the  latter  place,  when  twenty  years  of 
age,  he  began  reading  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Dr.  C.  C.  Vernon,  a  most 
capable  practitioner,  now  residing  at  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee.  He  then  went  to  New 
York  and  entered  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1885.  In  September  of  the  same  year  he 
located  in  Kansas  City  and  began  the  estab- 
lishment of  what  has  become  a  large  and 
remunerative  practice,  and  has  brought  him 
the  reputation  of  being  a  successful  and  con- 
scientious practitioner  in  the  general  lines 
of  medical  science.  He  holds  relationship 
with  the  Jackson  County  Medical  Society  and 
the  Missouri  State  Medical  Society.  In  poli- 
tics he  is  a  Democrat  of  the  independent 
type,  refusing  to  act  with  the  party  when  its 
policies  are  not  approved  by  his  conscience. 
Dr.  Jones  was  married  October  23,  1890,  to 
Miss  Antonia  White,  daughter  of  Professor 
E.  C.  White,  principal  of  the  Kansas  City 
High  School.  She  is  a  graduate  of  the  in- 
stitution of  which  her  father  has  charge,  and 
is  an  accomplished  lady.  She  is  an  artist  of 
no  small  talent,  and  the  family  home  is 
adorned  with  many  beautiful  paintings  from 
her  brush.  Born  of  this  marriage  are  two 
children,  Marjorie  M.  and  Kneeland  W. 
Jones. 

Jones,  Robert  McKittrick,  mer- 
chant, was  born  May  8,  1849,  •"  County 
Down,  Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Academical  Institution,  of  Belfast, 
Ireland.  After  leaving  the  academy  he  served 
five  years  in  a  large  manufactory  where  both 
hand  and  power  looms  were  used.  He  came 
to  America  in  1872.  At  St.  Louis.  Missouri, 
he  formed  a  connection  with  the  wholesale 
dry  goods  house  of  Crow,  McCreery  &  Co., 
which  lasted  four  years.  In  1877  he  pur- 
chased a  half  interest  in  the  business  of 
Randell  &  Co.,  a  dry  goods  and  commission 
house.  The  firm  became  Noland,  Jones  & 
Co.,  and  its  existence  continued  until  1883, 
when  Mr.  Tones  purchased  Mr.  Noland's  in- 
terest. Since  then  the  business  has  been 
carried  on  under  the  firm  name  of  Robert 
McK.  Jones  &  Co.  Mr,  Jones  is  identified 
with  the  Boatmen's  Bank  as  a  shareholder 
and  a  member  of  its  board  of  directors,  and 
is  also  a  director  of  the  Mercantile  Library. 
Politically  he  is  a  Republican  of  liberal  views, 
A  Unitarian  in  his  religious  belief,  he  is  pres- 


JONES— JOPLIN. 


471 


ident  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Church 
of  the  Messiah.  He  is  president  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  the  Mission  Free  School,  the 
first  free  school  established  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  He  is  a  member  also  of  the 
financial  and  advisory  board  of  the  St.  Louis 
Children's  Hospital,  and  chairman  of  the  ad- 
mission committee  of  the  Saturday  and  Sun- 
day Hospital  Association.  In  1879  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Grace  Richards,  daughter  of 
Eben  Richards,  of  St.  Louis.  Their  only 
child,  Hugh  McKittrick  Jones,  became  a 
student  at  Harvard  College. 

Jones,  William  Cuthbert,  lawyer 
and  jurist,  was  born  July  16,  1831,  at  Bowling 
Green,  Kentucky.  He  was  educated  at  Mc- 
Kendree  College,  Lebanon,  Illinois,  and 
graduated  in  1852.  He  began  the  study  of 
law  at  Bowling  Green,  Kentucky,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853.  For  a  year 
thereafter  he  practiced  law  at  Chester,  Illi- 
nois, and  then  removed  to  St.  Louis.  May  8, 
1861,  he  was  commissioned  captain  in  the 
Fourth  Regiment  of  the  United  States  Re- 
serve Corps.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  pay- 
master of  United  States  Volunteers,  with  the 
rank  of  major,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
until  the  war  closed.  He  returned  to  St. 
Louis  and  became  interested  in  business  with 
Wyatt  C.  Huffman,  which  was  a  success  in 
a  financial  way,  but  resulted  in  impairment 
of  his  health.  Returning  to  the  practice  of 
law,  he  was  in  partnership,  until  iS/r.  with 
Charles  G.  Mauro,  and  after  that  was  senior 
member  of  the  firm  of  Jones  &  Johnson  until 
he  was  elected  to  the  judgeship  of  the  crim- 
inal court  of  St.  Louis  in  1874.  In  1878  he 
retired  from  the  bench  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  law,  with  Rufus  J.  Delano  as  his 
partner.  This  partnership  continued  until 
1883,  and  after  that  he  practiced  alone  until 
1885,  when  he  formed  a  partnership  with  his 
son,  James  C.  Jones,  and  this  partnership 
is  still  in  existence.  He  opposed  the  pro- 
scriptive  features  of  the  "Drake  Constitu- 
tion," and  aided  in  bringing  about  the  repeal 
of  provisions  which  it  contained.  He  has 
since  atfiliated  with  the  Democratic  party, 
having  acted,  however,  with  the  gold  stand- 
ard wing  of  the  party  in  1896.  He  was  the 
nominee  of  the  local  Democracy  for  clerk  of 
the  Circuit  Court  of  St.  Louis  County  in 
1866,  but  suffered  defeat,  and  in  1868  was  a 
candidate  for  presidential  elector  on  the  sajne 


ticket.  In  the  Knights  of  Honor  he  has 
served  as  grand  dictator  of  Missouri,  is  a 
member  of  the  Supreme  Lodge,  and  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  which  framed  the  pres- 
ent constitutions  of  the  supreme  and  subordi- 
nate lodges.  Judge  Jones  married,  Novem- 
ber 20,  1856,  in  St.  Louis,  Miss  Mary  A. 
Chester.  Four  of  seven  children  born  to 
them  were  living  in  1898,  the  eldest  being 
now  Mrs.  Walter  B.  Watson,  of  St.  Louis. 
The  others  are  James  C.  Jones,  of  the  St. 
Louis  bar;  Mrs.  Joseph  P.  Goodwin,  and 
Giles  Filley  Jones,  recently  admitted  to  the 
bar. 

Jonesbiirg. — A  town  in  Montgomery 
County,  near  the  Warren  County  line,  on  the 
Wabash  Railroad.  It  has  three  churches,  a 
public  school,  a  hotel,  a  newspaper,  the 
"Journal ;"  a  flouring  mill,  five  general  stores 
and  a  number  of  other  stores  and  miscel- 
laneous business  houses.  Population,  1899 
(estimated),  500. 

Jopliii. — A  city  of  the  third  class,  in 
Jasper  County,  eighteen  miles  southwest  of 
Carthage,  the  county  seat,  160  miles  south 
of  Kansas  City,  and  332  miles  southwest  of 
St.  Louis.  The  city  occupies  a  central  posi- 
tion in  the  great  Missouri-Kansas  zinc  and 
lead  region.  Its  railroads  are  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco,  the  Missouri  Pacific,  the 
Kansas  City,  Pittsburg  &  Gulf,  and  the  Kan- 
sas City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis.  Sixty-six 
trains  daily  enter  the  city.  The  South  West 
Missouri  Electric  Railway  (which  see) 
gives  connection  with  Carthage,  Missouri, 
and  Galena,  Kansas,  and  passes  through  sev- 
eral important  mining  towns ;  it  also  provides 
local  service.  The  water  supply  is  derived 
from  Shoal  Creek,  having  its  rise  in  the 
Ozark  Range,  and  is  distributed  through 
thirty-two  miles  of  mains.  The  works  are 
operated  by  a  company,  and  cost  $195,000, 
including  $75,000  expended  in  1899  for  a  new 
pressure  station.  Pressure  from  a  reservoir, 
elevated  200  feet  above  the  city,  is  utilized 
by  a  paid  fire  department,  equipped  with 
hose,  hose  carts,  and  hook  and  ladder  trucks ; 
a  chief  and  four  men  are  employed ;  the  cost 
of  maintenance  in  1899  was  $6,375,  of  which 
amount  $1,910  was  paid  out  of  returns  from 
street  sprinkling.  The  police  force  consists 
of  a  chief,  a  deputy  chief  and  fourteen  men ; 
the  annual  cost  of  maintenance,  including  the 


472 


JOPLIN. 


police  court,  is  $11,724.  The  fire  and  police 
departments,  the  latter  including  a  health 
officer,  occupy  buildings  owned  by  the  city. 
The  other  municipal  departments  occupy 
rented  premises.  The  city  is  lighted  by  a 
gas  plant  owned  by  a  company  organized  in 
1876,  and  by  an  electric  light  plant  con- 
structed by  the  municipality  in  1900  at  a  cost 
of  $32,000.  Two  telephone  systems  are  in 
operation,  one  of  which  furnishes  800  indi- 
vidual patrons.  The  assessed  valuation  of 
real  and  personal  property  in  1898  was 
$2,787,399,  including  a  merchandise  valuation 
of  $227,724.  The  city  has  a  bonded  indebt- 
edness of  $55,000,  of  which  amount  $30,000 
is  for  the  electric  light  plant,  $20,000  for  re- 
funding a  floating  indebtedness  and  $5,000 
for  public  sewers ;  a  floating  indebtedness  of 
$18,000  is  in  litigation.  Ten  people  are  em- 
ployed in  the  post-office,  and  there  are  eight 
letter  carriers;  in  1898  the  entire  force  was 
one-half  this  number.  The  postal  revenues 
for  1899  were  $31,357.50,  being  an  increase 
of  $11,939.76  over  the  precedmg  year;  the 
money  order  transactions  amounted  to  more 
than  $150,000.  Congress  has  appropriated 
$50,000  for  a  public  building,  for  which  a  site 
has  been  secured  at  Third  and  Joplin  Streets ; 
an  effort  was  made  in  1900  to  have  this 
appropriation  increased.  The  courthouse, 
erected  in  1894,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  is  a  fine 
structure  of  pressed  brick  and  Carthage  lime- 
stone ;  two  terms  of  the  Jasper  County  Cir- 
cuit Court  are  held  annually,  alternately  with 
the  court  sessions  at  Carthage,  the  county 
seat.  (See  "Jasper  County.")  The  Club  Opera 
House,  erected  in  1890  by  the  Joplin  Opera 
House  Association,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000,  is 
an  imposing  edifice  of  pressed  brick,  two 
stories,  with  a  corner  tower.  The  lower  floor 
is  used  for  business  purposes.  The  Club  thea- 
ter, with  a  seating  capacity  of  1,000,  and 
modernly  equipped,  occupies  a  portion  of  the 
building.  Upon  the  upper  floor  are  the 
spacious  assembly  and  reading  room,  and 
billiard  and  smoking  room  of  the  Joplin  Club. 
Large  wall  cabinets  contain  specimens  of  all 
the  mineral  formations  of  the  zinc  and  lead 
regions,  surpassing  in  variety  and  extent 
that  in  the  rooms  of  the  State  geologist  at 
Jeflferson  City.  The  club  numbers  250  of  the 
leading  business  men  of  the  city  and  prin- 
cipal mine  proprietors  and  operators  of  the 
tributary  region.  Its  influence  has  been 
potential  in  advancing  the  material  interests 


of  the  city  and  district,  and  in  bringing  them 
to  the  favorable  attention  of  the  world.  Its 
mineral  displays  at  the  World's  Columbian 
Fair,  in  Chicago,  and  at  the  Omaha  Exposi- 
tion, were  much  sought  and  highly  admired 
features  of  those  great  exhibitions.  The  club 
has  been  instrumental  in  advancing  such  pub- 
lic interests  as  the  construction  of  roads, 
streets  and  sewers ;  in  securing  the  building 
of  the  courthouse,  and  in  the  pending  move- 
ment for  the  erection  of  a  government  build- 
ing. Two  spacious  hotels  of  modern  con- 
struction afford  superior  accommodations 
for  the  traveling  public,  and  there  are 
numerous  smaller  public  houses.  There  are 
five  banks,  all  substantially  founded  and 
prosperous,  with  deposits  aggregating  more 
than  $2,250,000.  The  statements  for  Sep- 
tember 7,  1899,  were  as  follows :  The 
Miners'  Bank,  the  first  in  the  city,  founded 
in  1877,  capital  $100,000,  surplus  $11,472.09, 
deposits  $752,252.37,  loans  $360,298.67;  the 
Bank  of  Joplin,  opened  in  1882,  capital  $5,000, 
surplus  $106,394.87.  deposits  $438,931.22, 
loans  $187,494.28;  the  First  National  Bank, 
incorporated  in  1888,  capital  $100,000,  surplus 
$28,067.53,  deposits  $416,494.21,  loans  $393,- 
050.86,  circulation  $45,000;  the  Joplin  Na- 
tional Bank,  incorporated  in  1890,  capital 
$100,000,  surplus  $20,066.15,  deposits  $695,- 
241.49,  loans  $359,010.70,  circulation  $33,750; 
the  International  Bank,  estabHshed  in  1893, 
capital  $5,000,  deposits  $21,000,  individual 
liability  $150,000.  The  business  of  the  city 
is  largely  based  upon  or  allied  with  the  zinc 
and  lead  industries  of  the  Missouri-Kansas 
district,  the  most  productive  in  the  world,  of 
which  it  is  the  acknowledged  geographical, 
commercial  and  financial  center,  as  well  as 
the  wholesale  mart  for  large  portions  of  Mis- 
souri, Kansas,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma  and  the 
Indian  Territory.  The  principal  manufac- 
turing establishments  are  those  dealing  with 
mineral  products.  The  Empire  Zinc  Works 
are  the  outgrowth  of  the  operations  of  the 
Joplin  Mining  &  Smelting  Company,  the 
pioneer  manufacturing  corporation,  founded 
in  1871,  principally  through  the  effort  of 
John  H.  Taylor,  who  continues  to  serve  as 
president  of  the  present  organization.  The 
product  is  commercial  zinc,  cast  in  slabs  of 
fifty  pounds  weight.  The  Picher  Lead  and 
Zinc  Company,  organized  in  1876,  produce 
sublimed  white  lead  from  the  smoke  of  the 
furnaces,  through  methods  of  which  the  com- 


JOPUN. 


473 


pany  are  sole  proprietors;  in  magnitude 
these  works  are  iinequaled  in  America,  and 
have  no  counterpart  in  the  world  except  at 
Bristol,  England.  Other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments are  a  steam  factory  for  pro- 
ducing mining  machinery,  two  machine 
works,  a  foundry,  two  boiler  factories,  a  gal- 
vanized iron  factory,  a  planing  mill,  a  buggy 
and  wagon  factory,  two  flourmills,  two  ice 
manufactories,  a  brewery  and  a  bottling 
works.  Connected  with  the  latter  is  the 
Deep  Rock  well,  sunk  to  a  depth  of  750  feet, 
producing  a  healthful  mineral  water,  which 
the  proprietor  makes  free  through  a  public 
fountain  erected  by  himself,  and  which  is 
utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  carburetted 
waters.  There «  are  five  wholesale  grocery 
houses,  and  one  wholesale  drug  house.  The 
fraternal  societies  have  large  and  influential 
memberships.  Medoc  Lodge  No.  335,  of 
Freemasons,  and  Fellowship  Lodge,  No.  345, 
own  separate  halls.  Other  Masonic  bodies 
are  a  chapter  a  commandery,  and  a  chapter 
of  the  Eastern  Star.  There  are  two  lodges 
of  Odd  Fellows,  an  encampment,  and  a  lodge 
of  the  Daughters  of  Rebekah.  Other  bodies 
are  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  who  have  a  cem- 
etery of  their  own ;  the  United  Workmen,  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  the 
Knights  of  Honor,  the  Legion  of  Honor,  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  the  Knights 
and  Ladies  of  Security,  the  Royal  Neighbors, 
the  Red  Men,  and  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic.  There  are  numerous  women's 
clubs,  among  which  are  the  Emerson,  the 
Century,  the  Unity  Literary,  the  Tourist, 
the  Ridpath,  the  American  Independent  Lit- 
erary, the  Crescent,  and  the  Progressive 
Girls.  The  Mining  Exchange  is  an  organiza- 
tion of  mine  operators,  united  for  mutual 
advantage ;  at  critical  times  it  has  maintained 
ore  prices  by  controlling  and  regulating  the 
output.  The  local  press  is  highly  capable  in 
its  advocacy  of  the  interests  of  the  city  and 
the  district.  The  "Joplin  News"  is  the  oldest, 
and  was  founded  by  Peter  Schnur,  as  the 
"Mining  News,"  at  what  was  then  known  as 
Murphysburg,  in  1872.  It  is  an  evening  and 
weekly  journal,  and  Republican  in  politics. 
The  "Herald,"  a  morning  and  weekly  inde- 
pendent paper,  has  succeeded  to  the  "Sunday 
Herald,"  founded  in  1876.  The  "Globe,"  a 
Democratic  morning  and  weekly  journal,  was 
established  in  1896. 

The  history  of  education  begins  with  what 


was  known  as  the  East  Joplin  school,  built 
in  1873,  of  which  S.  B.  Ormsby  was  the  first 
teacher.  The  West  Joplin  school  was 
opened  later  the  same  year,  with  William  C. 
Bradford  as  teacher.  From  this  humble  be- 
ginning has  grown  a  magnificent  educational 
system,  which  is  maintained  with  unexampled 
liberality.  During  five  years  past  no  measure 
for  its  improvement  has  ever  suffered  de- 
feat, and  the  taxpayers  habitually  vote  the 
constitutional  limit  of  $1.25  on  the  $100  of 
valuation,  with  merely  nominal  opposition. 
In  1899,  upon  the  question  of  issuing  $20,000 
in  building  bonds,  but  ten  negative  votes 
were  cast,  while  the  bonded  indebtedness 
already  existing  was  about  $90,000;  it  now 
amounts  to  $112,500.  There  are  now  twelve 
school  buildings  for  white  children,  erected 
at  an  aggregate  cost,  including  additions,  of 
about  $111,600.  These  are  mostly  of  modern 
design,  and  provided  with  the  most  approved 
furnishings.  The  high  school  building  is  a 
model  of  beauty  and  utility;  it  is  of  sawed 
Carthage  limestone  in  the  first  story,  the  sec- 
ond and  third  stories  are  of  pressed  brick 
with  Carthage  stone  trimmings.  The  finish- 
ing is  in  hard  pine,  and  the  building  is  lighted 
with  gas  and  electricity.  The  grade  of  the 
schools  is  perfect,  the  high  school  course 
fitting  the  graduate  for  admission  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri.  The  alumni  aggregated 
146  with  the  graduation  of  the  class  of  1899. 
The  equipment  of  the  school  includes  a 
working  library  of  1,300  volumes,  and  labor- 
atory implements  for  work  in  zoology, 
botany,  chemistry  and  mineralogy;  the  latter 
branch  is  conducted  with  special  reference 
to  local  conditions  and  the  resources  of  the 
zinc  and  lead  fields.  The  Hypatia  and  Irving 
Literary  Clubs  aflford  opportunity  for  im- 
provement in  literature  and  parliamentary 
practice.  For  1900  the  schools  show  an 
enumeration  of  5,622  persons  of  school  age, 
with  an  enrollment  of  4,704,  ajid  an  average 
daily  attendance  of  3,451.  The  enrollment 
exceeds  that  of  1899  by  1,021.  The  number 
of  teachers  engaged  was  eighty-three ;  of  this 
number  five  were  college  graduates,  twelve 
were  full  course  Normal  School  graduates, 
and  twenty-two  held  State  certificates ;  thirty- 
seven  were  graduates  of  the  Joplin  High 
School,  and  fifty-four  attended  institutions  of 
higher  grade  than  a  high  school.  The  figures 
given  above  include  a  colored  school  number- 
ing 117  pupils,  with  two  colored  teachers,  of 


474 


JOPLIN. 


whom  one  was  a  graduate  of  Lincoln  High 
School,  in  Kansas  City,  and  one  was  a  gradu- 
ate of  Smith  College  at  Sedalia.  This  school 
occupies  a  building  formerly  used  by  an  ex- 
tinct Presbyterian  body  as  a  church,  and 
presented  to  the  district  for  its  present  pur- 
poses. 

The  Aademy  of  Our  Lady  of  Mercy  was 
founded  in  1885  by  Mother  Ignatius  Walker, 
who  came  from  St.  Louis,  and  was  previously 
stationed  at  Louisville,  Kentucky.  Its  home 
was  the  former  residence  of  Edward  Zellek- 
ken,  and  was  purchased  for  $8,000.  In  1892 
a  school  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$9,000.  The  present  value,  by  appreciation, 
is  $40,000.  The  first  year  of  its  existence  the 
school  numbered  five  teachers  and  eighty 
pupils;  in  1899  there  were  six  teachers  and 
126  pupils.  The  sisters  were  to  open  in 
July,  1900,  St.  John's  Hospital  in  South  Jop- 
lin,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  and  accom- 
modating fifty  patients. 

It  is  known  that  the  Rev.  Harris  G.  Joi)lin, 
a  Methodist  minister,  preached  here  in  1840, 
in  his  own  cabin.  Whether  any  church  grew 
out  of  his  labors  is  not  ascertainable ;  reliable 
annals  begin  April  14,  1872,  when  the  Rev. 
M.  W.  F.  Smith  organized  a  Methodist  soci- 
ety, delivering  his  first  sermon  in  a  saloon. 
In  October  a  small  church  building  was 
erected,  and  occupied  until  1880,  when  $9,000 
were  expended  upon  a  more  commodious 
edifice. 

In  1872  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Hogan  assembled 
a  number  of  Southern  Methodists,  who  later 
organized  under  the  pastorate  of  the  Rev. 
John  D.  Wood.  A  church  building  was 
erected,  and  for  a  time  used  jointly  with  the 
Presbyterians.  In  1884,  after  a  depressing 
period,  a  new  building  was  erected. 

St.  Peter's  Catholic  Church  was  instituted 
in  1872  by  the  Rev.  Father  Noonan,  a  mis- 
sionary. In  1876  a  building  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $3,000. 

December  22,  1873,  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  was  organized  with  the  Rev.  Squire 
Glasscock  as  stated  supply.  For  some  time 
the  congregation  worshiped  in  the  Metho- 
dist Church  at  East  Joplin.  In  1876  it  re- 
moved to  Joplin  and  built  a  house  of 
worship  at  a  cost  of  $4,000,  when  the  Rev. 
D.  K.  Campbell  became  pastor. 

In  1874  the  Rev.  R.  C.  Wall,  an  Episcopal 
missionary,  held  services,  continuing  until 
1876,  when  the  want  of  a  building  obliged 


discontinuance.  In  1879  he  resumed,  but  in 
1882  ill  health  compelled  him  to  desist  from 
his  work.  Later  a  chapel  was  erected,  and 
a  substantial  edifice  is  now  projected. 

In  1876  the  Tabernacle  Congregational 
Church  was  founded,  as  the  result  of  the 
labors  of  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Plumb,  who  preached 
in  the  theater  building  until  a  house  of 
worship  was  erected.  Its  cost,  with  ground 
and  furnishings,  was  about  $3,000. 

November  20,  1876,  the  Rev.  F.  M.  Bow- 
man, who  became  the  first  pastor,  organized 
the  First  Baptist  Church,  apparently  the  suc- 
cessor of  a  previous  and  disbanded  body.  A 
rented  building  was  occupied  until  1880, 
when  the  old  edifice  of  the  Southern  Metho- 
dists was  purchased. 

There  are  churches  of  the  following  de- 
nominations: Two  Baptist,  Christian,  Con- 
gregational, Episcopal,  Methodist  Episcopal, 
North;  Methodist  Episcopal,  South;  two 
Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Catholic,  German 
Lutheran,  Latter  Day  Saints.  Seventli  Day 
Adventists,  Colored  Methodist  and  Colored 
Baptist.  Two  Christian  Science  Societies 
meet  in  rented  rooms.  The  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  maintains  assembly 
rooms  and  a  library  in  temporary  quarters. 
A  lot  was  purchased  opposite  the  Key- 
stone Hotel  Annex,  and  the  association 
erected  a  building  thereon  during  the  year 
1900  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  During  the  year 
1899  regular  religious  meetings  were  held, 
the  library  privileges  were  extended  to  many 
transients,  and  a  considerable  number  of  men 
were  placed  in  employment. 

The  first  settler  in  the  Joplin  neighborhood 
was  John  C.  Cox,  afterward  county  judge, 
who  located  in  1838  on  Turkey  Creek,  just 
outside  what  is  now  the  East  Joplin  city 
limit.  A  post  office  called  Blytheville  was 
established  at  his  cabin.  In  1839  came  Har- 
ris G.  Joplin,  who  brought  under  cultivation 
a  farm  near  the  present  cemetery  at  that 
place.  Both  were  Tennesseeans.  The  im- 
migrants who  followed  usually  settled  in  the 
timber  on  Center  and  Turkey  Creeks,  farther 
north.  The  population  was  but  sparse  when 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  and  nearly  all  trace 
of  it,  during  that  period,  is  lost.  So  complete 
was  the  dispersion  of  the  people  that  even 
the  history  of  the  churches  prior  to  that  time 
is  undiscoverable.  The  foundations  of  the 
city  were  afterward  laid  in  mining  camps, 
and  from  the  time  when  a  corporate  existence 


JOPI.IN. 


475 


began,  the  growth  was  rapid  and  substantial, 
in  spite  of  frequent  disaster.  The  history 
of  the  wonderful  development  of  its  zinc  and 
lead  mining  interests  and  of  the  industries 
incident  thereto,  is  given  in  a  special  article 
published  in  this  work,  under  the  caption 
"Zinc  and  Lead  Mining  in  Southwest  Mis- 
souri," (which  see.)  August  20,  1877.  the 
first  railway  reached  the  cjity,  the  St.  Louis 
&:  San  Francisco,  the  last  spike  driven  being 
one  of  lead,  in  acknowledgement  of  the 
source  of  wealth  which  made  the  enterprise 
possible.  For  three  years  previous,  in  an- 
ticipation of  this  result,  which  was  to  give 
fresh  impetus  to  development,  the  utmost 
energy  was  displayed  in  the  advancement  of 
all  public  interests.  Various  additions  were 
laid  out,  banks  established,  and  attention  was 
given  to  educational  and  religious  concerns, 
which  more  than  all  else  proclaim  stability 
and  steadfastness  of  purpose  in  the  upbuild- 
ing of  a  city.  These  results  were  only  at- 
tained after  great  effort,  and  in  spite  of  re- 
peated disasters,  costly  and  discouraging. 
April  23,  1872,  many  buildings  were  de- 
stroyed by  a  tornado.  July  20,.  1874,  the 
Hannibal  Smelting  Works  were  burned  by 
incendiaries,  and  November  4th  fire  de- 
stroyed a  business  block,  the  loss  amounting 
to  $75,000.  March  20,  1875,  the  McCosker 
Smelting  Works  were  burned,  supposedly  by 
incendiaries.  About  August  ist,  Joplin  Creek 
overflowed  its  banks,  resulting  in  two  deaths 
(Mr.  Hartinan  and  wife)  and  loss  of  property 
to  the  value  of  $200,000.  October  5,  1876, 
$50,000  worth  of  business  property  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  April  3.  1880,  Moffett  & 
Sergeant's  White  Lead  Works  burned,  the 
loss  amounting  to  $300,000. 

The  corporate  history  of  Joplin  began 
July  28,  1871,  when  a  town  plat  was  filed  with 
the  county  recorder  by  John  C.  Cox.  July 
I2th  Davis  &  Murphy,  with  Moffett  &  Ser- 
geant, had  filed  a  town  plat  of  Murphysburg, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Joplin  Creek.  The 
latter  was  the  more  important  place,  having 
the  Mofifet  &  Sergeant  smelting  furnaces,  and 
a  newspaper.  There  were  no  courts  or  law 
officers  in  either  town,  and  great  disorder 
prevailed.  Representative  residents  of  both 
agreed  upon  a  plan  for  the  institution  of  law 
and  order,  and  upon  this  petition,  March  19, 
1872,  the  county  court  united  the  two  towns 
under  the  name  of  Union  City,  naming  as 
temporary   trustees   Jesse   Shortess,   W.    H. 


Fallis,  Charles  A.  Underwood,  E.  R.  Moffett 
and  John  S.  Workizer.  Jesse  Shortess  was 
elected  president,  with  J.  S.  Workizer  as 
clerk,  P.  Murphy  as  treasurer  and  J.  W. 
Lupton  as  marshal.  Later,  L  W.  Davis  was 
appointed  police  justice.  This  establishment 
gave  confidence ;  a  better  class  of  population 
began  to  arrive,  and  schools  and  churches 
were  projected.  April  ist  M.  W.  Stafford 
was  appointed  postmaster  of  Union  City,  and 
the  BIytheville  office  was  discontinued.  Ri- 
valries sprang  now  up  between  the  two 
portions  of  the  town,  mass  meetings  were 
held  in  each,  and  questions  as  to  the  legality 
of  the  organization  were  carried  into  the 
courts,  going  to  Shannon  County  on  change 
of  venue,  where  the  case  was  finally  dis- 
missed. In  1872  L  W.  Davis  drafted  a  char- 
ter act,  constituting  the  united  towns  known 
as  Union  City,  a  city,  under  the  name  of 
Joplin,  and  the  General  Assembly  passed  the 
same,  with  unimportant  changes,  March  23, 
1873,  the  act  also  naming  the  following 
temporary  officers  :  E.  R.  Moffett,  mayor  ; 
J.  A.  C.  Thompson,  Lee  Taylor,  J.  H.  Mc- 
Coy and  J.  C.  Gaston,  councilmen.  The 
mayor  appointed  the  following  officers:  J. 
W.  Lupton,  marshal;  L  W.  Davis,  police  jus- 
tice; G.  D.  Order,  city  attorney;  Philo 
Thompson,  treasurer;  T.  A.  McClelland,  as- 
sessor and  collector.  At  the  election  fol- 
lowing, Lee  Taylor  was  chosen  mayor,  and, 
upon  his  resignation  of  the  office,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  J.  H.  McCoy.  J.  W.  Reed  became 
city  clerk.  In  1877  the  office  of  city  physi- 
cian was  created,  and  the  offices  of  assessor 
and  collector  became  distinct.  In  1888  or- 
ganization was  effected  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class.  During  the  last  ten  years  there  has 
been  a  phenomenal  increase  in  the  population 
of  the  city,  owing  in  large  measure  to  in- 
creased activity  in  mining  operations.  In 
1890  the  population  was  9,943;  January  i, 
1900,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  26,023. 
In  1899  $1,461,460  were  expended  in  business 
house  and  residence  building.  Adjoining  the 
citv  on  the  southwest  is  a  large  park,  as  yet 
unimproved,  the  gift  of  T.  W.  Cunningham, 
and  the  city  also  owns  a  cemetery  of  forty 
acres  outside  the  western  limits.  The  mines 
in  and  about  Joplin  are  the  most  productive 
in  the  Missouri-Kansas  district.  In  1899  the 
output  was  87,196,190  pounds  of  zinc  and 
13,025,790  pounds  of  lead,  amounting  in  value 
to  $2,106,323. 


476 


JOPLIN— JOURDAN. 


Joplin,  Harris  G.,  pioneer  and  minis- 
ter of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  was 
born  in  Tennessee  about  1810,  and  died  in 
Greene  County,  Missouri,  in  1847.  DiHgent 
research  fails  to  bring  to  light  but  little  re- 
garding the  man  after  whom  Joplin,  in  Jas- 
per County,  is  named.  While  young  his 
father  died,  leaving  his  widow  with  little 
means.  Her  son,  by  hard  work  and  study 
acquired  a  liberal  education.  He  studied 
for  the  ministry  and  was  ordained  in  western 
Tennessee.  He  then  removed  to  Missouri 
and  settled  in  Greene  County,  where  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Simms.  In  1840  he  moved 
into  Jasper  County  territory  and  settled  on 
a  tract  of  land  now  just  outside  of  the  city 
limits,  near  the  cemetery.  There  he  built  a 
log  cabin  and  tilled  his  eighty-acre  farm  and 
labored  in  ministerial  work.  He  organized 
the  first  Methodist  Church  in  Joplin  at  his 
log  cabin,  and  soon  had  a  large  congregation 
for  a  pioneer  territory.  He  was  ambitious 
and  employed  a  number  of  slaves  on  his 
small  farm.  He  was  extremely  liberal  and 
spent  his  small  earnings  in  building  up  his 
church  and  assisting  members  of  his  flock. 
Being  financially  embarrassed,  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  his  friends,  he  took  up  his  residence 
in  Greene  County  in  1844,  and  until  his  death 
preached  in  the  neighboring  counties.  Near 
his  cabin  and  on  his  farm  was  a  spring  from 
which  a  small  stream  flowed,  to  which  the 
name  Joplin  Creek  was  given,  and  after  this 
the  city  of  Joplin  was  named. 

Jorndt,  Albert  A.,  manufacturer  and 
farmer,  was  born  August  11,  1849,  "^^i"  Ber- 
lin, Germany,  son  of  John  and  Sophia  (Car- 
son) Jorndt.  His  parents,  who  were 
both  of  European  nativity,  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1854  and  es- 
tablished their  home  in  Chicago,  where 
the  elder  Jorndt  worked  at  his  trade, 
which  was  that  of  wagonmaker.  His  wife 
died  in  1874,  and  he  removed  to  Stoddard 
County,  Missouri,  in  which  county  he  resided 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1882.  Five 
of  the  eight  children  of  John  and  Sophia 
Jorndt  were  living  in  1900.  After  receiving  a 
limited  education,  Albert  A.  Jorndt  went  to 
work  in  early  life  to  earn  a  living,  his  first 
employment  being  in  a  tobacco  factory  in 
Chicago.  He  worked  there  until  1869,  quit- 
ting this  employment  when  he  was  in  his 
twentieth    year    to    go    to    California.     He 


reached  the  Pacific  Coast  in  1869  and  spent 
the  next  two  and  a  half  years  there  in  search 
of  wealth,  devoting  most  of  the  time  to  min- 
ing. He  made  some  money  in  this  venture, 
but  lost  most  of  it  in  speculation,  and  re- 
turned to  Chicago  with  little  more  means 
than  he  had  when  he  left  that  place.  He  re- 
mained at  Chicago  until  1873,  when  he  came 
to  Missouri  and  turned  his  attention  to  the 
operation  of  a  sawmill  in  Stoddard  County. 
For  several  years  thereafter  he  was  engaged 
in  lumber  manufacturing  operations  and 
therein  laid  the  foundation  of  a  prosperous 
business.  In  1885  he  became  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Cooper  &  Jorndt  and  built  the  Dex- 
ter Elevator  Steam  Roller  Mills.  These  mills 
the  firm  continued  to  operate  for  some  time 
thereafter  and  then  Mr.  Jorndt  obtained  full 
control  of  the  plant.  Since  that  time  it  has 
been  under  his  exclusive  management,  and 
his  care  in  selecting  grain  for  milling  pur- 
poses and  the  high  character  of  the  output 
as  a  consequence  have  made  the  product  of 
these  mills  widely  known  and  readily  mar- 
ketable at  the  best  prices.  Prosperous  in  his 
manufacturing  operations.  Mr.  Jorndt  has 
extended  his  enterprise  into  other  fields,  and 
is  one  of  the  largest  land  owners  and  farmers 
in  Stoddard  County,  and  one  of  the  wealthiest 
citizens  of  that  region.  While  he  has  taken 
no  active  part  in  politics,  he  affiliates  with  the 
Republican  party  and  is  a  firm  believer  in 
the  wisdom  of  its  principles  and  policies.  His 
only  connection  with  fraternal  organizations 
is  with  the  order  of  Free  Masons.  In  1885 
he  married  Miss  Olivia  A.  Renner,  who  died 
some  years  later,  leaving  one  child.  In  1893 
Mr.  Jorndt  married  Miss  Emma  Renner.  a 
sister  of  his  first  wife,  and  two  children  have 
been  born  of  this  marriage. 

Jourdan,  Morton,  a  prominent  and 
successful  St.  Louis  lawyer,  was  born  De- 
cember 19,  1864,  at  Plattsburg,  Clinton  Coun- 
ty, Missouri,  son  of  William  D.  and  Catherine 
M.  (Savage)  Jourdan,  natives  respectively  of 
South  Carolina  and  Kentucky.  The  father 
was  actively  engaged  in  the  ministry  of  the 
Christian  Church  for  the  long  period  of  sixty 
years,  and  he  is  well  remembered  throughout 
the  States  of  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri for  his  eminently  useful  services.  For 
some  years  of  his  most  active  ministerial 
work  he  was  intimately  associated  with  Alex- 
ander Campbell,  the  revered  founder  of  the 


JOY. 


477 


church  to  whose  service  he  gave  his  life  ef- 
fort. He  died  at  Norborne,  Missouri,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  ninety-one  years.  The 
mother  is  yet  living,  aged  seventy-eight 
years.  Their  son,  Morton  Jourdan,  passed 
the  greater  part  of  his  early  life  in  Chillicothe, 
Missouri,  and  there  received  his  literary  edu- 
cation, graduating  from  the  high  school  when 
fifteen  years  of  age.  He  supplemented  his 
studies  with  a  broad  course  of  instructive 
reading  of  his  own  selection,  affording  him 
ample  equipment  for  all  the  purposes  of  a 
professional  life  and  for  the  other  duties  of 
life  devolving  upon  him.  On  leaving  school 
he  entered  the  offtce  of  the  late  Honorable 
C.  H.  Mansur,  under  whose  tutorship  he  read 
law  for  four  years,  and  at  the  same  time  laid 
the  foundations  of  a  steadfast  and  lifelong 
intimate  friendship.  When  but  nineteen  years 
of  age  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Chilli- 
cothe, Missouri,  and  his  admission  at  so  early 
an  age  attracted  wide  attention,  and  afiforded 
him  a  high  and  immediate  prestige.  In  June, 
1884,  he  removed  to  Norborne,  Carroll  Coun- 
ty, Missouri,  and  engaged  in  a  practice  in 
which  he  achieved  signal  success.  At  the 
same  time  he  was  intent  upon  further  ad- 
vancement in  his  profession,  and  lie  devoted 
all  his  spare  time  to  the  acquisition  of  all  at- 
tainable professional  knowledge.  His  talent 
and  ability  found  recognition  in  high  profes- 
sional circles,  and  in  1893  he  received  the 
appointment  of  assistant  attorney  general  of 
Missouri.  He  occupied  this  position  for  four 
years,  and  during  this  time  was  constantly 
engaged  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State,  in  connection  with  some  of  the  most 
important  litigation  which  has  ever  come  be- 
fore that  tribunal.  In  1896  he  was  presented 
before  the  State  convention  for  the  nomina- 
tion for  Attorney  General,  but  was  defeated 
after  a  close  contest.  On  his  retirement  from 
office  in  1897  the  Supreme  Court  ordered 
spread  upon  its  records  its  thanks  and  appre- 
ciation of  his  able  and  faithful  service.  This 
action  was  entirely  without  precedent,  and 
was  the  highest  compliment  ever  paid  a  law- 
yer in  Missouri.  While  Mr.  Jourdan  had  dur- 
ing his  official  term  greatly  broadened  his 
knowledge  of  law  and  gained  an  enviable 
prestige,  it  had  been,  however,  at  the  expense 
of  his  immediate  interests.  Owing  to  the 
necessary  abandonment  of  his  personal  prac- 
tice and  his  candidacy  for  Attorney  General, 
he  found  himself  with  few  assets  and  much 


indebtedness.  With  this  capital  he  removed 
to  St.  Louis  and  opened  a  law  office  January 
I,  1897.  During  these  four  years  he  has  built 
up  an  extensive  and  remunerative  practice, 
and  come  to  be  known  as  one  of  the  most 
continually  occupied  and  successful  lawyers 
in  St.  Louis,  before  the  most  important 
courts,  in  general  practice,  and  in  cases  af- 
fecting large  commercial  and  financial  cor- 
porations. His  industry  and  energy  are 
phenomenal.  He  maintains  his  early  country 
habits,  and  is  found  at  his  office  at  8  o'clock 
each  morning,  and  never  absents  himself  ex- 
cept to  attend  to  court  duties,  until  6  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  and  often  carrying  his  work 
into  the  hours  of  the  night.  He  never  in- 
dulges in  a  vacation,  yet  enjoys  superb  health. 
He  finds  his  recreation  in  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  homes  on  Forest  Park  Boulevard, 
and  in  the  social  companionships  of  the  St. 
Louis  Club  and  the  Mercantile  Club,  in  both 
of  which  he  holds  membership.  He  is  an  un- 
compromising Democrat,  and  affords  his 
party  his  most  strenuous  effort,  solely  for 
sake  of  principle,  and  without  thought  of  per- 
sonal advantage  or  political  advancement. 
Since  1880  he  has  been  a  delegate  in  almost 
every  State  convention,  and  he  has  made 
many  nominating  speeches,  notable  among 
these  efforts  being  one  in  which  he  named 
his  intimate  friend  Chief  Justice  Gantt  for 
re-election  to  the  Supreme  bench  in  1900. 
During  the  same  period  he  has  been  a  vigor- 
ous and  favorite  speaker  in  every  political 
campaign,  and  has  spoken  in  every  county 
in  Missouri  save  four.  He  holds  to  no  church, 
but  is  a  firm  believer  in  the  tenets  of  chris^ 
tianity  as  taught  by  his  father  and  Alexander 
Campbell.  His  ideal  of  true  manhood  is  loy- 
alty to  friends.  He  is  courageous  and  fearless 
in  his  advocacy  of  what  he  deems  to  be  right, 
whether  in  professional,  social  or  personal 
affairs,  and  is  regardless  of  criticism  of  his 
conduct  or  views,  except  as  they  may  affect 
a  friend. 

Mr.  Jourdan  is  married.  His  family  con- 
sists of  wife,  daughter,  Miss  Byrd,  and  his 
mother.  His  wife,  a  lady  of  education  and 
culture,  takes  special  interest  in  art,  history 
and  music;  his  daughter  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  leading  musicians  of  St.  Louis;  his 
mother  is  a  devout  Christian  woman. 

Joy,  Charles  Frederick,  lawyer  and 
Congressman,  was  born  December  11,  1849, 


478 


JUBILEE  CLUB  OF  ST.  JOSEPH— JUDD. 


in  Jacksonville,  Illinois.  After  being  fit- 
ted for  college  in  western  schools  he  matricu- 
lated at  Yale  College,  and  graduated  in  1874. 
He  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Shamokin,  Pennsylvania.  Soon  afterward 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis  and  formed  a  law 
partnership  with  Joseph  R.  Harris,  with 
whom  he  was  associated  until  Mr.  Harris  was 
elected  circuit  attorney  of  St.  Louis.  After 
that  he  continued  the  practice  of  law  alone 
and  gained  prominence  at  the  bar  as  a  trial 
lawyer.  Taking  an  active  part  in  politics  as 
a  Republican,  he  was  nominated  for  Con- 
gress in  1890,  in  the  eighth  district,  but  was 
defeated.  In  1892  he  was  again  nominated 
and  was  elected,  but  was  unseated  as  the  re- 
sult of  a  contest  instituted  by  John  J.  O'Neill. 
Nominated  again  in  1894,  he  was  elected,  and 
gained  well  merited  distinction  during  his 
first  term  of  service.  He  was  re-elected  in 
1896  and  again  in  1898. 

Jubilee    Club    of   St.   Joseph. — A 

club  organized  at  St.  Joseph  for  the  purpose 
of  providing  entertainment  for  visitors  to  the 
city  during  the  fall  festivities.  On  May  11-12, 
1898,  this  club  provided  the  best  entertain- 
ment ever  witnessed  in  St.  Joseph.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  day  parade  in  which  all  the  busi- 
nesses of  the  city  were  represented  by  means 
of  appropriate  floats  handsomelyornamented. 
The  night  parade  consisted  of  fancy  floats, 
and  was  a  brilliant  pageant.  An  Arab  enter- 
tainment was  given  at  the  Fair  Grounds,  and 
a  barbecue  at  the  stock  yards.  Fifteen  bands 
were  in  attendance  during  the  two  days  of  the 
Jubilee  Festival. 

Judd,  Hiram  King:,  was  born  Octo- 
ber 29,  1828,  at  Warrensburg,  New  York.  His 
parents  were  Samuel  and  Sally  (Dunham) 
Judd,  both  of  whom  came  from  old  and  hon- 
ored families  of  New  York  State.  The  father 
was  of  English  descent.  The  great-grand- 
father of  Hiram  K.  Judd  enlisted  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary Army  and  performed  valiant  serv- 
ice during  that  historic  strife.  The  old  home- 
stead of  the  Judd  family  has  been  preserved 
intact,  and  its  spacious  halls  and  fruitful  acres 
are  still  owned  and  controlled  by  them,  hav- 
ing passed  to  the  third  generation.  Hiram  K. 
Judd  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of 
Warrensburg,  New  York,  the  system  of  free 
public  schools  being  then  undeveloped  and 
the  youth  of  that  day  having  advantages  that 
were  sufficiently  limited  to  create  a  strong 


desire  for  the  meager  mental  instruction  ob- 
tainable. After  leaving  school  young  Judd 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  for  a  short  time. 
Agricultural  pursuits  were  not  altogether  to 
his  liking,  his  ambitions  being  directed  to- 
ward a  mercantile  career.  After  working 
on  the  farm  for  a  short  time  he  entered 
a  store  in  his  home  vicinity,  and  since  that 
early  day  until  he  retired  from  active  life 
he  was  actively  engaged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits. A  desire  for  a  broader  field  and  in- 
creased facilities  in  the  commercial 
experience  which  hope  and  the  future  had  in 
store  for  him,  led  the  young  man  to  the  West 
in  185 1,  and  intuition  told  him  to  stop  in  Mis- 
souri. When  Mr.  Judd  left  New  York  he  had 
no  particular  object  in  view.  He  was  in  search 
of  fortune,  and  the  best  place  to  realize  his 
fond  ambitions.  When  he  reached  Missouri 
an  indefinable  something  induced  him  to 
remain  in  the  State  of  great  resources,  and 
here  he  has  lived  since  that  time.  He  first 
located  at  Linneus,  Linn  County,  remaining 
there  during  one  winter.  He  engaged  in  the 
grocery  business  there.  When  spring  came 
he  removed  to  Brunswick,  and  was  there 
about  one  year,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he 
went  to  the  place  where  he  was  to  make  a 
permanent  home,  St.  Joseph.  He  first  en- 
tered a  wholesale  grocery  house  as  a  clerk. 
Afterward  he  became  connected  with  the 
wholesale  dry  goods  establishment  of  Tootle 
&  Fairleigh,  and  in  his  confidential  relations 
with  these  men  of  large  afifairs  he  rose  to  a 
place  of  greatest  trust  and  responsibility.  Mr. 
Judd  was  in  charge  of  the  finances  of  this 
firm  during  the  panic  of  1857  and  had  charge 
of  the  immense  business  done  by  the  St.  Jo- 
seph house  and  the  eight  branch  stores  scat- 
tered throughout  the  Western  country.  The 
panic  frightened  money  so  completely  that 
strong  firms  were  driven  to  the  wall  every 
day  on  account  of  its  scarcity.  To  pull  a  large 
concern  through  safely  with  such  conditions 
as  these  prevailing,  required  rare  business 
tact  and  ability,  and  Mr.  Judd  showed  him- 
self possessed  of  them.  Week  after  week 
during  that  awful  financial  depression,  he 
worked  through  the  day  and  the  long  night 
hours.  In  order  that  the  firm  might  have 
enough  cash  on  hand  at  all  times  to  withstand 
the  tremendous  drain  caused  by  the  panic, 
the  receipts  of  the  eight  stores  were  sent  to 
the  St.  Joseph  office  every  night.  Mr.  Judd  re- 
ceived these  large  amounts  of  coin  and  cur- 


JUDGES  OUSTKD— JUDICIAL   DEPARTMENT. 


479 


rency  and  appropriated  them  to  their  proper 
uses.  Through  skillful  management  and  care- 
ful direction  the  business  was  pulled  through 
the  panic,  and  the  reputation  of  the  firm  was 
advanced  to  a  high  place  in  the  commercial 
world.     In  1861  Mr.  Judd  embarked  in  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account,  having  as  a  partner 
Samuel    Lockwood.    They  did   a   wholesale 
business  in  hats  and  caps,  and  the  style  of  the 
firm   was    Lockwood    &  Judd.    There   were 
heavy  losses  during  the  few  years  following 
this  first  experiment,  for  the  Civil  War  came 
on  and  the  armies  of  both  contesting  sides 
looted  the  store  and  caused  heavy  loss.    In 
1863  Mr.  Judd  took  as  a  partner  George  Kim- 
brough,  of  St.  Louis.    They  handled  whole- 
sale hats  and  caps  in  addition  to  furs,  which 
were    then   plentiful    in    northwest    Missouri 
and  adjacent  territory.    Mr.  Judd  purchased 
Kimbrough's  interest  a  short  time  later  and 
entered    into    a    partnership    with    John    B. 
Hundley.  The  manufacture  and  sale  of  boots 
and  shoes  was  substituted  for  the  stock  of 
hats  and  caps.    The  firm  of  H.  K.  Judd  8c 
Company  was  known  in  the  business  circles 
of  those  days  for  eighteen  years,  and  not  a 
stain  appeared  upon  the  record  made  by  it. 
At  the  end  of  that  time  Mr.  Judd  retired  from 
business   and   has   lived   a   life   of  ease   ever 
since,  although  he  still  has  an  interest  in  a 
number  of  important  enterprises  and  devotes 
time  in  a  systematic  way  to  the  management 
of  his  extensive  private  afifairs.     He  is  one 
of  the  owners  of  the  fine  plant  operated  by 
the  St.  Joseph  Plow  Company,  a  corporation 
that  gives  employment  to  about  seventy  men 
throughout  the  year,  and  is  a  director  in  the 
company.    He  is  also  a  member  of  the  direct- 
ory of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Buchanan 
County,  Missouri,  and  was  a  director  in  the 
State   National   Bank   of  St.  Joseph,  which 
ceased  business  operations  a  few  years  ago. 
In  politics  Mr.  Judd  is  an  Independent  Demo- 
crat, holding  with  his  party  in  many  leading 
issues,  but  differing  in  his  monetary  views 
and  being  classed  as  a  Gold  Democrat.   He  is 
a  supporter  01  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  St.  Joseph,  and  gives  liberally  to  every 
worthy  cause.   Mr.  Judd  was  married  in  1854 
to  Miss  Levina  Durant,  of  St.  Charles.  Illi- 
nois.   Mrs.   Judd   died   at   her  home   in   St. 
Joseph,  March  9,  1899. 

Judges  Ousted.— The    State    conven- 
tion which   met  to   revise   the   Constitution 


of  Missouri  in  January  of  1865  adopted  an  or- 
dinance providing  for  the  vacating  of  certain 
civil  offices  in  the  State,  the  avowed  object  be- 
ing to  eject  from  these  offices  all  who  had 
been  in  any  way  in  sympathy  with  the  South- 
ern cause  or  could  not  be  relied  upon  to  en- 
force the  provisions  of  the  new  Constitution. 
Under  this  ordinance — which  became  popu- 
larly known  as  the  ''Ousting  Ordinance" — 
the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri 
were  ordered  to  vacate  the  offices  which  they 
then  held  on  the  ist  of  May  following.  Of  the 
three  judges  then  on  the  supreme  bench 
Judge  Bates  retired  voluntarily.  Judges  Dry- 
den  and  Bay  refused  to  recognize  the  validity 
of  the  ordinance,  which  was  not  a  part  of  the 
Constitution  ratified  by  the  people,  and  de- 
clined to  vacate  their  offices.  In  pursuance  of 
the  ordinance,  Governor  Thomas  C.  Fletcher 
appointed  as  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 
David  Wagner,  Walter  L.  Lovelace  and  Na- 
thaniel Holmes,  who  made  a  formal  demand 
to  be  put  in  possession  of  the  court  records 
and  installed  in  their  offices.  On  the  14th  of 
June,  1865,  Judges  Bay  and  Dryden  were 
holding  court  in  St.  Louis  when  General  D. 
C.  Coleman,  acting  in  compliance  with  a  mili- 
tary order  issued  by  Governor  Fletcher,  ap- 
peared in  the  court  room,  arrested  the  two 
judges,  forcibly  ejected  them  from  the  bench, 
and  turned  over  to  the  new  court  the  books, 
records,  papers  and  seal  of  the  cofirt. 

Judicial  Department. — That  one  of 
the  three  chief  departments  of  the  State  gov- 
ernment whose  function  is  to  interpret  the 
laws  and  determine  questions  of  right,  rem- 
edy, wrong,  trespass,  grievance  and  the  en- 
forcement of  contracts  between  oersons.  It 
consists  of  a  supreme  court,  two  courts  of 
appeals,  circuit  courts,  criminal  courts,  pro- 
bate courts,  county  courts  and  municipal  cor- 
poration courts.  The  Supreme  Court  of 
Missouri  consists  of  seven  judges  chosen  by 
the  people,  and  holding  office  for  ten  years. 
It  has  appellate  jurisdiction,  only,  except  in 
special  cases,  and  its  jurisdiction  extends  over 
the  entire  State.  It  sits  at  Jefiferson  City.  The 
St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City  courts  of  appeals 
consist,  each,  of  three  judges,  holding  office 
for  twelve  years,  and  having  jurisdiction  over 
the  State.  The  circuit  courts,  having  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction  except  where  other- 
wise provided,  are  established  in  circuits 
throughout  the  State,  each  court  having  its 


480 


JUDSON. 


own  judge,  chosen  by  the  people,  and  holding 
office  for  six  years.  The  circuit  of  St.  Louis 
consists  of  five  judges,  each  sitting  separately. 
The  probate  courts  are  county  courts  having 
charge  of  probate  business,  administration  of 
estates,  appointment  of  guardians  and  cura- 
tors and  business  appertaining  thereto. 

County  courts  are  courts  of  record,  which 
have  charge  of  the  administration  of  the 
county  aiTairs,  the  management  of  roads  and 
bridges,  the  levying  of  taxes,  care  of  the 
county  property,  care  of  paupers  and  insane 
persons,  and  the  management  of  elections. 
The  county  court  is  composed  of  three 
judges,  one  of  whom  is  the  presiding  judge- 
all  chosen  by  the  people.  The  presiding  judge 
holds  office  for  four  years,  the  others  for 
two  years. 

Judson,  Frederick  N.,  lawyer,  was 
born  October  7,  1845,  in  the  town  of  St. 
Mary's,  Georgia,  son  of  Dr.  Frederick  J.  and 
Catharine  (Chapelle)  Judson.  He  is  a  lineal 
descendant  of  William  Judson.  who  was  the 
first  settler  at  Stratford.  Connecticut,  he  hav- 
ing made  settlement  at  that  place  in  1634.  Dr. 
Frederick  J.  Judson,  who  died  in  Bridgeport, 
Connecticut,  in  1862,  was  for  many  years 
president  of  the  board  of  education  and  of  the 
public  library  board  of  the  last  named  city, 
and  was  a  prominent  and  worthy  citizen.  His 
wife,  the  mother  of  Frederick  N.  Judson,  of 
St.  Louis,  was  of  southern  nativity,  having 
been  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Xewton  Chapelle, of 
St.  Mary's  Georgia.  After  being  thoroughly 
well  fitted  for  a  university  course,  Mr.  Judson 
entered  Yale  College  in  1862,  and  was  grad- 
uated as  valedictorian  of  his  class  in  1866. 
After  that  he  was  for  some  time  a  teacher  of 
the  classics  in  New  Haven,  and  in  Nashville. 
Tennessee,  and  while  thus  engaged  began  the 
study  of  law.  He  completed  his  law  course 
at  Washington  University,  of  St.  Louis,  en- 
tering the  senior  class  at  that  institution,  and 
being  graduated  therefrom  with  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  laws  in  the  class  of  1871.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  he  entered  upon  his  profes- 
sional labors  in  St.  Louis,  and  has  since  been 
engaged  in  successful  practice,  impressing 
himself  both  upon  the  bar  and  general  public 
as  a  lawyer  of  superior  attainments  and  high 
character.  The  first  public  office  which  he 
ever  held  was  that  of  private  secretary  to 
Governor  B.   Gratz  Brown,  while  that  dis- 


tinguished Missourian  was  serving  as  Gover- 
nor of  his  State,  Mr.  Judson  holding  this 
confidential  relationship  to  the  Governor 
from  1871  to  1873.  H^  was  a  member  of  the 
board  of  public  schools  of  St.  Louis  from 
1878  to  1882,  and  again  in  1887,  and  was 
president  of  the  board  from  1880  to  1882,  and 
from  1887  to  1889.  He  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  procuring  legislation  for  the  public 
good.  He  was  author  of  the  law  of  1879,  se- 
curing the  school  lands  of  St.  Louis  as  a 
permanent  fund,  and  of  the  act  of  1887  re- 
organizing the  St.  Louis  school  board;  was 
also  member  of  the  citizens'  non-partisan 
committee,  which  prepared  and  procured  the 
passage  of  the  new  election  law  of  St.  Louis, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  Bar  Association 
committee  which  drafted  the  St.  Louis  ju- 
diciary laws  of  1895;  ^"<^^  w^s  ^^so  chairman 
of  the  civic  federation  committee  which 
drafted  the  St.  Louis  school  election  law  of 
1897. 

He  is  lecturer  on  constitutional  law  in  the 
St.  Louis  Law  School.  He  has  at  different 
times  interested  himself  actively  in  politics  as 
a  citizen,  but  not  as  an  office-seeker,  and  ia 
known  as  a  Democrat  of  the  old  school, 
strongly  in  favor  of  a  sound  financial  system 
and  a  stable  currency.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  sound-money  campaign  in  1896, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Monetary  Confer- 
ences at  Indianapolis  in  1897  and  1898.  He 
has  made  a  number  of  addresses  on  profes- 
sional and  other  topics,  among  which  are: 
"What  Shall  the  State  Teach?"  before  the 
Commercial  Club  of  St.  Louis  in  1887;  "The 
Rights  of  Minority  Stockholders  in  Mis- 
souri,"before  the  Missouri  Bar  Association  in 
1888;  "The  Relation  of  the  State  to  Private 
Business  Associations,"  before  the  Commer- 
cial Club  of  St.  Louis  in  1890;  "Liberty  of 
Contract  Under  the  Police  Power,"  before 
the  American  Bar  Association  in  1891 ;  "Ad- 
dress to  the  Graduating  Class  of  Mary  In- 
stitute," in  1894,  and  "Justice  in  Taxation  as 
a  Remedy  for  Social  Discontent,"  before  the 
Round  Table  Club  of  St.  Louis  in  1898.  He 
is  also  author  of  "Missouri  Taxation,"  a 
treatise  on  the  history  of  law  of  taxation  in 
Missouri  (published  by  E.  W.  Stephens,  Co- 
lumbia, 1900),  which  is  recognized  authority 
on  the  subject.  His  religious  affiliations  are 
with  the  Episcopal  Church.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  University,  St.  Louis,  Noonday  and 


dju^cM  X/joidsTiqn 


V 


JUDSON— JULIAN. 


481 


Country  Clubs.  In  1872  Mr.  Judson  mar- 
ried Miss  Jennie  W.  Eakin,  of  Nashville, 
Tennessee,  and  has  one  child,  a  daughter. 

Judson,  Winslow,  lawyer  and  pro- 
moter of  great  enterprises,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 21,  1845,  at  Ogdensburg,  New  York, 
and  died  April  7,  1890,  at  his  home  in  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri.  His  parents  were  Roscius 
W.  and  Sarah  C.  Judson,  and  they  were  repre- 
sentatives of  one  of  the  old  and  honored 
families  of  the  Empire  State,  with  ancestry 
leading  back  to  the  very  flower  of  the  early 
days  when  the  country  was  in  its  formative 
period,  and  names  and  reputations  were  be- 
ing carved  out  of  the  fruitful  deeds  of  days 
burdened  with  responsibilities  and  important 
events.  Revolutionary  ancestry  is  easily 
traced  by  the  living  members  of  the  Judson 
family,  and  the  sturdy  stock  has  been  pre- 
served throughout  the  years  that  have  p'assed 
since  that  early  time.  Winslow  Judson  re- 
ceived his  primary  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  State  of  New  York,  attend- 
ing in  the  towns  where  his  father  resided 
during  the  son's  boyhood.  He  later  became 
a  student  in  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  New 
York,  and  was  graduated  from  that  institu- 
tion. He  then  entered  the  Albany  Law 
School,  Albany,  New  York,  and  finished  the 
prescribed,  course  within  a  length  of  time 
that  demonstrated  quick  perception  and  a 
mental  activity  far  above  that  possessed  by 
the  average  young  man.  He  removed  to  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri,  in  1867,  and  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  law.  St.  Joseph  was  the  city 
of  his  residence  from  that  time  until  his 
death.  It  was  as  a  promoter  of  great  busi- 
ness enterprises  that  Mr.  Judson  was  best 
known,  and  in  which  capacity  he  most  bene- 
fited himself  and  the  city  in  which  his  in- 
terests rested,  and  for  which  he  was  such  an 
intensely  loyal  and  persistent  worker.  He 
was  at  the  head  of  a  number  of  movements 
that  resulted  in  the  erection  of  large  build- 
ings, the  construction  of  many  miles  of  rail- 
road and  the  development  of  a  pleasure  resort 
that  has  since  become  one  of  the  favorite 
spots  for  summer  recreation  seekers  in  the 
west.  The  board  of  trade  building  in  St. 
Joseph,  one  of  the  handsomest  structures  de- 
voted to  commerce  in  that  city,  is  an  endur- 
ing monument  to  the  enterprise  and  untiring 
push  of  Winslow  Judson.  The  immense  shops 
of  the  Terminal  Railway  Company,  located 

Vol.  Ill— 31 


in  St.  Joseph,  were  also  erected  in  response 
to  the  unceasing  effort  made  by  Mr.  Judson 
to  have  this  prized  addition  to  St.  Joseph 
industry  developed  into  an  actual  re- 
ality. The  yards  and  freight  houses  of  the 
Terminal  Railway  Company  were  also 
built  under  his  direction  and  manage- 
ment. Mr.  Judson  was  the  man  who  suc- 
ceeded in  convincing  the  officials  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  Com- 
pany that  they  ought  to  own  a  line  of  railway 
into  St.  Joseph.  He  purchased  what  was 
then  called  the  St.  Joseph  &  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way, a  piece  of  track  running  from  St.  Joseph 
to  Lexington  Junction,  Missouri.  In  about 
the  year  1885  this  track  and  right  of  way 
were  sold  to  the  Santa  Fe  Company,  and  that 
day  marked  the  entrance  of  another  great 
trunk  line  into  St.  Joseph.  The  accomplish- 
ment of  this  was  soon  followed  by  a  move- 
ment toward  the  development  of  the  property 
surrounding  Lake  Contrary,  a  beautiful  body 
of  water  lying  southwest  of  the  city  of  St. 
Joseph.  With  the  Santa  Fe  in  St.  Joseph,  Mr. 
Judson  proposed  to  have  the  new  road  ex- 
tended to  that  resort,  and  with  that  end  in 
view  he  set  about  to  erect  improvements  and 
develop  a  place  that  has  since  become  one 
of  the  charming  inland  spots  of  the  country. 
Mr.  Judson  was  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but 
business  claimed  him  the  greater  portion  of 
the  time  and  he  took  little  active  part  m 
political  affairs.  He  was  a  Mason  and 'be- 
longed to  the  Knights  Templar  as  well  as 
to  other  branches  of  that  order.  Mr.  Judson 
was  married  November  5,  1868,  to  Miss 
Emilie  C.  Carpenter,  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri. 
To  them  four  children  were  born:  Emily, 
wife  of  Charles  Roehl,  of  St.  Joseph ;  Sara, 
wife  of  Judge  Romulus  E.  Culver,  of  St. 
Joseph;  Winslow,  a  rising  young  business 
man  of  St.  Joseph,  and  Eliza,  wife  of  Robe^-t 
H.  McCord,  a  prominent  business  man  of 
Kansas  City,  and  son  of  James  McCord,  one 
of  the  wealthy  pioneer  wholesale  merchants 
of  St.  Joseph. 

Julian,  Henry  Saint,  lawyer  and  leg- 
islator, was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Ken- 
tucky, July  23,  1862.  His  parents  were 
Alexander  Julian,  of  Huguenot  descent,  andt 
Elizabeth  Chiles  Laughlin,  of  English  de- 
scent, who  emigrated  from  Virginia  to  Kcn> 
tucky  about  1800.  His  grandfather  was  a 
surgeon  in  Washington's  army,  who,  at  the 


482 


JUUAN  LAW. 


request  of  Cornwallis,  was  detailed  to  min- 
ister to  the  sick  and  wounded  British  prison- 
ers at  Yorktown.  His  grandmother  was  a 
cousin  of  Thomas  Moore,  the  poet.  Henry 
S.  Julian  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  and  at  the 
Kentucky  Military  Institute,  near  by,  and 
afterward  spent  three  years  at  Michigan 
University.  After  returning  home  he  read 
law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Ira  Julian,  his 
cousin,  at  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1884.  He  practiced  his 
profession  one  year  at  Frankfort,  and  then 
went  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  where  he  has 
had  a  successful  and  profitable  practice.  He 
began  his  pohtical  career  in  1891,  when  he 
was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  State 
Legislature.  He  introduced  and  had  passed 
a  bill  requiring  corporations  to  pay  a  fair 
price  for  their  franchises.  He  also  intro- 
duced a  bill  to  remove  the  State  University 
from  Columbia  to  Independence,  arguing 
that  modern  education  required  the  seats  of 
learning  to  be  near  centers  where  modern 
ideas  are  being  worked  out.  He  was  a  lead- 
ing member  of  the  committee  on  ways  and 
means,  and  was  the  author  of  a  bill  to  tax 
franchises.  He  was  again  sent  to  the  Legis- 
lature in  1895,  and  was  on  the  committee  to 
revise  the  election  laws,  which  have  worked 
a  marvelous  revolution.  To  prevent  the  con- 
trol of  conventions  by  corporations,  he  ad- 
vocated that  legislators  should  all  have  free 
passes,  and  that  the  expenses  of  conven- 
tions should  be  paid  out  of  the  proceeds  of 
the  franchise  tax.  Mr.  Julian  believes 
that  lobby  influence  is  corrupting,  and 
introduced  a  bill  to  protect  the  public  inter- 
ests. The  gist  of  this  law  was  that  the  pen- 
alties for  accepting  bribes  should  be  repealed, 
and  that  the  laws  should  be  so  changed  that 
legislators  and  public  officers  could  give  evi- 
dence without  incriminating  themselves, 
while  those  who  did  the  bribing,  as  well  as 
the  officers  of  the  firms  or  corporations  who 
authorized  such  acts,  should  be  made  acces- 
sories before  the  fact,  and  if  the  principal 
was  convicted,  he  might  cut  down  his  term 
for  every  accessory  he  assisted  the  State  in 
convicting.  Though  the  law  was  not  enacted, 
it  is  leaven  working  in  the  mass  of  thought 
and  pointing  the  way  to  needed  reform."  Mr. 
Julian  was  a  member  of  the  State  auditing 
committee  in  1896,  and  was  chief  of  police 
of  Kansas  City  for  five  months.    When  ques- 


tioned as  to  "what  knowledge  he  had  of 
criminals,"  he  replied  that  "he  had  spent  two 
terms  in  the  State  Legislature."  He  was 
distantly  related  to  the  late  George  W. 
Julian,  of  Indiana,  a  noted  abolitionist.  The 
Indiana  Julians  emigrated  about  1760  from 
Virginia  to  North  Carolina,  and  then  to  Indi- 
ana, and  yet  the  features  of  our  subject  show 
such  marked  resemblance  that  he  has  been 
taken  for  a  son  or  a  brother  of  George  W. 
Julian.  He  is  a  close  student  of  current 
literature  and  a  keen  observer  of  men  and 
things,  and  will  be  among  the  men  to  lead 
the  State  and  nation  in  establishing  high 
ideals  of  public  life.  He  went  to  Europe  in 
1893  to  gather  statistics  on  governmental 
subjects,  carrying  a  letter  from  Secretary 
Gresham  which  admitted  him  to  the  highest 
circles.  He  is  a  fighter  and  never  flinches 
from  maintaining  his  convictions.  He  was  a 
major  in  the  Fifth  Missouri  Volunteer  In- 
fantry Regiment  that  was  mustered  into  serv- 
ice at  St.  Louis  in  May,  1899,  ^"^  mustered 
out  at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  Xovember,  1899. 
It  was  stationed  at  Chickamauga  during  the 
war.  He  is  unmarried.  Politically  he  is  a 
Democrat. 

Julian  Law.— A  law  passed  by  the 
Legislature  of  Missouri  in  1895,  which  pro- 
vided that  the  right  to  use  the  public  high- 
ways for  street  railways  should  be  sold  at 
public  auction  to  the  responsible  bidder  pro- 
posing to  give  the  largest  percentage  yearly 
of  the  gross  receipts  derived  from  such  use 
and  occupation,  provided  that  such  payment 
should  in  no  case  be  less  than  2  per  cent  of 
the  gross  earnings  during  the  first  five  years 
of  such  occupation  and  use,  and  thereafter 
for  each  period  of  five  years  that  such  per- 
centage should  be  increased  to  correspond 
with  the  increase  in  value  of  the  land  thus 
occupied  and  used.  The  law  was  designed 
to  apply  particularly  to  St.  Louis,  Kansas 
City,  and  other  large  cities  of  the  State,  in 
which,  it  was  claimed,  immensely  valuable 
franchises  were  being  granted  to  private  cor- 
porations without  proper  compensation  to 
the  public  therefor.  The  validity  of  the  act 
was  attacked  in  the  courts,  and  on  the  i6th 
of  November,  1898,  the  Supreme  Court  de- 
clared the  law  unconstitutional,  holding  it 
vague,  indefinite  and  obscure  in  its  provis- 
ions. The  law  took  its  name  from  its  author, 
Representative  Julian,  of  Kansas  City. 


Y^Ci^J^^. 


JURDEN. 


483 


Jurden,  Albert  L.,  postmaster  at  Mar- 
shall, Saline  County,  was  born  at  St.  Albans, 
Vermont,   October   i8,   1865,  son  of  Daniel 
L.    and    Mary    Jane    (Wells)    Jurden.     His 
father,  a  native  of  North  Adams,  Massachu- 
setts, came  to  Missouri  in  1872,  locating  in 
Randolph  County,  and  was  master  car  builder 
for  the  Wabash  Railroad  at  Moberly  for  sev- 
eral years.     During  three  years  of  his  resi- 
dence there  he  was  engaged  in  the  mercantile 
and  commission  business.     He  died  July  14, 
1881,  and  the  death  of  his  wife  occurred  Jan- 
uary 28,  1883.     The  education  of  Albert  L. 
Jurden  was  begun  at  Portland,  Maine,  and 
continued  in  Moberly.    Soon  after  the  death 
of  his  parents  he  removed  to  Holden,  Mis- 
souri, and   engaged   in  the   lumber  business 
under  his  uncle,  Samuel  W.  Jurden.     Subse- 
•quently    he    was    connected    with    extensive 
lumbering    interests    at    Hannibal,  Missouri, 
and  Wichita,  Kansas.     In  1889  he  removed 
to  Marshall,  where  he  managed  the  interests 
of  various  lumber  concerns  until  July  i,  1897, 
when  he  abandoned  the  business  to  devote 
his  time  to  the  conduct  of  the  post  office, 
having    been    commissioned    postmaster    by 
President  McKinley,  May  29th  of  that  year. 
Through  his  own  efforts,  and  petitions  from 
the  patrons  of  the  office,  the  free  delivery  of 
mail  was  inaugurated  April  i,  1899,  with  three 
carriers  and  one  substitute.    The  increase  in 
the  business  since  he  has  assumed  charge  of 
the  office  has  averaged  about  $500  per  year. 
Mr.  Jurden  has  always  been  actively  inter- 
ested in  the  success  of  the  Republican  party. 
For  six  years   he   served  as  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Saline  County  Republican 
central   committee,   was    a   delegate   to   the 
Republican   State   Conventions   at   Jefferson 
City  and  St.  Joseph,  and  sergeant-at-arms  at 
the  National- Convention  at  St.  Louis  in  1896. 
He  is  prominent  in  Masonic  circles,  being  a 
^^oble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  affiliating  with 
Ararat  Temple,  of  Kansas  City.    He  is  also 
identified    with    the    Modern    Woodmen    of 
America,  the  Court  of  Honor  and  the  Mac- 
cabees.    He  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal   Church,  South.     March  4,    1896, 
he  was  married  to  Frances  Taylor  Duvall,  a 
native  of  Ray  County,  Missouri,  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  Joseph  Duvall,  an  early  settler  of  that 
county   and   a   veteran   of  the    Confederate 
Army.     They  are  the  parents  of  one  son, 
Leonard  Wells  Jurden. 


Jurden,  Samuel  Wood,  banker,  was 
born  in  North  Adams,  Massachusetts,  May 
7,  1848,  son  of  Edmond  and  Pamelia  (Hayes) 
Jurden,  the  first  named  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  the  last  named  of  New  Hampshire. 
His  mother's  death  occurred  in  Vermont  in 
1864,  and  three  years  later  Edmond  Jurden 
removed  with  his  family  to  Holden,  Missouri, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  The  education  of  Samuel 
W.  Jurden  was  obtaine  1  in  the  common 
schools  and  Spaulding's  Commercial  College 
at  St.  Albans,  Vermont.  Upon  coming  to 
Missouri,  the  first  three  or  four  years  of  his 
young  manhood  were  devoted  to  work  upon 
his  father's  farm.  His  first  independent  busi- 
ness venture  was  a  grocery  store  in  Warrens- 
burg.  After  devoting  about  a  year  to  this 
enterprise,  in  1875  he  engaged  in  the  lumber 
business  in  Holden,  which  he  conducted 
successfully  for  a  period  of  five  years  or 
more.  In  the  meantime  he  had  become  a 
stockholder  and  director  in  the  Bank  of 
Holden,  which  had  been  organized  in  1872 
by  Lewis  Cheney  and  others,  of  which  Mr. 
Cheney  served  as  president  for  about  ten 
years.  In  1885  Mr.  Jurden  was  elected 
cashier  of  the  bank.  John  G.  Cope  succeeded 
Mr.  Cheney  as  president,  and  C.  C.  Tevis  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Cope.  In  1889  Mr.  Jurden  was 
elected  to  the  presidency,  and  has  served 
continuously  in  that  office  for  the  past  twelve 
years,  with  the  exception  of  one  year.  The 
bank's  original  capital  stock  of  $100,000  has 
since  been  reduced  to  $50,000.  An  indication 
of  the  sagacity  of  its  management  is  found 
in  the  fact  that  in  1894,  though  but  a  year 
after  the  great  financial  panic,  it  paid  its 
stockholders  a  dividend  of  50  per  cent,  and  at 
the  present  time  (January,  1901)  every  stock- 
holder has  had  his  original  investment  re- 
turned to  him,  and  more  beside.  The  bank 
has  never  failed  to  pay  an  annual  dividend. 
Upon  the  organization  of  the  Kansas  City 
State  Bank,  of  which  Mr.  Jurden  was  one  of 
the  founders,  he  severed  his  connection  with 
the  Bank  of  Holden,  and  served  for  one  year 
as  vice  president  of  the  State  Bank  at  Kan- 
sas City,  being  actively  interested  in  its  man- 
agement. He  also  assisted  in  the  organization. 
of  the  Bank  of  Kirkwood,  at  Kirkwood,  Mis- 
souri, in  1897,  in  which  his  son,  Guy  E. 
Jurden,  a  lumber  dealer  of"  that  town,  repre- 
sents his  interests.     He  also  has  extensive 


484 


JUSTICE  OF  THE  PEACE. 


farming  interests.  Fraternally  he  is  a  Royal 
Arch  Mason.  Mr.  Jurden  is  deeply  inter- 
ested in  educational  matters,  and  has  been 
a  member  of  the  school  board  of  Holden  for 
three  years.  He  has  always  been  a  staunch 
advocate  of  the  principles  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  is  its  recognized  leader  in  the 
Sixth  Congressional  District.  His  first 
active  participation  in  the  conduct  of  party 
affairs  was  in  1896,  when  he  attended,  as  a 
delegate,  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion at  St.  Louis.  From  the  beginning  he 
fought  for  the  nomination  of  McKinley,  and 
the  election  of  Honorable  Richard  C.  Kerens 
as  national  committeeman.  In  that  conven- 
tion he  was  placed  on  the  committee  on 
platform,  and  helped  frame  the  declaration 
of  principles  adopted.  In  1898  the  Republic- 
ans of  the  Sixth  District  nominated  him  for 
Representative  in  Congress,  and  again  in 
1900  similarly  honored  him.  Though  the  dis- 
trict is  overwhelmingly  Democratic,  the  nor- 
mal plurality  being  about  6,000,  the  vigorous 
canviass  made  by  Mr.  Jurden  in  1900  resulted 
in  a  reduction  of  the  Democratic  plurality  to 
2,300  under  that  of  1896.  Few  such  canvasses 
by  candidates  for  congressional  honors  have 
ever  been  made  in  Missouri.  The  great  pop- 
ularity he  has  developed  during  the  past 
four  years  has  made  Mr.  Jurden  a  strong 
candidate  for  further  political  preferment  in 
western  Missouri,  and  he  is  now  a  candidate 
for  appointment  to  the  position  of  surveyor 
of  the  portpf  Kansas  City,  in  which  aspiration 
he  is  receiving  the  support  of  the  influential 
men  in  the  party.  At  the  convention  of  the 
Young  Men's  Republican  Clubs  at  Kansas 
City  in  1899  he  was  chosen  vice  president, 
and  at  the  Republican  State  Convention  in 
June,  1900,  was  made  a  member  at  large 
of  the  State  committee.  Mr.  Jurden  was  mar- 
ried, November  20,  1874,  at  Fayetteville, 
Missouri,  to  Ellen  Redford,  daughter  of 
George  W.  Redford,  a  pioneer  of  Johnson 
County.  They  have  three  children,  Guy, 
Ralph  L.  and  Vera  Jurden. 

Jury  Commissioner,  United  States. 

An  officer  of  the  United  States  courts,  ap- 
pointed for  St.  Louis,  the  office  having  been 
created  by  act  of  Congress  in  1891.  The 
duties  of  the  jury  commissioner  are  to  select 
citizens  of  the  diflFerent  counties  comprising 
the  Eastern  District  of  Missouri,  for  United 


States  jury  service.  When  the  court  wants  a 
jury,  either  grand  or  petit,  the  jury  commis- 
sioner is  directed  to  draw  such  jury,  and 
the  persons  thus  selected  for  jury  serv- 
ice are  cited  to  appear  by  the  United  States 
marshal. 

Justice  of  the  Peace. — An  ancient 
and  honorable  officer  under  the  English  law, 
found  in  all  the  States  of  the  Union,  and 
known  in  some  of  them  as  magistrate,  and 
in  other  as  squire.  In  Missouri  there  is  one 
justice  of  the  peace  in  each  municipal  town- 
ship of  the  county,  and  sometimes  more,  who 
are  conservators  of  the  peace  with  both  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction,  since  they  have 
authority  not  only  to  issue  warrants  for  the 
arrest  of  criminals,  and  to  try  and  punish 
persons  for  misdemeanors,  but,  also  to  hear 
and  determine  civil  causes  involving  sums 
under  $250.  They  have  authority  to  sum- 
mon juries.  An  appeal  lies  from  the  decision 
of  a  justice  in  a  civil  or  criminal  suit  to  the 
circuit  court  or  criminal  court.  A  justice 
has  no  equity  jurisdiction,  nor  authority  to 
try  felony  cases;  but  he  has  authority,  and 
it  is  his  duty,  to  examine  persons  charged 
with  felony,  and  require  them  to  give  bond 
for  their  appearance  before  the  grand  jury 
at  its  next  session,  or,  in  default  of  this,  to 
commit  them  to  jail.  In  cases  where  the 
proof  is  evident,  or  the  presumption  great, 
the  justice  may  commit  a  person  charged 
with  murder,  to  jail  without  bail.  Every 
justice's  court  is  attended  by  a  constable  who 
executes  its  processes.  Each  municipal 
township  is  entitled  to  two  justices  of  the 
peace,  and,  on  the  application  of  twelve  qual- 
ified voters  residing  five  miles  and  over  from 
a  justice,  the  county  court  may  appoint  an 
additional  one.  If  there  be  an  incorporated 
city  with  a  population  over  2,000,  and  less 
than  100,000,  there  may  be  one  additional 
justice  for  the  city.  In  all  municipal  town- 
ships that  contain  a  city  having  a  popula- 
tion of  100,000  and  under  300,000,  the  county 
court  may  divide  the  township  into  districts, 
not  more  than  eight,  with  one  justice  for 
each.  The  city  of  St.  Louis  is  divided  into 
fourteen  districts,  each  entitled  to  one  jus- 
tice. The  jurisdiction  of  a  justice  of  the 
peace  in  civil  cases  extends  to  suits  involv- 
ing $250,  and  in  cities  of  50,000  population  or 
over,  to  suits  involving  $300. 


KAHOKA— KANE. 


485 


K 


Kahoka. — The  judicial  seat  of  Clark 
County,  a  city  of  the  fourth  class,  located 
near  the  center  of  the  county,  on  the  Keokuk 
&  Western  Railroad,  twenty  miles  west  of 
Keokuk,  Iowa,  and  203  miles  from  St.  Louis. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1851,  by  W.  W.  Johnson, 
Moses  Clawson  and  Miller  C.  Duer.  It  is  a 
delightfully  located  town,  has  well  graded 
streets,  which  are  lighted  by  electric  lights,  a 
fine  courthouse,  built  in  1872,  at  a  cost  of 
$21,000,  an  opera  hall.  Masonic  hall,  Bap- 
tist, Christian,  Catholic,  Congregational, 
German  Evangelical,  Cumberland  Presby- 
terian, Methodist  Episcopal  (North  and 
South),  and  Presbyterian  Churches.  It  also 
has  a  high  school,  college,  three  banks,  three 
newspapers,  the  "Review,"  "Gazette  Herald" 
and  "Courier,"  a  flouring  mill,  canning  fac- 
tory, two  grain  elevators,  brick  yard,  three 
hotels  and  about  seventy  business  houses,  in- 
cluding lumber  and  coal  yards,  marble  shops, 
well  stocked  stores  in  the  various  lines  of 
trade,  and  shops,  large  and  small.  Fire  has 
visited  Kahoka  at  three  different  times,  one 
of  the  most  disastrous  being  on  March  15, 
1900,  when  a  loss  of  $25,000  was  caused. 
Population  in  1899  (estimated),  2,500. 

Kain,  John  Joseph,  Roman  Catholic 
archbishop,  was  born  May  31,  1841,  in  Mar- 
tinsburg,  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  West 
Virginia.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
at  Martinsburg  Academy.  In  1857  he 
matriculated  in  St.  Charles  College,  and 
graduated  in  1862.  He  then  completed  a 
course  of  philosophical  and  theological  study 
at  St.  Mary's  Seminary,  of  Baltimore,  and 
July  2,  1866,  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood 
by  Archbishop  Spalding.  Soon  after,  he  was 
assigned  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Catholic 
Church  at  Harper's  Ferry,  West  Virginia, 
and  remained  there  nine  years.  During  a 
portion  of  this  time  he  was  also  engaged  in 
missionary  work,  in  four  counties  of  Virginia 
and  eight  counties  of  West  Virginia.  ^  In 
1875  he  was  nominated  bishop  of  Wheeling, 
and  May  23d  following  he  was  consecrated 
by  Archbishop  James  R.  Bayley,  the  sermon 
being  preached   by   Right   Rev.  James   Gib- 


bons. The  diocese  of  which  Bishop  Kain 
took  charge  extended  from  the  southern 
boundary  of  Pennsylvania,  to  the  northern 
boundary  of  Tennessee,  and  during  the 
eighteen  years  that  he  filled  this  episcopate, 
he  traveled  over  the  diocese  many  times, 
ministering  to  a  Roman  Catholic  population 
of  more  than  twenty  thousand  souls.  In 
1893  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an 
archiepiscopate  ana  transferred  to  St.  Louis 
as  coadjutor  to  Archbishop  Kenrick.  A 
few  months  after,  Rome  rriade  him  ad- 
ministrator of  the  archdiocese,  and  in  1895 
he  was  made  archbishop  of  St.  Louis.  Since 
then  he  has  held  a  diocesan  synod,  at  which 
was  enacted  ecclesiastical  legislation  in  har- 
mony with  that  of  the  plenary  council  of 
Baltimore.  Long  disputed  questions  of 
parish  boundaries  in  St.  Louis  have  been 
settled  under  his  supervision,  and  in  his  ad- 
ministration of  the  affairs  of  the  archdiocese 
he  has  proven  himself  an  eminently  capable 
church  official.  He  purchased  the  site  for  the 
new  cathedral  in  St.  Louis,  and  has  already  ' 
erected  a  chapel  and  a  residence  for  the 
clergy.  This  purchase  includes  four  acres 
of  ground  and  the  site  is  a  most  eligible  one 
for  the  projected  edifice. 

Kane,  William  B.,  banker  and  mine- 
operator,  was  born  August  19,  1852,  in 
Rockland  County,  New  York,  of  Irish  an- 
cestry. He  came  to  Missouri  in  1868,  and 
was  occupied  for  several  years  in  various 
railway  positions.  His  first  service  was  as 
train  dispatcher  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
road,  which  he  left  to  enter  the  employ  of  the 
old  Atlantic  &  Pacific  road,  nqw  the  St. 
Louis  &  San  Francisco  road.  His  most  im- 
portant railway  engagement  was  with  the 
Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway,  where  he 
developed  qualities  of  the  highest  order.  He 
filled  the  various  positions  of  cashier,  train- 
dispatcher,  superintendent  of  telegraphs, 
superintendent,  purchasing  agent,  and  pay- 
master. During  the  contest  with  the  Santa 
Fe  Railway  for  the  possession  of  the  Royal 
Gorge,  he  commanded  the  force  of  employes 
of  his  line,  and  secured  the  location.     Upon 


486 


KANSAS  CITY. 


the  possession  thus  accomplished,  the  Su- 
.  preme  Court  of  the  United  States  sustained 
the  Denver  &  .Rio  Grande  Company,  con- 
firming their  title  to  the  right  of  way.  His 
last  railway  service  was  as  general  manager 
and  general  freight  and  passenger  agent  of 
the  Kansas  City  &  Southern  Railway,  during 
its  construction  and  operation  by  John  I. 
Blair.  With  this  brilliant  record,  and  with 
opportunity  for  greater  distinction  before 
him,  he  abandoned  railway  concerns  to  enter 
the  financial  field,  as  more  congenial  and  in- 
dependent. He  occupied  confidential  posi- 
tions with  various  banking  houses,  and  was 
intrusted  with  the  organization  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Wagoner,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. In  1881,  he  became  cashier  of  the 
Bank  of  Carterville,  Missouri,  and  in 
1896  assisted  in  its  reorganization  as  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Carterville,  of  which 
he  was  appointed  cashier,  a  position  he  con- 
tinues to  occupy.  This  establishment  is  the 
clearing  house  for  all  mining  transactions  in 
that  part  of  Jasper  County,  as  well  as  for  all 
those  business  interests  which  are  more  or 
less  related  thereto,  and  immense  sums  of 
money  are  involved  in  its  operations.  Its 
management  is  safe  and  conservative,  and  its 
stability  is  beyond  question.  Mr.  Kane  is 
*  largely  interested  in  rich  and  productive  min- 
ing properties,  and  is  esteemed  as  the  highest 
authority  with  reference  to  all  concerns  upon 
which  the  values  of  mineral  land  and  their 
output  are  based.  This  is  attested  by  the 
fact  that  he  has  long  been  continued  in 
position  as  a  director  in  the  Missouri  and 
Kansas  Zinc  Miners'  Association,  a  body 
which  represents  a  larger  value  of  legitimate 
and  productive  mining  property  than  any 
similar  organization  known.  While  regard- 
ing all  questions  concerning  these  interests 
with  the  calm  judgment  which  characterizes 
the  successful  man  of  affairs,  his  antici- 
pations for  the  future  of  the  Jasper  County 
mineral  field  are  as  encouraging  as  the  most 
■  ardent  could  wish,  but  his  views  are  accorded 
deeper  respect  as  coming  from  one  who  has 
made  careful  investigation  of  possible  con- 
tingencies, as  well  as  of  existing  conditions, 
and  he  bases  his  judgment  thereupon,  rather 
than  upon  sentiment  or  desire.  He  believes 
that  the  mining  industry  in  this  region  has 
not  yet  progressed  greatly  beyond  the 
experimental  stage,  and  he  looks  forward  to 
no  distant  day  when  the  present  great  cost  of 


production  of  ore  will  be  reduced  as  the 
result  of  mining  methods  similar  to  those 
employed  in  the  coal  and  iron  fields.  He 
feels  a  genuine  pride  in  the  conditions  of  the 
laboring  classes  engaged  in  the  work  of 
mining,  particularly  in  a  moral  way,  and 
points  to  the  fact  that  they  are  distinctively 
American,  and  that  this  district  owes  its 
remarkable  development  and  prosperity  to 
this  element,  which  in  the  early  days,  without 
capital,  and  with  no  assistance  save  their 
picks  and  shovels,  opened  the  wealth  of  these 
mines  to  the  world.  In  all  lines  of  financial 
and  commercial  business,  he  is  able  and 
sagacious,  and  with  recognition  as  such,  he 
has  been  and  continues  to  be  a  potent  factor 
in  mining  enterprises  and  all  the  interests 
with  which  they  are  related.  His  views  upon 
the  topics  outlined  in  the  foregoing,  com- 
mand respect,  and  many  express  entire  con- 
fidence in  his  views.  Mr.  Kane  is  a  Repub- 
lican, and  for  four  years  has  been  a  member 
of  the  State  Central  Committee  of  that  party 
and  of  the  executive  committee  of  that  body. 
In  religion  he  is  a  non-sectarian.  He  is 
prominent  in  Masonic  circles,  being  worship- 
ful master  of  the  Carterville  lodge,  a  Knight 
Templar,  and  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  also  holds  membership  with  the  Benev- 
olent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  with 
the  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  was  married  in 
1892,  to  Miss  Mary  Ruddy,  of  Joplin,  of 
which  union  two  sons  have  been  born,  Wal- 
lace Byrne  and  George  Ouray,  aged  two  and 
five  years  respectively.  He  and  his  wife 
possess  those  traits  of  personal  character 
which  are  so  admirable  and  enjoyable  in 
social  life,  and  the  hospitality  which  their 
home  affords  is  unaffected  and  delightful. 

