M.U
'
3SNEAU03Y COUUECT.ON
ALLEN COUNTY HH.il l< I HUiAIlt
3 1833 01064 5916
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
http://www.archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi04hyde
«C (fr^c^rd
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF THE
History of St. Louis,
A COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY
FOR READY REFERENCE.
EDITED BY
WILLIAM HYDE AND HOWARD L. CONARD.
VOL IV.
New York, Louisville, St. Louis :
THE SOUTHERN HISTORY COMPANY,
Haldeman, Conahd & Co., Proprietors.
1899
Copyright, 1899, by the Southern History Co.
all Rights Reserved.
1198403
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
R
Rios, Francisco
Robert, P. G
Robertson, Charles F. .
Robidoux, Antoine . . .
Robidoux, Joseph ....
Robinson, Daniel B. . . .
Robinson, Paul G
Roever, William
Rogers, Charles S
Rohan, John
Rombauer, Roderick E.
Rosati, Joseph
Rowell, Clinton
Rozier, Edward A
Rumbold, Frank M. . . .
Runge, Edward C
Russell, Thomas A. . . .
Russell, Charles S
Russell, Trumbull G. . .
Rutledge, William A. . .
Ryan, Frank K
Ryan, Patrick J
Rychlicki, John K
S
Sager, Arthur N
St. Ange de Bellerive . .
Sale, Moses N
Sale, Samuel
Sampson, Clark H. . . .
Samuel, Webster M. . .
Sander, Enno
Sanguinet, Charles ....
Sanguinet, Marshall P.
Sargent, Clarence S. . .
Sargent, Roger M
Sarpy, Gregoire B. ...
Sarpy, John B
Sass, Richard F
Saugrain, Antoine F. . .
Sawyer, Frank O
Scanlan, Mary F
Schaefer, Louis
Schaerfer, Nicholas . . .
Schiele, Theodore
Schlange, Joseph
Schlossstein, Adolphus
19J3
1927
1928
1930
1930
1930
i93i
1932
1933
1935
1936
1937
1939
1940
1941
1941
1941
1942
!943
19++
!945
1946
947
948
020
978
983
984
983
985
989
990
2002
996
Schlossstein, George 2000
Schlossstein, Louis 2002
Schmidt, Charles 1997
Schmieding, Charles W 2005
Schmieding, Frederick E 2007
Schnaider, Joseph 2009
Schoen, Isaac A 1998
Schofield, John H 2010
Schopp, John 2019
Schott, Augustus H 2022
Schotten, William 2019
Schotten, Hubertus 202 1
Schotten, Julius J 2022
Schraubstadter, Carl G 2023
Schray, William 2024
Schreiber, William 2024
Schroers, John 2027
Schuchmann, Gustavus 1999
Schultz, William 2001
Schurz. Carl 2023
Schuyler, Montgomery 2°25
Schwartz, Frederick W 2029
Scott, John 2030
Scripps, John 2031
Scruggs, Richard M 2031
Scudder, John A 2020
Scullin, John 2036
Scullin, Harry 2037
Sears, Edmund H 2037
Seddon, James A 2038
Sehon, Edmund W 2039
Senter, William M 2039
Sessinghaus, Theodore 2040
Sexton, Henry C 2045
Shaffner, Louis H 2046
Shapleigh, Augustus F 2047
Shapleigh, John B 21 13
Sharp, Fidelio C 2048
Shaw, Henry 2048
Shaw, Hiram 2052
Sheldon, Walter L 2052
Shepard, Elihu H 2053
Shepley, John R 2020
Sherman, William T 2055
Shields, George H 2056
Shields, Mary H. L 2059
Shoenberg, Moses 2060
Short, Patrick 2061
(iii)
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
PAGE.
Shultz, Chauncev F 2063
Shultz, John A. J 2065
Shumard, Benjamin F 2065
Siebenmann, Francis 2067
Siemon, Frederick 2067
Sigel, Franz 2067
Simmons, Edward C 206S
Simmons, Wallace D 2070
Simpson, Robert 2070
Sire, Joseph A 2073
Slayback, Alonzo W 2003
Sloss, James L 2082
Small, George H 2083
Smith, Charles H 2084
Smith, Elsworth F 2084
Smith, Huntington 2086
Smith, Irwin Z 2086
Smith, Tames A 2008
Smith. John B 2087
Smith, Solomon F 2087
Smith, William 2088
Sneed, Thomas F 2088
Snider, Denton J 2089
Snow, Marshall S 2090
Snyder, John 2091
Soderer, Alois 2096
Soldan, Frank L 2096
Soper, Arthur W 2103
Souther, Eustace E 2207
Souther, Warren A 2021
Spencer, Corwin H 21 10
Spencer, Selden P 21 1 1
Spencer, Horatio N 2112
Spencer, Charles H 21 13
Spengler, Tobias 21 14
Spiegelhalter, Joseph 21 16
Sprague, Ambrose 2124
Staehlin, Christian 2124
Stagg, Hannah 1 21 15
Stanard, Edwin 0 2124
Starkloff, Hugo M 2126
Starklofr, Maximilian C 2127
Stateler, Learner B 2129
Steedman, Isaac G. \Y 2005
Steigers, William C '. . 2136
Stevenson, John D 2137
Stewart, Alphonso C 21 13
Stewart, James 2138
Stickney, William A 2140
Stifel, Charles G 2141
Stifel, Otto F 2143
Stillman, John D 2144
Stocke, Jacob 2144
Stoddard, Amos 2146
PAGE.