Kansas  City.— The  second  city  in  Mis- 
souri, and  the  gateway  between  the  east  and 
the  far  west.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank 
o!  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  both  sides  of 
the  Kaw  River,  in  longitude  94  degrees  37 
minutes,  and  latitude  39  degrees  6  minutes. 
A  handful  of  corn  contains  the. possibility  of 
rich  harvests,  if  the  conditions  of  growth  are 
favorable.  This  is  likewise  true  of  cities. 
Given  location,  natural  resources  and  enter- 
prising men,  and  a  city  will  grow  more  or 
less  rapidly.  It  takes  ages  to  make  a  good 
site  for  a  city.  In  the  Mississippi  Valley,, 
rivers  build  their  own  beds  and  banks.  When 
the  watershed  of  the  Missouri  and  its  trib- 


KANSAS  CITY. 


487 


utaries  was  an  unbroken  forest,  there  were 
congealed  masses  of  ice  and  snow,  which 
melting  later,  swelled  the*  streams  and  filled 
the  valleys  from  hill  to  hill.  While  the 
people  who  lived  in  the  stone  age  dwelt  on 
the  margin  of  these  floods,  the  Missouri  and 
the  Kaw  Rivers  built  the  bluffs  at  Kansas 
City,  depositing  the  loess,  the  material 
from  which  the  city  is  being  built.  Within 
this  deposit  are  found  flint  implements, 
arrow  heads,  and  stone  axes,  with  human 
bones  scattered  here  and  there,  many  feet 
below  the  surface.  Here  a  large  population 
lived  and  passed  away,  leaving  no  other 
traces  of  their  existence.  Ages  after  them 
another  race,  who  differed  from  any  tribes 
of  which  we  have  knowledge,  lived  on  these 
hills  and  built  sepulchers  for  their  dead, 
whom  they  seem  to  have  cremated.  These 
sepulchers  were  built  of  stone  laid  true  to  the 
line,  but  without  mortar  or  cement.  This 
second  race  passed  away,  the  bottoms  and 
hills  were  covered  with  mighty  trees,  and  the 
modern  Indian  found  the  situation  propi- 
tious for  a  dwelling  place.  He  could  build 
his  wigwam  amid  the  shelter  of  the  groves. 
He  could  gather  wild  fruit  in  the  woods,  fish 
in  the  rivers,  and  hunt  on  the  prairies.  When 
he  began  to  dwell  in  this  land  of  plenty,  we 
know  not,  but  when  Missouri  passed  into  our 
hands,  the  Indian  still  had  claims  to  the  lands 
on  its  western  border.  A  strip  of  land 
twenty-four  miles  wide,  east  of  94  degrees 
38  minutes  south  to  the  Arkansas  River, 
belonged  to  the  Osage  and  Kansas  Indians 
until  1825,  when  it  was  bought  by  the  United 
States  and  opened  for  settlement  in  1826. 
A  few  years  subsequent  the  Indians  were 
removed  to  the  Indian  country,  which  in- 
cluded all  the  land  west  of  the  State  line  to 
the  crest  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  of 
33  degrees  to  Canada.  About  the  same  time 
the  Mormons  settled  at  Independence  and 
entered  a  tract  of  land  twelve  miles  square 
south  of  the  Missouri,  and  east  of  the  State 
line,  as  a  site  for  the  New  Jerusalem.  The 
Mormons  were  expelled,  and  shortly  after- 
ward the  remaining  white  settlers  took  up 
their  burden  and  the  building  of  a  great  city 
was  begun.  The  site  that  had  attracted  the 
attention  of  two  extinct  races  of  the  Indians 
and  the  Mormons,  and  was  a  masterpiece  of 
nature's  workmanship,  attracted  the  hardy 
pioneer,  who  laid  the  foundation  of  a  city. 
In    1785,  Daniel    Morgan    Boone,  a   son   of 


Daniel  Boone,  came  from  his  home  near 
Cincinnati  and  explored  the  West  as  far  as 
the  American  Desert.  He  settled  at  what 
afterward  became  Westport,  and  his  un- 
marked grave  is  now  within  the  limits  of 
Kansas  City.  In  1800  Louis  Bartholet, 
known  as  "Grandlouis"  went  from  St. 
Charles  and  settled  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kaw. 
His  wife  was  the  first  white  woman  to  make 
her  home  on  the  site  of  Kansas  City.  Up  to 
1845,  she  lived  in  a  log  cabin  situated  where 
the  Union  Elevator  now  stands.  She  died  in 
1884.  In  1821  Francois  Chouteau  estab- 
lished a  camp  opposite  Randolph  Bluffs. 
The  flood  of  1826  destroyed  his  trading  post 
where  he  made  the  first  permanent  white 
settlement  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  in 
the  bottoms  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kaw. 
The  settlers  were  traders,  trappers,  laborers 
and  voyagers  with  their  families.  One  of 
these,  Jacques  Fournais,  died  in  Kansas  City 
in  1871,  claiming  to  be  one  hundred  and 
twenty-four  years  old.  The  first  town  platted 
within  the  limits  of  the  present  city  was 
Westport,  laid  out  by  John  C.  McCoy,  in 
1833.  It  developed  into  an  important  trade 
center  before  Kansas  City  had  an  existence, 
and  in  one  sense  is  the  parent  town.  How- 
ever, the  town  site  laid  out  later,  which 
subsequently  took  the  name  "Kansas  City," 
quickly  became  the  formidable  rival  of  the 
older  town  and  then  forged  ahead  in  the  race 
for  supremacy.  Still  later,  its  growth  was 
marvelously  accelerated  by  the  converging 
there  of  railroads,  the  great  modern  thor- 
oughfares of  commerce,  and  in  its  process 
of  expansion  it  has  now  absorbed  its  old 
rival,  and  Westport  has  become  a  part  of 
Kansas  City.  The  present  metropolis  may, 
therefore,  be  said  to  have  had  its  origin  in 
the  French  settlement  made  by  the  Chou- 
teau, Prudhomme,  Sublette,  Guinotte  and 
other  families.  After  the  State  of  Missouri 
was  formed,  a  strong  tide  of  immigration  set 
in  from  Virginia,  North  Carolina  and  Ken- 
tucky, and  this  brought  to  the  settlement 
which  afterward  developed  into  Kansas  City 
the  Chicks,  the  Smarts,  the  McDaniels,  the 
Jenkins,  the  Lvkins,  the  Rices,  the  Scarritts, 
the  McGees,  the  Gillisses,  the  Mulkeys.  the 
Gregorys,  the  Troosts  and  the  Hopkinses, 
all  prominent  in  the  early  development  of 
this  region. 

At  the  August  term  of  the  Circuit  Court 
of  Jackson  County,  in    1838,  James    Daven- 


488 


KANSAS  CIT\, 


port,  Peter  Booth,  and  Eliott  Johnson,  ap- 
pointed commissioners,  were  ordered  by  the 
court  to  advertise  the  sale  of  the  farm  be- 
longing to  the  estate  of  Gabriel  Prudhomme 
in  the  "Missouri  Republican,"  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  "Far  West"  published  at  Liberty, 
Clay  County,  Missouri.  These  advertise- 
ments were  duly  published,  and  in  pursuance 
thereof,  a  tract  of  land  containing  256  acres 
was  sold  to  Abraham  Fonda  and  others,  for 
$4,220.  This  land  was  subdivided  into  lots 
and  blocks  and  called  the  town  of  Kansas. 
Owing  to  certain  disagreements  among  the 
owners  of  the  property,  this  town  building 
project  laid  dormant  until  1846,  when  a  com- 
pany was  formed  of  which  Jacob  Ragan, 
Henry  Jobe,  William  Gilliss,  Robert  Camp- 
bell, Fry  P.  McGee,  W.  B.  Evans,  and  John 
McCoy  were  stockholders.  This  company 
acquired  the  town  site  and  advertised  a 
public  sale,  at  which  150  lots  were  sold  at  an 
average  price  approximating  $55  each.  Im- 
mediately after  this  sale  the  town  com- 
menced to  grow,  and  within  a  few  months 
thereafter  had  a  population  of  five  or  six 
hundred  inhabitants.  The  chief  agency  in 
building  up  the  town  at  this  time  was  the 
Santa  Fe  trade,  which  had  been  inaugurated 
between  Missouri  River  points  and  the  an- 
cient city,  which  is  the  capital  of  New 
Mexico,  as  early  as  1824.  When  this  trade 
began  Old  Franklin  was  its  starting  point  on 
the  Missouri  River.  Then  Boonville,  Fort 
Osage,  Liberty,  Independence  and  Westport, 
in  turn,  enjoyed  the  advantages  and  profits 
of  this  -traffic.  The  first  cargo  of  New 
Mexican  goods  was  landed  at  what  is  now 
Kansas  City,  in  1845,  by  Messrs.  Bent  and  St. 
Vrain,  and  was  shipped  from  there  to  Santa 
¥e  by  means  of  ox  teams.  Five  years  later 
this  new  town  had  become  the  exclusive 
eastern  terminus  of  this  freighting  business, 
and  in  the  year  1850  six  hundred  wagons 
started  westward  from  there  to  Santa  Fe. 
In  i860  this  trade  attracted  national  atten- 
tion by  its  magnitude,  and  in  that  year  the 
"New  York  Herald"  sent  one  of  its  corre- 
spondents west  to  gather -statistics  concern- 
ing it.  As  a  result  of  his  investigation  this 
correspondent  published  the  statement  that 
the  amount  of  freight  shipped  from  Kansas 
City  that  year  was  16,439,134  pounds,  and 
that  there  were  employed  in  its  transporta- 
tion 7,084  men,  6,147  mules,  27,920  yoke 
of  oxen,  and  3,033  wagons. 


The  town  of  Kansas  was  first  officially 
organized  in  part,  May  3,  1847,  ^^^  soon 
afterward  the  town  authorities  cut  a  wagon 
road  through  the  blufif  at  Main  Street. 
After  this  trade  increased  to  such  an  extent 
about  the  levee  that  the  small  stores  climbed 
over  into  the  north  end.  At  this  time  the  site 
was  a  rugged  one,  being  made  up  of  steep 
rocky  hills  covered  with  tall  timber  and  with 
ravines  plowed  out  by  rushing  streams. 
These  ravines  were  subsequently  utilized  for 
streets  and  sewers.  In  1849  came  the 
cholera  scourge,  and  before  the  pestilence 
was  stayed,  nearly  one-third  of  the  entire 
population  of  the  village  had  been  swept 
away.  But,  notwithstanding  this  fearful 
visitation,  the  year  1850  saw  a  large  increase 
of  population.  In  June  of  this  year  the 
county  court  organized  the  village  as  the 
town  of  Kansas,  In  1853  Thomas  H.  Ben- 
ton visited  the  town  and  predicted  that  it  was 
destined  to  become  the  great  commercial 
and  manufacturing  city  of  the  "New  West." 
In  that  year  the  place  was  incorporated  by 
the  Legislature  as  the  City  of  Kansas,  and  a 
mayor,  marshal,  and  six  councilmen  were 
elected.  W.  S.  Gregory  was  chosen  first 
mayor,  but  as  his  business  required  him  to  be 
absent  from  Kansas  City,  Dr.  Johnston 
Lykins,  the  president  of  the  council,  filled  out 
his  term,  and  was  elected  mayor  in  April, 
1854.  The  next  mayor  was  M.  J.  Payne,  who 
was  elected  in  1855  ^^^  re-elected  five  times. 
In  1855  the  council  voted  $1,200  for  street 
grading  purposes,  and  in  1857  the  sum  of 
$2,700  was  spent  in  improving  Broadway, 
Wyandotte,  Delaware,  Commercial,  Main, 
Second  and  Third  Streets.  During  the  years 
immediately  following  the  incorporation  of 
the  City  of  Kansas,  and  prior  to  the 
Civil  War,  the  place  grew  rapidly  and  in- 
creased its  trade  connections  in  various 
directions.  A  daily  line  of  steamers  was  in 
operation  between  St.  I^ouis  and  Omaha.  A 
stage  line  was  established  with  Santa  Fe  as 
its  western  and  Kansas  City  as  its  eastern 
terminus.  An  overland  mail  route  was 
established  westward  from  Kansas  City,  and 
several  transportation  companies  were  haul- 
ing government  freight  from  there  to  the 
various  forts  in  Kansas  and  New  Mexico. 
Stages  also  made  daily  trips  to  Fort  Scott, 
Lawrence,  Emporia  and  other  towns  in 
Kansas,  and  several  steamers  were  running 
from  Kansas  City  up  the  Kaw  River  to  Fort 


KANSAS  CITY  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE 


489 


Riley  and  other  places.  In  i860  the  popu- 
lation was  4,418.  There  were  then  three 
banks,  an  insurance  company,  all  kinds  of 
stores,  one  daily  and  three  weekly  news- 
papers, and  every  interest  was  prosperous. 
Then  came  the  Civil  War,  which  paralyzed 
the  business  of  the  city  and  greatly  reduced 
its  population.  Bitter  sectional  feeling  divided 
the  people,  and  as  a  result  of  the  struggle 
which  followed,  the  Santa  Fe  trade  went  to 
Leavenworth,  the  funds  of  the  banks  were 
removed,  the  newspapers  were  suspended 
and  the  schools  were  closed.  After  the 
defeat  of  General  Price  at  the  battle  of 
Westport,  fought  on  the    23d    of    October, 

1864,  the  Federal  authorities  had  full  con- 
trol of  the  city,  and  its  business  interests 
were  rendered  secure.  In  1865  the  assessed 
valuation  of  property  in  Kansas  City  was 
approximately  $1,400,000.  The  business  in- 
terests which  had  survived  the  ordeal  of  war 
were  soon  rejuvenated  and  a  new  era  began. 
The  scars  left  by  the  conflict  were  effaced  by 
the  united  efforts  of  men  of  all  shades  of 
opinion, and  all  joined  together  in  rehabilitat- 
ing the  city.  One  of  the  earliest  moves  in 
the  way  of  public  improvements  was  the 
opening  and  grading  of  new  streets  at  a 
cost  of  $60,000,  which  amount  was  borrowed 
for  the  purpose.  Then  began  also  various 
movements  which  have  resulted  in  making 
Kansas  City  the  second  railroad  center  in 
the  United  States.  The  first  railroad  had 
been  built  into  Kansas  City,  or  rather  out  of 
Kansas  City,  in  1864,  and  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railroad    was  built  into  that  city  in 

1865.  Immediately  after  the  war  various 
new  railroad  enterprises  were  set  on  foot, and 
when  a  bridge  was  built  across  the  Missouri 
River  in  1869,  the  question  of  rivalry  between 
Kansas  City  and  Leavenworth  was  settled  in 
faVor  of  Kansas  City.  In  1867  an  unsur- 
passed system  of  public  schools  was  inau- 
gurated and  the  same  year  the  city  was 
lighted  with  gas.  All  kinds  of  enterprises 
began  concentrating  here.  In  1870  the  live- 
stock and  packing  interests  began  to  develop, 
and  the  building  of  street  railroads  began.  In 
that  year  the  population  was  32,286.  Eight 
railroad  lines  entered  the  city,  seven  banks 
were  in  operation  and  three  and  a  half  million 
dollars  were  expended  in  improvements.  The 
Board  of  Trade  was  organized  in  1869.  The 
financial  panic  of  1873  checked  the  growth  of 
the  city  and  a  period  of  stagnation  followed. 


Before  the  close  of  the  decade,  however, 
commerce  revived,  manufactures  increased 
and  a  period  of  wonderful  activity  began. 
The  population  increased  from  41,000  to  50,- 
000  in  a  single  year.  From  1880  to  1890 
there  was  a  remarkable  growth  of  the  city 
along  all  lines,  as  is  best  shown  in  separate 
articles  on  "Commerce,"  "Manufactures," 
and  "Banking  in  Kansas  City,"  published 
elsewhere  in  these  volumes.  During  this 
decade  the  population  increased  from  65,000 
to  160,000  and  the  assessed  valuation  of 
property  from  $13,000,000  to  $82,000,000. 
During  the  same  period  the  bank  clearings 
increased  from  $51,000,000  annually,  to 
$471,000,000,  and  the  real  estate  trans- 
actions of  a  single  year  from  $5,000,000  to 
$38,000,000.  During  the  next  five  years 
there  was  retrogression,  especially  in  real 
estate  values,  resulting  from  over  speculation 
in  this  field  of  enterprise.  Within  this  time, 
however,  values  readjusted  themselves,  and 
with  1896  a  new  and  substantial  era  of 
prosperity  set  in.  Next  to  the  greatest  rail- 
road center  in  the  United  States,  with  in- 
dustries of  vast  magnitude  firmly  established, 
strong  financial  institutions,  and  a  popula- 
tion united  in  their  devotion  to  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  city,  Kansas  City  enters  the 
new  century  with  promises  of  expansion 
hardly  equaled  by  those  of  any  other  Amer- 
ican city.  At  the  close  of  a  century  which 
was  more  than  half  gone  before  it  came  into 
existence,  the  city  is  known  as  one  of  the 
greatest  live-stock  and  meat  markets  of  the 
world,  and  as  one  of  the  great  grain  markets 
of  the  United  States.  Its  population  as 
shown  by  the  census  of  1900,  in  163,752.  The 
corporate  title  of  the  city  was  "City  of 
Kansas"  from  1853,  to  May  9,  1889,  when  it 
was  changed  to  "Kansas  City." 

Kansas  City  Academy  of  Science. 

This  society  was  founded  December  2,  1875, 
through  the  effort  of  Professor  John  D. 
Parker,  founder  of  the  Kansas  Academy  of 
Science.  Its  purposes  were  to  increase  a 
knowledge  of  science  by  original  observa- 
tions and  investigation,  and  to  diffuse  a 
knowledge  of  science.  The  first  officers 
were  E.  H.  Allen,  president ;  R.  T.  Van  Horn, 
vice  president ;  C.  S.  Sheffield,  secretary :  and 
James  G.  Roberts,  treasurer.  The  academy 
was  active  for  many  years,  and  created  much 
interest  in  scientific  subjects  through  its  dis- 


490 


KANSAS  CITY  ATHEN^UM. 


cussions  and  the  many  valuable  papers  pre- 
pared by  its  members.  Many  of  these  are 
preserved  in  the  pages  of  the  "Review  of 
Science  and  Industry."  A  notable  original 
work  growing  out  of  the  effort  of  the  society, 
were  the  mound  investigations  in  Clay 
County,  made  by  Judge  E.  P.  West,  The 
academy  has  been  dormant  since  1882.  A 
cabinet  of  minerals  and  fossils  acquired  dur- 
ing its  existence,  forms  part  of  the  Hare 
Collection  in  the  Public  Library  Museum. 

Kansas  City  Art  Association. — In 

1887,  a  number  of  persons  desirous  of  mak- 
ing a  fair  collection  of  reproductions  from 
famous  works  of  art,  effected  an  organization 
under  the  name  of  the  Kansas  City  Art 
Association,  incorporated.  In  this  they  were 
materially  aided  by  the  Sketch  Club,  an 
already  existent  body  of  local  artists.  The 
first  officers  were  E.  H.  Allen,  president ;  C. 
L.  Dobson  and  Mrs.  M.  B.  Wright,  vice 
presidents ;  C.  C.  Ripley,  secretary ;  and 
Homer  Reed,  treasurer.  With  the  assistance 
of  Professor  Halsey  C.  Ives,  of  the  St.  Louis 
School  of  Fine  Arts,  an  excellent  collection 
of  paintings,  autotypes  and  plaster  casts  was 
procured,  to  the  value  of  about  $3,000.  For 
three  weeks  in  its  first  year  the  association 
had  on  exhibition  Munkacsy's  famous  pic- 
ture,   "Christ    Before    Pilate."     January    2, 

1888,  a  School  of  Design  was  opened  for 
teaching  drawing,  painting,  composition, 
sculpture  and  modeling  in  clay.  The  first 
principal  of  the  faculty  was  L.  S.  Brumidi, 
from  the  National  Academy  at  Rome,  Italy, 
who  had  capable  assistants  from  successful 
eastern  art  schools.  The  association  first 
occupied  rooms  in  the  Bayard  Building,  from 
which  it  removed  to  rooms  over  Jaccard's 
jewelry  store  at  1012-14  Walnut  Street.  On 
the  night  of  January  12,  1893,  the  building 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  involving  the  loss  of 
the  entire  art  collection.  The  association 
was  unable  to  replace  the  collection  or  re- 
establish the  School  of  Design,  but  main- 
tained its  organization,  in  order  to  protect 
a  fund  of  $2,000  derived  from  insurance  upon 
the  works  destroyed,  and  to  be  in  position  to 
assist  in  future  movements  for  the  en- 
couragement of  art. 

Kansas  City  Atlienspuni. — At  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Social  Science  Federation  of  Kan- 
sas and  of  the  Western  District  of  Missouri, 


early  in  1894,  the  subject  of  a  general 
woman's  club  was  first  discussed.  In  May, 
the  -women  of  Kansas  City  were  asked  to 
meet  to  consider  the  feasibility  of  forming  a 
large  organization.  The  call  recited  that  for 
fifteen  years  the  women  of  Kansas  City  had 
enjoyed  all  the  advantages  afforded  by  the 
small  club ;  that  classes  for  the  study  of 
literature,  art,  history,  music,  philosophy  and 
science  were  numerous ;  and  that  much  good 
might  result  from  the  co-ordination  of  such 
work;  it  was,  therefore,  deemed  advisable  to 
form  a  broad  liberal  association.  The  call 
was  signed  by  nine  well  known  ladies,  mem- 
bers of  existing  study  clubs  and  literary 
organizations.  About  one  hundred  re- 
sponded, and  the  Athenaeum  (so  called 
because  a  woman's  club  would  necessarily 
exclude  males)  was  organized  with  about  one 
hundred  members,  and  a  constitution  was 
adopted  modeled  after  that  of  the  Chicago 
Woman's  Club.  The  first  specific  objects 
were:  To  assist  in  creating  an  art  associa- 
tion such  as  the  future  of  the  city  demanded ; 
to  arouse  a  warm  interest  in  the  public 
schools ;  to  stimulate  and  assure  co- 
operation between  parent  and  teacher;  to 
secure  for  the  little  ones  a  city  in  which  fresh 
air  spaces  and  the  beauties  of  nature  should 
form  a  part ;  to  assist  and  promote  efforts 
toward  municipal  reforms ;  and  to  study  and 
practically  apply  modern  theories  of  philan- 
thropy. In  1895  the  club  insisted  upon  the 
enforcement  of  the  milk  inspection  ordi- 
nance, and  secured  the  designed  end,  the  law 
being  in  force  to  the  present  time.  It  also 
secured  the  separation  of  male  and  female 
criminals  in  jails.  The  club  gave  early  at- 
tention to  manual  training;  meetings  were 
held,  notable  speakers  presented  their  views, 
and  discussions  followed;  and  to  these 
efforts  is  largely  due  the  establishment  of 
one  of  the  best  manual  training  schools  in  the 
country.  In  the  beginning  of  the  Athenae- 
um, six  departments  were  formed  and  began 
work  immediately.  Mrs.  E.  R.  Weeks 
was  the  first  president  and  was  succeeded  in 
turn  by  Mrs.  G.  L.  Brinkman,  May,  1896,  to 
May,  1897;  Mrs.  Laura  E.  Scammon,  May, 
1897  to  May,  1899;  Mrs.  Henry  N.  Ess,  May, 
1899,  to  May,  1900.  Mrs.  John  C.  Gage  is 
the  present  incumbent  of  the  office.  The 
membership  has  grown  steadily,  and  is  now 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty.  There  are 
eight  departments   in   good   working  order, 


( 


KANSAS  CITY  BOARD  OF  TRADE. 


491 


with  excellent  programmes,  viz, :  Art,  Cur- 
rent Events,  Education,  Home,  Literature, 
Music,  Philosophy  and  Science,  and  Social 
Ethics.  In  addition,  in  1899,  the  entire  club 
formed  a  study  class  to  consider  the 
problems  of  the  day,  assuming  that  the  in- 
telligent club  woman  must  be  familiar  with 
all  points  of  view  of  the  economic  and  social 
situation.  Several  departments  conduct  suc- 
cessful extension  or  study  classes.  An  even- 
ing literature  class  study  the  English  classics. 
The  Mothers'  Union  (which  see)  is  an  ex- 
tension of  the  Home  Department.  The 
music  department  has  a  large  evening  class 
devoted  to  sight  reading.  The  social  ethics 
department  have  an  extension  in  the  north 
end,  out  of  which  they  hope  will  grow  a 
flourishing  Domestic  Economy  School.  In 
1899  this  department  agitated  the  subject  of 
vacation  schools ;  as  a  result,  at  the  close  of 
the  club  year,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
secure  the  co-operation  of  the  clubs  of  the 
city  in  the  experiment  of  a  vacation  school. 
The  first  vacation  school,  in  the  summer  of 
1900,  was  attended  by  nearly  three  hundred 
children,  in  a  locality  where  it  was  greatly 
appreciated ;  a  number  of  clubs,  church 
societies,  and  individuals  contributed  to  its 
maintenance.  In  1896  the  Athenaeum  be- 
came a  member  of  the  State  Federation,  and 
in  1898  a  member  of  the  National  Federa- 
tion of  Women's  Clubs.  Its  incorporation 
dates  from  1897.  Wednesday  is  known  as 
"Club  Day,"  and  is  occupied  by  the  depart- 
ments, and  by  notable  persons.  One  of  the 
most  pleasant  occasions  of  the  year  is 
reciprocity  day,  which  occurs  in  November; 
upon  this  occasion,  all  the  clubs  of  the  city 
are  invited  to  participate  in  the  programme, 
which  is  literary,  musical  and  social.  The 
incidental  interchange  of  ideas  and  social 
courtesies  has  been  productive  of  the  most 
friendly  relations.  The  Athenaeum  has  con- 
tributed to  the  traveling  libraries  of  the 
state.  An  excellent  work  has  been  ac- 
complished by  the  art  department,  which  has 
secured  for  the  public  schools  a  circulating 
art  library,  the  pictures  being  nearly  all 
reproductions  of  the  old  masters.  Many  are 
mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  and  not  a  few 
are  framed  and  hung  in  the  school  rooms. 
During  the  winter  of  1899  the  Athenaeum 
brought  to  the  city,  with  the  co-operation  of 
the  schools,  the  Hellman  Taylor  Art  Exhibit, 
a  fine  collection  of  reproductions  of  famous 


paintings.  The  enterprise  proved  a  great 
success,  and  a  considerable  sum  was  realized, 
which  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of  pic- 
tures for  the  public  schools.  The  autumn  of 
1900  opened  full  of  promise.  With  excellent 
programmes,  and  united  effort,  the  highest 
aim  of  the  Athenaeum  seems  promising  of 
fulfillment  in  the  broadening  of  its  mental 
vision,  and  the  promotion  of  sympathy  for  all 

humanity.  ■,        _...  __    _ 

^  Mrs.  Henry  N.  Ess. 

Kansas  City  Board  of  Public 
Works.— See  "Municipal  Government  of 
Kansas  City." 

Kansas    City    Board    of   Trade.— 

Sixty-seven  persons  organized  this  body  Feb- 
ruary 6,  1869,  with  T.  K.  Hanna  as  president, 
M.  Dively  and  S.  S.  Matthews  as  vice  presi- 
dents, D.  M.  Keen  as  secretary,  and  Howard 
M.  Holden  as  treasurer.  It  was  a  voluntary 
organization  whose  declared  object  was  "the 
general  promotion  of  trade  and  commerce, 
the  giving  of  proper  direiction  to  all  com- 
mercial movements,  the  improvement  of 
facilities  for  transportation,  and  the  use  of 
all  proper  means  for  advancing  the  interests 
of  the  business  community."  Three  rail- 
roads, the  Missouri  Pacific,  the  Cameron  and 
the  Wabash,  had  been  completed  to  Kansas 
City  from  the  east,  and  three  other  roads 
leading  westward  had  been  completed  to 
Leavenworth,  Olathe  and  Sheridan.  The 
Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Council  Blufifs 
Railroad  was  completed  March  27th,  and  the 
completion  of  the  railroad  bridge  across  the 
Missouri  was  celebrated  on  July  4th.  Two 
street  railways,  one  leading  south  and  the 
other  west,  were  chartered,  and  forty-two 
different  additions  to  the  city  were  platted. 
The  roads  from  the  east  had  their  freight 
depot  at  Grand  Avenue,  and  those  from  the 
west  at  the  State  line,  with  inadequate  roads 
connecting  them.  The  Board  of  Trade  was 
very  active  in  planning  the  enterprises  to 
which  Kansas  City  owes  its  phenomenal 
growth,  and  took  the  lead  in  molding  public 
sentiment  and  in  influencing  later  city  legis- 
lation. During  the  following  years  there 
was  great  progress  and  many  improvements, 
and  the  railroad  facilities  were  advanced  so 
that  in  1876  Kansas  City  had  become  both 
the  market  and  the  source  of  supply  for  a 
vast  territory.  The  waterworks  had  been 
built,  and  a  barge   line   was  agitated.     Until 


492 


KANSAS  CITY  BOYS'   ORPHAN   HOME. 


May,  1876,  the  Board  of  Trade  had  no 
charter.  The  charter  was  then  obtained 
from  the  circuit  court.  Howard  M.  Holden 
was  made  president  and  seventy-four  per- 
sons were  enrolled  as  members,  embracing 
the  names  of  the  men  who  organized  the 
great  industries  and  jobbing  trade  of  the 
city.  The  objects  of  the  association  were 
now  specifically  declared  to  be  "to  maintain 
a  commercial  exchange,  to  promote  uniform- 
ity in  the  customs  and  usages  of  merchants, 
to  inculcate  principles  of  justice  and  equity 
in  trade,  to  facilitate  the  speedy  adjustment 
of  business  disputes,  to  acquire  and  dissem- 
inate valuable  and  economic  information, 
and  generally  to  secure  to  its  members  the 
benefits  of  co-operation  in  the  furtherance 
of  their  legitimate  pursuits."  The  by-laws 
provided  for  the  carrying  out  of  these  ends, 
and  formulated  regulations  for  the  inspection 
of  provisions,  requirements  regarding  the 
cutting  and  packing  of  hog  products,  regula- 
tions for  the  inspection  of  grain,  weight 
regulations,  and  rules  on  'change.  A  call 
board  was  organized  which  has  been  active 
for  over  twenty-three  years.  At  that  time  a 
suitable  building  was  greatly  needed,  and 
under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  Edward  Duns- 
comb,  funds  were  procured  and  the  building 
at  Fifth  and  Delaware  Streets  was  con- 
structed at  a  cost  of  $47,468.80,  the  lot  cost- 
ing $15,700  besides.  This  building  was 
occupied  in  October,  1877,  and  was  sold  ten 
years  afterward  for  $100,000.  In  1885,  the 
Board  of  Trade  certificates  were  worth  $500 
each,  and  trade  had  so  increased  that  new 
quarters  were  necessary.  The  matter  was 
committeed  to  H.  J.  Latshaw,  A.  J.  Mead 
and  John  W.  Moore,  who  reported  the 
donation  of  a  lot  120  by  172  feet  at  Eighth 
and  Wyandotte  Streets  on  condition  that  a 
building  be  erected  upon  it  costing  not  less 
than  $300,000.  The  Exchange  Building 
Association,  which  took  the  memberships  at 
$500  each,  was  chartered,  and  a  building 
committee,  consisting  of  E.  H.  Allen,  H.  J. 
Latshaw,  T.  B.  Bullene,  W.  B.  Grimes  and 
Benjamin  McLean  was  appointed,  Mr.  H.  M. 
Holden  acting  most  of  the  time  as  chairman 
in  Mr.  Allen's  absence.  The  committee 
secured  first  class  plans  from  Burnham  & 
Root,  architects,  of  Chicago,  and  in  1887 
erected  the  present  Chamber  of  Commerce 
on  the  lot  donated.  It  is  an  imposing  fire- 
proof structure,  seven  stories  high,  with  a 


tower  two  hundred  feet  in  height.  The  build- 
ing cost  $700,000  and  is  now  the  property  of 
the  Guardian  Trust  Company.  The  Board 
of  Trade  has  been  an  active  organization 
consisting  of  first  class  business  men  who 
have  ever  been  alert  in  promoting  the  wel- 
fare and  growth  of  the  city.  The  member- 
ship is  limited  to  200.  John  W.  Moore  is 
now — 1899 — president  and  E.  D,  Bigelow, 
secretary.  The  following  statistics  epitomize 
the  increase  of  trade  in  grain  and  farm  pro- 
ducts, and  show  the  growth  of  the  city  dur- 
ing the  last  twenty-eight  years :  In  1870,  the 
assessed  value  of  property  was  $9,625455 ; 
in  1880,  $13,378,950;  and  in  1898  it  was  $67,- 
809,585.  This  was  prior  to  the  last  extension 
of  the  city  limits.  The  bank  clearings  in 
1870  were  $26,013,643;  in  1880,  $50,730,000; 
and  in  1898,  $585,294,637.  The  distributive 
value  of  the  mercantile  trade  was  in  1870, 
$8,648,693;  in  1880,  $47,860,917;  and  in  1898, 
$252,025,000.  The  value  of  live  stock 
handled  was  in  1870,  $4,210,605;  in  1880, 
$14,277,215;  and  in  1898,  $112,640,613.  The 
grain  handled  in  1870,  was  1,037,000  bushels; 
in  1880,  9,029,933  bushels;  and  in  1898,  45,- 
685,900  bushels.  The  value  of  the  animals 
slaughtered  in  1870,  was  $57,000;  in  1880, 
$570,019;  and  in  1898,  $4,768,810.  These 
figures  show  how  extensively  the  Board  of 
Trade  have  realized  the  ends  they  organized 
to  accomplish.  ^^^^^^  ^   Vickroy. 

Kansas  City  Boys'  Orphan  Home. 

An  orphanage  for  boys,  incorporated,  the 
directorship  and  management  vested  in  the 
Sisters  of  the  Catholic  Order  of  St.  Vincent 
de  Paul.  Admission  is  given  without  refer- 
ence to  religious  qualifications.  Homes  are 
found  for  inmates  on  arriving  at  the  age  of 
thirteen  years.  The  original  home  was 
founded  in  1896.  Among  the  most  active  of 
its  founders  were  Mrs.  John  Perry.  Mrs. 
Richard  Keith,  Mrs.  W.  T.  Johnson,  Mrs. 
Hugh  McGowan,  Mrs.  G.  W.  Wagner  and 
Mrs.  P.  H.  Tiernan.  All  named  were  Catho- 
lics, but  many  Protestant  ladies  assisted 
them  in  their  effort.  The  Rogers  residence, 
in  Westport,  a  fine  old  mansion,  with  four 
and  one-half  acres  of  ground  set  with  forest 
trees,  was  purchased  and  placed  in  charge  of 
the  Sisters  of  the  Catholic  Order  of  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul,  and  a  number  of  orphan 
boys  were  at  once  received.  In  her  solicitude 
for  the    interests   of   the   home,  Mrs.  Perry 


KANSAS  CITY  DENTAL  COLLEGE. 


495 


cherished  plans  for  erecting  an  additional 
building  as  a  memorial  to  a  son  who  died  in 
childhood,  but  she  did  not  live  to  fulfill  her 
purpose.  With  her  four  children  she  per- 
ished at  sea  in  the  steamship  Bourgoyne 
disaster,  July  6,  1898.  Thus  deprived  of  his 
family,  Mr.  Perry  determined  to  devote  to 
the  purposes  of  a  memorial  home  a  large 
residence  which  he  was  about  to  erect.  The 
deed  to  the  property  restricting  it  to 
residential  uses,  he  substituted  for  it  a  gift 
of  $25,000  for  an  additional  building  ad- 
joining the  home  at  Westport,  taking  upon 
himself  the  responsibility  of  its  erection,  and 
increasing  his  benefaction  to  the  sum  of 
$40,000.  The  furnishing  fund,  amounting  to 
$4,000,  was  provided  by  a  committee  of 
ladies  through  a  popular  subscription.  The 
building  was  formally  opened  as  the  Perry 
^Memorial  Home,  May  5,  1900,  Bishop 
Glennon,  Rabbi  Meyer  and  Mayor  Reed 
taking  part  in  the  exercises.  It  is  a  massive 
stone  edifice  containing  on  the  lower  floor  a 
reception  parlor,  the  "Perry  Room,"  in 
honor  of  the  family  commemorated,  a  play 
room,  a  dining  room  and  a  kitchen ;  and  on 
the  second  floor  a  dormitory  with  one  hun- 
dred beds,  a  sick  room,  bath  rooms,  class 
rooms,  and  a  community  room  and  bed 
rooms  for  the  Sisters  in  charge.  The  build- 
ing connects  with  the  old  edifice,  now  used  as 
isolation  quarters  for  those  ill  with  con- 
tagious diseases.  The  home  will  accom- 
modate two  hundred  boys ;  the  number 
cared  for  September  i,  1900,  was  fifty. 

Kansas  City  Business  College.— 

One  of  four  commercial  schools,  incorporated 
in  1896,  with  a  capital  of  $25,000,  and  located 
at  St.  Joseph,  Atchison,  Lawrence  and  Kan- 
sas City,  respectively,  under  the  management 
of  Coonrad  &  Smith.  These  schools  have 
the  same  course  of  study,  use  the  same  text' 
books,  and  are  similar  in  all  respects.  They 
afford  instruction  in  all  branches  of  book- 
keeping and  the  use  of  business  forms,  short- 
hand, typewriting,  penmanship,  telegraphy, 
commercial  arithmetic,  commercial  law,  bus- 
iness correspondence,  civil  government,  etc. 
They  afford  instruction  also  in  an  English 
course,  and  have  evening  classes. 

Kansas  City  Club.— The   Kansas   City 
Club  was   organized    December  10,  1882,  at 


Kansas  City,  Missouri,  by  a  number  of  lead- 
ing citizens  of  that  place.  Its  membership 
includes  capitalists,  business  and  professional 
men,-  and  its  purposes  are  the  inauguration 
and  support  of  commercial  affairs  of  public 
importance,  and  the  encouragement  of  such 
public  movements  as  conduce  to  the  material 
welfare  of  the  city,  and  it  is  an  important 
factor  in  all  such  objects.  In  1888  the  club 
erected  at  the  corner  of  Twelfth  and 
Wyandotte  Streets  a  beautiful  brick  clUb 
house,  which  with  its  furnishings,  cost  aboiit 
$150,000.  It  has  been  the  scene  of  many 
notable  gatherings,  and  many  distinguished 
persons  from  various  countries,  as  well  as 
from  all  portions  of  the  United  States,  have 
been  entertained  there.  The  active  club 
membership  in  1900  was  about  four  hundred. 
A  large  non-resident  list  bears  the  names 
of  prominent  citizens  of  the  great  cities  of 
the  United  States,  of  London,  England,  and 
other  foreign  centres  of  trade. 

Kansas  City  Dental  College. — The 

Dental  Department  of  the  Kansas  City 
Medical  College  was  organized  in  1881,  with 
the  following  faculty,  all  residents  of  Kansas 
City,  except  those  otherwise  designated :  A. 
H.  Thompson,  professor  of  Operative  Den- 
tistry ;  W.  T.  Stark,  professor  of  Mechanical 
Dentistry;  J.  D.  Patterson  and  C.  L.  Hun- 
gerford,  assistants.  Operative  Dentistry;  L. 
C.  W^asson,  Ottawa,  Kansas,  and  A.  C. 
Schell,  assistants,  Mechanical  Dentistry;  C. 
B.  Hewitt,  E.  N.  LaVeine,  J.  H.  Stark,  and 
R.  I,  Pearson,  and  J.  B.  Boyd,  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,  demonstrators  of  Operative  Dentis- 
try; H,  S.  Thompson  and  W.  A.  Drowne, 
and  W.  H,  Buckley,  of  Liberty,  Missouri, 
demonstrators  of  Mechanical  Dentistry.  Dr. 
John  K.  Stark  was  first  dean  of  the  Faculty. 
Foremost  in  the  establishment  of  this  school 
was  Dr.  Pearson,  an  able  and  zealous  man, 
who  soon  retired  from  practice  to  conduct  a 
dental  depot.  In  1890  the  school  was  dis- 
associated from  the  Kansas  City  Medical 
College,  and  became  the  Kansas  City  Dental 
College.  In  the  nineteen  years  of  its  exist- 
ence, it  has  graduated  347  practitioners.  Dr. 
J.  D.  Patterson,  Dr.  A.  H.  Thompson,  Dr. 
W.  T.  Stark  and  Dr.  C.  L.  Hungerford  are 
the  only  founding  members  of  the  original 
dental  school  who  were  connected  with  the 
institution  in  1900. 


494 


KANSAS  CITY   DISTRICT   MEDICAL   SOCIETY. 


Kansas  City  District  Medical  So- 
ciety.—This  society  was  organized  in  1874. 
The  territory  from  which  its  membership  is 
derived  comprises  the  counties  of  Jackson, 
Clay,  Ray,  Cass,  Platte  and  Lafayette.  Dr. 
J.  M.  Allen  was  the  first  president,  and  Dr. 

E.  W.  Schauffler  was  the  first  secretary  and 
served  for  twenty-three  years.  The  member- 
ship in  1900  was  no;  meetings  are  held 
quarterly,  with  an  attendance  of  about  one- 
fourth  the  membership.  The  sole  object  is 
the  discussion  of  professional  topics. 

Kansas  City  Fire  Department. — 

See  "Fire  Department  of  Kansas  City." 

Kansas  City  Homeopathic  Medical 
College. — This  institution  was  founded  in 
1888  through  the  effort  of  Dr.  F.  F.  Casse- 
day,  Dr.  E.  F.  Brady  and  J.  C.  Wise,  the  last 
named  a  practical  business  man,  owner  of  the 
Homeopathic  Pharmacy.  Early  that  year 
Mr.  Wise  gave  a  banquet  at  his  home  in 
order  to  further  the  establishment  of  a  col- 
lege, and  his  guests  agreed  to  each  make  a 
contribution  of  $5  monthly  for  one  year,  or 
until  the  receipts  of  the  institution  should  be 
sufficient  to  meet  its  expenses.  The  contribu- 
tors were  F.  F.  Casseday,  A.  E.  Neumeister, 
W.  H.  Jenney,  W.  A.  Forster,  M.  Edgerton, 
T.  H.  Hudson,  J.  C.  Bennett,  J.  F.  Elliott,  E. 

F.  Brady,  J.  C.  Wise  and  J.  P.  Zwartz;  all 
were  homeopathic  physicians  except  the 
two  last  named,  of  whom  Zwartz  is  a  phar- 
macist in  St.  Louis.  Three  small  rooms  for 
lecture  purposes,  for  a  laboratory  and  for  a 
dissecting  room,  were  provided  in  the  Schutte 
Building  on  Grand  Avenue,  near  Twelfth 
Street,  where  the  college  was  maintained  dur- 
ing its  first  two  years.  The  project  was  more 
successful  than  anticipated,  and  it  was  found 
unnecessary  to  keep  up  the  stated  contribu- 
tions more  than  four  months,  and  no  con- 
tributor paid  more  than  $20.  This  full 
amount  was  paid  by  Dr.  Casseday,  Dr.  Neu- 
meister, Mr.  Wise  and  Dr.  Jenney;  the 
contributions  of  the  others  ranged  from  $15 
to  $5,  and  one  contributed  a  human  skull 
which  he  valued  at  $15,  which  was  credited 
to  him  as  cash.  The  total  amount  con- 
tributed was  $170;  the  number  of  contribu- 
tors was  twelve,  ten  of  whom  were  active 
practitioners,  among  them  Dr.  Peter  Died- 
erich,  who  became  a  member  of  the  faculty 
and  contributed  $10.     The  original  faculty 


comprised  ten  resident  physicians,  while 
twelve  others  occupied  positions  on  the  board 
of  trustees,  the  hospital  staff,  the  dispensary 
staff,  or  were  members  of  the  advisory 
board ;  but  two  resident  homeopathic  physi- 
cians held  aloof  from  the  enterprise.  Dr. 
Neumeister  and  Dr.  Edgerton  of  the  original 
faculty  alone  continue  to  serve  in  that  body; 
three  have  removed  from  the  city,  one  is  de- 
ceased, and  the  others  gradually  retired.  Of 
the  twelve  who  began  in  an  advisory  capacity, 
three  entered  the  faculty  afterward,  of  whom 
Dr.  Anderson  and  Dr.  Barber  are  yet  mem- 
bers ;  four  are  deceased,  four  have  removed 
from  the  city,  and  two  have  relinquished  affili- 
ation with  medical  colleges.  After  two  years' 
occupancy  of  the  Schutte  Building,  the  col- 
lege occupied  a  residence  building  at  421 
East  Sixth  Street  for  one  year.  The  fourth 
year,  in  conjunction  with  the  Kansas  City 
Homeopathic  Hospital,  it  occupied  the 
building  at  504-6  West  Seventh  Street.  Dur- 
ing a  part  of  the  fifth  year  it  occupied  the 
lower  floor  of  1618  Main  Street,  pending  the 
erection  of  the  college  edifice  at  1020  East 
Tenth  Street.  This  building  was  completed 
in  the  fall  of  1892,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,  and 
provides  a  permanent  home.  It  is  a  three- 
story  building,  containing  all  conveniences 
for  a  modern  medical  college,  including  an 
amphitheater  with  a  seating  capacity  for  100 
students;  it  was  constructed  with  a  view  to 
the  addition  of  two  more  stories,  which  will 
doubtless  be  built  within  a  year.  The  work 
of  building  was  carried  out  through  strict 
business  methods.  The  Homeopathic  Col- 
lege Building  Company  was  organized,  with 
S.  C.  Delap  as  president,  and  A.  E.  Neumeis- 
ter as  secretary.  Stock  to  the  amount  of 
$4,000  was  authorized,  and  this  was  provided 
by  ten  members  of  the  faculty,  and  with  it 
the  lot  was  purchased  and  building  was  be- 
gun. The  earnings  of  the  college,  with  a 
mortgage  loan  of  $3,500,  completed  the 
building  and  secured  all  necessary  furnishings 
for  a  modern  medical  college.  The  debt  has 
been  wholly  extinguished,  and  the  college 
has  adopted  the  unusual  plan  of  paying  in- 
structors a  salary,  resulting  in  a  smaller 
number  of  teachers  and  better  service.  Dur- 
ing the  first  year  fifteen  students  were 
matriculated  and  four  were  graduated.  The 
second  year  twenty-four  were  matriculated 
and  seven  were  graduated.  The  fourth  year 
the  course  was  extended  from  two  years  to* 


KANSAS   CITY  HOSPITAL  COLLEGE  OF   MEDICINE. 


495 


three  years,  and  thirty-four  students  were 
matriculated  and  six  were  graduated.  The 
course  of  instruction  was  then  extended  to 
four  years,  and  in  1899- 1900  seventy-six  stu- 
dents were  matriculated  and  nine  were  gradu- 
ated. The  total  number  of  graduates  is  118,  of 
whom  thirty-three  were  women,  the  college 
recognizing  the  principle  of  co-education 
from  the  beginning.  The  lecture  course  fee 
has  been  $50  per  term  during  the  existence 
of  the  college.  The  stability  and  usefulness 
of  the  school  is  attested  in  its  efficient  fac- 
ulty, honorable  alumni,  professional  prestige 
and  substantial  material  conditions. 

Kansas  City  Hospital  College  of 
]M[ediciiie. — This  institution  was  founded 
in  1882.  The  faculty  comprised  seven  allo- 
pathists,  Dr.  D.  E.  Dickerson,  dean;  Dr.  F. 
Cooley,  Dr.  S.  W.  Bowker,  Dr.  J.  Stark,  Dr. 
J.  W.  Coombs,  Dr.  M.  M.  Rowley  and  Dr. 
W.  H.  Kimberlin,  and  three  homeopathists, 
Dr.  J.  Thorne,  Dr.  H.  C.  Baker  and  Dr.  R. 
Arnold.  In  1884  Dr.  T.  S.  White,  an  eclectic 
practitioner,  was  added  to  the  faculty.  The 
primal  principle  upon  which  the  college  was 
established  was  opposition  to  that  portion 
of  the  v:ode  of  ethics  upheld  by  the  medical 
societies  of  the  old  school  which  forbade  reg- 
ular physicians  meeting  so-called  irregular 
physicians  in  consultation.  The  first  class 
graduated  from  the  college,  in  1883,  were 
refused  certificates  by  the  Missouri  State 
Board  of  Health,  and  the  college  selectedthe 
head  man  of  the  class,  E.  G.  Granville,  to 
bring  a  test  case  before  the  Supreme  .Court 
of  the  State.  The  court  issued  a  peremptory 
order  directing  the  board  of  health  to  issue 
the  certificate.  The  question  of  ethics  was 
exhaustively  discussed  among  the  medical 
profession,  and  in  1888  it  was  brought  before 
the  National  Medical  Association.  No 
specific  action  was  taken,  but  by  common 
consent  the  question  at  issue  was  laid  aside, 
and  the  right  of  regular  practitioners  to  con- 
sult with  graduates  of ,  any  medical  school 
was  tacitly  admitted.  This  was  the  attain- 
ment of  the  primal  purpose,  and  the  same 
year  the  college  was  abandoned,  and  the  ap- 
paratus, and  a  small  sum  of  money  in  the 
treasury,  were  distributed  among  the  sur- 
vivors of  the  enterprise.  While  it  existed 
the  college  graduated  fifty-three  physicians, 
of  whom  twelve  were  women. 


Kans.as  City  Illustrators.— While 

Kansas  City  is  usually  regarded  as  but  a 
commercial  and  industrial  center,  it  is  also  a 
field  of  activity  in  literature  and  the  fine  arts, 
although  but  in  the  intitial  stages.  It  is 
curious  and  instructive  to  consider  the  num- 
bers of  talented  illustrators  who  have  so- 
journed there,  and  who  have  gone  elsewhere 
to  enjoy  higher  fame.  Among  the  famous 
may  be  named  J.  Wells  Champney,  a  tempo- 
rary visitor,  who  began  there,  and  went  to 
the  East,  where  he  reaped  abundant  honors. 
Fred  Remington  was  a  resident  soon  after 
1880,  and  went  thence  to  the  first  successes 
of  his  pencil.  Jay  Hambridge,  now  an  illus- 
trator of  many  books  and  magazines,  taught 
himself  to  draw  while  a  reporter  on  the  Kan- 
sas City  "Times."  Charles  Howard  Johns- 
ton,^ the  founder  of  the  fortunes  of  "Truth," 
first  exercised  his  fertile  fancy  and  facile  pen 
there.  In  1887  Charles  M.  Sheldon;  then  a 
young  artist  twenty-two  years  of  age,  came 
from  Des  Moines  Iowa;  in  1889  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  in  1890  to  London,  England,  where 
he  was  installed  as  illustrator  of  the  Pall 
Mall  "Budget."  For  the  past  six  years  he 
has  been  chief  artist  of  "Black  and  White,'' 
doing  some  of  the  most  remarkable  assign- 
ments ever  given  to  a  young  artist,  including 
the  Czar's  coronation,  Bismarck's  funeral, 
Wilhelmina's  coronation,  the  war  in  the 
Soudan,  the  Jameson  raid  and  the  Spanish 
war  in  Cuba.  Charles  B.  Bigelow,  of  Chi- 
cago, worked  in  Kansas  City  as  a  pen  artist 
in  1888-9;  he  then  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
has  since  labored  as  water  color  painter  and 
periodical  illustrator.  Albert  Levering,  of 
St.  Paul,  passed  from  newspaper  work  on  the 
Kansas  City  "Journal"  to  leading  papers  in 
New  York.  Arthur  Crichton,  from  a  begin- 
ning on  Kansas  City  papers,  went  to  the  East 
and  became  an  illustrator  on  leading  dailies. 
George  R.  Barse,  son  of  a  local  cattle  dealer, 
first  achieved  knowledge,  then  success  and 
fame,  in  the  old  world,  and  his  pictures  have 
been  hung  in  the  salon  at  Paris.  Henry  O. 
Tanner,  educated  in  part  in  Kansas  City, 
Missouri,  son  of  a  colored  minister  and 
bishop  in  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  was  enabled 
by  the  overwhelming  force  of  his  genius  to 
triumph  over  the  obstacles  of  the  color  line ; 
he  graduated  from  the  Art  Students'  League, 
in  Philadelphia,  and.  the  Julien  Academie,  in 
Paris,  and  as  a  salon  prize  winner  has  come 


496 


KANSAS  CITY  LADIES'  COLLEGE— KANSAS  CITY,  LIMITS  OF. 


to  be  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  popular 
painters  of  the  day  in  that  city,  while  some 
of  his  pictures  have  been  purchased  by  the 
French  government.  T.  K.  Hanna,  Jr.,  son 
of  a  prominent  Kansas  City  merchant,  is 
a  favorite  illustrator  of  dainty  themes  in 
"Life,"  and  now  makes  his  home  in  New 
York.  H.  M.  Shearman,  son  of  a  famous 
sculptor,  resident  in  Rome,  for  years  adorned 
the  Kansas  City  press  with  strong  and  cor- 
rect drawings.  He  died  in  the  first  flush  of 
success,  lamented  by  a  large  circle  of  literary 
and  artistic  friends.  Arthur  E.  Jamison,  son 
of  a  Leavenworth  business  man,  began  as 
an  illustrator  on  Kansas  City  papers,  and  has 
been  on  the  staff  of  the  "New  York  Journal" 
since  the  second  week  of  its  publication.  S. 
R.  Peters,  the  brilliant  war  correspondent  of 
"Harper's  Weekly,"  was  a  resident  of  Kan- 
sas City  in  1888,  doing  his  first  sketching  for 
local  photo-engravers.  Many  more  have 
passed  from  local  apprenticeship  to  art  to 
its  practical  application  in  the  studios  and 
illustration  rooms  of  the  East,  while  others 
remain  with  local  engraving  establishments, 
whose  productions  are  among  the  most  artis- 
tic of  their  class  in  the  country. 

Kansas  CitylLadies'  College.— The 

Presbyterian  College  at  Independence,  Mis- 
souri, was  organized  under  the  name  of  the 
Independence  Female  College  June  28,  1871. 
The  following  trustees  were  elected :  Wil- 
liam Chrisman,  A.  Comingo,  George  P. 
Gates,  Charles  D.  Lucas,  George  W. 
Buchanan,  John  H.  Taylor,  William  McCoy, 
John  T.  Smith  and  John  McCoy.  At  a  meet- 
ing of  the  trustees  held  on  the  day  of  organi- 
zation, William  Chrisman  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  board,  George  W.  Buchanan  vice 
president,  W^illiam  McCoy  treasurer,  and 
Charles  D.  Lucas  secretary.  Soon  there- 
after Dr.  M.  M.  Fisher,  D.  D.,  of  Fulton, 
Missouri,  afterward  a  professor  in  the  Mis- 
souri State  University,  was  elected  president 
of  the  college  and  conducted  its  affairs  suc- 
cessfully for  one  year.  The  school  was 
managed  in  succeeding  years  by  various  pres- 
idents and  by  the  same  board  until  October 
23,  1884,  when  it  was  reorganized  under  the 
name  of  the  Kansas  City  Ladies'  College. 
The  property  of  the  old  corporation  was 
transferred  to  the  new,  and  the  school  was 
placed  under  the  care  of  the  Presbyterians 
of  the  North  and  South  churches  to  which 


Independence  belonged.  A  new  board  of 
trustees  was  elected,  composed  of  Rev.  C.  L. 
Thompson,  Rev.  Timothy  Hill,  George  P. 
Gates,  William  Chrisman,  S.  B.  Armour,  T. 
K.  Hanna,  J.  N.  Southern,  D.  S.  SchafT,  L. 
K.  Thatcher,  Howard  M.  Holden  and  F.  L. 
Underwood.  Under  the  management  of  this 
board  and  its  successors  the  college  was  con- 
ducted until  1897,  when  it  was  placed  under 
the  control  of  Dr.  George  F.  Ayres,  D.  D., 
Ph.  D.,  an  instructor  of  strong  ability.  His 
health  failed  in  the  middle  of  a  session  two 
years  later,  and  the  school  became  disorgan- 
ized after  a  career  of  twenty-five  years,  in 
which  time  hundreds  of  young  women  had 
been  educated  within  its  halls,  and  active 
work  was  suspended.  It  is  still  hoped  by  the. 
promoters  of  the  worthy  enterprise,  and  by 
the  Presbyterian  people  who  have  partici- 
pated in  it,  that  the  school  may  be  able  to 
resume  work  at  the  beginning  of  the  next 
scholastic  year.  A  large  investment  has  been 
made  in  grounds  and  buildings  by  the  people 
of  Independence,  and  the  school  property  as 
it  now  stands  has  an  estimated  value  of 
$25,000. 

Kansas  City,  Limits  of. — Kansas 
City  has  grown  to  its  present  size  by  accre- 
tions to  the  old  town  on  the  west,  south  and 
east,  and  by  deposits  on  the  north  in  the 
West  Bottoms.  The  boundary  of  the  old 
town  of  Kansas  was  the  Missouri  River  on 
the  north,  Troost  Avenue  on  the  east.  Inde- 
pendence Avenue  and  Fifth  Street  on  the 
south  and  Broadway  on  the  west.  This  was 
fractional  Section  32,  Township  50,  Range 
33,  bought  by  Gabriel  Prudhomme  in  183 1. 
When  the  city  of  Kansas  was  chartered  in 
1853  two  strips  of  land  were  added,  viz.: 
I.  A  strip  one-fourth  mile  wide,  west  of 
Broadway,  lying  between  the  middle  of  the 
main  channel  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Ninth 
Street ;  and,  2,  another  strip  lying  be- 
tween Independence  Avenue  and  Fifth  Street 
on  the  north,  the  alley  east  of  Holmes  Street 
— east  of  the  new  Auditorium — on  the  east, 
Ninth  Street  on  the  south  and  Broadway  on 
the  west.  These  strips  consisted  largely  of 
bluffs  and  ravines,  and  were  not  platted  for 
some  years.  In  1857  the  city  limits  were 
extended  so  as  to  embrace  (i)  a  strip  ex- 
tending from  the  river  to  Twelfth  Street,  and 
from  Summit  Street  extended  to  the  State 
line,  and  (2)  a  strip  lying  between  Ninth  and 


KANSAS  CITY  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 


497 


Twelfth  Streets,  and  extending  from  Summit 
Street  east  to  the  alley  east  of  McGee  Street, 
Two  years  after  this,  additions  were  made  on 
the  south  and  on  the  east.  The  territory 
lying  between  Twelfth  and  Twentieth  Streets, 
the  State  line  and  Troost  Avenue,  was  added 
on  the  south,  and  an  irregular  strip  lying 
west  of  Lydia  Avenue,  between  Twelfth 
Street  and  the  river,  and  having  for  its  west- 
ern boundary  Troost  Avenue  to  Independ- 
ence Avenue,  the  alley  east  of  Holmes  Street 
to  Ninth  Street,  and  the  alley  east  of  McGee 
Street  from  Ninth  Street  to  Twelfth  Street. 
In  1875  two  more  strips  of  land  were  placed 
within  the  city's  limits  by  legislative  act. 
These .  consisted  of  territory  on  the  south 
lying  between  Twentieth  and  Twenty-third 
Streets,  the  State  line  and  Woodland  Avenue, 
and  on  the  east  the  land  between  the  Missouri 
River  and  Twentieth  Street  and  Lydia  Ave- 
nue to  Twelfth  and  Troost  Avenue  to  Twen- 
tieth Street.  Ten  years  later  the  free-holders 
again  extended  the  limits,  this  time  adding 
the  territory  north  of  Thirty-first  Street  and 
west  of  Cleveland  Avenue.  Again  in  1897 
the  free-holders  added  two  large  sections  of 
territory  to  the  city,  one  on  the  south  and  the 
other  on  the  east.  The  southern  section  in- 
cludes Westport  and  lies  between  Thirty- 
first  and  Forty-ninth  Streets  generally.  The 
present  boundary  leaves  the  State  line  180 
feet  south  of  Forty-third  Street  and  runs  east 
as  far  as  Mercier  Street,  thence  south  to 
Forty-seventh  Street,  thence  east  to  Broad- 
way, thence  south  to  Forty-ninth  Street,  east 
to  Prospect,  north  to  Thirty-fifth  Street,  east 
to  Indiana  Street,  and  thence  north  to  Thirty- 
first  Street,  180  feet  beyond  the  southern 
limits  of  1885,  the  limits  extending  generally 
180  feet  south  or  east  of  the  streets  named. 
The  eastern  section  lies  east  of  Cleveland  Av- 
enue, beginning  at  Twenty-seventh  Street,  and 
continuing  east  to  Hardesty  Street,  thence 
north  to  Eighteenth  Street,  and  then  east  be- 
yond the  Big  Blue  River  into  Range  32,  to  a 
line  drawn  north  and  south  from  the  middle 
of  the  main  channel  of  the  Missouri  River 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Blue  River.  The 
northern  boundary  of  this  new  section  is  a 
line  drawn  due  west  from  the  last  mentioned 
point  to  Cleveland  Avenue.  From  Cleveland 
Avenue  to  the  State  line,  the  middle  of  the 
main  channel  of  the  Missouri  River  is  the 
north  boundary  of  the  city. 

Vol.  Ill— 32 


Kansas  City  Medical  College.— The 

history  of  medical  colleges  in  Kansas  City 
begins  with  the  summer  of  1869,  when  Dr. 
S.  S.  Todd,  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor  and  Dr.  F. 
Cooley,  after,  repeated  conferences  with 
friends,  procured  a  charter  for  the  Kansas 
City  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
The  faculty  was  composed  of  Dr.  S.  S.  Todd, 
president  and  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
diseases  of  women;  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy;  Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler, 
professor  of  physiology;  Dr.  Joseph  Chew, 
professor  of  practice  of  medicine ;  Dr.  W.  C. 
Evens,  professor. of  materia  medica  and  dis- 
eases of  children ;  Dr.  F.  Cooley,  professor  of 
surgery;  Dr.  D.  R.  Porter,  demonstrator  of 
anatomy,  and  Dr.  C.  Hixon,  professor  of  eye, 
ear,  nose  and  throat  diseases.  Almost  simul- 
taneously, other  members  of  the  profession 
secured  a  charter  for  the  Kansas  City  Medical 
College.  The  leading  spirit  in  the  movement 
was  Dr.  A.  P.  Lankford,  a  young  and  ener- 
getic surgeon,  aided  by  the  well  known  sur- 
geon Dr.  J.  M.  Wood.  The  faculty  consisted 
of  Dr.  J.  M.  Woo^,  professor  of  surgery; 
Dr.  A.  P.  Lankford,  professor  of  anatomy 
and  adjunct  professor  of  surgery;  Dr.  A.  L. 
Chapman,  professor  of  physiology;  Dr.  A. 
B.  Sloan,  professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases 
of  children;  Dr.  T.  B.  Lester,  professor  of 
physical  diagnosis  and  diseases  of  the  chest ; 
Dr.  J.  G.  Russell,  professor  of  practice  of 
medicine;  Dr.  John  M.  Forest,  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women;  Dr.  I.  B. 
Woodson  and  Dr.  C.  Jackson,  demonstrators 
of  anatomy,  and  J.  V.  C.  Karnes,  lecturer  on 
medical  jurisprudence.  From  these  events 
dates  the  founding  of  the  first  medical  college 
west  of  St.  Louis,  the  claim  for  priority  rest- 
ing with  the  Kansas  City  Medical  College,, 
which  opened  in  October,  1869,  while  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  did  not 
open  until  December  following,  and  only  for 
a  preliminary  session.  They  were  separately 
maintained  until  the  fall  of  1870,  when  after* 
repeated  conferences  between  the  two  facul- 
ties it  was  decided  that  all  should  resign 
their  positions  and  elect  a  single  faculty  from 
among  their  number.  The  name  chosen  for 
the  new  body  was  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  the  following  faculty  was 
elected:  Dr.  S.  S.  Todd,  president  and  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women; 
Dr.  J.  M.  Wood,  emeritus  professor  of  sur- 


498 


KANSAS  CITY   MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 


gery;  Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler,  secretary  and 
professor  of  physiology ;  Dr.  A.  P.  Lankford, 
professor  of  surgery;  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy;  Dr.  T.  B.  i^ester,  pro- 
fessor  of  practice  of  medicine;  Dr.  D.  R. 
Porter,  professor  of  diseases  of  skin  and 
venereal  diseases ;  Dr.  D.  E.  Dickerson,  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica ;  Dr.  T.  J.  Eaton, 
professor  of  chemistry;  Dr.  W.  C.  Evens, 
professor  of  diseases  of  children;  Dr.  I.  B. 
Woodson,  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  with  Dr. 
S.  C.  Price  as  assistant.  The  attendance  the 
first  year  was  seventeen,  and  the  graduates 
were  two.  Some  of  those  omitted  in  the  con- 
solidation of  the  two  colleges,  with  others, 
then  organized  the  Kansas  City  Hospital 
Medical  College,  with  the  following  faculty: 
Dr.  Franklin  Cooley,  professor  of  surgery ; 
Dr.  Joseph  Chew,  professor  of  practice  of 
medicine;  Dr.  J.  O.  Day,  professor  of  anat- 
omy and  physiology ;  Dr.  E.  Dunscomb,  pro- 
fessor of  skin  and  venereal  diseases;  Dr.  J. 
C.  Richards,  professor  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women ;  Dr.  G.  E.  Haydon,  professor 
of  chemistry,  and  Dr.  A.  L.  Chapman,  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  mind  and  nervous  sys- 
tem. This  school,  which  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  that  organized  under  the  same 
name  some  years  later,  was  not  destined  to 
long  exist  or  to  exert  any  marked  influence. 
Disagreements  rended  the  faculty,  and  near 
the  end  of  the  second  session  all  students 
were  graduated  who  could  pass  the  examina- 
tion and  the  school  was  permanently  closed. 
Early  in  1871  Dr.  Lankford  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  Missouri  Medical 
College,  St.  Louis,  and  was  succeeded  in  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Taylor.  Dr.  Tay- 
lor was  succeeded  in  the  chair  of  anatomy  by 
Dr.  George  Halley,  and  at  the  same  time 
the  chair  of  general  pathology  and  nervous 
system  was  created,  to  which  was  elected  Dr. 
J.  L.  Teed.  In  1872  Dr.  J.  D.  Griffith  became 
professor  of  physiology,  and  Dr.  E.  W. 
Schauffler  was  given  diseases  of  the  nose, 
throat  and  chest.  In  the  succeeding  years 
were  added  to  the  faculty  Dr.  B.  E.  Fryer, 
lecturer  on  opthalmology  and  otology,  and 
Dr.  W.  C.  Tyree.  demonstrator  of  anatomy. 
In  1879  occurred  the  death  of  Dr.  E.  B.  Tay- 
lor, whose  vacant  chair  of  surgery  was  tern- 
porarilv  occupied  bv  Dr.  George  Halley  and 
Dr.  F.'M.  Johnson.'  In  1880,  Dr.  W.  S.  Tre- 
main,  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  was  elected  to  the 


chair  of  surgery.  The  same  year,  in  order  to 
more  closely  identify  the  school  with  the  rap- 
idly growing  city  which  was  its  home,  the 
faculty  procured  i  new  charter,  ana  it  was 
thereafter  known  as  the  Kansas  City  Medical 
College.  In  1881  Dr.  H.  P.  Loring  became 
professor  of  physiology ;  Dr.  George  Halley, 
professor  of  Surgery;  Dr.  J.  D.  Griffith,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy;  Dr.  J.  Block,  professor 
of  physiology;  Dr.  T.  B.  Lester  and  Dr. 
Joseph  Sharp,  demonstrators  of  anatomy; 
Dr.  J.  H.  Van  Eman,  lecturer  on  clinical 
medicine;  Dr.  F.  M.  Johnson,  professor  of 
diseases  of  children,  and  Dr.  W.  C.  Tyree, 
adjunct  professor  of  opthalmology.  In  1882 
Dr.  J.  H.  Thompson  was  elected  professor 
of  materia  medica.  In  1883  Dr.  L.  W.  Lus- 
cher  was  elected  professor  of  chemistry,  and 
Dr.  J.  A.  Lane,  lecturer  on  histology.  In  1885 
Dr.  T.  J.  Beattie  and  Dr.  J.  M.  Schindell 
became  demonstrators  of  anatomy.  In  1886 
Dr.  W.  C.  Tyree  became  professor  of  op- 
thalmology, succeeding  Dr.  B.  E.  Fryer,  who 
as  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army,  was 
assigned  to  a  distant  post ;  Dr.  J.  Sharp  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  materia  medica,  and 
Dr.  Theodore  S.  Case  became  professor  of 
chemistry  and  hygiene.  In  1888  Dr.  B.  E. 
Fryer  having  been  retired  from  the  army,  was 
given  the  special  chair  of  laryngology,  otol- 
ogy and  opthalmology ;  Dr.  J.  W.  Perkins 
was  associated  with  Dr.  T.  J.  Beattie  as 
demonstrator  of  anatomy ;  Dr.  A.  L.  Fulton 
became  professor  of  anatomy,  and  Dr.  J,  B. 
Griffith  was  associated  with  Dr.  George  Hal- 
ley in  the  chair  of  surgery.  In  1887  occurred 
the  death  of  Dr.  T.  B.  Lester,  and  the  tasks 
which  he  laid  down  were  shared  by  Dr.  D.  R. 
Porter  and  Dr.  E.  W.  Schauffler.  In  1890 
the  following  assignments  were  made :  Dr.  J. 
W.  Perkins,  lecturer  on  minor  surgery;  Dr. 
H,  O.  Flanawalt.  lecturer  on  diseases  of 
children;  Dr.  S.  G.  Burnett,  clinical  lecturer 
on  diseases  of  the  nervous  system ;  Dr.  J.  F. 
Binnie,  professor  of  surgical  pathology;  Dr. 
J.  W.  Perkins,  professor  of  principles  and 
practice  of  surgery  and  clinical  surgery,  and 
Dr.  A.  L.  Fulton,  professor  of  anatomy  and 
clinical  surgery.  In  1891  a  new  charter  was 
obtained  and  a  complete  reorganization  of  the 
college  was  effected.  Until  this  time  the  col- 
lege had  been  conducted  as  an  educational 
and  beneficiary  institution.  Under  the  new 
charter,  granted  under  the  general  law  gov- 
erning stock  companies  it  was  classed  among 


KANSAS   CITY  PROVIDENT  ASSOCIATION. 


499 


such  as  at  present  conducted.  In  1893  Dr. 
Emory  Lanphear  was  elected  professor  of  op- 
erative and  clinical  surgery ;  Dr.  R.  T.  Sloan, 
lecturer  on  physiology;  Dr.  A.  H.  Cordier, 
lecturer  on  abdominal  surgery,  and  Dr.  G.  C. 
Mosher,  professor  of  obstetrics.  In  1894 
were  elected  Dr.  Herman  E.  Pearce  as  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy;  Dr.  Joseph  B.  Connell, 
as  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  and  hy- 
giene; Dr.  J.  H.  Van  Eman,  as  professor  of 
diseases  of  women,  and  Dr.  Franklin  E.  Mur- 
phy, as  secretary  and  lecturer  on  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics.  In  1898  Dr.  R.  T. 
Sloan  was  made  professor  of  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine,  also  retaining  the  chau- 
of  physiology.  In  1899  Dr.  Robert  E.  Schauf- 
fler  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy. 

During  its  existence  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  occupied  rented  prem- 
ises. When  it  became  the  Kansas  City  Medi- 
cal College,  the  building  now  in  use  was 
erected  at  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Sev- 
enth Streets.  The  edifice  is  of  brick,  three 
stories  high  and  has  three  open  sides,  afford- 
ing ample  light  and  ventilation.  It  contains 
all  necessary  apartments,  and  the  appur- 
tenances are  complete.  A  large  portion  of 
the  first  floor  is  given  to  the  free  dispensary, 
which  is  open  daily  throughout  the  year.  The 
requirements  for  admission  to  the  college  are 
those  prescribed  by  the  American  College 
Association,  of  which  the  Kansas  City  Medi- 
cal College  is  an  original  member.  A  number 
of  prizes  are  annually  awarded  to  students 
who  excel  in  the  general  course  and  in  special 
lines.  The  internes  at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital 
are  appointed  from  this  college,  and  students 
have  opportunity  to  compete  for  the  positions 
of  resident  physician  at  St.  Margaret's  Hos- 
pital and  the  German  Hospital,  and  for  po- 
sitions in  the  City  Hospital  and  in  the  City 
Dispensary.  Since  the  founding  of  the  parent 
college  600  students  have  been  graduated, 
and  in  1900  there  were  136  matriculants. 

Gkorge  Hali^ey. 

Kansas  City,  Municipal  Govern- 
ment of.— See  "City  of  Kansas,  Early  Mu- 
nicipal Government  of"  and  "Municipal  Gov- 
ernment of  Kansas  City." 

Kansas  City  Provident  Associa- 
tion,—A  non-sectarian  association  whose 
purpose  is  to  help  the  helpless  destitute 
promptly  and  economically,  sustaining  their 


self-respect  if  possible;  to  provide  work  for 
the  able-bodied,  and  to  discourage  the  pro- 
fessional tramp  and  beggar.  It  is  sustained 
by  voluntary  contributions;  Jackson  County 
annually  contributes  from  $250  to  $500,  and 
Kansas  City  from  $1,400  to  $2,000.  A  stone 
yard,  wood  yard  and  laundry  are  maintained, 
affording  employment  to  many  people  in  the 
course  of  the  year.  Only  the  necessaries  of 
life  are  given  in  direct  relief  and  in  return  for 
work,  the  provisions  being  issued  from  the 
association  store  in  the  Charity  building.  Meal 
and  lodging  tickets  are  issued  to  worthy 
transients  applying  too  late  in  the  day  to  be 
given  work.  A  bureau  of  information  is  con- 
stantly open  to  any  citizen  or  society  wishing 
to  dispense  charity  or  to  recommend  aid.  The 
conduct  of  the  association  is  committed  to  a 
board  of  directors  consisting  of  twenty  mem- 
bers, representing  all  the  leading  industries 
and  the  professions,  and  all  shades  of  religi- 
ous belief.  All  except  the  superintendent 
serve  without  salaries,  and  one  of  their  num- 
ber, A.  R.  Meyer,  has  for  many  years 
afforded  the  use  of  a  building  for  office  and 
store-rooms  purposes.  In  1900  the  officers 
were:  E.  W.  Schauffler,  president;  C.  J. 
Schmelzer,  vice  president;  Luther  T.  James, 
treasurer ;  N.  W.  Casey,  secretary ;  George 
F.  Damon,  superintendent ;  A.  R.  Meyer,  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Dalton,  Langston  Bacon,  M.  D. 
Scruggs,  George  T.  Stockham,  H.  S.  Boice, 
R.  W.  Jones,  Jr.,  Rev.  Cameron  Mann,  C.  D. 
Parker,  George  A.  Barton,  J.  J.  SwofTord,  A. 
D.  Rider,  S.  M.  Neel,  Rabbi  H.  H.  Mayer, 
Walter  C.  Root  and  the  mayor  (ex  officio), 
directors.  The  association  dates  from  No- 
vember 22,  1880,  when  sixteen  leading  citi- 
zens met  to  devise  means  to  alleviate 
suffering  and  distress,  and  to  discourage  pro- 
fessional beggary.  Two  weeks  later  the 
Kansas  City  Provident  Association  was  in- 
corporated, and  the  following  officers  were 
elected :  Theodore  S.  Case,  president ;  George 
H.  Nettleton,  vice  president;  W.  P.  AUcutt. 
treasurer;  C.  S.  Wheeler,  secretary,  and  F. 
M.  Furgason,  superintendent.  The  first  year 
569  families,  numbering  2,132  persons,  were 
assisted  with  money  amounting  to  $3,550-57. 
and  with  quantities  of  clothing.  In  1881 
$5,000  were  secured  for  the  relief  of  flood 
sufferers,  and  $2,500  remained  after  the 
emergency  had  passed.  For  many  years  past 
the  relief  disbursements  have  been  about 
$20,000  annually.    For  the  year  ending  Oc- 


500 


KANSAS  CITY  PUBLIC   LIBRARY. 


tober  31,  1899,  the  disbursements  amounted 
to  $13,147.15;  the  number  of  individuals  as- 
sisted, including  children,  was  5,659;  and 
743  different  persons  were  provided  with 
labor,  covering  7,186  days. 

Kansas  City  Public  Library.— The 

first  official  action  for  the  purpose  of  estab- 
lishing a  public  library  in  Kansas  City  was 
taken  in  November,  1873,  when  the  board  of 
education,  comprising  the  following  gentle- 
men: Major  Henry  A.  White,  president; 
James  Craig,  secretary;  J,  V.  C.  Karnes, 
treasurer;  C.  A.  Chase,  T.  K.  Hanna  and 
Henry  R.  Seeger,  made  arrangements  for  a 
course  of  six  popular  lectures  in  order  to 
raise  a  fund  for  the  purchase  of  books.  The 
following  resolutions  were  offered  by  Mr.  J. 
V.  C.  Karnes  and  adopted : 

"Resolved,  That  there  be  established  in  con- 
nection with  our  schools  a  library  for  the  use 
of  the  ofificers,  teachers  and  scholars  of  the 
public  schools  of  this  district,  to  be  known  as 
the  Public  Library  of  Kansas  City. 

"Resolved,  That  an  annual  appropriation 
be  made,  of  such  sums  as  the  board  of  educa- 
tion may  deem  expedient,  to  be  used  exclus- 
ively as  a  library  fund,  and  that  all  money 
received  from  any  other  source  in  aid  of  the 
library  be  added  thereto,  and  that  the  treas- 
urer be  required  to  keep  a  separate  account 
with  such  library  fund,  and  that  all  orders 
drawn  upon  said  fund  designate  that  they 
were  given  for  such  library  purposes. 

"Resolved.That  there  be  a  standing  commit- 
tee on  the  library  who  shall  be  charged  with 
the  management  and  control  thereof,  subject 
to  the  supervision  of  this  board." 

A  book  case,  which  is  now  used  in  the 
children's  room  for  reference  books,  was 
bought  from  Colonel  W.  E.  Sheffield  and 
placed  in  a  room  in  the  old  high  school  build- 
ing at  Eleventh  and  Locust  Streets.  In  this 
case  was  placed  the  nucleus  of  the  present 
Free  Public  Library,  the  result  of  the  lec- 
tures, which  netted  about  $100.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1874,  the  board  of  education  room  was 
removed  to  Eighth  and  Main  Streets,  in  the 
Sage  building.  But  little  was  accomplished 
until  early  in  1876,  when  a  new.  impetus  was 
given  to  the  project.  A  Ladies'  Centennial 
Association  was  organized  in  1875  to  repre- 
sent Kansas  City  at  Philadelphia.  By  some 
means  the  enterprise  was  abandoned,  and  the 
centennial    fund,  amounting    to    $490,  after 


some  litigation,  was  given  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Public  Library. 

.  In  May  1876,  President  Karnes  made  a 
financial  statement  which  was  approved  by 
the  board.  The  report  showed  a  balance  of 
$129,  with  outstanding  orders  for  books  to 
cost  about  $100,  and  the  subscription  list  of 
periodicals  billed  at  $39.60.  President  Karnes 
said  the  fund  would  be  exhausted,  but  the 
library  was  on  a  firm  basis  and  was  ready  for 
use.  He  recommended  the  adoption  of  suit- 
able rules  and  regulations  governing  the 
management  of  it.  President  Karnes  was  also 
the  means  of  procuring  gratuitously  the  daily 
papers,  conditional  that  they  should  be  bound 
at  the  end  of  the  year.  General  rules  govern- 
ing the  management  of  the  library  were 
drawn  up  and  adopted.  Among  others : 

"The  board  of  education  of  the  City  of  Kan- 
sas shall  constitute  a  board  of  managers  who 
shall  have  general  charge  of  the  library;  ap- 
point a  suitable  person  to  act  as  librarian, 
and  also  an  assistant  librarian.  The  librarian 
shall  at  the  annual  organization  of  the  board 
of  education  make  a  report  to  the  board 
respecting  the  number  of  volumes  and  their 
condition. 

"The  librarian  shall  be  responsible  to  the 
board  of  education  for  all  matters  connected 
with  the  library,  and  upon  accepting  the  office 
he  shall  give  the  secretary  of  the  board  a  re- 
ceipt containing  the  number  and  condition  of 
the  volumes  in  the  library,  and  upon  sur- 
rendering his  trust  he  shall  give  a  satisfactory 
account  of  the  volumes  intrusted  to  him.  If 
new  books  are  added,  he  shall  give  an  ad- 
ditional receipt  containing  the  number  and 
condition  of  the  same.  For  their  services  the 
librarian  and  his  assistant  shall  receive  such 
compensation  as  the  board  may  decide  to  be 
sufficient.  The  librarian  shall  keep  an  ac- 
count of  all  moneys  received  by  him,  and  re- 
port quarterly  the  same  to  the  board  of 
education." 

Books  were  carefully  selected  as  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  people,  and  the  best  ma- 
terial^ on  subjects  representing  the  trend  of 
thought  were  purchased.  This  feasible  plan 
of  buying  books  has  been  the  policy  adhered 
to  by  the  library  ever  since. 

Several  book  cases  were  placed  in  the  office 
of  the  board,  and  Mr.  James  Craig,  agent  of 
the  board  of  education,  and  Superintendent 
Greenwood,  served  in  turn  in  caring  for  the 
books.    Many  books  were  given  by  public- 


KANSAS  CITY   PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


501 


spirited  citizens  and  thus  the  growth  of  the 
library  was  assured. 

In  August,  1880,  Mr.  W.  E.  Benson  was  ap- 
pointed business  agent  to  fill  the  vacancy 
made  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  James  Craig. 
The  supervision  of  the  library  was  divided  as 
before  between  Mr.  W.  E.  Benson  and  Super- 
intendent Greenwood. 

In  November,  1879,  President  Karnes  of- 
fered the  following  resolutions: 

"Whereas,  There  exists 'a  necessity  for  a 
reading  room  and  library  in  the  city,  and 

"Whereas,  The  rooms  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, and  the  Public  School  Library  there 
situated,  oflfer  the  best  accommodations  that 
can  be  afforded  at  present ;  therefore,  be  it 

"Resolved,  That  said  rooms,  lighted  and 
warmed  with  the  literary,  be  tendered  to  the 
public  as  a  reading  room  from  December  i 
to  April  i,*to  be  kept  open  for  such  purposes 
from  7  p.  m.  to  10  p.  m.  of  each  day,  Sunday 
excepted." 

These  resolutions  were  followed  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  Mrs.  Carrie  Westlake  Whitney 
as  librarian. 

In  his  annual  report  for  1881,  President 
Karnes  makes  a  clear  statement  of  library 
matters.  He  says:  "We  are  pleased  to  an- 
nounce that  during  the  year  there  have  been 
many  valuable  accessions  made  to  the  library, 
and  that  it  steadily  grows  in  public  favor. 
This  important  auxiliary  to  our  school  sys- 
tem has  so  far  been  supported  entirely  from 
private  sources.  The  effort  was  made  last 
winter  to  have  the  law  so  amended  as  to  allow 
a  liberal  appropriation  for  this  purpose,  but, 
strange  to  say,  the  measure  failed.  Since  then 
an  appeal  has  been  made  to  our  liberal  people 
for  the  donation  of  money  and  books,  and  in 
this  way  several  thousand  volumes  will  be 
added  to  the  library.  The  importance  of  this 
enterprise  can  not  be  overestimated.  Our 
city  is  rapidly  assuming  metropolitan  pro- 
portions. We  need  a  circulating  library,  with 
reading  room,  art  galleries  and  the  like — a 
fountain  of  intelligence  and  refinement,  whose 
pure  waters  shall  flow  into  the  palace  of  the 
rich  and  the  cottage  of  the  poor,  bringing 
health,  prosperity  and  happiness.  It  can  be 
relied  upon  that  this  library  is  permanent, 
and  much  may  be  expected  from  it." 

In  the  first  annual  report  submitted  by  the 
librarian,  in  1881,  the  following  Interesting 
facts  are  given: 

"On  the  i6th  of  March,  1881, 1  entered  upon 


the  duties  of  librarian  and  such  other  clerical 
work  in  connection  with  my  position  as  the 
superintendent  of  schools  and  the  agent  of 
the  board  of  education  have  referred  to  me. 

"There  are  over  a  thousand  volumes  cata- 
logued, and  on  the  shelves  of  the  library, 
exclusive  of  miscellaneous  reports,  official 
documents,  periodicals,  magazines,  etc.,  mak- 
ing a  total  collection  of  nearly  2,000  volumes, 
many  of  which  are  works  of  merit. 

"The  amount  of  subscriptions  received  dur- 
ing the  year  closing  June  30,  1881,  was 
$201.35,  and  the  balance  now  on  hand  is 
$46.44.  I  have  all  the  vouchers  for  expendi- 
tures, subject  to  inspection  at  your  pleasure. 

"As  nearly  as  I  can  estimate,  700  volumes 
were  added  to  the  library  this  year  by  pur- 
chase and  donation. 

"Since  February  i,  1881,  1,483  books  have 
been  drawn  from  the  library  by  regular  sub- 
scribers— an  average  of  ten  books  to  each 
subscriber  in  five  months. 

"One  of  the  special  needs  of  the  library  is 
a  commodious  reading  room,  furnished  with 
tables  and  seats.  A  reading  room  should  be 
quiet,  pleasant  and  attractive.  The  consulta- 
tion of  books  and  papers  is  as  much  the  func- 
tion of  a  library  as  the  circulation  of  books. 
The  library  is  an  educational  center  for  the 
special  as  well  as  for  the  general  reader." 

In  the  report  of  1882,  President  R.  L. 
"Yeager  made  an  appeal  to  the  citizens  to  in- 
terest themselves  in  the  library  and  endeavor 
in  every  way  to  build  a  substantial  library 
on  the  foundation  which  had  been  laid  with 
so  much  care.  Judging  from  the  growth  as 
shown  in  the  reports  of  the  librarian  the  ap- 
peal was  not  without  effect. 

In  order  to  secure  a  certain  sum  to  meet 
the  expenditure  necessary  to  maintain  the 
library  and  allow  for  a  continual  growth,  the 
board  in  1883  became  instrumental  in  having 
the  school  laws  amended,  authorizing  cities 
of  20,000  and  under  100,000  inhabitants  to 
appropriate  a  sum  not  exceeding  $2,500  an- 
nually for  the  maintenance  of  the  library. 

In  1884  the  necessity  of  more  spacious 
rooms  became  such  a  reality  that  a  removal 
was  decided  upon,  and  the  entire  second  floor 
of  the  building  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Eighth  and  Walnut  Streets  was  secured.  The 
library  was  closed  during  the  month  of  June, 
when  the  offices  of  the  board  of  education 
and  the  library  were  removed  to  new  quar- 
ters, roomy,  better  lighted  and  more  attract- 


502 


KANSAS  CITY  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


ive  in  every  way.  Formerly,  bound  periodicals 
were  allowed  to  circulate,  but  with  the  growth 
of  the  library  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  keep 
the  magazines  in  the  library  to  be  used  as 
general  reference  books. 

In  the  fall  of  1884  the  board  carried  the 
motion  made  by  Mr.  Gardiner  Lathrop  to 
have  the  library  open  from  7  to  10  in  the 
evening,  except  on  Sunday,  when  it  should 
be  open  from  9  to  11  in  the  morning.  Mr. 
Benson  acted  as  librarian  during  these  hours. 
In  the  following  spring  it  was  decided  to 
close  the  evening  and  Sunday  openings  for 
the  summer  months,  June,  July  and  August ; 
otherwise  to  be  opened  from  8  a.  m.  to  10  p. 
m.  At  a  board  meeting  in  November,  1885, 
the  librarian  placed  before  the  board  a  re- 
quest suggesting  giving  tickets  to  pupils  for 
six  months  at  one-half  of  the  annual  sub- 
scription rate. 

During  the  summer  of  1887  the  library 
was  closed  for  five  months  for  the  purpose 
of  making  a  new  and  complete  catalogue. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  board  of  education  the 
question  of  the  erection  of  a  library  building 
was  taken  up  and  considered,  and  March  5, 
1888,  the  following  opinion  of  Gage,  Ladd  & 
Small,  attorneys  for  the  board,  relative  to  the 
erection  of  a  library  building  or  the  issuing 
of  bonds  therefor,  was  submitted  by  Presi- 
dent Yeager  and  ordered  spread  upon  the^ 
records : 

"Kansas  City,  Mo.,  March  5,  1888. 
*' Honorable  R.   L.    Yeager,   President  of  the 

Board  of  Education  : 

"Dear  Sir:  The  board  of  directors  of  the 
school  district  of  the  City  of  Kansas  has, 
through  you,  asked  our  opinion  as  to  the 
power  of  the  district  to  issue  bonds  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  a  library  building.  The 
proposition  having  been  first  submitted  to  the 
voters  of  the  district  at  an  election,  and  their 
sanction  having  been  first  obtained,  our  im- 
pression was  against  the  existence  of  such  a 
power,  and  further  reflection  and  a  somewhat 
careful  examination  of  the  school  laws  of  the 
State  have  confirmed  us  in  this  view. 

"It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  school  dis- 
trict's belong  to  a  class  known  as  quasi  cor- 
poration— a  class  for  which  the  doctrines  of 
implication  in  the  construction  of  its  powers 
will  do  less  for  than  any  other  species  of 
corporation  known  to  the  law. 

"For  two  purposes  only  have  school  dis- 


tricts such  as  this  power  to  issue  bonds.  One 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  schoolhouses, 
and  is  provided  for  in  sections  7,032  and  7,033 
of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1879.  This  can  only 
be  done  after  a  vote  of  the  people  has  been 
taken  in  the  manner  provided  for  in  those 
sections. 

"For  one  other  purpose  only  can  bonds  be 
issued.  Under  section  7,034  the  board  of  di- 
rectors of  the  district  is  authorized  to  'issue 
renewal  funding  bonds  to  be  exchanged  for 
outstanding  bonds  of  the  district  or  sold  for 
the  purpose  of  meeting  and  paying  any  ma- 
tured or  maturing  bonded  indebtedness 
thereof.'  These  it  may  issue  without  having 
submitted  the  question  to  the  voters. 

"The  expense  of  maintaining  schools,  and 
every  other  outlay  which  the  district  is  au- 
thorized to  make,  must,  with  the  two  excep- 
tions we  have  mentioned,  and  for  which 
bonds  may  be  issued,  be  met  by  taxation.  The 
methods  of  estimating,  levying  and  collecting 
this  tax  are  minutely  provided  in  the  statutes. 
Every  disbursement  made  by  the  board  ex- 
cept for  the  purposes  of  erecting  school- 
houses  and  renewing  or  paying  off  bonded 
indebtedness,  must  be  derived  from  the  pro- 
ceeds of  this  tax. 

"Our  attention  has  been  called  to  section 
7,154  as  enacted  by  the  last  General  Assem- 
bly. It  is  as  follows :  'In  all  such  districts  as 
are  mentioned  in  this  article,  that  have  ^  pop- 
ulation of  50,000  and  not  exceeding  200,000 
inhabitants,  the  board  of  directors  of  such 
school  districts  shall  have  full  power  by  an 
afifirmative  vote  of  not  less  than  two-thirds 
of  all  members  of  such  board,  to  locate  and 
direct  and  authorize  the  purchase  of  sites  for 
school  houses,  libraries  and  school  offices, 
and  by  a  like  vote  to  direct  and  authorize  the 
sale  of  any  real  estate  or  other  property  be- 
longing to  such  school  district.' 

"The  result  sought  to  be  accomplished  by 
a  part  of  this  section  is  not  clear.  But  so  far 
as  it  may  be  supposed  to  have  any  bearing 
upon  the  question  submitted  to  us,  it  is  mani- 
fest that  it  does  not  authorize  the  issue  of 
bonds  for  any  purpose  whatever.  It  does 
authorize  the  board,  without  a  vote  of  the 
people, to  locate  and  purchase  sites  for  certain 
structures,  including  libraries.  But  it  does 
not  authorize  the  issue  of  bonds  with  or  with- 
out the  vote  of  the  people  to  pay  for  such 
sites.  Much  less  can  it  be  held  under  any 
cause  of  construction  with  which  we  are  fa- 


KANvSAS   CITY   PUBLIC   LIBRARY. 


503 


miliar,  that  it  authorized  the  issue  of  bonds 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  public  library. 
With  quite  as  much  cogency  it  might  be  saiil 
to  grant  authority  to  issue  bonds  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  schoolhouses.  But  such  an 
interpretation  would  be  absurd  for  the  very 
good  reason  that  legislation  upon  that 
subject  was  not  needed.  Ample  authority 
for  that  purpose  had  existed  for  years. 

"In  our  opinion,  the  power  of  the  board  as 
conferred  by  that  part  of  the  section  under 
consideration  must  be  limited  to  its  action 
in  reference  to  sites. 

"We  think  it  would  be  going  very  far  indeed 
to  say  that  under  this  section  the  board  would 
be  authorized  to  appropriate  from  the  gen- 
eral fund  derived  from  taxation,  money  with 
which  to  erect  a  library  building.  Only  by 
aid  of  a  most  liberal  and,  as  we  think, 
wholly  unjustifiable  exercise  of  the  rules  of 
inference  and  implication  in  the  construction 
of  statutes,  could  even  this  result  be  reached. 

"But  upon  the  question  of  power  to  issue 
bonds  for  the  erection  of  a  library  building, 
even  with  the  support  of  a  vote  of  the  people, 
we  have  no  doubt.  The  district  has  no  such 
power,  and  the  bonds  if  issued  would  be  in- 


valid. 


"Gage,  Ladd  &  Small." 


The  continuous  cry  for  more  room  and  for 
^tter  accommodations  from  President 
Yeager,  and  from  the  librarian,  resulted  in  a 
move  in  1889  when,  at  the  session  of  the 
Legislature,  the  school  law  was  so  amended 
as  to  authorize  the  board  of  education  to 
erect  buildings  for  the  use  of  libraries. 

A  proposition  was  made  by  Mr.  Walter  J. 
Bales,  whose  interest  in  the  library  led  to 
his  offering  the  board,  on  very  liberal  terms, 
a  lease  on  the  ground  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  Eighth  and  Oak  Streets. 

March  11,  1889.  At  a  meeting  of  the  board 
of  education,  in  the  matter  of  the  removal 
of  the  public  library,  the  president  of  the 
board  was  authorized  to  negotiate  with  Mr. 
Walter  Bales,  owner  of  the  land  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Eighth  and  Oak  Streets, 
for  a  three  or  a  five  years'  lease  at  the  best 
terms  he  could  make. 

The  ground  was  secured  at  a  rental  of  $300 
per  year.  The  architect  was  instructed  to 
perfect  the  plans  for  the  library  building,  in 
accordance  with  a  sketch  furnished  by  him. 

April  18,  1889.  At  a  meeting  of  the  board 
of  education,  the  architect  was  instructed  to 


receive  bids  for  constructing  the  library 
building,  to  Saturday,  April  27,  1889,  at  4 
p.  m.,  and  to  receive  bids  both  with  and 
without  the  Smead  system  of  heating  and 
ventilating. 

April  27,  1889.  The  board  of  education 
met  in  special  session.  Present — R.  L. 
Yeager,  E.  L.  Martin,  J.  C.  James  and  J.  L. 
Norman. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  James,  the  bid  of  Wil- 
liam Harmon,  at  $9,291,  was  accepted,  and 
the  contract  awarded  to  him.  Bond  required 
in  the  sum  of  $5,000;  work  to  be  completed 
by  July  I,  1889.    Penalty  $10  per  day. 

In  accordance  with  the  above  action  the 
library  building  was  built  at  a  total  cost  of 

Contract $9^91  00 

Extras  on  contract 356  65 

Extras  (furnishings) 1,45268 

Total $11,100  3  J 

Ground  rent,  $300  per  annum. 

In  September,  1889,  the  new  home  of  the 
library  was  opened  to  the  public,  the  library 
having  been  closed  for  removal  of  books  dur- 
ing July.  The  library  staflf  then  consisted  of 
four  day  assistants  and  two  night  assistants. 

A  pleasing  innovation  was  made  in  Decem- 
ber, 1890,  when  the  board  granted  to  the 
third  and  fourth  year  students  of  the  high 
school  free  use  of  the  library.  One  hundred 
and  forty  tickets  were  issued — other  patrons 
of  the  library  paid  $2  for  an  annual  subscrip- 
tion. In  the  report  of  the  librarian  for  the 
year  1892  we  find  that  the  privilege  of  the 
free  use  of  the  library  was  extended  to  all 
high  school  students,  and  837  tickets  were 
issued. 

In  September,  1893,  at  the  request  of  the 
librarian,  free  library  tickets  were  issued  to 
pupils  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  grades  of  the 
ward  schools  as  well  as  to  all  high  school 
students.  Twenty-four  hundred  were  dis- 
tributed among  the  white  schools  and  158 
among  the  colored. 

The  marked  increase  in  circulation  during 
the  fiscal  year  ending  in  June,  1894,  is  real- 
ized when  we  read  that  there  were  19.550 
more  books  taken  home  than  in  the  previous 
year. 

With  the  wonderful  influx  of  superior  lit- 
erature for  the  juvenile  class,  it  was  decided 
to  withdraw  from  the  library  the  works  of 
W.  T.  Adams,  Horatio  Alger,  Jr.,  and  Harry 
Castlemon. 

With  the  development  of  the  library,  every 


504 


KANSAS  CITY  PUBLIC   LIBRARY. 


effort  was  made  to  elevate  the  literary  stand- 
ard; to  lead  the  patrons,  more  especially  the 
youth  of  Kansas  City,  to  an  appreciation  of 
a  higher  class  of  literature.  Special  lists  of 
well  selected  books  for  the  young  were  com- 
piled and  given  to  the  teachers  to  be  distrib- 
uted among  the  pupils,  and  only  the  best  in 
fiction  was  placed  in  the  library.  An  author 
catalogue  of  fiction  and  one  of  juvenile  books 
were  made  in  1895  and  distributed  gratis  to 
the  patrons  of  the  library. 

After  occupying  the  building  for  five  years, 
the  crowded  conditions  made  it  imperative 
for  the  board  to  again  provide  new  quarters 
and  a  permanent  home  for  the  library.  It 
was  resolved  that  there  be  submitted  to  the 
qualified  voters  of  the  school  district  of  Kan- 
sas City,  at  the  biennial  election  of  school 
directors  to  be  held  on  the  third  day  of  April, 
1894,  a  proposition  authorizing  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  school  district  of  Kansas 
City  to  borrow  the  sum  of  $200,000  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  a  public  library  building 
and  for  the  payment  thereof  to  issue  bonds. 
On  July  2,  1894,  the  bonds  were  issued, 
payable  in  New  York,  twenty  years  from 
date  of  issue,  rate  of  interest  4  per  cent. 

In  view  of  the  removal  into  the  new  build- 
ing, special  efforts  were  made  to  improve  the 
facilities  of  the  various  departments.  A  com- 
plete catalogue  of  art  was  made  for  the  art 
reference  room;  all  art  books  and  art  maga- 
zines were  fully  indexed.  A  card  index  to 
"Harper's  Weekly"  was  made  from  volume 
one  to  date,  an  invaluable  aid  in  the  reference 
department,  and  **St.  Nicholas"  was  indexed 
for  the  juvenile  room. 

In  September,  1897,  the  new  building  was 
thrown  open  to  the  public.  The  preparations 
for  moving  and  the  actual  move  were  made 
in  July  and  August,  during  which  time  the 
library  was  closed.  The  arrangements  for 
moving  were  simple  and  systematic.  The 
30,000  volumes  were  moved  in  three  days, 
without  the  misplacement  of  a  single  book. 

When  the  portals  of  the  new  Kansas  City 
public  library  were  opened  to  the  j^ublic, 
on  September  i,  1897,  ^  long-cherished  hope 
was  realized.  Anticipation  was  great,  and, 
although  much  was  expected  by  the  proud 
citizens,  the  new  library,  so  complete  in  all 
its  appointments,  was  a  great  surprise.  A 
reception  was  held  for  two  successive  days, 
from  9  a.  m.  to  10  p.  m.,  and  fully  20,000 
people  availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity 


to  inspect  the  new  building.  The  building 
was  beautifully  decorated  with  palms  and  cut 
flowers.  From  behind  a  bank  of  palms  sweet 
strains  of  music  issued  to  welcome  all.  The 
members  of  the  board  of  education,  assisted 
by  their  wives  and  the  librarian,,  received  the 
guests.  The  attendants  assisted  in  entertain- 
ing in  the  different  departments,  while  high 
school  cadets  did  duty  as  ushers. 

The  library  is  located  on  a  lot  with  a 
frontage  of  132  feet  by  144  feet.  A  broad 
vestibule  forms  an  entrance  to  the  rotunda, 
at  the  back  of  which  is  the  delivery  desk, 
and  to  the  right  of  this  is  the  stack  room, 
with  a  capacity  for  150,000  volumes.  Open- 
ing into  the  rotunda  at-e  the  reading  room, 
cataloguing  room,  reference  room,  reference 
librarian's  oflfice,  catalogue  room,  reception 
room,  childrens'  room  and  the  librarian's 
office.  One  of  the  most  pleasing  features  of 
the  new  building  is  the  children's  room,  a 
large,  airy,  southeast  room,  wherein  all  the 
juvenile  books  and  periodicals  are  placed; 
where  the  children  niay  select  their  books 
from  the  shelves. 

On  the  second  floor  is  a  special  reference 
room  for  the  high  school  students,  a  women's 
club  room,  several  reference  rooms,  art  gal- 
lery, assembly  hall  and  bound  newspaper 
room,  together  with  the  offices  of  the  board 
of  education.  In  the  basement  is  a  museum, 
in  charge  of  a  competent  curator;  a  fully 
equipped  bindery  under  the  management  of 
the  librarian,  a  large  lunch  room  for  the  use 
of  employes,  and  several  unassigned  rooms. 

Through  the  generosity  of  Mr.  George 
Sheidley,  $25,000  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  board  of  education  in  October,  1897, 
for  the  purchase  of  books.  In  commemora- 
tion of  this  munificent  gift  a  bronze  tablet, 
bearing  an  intaglio  head  of  Mr.  Sheidley, 
was  placed  in  the  rotunda  of  the  library. 
Upon  the  tablet  appears  the  following  appro- 
priate inscription:  "George  Sheidley.  Born 
Feb.  -22,  1835.  Died  Mch.  2,  1896.  An 
unassuming,  generous,  public-spirited  citizen 
of  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  A  lover  of  his 
.  fellow  men.  who  gave  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars  to  this  library.  Let  this  noble  act  be 
ever  remembered  and  cherished  by  a  grateful 
people." 

That  this  sum  might  be  expended  in  a 
broad,  judicious  and  most  helpful  manner, 
Mr.  Alfred  Gregory,  Rev.  Henry  Hopkins,* 
Rev.  Cameron  Mann,  Miss  Ethel  Allen,  Mrs. 


KANSAS  CITY  SCHOOL  OF   LAW. 


505 


Silas  C.  Delap,  Mrs.  Laura  Scammon,  Miss 
Frances  Logan,  Professor  J.  M.  Greenwood 
and  the  librarian  were  appointed  as  members 
of  a  special  book  committee.  By  a  partial 
expenditure  of  this  money  the  number  of 
volumes  has  been  increased  from  30,000-  to 
40,000.  In  selecting  the  books  the  different 
classes  have  been  "rounded  out,"  and  the 
art  and  reference  books  materially  improved. 
Books  for  special  departments,  such  as 
science,  club  work  and  manual  training 
school  work  have  been  added.  Lists  were 
placed  before  the  book  committee  by  special- 
ists, guaranteeing  the  best  selections  on  all 
scientific  subjects.  Books  in  German, 
French,  Spanish,  Italian  and  Swedish  have 
been  selected  from  lists  prepared  by  those 
familiar  with  those  languages. 

The  Jackson  County  Medical  Library  was 
placed  in  the  public  library  March  7,  1898, 
accessioned  and  thoroughly  catalogued,  to  be 
used  by  any  one  bringing  a  permit  from  a 
member  of  that  association. 

In  1897  Professor  James  M.  Greenwood, 
superintendent  of  the  Kansas  City  public 
schools,  presented  to  the  library  a  most  valu- 
able collection  of  arithmetics,  numbering  300 
volumes,  one  of  the  most  complete  in  the 
United  States. 

On  January  i,  1898,  all  subscribers  sur- 
rendered their  cards,  and  a  free  circulating 
and  reference  library  was  inaugurated.  The 
new  system  of  free  distribution  caused  a  re- 
markable increase  in  circulation.  The 
library  contains  about  45,000  carefully 
selected  volumes.  In  July,  1899,  the  West- 
port  library,  with  1,300  volumes,  was  annexed 
as  a  branch  to  the  Kansas  City  library,  and 
was  opened  in  November  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  librarian.  Seven  substations  have 
been  established  in  the  outlying  schools,  in 
charge  of  the  principals.  These  substations 
have  proved  a  success  in  reaching  all  in  a 
great  metropolis. 

A  catalogue  of  the  library,  published  in  ten 
sections,  was  begun  in  Marph,  1899,  and  com- 
pleted in  1900. 

In  the  library  staff,  ten  assistants  and  eight 
pages,  together  with  the  librarian  and  assist- 
ant librarian,  are  on  duty  from  8  a.  m.  to  6 
p.  m.;  three  special  evening  assistants  from 
6  to  10  p.  m.,  and  three  extra  Sunday  assist- 
ants from  2  to  9  p.  m.  In  the  bindery  a  fore- 
man and  four  assistants  are  employed;  and 


for  the  care  of  the  building,  three  janitors  and 
an  engineer. 

Carrie  Westlake  Whitney. 

Kansas  City  School  of  Law. — The 

plan  of  establishing  at  Kansas  City  a  school 
of  law  which  should  furnish  facilities  for 
legal  education  of  a  high  order  to  students 
from  all  that  great  section  of  the  South- 
west which  is  commercially  tributary  to  Kan- 
sas City,  had  long  been  a  cherished  project 
with  the  Kansas  City  bar.  It  took  definite 
form  in  the  spring  of  1895,  when  an  organiza- 
tion was  perfected  and  a  charter  secured 
for  the  Kansas  City  School  of  Law.  It  was 
organized  as  an  educational  corporation, 
without  capital  stock,  and  the  original  in- 
corporators were  Honorable  Francis  M. 
Black,  Honorable  Oliver  H.  Dean,  Honor- 
able Edward  L.  Scarritt,  Mr.  John  W.  Sny- 
der, Mr.  Elmer  N.  Powell,  Mr.  Edward  D. 
Ellison  and  Mr.  William  P.  Borland.  The 
first  faculty  was  composed  of  the  incorpo- 
rators, with  the  addition  of  Honorable  R.  P. 
Ingraham,  Mr.  James  H.  Harkless  and  Hon- 
orable Edward  H.  Stiles.  Judge  Black  was 
elected  president,  Mr.  Dean  and  Judge  Scar- 
ritt, vice  presidents;  Mr.  William  P.  Bor- 
land, dean,  and  Mr.  Edward  D.  Ellison, 
treasurer,  and  these  officers  have  been  re- 
elected annually  until  the  present  time.  The 
course  arranged  was  two  years  of  nine 
months  each-,  leading  to'  the  degree  of  bach- 
elor of  laws,  and  the  first  class,  composed 
of  twenty-seven  members,  was  graduated 
from  the  school  in  June,  1897. 

The  General  Assembly  of  Missouri,  at  its 
session  of  1897,  so  amended  the  statutes  of 
this  State  in  relation  to  the  admission  of  at- 
torneys to  practice  as  to  provide  that  grad- 
uates of  this  school  should  be  admitted  to 
practice  without  further  examination.  The 
school  has  grown  steadily  since  its  founda- 
tion, and  in  1899  it  had  an  enrollment  of 
140  students.  The  first  years  of  its  existence 
the  students  were  almost  exclusively  confined 
to  Kansas  City  and  its  immediate  vicinity. 
The  class  of  1899  was  drawn  from  eight 
States,  and  the  field  of  influence  of  the 
school  is  constantly  widening.  Beginning 
with  the  school  year.  September,  1899,  there 
has  been  added  to  the  work  a  post-graduate 
course  of  one  year,  leading  to  the  degree 
of  master  of  laws.    This  course  has  proven 


506 


KANSAS  CITY   UNIVERSITY. 


very  attractive  and  has  met  with  much 
favor.  The  constant  aim  of  the  faculty  has 
been  to  improve  the  course  of  instruction 
and  extend  the  work  of  the  school.  By 
successive  changes  and  enlargements  the 
faculty  is  now  composed  of  the  following 
members :  Honorable  Francis  M.  Black, 
Honorable  O.  H.  Dean,  Honorable  Edward 
L.  Scarritt,  Mr.  C.  O.  Tichenor,  Honorable 
John  F.  PhiHps,  Mr.  J.  V.  C.  Karnes,  Mr. 
Sanford  B.  Ladd,  Honorable  Edward  B. 
Gates,  Mr.  Frank  Hagerman,  Mr.  D.  B. 
Holmes,  Honorable  L.  C.  Boyle,  Honorable 
R.  J.  Ingraham,  Mr.  R.  E.Ball,  Mr.  John  W. 
Snyder,  Mr.  William  P.  Borland  and  Mr. 
Edward  D.  Ellison.  The  school  is  conducted 
on  the  plan  now  common  to  all  schools  lo- 
cated in  large  cities,  of  having  the  lectures 
and  classes  held  in  the  evening,  after  the 
close  of  the  business  hours  of  the  day.  Many 
of  the  students  are  employed  in  law  offices 
during  the  day.  or  connect  themselves  with 
such  offices  as  students.  Many  young  men 
also,  who  are  employed  in  other  lines  of  busi- 
ness, or  who  are  compelled  to  earn  their  own 
way,  in  whole  or  in  part,  are  thus  enabled 
to  have  the  advantage  of  a  legal  education. 
But  the  paramount  advantage  of  a  night 
law  school,  as  pointed  out  by  Justice  Brewer, 
is  that  its  students  have  the  benefit  of  in- 
struction under  leaders  of  the  bar  and  judges 
who  could  not  under  any  other  plan  devote 
their  time  or  talents  to  the  work  of  legal 
instruction. 

The  Kansas  City  School  of  Law  was 
founded  as  a  lawyers'  school,  and  has  always 
remained  true  to  its  traditions.  Its  faculty 
is  entirely  composed  of  active  members  of 
the  profession  who  freely  give  their  time  and 
talents  to  the  work  at  great  personal  sacrifice 
to  themselves,  and  without  any  hope  of  re- 
ward except  the  sense  of  a  public  duty  con- 
scientiously performed.  The  only  ones  re- 
ceiving compensation  are  the  minor  offi- 
cials .who  attend  to  the  purely  business 
details  of  the  organization.  The  school  has 
never  had  any  endowment,  and  such  funds 
as  it  derives  from  tuition  have  been  exclu- 
sively devoted  to  promoting  the  efficiency 
of  the  school  and  enlarging  its  sphere  of 
influence.  Since  its  foundation,  three  gradu- 
ating classes  have  issued  from  the  school. 
These  graduates  are  now  practicing  all  over 
Missouri,  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  have 
uniformly    proven    themselves    worthy    and 


honored  members  of  their  great  profession. 
It  is  confidently  hoped  that  the  influence  of 
the  school  will  continue  to  expand,  and  that 
it  will  be  in  a  still  greater  degree  one  of  the 
uplifting  forces  of  the  great  West. 

The  school  requires  that  applicants  for  - 
admission,  who  are  to  be  candidates  for  a 
degree,  shall  have  a  good  English  educa- 
tion equivalent  to  a  high  school  course,  ex- 
clusive of  the  classic  branches.  No  Greek, 
Latin  or  foreign  languages  are  required,  but 
the  ordinary  English  and  scientific  branches. 
Students  who  are  not  candidates  for  a  de- 
gree may  attend  the  school  as  special  stu- 
dents without  any  preliminary  requirements, 
and  derive  such  benefit  as  they  may  from 
the  course  or  any  part  of  it.  The  students 
have  the  use,  without  extra  charge,  of  the 
law  library  of  the  Kansas  City  Law  Library 
Association,  containing  about  5,000  volumes, 
and  located  in  the  courthouse,  adjoining  the 
chambers  of  the  Kansas  City  Court  of  Ap- 
peals. This  large  library  is  open  not  only 
in  the  day,  but  is  kept  open  at  night  also 
by  special  librarians  for  the  use  of  stu- 
dents. 

The  requirements  for  graduation  are 
strictly  adhered  to,  and  no  student  is  granted 
a  diploma  unless  the  faculty  are  satisfied  that 
he  has  not  only  promptly  and  regularly  at- 
tended the  classes,  but  is  fully  up  to  the 
standard  of  scholarship.  It  feels  that  it  owes 
this  duty  to  the  profession  and  to  the  stu- 
dents, not  to  turn  out  as  graduates  those  " 
whom  its  judgment  does  not  approve  as 
honorable  and  useful  members  of  the  pro- 

^^''^°"-  E.  L.  Scarritt. 

Kansas  City  University. —  Kansas 
City  University  is  located  at  Kansas  City, 
Kansas,  but  is  so  intimately  connected  with 
Kansas  City,  Missouri,  that  it  is  generally 
associated  with  the  latter  place.  Its  estab- 
lishment was  primarily  due  to  the  eflfort  of 
Samuel  Fielding  Mather,  a  descendant  of 
Cotton  Mather.  It  is  conducted  by  a  board 
of  trustees,  twenty-four  .in  number,  of  whom 
one-half  must  be  chosen  by  the  General  Con- 
ference of  the  Methodist  Protestant  Church, 
The  opening  took  place  September  23,  1896, 
The  university  comprises  Mather  College, 
the  College  of  Theology,  the  College  of 
Music,  Kansas  City  Academy,  the  School  of 
Oratory  and  Elocution,  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  and    the   College   of 


Le^,nlMdisn,ui^  Co.  5t,uoijJi 


KANSAS  CITY  WATER  WORKS-KARNES. 


507 


Homeopathic  Medicine  and  Surgery.  The 
College  of  Music  and  the  College  of  Oratory 
and  Elocution  are  located  in  Kansas  City, 
Missouri.  Many  of  the  faculty  positions  In 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and 
in  the  College  of  Homeopathic  Medicine  and 
Surgery  are  occupied  by  resident  practition- 
ers of  Kansas  City,  Missouri.    • 

Kansas  City  Water  Works See 

"City  of  Kansas,  Early  Municipal  Govern- 
ment of";  also,  "Municipal  Government  of 
Kansas  City.'' 

Kansas-Missouri  Border  Troubles. 

See  "Border  Troubles,  1854-60." 

Kant  Club. — See    "Speculative  Philoso- 
phy." 

Kargau,  Ernst  D.,  journalist,  was  born 
in  1832,  in  Gruenburg,  Prussia.  He  v^as 
liberally  educated,  completing  his  studies  in 
Berlin.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1857,  and  for  two  years  thereafter  was  con- 
nected with  the  press  of  New  York,  and  at 
the  end  of  that  time  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
and  in  1860  took  editorial  charge  of  the  "St. 
Louis  Cronik,"  a  German  daily.  After  a 
consolidation  of  German  newspaper  inter- 
ests Mr.  Kargau  became  city  editor  of  the 
"Anzeiger,"  and  filled  that  position  for 
twenty  years  thereafter.  In  1883  he  became 
editor  of  the  Sunday  edition  of  the  "West- 
liche  Post"  and  assistant  to  Dr.  Emil  Pree- 
torius.  In  1888  loss  of  sight  compelled  him 
to  retire  from  active  newspaper  work. 
Although  totally  bUnd,  he  has  since  contin- 
ued to  be  a  contributor  to  the  press,  dictat- 
ing articles  which  have  appeared  from  time 
to  time  in  the  "Westliche  Post,"  especially 
in  the  Sunday  editions  of  that  paper.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "St.  Louis  in 
Earlier  Years,"  published  in  German  in  1893, 
which  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  local  his- 
tory, and  his  lectures  before  the  Missouri 
Historical  Society  have  been  amongst  the 
most  interesting  and  entertaining  delivered 
before  that  society. 

Karnes,  Joseph  Van  Clief,  has  for 

thirty  years  been  one  of  the  most  noted  and 
successful  members  of  the  bar  of  Kansas  City 
and  of  western  Missouri.  During  the  same 
period  his  public  services  have  been  of  such 


a  nature  as  to  win  the  highest  esteem  of  his 
fellow  citizens,  irrespective  of  class  or  party, 
and  to  place  him  first  among  the  civic 
patriots  of  his  city.  His  life  is  well  worth 
study.  He  was  born  in  February,  1841,  on 
a  farm  in  Boone  County,  Missouri.  His 
parents  were  honest,  God-fearing  people, 
who  came  to  the  frontier  from  Virginia  in 
1835  and  settled  upon  the  farm  upon  which 
they  spent  the  rest  of  their  lives.  Thomas 
Karnes,  the  father,  was  of  German  descent, 
and  Elizabeth  Payne  Karnes,  his  wife,  traced 
her  ancestry  to  English  and  Dutch  families, 
and  her  grandfather, -Joseph  Payne,  served 
as  an  ensign  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

J.  V.  C.  Karnes,  as  he  is  most  familiarly 
known,  was  the  youngest  of  four  brothers. 
He  was  put  to  school  almost  continuously 
from  his  fifth  to  his  twelfth  year,  and  then 
for  four  years  worked  hard  on  his  father's 
farm.  Entering  then  the  preparatory 
course  of  the  Missouri  State  University  in 
1857,  he  spent  five  years  in  close  study,  being 
graduated  with  highest  honors  in  1862.  The 
mental  quality,  as  well  as  the  splendid  thor- 
oughness and  persistence  of  the  young  man, 
were  shown  by  his  holding  not  only  the 
highest  standing  of  his  class  during  the  whole 
of  the  five  years,  but  the  highest  standing 
in  the  university.  He  gained  the  personal 
friendship  of  President  John  H.  Lathrop, 
whose  influence  upon  the  formation  of  his 
character  and  of  his  life  purposes  he  has 
always  recognized  with  deep  gratitude.  Mr. 
Karnes,  immediately  after  his  graduation 
from  college,  entered  the  law  school  of  Har- 
vard University,  but  left  it  during  the  first 
year  to  accept  a  Greek  and  Latin  tutorship 
in  the  Missouri  University. 

His  aptitude  and  fondness  for  languages 
was  great,  and  to  this  day  he  has  kept  fresh 
his  knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek,  especially 
the  latter.  He  taught  with  success,  and 
when  he  resigned  in  1865  was  given  the  de- 
gree of  master  of  arts.  During  his  tutorship 
he  was  himself  a  student  in  the  law  office 
of  Honorable  Boyle  Gordon,  in  Columbia, 
together  with  Henry  N.  Ess,  who  was  also 
a  tutor  of  mathematics  in  the  university.  In 
August,  1865,  the  young  men  went  up  the 
river  by  steamboat  to  Kansas  City  and  opened 
an  office  under  the  firm  name  of  Karnes  & 
Ess.  The  partnership  continued  pleasantly 
and  profitably  for  twenty-one  years,  a  long 
period  in  a  new  and  changing    city.     Mr. 


508 


KARNES. 


Karnes  is  at  present  at  the  head  of  the  law 
firm  of  Karnes,  New  &  Krauthoff.  Since 
Kansas  City  was  a  town  of  6,000  people  he 
has  been  constantly  engaged  in  the  most  im- 
portant litigation  in  which  its  citizens  were 
interested,  and  as  a  counselor  many  of  the 
wealthiest  men  in  the  city  have  sought  his 
advice.  His  deep  knowledge  of  the  law,  un- 
questioned integrity,  loyalty  to  the  interests 
of  his  clients,  rare  skill  in  reading  human  na- 
ture, and  unfailing  kindliness  and  courtesy, 
have  made  him  strong  before  judges  and 
juries,  and  in  the  negotiations  with  which 
large  and  tangled  cases  are  so  often 
"threshed  out"  in  the  lawyer's  office.  "Be  a 
gentleman;  it  pays  nowhere  better  than  in 
the  law,"  is  one  of '  his  wise  and  forcible 
statements  to  the  young  men  about  him. 
"Take  advantage  of  no  man's  situation  to 
extort  from  him  an  unduly  large  fee,"  is 
another  of  his  principles.  "Be  honest,  both 
with  the  court  and  with  the  jury."  These 
mottoes  ring  true,  and  show  the  foundation 
of  honor  on  which  he  bases  his  practice. 
With  great  industry  he  prepares  his  case; 
he  states  it  with  such  exactness  and  fairness 
that  it  may  be  said  of  him  that  "his  state- 
ment amounts  to  demonstration."  Clear  and 
logical  in  argument  and  intensely  earnest,  it 
is  small  wonder  that  one  of  his  brother  law- 
yers, coming  from  a  court  room,  said  to 
another:  "Karnes  is  in  there,  hitting  about 
fifteen-hundred-pound  blows." 

His  first  case  in  the  Supreme  Court  was 
reported  in  the  fiftieth  volume  of  the  Mis- 
souri Reports,  and  in  very  many  of  the  hun- 
dred volumes  that  have  appeared  since  then 
his  name  will  be  found.  His  practice  has  been 
largely  civil,  although  in  a  few  instances  he 
has  defended  nien  against  criminal  charges. 
One  of  the  largest  cases  which  he  has 
assisted  in  conducting  was  the  four  years' 
contest  between  the  city  and  the  National 
Water  Works  Company,  in  which  he  sought 
either  the  renewal  of  the  franchise  or  the 
payment  of  a  fair  and  adequate  purchase 
price.  The  case  was  successfully  conducted, 
and  at  the  conclusion  the  city  paid  over  three 
millions  of  dollars  for  the  water  works,  a 
price  which  would  have  been  accepted  as 
fair  by  the  company  prior  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  suit. 

Mr.  Karnes  became  an  anti-slavery  advo- 
cate during  boyhood,  although  in  the  midst 
of  a  slave-holding  community.    His  devotion 


to  the  principles  of  the  Republican  party 
were  tried  as  by  fire,  and  to  the  present  time 
he  has  believed  them  right.  His  party  nom- 
inated him  for  the  Supreme  bench  in  1880, 
but  he  was  necessarily  defeated,  with  the 
rest  of  his  ticket,  at  the  polls,  as  the  State 
was  overwhelmingly  Democratic.  It  is  as 
a  public-spirited  citizen  that  he  is,  if  pos- 
sible, most  widely  known.  Good  citizenship 
to  him  includes  all  that  is  greatest  and  most 
sacred  among  human  duties.  It  is  his  re- 
ligion. For  twenty  years  he  served  with 
fidelity  and  distinction  upon  the  city  school 
board,  without  pay,  except  'the  pleasure  it 
gave  him  to  serve  in  the  cause  of  education. 
He  helped  to  shape  its  educational  work,  the 
fine  quality  of  which  has  been  recognized 
throughout  the  United  States.  He  helped 
to  secure  for  it  the  needed  legislation,  and 
to  place  its  finances  upon  their  present  firm 
foundation. 

He  drew  men  about  him  of  the  same  stamp 
of  civic  patriotism,  and  they  gaye  to  the 
board  that  character  of  sterling  fidelity  to 
duty  and  of  non-partisanship  which  has  be- 
come now  a  city  tradition  and  a  part  of  its 
unwritten  law. 

No  one  did  more  than  Mr.  Karnes  to  found 
and  cherish  the  public  library  of  which  the 
city  is  so  justly  proud.  Resourceful,  deter- 
mined and  hopeful,  he  made  the  upbuilding 
of  this  great  fountain  of  learning  his  con- 
stant endeavor,  and  from  his  chosen  position 
on  the  library  committee  of  the  board  saw  the 
work  come  to  splendid  fruition. 

In  other  places  and  at  other  times  he  led 
in  the  forward  movements  of  the  city.  He 
has  been  for  many  years  a  leading  member 
of  the  Commercial  Club,  and  as  chairman 
of  its  committee  on  municipal  legislation 
has  helped  to  shape  the  city  legislation.  As 
a  member  of  the  original  board  of  free- 
holders chosen  to  draft  a  city  charter,  he 
aided  in  the  construction  of  the  instrument 
which  was  the  precursor  and  model  of  the 
present  charter.  He  helped  to  found  the 
Kansas  City  Bar  Association,  and  was  its 
president  for  three  successive  terms.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Kansas  City  Law 
Library  Association,  and  for  several  years 
has  been  its  president.  He  was  an  organizing 
member  of  the  Provident  Association,  drafted 
its  charter,  and  gave  liberally  of  his  time  and 
money  to  that  noble  charity. 

The  legal  profession  to  Mr.   Karnes  has 


KARNIVAL   KREWE— KAVANAUGH. 


509 


been  more  than  a  mere  means  to  the  making 
of  money.  The  relation  that  it  bears  to 
good  government,  the  part  it  plays  in  casting 
into  permanent  shape  the  progressive  im- 
pulses and  growths  of  society,  have  made  it 
doubly  interesting  to  him,  and  have  made 
him  doubly  valuable  to  his  fellow  men. 

With  such  a  record  of  public  work  behind 
him,  it  IS  not  remarkable  that  in  all  public 
crises  and  movements  it  is  a  matter  of  great 
current  interest  to  know  what  Mr.  Karnes 
thinks  of  them.  In  the  last  great  movement 
of  city  building,  the  erection  of  a  system  of 
parks  and  boulevards,  he  early  took  the  pro- 
gressive side,  influenced  many  prominent  and 
influential  men  to  uphold  it,  and  in  1899  ^C" 
cepted  office  as  a  member  of  the  park  board, 
where  again  he  willingly  serves  his  city 
without  remuneration. 

His  success  has  won  him  large  pecuniary 
rewards,  but  those  who  know  of  his  con- 
stant liberality  can  understand  why  he  is 
ranked  only  as  a  man  of  moderate  for- 
tune. 

In  the  year  1863  Mr.  Karnes  was  married 
to  Mary  A.  Crumbaugh,  of  Columbia,  Mis- 
souri, a  daughter  of  Henry  Crumbaugh,  an 
honored  pioneer,  and  granddaughter  of  Col- 
onel Richard  Gentry,  who  was  killed  while 
commanding  Missouri  troops  in  the  Florida 
War.  Mrs.  Karnes  is  a  woman  whose  char- 
acter and  attainments  have  made  her  an  in- 
spiring and  valuable  Hfe  companion  for  her 
husband.  For  years  she  has  been  one  of  the 
leaders  in  the  oldest  and  strongest  of  the 
women's  educational  clubs  of  the  city,  as 
well  as  in  the  patriotic  society  of  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution.  Never 
seeking  public  notice,  Mrs.  Karnes  has  nev- 
ertheless maintained  a  high  position  among 
the  most  intelligent  and  progressive  women 
of  Missouri,  and  has  done  her  full  part  in 
bringing  about  that  splendid  forward  move- 
ment among  the  women  of  America  which 
is  freeing  them  from  the  traditions  of  igno- 
rance and  helplessness,  and  is  making  them 
equal  partners  in  the  world's  work. 

Three  children,  a  son  and  two  daughters, 
have  blessed  the  marriage,  all  of  whom  are 
now  living  in  Kansas  City. 

Karnival  Krewe.-See  "Fall  Festivi- 
ties in  Kansas  City." 

KaufTman,  John  W.,  was  born  in  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  in  1844.     He  obtained  his  early 


education  in  the  common  schools  of  Iowa 
City  and  then  attended  college  at  Mount 
Pleasant,  Iowa.  Although  only  seventeen 
years  of  age  when  the  Civil  War  began,  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Second  Iowa  In- 
fantry Regiment,  and  in  1864  was  discharged 
on  account  of  disability.  After  leaving  the 
army  he  removed  to  St.  Louis  and  took  a 
clerkship  with  the  milling  firrh  of  which  his 
brother-in-law,  E.  O.  Stanard,  was  senior 
member,  and  became  a  partner  in  the  firm 
in  a  few  years.  He  then  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  flour  on  his  own  account 
as  head  of  the  Kauflfman  Milling  Company, 
and  has  since  been  conspicuously  identified 
with  that  industry  in  St.  Louis.  A  member 
of  the  Merchants'  Exchange  of  that  city 
and  of  Ihe  Chicago  Board  of  Trade,  he  has 
for  some  years  been  one  of  the  largest  ope- 
rators in  the  grain  markets  of  the  West.  He 
is  a  churchman  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
faith,  and  has  contributed  generously  to  the 
extension  of  his  church  and  the  upbuilding 
of  its  institutions.  He  married,  in  1873,  Miss 
Bronson,  of  Connecticut.  Their  children  are 
Albert,  Herold,  Violet  and  Margaret  Kaulf- 


man. 


Kavanaugh,  Ben  T.,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Kentucky  about  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  became  a  Methodist 
Episcopal  preacher  in  young  manhood.  He 
served  his  church  in  Kentucky,  Illinois,  In- 
diana and  among  the  Indians  in  the  far 
North.  He  published  a  magazine  in  behalf 
of  the  African  Colonization  Society  and  trav- 
eled as  agent  for  the  society.  In  Illinois  he 
served  as  agent  for  McKendree  College,  and 
was  instrumental  in  increasing  its  endowment 
fund.  In  1839  he  was  superintendent  of 
Methodist  Missions  on  the  upper  Mississippi 
and  in  the  lake  region.  He  established  a  mis- 
sion among  the  Sioux  Indians  in  the  vicinity 
of  Fort  Snelling,  where  he  was  assisted  by 
his  brother,  William  B.  He  had  three  In- 
dian preachers  from  a  school  at  Jacksonville, 
Illinois,  and  established  them  in  their  work 
at  Green  Bay.  He  identified  himself  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  after 
1845,  and  while  a  local  elder  became  a  medi- 
cal practitioner  in  St.  Louis.  He  was  the  first 
editor  of  the  St.  Louis  "Christian  Advocate** 
for  some  months.  He  wrote  and  published 
a  volume  on  astronomy.  He  re-entered  the 
ministry   and   served   at   Independence   and 


510 


KAW   RIVER,   RECESSION  OF  AT   KANSAS   CITY— KAYSER. 


Lexington,  Missouri.  After  a  few  years  in 
the  ministry  in  Texas  he  went  to  Kentucky. 
Though  an  old  man  he  served  a  few  years 
and  died  at  Mount  Sterling  when  he  was  very 
old  and  blind.  He  was  a  brother  of  Bishop 
Kavanaugh,  and  belonged  to  a  family  of 
preachers. 

Kaw  River,  Recession  of  at  Kansas 
Oity. — Floods  and  currents  change  the  beds 
of  rivers.  The  great  flood  in  China  m  1887 
changed  the  course  of  the  Hoang-Ho  River 
so  that  instead  of  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Pi-Chi-Li  its  waters  enter  into  the  Yellow 
Sea,  a  couple  of  hundred  miles  southward. 
The  great  flood  of  Kansas  City  in  1844  caused 
Turkey  Creek  to  flow  into  the  Kaw,  and  the 
action  of  the  currents  since  then  has  caused 
the  Kaw  to  recede  southwest.  There  has 
been  little  change  in  the  Missouri  River  op- 
posite the  old  town  of  Kansas  City.  By  the 
abrasions  on  the  north  bank  the  river  has 
widened  from  150  to  500  feet  since  1844. 
North  of  the  original  mouth  of  the  Kaw 
River,  Clay  County,  Missouri,  has  lost  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  land  which  Kansas  has 
gained.  The  current  rebounded  to  the  south 
bank,  cutting  away  the  land  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Kaw  River,  thus  changing  the  outlet  to 
probably  a  half  mile  to  the  south  and  the 
same  distance  to  the  west.  These  changes 
began  during  the  high  water  of  1844.  Where 
the  stock  yards  now  are  the  south  or  west 
bank  of  the  Kaw  River  was  probably  a  half 
mile  west.  A  large  part  of  the  site  of  Ar- 
mourdale  was  in  the  main  channel  or  west 
of  the  Kaw  River.  All  the  bottom  lands  of 
Riverside  were  at  that  time  in  the  Kaw  River, 
the  channel  running  at  the  foot  of  the  yellow 
clay  bluffs,  yet  standing  as  a  monument,  of 
where  the  west  shore  was  at  that  time.  In 
1844  Turkey  Creek  emptied  into  the  Mis- 
souri River  below  where  the  Union  elevator 
now  stands.  Then  the  West  Bottoms  ex- 
tended  probably  a  half  mile  north  of  where 
the  Armour  packing  house  now  stands,  and 
were  covered  with  immense  forest  trees  that 
were  certainly  a  hundred  years  old.  The 
soil  in  the  bottoms  is  evidently  a  deposit  upon 
a  stratum  of  saird  which  the  currents  swept 
away,  and  the  land,  with  all  that  was  upon  it, 
toppled  into  the  river.  Louis  Twombly, 
Theodore  Etu,  Louis  Bartholet  and  one  or 
two  others  had  farms  in  this  territory  prior 
to  1844,  which  have  gone  into  the  Missouri 


River.  In  1857  the  Missouri  River  was  rap- 
idly cutting  away  the  land  on  the  south  bank 
at  the  mouth  of  the  old  bed  of  Turkey  Creek, 
where  the  Union  elevator  now  stands.  Alex- 
ander Myers,  who  was  then  interested  in  the 
West  Kansas  Land  Company,  had  a  large 
number  of  teams  there  awaiting  the  arrival 
of  freight,  and  these  he  put  to  hauling  stone 
to  stop  the  cutting  away  of  the  land.  He 
succeeded  so  as  to  hold  the  land  just  at  that 
point  for  several  years.  Finally  the  river  cut 
around  the  pile  of  stones  and  washed  away 
the  land,  changing  the  channel  nearly  a  half 
mile  farther  south,  while  the  pile  of  stone  re- 
mained and  could  be  seen  for  several  years 
on  the  north  side  of  the  channel,  but  is  now 
covered  by  the  sand  bar  on  the  Clay  County 
side.  In  1844  the  main  channel  of  the  Mis- 
souri River  rounded  the  point  on  the  Clay 
County  side,  striking  the  bluff  near  the  foot  of 
Broadway  and  following  the  south  bank  to  the 
lower  end  of  what  in  later  years  was  called 
Minsing's  Island.  Steamboats  all  passed  be- 
tween this  island  and  the  south  shore.  As 
the  channel  cut  into  the  south  bank  in  the 
West  Bottoms,  the  channel  was  thrown  to  the 
Clay  County  side,  then  from  there  crossing 
to  the  north  bank  of  the  island,  the  channel 
on  the  south  side  was  closed.  The  west  line 
of  Clay  County  marks  the  center  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Kaw  River  at  the  time  the  State 
line  was  surveyed.  Broadway  is  on  the  sec- 
tion line  one  mile  east  of  where  the  State  line 
was  first  located,  if  the  west  line  of  Range 
33  coincided  with  this  line.  In  1868  the  Han- 
nibal &  St.  Joseph  Railroad  Company  rip- 
rapped  the  river  to  keep  the  current  from  en- 
croaching on  the  railroad  bridge. 

Joseph  S.  Chick. 

Kayser,  Martha  S.,  was  born  in  Ful- 
ton, Callaway  County,  Missouri,  April  12, 
1850.  Her  parents,  Andrew  Kayser  and  Ro- 
sina  (Roth)  Kayser,  both  of  Berne,  Switzer- 
land, settled  in  Missouri  during  the  "forties.'' 
Losing  her  mother  when  she  was  four  years 
of  age,  she  was  taught  at  home  by  her  sisters, 
all  of  whom  had  marked  literary  and  artistic 
tastes.  She  attended  private  schools  until 
she  was  sixteen,  and  acquired  considerable 
knowledge  of  history  and  classic  literature. 
She  removed  with  her  family  to  Orange, 
Texas,  in  1859,  residing  there,  with  one 
year's  intermision,  until  1866,  when  her  old- 
est brother  brought  her  back  to  Missouri, 


KEARNEY. 


511 


placing  her  at  school  for  three  years,  after 
which  she  began  the  profession  of  teaching. 
She  published  verses  at  fifteen,  and  still  pub- 
hshes  them-  at  intervals.  She  began  news- 
paper work  in  1874,  writing  for  the  St.  Louis 
"Republican."  She  resigned  her  position  in 
the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis  in  January, 
1891 ;  was  on  the  clerical  force  of  the  Mis- 
souri Legislature  in  1893  and  1895,  and  has 
done  miscellaneous  work  for  various  publi- 
cations. In  1896  she  started  a  monthly  jour- 
nal called  "Here  and- There,"  but  withdrew 
it  after  three  months.  She  was  next  con- 
nected with  the  "Encyclopedia  of  the  History 
of  St.  Louis" — 1897-9 — and  on  the  comple- 
tion of  her  assignment  on  this  publication 
was  engaged  for  similar  work  on  the  "En- 
cyclopedia of  the  History  of  Missouri." 

Kearney.— A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
having  1,200  inhabitants,  in  Kearney  Town- 
ship, Clay  County.  In  1856  there  was  a  vil- 
lage laid  out  near  the  present  site  of  Kearney 
by  D.  T.  Duncan  and  W.  R.  Cave,  and  called 
Centreville.  The  place  suffered  during  the 
Civil  War,  and  many  families  left.  In  1867 
the  town  of  Kearney  was  laid  off  on  the  Han~ 
nibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad  by  John  Law- 
rence, who  gave  it  the  name  in  honor  of  Fort 
Kearney,  where  he  had  lived.  The  first  house 
was  built  by  G.  H.  Plitt.  The  place  grew 
rapidly  and  became  an  important  shipping 
point.  In  1869  it  was  incorporated,  with  G. 
H.  Plitt,  P.  Rhinehart,  R.  B.  Elliott,  D.  T. 
Duncan  and  G.  Harris  for  the  first  board  of 
trustees.  The  place  has  several  stores,  three 
churches,  a  schoolhouse,  the  Kearney  Com- 
mercial Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $20,260  and 
deposits  of  $68,800,  and  a  Democratic  news- 
paper, the  "Clipper."  Near  by  is  the  home 
of  Mrs.  Samuels,  mother  of  the  "James 
Boys." 

Kearney,  Charles  Esmonde,  one  of 

the  most  prominent  of  the  early  Santa  Fe 
traders,  and  conspicuously  identified  with  the 
upbuilding  of  Kansas  City  and  the  establish- 
ment of  its  railway  enterprises,  was  born 
March  8,  1820,  in  County  Galway,  Ireland. 
When  sixteen  years  of  age  he  came  to 
America,  a  friendless  lad,  but  with  a  good 
education  and  blessed  with  native  talent,  un- 
tiring industry  and  indomitable  resolution, 
qualities  which  peculiarly  fitted  him  for  the 
conditions  of  the  day,  and  led  to  his  accom- 


plishment of  great  purposes,  which  brought 
fortune  to  himself  and  vast  advantages  to  a 
region  dependent  upon  resourceful  men  for 
its  development.  For  some  time  after  com- 
ing to  this  country  he  was  engaged  in  a  gro- 
cery house  in  New  York  City,  and  afterward 
in  a  similar  establishment  in  Mobile,  Ala- 
bama, and  then  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 
During  the  Mexican  War  he  served  in  Walk- 
er's company  of  Texas  Rangers,  operating 
under  General  Zachary  Taylor,  and  partici- 
pated in  several  of  the  severest  battles  fought 
by  that  commander.  After  the  restoration  of 
peace  he  remained  for  a  time  on  the  Rio 
Grande  River,  in  Mexico,  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile business  on  a  small  scale.  He  was 
afterward  in  New  Orleans,  whence  he  went 
to  St.  Louis,  where  he  became  associated  in 
business  with  H.  J,  Cunniffe  in  a  manner 
which  was  profitable  to  both.  With  funds 
supplied  by  his  partner  he  set  out  from  Inde- 
pendence for  Santa  Fe  with  seven  wagons 
loaded  with  goods.  He  was  fortunate  in 
making  an  early  start  and  in  meeting  on  the 
road  traders  whose  supplies  were  exhausted, 
to  whom  he  sold  advantageously  on  the  spot. 
In  1852  he  formed  a  partnership  with  W.  R. 
Bernard,  and  the  new  firm  concentrated  all 
the  Santa  Fe  trade  at  Westport.  At  times 
their  trains  numbered  thirty  to  thirty-five 
wagons,  which  went  into  New  Mexico.  They 
also  maintained  stores  in  Santa  Fe,  Las 
Vegas  and  Las  Cruces.  Colonel  Kearney 
discontinued  this  business  in  1854,  disposing 
of  his  store  stocks  to  resident  Mexicans,  who 
purchased  after  the  then  prevailing  metl^od, 
at  an  agreed  sum  per  pound  or  per  yard, 
sugar,  salt,  coffee  or  other  such  goods  class- 
ing alike  by  weight,  and  silk,  ducking  or 
calico  alike  by  measurement.  In  1856  he 
made  a  voyage  to  Europe,' returning  the  same 
year  and  locating  in  Kansas  City.  There  he 
established  a  wholesale  grocery  trade  which 
soon  became  the  largest  in  the  State  outside 
of  St.  Louis,  amounting  annually  to  consider- 
able more  than  $1,000,000.  The  unsettled 
conditions  immediately  preceding  the  Civil 
War  period  moved  him  to  sell  out,  and  he 
went  to  New  York  City,  where  he  dealt 
largely  and  profitably  on  the  gold  board  and 
in  various  securities.  In  1865  he  returned  to 
Kansas  City,  where  he  met  cordial  greeting 
as  one  whose  effort  could  not  fail  of  rescuing: 
the  embryo  city  from  its  paralyzed  condition 
and  placing  it  on  the  highway  to  development 


612 


KEARNEY. 


and  prosperity.  Its  former  Southern  and 
Western  trade  had  disappeared,  and  a  large 
part  of  its  population  had  been  dispersed, 
while  rival  towns  were  making  herculean  ef- 
fort to  attain  such  commercial  pre-eminence 
as  would  leave  it  in  obscurity.  At  the  earnest 
solicitation  of  a  few  men  who  had  faith  in  the 
destiny  of  Kansas  City,  he  consented  to  af- 
ford his  assistance  to  supply  the  immediate 
need  of  a  railway,  of  which  the  place  was 
then  destitute.  The  Kansas  City  &  Cameron 
Railway  Company  was  organized,  and  he  be- 
came its  president.  He  at  once  called  a 
public  meeting  and  secured  subscriptions 
amounting  to  $23,000  to  the  building  fund; 
four  days  later  this  sum  was  increased  to 
$52,000.  There  was  yet  needed  $25,000,  and  a 
proposition  for  county  subscription  of  this 
amount  was  defeated,  notwithstanding  the 
vote  of  Kansas  City  was  almost  unanimously 
in  its  favor.  The  work  of  construction  was 
pushed  rapidly  forward,  however,  means  be- 
ing procured  elsewhere,  and  November  22, 
1867,  Colonel  Kearney  drove  the  last  spike 
which  marked  the  completion  of  the  first  rail- 
way reaching  Kansas  City.  He  was  retained 
in  the  presidency  of  the  company  for  five 
years  until  it  was  absorbed  by  the  Hannibal 
&  St.  Joseph  Railway  Company.  In  1869 
he  became  a  director  in  the  company  which 
constructed  the  local  part  of  what  was  aft- 
erward the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Mem- 
phis Railway.  In  both  these  enterprises, 
great  for  the  time,  there  were  immense  diffi- 
culties to  overcome,  perhaps  the  least  of 
which  was  securing  the  necessary  means.  The 
weak-hearted  scouted  every  plan,  and  there 
were  those  who  through  jealousy  and  moral 
turpitude  questioned  every  motive  and  de- 
nounced every  act, .  by  spoken  word  and 
through  public  press.  At  one  time,  in  1867, 
it  seemed  as  though  the  effort  would  utterly 
fail.  When  the  building  of  the  Cameron 
road  was  begun.  Congress  was  asked  to  au- 
thorize the  construction  of  a  railway  bridge 
at  Kansas  City,  and  the  Leavenworth  inter- 
ests sought  its  defeat.  The  conditions  were 
critical,  but  success  was  finally  attained  by  the 
Kansas  City  projectors,  chief  among  whom 
was  Colonel  Kearney,  whose  most  willing 
and  efficient  allies  were  Colonel  R.  T.  Van 
Horn  and  Colonel  Kersey  Coates,  and  the  . 
cornerstone  of  the  bridge  was  laid  August  21 
of  the  same  year,  the  act  assuring  the  com- 
mercial supremacy  of  the  young  city.     Upon 


the  completion  of  these  great  enterprises  Col- 
onel Kearney  devoted  himself  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  active  life  to  personal  business, 
largely  in  caring  for  his  real  estate  interests. 
For  some  years  succeeding  1876  he  was  a 
member  of  the  grain  firm  of  Kearney  & 
Piper.  That  business  was  then  in  its  in- 
fancy, and  it  has  been  recorded  as  a  matter 
of  great  interest  that  in  April  and  a  part  of 
March,  1877,  the  corn  shipments  of  the  firm 
amounted  to  2,000  cars,  where  but  three 
years  before  the  entire  market  would  not  af- 
ford more  than  one  carload  in  the  same  time. 
During  this  period  Colonel  Kearney  was  a 
principal  agent  in  the  organization  of  the  Call 
Board,  and  he  was  elected  vice  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade.  From  1882  to  1890  he 
was  a  member  of  the  real  estate  firm  of  Kear- 
ney &  Madden.  His  death  occurred  January 
3,  1898.  His  character,  unique  and  sym- 
metrical, seemed  to  have  been  molded  for 
the  times  and  scenes  wherein  he  was  so  con- 
spicuous an  actor,  rather  than  to  have  been 
a  product  of  them.  From  the  very  begin- 
ning of  his  business  life  until  the  completion 
of  the  momentous  tasks  he  laid  upon  him- 
self, he  was  constantly  confronted  with  con- 
ditions without  precedent,  wherein  he  could 
find  no  guide  from  the  experiences  of  others. 
He  was  not  only  equal  to  all  circumstances, 
but  he  seemed  to  discern  them  in  advance, 
with  preparedness  for  every  emergency.  He 
overcame  obstacles  which  would  have  de- 
feated one  of  less  heroic  mold,  and  he  never 
dignified  opposition  by  interpreting  it  as  a 
personal  affront,  but  minimized  it  by  reso- 
lutely pursuing  his  purpose,  regardless  of 
censure  or  opposition.  His  strong  personal- 
ity was  recognized  by  men  of  affairs,  and 
commanded  their  confidence  almost  from  the 
first.  There  was  in  him  no  assumption  of 
importance,  yet  there  was  that  in  his  car- 
riage and  converse  which  carried  conviction 
of  his  confidence  in  his  plans,  of  his  deter- 
mination to  prosecute  them  to  success,  and  of 
his  entire  fidelity  to  any  trust  and  to  the  dis- 
charge of  every  obligation.  During  his  en- 
tire life  and  in  all  its  relations,  his  conduct 
was  actuated  by  high  principle  and  unflinch- 
ing integrity.  A  charming  trait  in  his  char- 
acter was  his  native  gentility  of  manner,  a 
pleasing  union  of  a  modesty  which  was  not 
diffidence,  with  an  old  school  courtliness 
which  was  neither  austerity  nor  self-import- 
ance.    Reared  a  Catholic,  late  in  life  he  con- 


KEARNY. 


513 


nected  himself  with  the  Westport  Baptist 
Church,  which  he  assisted  in  building.  Col- 
onel Kearney  was  married  to  Miss  Josephine 
Harris,  who  survives  him,  making-  her  home 
with  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Frank  Wornall.  Mrs. 
Kearney  was  a  daughter  of  John  Harris,  an 
old  and  highly  respected  resident  of  West- 
port  in  the  early  days.  Their  living  children 
are  Mary,  who  lives  with  her  mother  and  sis- 
ter; Julia,  wife  of  Frank  C.  Wornall,  presi- 
dent of  the  International  Loan  and  Trust 
Company;  Lizzie,  wife  of  Joseph  L.  Nof- 
singer,  and  Charles  E.,  employed  in  the  of- 
fice department  of  the  Armour  Packing  Com- 
pany. 

Kearny,  Stephen  Watts,  one  of  the 

most  illustrious  of  American  soldiers,  was 
born  August  30,  1793,  in  Newark,  New  Jer- 
sey, and  died  in  St.  Louis,  October  31,  1848. 
He  was  reared  in  New  Jersey  and  was  a  stu- 
dent at  Princeton  College  at  the  beginning 
of  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain.  Leav- 
ing college,  he  entered  the  army,  being  com- 
missioned a  lieutenant  in  the  Thirteenth 
Regiment  of  Infantry,  with  which  he  received 
"the  baptism  of  fire"  at  the  battle  of  Queens- 
town,  and  he  was  a  leader  in  a  brilliant  assault 
upon  the  Heights.  The  Americans  were 
finally  compelled  to  surrender  to  the  Brit- 
ish, and  Lieutenant  Kearny,  with  other 
prisoners,  was  marched  to  Niagara.  He  was 
sent  with  the  other  prisoners  to  Quebec. 
Finally  an  exchange  of  prisoners  was  ef- 
fected, and  Lieutenant  Kearny  served  to  the 
close  of  the  war,  attaining  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain. He  was  retained  in  the  service,  and  in 
1823  was  breveted  major.  The  same  year 
he  assumed  command  of  four  companies  of 
the  First  United  States  Infantry  Regiment, 
stationed  at  Fort  Bellefontaine.  With  that 
command  he  accompanied  Brigadier  General 
Atkinson  on  his  expedition  to  the  upper  Mis- 
souri, On  his  return  he  was  commissioned 
major  of  the  Third  Infantry  Regiment,  and 
sent  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Indian 
Territory,  where  he  established  Fort  Tow- 
son,  on  Red  River.  When  Congress  author- 
ized the  levy  of  a  cavalry  corps,  to  be  called 
dragoons,  Major  Kearny  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant colonel  of  the  First  Dragoons,  and 
organized  the  regiment.  In  1834  he  accom- 
panied Colonel  Dodge  on  his  campaign 
against  the  Comanches  of  the  Red  River 
country.    In  1835,  in  command  of  four  com- 

Vol.  Ill— 33 


panics,  Colonel  Kearny  visited  the  Sioux 
Indians  of  the  upper  Missouri  and  brought 
about  a  reconciliation  between  those  Indians 
and  their  neighbors,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  be- 
tween whom  a  warfare  had  been  going  on 
for  many  years.  In  1836  he  succeeded  Col- 
onel Dodge  as  colonel  of  the  First  Dragoons, 
and  until  1842  was  stationed  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth. During  this  time,  with  less  than  half 
a  regiment  under  his  command,  he  protected 
the  entire  Missouri  frontier  from  Indian 
depredations,  making  frequent  expeditions 
into  the  Indian  country.  In  1842  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  Third  Military 
Department,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis, 
and  retained  this  position  until  1846.  In 
1845,  with  five  companies  of  dragoons,  he 
made  one  of  the  most  remarkable  marches 
on  record,  extending  as  far  as  the  south 
pass  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  returning 
by  way  of  Bent's  Fort,  on  the  Arkansas,  to 
Fort  Leavenworth.  When  the  war  with 
Mexico  began  he  was  made  a  brigadier  gen- 
eral and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  West.  In  an  incredibly  short 
time  he  organized  his  forces,  collected  his 
supplies,  made  the  long  march  across  the 
plains  and  over  the  mountains,  and  almost 
before  the  New  Mexicans  were  aware  that 
there  was  a  state  of  war  between  this  coun- 
try and  Mexico,  General  Kearny  was  in 
possession  of  the  old  city  of  Santa  Fe.  There 
he  demonstrated  that  he  was  a  statesman 
as  well  as  a  soldier.  At  Santa  Fe  he  es- 
tablished a  civil  government  and  promul- 
gated a  code  of  laws  which  have  constituted 
the  foundation  of  the  jurisprudence  of  New 
Mexico.  He  departed  for  California  at  a  sea- 
son of  the  year  when  such  an  expedition  was 
deemed  most  hazardous.  An  express  which 
he  received  from  California  some  days  after 
he  left  Santa  Fe  leading  him  to  believe  that 
the  conquest  of  that  territory  was  practically 
complete,  he  ordered  all  but  one  hundred  of 
his  men  to  return  to  Santa  Fe,  and  with  this 
small  force  proceeded  on  his  way.  He  reached 
the  borders  of  California  to  discover  that  the 
enemy  was  by  no  means  subdued.  The  na- 
tive population  had  arisen,  and  he  learned 
that  Andreas  Pico,  with  a  force  much  supe- 
rior to  his  own,  was  near  San  Diego.  Not- 
withstanding his  troops  were  exhausted  by 
their  long  march  and  in  poor  condition  to 
engage  an  enemy,  he  pushed  on  to  San  Pas- 
qual    and    routed    Pico's    forces.      Pushing 


514 


KEATING- KEHLOR. 


along  toward  Los  Angeles,  he  had  several 
subsequent  engagements  with  the  enemy, 
winning  every  battle,  and  finally  capturing 
Los  Angeles.  After  his  invasion  of  Califor- 
nia a  controversy  arose  between  him  and 
Commodore  Stockton  as  to  who  had  the 
right  to  command  the  American  forces. 
When  General  Kearny  returned  to  Wash- 
ington his  every  act  was  sustained  by  the 
War  Department.  In  the  spring  of  1848 
he  was  ordered  to  Mexico,  but  all  hostili- 
ties were  then  over,  and  his  service  there  was 
uneventful.  After  the  war  he  was  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  miUtary  department 
of  which  St.  Louis  was  headquarters.  While 
in  Mexico  he  had  been  prostrated  by  an  at- 
tack of  yellow  fever,  and  the  seeds  of  disease 
thus  implanted  caused  his  death  shortly  after 
his  return.  He  died  leaving  behind  him  a 
reputation  for  courage,  high  character  and 
ability  as  a  military  commander  which  has 
been  hardly  excelled  by  any  officer  of  the 
United  States  Army.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "Manual  of  the  Exercise  and  Maneu- 
vering of  United  States  Dragoons,"  published 
in  Washington  in  1837,  and  of  "Laws  for  the 
Government  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mex- 
ico," published  in  Santa  Fe  in  1846,  known 
as  the  "Kearny  Code."  General  Kearny  mar- 
ried, in  1830,  Miss  Mary  Radford,  and  nine 
children  were  born  of  their  union.  Of  these 
children  William  Kearny  married  Sue  M.  Ed- 
wards, Charles  Kearny  married  Annie  Stew- 
art, Harriet  Kearny  married  George  Collier, 
Jr.,  Mary  Kearny  married  Daniel  Cobb,  Lou- 
isa Kearny  married  William  T.  Mason,  Ellen 
Kearny  married  Western  Bascome,  Clarence 
Kearny  married  Emily  Fee,  and  Henry  S. 
Kearny  married  Alice  DeWolf.  Stephen  W. 
Kearny  died  June  8,  1895,  unmarried. 

Keating,  William,  long  well  known 
as  a  public  official  in  St.  Louis,  was  born  June 
21,  1832,  in  the  County  Tipperary,  Ireland, 
and  died  in  St.  Louis  March  5,  1898.  He  re- 
ceived a  fairly  good  education  in  a  private 
school  of  his  native  town,  and  when  seventeen 
years  old  came  to  this  country,  landing  in 
New  York  City  in  1849.  From  there  he  came 
a  little  later  to  St.  Louis,  and  during  the 
earlier  years  of  his  life  he  was  employed  in 
various  capacities  in  that  city.  When  the 
Missouri  Pacific  Railway  Company  first  be- 
gan the  operation  of  its  line  out  of  St.  Louis 
he  was  employed  some  time  by  the  company 


as  a  clerk.  Later  he  held  a  position  on  the 
police  force,  and  walked  the  same  beat  with 
Major  Harrigan,  since  chief  of  police.  Soon 
after  the  Civil  War  he  was  elected  a  justice 
of  the  peace  and  held  that  office  for  sixteen 
years.  In  1877  he  became  a  member  of  the 
City  Council  and  served  two  terms  in  that 
body.  Thereafter  he  held  no  official  posi- 
tions, but  devoted  himself  to  private  business 
interests  and  accumulated  a  comfortable  for- 
tune. At  his  death  he  left  numerous  be- 
quests to  Catholic  charitable  institutions,  and 
is  numbered  among  the  benefactors  of  the 
Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor,  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Orphan  Asylum,  the  Convent  of  the  Good 
Shepherd  and  other  similar  institutions.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  Hi- 
bernians and  of  the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  So- 
ciety, and  at  different  times  held  membership 
in  various  political  societies,  having  long  been 
prominent  in  Democratic  politics.  He  mar- 
ried in  1856  Miss  Johanna  Brennan,  of  St. 
Louis,  also  a  native  of  Ireland,  who  died  in 
1868.  Of  six  children  born  to  them  the  only 
one  living  in  1898  was  Mrs.  Ella  Butler,  wife 
of  Edward  F.  Butler,  son  of  the  well  known 
Democratic  politician  of  St.  Louis.  In  1869 
he  married  for  his  second  wife  Mrs.  Maria 
Cummings,  of  St.  Louis,  who  survives  him. 

Keel  Boats.— The  keel  boats  used  in  the 
early  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  River  were 
modeled  boats  resembling  in  construction  the 
pirogues,  except  that  they  were  larger  in 
every  way  and  would  carry  about  three  times 
as  much  freight.  Their  carrying  capacity 
was  usually  about  150  tons,  and  the  ordinary 
method  of  propelling  them  up  stream  was  by 
means  of  long  poles,  which  the  boatmen 
rested  on  the  bed  of  the  river,  with  the  other 
ends  against  their  shoulders  pushing  the  boat 
forward  by  walking  toward  the  stern.  Some^ 
times  also  a  long  rope  was  fastened  to  some 
immovable  object  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  if 
the  current  was  unusually  strong,  and  then 
the  crew,  standing  in  the  bow  and  pulling 
hand  over  hand,  drew  the  boat  forward. 
Three  months  were  usually  consumed  in  mak- 
ing the  trip  from  New  Orleans  to  St.  Louis. 

Joseph  Brown. 

Keetsville.— See  "Washburn." 

Kehlor,  James  B.  M.,  flour  manufac- 
turer, was  born  June  6,  1841,  in  Paisley,  Scot- 


-.^g^^//' 


^^^^^^-^7^-^y(3^^^^^^^^^^ 


KEHR— KEISER. 


515 


land.  He  was  well  educated  in  Scotland  and 
England.  After  leaving  school,  he  came  to 
America,  and  with  his  brother,  John  Kehlor, 
he  went  to  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  and  started 
a  paper  manufactory.  In  1861  he  went  to 
Waterford,  Wisconsin,  and  continued  his 
manufacturing  operations  at  that  place,  com- 
bining with  the  paper  factory  a  flouring  mill. 
In  1864  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
and  then  went  to  New  Orleans,  establishing 
the  commission  house  of  Kehlor,  Updike  & 
Co.,  which  had  its  principal  offices  in  New  Or- 
leans, with  St.  Louis  as  its  shipping  point.  In 
1869  he  and  his  partner  left  New  Orleans  and 
purchased  the  Laclede  Flouring  Mills,  of  St. 
Louis.  Two  years  later  they  also  purchased 
the  Pacific  Flouring  Mills,  of  St.  Louis,  and 
in  1873  Mr.  Kehlor  became  the  owner  of 
these  properties  through  the  purchase  of  his 
partner's  interest.  He  then  associated  with 
himself  his  brother,  John  Kehlor,  and  under 
the  firm  name  of  Kehlor  Brothers  they  con- 
ducted the  milling  business  together  until 
1874,  when  he  purchased  his  brother's  inter- 
est. Later  he  also  became  owner  of  large 
mills  at  Litchfield  and  East  St.  Louis,  Illinois, 
and  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  He  has  been 
president  of  the  Citizens'  Insurance  Com- 
pany, of  St.  Louis,  for  twenty  years,  acted  as 
president  of  the  Consolidated  Elevator  Com- 
pany during  1897;  has  been  a  director  of  the 
American  Exchange  Bank,  and  of  the  St. 
Louis  National  Bank,  and  at  present  is  a 
■director  of  the  Third  National  Bank  and  of 
•other  institutions.  He  has  indorsed  the 
"sound  money"  and  protective  tariff  prin- 
■ciples  of  the  Republican  party.  He  is  a  Con- 
gregational churchman  and  has  contributed 
his  share  to  the  advancement  of  church  in- 
terests. Mr.  Kehlor  married  in  1861  Miss 
Lamvia  W.  Rust,  of  Waterford,  Wisconsin, 
and  three  children  have  been  born  of  the 
marriage. 

Kehr,  Edward  C,  lawyer  and  ex- 
member  of  Congress,  was  born  November  5, 
1837,  in  St.  Louis  County,  of  German  parent- 
age. He  received  an  academic  education, 
and  then  studied  law,  February  18,  1858,  a 
few  months  after  he  attained  his  majority, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  St.  Louis,  and 
immediately  afterward  began  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  that  city.  Early  in  his 
career  he  affiliated  with  the  Democratic 
party.     Following  the  financial  panic  of  1873 


he  combatted  vigorously  the  tide  of  financial 
fallacies,  but  at  the  same  time  advocated  the 
revenue  reform  principles  of  the  Democratic 
party.  In  1874  he  was  nominated  for  Con- 
gress on  a  "hard  money,"  ".revenue  tariff" 
and  "home  rule"  platform,  and  was  elected 
from  the  First  Missouri  District.  He  retired 
at  the  end  of  his  term  and  resuming  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  A  popular  orator  and  ready 
writer,  he  is  known  to  the  public  as  one  of  the 
rnost  accomplished  and  scholarly  members  of 
his  profession  in  St.  Louis. 

Keiser,  John  Pinkney,  a  conspicu- 
ous   representative    of    river   transportation 
interests  in  St.  Louis,  was  born  September 
23»  1833,  in  Boone  County,  Missouri,  son  of 
John  W.  and  Elizabeth  (McMurtry)  Keiser. 
His   father   built   the   first   flouring   mill   in 
Boone,  and  the  first  steam  mill  west  -of  St. 
Charles,   Missouri,  and   in  connection  with 
this  built  also  the  first  paper  mill  in  the  State. 
He  then  became  interested  in  steamboating 
on  the  Missouri  River.    His  son,  John  P.,  was 
educated  in  schools  in  Pennsylvania  and  Mis- 
souri, and  in  1852,  before  he  was  twenty  years 
of  age,  went  on  the  steamer  "Clendenin"  to 
learn  river  navigation,  and  in   1853  he  re- 
ceived his  first  government  license  as  a  pilot 
on  the  Missouri  River.       Shortly  afterward 
he  was  pilot  on  a  United  States  snagboat, 
with  Captain  Waterhouse,  and  in  1856,  al- 
though only  twenty-three  years  old,  he  was 
put  in  command  of  one  of  the  steamers  of 
the  "Lightning  Line."      In  1858  he  bought 
his    first    steamer,    "The    Isabella,"    which 
yielded  him  rich  returns.     During  the  war  he 
was  successively  owner  and  commander  of 
several  steamers.    After  the  war  he  engaged 
in  the  commission  business  in  St.  Louis,  in 
company  with  his  brother,  Charles  W.  Keiser, 
btit  the  excitement  over  the  discovery  of  gold 
in  Montana  and  the  consequent  increase  of 
passenger  and  freight  traffic  on  the  Missouri 
River  took  him  back  to  river  transportation 
again.     During  the  years  that  he  was  actively 
interested  in  steamboating  he  built,  owned 
and  controlled  in  all  fifty-eight  steamers.   He 
was  identified  with  the  construction  of  the 
Eads  iDridge  for  a  time  as  general  supplv 
agent,  and  was  general  manager  of  the  Car- 
ondelet  Ways.     Later  he  was  general  super- 
intendent of  the  Memphis  &  St.  Louis  Packet 
Company,  which  subsequently  developed  into 
the  St.  Louis  &  New  Orleans  Anchor  Line. 


516 


KEITH. 


He  was  president  of  the  Anchor  Line  Com- 
pany after  1882  until  1884,  when  he  severed 
his  connection  with  river  interests.  Shortly 
after  he  was  made  president  of  the  La'clede 
Gas  Light  Company.  Since  his  retirement 
from  the  presidency  of  this  corporation  he 
has  given  his  attention  entirely  to  private 
business  interests.  Since  he  was  twenty-one 
years  of  age  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  order,  and  he  is  among  the  older 
members  of  that  order  in  St.  Louis.  He  mar- 
ried September  27,  1864,  Miss  Laura  Hough, 
daughter  of  Honorable  George  W.  Hough,  of 
Jefferson  City,  Missouri.  Of  their  three 
children  the  eldest,  John,  died  in  infancy. 
Those  surviving  are  Bettie  Lemoine  Keiser 
and  Robert  Hough  Keiser. 

Keiths  Abraham  Wendell,  physician, 
was  born  on  a  farm  near  Farmington,  Mis- 
souri, February  4,  1835,  and  died  at  Bonne 
Terre,  Missouri,  April  22,  1897.  He  was  a 
son  of  Pleasant  G.  and  Clarinda  (Baker) 
Keith.  Pleasant  G.  Keith  was  born  in  Knox- 
ville,  Tennessee,  and  descended  from  old 
Scotch  stock  that  settled  in  the  country  prior 
to  the  revolution.  In  1825  he  located  in  St. 
Francois  County,  Missouri,  near  Bonne 
Terre,  and  engaged  in  farming.  He  was  one 
of  the  sturdy  pioneers  and  was  successful  in 
his  vocation.  He  married  Clarinda  Baker,  a 
daughter  of  John  Baker,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  the  county  and  a  son  of  Andrew  Baker, 
one  of  two  brothers  that  were  among  the 
earliest  pioneers  of  Missouri,  and  who  had 
received  grants  from  the  Spanish  Govern- 
ment. Pleasant  G.  and  Clarinda  Keith  were 
the  parents  of  twelve  children,  of  whom 
Abraham  W.  was  the  third  eldest.  He  was 
always  a  studious  child  and  was  quick  to 
benefit  by  the  courses  of  study  provided  in 
the  pioneer  schools,  and  when  he  reached 
manhood  he  was  inclined  toward  the  profes- 
sion of  medicine,  and  for  some  time  was  un- 
der tuition  in  the  office  of  Dr.  GoflF  at  Big 
River  Mills.  For  a  few  terms  he  attended 
school  at  Libertyville,  and  for  a  while  taught 
school,  in  the  meantime  giving  his  spare  mo- 
ments to  medical  studies.  In  1856  he  en- 
tered McDowell  Medical  College  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
March  1859.  He  commenced  practice  at 
Punjaub,  in  Ste.  Genevieve  County,  where  he 
remained  a  few  months  and  then  went  to 
French  Village,  where  he  practiced  for  nearly 


three  years.  He  then  settled  at  Big  River 
Mills.  Anxious  to  further  his  medical  edu- 
cation, he  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  and  took  the  postgraduate  course,, 
receiving  a  diploma  from  that  institution. 
He  continued  "his  practice  at  Big  River  Mills 
and  enjoyed  most  flattering  success  which 
spread  over  a  period  of  eighteen  years.  In 
1876  he  established  a  drug  store  at  Bonne 
Terre,  which  he  continued  up  to  the  time  of 
his  death.  In  1882  he  removed  his  family  to- 
Bonne  Terre,  yet  retained  much  of  his  for- 
mer practice,  which  his  patrons  would  not 
allow  him  to  abandon.  He  enjoyed  not  alone 
a  reputation  as  a  doctor  of  medicine,  but  was 
skilled  as  a  surgeon.  He  was  with  one  ex- 
ception the  oldest  physician  in  St.  Francois 
County.  He  was  always  active  in  public  af- 
fairs that  tended  toward  the  advancement  of 
his  town  and  county.  Throughout  his  life 
he  was  a  sincere  Christian  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  of 
which  he  was  a  steward  and  trustee  for  a 
number  of  years.  In  works  of  charity  he 
was  most  active,  and  exceedingly  liberal  in 
his  support  of  all  moral  and  benevolent  in- 
stitutions. He  was  a  Free  and  Accepted 
Mason,  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen  and  the  Knights  of  Pyth- 
ias, and  took  a  lively  interest  in  lodge  work. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Masonic 
lodge  of  Bonne  Terre,  in  which  he  held  im- 
portant offices.  He  was  a  promoter  of  many 
enterprises  for  the  public  good  and  was  rec- 
ognized as  one  of  the  leading  and  progress- 
ive citizens.  His  political  affiliations  were 
Democratic,  but  although  he  was  a  leader  of 
his  party,  he  was  never  an  office-seeker.  For 
some  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  school 
board.  About  1870  Dr.  Keith,  with  James 
Evans,  published  a  book  on  the  life  of  the 
noted  Sam  Hildebrand,  an  autobiographical 
work.  Hildebrand,  of  whose  family  Dr. 
Keith  was  physician,  related  to  the  doctor 
all  the  events  of  his  life,  and  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  work  Dr.  Keith  and  Mr.  Evans 
were  collaborated.  The  work  enjoyed  a  large 
sale,  but  of  late  years  is  classed  with  the  rare 
books.  In  July,  1859,  Dr.  Keith  married 
Miss  Margaret  McFarland,  of  Libertyville, 
who  was  born  in  1839,  daughter  of  Reuben 
H.  and  Martha  (Benton)  McFarland.  Mrs. 
Keith's  mother  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Benton,  who  was  a  brother  of  Missouri's 
most  illustrious  statesman,  Senator  Thomas 


t^ ,  ll/^^oCu^  /'cC^.  /^,  J-/?^. 


/4^  .-^e^ufhffri  /-Affi'rti  ■ 


KEITH. 


617 


H.  Benton.  Reuben  McFarland,  the  father 
of  Mrs.  Keith,  came  to  Missouri  with  his 
parents  from  North  CaroHna  when  he  was 
three  years  of  age.  His  wife,  Martha  Ben- 
ton,  was  born  in  Tennessee  and  came  to  St. 
Francois  County  in  her  early  childhood.  Both 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  McFarland  passed  nearly  all 
their  lives  in  St.  Francois  County,  the  first 
named  dying  there  in  1867  and  the  last  named 
in  1848.  The  union  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Keith 
was  blessed  with  six  children  of  whom  Dr. 
Frank  L.  Keith  is  a  leading  physician  of 
Farmington;  Bettie  Keith  married  Samuel 
Perry,  who  is  now  dead ;  Mattie  Keith  is  the 
wife  of  Rev.  Josephus  Stephan,  pastor  of  Mt. 
Auburn  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
of  St.  Louis ;  Marvin  L.  Keith  is  a  prosper- 
ous rriiller  of  Bonne  Terre,  Missouri. 

Keith,  Frank  Lee,  physician,  was  born 
May  26,  i860,  in  St.  Francois  County,  Mis- 
souri, son  of  Dr.  Abraham  W.  and  Margaret 
A.  (McFarland)  Keith.  In  the  foregoing 
sketch  of  the  elder  Dr.  Keith  the  family  his- 
tory, in  both  the  paternal  and  maternal  lines, 
has  been  briefly  reviewed,  and  it  is  only  neces- 
sary to  say  further  in  this  conection  that  the 
lineage  of  the  Keith  family  is  traced  back  to 
the  sixteenth  century  in  Scotch  history.  For 
services  rendered  to  the  crown  they  were 
granted  armorial  bearings,  and  in  later  years 
many  members  of  the  family  were  distin- 
guished among  the  nobility  of  Scotland. 
George  Keith,  who  was  the  fifth  Earl  of  Mari- 
schal,  was  the  founder  of  Marischal  College 
of  Aberdeen.  The  family  history  in  America 
dates  back  to  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  when  its  first  representatives  settled 
in  New  England  and  at  Philadelphia.  Dr. 
Frank  L.  Keith  completed  his  academic 
studies  at  Arcadia  College,  Missouri.  He 
then  matriculated  in  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege and  received  his  first  doctor's  degree 
from  that  institution,  graduating  in  the  class 
of  1881.  Later  he  took  two  post-graduate 
■courses,  one  at  the  New  York  Post  Graduate 
Medical  College  and  another  at  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College  of  the  same  city. 
He  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Bonne  Terre,  St.  Francois  County,  but  at  the 
end  of  a  year  he  went  East  and  for  two  years 
thereafter  practiced  in  Brooklyn,  New  York. 
Returning  then  to  Missouri,  he  engaged  in 
general  practice  in  St.  Francois  County  and 
at  the  same  time  occupied  the  position  of 


physician  and  surgeon  to  the  Doe  Run  Lead 
Company.  In  1897  he  removed  to  Farming- 
ton,  Missouri,  and  has  since  practiced  there. 
He  is  widely  known  as  a  physician  of 
very  superror  attainments  and  large  experi- 
ence. He  inherited  from  his  father  a  love 
of  his  profession,  was  trained  for  it  from 
boyhood  up,  and  has  necer  ceased  to  be  a 
student.  Progressive  in  everything,  he  keeps 
abreast  of  all  the  developments  of  medical 
science  and  occupies  a  leading  position 
among  the  physicians  of  southeast  Missouri. 
While  he  has  taken  no  active  part  in  politics 
he  affiliates  with  the  Democratic  party,  and 
co-operates  with  local  party  leaders  in  the 
furtherance  of  its  principles  and  policies.  In 
religion  he  is  a  Presbyterian,  and  he  is  a 
member  of  the  orders  of  Free  Masons,  Odd 
Fellows  and  Knights  of  Pythias.  In  Ma- 
sonrythe  has  taken  an  especially  active  part, 
and  has  served  as  master  of  the  subordinate 
lodge  with  which  he  affiliates.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  DeSoto  Commandery,  No.  56,  Knights 
Templar,  and  of  Midian  Chapter,  No.  71, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  of  Ironton,  Missouri. 
June  20,  1883,  he  married  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  Miss  Mary  Frances  De  Lisser,  daugh- 
ter of  Richard  L.  De  Lisser,  of  that  city.  Mrs. 
Keith's  great-grandfather  was  John  Stagg, 
who  was  private  secretary  to  George  Wash- 
ington. Seven  children  have  been  born  of 
this  union,  five  of  whom  were  living  in  1900. 
The  names  of  th?  living  children  are  Marion, 
Mildred,  Marguerite,  Glenwood  Lynn  and 
Dorothy  Keith. 

Keith,  Richard  H.,  whose  name  is 
linked  with  the  most  important  commer- 
cial interests  of  Kansas  City,  was  born  .May 
23,  1842,  in  Lexington,  Lafayette  County, 
Missouri.  His  parents  were  born  in  Fau- 
quier County,  Virginia,  and  came  to  Mis- 
souri either  in  1838  or  1839.  The  father. 
Smith  Keith,  was  a  prosperous  planter,  and 
also  a  saddle  and  harness  manufacturer,  a 
man  well  known  during  the  days  which 
marked  the  pioneer  history  of  the  western 
portion  of  this  State.  The  first  Keith  of 
whom  there  is  accurate  record  landed  in  this 
country  in  1642,  coming  from  Scotland.  The 
early  history  of  the  family  is  conspicuous 
on  account  of  the  deeds  of  its  members  and 
the  positions  of  honor  which  they  attained. 
"Parson"  Keith,  an  Episcopal  bishop  of  note, 
was  the  first  member  of  the  family  to  set- 


518 


KELLER. 


tie  in  Virginia.  The  Keiths  are  related  to 
the  Marshalls,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
Virginia  families,  and  documents  bearing 
upon  Revolutionary  affairs  contain  records 
which  give  evidence  of  a  lineage  in  which 
pride  is  justified.  Richard  H.  Keith  received 
his  early  education  in  the  Masonic  College 
at  Lexmgton,  Lafayette  County,  Missouri. 
After  leaving  school  and  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  served  as  a  deputy 
county  and  circuit  court  clerk  at  George- 
town, Pettis  County,  Missouri.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  internecine  strife  he  enlisted  in 
the  Confederate  Army.  He  was  with  Rains' 
Division  at  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  was 
afterward  with  General  Sterling  Price.  He 
had  a  lively  and  checkered  service  through- 
out the  war,  was  at  the  battle  of  Corinth,  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg  and  other  notable  en- 
gagements, and  in  1863  was  made  a  pris- 
oner at  Vicksburg,  being  held  until  Novem- 
ber following,  when  he  escaped.  After  the 
war  Mr.  Keith  went  to  California  and  was 
engaged  in  agricultural  work  there  for  about 
two  years.  .  Leaving  the  Pacific  Coast,  he 
came  back  to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  was 
in  the  freighting  business  for  the  govern- 
ment for  about  two  years.  During  the  next 
three  years  he  was  engaged  in  the  dry  goods 
business  in  Leavenworth,  and  in  1871  re- 
moved to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  His  first  business  venture 
in  Kansas  City  was  as  a  dealer  in  coal,  and 
in  that  line  he  has  continued,  being  successful 
in  a  marked  degree.  The  name  of  the  first 
firm  with  which  he  was  connected  in  this 
branch  of  trade  was  Mitchell  &  Keith,  There 
were  then  successive  changes  which  saw  the 
establishment  and  dissolution  of  the  firms 
of  R.  H.  Keith  &  Co.,  Keith  &  Bovard, 
Keith  &  Henry,  Keith  &  Perry,  the  Keith 
&  Perry  Coal  Company,  and,  finally,  the 
present  substantial  organization  of  the  Cen- 
tral Coal  &  Coke  Company,  of  which  he  is 
president.  His  relations  with  John  Perry 
began  in  1882.  The  Keith  &  Perry  Coal 
Company  was  incorporated  in  1888,  and  the 
existing  corporation  was  authorized  to  carry 
on  business  in  1893.  Mr.  Keith  is  a  director 
in  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce  of  Kan- 
sas City,  president  of  the  Arkansas  &  Choc- 
taw Railroad  Company,  and  president  of  the 
Louisiana  &  Texas  Lumber  Company,  and 
has  financial  interests  in  several  other  corpo- 
rations.    He    gives  his   personal   attention, 


however,  to  the  management  of  the  three 
companies  of  which  he  is  president.  He  ad- 
heres to  the  Catholic  faith  in  religious  affili- 
ation. He  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  Boar- 
man,  of  Kansas  City,  daughter  of  Dr.  C,  S. 
Boarman,  who  was  a  former  practitioner  at 
Boonville  and  Kansas  City,  and  a  well  knowrt 
and  honored  citizen.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  noted  surgeons  in  the  central  part  of 
the  State.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Keith  three 
children,  two  sons  and  a  daughter,  were 
born.  Charles  S.  Keith  is  assistant  general 
manager  and  general  sales  agent  of  the 
Central  Coal  &  Coke  Company ;  Dr.  Robert 
L.  Keith  is  house  surgeon  at  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital,  in  Kansas  City;  the  daughter  is 
Mr§.  C.  W.  Hastings,  of  Kansas  City.  Mrs. 
Keith  died  in  August,  1876,  and  Mr.  Keith 
married,  in  1878,  Miss  Mary  Boarman,  of 
Kansas  City.  They  have  five  living  chil- 
dren— Anna  F.,  Richard  H.,  Jr.,  Virginia, 
Emily  C.  and  Mary  T.  Keith.  Politically 
Mr.  Keith  is  a  Gold  Democrat. 

Keller,  Silas  Price,  was  born  in  Hamp- 
shire County,  Virginia.  In  1843,  when  a 
boy,  he  went  to  Westport,  Missouri,  a  flour- 
ishing village  of  several  hundred  people,  de- 
barking from  the  boat  at  Westport  Landing, 
which  then  contained  about  twenty  inhabi- 
tants and  only  four  log  cabins,  and  which, 
together  with  Westport,  is  now  known  as 
Kansas  City,  Missouri. 

He  was  appointed  deputy  postmaster  under 
the  late  Colonel  William  M.  Chick,  and  later 
under  his  uncle,  Ed  Price,  also  deceased,  and 
served  the  latter  in  the  capacity  of  clerk  in 
a  general  store.  In  1849  he  formed  a  co- 
partnership with  Cyprian  Chouteau,  in  the 
mercantile  trade,  and  in  185 1  with  W.  H. 
Russell,  in  freighting  to  Santa  Fe. 

During  the  years  of  1861  to  1868  he  was 
engaged  in  the  commission  and  warehouse 
business  in  the  cities  of  St.  Louis  and  New 
York,  after  which  he  returned  to  Kansas 
City  and  was  associated  with  the  wholesale 
mercantile  trade  of  that  city  until  1888. 
About  this  time  he,  with  Colonel  Sam  Scott, 
now  postmaster  at  Kansas  City,  negotiated 
a  real  estate  deal  in  St.  Louis  involving  over 
a  million  dollars,  which  proved  remunerative 
to  both. 

With  William  K.  Royce,  of  Rich  Hill,  Mis- 
souri; E.  L.  Martin,  Colonel  Sam  Scott  and 
the  late  Robert  Massey,  of  Kansas  City,  he 


■s^'^i^crn  fYa'c.-i, 


KEIvI^Y. 


519 


promoted  the  Kansas  City,  Rich  Hill  & 
Southern  Railway,  in  the  capacity  of  vice 
president  and  general  manager,  and  located 
the  road  to  Rich  Hill.  This  road  was  after- 
ward merged  into  the  Kansas  City,  Pittsburg 
&  Gulf  Railway.  He  was  also  assistant  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Kansas  City  Suburban 
Belt  Railroad,  and  under  his  supervision  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  grading  was  done. 

In  1890  he  engaged  in  a  mining  enter- 
prise in  Jasper  County,  Missouri,  after  which, 
in  1894,  he  went  to  live  in  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  where  he  still  resides. 

In  185 1  he  was  married  to  Katherine  Win- 
ifred Sloan,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
Sloan,  late  of  Cass  County,  Missouri.  She 
died  in  1867.  The  issue  now  living  are  Mrs. 
Judge  Allen  Glenn,  of  Harrisonville,  Mis- 
souri; Mrs.  Fannie  K.  Bristol,  of  Kansas 
City,  Missouri ;  Mrs.  W.  B.  Upton,  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  Charles  P.  Keller,  of  Kan- 
sas City. 

Kelly,  Joseph  Henry,  who,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Weltmer  &  Kelly,  the  cel- 
ebrated magnetic  healers,  has  established  a 
national  reputation,  was  born  in  Moniteau 
County,  Missouri,  January  28,  1867,  son  of 
John  F.  and  Parmelia  J.  (Taylor)  Kelly.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  Virginia  and  a  mem- 
ber of  an  old  family  of  that  State.  His  mother 
was  born  in  Missouri.  Her  father  was  a 
native  of  Tennessee,  and  a  descendant  of  the 
same  stock  as  that  from  which  President 
Zachary  Taylor  came,  jyiany  representatives 
of  the  Taylor  family  have  distinguished 
themselves  in  public  life  during  the  past 
century.  The  boyhood  days  of  the  subject 
of  this  sketch  were  spent  in  CaHfornia,  Mis- 
souri, where  he  attended  the  public  schools 
and  the  high  school',  his  parents  having  re- 
moved to  that  place  when  he  was  but  eight 
years  of  age.  After  completing  the  pre- 
scribed course  at  the  high  school  he  entered 
Robbins'  Business  College,  at  Sedalia,  in- 
tending to  fit  himself  for  a  commercial  ca- 
reer. After  leaving  college  he  was  offered 
a  post  of  responsibility  in  the  leading  hard- 
ware store  in  that  city,  which  he  accepted, 
retaining  the  position  for  a  period  of  eleven 
years.  In  December,  1896,  he  met  Profes- 
sor S.  A.  Weltmer,  who  was  then  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  curing  disease  by  the 
method  which  since  has  'become  so  famous. 
Becoming  interested  in  the  work  that  the 


latter  was  performing,  he  entered  upon  an 
investigation  of  the  question.  After  satisfy- 
ing himself  as  to  the  merits  of  the  new 
method  he  received  from  Professor  Weltmer 
a  thorough  course  of  instruction  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  science  and  how  to  apply  them 
in  the  treatment  of  bodily  ills.  His  next 
step  was  the  formation  of  a  partnership  with 
the  latter,  after  which  they  started  out  on 
a  tour  of  the  principal  towns  of  Missouri. 
Reaching  Nevada,  and  being  favorably  im- 
pressed by  the  treatment  accorded  them  in 
that  city,  they  ultimately  decided  to  locate 
permanently  there,  and  established  a  sani- 
tarium and  a  school  for  the  dissemination  of 
knowledge  pertaining  to  the  science.  The 
increase  in  the  patronage  accorded  them 
brought  with  it  a  decision  to  locate  their 
two  institutions  in  a  building  of  large  capac- 
ity, which  they  did,  but  so  rapidly  did  the 
numbers  of  suflfering  persons  visiting  them 
multiply  that  this  building,  the  most  impos- 
ing edifice  in  Nevada,  soon  proved  inade- 
quate to  the  demands  made  upon  it,  and  an 
enlargement  of  the  capacity  was  rendered 
necessary.  The  American  School  of  Magnetic 
Healing,  as  the  institution  is  known,  now 
has  a  faculty  of  seventeen  persons,  all  of 
whom  are  skilled  in  the  treatment  of  disease 
by  the  Weltmer'  method,  and  who  also  act 
as  instructors  of  a  large  continuous  class  of 
students  of  the  science,  who  come  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  Of  this  school  Profes- 
sor Weltmer  is  president  and  Professor  Kelly 
secretary  and  treasurer.  Since  its  establish- 
ment thousands  of  persons  have  been  grad- 
uated from  the  school  and  are  now  engaged 
in  healing  the  sick  by  this  method  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  country,  while  the  number 
of  patients  treated  in  the  sanitarium  since  it 
was  founded  numbers  about  75,000.  Mr. 
Kelly  is  a  member  of  the  Lodge  of  Elks  at 
Sedalia.  For  two  years  he  was  a  sergeant 
in  the  military  company  known  as  the  Seda- 
lia Rifles.  In  religion  he  is  a  member  of 
the  Christian  Church.  Since  becoming  a 
resident  of  Nevada  he  has  taken  a  deep  in- 
terest in  those  affairs  pertaining  to  the  wel- 
fare and  prosperity  of  the  community,  and 
for  some  time  has  been  a  director  in  the 
Farmers'  Building  &  Loan  Association.  He 
was  married  February  6,  1894,  to  Miss  Mayte 
Hinsdale,  daughter  of  Ira  Hinsdale,  a  lead- 
ing business  man  of  Sedalia.  They  arc  the 
parents  of  one  son,  Ira  Hinsdale  Kelly. 


520 


KELSO. 


Kelso,  John  R.,  was  reputed  to  be  a 
native  Missourian  in  whose  veins  was  a  trace 
of  Indian  blood.  He  came  from  Dallas 
County  to  Greene  County  previous  to  the 
Civil  War,  and  was  a  student  in  an  academy 
at  Ozark.  He  was  deeply  devoted  to  his 
books,  and  avoided  companionship  with  his 
fellows  in  order  to  devote  his  night  hours 
to  study.  Even  in  after  life,  when  engaged 
in  desperate  adventure,  his  thirst  for  knowl- 
edge made  a  book  his  inseparable  companion, 
whether  on  the  march,  while  lying  in  ambush 
or  in  camp.  Through  his  own  effort  he  ac- 
quired a  most  liberal  education,  becoming 
a  master  of  the  exact  sciences,  a  fluent 
speaker  in  five  different  languages,  and  well 
versed  in  the  various  schools  of  modern  phi- 
losophy. He  taught  school,  both  previous 
to  and  after  the  Civil  War,  and  was  highly 
regarded  as  a  teacher.  He  was  deeply  in- 
terested in  his  pupils,  and  it  is  said  of  him 
that,  despite  his  abnormal  traits  of  character, 
no  youth  under  his  charge  ever  learned  from 
him  aught  that  was  harmful.  He  observed 
rigorous  rules  in  diet  and  exercise,  and  laid 
such  stress  upon  free  locomotion  that  he 
obliged  his  wife  and  daughter  to  wear 
bloomer  garments.  He  was  an  intensely 
ardent  Unionist,  and  early  in  1861  became 
a  lieutenant  in  the  Fourteenth  Cavalry  Reg- 
iment, Missouri  State  Militia,  and  afterward 
a  captain  in  the  same  command.  A  man  of 
remarkable  personal  courage  and  great  en- 
terprise, he  engaged  in  many  desperate  un- 
dertakings, leading  forays,  and  scouting 
alone  or  with  but  few  chosen  followers.  He 
was  fanatical  in  his  Unionism,  and  regarded 
all  Confederates  or  those  sympathizing  with 
them  as  only  worthy  of  extermination.  Many 
acts  of  cruelty,  and  even  brutal  murders,  have 
been  attributed  to  him;  in  some  instances 
his  culpability  is  not  established,  while  in 
others  it  is  beyond  question  that  his  conduct 
in  arms  was  reprehensible.  In  1864,  as  a 
radical  Republican,  he  was  a  candidate  for 
Congress  to  succeed  S.  H.  Boyd,  the  then 
incumbent.  Boyd  was  also  a  candidate, 
while  Martin  J.  Hubble  was  the  Democratic 
nominee  and  P.  B.  Larimore,  of  Bolivar,  was 
an  independent  candidate.  Kelso  was  elected 
and  served  until  the  end  of  his  term,  in  spite 
of  a  contest  brought  by  Boyd,  who  charged 
questionable  means  at  the  election  in  the 
interest  of  Kelso.  Kelso  subsequently  re- 
moved to  the  far  West,  where  he  died. 


Kelso,  Robert  Silvester,  physician, 
was  born  January  28,  1835,  in  Delaware 
County,  Ohio.  His  parents  were  Robert  S. 
and  Anna  (Rose)  Kelso.  The  Kelso  family 
in  America  descended  from  four  brothers, 
who  came  from  Scotland  prior  to  the  Revo- 
lutionary War,  and  bore  a  full  share  in  that 
struggle,  afterward  settling  in  various  por- 
tions of  the  country,  the  founder  of  the  pres- 
ent Missouri  branch,  in  Washington  City. 
Aaron  Rose  took  part  in  the  Revolutionary 
and  French  Wars.  Among  his  narratives 
of  those  events  was  one  relative  to  his  serv- 
ice as  aide  to  Washington  at  the  battle  which 
resulted  in  Braddock's  defeat.  His  son, 
Abram,  was  the  father  of  Anna  Rose,  who 
married  Robert  S.  Kelso,  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  in  fS2j,  and  removed  with  her  husband 
to  Missouri  in  1840  and  settled  on  a  farm 
near  Gallatin,  Their  son,  Robert  Silvester, 
received  a  common  school  education  in  the 
neighborhood  schools  while  living  on  the 
farm.  In  1854-5  he  attended  the  University 
of  Missouri,  and  afterward  Pleasant  Ridge 
College,  at  Weston,  being  graduated  from 
the  last  named  institution  in  1858,  with  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  and  as  valedic- 
torian of  his  class.  In  1889  he  received  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  philosophy  from  the 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  and  in  1890  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts  from  the  Baker 
University,  of  Ka'nsas.  He  received  his  first 
medical  diploma  from  Rush  Medical  College, 
of  Chicago,  in  1864,  and  after  taking  a  post- 
graduate course  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  St.  Louis,  in  1883,  received 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  ad  eundem 
from  that  institution.  The  educational  period 
of  his  life  was  largely  occupied  with  active 
pursuits  in  which  he  engaged  to  earn  a  liveli- 
hood and  to  pay  his  way  in  classical  and 
medical  schools.  He  began  teaching  when 
he  was  little  more  than  sixteen  years  of  age, 
and  was  so  engaged  during  a  portion  of  each 
year  almost  to  the  time  of  his  graduation 
in  medicine.  He  first  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Trading  Post,  Kan- 
sas, and  remained  there  until  1883,  when  he 
removed  to  Joplin,  Missouri,  where  he  has 
ever  since  been  actively  engaged.  In  later 
years  he  has  made  a  specialty  of  gynecology 
and  abdominal  surgery,  and  has  performed 
successfully  many  delicate  operations  in  those 
departments.  His- thorough  knowledge  of 
the  diseases  peculiar  to  the   Ozark  region 


KEMPER. 


521 


has  given  him  high  reputation,  and  his  pro- 
fessional attainments  have  brought  him  dis- 
tinguished recognition  in  his  appointment  to 
important  public  positions,  wherein  he  has 
conferred  signal  benefits  upon  suffering  hu- 
manity. He  was  county  physician  for  the 
Joplin  district  from  1888  to  1892,  and  health 
officer  of  the  city  of  Joplin  from  1888  to  1890. 
In  1891  he  was  called  upon  by  both  city  and 
county  to  take  charge  of  the  public  health 
during  the  smallpox  epidemic  of  that  year. 
To  this  arduous  work  he  gave  devoted  effort, 
moved  as  much  by  a  real  humanitarian  spirit 
as  by  professional  responsibility,  and  achieved 
great  success  in  minimizing  the  scope  and 
virulence  of  the  disease.  For  the  position 
which  he  filled  in  this  connection  he  was 
peculiarly  fitted  on  account  of  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  climatic  and  sanitary  con- 
ditions which  here  produce  a  peculiar  type 
of  the  distressing  malady  he  was  called  upon 
to  combat.  As  city  and  county  physician 
his  duties  were  no  less  arduous,  the  influx 
of  a  large  unacclimated  population,  drawn 
from  all  over  the  country,  bringing  all 
classes  of  disease,  which  were  intensified  by 
exposure  and  heedlessness  of  personal  care. 
His  observations  and  the  results  of  his  ex- 
perience, particularly  under  these  heads,  have 
been  his  topics  in  many  important  papers 
which  he  has  read  before  the  State  Medical 
Association,  and  have  appeared  in  extenso 
in  the  published  transactions  of  that  body. 
He  has  also  been  a  frequent  contributor  to 
many  of  the  leading  medical  journals.  In 
addition  to  the  society  named,  he  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
and  of  several  other  professional  organiza- 
tions over  which  he  has  presided  at  vari- 
ous times.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  Fifth  Regiment  of 
Kansas  State  Militia,  and  rendered  efficient 
active  service  during  the  "Price  Raid." 
Prior  to  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Union  party.  During  the  war  he  affiliated 
with  the  Republicans.  Since  1866  he  has 
identified  himself  with  the  Democratic  party 
upon  national  issues.  He  is  without  desire 
for  political  distinction,  and  the  only  political 
office  he  has  ever  held  was  that  of  town 
treasurer  while  he  resided  in  Kansas.  In 
that  instance  two-thirds  of  the  voters  be- 
longed to  the  opposing  party,  and  he  was 
the  only  elected  candidate  upon  his  ticket. 
In  relisfion  he  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 


Episcopal  Church,  South.  He  affiliates  with 
the  Masonic  order  and  has  attained  to  the 
commandery  degrees.  He  has  held  many  posi- 
tions in  the  various  bodies,  including  that 
of  worshipful  master  of  his  lodge.  He  is 
an  earnest  advocate  of  the  life  insurance 
feature  which  characterizes  various  bene- 
ficiary societies,  has  served  as  protector  of 
a  lodge  of  the  Knights  and  Ladies  of  Honor 
and  is  its  present  treasurer.  Dr.  Kelso  was 
married,  in  1856,  to  Elizabeth  Davis,  who 
died  fifteen  months  later,  leaving  an  infant 
daughter,  Eva,  now  the  wife  of  Frank  Col- 
lins, of  Idaho  Springs,  Colorado.  He  was 
again  married,  in  1859,  to  Mary  E.  West, 
of  Springfield,  Missouri.  Of  this  marriage 
are  two  living  children,  Ida,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  C.  H.  Bohn,  of  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa, 
and  Herbert  S.,  bookkeeper  and  stenographer 
for  Dennis  &  Whitwell,  of  Joplin.  Dr.  Kelso 
preserves  a  rugged  physical  strength  and  is 
in  his  mental  prime,  his  present  effort  pro- 
fessionally and  in  public  and  social  concerns 
being  on  the  same  high  plane  with  his  earlier 
achievements,  stimulated  by  the  higher  am- 
bition growing  out  of  an  honorable  and 
widely  useful  experience. 

Keinper,  James  Austin,  one  of  the 

successful  young  lawyers  of  Missouri,  was 
born  near  Lebanon,  Boone  County,  Indiana, 
October  25,  1862,  son  of  Tilman  and  Eliza- 
beth (Vice)  Kemper,  both  natives  of  Ken- 
tucky. His  father,  now  living  in  retirement 
in  Warrensburg,  Missouri,  is  a  cousin  of  the 
late  Frederick  T.  Kemper,  founder  of  the 
famous  Kemper  Military  Institute,  and  of 
General  and  ex-Governor  James  L.  Kemper, 
of  Virginia.  Tilman  Kemper's  paternal 
grandfather  served  with  distinction  with  the 
Virginia  troops  in  the  Revolution,  and  he 
and  his  son  also  served  in  the  War  of  1812. 
The  founder  of  the  family  in  America  settled 
in  Jamestown,  Virginia,  toward  the  close  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  James  A.  Kemper 
was  reared  on  the  farm  and  educated  in  the 
common  schools,  the  State  Normal  at  War- 
rensburg, Missouri,  and  in  the  literary  and 
law  departments  of  the  Missouri  State  Uni- 
versity. After  leaving  the  university  in  1886, 
he  engaged  in  teaching  school  and  read  law, 
first  in  Lexington,  Missouri,  and  then  with 
Honorable  S.  P.  Sparks,  in  Warrensburg. 
Missouri.  Four  years  of  his  early  life  were 
devoted  to  teaching  in  the  common  schools 


522 


KEMPER. 


of  Johnson  County.  In  1888  he  was  elected 
superintendent  of  the  pubhc  schools  of 
Odessa,  Lafayette  County,  Missouri,  which 
position  he  filled  with  rare  ability  and  dis- 
tinction for  four  years,  when  he  resigned 
from  that  position  and  took  up  the  real 
estate,  loan  and  insurance  business.  While 
thus  engaged  he  thoroughly  reviewed  his  law 
course  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  Decem- 
ber 18,  1894,  by  Judge  Richard  Field,  at 
Lexington,  Missouri.  Until  January  i,  1896, 
he  practiced  his  profession  at  Odessa,  when 
he  sold  out  and  removed  to  Warrensburg, 
where  his  efTorts  in  the  practice  of  law  have 
been  rewarded  by  remarkable  success.  Mr. 
Kemper  is,  by  birth  and  education,  a  strong 
believer  in  and  advocate  of  the  principles  of 
Democracy.  In  1892  he  was  chairman  of 
the  congressional  district  convention  at  Hig- 
ginsville,  and  in  1895  made  the  race  for  the 
nomination  for  prosecuting  attorney  of  La- 
fayette County.  Though  he  has  many  times 
since  been  urged  and  importuned  to  become 
a  candidate  for  political  honors  he  has  grace- 
fully declined  and  studiously  avoided  politics, 
except  that  in  1896  he  engaged  in  the  cam- 
paign in  Johnson  County  and  was  the 
recognized  leader  of  the  Democracy,  and 
again  in  1900  he  canvassed  part  of  the  State 
under  the  direction  of  the  State  central  com- 
mittee in  the  interests  of  the  Democratic 
party.  Mr.  Kemper  has  also  been  deeply 
interested  in  the  cause  of  education,  more 
particularly  the  work  of  our  public  schools, 
from  which  the  great  mass  of  our  children 
pass  out  into  active  life.  As  a  mark  of  recog- 
nition and  appreciation  of  his  efforts  in  behalf 
of  the  public  schools  of  Warrensburg,  the 
board  of  education  named  one  of  the  ward 
or  district  schools  in  his  honor.  He  served 
on  the  board  of  education  from  April,  1897, 
to  April,  1900,  two  years  of  which  time  he 
acted  as  its  treasurer.  During  his  terms  the 
entire  system  of  the  city  schools  was  reor- 
ganized, the  curriculum  revised  and  enlarged, 
and  the  schools  made  to  articulate  with  the 
State  Universities  of  Missouri  and  Kansas. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  State  Bar  Associa- 
tion, and  fraternally  he  is  identified  with  the 
orders  of  Odd  Fellows,  Knights  of  Pythias, 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  Court  of 
Honor  and  Tradesmen  of  the  Republic. 
Though  not  a  member  of  any  church,  he  is 
strictly  Calvanistic  in  his  views.  In  Septem- 
ber, 188S,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  E. 


Dalhouse,  a  native  of  Illinois,  and  a  daughter 
of  Samuel  F.  Dalhouse,  one  of  the  wealthiest 
farmers  in  Johnson  County,  who  came  from 
Virginia  to  Missouri  about  1859,  but  subse- 
quently removed  to  Illinois,  where  he  lived 
for  a  time,  returning  to  this  State  in  1867. 
They  have  two  bright  and  intellectual  boys ; 
Hugh  Conway,  ten  years  of  age,  a  pupil 
in  the  Kemper  School,  and  Jamie  Dalhouse 
Kemper.  As  a  lawyer  Mr.  Kemper  is  re- 
garded by  his  professional  contemporaries  as 
a  most  careful  and  painstaking  counselor. 
His  short  career  as  a  lawyer  has  been  re- 
markably successful.  During  this  time  he 
has  enjoyed  the  distinction  of  defending  four 
persons  charged  with  murder,  and  obtaining 
an  acquittal  in  each  case.  He  enjoys  a  large 
civil  practice  and  is  recognized  as  one  of 
the  foremost  lawyers  in  his  section  of  the 
State.  Personally  he  is  a  man  of  the  high- 
est character  and  strictest  integrity,  and  is 
possessed  of  marked  public  spirit. 

Kemper,  William  T.,  president  of  the 
Kansas  City  Board  of  Trade,  was  born  in 
Gallatin,  Missouri,  November  3,  1866.  With 
the  exception  of  a  residence  of  ten  years  in 
Kansas,  his  life  has  been  spent  in  Missouri, 
and  he  has  held  positions  which  have*  marked 
a  continual  advance  in  material  affairs,  and 
is  now  one  of  the  prominent,  substantial  citi- 
zens of  Kansas  City.  His  father,  James  M. 
Kemper,  has  for  many  years  been  actively 
identified  with  the  wholesale  and  manufactur- 
ing interests  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Noyes,  Norman  & 
Company,  extensive  shoe  manufacturers  of 
that  city.  W.  T.  Kemper  resided  in  St. 
Joseph  for  about  ten  years,  and  for  an  equal 
length  of  time  lived  in  Kansas.  In  1893  he 
removed  to  Kansas  City  and  organized  the 
Kemper  Grain  Company,  his  associates  being 
Ben  F.  Paxton  and  W.  A.  Hinchman.  This 
is  one  of  the  strongest  organizations  holding 
a  place  in  the  Kansas  City  Board  of  Trade, 
and  its  members  are  all  business  men  of 
recognized  ability  and  progressiveness.  Mr. 
Kemper  was  elected  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  of  Kansas  City  in  January,  1900, 
to  serve  for  a  term  of  one  year.  Previous 
to  that  time  he  had  served  the  board  as  vice 
president  for  two  years.  He  is  the  youngest 
man  who  ever  held  the  chair  in  this  organi- 
zation, but  his  management  of  the  affairs 
attending  so  important  a  factor  in  the  great- 


KEMPER  COLLEGE— KEMPER   MILITARY  SCHOOL. 


523 


ness  of  Kansas  City '  and  the  resourceful 
Western  country  proves  that  a  mistake  was 
not  committed  when  he  was  honored  by  elec- 
tion to  the  highest  office  within  the  board's 
gift.  He  takes  a  deep  interest  in  its  affairs 
and  has  assisted  materially  in  the  combined 
effort  to  increase  to  the  present  enormous 
figures  the  volume  of  business  transacted 
upon  the  floor  of  the  Kansas  City  Exchange. 
Under  his  administration  the  Kansas  City 
Board  of  Trade  has  had  the  most  prosperous 
year  in  its  history,  over  35,000,000  bushels  of 
cash  wheat  having  been  handled  through  the 
Kansas  City  market  during  the  year  1900. 
As  an  option  market  Kansas  City  two  years 
ago  was  not  known,  but  during  the  past 
eighteen  months  the  option  business  has 
grown  to  enormous  proportions,  and  a  great 
amount  of  this  business,  which  has  formerly 
gone  to  Chicago,  is  now  being  done  in  Kan- 
sas City.  Mr.  Kemper  is  an  active  Democrat 
and  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  central  com- 
mittee of  Jackson  County  for  the  campaign 
of  1900. 

Kemper  College,  an  educational  insti- 
tution which  was  incorporated  in  1836  with  a 
university  charter  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  and  named  in 
honor  of  Bishop  Jackson  Kemper.  When 
founded,  the  college  was  located  about  four 
miles  southwest  of  St.  Louis,  on  a  tract  of 
land  containing  125  acres,  adjacent  to  the  old 
county  farm  of  St.  Louis  County,  and  near 
the  site  of  the  present  asylum  for  the  insane. 
This  land  was  purchased  and  buildings 
erected  thereon  with  money  contributed  by 
Eastern  Episcopalians.  The  institution  was 
opened  October  15,  1838,  under  charge  of 
Rev.  P.  K.  Minard.  Its  first  board  of  direc- 
tors was  composed  of  Bishop  Kemper,  Rob- 
ert Wash,  William  P.  Clark,  J.  L.  English, 
Charles  Jaline,  Rev.  P.  R.  Minard,  Colonel 
J.  C.  Laveille,  Augustus  Kerr,  N.  P.  Taylor, 
Edward  Tracy,  J.  P.  Doane,  W.  P.  Hunt, 
H.  L.  Hofifman,  J.  Spaulding,  Daniel  Hough, 
Henry  Von  Phul,  H.  S.  Coxe  and  J.  Syming- 
ton. A  medical  department,  which  was  the 
beginning  of  Missouri  Medical  College,  was 
established  in  connection  with  this  institu- 
tion by  Dr.  J.  M.  McDowell,  in  1840.  Al- 
though Kemper  College  never -attained  the 
position  among  Western  colleges  which  its 
promoters  hoped  to  see  it  occupy,  it  was  a 


popular  academic  school  for  some  years,  but 
in  1845  il^  was  discontinued  on  account  of  a 
lack  of  financial  resources.  In  the  year  last 
mentioned,  the  County  Court  of  St.  Louis 
County  purchased  the  college  building  for 
infirmary  purposes. 

Kemper  Military  School.— A  popu- 
lar educational  institution  located  at  Boon- 
ville,  Missouri,  and  the  oldest  boys'  academy 
in  the  State.  It  was  opened  May  8,  1844,  by 
Professor  Frederick  T.  Kemper,  of  Virginia, 
who  had  charge  of  its  conduct  and  manage- 
ment until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1881. 
Colonel  T.  A.  Johnston,  who  had  become  a 
teacher  in  the  school  in  1868,  succeeded  Pro- 
fessor Kemper  in  the  superintendency,  and  is 
still  at  the  head  of  the  institution.  "The  ob- 
jects sought  to  be  attained  in  the  educational 
work  of  this  school  are :  First,  to  give  boys 
from  the  age  of  twelve  upward,  the  most 
thorougu  grounding  possible  in  all  those 
parts  of  their  educational  course  which  con- 
stitute preparation  for  college,  the  profes- 
sional school,  the  United  States  Military  and 
Naval  Academies,  or  for  business  life ;  sec- 
ond, so  to  guard  and  influence  the  life  of  the 
student  with  the  restraints  and  guidance  of  a 
well  ordered  home  as  to  enable  the  develop- 
ment of  his  character  and  the  growth  of  noble 
and  manly  principles  of  conduct  to  keep  pace 
with  the  development  of  his  mind  and  body; 
third,  to  secure  by  means  of  military  exer- 
cises and  discipline  correct  physical  develop- 
ment and  training." 

The  school  grounds  compose  thirty  acres, 
well  set  in  trees  and  grass.  They  contain  a 
lake  of  two  acres,  well  stocked  with  fish,  and 
furnishing  excellent  skating  in  winter  and 
bathing  and  swimming  in  summer;  a  good 
'field  for  foot  and  base-ball;  tennis-courts, 
parade  grounds,  etc.  The  buildings  have 
been  erected  with  special  view  to  their  use, 
and  are  commodious  and  well  adapted  to  the 
needs  and  comfort  of  students. 

A  law  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Mis- 
souri in  1899  gives  this  school  official  recog- 
nition in  the  military  system  of  the  State, 
its  annual  inspection  being  provided  for  and 
the  Governor  being  authorized  and  directed 
to  commission  its  officers  and  graduates  as 
follows:  The  superintendent  as  colonel,  the 
principal  as  lieutenant  colonel,  the  com- 
mandant   as    major,    the    quartermaster    as 


524 


KENDALL. 


major,  the  surgeon  as  major,  the  adjutant  as 
captain,  the  professors  as  captains,  and  the 
graduates  as  second  lieutenants. 

The  studies  pursued  at  Kemper  MiHtary 
School  are  those  of  the  preparatory  school 
designed  to  fit  for  college  or  business  life. 
The  studies  of  the  classical  course  are  those 
that  are  required  for  admission  to  the  fresh- 
man class  of  the  course  in  arts  in  the  best 
colleges.  The  studies  of  the  Latin  course 
prepare  for  the  freshman  class  of  the  college 
scientific  course.  The  English  course  is  de- 
signed for  those  who  do  not  expect  to  attend 
college, 

Kendall,  Wilson  A.,  physician,  was 
born  August  3,  1840,  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  son 
of  Dr.  M.  W.  S.  and  Clara  C.  (Taylor)  Ken- 
dall, the  first  named  of  whom  was  born  in 
Belfast,  Maine,  and  the  last  named  of  whom 
was  born  in  Switzerland  County,  Indiana,  of 
Connecticut  parentage.  His  parents  were 
educated  and  married  in  Cincinnati,  and  the 
living  children  born  of  their  union  are  Dr. 
W.  A.  Kendall,  of  Poplar  Bluflf,  Missouri; 
Mrs.  Elvira  Simpkin,  of  Griggsville,  Illinois, 
and  Mrs.  P.  E.  Gentry,  of  St.  Louis.  The 
ancestors  of  Dr.  Kendall,  in  both  the  paternal 
and  maternal  lines,  were  participants  in  the 
Revolutionary  War.  The  Kendall  family 
originated  in  England,  and  family  tradition  is 
to  the  effect  that  its  earliest  representative 
in  America  was  George  Kendall,  who  was  a 
charter  member  of  the  Virginia  colony 
founded  by  Sir  Ralph  Lane.  At  a  later  date 
other  members  of  the  same  family  made  set- 
tlements near  Casco  Bay,  where  they  engaged 
in  ship  building  and  afterward  used  the  water 
power  of  the  rivers  in  that  region  in  various 
enterprises.  A.  Kendall,  the  great-grand- 
father of  Dr.  Wilson  A.  Kendall,  was  an 
officer  in  the  command  of  his  brother,  Gen- 
eral William  Kendall,  in  one  of  the  campaigns 
of  the  French  and  Indian  War.  This  ances- 
tor, who  married  into  the  Chase  family,  died 
at  the  age  of  something  more  than  ninety 
years,  while  his  wife  lived  to  be  nearly 
ninety-five  years  old.  They  reared  a  large 
family  of  children,  of  whom  the  youngest  was 
present  in  Castine  when  that  place  was  cap- 
tured by  the  British  fleet  in  the  War  of  1812. 
This  son,  Uzziah  Kendall,  went  to  New  York 
City  in  1816,  and  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in 
18 1 7,  having  contracts  to  furnish  to  the  gov- 
ernment military  department  pegged  shoes- 


then  a  novelty — for  the  use  of  soldiers.' 
These  shoes  he  supplied  largely  to  the  people 
of  the  South  and  West  from  Cincinnati.  He 
furnished  the  capital  to  start  a  manufactory 
of  wooden  clocks  at  Cincinnati  about  1820, 
and  one  of  these  clocks,  decorated  with 
Masonic  emblems,  is  yet  in  possession  of  his 
descendants  and  serving  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  designed.  He  also  operated  a  . 
pottery  in  Cincinnati,  and  in  this  connection 
gathered  various  kinds  of  clays  from  Mis- 
souri, which  he  tested  and  utilized.  In  183 1 
he  established  the  first  wholesale  pottery 
west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  at  the 
corner  of  Fifth  and  Race  Streets  in  Cincin- 
nati, and  at  this  pottery  were  made  good 
white  wares,  and  a  beautiful  clouded  ware 
known  now  as  something  highly  artistic  and 
called  the  "Rookwood  Pottery."  The  pot- 
teries at  Perryville  and  Fredericktown,  Mis- 
souri, were  established  by  a  man  named 
Woolford,  who  learned  his  trade  with  Uzziah 
Kendall,  and  the  name  of  the  latter  was 
widely  known  throughout  the  West.  He  mar- 
ried Abigail  Wilson,  who  was  born  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  who  was  a  cousin  of  George 
Peabody,  the  eminent  banker  and  philan- 
thropist. One  of  their  six  sons  was  M.  W.  S. 
Kendall,  the  father  of  Dr.  W.  A.  Kendall. 
Dr.  Kendall's  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
Samuel  and  Clarissa  (Mack)  Taylor,  who 
were  pioneer  settlers  in  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
coming  west  from  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 
M.  W.  S.  Kendall  was  numbered  among  the 
argonauts  of  1850,  in  which  year,  in  com- 
pany with  two  brothers,  he  took  a  train  of 
gold-seekers  across  the  plains  to  California. 
He  became  well  known  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
and  was  popularly  called  "Old  Grizzly,"  on  . 
account  of  an  incident  which  occurred  at 
Nevada  City,  California,  July  4,  185 1.  On 
that  date  a  large  crowd,  in  the  mining  camp, 
was  witnessing  a  bear  fight  which  had  been 
arranged  for  their  entertainment,  when  the 
bear  broke  away  and  attacked  the  spectators. 
Seizing  a  live  oak  limb  Mr.  Kendall  struck 
the  bear  three  powerful  blows  and  disabled 
him  to  such  an  extent  that  he  was  captured 
and  safely  chained.  In  his  company  that  day 
were  Governor  Endicott,  Thomas  H.  Cas- 
well, a  Mason  of  high  degree,  and  James  S. 
Irwin,  a  prominent  attorney  of  Mount  Ster- 
ling, Illinois.  His  wife,  Clara  Kendall,  was 
prominent  among  the  Daughters  of  Tem- 
perance in  the  days  of  the  Washingtonian 


KENNARD. 


525 


movement.  Dr.  W.  A.  Kendall  was  educated 
in  private  and  public  schools  at  Cincinnati, 
and  graduated  from  the  Woodward  high 
school  of  that  city.  He  then  graduated  from 
the  Cincinnati  College  Law  School,  and  after- 
ward took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  receiving 
his  doctor's  degree  from  the  Beaumont  Hos- 
pital Medical  College,  of  St.  Louis.  He  was 
in  St.  Louis  during  a  portion  of  the  Civil 
War  period,  and  in  the  fall  of  1863  enlisted 
in  the  Seventh  Regiment  of  Enrolled  Mis- 
souri Militia.  Later  he  served  in 
the  Eighth  Regiment  of  Militia,  and 
still  later  was  mustered  into  the 
United  States  Service  under  General 
A.  J.  Smith,  when  he  was  detailed  to  act  as 
clerk  and  stenographer  of  a  court-martial,  un- 
der Charles  Tillson,  judge  advocate.  He 
was  elected  clerk  of  the  City  Council  of  St. 
Louis  in  the  spring  of  1867  by  the  Repub- 
licans, and  was  again  elected  to  that  office  in 
1868.  In  1869  he  was  defeated  for  the  posi- 
tion by  Michael  K.  McGrath,  and  then  be- 
came gas  inspector  for  the  city  in  its 
controversy  with  the  St.  Louis  Gas  Light 
Company.  In  the  spring  of  1870  he  in  turn 
defeated  Mr.  McGrath  for  clerk  of  the  City 
Council,  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  de- 
feated by  William  H.  Swift.  .While  clerk  of 
the  council  he  made  a  valuable  collection  of 
mayors'  messages  and  documents  and  City 
Council  proceedings,  which  was  presented  to 
the  St.  Louis  Law  Library.  In  1873  an  attempt 
— now  almost  forgotten — was  made  to  hold 
an  international  exposition  in  St.  Louis.  The 
movement  was  checked  and  failed  on  account 
of  the  financial  crisis  of  that  year,  but  it  is 
of  interest  in  this  connection  to  make  men- 
tion of  the  fact  that  the  chief  promoters  of 
the  movement  were  Thomas  Allen,  Dr. 
James  H.  Kean,  W.  A.  Kendall,  M.  M.  Buck, 
James  Richardson,  W.  C.  M.  Samuel,  Daniel 
Catlin,  Sylvester  H.  Laflin,  Frederick  Hill, 
William  Patrick,  Edwin  Harrison,  John  B. 
Maude,  Theodore  F.  W.  Meier,  A.  W. 
Mitchell  and  E.  H.  Semple.  About  this  time 
Dr.  Kendall  passed  some  time  on  a  farm,  and 
when  he  returned  to  the  city,  in  1875,  he  was 
appointed  land  commissioner  of  the  St. 
Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern  Railroad 
Company,  of  which  Thomas  Allen  was  then 
president.  While  serving  in  this  capacity  he 
had  charge  also  of  the  city  real  estate  of  the 
company,  the  right  of  way  and  station  sites, 
and    was    assistant    land    commissioner    in 


charge  of  the  Arkansas  land  grant  of  the 
railway  company.  He  did  much  in  this  con- 
nection to  advertise  the  resources  of  Mis- 
souri, and  also.made  a  valuable  collection  of 
railroad  commissioners'  reports  and  kindred 
documents,  including  ephemeral  prints  of 
other  railway  companies  issued  to  induce 
immigration  to  their  lands  in  other  States 
and  Territories,  which  he  presented  to  the  St. 
Louis  pubHc  library.  When  Jay  Gould 
secured  control  of  the  Iron  Mountain  road, 
Dr.  Kendall  resigned  his  position  with  that 
company.  He  had  previously  purchased 
property  at  Poplar  Bluflf,  Missouri,  and  after 
quitting  the  railroad  service  he  removed  to 
that  city  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  connection  with  the  conduct  of  his 
business  affairs.  He  is  president  of  the 
United  States  board  of  examining  surgeons 
for  the  government  pension  department  at 
that  place,  and  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Poplar  Bluff  board  of  health.  A  Republican 
in  politics,  he  holds  pronounced  views  con- 
cerning temperance  legislation  and  the  sa- 
credness  of  the  ballot.  He  has  been  all  his 
life  a  close  student  of  economic  and  govern- 
mental problems,  and  frequently  gives  forcible 
expression  to  eminently  practical  views  con- 
cerning questions  of  public  policy  and  the 
welfare  of  the  masses  of  the  people.  He  has 
not  been  a  member  of  any  church,  but  has 
studied  the  Bible,  the  ancient  systems  of 
philosophy  and  the  occult  sciences,  and  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  he  is  not  a  church- 
man is  a  reverent  and  religious  man.  In  his 
early  life  he  was  a  Cadet  of  Temperance  and 
has  always  adhered  strictly  to  the  early  teach- 
ings of  that  organization  and  to  the  practice 
of  its  tenets.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  in  St.  Louis,  and  \yzs 
at  one  time  secretary  of  Laclede  Lodge  of 
that  city. 

Kennard,  John,  founder  of  what  is  said 

to  be  the  largest  carpet  house  in  the  United 
States,  was  born  in  Easton,  Maryland, 
August  14,  1809,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  No- 
vember 18,  1872.  When  a  lad  he  entered  the 
wholesale  dry  goods  house  of  Thomas  Mum- 
mev,  where  he  received  a  valuable  commer- 
cial training.  Soon  after  his  marriage  he 
came  West  and  finally  established  himself  in 
business  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  there 
built  up  a  large  trade.  In  later  years  he  con- 
fined his  commercial  operations  to  the  carpet 


626 


KENNARD. 


trade,  and  removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1857.  He 
had  previously  associated  with  him  his  sons 
under  the  firm  name  of  J.  Kennard  &  Sons, 
and  by  that  name  the  house  has  been  known 
down  to  the  present  time  in  St.  Louis.  Mr. 
Kennard  married,  August  21,  1833,  in  Bal- 
timore, Miss  Rebecca  Owings  Mummey, 
daughter  of  his  early  employer.  Mrs.  Ken- 
nard came  of  ah  old  Arnerican  family, 
closely  related  to  the  noted  families  bearing 
the  names  Cockey,  Deye  and  Owings.  Her 
great-gi-andfather,  Joshua  Owings,  was  one 
of  the  members  of  the  first  vestry  of  the  first 
Episcopal  Church  in  Maryland,  west  of  Bal- 
timore, and  in  his  house  Francis  Asbury 
preached  his  first  sermons,  and  the  first 
Methodist  converts  assembled  there. 

Kennard,  John,  Jr.,  merchant,  was 
born  April  21,  1837,  in  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
son  of  John  Kennard,  the  pioneer  merchant. 
He  was  reared  and  educated  in  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  trained  to  commercial  pursuits 
under  his  father's  judicious  guidance,  and 
came  with  the  elder  Kennard  to  St.  Louis  in 
1857.  He  became  a  partner  in  the  business 
which  his  father  had  established  in  St.  Louis, 
has  been  identified  with  it  ever  since,  and  has 
contributed  largely  to  the  upbuilding  of  the 
great  commercial  establishment  still  con- 
ducted under  the  name  of  J.  Kennard  &  Sons. 
He  is  a  thoroughly  capable  and  sagacious 
merchant,  and  a  business  man  of  high  char- 
acter, and  outside  of  commercial  circles  is 
known  as  a  genial  and  courteous  gentleman. 
He  is  prominent  as  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order  of  the  Knights  Templar  degree.  June 
7,  1888,  he  married,  at  Yalaha,  Florida,  Mrs. 
Cornelia  Bredell  Drake,  daughter  of  Honor- 
able Trusten  Polk,  at  one  time  Governor  of 
Missouri,  and  at  a  later  date  United  States 
Senator  from  this  State. 

Kennard,  Samuel  M.,  distinguished 
as  a  merchant  and  known  also  as  a  leader 
among  the  public-spirited  citizens  of  St.  Louis, 
was  born  in  1842  in  Lexington,  Kentucky.  His 
father  was  the  elder  John  Kennard,  the  emi- 
nent merchant,  kindly  Christian  gentleman, 
and  warm-hearted  philanthropist,  whose 
career  has  been  reviewed  in  a  sketch  in  this 
work.  The  early  years  of  Mr.  Kennard's 
life  were  passed  at  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
where  his  father  was  then  engaged  in  trade. 
Lexington  was  then  known  as  "the  Athens 


of  the  West,"  and  the  culture,  intelligence 
and  high  character  of  its  population  made  it 
entirely  deserving  of  that  cognomen.  Until 
he  was  fifteen  years  old  Mr.  Kennard  lived 
in  that  atmosphere,  and  there  received  the 
education  which  fitted  him  for  an  eminently 
successful  career  as  a  man  of  affairs.  His 
father  came  to  St.  Louis  and  established  there 
his  famous  carpet  house,  in  1857,  and  the 
son  was  taken  into  this  house  when  he  was 
fifteen  years  old.  He  was  thus  employed 
until  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  when'his 
inherited  tendencies,  firm  convictions  and 
chivalrous  instincts  carried  him  into  the  Con- 
federate Army.  He  was  mustered  into 
Landis'  battery,  and  during  the  early  years  of 
the  war  served  with  marked  distinction  in  the 
artillery  attached  to  Cockrell's  brigade  and 
discharged  every  duty  with  faithfulness,  effi- 
ciency and  valor.  An  incident  illustrative  of 
his  characteristic  tenacity  of  purpose  and 
high  spirit  is  related  by  the  surgeon  of  the 
brigade  to  which  he  belonged.  Just  before 
the  battle  of  Baker's  Creek,  Mississippi,  i6th 
of  May,  1863,  the  brigade  surgeon  found  him 
so  ill  that  he  ordered^  him  to  the  rear.  This 
order  the  young  soldier  felt  at  liberty  to  dis- 
obey, and  when  the  .fight  came  oft  he  was 
found  in  the  thick  of  it,  forgetful  of  his  physi- 
cal condition  and  of  everything  except  the 
fact  that  it  is  a  soldier's  duty  to  fight.  The 
day  following,  the  Confederate  forces  were 
compelled  to  fall  back  toward  Vicksburg. 
They  made  a  brave  stand  at  "Big  Black 
Bridge"— losing  Wade's,  Guibor's  and  Lan- 
dis' batteries — and  then  retreated  to  Vicks- 
burg. Mr.  Kennard  and  his  comrades,  hav- 
ing lost  their  guns,  were  assigned  to  duty 
with  other  comrades  and  took  part  in  that 
determined  resistance  to  the  Federal  forces 
under  General  Grant  which  has  hardly  a 
parallel  in  history.  After  the  surrender,  July 
4th  following,  the  Confederate  forces  were 
allowed  to  march  out,  and  the  paroled  Mis- 
souri troops  took  up  the  line  of  march  for 
Demopolis,  Alabama,  and  there  remained 
until  the  following  spring.  In  the  reorgan- 
ization of  the  artillery,  Landis'  and  Guibor's 
batteries  were  consolidated,  and  Samuel  Ken- 
nard was  made  a  lieutenant  of  the  new  bat- 
tery. At  the  battle  of  Franklin,  Tennessee, 
November  30,  1864,  he  commanded  a  section 
assigned  to  General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart's  division, 
and  was  conspicuous  for  his  gallantry.  Dur- 
ing the  last  six  months  of  the  war  he  served 


KENNEIv  CLUB. 


527 


as  aid-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  General  N,  B. 
Forrest.  When  the  great  struggle  ended  he 
was  as  prompt  in  recognizing  the  logic  of  the 
new  situation  as  he  had  been  in  taking  up 
arms  in  defense  of  cherished  principles,  and 
during  more  than  thirty  years  which  have 
since  elapsed,  he  has  been  a  leader  among 
the  chivalrous  spirits  of  St.  Louis,  who  have 
brought  about  the  perfect  fraternization  of 
those  who  bore  arms  against  each  other  in 
the  conflict  between  the  States.  At  the  same 
time  he  has  cherished  the  warmest  feeling 
of  comradeship  for  those  who  fought  under 
the  "Stars  and  Bars,"  and  on  the  12th  of 
June,  1897,  he  was  elected  brigadier  general 
of  the  Eastern  Brigade  of  the  Missouri  Di- 
vision of  United  Confederate  Veterans.  He 
was  re-elected  to  his  position  in  1898,  and 
has  rendered  to  his  old  comrades  in  arms 
valuable  services  in  this  connection.  His 
business  career  began  in  1865,  when  he  re- 
turned from  the  war  and  w3s  admitted  to 
partnership  in  the  carpet  house  which  his 
father  had  established  in  St.  Louis,  the  firm 
then  becoming  J.  Kennard  &  Sons,  and  before 
long  he  had  almost  exclusive  control  of  the 
buying  department  of  the  house.  After  the 
death  of  his  father  the  business  was  incor- 
porated as  the  J.  Kennard  &  Sons  Carpet 
Company,  of  which  Samuel  Kennard  became 
president,  and  under  his  sagacious  and  able 
management  its  trade  has  been  expanded  to 
its  present  large  proportions  and  the  house 
has-  gained  the  prominence  and  prestige 
which  it  now  enjoys.  Great  by  reason  of 
the  volume  of  its  business  and  the  vast  ex- 
tent of  territory  covered  by  its  trade,  it  is 
great  also  in  the  perfection  of  its  manage- 
ment, the  integrity  of  its  transactions,  and 
the  rectitude  of  its  dealings,  a  commercial 
institution  of  which  St.  Louis  is  justly  proud. 
The  building  up  of  this  house  is  only  one  of 
numerous  public  and  semi-public  services 
which  Air.  Kennard  has  rendered  to  St. 
Louis.  In  him  public  spirit  is  as  fully  de- 
veloped as  commercial  spirit,  and  he  has 
labored  no  less  industriously  for  the  public 
welfare  than  to  promote  his  own  fortunes. 
He  helped  to  organize  the  Mercantile  Club, 
and  was  among  the  earliest  advocates  of 
street  illumination,  fall  festivities  and  other 
methods  of  attracting  visitors  and  entertain- 
ing them ;  and  in  every  instance  he  did  much 
to  make  these  entertainments  successful.   He 


suggested  the  idea  of  erecting  an  exposition 
building  and  holding  an  annual  exposition  in 
St.  Louis,  made  liberal  cash  contributions  in 
aid  of  the  project,  and  had  the  pleasure  of 
opening  the  first  exposition  held.  During 
eight  years  he  was  president  of  the  exposition 
association,  and  has  since  been  a  member  of 
its  board  of  directors.  He  presided  over  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Autumnal  Festivities 
Association  in  1891,  and  was  the  guiding 
spirit  in  inaugurating  the  spectacular  parades 
which  annually  bring  thousands  of  visitors 
to  the  city,  and  the  new  Planters'  Hotel  was 
erected  by  a  corporation  which  he  helped 
to  form  and  with  which  he  has  jsver  since 
been  identified.  He  has  been  officially  con- 
nected with  the  American  Exchange  Bank, 
the  Mississippi  Valley  Trust  Company,  the 
St.  Louis  &  Suburban  Railroad  Company, 
and  the  Missouri  Savings  &  Loan  Company, 
and  is  numbered  among  the  most  influential 
members  of  the  Mercantile,  Noonday,  Com- 
mercial and  other  clubs  of  St.  Louis.  In 
politics  Mr.  Kennard  has  been  active  in  be- 
half of  good,  safe,  conservative  .government, 
nominally  a  Democrat,  but  courageously  in- 
dependent when  his  convictions  counseled 
independent  action.  He  is  a  Methodist 
churchman,  affiliating  with  St.  John's  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  South,  of  St.  Louis. 
In  1867  Mr.  Kennard  married  Miss  Annire  R. 
Maude,  of  St.  Louis,  and  has  a  family  of 
six  children. 

Kennel  Club. — The  St.  Louis  Kennel 
Club  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1895, 
the  founders  and  first  board  of  directors  be- 
ing J.  B.  C.  Lucas,  John  A.  Long,  Wm. 
Hutchison,  Phil.  C.  Scanlon,  Harry  C.  Janu- 
ary, Ben  Van  Blarcom,  A.  C.  Carpenter  and 
Mark  Ewing.  The  object  is  the  giving  of  an 
annual  show  for  the  exhibition  and  im- 
provement of  the  breeds  of  all  kinds  '  of 
dogs.  The  first  exhibition  was  given  in 
March,  1896,  and  brought  out  500  dogs;  the 
second  in  March,  1897,  brought  out  700  dogs  ; 
both  being  successful  and  satisfactory  in  the 
number  and  variety  of  the  animals  exhibited, 
the  general  interest  they  excited,  and  the 
number  and  character  of  spectators  attracted. 
A  third  was  given  in  March,  1899,  which  sur- 
passed che  preceding  ones,  and  was  declared 
to  be  the  largest  and  finest  dog  show  ever 
seen  in  the  country.    The  officers  of  the  club 


528 


KENNETT— KENRICK. 


in  1899  were  J.  A.  Long,  president ;  Phil.  C. 
Scanlon,  vice  president ;  J.  W.  Scudder,  treas- 
urer; and  Mark  Ewing,  secretary. 

Kennett. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class,  the 
seat  of  justice  of  Dunklin  County,  situated  in 
Independence  Township,  on  the  St.  Francis 
River,  and  the  terminal  point  of  the  St.  Louis, 
Kennett  &  Southern  Railway,  It  was 
founded  in  1846  by  the  commissioners  named 
to  locate  a  seat  of  justice  for  Dunklin 
County.  It  was  located  near  a  former  site 
of  a  village  of  the  Delaware  Indians  under 
Chief  Chilliticoux,  and  was  named  after  him. 
The  town  l^ecame  known  as  Kennett  in  1849. 
The  first  store  in  the  town  was  established  by 
E.  C.  Spiller.  About  1870  he  returned  to 
Ilhnois,  of  which  State  he  was  a  native.  The 
first  paper,  the  "Dunklin  County  Herald," 
was  established  in  1870.  The  growth  of  the 
town  was  slow  until  about  1875,  when  the 
railroad  was  built  to  the  place  and  gave  it 
renewed  life.  The  city  has  a  new  courthouse, 
a  fine  graded  school,  four  churches,  an  opera- 
house,  bank,  machine  shop,  flour  and  saw- 
mills, two  cotton  gins,  two  hotels,  a  weekly 
newspaper,  the  "Dunklin  Democrat,"  and  has 
an  excellent  electric  lighting  plant.  It  has 
several  stores  representing  different  branches 
of  trade.    Population,  1899  (estimated),  1,500. 

Kennett,  Luther  M.,  for  many  years 
a  distinguished  citizen  of  St.  Louis,  was  born 
at  Falmouth,  Kentucky,  March  15,  1807,  and 
died  in  Paris,  France,  in  1873.  He  received 
careful  educational  training  in  his, early  boy- 
hood and  completed  his  studies  at  George- 
town, Kentucky,  under  the  preceptorship  ot 
Rev.  Barton  W.  Stone.  Becoming  deputy 
clerk  of  the  County  Court  of  Pendleton 
County  at  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  filled  that 
position  for  eighteen  months,  and  then  be- 
came deputy  clerk  in  the  County  Court  of 
Campbell  County.  While  so  engaged  he  de- 
voted his  leisure  time  to  the  study  of  law, 
and  in  1825  came  to  St.  Louis.  He  clerked 
for  a  time  in  a  store  and  later  was  clerk  and 
salesman  in  a  store  in  Farmington.  He  then 
formed  a  partnership  with  Captain  James  M. 
White,  a  merchant  of  Salem,  Missouri,  which 
continued  fifteen  years  and  which  was  so 
profitably  conducted  that  Mr.  Kennett 
amassed  an  ample  fortune  as  the  result,  and 
from  judicious  investment.  He  was  vice 
president  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Company  at 


the  inception  of  that  enterprise,  and  upon 
the  completion  of  the  first  thirty-seven  miles 
of  railway,  delivered  a  notable  address.  In 
1853  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Iron 
Mountain  Railroad  Company.  In  1842  he 
was  elected  alderman  from  the  old  fourth 
ward  of  St.'  Louis.  In  1850  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  the  city  and  was  twice  thereafter  re- 
elected, achieving  the  distinction  of  being  one 
of  the  ablest  of  the  many  able  men  who  have 
acted  as  chief  executive  of  the  city. 

In  1854  he  was  elected  to  Congress  over 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  and  rendered  valuable 
services  to  St.  Louis  and  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri, securing  appropriations  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  Mississippi  rapids,  and  right 
of  way  for  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad 
through  the  Arsenal  and  Jefferson  Barracks. 
After  his  retirement  from  actice  business  pur- 
suits, he  resided  until  1867  at  a  fine  country 
residence  in  St.  Louis  County,  which  bore 
the  name  of  "Fairview."  This  estate  he  sold 
in  1869  and,  going  abroad  soon  afterward,  he 
lived  in  Paris  until  his  death.  He  was  twice 
married.  First,  in  1832,  to  a  daughter  of 
Colonel  John  Boyce,  of  Farmington,  Mis- 
souri, who  died  in  1835,  leaving  one  daughter, 
who  became  in  later  years  the  wife  of  Ben- 
jamin Farrar.  In  1842  he  married  Miss  Agnes 
A.  Kennett,  daughter  of  Dixon  H.  Kennett, 
and  seven  sons  born  of  this  union  survive 
their  father. 

Kenrick,  Peter  Richard,  Roman 
Catholic  archbishop,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, August  17,  1806,  and  died  in  St,  Louis 
March  4,  1896.  He  was  ordained  priest  about 
1830.  He  followed  his  brother,  Francis  Pat- 
rick Kenrick,  to  the  United  States  in  1833, 
and  was  appointed  assistant  pastor  at  the 
Cathedral  in  Philadelphia.  Shortly  afterward 
he  also  took  charge  of  the  "Catholic  Herald," 
and  in  1835  became  junior  pastor  of  the  Ca- 
thedral parish.  He  was  then  made  president 
of  the  Diocesan  Seminary,  in  which  he  also 
filled  the  chair  of  dogmatic  theology,  and  he 
was  next  raised  to  the  rank  of  vicar  general 
of  the  diocese,  and  accredited  by  Bishop 
Brute,  as  his  theologian,  to  the  Third  Pro- 
vincial Council  of  Baltimore  in  1837.  Bishop 
Rosati,  of  St,  Louis,  demanded  the  appoint-  . 
ment  of  a  coadjutor  in  1841,  and  Father  Ken- 
rick was  chosen  for  the  post.  He  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Drasa,  "in  partihus 
iniidelium"    in    Philadelphia,    on    November 


KENRICK  CLUB-KENTUCKY   SOCIETY  OF   MISSOURI. 


529 


30th,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Rosati  as  bishop  of 
St.  Louis,  September  25,  1843.  Bishop  Ken- 
rick  found  his  diocese  in  financial  trouble, and 
with  a  large  quantity  of  unimproved  real 
estate,  but  as  the  result  of  his  efforts  it  was 
soon  freed  from  debt.  It  comprised,  when  he 
became  coadjutor,  several  States  and  Terri- 
tories, from  which  so  many  new  sees  have 
been  made  that  at  present  it  embraces  only 
the  eastern  part  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 
Bishop  Kenrick  founded  in  St.  Louis  a  maga- 
zine  called  the  "Catholic  Cabinet,"  and  es- 
tablished various  schools.  In  1847  St.  Louis 
was  created  an  archiepiscopal  see  by  Pope 
Pius  IX,  and  Bishop  Kenrick  became  arch- 
bishop. In  1858  he  received  several  large 
bequests  which  afterward  enabled  him  to 
carry  out  successfully  his  plans  for  endow- 
ing charitable  and  other  institutions  in  St. 
Louis.  During  the  Civil  War  the  archbishop 
devoted  his  energies  to  the  relief  of  the  sick 
and  wounded'of  both  sides.  When,  after  the 
war,  what  was  known  as  the  "Drake  Con- 
stitution" was  adopted,  one  of  its  articles  re- 
quiring all  teachers  and  clergymen  to  take 
the  "test  oath"  of  loyalty,  he  forbade  his 
priests  to  do  so,  and  the  fact  thai  this  pro- 
vision of  the  constitution  was  afterward  de- 
clared unconstitutional  proved  a  justification 
of  his  action.  In  the  Vatican  council  he  was 
one  of  the  ablest  opponents  of  the  dogma  of 
papal  infallibility;  but  as  his  objection  was 
not  to  the  truth,  but  to  the  opportuneness 
of  this  doctrine,  he  at  once  accepted  it  when 
it  was  defined.  He  introduced  into  his  diocese 
numerous  religious  orders,  which  have 
charge  of  several  industrial  schools  and  re- 
formatories and  parochial  schools,  with  many 
thousand  pupils.  Calvary  cemetery,  laid  out 
by  him  in  1853,  is  one  of  the  finest  on  this 
continent.  Among  his  works  are :  "The  Holy 
House  of  Loretto,  or  an  Examination  of  the 
Historical  Evidence  of  Its  Remarkable 
Transition;"  and  "Anglican  Ordinations." 
He  was  succeeded  by  Rt.  Rev.  J.  J.  Kain, 
bishop  of  Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  who  was 
appointed  coadjutor  archbishop  of  St.  Louis 
in  1893. 

Kenrick  Clul). — ^The  Kenrick  Club  of 
St.  Louis,  one  of  the  youngest  of  the  social 
clubs  of  the  city,  came  into  existence  at  the 
beginning  of  the  year  1898.  It  was  organized 
and  incorporated  by  gentlemen  living  in  the 
"West  End,"  most  of  whom  had  been  mem- 

Vol.  Ill— 34 


bers  of  the  "Marquette  Club."  The  dissolu- 
tion of  the  Marquette  Club  had  been 
attributed  to  the  fact  that  an  effort  had  been 
made  to  maintain  it  within  sectarian  lines, 
its  membership  being  Hmited  to  Roman 
Catholics.  Although  the  experiment  had 
proven  a  failure  so  far  as  permanency  of  or- 
ganization was  concerned,  it  had  brought  to- 
gether many  congenial  spirits,  who  sought  a. 
continuance  of  their  relations  through  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Kenrick  Club,  which  should 
require  no  religious  qualifications  for  mem- 
bership. Although  non-sectarian  in  character, 
the  club  was  named  in  honor  of  the  renowned 
Archbishop  Kenrick,  who  enjoyed  the  high 
esteem  of  all  the  people  of  St.  Louis,  re- 
gardless of  their  church  affiliations.  The  first 
officers  were  M.  J.  Byrne,  president;  Otto 
Cramer,  vice  president;  William  Lightholder, 
secretary,  and  P.  M.  Staed,  treasurer.  The 
temporary  home  of  the  club  is  at  3544  Lin- 
dell  Avenue. 

Kenrick  Seminary. — Kenrick  Semi- 
nary, the  former  home  of  the  Sisters  of  Visit- 
ation, is  located  in  St.  Louis.  The  building 
was  purchased  in  June  of  1892  by  Bishop 
Kenrick  and  given  to  the  priests  of  the  Cape 
Girardeau  Theological  Seminary,  who  moved 
from  their  former  location  in  the  spring 
of  1893,  and  opened  in  St.  Louis  on 
September  14th  of  that  year  a  seminary  for 
the  education  of  young  men  for  the  priest- 
hood. This  institution  opened  with  eighty- 
five  students,  and  is  now  a  prosperous 
theological  school. 

Kentucky  Society  of  Missouri. — ^A 

society  organized  at  St.  Louis  in  December, 
1898,  to  unite  persons  from  Kentucky  living 
in  Missouri  in  social  intercourse  and  for  mu- 
tual interest,  and  to  keep  alive  the  recollec- 
tion of  events  and  achievements  that 
Kentuckians  have  participated  in.  The  an- 
nual meeting  is  held  on  the  third  Saturday 
in  December  every  year,  and  the  annual  ban- 
quet on  some  day  of  historical  interest.  The 
first  officers  of  the  society  were  William  G. 
Boyd,  president;  Robert  H.  Kern,  first  vice 
president;  Breckinridge  Jones,  second  vice 
president ;  D.  W.  G.  Moore,  third  vice  presi- 
dent; Harry  B.  Hawes,  secretary  ;*  Julian 
Jackson,  assistant  secretary;  David  Caruth, 
treasurer ;  with  Judge  Wm.  C.  Jones,  J.  Van 
Cleave,  W.  T.  McChesney,  Charles  P.  Curd, 


530 


KEPH  ART— KERENS . 


Eugene  C.  Slevin,  Samuel  M.  Kennard, 
David  R.  Francis,  Wm.  G.  Stone  and  Dr.  D. 
Rash,  for  directors, 

Kephart,  Horace,  librarian,  was  born 
September  8,  1862,  in  East  Salem,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  is  a  descendant  of  Nicholas  Kep- 
hart,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  who  immi- 
grated to  Pennsylvania  in  1747,  and  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  His  parents 
removed  from  Pennsylvania  to  west- 
ern Iowa,  in  1867,  and  he  received  his  early 
education  at  Western  schools.  In  1876  he  re- 
turned to  Pennsylvania,  and  entered  Lebanon 
Valley  College,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1879.  He  took  postgraduate  courses 
in  Boston  University,  1880-1,  and  at  Cornell 
University,  1881-3.  From  1881  until  1884  he 
was  assistant  in  Cornell  University  library. 
In  the  winter  of  1884  he  went  to  Florence, 
Italy,  and  prepared  a  bibliography  of 
Petrarch  from  materials  collected  by  Wil- 
lard  Fiske.  He  studied  bibliography  in  the 
Biblioteca  Nazionale,  of  Florence,  and  in  the 
Hofbibliothek,  of  Munich.  In  1886  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  and  spent  a  few 
months  in  the  library  of  Rutgers  College, 
New  Jersey.  He  was  assistant  in  the  Yale 
University  library  from  1886  to  1890.  In  Sep- 
tember of  the  year  last  named  he  was  made 
librarian  of  the  Mercantile  Library  of  St. 
Louis,  and  has  since  held  that  position.  He 
is  well  known  to  the  librarians  of  the  country, 
and  also  as  a  writer  on  historical  and  military 
topics  for  various  magazines  and  weeklies. 
He  is  also  the  historian  of  the  Missouri  So- 
ciety of  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 
He  married,  in  1887,  Miss  Laura  White 
Mack,  of  Ithaca,  New  York. 

Kerens,  Richard  C,  prominent  in 
business  circles  in  the  West,  and  connected 
with  railroads  throughout  the  country,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1842.  He  was  brought  to 
this  country  by  his  parents  an  infant ;  while 
«  yet  young  his  father  died,  and  the  care  of 
his  mother  and  sisters  devolved  upon  him. 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  into  the  gov- 
ernment service  with  the  Union  Army,  and 
he  was  soon  assigned  to  responsible  duties  in 
the  transportation  department.  He  spent  two 
years  ih  the  campaigns  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  In  1863  he  was  transferred  to  the 
West  and  participated  in  the  campaigns  in 
southwest  Missouri,  taking  part  in  the  con- 


quest of  northwest  Arkansas.  In  the  latter 
locality  he  lived  for  several  years  after  the 
war. 

In  1872  he  engaged  in  transportation 
of  mails,  express  and  passengers  by  stage 
coaches  to  points  on  the  frontier  beyond  the 
advance  of  railroads.  In  1874  he  began  the 
operation  of  a  southern  overland  mail,  a  serv- 
ice which  covered  1,400  miles  of  frontier 
country,  and  was  carried  on  at  hazard  of  life 
and  property.  His  promptness,  fidelity  and 
perseverance  earned  the  commendation  of  the 
Postmasters  General  of  three  administra- 
tions. After  railroads  had  superseded  stage 
coaches  Mr.  Kerens  moved  to  St.  Louis, 
and  there  first  took  an  interest  in  politics, 
and  as  a  Republican  became  prominent  in  the 
councils  of  his  party.  He  was  not  a  politician 
in  the  proper  sense  of  the  term,  and  never  a 
candidate  for  office,  but  as  the  friend  and  ad- 
mirer of  Mr.  Blaine,  he  took  an  active  part 
in  Republican  conventions,  especially  when 
Mr.  Blaine  was  the  presidential  candidate.  In 
1892  he  was  a  delegate  at  large  to  the  Min- 
neapolis Republican  convention,  and  was 
elected  to  represent  Missouri  on  the  Repub- 
lican national  committee,  and  later  was  se- 
lected as  one  of  nine  members  of  the 
executive  committee. 

Mr.  Kerens  has  not  confined  himself  to 
any  particular  line  of  business  since  settling 
in  St.  Louis,  having  large  interests  in  mines 
in  New  Mexico,  Colorado  and  Arizona;  also 
devoting  his  energy  to  railroads  in  which  he 
has  had  ownership,  namely  the  Atchison  sys- 
tem, the  St.  Louis  Southwestern  Railway,  the 
West  Virginia  Central  &  Pittsburg  Railway, 
the  Eureka  Springs  Railroad,  and  the  Los 
Angeles  Terminal  Railway.  In  consequence 
of  his  experience  in  railroad  matters  Presi- 
dent Harrison  appointed  Mr.  Kerens  one  of 
the  three  United  States  members  of  the  In- 
tercontinental Railway  Commission,  which 
had  for  its  object  the  construction  of  a  rail- 
road throughout  the  South  American  repub- 
lits.  President  Harrison  also  appointed  Mr. 
Kerens  commissioner  at  large  to  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago. 

Mr.  Kerens  was  in  1896  again  chosen  to 
represent  Missouri  upon  the  Republican  na- 
tional committee.  When  the  Legislature  ot 
Missouri  assembled  in  January  following  he 
was  made  the  caucus  nominee  and  received  J 
the  vote  of  the  Republican  members  and  » 
Senators    for    United    States    Senator;    and 


KERLEREC— KESLER. 


531 


again  in  1899,  upon  the  assembling  of  the 
Legislature,  he  was  nominated  by  acclama- 
tion in  the  caucus,  and  was  the  candidate  of 
the  Republicans  in  that  General  Assembly  for 
.United  States  Senator. 

Kerlerec,  Louis  Billouart  de,  Co- 
lonial Governor  of  Louisiana,  was  born  in 
Quimper,  France,  in  1704,  and  died  in  Paris 
in  1770.  In  1721  he  entered  the  French 
Marine  Guards,  serving  in  twenty-three  cam- 
paigns thereafter.  In  1747  he  became  com- 
mander of  the  "Neptune,"  commanded  a 
cruiser  in  1750,  and  was  promoted  to  captain 
in  175 1.  He  became  Governor  of  Louisiana 
in  1752,  and  had  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the 
colony  during  the  "Seven  Years'  War."  After 
his  return  to  France,  in  1764,  he  was  charged 
with  abuse  of  authority  and  excessive  sever- 
ity, and  his  exile  was  decreed  in  1769.  The 
charges  were  proven  later  to  have  been 
groundless,  but  his  death  occurred  before  he 
had  been  fully  vindicated. 

Kerr,  Othello  Lasley,  dentist,  was 
born  September  6,  1874,  in  Jackson  County, 
Missouri,  nine  miles  south  of  Independence, 
the  son  of  John  R.  and  Nancy  (Rucker) 
Kerr.  The  father  was  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky and  came  to  Missouri  before  the  Civil 
War.  He  is  still  living  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
eight  years.  The  mother  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky. They  removed  to  Missouri  just  after 
their  marriage.  The  paternal  ancestry  is  of 
German  extraction,  and  the  maternal  an- 
cestors came  to  this  country  from  Ireland. 
O.  L.  Kerr  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  Jackson  County,  Missouri,  and  at 
Woodland  College,  located  in  Independence. 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  took  up  the  study  of 
dentistry  at  the  Chicago  .College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  from  which  institution  he  was  grad- 
uated April  7,  1896,  with  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
S.  May  I,  1896,  he  opened  an  office  at  In- 
dependence and  began  the  practice  of  his 
chosen  profession  there.  Since  that  time  he 
has  resided  in  the  city  of  his  first  location, 
and  the  growing  practice  with  which  he  is 
favored  proves  the  confidence  in  which  he 
is  held  by  the  people  of  the  community.  By 
his  fellow  members  of  the  profession  he  is 
regarded  as  a  very  able  practitioner,  accom- 
plished in  the  latest  methods  and  teachings. 
Dr.  Kerr  is  a  member  of  the  American  Den- 
tal Protective  Society,  the  Alumni  Associa- 


tion of  the  Chicago  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  the  Missouri  State  Dental  Associa- 
tion and  the  Kansas  State  Dental  Association. 
He  is  frequently  a  contributor  of  papers  be- 
fore these  organizations,  and  his  treatment 
of  technical  subjects  is  always  masterful  and 
strong.  The  readers  of  the  "Western  Dental 
Journal"  and  the  "Dental  Digest"  peruse  his 
contributions  to  those  magazines  with  more 
than  ordinary  interest,  many  of  them  being  of 
superior  scientific  value.  Politically  Dr.  Kerr 
is  a  Democrat.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church,  South ;  is  superintendent  of  the 
Bristol  Sunday  school,  and  is  actively  identi- 
fied with  charitable  and  philanthropic  move- 
ments. He  holds  membership  in  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America.  He  was  married  Jan- 
uary 9,  1897,  to  Miss  Josephine  Robinson, 
daughter  of  R.  B.  Robinson,  a  retired  manu- 
facturer of  Jackson  County,  Missouri.  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Kerr  are  the  parents  of  one  daugh- 
ter, Lucile.  Their  social  relations  are  in 
keeping  with  the  doctor's  high  standing  in  the 
profession. 

Kesler,  Daniel,  farmer  and  stock- 
raiser,  was  born  February  23,  1836,  in  La- 
porte  County,  Indiana,  son  of  Daniel  Y:  and 
Elizabeth  Kesler.  The  family  to  which  he  be- 
longs is  descended  from  German  ances- 
tors, but  several  generations  of  its 
representatives  have  lived  in  America. 
His  parents  were  born  in  Virginia 
and  came  West  from  that  State. 
They  established  their  home  in  Livingston 
County,  Missouri,  in  1839,  and  were  among 
the  pioneer  settlers  in  that  region.  There 
they  continued  to  reside  as  long  as  they  lived, 
prospered  in  a  worldly  way,  and  enjoyed  the 
esteem  of  all  who  knew  them.  They  were 
the  parents  of  five  children  who  grew  to  ma- 
turity, three  of  whom  were  living  in  1900. 
Of  these,  a  son  resides  in  California,  and  a 
daughter  and  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  Dan- 
iel Kesler,  are  living  in  Livingston  County. 
Brought  up  on  his  father's  farm,  Mr.  Kesler  . 
was  fitted  for  a  business  career  by  attendance 
at  the  common  schools  and  subscription 
schools  of  the  neighborhood  in  which  he 
lived.  ETe  began  life  for  himself  as  a  farmer, 
and  has  followed  that  occupation  up  to  the 
present  time,  his  efforts  in  this  field  of  enter- 
prise having  been  crowned  with  much  more 
than  ordinary  success.  As  a  breeder  of  short- 
horn and  Hereford  cattle,  and  of  Merino  and 


532 


KESLER. 


Shropshire  sheep,  he  has  become  well  known 
among  the  leading  farmers  of  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  Missouri.  He  is  the  owner  of  a 
large  body  of  fine  land,  which  is  handsomely 
improved  and  is  cultivated  in  accordance  with 
the  most  approved  methods.  His  political 
affiliations  are  with  the  Democratic  party. 
In  January  of  1866  Mr.  Kesler  married  Miss 
Sarah  A.  Faulke.  Four  children  have  been 
born  of  this  union,  of  whom  Edwin  A.  and 
Ida  May  are  married.  Ida  May  Kesler  is 
now  Mrs.  Ida  May  Thompson,  and  her  home 
is  in  Daviess  County.  The  other  children  are 
John  F.  and  Daniel  W.  Kesler,  both  of  whom 
were  living  at  the  old  homestead  with  their 
parents  in  1900. 

Kesher  Shell  Barzell. — A  Hebrew 
secret  beneficiary  order,  whose  name,  trans- 
lated into  EngUsh  means  the  "Iron  Knot.'^' 
It  originated  in  New  York  about  1868.  Four 
years  later,  in  1872,  it  was  introduced  into  St. 
Louis,  where  Lebanon  Lodge,  No.  10,  was 
the  first  one  organized.  The  jurisdiction  of 
the  order  is  divided  into  three  districts  in  the 
United  States — Nos.  i,  2  and  4.  District  No. 
I  comprises  the  Eastern  States,  New  England 
and  New  York ;  District  No.  2  embraces  the 
Southern  Atlantic  States  as  far  north  as 
Pennsylvania,  and  including  that  State ;  Dis- 
trict No.  3,  which  comprised  the  Pacific 
States,  has  been  suspended  for  many  years 
for  cause,  and  District  No.  4  comprises  the 
States  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Ohio, 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Arkansass, 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Kansas  and  Colorado.  The 
order  in  this  district  has  a  dual  government, 
the  Grand  Lodge,  with  its  officers,  being  es- 
tablished at  Cincinnati.  The  officers  consist 
of  a  president  and  vice  president,  secretary 
and  treasurer,  and  a  general  committee,  who 
direct  the  general  affairs  of  the  order.  The 
other  part  of  the  government  is  called  the  en- 
dowment board,  consisting  of  five  members — 
one  of  whom  is  chairman — a  secretary  and 
treasurer.  They  have  the  direction  of  all  af- 
fairs pertaining  to  the  endowment  fund.  The 
president  of  the  Supreme  Lodge  is  Simon 
Wolff,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  who  was  con- 
sul general  in  Cairo,  Egypt,  under  President 
Grant,  and  recorder  of  deeds  in  the  District 
of  Columbia  under  President  Hayes.  In  the 
city  of  St.  Louis  there  were  in  1898  six 
lodges,  with  about  150  members.  District  No. 
4  maintains  a  home  for  the  aged  and  infirm. 


erected  at  a  cost  of  $25,000  in  the  city  of 
Cleveland,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sonneschein,  then 
of  St.  Louis,  being  one  of  the  original  trus- 
tees of  the  institution. 

Kesler,  John  R.,  farmer    and    stock-* 
raiser,  was  born  August  30,  1833,  in  Bote- 
tourt, Virginia,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Liv- 
ingston   County,    Missouri,   June    10,    1898. 
His  parents  were  Daniel  Y.  and  Elizabeth 
Kesler,  of  whom  more  extended  mention  is 
made  in  the  foregoing  sketch  of  his  brother, 
Daniel  Kesler.    John  R.  Kesler  was  six  years 
of    age  when  his  parents  came   West    and 
settled     in     Livingston     County.     He     was 
reared  on  a  farm  and  obtained  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  the  region  in  which 
he  was  brought  up.    Trained  to  agricultural 
pursuits,  he  became  interested  with  his  father 
and   brother   in   farming   operations    in   his 
young  manhood,  and  when  his  father  died 
he  and  his  brother  Daniel  purchased  the  in- 
terest of  the  other  heirs  in  the  estate  and 
divided  between  them  the  Kesler  lands.  Turn- 
ing his  attention  largely  to  the  raising  of 
thoroughbred  stock,  he  became  known  as  one 
of   the    first   in    the    portion    of    Livingston 
County    in    which    he    resided    to    make    a 
specialty  of  this  branch  of  stock-raising.    He 
introduced  into  this  neighborhood  the  first 
Norman  horses,  and  also  some  of  the  first 
high-bred  cattle  and  other  animals.     There- 
after he  was  a  large  breeder  and  feeder  of 
stock,  and  his  farm  became  known  as  one  of 
the  finest  stock  farms  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the   State.    He   was   a   careful   and 
sagacious  business  man,  and  that  his  opera- 
tions were  uniformly  successful  is  attested 
by  the  fact  that  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  the  owner  of  nearly  1,500  acres  of  fine 
farming  land  and  of.  much  valuable  live  stock. 
In  the  earlier  years  of  his  life  he  spent  some 
time  in  the  Northwest,  going  first,  in  1862, 
to  Iowa.     A  few  months  later  he  went  to 
Colorado,  and  from  there  to  Montana,  where 
he  remained  until  1866.    He  then  returned  to 
Missouri  and  was  continuously  engaged  in 
farming  thereafter  until  his  death,  being  also 
a  stockholder  and  director  in  the  Citizens' 
Bank  of  Jamesport.    His  political  affiliations 
were  with  the  Democratic  party,  but  he  never 
took  an  active  part  in  politics  or  electoral 
campaigns.    December  12,  1867,  Mr.  Kesler 
married  Alice  A.  Rose,  of  Livingston  County, 
who  survives  her  husband.     Mrs.  Kesler  is 


/6^  /ti^^j^ — > 


KEYTESVIIvI^E— KIDDER. 


533 


a  daughter  of  Dr,  J.  W.  Rose,  who  was  one 
of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  Livingston 
County.  The  family  to  which  she  belonged, 
and  which  is  of  English  origin,  was  founded 
in  this  country  in  Pennsylvania,  where  its 
representatives  became  prominent  and  influ- 
€ntial.  All  of  the  male  members  of  the  fam- 
ily have  been  educated  men  and  most  of  them 
have  been  physicians  by  profession.  They 
have  been  noted  for  their  geniality,  good 
breeding  and  courteous  bearing,  as  well  as 
for  their  professional  accomplishments.  The 
children  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kesler  were 
Homer  J.  Kesler,  unmarried  and  living  at  the 
old  homestead,  and  Minnie  B.  Kesler,  now 
Mrs.  Ira  G.  Hedrick. 

Keytesville.— The  judicial  seat  of  Char- 
iton County,  a  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
situated  in  Mussel  Fork  of  the  Chariton 
River,  one  mile  and  a  half  from  Keytesville 
Station,  on  the  Wabash  Railroad,  174  miles 
from  St.  Louis.  The  town  was  laid  out  in 
1832  on  land  donated  to  the  county  by  James 
Keyte  on  condition  that  the  place  be  made 
the  permanent  county  seat.  The  same  year 
the  county  records  and  offices  were  removed 
there  from  the  old  town  of  Chariton.  In 
1836  there  were  in  the  town  about  150  peo- 
ple, a  courthouse,  four  stores  and  three  tav- 
erns, and  near  by  was  a  saw  and  grist  mill. 
September  20,  1864,  a  force  of  Confederate 
soldiers  raided  the  town  and  burned  the 
courthouse  and  killed  the  sheriff,  Robert  Car- 
mon.  In  1867  the  present  courthouse  was 
built,  and  in  1870  a  jail,  costing  $13,000,  was 
erected.  The  town  is  nicely  located,  has  well 
graded  and  shaded  streets,  a  well  graded 
school,  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Presbyterian 
churches,  two  banks,  a  flouring  mill,  a  dis- 
tillery, two  hotels,  two  newspapers,  the 
"Courier"  and  the  "Signal,"  and  about  thirty 
other  business  places,  both  large  and  small, 
including  well  stocked  stores  and  miscella- 
neous shops.  Coal  mines  are  located  near  the 
town.    Population,  1899  (estimated),  1,200. 

Keytesville  Landing. — A  steamboat 
landing  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  eight 
miles  from  Keytesville,  the  county  seat  of 
Chariton  County.  It  was  a  point  of  much 
importance  during  the  days  of  steamboating 
on  the  Missouri  River,  and  large  amounts  of 
tobacco  and  other  produce  were  shipped 
from  there.     For  a  number  of  years  it  was 


the  home  of  General  Sterling  Price.  The 
town  is  now  abandoned.  The  river  has 
changed  its  course  and  is  about  one  mile  and 
a  half  from  the  original  site  of  the  town, 
which  is  now  covered  by  a  lake. 

"Kickapoo,  My   Beautiful." —Mrs. 

Rush  C.  Owen,  daughter  of  John  P.  Camp- 
bell, the  founder  of  Springfield,  narrates  a 
beautiful  incident  in  connection  with  the  birth 
of  her  sister,  Mary  Frances,  the  first  white 
female  born  on  the  site  of  that  city.  In  1827 
while  hunting,  John  P.  Campbell  stopped  at 
a  Kickapoo  camp,  where  was  a  young  Indian 
very  ill.  Campbell  produced  from  his  saddle- 
bags some  heroic  remedies,  lobelia  and  Num- 
ber Six,  which  he  administered  to  the  boy, 
with  apparently  alarming  results.  The 
patient  recovered,  and  ever  afterward  re- 
garded Campbell  with  affection,  and  fre- 
quently visited  his  cabin.  Upon  one  of  his 
visits  he  saw  the  Campbell  infant,  immedi- 
ately after  her  birth,  the  first  white  child  he 
had  ever  seen.  He  approached  the  mother 
and  said,  "What  call  ?"  The  mother,  to  please 
him,  said  "Kickapoo ;"  and  the  father  said, 
"My  beautiful !"  Ever  after  the  Indian  called 
the  child  "Kickapoo,  My  Beautiful."  Shortly 
afterward,  the  mother  in  going  to  see  a  sick 
neighbor,  passed  near  a  number  of  Indians 
who  had  been  trading  and  drinking.  A  large 
and  powerful  Osage  sprang  toward  her, 
shouting,  "My  squaw!"  She  ran  toward 
home,  and  fainted  at  the  door,  the  Indian 
immediately  behind.  At  the  moment  the 
friendly  Kickapoo  felled  the  Osage  with 
a  bludgeon,  pulled  the  woman  inside 
and  closed  the  door.  By  this  time  the 
Osages  were  rushing  to  the  cabin  in  quest 
of  him  who  had  struck  their  fellow,  whom  the 
blow  had  killed.  Meanwhile  the  Kickapoo 
had  taken  the  child  in  his  arms,  embraced 
her,  laid  her  down,  and  fled  through  the  back 
entrance.  Mr.  Campbell  made  every  effort 
to  ascertain  his  whereabouts  or  fate,  but 
without  success,  and  made  up  his  mind  he 
had  been  assassinated  by  the  Osages, 

Kidder. — An  incorporated  village  in  Cald- 
well County,  on  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph 
Railroad,  thirteen  miles  northeast  of  Kings- 
ton, the  county  seat.  It  was  founded  as  a 
home  for  the  "Kidder  Institute."  The  vil- 
lage contains  Baptist,  Congregational,  Chris- 
tian,    Methodist    Episcopal    and    Dunkard 


534 


KIDDER— KIMBALL. 


churches,  a  good  public  school,  a  bank,  two 
hotels,  a  creamery,  a  Republican  newspaper, 
the  "Optic,"  and  about  twenty-five  miscel- 
laneous stores.  Population,  1899  (estimated), 
500. 

Kidder,  Rowe  E.,  manufacturer,  is  a 
native  of  Vermont,  and  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  in  that  State.  He  removed  in 
early  life  to  Minnesota,  where  he  secured 
employment  in  the  Washburn  &  Crosby  mills 
at  Minneapolis,  and  here  gained  that  deep 
knowledge  of  grain  and  its  manufacture 
which  in  later  days  served  him  to  such  good 
purposes.  He  was  sent  by  the  firm  to 
Topeka,  Kansas,  and  there  built  a  mill  for 
himself,  and  ground  the  first  hard  wheat 
milled  in  that  region.  In  1891  he  removed 
to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  milling  firm  of  Armes  &  Kid- 
der, and  manager  of  the  business,  Mr.  Armes 
remaining  at  his  home  in  Vermont,  and  only 
occasionally  visiting  his  partner.  Here  Mr. 
Kidder  had  an  experience  similar  to  that  in 
Kansas  City,  being  the  first  miller  in  that 
city  to  grind  hard  wheat.  He  is  fully  in- 
formed in  all  departments  of  his  business, 
and  is  highly  esteemed  by  his  collea^es  for 
his  integrity,  sagacity  and  clear  discrimina- 
tion in  all  questions  pertaining  to  his  depart- 
ment of  trade,  and  to  the  general  welfare. 
He  has  long  been  an  earnest  advocate  of  a 
railway  to  reach  and  draw  grain  from  the 
northern  wheat  region.  Mr.  Kidder  is  an 
active  member  of  the  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation of  Kansas  City,  of  the  Winter  Wheat 
National  League,  and  of  the  Southwestern 
Winter  Wheat  Association. 

Kidder  Institute. — A  coeducational, 
undenominational,  academical  and  normal 
school  at  Kidder,  in  Caldwell  County.  It 
was  founded  in  1872  by  Eastern  Congrega- 
tionalists  and  for  some  years  was  known  as 
Thayer  College.  In  1900  six  teachers  were 
engaged  and  125  students  were  enrolled.  The 
building  and  grounds  are  valued  at  $30,000, 
and  the  library  contains  1,500  volumes. 

Kielty,  Francis  M.,  Catholic  clergy- 
man, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1830.  He  came 
to  America  when  a  boy,  and  was  educated 
at  St.  Louis  University,  and  prepared  for  the 
priesthood  at  the  diocesan  seminary  of 
Carondelet,  Missouri.     Although  deeply  re- 


ligious by  nature,  his  poetic  thought  found 
expression  in  articles  contributed  to  the 
"American  Celt."  He  was  ordained  priest 
by  Archbishop  Kenrick  in  i860,  being  at  the 
same  time  appointed  assistant  at  St.  Law- 
rence O'Toole's  Church,  and  in  i860  he  had 
charge  of  this  parish  while  Father  Henry 
was  absent  in  Europe.  After  that  he  had 
charge  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  in  Ralls  County, 
Missouri,  where  he  also  did  missionary  work. 
He  next  officiated  at  the  St.  Louis  Cathedral 
during  Archbishop  Kenrick's  residence  there^ 
and  succeeded  Father  Feehan  at  the  Church 
of  the  Immaculate  Conception  when  that  pas- 
tor was  made  a  bishop.  In  1869  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  pastorate  of  the  Holy  Angels 
Church  of  St.  Louis,  a  position  which  he  has 
ever  since  filled.  His  contributions  to  the 
press,  as  well  as  his  pulpit  utterances,  have 
served  to  make  him  well  known  to  the  gen- 
eral public. 

Kier,  William  Fitzgerald,  phy- 
sician, was  born  August  4,  1849,  ^^  Leech- 
burg,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  educated  at 
Richie  College,  West  Newton,  Pennsylvania. 
He  then  studied  medicine  under  the  precep- 
torship  of  his  father  at  Detroit,  Michigan, 
and  in  the  year  1870  matriculated  in  St.  Louis 
Medical  College.  He  was  graduated  with 
class  honors  in  1871,  and  immediately  en- 
tered upon  a  successful  career.  He  is  an 
honored  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society  and  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Kimball,  Elbert  Erwin,  was  born  in 
North  Cohocton,  Steuben  County,  New 
York,  October  6,  1843,  ^^^  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Missouri  in  1855.  He  was  attend- 
ing school  at  Springfield,  Missouri,  when  the 
Civil  War  broke  out,  and  enlisted  for  three 
months'  service  in  Captain  Holland's  com- 
pany of  Colonel  John  S.  Phelps'  regiment  of 
home  guards.  After  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  service  he  returned  to  New  York, 
where  his  father  had  previously  gone,  and 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  G,  One 
Hundred  and  Eigthy-ninth  New  York  Vol- 
unteers; this  regiment  was  a  part  of  the 
second  brigade  of  the  first  division  of  the 
first  army  corps.  After  the  close  of  the  war, 
on  June  2,  1865,  he  was  mustered  out  as  first 
sergeant  at  Elmyra,  New  York. 

Mr.  Kimball  entered  the  law  department  of 


KIMMSWICK— KINDERGARTENS,   ST.    LOUIS. 


535 


the  University  of  Michigan,  at  Ann  Arbor, 
in  1866,  and  was  graduated  therefrom  two 
years  later.  After  the  war  his  father  had 
returned  to  Missouri  and  located  at  Virgil 
City,  Vernon  County,  and  here  the  son  was 
located  for  a  time  after  his  graduation.  In 
a  few  years,  however,  Elbert  removed  to 
Nevada,  in  the  same  county,  and  here  he  con- 
tinued to  reside  until  1888.  During  part  of 
this  time  he  was  a  law  partner  of  Charles  G. 
Burton,  and  afterward  of  M.  T.  January. 
In  1888  he  was  the  Republican  candidate  for 
Governor,  being  defeated  by  D.  R.  Francis, 
the  Democratic  candidate,  by  a  plurality  of 
13,233.  In  May,  1889,  he  was  appointed 
United  States  District  Attorney  for  the 
western  district  of  Missouri  by  President 
Harrison,  and  removed  with  his  family  to 
Kansas  City,  Missouri,  where  he  lived  until 
his  death,  on  October  16,  1889. 

Kim ms wick. — A  town  in  Jefiferson 
County,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  the 
St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  Southern,  Rail- 
way, twenty-one  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Louis.  It  was  laid  out  in  1859  by  Theodore 
Kimm.  In  1873  large  works  were  put  in 
operation  for  smelting  ore  from  Pilot  Knob, 
and  closed  in  1882.  It  is  a  shipping  point 
for  grain,  lime,  fruits  and  the  product  of 
extensive  greenhouses.  There  are  Presby- 
terian and  Catholic  Churches,  and  a  public 
school.  In  1899  the  population  was  450.  Ad- 
joining on  the  north  is  Montesano  Springs,  a 
summer  resort  and  point  for  excursionists 
from  St.  Louis. 

Kinderg^artens,  St.  Louis. — A  su- 
preme moment  in  the  history  of  American 
education  was  that  when  Miss  Susie  E,  Blow, 
founder  of  the  kindergarten  in  America,  and 
Dr.  William  Torrey  Harris,  for  eleven  years 
superintendent  of  the  public  schools  and  at 
present  national  commissioner  of  education, 
first  met  to  consider  the  feasibility  of  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  kindergarten  as  a  part  of 
our  school  system — she  with  her  splendid  en- 
thusiasm, intelligent  earnestness  and  practical 
good  sense,  fresh  from  the  study  of  the  work- 
ings of  the  kindergarten  in  its  purest  form: 
he  recognizing  in  this  institution  the  most 
perfect  realization  and  embodiment  of  his 
most  advanced  pedagogical  theories.  Then 
and  there  originated  the  kindergarten  in 
America,  and.  with  it  the  germs  of  all  that  is 
substantial   and   abiding  in   what   has   been 


called  the  ''new  education;"  for  if  there  had 
been  no  kindergarten  there  would  have  been 
no  manual  training  as  an  educational  func- 
tion ;  no  "laboratory  method,"  so  called ;  no 
nature  study  in  primary  grades ;  no  sys- 
tematic science  teaching  in  the  grammar 
schools ;  no  organized  study  of  classic  litera- 
ture in  the  same  schools,  nor  that  revolution 
in  methods  generally  which  has  softened  dis- 
cipline and  stimulated  spontaneity  under 
guidance  of  reason  by  either  consciously  or 
unconsciously  carrying  the  spirit  of  Froebel 
from  the  kindergarten  up  through  all  the 
grades,  even  to  the  highest.  St.  Louis  has, 
therefore,  the  proud  honor  of  being  the  foun- 
tain head  of  the  new  education. 

It  is  now  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
since  this  auspicious  event  had  its  beginning 
in  our  midst.  As  early  as  1872  some  kinder- 
garten features  were  tentatively  made  a  part 
of  the  primary  work  of  the  Everett  School, 
where  the  good  effects  of  these  features  were 
so  noticeably  encouraging  that  in  the  very 
next  year  it  was  deemed  safely  advisable  to 
take  the  full  step  of  establishing  a  kinder- 
garten pure  and  simple.  This  was  accom- 
plished August  26,  1873,  when  the  president 
and  board  of  directors  of  the  St.  Louis  pub- 
lic schools,  on  the  recommendation  of  Su- 
perintendent Harris,  accepted  the  generous 
offer  of  Miss  Blow  to  gratuitously  undertake 
the  direction  of  a  public  kindergarterr  and 
the  instruction  of  one  paid  assistant  in  the 
same.  An  industrial  district  where  the  aver- 
age school  age  of  the  children  had  been  but 
ten  years  was  deemed  the  most  suitable  place 
for  a  beginning,  and  accordingly  a  room  was 
set  apart  and  appropriately  furnished  for  the 
contemplated  kindergarten  in  the  Des  Peres' 
school  building,  the  paid  assistant  appointed 
by  the  school  board  being  Miss  Mary  A. 
Timberlake.  This  experiment,  under  the  tact- 
ful and  intelligent  guidance  of  Miss  Blow, 
was  from  the  beginning  a  success  beyond  an- 
ticipation, more  children  attending  than  could 
well  be  accommodated,  many  young  ladies  of 
culture  and  refinement  volunteering  as  -as- 
sistants. 

In  the  year  1874  two  additional  kindergar- 
tens were  established  in  the  Everett  and 
Divoll  schools.  In  1875  afternoon  kindergar- 
tens were  established,  thus  greatly  lessening 
their  expense  by  accommodating  in  the  same 
room  two  separate  sets  of  children  daily.  That 
vear  the  number  of  kindergartens  was   in- 


536 


KINDERGARTENS,   ST.   LOUIS. 


creased  to  twelve.  In  1876-7  eighteen  others 
were  established,  thus  swelling  the  number 
to  thirty.  In  the  last  year  above  mentioned 
the  United  States  Centennial  Commission 
(Philadelphia),  in  recognition  of  the  merits 
of  the  exhibits  prepared  by  Miss  Blow,  made 
an  award  to  St.  Louis  "for  excellence  of  work 
and  for  the  establishment  of  the  kindergarten 
as  a  part  of  the  public  school  system."  In  his 
annual  report  for  1875-6,  to  which  the  inter- 
ested reader  is  referred  for  fuller  information, 
Dr.  Harris  devoted  forty  pages  to  the  kin- 
dergarten, among  other  things  clearly  enum- 
erating and  explaining  the  twenty  "gifts," 
"occupations"  of  Froebel,  adding  that  "the 
practice  of  moving  tables  and  chairs  and  ar- 
ranging them  according  to  tasteful  designs 
has  added  a  new  'occupation'  to  the  list  given 
by  Froebel."  This  Miss  Blow  has  since  very 
properly  called  "Dr.  Harris'  occupation." 

As  an  evidence  of  the  immediate  influence 
of  the  kindergarten  in  its  earliest  years  was 
developed  the  fact,  which  has  been  subse- 
quently more  than  confirmed,  that  the  grad- 
uates of  the  kindergarten  in  the  primary 
departments  "excel  others  of  their  class- 
mates in  ability  of  self-help,  maturity  and 
quickness  of  sense-perception,  and  in  their 
grasp  of  thought,  make  better  progress." 
Froebel  was  a  genius,  and  the  great  point  of 
his  success  was  that  he  accomplished  the  deli- 
cate 'and  well-nigh  impossible  task  of  har- 
monizing "spontaneity"  and  "will  discipline." 
In  materializing  and  transplanting  the  kin 
dergarten  in  America  the  St.  Louis  schools, 
by  strictly  adhering  to  the  principles  of  Froe- 
bel in  their  purity,  have  thereby  avoided  the 
grave  mistakes  made  in  many  other. places 
by  well  meaning  but  ignorant  disciples  of  the 
great  master. 

The  kindergarten  is  no  longer  an  experi- 
ment, but  a  permanent  and  integral  part  of 
our  public  school  sys.tem.  Parents  need  no 
longer  to  be  persuaded  to  have  them ;  they 
now  demand  them,  and  to-day  when  the  com- 
missioner of  school  buildings  makes  his  plans 
for  a  new  schoolhouse  he  always  includes  as 
a  part  of  those  plans  a  suitable  room  for  the 
kindergarten,  with  all  the  modern  improve- 
ments and  appliances.  The  kindergarten 
movement  has  grown  until  to-day  (1899)  we 
have  104.  The  number  of  kindergartners  is 
227.  The  total  number  of  children  enrolled  in 
the  year  1897-8  was  9,140. 

The  increasing  demand  for  skilled  kinder- 


gartners as  the  kindergarten  movement  ex- 
panded,  led  Miss  Blow  to  estabhsh  a  normal 
training  school,  from  which  have  been  grad- 
uated those  noble  women  who  in  different 
and  remote  parts  of  our  country  have  carried 
and  are  disseminating  the  inspiring  messages 
of  Froebel.  This  institution  still  survives  and 
is  continuing  its  good  work  under  the  able 
management  of  Miss  Mary  C.  McCulloch, 
who  is  the  successor  of  Miss  Blow,  and  who 
for  the  past  fifteen  years  has  been  the  super- 
visor of  the  kindergartens.  She  is  an  ener- 
getic, earnest  woman,-  whose  unstinted  and 
intelligent  enthusiasm  for  this  work  with  the 
children  has  done  much  to  sustain  the  public 
interest  in  and  support  of  the  same. 

The  kindergarten  normal  is  located  in  the 
Wayman  Crow  school  building.  The  course 
covers  two  years'  work,  the  satisfactory  com- 
pletion of  the  first  year  of  which  entitles  the 
student  to  a  certificate  for  a  paid  assistant- 
ship  in  the  public  kindergarten.  The  com- 
pletion of  the  second  year's  work  secures  a 
diploma  for  director.  The  instructors  of  the 
kindergarten  normal  are  at  present  as  fol^ 
lows :  Miss  McCulloch,  instructor  in  gifts, 
mutter  und  koselieder,  "songs  and  games;" 
Miss  Mabel  A.  Wilson,  programme  work  and 
Froebel  occupations;  Mr.  William  M.  Bry- 
ant, psychology;  Miss  Isabel  Mulford,  bot- 
any; Mrs.  Mary  Hogan  Ludlum,  physical 
culture ;  Mrs.  Hayden  Campbell,  in  charge 
of  colored  assistants  and  students  in  gifts  and 
occupations. 

During  the  entire  term  of  their  existence 
the  kindergartens  have  been  singularly  for- 
tunate in  possessing  the  constant  and  intelli- 
gent support  of  the  three  distinguished 
gentlemen  who  have  presided  as  superintend- 
ents over  our  schools.  Mr.  Edward  Long,  the 
immediate  successor  of  Dr.  Harris,  was  unre- 
mitting in  his  advocacy,  and  did  much  to 
stimulate  interest  in  the  kindergartens  and  to 
extend  their  influence  in  his  two  well  known 
papers,  published  in  his  reports,  "The  Univer- 
sality of  Kindergarten  Principles,"  and  "The 
Relation  of  the  Kindergarten  to  "the  Primary 
School,"  while  his  successor,  the  present  able, 
enlightened  and  enterprising  superintendent 
of  instruction.  Dr.  F.  Louis  Soldan,  who,  as 
assistant  superintendent,  was  present  at  and 
largely  participated  in  the  founding  of  the 
kindergartens,  has  ever  since  been  their  faith- 
ful supporter  and  intelligent  advocate. 

Francis  E.  Cook. 


KINDERHOOK  COUNTY— KING. 


537 


Kinderhook  County.  — The  General 
Assembly^  by  act  approved  January  29,  1841, 
erected  a  county  which  was  named  Kinder- 
hook,  after  the  country  seat  of  President  Van 
Buren.  In  i8z|3  the  Legislature  changed  the 
name  to  Camden,  which  it  has  since  remained, 
after  a  county  in  North  Carolina. 

King',  Andrew,  lawyer,  legislator,  judge 
and  Congressman,  was  born  in  Greenbrier 
County,  Virginia,  March  20,  181 2,  and  died 
■at  Jeflferson  City,  Missouri,  in  1895.  He  re- 
ceived a  common  school  education  and  after 
studying  law  came  to  Missouri  and  estab- 
lished himself  at  St.  Charles,  where  he  built 
up  a  good  practice.  In  1846  he  was  elected  to 
the  State  Senate,  and  in  1858  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  Legislature,  and  from  1859  ^^ 
1864  was  judge  of  the  nineteenth  judicial  cir- 
cuit. In  1870  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty- 
second  Congress  as  a  Democrat  by  a  vote  of 
10,390  to  3,227  for  E.  Draper,  Administration 
Republican,  and  3,803  for .  D.  P.  Dyer, 
Liberal. 

King,  Austin  A.,  lawyer,  legislator, 
Governor  of  Missouri  and  member  of  Con- 
gress, was  born  in  Tennessee,  in  1801,  and 
died  in  Richmond,  Missouri,  April  22,  1870. 
His  father  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  from  him  he  inherited  a  strong  na- 
tional spirit.  While  a  young  man  he  came 
to  Missouri  and  settled  in  Columbia,  where  he 
practiced  law  with  success.  In  1837  he  re- 
moved to  Richmond,  Ray  County,  and  was 
appointed  circuit  judge  and  served  on  the 
bench  for  eight  years.  In  1848  he  was  chosen 
Governor  as  a  Democrat,  over  James  S.  Rol- 
lins, the  Whig  candidate,  by  a  majority  of 
14,953,  the  vote  being,  for  King,  48,921 ;  for 
Rollins,  33,968.  He  served  to  the  end  of  his 
term,  giving  an  administration  that  found 
favor  with  the  people.  When  the  Civil  War 
came  on  he  was  an  earnest  and  active  Union 
man  and  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1862  by 
the  Union  party. 

King,  Thomas  William,  judge  of  the 
County  Court  of  Saline  County,  was  born  in 
Liberty  Township,  of  that  county.  May  2, 
1859,  son  of  William  Armstrong  and  Mary 
Jane  (Wingfield)  King.  His  father,  a 
native  of  Missouri,  was  a  son  of  Thomas 
King,  who  came  to  this  State  from  Virginia 
in  the  pioneer  days  of  Missouri.   He  was  de- 


scended from  Irish  ancestors  of  good  blood, 
who  settled  in  Virginia  in  the  Colonial  era. 
William  A.  King  was  in  early  life  a  farmer, 
miller  and  carpenter.  During  the  early  days 
of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  the  Confed- 
erate service  and  started  to  join  the  army 
of  General  Sterling  Price,  but  was  captured 
by  a  detachment  of  Federals  before  he 
could  reach  his  destination,  and  placed  in  the 
Union  prison  at  Rock  Island,  where  he  died  in 
1865  as  the  result  of  exposure  and  diseases  in- 
cident to  prison  life.  His  wife,  a  representative 
of  an  old  Missouri  family  of  English  de- 
scent, died  in  March,  1890.  The  education 
of  Thomas  W.  King  was  received  principally 
in  the  district  schools  of  Liberty  Township 
and  the  graded  schools  at  Herndon.  After 
completing  his  studies  he  engaged  at  once  in 
farming  and  stock-raising  on  the  homestead, 
continuing  in  that  industry  until  1895,  when 
he  removed  to  Marshall.  In  the  meantime  he 
taught  school  in  his  township  during  the 
years  1882  and  1883.  In  1896  he  engaged  in 
the  abstract,  real  estate  and  loan  business  in 
partnership  with  Robert  B.  Taylor,  and  after- 
ward with  A.  P.  Strother,  but  in  1900  again 
formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  Taylor.  In 
1896  he  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
judge  of  the  county  court,  was  elected,  and  in 
1898  was  re-elected,  serving  two  terms  of 
two  years  each.  In  the  spring  of  1900  he  was 
a  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomination 
for  Representative  in  the  State  Legislature, 
but  was  not  nominated.  During  Judge  King's 
incumbency  of  the  office  of  county  judge  the 
improvements  to  the  courthouse  property 
and  the  public  square  in  Marshall,  completed 
in  1899,  were  effected,  principally  through  his 
efforts.  He  is  a  devout  member  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  South.  Immediately 
after  he  joined  the  church  he  was  made  stew- 
ard, trustee  and  superintendent  of  the  Sunday 
school  at  Herndon,  and  during  his  residence 
in  Marshall  has  served  four  years  as  steward 
of  the  church  there.  He  was  married  Septem- 
ber 21,  1892,  to  Rebecca  Criswell  Hedges,  a 
native  of  Platte  County,  Missouri,  and  a 
daughter  of  Harvey  Hedges.  The  record  of 
Judge  King  has  caused  him  to  be  recognized 
as  a  man  of  public,  progressive  spirit,  with 
an  earnest  desire  to  promote  the  welfare  of 
the  community.  He  is  liberal  in  his  views, 
unassuming  in  manner,  of  unquestioned  in- 
tegrity, and  an  influential  factor  in  Saline 
County  affairs. 


S38 


KING— KING   KALAKAUA. 


King,  Washington,  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  October  5,  181 5.  .He  was  well 
educated,  and  in  the  early  part  of  his  life 
followed  the  vocation  of  teacher.  He  came 
to  St.  Louis  in  1844  and  engaged  in  mercan- 
tile pur^uits,  prospering  until  the  great  fire 
of  1849,  which  ruined  so  many  others, 
brought  losses  to  him.  In  1850  he  went  to 
Europe  and  spent  two  years,  returning  to 
St.  Louis  in  1852.  In  1855  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  the  city,  serving  with  honor,  and 
gaining  the  good  will  of  the  public.  He  was 
married,  in  1836,  to  Miss  Cynthia  M.  Kelsey, 
of  Connecticut. 

King  City. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
on  the  St.  Joseph  branch  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  in  Gentry 
County,  twenty-one  miles  southwest  of 
Albany,  the  county  seat.  It  has  Baptist, 
Methodist  Episcopal  and  Presbyterian 
Churches,  a  fine  public  school  building,  which 
cost  $15,000,  two  good  hotels,  a  flouring  mill, 
a  washing  machine  factory,  an  bperahouse, 
two  banks,  two  newspapers,  the  "Chronicle" 
and  the  "Democrat,"  and  about  forty  mis- 
cellaneous business  places,  including  stores 
and  shops.  Population,  1899  (estimated), 
1,000. 

King  Kalakaua.— The  United  States 
government  having  extended  an  invitation  to 
King  Kalakaua  and  placed  the  steamer 
"Benicia"  at  his  disposal,  he  embarked  at 
Honolulu,  November  17,  1874.  for  San  Frafi- 
cisco  on  his  way  to  Washington,  accom- 
panied by  the  Honorable  H.  A.  Pierce,  the 
American  minister,  and  other  gentlemen.  On 
their  arrival  they  were  cordially  received  and 
treated  as  guests  of  the  nation.  After  a  tour 
through  the  Northern  States,  the  royal  party 
started  homeward.  From  private  official 
sources  it  was  learned  that  the  king  would  so 
far  deviate  from  the  plan  of  his  original  route 
as  to  visit  St.  Louis,  which  would  agree  with 
his  personal  inclinations.  On  January  8, 
1875,  General  Sherman,  by  letter,  informed 
Mayor  Joseph  Brown  that  "His  Majesty, 
Kalakaua,  King  of  the  Sandwich  Islands," and 
suite  would  visit  St.  Louis,  and  that  he  would 
gladly  do  all  in  his  power  to  receive  and 
entertain  him,  but  he  thought  that  the  mayor 
would  prefer  that  he  should  be  the  guest  of 
the  city.  In  response,  the  mayor  said  he 
would  lay  the  matter  before  the  Merchants' 


Exchange,  and  the  City  Council,  and  he  had 
no  doubt  committees  would  be  appointed  10 
extend  to  the  king  such  courtesies  and  hos- 
pitalities as  the  occasion  demanded.  Our 
citizens,  he  said,  would  gladly  accept  the  gen- 
eral's offer,  with  that  of  his  staflf,  to  assist 
in  entertaining  King  Kalakaua,  the  nation's 
guest.  The  king  arrived  from  Chicago  at 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  depot  in  East  St.  Louis 
on  Saturday  evening,  January  12,  1875,  when, 
at  9  o'clock,  carriages  left  the  Southern 
Hotel  bearing  the  reception  committee  to  re-- 
ceive  the  visiting  dignitaries  and  conduct 
them  to  the  St.  Louis  side  of  the  river.  Those 
who  went  to  present  the  first  greetings  were 
General  Sherman,  representing  the  general 
government ;  Acting  Mayor  Theophile  Papin, 
Alderman  H.  S.  Turner,  C.  W.  Francis,  M. 
D.  Collier  and  M.  Madden,  of  the  City  Coun- 
cil's reception  committee,  and  D.  P.  Rowla;id 
and  Martin  Collins,  of  the  Merchants'  Ex- 
change committee.  After  due  exchange  of 
greetings,  the  party  was  conveyed  across 
the  river  and  alighted  at  the  Southern  Hotel. 
In  the  parlors  the  king  was  welcomed  in  a 
speech  by  Acting  Mayor  Papin,  at  the  con- 
clusion of  which  the  king  bowed  his  acknowl- 
edgment. The  afternoon  of  the  next  day 
the  royal  party  was  driven  about  the  city. 
On  Monday  General  Sherman  and  staff  ac- 
companied the  visitors  to  the  Merchants' 
Exchange,  and  in  the  afternoon  came  a  re- 
ception and  an  invitation  to  attend  De  Bar's 
opera  to  witness  the  performance  of  "Giroflc- 
Girofla"  by  the  Oates  troupe.  Tuesday 
morning  the  visitors  were  taken  out  to  in- 
spect the  Vulcan  Iron  Works  and  other  man- 
ufacturing establishments.  Proceeding  on 
their  way  westward,  the  king  and  his  party 
made  a  stop  at  Jefferson  City,  to  visit  the 
Legislature,  then  in  session.  An  immense 
crowd  gathered  at  the  depot,  where  the  king's 
car  was  boarded  by  Governor  Hardin  and  the 
reception  committee.  The  Governor  made 
the  welcoming  speech,  which  was  responded 
to  by  the  kmg  with  a  bow  and  thanks.  A 
story  told  at  the  expense  of  Senator  Joseph 
Ladue  is  that  when  the  king  decHned  to  show 
himself  to  the  crowd,  the  Senator,  almost  as 
tawny  complexioned  as  the  king,  was  thrust 
forward,  and  taken  for  his  majesty.  The 
crowd  repaired  to  Representatives'  Hall,  to 
which  place  the  royal  party  was  conveyed 
in  carriages.  The  aisle  of  the  hall  was 
packed,   and    the  royal  party   having  some 


KING  OTHO  IN  ST.  LOUIS— KING'S  DAUGHTERS  AND  SONS. 


539 


trouble  in  getting  through,  Senator  Ladue 
called  out :  "Come  on,  king,"  and  the  latter 
managed  to  get  to  the  speaker's  desk. 
Sandwiched  in  between  members  of  the  com- 
mittee, he  then  made  a  clever  speech,  thank- 
ing all  and  extending  the  best  wishes  of 
himself  and  suite  to  the  people  of  Missouri. 
He  was  applauded.  In  the  Senate  chamber 
the  king  was  welcomed  by  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor Colman.  On  being  called  upon  for  a 
reply,  he  said  he  had  exhausted  what  he  had 
to  say  in  the  other  end  of  the  capitol.  Then, 
seizing  the  gavel,  he  said  it  reminded  him  of 
his  own  councils  at  home,  and  he  would  take 
the  liberty  to  adjourn  the  session  of  the  Sen- 
ate. A  call  was  then  made  on  Governor 
Hardin  in  the  executive  room,  after  which 
the  king  and  his  suite  returned  to  their  train. 
Kalakaua  arrived  in  Honolulu  February  15, 
1875,  having  produced  a  most  favorable  im- 
pression in    the  United  States. 

King  Otho  in  St.  Louis. — In  1835-6 
King  Otho,  of  Greece,  visited  St.  Louis  as 
a  guest  of  Mr.  Pierre  Chouteau,  on  the  intro- 
duction of  Mr.  John  Jacob  Astor.  He  was 
stalwart  in  physique,  wearing  a  heavy  mous- 
tache, and  was  rather  gross  in  manners,  as 
described  in  Darby's  "Recollections.''  The 
king  spent  some  time  in  St.  Louis  without 
apparent  object,  and  afterward  proceeded  to 
Cape  Girardeau,  where  he  remained  several 
months  in  high  living  with  the  men  of  wealth 
and  leisure  whom  he  met  there. 

King's  Ball.— In  the  old  French  towns 
of  Upper  Louisiana,  at  the  feast  of  Epiphany, 
on  Twelfth  Night  a  cake  was  served  to  the 
ladies,  into  which  had  been  kneaded,  before 
the  baking,  four  beans.  Each  lady  whose 
slice  of  cake  contained  a  bean  became  a 
queen  of  the  revels,  and  she  in  turn  chose  a 
gentleman  to  be  her  king,  signifying  her  pref- 
erence by  presenting  him  a  bouquet.  The 
four  kings  thus  chosen  and  duly  proclaimed 
became  the  patrons  of  the  first  of  a  series  of 
old-time  entertainments  known  as  the  "kings' 
balls."  At  the  Twelfth  Night  -festival  the 
time  was  fixed  for  the  first  of  these  balls,  and 
at  the  close  of  this  ball  the  queens  selected 
four  more  kings,  who,  in  turn,  proclaimed 
four  new  queens  for  the  next  ball.  The  series 
of  festivities  thus  inaugurated  lasted  until 
Shrove  Tuesday  and  the  carnival.  All  who 
were  present  at  the  Twelfth  Night  festivi- 


ties were  expected  to  attend  the  king's  balls 
without  further  bidding. 

King's  Daughters  and    Sons. — 

This  order  was  brought  into  existence  in 
New  York  City  in  the  union  of  ten  earnest 
Christian  women,  who  met  on  the  morning 
of  January  13,  1886,  to  organize  a  sisterhood 
of  service.  Of  the  various  names  proposed 
for  this  order,  the  one  suggested  by  Mrs. 
Irving,  a  well  known  educator  of  New  York, 
was  most  favorably  received,  namely:  "The 
King's  Daughters."  Mrs.  Margaret  Bottome 
was  elected  president,  which  office  she  still 
holds.  The  objects  of  the  order  are:  to  de- 
velop spiritual  life  and  to  stimulate  Christian 
activities.  The  badge  is  a  small  silver  Maltese 
cross,  with  the  letters  "I.  H.  N.,"  which  stand 
for  the  watchword,  "In  His  Name,"  remind- 
ing us  that  we  are  to  go  forth  in  Christ's 
name  and  do  all  to  His  honor  and  glory. 
The  motto  is :  "Look  up  and  not  down ;  look 
out,  and  not  in ;  look  forward,  and  not  back ; 
lend  a  hand."  Royal  purple  and  white  are 
the  colors  of  the  order.  In  1887,  after  urgent 
request,  membership  in  the  order  was  opened 
to  men  and  boys,  and  its  incorporated  name 
is :  The  International  Order  of  the  King's 
Daughters  and  Sons.  The  original  circle 
stands  in  the  relation  of  a  helpful  advisory 
board  to  all  other  circles  and  is  called  the 
central  council.  Each  circle  is  quite  free  to 
choose  its  own  officers  and  conduct  its  own  ■ 
afifairs,  provided  it  keep  always  in  view  the 
high  objects  of  the  order:  development  of 
spiritual  life  and  the  stimulation  of  Chris- 
tian activities.  How  is  this  to  be  accom- 
plished? The  answer  is:  "Your  first  work 
is  within.  Learn  righteousnesSi  which  is 
rightness  in  thought,  in  will,  in  act,  in  all 
things,  both  great  and  small.  This  done,  you 
are  ready  for  the  King's  service.  Only  by 
self-training,  self-forgetting  and  by  entire 
consecration  shall  we  be  of  real  help  and  ac- 
complish real  good."  The  order  is  open  to 
all  Christians  of  all  denominations  and  is  one 
of  the  strongest  bonds  uniting  hearts  to- 
gether and  working  toward  the  one  grand 
result,  the  extending  of  Christ's  Kingdom. 
The  growth  of  the  order  has  been  marvelous. 
There  are  circles  in  every  nation  and  country 
on  the  globe,  and  hundreds  of  thousands 
wear  the  silver  cross.  A  convention  of  the 
King's  Daughters  and  Sons  was  held  in  St. 
St.  Louis  in  November,  1896.    Mrs.  Margaret 


540 


KING'S  LAKE   CLUB— KING'S   ROAD. 


Bottome,  president,  and  Mrs.  I.  C.  Davis, 
corresponding  secretary  of  the  order,  were 
present.  This  convention  proved  the  great- 
est ble'ssing  to  all  who  participated  in  the 
services.  One  of  the  results  was  the  forma- 
tion of  the  St.  Louis  Union  of  the  Interna- 
tional Order  of  the  King's  Daughters  and 
Sons,  on  the  afternoon  of  November  24, 
1896,  with  the  following  officers  :  Miss  Mary 
A.  L.  Ranken,  chairman ;  Mrs.  C.  R.  Springer, 
vice  chairman;  Miss  Edith  Miller,  cor- 
responding secretary,  and  Mrs.  Newton 
Cannon,  recording  secretary  and  treasurer. 
An  executive  board  of  six  was  also  elected. 
A  constitution  and  by-laws  were  drafted,  and 
at  a  later  meeting,  accepted.  The  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  most  kindly 
offered  their  home,  1723  Washington  Ave- 
nue, as  headquarters  for  the  St.  Louis  Union, 
which  was  gratefully  accepted.  These  quar- 
ters were  occupied  until  November,  1897, 
when  both  the  association  and  the  union 
moved  to  1728  Locust  Street,  where  the  liter- 
ature and  badges  of  the  order  may  be  ob- 
tained. The  following  circles  composed  the 
St.  Louis  Union  in  1898:  "The  Legion  Cir- 
cle," "Whatsoever  Circle,"  "Heart  to  Heart 
Circle,"  "Charity  Circle,"  "The  Gleaners," 
"Wednesday  Class  Circle,"  "Lindell  Avenue 
Circle,"  "Association  Ten,"  "Little  Samar- 
itans," "Newsboys'  Home  Association  Cir- 
cle," "Praise  Circle,"  "The  Sunbeams," 
"Ever  Ready  Circle,"  "The  Thursday  Circle," 
"Immanuel  Circle,"  "Love  One  Another," 
"Pastor's  Aid  Circle,"  "Daily  Followers," 
"Helping  Hand  Circle,"  "The  Seekers,"  "Lit- 
tle Harpers,"  "Shining  Light  Circle," 
"Willing  Helpers,"  "The  Hope  Circle," 
"Temple  Workers,"  "Kirkwood  King's 
Daughters,"'  "Ministering  Children,"  "Kirk- 
wood Ever  Ready  Circle,"  "Always  Ready," 
"Willing  Hearts,"  "Home  Patience,"  "Prayer 
Circle,"  "Fanny  Boyle  Circle,"  "Whatsoever 
Band,"  "Pearl  Seekers,"  "The  Carlsbad  Cir- 
cle," "Blossom  Circle,"  "Little  Helpers," 
"Farther  Lights,"  "Faithful  Circle,"  "Leaven 
Circle,"  "The  Intercessors,"  "Immanuel  Bap- 
tist," "Diligent  Workers,"  "Loving  Kind- 
ness," "Master's  Followers,"  "The  King'o 
Messengers,"  "The  Patience,"  "Comforting 
Circle,"  "Be  Kind  One  to  Another,"  "Win 
One  Band."  "Christum  Sequentes,"  "Or- 
phan's Friend  Circle,"  "Home  Circle," 
"Merry  Workers,"  "Good  Samaritans,"  "In 


as  Much  Circle,"  and  "The  Orphans'  Home 
Circle." 

The  secretary's  book  at  that  time  showed 
an  increase  of  fifty  new  circles  formed  during 
the  preceding  seventeen  months,  which,  to- 
gether with  the  original  nine  circles  at  the 
formation  of  the  union,  made  a  total  of  fifty- 
nine  circles  in  the  city  union.  Each  circle  has 
its  separate  line  of  work  and  its  own  plans 
and  methods.  All  classes  of  people  have  been 
remembered  in  their  ministrations.  Among 
the  poor,  the  sick  and  disheartened,  in  hos- 
pitals and  asylums,  among  the  victims  of 
flood,  fire  and  disaster,  the  little  silver  cross 
has  gone  with  its  loving  service.  Mission- 
aries at  home  and  in  foreign  lands  have  been 
helped;  special  interest  has  always  been 
shown  in  the  care  of  the  aged  and  of  little 
children.  Many  individual  cases  form  no 
small  part  of  the  varied  activities  of  the 
King's  Daughters  and  Sons.  The  St.  Louis 
union  has  demonstrated  the  power  of  local 
organization,  and  the  spirit  of  unity  and  love 
is  shown  by  the  loving  co-operation  among 
the  many  circles  in  the  city. 

Merob  E.  Cannon. 

King's  Lake  Club. — A  recreation  club 
identical  with  the  St.  Louis  Game  and  Fish 
Preserve  Association.  The  organization  last 
named  was  effected  in  1884,  and  was  made  up 
of  wealthy  residents  of  St.  Louis  having  a 
special  fondness  for  fishing  and  hunting. 
After  the  organization  of  the  association, 
control  of  King's  Lake  was  obtained,  and  the 
King's  Lake  Club  thus  came  into  existence. 
The  lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  located 
in  Lincoln  County,  Missouri,  sixty  miles  from 
St.  Louis  on  the  St.  Louis,  Keokuk  &  North- 
western Railway,  by  which  it  is  reached.  The 
lake  is  600  feet  wide  and  has  a  length  of  five 
and  one-half  miles  to  the  creek,  having  its 
outlet  in  the  Mississippi  River.  The  resort 
is  a  delightful  one,  and  improvements  made 
there  by  the  club  and  the  manner  in  which  it 
has  been  conducted  have  made  it  famous 
among  Western  game  and  fish  preserves. 

King's  Road. — A  road  marked  out 
from  Ste.  Genevieve  to  New  Madrid  in  the 
year  1789.  It  was  along  this  road  that  the 
first  settlement  in  what  is  now  Scott  County 
was  made. 


■MT'f.  iif£r  G.  PUVMatn*  :S3.-r  My 


(CAiPT   JARflSS  W,  G^QRlSSISy  [^Y, 


r^i*  .7«»/.<*/-'J  Mlirr^  Ca 


KINGSBURY— KINGSLAND. 


541 


Kingsbury,  James  Wilkinson,  sol-  * 
dier  and  officer  in  the  United  States  Army, 
was  born  September  28,  1804,  on  the  old 
family  homestead  at  Franklin,  Connecticut. 
He  was  descended  in  the  sixth  generation 
from  Henry  Kingsbury,  who  came  out  of 
England  with  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony 
in  1630.  His  parents  were  Jacob  and  Sarah 
Palmer  (Ellis)  Kingsbury,  both  of  distin- 
guished families.  His  father  joined  the  army  at 
Roxbury  in  1775,  was  commissioned  ensign, 
and  was  made  a  member  of  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Cincinnati  in  1783.  In  the  permanent 
establishment  of  the  United  States  Army  in 
1784  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant  in  the 
First  (now  Third)  Infantry  Regiment.  In 
1805  he  was  promoted  to  lieutenant  colonel, 
and  in  1808  to  colonel.  In  1813  he  became 
inspector  general  of  the  New  England  forces 
and  was  stationed  at  Fort  Adams,  Newport, 
Rhode  Island.  He  married  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Ellis,  and  granddaughter  of  the 
Rev.  John  Ellis,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege, 1750,  and  an  eminent  divine  in  his  day 
who  was  an  army  chaplain  and  was  with 
Washington  at  Valley  Forge,  and  who  was 
also  a  member  of  the  order  of  the  Cincinnati. 
James  W.  Kingsbury  was  placed  under  the 
care  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Nott,  a  scholar  and 
minister  of  note,  who  prepared  him  for  col- 
lege. In  1819,  however,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point  and  graduated  in  the  class  of  1823.  He 
was  at  once  commissioned  second  lieutenant 
in  the  First  United  States  Infantry  Regiment 
and  assigned  to  duty  at  Fort  Bellefontaine, 
near  St.  Louis.  He  afterward  saw  service  on 
the  Western  frontier.  He  was  promoted  to 
first  lieutenant  August  i,  1830.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  and  was 
efficient  in  bringing  it  to  a  close.  During  a 
part  of  that  period  he  was  aide-de-camp  on 
the  staff  of  General  Zachary  Taylor,  who 
subsequently  became  President  of  the  United 
States.  He  also  served  in  Florida  against  the 
Seminole  Indians.  October  3,  1837,  he  was 
promoted  to  a  captaincy,  but  resigned  this 
commission  October  17th,  following,  in  order 
to  accept  appointment  as  military  store- 
keeper at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Missouri.  In 
this  highly  responsible  position  he  was 
chargeable  with  the  equipping  and  outfitting 
of  all  the  military  garrisons  and  moving  col- 
umns of  troops  in  the  West.  He  served  in 
this  capacity  until  July   15,   1843,  when  he 


resigned  and  took  up  his  residence  at  his 
country  home,  now  known  as  Kingsbury 
Place,  on  Union  Avenue,  within  the  limits 
of  St.  Louis.  In  this  pleasant  retirement  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  intellectual 
pursuits,  and  among  a  few  congenial  friends, 
to  whom  he  was  deeply  attached.  He  was  a 
man  of  marked  character,  unswerving  integ- 
rity, kind  to  the  poor  and  humble  and  a  loyal 
friend.  With  intellect  of  a  high  order,  and  a 
highly  cultivated  mind,  he  was  a  sparkling 
conversationalist,  and  the  charm  of  his  ad- 
dress was  heightened  by  his  originality  of 
thought,  felicity  of  expression  and  withal  a 
keen  and  peculiar  sense  of  humor.  His  po- 
litical sympathies  were  with  the  Whig  party, 
but,  in  common  with  officers  in  the  miHtary 
service,  he  took  no  active  part  m  politics. 
In  religion  he  was  reared  a  Protestant,  but 
later  became  a  Catholic.  Through  the  serv- 
ices of  distinguished  ancestors  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  he  was  an  hereditary  member 
of  the  Military  0^der  of  the  Cincinnati.  Cap- 
tain Kingsbury  was  married  to  Miss  Julia 
Antoinette,  daughter  of  John  P.  Cabanne,  of 
St.  Louis.  Of  this  union  were  born  one  son 
and  two  daughters.  The  son,  Jules  Cabanne 
Kingsbury,  lived  to  manhood,  and  came  to 
his  death  by  a  stroke  of  lightning  on  Union 
Avenue,  St.  Louis.  A  daughter,  Adele,  be- 
came the  wife  of  A.  H.  Weterman,  of  New 
York.  The  other  daughter,  Mary  Virginia, 
was  married  to  the  late  Count  Robert  de 
Giverville,  of  Normandy,  France.  Madame 
de  Giverville  is  yet  living  and  makes  her 
residence  in  Paris,  France.  Captain  Kings- 
bury died  at  the  residence  of  J.  B.  Sarpy,  his- 
brother-in-law,  at  the  corner  of  Sixth  and 
Olive  Streets,  in  1853.  A  brother  of  Captain 
Kingsbury,  Lieutenant  Charles  Kingsbury, 
Second  United  States  Dragoons,  served  un- 
der General  William  Harney,  and  died  in 
Florida.  Major  Julius  Kingsbury,  United 
States  Army,  and  Colonel  Henry  Kingsbury 
(killed  at  Antietam),  were  his  cousins. 

Kingsland,  Lawrence  Douglas, 

manufacturer,  was  born  September  15,  1841, 
in  St.  Louis,  son  of  George  Kingsland,  one  of 
the  pioneer  manufacturers  of  that  city.  He 
was  educated  in  the  schools  of  St.  Louis,  and 
at  the  military  academy  of  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see. He  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  States' 
army,  he  served  first  under  General  Sterling 
Price,  and  later  under  other  distinguished 


542 


KINGSTON— KINNEY. 


Southern  commanders.  After  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  St.  Louis,  becoming  associated 
with  his  father  as  a  partner  in  his  iron  manu- 
facturing enterprise  immediately  afterward. 
This  association  was  dissolved  by  the  death 
of  the  elder  Kingsland  in  1874,  the  son  suc- 
ceeding to  the  management  of  the  business. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  St.  Louis  Spanish 
Club  and  was  president  for  four  years.  He 
helped  also  to  organize  the  Traffic  Bureau  of 
St.  Louis,  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  and  Music 
Hall  Association  and  the  Fall  Festival  Asso- 
ciation, and  founded  also  the  St.  Louis  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  of  which  he  has  been 
president  continuously  since  its  organization. 
He  is  vice  president  for  Missouri  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Manufacturers,  and  con- 
sul general  for  the  greater  republics  of 
Central  America  and  Guatemala.  In  1897  he 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Lon  V.  Stephens 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Police  Commis- 
sioners of  St.  Louis.  He  is  a  Democrat,  and 
an  Episcopalian  churchman.  He  married, 
November  5,  1868,  Miss  Lizzie  Tennent,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  has  two  children — a  son, 
Douglas  G.,  and  a  daughter,  Bessie  Kings- 
land. 

Kingston. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
the  judicial  seat  of  Caldwell  County,  located 
near  the  center  of  the  county,  at  the  south- 
ern terminus  of  the  Hamilton  &  Kingston 
Railroad,  sixty  miles  from  Hannibal.  It 
became  the  county  seat  in  1842,  in  which 
year  it  was  founded  and  named  after  Gov- 
ernor Austin  A.  King.  It  contains  a  good 
courthouse,  a  jail,  two  churches,  a  graded 
school,  a  bank,  sawmill,  gristmill,  two  papers, 
the  "Times,''  Democratic,  and  the  "Mercury," 
Republican,  two  hotels  and  about  thirty  other 
business  houses,  including  stores,  shops,  etc. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  800. 

Kings  ville. — A  village  in  Johnson 
County,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway, 
twenty-five  miles  southwest  of  Warrensburg, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  public  school,  a 
Christian  Church,  a  United  Presbyterian 
Church  and  a  bank.  In  1899  the  population 
was  estimated  at  380.  It  was  named  for  Gen- 
eral William  King,  who  built  the  first  house 
in  1853 ;  he  was  an  intense  secessionist,  and  In 
1865  he  was  burned  in  effigy  and  the  name  of 
the  town  was  changed  to  Ramey,  fon  a  cap- 
tain of  militia.    The  original  name  was  sub- 


'sequently  restored.  In  1861  General  "Jim" 
Lane  entered  the  place  and  sacked  the  stores. 
Late  in  1862  Colonel  Jennison  drove  out  the 
Southerners  and  burned  their  homes.  May 
7,  1865,  a  party  of  bushwhackers  under  "Bill" 
Anderson  plundered  the  town  and  killed  and 
wounded  a  number  of  people. 

Kinney,  Joseph,  one  of  the  distin- 
guished pioneers  of  Howard  County  and  a 
noted  old-time  steamboat-owner,  was  born 
October  30,  1810,  in  Washington  County, 
Pennsylvania,  son  of  James  and  Margaret 
(Beeler)  Kinney.  James  Kinney,  who  was  a 
school-teacher  and  land-surveyor  by  profes- 
sion, was  of  English  extraction  and  belonged 
to  a  family  which  was  founded  in  the  United 
States  at  an  early  period.  Members  of  this 
family  endured  the  hardships  and  privations 
of  those  early  days  and  faced  the  perils  of 
Indian  warfare,  family  traditions  telling  of 
various  acts  of  bravery  on  their  part,  but 
giving  the  details  too  meager  to  enable  the 
descendants  to  give  a  full  account  of  these 
incidents  in  this  connection.  Joseph  Kinney 
received  a  practical  business  education  and 
left  school  at  an  early  age,  well  fitted  to  make 
his  own  way  in  the  world  and  to  enter  upon 
such  avocations  as  presented  themselves  to 
the  young  men  of  those  days.  From  his  home 
he  went  to  Madison,  Indiana,  with  his  uncle, 
James  Moderwell,  who  was  the  proprietor 
of  a  large  pork-packing  establishment.  His 
uncle  gave  him  a  position  in  this  business 
house,  and  during  several  years  thereafter 
he  filled  various  clerical  positions.  Late  in 
the  thirties  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the 
steamer  "Robert  Fulton"  with  money  which 
he  had  saved  from  his  earnings.  He  had  the 
instincts  of  a  merchant  and  man  of  aflfairs, 
and  in  his  early  youth  gave  promise  of  the 
success  which  he  afterward  achieved.  That 
this  is  true  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  when 
only  nineteen  years  of  age  he  was  made  one 
of  the  directors  of  a  bank  in  Madison,  In- 
diana. After  his  purchase  of  the  "Robert  Ful- 
ton" he  took  command  of  the  boat,  running 
it  for  two  years  thereafter  between  Baton 
Rouge  and  New  Orleans  and  carrying  the 
United  States  coast  mail.  The  operation  of 
this  steamer  did  not  prove  a  success,  and 
finally  practically  bankrupted  him.  He  then 
returned  to  the  pork-packing  business  and  in 
a  few  years  saved  money  enough  to  purchase 
a  stock  of  merchandise.   Freights  being  very 


0-^e.J^i/^     /Ct^-'Xy'lyft^^^^ 


KINSELLA. 


543t 


high  in  those  days,  he  purchased  a  flatboat 
on  which  he  loaded  this  stock  of  goods  and 
took  it  down  the  Ohio  River  to  some  point 
in  Kentucky.  Here  disaster  again  overtook 
him,  and  the  sinking  of  the  flatboat  caused 
him  to  lose  all  his  worldly  possessions  ex- 
cept $io  in  money,  which  he  had  in  his 
pocket.  With  this  capital  he  went  to  Boon- 
ville,  Missouri,  in  1844.  With  the  aid  of 
friends  who  had  faith  in  his  ability  and  sa- 
gacity, he  started  there  a  shoe  store,  which 
he  conducted  until  about  i8c^.  At  that  time 
he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  carried  on  there 
the  largest  retail  shoe  house  in  that  city  until 
1856.  While  engaged  in  merchandising  he 
had  lost  none  of  his  fondness  for  the  river 
trade,  and  in  1856  he  built  the  steamer  "W. 
H.  Russell"  and  again  began  "steamboat- 
ing."  This  business  he  continued  with  marked 
success  for  twenty  years  thereafter,  and  dur- 
ing this  time  he  built  and  owned  a  great  many 
steamecs,  giving  to  their  operation  his  close 
personal  attention.  Among  these  steamers 
were  the  "Fanny  Ogden,"  the  "Kate  Kin- 
ney," the  "Cora  Kinney,"  the  "Alice,"  the 
"St.  Luke,"  the  "Joe  Kinney,"  the  "Dugan" 
and  many  others.  Captain  Kinney  was  the 
first  steamboatman  to  advocate  the  stern- 
wheel  boats  that  afterward  became  so  popu- 
lar. When  he  first  introduced  this  innovation 
the  underwriters  were  so  opposed  to  them 
that  they  refused  him  insurance,  and  the  first 
trip  he  made  with  a  stern-wheeler  he  carried 
personally  the  insurance  on  the  cargo  to  the 
amount  of  $62,000. 

He  commanded  a  steamer  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River  during  the  Civil  War,  having 
many  thrilling  and  interesting  experiences 
in  this  connection,  and  his  boats  were  fre- 
quently taken  possession  of  by  the  Federal 
Government  for  the  transportation  of  troops, 
etc.  In  1869,  although  he  still  retained  large 
river  interests,  he  left  the  river  himself  and 
purchased  the  estate  which  he  called  River- 
cene,  a  farm  of  500  acres  lying  in  the  Mis- 
souri River  bottom  opposite  Boonville.  On 
this  farm  he  built  one  of  the  finest  homes  in 
Missouri,  on  which  he  expended  for  con- 
struction and  furnishing  about  $50,000.  Here 
he  spent  the  declining  years  of  his  life,  grow- 
ing old  gracefully  and  extending  to  all  a  hos- 
pitality for  which  he  and  his  estimable  wife 
became  widely  noted.  He  died  here  March 
I,  1892.  The  splendid  homestead  is  still  in 
possession  of  the  family,  being  now  owned  by 


Captain  Kinney's  daughter.  Miss  Alice  Kin- 
ney. While  engaged  in  steamboating,  he 
also  became  largely  interested  in  merchan- 
dising in  St.  Louis,  St.  Joseph,  Boonville  and 
Lexington,  Missouri.  He  was  a  fine  type  of 
the  broad-minded,  progressive  and  sagacious 
man  of  affairs,  and  was  widely  known  as  a 
courteous,  high-minded  gentleman  of  the  old 
school.  In  politics  he  was  always  a  Demo- 
crat, taking  an  active  part  in  political  cam- 
paigns and  manifesting  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death  a  deep  interest  in  the  success  of  his 
party  and  the  triumph  of  its  principles.  All 
his  family  were  members  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  Captain  Kinney  was  first  married 
in  1841  to  Miss  Mary  Collins,  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  by  whom  he  had  one  child,  Mary  Jane 
Kinney,  now  Mrs.  B.  W.  Clarke,  of  St.  Louis. 
August  21,  1845,  he  was  married  the  second 
time  to  Miss  Matilda  Clarke,  of  Boonville. 
Of  this  marriage  eleven  children  were  born, 
six  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The  youngest 
child.  Noble  Kinney,  died  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-seven years,  just  as  he  had  taken  charge 
of  the  large  estate  of  his  father,  who  had 
passed  away  a  few  years  before.  The  living 
children  in  1900  were  Joseph  Beeler  Kinney, 
Alice  Kinney,  Cora  Kinney,  wife  of  Dr.  P.  L. 
Hurt,  and  Margaret  Kinney,  wife  of  S.  W. 
Ravenel.  Mrs.  Matilda  Kinney  was  born  at 
Cambridge,  Ohio,  March  17,  1827,  and  died 
July  5,  1896,  at  Rivercene,  the  family  home- 
stead, in  Howard  County. 

Kinsella,  William  J.,  merchant  and 
manufacturer,  was  born  in  the  County  Car- 
low,  Ireland,  in  1846.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Patrick's  College,  and  his  early  business 
training  was  obtained  in  the  wholesale  house 
of  A.  F.  McDonald  &  Co.,  of  Dublin.  At 
nineteen  years  of  age  he  came  to  America,  in 
1865.  He  found  employment  as  a  bundle 
wrapper  in  A.  T.  Stewart  &  Co.'s  store,  and 
afterward  entered  a  house  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland.  In  1870,  in  company  with  a 
brother,  he  established  himself  in  the  retail 
grocery  business  at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  '  He 
then  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  became 
an  employe  of  the  firm  of  Porter,  Worthing- 
ton  &  Co.  This  connection  was  dissolved  by 
Mr.  Kinsella  to  become  manager  of  the 
Kingsford  Oswego  Starch  Company.  In 
1879  the  Thompson-Taylor  Spice  Company, 
of  Chicago,  placed  him  in  charge  of  the  St. 
Louis  branch  of  its  business,  and  two  years 


544 


KINYOUN. 


later  he  purchased 'this  business  as  head  of 
the  firm  of  W.  J.  Kinsella  &  Co.  In  1886  the 
enterprise  was  incorporated  as  the  Hanley 
&  Kinsella  Cofifee  and  Spice  Company,  of 
which  Mr.  Kinsella  is  the  president  and  exec- 
utive head.  Mr.  Kinsella  has  served  as  vice 
president  of  the  Western  Commercial 
Travelers'  Association,  belongs  to  the  Asso- 
ciated Wholesale  Grocers  and  Business 
Mens'  League,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Mer- 
cantile '  Club,  the  Royal  Arcanum,  and  the 
Knights  of  St.  Patrick.  He  married,  in  1880, 
Miss  Nellie  Hanley,  of  New  York,  and  has 
three  children. 

Kinyoun,  James  William,  physician, 
was  born  February  3,  1859,  in  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  near  Mocksville,  Tennessee. 
For  four  generations  the  members  of  the 
Kinyoun  family  were  residents  of  North 
Carolina.  Dr.  David  William  Kinyoun,  the 
father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  a 
native  of  that  State,  received  his  education 
at  Chapel  Hill  College,  North  Carolina,  and 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  graduating  with 
the  class  of  1856,  and  practiced  during  all  his 
professional  life  in  Davie  County,  his  native 
State.  The  mother,  Jane  C.  Howell,  was  a 
native  of  Davie  County,  the  same  State,  and 
her  ancestry  is  traced  back  to  England.  She 
had  four  sons,  two  of  whom  became  physi- 
cians:  Dr.  J.  W.  Kinyoun,  of  Independence, 
Missouri,  and  Dr.  John  Vance  Kinyoun,  of 
Kansas  City.  J.  W.  Kinyoun  was  educated 
at  Union  Academy,  in  Davie  County,  North 
Carolina,  and  in  1879  removed  to  Missouri, 
locating  at  Centerview.  From  there  he  went 
to  Baltimore,  where  he  attended  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  1883  he  re- 
turned to  this  State  and  located  at  St.  Louis, 
where  he  was  graduated  from  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  in  the  spring  of  1884.  He  be- 
gan the  practice  of  medicinfe  at  Kingsville, 
Johnson  County,  Missouri,  and  resided  there 
two  years.  In  1886  he  went  to  Centerview, 
Missouri,  and  spent  one  year  in  the  practice, 
being  associated  with  his  uncle,  Dr.  John  H. 
Kinyoun.  In  1887  he  removed  to  Buckner, 
Jackson  County,  Missouri,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1896,  when  he  went  to  Inde- 
pendence. The  latter  place  has  been  his 
home  since  that  time.  He  engages  in  a  gen- 
eral practice,  having  no  specialty  unless  his 
attention  to  diseases  of  the  heart,  lungs  and 
stomach    deserve    such    classification.     Dr. 


Kinyoun  comes  from  a  Democratic  family, 
and  he  has  remained  true  to  that  political 
faith.  For  several  terms  he  was  mayor  of 
Buckner,  Missouri,  and  his  administrations 
were  marked  by  the  town's  advancement  and 
a  condition  of  municipal  prosperity  and  good 
government.  He  is  a  prominent  Mason,  be- 
ing a  member  of  Buckner  Lodge,  No.  501. 
He  also  holds  membership  in  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  Workmen,  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America  and  the  Modern 
Brotherhood  of  America.  For  the  three  or- 
ganizations last  named  he  acts  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  medical  examiner,  and  he  is  also 
medical  examiner  for  the  New  York  Life,  the 
Manhattan  and  other  insurance  companies. 
Dr.  Kinyoun  was  married  in  1890  to  Miss 
Belle  Akers,  of  Jackson  County,  Missouri, 
daughter  -of  Sylvester  Akers,  whose  home 
was  near  Independence.  The  one  whose  life 
is  here  outlined  deserves  the  place  he  holds 
in  the  estimation  of  the  people,  and  his  emi- 
nence in  the  rriedical  profession  is  based  upon 
real  merit  and  tested  skill,  acquired  through 
years  of  patient  study  and  constant  appli- 
cation. 

Kinyoun,  John  Vance,  physician,  was 
born  November  15,  1863,  in  Davie  County, 
North  Carolina.  His  parents  were  David  W. 
and  Jane  C.  (Howell)  Kinyoun.  Other 
branches  of  the  same  family,  which  originated 
in  England,  give  their  name  as  Kenyon.  The 
father  was  a  physician,  practicing  in  the  State 
in  which  his  son  was  born.  John  Vance  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  in  the  home 
neighborhood  until  arriving  at  his  eighteenth 
year,  when  he  removed  to  Indiana,  and  after- 
ward to  Missouri.  He  then  entered  upon  a 
course  in  the  normal  school  at  Warrensburg, 
and  after  two  years  he  took  up  the  study 
of  medicine  in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.  He  suspended  his 
studies  for  eighteen  months  to  practice  in 
Lafayette  County,  then  returning  to  St, 
Louis  to  complete  his  medical  course  in  the 
school  in  which  he  had  begun,  and  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1892.  After  prac- 
ticing for  four  years  in  Bates  City,  Missouri, 
he  removed  to  Kansas  City,  where  he  has 
since  been  engaged  in  general  practice.  Soon 
after  his  arrival  he  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  hygiene  in  the  Medical-Chirurgical 
College  of  Kansas  City,  and  continues  to  oc- 
cupy it.  He  yet  retains  his  membership  in  the 


KIRK— KIRKSVILLE. 


545 


Lafayette  County  Medical  Society.  He  is  a 
Democrat  in  politics,  a  Master  Mason  and  an 
Odd  Fellow.  Dr.  Kinyoun  was  married  June 
13,  1892,  to  Miss  Sarah  F.  Lane,  of  Bates 
City,  daughter  of  a  Methodist  clergyman. 

Kirk,  John  R.,  lawyer  and  educator, 
was  born  January  23,  185 1,  in  Illinois,  son 
of  George  W.  and  Mary  J.  (Reid)  Kirk,  who 
came  of  Scotch-Irish  antecedents.  He  was 
reared  on  a  Missouri  farm,  and  after  passing- 
through  the  public  schools  obtained  his 
higher  education  in  the  Kirksville  Normal 
School,  the  Kansas  University  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  State  of  Missouri.  During  his 
academic  course  his  favorite  studies  were 
the  classics,  mathematics  and  manual  train- 
ing, and  in  everything  he  was  noted  for  his 
thoroughness.  After  leaving  school  he  stud- 
ied law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but 
after  practicing  three  years  he  returned  to 
the  profession  of  teaching,  having  a  special 
fondness  for  that  vocation.  For  a  time  he 
was  principal  of  a  ward  school  in  Kansas 
City,  and  later  taught  mathematics  in  the 
high  school  of  that  city.  Afterward  he  was 
for  two  years  superintendent  of  schools  at 
Westport,  now  part  of  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri. The  distinction  which  he  gained  as 
a  teacher  while  serving  in  these  various 
capacities  and  as  State  superintendent  of 
schools  for  Missouri  caused  him  to  be  made 
president  of  the  State  Normal  School  at 
Kirksville,  Missouri,  and  this  position  he  still 
retains.  In  1894  he  was  nominated  on  the 
Republican  ticket  for  State  superintendent  of 
schools,  and  at  the  ensuing  election  in  No- 
vember was  elected  to  that  oflfice,  he  being 
the  only  Republican  elected  to  that  ofifiice 
during  a  period  of  twenty-five  years.  He 
served  four  years,  ably  filling  this  responsible 
position  and  materially  advancing  the  edu- 
cational interests  of  the  State.  He  has  de- 
livered popular  addresses  in  all  the  principal 
cities  and  towns  of  Missouri  and  in  many 
other  States,  and  has  been  especially  active 
in  his  advocacy  of  industrial  education  and 
persistent  in  urging  better  sanitation  for 
school  buildings.  He  is  the  designer  of  the 
"Missouri  Model  Schoolhouse,"  the  most 
widely  known  rural  schoolhouse  which  has 
ever  been  brought  before  the  American  pub- 
lic. For  one  year  he  was  examiner  of 
schools  for  the  University  of  the  State  of 
Missouri.     All    told,  his    opportunities    for 

Vol.  Ill— 35 


familiarizing  himself  with  educational  condi- 
tions in  Missouri  have  been  unusually  good. 
As  a  result,  he  has  been  brought  much  be- 
fore the  public,  and  few  Western  educators 
are  more  widely  known.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Methoclist  Church  and  of  the  orders  of 
Free  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows.  July  15, 
1875,  he  married  Miss  Rebecca  I.  Burns,  of 
Fort  Dodge,  Iowa.  They  have  a  family  of 
three  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Kirksville.— A  city  of  the  third  class, 
and  the  seat  of  justice  of  Adair  County.  It 
is  located  in  Benton  Township,  and  is  the 
crossing  point  of  the  Wabash  and  the  Oma- 
ha, Kansas  City  &  Eastern  Railways,  203 
miles  from  St.  Louis  and  seventy  miles  from 
Quincy,  Illinois.  It  is  situated  on  the  grand 
divide  between  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Rivers,  on  a  high  rolling  prairie  about  six 
miles  east  of  the  Chariton  River.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Jesse  Kirk,  who  was  one 
of  the  prominent  residents  of  the  county  and 
who  had  settled  on  part  of  the  land  upon 
which  the  city  stands,  and  relinquished  his 
settlement  right  to  the  tract  so  it  could  be 
entered  for  county  seat  purposes.  The  town 
was  laid  out  in  1842  and  lots  were  sold  at 
public  auction  for  the  benefit  of  the  county 
building  fund.  It  was  incorporated  in  1857 
and  became  a  city  of  the  third  class  July  5, 
1892.  The  first  board  of  trustees  under  its 
first  charter  were  M.  P.  Hannah,  John 
Thomas,  William  Lough,  O..  H.  Beeman, 
Jesse  C.  Thatcher,  John  D.  Foster  and  E.  W. 
Parsels.  About  6  o'clock  p.  m.  April  27, 
1899,  a  cyclone  struck  the  city  of  Kirksville, 
crossing  it  from  the  southwest  to  the  north- 
east, demolishing  about  300  buildings  and 
killing  outright  and  fatally  injuring  in  the 
city  thirty-nine  persons.  Two  miles  north  of 
the  town  three  persons  were  killed.  The 
total  damage  to  property  in  Kirksville  was 
about  $500,000.  Help  from  outside  cities 
to  the  extent  of  about  $20,000  was  received- 
The  town  was  quick  to  rebuild,  and  in  about 
a  year  had  replaced  the  destroyed  buildings- 
with  finer  structures.  The  damage  caused 
by  this  cyclone  was  confined  to  Kirksville 
and  a  few  miles  to  the  north.  The  city  has 
ten  churches,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Methodist 
Episcopal  South,  Presbyterian,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Free  Will  Baptist, 
Christian,  Episcopal,  Catholic,  and  Colored 
Methodist  Episcopal,    There  are  three  good 


546 


KIRKSVILIvE,   BATTI.E   OF— KIRSHNER. 


ward  schools,  an  excellent  high  school,  a 
school  for  colored  children  and  the  State 
Normal  School.  It  is  the  home  and  seat 
of  two  schools  of  osteopathy.  The  city  is 
important  as  a  trading  point,  is  becoming 
noted  as  a  coal-mining  center,  and  has  about 
150  business  places,  large  and  small,  includ- 
ing a  bicycle  factory,  two  foundries  and  ma- 
chine shops,  brick  manufacturing  plant,  two 
saw  and  planing  mills,  a  handle  factory,  laun- 
dry, cigar  factories,  operahouse,  three  banks, 
three  hotels,  and  numerous  well  stocked 
stores  in  every  branch  of  trade.  There  are 
four  weekly  and  two  moftthly  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  city,  named,  respectively,  the 
"Democrat,"  the  "Journal,"  the  "Graphic," 
the  "Saturday  Mail,"  weeklies,  and  the  "Jour- 
nal of  Osteopathy"  and  the  "Columbian  Oste- 
opath," monthlies.  The  city  has  lodges  of 
the  Masonic  order,  the  Odd  Fellows,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  Woodmen  of  the  World,  Modern 
Woodmen,  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work- 
men and  several  other  orders.  It  has  well 
paved  streets,  electric  lights,  waterworks 
and  all  modern  improvements.  The  popu- 
lation in  1900  was  5,966. 

Kirks ville,  Battle  of.— After  the  fight 
at  Moore's  Mill,  in  Callaway  County,  on  July 
28,  1862,  between  the  irregular  Confederate 
bands  of  Porter  and  Cobb,  and  the  Union 
troops  under  Colonel  Odon  Guitar,  Porter 
and  Cobb  retreated  north  until  they  were  re- 
enforced  by  a  considerable  body  of  Confed- 
erates under  Colonel  J.  A.  Poindexter,  near 
Kirksville,  where  they  were  attacked  August 
6th  by  Colonel  John  McNeil  with  detach- 
ments of  the  Ninth  Missouri  State  Militia 
under  Colonel  Leonard,  and  of  Merrill's 
Horse  under  Lieutenant  Colonel  Shaffer. 
The  Confederates  were  driven  oflF,  retreating 
to  Kirksville,  which  they  took  possession  of, 
posting  themselves  in  the  stores  and  other 
houses  and  there  awaited  a  second  attack. 
Colonel  McNeil  ordered  a  squad  of  horsemen 
to  charge  through  the  streets  and  discover 
the  position  of  the  Confederates,  and  then 
Captain  Samuel  A.  Garth  and  Captain  Reeves 
Leonard,  of  Guitar's  Regiment,  boldly  en- 
tered the  town  and  attacked  the  houses  in 
which  the  Confederates  were  posted,  the 
Federal  artillery  at  the  same  time  opening  a 
destructive  fire  on  another  part  of  the  town. 
The  battle  was  maintained  for  three  hours, 
the  Confederates  being  dislodged  and  forced 


to  retreat  with  a  loss  in  killed,  wounded  and 
prisoners  estimated  at  200  to  300.  The  loss 
on  the  Union  side  was  eight  killed  and  a  large 
number  wounded.  Many  houses  in  the  town 
were  riddled  by  the  fire  of  the  artillery. 
Among  the  prisoners  captured  were  seven- 
teen, including  Lieutenant  Colonel  McCul- 
loch,  who  was  afterward  tried,  condemned 
and  shot  for  violation  of  parole. 

Kirkwood.— A  suburban  town  thirteen 
miles  from  St.  Louis,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railroad.  Two  electric  railroads  run  through 
it  to  Meramec  Highlands,  two  and  a  half 
miles  west  of  it,  and  the  St.  Louis  &  San 
Francisco  road  runs  a  mile  south  of  it.  The 
town,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  first 
chief  engineer  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Rail- 
road, had  a  population  of  2,825  in  1900.  It 
has  eight  churches,  two  public  schools, 
Haight's  Military  Academy,  a  large  Armory 
Hall,  a  beautiful  and  commodious  stone  sta- 
tionhouse,  macadam  streets,  board  and 
granitoid  sidewalks,  and  many  beautiful 
villas,  surrounded  by  forest  shade  trees,  the 
homes  of  citizens  whose  business  houses  are 
in  St.  Louis. 

Kirshner,  Charles  H.,  lawyer,  was  born 
June  25,  1863,  in  Fostoria,  Ohio.  His  father, 
Henry  Kirshner,  was  a  native  of  New  York 
State,  and  his  mother,  Rebecca  Bucher,  was 
born  in  Ohio.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  at- 
tended the  common  schools  of  Fostoria,  and 
after  gaining  thorough  preparation  in  this 
way  he  entered  Oberlin  College,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1886.  He  then  matriculated, 
as  a  student  in  the  Cincinnati  Law  School, 
and  from  that  institution  received  a  degree  in 
1888.  After  the  completion  of  his  education 
Mr.  Kirshner  located  in  Salina,  Kansas,  for 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  After 
remaining  in  Salina  one  and  a  half 
years  he  removed  to  Kansas  City, 
Missouri,  and  has  since  been  a  resident 
of  that  place  and  a  member  of  the  Jackson 
County  bar.  During  the  first  year  in  Kan- 
sas City  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Jones 
&  Kirshner.  From  the  expiration  of  that 
partnership  until  the  year  1900  he  was  not 
associated  with  another  lawyer  in  the  prac- 
tice.. In  1900  he  became  a  member  of  the 
existing  firm  of  Beardsley,  Gregory  &  Kirsh- 
ner, which  stands  among  the  leading  com- 
binations in  the  make-up  of  the  Kansas  City 


KIvEiN— KNAPP. 


547 


bar.  Mr.  Kirshner  devotes  particular  atten- 
tion to  corporation  law  and  questions  touch- 
ing real  estate  affairs,  but  pays  attention  also 
to  a  general  civil  practice.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Kansas  City  Bar  Association.  In 
church  work  he  takes  an  active  interest  as  a 
member  of  the  First  Congregational  Church 
of  Kansas  City  and  a  trustee  of  the  Kidder, 
Missouri,  Academy,  an  educational  institu- 
tion conducted  under  the  auspices  of  that  de- 
nomination. He  is  an  earnest  supporter  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, and  is  also  a  member  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Kansas  City 
branch  of  that  organization.  Mr.  Kirshner 
is  a  member  of  the  order  of  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  other  fraternal  societies.  Po- 
litically he  is  a  Republican,  active  in  the 
party's  council,  but  has  never  been  a  candi- 
date for  any  office.  He  was  married  in  1889 
to  Miss  Agnes  Fairchild,  of  Manhattan,  Kan- 
sas. Mrs.  Kirshner's  father  was  George  T. 
Fairchild,  who  for  nineteen  years  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, and  a  man  well  known  in  that  State.  To 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kirshner  two  children  have 
been  born,  a  son,  Robert,  and  a  daughter, 
Charlotte.  The  head  of  this  family  is  closely 
devoted  to  his  profession,  is  a  student  and 
diligent  worker,  and  holds  a  position  of  dig- 
nity among  his  fellow  members  of  the  bar. 

Klein,  Jacob,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  September  i,  1845,  in  Hechtschein, 
Prussia.  In  185 1  he  came  with  his  parents  to 
this  country,  and  obtained  his  scholastic 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis. 
He  then  read  law  under  Seymour  Voullaire, 
and  later  in  the  office  of  Knox  &  Smith,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1869.  He  took  a 
course  at  Harvard  Law  School  soon  after  his 
admission  to  the  bar,  and  that  institution 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
laws,  in  1871.  Until  1881  he  practiced  law 
without  a  professional  partnership,  but  in 
that  year  he  associated  with  himself  Wm.  E. 
Fisse,  who  had  studied  law  under  his  pre- 
ceptorship,  and  the  firm  of  Klein  &  Fisse 
continued  in  existence  until  1889.  In  1888  he 
was  elected  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court.  The 
esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by  the  bar  has 
been  apfly  expressed  by  an  ex-judge  of  one 
of  the  higher  courts  in  the  statement  that 
*'no  abler  or  purer  jurist  has  graced  the 
bench  of  St.  Louis,  famous  as  the  city  has 


been  for  the  high  character  of  its  judiciary." 
A  Republican  in  politics,  it  has  been  his  good 
fortune  to  extend  his  popularity  far  beyond 
party  lines,  and  his  election  to  the  circuit 
judgeship  was  by  a  larger  majority  than  had 
ever  been  given  to  any  candidate  for  a  similar 
position  in  St.  Louis.  He  has  been  conspic- 
uous as  a  law  educator,  and  has  long  been  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  the  St.  Louis  Law 
School.  April  17,  1873,  Judge  Klein  married 
Miss  Lilly  Schreiber,  and  has  four  children. 

Klene,  Benjamin  J.,  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  July  4,  1858,  in  Sparta,  Illi- 
nois. He  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  Illinois  and  at  the  Sparta  High 
School.  He  entered  the  law  department  .of 
Washington  University,  of  St.  Louis,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1886.  He  then  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  St.  Louis, 
and  gained  a  creditable  position  at  the  bar. 
Before  coming  to  Missouri  he  had  served  as 
a  lieutenant  in  the  Illinois  National  Guard. 
He  had  also  interested  himself  in  politics, 
and  had  held  the  office  of  clerk  of  his  native 
town.  After  removing  to  St.  Louis  he  be- 
came still  more  prominent  as  a  Republican, 
and  in  1894  was  elected  to  the  Missouri  State 
Senate.  In  the  session  of  1895  ^e  aided  ma- 
terially in  securing  the  passage  of  the  elec- 
tion law  applying  to  St.  Louis  and  Kansas 
City.  In  1897  he  labored  earnestly  and  ef- 
fectively to  secure  the  passage  of  the  law 
which  reorganized  the  school  board  of  St. 
Louis.  He  was  the  author,  also,  of  the  Fra- 
ternal Congress  law,  passed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture in  1897,  which  conferred  great  benefits 
upon  the  various  fraternal  organizations  of 
the  State.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Congre- 
gational Church,  and  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Maccabees.  He  was  second  commander  of 
St.  Louis  Tent,  No.  26,  and  served  in  that 
capacity  two  years.  He  has  attended  all  the 
State  conventions  of  the  Knights  of  the  Mac- 
cabees held  in  Missouri,  and  was  one  of  the 
two  representatives  from  Missouri  to  the 
Supreme  Tent  of  this  order  in  1893.  May 
28,  1889,  Mr.  Klene  married  Miss  Annie 
Meyer,  of  Randolph  County,  Illinois.  Their 
children  are  Leonard  Wilcox  Klene  and  Wil- 
bur V.  Meyer  Klene. 

Knapp,  George. — There  are  few  more 
marked  and  worthy  examples  of  a  well  spent 
and  useful  life  than  that  shown  in  the  career 


548 


KNAPP. 


of  Colonel  George  Knapp.  Without  the  at- 
tainments of  a  complete  education  in  the 
higher  schools,  he  possessed  a  wonderfully 
fertile  mind,  which  he  improved  to  the  full 
extent  of  his  opportunities.  Having  at  a 
tender  age  to  do  for  himself,  without  the  ad- 
vantages possessed  by  so  many  boys  of  the 
present  day,  his  brave  spirit  spurred  him  in 
his  youthful  endeavors,  growing  with  his 
growth,  and  at  length  placing  him  among  the 
notable  men  around  him.  From  his  infancy 
he  had  imbibed  the  pure,  strong  moral  prin- 
ciples which  were  the  basis  of  his  character. 
Truthfulness,  sincerity,  honorable  dealing, 
firmness,  unswerving  integrity,  and  a  uni- 
versal benevolence  were  parts  of  his  nature. 
N9  one  needed  to  misunderstand  him,  for  he 
had  but  a  single  set  of  views  on  any  subject, 
and  he  was  never  deficient  in  courage  to  an- 
nounce, maintain  and  defend  them.  Indeed, 
his  tenacity  of  belief  and  opinion  was  not  sel- 
dom construed  into  obstinacy;  but  he  was 
not  self-willed,  was  patient  of  opposition,  tol- 
erant and  receptive,  though  his  convictions 
were  always  strong.  When  the  responsibili- 
ties of  managing  a  great  newspaper  came  to 
him  he  accepted  them  with  no  selfish  thought, 
but  in  entire  realization  of  the  opportunity 
and  the  power  to  be  of  service  to  his'  city. 
State  and  country.  He  had  no  charity  for 
the  vicious,  but  his  desire  in  condemning  and 
punishing  the  enemies  of  society  was,  like 
the  law's  intent,  only  to  protect  the  commu- 
nity. He  wanted  his  paper  to  be  clean  and 
decent.  He  hated  inquisitorial  journalism, 
which  drags  the  purlieus  for  scandal  and  dirt. 
His  ambition,  like  Chambers'  and  Paschall's,. 
was  to  issue  a  sheet  full  of  legitimate,  current 
news,  editorially  commented  upon,  honestly, 
intelligently,  fairly,  alike  welcome  in  the  fam- 
ily circle  as  by  professional  and  business  men. 
From  Colonel  Chambers  he  had  been  imbued 
with  the  idea  of  pushing  the  work  of  building 
up  St.  Louis,  and  in  his  time  there  was  no 
enterprise  looking  to  the  advancement  of  the 
city  in  which  he  was  not  at  the  front.  He 
was  an  advocate  of  State  aid  to  railroads. 
He  was  a  promoter  of  the  Eads  Bridge.  He 
conceived  the  Southern  Hotel  and  the  new 
Merchants'  Exchange.  He  was  the  father  of 
the  schemes  separating  the  city  from  the. 
county  of  St.  Louis,  the  ousting  of  the  old 
county  court,  and  the  abolition  of  the  dual 
city  and  county  governments.  He  was  a 
pioneer  champion  of  durable  and  extensive 


street  paving,  of  the  public  school  system, 
and  of  the  public  library.  He  opposed  boss- 
ism  in  politics,  refused  support  to  unworthy 
nominees  of  his  own  party,  attended  political 
ward  meetings  for  the  purpose  of  sending 
proper  delegates  to  nominating  conventions, 
and,  in  short,  in  every  possible  way,  filled  the 
measure  of  what  is  truly  meant  when  we 
speak  of  a  thorough,  go-ahead,  enterprising, 
public-spirited  citizen.  He  was  not  a  writer; 
that  is  to  say,  he  did  not  compose  editorial 
articles  ;  but  from  the  time  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Chambers  &  Knapp  his 
finger  was  on  the  pulse  of  the  people,  and  his 
frequent  presence  in  the  editorial  rooms  bore 
rich  fruit  from  his  suggestions.  Could  there 
be  such  a  combination  as  that  of  Chambers, 
Paschall  and  Knapp  in  any  newspaper  office 
of  to-day — but  we  must  pass  on  to  the  bio- 
graphical details  of  our  subject. 

George  Knapp  was  born  September  25, 
1814,  in  Montgomery,  Orange  County,  New 
York,  and  came  to  St.  Louis  with  his  father's 
family  in  1819.  After  six  years  under  the 
guardianship  of  Elihu  H.  Shepard  he  entered 
the  office  of  the  "Missouri  Republican" — now 
the  "Republic" — as  a  printer's  apprentice. .  A 
part  of  his  duties  was  to  serve  the  patrons  of 
the  paper  as  carrier.  In  the  office  he  inked 
the  forms  in  the  primitive  manner,  did  chores, 
etc.,  advancing  to  "setting  up  the  pi"  for  dis- 
tribution, distributing  "pi,"  proving  galleys, 
and  so  on,  until  he  reached  the  dignity  of  a 
"cub"  compositor,  setting  up  reprint,  correct- 
ing proofs,  emptying  galleys,  "making  up," 
progressively  doing  the  several  and  various 
kinds  of  work  necessary  in  a  newspaper  of- 
fice to  become  an  expert  journeyman  printer. 
There  were  long  apprenticeships  in  those 
days,  and  young  Knapp  served  until  he  was 
twenty,  when,  having  had  the  "schooling"  pro- 
vided for  by  the  indentures,  he  was  given  "a 
Bible  and  a  new  suit  of  clothes"  also  stipu- 
lated, began  work  as  a  journeyman  and  was 
able  to  make  nine  or  ten  dollars  a  week.  Two 
years  later,  in  1834,  he  became  pecuniarily 
interested  in  the  book  and  job  department, 
and  soon  afterward  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Chambers,  Harris  &  Knapp,  which  pur- 
chased the  paper  from  Charless  &  Paschall. 
Colonel  Chambers  died  in  1854,  and,  for  a 
short  time,  his  widow  was  associated  with 
George  Knapp,  who,  however,  purchased  her 
interest,  and  with  his  brother,  John  Knapp, 
and  Nathaniel  Paschall,  established  the  firm 


^^-^:^^^^(-7^^'U^  ^^z^ 


/^  c^^c^ 


KNAPP. 


549 


of  George  Knapp  &  Co.  George  Knapp,  as 
a  young  man,  took  an  active  part  in  militia 
matters,  and,  as  lieutenant  in  the  St.  Louis 
Grays,  went  to  Mexico  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  in  1846.  On  the  return  of  his  regi- 
ment he  was  promoted  to  the  captaincy  of 
the  Grays,  and  afterward  to  the  lieutenant 
colonelcy  of  the  First  Battalion,  St.  Louis 
Legion.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  on  the 
Union  side,  and  by  his  influence  did  much  to 
temper  the  rigors  of  military  rule  in  Missouri. 
In  December,  1840,  he  married  Miss  Eleanor 
McCarten,  daughter  of  Thomas  McCarten, 
of  St.  Louis.  Three  daughters  and  nine  sons, 
^even  of  whom  survive,  followed  this  union. 
In  1867,  1870  and  1879  Colonel  Knapp  visited 
Europe,  where  he  traveled  extensively.  In 
1883,  his  health  becoming  impaired,  in  com- 
pany with  one  of  his  sons,  he  went  to  Ger- 
many in  expectation  of  being  benefited  by 
the  mineral  springs,  but,  finding  no  relief,  re- 
solved to  return.  He  died  when  three  days 
out  on  the  homeward  passage.  The  intelli- 
gence of  his  death  evoked  universal  sorrow. 
An  immense  concourse  attended  his  funeral, 
which  was  conducted  with  military  and  civic 
honors,  and  the  entire  newspaper  press  of 
the  city,  and  likewise  the  leading  journals  of 
the  country,  bore  graceful  tribute  to  his 
niemory.  Wii^LiAM  Hyde. 

!Knapp,  John,  conspicuous  during  his 
life  among  Western  newspaper  publishers, 
was  born  in  New  York  City,  June  20.  1816, 
and  died  at  his  home  in  St.  Louis.  November 
12,  1888.  His  father  died  in  1823,  and  in  his 
early  childhood  he  was  practically  thrown 
upon  his  own  resources.  When  he  was  but 
nine  years  of  age  he  was  sent  to  a  farm  near 
Bluflfdale,  Illinois,  going  to  that  place  from 
St.  Louis,  his  parents  having  removed  to  that 
city  in  1820.  Returning  to  St.  Louis  in  his 
young  manhood,  he  was  interested  for  a  time 
in  the  wholesale  grocery  business  in  that  city, 
and  was  a  successful  merchant.  In  1854  he 
purchased  an  interest  in  the  "Missouri  Re- 
publican," the  oldest  newspaper  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  to  the  interests  of  that 
■great  paper  he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  In  company  with  his  brother.  Colonel 
George  Knapp,  he  developed  this  newspaper 
into  the  most  powerful  and  influential  journal 
of  the  Southwest,  and  under  their  joint  man- 
agement it  became  also  the  most  valuable 
and  remunerative  piece  of  newspaper  prop- 


erty in  the  vast  region  tributary  to  St.  Louis. 
For  many  years  prior  to  his  death  he 
was  president  of  the  corporation  owning  and 
conducting  the  "Republican" — now  the  "Re- 
public"— and  during  these  years  his  was  the 
guiding  genius  of  the  paper.  The  position 
which  he  occupied  was  one  which  brought 
him  prominently  before  the  public,  and,  al- 
though he  never  sought  official  preferment 
of  any  kind,  he  was  in  the  broadest  sense  of 
the  term  a  public  man,  serving  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  Mexican  War,  as  a  captain  in  the  St. 
Louis  Legion,  and  twice  being  commissioned 
colonel  of  regiments  raised  by  the  State  of 
Missouri  to  support  the  Union  cause  during 
the  Civil  War.  A  review  of  his  life  and 
services  is,  therefore,  of  peculiar  interest  in 
this  connection,  and  the  following  personal 
tribute  of  one  who  knew  him  well  may  appro- 
priately close  this  sketch : 

"The  death  of  John  Knapp  removes  a  fig- 
ure prominent  in  the  history  of  our  city  and 
State.  His  life  affords  a  lesson  and  example 
not  rare,  we  are  happy  to  say,  in  Western 
civilization,  but  always  noble  and  inspiring 
because  they  illustrate  the  victory  of  energy 
and  courage — of  youthful  obscurity  forcing 
its  way  to  prominence  and  distinction.  His 
distinguishing  characteristics,  from  his  ear- 
lier days  to  the  summit  of  his  career,  were 
courage,  determination  and  independence. 
He  was  specially  formed  and  fitted  for  the 
excitements  and  struggles  incident  to  West- 
ern life,  when  great  questions,  great  interests 
and  rapid  development  demanded  of  every 
active  citizen  quick  judgment,  positive  opin- 
ions and  earnest  convictions.  He  came  to  St. 
Louis  as  a  child,  at  a  time  when  it  was  but  a 
river  town,  and  from  almost  his  early  boy- 
hood was  dependent  upon  his  own  exertions. 
He  tried  farming,  but  it  had  few  attractions ; 
returned  to  the  town,  learned  the  trade  of 
a  tailor,  and  followed  it  for  several  years ; 
then  embarked  in  the  wholesale  grocery  busi- 
ness, and  finally  identified  himself,  by  the 
purchase  of  an  interest,  with  the  "Missouri 
Republican,"  and  devoted  his  whole  time  and 
energies  toward  building  up  a  great  metro- 
politan journal.  He  was  never  a  poli- 
tician in  the  sense  of  office-seeking,  but 
he  was  always  a  live,  active,  forceful 
factor  in  the  public  life  of  his  time. 
He  evinced  a  deep  interest  in  the  State 
militia,  serving  in  all  grades,  and  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Mexican  War  he  gladly  volun- 


550 


KNAPP. 


teered  for  the  national  defense  and  went  to 
Mexico  as  captain  in  a  regiment  of  Missouri 
Volunteers.  He  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
colonel  at  the  time  of  the  capture  of  Camp 
Jackson,  and  subsequently  served  in  the  State 
forces  in  1864.  In  reference  to  the  Camp 
Jackson  affair  he  always  retained  a  profound 
disapproval  of  the  violence  displayed,  insist- 
ing that  on  behalf  of  himself  and  colleagues 
no  disloyalty  to  the  Union  had  been  contem- 
plated, and  that,  in  view  of  this  fact,  the  loss 
of  life  was  little  less  than  murder.  In  mo- 
ments of  personal  peril  he  was  devoid  of  fear, 
nor  could  menacing  surroundings  compel  him 
to  repress  the  expression  of  his  opinions. 
Omitting  a  mass  of  detail,  domestic  or  pub- 
lic, it  is  thus  seen  that  Colonel  Knapp  was 
essentially  a  man  of  his  time — a  man  of  ac- 
tion and  influence.  In  the  business  manage- 
ment of  a  great  newspaper  he  was  always 
enterprising  and  progressive,  and  in  all  pro- 
jects for  the  advancement  of  St.  Louis  and 
Missouri  he  evinced  enthusiasm  and  energy. 
His  own  courage  and  self-confidence  made 
him  at  times  irhperious  and  assertive,  but 
there  are  very  few,  if  any,  who  will  remember 
him  save  as  a  genial,  high-spirited  gentle- 
man, who  accorded  to  all  the  liberty  he  de- 
manded for  himself.  He  fought  his  way  from 
obscurity  to  prominence ;  he  participated  vig- 
orously in  the  events  and  struggles  of  the 
times ;  he  made  his  personal  influence  felt;  he 
assisted  many  noble  objects  and  institutions, 
and  he  leaves  behind  him  an  unblemished 
name  and  reputation,  and  many  who  lovingly 
regard  his  memory.  It  is  men  of  his  type 
that  afford  the  best  material  for  citizenship. 
The  neutral,  the  men  of  sensibilities  and  emo- 
tions, have  more  poetic  possibilities,  more 
moral  picturesqueness,  but  they  are  not  so 
available  for  the  practical  demands  of  his- 
tory. So  long  as  alertness,  courage  and  self- 
reHance  are  necessary  to  manhood  and 
patriotism,  common  sense  and  public  spirit 
are  necessary  to  citizenship,  there  will  be  a 
strong  need  in  every  community  for  such  a 
man  as  John  Knapp.  He  deserves  and  holds 
the  respect  of  society  in  the  great  city  where 
his  busy  life  was  spent." 

Colonel  Knapp  married,  April  22,  1844, 
Miss  Virginia  Wright,  who  was  born  and 
reared  in  St.  Louis.  The  members  of  his  fam- 
ily who  survived  him  were  his  widow,  three 
sons  and  three  daughters. 


Knapp,  Charles  Welbourne,  jour- 
nalist and  newspaper  publisher,  was  born 
January  23,  1848,  in  St.  Louis,  son  of  Colonel 
John  Knapp,  of  whom  extended  mention  is 
made  in  the  preceding  sketch.  He  graduated 
from  St.  Louis  University  in  the  class  of  1865 
with  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  and  in 
1867  received  the  degree  of  master  of  arts 
from  the  same  institution.  After  completing 
his  academic  studies  he  studied  law  at  Co- 
lumbia College  and  the  University  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
laws  from  the  last  named  institution.  He 
served  his  apprenticeship  to  the  profession 
of  journalism  on  the  "Missouri  Republican," 
and  in  1887,  shortly  preceding  the  death  of 
his  father,  succeeded  to  the  presidency  and 
general  management  of  the  "St.  Louis  Re- 
public." In  this  position  he  has  maintained  the 
high  character  of  the  oldest  newspaper  in  the 
West,  and  fully  sustained  the  reputation  of 
the  distinguished  family  to  which  he  belongs 
for  able  newspaper  management.  Since  1891 
he  has  been  a  member  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors of  the  Associated  Press,  and  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  greatest  news  gathering 
agency  in  the  world,  and  from  1895  to  1899 
was  also  president  of  the  American  News- 
paper Publishers'  Association.  As  a  citizen 
of  St.  Louis  he  has  sought  to  contribute^ 
with  all  the  influences  at  his  command,  to  the 
betterment  of  municipal  government  and  the 
advancement  of  the  city's  material  interests. 
From  1896  to  1899  he  served  as  a  member 
of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  St.  Louis 
Public  Library,  and  he  and  his  associates  of 
this  board  are  entitled  to  a  large  share  of  the 
credit  for  making  the  public  library  one  of 
the  most  useful  educational  institutions  of 
the  city.  To  his  enterprise,  also,  St.  Louis 
will  be  indebted  for  one  of  the  most  notable 
business  edifices  in  the  city,  the  "Republic's" 
new  building,  erected  in  1900,  at  the 
corner  of  Seventh  and  Olive  Streets. 
This  building,  which  resembles  in  many 
respects  the  "New  York  Herald"  building — 
"the  model  newspaper  building  of  the  worid"^ 
— and  which  has  been  designed  with  special 
regard  to  the  requirements  of  a  great  publi- 
cation business,  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
newspaper  buildings  in  the  West,  and  one  of 
which  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  as  well  as  Mr. 
Knapp  and  the  owners  of  the  "Republic," 
may  be  pardonably  proud. 


KNEISLEY— KNIGHTS   OF   FATHER   MATHEW. 


651 


Kneisley,  Russell,  lawyer  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  April  9,  1868,  in  Carrollton, 
Carroll  County,  Missouri,  son  of  Reuben  H. 
and  Emma  L.  Kneisley,  both  of  whom  were 
natives  of  Virginia,  and  came  from  that  State 
to  Missouri  in  1857.  Mr.  Kneisley  was 
reared  in  Carrollton  and  obtained  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  that  place.  After 
completing  his  education  in  the  high  school 
he  read  law  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Virgil  Conk- 
ling,  of  Carrollton,  and  in  March  of  1894  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  Immediately  afterward 
he  was  admitted  to  a  professional  partner- 
ship with  his  former  preceptor,  Mr.  Conk- 
ling,  and  this  association  continued  four 
years.  At  the  end  of  that  time  he  became 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Busby  &  Kneisley, 
which  is  still  in  existence,  his  partner  being 
Mr.  WiUiam  G.  Busby.  As  a  lawyer  Mr. 
Kneisley  has  taken  a  prominent  place  among 
the  younger  members  of  the  northwestern 
Missouri  bar.  Aggressiveness,  quick  per- 
ceptions, keen  wit,  liberal  views  and  a  pro- 
gressive spirit  are  among  his  distinguishing 
characteristics,  and  conscientious  devotion 
to  professional  labors  has  won  for  him  the 
high  esteem  of  his  brother  practitioners  and 
the  general  public.  He  has  taken  an  active 
interest  in  politics  as  a  member  of  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  and  in  1898  was  elected  a  Rep- 
resentative in  the  General  Assembly  from 
Carroll  County,  and  is  still  filling  that  office. 
In  1900  he  was  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
central  committee  of  his  county,  and  effected 
such  a  thorough  organization  of  the  party 
forces  that  for  the  first  time  in  ten  years  that 
party  elected  every  candidate  for  office  on 
its  county  ticket.  In  fraternal  circles  Mr. 
Kneisley  is  known  as  an  active  member  of 
the  order  of  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Hattie  S.  Cooper,  daughter  of  Dr. 
J.  C.  Cooper,  of  Carrollton,  Missouri. 

Knights  and  Ladies  of  Dixie. — An 

organization  which  came  into  existence  at 
Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  in  1895,  and  which 
was  designed  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
soldiers  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  and  to 
make  provisions  for  the  relief  of  the  needy 
among  their  widows,  orphans  or  dependents. 
It  admits  to  membership  both  men  and  wo- 
men, and  has  an  attractive  ritual  and  benefit 
features.  The  first  lodge  was  organized  in 
St.  Louis   in  1896,  at   3700  Easton  Avenue, 


with  fifty  members.  In  1897  its  reported 
membership  was  more  than  one  thousand. 

Knigfhts  and  Ladies  of  Honor. — A 

mutual  benefit  order,  which  was  founded  in 
the  city  of  St.  Louis  on  the  7th  day  of  June, 
1876,  by  the  institution  of  Initial  Lodge  No.  i. 
It  was  founded  by  Thomas  W.  Seymour,  af- 
terward grand  secretary  of  Missouri,  who 
conceived  the  idea  that  women  should  be  en- 
titled to  enjoy  the  social  privileges  and  bene- 
fits of  an  order  similar  to  the  Knights  of 
Honor,  of  which  order  he  was  then  an  active 
member.  On  the  6th  of  September,  1877,  the 
Supreme  Lodge  of  the  order  was  organized 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  by  the  representa- 
tives of  the  lodges  which  had  by  that  time 
come  into  existence.  From  that  time  for- 
ward subordinate  lodges  multiplied,  and  in 
1899  its  total  membership  was  represented 
in  almost  every  State  in  the  Union.  The  in- 
stitution of  lodges  in  the  States  of  Louisiana 
and  Florida  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  Supreme 
Lodge,  on  account  of  the  danger  of  yellow 
fever  and  other  epidemics  recurring  with  fre- 
quency in  those  States.  The  Supreme  Lodge, 
originally  chartered  by  Kentucky  in  1877, 
obtained  a  new  charter  from  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri in  1885,  and  was  rechartered  in  Indiana 
in  1891.  In  the  year  1900  there  were  in  Mis- 
souri ninety-two  lodges,  with  6,200  members, 
there  being  seventy-one  lodges  in  St.  Louis, 
three  in  Kansas  City,  two  in  St.  Joseph  and 
one  each  in  Joplin,  Neosho,  Rich  Hill,  De 
Soto,  Moberly  and  Fenton. 

Knights  and  Ladies  of  Industry. 

A  mutual  benefit  association,  organized  in  St. 
Louis  in  1887,  to  which  both  men  and  women 
were  admitted.  It  had  at  one  time  nineteen 
lodges  and  a  membership  of  more  than  1,200 
in  St.  Louis,  but  never  established  any  lodges 
or  had  any  membership  outside  of  that  city. 
It  flourished  until  1896,  when  various  causes 
depleted  its  membership  to  such  an  extent 
that  its  afifairs  were  wound  up  and  its  exist- 
ence terminated. 

Knights  of  Father  Mathew. — Orig- 
inally a  uniformed  temperance  society,  or- 
ganized in  St.  Louis  in  1872.  It  numbered 
about  one  hundred  young  men  of  Roman 
Catholic  religious  affiliations,  who  were  hand- 
somely uniformed  and  became  noted  for  their 


552 


KNIGHTS  OF  HONOR— KNIGHTS  OF  KHORASSAN. 


proficiency  in  military  drills.  Within  a  few 
years  after  its  organization  it  became  one  of 
the  most  popular  civic  societies  of  St.  Louis, 
in  which  all  classes  of  citizens  felt  a  pride, 
without  regard  to  their  church  connections 
or  temperance  sentiments.  In  1876  the 
Knights  visited  the  Centennial  Exposition  at 
Philadelphia,  the  merchants  and  business 
men  of  St.  Louis  subscribing  the  larger  share 
of  the  fund  raised  to  defray  their  expenses  on 
that  occasion.  They  participated  in  a  prize 
drill  at  Philadelphia  on  July  14th,  winning  a 
handsome  banner  in  competition  with  a 
large  number  of  uniformed  societies  of  vari- 
ous kinds.  Prior  to  1881  the  society  was 
known  only  as  a  temperance,  social  and  semi- 
military  organization.  In  that  year,  how- 
ever, it  was  reorganized  as  a  mutual  life 
insurance  and  temperance  association,  the 
new  organization  being  chartered  as  the 
Knights  of  Father  Mathew,  of  Missouri.  The 
first  officers  of  the  association  were  Rev.  P. 
F.  O'Reilly,  president ;  Daniel  O'Connell 
Tracy,  secretary,  and  Patrick  Mulcahy,  treas- 
urer. In  the  year  1900  there  were  forty-six 
councils  in  Missouri,  with  3,180  members — 
twenty-five  of  the  councils,  with  2,725  mem- 
bers, being  in  St.  Louis ;  nine  councils,  with 
261  members,  in  Kansas  City.  There  was  a 
council  at  each  of  these  places :  Hannibal. 
Moberly,  SedaHa,  St.  Joseph,  Mexico,  Spring- 
field, St.  Charles,  Oakwood,  Louisiana,  De 
Soto,  Brookfield,  Lexington  and  Monett. 

Knights  of  Honor. — A  mutual,  frater- 
nal benefit  order,  first  organized  in  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  June  30,  1873.  It  is  national 
in  its  character,  being  composed  of  the  Su- 
preme Lodge  and  thirty-six  Grand  Lodges, 
embracing  thirty-six  States  of  the  Union.  Its 
headquarters  were  removed  to  St.  Louis  in 
June,  1874,  when  a  charter  under  the  laws 
of  the  State  of  Missouri  was  issued  to  it. 
The  first  lodge  organized  in  Missouri  was  St. 
Louis,  No.  13,  which  was  instituted  March 
12,  1874.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri  was 
instituted  September  10,  1875.  The  order 
numbered  in  the  United  States,  on  January  i . 
1892,  90,576.  During  the  first  twenty-five 
years  of  the  existence  of  this  order  it  paid  to 
the  widows  and  orphans  of  its  deceased  mem- 
bers the  sum  of  $62,500,000.  It  is  based  upon 
the  natural  premium  plan  of  assessment  rate, 
graded  according  to  age  from  twenty-one 
years  up.    Its  equitable  assessment  scale  and 


its  prompt  adjustment  of  losses  has  secured 
for  it  the  confidence  and  patronage  of  the 
best  class  of  citizens,  and  its  admirable  sys- 
tem has  secured  for  it  the  commendation  of 
insurance  authorities.  It  has  among  its 
membership  men  of  prominence  among  all 
the  professional,  business  and  producing 
classes.  During  the  prevalence  of  yellow 
fever  in  portions  of  the  Southern  States  in 
the  years  of  1878  and  1879  the  order  dis- 
tributed over  half  a  million  of  dollars  among 
the  sufferers  from  that  scourge,  removing 
many  families  to  places  of  safety.  Its  funds 
are  procured  by  assessments  levied  upon  and 
contributed  by  its  members  in  the  subordi- 
nate lodges,  all  of  which  are  Jorwarded  direct 
to  the  headquarters  in  St.  Louis,  and  from 
there  disbursed  for  the  payment  of  death 
benefits.  The  grand  dictator,  or  executive 
officer  for  Missouri,  now  serving  his  third 
term  of  office,  is  Honorable  John  I.  Martin, 
of  St.  Louis.  The  supreme  officers  in  charge 
of  headquarters  are  B.  F.  Nelson,  supreme 
reporter ;  Joseph  W.  Branch,  supreme  treas- 
urer, and  Dr.  H.  C.  Dalton,  supreme  medical 
examiner,  with  offices  in  the  Odd  Fellows' 
Building.  In  the  year  1900  there  were  fifty- 
six  lodges,  with  2.050  members  in  the  State 
of  Missouri,  and  of  these  numbers  there  were 
twenty-one  lodges,  with  1.559  members,  in 
St.  Louis ;  two  lodges,  with  eighty-six  mem- 
bers, in  Kansas  City,  and  one  in  each  of 
twenty-eight  other  places  in  the  State. 

Knights  of  Hope. — A  temperance  so- 
ciety, with  military  features,  organized 
among  the  youth  of  St.  Louis,  in  1888,  as  an 
auxiliary  of  the  Band  of  Hope.  It  had  a 
large  membership  composed  of  boys — who 
were  handsomely  uniformed — and  was  one 
of  the  earliest  of  the  juvenile  military  organi- 
zations of  St.  Louis. 

Knights  of  Khorassan. — This  secret 
fraternal  order  possesses  some  singular  fea- 
tures to  give  zest  and  interest  to  its  proceed- 
ings. Its  ceremonies  and  customs  are  fash- 
ioned after  the  Arabic,  and  the  dates  of  the 
Mohammedan  calendar  are  adopted.  The 
order  was  organized  at  Milwaukee,  Wiscon- 
sin, in  1894,  and  although  distinct  from  that 
order,  was  composed  of  Knights  of  Pythias. 
It  has  now  a  membership  approximating 
7,000  in  the  L^nited  States.  The  Temple  of 
Knights  of  Khorassan  in  St.  Louis  was  insti- 


KNIGHTS  OF   PYTHIAS— KNIGHTS  OF   ST.   PATRICK. 


553 


tuted  February  29,  1896,  by  H.  W.  Belding 
and  George  C.  Wagoner.  The  present  mem- 
bership of  this  Temple  is  300,  and  there  are 
two  Temples  outside  of  St.  Louis  in  Missouri. 
The  governing  body  of  the  order  is  called 
the  Imperial  Palace,  and  the  imperial  secre- 
tary, H.  W.  Belding,  of  St.  Louis,  maintained 
his  office  in  that  city  in  1898. 

Knights  of  Pythias. — A  secret  be- 
nevolent and  fraternal  order,  which  owes  its 
origin  to  the  memorable  friendship  of  Damon 
and  Pythias,  who  belonged  to  the  Pythago- 
rean school  of  philosophers  in  ancient  Syra- 
cuse, situated  on  the  island  of  Ortygia,  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily.  Pythias  plotted 
against  the  life  of  Dionysius  I  of  Syracuse, 
and  was  condemned  to  die.  He  washed  to  ar- 
range his  aiTairs,  and  Damon  placed  himself 
in  the  tyrant's  hands  to  die  in  Pythias'  stead 
in  case  he  did  not  return  on  the  day  appointed 
for  the  execution.  At  the  last  moment 
Pythias  came  back,  and  Dionysius  was  so  im- 
pressed by  the  fidelity  of  the  friends  that  he 
pardoned  the  offender  and  begged  to  be  ad- 
mitted into  their  fellowship.  The  modern 
brotherhood  which  came  into  existence  as  a 
result  of  this  incident  was  founded  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  February  19,  1864,  by  Justus 
H.  Rathbone  and  others,  who  instituted  on 
that  date  Washington  Lodge,  No.  i.  The 
Supreme  Lodge  Knights  of  Pythias  of  the 
World  was  organized  August  11,  1868,  and 
imder  the  auspices  of  this  body  the  dispensa- 
tion issued  which  authorized  the  formation 
of  the  first  lodge  in  Missouri,  at  Kansas  City, 
May  5,  1870.  The  second  installation  in  the 
State  took  place  in  St.  Louis,  May  7,  1870, 
in  the  organization  of  Missouri  Lodge,  No.  2. 
The  Grand  Lodge  of  the  State  of  Missouri 
was  organized  July  7,  1871.  In  the  year  1900 
there  were  in  Missouri  255  lodges,  with  20,- 
267  members,  St.  Louis  having  thirty-three 
lodges,  with  4,613  members;  Kansas  City 
eleven  lodges,  with  1,787  members,  and  St. 
Joseph  three  lodges,  with  502  members.  The 
order  has  grown  rapidly  in  popular  favor  in 
the  United  States  since  its  organization,  and 
it  is  now  one  of  the  strongest  fraternal  so- 
cieties in  existence. 

Knights  of  St.  John. — The  St.  Louis 
Commandery  of  this  order  was  organized  in 
May,  1897,  at  St.  Lawrence  O'Toole  Church, 
Fourteenth  and  O'Fallon  Streets,  the  found- 


ers being  John  B.  Cahill,  James  O'Neil, 
Thomas  S.  Finnan,  E.  J.  Stecker,  Patrick 
O'Neil,  Martin  Mungan  and  James  Sheehan. 
It  is  a  beneficiary,  social  and  religious  order, 
with  a  uniformed  company  numbering  forty 
drill  members,  and  embracing  fifty-two  mem- 
bers, civil  and  military,  in  all.  It  is  a  branch 
of  an  international  organization  numbering 
314  commanderies  in  the  United  States. 
There  are  two  only  in  Missouri,  one  in  St. 
Louis  and  one  at  Hannibal.  It  is  particularly 
strong  in  the  Eastern  States.  The  St.  Louis 
Commandery  has  meetings  on  the  second 
and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  and  drill 
exercise  on  the  first  and  third  Tuesdays. 
They  participate  in  prize  drills.  At  the  one 
held  in  Detroit,  August  28,  1898,  the  St. 
Louis  Knights  won  the  prize. 

Knights  of  St.  Patrick.— This  so- 
ciety dates  from  1867.  In  that  year  John 
D.  Finney,  Richard  Ennis,  John  J.  Daly,  J.  R. 
McDonough,  Thomas  Burke,  James  Murrin, 
John  J.  Tobin,  James  H.  McNamara,  and 
others,  deemed  it  desirable  that  the  represen- 
tative elements  of  the  Irish  race  in  St.  Louis 
should  unite  in  an  organization,  and  they 
undertook  to  carry  out  this  idea  under  the 
above  designation.  Its  objects  are  stated  to 
be :  "The  perpetuation  of  Irish  nationality 
through  social  and  intellectual  communion ; 
and,  within  the  bounds  of  their  just  allegiance 
to  the  country  of  their  adoption,  to  foster 
the  old-time  memories  and  traditions  of  their 
native  land ;  the  vindication  of  the  race  in  all 
local  and  national  undertakings ;  and,  finally, 
to  elevate  the  status  and  advance  the  inter- 
ests of  Irishmen,  by  the  individual  and  com- 
bined example  and  influence  of  its  members." 
John  D.  Finney  was  the  first  president.  Ac- 
tive membership  is  confined  to  gentlemen  of 
Irish  parentage  or  descent.  The  discussion 
of  or  reference  to  political  or  religious  ques- 
tions is  not  permitted  at  the  society's  meet- 
ings, it  being  the  special  endeavor  of  the 
knights  to  act  on  broad  and  liberal  lines,  tol- 
erating all  shades  and  differences  of  opinion 
not  coming  in  conflict  with  their  main  pur- 
pose. That  they  have  been  highly  successful 
in  this  eflfort  to  bring  together  men  of  Irish 
birth  and  descent,  representing  the  different 
elements  of  the  race,  is  apparent  to  any  St. 
Louisan  who  will  examine  their  records. 
There  it  appears  that  they  have  had,  from 
time  to  time,  or  now  have  among  their  offi- 


654 


KNIGHTS  OF  ST.   PATRICK. 


cers  and  members,  such  well  known  names 
as  R.  P.  Tansey,  J.  K.  Cummings,  John  Jack- 
son, George  Knapp,  Joseph  Boyce,  John 
Knapp,  James  Duross,  Thos.  J.  Portis, 
Charles  Green,  James  C.  Xormile,  Patrick 
Burns,  James  P.  Maginn,  Thos.  C.  Reynolds, 
James  Tiernan,  John  W.  McCullagh,  Thomas 
Walsh,  Daniel  G.  Taylor,  J.  L.  D.  Morrison, 
Leigh  O.  Knapp,  James  McGrath,  Silas  Bent, 
John  G.  Prather,  Peter  L.  Foy,  Patrick  Bam- 
brick,  William  H.  Horner,  Constantine  Ma- 
guire,  H.  Clay  Sexton,  John  ScuUin,  Isaac 
Cook,  Richard  C,  Kerens,  Jeremiah  Fruin, 
Charles  C.  Maffitt,  Richard  D.  Lancaster, 
John  E.  Liggett,  O'Neil  Ryan,  Adeil  Sher- 
wood, R.  J.  Delano,  R.  Graham  Frost,  H.  J. 
McKellops,  Michael  K.  McGrath,  John  M. 
Sellers,  R.  S.  McDonald,  Edward  D.  Kenna, 
David  W.  Caruth,  F,  A.  Drew,  Alexander 
Finnev,  Henry  W.  Bond,  James  R.  Claiborne, 
P.  S.  'O'Reilly,  John  F.*  Cahill,  Michael  J. 
Cullen,  Richard  Dalton,  Patrick  O'Connell, 
Joseph  Franklin,  P.  T.  Madden,  George  T. 
Tansey,  Patrick  Short,  John  Scott,  Robt.  H. 
Kern,  P.  P.  Manion,  John  O'Neil,  George  P. 
Wolff,  J.  A.  Talty,  Joseph  H.  Tiernan,  John 
S.  Sullivan,  John  Hogan  Boogher,  T.  F.  Hay- 
den,  Michael  Callahan,  Ashley  C.  Clover, 
George  W.  Ford,  George  Burnet,  Patrick  J. 
Harris,  Daniel  Abel,  Alonzo  C.  Church,  Ar- 
thur J.  Judge,  Henry  D.  Laughlin,  Andrew 
Parle,  Chas.  E.  Peers,  William  H.  Rvan,  O. 
F.  Guthrie,  Edward  C.  Clifford,  D.  P.  Slat- 
tery,  John  S.  Marmaduke,  Thomas  J.  Dailey, 
Patrick  Flanagan,  A.  W.  Slayback,  Patrick 
Monahan,  Alfred  M.  Baker,  Charles  Pope, 
Thomas  A.  Ennis,  John  W.  Parle,  G.  Frank 
Gouley,  Peter  J.  Taffe,  John  G.  Kelly,  M.  C. 
McNamara,  John  O'Grady,  John  W.  Norton, 
Thos.  W.  Brady,  Arthur  B.  Barret,  M.  W. 
Hogan. 

The  annual  banquet  on  St.  Patrick's  Day 
is  always  a  superb  affair,  and  the  speeches 
there  made,  with  the  other  proceedings,  are 
fully  reported  in  the  daily  press,  and  received 
with  great  interest  by  the  public.  At  irreg- 
ular intervals,  as  suggested  by  circumstances, 
called  meetings,  ostensibly  for  the  considera- 
tion of  some  formal  or  business  matters,  are 
held;  but  they  generally  prove  to  be  spark- 
ling social  and  literary  entertainments,  at 
which  the  characteristic  talents  of  the  mem- 
bers are  shown  at  their  best.  It  is  hard  in 
writing  of  these  gatherings  to  make  selec- 
tions from  among  the  many  that  are  equally 


deserving  of  mention,  but,  nevertheless,  we 
will  refer  to  Henry  I,  D'Arcy,  whose  genuine 
wit  was  flavored  with  the  true  Attic  salt ;  and 
whose  fine  presence,  elegant  diction  and 
other  acquirements,  seemed  to  make  him  an 
ideal  Dublin  Irishman ;  and  to  David  H.  Mac- 
Adam,  from  whom,  to  paraphrase  an  allusion 
to  Sargent  S.  Prentiss,  would  spontaneously 
spring  forth  bright  thoughts  and  striking 
figures,  with  all  the  profusion  and  brilliancy 
of  birds  from  a  Brazilian  forest. 

The  author  of  the  saying  that  every  Knight 
of  Saint  Patrick  is  an  orator,  was  not  without 
the  glimpse  of  a  great  truth.  However,  if  all 
are  not  par  excellence  in  that  particular,  yet 
it  would  seem,  on  being  introducd  to  one  of 
these  gatherings,  that  each  member  had  some 
specialty  in  which  he  excelled ;  at  all  events, 
that  he  had  the  ability  to  respond  cleverly  in 
some  way,  say,  by  a  song,  or  recitation ;  or^ 
perhaps,  with  a  poem  of  his  own  composition. 
And  these  meetings  disclosed  that  certain  of 
the  Knights  were  indeed  the  possessors  of  all 
these  talents,  including  versification  and  ora- 
tory. We  may  instance  Bernard  Finney, 
Richard  Ennis,  John  D.  Finney  and  David 
H.  MacAdam. 

It  will  be  readily  perceived  that  with  such 
surroundings  oratory  is  contagious,  and  that 
a  practiced  speaker  finds  in  the  Knights  and 
their  friends  a  most  inspiring  and  receptive 
audience.  This  fact  was  well  illustrated  by 
the  address  of  Dr.  A.  Burns,  an  Ulsterman 
and  Methodist  divine,  from  Hamilton,  Can- 
ada, delivered  at  the  annual  banquet  in  1885. 
He  there  responded  magnificently  to  "The 
Day  We  Celebrate."  His  graphic  narration 
of  pertinent  facts  of  Ireland's  history,  and  his 
luminous  exposition  of  her  right  to  Home 
Rule,  were  stated  with  such  fire  and  force  as 
to  electrify  every  one  within  his  hearing,  and 
stir  them  to  the  highest  pitch  of  enthusiasm. 

Of  the  special  banquets  given  by  the 
Knights,  that  at  which  Charles  Stewart  Par- 
nell  was  the  guest  of  honor,  will  first  be  no- 
ticed. This  great  leader  was  then  in  his 
prime.  He  was  the  very  embodiment  of  the 
hopes  and  aspirations  of  the  Knights  in  re- 
gard to  Irish  politics.  So  that  his  reception 
was  a  grand  ovation,  and  that  he  was  worthy 
of  it  will  not  be  questioned.  The  banquet  to 
Father  Tom  Burke  made  a  red-letter  day  in 
the  Knights'  calendar.  Archbishop  Ryan 
having  also  been  present,  it  can  readily  be 
surmised  that  the  occasion  was  a  memorable 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE   GOLDEN   CIRCLE. 


555 


one.  To  have  attended  this  banquet,  radiant 
with  the  grace  and  effulgence  which  winged 
the  magic  words  of  these  two  gifted  and 
favorite  sons  of  Ireland,  was  to  enjoy  a  mid- 
summer night's  dream  of  Irish  wit,  humor 
and  eloquence.  The  banquet  to  John 
Mitchell,  and  the  one  to  Senor  Zamacona, 
Mexican  minister  to  the  United  States,  and 
that  to  Justin  McCarthy,  were  all  very  inter- 
esting events  and  great  successes. 

At  every  banquet  of  the  Knights  there  is  a 
large  number  of  local  and  visiting  guests, 
from  whom  some  of  the  speakers  are  uni- 
formly selected.  Among  those  residing  here 
that  responded  to  leading  toasts,  may  be  re- 
called General  Sherman,  Archbishop  Kain, 
James  O.  Broadhead,  John  W.  Noble,  Father 
Phelan,  Lieutenant  Schultz,  John  B.  Hender- 
son, David  R.  Francis,  Seymour  D.  Thomp- 
son, Nathan  Frank,  Cyrus  P.  Walbridge, 
William  H.  Stone. 

The  officers  of  the  society  at  present  (1897) 
are :  President,  Patrick  J.  Carmody ;  first 
vice  president,  Wm.  H.  O'Brien ;  second  vice 
president,  William  McCabe ;  corresponding 
secretary,  Thomas  Morris ;  recording  secre- 
tary, John  J.  O'Connor ;  treasurer,  Geo.  T. 
McNamee ;  grand  marshal,  John  Finn ;  ex- 
ecutive committee :  Frank  K.  Ryan,  chair- 
man ;  Lawrence  Harrigan,  Daniel  Dillon, 
Wm.  J.  Baker,  T.  J.  Hennessy,  Joseph  M. 
O'Shea,  Jeremiah  Sheehan,  John  Lindsay,  J. 
H.  McNamara,  E.  J.  O'Connor,  Thomas  E. 
Barrett,  James  J.  Spaulding,  John  A.  Sloan, 
Isaac  S.  Taylor,  P.  C.  Murphy.  The  society 
is  in  a  highly  flourishing  condition,  with  the 
best  prospects  for  a  long  and  successful  ex- 
istence. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle. — ^An 

organization  which  had  an  existence  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  which  is  said  to  have  orig- 
inated in  the  Southern  States.  It  was  ex- 
tended into  the  Northern  and  border  States, 
where  it  endeavored  to  aid  the  cause  of  the 
Confederacy  by  opposing  the  prosecution  of 
the  war  by  the  government  at  Washington, 
resisting  the  conscription  of  soldiers,  and  sup- 
plying information  to  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment and  military  authorities  which  would 
be  advantageous  to  the  Southern  cause.  It 
has  been  claimed  that  a  remote  purpose  of 
the  organization  was  the  establishment  of  a 
Northwestern  Confederacy,  provided  the 
South   succeeded   in   disrupting   the   Union. 


While  much  mystery  surrounded  the  organi- 
zation, enough  was  known  of  its  purposes  to 
create  great  uneasiness  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  government,  and  vigorous 
measures  were  taken  in  different  States  for 
the  suppression  of  the  order.  The  organiza- 
tions in  different  States  bore  different  names, 
and  the  Missouri  branch  was  known  as  the 
Corps  de  Belgique.  (See  also  "Corps  de  Bel- 
gique.") 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Kule. — 

This  order  was  founded  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
on  the  i6th  day  of  August,  1879,  under  pe- 
culiar circumstances.  The  Supreme  Lodge 
of  the  Independent  Order  of  Mutual  Aid, 
originally  known  as  the  Independent  Order 
of  Workingmen,  but  who  had  changed  their 
title  on  account  of  their  being  frequently  con- 
founded with  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen,  quite  another  society,  was  in  ses- 
sion, when  it  was  announced  that  all  of  the 
lodges  in  the  States  north  of  the  Ohio  River, 
except  Missouri,  had  determined  to  relin- 
quish their  charters,  and  withdraw  from  the 
order,  on  account  of  the  large  number  of  un- 
paid claims  on  death  of  members  caused  by 
the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  that  and  the  pre- 
vious years.  These  withdrawals  rendered  it 
impossible  for  the  order,  the  I.  O.  M.  A.,  to 
survive;  consequently  it  closed  up  its  affairs 
as  best  it  could  and  passed  out  of  existence. 
Ten  members  of  the  Supreme  Lodge  above 
named  came  together  and  organized  a  new 
order,  selecting  as  its  motto,  "The  Golden 
Rule,"  and  giving  it  the  name  of  "The 
Knights  of  the  Golden  Rule."  Two  lodges 
of  the  old  order  in  St.  Louis  at  once  affiliated 
with  the  new  society,  and  it  gradually  grew 
in  strength  until  in  1891  there  were  thirteen 
castles,  as  the  subordinate  bodies  were 
termed,  in  that  city,  and  four  in  other  parts 
of  the  State.  In  that  year  twelve  castles  in 
St.  Louis,  eight  of  them  being  entirely  Ger- 
man in  their  membership,  and  the  other  four 
having  a  large  proportion  of  the  same  nation- 
ality in  their  make-up,  withdrew  and  estab- 
lished a  new  order  of  their  own,  "The  Order 
of  Reliable  Protection,"  since  become  de- 
funct. In  this  State  the  order  is  not  prosper- 
ous at  this  time,  1897,  there  being  but  one 
castle  in  existence  in  St.  Louis,  Excelsior 
Lodge,  No.  7,  instituted  August  29,  1879, 
which,  with  a  small  membership,  still  retains 
its    connection    with    the    order.      In    other 


556 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE   MACCABEES— KNOEPKER. 


States  the  order  is  doing  fairly  well  and  is 
gradually  growing  in  membership.  It  is  a 
fraternal,  beneficiary  order,  its  death  benefits 
ranging  from  $500  to  $3,000,  based  upon  the 
collection  of  assessments  from  the  members. 
The  chief  executive  officer  is  called  the  su- 
preme commander. 


Knights    of  the    Maccabees. 

■"Maccabees,  Knights  of  the." 


-See 


Knights  Templar. — See    "Masonic 

Order." 

Knob  Lick. — A  village  in  Liberty 
Township,  St.  Francois  County,  eight  miles 
southwest  of  Farmington,  on  the  Belmont 
branch  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad.  Near 
by  are  extensive  granite  quarries.  The  place, 
besides  two  granite  works,  has  five  stores,  a 
school  and  church.  The  name  "Knob  Lick" 
is  derived  from  a  "buffalo  lick"  at  the  foot  of 
a  hill,  a  mile  from  the  town.    Population,  245. 

Knobnoster. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class, 
in  Johnson  County,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway,  ten  miles  east  of  Warrensburg,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  public  school,  occupy- 
ing a  building  erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000; 
churches  of  the  Baptist,  Christian,  Cumber- 
land Presbyterian  and  Methodist  Episcopal 
denominations  ;  a  Democratic  newspaper,  the 
"Gem";  a  bank,  a  flourmill  and  a  machine 
shop.  In  the  vicinity  are  coal  mines  and 
large  deposits  of  red  and  yellow  ochre.  In 
1899  the  population  was  estimated  at  1.400. 
The  town  was  platted  in  1856  by  William  A. 
Wortham,  and  takes  its  name  from  two  ad- 
jacent hills  known  as  Our  Kpobs,  from 
which  ancient  skeletons  had  been  taken.  In- 
dian traditions  affirm  that  a  great  battle  was 
here  fought. 

Knoepker,  John   Henry,  was   born 

December  21,  1838,  in  St.  Charles,  Missouri. 
His  father,  John  H.  Knoepker,  was  a  native 
of  Prussia  and  came  to  this  country  in  1836, 
spending  the  greater  portion  of  his  life  in 
St.  Charles  County,  Missouri.  He  died  in 
Warren  County,  Missouri,  November  18, 
1873.  The  educational  advantages  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  were  very  limited  and 
he  was  able  to  attend  the  private  schools 
not  over  three  months  of  each  year  up  to  the 
time    he    reached    majority.     After   that    he 


eagerly  accepted  an  opportunity  to  attend  a 
college  in  Warren  County,  Missouri,  and 
there  applied  himself  faithfully  to  the  study 
of  books  which  he  was  eager  to  master,  and 
in  absorbing  knowledge  of  which  he  had 
been  deprived.  His  father  being  a  farmer, 
the  young  man  spent  his  early  days  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two 
he  left  his  father  and  shortly  after  purchased 
a  half  interest  in  a  threshing  machine,  spend- 
ing three  years  in  that  work.  In  1866  he 
engaged  in  the  business  of  merchandising  at 
Hopewell,  Warren  County,  Missouri.  For 
eleven  years  he  served  as  postmaster  of  that 
town  and  for  four  years  was  a  justice  of  the 
peace  there.  He  continued  in  business  until 
1876,  and  the  following  year  bought  a  farm 
of  150  acres  one  mile  south  of  In- 
dependence, Missouri.  There  he  resided  for 
ten  years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he 
removed  to  Independence,  where  he  has 
since  lived.  In  1880  Mr.  Knoepker 
engaged  in  the  mercantile  business  in 
Independence,  being  associated  with  S. 
B.  Willock,  and  in  1884  he  took  C.  A. 
Nagel  as  a  partner.  The  firm  of  Knoepker 
&  Nagel  still  exists  and  is  one  of  the 
strongest  in  Jackson  County.  Mr.  Knoep- 
ker still  has  a  deep  interest  in  agriculture 
and  devotes  most  of  his  time  to  the  manage- 
ment of  his  large  real  estate  interests.  He 
is  the  owner  of  the  Talmage  House,  a  hotel 
at  Rich  Hill,  Missouri,  and  is  also  the  owner 
of  the  .A-rlington  Hotel,  at  Wellington,  Kan- 
sas. His  military  service  during  the  Civil 
War  consisted  of  a  year  spent  in  the  Mis- 
souri State  Militia.  Politically  he  is  a  Re- 
publican, and  that  party  has  honored  him  in 
election  to  the  Board  of  Aldermen  of  In- 
dependence, in  which  capacity  he  has  served 
four  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the  German 
Methodist  Church  and  has  served  as  an 
officer  in  the  church  for  several  years.  Mr. 
Knoepker  was  married  April  24,  1863.  to 
Miss  Mary  Schowengerdt,  of  Warren 
County,  Missouri.  They  have  five  children: 
Minnie,  wife  of  C.  A.  Nagel,  of  Independ- 
ence ;  Herman,  a  dry  goods  merchant,  of 
Independence ;  Julia.  William,  and  Alvina 
Knoepker.  Mr.  Knoepker  is  a  man  of  pro- 
gressive spirit  and  has  a  strong  pride  in  his 
city  and  State.  He  is  ready  to  support  every 
worthy  cause,  and  in  all  his  associations 
holds  the  esteem  and  highest  regard  of  his 
fellows  and  neighbors.     So  efficient  has  he 


KNOTT— KNOTTS. 


557 


shown  himself  in  handling  municipal  ques- 
tions that  the  people  of  Independence  have 
looked  upon  him  as  a  man  capable  of  assum- 
ing charge  over  the  city  government  of  that 
thriving  place  and  of  administering  affairs  to 
the  satisfaction  of  all  and  in  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  city  and  her  people.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  at  a  not  far  distant  time  this 
honor  will  be  conferred  where  it  seems  to 
belong,  and  there  is  a  general  conviction  that 
the  welfare  of  Independence  would  be  well 
served  in  such  action  on  the  part  of  her 
voters. 

Knott,  J.  Proctor,  lawyer,  legislator 
and  Attorney  General  of  Missouri,  and  later 
member  of  Congress  and  Governor  of  Ken- 
tucky, was  born  near  Lebanon,  Marion 
County,  Kentucky.  August  29,  1830.  He 
received  his  education  at  the  common  county 
schools,  and  the  better  academies  of  Shelby- 
ville,  Kentucky.  At '  the  age  of  sixteen 
years  he  studied  law  and  came  to  Missouri, 
locating  at  Memphis,  Scotland  County, 
where  he  was  employed  in  the  county 
clerk's  office  till  he  reached  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  In  1851  he  received  his  license 
to  practice  law,  and  soon  became  known  as  a 
young  man  of  promise.  In  1858  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  and  made  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  the  judiciary,  and  it 
fell  to  his  lot  to  prepare  articles  of  impeach- 
ment against  Judge  Albert  Jackson,  and,  in 
connection  with  Charles  H.  Hardin,  after- 
ward Governor  of  Missouri,  to  manage  the 
trial.  Pending  the  trial,  Ephraim  B.  Ewing, 
■Attorney  General  of  the  State,  resigned,  and 
at  the  unanimous  request  of  the  Senators 
and  State  officers,  Mr.  Knott  accepted  the 
office.  In  i860  he  was  elected  for  a  full 
term  by  a  flattering  majority.  When  the 
Civil  War  began,  he  was  arrested  as  a 
Southern  sympathizer,  and  on  his  refusal  to 
take  the  oath,  was  taken  to  St.  Louis  and 
put  in  prison,  but  afterward  released  and 
held  under  surveillance.  In  1861  he  refused 
to  take  the  Convention  oath,  and  his  office 
became  vacant,  and  he  was  disbarred.  In 
1862  he  returned  to  Kentucky  and  estab- 
lished himself  at  Lebanon.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  to  Congress,  and  re-elected  in  1868 
and,  after  an  interval  of  four  years,  was.  re- 
elected four  times  in  succession,  completing 
his  congressional  career  of  six  terms  in  1883, 
when  he  declined  to  again  be  a  candidate.  In 


that  year  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  served  to  the  end  of  his  term. 
His  reputation  in  Missouri  as  a  profound 
lawyer  was  heightened  at  Washington, 
where  he  was  recognized  not  only  as  one  of 
the  ablest  lawyers,  but  as  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  and  effective  speakers  in  the  House, 
though  his  irresistible  humor  at  times  im- 
paired the  effect  of  arguments  which  he  in- 
tended to  be  serious,  when  his  hearers  were 
expecting  them  to  be  sportive.  On  one 
occasion  when  a  bill  for  the  improvement  of 
Pennsylvania  Avenue  was  under  considera- 
tion, and  meeting  with  favor,  Mr.  Knott 
made  a  speech,  brilliant  with  classic  humor, 
that  kept  the  House  in  constant  laughter  and 
caused  the  measure  to  be  thrown  out.  He 
was  long  remembered  in  Washington  for  the 
famous  and  oft  quoted  speech  in  which  he 
spoke  of  Duluth  as  the  "Zenith  City  of  the 
unsalted  seas.". 

Knotts,  William  Henry,  a  man  who 

has  been  identified  with  the  commercial  and 
social  affairs  of  Kansas  City  since  1867,  was 
born  in  Keene,  New  Hampshire,  May  21, 
1841.  His  parents  were  James  F.  and  Maria 
(Smith)  Knotts.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town  and 
at  Mount  Clemens,  Michigan.  He  lived  in 
Keene,  New  Hampshire,  until  he  was  four- 
teen years  of  age,  and  therefore  imbibed  the 
rugged  principles  of  manhood  and  character 
which  mark  the  son  of  the  New  England 
States.  In  1855,  after  he  had  served  the 
stern  apprenticeship  of  experience  on  his 
father's  farm  and  as  an  employe  in  a  glass 
factory,  his  parents  removed  to  Mount 
Clemens,  Michigan.  There  he  attended 
school  as  miich  as  possible,  and  added  to  the 
family  income  by  working  as  a  clerk  in  a 
general  store.  In  1862  he  removed  to 
Detroit,  Michigan,  where  he  secured  employ- 
ment in  a  wholesale  dry  goods  store.  Two 
years  later  he  went  to  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
and  in  1866  came  to  Missouri,  remaining  in 
Kansas  City  a  short  time.  He  was  pleased 
with  the  surroundings  and  general  appear- 
ance of  the  latter  place,  decided  to  become  a 
citizen  of  what  was  destined  to  rank  as  one 
of  the  grandest  States,  and  with  that  end  in 
view  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  proceeded 
to  arrange  his  affairs  so  that  he  might  take 
up  permanent  residence  in  Kansas  City. 
This  he  did  in  1867,  and  he  has  since  been  an 


558 


'KNOW-NOTHINGS"— KNOX   COUNTY. 


honored  resident  there.  He  engaged  in  the 
jewelry  business  and  participated  actively  in 
the  business  affairs  of  Kansas  City  until 
1880,  when,  on  account  of  his  health,  he 
retired  from  active  work.  Since  that  time  he 
has  devoted  his  attention  to  the  management 
of  his  property,  which  consists,  mostly,  of 
real  estate  in  Kansas  City.  Mr.  Knotts  is  a 
Republican  in  politics,  but  has  never  sought 
public  preferment.  He  is  one  of  the  trustees 
and  a  member  of  the  board  of  directors  of 
the  Grand  Avenue  Methodist  Church,  of 
Kansas  City,  having  been  closely  identified 
with  that  strong  religious  organization  since 
1878.  He  was  married  in  1866,  to  Miss  Mary 
A.  Goodman,  daughter  of  A.  A.  Goodman, 
who  removed  to  Kansas  City,  from  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan,  in  1865.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Knotts  one  son  has  been  born,  William  A. 
Knotts,  an  attorney  of  Kansas  City.  William 
H.  Knotts  is  one  of  the  men  wJio  had  faith  in 
Kansas  City  at  an  early  day,  and  who  were 
permitted  to  see  a  realization  of  their  hopes. 
He  is  held  in  high  esteem  by  all  who  know 
him,  and  is  a  steadfast  friend  of  every  move- 
ment that  has  for  its  purpose  the  improve- 
ment of  the  city. 

"Know-Nothings." — The  name  given 
to  the  members  of  the  American  party,  be- 
cause, in  their  endeavors  to  preserve  the 
secrecy  of  their  movements,  they  were  in- 
structed to  reply:  "I  don't  know,"  to  any 
question  relative  to  their  party.  See  also 
"American  Party." 

Knox,  Samuel,  lawyer  and  ex-member 
of  Congress,  was  born  March  21,  181 5,  in 
Blandford,  Massachusetts.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Williams  College  in  1836,  and 
two  years  later  graduated  from  the  Law  De- 
partment of  Harvard  University.  In  1838 
he  established  a  law  office  in  St.  Louis,  and 
within  a  few  years  had  established  a  reputa- 
tion as  a  capable,  conscientious  and  painstak- 
ing lawyer.  In  1845  he  was  appointed  city 
counselor  of  St.  Louis,  an  office  which  he 
held  until  1846.  In  1862  he  was  elected  to 
Congress,  defeating  General  Frank  P.  Blair. 
He  was  again  a  candidate  for  Congress  in 
1864,  but  was  defeated.  About  1890  he  re- 
tired from  active  practice,  and  since  then  has 
resided  much  of  the  time  in  New  England. 
He  married  in  1845  Miss  Mary  Kerr, 
daughter  of  Mathew  and  Hannah  Kerr,  of 
St.  Louis. 


Knox  Cave. — A  cave  in  Greene  County, 
several  miles  northwest  of  Springfield,  which 
is  a  subterranean  avenue  twenty  to  seventy 
feet  in  width,  six  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  and 
nearly  a  mile  in  length,  with  dripping 
stalactites  hanging  from  the  ceiling. 

Knox  City. — An  incorporated  village  in 
Knox  County,  on  the  Omaha,  Kansas  City 
&  Eastern  Railroad,  nine  miles  east  of 
Edina.  It  has  three  churches,  a  public 
school,  bank,  hotel,  and  about  twenty  stores 
and  shops  in  different  lines  of  trade. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  500. 

Knox  County. — A  county  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  State,  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Scotland  County,  east  by  Lewis, 
south  by  Shelby  and  Macon,  and  west  by 
Macon  and  Adair  Counties ;  area  330,000 
acres.  The  general  surface  of  the  county  is 
undulating,  with  considerable  bottom  lands 
along  the  streams.  More  than  half  the  area 
of  the  county  consists  of  small  tracts  of 
prairie  land,  ranging  from  a  half  to  four 
miles  in  width.  The  soil  is  a  rich  dark  loam 
generally  underlaid  with  a  heavy  yellow 
clayl  The  county  is  well  watered  by  the 
Fabius  river,  which  flows  in  a  southeasterly 
direction,  and  numerous  other  smaller  trib- 
utaries, all  of  which  have  a  general  flow 
toward  the  southeast.  Skirting  many  of  the 
streams  are  extensive  tracts  of  timber,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  the  different  varieties  of 
oak,  elm,  walnut,  hickory,  sugar,  maple, 
etc.  The  bottoms  which  are  not  timbered, 
bear  heavy  growths  of  natural  grasses,  and 
have  exceedingly  fertile  soil,  capable  of 
growing  enormous  crops.  Bluegrass  grows 
well  in  the  prairie  sections.  The  average 
yield  of  corn  is  32  bushels  to  the  acre; 
wheat,  15  bushels;  oats,  22  bushels;  pota- 
toes, 100  bushels;  timothy  hay  i  1-2  tons; 
and  clover  hay,  2  tons.  All  the  various 
kinds  of  vegetables  grow  abundantly,  as  do 
also  the  different  fruits  that  grow  in  a 
temperate  climate.  On  the  uplands  a  good 
grade  of  tobacco  is  grown.  About  eighty- 
five  per  cent  of  the  land  rs  under  cultivation, 
the  remainder  being  in  pasture  and  timber. 
No  minerals  have  been  found  in  the  county, 
though  there  is  excellent  clay  for  the  manu- 
facture of  fire  and  other  kinds  of  brick, 
which  has  for  many  years  been  profitably 
carried  on.    There    is    abundance    of    sand- 


KNO:jC  COUNTY 


559 


stone  and  limestone  suitable  for  building 
purposes.  According  to  the  report  of  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  the  surplus  pro- 
ducts shipped  from  the  county  in  1898  were : 
Cattle,  6,706  head ;  hogs,  33,235  head ;  sheep, 
^,640  head ;  horses  and  mules,  798  head ; 
oats,  32,054  bushels;  hay,  177,300  pounds; 
timothy  seed,  112,025  pounds;  logs,  6,000 
feet;  walnut  logs,  18,000  feet;  piling  and 
posts,  6,000  feet;  brick,  41,000  pounds; 
wool,  74,400  pounds  ;  tobacco,  2,955  pounds  ; 
poultry,  274,243  pounds ;  eggs,  210,640 
dozen;  butter,  12,649  pounds;  cheese,  3,098 
pounds ;  hides  and  pelts,  42,458  pounds ; 
vegetables,  7,665  pounds;  nuts,  1,500 
pounds;  nursery  stock,  61,435  pounds;  furs, 
2,914  pounds;  feathers,  3,900  pounds.  Other 
articles  exported  were  cross-ties,  cordwood, 
potatoes,  dressed  meats,  game  and  fish,  tal- 
low, fresh  fruits,  dried  fruits,  honey, 
molasses  and  vinegar.  Stock-raising  is  the 
most  profitable  industry  of  the  county.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  and  the  most  trust- 
worthy records  obtainable,  the  first  white 
man  to  make  a  permanent  settlement  in 
Knox  County  territory  was  Stephen  Cooper, 
a  son  of  Sarshall  Cooper,  a  pioneer  of 
Howard  County,  who  settled  in  what  is  now 
the  northern  part  of  Knox  County  in  1833. 
The  first  one  to  enter  land  was  James  Fresh, 
who,  in  October,  1833,  filed  on  land  about  a 
mile  west  of  the  present  site  of  Newark. 
In  1834  he  built  the  first  mill  in  the  county, 
on  the  South  Fabius,  and  later  established  a 
distillery.  About  the  time  of  the  arrival  of 
Cooper  and  Fresh,  John  B.  Cannon  settled 
in  the  county,  and  early  in  1834  James  and 
Willis  Hicks  located  on  land  near  the 
Fabius.  In  .1834  a  number  of  other  settlers 
located  on  land  near  Cooper  and  Hicks,  in- 
cluding Richard  Cook  and  James  Reid. 
Then  there  set  in  a  heavy  emigration  from 
Kentucky,  Indiana,  Ohio  and  other  States, 
and  some  moved  into  the  county  from 
other  counties  in  Missouri,  and  settlements 
were  made  on  the  prairie  lands  in  different 
parts  of  the  county.  In  1841  a  native  of 
County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  named  Peter  Early, 
visited  the  county,  and  the  same  year  with 
James  A.  Reid  and  others,  located  a  colony 
of  emigrants  of  his  own  nationality  on  land 
near  Edina.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
colonization  and  settlement  of  foreigners, 
and  for  years  settlers  from  Ireland  and  Ger- 
many    came     in     large     numbers.      These 


colonists  and  their  descendents  constitute  a 
large  part  of  the  population  of  the  county 
and  are  numbered  among  the  best  and  most 
progressive  citizens.  January  6,  1843,  when 
the  General  Assembly  defined  the  bound- 
aries of  Scotland  County,  it  was  provided 
that  all  Scotland  County  territory  south  of 
the  line  dividing  Townships  63  and  64  be 
made  a  distinct  county,  to  be  known  as 
Knox,  and  to  be  attached  to  Scotland 
County  for  civil  and  military  purposes  until 
such  territory  had  population  sufficient  for 
representation  in  the  Legislature,  then  to  be 
"fully  organized"  as  a  separate  and  distinct 
county.  Accordingly,  on  February  14,  1845, 
Knox  County  was  "fully  organized"  and  its 
limits  defined.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
General  Henry  Knox,  the  noted  Boston 
bookseller,  who  became  Washington's  artil- 
lery lieutenant,  and  was  later  Secretary  of 
War.  From  the  organization  of  the  county, 
it  was  generally  accepted  that  Edina  was  the 
county  seat,  but  it  did  not  become  so  offi- 
cially until  May  7,  1845,  when  the  county 
seat  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  Legis- 
lature, John  C.  Rutherford,  of  Clark  County, 
Walter  Crocket,  of  Putnam,  and  Walker 
Austin,  of  Macon  County,  met  and  decided 
upon  the  site.  September  4,  1845,  ^^^7 
made  their  report  to  the  county  court  that 
they  had  located  the  permanent  seat  of 
justice  at  Edina,  and  the  court  ordered  that 
the  land  be  laid  out  in  town  lots  and  sold 
at  public  auction.  "Block  three  entire," 
was  "reserved  to  the  county  forever  as  a 
public  square."  Sales  of  lots  were  held  at 
different  times  and  the  money  thus  realized 
placed  in  the  county  building  fund.  In  the 
fall  of  1845  ^  clerk's  office  was  built  on  block 
No.  2.  The  building  was  20  x  20  feet,  one 
story,  and  a  building  for  public  records  was 
also  erected.  This  was  one  story,  16  x  24 
feet.  Prior  to  the  erection  of  these  build- 
ings, the  meetings  of  the  courts  were  held 
in  a  house  belonging  to  James  A.  Reid. 
The  small  buildings  first  erected  were  used 
for  county  purposes  until  1873,  when  they 
were  abandoned,  and  since  then  the  county 
officers  have  occupied  quarters  in  a  private 
building,  where  the  different  courts  are  also 
held.  The  county  never  had  a  jail.  For 
some  years  a  poor  farm  has  been  maintained 
by  the  county  at  an  annual  cost  of  $2,000. 
The  county  has  no  bonded  debt.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  first  county  court  were  Melker 


560 


KOEHLER— JCRUM. 


Baker,  presiding  justice,  and  Edward  Milli- 
gan  and  Virgil  Pratt,  associate  justices. 
Jesse  John  was  the  first  county  clerk,  and  John 
H.  Fresh  the  first  sheriff.  The  first  meet- 
ing was  held  at  the  house  of  James  A.  Reid, 
April  7,  1845.  There  was  little  business 
transacted  other  than  the  approval  of  offi- 
cers' bonds,  the  receiving  of  road  petitions 
and  the  dividing  of  the  county  into  town- 
ships. The  first  circuit  court  for  Knox 
County  convened  at  Edina.  October  i,  1845, 
Honorable  Addison  Reese,  presiding  judge. 
The  first  criminal  case  before  the  court  was 
against  Alexander  Taylor,  to  keep  the  peace. 
The  suit  was  dismissed  at  the  cost  of  the  de- 
fendant. Kemp  P.  Anderson  was  the  first 
resident  lawyer  of  the  county.  There  were 
no  important  cases  of  a  criminal  nature  be- 
fore the  early  courts  of  the  county.  The  first 
sermon  preached  in  Knox  County  was  deliv- 
ered by  Rev.  George  C.  Light,  a  minister  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  who 
preached  at  the  house  of  Hugh  Henry,  in 
Colony  Township,  in  1836.  In  1837  there 
was  a  heavy  emigration  of  Catholics  into  the 
coimty,  and  soon  after  a  church  was  organ- 
ized, and  in  1842  they  built  the  first  church 
at  Edina,  in  the  county.  In  1839  the  first 
schoolhouse  was  built  in  the  county,  at 
Edina.  It  was  a  log  structure,  and  was  used 
for  some  years.  The  first  newspaper  in 
Knox  County  was  established  in  1857  by  Al- 
bert Demaree.  and  was  called  the  "Edina 
Eagle."  It  had  a  life  of  about  one  year.  In 
1871  the  Quincy,  Missouri  &  Pacific  Railroad 
was  built  to  the  town.  The  road  is  now 
known  as  the  Omaha,  Kansas  City  &  East- 
ern and  is  a  part  of  the  "Port  Arthur"  route. 
During  the  Civil  War  Knox  County  fur- 
nished a  number  of  soldiers  to  the  Federal 
Army  and  a  few  to  the  Southern  side.  There 
was  little  bushwhacking  or  skirmishing  with- 
in its  limits.  Knox  County  is  divided  into 
thirteen  townships,  named,  respectively.  Bee 
Ridge,  Benton,  Bourbon,  Center,  Colony, 
Fabius,  Greenburg,  Jeddo,  Liberty,  Lyon, 
Myrtle,  Salt  River  and  Shelton.  The  as- 
sessed value  of  real  estate  and  town  lots  in 
1899  was  $2,788,775 ;  estimated  full  value, 
$6,971,935;  assessed  value  of  personal  prop- 
erty, including  stocks,  bonds,  etc.,  $1,054,828; 
estimated  full  value,  $2,109,656;  assessed 
value  of  merchants  and  manufacturers,  $68,- 
076;  estimated  full  value,  $136,152;  assessed 
value  of  railroads  and  telegraphs,  $459,144. 


There  are  forty  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
county,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
crossing  the  northwestern  part  from  north- 
east to  southwest,  and  the  Omaha,  Kansas 
City  &  Eastern,  crossing  from  east  to  west, 
near  the  center.  The  number  of  public 
schools  in  the  county  in  1898  was  80;  teach- 
ers employed,  93 ;  pupils  enumerated,  4,278 ; 
permanent  school  fund,  $54,802.  The  popu- 
lation in  1900  was  13,479. 

Koehler,  Henry,  Jr.,  manufacturer 
and  banker,  was  born  in  Fort  Madison,  Iowa, 
He  obtained  the  rudiments  of  an  education 
in  St.  Louis,  and  his  studies  were  continued 
in  the  public  schools  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  and 
completed  at  the  University  of  Iowa.  He 
left  school  admirably  fitted,  both  by  nature 
and  education,  for  a  business  career.  As 
president  of  the  American  Brewing  Company 
he  has  helped  to  build  up  the  great  industry 
for  which  St.  Louis  is  famous.  He  is  also 
vice  president  of  the  South  Side  Bank,  and  is 
known  as  a  capable  financier.  He  has  com- 
manded admiration  for  his  generous  aid  of 
all  worthy  enterprises. 

Kossuth,  Louis,  Visit  of. — Louis 
Kossuth,  the  Hungarian  patriot  who  had  in- 
duced the  Landtag  to  declare  the  indepen- 
dence of  Hungary  upon  the  accession  of 
Francis  Joseph  to  the  throne  in  1848,  visited 
St.  Louis  in  March  of  1852,  while  traveling 
in  the  United  States.  He  was  accompanied 
by  Madame  Kossuth  and  a  suite  of  thirteen 
persons,  and  on  landing  in  St.  Louis  from  the 
steamer  "Emperor,"  March  9th,  was  formally 
received  by  a  citizens'  committee  composed 
of  one  hundred  persons,  headed  by  the  mayor 
of  that  city.  Escorted  by  a  military  and  civic 
procession  to  the  Planters'  Hotel,  he  held  a 
reception  there,  and  on  March  12th  there  was 
a  grand  parade  in  his  honor.  The  city  not 
only  paid  him  distinguished  honors,  but  made 
substantial  contributions  in  aid  of  the  cause 
which  he  represented.  He  received  while 
there  much  attention  from  all  classes  of  peo- 
ple, and  was  visited  by  delegations  from 
other  Western  cities  and  States  anxious  to 
extend  to  him  their  hospitality  and  to  testify 
to  their  appreciation  of  his  patriotic  services 
to  his  country. 

Krum,  Chester  H.,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  September  13,  1840,  in  Alton,  Illi- 
nois.    His   scholastic  training  was  received 


KRUM— KUHN. 


561 


at  Washington  University,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1863.  He  then  took  the 
law  course  at  Harvard  University,  and  grad- 
uated in  1865.  Admitted  to  the  bar  in  1864, 
he  at  once  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  St.  Louis,  and  in  1867  became  junior 
member  of  the  firm  of  Krum,  Decker  & 
Krum.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  United 
States  district  attorney,  and  served  in  that 
capacity  until  1872.  In  that  year  he  resigned 
and  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  St.  Louis  Cir- 
cuit Court.  He  ably  discharged  the  duties 
of  this  office  until  1875,  when  he  resigned  to 
resume  practice.  Since  then  he  has  been  in 
continuous  general  practice,  and  has  been 
identified  with  important  litigation  in  the 
State  and  Federal  courts  of  St.  Louis.  From 
1873  to  1882  he  was  a  member  of  the  faculty 
of  the  St.  Louis  Law  School.  From  1864  un- 
til 1888  he  took  an  active  part  in  Missouri 
politics  as  a  Republican,  but  in  the  year  last 
named  supported  the  candidates  of  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  and  now  affiliates  with  the  gold 
standard  wing  of  that  party.  He  is  a  Unita- 
rian and  a  member  of  the  Church  of  the  Mes- 
siah. October  26,  1866,  he  married  Miss 
Elizabeth  H.  Cuttler,  daughter  of  Norman 
and  Frances  Cuttler.  The  children  born  to 
them  have  been  Mary  F.,  John  M.,  Clara  R., 
Flora,  Elizabeth  H,  and  Mabel  Krum. 

Krum,  John  M.,  lawyer,  jurist  and 
mayor  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  March  10,  1810, 
in  Hillsdale,  New  York,  and  died  in  St.  Louis, 
September  13,  1883.  He  received  an  aca- 
demic education  at  Union  College,  New 
York,  and  while  teaching  school  at  Kingston, 
in  that  State,  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  About  1831  he  first  settled  at  Al- 
ton, Illinois,  where  he  began  practice.  He 
removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1842,  and  was  a 
resident  of  that  city  thereafter  until  his 
death.  He  was  the  first  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Alton,  and  held  that  office  at  the  time  of  the 
historic  "Lovejoy  riot."  After  removing  to 
St.  Louis  he  soon  became  prominent  at  the 
bar,  and  in  1844  he  was  appointed  judge  of 
the  St.  Louis  Circuit  Court,  which  office  h(» 
held  for  two  years.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  St.  Louis,  and  held  that  office  one 
term.  He  was  an  ardent  Douglas  Democrat, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  cre- 
dentials at  the  National  Convention  of  the 
Democratic  party  held  in  Charleston  in  i860. 
When  the  war  began   he   identified   himself 

Vol.  III-36 


with  the  Republican  party,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  its  counsels  for  many  years  there- 
after. During  the  war  he  was  colonel  of  an 
enrolled  militia  regiment,  composed  of  citi- 
zens of  St.  Louis  and  organized  for  service 
in  case  of  emergency.  He  married,  in  1839, 
Mary  Ophelia  Harding,  daughter  of  the  ar- 
tist, Chester  Harding.  Of  their  four  chil- 
dren, Chester  H.  and  Margaret  H.  Krum 
are  living,  Margaret  H.  being  now  the  wife 
of  Edwin  A.  DeWolf. 

Kuhn,  William  Frederick,  physi- 
cian, was  born  April  15,  1849,  at  Lyons,  New 
York.  His  parents  were  Frederick  and  Bar- 
bara (Ernst)  Kuhn,  natives  of  Alsace,  Ger- 
many, who  immigrated  to  America  while 
children,  and  were  married  in  this  country. 
They  first  made  their  home  in  New  York, 
and  afterward  in  Kalamazoo  County,  Mich- 
igan, The  son,  William  Frederick,  as  a  boy, 
worked  on  a  farm  and  attended  a  country 
school.  His  further  education  was  acquired 
with  his  own  means,  earned  by  hard  and  per- 
sistent labor.  In  1871  he  entered  Witten- 
berg College,  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  with  next  to  the 
highest  honors  in  1875.  Notwithstanding  his 
inability  to  read  English  until  he  was  six- 
teen years  of  age,  German  being  preserved 
as  the  home  tongue,  he  was  now  so  proficient 
in  all  academical  branches  that  he  took  first 
rank  as  a  teacher,  and  served  for  several  . 
years  as  principal  of  the  schools  at  Belle 
Center,  and  De  Graff,  Ohio.  He  afterward 
studied  medicine  at  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  ctim  laude  in  1884.  He  then 
located  at  El  Dorado,  Kansas,  where  he 
practiced  for  four  years,  achieving  signal 
success.  Desirous,  however,  of  a  larger 
field  of  usefulness  and  professional  growth, 
in  1888  he  removed  to  Kansas  City.  Here  he 
found  ample  scope  for  his  effort,  and  he  now 
enjoys  an  extensive  practice,  almost  entirely 
confined  to  neurology,  in  which  he  has  gained 
high  reputation  throughout  all  the  Missouri. 
Valley,  and  has  been  brought  into  promi- 
nence in  all  the  principal  professional  bodies; 
in  that  region.  Two  years  after  locating  in. 
Kansas  City  he  was  chosen  to  the  chair  o£ 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Uni- 
versity Medical  College.  He  retired  from 
this  position  after  two  years,  and  took  the 
chair  of  physiology  in  the  same  institution, 


562 


KUHN. 


which  he  occupied  until  early  in  1897,  when 
he  resigned.  He  is  now,  as  he  has  been  for 
eight  years,  professor  of  physiology  in  the 
Western  Dental  College.  He  is  also  presi- 
dent of  the  Kansas  City  College  of  Phar- 
macy and  Natural  Sciences,  and  professor  of 
neurology  in  the  Medical-Chirurgical  College, 
and  in  the  Women's  Medical  College.  He  is 
regarded  with  great  confidence  in  the  various 
bodies  in  which  he  holds  membership,  the 
Missouri  State  Medical  Society,  and  the 
Jackson  County  Medical  Society;  in  the  lat- 
ter he  has  served  as  vice  president,  and  at 
the  head  of  the  committee  on  medical  juris- 
prudence. He  possesses  literary  ability  of  a 
high  order,  and  has  read  various  valuable 
papers  before  professional  bodies,  and  made 
similar  contributions  to  scientific  journals. 
His  efforts  in  these  directions  have  not  been 
confined  to  his  profession ;  he  has  repeatedly 
addressed  teachers'  associations  and  Masonic 
bodies  with  impressive  effect.  Without  sim- 
ulation, he  has  shown  himself  to  be  a  gen- 
uine orator ;  his  diction  is  chaste  and  elegant, 
his  voice  is  pleasing,  and  his  manner  impres- 
sive. These  qualifications  led  to  his  selection 
as  grand  orator  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Mis- 
souri, Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  in 
1893.  During  his  occupancy  of  that  distin- 
guished position  he  delivered  many  addresses 
in  Missouri  and  other  States,  and  among  the 
many  well  deserved  encomiums  bestowed 
upon  him  was  a  fervent  tribute  by  William 
H.  Mayo,  himself  a  distinguished  Masonic 
writer  and  speaker,  which  was  printed  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Grand  Chapter  of  the 
State,  with  an  accompanying  portrait  of  Dr. 
Kuhn.  In  Missouri  Masonry  Dr.  Kuhn  is 
most  conspicuous.  He  has  occupied  nearly 
all  the  positions  in  the  Grand  Chapter,  in- 
cluding that  of  grand  high  priest,  in  1897.  In 
1893-4  he  was  most  illustrious  grand  master 


of  the  Grand  Council ;  he  received  the  order 
of  high  priesthood  in  the  Grand  Convention 
in  St.  Louis  in  1892;  in  1893  he  was  eminent 
commander  of  Oriental  Commandery  No. 
35,  Knights  Templar,  Kansas  City.  In  nearly 
all  these  bodies  he  has  occupied  the  various 
subordinate  positions  leading  up  to  the  su- 
preme headship.  He  has  attained  to  the 
thirtieth  degree  of  Scottish  Rite  Masonry, 
and  is  grand  patron  of  the  order  of  the  East- 
ern Star.  To  this  illustrious  chapter  of  Ma- 
sonic history  is  to  be  added  peculiar  honors 
paid  him,  still  further  testifying  the  lofty 
esteem  in  which  he  is  held.  At  the  last  tri- 
ennial convocation  of  the  General  Grand 
Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons  of  the  United 
States,  held  in  1897,  '"  Baltimore,  he  was 
elected  general  grand  master  of  the  First 
Veil,  the  only  vacancy  to  be  filled,  where  a 
candidate  was  presented  by  nearly  every 
State  represented.  Yet  higher  distinction 
came  in  his  election  as  a  member  of  the 
Grand  Red  Cross  Knights  of  Constantine,  a 
body  whose  membership  is  limited  to  fifty  in 
the  entire  United  States,  vacancies  being 
filled  by  the  suffrages  of  the  Knights, 
through  selection,  applications  for  the  honor 
being  unknown.  In  politics  Dr.  Kuhn  is  a 
Democrat ;  in  the  recent  presidential  cam- 
paign he  acted  with  the  sound  money  wing 
of  the  party.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  He  was  married,  in  1877,  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  C,  daughter  of  Dr.  Moses  D. 
Willson,  for  forty  years  a  practicing  physi- 
cian of  Belle  Center,  Ohio.  She  died  in  1887, 
leaving  to  him  two  children,  Harold  Philip, 
now  a  student  in  the  scientific  course  in  the 
University  of  Michigan,  at  Ann  Arbor,  and 
Elizabeth  Barbara,  who  attends  school  in 
Kansas  City.  Dr.  Kuhn  was  again  married, 
in  1891,  to  Miss  Jessie  O.  Willson,  a  sister 
of  his  deceased  wife. 


i'abaddie's  cave,  tragedy  of— labor  organizations. 


563 


Labaddie's  Cave,  Tragedy  of. — Syl- 
vester Labaddie,  holding  land  in  Franklin 
County  under  a  Spanish  grant  of  about  1788, 
while  hunting,  on  a  date  not  named,  wounded 
a  bear,  which  he  tracked  into  what  is  now 
known  as  Labaddie's  Cave,  near  the  present 
railway  statfon  of  Labaddie,  on  the  St.  Louis, 
Kansas  City  &  Colorado  Railway.  Leaving 
his  little  son,  twelve  years  old,  on  the  outside, 
Labaddie  entered.  Failing  to  return,  the 
boy  went  to  St.  Louis  and  gave  the  alarm. 
Whether  any  investigation  followed  is  not 
narrated.  Many  years  afterward,  the  cave 
was  entered,  and  in  it  were  found  a  mass  of 
human  and  bear  bones,  relics  of  a  struggle 
which  brought  death  to  both.  The  remains 
were  left  where  found. 

LaBelle. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class,_  in 
Lewis  County,  on  the  Omaha,  Kansas  City 
&  Eastern  Railroad,  fourteen  miles  west  of 
Monticello,  192  miles  from  St.  Louis,  and 
thirty-two  miles  from  Quincy,  Illinois.  It 
has  a  graded  school,  six  churches  (one  of 
which  is  for  colored  people),  four  lodges,  and 
its  business  is  represented  by  three  banks,  a 
flouring  mill,  a  newspaper,  the  "Star,"  two 
hotels,  a  lock  factory  and  about  forty  mis- 
cellaneous stores  and  shops.  Population, 
1899  (estimated),  1,100. 

Labor  Orgraiiizations.  —  In  the  early 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  guild  sys- 
tem in  England,  which  had  come  down  from 
Anglo-Saxon  times  and  had  so  much  to  do 
with  the  industrial  life  of  the  country,  was  in 
active  operation,  and  the  guilds  engaged  in 
particular  avocations  had  moulded  the  life 
of  the  great  army  of  workers  in  nearly  every 
department  of  manufacture  and  trade.  That 
principle  is  to-day  operating  with  intensified 
force.  State  regulations,  substituted  for  the 
guild  law  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  were  su- 
perseded by  numerous  developments  in  the 
history  of  labor.  An  act  was  passed  prescrib- 
ing the  terms  of  service,  the  hours  of  labor, 
the  fixing  of  wages  by  justices  of  the  peace, 


the  period  of  apprenticeship,  the  proportion 
of  apprentices  to  journeymen,  modes  of  dis- 
charge, conduct  of  the  master  or  mistress 
toward  apprentices,  and  other  matters  con- 
nected with  employment  and  daily  labor.  The 
act  and  others  of  a  kindred  nature  that  fol- 
lowed were  long  since  repealed,  but  some  of 
their  effects  remain  to  influence  the  workers 
and  wage-earners  of  the  present  day.  In 
subsequent  reigns  combinations  were  formed, 
and  laws  were  enacted  to  stamp  them  out. 
All  conspiracies  of  workmen  to  obtain  ad- 
vance of  wages,  or  fix  the  rate,  or  to  alter 
or  shorten  working  hours  were  restrained 
by  penalties  of  fine  and  imprisonment.  To- 
ward the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  in  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth,  ef- 
forts were  made  to  institute  associations  for 
the  protection  of  workmen  and  the  advance- 
ment of  labor ;  strikes  occurred  in  all  trades, 
wages  rose,  and  the  workmen  seemed  to  have 
taken  a  forward  step  toward  better  remu- 
neration. One  of  the  schemes  to  bring  cap- 
ital and  labor  t6  a  better  understanding  that 
followed  was  that  of  profit-sharing.  The  prin- 
ciple has  not  been  adopted  in  any  country, 
.though  it  found  some  favor  in  France,  where 
it  was  accepted  by  the  Maison  Leclaire,  Mai- 
son  Bord  and  other  undertakings,  and  also 
in  Germany,  Switzerland  and  the  United 
States.  In  183 1  an  attempt  was  made  in 
France  by  M.  Bachez  to  organize  labor  as- 
sociations, by  placing  them  under  a  general 
management  and  forming  a  permanent  and 
indivisible  fund  comprising  nearly  the  whole 
capital  of  the  association,  upon  which  a  mem- 
ber who  withdrew  from  the  body  forfeited 
his  claim.  One  of  these  associations,  called 
"La  Societe  des  Bijouterieres  en  Dore," 
founded  in  1834,  still  exists  in  Paris.  Com- 
binations in  the  same  country  among  work- 
men for  the  purpose  of  influencing  wages 
have  recently  become  general,  and  as  they 
are.  not  unlawful,  except  when  accompanied 
by  violence,  menace  or  fraudulent  proce- 
dure, the  government  tolerates  them.  By  im- 
perial decree  of  May  27,  1864,  the  right  of 


564 


LABOR  ORGANIZATIONS. 


peaceful  and  orderly  combination  was  guar- 
anteed, and  the  law  interferes  only  when 
strikes  and  lockouts  assume  a  criminal  char- 
acter. In  Prussia,  since  1865,  labor  has  been 
set  almost  free,  guilds,  crafts  and  similar 
monopolies  have  been  abandoned,  and  the 
former  laws  against  combinations  have  been 
repealed,  and  men  and  masters  may  now 
agree  in  fixing  the  rate  of  wages. 
Trade  Unions,  as  understood  in  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States,  did  not 
for  years  thereafter  exist  in  Prussia  or 
in  other  parts  of  Germany,  and  indeed 
their  existence  was  almost  impossible  in  a 
country  where  benefit  societies  are  vmder  the 
immediate  control  of  the  State.  In  Austria 
strikes  seldom  take  place  and  are  strictly 
prohibited  by  law,  and  the  superabundance 
of  labor  renders  combination  by  workmen 
against  masters  of  rare  occurrence.  In  Italy, 
also,  the  provisions  of  the  penal  code  against 
combinations,  whether  of  workers  or  em- 
ployers, for  the  purpose  of  unduly  raising 
or  lowering  wages,  are  severe.  There  are 
labor  organizations,  but  they  are  limited  to 
the  relief  of  members  in  case  of  sickness,  and 
the  support  of  old  and  infirm  relations  and  the 
assistance  of  widows  and  orphans.  In  1896 
there  were  443  labor  societies  in  Italy.  In 
June,  1830,  the  General  Trades  National  Asso- 
ciation was  set  on  foot  in  Manchester,  En- 
gland, the  number  of  twenty  trades  having 
joined  the  union,  and  the  association  accom- 
plished much  good  in  its  time,  having  been 
instrumental  in  introducing  the  arbitration 
scheme  for  the  settlement  of  disputes  in 
i860.  In  the  United  States,  according  to 
Mr.  Samuel  Gompers,  the  total  number  of 
organizations  in  1898  was  14,000,  with  a 
membership  of  620,000,  200,000  of  them  be- 
longing to  the  American  Federation  of  La- 
bor. Regarding  strikes,  at  first  they  were 
confined  to  those  which  periodically  occurred 
in  New  York,  and  were  limited  to  a  certain 
class  of  workmen,  who  sometimes  acted  in 
a  spirit  of  wantonness  and  made  a  strike 
when  they  had  no  real  grievance.  In  the 
spring  of  1867  there  was  a  strike  of  men 
connected  with  the  building  trades  in  Chi- 
cago, which  proved  a  complete  failure.  The 
masons  and  carpenters  struck  for  a  reduc- 
tion of  working  hours  from  ten  to  eight 
hours,  and  several  States — New  York,  Ohio, 
Indiana    and    Illinois — passed    laws    making 


eight  hours  a  day's  work;    but  the  masters 
in  Chicago  refused  to  comply  with  the  men's 
demand,  and  laid  down  the  rule  that  if  the 
time  was  reduced  wages  should  be  reduced 
also.     The  strikers  held  out  for  .ten  weeks,, 
and  then  went  to  work  at  a  reduction    of 
wages,  according  to  the  masters'  rule.    This 
■  failure  had  a  discouraging  effect  upon  the 
labor  organizations  of  the  country.     These 
organizations   have  grown  up   mainly  since 
the  Civil  War.    On  the  20th  of  August,  1866,. 
delegates  from    sixty  bodies    met    at    Balti- 
more and  founded  the  National  Labor  Union, 
which    continued   in   existence    until     1872. 
After  a  lapse  of  several  years  delegates  from 
all  parts   of  the  country   met   in  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,      in      November,     1881,     and 
formed  the  Federation  of  Organized  Trades 
and  Labor  Unions  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada.    In  1886  it  was  dissolved  and  a  more 
compact  organization  was  effected  under  the 
name  of    American    Federation    of    Labor, 
whose  object  is  to  render  employment  and 
the  means  of  subsistence  less  precarious  by 
securing  to   the   toilers   an   equitable   share 
of  the  fruits  of  their  labor.     The  headquar- 
ters were  established  in  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Another     powerful     organization     was     the 
Knights  of  Labor,  founded  in  1878  by  Uriah 
Stevens,  at    Philadelphia.     It    took    in    all 
trades     and     professions,    interdicting    only 
lawyers,  saloon-keepers  and  gamblers.    The 
order  numbered  at  one  time  a  million  and  a 
half  of  members,  and  had  100  assemblies  in 
St.  Louis,  with  12,000  members ;  but  it  after- 
ward fell  away  in  number  and  importance, 
and  in  1898  had  lost  half  its  power.    In  Au- 
gust, 1881,  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Car- 
penters and  Joiners  was  organized  at  New 
York  by  P.  J.  McGuire,  formerly  a  work- 
man of  St.  Louis.     It  comprises  an  unlim- 
ited number  of  local  unions,  there  being  in 
1898  six  in  St.  Louis,  with  a  membership  of 
1,500.     The  objects  are  to  discourage  piece 
work,  encourage  an  apprentice  system  and 
a  standard  of  skill,  cultivate  friendship  among 
the  craft,  assist  one  another  in  securing  em- 
ployment, reduce  the  hours  of  daily  labor 
and  secure  adequate  payment,  and  to  aid  in 
cases  of  death  and  permanent  disability,  and, 
by  lawful  means,  to  elevate  the  moral,  intel- 
lectual and  social  conditions  of  the  members. 
The  Trades  and  Labor  Union  of  St.  Louis 
and    vicinity    is    a    central    body    of    trades 


LABOR  ORGANIZATIONS. 


565 


unions,  and  in  principle  is  based  upon  the 
national  organization,  with  which  it  is  affili- 
ated— the  American  Federation  of  Labor — 
and  embraces  nearly  every  trade  union  in  the 
city.  Of  the  national  labor  organizations  of 
America  in  1895,  the  Brewery  Workmen, 
Brass  Workers,  Broom-Makers,  National 
League  of  Musicians,  and  International 
Brotherhood  of  Railway  Track  Foremen  had 
their  headquarters  in  St.  Louis. 

The  number  of  labor  organizations  in  the 
State  of  Missouri  can  only  be  estimated.  Ac- 
cording to  the  nineteenth  annual  report  of 
the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  of  Missouri 
for  the  year  1897,  only  fifty  reported  to  the 
bureau  that  year.  Blanks  were  sent  to  218 
labor  unions,  but  most  of  them  failed  to  re- 
spond. The  bureau's  estimate  of  the  whole 
number  in  the  State  in  1898  was  270.  The 
origin  of  labor  unions  in  St.  Louis  is  involved 
in  obscurity,  the  honor  being  claimed,  re- 
spectively, by  the  brick  makers  and  stone 
masons,  the  painters,  carpenters  and  printers. 
It  is  on  record  that  on  the  4th  of  July,  1818, 
the  St.  Louis  Mechanics'  Benevolent  Soci- 
ety celebrated  the  day.  There  is  no  organ- 
ization known  by  that  name  existing  at  this 
day.  The  next  society  we  know  of  is  the 
St.  Louis  Printers'  Union,  which  took  part 
in  the  procession  of  July  12,  1852,  at  the 
funeral  obsequies  of  Henry  Clay.  The  Typo- 
graphical Union,  claiming  to  be  the  oldest, 
was  organized  in  St.  Louis,  November,  1856, 
the  printers  at  that  time  probably  number- 
ing fifty.  In  1898  they  numbered  about  700. 
The  Cigarmakers'  Union,  No.  16,  which  was 
organized  in  1863,  died  out  in  1876,  and  the 
funds  were  divided  among  the  members ;  but 
it  was  reorganized  as  No.  44  in  1877.  No.  i 
of  the  Cigarmakers'  Union  was  organized 
in  Baltimore  by  Germans  belonging  to  the 
Cigarmakers'  Union  of  Germany.  There  are 
ten  of  these  unions  in  Missouri,  two  of  them 
in  St.  Louis — No.  44  and  No.  281.  The 
cigarpackers  also  have  their  unions  in  St. 
Louis.  The  first  Building  Trades  Association 
in  St.  Louis  was  organized  in  1864,  ^t  Cen- 
tral Turjiers'  Hall,  on  Tenth  Street,  between 
Market  and  Walnut  Streets,  its  purpose  be- 
ing mutual  protection  and  benevolent  action. 
Thomas  Mockler  was  the  founder  and  first 
president." 

The  Building  Trades  Council  was  organ- 
ized in  1890,  and  reorganized  in  1895.  It  has 
the  same  relation  to  the  building  trades  that 


the  Central  Trades  and  Labor  Union  bears 
to  the  general  trades.  It  embraces  the  city 
of  St.  Louis  and  the  vicinity,  and  is  composed 
of  the  various  unions  engaged  in  the  erec- 
tion and  alteration  of  buildings.  There  are 
forty-seven  trades  in  the  city  affiliated  with 
the  council,  which  is  in  a  flourishing  condi- 
tion, and  is  itself  affiliated  with  the  National 
Building  Trades  Council  at  326  Emilie  Build- 
ing. 

The  Amalgamated  Society  of  Carpenters 
and  Joiners  was  established  in  St.  Louis  about 
the  year  1866,  but  it  was  small  and  weak  and 
too  expensive  to  be  maintained.  In  1:895  the 
carpenters  had  eight  unions  affiliated  with 
the  Building  Trades  Council.  There  are  rea- 
sons for  giving  to  this  trade  the  honor  of 
a  very  early  organization  in  St.  Louis,  for 
old  carpenters  in  1898  had  a  tradition  that 
as  far  back  as  1838  the  journeymen  carpen- 
ters went  on  a  strike  for  ten  hours  a  day 
against  the  old  rule  of  "from  sun  to  sun," 
winter  and  summer,  and  after  two  years' 
efiforts  their  claim  was  recognized  and  the 
ten-hour  rule  for  summer  adopted.  The 
Brotherhood  of  Painters  and  Decorators  of 
America,  as  a  national  organization,  was 
founded  at  Baltimore,  March  15,  1887,  and 
on  the  15th  of  October  the  same  year  the 
order  was  established  in  St.  Louis.  In  1898 
it  had  three  locals,  or  lodges,  in  the  city, 
with  a  total  membership  of  about  500.  Be- 
sides its  self-protective  trade  feature,  it  is 
beneficiary,  and  pays  sickness  and  death  ben- 
efits to  members  and  their  families.  Before 
this  brotherhood  was  established  in  St.  Louis 
there  was  an  association  of  journeymen 
painters  there  that  represented  the  craft.  The 
whole  number  of  labor  organizations  in  St. 
Louis  affiliated  with  the  central  orders  in 
1898  was  about  105,  besides  a  dozen-  more 
outside  societies  not  recognized  by  the  reg- 
ular bodies.  In  the  "Trade  and  Labor  Di- 
rectory," issued  in  1895,  the  number  of  trade 
and  labor  unions  was  stated  at  160,  but  this 
included  the  separate  councils,  or  lodges, 
some  of  them  ten  and  some  twenty  in  num- 
ber. The  laws  of  Missouri  are  very  favor- 
able to  the  interests  of  labor  in  shielding 
workmen  from  coercion.  By  the  act  of  March 
16,  1893,  penalties  of  fine  and  imprisonment 
are  provided  against  employers,  superin- 
tendents and  foremen  for  requiring  laborers 
to  withdraw  from  any  trade  or  labor  union, 
or  to  abstain  from  attending  any  meeting 


566 


LABOR  TROUBLES— LACKS. 


held  for  lawful  purposes,  or  attempting  to 
coerce  any  employe  into  withdrawal  from  any 
lawful  organization  or  society. 

D.  M.  Grissom. 

Labor  Troubles. — See  "Strikes,  No- 
table." 

Lackland,  James  Kansom,  lawyer 
and  jurist,  was  born  in  Montgomery  County, 
Maryland,  in  1820,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  in 
1875.  ^^  1828  his  parents  removed  to  Mis- 
souri and  settled  on  a  farm  near  St.  Louis. 
Removing  to  St.  Louis  he  was  employed  in 
commercial  houses  until  1845,  when  he  be- 
came deputy  clerk  of  the  St.  Louis  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  While  thus  employed  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
1846.  In  1848  he  was  elected  circuit  attorney 
for  St.  Louis  County.  In  1853  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  St.  Louis  Criminal  Court.  In 
1857  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  circuit  court 
and  held  that  office  until  1859,  when  he  re- 
signed to  become  head  of  the  law  firm  of 
Lackland,  Cline  &  Jamison.  Failing  health 
compelled  him  to  retire  in  a  measure  from 
practice  in  1864,  but  in  1868  he  became  senior 
member  of  the  firm  of  Lackland,  Martin  & 
Lackland  and  retained  that  connection  until 
his  death. 

Lackland,  Riifus  J.,  banker  and  finan- 
cier, was  born  July  8,  1819,  in  Poolesville, 
Montgomery  County,  Maryland.  He  began 
his  business  career  in  St.  Louis  in  1835  in  the 
commercial  house  of  MuUikin  &  Pratte.  He 
was  a  steamboat  clerk  from  1837  to  1847. 
In  the  latter  year  he  entered  the  wholesale 
grocery  and  commission  trade  as  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  WilHam  ^I.  Morrison  &  Co. 
He  continued  the  business  under  his  own 
name  and  under  the  firm  name  of  Lackland 
&  Christopher,  and  then  admitted  to  partner- 
ship his  two  eldest  sons,  forming  the  firm  of 
R.  J.  Lackland  &  Sons.  He  retired  in  1871 
and  became  president  of  the  Boatmen's  Bank. 
During  the  past  twenty-eight  years  he  has 
been  at  the  head  of  this  great  banking  house, 
which  has  become,  under  his  direction  and 
management,  one  of  the  most  notable  institu- 
tions of  its  kind  in  the  West.  Within  this 
period  he  has  piloted  the  bank  safely  through 
every  financial  crisis,  of  which  those  of  1857. 
1873  and  1893  are  memorable  in  banking 
history.     He   has   contributed   in   numerous 


ways  to  the  advancement  of  St.  Louis'  com- 
mercial prosperity.  In  1855  he  was  elected 
vice  president  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange, 
and  in  1871  he  was  made  president  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Association.  He  has 
also  been  a  director  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
Railroad  Company,  the  Oakdale  Iron  Works,, 
the  Scotia  Iron  Company,  the  Belcher  Sugar 
Refining  Company,  the  St.  Louis  Gas  Com- 
pany and  other  corporations.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  was  president  of  the  Gas  Com- 
pany. In  religion  he  is  a  Unitarian,  and  his 
political  affiliations  have  been  with  the  Dem- 
ocratic party.  August  23,  1840,  Mr.  Lack- 
land married  Miss  Mary  Susannah  Cable, 
who  was  born  in  New  York  State,  and  died 
in  1866.  Some  years  later  he  married  Mrs. 
Caroline  Eliot  Kasson,  youngest  sister  of 
Rev.  William  G.  Eliot. 

Lacks,  Eli  Clinton,  who  has  held  nu- 
merous important  official  positions  in  Butler 
County,  and  is  also  a  leading  representative 
of  the  agricultural  interests  of  that  county, 
was  born  July  26,  1838,  in  Jackson  County, 
Alabama,  son  of  John  Robinson  and  Eliza- 
beth (Hill)  Lacks.  His  father  was  an  Ala- 
bama planter  in  early  life  and  served  also  a.s 
assessor  and  sheriff  of  the  county  in  which  he 
lived  in  that  State,  serving  four  years  in  each 
office.  In  1843  tl^6  elder  Lacks  removed 
with  his  family  to  Missouri  and  settled  in 
Butler  County,  about  ten  miles  north  of  Pop- 
lar Bluff,  where  he  engaged  in  farming.  Eli 
C.  Lacks  was  five  years  of  age  when  the 
family  came  to  this  State,  and  on  account  of 
the  lack  of  educational  facilities  at  that  time 
in  Butler  County,  he  attended  school  in  all 
only  about  six  months.  This  school  was 
taught  in  a  log  cabin  in  which  the  pupils  were 
seated  on  the  old  puncheon  benches,  which 
not  a  few  Missouri  pioneers  remember  as 
anything  but  comfortable.  In  these  days  of 
his  boyhood  he  read  little  because  there  was 
little  to  read,  but  he  listened  closely  to  every- 
thing which  Jie  heard  pertaining  to  public 
affairs  and  topics  of  general  interest,  and  not- 
withstanding the  lack  of  advantages  was  able 
to  store  his  mind  with  much  useful  knowl- 
edge. Upon  the  foundation  thus  laid  he 
builded  in  later  years  by  careful  reading  and 
close  study  of  political  and  other- questions, 
and  thus  fitted  himself  for  the  important 
duties  and  responsibilities  which  he  has  since 
been  called  upon  to  discharge.     Up  to  the 


LACLEDE. 


em 


date  of  his  marriage  he  worked  steadily  and 
industriously  on  his  father's  farm.  After  his 
marriage  he  removed  to  a  farm  of  his  own 
and  remained  there  until  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  War  caused  him  to  abandon  agri- 
cultural pursuits  and  don  a  soldier's  uniform. 
Joining  the  Confederate  Army  he  was  as- 
signed to  General  Marmaduke's  command 
and  served  in  most  of  the  campaigns  in  which 
that  gallant  ofificer  took  part.  He  remained 
in  the  Confederate  military  service  through- 
out the  entire  war,  and  until  the  force  to 
which  he  belonged  was  disbanded  at  Jackson- 
port,  Arkansas,  in  June  of  1865.  Immediately 
afterward  he  returned  to  his  home  in  Mis- 
souri and  occupied  his  father's  farm,  the 
elder  Lacks  having  died  during  the  war. 
After  farming  three  years  he  was  engaged 
for  some  time  in  the  sale  of  medicines  and 
then  opened  a  general  store  in  Poplar  Bluff. 
He  did  not  find  merchandising  altogether 
advantageous  to  his  health,  and  at  the  end  of 
another  three  years  he  sold  out  and  went 
back  to  the  more  congenial  farm  life.  He 
continued  to  reside  on  his  farm  until  1883. 
when  he  again  removed  to  Poplar  Bluff  for 
the  purpose  of  educating  his  children,  and 
that  city  has  since  been  his  home.  At  dif- 
ferent times  he  has  filled  the  offices  of  asses- 
sor, coroner,  presiding  judge  of  the  county 
court,  probate  judge,  deputy  sheriff  and 
deputy  collector,  and  in  all  these  positions 
he  has  shown  himself  the  efficient  public  of- 
ficial and  worthy  servant  of  the  people.  Po- 
litically he  is  identified  with  the  Democratic 
party,  and  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  is 
held  by  his  party  associates  is  evidenced  by 
the  number  of  offices  conferred  upon  him 
through  their  suffrages.  In  religion  he  ad- 
heres to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South,  of  which  he  has  been  a  faithful  mem- 
ber for  forty-two  years.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order,  and  has  held  nearly  all 
the  offices  in  the  local  lodge  of  that  order 
with  which  he  affiliates.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  order  of  Knights  of  Honor.  Oc- 
tober 29,  1857,  he  married  Miss  Catherine 
Wisecarver.  The  children  born  to  them  have 
been  John  Nathan  Lacks,  who  is  now  col- 
lector of  Butler  County,  having  held  that  of- 
fice two  years  ;  Sarah  Isabel  Lacks,  now  Mrs. 
Nunn,  who  resides  in  Wise  County,  Texas ; 
Henry  Hawkins  Lacks,  now  head  of  the  mer- 
cantile firm  of  Lacks,  Liles  &  Co.,  of  Poplar 
Bluff;  William  Eli  Lacks,  now  cashier  of  the 


Butler  County  Bank ;  Lucinda  Adaline  Lacks, 
now  Mrs.  Ruggins,  and  Mattie  Lacks,  now 
Mrs.  Lambertson,  both  of  whom  reside  in 
Poplar  Bluff,  and  Nannie  Lacks. 

Laclede. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class  in 
Linn  County,  seven  miles  from  Linneus,  at 
the  crossing  point  of  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Jo- 
seph, and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Kansas 
City  Railroads,  ninety-seven  miles  from  St. 
Joseph  and  218  from  St.  Louis.  It  was  laid 
out  upon  the  buildjng  of  the  Hannibal  & 
St.  Joseph  Railroad.  It  is  a  nicely  located 
town  and  beautiful  as  a  residence  place,  hav^ 
ing  broad,  well  laid  out  streets,  well  shaded 
on  either  side.  There  are  five  churches  in 
the  town.  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Congrega- 
tional, Christian  and  Colored  Baptist.  A  good 
graded  public  school  and  a  school  for  col- 
ored children  are  maintained.  The  business 
of  the  place  is  represented  by  a  bank,  handle 
factory,  flouring  mill,  a  weekly  newspaper, 
the  "Blade,"  an  operahouse,  and  about  thirty 
stores  and  miscellaneous  business  places. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  850. 

Laclede,  Pierre,  founder  of  St.  Louis, 
whose  full  name  was  Pierre  Liguest  Laclede, 
was  a  native  of  the  Parish  of  Bedon,  Valle 
I'Aspre,  France,  born  about  the  year  1724. 
Little  more  is  known  of  his  early  life  than  that 
he  came  of  good  family,  and  was  trained  to 
commercial  pursuits.  He  came  to  Louisiana 
in  1755  and  is  said  to  have  founded  a  com- 
mercial house  soon  afterward  in  New  Or- 
leans. In  the  Inter-colonial  War  between 
the  French  and  English,  his  business  was 
disastrously  affected,  and  the  close  of  the  war 
found  his  affairs  in  serious  embarrassment. 
In  1762  he  obtained,  as  a  reward  for  services 
which  he  had  rendered  the  French  colonial 
government,  the  exclusive  privilege  of  carry- 
ing on  the  fur  trade  in  the  Missouri  River 
country,  and  having  formed  the  firm  of  Max- 
ent*  Laclede  &  Co.,  left  New  Orleans 
in  August  of  1763  to  establish  a  trading  post 
near  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
souri Rivers.  He  was  accompanied  by  hi.s 
family  and  a  small  party  of  hardy  adventur- 
ers, and  the  primitive  boats  in  which  he  em- 
barked were  loaded  with  goods  adapted  to  the 
Indian  trade.  At  the  end  of  a  three  months' 
voyage  he  reached  Fort  Chartres  and  spent 
a  portion  of  the  following  winter  there,  in 
the  meantime  exploring  the  country  adjacent 


668 


LACLEDE  COUNTY. 


to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  River  and  se- 
lecting the  site  of  St.  Louis  as  the  place  where 
he  would  establish  his  trading  post.  In  Feb- 
ruary of  1764  he  arrived  on  the  site  of  the 
future  city  and  began  clearing  away  the  trees 
and  making  preparations  for  the  erection  of 
buildings,  and  thus  laid  the  foundations  of 
St.  Louis.  Under  his  direction  a  town  was 
laid  out,  and  when  the  influx  of  settlers  from 
the  east  side  of  the  river  set  in,  on  account 
of  the  cession  of  the  "Illinois  country"  to 
Great  Britain,  Laclede's  village  soon  became 
a  place  of  some  consequence.  Laclede  at 
once  opened  up,  and  for  several  years  there- 
after carried  on  a  profitable  trade  in  furs,  St. 
Louis  being  his  chief  trading  post,  and  expe- 
ditions being  made  regularly  into  the  adjacent 
Indian  country.  He  died  in  1778,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Arkansas  River,  while  return- 
ing from  New  Orleans  to  St.  Louis.  His  re- 
mains were  buried  near  where  he  died,  and 
an  effort  made  to  locate  the  spot  at  a  later 
date  was  unsuccessful,  so  that  the  ashes  of 
the  founder  of  St.  Louis,  like  the  ashes  of  the 
explorer  LaSalle — who  opened  the  way  for 
the  colonization  of  the  Mississippi  Valley — 
rest  in  an  unknown  and  unmarked  grave. 
While  still  a  resident  of  New  Orleans,  Laclede 
contracted  a  civil  marriage  with  Madame 
Therese  Chouteau,  who  had  separated  from 
a  former  husband,  and  who  was  denied  di- 
vorcement by  the  Catholic  Church.  Four 
children  were  born  of  this  union,  but  all  of 
these  children,  upon  confirmation  in  the 
Church,  took  the  name  of  the  mother,  and 
hence  none  of  Laclede's  descendants  bear 
his  name. 

Laclede  County. —  A  county  in  the 
south  central  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Camden  and  Pulaski,  east  by 
Pulaski  and  Texas,  south  by  Wright  and 
Webster,  and  west  by  Dallas  County;  area, 
474,879  acres.  Situated  upon  the  Ozark  range, 
the  surface  of  the  county  is  undulating* and 
broken,  varying  from  rolling  tracts  of  plateau 
land  to  high  hills.  The  chief  streams  are 
the  Big  Niangua  and  the  Gasconade.  The 
chief  tributaries  of  the  Big  Niangua  are 
Woolsey's,  Mountain  and  Spring  Hollow 
Creeks.  The  Gasconade  River  drains  the 
eastern  and  southern  parts,  as  do  also  the 
Osage  fork  of  the  Gasconade,  Bear,  Mill, 
Cobb's,  Brush,  Panther,  Park's  and  Steen 
Creeks,  and  a  number  of  smaller  streams. 


Goodwin  Hollow  Creek  runs  north  to  the 
Auglaize,  a  branch  of  the  Osage  River.  All 
the  streams  of  the  county  have  a  generally 
northerly  flow.  The  soil  is  as  variable  as 
the  topography  of  the  country.  In  the  val- 
leys near  the  streams  is  a  sandy  loam  of 
great  fertility,  and  early  in  the  settlement 
of  the  country  these  valleys  were  covered 
with  heavy  growths  of  valuable  timber*.  Many 
of  these  virgin  forests  are  still  standing.  The 
soil  of  the  upland  varies  from  gravel  to  a 
rich  clay,  admirably  adapted  for  the  culture 
of  fruit.  The  principal  timber  consists  of 
oak,  walnut,  hickory,  ash,  hackberry  and 
sycamore.  Only  about  thirty  per  cent  of 
the  land  is  under  cultivation  and  in  pasture. 
Besides  the  numerous  streams  in  the  county, 
there  arc  many  springs,  some  of  mammoth 
size,  one  particularly  noticeable  on  the  Nian- 
gua, on  the  Dallas  County  line,  being  of 
great  force.  It  now  supplies  power  for  the 
running  of  a  flouring  mill.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  curiosities  in  the  county.  A  large 
cave  is  located  on  the  east  side  of  Park's 
Creek,  in  Section  18,  Township  32,  Range 
15.  It  has  an  entrance  at  the  foot  of  a  per- 
pendicular cliff,  considerably  above  the  bed 
of  the  stream,  thirty-five  feet  wide  and  about 
thirty  feet  high.  This  is  known  as  Bat 
Cave.  Davis  Cave,  about  half  a  mile  distant 
from  Bat  Creek,  is  of  considerable  magni- 
tude, and  contains  some  beautiful  formations. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  smaller  caves  in 
the  county,  and  seven  miles  west  of  Lebanon 
is  a  natural  bridge,  more  properly,  a  tunnel, 
that  is  worthy  of  note.  Lead  and  zinc  have 
been  found  in  the  county,  and  efforts  to  de- 
velop mines  have  recently  been  made.  On 
Bear  Creek  are  large  masses  of  hematite. 
There  is  plenty  of  lime  and  sandstone,  and 
agate  and  onyx  have  been  found.  The  min- 
ing of  lead  and  zinc  ores  promises  to  be- 
come an  important  industry  in  the  near  fu- 
ture. Wheat  is  the  chief  cereal  growth. 
Corn,  oats,  barley,  buckwheat,  flax,  tobacco 
and  the  various  kinds  of  vegetables  grow 
well.  Agriculture  and  stock-raising  are  the 
most  profitable  pursuits.  During  1898  the 
surplus  products  exported  from  the  county 
included,  cattle,  1,442  head;  hogs,  13,113 
head;  sheep,  4,163  head;  horses  and  mules, 
760  head ;  wheat,  8,629  bushels ;  flaxseed, 
200  bushels;  hay,  16,000  pounds  ;  flour,  127,- 
572  pounds ;  lumber,  20,600  feet ;  cross-ties, 
19,931;    cord  wood,  1,921  cords;    wool,  39,- 


LACLEDE  COUNTY. 


569 


390  pounds ;  poultry,  474,741  pounds ;  eggs, 
230,220  dozen ;  butter,  4,607  pounds  ;  cheese, 
8,662  pounds ;  dressed  meats,  575  pounds ; 
game  and  fish,  90,736  pounds;  tallow,  5,965 
pounds ;  hides  and  pelts,  32,294  pounds ;  fresh 
fruit,  250  pounds,  dried  fruit,  72,803  pounds ; 
furs,  3,137  pounds;  feathers,  4,481  pounds. 
The  only  manufacturing  interests  of  the 
county  are  flouring,  feed  and  saw  mills.  The 
territory  that  now  embraces  Laclede  County 
was,  previous  to '  the  advent  of  white  men, 
the  home  of  Osage  Indians,  two  tribes  occu- 
pying the  county,  known  as  the  Great  and 
Little  Osages.  With  them  various  treaties 
were  made  and  they  left  for  the  country 
further  west  about  1830,  but  their  treaties 
with  the  government  permitted  them  to  hunt 
over  the  territory  for  some  years,  and  this 
privilege  they  enjoyed  until  about  1838,  when 
they  finally  abandoned  the  country.  With 
them  the  early  settlers  never  had  any  serious 
trouble,  in  fact,  they  were  always  friendly. 
Laclede  County  for  some  years  was  part  of 
Crawford  County,  which  was  organized  in 
January,  1829.  The  first  settlements  in  La- 
clede territory  were  made  about  1818.  It 
is  a  matter  of  uncertainty  just  who  was  the 
first  settler.  It  is  authenticated  that  in  the 
spring  of"  1820  one  Jesse  Ballew  built  a  log 
cabin  on  the  Gasconade  River  where  the  old 
Indian  trail  crossed  the  stream.  About  the 
same  time,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
from  Ballew's  cabin,  Henry  Anderson  lo- 
cated on  land  and  erected  a  cabin,  and  Wil- 
liam Montgomery  made  a  home  for  himself 
a  few  miles  below  Montgomery,  and  in 
1825  built  a  horse  power  mill,  the  first  in 
Laclede  County  territory.  Soon  after,  Wil- 
liam Gillespie  settled  on  the  Gasconade 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Waynesville  and 
Linn  Creek  road,  and  Leonard  Eastwood 
and  William  Tweedy  located  on  land  on  the 
Osage  Fork  of  the  Gasconade.  Others 
among  the  early  settlers  were  Jesse  Williams, 
.who  settled  on  the  Gasconade  near  the  mouth 
of  Bear  Creek;  Spencer  O'Neil,  who  located 
near  the  old  "Gigsby  farm,"  on  Osage  Fork ; 
Joseph  Tygart,  who  settled  further  up  the 
Gasconade ;  Aaron  Span,  who  settled  near 
the  old  Indian  trail  on  the  Gasconade,  and 
James  Campbell,  who  settled  on  Osage  Fork 
at  what  was  long  known  as  Bean's  Ford.  Up 
to  1825  the  nearest  gristmill  to  the  settle- 
ment in  the  territory  now  Laclede  County 
was  near  what  is  now  Stanton,  on  the  St. 


Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railroad,  in  Franklin 
County,  about  100  miles  distant.  To  this 
mill  the  settlers  carried  their  grain  for  bread- 
stuff on  the  backs  of  horses.  At  that  time 
the  nearest  store  was  at  the  mouth  of  Little 
Piney,  on  the  Gasconade,  near  where  Jerome 
Station,  in  Phelps  County,  is  now  located. 
Live  stock,  furs  and  pelts  were  the  medium 
for  barter  and  exchange  in  the  early  days. 
The  first  land  surveyed  in  the  county  was 
in  1836.  When  Pulaski  County  was  formed 
its  limits  included  all  of  the  territory  now 
embraced  in  Laclede  County.  Later,  Wright 
and  Camden  Counties  were  created,  and  out 
of  portions  of  Pulaski,  Wright  and  Camden 
Counties,  Laclede  County  was  organized  by 
legislative  act  approved.  February  24,  1849, 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  Pierre  Liguest 
Laclede,  the  founder  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 
The  act  named  Thomas  Whitacre,  of  Miller ; 
John  Duncan,  Sr.,  of  Pulaski,  and  Washing- 
ton Henson,  of  Dallas,  commissioners  to  lo- 
cate a  permanent  seat  of  justice,  and  ordered 
that  they  "meet  at  the  house  of  L.  Murphy 
as  soon  as  they  can  convenieutly  do  so"  and 
decide  on  a  suitable  site  for  a  county  seat. 
According  to  instructions,  the  commissioners 
met  at  ihe  house  of  Lanchland  Murphy,  about 
a  mile  east  of  the  present  site  of  Lebanon. 
To  the  judge  of  the  circuit  court,  Thomas 
Whitacre  (or  Whitaker)  and  John  Duncan, 
"a  majority"  of  the  commissioners  made  a 
report  that  they  had  located  the  county  seat 
on  fifty  acres  of  land,  forty-one  acres  of 
which  were  donated  to  the  county  by  Ben- 
jamin B.  Harrison  and  wife  and  nine  acres 
by  James  M.  Appling  and  wife,  for  no  other 
consideration  than  that  the  county  seat  be 
located  upon  the  tract.  Deeds  to  the  land 
and  abstracts  of  title  of  the  same  were  pre- 
sented to  the  court  with  the  report.  This 
land  is  situated  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
present  courthouse  at  Lebanon,  and  is  in- 
cluded in  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city, 
and  was  the  original  town  of  Lebanon,  now 
called  the  '"'old  town."  The  tract  was  irreg- 
ular in  form.  It  was  laid  out  in  blocks  and 
lots,  and  on  January  i,  1850,  the  lots  were 
sold  at  public  auction.  The  amount  realized 
from  the  sale  was  $255.33.  After  nearly  all 
the  lots  were  disposed  of  and  the  town  well 
settled,  it  was  discovered  that  the  lands  de- 
scribed in  the  deeds  by  the  donors  were  not 
the  lands  which  were  laid  out  as  the  county 
seat,  the  tract  transferred  lying  a  little  north. 


670 


LACLEDE  COUNTY. 


This  error  was  corrected  by  the  original  deeds 
being  returned  to  the  donors,  who  gave  in 
return  deeds  to  the  land  on  which  the  town 
was  located.  Lebanon  was  named  after  Leb- 
anon, a  town  in  Tennessee.  In  May,  1850, 
a  contract  for  the  building  of  a  courthouse 
was  awarded  to  A.  S.  Cherry,  and  J.  J.  Thrail- 
kill  was  appointed  superintendent  of  build- 
ings. The  building  erected  was  a  story  and 
a  half  frame,  and  was  occupied  on  November 
4,  1850,  when  the  county  court  met  for  the 
first  time  in  the  building,  though  it  was  not 
completed  until  the  following  February.  A 
jail  was  completed  in  September,  185 1,  by 
W.  O.  Duval,  the  contractor,  the  county 
court  having  appropriated  $350  for  the  pur- 
pose from  the  road  and  canal  fund.  In  1857 
this  jail  was  burned.  In  1876,  at  a  cost  of 
$4,000,  the  jail  which  is  still  in  use  was  built 
on  Block  II  of  the  first  railroad  addition  to 
Lebanon,  To  the  old  town  of  Lebanon  nu- 
merous additions  were  made.  In  May,  1869, 
the  first  railroad  addition  was  laid  out.  This 
is  where  the  railroad  depot  stands,  and  em- 
braces the  business  portions  of  the  city  of 
Lebanon.  Only  a  few  houses  remain  on  the 
original  site  of  Lebanon,  and  in  1870  the  old 
courthouse  was  abandoned  and  sold  for  $50 
and  put  into  use  as  a  barn,  having  been 
moved  from  its  first  site  to  the  Hicks  place, 
about  a  mile  north.  July  28,  1870,  an  order 
was  made  by  the  county  court  that,  until 
suitable  buildings  were  erected,  court  ses- 
sions should  be  held  in  the  Case  Building, 
in  the  first  railroad  addition  to  the  city  of 
Lebanon.  An  efifort  was  made  in  the  courts 
to  have  the  records  removed  back  to  the  "old 
town,"  but  was  unsuccessful.  Some  of  the 
court  meetings  were  held  in  the  old  Presby- 
terian Church.  A  few  changes  were  made 
as  to  the  buildings  occupied  by  the  courts 
until  1887,  when  quarters  for  the  county  offi- 
cers were  secured  in  the  Greenleaf  block, 
where  they  remained  until  the  completion  of 
the  present  courthouse  in  1894.  The  court- 
house is  a  substantial  and  handsome  pressed 
brick  structure,  well  furnished  and  equipped 
with  fire  proof  vaults.  It  cost  $20,000.  The 
first  county  court  met  at  the  house  of  Lanch- 
land  Murphy  on  May  31,  1849.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  court,  chosen  at  the  first  election 
in  the  county  on  the  first  Monday  of  the 
previous  month,  were  William  Smith,  Samuel 
W.  Barnes,  and  Robert  Farris,  who  was 
chosen  presiding  justice.  John  S.  Shields  was 


the  first  sheriff,  and  John  L.  Herndon  the 
first  clerk.  At  this  meeting  the  county  was 
divided  into  municipal  townships.  Laclede 
was  one  of  the  counties  that  in  1869  issued 
bonds  to  assist  in  the  building  of  the  Laclede 
&  Fort  Scott  Railroad,  issuing  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  $100,000.  When  the  road  failed 
of  completion  the  matter  of  the  payment  of 
the  bonds  was  carried  into  court  and  a  sat- 
isfactory compromise  effected.  Laclede  fared 
far  better  than  some  of  her  sister  counties 
in  the  difficulties  arising  out  of  the  issuance 
of  these  bonds  and  the  failure  to  complete 
the  road.  The  first  circuit  court  of  Laclede 
County  was  held  at  the  house  of  Lanchland 
Murphy,  October  i.  1849,  Honorable  Fos- 
ter P.  VVright  presiding.  During  the  early 
years  of  the  court  there  were  few  important 
cases.  Most  of  the  matters  to  receive  the 
attention  of  the  court  and  grand  jury  were 
"selling  liquor  without  license."  "assault  and 
battery"  cases,  "working  on  Sunday."  "gam- 
ing," and  similar  offenses.  There  have  been 
a  number  of  murders  in  Laclede  County  since 
its  organization,  and  two  legal  executions. 
In  the  greater  number  of  cases  punishment 
was  inflicted  by  sentencing  the  guilty  to  the 
penitentiary.  The  first  legal  execution  was 
that  of  Joseph  Core,  for  the  killing  of  George 
E.  King  in  1879.  King  and  Core  had  trouble 
over  the  burning  of  wheat  stacks  belonging 
to  the  latter.  The  matter  was  carried  into 
court  and  Core  believed  that  he  was  not 
treated  fairly.  Some  days  later  Core  met 
King  on  the  road  and  shot  him  to  death. 
Core  was  tried  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged 
on  October  17,  1879.  An  appeal  to  the 
higher  court  was  taken,  but  the  finding  of 
the  lower  court  was  affirmed,  and  the  date 
of  hanging  was  fixed  for  Friday,  March  5. 
1880,  on  which  day  Core  was  hanged,  about 
one  mile  from  the  town.  On  change  of 
venue  from  Maries  County.  Willis  Howard 
was  tried  before  the  Circuit  Court  of  Laclede 
County  in  1893  for  the  murder  of  Mike 
Michael,  a  deaf  mute.  He  was  found  guilty 
and  was  hanged  at  Lebanon  July  19,  1894. 
Among  the  early  members  of  the  Laclede 
County  bar  were  William  C.  Price,  T.  M. 
Johns,  G.  W.  Wyatt,  S.  W.  Woods,  W.  W. 
Turner,  H.  C.  Warmouth,  Moses  Bean  and 
Jacob  R.  Morelock.  The  first  schools  of 
Laclede  County  were  run  on  the  subscription 
plan,  and  were  few  and  far  between.  In  1851 
the  county  court  ordered  that  a  meeting  of 


LACI.EDE  COUNTY  SPRINGS— LADIES'   NATIONAL  LEAGUE. 


571 


the  inhabitants  of  Congressional  Township 
33  north,  Range  13  west,  be  held  at  the  house 
of  Richard  Stroup  on  June  7,  1851,  for  the 
organization  of  .a  school  according  to  the 
General  Assembly  act  entitled,  "An  act  to 
provide  for  the  organization,  support  and 
government  of  common  schools."  This  was 
the  first  move  toward  the  institution  of  pub- 
lic schools  in  the  county.  The  Missionary 
Baptist  and  Cumberland  Presbyterians  were 
the  first  denominations  to  organize  socie- 
ties in  Laclede  County  territory.  About  1844, 
one  mile  northeast  of  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Lebanon,  the  Baptists  organized  a  church 
society,  and  soon  after  what  was  long  known 
as  the  Flag  Spring  Church  was  built.  It 
was  a  small  log  building,  and  it  was  also 
occupied  as  a  place  of  worship  by  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterians.  In  1850  the  Baptists 
built  a  church  at  Goodwin  Hollow,  and  soon 
after  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians  erected 
a  log  church  three  miles  southwest  of  Leb- 
anon, at  Williams'  Pond.  The  latter  soci- 
ety went  out  of  existence  during  the  Civil 
War.  In  the  county  at  present  the  Mission- 
ary Baptists,  Cumberland  Presbyterian, 
Methodist  Episcopal,  Methodist  Episcopal, 
South,  Catholic,  Congregational,  Christian, 
Protestant  Episcopal,  United  Presbyterian, 
Presbyterian  and  Moravian  denominations 
have  churches.  The  first  newspaper  published 
in  the  county  was  the  "Laclede  County 
Leader,*'  established  November  2'j,  1869,  at 
Lebanon,  by  George  W.  Bradfield.  It  is  now 
known  as  the  "Rustic."  The  press  of  the 
county  in  1899  was  the  "Rustic,"  "Sentinel" 
and  "Republican,"  at  Lebanon,  and  the  "Rec- 
ord," at  Conway.  Laclede  County  is  divided 
into  twelve  townships,  named,  respectively, 
Auglaize,  Franklin,  Gasconade.  Hooker,  El- 
dridge,  Lebanon,  Mayfield,  Osage,  Smith, 
Spring  Hollow,  Union  and  Washington.  The 
assessed  value  of  real  estate  in  the  county 
in  1900  was  $1,684,015;  estimated  full  value, 
$3,368,030;  assessed  value  of  personal  prop- 
erty, including  stocks  and  bonds,  $537,635 ; 
estimated  full  value,  $1,612,905;  assessed 
value  of  manufacturers  and  merchants  (1899), 
$89,215;  estimated  full  value,  $178,430;  as- 
sessed value  of  railroads  and  telegraphs, 
$488,094.09.  The  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco 
Railroad  has  thirty-six  miles  of  road  pass- 
ing diagonally  through  the  county  from  the 
northeast  to  the  southwest,  the  only  railroad 
in  the  county.    The  number  of  pubhc  schools 


in  the  comity  in  1899  ^^^  96;  teachers  em- 
ployed, 108;  pupils  enrolled,  5,939,  and  the 
permanent  school  fund  amounted  to  $32,- 
665.86.  The  population  of  the  county  in  1900 
was  16,523. 

Laclede  County  Springs. — There  are 
numerous  springs  in  Laclede  County.  One 
known  as  Bryce's  (also  Bennett's),  near  the 
Dallas  County  line,  rises  in  a  secluded  spot 
on  the  Niangua,  where  it  forms  a  small  pond, 
then  flows  away  in  a  large  stream.  It  is  es- 
timated that  more  than  11,000,000  cubic  feet 
of  water  flow  from  this  stream  every  twenty- 
four  hours.  For  some  time  the  water  from 
this  spring  has  been  utilized  in  running  a 
flouring  mill. 

Laddonia. — An  incorporated  town  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  fifteen  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Mexico,  in  Audrain  County.  It 
has  one  school,  three  churches,  two  bank.s, 
two  hotels,  a  newspaper,  the  "Herald,"  and 
about  thirty  business  places  including  grain 
elevator,  lumber  yards,  stores,  shops,  etc. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  700. 

Ladies'  Freedmen's  Relief  Asso- 
ciation.— An  association  organized  by  the 
ladies  of  St.  Louis  toward  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War,  which  had  for  its  object  the  relief 
of  the  negroes  who  had  been  freed  from 
slavery,  who  had  flocked  to  St.  Louis  in  large 
numbers,  and  who  were  in  destitute  circum- 
stances. Through  the  efforts  of  this  associa- 
tion large  numbers  of  these  negroes  were 
temporarily  fed  and  clothed  and  assisted  in 
making  their  way  to  the  Northern  States, 
where  they  were  able  to  find  employrnent  and 
begin  caring  for  themselves. 

Ladies'  Land  League.  — An  organiza- 
tion of  St.  Louis  ladies  formed  January  2, 
1 88 1,  which  had  for  its  object,  aid  of  the 
movement  then  being  made  in  this  country  to 
put  an  end  to  rack-renting,  evictions  and  op- 
pression by  landlords  in  Ireland.  The  first 
officers  of  the  association  were  Mrs.  Mary 
E.  O'Callahan,  president ;  Kate  Tyghe,  treas- 
urer; Mrs.  Kate  Fitzgerald,  financial  secre- 
tary, and  Mrs.  Mary  McKenna,  redording 
secretary. 

Ladies'  National  League. — An  or- 
ganization formed  in   St.   Louis  on   the  2d 


572 


LADIES'   UNION  AID  SOCIETY— LAFAYETTE  COUNTY. 


of  May,  1863,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing  the  strength,  and  extending  the  influence 
of  the  loyal  women  of  the  city  in  aid  of  the 
general  government  in  its  efforts  to  suppress 
the  uprising  of  the  Southern  States.  Twelve 
hundred  names  of  women  were  enrolled  at 
that  time  as  friends  of  the  government,  pledg- 
ing their  sympathies  and  labor  in  behalf  of 
those  who  were  struggling  in  its  defense.  By 
various  means  this  league  raised  something 
more  than  $2,000  during  the  first  year  of  its 
existence,  which  was  appropriated  to  the 
Union  Aid,  Freedmen's  and  Refugee  Socie- 
ties. The  officers  elected  at  the  first  annual 
meeting  of  the  league  were  as  follows :  Presi- 
dent, Mrs.  T.  M.  Post ;  vice  presidents,  Mrs. 
George  Partridge,  Mrs.  F.  P.  Blair,  Mrs.  R. 
P.  Clark,  Mrs.  Wyllys  King,  Mrs.  Charles  D. 
Drake  and  Mrs.  Charles  W.  Stevens ;  treas- 
urer, Mrs.  R.  H.  Morton ;  secretary.  Mrs.  A. 
M.  Debenham ;  managers,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Dean, 
Mrs.  Henry  Stagg,  Mrs.  S.  M.  Breckinridge, 
Mrs.  F.  H.  Fletcher,  Miss  Ellen  Filley,  Miss 
OUie  Partridge,  Mrs.  E.  Cheever,  Mrs.  J. 
Van  Norstrand,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Weber,  Mrs. 
Adolphus  Meier,  Miss  Bell  Holmes  and  Miss 
Ella  Drake.  The  league  rendered  valuable 
services  to  the  Union  cause  in  St.  Louis  dur- 
ing the  war. 

Ladies'  Union  Aid  Society.  — A  so- 
ciety which  existed  in  Sl.  Louis  during  the 
Civil  War,  which  had  for  its  object  the  fur- 
nishing of  hospital  supplies  to  the  Union 
armies,  the  collection  and  sending  forward  of 
food  for  those  suffering  in  the  military  hos- 
pitals, and  the  aid  of  the  Union  refugees  con- 
gregated in  St.  Louis.  Mrs.  Alfred  Clapp, 
Mrs.  Joseph  Crawshaw  and  others  were  lead- 
ers in  the  work  of  this  society. 

Ladies'  Union  Refugee  Aid  So- 
ciety.— A  society  formed  in  1861  by  the 
loyal  ladies  of  St.  Louis  for  the  relief  of  those 
Unionists  who  had  been  driven  from  their 
homes  in  southwestern  Missouri  by  the  Con- 
federate forces  and  their  sympathizers,  and 
who  had  sought  refuge  in  St.  Louis.  The 
first  officers  of  the  society  were  Mrs.  P.  A. 
Child,  president ;  Mrs.  William  Barr,  secre- 
tary, and  Mrs.  Dr.  Heussler,  Mrs.  Robert 
Holmes,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Kintzing,  Mrs.  Ferdinand 
Meyer  and  Mrs.  Terrell,  directors.  Under 
the  auspices  of  this  society  the  refugees  were 
quartered  in  an  old  mansion  located  on  Elm 


Street,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  Streets. 
There  they  remained  long  enough  to  be  fed 
and  clothed,  after  which  they  were  sent  to 
Illinois  and  other  Northern  States. 

Lafayette  County.-A  county  in  the 
west  central  part  of  the  State.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Missouri  River,  opposite 
Ray  and  Carroll  Counties;  on  the  south  by 
Johnson  County,  on  the  east  by  Saline  County 
and  on  the  west  by  Jackson  County.  Its 
east  and  west  boundaries  are  straight  sur- 
veys. The  north  boundary  has  the  usual 
raggedness  of  the  river  shore,  and  the  south 
line  has  but  one  slight  irregularity. 
Lafayette  County's  area  is  622  square 
miles  or  398.702  acres.  Although  broken 
by  a  number  of  small  streams,  the 
farm  lands  of  the  county  are  nearly  all  under 
cultivation,  and  the  general  outlines  of  the 
rural  district's  show  that  they  combine  to 
make  one  of  the  garden  spots  of  the  State. 
A  large  percentage  of  the  soil  is  tillable,  there 
being  enough  timber  to  supply  the  needs,  and 
the  lands  along  the  streams  providing  splen- 
did pasturage.  Two  forks  of  the  Big  Sni 
flow  through  the  county,  one  toward  the 
north  and  the  other  toward  the  west.  The 
head  streams  of  Davis  Creek,  Tabo  Creek, 
small  tributaries  of  Blackwater  Creek,  in 
Johnson  County,  Salt  Creek  and  other  less 
important  water  courses  make  a  perfect  sys- 
tem of  drainage,  and  the  Missouri  River, 
which  skirts  the  county  on  the  north,  fur- 
nishes the  advantages  which  all  river  counties 
value  highly.  A  knob  near  Odessa  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  highest  point.  The  coal  beds, 
for  which  the  county  is  famous,  dip  from  Lex- 
ington southward.  .  This  is  an  immense 
industry  at  Lexington  and  Higginsville, 
hundreds  of  men  finding  steady  employment 
in  the  mines.  There  are  mines  at  Waverly, 
and  the  entire  county  is  supposed  to  have 
generous  veins  underlying.  On  the  farms 
corn,  wheat  and  oats  are  raised  in  large 
quantities,  and  much  of  the  feed  is  used  by 
the  farmers  who  raise  it  in  fattening  great 
herds  of  cattle  and  hogs  and  preparing  fine 
horses  for  the  markets.  Ash,  cottonwood, 
elm,  hickory,  locust,  linden,  maple,  oak,  wal- 
nut and  other  common  varieties  of  trees  are 
plentiful,  and  shrubs  and  vines  are  profitably 
cared  for.  Statistics  gathered  from  a  late 
agricultural  report  show  an  annual  crop  as 
follows:      Corn,    3.530,143;    wheat,    1,493,- 


LAFAYETTE   COUNTY. 


57a 


040;  oats,  293,596;  barley,  320;  rye, 
759;  buckwheat,  90.  The  same  report 
showed  that  the  county  had  11,237  head  of 
horses,  4,231  head  of  mules,  25,099  head  of 
neat  cattle,  23,501  head  of  hogs  and  4,994 
head  of  sheep.  An  estimate  of  the  annual 
coal  output  is  about  375,000  tons.  The  as- 
sessed valuation  of  real  and  personal  prop- 
erty is  about  $10,000,000,  and  the  estimated 
full  value  is  $15,000,000.  The  census  of  1900 
showed  that  the  county  had  a  population  of 
31,679.  On  November  16,  1820,  the  County 
of  Lillard  was  established  from  a  portion  of 
Cooper  County.  John  Dustin,  James  Bounds, 
St.,  David  McClelland,  James  Lillard  and 
David  Ward  were  appointed  commissioners 
and  the  act  by  which  they  were  named  pro- 
vided that  Mt.  Vernon  should  be  the  county 
seat.  The  county  took  its  first  name  from 
Commissioner  Lillard,  who  was  its  first  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  and  who  framed  the 
county  bill.  He  was  also  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  of  that  territory.  Lillard  resided  in 
Missouri  a  few  years  and  then  returned  to 
Tennessee  on  account  of  ill  health.  By  act 
of  the  Legislature  in  1825  the  name  of  the 
county  was  changed  to  that  of  the  honored 
and  patriotic  Lafayette,  which  change  was 
brought  about  by  the  visit  of  the  French  pa- 
triot to  this  country  in  that  year.  In  1834 
the  present  boundaries  were  fixed.  Gilead 
Rupe  was,  from  all  accounts,  the  first  settler 
in  Lafayette  County,  he  having  located,  ac- 
cording to  some  statements,  as  early  as  181 5, 
according  to  others,  in  1819.  He  located  on 
the  place  formerly  owned  by  William  Erskine, 
now  owned  by  T.  C.  Sawyer,  about  two  and 
a  half  miles  south  of  Lexington.  He  had 
a  troublous  time  during  the  early  years  of  his 
residence  there  on  account  of  the  Indians. 
George  Houx,  who  fixes  the  date  of  Rupe's 
location  at  1819,  settled  at  Old  Franklin  in 
1817.  According  to  him  Rupe  owned  and 
operated  the  Boonville  ferry.  In  the  spring 
of  1818,  Houx  stated,  he  passed  through  La- 
fayette County  and  there  was  not  a  white  set- 
tier  in  it.  Mr.  Houx  fixed  1819  as  the  year 
when  Thomas  Tribble  settled  in  Lafayette 
County,  and  1820  as  the  year  when  Abel 
Owens,  Wilson  Owens,  Markham,  Thomas 
and  Richard  Fristoe,  Thomas  Hopper  and 
Solomon  Cox  settled  there.  Other  accounts 
fix  1816  as  the  year  when  Thomas  Hopper 
came  from  North  Carolina  and  settled  in 
Lafayette  County.     Hopper  was  closely  fol- 


lowed by  Solomon  Cox,  who  located  near 
what  is  now  the  village  of  Dover.  Albert  and 
William  Owens  came  the  same  year  as  Hop- 
per and  Cox  and  settled  near  Lexington,  and 
in  that  year  came  James  Hicklin,  who  was  a 
nephew  of  Gilead  Rupe.  Mr.  Hicklin  was  an 
assistant  of  Green  McAferty,  United  States 
surveyor,  in  making  a  survey  of  the  public 
lands  in  Lafayette  County  .  Of  these  pioneers 
Thomas  Fristoe  was  a  Baptist  missionary 
preacher,  a  man  universally  beloved.  In  1817 
Littleberry  Estis,  John  Evans,  Heyde  Russell 
and  others  removed  to  Lafayette  County 
from  Madison  County,  Kentucky,  settling 
west  of  Waverly  and  living  close  together  for 
mutual  protection  against  the  Indians.  In 
1819  this  settlement  established  the  first 
school  in  the  county  and  employed  as  its  first 
teacher  a  mere  boy  named  Estis,  who  was 
succeeded  in  1822  and  1823  by  Edward  Ry- 
land,  brother  of  the  well  known  judge,  John 
F.  Ryland.  Susanna  Estis,  daughter  of  Lit- 
tleberry Estis,  was  the  first  white  woman 
reared  south  of  the  Missouri  River  and  west 
of  Arrow  Rock.  In  1818  the  immigration 
was  quite  large.  "It  is  impossible  to  ascer- 
tain," says  M^illiam  H.  Chiles,  a  prominent 
attorney  of  Lexington,  in  an  historical  ar- 
ticle written  in  1876,  in  response  to  a  proc- 
lamation of  President  Grant  calling  for  such 
material  on  account  of  the  centennial  of  the 
United  States,  "who  founded  the  first  county 
seat  of  Lafayette  County,  located  at  Mount 
Vernon."  It  was  situated  within  the  present 
limits  of  the  county  upon  the  Missouri  River 
Bluffs  between  the  present  site  of  Berlin  and 
the  mouth  of  Tabo  Creek.  The  first  county 
court  of  what  was  then  Lillard  County  met  in 
the  house  of  Samuel  Weston  January  22, 
1821.  The  court  was  composed  of  Judges 
John  Stapp,  John  Whitsett  and  James  Lil- 
lard, whose  commissions  were  signed  by  Gov- 
ernor Alex.  McNair  and  Secretary  of  State 
Joshua  Barton.  To  these  judges  the  oath 
was  administered  by  Henry  Renick,  a  justice 
of  the  peace.  Markham  Fristoe  was  ap- 
pointed county  collector.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed constable,  men  being  scarcer  than 
offices.  John  Dustin  was  the  first  county 
surveyor.  The  first  term  of  the  Lillard  Cir- 
cuit Court  was  held  in  1821.  On  February  2d 
of  that  year  Judge  David  Todd,  with  Hamil- 
ton P.  Gamble  as  circuit  attorney.  Young 
Ewing  as  clerk  and  William  R.  Cole  as  sher- 
iflf,  operfed  court  at  the  house  of  Adam  Light- 


574 


LAFAYETTE  COUNTY. 


ner,  in  Mt.  Vernon.  Upon  Markham  Fristoe 
were  then  placed  the  additional  duties  of 
deputy  sheriff.  Attorneys  Peyton  R.  Hay- 
den  and  John  P.  McKinney  attended  this 
term  of  court.  The  first  grand  jury  was 
composed  of  William  and  John  Lillard,  John 
J.  Heard,  William  F.  Semmons,  Thomas  and 
James  Linwell,  David  Jennings,  Jesse  Cox, 
James  Bounds,  Jr.,  Isaac  Clark,  William  Wal- 
lace, Chris.  Mulkey,  Jacob  Catron,  John  Bow- 
man, George  Parkinson,  Thomas  Hopper, 
John  Robinson,  Thomas  Fristoe,  William 
Fox  and  Samuel  Fox.  Owing  to  the  limited 
amount  of  room  at  the  command  of  the  court, 
it  is  said  that  this  jury,  with  many  others,  sub- 
sequently held  its  sessions  in  tiie  hazel  brush 
until  better  accommodations  were  furnished. 
One  member  of  this  grand  jury  'Squire  John 
J.  Heard,  entertained  Washington  Irving 
during  his  trip  through  the  West,  and  it  is 
mentioned  in  one  of  the  works  of  that  great 
writer.  The  transfer  of  the  county  seat  to  its 
present  location,  Lexington,  was  made  in 
1823,  and  on  February  3d  of  that  year  the 
county  court  held  its  first  session  in  Lexing- 
ton. No  public  buildings  of  any  kind  had 
been  prepared.  March  17,  1823,  the  first 
term  of  the  circuit  court  was  opened  at  the 
house  of  Dr.  Buck,  in  Lexington.  This 
house  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  erected  in 
the  town,  and  has  since  been  removed. 
Courts  were  also  held  in  Elisha  Green's  Tav- 
ern, which  stood  on  the  site  occupied  later  by 
the  Lafayette  House.  In  a  log  room  adjoin- 
ing Dr.  Buck's  residence,  the  room  being 
used  as  a  temporary  jail,  was  confined  at  one 
time  the  notorious  Kentucky  outlaw,  John  A. 
Murrell.  In  1824-5  Colonel  Henry  Renick 
erected  the  first  courthouse,  in  the  public 
square  in  the  "old  town"  of  Lexington,  The 
first  church  erected  in  Lexington  proper  was 
used  jointly  by  the  Presbyterians  and  the 
Cumberland  Presbyterians.  This  structure 
has  long  since  been  torn  away.  The  year 
1830  brought  to  Lexington  General  A.  W. 
Doniphan,  then  a  young  lawyer,  strong  and 
vigorous  mentally  as  well  as  physically.  Gen- 
eral Doniphan  lived  there  several  years  and 
finally  removed  to  Clay  County  and  later  to 
Ray  County.  May  2,  1831,  the  county  court 
condemned  the  Renick  courthouse  and  or- 
dered it  sold.  The  new  building  which  suc- 
ceeded was  built  between  the  years  1832  and 
1835.  This  did  service  until  the  new  town 
of  Lexington  was  laid  out  and  the  present 


courthouse  was  erected  in  1847.  The  aban- 
doned building  was  purchased  by  the  Bap- 
tists and  by  them  used  for  many  years  as  a 
female  seminary.  During  the  war,  in  1861, 
it  was  used  as  a  hospital.  It  has  since  been 
sold  and  removed.  The  year  1831  brought 
about  a  change  in  the  judicial  district.  The 
Sixth  District  was  formed  and  Lafayette 
County  was  taken  from  Judge  Todd  and 
added  to  the  new  district,  presided  over  by 
Circuit  Judge  John  F.  Ryland,  who  came 
to  Missouri  in  1819  and  located  at 
Old  Franklin.  He  was  circuit  judge  for 
eighteen  years  and  served  as  supreme  judge 
eleven  years.  He  died  September  10,  1873.  at 
the  age  of  seventy-six  years.  In  1833  Judge 
Henderson  Young,  of  Tennessee,  who  suc- 
ceeded Judge  Ryland  as  judge  of  the  Sixth 
District,  and  Judge  Eldridge  Burden,  for 
eight  years  a  legislator  and  for  twelve 
years  a  probate  judge,  settled  in  Lafayette 
County.  Both  are  now  deceased.  Leland 
Tromly  was  the  first  person  lawfully  hanged 
in  Lafayette  County.  He  was  sentenced  by 
Judge  Ryland  for  killing  James  Stephens,  and 
was  hanged  April  4,  1834.  April  30  of  the 
same  year  occurred,  probably,  the  first  exe- 
cution of  a  female  criminal  in  Missouri.  On 
that  day  Mary  Andres,  alias  Mary  Trumberg, 
suffered  the  extreme  penalty  of  the  law  for 
the  murder  of  her  infant  child.  There  have 
been  ten  legal  executions  in  Lafayette  County. 
In  1837  Wellington  was  laid  out  and  in  1839 
Dover  was  founded.  These  towns  thrived 
and,  the  jealousy  and  dormant  energies  ol 
Lexington  being  excited,  in  1836  the  first  ad- 
dition to  the  new  town  was  laid  out.  This 
was  rapidly  built  up.  The  heavy  production 
of  hemp  in  Lafayette  County  resulted  in  the 
establishment  of  a  rope  walk,  by  William  P. 
Moore  and  John  Buchanan,  in  1828  or  1829, 
The  plant  later  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Mc- 
Grew  brothers,  but  the  enterprise  has  since 
been  abandoned.  Hemp-raising  was  revived 
in  Lafayette  County  a  few  years  ago.  but  the 
experiment  was  of  short  duration.  The  year 
1857  gave  to  Lafayette  County,  in  the  person 
of  Honorable  Thomas  P.  Akers,  the  first  and 
for  many  years  the  only  Representative  in. 
Congress  she  ever  had.  Mr.  Akers  was  in 
Congress  but  a  short  time,  he  being  elected  to 
fill  out  an  unexpired  term  caused  by  the  death 
of  the  Honorable  John  Miller  of  Cooper 
County.  Mr.  Akers  died  several  years  ago. 
Lafayette  County  was  in  its  period  of  greatest 


LAFAYETTE   COUNTY. 


575 


prosperity  when  the  war  broke  out  in  1861. 
She  remained  with  Missouri  steadfast  to  the 
Union  until,  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Chiles, 
"upon  the  eve  of  actual  hostilities,  seeing  that 
war  was  inevitable,  the  greater-  part  of  her 
citizens  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
South."  While  furnishing  a  large  quota  to 
the  Confederate  troops,  no  inconsiderable 
number  as  quickly  took  up  arms  in  the  Fed- 
eral cause.  Her  sons  were  as  brave  on  the 
battlefield  as  they  were  ready  to  take  up.  arms, 
and  whenever  they  contended  in  arms, 
whether  upon  her  own  beautiful  territory  or 
upon  far  distant  battle  grounds,  when  they 
fell  they  went  down  in  the  thick  of  the  fight, 
with  their  faces  to  the  foe  and  the  flags  under 
which  they  fought  flying  bravely  over  them. 
Judge  John  A.  S.  Tutt,  of  Lafayette  County, 
succeeded  Judge  Smart,  of  Jackson  County 
as  circuit  judge  in  1862  and  filled  the  position 
with  ability  and  honor  through  the  trouble- 
some war  years  and  until  November,  1869, 
when  he  retired  from  the  bench  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  law.  Judge  Tutt  came  to  this 
State  from  Virginia  when  a  young  man,  but 
did  not  locate  in  Lafayette  County  until  1858, 
going  there  from  Cooper  County.  When  he 
located  in  Lexington  his  law  partner  was 
Honorable  T.  T.  Crittenden,  later  elevated  to 
the  office  of  Governor  of  Missouri.  In  the 
rush  of  litigation  which  followed  the  war,  a 
common  pleas  court  was  given  to  Lafayette 
County  as  auxiliary  to  the  circuit  court.  Dur- 
ing the  entire  existence  of  this  court,  from 
1867  to  1872,  its  justice  was  Judge  William 
Walker,  who  filled  the  position  with  much 
ability  and  legal  acumen.  Judge  Walker 
came  to  Missouri  from  Illinois  at  the  close  of 
the  war.  He  served  four  years  as  police 
judge  of  Lexington,  completing  his  last  term 
in  June,  1898. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  a  railroad  outlet 
was  anxiously  sought,  and  in  October,  1868, 
the  road  now  known  as  the  Wabash,  formerly 
the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  &  Northern,  was 
completed  to  Richmond  and  Lexington  Junc- 
tion, opposite  Lexington.  In  1871  the  branch 
railroad  from  Lexington  to  Sedalia,  now 
owned  by  the  Missouri  Pacific,  was  com- 
pleted. The  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  &  Wyan- 
dotte Railroad  was  completed  in  1876.  This 
was  then  a  narrow  gauge  road,  but  has  since 
been  made  a  standard  gauge,  and  is  now 
called  the  Lexington  branch  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific.     A  north  and  south  road,  the  Lex- 


ington, Lake  &  Gulf,  was  projected  and  the 
road  bed  completed  through  Lafayette 
County  in  1870-1,  but  the  financial  panic  of 
1873-4  cut  short  its  further  progress  toward 
completion.  The  project  was  finany  aban- 
doned, the  money  invested  was  lost  and  taxes 
on  the  bonds  are  still  being  paid.  The  build- 
ing of  railroads  caused  the  founding  of  the 
thriving  towns  of  Aullville,  Higginsville  and 
Page  City,  and  Concordia  was  brought  from 
a  pleasant  country  village  to  be  one  of  the 
busiest  towns  in  the  county.  The  coal  beds 
of  Lafayette  County  have  had  a  wide  reputa- 
tion for  years.  The  Goodwin  brothers  took 
the  initiatory  steps  about  the  close  of  the  war 
toward  building  up  a  larger  export  of  coal, 
but  the  facilities  for  transportation,  which 
were  by  steamboats,  were  not  sufficient  to  re- 
ward their  enterprise  with  profit,  and  after 
a  few  years  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 
Upon  the  completion  of  the  Lexington  &  Se- 
dalia Railroad,  however,  the  Lexington  Coal 
Company  sank  an  extensive  shaft  near  "Old 
Town,"  and  since  that  time  the  industry  has 
been  decidedly  flourishing  and  profitable.  The 
first  newspaper  printed  in  Lafayette  County 
was  the  "Express,"  edited  by  Charles  Pat- 
terson. The  initial  number  was  issued  April 
4,  1840,  and  it  was  published  continuously  un- 
til 1861.  Other  publications  which  have  ex- 
isted and  which  now  exist  in  Lexington  are 
referred  to  under  an  article  devoted  in  this 
work  to  that  flourishing  city.  In  1858 
Charles  Patterson,  the  founder  of  the  "Ex- 
press," edited  a  paper  at  Waverly  called  the 
"Visitor."  This  was  in  existence  about  one 
year.  Three  distinguished  residents  of 
Lafayette  County  have  held  State  officers. 
James  Young  was  elected  Lieutenant  Gover- 
nor in  1844  and  served  four  years.  He  died 
February  9,  1878.  Alex.  A.  Lesueur,  who 
was  for  several  years  the  editor  .of  the  "Lex- 
ington Intelligencer,"  has  served  the  people 
of  Missouri  as  Secretary  of  State  for  the  past 
twelve  years.  He  was  first  elected  in  1888. 
In  1899  he  became  the  editor  of  the  "Kansas 
City  Times."  John  F.  Ryland,  one  of  the 
most  noted  of  Missouri  jurists,  after  serving 
as  circuit  judge  in  the  district  of  which  La- 
fayette County  was  a  part,  was  promoted  to 
a  seat  on  the  supreme  bench  of  this  State,  be- 
ing elected  in  1851  and  serving  with  ability 
and  distinction  for  six  years.  An  unusual 
amount  of  interesting  history  is  woven  into 
the  records  of  Lafayette  County.     Here,  near 


576 


LAFAYETTE'S  VISIT  TO   ST.   LOUIS— LaFORCE. 


the  city  of  Lexington,  was  fought  one  of  the 
hottest  battles  of  the  Civil  War  in  Missouri. 
From  an  educational  standpoint,  this  county 
stands  in  the  front  rank.  Its  seat  of  govern- 
ment is  well  known  all  over  the  country  as 
an  educational  center,  several  of  the  best  in- 
stitutions of  learning  being  located  there.  The 
system  of  public  schools  has  been  nurtured 
and  improved  from  year  to  year,  and  alto- 
gether the  standard  of  education  in  Lafayette 
County  is  unexcelled.  Since  the  death  of 
war  troubles  the  people  of  the  county  have 
buried  all  thoughts  of  former  strife,  and  now 
stand  together  for  the  improvement  of  their 
country,  their  State  and  their  county. 

Lafayette's  Visit    to    St.  Louis. — 

September  lo,  1824,  a  meeting  of  residents 
of  St.  Louis  was  held  "for  the  purpose  of 
making  public  demonstration  of  their  feel- 
ings upon  the  arrival  in  the  United  States  of 
General  Lafayette."  At  this  meeting  Daniel 
Bissell,  William  Christy,  Auguste  Chouteau, 
Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  Bernard  Pratte,  Ste- 
phen Hempstead,  Sr.,  Alexander  McNair, 
William  Rector,  William  Carr  Lane,  Henry 
S.  Geyer  and  Archibald  Gamble  were  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  invite  General  La- 
fayette to  visit  St.  Louis  and  arrange  for 
his  reception.  In  pursuance  of  arrangements 
made  by  this  committee,  a  national  salute  was 
fired  and  a  display  of  fireworks  and  illumina- 
tion in  honor  of  Lafayette  took  place  on  the 
15th  of  September  following.  On  the  20th 
of  September  Chairman  Bissell  of  the  com- 
mittee wrote  to  Lafayette,  then  in  Philadel- 
phia, extending  to  him  on  behalf  of  the  citi- 
zens of  St.  Louis  an  invitation  to  visit  the 
city.  To  this  invitation  General  Lafayette 
responded  graciously,  and  his  visit  to  St. 
Louis  was  made  on  the  29th  of  April,  1825. 
The  steamer  "Natchez,"  with  Lafayette  and 
his  son,  George  Washington  Lafayette,  and 
a  distinguished  escort  on  board,  landed  at 
the  foot  of  Market  Street  at  9  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  that  day,  and  when  the  vis- 
itors stepped  ashore  they  were  formally  re- 
ceived by  Mayor  William  Carr  Lane  and 
the  citizens'  reception  committee.  The  mayor 
delivered  an  address  of  welcome,  and  La- 
fayette and  his  friends  were  then  escorted 
to  the  home  of  Major  Pierre  Chouteau,  be- 
ing conveyed  in  a  carriage  drawn  by  four 
white  horses.  At  the  Chouteau  mansion  La- 
fayette held  a  public  reception,  and  later  was 


driven  about  the  city,  visiting  General  Wil- 
liam Clark  and  "St.  Louis  Lodge  of  Free- 
masons,"' of  which  he  and  his  son  were  made 
honorary  members.  A  ball  was  given  in  his 
honor  at  night. 

LaForce,  Felix  L.,  a  prominent  repre- 
sentative of  the  real  estate  interests  of  Kan- 
sas City,  and  formerly  identified  with  her 
wholesale  trade,  was  born  August  31,  1847, 
in  Boone  County,  Missouri.  His  parents 
were  Washington  and  Pheraba  (Wright)  La- 
Force.  The  father  was  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
but  came  to  Missouri  during  the  pioneer 
days,  in  about  1830,  locating  in  Boone 
County,  near  the  town  of  Columbia. 
Throughout  his  useful  life  he  was  a  resident 
of  Missouri,  and  his  closing  days  were  passed 
in  Mexico,  Audrain  County.  The  mother 
was  born  in  this  State,  Boone  County.  The 
early  members  of  the  LaForce  family  lived 
in  Virginia,  of  French  descent,  and  the  first 
man  of  that  name  in  this  country  of  whom 
the  members  of  the  family  have  indirect 
knowledge,  is  mentioned  in  the  writings  of 
Washington  Irving,  and  was  presumably  of 
the  stock  through  which  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  might  trace  his  genealogy.  The  branch 
of  the  Wright  family  to  which  the  mother 
belonged  lived  in  Tennessee  in  an  early  day, 
removed  thence  to  Kentucky  and  from  that 
State  to  Missouri.  Felix  L.  LaForce  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  of  Boone 
county,  Missouri.  After  leaving  school  he 
engaged  in  the  mercantile  business  at  Colum- 
bia, first  as  a  clerk  in  the  employ  of  Jona- 
than Kirkbride,  a  typical  Quaker,  and  then 
succeedhig  to  the  business  as  owner.  In 
1881  Mr.  LaForce  removed  to  Kansas  City, 
and,  having  prospered  in  his  retail  ventures^ 
was  enabled  to  enlarge  the  scope  of  his  ope- 
rations. He  embarked  in  the  wholesale  dry 
goods  business,  the  style  of  the  firm  being 
Grimes,  Woods,  LaForce  &  Co.  It  so  con- 
tinued until  1885,  when  it  was  merged  into 
the  W.  B.  Grimes  Dry  Goods  Company, 
which  was  succeeded  by  the  Swofiford  Dry 
Goods  Company,  now  one  of  the  largest  es- 
tablishments of  its  kind  in  the  West.  Mr. 
LaForce  was  the  buyer  for  his  house,  and 
his  judicious  and  careful  methods  made  suc- 
cess possible.  After  leaving  the  wholesale 
business  he  established  the  firm  of  F.  L.  La- 
Force  &  Co.,  being  associated  with  his 
brother,  W.  B.  LaForce,  and  paying  atten- 


IvAFORCE— LAKE. 


577 


tion  to  brokerage,  stocks,  bonds,  real  estate 
and  loans.  W.  B.  LaForce  left  the  firm  in 
1895,  and  since  that  time  its  founder  has  con- 
ducted the  business  alone.  Mr.  LaForce  is 
a  Democrat,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church.  He  was  married,  in  1880,  to 
Miss  Ella  Estill,  of  Howard  County,  Mis- 
souri, daughter  of  Colonel  J.  R.  Estill.  The 
latter,  who  was  a  distinguished^  though  un- 
assuming man,  was  the  owner  of  one  of  the 
finest  farms  in  the  country,  embracing  3,000 
acres  of  highly  cultivated  soil,  was  a  curator 
of  the  Missouri  State  University,  and  a  gen- 
tleman beloved  and  held  in  highest  regard  by 
all  who  knew  him.  He  died  in  the  early  part  of 
1900  at  an  advanced  age.  Mr.  LaForce  is 
a  director  in  the  Union  National  Bank,  of 
Kansas  City,  is  identified  with  the  leading 
commercial  interests  of  his  city  and  vicinity, 
and  is  one  of  the  men  who  have  made  Kan- 
sas City's  present  substantial  growth  and 
sure  advancement  possible, 

LaForce,  Samuel  B.,  was  reared  and 
educated  in  Pike  County,  Missouri.  He  re- 
moved to  Jasper  County  in  1843,  locating 
near  Carthage.  He  entered  and  bought 
large  tracts  of  land,  and  managed  a  farm. 
In  war  times  he  was  an  ardent  Unionist,  and 
served  as  guide  for  General  Sigel  before  and 
during  the  battle  of  Carthage,  July  .5,  1861. 
Later  he  served  in  an  Illinois  regiment,  and 
two  of  his  sons  also  performed  military  serv- 
ice. In  1846  and  again  in  1848  he  was  elected 
sheriff  of  Jasper  County.  In  1850  he  was 
elected  Lo  the  Sixteenth  General  Assembly, 
and  in  1866  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  cir- 
cuit and  county  courts.    He  died  in  1898. 

LaGrange. — A  city  in  Lewis  County, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  and  the 
St.  Louis,  Keokuk  &  Northwestern  Railroad, 
twelve  miles  southeast  of  Monticello,  the 
county  seat,  and  ten  miles  from  Quincy,  Illi- 
nois. It  is  beautifully  located  on  the  bluffs 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  is  the  oldest 
settled  point  in  the  county.  It  has  a  college 
under  the  control  of  the  Baptist  Church,  a 
good  graded  public  school,  ten  churches — 
Baptist,  Catholic,  Presbyterian,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian,  Lutheran,  German  Methodist, 
Christian,  Congregational,  and  churches  for 
colored  people.  The  business  interests  of 
the  town  are  represented  by  one  bank,  a 
newspaper,    the    "Indicator,"     two     flouring 

Vol.  Ill— 37 


mills,  a  creamery,  two  hotels,  operahouse, 
and  about  forty  other  business  places,  in- 
cluding stores,  shops,  etc.  The  different  fra- 
ternal orders  have  lodges  in  the  town.  Pop- 
ulation, 1899  (estimated),  1,400. 

Laidley,  Leonidas  H.,  physician,  was 
born,  September  20,  1844,  in  Carmichaels, 
Pennsylvania.  His  education  was  directed 
with  a  view  of  entering  the  medical  profes- 
sion. He  studied  medicine  under  his  father, 
who  was  a  practicing  physician,  and  at  the 
Cleveland  Medical  College  and  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
graduating  from  the  latter  named  in  1868. 
He  then  practiced  with  his  father  and  broth- 
er, and  then  took  a  course  in  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College,  New  York.  In  1872 
he  located  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  Soon  after 
coming  he  aided  in  organizing  the  "Young 
Men's  Christian  Association"  in  St.  Louis, 
giving  special  attention  to  the  sick,  and 
his  work  grew  in  such  proportions  that  a 
free  dispensary  was  organized,  which  was 
the  nucleus  of  the  Protestant  Hospital  As- 
sociation. He  has  occupied  faculty  positions 
with  the  Western  Dental  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  and  Beaumont  Hospital 
Medical  College,  all  of  St.  Louis,  and  he  holds 
membership  in  the  principal  medical  socie- 
ties. In  1883  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Brit- 
ish Medical  Association,  held  at  Liverpool. 
During  the  same  year  he  also  visited  the 
hospitals  at  Edinburgh,  London  and  Paris. 
In  1880  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Latta,  of 
Lancaster,  Ohio. 

Lake,  Thomas  Marion,  merchant,  was 
born  in  Fauquier  County,  Virginia,  March 
18,  1828,  son  of  Isaac  and  Eleanor  B.  (Wea- 
don)  Lake,  both  also  natives  of  Virginia. 
Isaac  Lake  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  War 
of  18 12,  in  Captain  Mason's  cavalry  com- 
pany, raised  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia. 
Thomas  Marion  Lake  was  raised  in  Virginia 
and  educated  in  private  schools  in  that  State. 
In  1847  he  became  a  derk  in  a  store,  and 
five  years  later  established  a  general  store 
for  himself  at  Rectortown,  Virginia,  at  the 
same  time  becoming  agent  for  the  Manassas 
Gap  Railroad  Company  at  that  point.  For 
a  time  his  partner  was  the  paternal  grand- 
father of  A.  F.  Rector,  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Saline  County.  In  1859  ^^  organized  the 
new  firm  of  T.  M.  Lake  &  Co.,  and  continued 


578 


LAKENAN— LAMAR. 


to  occupy  the  position  of  depot  agent  and 
postmaster  there  till  the  approach  of  the  Fed- 
eral forces  during  the  Civil  War  caused  the 
town  to  be  abandoned.  In  March,  1862,  he 
entered  the  Seventh  Virginia  Cavalry  Regi- 
ment of  the  Confederate  Army,  his  company 
being  commanded  by  Captain  (afterward 
General)  Turner  Ashby.  From  this  time  until 
the  close  of  the  war  he  served  most  of  the 
time  at  headquarters  on  detached  duty,'  part 
of  the  time  acting  as  quartermaster.  Three 
times  he  was  made  a  prisoner  by  the  Union 
forces,  but  each  time  secured  his  release 
through  his  own  devices.  The  first  three 
years  after  the  war  he  devoted  to  farming 
operations  in  Virginia.  In  the  fall  of  1868 
he  brought  his  family  to  Warrensburg,  Mis- 
souri, and  the  following  spring  leased  a  farm 
ten  miles  east  of  Higginsville,  where  he  re- 
mained until  the  fall  of  1880.  He  then  en- 
gaged in  the  mercantile  business  at  Eureka, 
Kansas,  until  1891,  since  which  time  he  has 
conducted  a  large  and  general  merchandis- 
ing business  in  Higginsville,  Missouri.  The 
firm  is  known  as  T.  M.  Lake  &  Sons,  and 
includes  Lytton  Lee  and  Louis  H.  Lake. 
Mr.  Lake  has  always  advocated  the  principles 
of  the  Democracy,  though  he  has  never 
cared  for  public  office.  His  only  fraternal 
association  is  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
He  is  a  man  of  high  public  spirit,  and  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  useful  citizens 
of  Higginsville.  He  was  married,  October 
15,  1850,  to  Almira  H.  Harding,  a  daughter 
of  Strothor  and  Angeline  (Mclnteer)  Hard- 
ing, of  White  Ridge,  Fauquier  County,  Vir- 
ginia. They  celebrated  their  golden  wedding 
in  1900,  surrounded  by  nine  children,  namely  : 
L.  Mortimer,  a  farmer,  residing  near  Mar- 
shall, Missouri;  Annie  Bettie,  Lillian  H., 
wife  of  C.  J.  Lewis ;  D'Arcy  Paul,  residing 
in  Montana ;  Lytton  Lee,  Louis  H.,  C.  Cro- 
zet,  of  Chicago;  Tacie  W.  and  Flossie  S. 
Lake, 

Lakenan. — A  village  in  Shelby  County, 
on  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  five 
miles  east  of  Shelbina.  It  has  a  church, 
school,  four  stores  and  a  blacksmith  shop. 
Population,  1899  (estimated),  200. 

Lake  Springs  Park.— This  delightful 
resort  is  situated  one  and  one-half  miles 
southwest  of  the  city  of  Nevada,  at  the  ter- 
minus of  the  street  railway.     It  is  laid  out 


upon  moderately  rugged  ground,  with  pictur- 
esque rock  outcroppings,  and  shaded  with 
forest  trees.  Between  the  hills  lies  a  beau- 
tiful artificial  lake  of  translucent  water,  fed 
by  springs,  the  most  important  of  which  is 
White  Sulphur  Spring,  which  has  a  daily  dis- 
charge of  1,000,000  gallons.  The  waters  give 
a  distinct  odor  of  sulphur,  but  are  entirely 
palatable,  and  are  inhabited  by  multitudes  of 
excellent  fish.  Upon  the  grounds  are  a  con- 
vention hall,  with  seats  for  several  thousand 
people ;  a  bathhouse,  pagodas,  rustic  seats 
and  a  pavilion  for  music  and  dancing.  The 
public  is  allowed  the  use  of  the  grounds  at 
all  times.  Small  charges  are  exacted  for  the 
admission  of  vehicles  and  the  use  of  bath- 
house and  boats.  Altogether,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  pleasant  spots  in 
America.  The  resort  is  the  property  of  Mr. 
Harry  C.  Moore,  who  has  contributed  lib- 
erally to  all  the  adornment  and  enterprises 
of  Nevada,  and  represents  an  outlay  of 
$40,000. 

Lamar. — The  county  seat  of  Barton 
County,  on  the  Springfield  division  of  the 
Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  and  Memphis  Rail- 
way and  the  Lexington  &  Southern  division 
of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway,  forty  miles 
southeast  from  Fort  Scott  and  139  miles 
southwest  from  Kansas  City.  It  is  admirably 
situated  in  a  horseshoe  bend  of  the  north 
fork  of  Spring  River,  commonly  called  the 
Muddy,  and  was  named  by  Mrs.  George  E. 
Ward,  wife  of  one  of  its  founders,  in  honor 
of  President  Lamar,  of  the  Republic  of 
Texas.  The  water  supply  is  drawn  from  the 
river  which  partly  surrounds  it  and  is  dis- 
tributed by  the  Lamar  Water  &  Electric 
Light  Company,  formed  in  1890,  which  con- 
solidated the  plants  of  the  Lamar  Water 
Company  and  the  Lamar  Light  &  Power 
Company,  both  organized  in  1887.  An  arte- 
sian well  1,044  feet  in  depth,  sunk  by  sub- 
scription of  residents  and  now  owned  by  in- 
dividuals, affords  a  palatable  and  healthful 
water  supply  for  drinking  purposes.  Protec- 
tion against  fire  is  afforded  by  a  volunteer 
fire  company,  equipped  with  hose  and  hook 
and  ladder  truck.  The  city  expends  annu- 
ally $2,000  for  water  and  $1,500  for  light,  and 
has  a  bonded  indebtedness  of  $15,000  on  the 
former  account,  for  which  provision  is  made 
by  a  sinking  fund.  There  is  local  and  long 
distance  telephone  service.    The  courthouse, 


I.AMAR. 


579 


located  in  the  center  of  a  beautiful  public 
square,  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  Barton 
County  stone,  pressed  brick  and  architectural 
iron  work  from  a  local  foundry.  It  contains 
all  modern  conveniences.  The  jail,  a  brick 
building,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $7,600.  An 
operahouse  has  a  seating  capacity  of  nearly 
1,000.  The  C.  H.  Brown  Banking  Company 
is  the  pioneer  financial  house,  and  was  found- 
ed in  1867 :  Its  capital  is  $50,000.  The  bank- 
ing house  of  Thomas  Eggers,  capital  $10,000, 
is  successor  to  F.  Eggers  &  Sons,  founded 
in  1881.  The  First  National  Bank  was  incor- 
porated in  1889.  Its  capital  is  $50,000  and 
its  circulation  is  $12,500.  The  Farmers' 
Bank  of  Barton  County  was  organized  in 
February,  1900,  capital,  $50,000.  The  news- 
papers are  the  "Democrat,"  weekly.  Demo- 
cratic; the  "Republican,"  weekly,  Republi- 
can, and  the  "Industrial  Leader,"  Populist. 
The  Masonic  bodies  are  a  lodge,  a  chapter, 
a  commandery  and  a  chapter  of  the  Eastern 
Star.  There  are  two  lodges,  an  encamp- 
ment and  the  patriarchs  militant  of  the  Odd 
Fellows,  and  a  Rebekah  Lodge.  Other 
fraternal  societies  are  the  Modern 
Woodmen,  Woodmen  of  the  World, 
United  Workmen,  Select  Friends  and 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  A 
military  organization,  Company  C,  Second 
Regiment  National  Guard  of  Missouri,  was 
in  the  service  of  the  United  States  during 
the  war  with  Spain,  under  command  of  Cap- 
tain Mark  Thorpe.  On  being  discharged  it 
resumed  its  place  in  the  State  military  estab- 
lishment. There  are  four  school  buildings 
for  white  children  and  one  building  for  col- 
ored children,  aggregating  $50,000  in  value. 
The  Central  School  building  is  a  handsome, 
and  well  arranged  edifice  of  yellow  pressed 
brick,  and  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $33,000. 
There  are  nineteen  teachers  and  800  pupils, 
of  whom  sixteen  are  colored.  The  High 
School,  with  129  pupils,  supports  a  course 
leading  directly  to  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri. The  equipment  includes  a  library  val- 
ued at  $600,  and  necessary  physics  lobora- 
tories.  In  1899  the  maintenance  of  the 
schools  cost  $11,380.28.  The  school  debt  for 
building  purposes  was  $28,000.  Lamar  Col- 
lege affords  higher  education.  The  churches 
are  Baptist,  Christian,  Congregational,  Meth- 
odist Episcopal,  Methodist  Episcopal,  South, 
Presbyterian  and  Catholic.  Nearly  all  the 
church  edifices  are  spacious  and  attractive  in 


architecture  and  furnishings.  The  industrial 
interests  include  a  flourmill,  a  cornmill,  an 
iron  foundry  and  machine  shop,  and  a  cheese 
factory.  Stone  of  fine  quality  is  quarried 
immediately  near,  and  surface  coal  exists 
abundantly,  but  is  not  mined  except  for  lo- 
cal use.  The  city  is  substantially  built,  and  the 
residence  portions,  with  their  wide  streets, 
spacious  grounds,  abundant  shade  and  taste- 
ful residences,  are  extremely  beautiful.  In 
1900  the  population  was  2,787. 

The  first  settlement  made  on  the  site  was 
by  George  E.  Ward,  who,  in  1852,  built  a 
corn  and  sawmill  and  opened  a  store.  Wil- 
liam H.  McFarland  was  a  merchant  in  1858, 
and  Jason  N.  Brufifey  and  Nathan  Bray  were 
storekeepers  in  1859  or  i860.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  war  the  population  was  about 
300.  Nearly  all  the  people  dispersed  and 
business  practically  disappeared.  Van  Pelt 
&  Smedley  opened  the  first  store  after  the 
return  of  peace,  followed  soon  by  Robert 
Olive,  C.  B.  Combs  and  A.  W.  McCutch- 
eon,  and  a  firm  composed  of  R.  J.  Tucker, 
J.  B.  Page  and  E.  G.  Ward.  In  1866  a 
school  was  opened  by  Reeson  Bovard,  and 
in  1867  the  rebuilding  of  churches  began 
with  the  reorganization  of  the  Baptist 
Church,  the  pioneer  religious  body.  In  1870 
the  "Barton  County  Democrat"  appeared, 
published  by  W.  R.  Crockett.  The  first  rail- 
road to  reach  the  place  was  the  Kansas  City, 
Pittsburg  &  Gulf,  in  1880,  and  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railway  was  completed  the  following 
year.  These  gave  an  impetus  to  all  business 
enterprises. 

The  original  town  of  Lamar  was  laid  out 
by  the  county  court  of  Barton  County  about 
1856  upon  sixty  acres  of  land  donated  by 
Joseph  C.  Parry  for  county  seat  purposes. 
Parry  entered  the  land  in  1856,  but  the  entry 
was  canceled,  though  his  patent  was  subse- 
quently issued.  March  i,  1869,  he  made  a 
quit-claim  deed  to  Barton  County,  the  record 
showing  that  this  instrument  was  made  in 
lieu  of  one  executed  and  recorded  about  De- 
cember I,  1856,  and  that  the  original  deed 
and  record  had  been  lost  or  destroyed  during 
the  war.  It  appears  that  associates  of  Parry 
in  proprietorship  of  his  retained  land,  upon 
the  town  site,  were  his  father-in-law,  George 
E.  Ward,  and  Elisha  Peters.  The  town  was 
incorporated  March  12,  1867,  with  Marcellus 
Pyle,  Henry  F.  Harrington,  Landon  M.  Tim- 
monds,  D.  G.  Steidley  and  William  B.  Smed- 


580 


I.AMAR  COIvIvEGE— lyAMBERT. 


ley  as  trustees.  M.  N.  Wills  laid  off  an 
addition  in  1868,  and  others  were  made  later 
by  Joseph  C.  Parry,  Payton  Cockrell, 
Edward  Butler,  Allen  Cockrell  and  D. 
Humphreys.  June  i,  1880,  the  town  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city  of  the  fourth  class,  with 
N.  E.  McCutcheon,  mayor;  L.  B.  Smith,  J.  V. 
Elder,  C.  H.  Brown  and  G.  F.  Burkhart, 
aldermen;  J.  P.  Alter,  clerk,  and  James  Wil- 
son, marshal.  In  1892  a  special  election  was 
held  upon  a  proposition  to  incorporate  as  a 
city  of  the  third  class,  the  population  having 
long  been  sufficiently  large  for  such  organiza- 
tion. The  vote  was  in  the  negative,  in  the 
conviction  that  the  increased  powers  were 
unnecessary  and  would  not  justify  the  ad- 
ditional expense. 

Lamar  College. — An  institution  for  the 
higher  education  of  both  sexes,  located  at 
Lamar,  in  Barton  County.  It  maintains 
scientific,  classical,  normal,  commercial,  mu- 
sical and  fine  art  courses.  In  January,  1900, 
there  were  four  teachers  and  forty  pupils ;  the 
latter  number  was  below  the  normal  on  ac- 
count of  sickness.  The  building  is  a  com- 
modious structure  of  stone,  faced  with 
pressed  brick,  two  stories  high,  and  is 
equipped  with  modern  furnishings  and  ap- 
paratus. The  building  was  erected  in  1889, 
at  a  cost  of  $10,000,  two-thirds  of  which  was 
provided  by  citizens  of  Lamar,  and  the  re- 
mainder by  the  first  principal,  James  K.  Hull. 
The  school  was  known  as  the  Missouri  Poly- 
technic Institute.  After  three  years  Profes- 
sor Hull  retired,  being  unable  to  meet  further 
financial  obligations,  after  loss  of  his  original 
means.  The  property  was  sold  under  mort- 
gage, and  in  1897  passed  into  the  possession 
of  the  Lamar  Educational  Association,  a  cor- 
poration formed  to  carry  on  the  school  upon 
a  strictly  non-sectarian  basis. 

Liambert,  Louis  A.,  was  born  in  Troy, 
New  York,  March  11,  1835.  His  father  was 
a  shipchandler,  and  the  son  received  his  edu- 
cation as  a  naval  architect.  After  his  gradu- 
ation he  located  in  New  York  City,  but  a 
short  time  later  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, where  he  established  himself  as  a  boat- 
builder.  Many  of  the  well  known  steamboats 
which  plied  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
River  during  the  late  fifties  and  early  sixties 
were  constructed  by  him,  and  his  name  was 
familiar  to  all  interested  in   river   craft   at 


a  time  when  that  sort  of  traffic  was  of  much 
greater  importance  than  at  this  day.  About 
i860  Captain  Lambert  became  associated 
with  Colonel  George  B,  Boomer  and  removed 
to  Castle  Rock,  Osage  County,  Missouri, 
where  he  continued  his  trade  as  a  boatbuilder 
and  made  craft  for  the  commercial  traffic  of 
the  Missouri  River.  He  constructed  what  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  ferryboat  in  com- 
mission on  the  Missouri.  He  built  a  number 
of  very  fine  vessels,  fully  equipped  for  both 
freight  and  passenger  service,  and  operated 
several  of  these  in  the  trade  on  the  Missouri, 
Ohio  and  Osage  Rivers.  In  1865  he  also  en- 
gaged in  general  merchandising  and  the  flour 
milling  business  at  Castle  Rock,  soon  there- 
after erecting  a  large  flouring  mill  and  ele- 
vator at  Osage  City,  located  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Osage  River,  using  his  boats  for  the  pur- 
pose of  transporting  the  wheat  from  the 
upper  river  to  the  mills.  At  all  times  he  pos- 
sessed a  steamboat  mastet-'s  license,  thereby 
gaining  the  title  of  captain,  by  which  he  was 
known  throughout  his  useful  life.  Captain 
Lambert  continued  his  various  business  in- 
terests at  Castle  Rock  and  Osage  City  until 
1876,  when  he  was  selected  by  the  people  of 
Osage  County  to  represent  them  in  the  Leg- 
islature. He  served  but  one  term,  removing 
with  his  family  in  1878  to  Jefferson  City,.  Mis- 
souri, in  order  that  his  children  might  enjoy 
better  educational  advantages  than  were 
possible  in  the  newer  sections  of  the  State 
farther  South.  At  Jefferson  City  he  engaged 
extensively  in  the  lumber  business,  and 
through  his  eldest  son,  Henry  C,  became 
interested  in  the  First  National  Bank,  of 
Jefferson  City,  of  which  H.  C.  Lambert  had 
become  cashier.  Growing  attached  to  the 
banking  business  Captain  Lambert,  together 
with  his  son,  decided  upon  Kansas  City  as  a 
good  opening  for  the  location  of  a  new  bank. 
He  therefore  removed  to  that  city  in  April, 
1884,  and  soon  established  the  Bank  of 
Grand  Avenue.  They  erected  the  bank 
building  at  Fourteenth  Street  and  Grand 
Avenue.  In- that  building  the  bank  was  com- 
fortably housed  and  has  continued  to  do  a 
prosperous  and  conservative  business.  Cap- 
tain Lambert,  while  living  in  Osage  County, 
met  Sarah  E.  Lansdown,  eldest  daughter  of 
Dr.  W.  J.  Lansdown,  of  Cole  County,  Mis- 
souri, and  they  were  married  in  1858.  They 
had  a  family  of  six  children — five  sons  and 
one  daughter.    All  of  the  sons  are  connected 


FAMINE,  BATTLE  OF— LAMSON. 


581 


with  the  Bank  of  Grand  Avenue,  holding  the 
following  positions :  Henry  C.  Lambert, 
president ;  Joseph  W.,  cashier ;  Edward,  Eric 
and  LeClair,  bookkeepers.  The  daughter  is 
Mrs.  Ross  W.  Latshaw,  of  Kansas  City. 
Captain  Lambert  came  from  a  family  of 
Roman  Catholics,  but  took  no  personal  part 
in  church  matters  and  was  not  actively  affili- 
ated with  any  denomination,  but  his  wife  and 
children  are  identified  with  the  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  a  man  of  .strict  integrity 
and  of  painstaking  care  in  business  methods, 
was  a  loyal  supporter  of  Kansas  City  and 
everything  pertaining  to  the  interests  of  Mis- 
souri, and  throughout  his  years  lived  up- 
rightly and  usefully.  His  death  occurred  Jan- 
uary 30,  1899.  The  bank  established  by  this 
family  is  referred  to  in  the  history  of  banking 
in  Kansas  City,  which  is  found  elsewhere  in 
this  work.  The  present  head  of  the  estab- 
lishment, Henry  C.  Lambert,  obtained  his 
first  training  along  this  line  as  a  bookkeeper 
in  the  First  National  Bank,  of  Jefiferson  City, 
Missouri.  He  became  connected  with  this 
bank  in  1880,  and  two  years  later  was  chosen 
to  fill  the  position  of  cashier.  He  married 
Miss  Augusta  M.  Davison,  daughter  of  Dr. 
A.  H.  Davison,  a  well  known  pioneer  settler 
and  physician  of  Jefiferson  City,  Missouri. 
Two  children  have  come  to  this  union,  a  son 
and  a  daughter,  both  of  whom  are  pupils  in 
the  public  schools  of  Kansas  City. 

Lainine,  Battle  of. — In  General  Jo 
Shelby's  raid  into  Missouri,  in  September  and 
October  of  1863,  he,  with  1,000  men,  ad- 
vanced without  serious  opposition  to  Boon- 
ville,  which  place  he  enterqd  and  took 
possession  of.  But  General  E.  B.  Brown  was 
following  him  from  JelTerson  City,  with  a 
considerable  force,  and  he  was  compelled  to 
leave  Boonville  that  night  and  camp  two 
miles  west  on  the  road  to  Marshall.  Know- 
ing that  he  would  be  pursued  he  managed, 
by  a  swift  march,  to  reach  and  cross  Lamine 
River,  or  creek>  and  ambush  a  detachment 
under  Captain  Ferrell,  on  the  western  bank, 
where  his  troops  were  concealed  behind 
trees,  logs  and  stumps.  The  banks  of  the 
stream  were  steep  and  slippery,  and  when 
the  pursuing  Federals  arrived,  and  were 
eagerly  crossing  in  haste  and  some  disorder, 
they  were  completely  surprised  at  receiving 
a  volley  from  the  hidden  enemy,  200  strong. 
It  was  impossible  to  go  forward  and  difficult 


to  go  back,  and  the  column,  caught  below 
and  between  the  banks,  suffered  severely 
from  the  close  fire  of  a  foe  whose  shots,  com- 
ing from  musket  and  revolver,  could  not  be 
returned.  One  hundred  and  eleven  were  left 
dead  and  wounded  on  a  spot  so  small  that 
they  lay  one  on  another,  the  Confederates 
losing  only  one  man.  It  was  a  bloody  affair, 
and  delayed  the  pursuit  till  the  Confederates 
escaped  to  Marshfield. 

Lamine  River. — A  stream  made  up  of 
two  forks,  one  of  them,  the  Black  Fork,  ris- 
ing in  Johnson  County,  the  other  in  Pettis 
County,  which  unite  in  Cooper  County.  The 
main  river  empties  into  the  Missouri  ten 
miles  above  Boonville.  The  Lamine  is  about 
100  miles  in  length  and  navigable  for  a  short 
distance  above  its  mouth. 

Lamonte. — A  village  in  Pettis  County, 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway,  twelve  miles 
northwest  of  Sedalia,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  public  school,  churches  of  the  Baptist, 
Christian,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Methodist 
South,  and  Presbyterian  denominations;  a 
Democratic  newspaper,  the  "Recorder,"  a 
bank  and  a  flourmill.  It  is  a  large  shipping 
point  for  coal,  lime  and  sandstone.  In  1899  the 
population  was  1,000.  The  town  owes  its 
origin  to  the  building  of  the  railway,  and  was 
first  known  as  Boomer,  the  name  of  a  con- 
tractor. It  was  laid  out  in*  1865  by  Frank 
Hickox  and  J.  R.  McConnell,  and  was  called 
Lamonte  on  the  removal  of  the  post-office  of 
that  name  from  its  location  on  the  George- 
town and  Lexington  stage  road.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  December,  1882. 

Lamson,  Justin  W.,  physician,  was 
born  May  21,  1843,  ^^  Suncook,  New  Hamp- 
shire, son  of  William  and  Sarah  (Starritt) 
Lamson.  His  father  was  a  native  of  North- 
field,  Vermont,  and  his  mother  of  New 
Boston,  New  Hampshire.  His  paternal 
grandparents  were  also  born,  in  the  "Green 
Mountain"  State,  and  his  grandfather  in  this 
line  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
When  Dr.  Lamson  was  nine  years  of  age  his 
parents  removed  to  Metamora,  Illinois,  and 
at  that  place  the  son  completed  a  common 
school  education.  Subsequently  he  attended 
Knox  College  two  years,  at  Galesburg,  Illi- 
nois. At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
in  April   of   1861,.  he   enlisted  as  a  private 


582 


LANCASTER— LAND  GRANTS  AND  TITLES. 


soldier  in  the  Union  Army,  being  mustered 
into  the  Seventeenth  Illinois  Volunteer  In- 
fantry Regiment,  though  he  was  under 
eighteen  years  of  age  at  the  time.  After 
serving  eighteen  months  in  this  command 
he  returned  to  Illinois  and  began  the  study 
of  medicine.  He  was  graduated  from  Rush 
Medical  College,  of  Chicago,  in  February  of 
1867,  and  in  March  of  the  same  year  he  be- 
gan the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Granby, 
Newton  County,  Missouri,  In  December 
following  he  removed  to  Newtonia,  where 
he  practiced  successfully  and  continuously 
until  July,  1890,  when  he  established  his  home 
at  Neosho.  Since  then  he  has  been  one  of 
the  leading  practitioners  at  that  place  and 
has  occupied  a  position  in  the  front  rank  of 
his  profession.  Though  he  has  been  devoted 
to  his  calling,  he  has  been  interested  in  vari- 
ous industrial  and  financial  enterprises.  For 
several  years  he  owned  an  interest  in  the 
Ritchey  mill  at  Ritchey,  which  was  burned 
in  1890,  and  since  its  organization  he  has  also 
been  a  stockholder  and  director  in  the  Bank 
of  Neosho,  of  which  he  has  been  president 
since  the  spring  of  1898.  In  politics,  a  firm 
advocate  of  the  principles  for  which  the  Re- 
publican party  stands,  Dr.  Lamson  has  been 
honored  with  official  position  by  that  party, 
having  served  as  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
Legislature  from  1876  to  1878.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  Order,  of  the  Mas- 
ter's degree,  and  although  not  a  communi- 
cant of  any  church,  is  a  friend  of  these  chris- 
tianizing agencies  and  a  man  of  the  highest 
moral  character.  January  17,  1871,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Susan  M.  Ritchey,  daughter  of 
the  late  Judge  Mathew  H.  Ritchey,  of  New- 
ton County.  Their  children  are  Roy  C. 
Lamson,  now  a  student  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
Ina  M.  Lamson. 

Lancaster. — The  judicial  seat  of  Schuy- 
ler County,  located  on  the  Keokuk  &  West- 
ern Railroad,  a  little  north  of  the  center  of 
the  county.  It  was  founded  in  1845,  in 
which  year  it  was  made  the  county  seat.  It 
was  first  incorporated  in  1856  and  made  a 
city  of  the  fourth  class  in  1889.  The  town 
has  a  substantial  courthouse,  three  churches 
and  a  public  high  school.  Lancaster  is  dis- 
tinguished as  being  the  leading  horse  market 
of  the  United  States  outside  of  a  few  of  the 
larger  cities.     The  business  of  the  town  is 


represented  by  three  banks,  two  hotels,  saw 
and  gristmill,  and  about  thirty  other  business 
concerns,  both  large  and  small,  including 
general,  grocery  and  other  stores,  and  the 
largest  horse  sale  stables  in  Missouri.  The 
city  supports  three  papers,  the  "Excelsior," 
the  "Democrat"  and  "Avalanche."  There  is 
plenty  of  bituminous  coal  near  by.  Popula- 
tion, 1899  (estimated),  1,300. 

Lancaster. — See  "Stockton." 

Land  Grants  and  Titles. — ^The  pur- 
pose of  this  historical  sketch  is  to  trace  dis- 
tinctly the  chain  of  land  titles  in  Missouri 
from  their  origin  to  the  present  status,  and 
the  facts  herein  presented — after  review  by 
Honorable  Francis  M.  Black,  late  chief  jus- 
tice of  this  State — are  gleaned  mainly  from 
a  comprehensive  review  of  the  subject  pre- 
pared by  Henry  W.  Williams,  Esq.,  and  pub- 
lished in  Scharf's  "History  of  St.  Louis," 
issued  from  the  press  in  1883.  Says  this 
writer:  "The  existence  of  the  new  world 
having  been  discovered  by  adventurers  from 
the  old,  the  three  great  powers  of  Europe — 
France,  Spain  and  Great  Britain — and  others 
of  lesser  note,  in  their  lust  for  power  and 
greed  for  dominion  over  the  entire  surface 
of  the  globe,  were  each  and  all  eager  to 
appropriate  to  themselves  as  much  of  the 
new  territory  as  they  could  possibly  manage 
to  acquire.  Acting  upon  the  theory  that  the 
savages  were  heathen  and  had  no  rights 
which  Christian  people  were  bound  to  re- 
spect, or,  at  least,  that  it  would  confer  upori 
them  a  great  blessing  to  introduce  Chris- 
tianity and  civjlization  among  them,  they  pro- 
ceeded, in  order  to  avoid  conflicts  among 
themselves,  to  establish  a  rule  which  could 
be  recognized  by  all  in  their  strife  for  the 
acquisition  of  the  newly  discovered  domain. 
It  was,  therefore,  mutally  agreed  that  'discov- 
ery' gave  title  or  sovereignty  and  dominion 
to  the  government  by  whose  subjects  or  by 
whose  authority  it  was  made,  as  against  all 
other  European  governments.  Under  this 
rule  the  nation  whose  subjects  made  a  dis- 
covery claimed  not  only  the  exclusion  of  all 
other  Europeans,  but  the  sole  right  of  estab- 
lishing settlements  upon  it  and  of  acquiring 
the  soil  from  the  natives.  As  they  were  all 
interested  in  asserting  that  right,  each  want- 
ing a  share  of  the  immense  spoil,  they  were, 
of   course,   unanimous    in    assenting   to    it; 


LAND  GRANTS  AND  TITLES. 


583 


hence  the  spoHation  of  the  heathen  by  means 
of  discovery  and  conquest  became  legitimate 
and  was  dignified  as  a  principle  embodied  in 
the  'Law  of  Nations.'  This  having  been 
established,  the  nations  whose  subjects  had 
made  discoveries  proceeded  to  assert  their 
claims  to  sovereignty  and  dominion  by  mak- 
ing grants  to  individuals  and  companies  in 
lavish  profusion.  The  result  was  the  occu- 
pation and  settlement  of  America  by  the  rival 
powers,  and  a  succession  of  wars  and  con- 
quests...  .The  cession  of  Louisiana  gave 
to  the  United  States  its  sovereignty  and  do- 
minion over  all  that  territory,  but  there  was 
still  outstanding  the  Indian  title.  On  page 
144  of  Volume  I  of  Monette's  'History  of 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,'  the  'process 
verbal,'  by  which  Cavelier  de  LaSalle 
formally  took  possession  of  the  vast  territory 
which  he  called  Louisiana,  is  set  out  at  length, 
and  it  contains  a  statement  that  such  pos- 
session was  taken  with  the  consent  of  sundry 
Indian  tribes.  That  the  unsuspecting  natives 
gave  LaSalle's  party  a  friendly  welcome  as 
visitors  there  can  be  no  doubt;  but  that  they 
had  the  faintest  idea  that  they  were  making  a 
formal  surrender  of  their  forest  homes  and 
hunting  grounds  to  the  strangers  is  beyond 
belief.  However,  the  colonists  from  the  Old 
World  met  with  but  little  opposition  in  ob- 
taining their  footholds,  either  in  North  or 
South  America,  and  once  established,  the 
work  of  acquisition  was  easy.  .  .  .  To  the 
honor  of  the  French  pioneers  it  must  be 
said  that  their  relations  with  the  savage 
tribes  were  more  peaceful,  friendly  and  just 
than  those  of  the  other  nations.  They 
sought  and  gained  the  confidence  and  friend- 
ship of  the  natives,  and,  with  comparatively 
few  exceptions,  their  intercourse  was  of  a 
peaceful  and  mutually  beneficial  character. 
The  French  padre,  or  'blackgown,'  was  usu- 
ally welcomed  and  respected.  The  French 
trader  was,  as  a  rule,  kindly  received.  This 
was  especially  the  case  with  the  honored 
pioneers  who  founded  and  carried  on  the 
Indian  trade  at  St.  Louis,  and  at  the  trading 
posts  which  they  established  among  all  the 
tribes.  It  is  traditional  to  this  day  that  the 
name  of  Chouteau  was  a  passport  to  protec- 
tion and  favor  among  all  the  Western  tribes. 
"When  the  United  States  government  ac- 
quired dominion,  it  wisely  adopted  the  peace- 
ful methods  of  acquisition  of  the  Indian  title 
by  treaty.    In  two  of  these  treaties,  reference 


is  made  to  previous  cessions  made  to  the 
English,  French  and  Spanish  governments, 
but  those  former  treaties,  if  they  were  ever 
made,  are  not  now  accessible.  Nearly  all  the 
tribes  have,  in  due  form,  ceded  their  rights  to 
the  United  States,  in  some  instances,  how- 
ever, as  a  sequel  to  a  fierce  and  bloody,  but, 
of  course,  an  unsuccessful  war,  and  usually 
for  a  ridiculously  small  compensation. 
Treaties  have  been  made  with  the  Osages, 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the  Sioux,  the  Weas,  the 
Piankeshaws,  the  Kickapoos,  the  Winne- 
bagoes,  the  Menomonies,  the  Shawnees,  the 
Kansas,  the  lowas,  and  the  Illinois,  which,  it 
is  believed,  cover  nearly  all  of  the  northern 
part  of  Lousiana,  as  it  was  acquired  by  the 
United  States.  It  follows,  therefore — al- 
though there  are  some  delicate  ethical  ques- 
tions involved,  although  the  title  papers  in 
some  cases  are  fearfully  stained  with  blood, 
in  many  cases  are  tainted  with  fraud,  and 
sadly  lacking  in  adequate  consideration — that 
under  the  rulings  of  Vattel,  and  especially 
of  that  higher  law  known  as  'manifest  des- 
tiny,' the  title  acquired  from  France  and 
confirmed  by  the  Indian  tribes  must  be 
pronounced  good  in  the  United  States.  .  .  . 
Laclede  reached  St.  Louis  on  the  15th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1764,  with  the  men  for  his  colony,  and 
proceeded  to  lay  out  a  town.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  quite  a  large  addition  to  the  colony 
was  made  by  French  people  from  Illinois, 
who,  warned  by  the  fate  of  the  unfortunate 
exiles  from  Acadia,  had  no  desire  to  become 
subjects  of  Great  Britain,  that  power  having 
commenced  to  take  possession  of  the  country 

east  of  the  Mississippi In  the  summer 

of  1764  M.  Neyon  de  Villiers  left  Fort 
Chartres,  followed  by  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, rather  than  dwell  under  the  detested 
flag  of  that  nation.  He  left  Fort  Chartres 
in  command  of  M.  de  St.  Ange  to  be  de- 
livered up  to  the  English  on  demand.  As  it 
is  not  probable  that  De  Villiers  deserted  his 
post  without  orders,  it  is  a  reasonable  infer- 
ence that  he  was  duly  authorized  to  leave  and 
to  transfer  his  command  to  St.  Ange.  It  is 
also  reasonable  to  suppose  that  St.  Ange  was 
at  the  same  time  authorized,  on  being  re- 
lieved by  an  English  ofificer,  to  proceed  to 
St.  Louis  and  establish  and  take  command  of 
the  post  at  that  place,  it  not  being  known, 
even  at  New  Orleans,  until  October,  1764, 
that  the  west  bank  of  the  river  had  been 
ceded  to  Spain.     If  such  orders  were  given 


684 


I.AND   GRANTS   AND  TITLES. 


— 'and  of  this  scarcely  a  doubt  can  exist — St. 
Ange  was  fully  authorized  to  take  command 
at  St.  Louis,  and  he,  of  course,  had  a  right  to 
hold  that  position  until  the  Spanish  official 
came  to  relieve  him,  precisely  as  he  held  Fort 
Chartr^s  long  after  the  cession  and  until  he 
was  relieved.  This  view  of  the  case  is  con- 
firmed by  the  fact  that  there  are  documents 
among  the  archives  of  the  post  which  prove 
that  the  Governor  General  at  New  Orleans 
recognized* him  as  commandant  of  the  post, 
by  virtue  of  which  office  he  was  a  'sub-dele- 
gate,' and  in  that  capacity  had  authority  to 
make  grants  of  land  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  Governor  General.  The  records  show 
that  he  proceeded  without  delay  to  discharge 
the  duties  devolving  upon  him,  as  on  the 
27th  of  April,  1766,  he  made  the  first  land 
grant  that  ever  was  made  affecting  property 
at  St.  Louis.  That  grant  was  made  to  Joseph 
Labuxiere,  spelled  also  Labusciere,  being  for  a 
lot  in  St.  Louis,  having  a  front  of  300  feet  on 
Kxxe  Royale,  now  Main  Street,  by  150  feet 
deep  to  the  river,  said  lot  being  now  known 
as  Block  13  of  the  city.  .  .  .  The  system  of 
making  and  recording  grants  of  land  adopted 
by  St.  Ange  was  in  no  wise  complicated.  All 
concessions  were  short  and  simple  in  form, 
merely  stating  that  on  the  day  named,  on  the 

application  of 'we  have 

conceded,  and  we  do  concede,  to  him  (de- 
scribing the  land)  under  the  conditions  of 
settling  it  within  one  year  and  a  day,  and 
that  the  same  shall  remain  liable  to  the  pub- 
lic charges.'  To  this  was  affixed  the  date, 
the  names  'St.  Ange,'  and  'Labuxiere,  No- 
tary.' 

"The  Spanish  successors  in  office  of  St. 
Ange,  except  Delassus,  pursued  the  St.  Ange 
method  of  making  and  recording  grants  or 
concessions  of  land,  except  that  they  were 
somewhat  more  formal  in  reciting  the  official 
titles  of  the  granting  officer.  The  records  of 
all  the  grants  made  are  contained  in  six  small 
books  of  cap  paper  with  leather  covers,  which 
constitute  what  is  commonly  known  as  the 
'Livre  Terrien,'  sometimes  called  the  'Provin- 
cial Land  Book,'  It  does  not  appear  that  any 
surveys  of  the  grants  were  made  until  1770, 
when,  at  request  of  a  number  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. Lieutenant  Governor  Piernas  ap- 
pointed Martin  Duralde  surveyor  of  the  col- 
ony of  Illinois.  He  surveyed  a  large  number 
of  common  field  lots,  as  they  were  called, 
being  long,  narrow  strips  of  land,  lying  side 


by  side,  having  a  common  front  line,  called 
the  'traite  quarre,'  on  which  they  had  a  front 
of  from  one  to  four  arpens,  by  a  depth  of 
forty  arpens;  each  tract  being  described  by 
the  designation  of  the  common  field  in  which 
it  was  located,  the  number  of  arpens,  front 
and  depth,  and  the  names  of  the  adjoining 
proprietors.  There  were  several  common 
field  inclosures,  designated  as  follows:  The 
'St.  Louis  Prairie,'  which  adjoined  the  city 
on  the  west ;  the  'Grand  Prairie,'  west  of  the 
St.  Louis  Prairie;  the  'Prairie  Desnoyers,' 
southwest  of  the  town,  and  from  two  to  three 
miles  distant,  surveyed  at  a  later  date, -by 
Pierre  Chouteau ;  the  'Cul  de  Sac,'  lying  be- 
tween the  Grand  Prairie  and  the  Prairie 
Desnoyers,  the  three,  at  one  time,  according 
to  the  testimony  of  Mr.  Pierre  Chouteau, 
having  one  common  inclosure ;  the  'Little 
Prairie,'  south  of  the  old  town;  and  the 
'White  Ox  Prairie,'  some  four  miles  north. 
No  plats  of  said  surveys  were  made,  or,  at 
least,  none  appear  of  record.  The  certificates 
of  survey,  by  Duralde,  were  recorded  in  Livre 
Terrien,  No.  2,  and  the  surveys  were  made  in 
the  years  1770-2.  The  town  lots  were  not 
separately  surveyed.  They  are  represented 
upon  a  plat  made  in  1780,  but  the  lines  of 
that  plat  were  not  strictly  followed  in  all 
cases  by  the  United  States  government  sur- 
vey. The  variations,  however,  did  not  ma- 
terially affect  the  right  of  claimants.  There 
were  also  grants  made  known  as  'out  lots,' 
that  is  to  say,  lots  which  were  not  in  the 
town  as  laid  out,  nor  in  the  common  fields^ 
but  occupying  intervening  spaces  between 
the  same,  or  located  adjoining  them  on  the 
outer  limits.  A  large  tract  of  land  southwest 
of  the  town,  containing  4,510.48  arpens,  equal 
to  3,837-03  acres,  according  to  the  United 
States  survey,  was  held  by  the  inhabitants 
as  a  common  for  pasturage.  Outside  of  all' 
these  were  grants  of  larger  bodies  of  land 
for  plantations,  or  farms,  one  of  them  being 
for  a  league  square,  equal  to  7,056  arpens.  It 
does  not  appear  that  the  government  derived 
any  revenue  from  sales  of  land.  All  the 
smaller  grants  were  gratuitous.  Larger 
grants  were  made,  some  of  them  in  consid- 
eration of  services  rendered,  and  some  of 
them  to  aid  in  the  establishment  of  enter- 
prises which  were  alleged  to  be  for  the  pub- 
lic good.  All  the  grants  made  by  Command- 
ants or  Lieutenant  Governors  were  inchoate, 
or  incomplete  titles,  regarded  as  property, 


I.AND  GRANTS   AND  TITLES. 


585 


and  as  such  were  held  and  transferred;  but 
by  Spanish  laws  and  regulations  they  re- 
quired a  survey  and  the  sanction  or  approval 
of  the  Governor  General  of  the  Province  at 
New  Orleans  to  make  them  complete  legal 
titles.  Of  the  large  number  of  grants  so 
made  in  Upper  Louisiana,  only  thirteen  were 
completed  in  the  manner  prescribed  by 
those  laws,  so  as  to  vest  an  absolute  legal 
title  in  the  grantee.  .  .  .  The  power  to  make 
or  approve  grants  of  land  was  vested  in  the 
Governor  General  from  February  i8,  1770, 
to  October  22,  1798,  and  in  the  Intendent 
General  from  and  after  the  last  mentioned 
date.  That  power,  as  we  have  seen,  was  not 
exercised  in  Upper  Louisiana  save  in  thirteen 
cases;  hence,  as  to  all  the  other  grants  or 
concessions,  the  titles  held  by  the  inhabitants 
had  not  been  perfected.  In  the  treaty  of 
San  Ildefonso,  October  i,  1800,  by  which 
Spain  ceded  the  Province  of  Louisiana  to  the 
French  Republic,  there  was  no  stipulation 
made  as  to  the  protection  of  the  rights  of 
the  inhabitants  to  property,  but  the  king,  in 
his  royal  proclamation,  given  at  Barcelona, 
October  15,  1802,  announcing  the  retroces- 
sion, expressed  the  hope  that  the  government 
of  the  French  republic,  'would  protect  the  in- 
habitants in  the  peaceful  possession  of  their 
property,  and  that  all  grants  of  property,  of 
whatever  denomination,  made'  by  my  gov- 
ernors, may  be  confirmed,  though  not  con- 
firmed by  myself.'  The  treaty  of  April  30, 
1803,  by  which  France  ceded  the  province  to 
the  United  States,  contained  the  following 
clause :  'The  inhabitants  of  the  ceded  terri- 
tory shall  be  incorporated  in  the  Union  of 
the  United  States  and  admitted  as  soon  as 
possible,  according  to  the  principles  of  the 
Federal  Constitution,  to  the  enjoyment  of  all 
the  rights,  advantages  and  immunities  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the 
meantime  they  shall  be  maintained  and  pro- 
tected in  the  free  enjoyment  of  their  liberty, 
property,  and  the  religion  which  they  profess.' 
All  the  rights  of  individuals  claiming  lands  in 
Upper  Louisiana,  excepting  only  the  thirteen 
complete  titles  hereinbefore  referred  to,  were 
inchoate,  requiring  survey  and  patent  from 
the  former  governments  to  make  them  per- 
fect, and  it  was  optional  with  these  govern- 
ments to  make  them  complete  or  not.  The 
Congress  of  the  United  States  fully  recogniz- 
ing the  principle  that  an  inchoate  title  to 
land  is  property  and  should  be  held  sacred, 


proceeded  to  make  provision  for  ascertaining 
and  confirming  all  claims  which  could  be 
properly  substantiated,  as  emanating  from 
the  former  governments." 

The  first  act  of  Congress  bearing  on  this 
subject  was  approved  March  26,  1804,  and 
declared  all  grants  of  land  and  every  act  and 
proceeding  toward  obtaining  any  grant  or 
title  to  lands  in  Louisiana  subsequent  to  the 
treaty  of  San  Ildefonso  to  be  null  and  void. 
It  was  provided,  however,  that  nothing  in  this 
statute  should  be  so  construed  as  to  render 
void  any  bona  fide  grant  made  agreeable  to 
the  laws,  usages  and  customs  of  the  Spanish 
government,  to  an  actual  settler,  if  such  set- 
tlement had  been  actually  made  prior  to  the 
20th  day  of  December,  1803.  It  was  further 
provided,  in  the  same  statute,  that  such 
grants  should  not  secure  to  the  grantees,  in 
any  instance,  more  than  one  mile  square  of 
land  and  such  additional  quantity  as  the 
Spanish  laws  and  usages  allowed  to  the  wife 
and  family  of  a  grantee.  By  subsequent  legis- 
lation, grants  made  prior  to  the  loth  of 
March,  1804,  were  recognized  as  valid.  In 
1805  an  act  was  passed,  which  provided  that 
persons  who  were  residents  of  Louisiana 
October  i,  1800,  who  had  obtained  from  the 
French  or  Spanish  governments  any  duly 
registered  warrants  of  survey  for  lands  to 
which  the  Indian  titles  had  been  extinguished 
and  which  were  actually  inhabited  by  such 
persons  on  that  day,  should  be  confirmed  in 
their  tit'les.  The  same  act  provided  that  per- 
sons who  had  made  actual  settlements  on 
tracts  of  land  prior  to  December  20,  1803, 
and  were  in  possession  at  that  time  of  such 
tracts,  should  have  their  titles  confirmed  to 
them.  Provision  was  also  made  in  that  act 
for  the  appointment,  for  St,  Louis,  of  a  re- 
corder of  land  titles,  with  whom  notices  of 
all  claims  to  lands  should  be  filed  on  or  before 
March  6,  1806.  Two  persons  were  also  to 
be  appointed,  who,  acting  in  connection  with 
the  recorder,  were  to  constitute  a  board  of 
commissioners  with  power  to  hear  and  de- 
cide, in  a  summary  manner,  all  matters  re- 
specting land  claims  and  land  titles  within  the 
territory  over  which  they  had  jurisdiction. 
This  commission  was  not  authorized  to 
recognize  any  grant  or  incomplete  title  bear- 
ing dates  subsequent  to  the  ist  day  of  Octo- 
ber, i860.  A  supplementary  act,  also  passed 
in  1806,  gave  to  the  settler  the  benefit  of 
having  any  actual  settlement  made  by  him 


586 


LAND   GRANTS  AND   TITLES. 


on  land  considered  as  having  been  made  by 
permission  of  the  proper  Spanish  officer. 
This  act  also  extended  the  time  for  filing 
notices  of  claims  with  the  recorder  of  land 
titles  to  the  ist  of  January,  1807.  Subsequent 
enactments  removed  other  restrictions  upon 
claimants  under  French  and  Spanish  conces- 
sions, and  the  United  States  government  and 
authorities  were  scrupulously  attentive  to 
every  legal  requirement  essential  to  the  per- 
fecting of  these  land  titles.  The  first  board 
of  commissioners  was  composed  of  Frederick 
Bates,  recorder,  and  John  B.  C.  Lucas  and 
Clement  B.  Penrose.  This  commission  be- 
gan its  work  December  8,  1808,  and  termi- 
nated its  labors  January  15,  1812,  after  having 
issued  1,342  confirmation  certificates,  each  of 
which  entitled  the  claimant,  or  his  legal  rep- 
resentatives, to  a  patent  which  would  vest  in 
him  or  them  a  complete  legal  title.  Many 
claims  were  rejected  by  this  board  of  com- 
missioners because  they  did  not  come  within 
the  scope  of  the  legislation  which  defined 
and  limited  the  powers  of  the  board.  Sat- 
isfied that  many  of  these  claims  were  mer- 
itorious, one  of  the  commissioners,  Clement 
B.  Penrose,  and  Thomas  F,  Riddick,  clerk 
of  the  board,  prepared  communications  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the  con- 
gressional committee  on  public  lands,  which 
resulted  in  the  passage  of  an  act,  June  13, 
1812,  making  further  provisions  for  the  set- 
tlement of  land  claims  in  the  Territory  of 
Missouri.  This  act  provided  that  the  rights, 
titles  and  claims  to  town  or  village  lots,  out- 
lots,  common-field  lots  and  commons  belong- 
ing to  St.  Louis,  St.  Charles,  St.  Ferdinand, 
and  other  towns  in  Missouri,  which  lots  had 
been  inhabited,  cultivated  or  possessed  prior 
to  the  20th  of  December,  1803,  should  be 
confirmed  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  respective 
towns.  The  act  made  provision  for  the  sur- 
vey of  such  out-lots,  common-field  lots  and 
commons,  and  for  the  filing  of  plats  of  such 
surveys  in  the  general  land  office  and  with  the 
recorder  of  land  titles  in  St.  Louis.  It  was 
also  provided  in  this  act  that  such  village- 
lots,  out-lots,  or  common-field  lots  as  were 
not  rightly  claimed  or  owned  by  private  in- 
dividuals, or  held  as  commons  belonging  to 
such  towns,  or  which  might  not  be  reserved 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  for 
military  purposes,  should  be  reserved  for  the 
support  of  schools,  provided  that  the  quantity 
of  land  reserved  for  the  support  of  schools  in 


^ny  town  should  not  exceed  one-twentieth  of 
the  whole  quantity  of  land  included  in  the 
survey  of  such  town.  Other  provisions  of 
this  act  were  exceedingly  liberal  in  character 
and  greatly  facilitated  the  final  adjustment  of 
land  claims  in  the  territory  and  laid,  as  well, 
the  foundations  of  the  common  school  fund. 
On  the  2d  of  February,  1816,  Recorder  Bates, 
having  completed  the  work  assigned  to  him 
in  accordance  with  the  act  of  June  13,  1812, 
and  subsequent  enactments,  filed  with  the 
commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  his 
report,  which  showed  that  2,555  claims  had 
been  presented  and  acted  upon,  801  being  re- 
jected ;  1,746  fully  confirmed,  and  8  confirmed 
conditionally.  His  action  was  confirmed  by 
act  of  Congress  bearing  date  of  April  29, 
1816.  On  the  same  day  an  act  was  passed 
which  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a 
surveyor  for  the  lands  of  the  United  States 
in  the  Territories  of  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
In  1824  Congress  passed  an  act  which  re- 
quired the  owners  of  town  or  village  lots, 
out-lots,  and  common-field  lots  in  or  belong- 
ing to  St.  Louis,  St,  Charles,  and  other 
towns,  whose  titles  had  been  confirmed  by 
the  act  of  June  13,  1812,  to  proceed,  within 
eighteen  months  after  the  passage  of  the 
law,  to  designate  said  lots  by  proving,  before 
the  recorder  of  land  titles  for  the  State  of 
Missouri,  the  fact  of  inhabitation,  cultivation, 
or  possession  prior  to  the  20th  of  December, 
1803.  The  object  of  this  act  was  to  determine 
the  boundaries  and  extent  of  each  claim  so 
as  to  enable  the  surveyor  to  distinguish 
private  from  vacant  lots,  appertaining  to 
such  towns.  Theodore  Hunt,  as  recorder  of 
land  titles,  made  the  examination  of  'claims 
provided  for  in  this  act,  and  confirmations 
were  made  in  accordance  with  his  findings. 
Under  an  act  passed  in  1832,  and  a  supple- 
mental act  passed  in  1833,  Lewis  F,  Linn, 
Albert  G.  Harrison  and  F.  R.  Conway  were 
appointed  a  board  of  commissioners  to  make 
a  final  adjustment  of  land  claims  in  Missouri. 
These  gentlemen  made  a  report  which  was 
submitted  to  Congress  in  1834,  and  James 
S.  Mayfield,  James  H.  Relfe  and  F.  R.  Con- 
way, acting  as  commissioners,  made  a  later 
report  which  was  submitted  to  Congress  in 
1835.  The  reports  of  the  commissioners  be- 
ing duly  confirmed,  the  claims  to  lands  aris- 
ing from  French  or  Spanish  concessions,  or 
from  the  occupation  of  lands  under  the 
French  or  Spanish  governments,  were  con- 


LAND  LEAGUE— LAND  SURVEYS. 


587 


sidered  finally  adjusted  in  Missouri,  and 
ceased  to  be  subjects  of  congressional  legis- 
lation until  1866. 

Considerable  embarrassment  was  occa-' 
sioned  to  the  land  owners  of  St.  Louis  during 
the  early  portion  of  the  present  century  by  an 
act  of  Congress,  approved  February  17,  1815, 
which  authorized  persons  owning  lands  in  the 
County  of  New  Madrid,  as  it  existed  on  the 
loth  of  November,  1812,  in  cases  where  said 
lands  had  been  materially  injured  by  the 
earthquakes  of  that  period,  to  locate  the  like 
quantity  of  land  on  any  of  the  public  lands 
of  the  Territory  of  Missouri,  the  sale  of  which 
was  authorized  by  law.  The  sympathy  and 
generosity  of  Congress  were  lost,  so  far  as 
benefits  to  the  sufferers  were  concerned,  and 
were  perverted  almost  entirely  to  thie  profit  of 
speculators.  Of  516  certificates  issued  under 
this  act,  384  were  obtained  in  some  manner 
by  land  speculators  residing  in  St.  Louis  at  a 
cost  of  not  more  than  $10,000,  and  claims 
were  filed  by  virtue  thereof  on  nearly  200,000 
acres  of  land.  These  certificates  were  located 
upon  lands  in  and  adjacent  to  the  city,  regard- 
less of  the  claims  of  the  holders  of  grants 
under  the  former  governments.  Long  and 
tedious  litigation  ensued,  but  the  courts,  both 
Federal  and  State,  invariably  declared  these 
claims  invalid,  as  against  the  early  grants  and 
confirmations. 

By  an  act  of  Congress,  passed  in  183 1,  the 
school  lands  reserved  under  the  act  of  June 
13,  1812,  were  reliquished  by  the  United 
States  to  the  State  of  Missouri  to  be  sold  or 
disposed  of,  or  held  for  school  purposes  in 
such  manner  as  might  be  directed  by  the 
Legislature  of  the  State.  Other  school  lands, 
known  .as  township  school  lands,  were  set 
aside  by  the  act  of  March  6,  1820,  which 
authorized  Missouri  to  establish  a  State  gov- 
ernment. That  act  reserved  for  school  pur- 
poses Section  16  in  every  township,  if  not 
sold,  and  in  case  such  section  had  been  sold, 
other  public  lands  were  granted  in  lieu 
thereof.  In  St.  Louis  the  640  acres  reserved 
for  this  purpose  were  near  the  center  of  the 
city,  but  the  tract  was  reduced  by  conflicting 
grants  and  confirmations  to  about  sixty 
acres,  and  the  sum  eventually  realized  from 
its  sale  was  something  more  than  $300,000. 
An  act  passed  by  Congress  June  12,  1866, 
made  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States 
the  tribunal  for  the  adjudication  of  the  few 
land  claims  which  had  not  at  that  time  been 


duly  confirmed  and  surveyed  in  St.  Louis, 
and  under  this  act  such  claims  have  been 
since  passed  upon  by  that  court. 

Land  League.— The  first  land  league 
organized  in  the  United  States  in  aid  of  the 
people  of  Ireland  was  formed  in  St.  Louis  by 
Dr.  P.  S.  O'Reilly  and  others.  It  was  called 
St.  Louis  Land  League,  No.  i,  and  was  the 
pioneer  of  many  similar  organizations.  At  a 
later  date  it  was  merged  into  the  Irish  Na- 
tional League. 

Land  Surveys. — The  lands  of  Missouri, 
with  the  exception  of  the  comparatively  small 
amount  which  had  been  disposed  of  by  Span- 
ish land  grants  prior  to  the  cession  of  1803, 
belonged  originally  to  the  United  States  Gov^ 
ernment,  by  which  it  was  granted  to  purchas- 
ers by  letters  patent,  and  it  was  customary 
to  trace  titles  back  to  these  patents,  except 
where  the  chain  of  title  has  been  broken  by 
adverse  possess'ion  under  the  statute  of  limi- 
tations or  by  some  other  tenure  recognized 
by  law.  The  land  in  Missouri  was  originally 
surveyed  and  marked  out  by  United  States 
surveyors  under  the  public  land  system  of  the 
government,  and  the  methods  of  identifica- 
tion observed  in  these  original  surveys  by 
townships,  sections  and  quarter  sections  pre- 
vails to  the  present  day.  In  making  the  orig- 
inal surveys,  an  east  and  west  line,  called  a 
base  line,  was  established  running  through 
an  initial  point,  and  also  a  north  and  south 
line  drawn  through  the  same  point  and  called 
the  principal  meridian.  On  this  principal  me- 
ridian at  intervals  of  twenty-four  miles  other 
east  and  west  lines  are  drawn,  called  standard 
parallels  or  correction  lines ;  and  at  similar 
intervals  along  the  base  line,  north  and  south 
lines  are  run.  This  arrangement  divides  the 
land  into  twenty-four  mile  tracts,  which,  on 
account  of  the  converging  of  the  meridianal 
lines,  are  slightly  narrower  at  the  north  than 
at  the  south  side.  These  twenty-four  mile 
tracts  are  divided  into  smaller  tracts  six  miles 
square,  called  townships,  the  townships  into 
sections,  and  the  sections  into  quarters.  A 
township  contains  thirty-six  square  miles  of 
land,  a  section,  one  square  mile,  or  640  acres, 
a  quarter  section  160  acres,  and  a  quarter 
of  a  quarter  40  acres.  A  north  and  south 
row  or  tier  of  townships  is  called  a  range, 
and  these  ranges  are  numbered  east  and  west 
of  the  principal  meridian,  and  the  townships 


588 


LANDON. 


are  numbered  north  and  south  of  the  base 
line.  The  thirty-six  sections  in  a  township 
are  numbered  also,  beginning  with  the  north- 
east one,  and  going  west  to  the  northwest 
corner,  and  then  going  back  on  the  next  row 
of-  sections  from  west  to  east,  so  that  the 
northeast  section  is  No.  i,  the  northwest  sec- 
tion is  No.  6,  and  the  one  next  south  of  No.  6 
is  No.  7;  and  the  section  in  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  township  would  be  described  in 
a  deed  as  Sec.  31,  Twp.  4  N.,  R.  15  west  of  the 
principal  meridian.  The  160  acre  tract  in  the 
southwest  corner  of  section  31  would  be 
called  the  S.  W.  quarter  of  Sec.  31 ;  arid  the 
40-acre  tract  in  the  southwest  corner  of  that 
section  would  be  described  as  the  S.  W. 
quarter  of  the  S.  W.  quarter  of  Sec.  31. 

Landon,  Asa  Chapman,  prominent 
among  the  business  men  of  Clinton,  Henry 
County,  and  also  in  the  military  affairs  of  the 
State,  was  born  October  21,  1867,  at  Burn- 
side,  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  son  of  Elisha 
and  Louisa  (Chapman)  Landon.  His  father,  a 
native  of  Prescott  County,  Ontario,  came  to 
the  United  States  about  1849  ^^^  located  in 
Hancock  County,  Illinois,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  mercantile  business  until  1876. 
In  the  last  named  year  he  removed  to  Mis- 
souri and  settled  at  Schell  City,  in  Vernon 
County,  and  remained  in  business  there  until 
his  retirement.  Both  he  and  his  wife  were 
living  in  1900.  As  a  boy  Asa  C.  Landon  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  Schell  City,  Mis- 
souri, Sedalia,  Missouri,  and  Winfield, 
Kansas,  completing  his  education  at  the  last 
nariied  place.  Upon  the  completion  of  his 
education  he  was  employed  three  years  by  his 
uncle,  a  merchant  at  Burden,  Kansas.  Thence 
he  went  to  Aurora,  Missouri,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  the  real  estate  and  loan  business 
until  1893,  since  which  time  he  has  been  es- 
tablished in  the  same  business  in  CHnton, 
Missouri.  For  several  years  he  has  been 
deeply  interested  in  military  matters.  In  1895 
he  was  one  of  the  chief  organizers  of  the  mili- 
tary company  at  Clinton,  which,  upon  appli- 
cation to  the  proper  authorities,  was  assigned 
to  the  Second  Regiment,  Missouri  National 
Guard,  and  designated  as  Company  "F."  It 
was  mustered  into  the  National  Guard  May 
6,  1895.  Mr.  Landon  was  elected  second  lieu- 
tenant at  the  time  of  organization,  and  in 
1896  was  promoted  to  the  captaincy  by  vote 
of  the  company.    Upon  the  opening  of  the 


Spanish-American  War  he  offered  the  serv- 
ices of  the  company  to  the  government.  The 
Second  Regiment  left  for  the  front  May  5, 
•1898,  four  days  after  the  battle  of  Manila 
Bay,  and  was  mustered  into  service  at  Jef- 
ferson Barracks,  St.  Louis.  Thence  it  pro- 
ceeded to  Chickamauga  Park,  but  before  it 
could  get  into  active  service  the  war  was 
ended.  The  command  was  mustered  out 
March  i,  1899.  Captain  Landon  is  identified 
with  the  Odd  Fellows  and  has  passed  all  the 
chairs  in  all  branches  of  that  order  in  Clin- 
ton. 

On  July  18,  1900,  at  the  regular  encamp- 
ment of  the  Missouri  National  Guard  at 
Springfield,  Mr.  Landon  was  elected  a  Major 
to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  Second  Regiment 
caused  by  the  death  of  Major  Frank  Wil- 
liams, which  position  he  now  holds. 

Landon,  Sol  S.,  physician,  was  born 
March  28,  1873,  i"  Fulton  County,  Illinois. 
His  parents  were  Abraham  and  Melinda 
(Cooper)  Landon,  the  former  a  native  of  New 
Jersey,  and  the  latter  of  New  York.  Their 
son,  Sol  S.  Landon,  was  left  parentless  when 
he  was  six  years  of  age,  and  his  early  life 
was  one  of  privation.  Through  his  own 
strenuous  effort,  involving  various  kinds  of 
labor,  he  was  enabled  not  only  to  acquire  a 
literary  education,  but  to  fit  himself  for  a  pro- 
fessional life  in  which  he  has  become  useful 
and  conspicuous.  As  a  student  in  Knox  Col- 
lege, at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  he  lacked  but  one 
year  of  completing  a  six  years'  scientific 
course.  He  was  meantime  engaged  in  the 
study  of  medicine  under  the  preceptorship  of 
Dr.  J.  F.  Percy,  of  the  same  city.  In  1893  he 
located  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  ^nd  en- 
gaged in  general  practice,  at  the  same  time 
continuing  medical  study  in  the  University 
Medical  College,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1896.  In  1895-6  he  was  assistant  po- 
lice surgeon.  In  1897-8  he  was  assistant  to 
Dr.  George  Halley,  professor  of  surgery 
in  the  University  Medical  College,  and  in 
1900  he  was  appointed  adjunct  to  the  chair 
of  anatomy  in  the  same  institution.  In  1897 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  anatomy  in  the 
University  Training  School  for  Nurses.  In 
January,  1898,  he  was  appointed  division  sur- 
geon for  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  and  continues  to  occupy  that  po- 
sition. He  is  also  medical  examiner  for  the 
Massachusetts  Mutual  Insurance  Company. 


LANE— IvANG. 


589 


Politically  he  is  a  Democrat.  In  Masonry 
he  has  attained  to  the  fourteenth  degree  in 
the  Scottish  Rite,  and  to  the  council  in  the 
York  Rite.  Dr.  Landon  was  married  March 
3,  1900,  to  Miss  Daisy  Schaefer,  daughter  of 
George  Schaefer,  a  Kansas  City  capitalist. 
Mrs.  Landon  was  educated  at  the  Westport 
high  school,  and  is  a  capable  musician  and  a 
pleasing  vocalist. 

Lane,  William  Carr,  was  born  in 
Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  December  i, 
1789,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  January  6,  1863. 
He  was  liberally  educated  at  Jefiferson  Col- 
lege and  Dickinson  College,  in  his  native 
State,  and  after  studying  medicine  at  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  in  181 1,  and  serving  for  a 
time  as  surgeon's  mate  at  Fort  Harrison,  at- 
tended lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  1816  he  was  appointed  post  surgeon 
at  Fort  Harrison.  In  1819  he  came  to  St. 
Louis  and  made  it  his  home,  practicing  his 
profession  for  many  years  in  partnership 
with  Dr.  Samuel  Merry.  When  St.  Louis 
was  given  a  city  charter  in  1823  he  was 
chosen  the  first  mayor,  and  was  re-elected  five 
times  in  succession — 1823  to  1829 — and  after 
an  interval  of  nine  years  elected  to  the  ofHce 
again  three  times  in  succession — a  record  of 
municipal  honor  without  parallel  in  the  his- 
tory of  St.  Louis.  It  was  due  to  his  noble 
presence, his  popular  manners, his  high  honor 
and  his  active  and  earnest  public  spirit.  In 
1852  he  was  appointed  by  President  Fillmore 
Governor  of  New  Mexico.  Dr.  Lane  was  mar- 
ried in  t8i8  to  Miss  Mary  Ewing,  daughter 
of  Nathaniel  Ewing.  They  had  three  children. 

Langf,  Thomas,  manufacturer,  was  born 
on  the  26th  day  of  November,  1835,  i"  Wurt- 
temberg,  Germany,  son  of  P'rancis  J.  and 
Barbara  S.  Lang.  His  father  was  a  govern- 
ment architect  and  was  superintendent  of  the 
erection  of  government  buildings,  churches 
and  schoolhouses  throughout  about  one- 
third  of  the  kingdom  of  Wurttemberg.  The 
same  office  was  filled  by  the  father  of  Francis 
J.  Lang,  and  the  family  was  long  prominent 
in  official  circles  in  Germany.  The  father 
of  Thomas  Lang  died  before  he  was  thirty- 
three  years  of  age,  and  in  1838  the  mother 
married  again.  In  1852  she  came  with  her 
husband  and  family  to  this  country  and  es- 
tablished her  home  in  Erie  County,  New 
York,  where  she  passed  the  remainder  of  her 


life.  Thomas  Lang  was  seventeen  years  of 
age  when  his  mother  and  step-father  came 
to  this  country,  and  prior  to  that  time  he  had 
attended  the  schools  of  Germany,  receiving 
what  would  be  equivalent  to  a  common  school 
education  in  this  country.  He  had  also  served 
an  apprenticeship  of  two  years  and  a  half  to 
the  wagonmaker's  trade,  and,  young  as  he 
was,  was  quite  capable  of  taking  care  of  him- 
self. Soon  after  the  family  settled  in  Erie 
County,  New  York,  he  left  home  and  went 
to  Livingston  County,  in  the  same  State, 
where  he  was  employed  in  a  carriage  manu- 
facturing establishment  until  1854.  He  then 
went  to  the  town  of  Niagara,  Canada,  and 
was  occupied  in  the  works  of  the  Niagara 
Car  Company  until  1857.  In  1855  this  com- 
pany sent  him  to  Toronto,  Canada,  to  build 
railway  cars  at  that  place,  and  later  he  be- 
came an  employe  in  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
way's car  shops  at  Hamilton,  Ontario.  He 
severed  his  connection  with  the  last  named 
company  in  1859  and  came  to  Missouri  the 
same  year.  Locating  at  Farmington,  in  St. 
Francois  County,  he  established  a  wagon 
manufactory  there,  which  he  has  conducted 
up  to  the  present  time.  For  forty  years  he 
has  done  business  in  one  block,  and  he  has 
long  been  recognized  as  one  of  the  success- 
ful manufacturers  of  that  portion  of  the 
State  and  as  a  thoroughly  honorable  man  of 
afifairs. 

In  1863,  when  the  Civil  War  was  in  prog- 
ress, Mr.  Lang  was  enrolled  in  the  Sixty- 
fourth  Regiment  of  Missouri  Militia, 
organized  to  assist  in  the  preservation  of  the 
Union.  Shortly  after  his  enrollment  he  was 
detached  from  his  regiment  and  sent  to  the 
United  States  arsenal  at  St.  Louis,  where  his 
mechanical  services  were  needed.  After 
serving  a  year  as  artillery  wheel  inspector  he 
was  permitted  to  enlist  in  the  Forty-seventh 
Missouri  Infantry  Regiment,  mustered  into 
the  United  States  service  and  commanded 
by  Colonel — afterward  Governor — ^Thos.  C.. 
Fletcher.  While  serving  in  this  command  he 
participated  in  the  engagements  at  Farming- 
ton,  Pilot  Knob  and  Rolla,  Missouri,  and 
then  went  with  his  regiment  by  way  of  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee,  to  the  Alabama  line.  There 
he  was  detached  from  his  command  and  foi 
some  time  afterward  was  post  carpenter  at 
Pulaski,  Tennessee.  From  Pulaski  he  was 
sent  to  Rutherford  County,  Tennessee,  to 
repair    fortifications    which    had    been    de- 


590 


LANGE. 


stroyed  by  Confederate  General  Hood  dur- 
,  ing  his  last  Tennessee  campaign.  While  he 
was  discharging  this  duty  the  war  closed,  and, 
returning  to  St.  Louis,  he  was  mustered  out 
of  the  government  service  with  an  honorable 
record.  Affiliating  with  the  Republican  party, 
Mr.  Lang  has  taken  a  somewhat  active  in- 
terest in  politics  and  has  served  as  chairman 
of  the  Republican  county  central  committee 
of  St.  Francois  County  and  also  during  four 
years  as  a  member  of  the  Republican  con- 
gressional committee  of  his  district.  His  re- 
ligious affiliations  are  with  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church,  and  his  most  prominent  society 
connection  is  with  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic.  On  the  20th  of  June,  1855,  he  was 
married  at  Toronto,  Canada,  to  Miss  Cather- 
ine Cantloin.  Of  seven  children  born  of  this 
union,  Mary  Catherine,  EUen  Barbara,  Emma 
Louise  and  Thomas  James  Lang  were  living 
in  1900. 

liang^e,  Henry,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  Westphalia,  Germany,  j\Iay  16,  1842,  son 
of  Bernard  and  Elizabeth  (Bosse)  Lange. 
After  acquiring  what  would  correspond  to  a 
public  school  education  in  this  country  he 
came  to  the  United  States  when  sixteen  years 
of  age,  landing  in  New  Orleans  and  coming 
thence  by  steamer  to  St.  Louis.  He  arrived 
there  June  15,  1858,  and  soon  afterward  en- 
tered the  employ  of  Stuckemeyer  &  Stevens, 
market  gardeners,  who  were  then  located  on 
the  Gravois  road.  He  had  been  in  this  coun- 
try but  three  years  when  the  Civil  War  be- 
gan, but  in  common  with  nearly  all  the 
Germans  of  Missouri,  he  had  learned  to  ab- 
hor slavery  and  had  allied  himself  with  those 
who  were  determined  to  prevent  its  exten- 
sion. When  the  uprising  of  slaveholders 
threatened  the  life  of  the  Union,  he  enlisted  in 
August  of  1861,  in  Company  A  of  the  First 
Regiment,  Missouri  Reserve  Cavalry,  in 
which  he  served  as  a  private  soldier.  In  Feb- 
ruary of  1862  he  was  transferred  to  Battery 
C  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Illinois  Light 
Artillery  and  was  assigned  to  active  duty  in 
the  field.  Thereafter  he  participated  in  many 
of  the  memorable  battles  and  sieges  in  which 
the  western  army  took  part,  notable  among 
them  being  the  capture  of  the  Confederate 
garrison  at  Island  No.  10,  the  capture  of 
Fort  Pillow,  and  battles  at  Sanger,  Brent- 
wood, Stone  River  (in  which  battle  the  bat- 
tery was  captured  and  had  five  men  killed 


and  eighteen  wounded),  Chickamauga,  Look- 
out Mountain,  the  siege  of  Atlanta,  and 
battles  of  Jonesboro,  Missionary  Ridge  and 
Kennesaw  Mountain.  He  was  mustered  out 
of  the  United  States  service  September  24, 
1864,  previous  to  General  Sherman's  march 
to  the  sea  from  Atlanta,  having  made  an  en- 
viable record  as  a  soldier.  Returning  to  St. 
Louis  in  October  of  that  year,  he  entered 
the  employ  of  Charles  Holmes,  a  cracker 
manufacturer,  whose  place  of  business  was 
then  on  Green  Street,  between  Fourth  and 
Fifth  Streets,  and  was  connected  with  this 
establishment  for  eleven  years  thereafter.  In 
1875  he  associated  himself  with  August 
Manewal  and  F.  R.  Peters  and  formed  the 
Manewal-Lange  Cracker  Company,  which 
had  a  capital  of  $100,000  and  located  its  busi- 
ness at  the  corner  of  Sixth  Street  and  Cass 
Avenue.  Of  this  corporation  Mr.  Lange  be- 
came secretary  and  treasurer,  Mr.  Manewal 
being  president.  In  1898  the  Manewal-Lange 
Cracker  Company  disposed  of  its  business 
and  plant  to  the  National  Biscuit  Company, 
and  is  now  operated  as  the  Manewal-Lange 
Bakery  of  the  National  Biscuit  Company.  Mr. 
Lange  was  a  large  stockholder  in  the  new 
corporation  and  was  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
moters of  its  business  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  March  18,  1900,  at  Mt. 
Clemens,  Michigan.  An  excellent  business 
man,  he  was  also  a  useful  and  popular  citizen, 
and  was  especially  esteemed  by  his  old  com- 
rades in  arms,  among  whom  he  was  prominent 
in  St.  Louis.  He  was  a  member  of  Hassen- 
deubel  Post  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, took  a  deep  interest  in  Grand  Army 
matters,  and  at  different  times  served  as  a 
delegate  to  national  and  State  encampments. 
In  politics  he  was  a  Republican  and  he  was 
a  member  of  St.  Paul's  Free  Church.  He  at- 
filiated  with  Concordia  Lodge,  No.  128,  of  the 
order  of  Odd  Fellows,  of  which  he  was  a 
past  master,  and  was  a  member  of  the  order 
of  Harugari,  and  of  the  Harugari  Saenger- 
bund,  a  member  of  the  South  St.  Louis  Bun- 
deschor,  president  of  the  South  St.  Louis 
Gymnastic  Society  and  of  the  Orphans' 
Home  Society.  In  every  relation  of  life  he 
earned  the  good  name  which  he  enjoyed  and 
the  comforts  and  luxuries  by  which  he  was 
surrounded  in  the  closing  years  of  his  life. 
September  15,  1866,  Mr.  Lange  married  Miss 
Johanna  Brinckmann,  who  was,  like  himself, 
a   native   of  Westphalia,   Germany,   and   at 


LANGHORNE— LANGUAGE  OF  THE   PIONEERS. 


591 


his  death  Mrs.  Lange  and  five  children  sur- 
vived him.  The  children  are  Willim  H. 
Lange,  Mrs.  August  Wendt,  Henry  Langc, 
Ida  Lange  and  Mary  Lange. 


Langhorne,  Maiir^)^  M.,  was  born 
July  22,  1834,  near  Lynchburg,  Buckingham 
County,  Virginia,  and  died  June  22,  1898,  at 
his  home  in  Independence,  Missouri.  His 
parents  were  John  Wesley  and  Martha  Nel- 
son (Branch)  Langhorne.  The  father  was  a 
practicing  physician  and  emigrated  to  Mis- 
souri about  1842  with  his  wife  and  children, 
ten  years  later  removing  to  San  Jose,  Cali- 
fornia. Mrs.  Langhorne  died  in  Lexington, 
Missouri.  On  the  mother's  side  of  the  family 
the  ancestry  is  traced  through  the  Carys  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  Pocahontas  is  proudly 
claimed  as  an  ancestor  through  John  Boiling, 
a  member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  in  Co- 
lonial times.  Maurice  M.  Langhorne  was 
educated  in  the  schools  of  Lexington  and  In- 
dependence, Missouri.  He  was  eight  years 
of  age  when  his  parents  left  Virginia  and 
came  to  this  State.  After  attending  school 
a  little  over  four  years  he  started  overland. 
May  15,  1^49,  for  California.  The  journey 
was  accomplished  in  five  months,  and  there 
he  remained  until  the  following  spring,  when 
he  went  to  Carson  Valley,  Nevada.  In  185 1  he 
returned  to  California  and  the  same  year  came 
back  to  Missouri,  traveling  by  wiay  of  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama.  He  took  advantage  of 
another  year  of  schooling  and  again  made  the 
trip  to  California,  returning  to  Missouri  a 
short  time  later  by  way  of  Nicaragua. .  In 
1855  he  purchased  cattle  and  drove  them 
across  the  plains  to  California.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  a  printing  office  in  Columbia,  Cali- 
fornia, and  grew  attached  to  the  business  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  purchased  the  plant 
and  had  charge  of  it  until  1858,  when  he  re- 
turned to  San  Jose.  A  few  months  later  he 
went  to  the  Fraser  River  mines,  in  British 
Columbia,  and  came  back  to  Missouri  in 
December,  1858,  by  way  of  Tehuantepec.  In 
1859  he  opened  a  book  and  stationery  store 
in  Independence,  Missouri,  and  carried  on 
that  business  until  after  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War.  Mr.  Langhorne  enlisted  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  entering  the  ranks  as  a 
private.  In  1863  he  was  promoted  to  captain 
in  recognition  of  bravery  on  the  field  of  bat- 
tle. He  was  a  member  of  Company  E,  Second 
Missouri  Cavalry,  which  was  detailed  for  es- 


cort duty  to  General  Shelby.  Captain  Lang- 
horne was  several  times  wounded,  his  com^ 
mand  seeing  very  lively  service  at  the  battles 
of  Springfield,  Prairie  Grove,  Helena,  New- 
tonia  and  Westport.  In  1877  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  county  marshal  of  Jackson 
County,  Missouri,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
six  years.  During  this  time  the  members  of 
the  notorious  James  gang  were  scattered  and 
their  depredations  brought  to  a  stop,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  making  the  first  arrest 
which  led  to  the  downfall  of  these  despera- 
does. The  arrest  was  made  at  his  own  risk 
and  proved  his  good  judgment,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  his  opinion  was  pitted 
against  the  contrary  views  of  others  over  him 
in  office.  In  1886  Mr. .  Langhorne  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  sheriff  of  Jackson  County,  and 
continued  to  serve  in  that  capacity  until  the 
time  of  his  death,  in  1898.  He  was  always  a 
faithful  and  consistent  Democrat,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South.  In  1882  he  became  a  member  of  Mc- 
Donald Lodge,  No.  324,  of  the  Masonic  or- 
der, was  worshipful  master  of  the  lodge  a 
number  of  times,  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Arch  Chapter  and  occupied  every  official  po- 
sition in  Palestine  Commandery,  No.  17, 
Knights  Templar.  Mr.  Langhorne  was  mar- 
ried October  13,  1859,  to  Miss  Ann  Maria 
Wallace,  daughter  of  Reuben  Wallace,  of  In- 
dependence. Four  children  were  born  to 
them :  Mary,  John  Shelby,  Samuel  Wallace 
and  Annie  Maurice.  Mary  is  the  wife  of  Wil- 
liam Leitch  and  is  the  mother  of  four  chil- 
dren. Mr.  Langhorne  stood  high  in  the  esti- 
mation of  his  neighbors  and  associates.  As  a 
public  officer  he  was  fearless  and  careful  in 
the  discharge  of  that  which  he  considered  to 
be  his  duty.  He  served  the  public  without 
favor  and  had  a  noble  conception  of  the  dig- 
nity of  the  law.  As  a  business  man  he  was 
conservative,  progressive  and  successful.  The 
community  lost  a  valued  man  when  death 
claimed  Maurice  M.  Langhorne. 

Language    of    the    Pioneers. — ^As 

long  as  Upper  Louisiana  was  a  dependency 
of  France,  French  was  the  only  language 
spoken  in  St.  Louis.  After  the  cession  of  the 
country  to  Spain  a  few  Spanish  officials  and 
soldiers  came  to  the  village  to  administer  the 
government  and  maintain  civil  order.  But 
not  all  the  Spanish  governors  were  Spaniards. 
St.  Ange,  Trudeau  and  Delassus  were  French. 


592 


L'ANNEE  DE  LA  PICOTTE— LANYON. 


The  laws  and  legal  processes,  public  records 
and  documents  were  drawn  in  Spanish,  but 
the  presence  of  a  few  Spaniards  exerted  a 
scarcely  appreciable  influence  on  the  popular 
speech.  The  language,  manners  and  customs 
continued  to  be  distinctively  French.  In  1804, 
when  St.  Louis  passed  under  American  juris- 
diction, French  was  the  exclusive  language 
of  its  inhabitants.  In  1818  French  was  still 
the  common  speech  of  a  community  two- 
thirds  of  which  even  then  were  Frenchmen. 
But  after  the  admission  of  Missouri  into  the 
Union,  English  gained  a  rapid  ascendancy, 
and  the  beautiful  tongue  which  had  so  long 
been  the  medium  of  happy  intercourse  ceased 
forever  to  be  the  prevailing  language  of  the 
inhabitants  of  St.  Louis. 

Prof.  S.  Waterhouse. 

li'Annee    de    la    Picotte.— "The 

year  of  the  small-pox"  marked  the  first  ap- 
pearance of  this  scourge,  iSoi,  and  was  so 
commemorated  in  the  early  French  annals. 

L'Annee  des  Dix  Bateaux, — "The 
year  of  the  ten  boats"  was  1788.  These  boats 
reached  St.  Louis  after  the  vanquishment  of 
a  gang  of  piratical  robbers  infesting  the  vicin- 
ity of  Grand  Tower,  on  the  Mississippi.  The 
expedition  was  organized  by  boatmen  at  New 
Orleans. 

L'Annee  des  Galeres. — ^The  year  1798 
was  "the  year  of  the  galleys."  It  was  so 
called  because  in  that  year  some  galleys  bear- 
ing Spanish  troops  arrived  at  St.  Louis. 
They  were  under  command  of  Don  Carlos 
Howard. 

L'Annee  des  Grandes  Eaux.— "The 
year  of  the  great  waters"  was  1785.  Disas- 
trous floods  submerged  and  almost  devas- 
tated civilization  throughout  the  Mississippi 
Valley. 

li'Annee  du  Grand  Hiver.— "The 
year  of  the  hard  winter"  was  1799,  and  was 
notable  for  the  extraordinarily  intense  sever- 
ity of  the  weather. 

La  Petite  Riviere. — This  was  the 
name  given  by  the  French  settlers  at  St. 
Louis  to  the  little  stream  which  had  its 
source  in  a  large  spring  three  miles  west  of 
the,  Mississippi  River,  and  which  later  be- 
came known  as  "Mill  Creek." 


L'Anse  de  la  Graisse. — ^The  name  ap- 
plied to  the  country  about  New  Madrid  by 
the  early  French  settlers. 

La  Place  d' Amies. — The  building  so 
called  by  the  French  settlers  of  St.  Louis 
when  the  United  States  government  took 
possession  of  the  place,  was  the  government 
building  on  Main  Street,  near  Walnut,  in 
which  the  executive  offices  were  established 
in  1805. 

Lansing,  A.  B.,  merchant,  was  born 
December  3,  1816,  on  the  Hudson  River,  in 
Greene  County,  New  York.  His  paternal 
grandfather  was  a  silk  merchant  of  Amster- 
dam, Holland,  who  married  Miss  Hulda 
Bloodgood,  came  to  the  United  States  and 
settled  in  New  York.  In  1838  Mr.  Lansing 
came  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  business.  The  following  year  he  re- 
moved to  Palmyra,  where  he  permanently 
established  himself.  For  thirty-seven  years 
he  was  a  merchant  and  honorable  citizen  of 
that  place.  September  18,  1838,  he  married 
Miss  Fanny  Watson,  of  Palmyra,  a  lady  of 
much  courage,  as  the  following  incident  will 
show :  During  the  Civil  War  and  when 
Colonel  Porter  raided  Palmyra,  Sergeant 
Silas  Renick,  of  the  Eleventh  Missouri  In- 
fantry Volunteers,  was  shot  by  the  Confed- 
erates. He  lay  bleeding  and  suffering,  and 
Mrs.  Lansing  asked  permission  of  the  Con- 
federates to  attend  the  wounded  man ;  it 
being  granted  she  passed  to  the  other  side 
of  the  street,  through  a  shower  of  flying  bul- 
lets, and  rendered  what  aid  was  in  her  power. 
Mr.  Lansing  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  1873, 
where  he  died  November  8,  1892, 

Lanyon,  Josiah,  manufacturer  and  mine 
operator,  was  born  August  25,  1842,  at 
Mineral  Point,  Wisconsin,  son  of  William 
and  Mary  A.  (Bennett)  Lanyon.  Mr.  Lan- 
yon  was  educated  at  the  schools  of  Mineral 
Point,  and  at  Platteville,  Wisconsin.  His 
father  was  a  blacksmith  by  occupation  and 
followed  that  calling  as  long  as  he  con- 
tinued active  in  business.  Mr.  Lanyon  being 
brought  up  in  this  branch  of  metal  working, 
it  was  natural  that  something  in  a  similar 
line  should  suggest  itself  as  a  life  business. 
When  he  attained  his  majority  he  went  into 
business  for  himself  by  establishing  a  ma- 
chine shop  and   foundry  at   Mineral  Point, 


LA  PLATA— LARSEN. 


593 


where  he  continued  in  business  until  May, 
1882,  when  he  moved  to  Pittsburgh,  Kan- 
sas, where  he  was  in  the  zinc-smelting  busi- 
ness until  1898.  In  January  of  the  following 
year  he  went  to  Joplin,  Missouri,  and  en- 
gaged in  purchasing  zinc  ore  for  the  three 
smelters  with  which  he  had  at  that  time  be- 
come connected.  The  Pittsburgh  smelter 
was  started  in  1882  with  William  Lanyon,  a 
brother,  as  partner.  Mr.  Lanyon  is  now  in- 
terested in  three  smelters,  the  one  above 
mentioned,  one  in  lola,  Kansas,  and  one  at 
Joplin,  Missouri.  He  also  has  extensive  lead 
and  zinc  interests  in  Granby,  Missouri.  He 
was  married,  January  15,  1862,  to  Miss  Jane 
Trevarron.  Five  children  have  been  born  to 
them,  namely,  Delos,  Edwin  V.,  William  G. 
(deceased),  Cyrus  (deceased),  and  Mary  A., 
who  is  now  the  wife  of  Albert  S.  White. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  White  have  three  children, 
namely,  Cyrus  L.,  Shirley  and  Gladys  White. 
In  religion  Mr.  Lanyon  is  a  Methodist,  and 
in  politics  a  Republican.  He  has  been  a  re- 
markably successful  man  of  business,  is  far- 
seeing  and  enterprising,  and  is  eminently  a 
self-made  man. 

La  Plata. — A  city  of  the  fourth  class  in 
Ma  on  County,  twenty  miles  north  of  Macon, 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and 
the  Wabash  Railroads.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a  1'  vel,  rich  prairie  country.  It  has  two 
ban  s,  a  flouring  mill,  operahouse,  two 
churches,  two  newspapers,  the  "Press"  and 
the  "Republican ;"  two  hotels  and  about  sixty 
stores  and  shops.  Population,  1899  (esti- 
mated), 1,750. 

Larceny. — The  Missouri  Statutes  make 
the  stealing  of  money  or  goods  under  $10 
in  value  petit  larceny,  punishable  by  impris- 
onment in  the  county  jail,  and  the  stealing  of 
money  or  goods  over  $10  in  value  grand  lar- 
ceny, punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the 
penitentiary. 

Laredo.--- An  incorporated  village  in 
Grundy  County,  on  Medicine  Creek,  and  on 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad, 
twelve  miles  southeast  of  Trenton,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  public  school,  Methodist 
Episcopal  and  Baptist  Churches,  a  bank,  a 
flouring  mill,  a  weekly  newspaper,  the 
"Tribune,"  a  hotel,  and  about  twenty  other 
•  business  places,  consisting  of  stores,  shops, 
etc.    Population,  1899  (estimated),  350. 

Vol.  Ill— 38 


Larsen,  Martin,  farmer,  was  born  De- 
cember 24,  1833,  in  Odense,  Denmark,  son 
of  Christian  M.  and  Stena  Larsen,  both  of 
whom  were  natives  of  Denmark.  The  elder 
Larsen  was  a  farmer,  and  followed  that  occu- 
pation until  his  death  in  Denmark.  He  had 
a  family  of  three  sons  and  two  daughters,  all 
of  whom  were  reared  to  habits  of  industry 
and  taught  that  economy,  coupled  with  in- 
dustry, leads  on  to  wealth.  Martin  Larsen 
was  reared  on  his  father's  farm,  or  rather 
partially  reared  there,  as  he  left  home  when 
he  was  fourteen  years  of  age  to  work  for 
wages.  He  continued  to  be  a  wage-earner  in 
Denmark  until  1859,  when  he  decided  to  come 
to  the  United  States.  He  was  then  twenty- 
six  years  of  age  and  had  saved  a  small 
amount  of  money,  which  he  hoped  to  invest 
in  this  covmtry  in  such  a  way  as  to  lay  the 
foundation  for  a  comfortable  fortune  in  old 
age.  Leaving  the  fatherland  in  June  of  1859, 
he  went  to  Liverpool,  England,  and  from 
there  sailed  for  New  York.  When  he 
reached  the  chief  city  of  the  United  States 
and  learned  something  of  the  extent  and  re- 
sources of  the  country,  he  determined  to 
seek  the  West,  and  at  once  came  to  Missouri. 
Reaching  Butler  County,  he  worked  there 
several  months  on  a  heavily  timbered  piece 
of  land,  with  the  intention  of  clearing  it  up 
and  bringing  it  under  cultivation.  Reach- 
ing the  conclusion  that  the  task  was  too 
heavy  and  that  he  could  do  better  by  going 
elsewhere,  he  abandoned  this  land  and  went 
to  Bloomfield,  in  Stoddard  County,  where  he 
found  employment  as  a  farm  hand.  His  in- 
dustry and  faithfulness  enabled  him  to  com- 
mand the  best  wages  and  add  regularly  to  his 
savings  during  several  years  following. 
Finally  he  was  able  to  buy  a  quarter  section 
of  fine  land,  and  on  this  he  began  farming 
operations  on  his  own  account,  which  have 
since  grown  to  large  proportions  and  caused 
him  to  become  known  as  one  of  the  most 
successful  agriculturists  in  Stoddard  Coun- 
ty. In  1900  he  was  the  owner  of  600  acres 
of  land,  all  of  which  had  come  to  him  as  the 
reward  of  diligent  and  intelligent  labor.  A 
sturdy,  honest  and  energetic  man  of  affairs, 
he  is  in  all  respects  a  good  citizen  and  one 
esteemed  for  his  morality  and  upright  con- 
duct. His  religious  affiliations  are  with  the 
Lutheran  Church.  In  1868  Mr.  Larsen  mar- 
ried Miss  Louisa  Edwards,  and  four  of  five 
children  born  to  them  were  living  in  1900. 


594 


LaSALLE—LATHAM. 


LiaSalle,  Robert  Cavelier  de,   one 

of  the  earliest  explorers  of  the  Illinois  coun- 
try, was  born  in  Rouen,  France,  November 
22,  1643,  and  died  in  what  is  now  the  State  of 
Texas,  March  20,  1687.  In  1666  he  went  to 
Canada  to  seek  his  fortune,  and  the  priests  of 
the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  feudal  owners  of 
the  Island  of  Montreal,  granted  him  a  tract 
of  land.  In  1669  he  sold  his  estate  and  set 
out  on  a  tour  of  western  explorations.  Mak- 
ing his  way  southward  and  westward,  he  dis- 
covered the  Ohio  River,  and  descended  it  as 
far  as  the  rapids  opposite  the  present  city 
of  Louisville.  A  year  or  two  later  he  tra- 
versed Lake  Michigan  from  north  to  south, 
and  crossed  over  to  the  Illinois  River.  In 
1673  he  obtained  a  patent  of  nobility  and  a 
grant  of  Fort  Frontenac  with  adjacent  lands. 
In  1677  he  went  to  France  and  laid  before 
the  French  minister  a  scheme  for  the  coloni- 
zation of  the  Illinois  country  and  the  opening 
up  of  trade  relations  with  the  numerous  In- 
dian tribes  in  the  West.  Receiving  royal 
letters  patent,  which  gave  him  authority  to 
explore  and  occupy  this  region,  he  returned 
to  Canada  and,  in  November,  1678,  set  out 
from  Fort  Frontenac  with  the  idea  of  follow- 
ing the  Mississippi  River  to  its  mouth  and 
opening  the  interior  of  the  continent  to 
colonization  and  settlement.  At  a  point 
above  Niagara  Falls,  LaSalle  built  a  small 
vessel,  which  he  named  "The  Griffin."  The 
following  summer  he  ascended  the  lakes  to 
Mackinaw,  and  from  there  continued  his 
voyage  up  Lake  Michigan  in  canoes.  He 
ascended  the  St.  Joseph  River,  crossed  over 
to  the  Illinois  River,  and  proceeded  down 
that  stream  to  a  point  below  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Peoria,  where  he  built  Fort 
Creve  Coeur.  Leaving  Henry  de  Tonti,  his 
faithful  lieutenant,  in  command  of  Fort 
Creve  Coeur,  he  returned  to  Canada  for 
necessary  supplies.  He  returned  to  the  Illi- 
nois country  in  1680  to  discover  that  a  war 
party  of  500  Iroquois  had  invaded  the  coun- 
try, driven  off  the  friendly  tribes,  and  devas- 
tated the  entire  region.  He  looked  in  vain 
for  traces  of  Tonti,  against  whom  a  portion 
of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Creve  Coeur  had 
mutinied  in  his  absence,  and,  descending  the 
Illinois  River,  he  spent  the  winter  in  nego- 
tiations with  the  Miami  Indians.  In  the 
spring  of  1681  he  returned  to  Canada,  finding 
Tonti  at  Mackinaw,  on  his  arrival  at  that 
place.    After  appeasing  his  creditors  and  re- 


plenishing his  resources,  he  again  came  back 
to  the  Illinois  country,  traversing  the  Illinois 
River  to  its  mouth,  and  embarking  on  the 
Mississippi  February  6,  1682.  He  then  tra- 
versed the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth,  near 
which,  April  9,  1682,  he  planted  a  column 
bearing  the  arms  of  France,  and  in  the  name 
of  Louis  XIV^  took  possession  of  the  w4iole 
valley  of  the  great  river.  Returning  to 
France  by  way  of  Canada,  his  representations 
concerning  the  wealth  and  stability  of  the 
vast  region  of  which  he  had  taken  possession 
in  the  name  of  the  king  of  France,  secured 
for  him  the  command  of  a  squadron,  with 
which  he  sailed  in  1684  for  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, his  intention  being  to  plant  a  fortified 
settlement  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  He  failed  to  find  the  Mississippi  and 
landed  with  his  colonists  at  Matagorda  Bay, 
which  he  mistook  for  a  western  mouth  of  the 
river.  One  of  his  vessels  was  wrecked  at 
the  entrance  to  the  bay,  and  a  subordinate 
sailed  for  France  with  the  squadron,  leaving 
LaSalle  and  his  colonists  alone  on  the  banks 
of  the  little  river  Lavaca.  From  this  point 
he  made  frequent  journeys  in  his  effort  to 
discover  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1687  reached  a  branch  of  the 
River  Trinity.  There  he  was  treacherously 
assassinated  by  some  of  his  followers,  and  all 
his  schemes,  which  had  always  been  too  vast 
for  his  resources,  ended  in  failure.  He  was, 
nevertheless,  foremost  among  the  explorers 
who  opened  the  way  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley. 

Latham. — A  hamlet  in  Pilot  Grove 
Township,  Moniteau  County,  twelve  miles 
southwest  of  California.  It  was  founded  by 
Dr.  Latham  about  1880,  though  one  of  the 
oldest  communities  in  Moniteau  County.  It 
has  a  Christian  Church,  two  hotels,  a  flouring 
mill,  three  general  stores  and  a  few  small 
shops  and  other  places  of  business.  Popula- 
tion, 1899  (estimated),  250. 

Latham,  Henry  C,  merchant,  was 
born  November  14,  1831,  in  Montgomery 
County,  Tennessee,  son  of  Bryan  and  Mary 
J.  (Smith)  Latham,  both  of  whom  were  na- 
tives of  North  Carolina.  Bryan  Latham  died 
in  1864,  in  Montgomery  County,  Tennessee, 
to  which  county  he  had  removed  in  1824. 
His  wife  died  in  1882,  Henry  C.  Latham 
was  fitted  for  a  business  career  in  the  schools 


LATHROP. 


595 


of  Montgomery  County,  Tennessee,  in  which 
county  he  grew  to  manhood.  In  1858  he 
came  from  Tennessee  to  Missouri  and  estab- 
lished his  home  at  Point  Pleasant,  in  New 
Madrid  County,  where  he  found  employment 
in  a  drug  store.  There  he  gave  careful 
attention  to  all  the  details  of  the  drug  busi- 
ness and  thoroughly  mastered  that  branch 
of  trade.  At  the  same  time  he  studied  medi- 
cine under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  D.  S. 
Newell,  who  was  then  a  prominent  physiciart 
at  that  place.  The  study  of  this  science 
equipped  him  fully  and  thoroughly  for  the 
drug  business,  which  he  intended  to  make  his 
vocation  in  life.  After  remaining  at  Point 
Pleasant  six  years,  he  went  to  New  Madrid, 
in  1864,  and  became  prescription  clerk  in  a 
drug  store  at  that  place.  He  was  watchful 
of  opportunities  and  ambitious  to  engage  in 
business  on  his  own  account,  and  in  1865 
formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  Waters  in  the 
establishment  of  a  drug  store.  After  success- 
fully conducting  the  business  thus  established 
during  a  period  of  ten  years,  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Mr.  L.  A.  Lewis,  an  enter- 
prising and  sagacious  man  of  affairs,  of  whom 
extended  mention  is  made  elsewhere  in  this 
work.  This  association,  which  began  in 
1875,  brought  together  two  men  who  were 
in  every  way  harmonious,  who  were  both 
capable  and  energetic,  and  whose  fair  deal- 
ing and  honorable  methods  soon  won  the 
confidence  of  all  who  were  brought  into  con- 
tact with  them.  As  a  result  they  have  pros- 
pered in  a  business  way,  and  have  established 
an  enviable  reputation  as  high-minded, 
courteous  and  sagacious  merchants.  His 
success  in  the  conduct  of  his  own  affairs 
caused  Mr.  Latham  to  be  chosen  to  public 
position,  and  in  1884  he  was  elected  treas- 
urer of  New  Madrid  County.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1886  and  served  four  years  in  all 
as  financial  officer  of  the  county,  reflecting 
credit  upon  himself  and  his  constituents.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  and  he  is  an 
earnest  and  zealous  Catholic  churchman.  He 
married,  in  1861,  Miss  Christine  Lesieur,  who 
comes  of  one  of  the  old  families  of  New  Mad- 
rid County.  Their  family  of  children  consists 
of  three  daughters. 

Lathrop. — A  city  of  1,300  inhabitants  in 
Clinton  County,  named  for  the  township  in 
which  it  is  located.  It  is  at  the  crossing  of 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the 


Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroads,  and  is 
thirty-nine  miles  northeast  of  Kansas  City. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1867  by  J.  S.  Harris,  land 
commissioner  of  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph 
Railroad.  The  first  settler  was  J.  O.  Daniels, 
who,  with  J.  Murdock,  put  up  a  frame  store 
in  1867.  P.  H.  Brace  was  the  first  post- 
master; the  first  station  agent  was  G.  A. 
Patch;  the  first  physician.  Dr.  J.  O.  K. 
Grant;  the  first  blacksmith  shop  was  kept 
by  H.  M.  Freeman ;  the  first  bank  was  opened 
by  L.  L.  Stearns  and  F.  Edwards  in  1869; 
the  first  church  was  the  Methodist  Episcopal, 
organized  in  1869,  and  the  first  school,  a 
private  one,  was  opened  by  Miss  Thalia 
Smith.  In  1871  a  public  school  was  erected, 
and  in  the  year  1900  there  were  two  public 
schools  in  operation,  employing  seven  teach- 
ers and  having  358  pupils  enrolled.  The 
value  of  school  property  was  $10,000;  the 
total  receipts  for  school  purposes  were 
$8,972,  and  the  total  -expenditure,  $7,292. 
Lathrop  was  organized  first  under  the  vil- 
lage act  in  1869,  and  in  1881  was  organized 
as  a  city  of  the  fourth  class,  with  A.  J.  Orem 
for  mayor,  and  J.  M.  Bohart,  D.  H.  Maret, 
A.  H.  Logan  and  D.  Whitford  for  trustees. 
In  1900  there  were  in  the  place  a  grain  eleva- 
tor, ten  or  twelve  business  houses,  two  banks 
— the  Lathrop,  with  capital  and  surplus  of 
$15,000  and  deposits  of  $90,000;  and  the 
Farmers'  &  Traders',  with  capital  and  sur- 
plus of  $25,000,  and  deposits  of  $80,000 — 
seven  churches,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Pres- 
byterian, Baptist,  Christian,  Congregational 
and  Colored  Baptist ;  a  graded  public  school, 
a  lodge  of  Knights  of  Honor,  and  two  news- 
papers, the  "Monitor"  and  the  "Herald," 
both  Democratic.  The  bonded  debt  of  the 
town  in  1898  was  $6,000,  consisting  of  six 
$1,000  5-per-cent  refunding  bonds  running 
twenty  years,  the  interest  being  promptly 
paid. 

Lathrop,  Gardiner,  a  conspicuous 
member  of  the  Kansas  City  bar,  and  identi- 
fied with  many  of  the  most  important  public 
interests  of  the  metropolis  of  the  Missouri 
Valley,  was  born  February  t6,  1850,  in  Wau- 
kesha, Wisconsin,  son  of  John  H.  and 
Frances  E.  Lathrop.  He  derived  his  Chris- 
tian name  from  that  of  a  town  in  Maine, 
where  his  father  resided  in  early  manhood 
and  began  his  life  work  as  a  teacher.  He 
was  prepared   for  college   at   Racine,  Wis- 


596 


LATHROP. 


consin,  and  in  1863  he  entered  the  University 
of  Missouri,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1867  with  the  first  honors  of  his  class,  equal- 
ly well  equipped  in  all  the  various  branches 
of  the  collegiate  course.  He  at  once  entered 
Yale  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1869,  receiving  second  honors,  as  had  his 
father,  just  fifty  years  earlier,  in  the  same 
institution.  In  January,  1870,  he  located  in 
Kansas  City  and  read  law  with  his  intimate 
friends  and  preceptors,  Karnes  &  Ess,  who 
had  been  pupils  of  his  father  in  the  University 
of  Missouri.  After  being  thus  occupied  for 
nearly  three  years,  he  entered  the  Law  School 
of  Harvard  University,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1873.  Returning  to  Kansas  City 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  a  former  fel- 
low-student in  the  office  of  Karnes  &  Ess, 
William  M.  Smith,  a  son  of  former  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  George  Smith,  of  Missouri. 
Subsequently  Mr.  Smith  retired,  and  Thomas 
R.  Morrow  and  John  M.  Fox  were  admitted 
to  the  firm,  which  became  Lathrop,  Morrow 
&  Fox.  S.  W.  Moore  afterward  became  a 
partner,  and  the  firm  now  exists  under  the 
name  of  Lathrop,  Morrow,  Fox  &  Moore. 
All  are  graduates  of  Yale  College,  except  Mr. 
Moore,  who  was  educated  in  the  University 
of  Kansas.  Mr.  Lathrop  occupies  a  pre-emi- 
nent place  in  the  ranks  of  his  profession,  and 
the  high  value  placed  upon  his  ability  is  at- 
tested in  his  employment  by  a  large  clientele 
representing  interests  of  great  importance. 
He  is  solicitor  for  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Railway  in  Missouri  and  Iowa,  and 
his  firm  were  lately  appointed  general  at- 
torneys of  the  Kansas  City  Southern  Rail- 
way Company,  the  recent  purchasers  of  the 
property  of  the  Kansas  City,  Pittsburg  and 
Gulf  Railroad.  In  the  great  legal  contest  be- 
tween the  National  Water  Works  Company 
and  Kansas  City,  he  was  one  of  the  leading  at- 
torneys representing  the  Water  Works  Com- 
pany. He  is  recognized  as  equally  forceful  in 
argument  before  court  or  jury,  ready  in  com- 
mand of  language,  and  exceptionally  clear  in 
the  logical  presentation  of  his  cases.  ]Much 
of  his  important  practice  has  been  before 
the  appellate  court,  and  his  many  briefs  are 
models  of  skillful  and  exhaustive  prepara- 
tion. While  deeply  immersed  in  the  duties  of 
his  profession,  he  has  never  failed  in  ample 
recognition  of  the  highest  conceptions  of 
citizenship,  and  has  constantly  afforded  ear- 
nest and  intelligent  aid  to  various  measures 


conducive  to  the'  welfare  of  the  community. 
For  eleven  years  he  served  upon  the  board 
of  education  of  Kansas  City,  retiring  in  1893 
on  account  of  removal  to  the  suburbs,  and 
was  esteemed  among  the  most  zealous  and 
sagacious  members  of  a  body  remarkable  for 
sincerity  of  effort  and  value  of  accomplished 
results.  He  was  re-elected  a  member  of  the 
board  in  the  spring  of  1900.  Like  zeal  and 
ability  have  marked  his  service  for  many 
years  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  curators 
of  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  in  that 
capacity  he  has  rendered  efficient  service  in 
giving  to  that  institution  its  present  firm  es- 
tablishment, educationally  and  financially.  As 
president  of  the  Kansas  City  Bar  Associa- 
tion, a  body  noted  for  integrity  and  profes- 
sional ability,  his  administration  has  been 
recognized  as  exceptionally  successful.  He  is 
a  highly  regarded  member  of  the  Commercial 
Club  of  Kansas  City,  has  served  as  chairman 
of  its  committee  on  State  and  national  legis- 
lation, and  for  the  past  two  years  has  been 
chairman  of  the  entertainment  committee  of 
the  club,  presiding  at  its  annual  banquets  as 
toastmaster.  Mr.  Lathrop  is  possessed  of 
high  oratorical  attainments,  and  is  especially 
famed  throughout  the  west  for  his  post- 
prandial eloquence.  In  politics  he  is  a  Repub- 
lican of  the  best  type,  advocating  the 
principles  of  his  party  in  the  interest  of  the 
common  weal,  without  selfish  purpose  or  am- 
bition for  personal  preferment.  Studious  in 
habit  and  domestic  in  his  inclinations,  he 
highly  esteems  his  home  life,  and  gives  to  his 
family  and  to  his  personal  library  all  the 
time  not  occupied  with  professional  duties  or 
semi-public  concerns.  Mr.  Lathrop  was  mar- 
ried in  1879  to  Miss  Eva  Grant,  daughter  of 
Colonel  Nathaniel  Grant,  formerly  of  the 
United  States  Army,  and  later  comptroller 
of  Kansas  City.  They  have  five  children — 
four  daughters  and  one  son. 

Lathrop,  John  Hiram,  educator,  and 
for  many  years  president  of  the  University  of 
Missouri,  was  born  January  22,  1799,  at  Sher- 
burne, Chenango  County,  New  York,  son 
of  John  and  Prue  Lathrop.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Columbia  County,  New  York,  and 
his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Flatch, 
was  born  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut.  After 
being  a  student  at  Hamilton  College  for  two 
years,  he  joined  a  class  at  Yale,  during  the 
third  term  of  the  sophomore  year.   After  he 


I.ATIN-AMERICAN  CLUB   OF  ST.   LOUIS. 


597 


graduated  at  Yale  he  was  preceptor  of  the 
grammar  school  at  Farmington,  Connecticut, 
for  six  months,  and  of  Monroe  Academy, 
Weston,  Connecticut,  for  two  years.  He  was 
tutor  in  Yale  College  four  years  and  six 
months,  from  March,  1822,  to  September, 
1826.  While  tutor  in  Yale  College  he  pur- 
sued his  legal  studies  in  the  law  school  at 
New  Haven,  then  under  the  charge  of  Judges 
Daggett  and  Hitchcock,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  Connecticut  in  1826. 

He  commenced  the  practice  of  law  at  Mid- 
dletown,  Connecticut,  but  after  remaining 
there  six  months,  was  induced  to  accept  the 
position  of  instructor  in  the  Military  Acad- 
emy at  Norwich,  Vermont,  and  was  con- 
nected with  that  institution  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1827.  He  was  then  chosen  principal 
of  the  Gardiner  Lyceum,  a  scientific  school 
located  on  the  Kennebec,  at  Gardiner,  Maine, 
and  remained  there  nearly  two  years.  In  1829 
he  accepted  the  professorship  of  mathematics 
and  natural  phliosophy  in  Hamilton  College, 
and  in  1835  was  advanced  to  the  Maynard 
professorship  of  law,  history,  civil  polity  and 
political  economy  in  the  same  institution. 

In  1840  he  was  elected  the  first  president 
of  the  University  of  Missouri,  located  in  Co- 
lumbia, the  buildings  then  being  in'  process 
of  erection ;  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the 
ofBce  March  i,  1841,  and  continued  in  their 
discharge  until  September,  1849,  a  period  of 
eight  and  a  half  years.  In  October.  1848,  a 
year  previous  to  his  leaving  the  University  of 
Missouri,  he  was  elected  chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  at  Madison,  an  ap- 
pointment which  he  accepted,  and  in  October, 
1849,  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  its 
duties. 

In  1859  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
State  University  of  Indiana,  at  Bloomington, 
which  he  accepted  and  held  until  i860,  when 
he  was  recalled  to  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri by  election  to  the  professorship  of  En- 
glish literature;  in  1862  he  was  made  chair- 
man of  the  faculty,  and  in  1865  was  elected  to 
his  former  position  as  president,  which  he 
held  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  August  2, 
1866. 

In  1845,  during  his  first  term  as  president 
of  the  University  of  Missouri,  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Hamilton  College. 
In  1851,  while  chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 


the  board  of  examiners  at  West  Point,  and 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  board. 

Dr.  Lathrop  was  married  August  15,  1833, 
to  Miss  Frances  E.  Lothrop,  of  Utica,  New 
York,  niece  of  the  late  President  Kirkland, 
of  Harvard  University.  She  was  among*  the 
noblest  and  most  intelligent  of  her  sex,  be- 
loved by  all  who  knew  her,  a  fit  companion 
for  her  distinguished  husband,  equal  to  every 
occasion,  a  charming  hostess,  a  devoted 
mother,  a  devout  Christian.  She  died  in  Kan- 
sas City,  the  home  of  her  surviving  children, 
on  October  iB>,  1893,  in  the  eighty-fifth  year 
of  her  age.  Seven  children  were  born  to  the 
marriage,  only  three  of  whom  are  now  living. 
One  son,  John,  perished  in  Sonora,  in  1857, 
aged  twenty-two ;  Leopold,  another  son,  died 
at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  in  1858,  also  aged 
twenty-two,  and  a  son  and  daughter  died  in 
infancy.  Two  daughters.  Fannie  and  Theresa, 
reside  in  Kansas  City,  the  former  being  the 
wife  of  William  M.  Smith,  the  latter  the  wife 
of  Charles  C.  Ripley.  Gardiner,  the  only  sur- 
viving son,  also  resides  at  Kansas  City,  is  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  curators  of  the  University  of  Mis- 

^°""-  William  F.  Switzler. 

Latin-American  Club  of  St.  Louis. 

A  club  which  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  interest 
taken  by  St.  Louis  manufacturers  and  mer- 
chants in  the  subject  of  foreign  trade  and  the 
propriety  of  cultivating  it  with  the  countries 
south  of  our  own.  Through  this  interest  the 
Merchants'  Exchange  of  St.  Louis  was  in- 
duced in  1884  to  establish  a  committee, 
known  as  the  "Mexican,  Central  and  South 
American  committee."  Foreign  trade  in- 
creased to  such  an  extent  that  in  1887  L.  D. 
Kingsland,  S.L.  Diggers  and  Eugene  McQuil- 
lin  conceived  the  idea  of  forming  a  special 
organization  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging 
commercial  and  social  relations  with  Mexico, 
Central  and  South  America,  but  not  until 
August  22,  1890,  was  there  an  absolute  or- 
ganization  perfected  under  the  name  of  the 
"St.  Louis  Spanish  Club."  In  1900  the  club 
comprised  in  its  membership  nearly  250  of 
the  strongest  houses  of  the  city,  in  every  line 
of  trade,  and  its  scope  has  been  materially 
widened  under  its  present  name  and  manage- 
ment. Its  attention  is  no  longer  confined  to 
the  American  republics.  Information  is  kept 
on  file  regarding  all  parts  of  the  world  where 


598 


LATITUDE   OF  ST.  LOUIS— LAUGHLIN. 


it  is  possible  for  St.  Louis  merchants  to  prose- 
cute their  business,  and  they  are  greatly  as- 
sisted thereby  in  extending  their  field  of 
action. 

latitude  of  St.  Louis. — The  exact 
latitude  of  St.  Louis,  taking  the  point  directly 
under  the  center  of  the  dome  of  the  court- 
house as  the  point  of  measuring  to,  is  38 
degrees,  37  minutes,  37.5  seconds  north  of 
the  equator. 


Latter  Day  Saints.  — See 

ism." 


'Mormon- 


Laughlin,  Henry  D.,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Bath  County,  Kentucky,  January  21,  1848, 
son  of  Tarleton  C.  and  Ann  (Hopkins) 
Laughlin.  Reared  in  the  country,  he  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  one  of  the 
primitive  log  schoolhouses  of  the  region  in 
which  he  lived,  and  beyond  this  was  mainly 
indebted  to  the  process  of  self-education  for 
his  scholastic  attainments.  Two  years  after 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  he  left  the  farm  on 
which  he  had  worked  for  some  time  previ- 
ously, and,  going  to  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
he  entered  the  law  department  of  Transyl- 
vania University.  At  the  end  of  a  thorough 
course  of  study  at  that  famous  old  institu- 
tion, which  has  since  been  merged  into  the 


Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Ken- 
tucky, he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1869 
and  immediately  afterward  came  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  was  formally  admitted  to  the  bar 
by  Judge  Irwin  Z.  Smith,  of  the  circuit  court, 
and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In 
1878  he  was  chosen  judge  of  the  Criminal 
Court  of  St.  Louis.  In  1883  he  resumed  the 
active  practice  of  law.  In  later  years  cor- 
porate interests  with  which  he  is  identified 
have  demanded  the  larger  share  of  his  atten- 
tion and  he  has  been  a  less  familiar  figure  at 
the  bar  of  St.  Louis  than  formerly,  but  he 
has  left  upon  it  the  strong  impress  of  his 
individuality,  both  as  jurist  and  lawyer.  Cor- 
porate and  commercial  law  received  his 
special  attention  during  the  latter  years  of  his 
active  practice,  and  it  was  in  consequence  of 
this  tendency  that  he  became  connected  offi- 
cially with  the  corporation  which  now  com- 
mands his  services.  In  connection  with  other 
gentlemen,  he  organized  some  years  since  the 
National  Hollow  Brake-Beam  Company,  a 
corporation  which  established  its  general 
offices  in  Chicago,  and  of  which  Senator  Wil- 
liam H.  Barnum,  of  Connecticut,  was  first 
president.  At  the  death  of  Senator  Barnum, 
Judge  Laughlin  succeeded  to  the  presidency 
of  the  corporation,  and  has  since  devoted 
himself  to  its  interests,  spending  the  major 
portion  of  his  time  in  Chicago. 


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