Stoddart, Thomas A 2147
Stoffel, Remy J 2147
Stolle, Caspar 2148
Stone, Charles H 2208
Stone, William J 2149
Strassberger, Clemens 2150
Straub, Augustus W 2151
Strodtman, George 2167
Stuart, Alexander 2168
Stuckenberg, John 2168
Stuever, Charles B 2168
Sturgeon, Isaac H 2169
Sublett, William L 2170
Sutter, John 2201
Sutter, Otto 2202
Sutton, James C 2202
Sutton, John L 2203
Swasey, William A 2204
Sweringen, James T 2204
Swift, William H 2206
Swinsfley, Charles E 2208
T
Talmage, Archibald A 2210
Talty, John A 221 1
Tamblyn, William L 221 1
Tansey. George J 2213
Tansey, Robert P 2213
Taussig, Edward 2215
Taussig, James 2216
Taussig, John J 2216
Taussig, Joseph S 2217
Taussig, William 2218
Taylor, Daniel G 2221
Taylor, George 2222
Taylor, Isaac S 2223
Tayl r. Seneca N 2224
Teasdale, John W 2226
Tebbetts, Lewis B 2226
Teichmann, Charles H 2227
Temm, Herman H 2236
Ten Broek, Gerrit H 2238
Terry, John H 2242
Tesson, Michel D 2248
Tesson, Edward P 2249
Tesson, Edward M 2250
Thayer, Amos M 2250
Thomas, Benjamin F 2261
Thomas, James S 2261
Thompson, James D 2262
Thompson, Francis W 2263
Thompson, N. D 2265
Thompson, George H 2266
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
Thompson, William B .' 2267
Thompson, William H 2267
Thompson, Seymour D 2268
Thomson, William H 2269
Thorne, Adela P 2271
Thoroughman, Thomas 2271
Tiemeyer, John C 2273
Tiffany, John K 2273
Tillotson, Frederick E 2237
Timken, Henry 2275
Tinker, George 2276
Tirmenstein, Martin S 2276
Todd, Albert 2280
Todd, Charles 2281
Todd, George 2249
Tompkins, Cornelius 2238
Tonti, Henry de 2283
Tower, George F 2286
Townsend, Henry C 2287
Treat, Samuel 2295
Trekase, William 2303
Tremmel, Frank 23°3
Triplett, John R 2304
Troll, Henry 2305
Trorlicht, John H 2306
Trudeau, Don Zenon 2306
Tucker, Nathaniel B 2310
Tuholske, Herman 23 1 1
Turner, John W 2313
Tutt, Dent G 2318
Tutt, Thomas E 2319
Turtle, Daniel S 2320
U
Udell, Freeman E 2325
Uhri, Andrew 2326
Uhrig, Franz J 2327
Uhrig, Ignatz 232S
Ulloa, Antonio de 2329
Unzaga, Luis de 2361
Uthoff, Frank G 2328
V
Vahlkamp, Henry 2362
Valle, Francis 2362
Valle, Jules F 2363
Valliant, Leroy B 2364
Van Blarcom, Jacob C 2366
Van Cleave, James W 2366
Vandervoort, William L 2368
Van Dillen, William C 2367
Van Studdiford, Henry 2369
Vaudreuil, Pierre F 2369
Verdin, James -'374
Vigo, Francis -374
Vogel, Charles F 2375
Vogel, John C 2376
Vogeler, Julius -377
Vogelsang, Henry B 2378
Vogt, William C 2378
A^ollrath. Charles 2379
Von Court, Benjamin T 2380
Von Phul, Henry . . . .' 2381
W
Wachter, Emil 2385
Wade, Festus J 2386
Waddill, Tames R 2387
Wahl, John 2388
Wainwright, Samuel 2391
Wait, Walter J 2455
Walbridge, Cyrus P 2393
Waldauer, August 2391
Walker, Benjamin 2394
Walker, David D 2395
Walker, Tesse 2395
Wall, George W 2389
Wall, Otto A 2390
Walsh, Edward 2396
Walsh, Julius S 2397
Walsh, Thomas W 2399
Walsh, William 2399
Walther, Charles F 2405
Walther, Karl F. W 2401
Ware, Martha E 2446
Warner, Charles G 2452
Warner, Edward S 2454
Warren, Isaac S 2456
Wash, Robert 2465
Waterhouse, Sylvester 2465
Waterman. Alfred M 2453
Waterworth, James A 2472
Watson, Howard 2474
Watson, Ringrose J 2454
Way, James C 2473
Way, Mary A. E 2475
Wear, David W 2476
Wear, James H 2477
Wehking, Charles H. C 2484
Weinheimer, Jacob 2485
■ Weldon, George S 248=;
Welle, Albert F 2486
Wells, Erastus 2487
Wells, Robert W 2487
Wells, Rolla 2489
Wenneker, Charles F 2490
Wertheimer, Jacob J 2491
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
Shultz, Chauncey. F 2063
Shultz, John A. J 2065
Shumard, Benjamin F 2065
Siebenmann, Francis 2067
Siemon, Frederick 2067
Sigel, Franz 2067
Simmons, Edward C 2068
Simmons, Wallace D 2070
Simpson, Robert 2070
Sire, Joseph A 2°73
Slayback, Alonzo W 2003
Sloss, James L 2082
Small, George H 2083
Smith, Charles H 2084
Smith, Elsworth F 2084
Smith, Huntington 2086
Smith, Irwin Z 2086
Smith, James A 2008
Smith, John B 2087
Smith, Solomon F 2087
Smith, William 2088
Sneed, Thomas F 2088
Snider, Denton J 2089
Snow, Marshall S 2090
Snyder, John 2091
Soderer. Alois 2096
Soldan, Frank L 2096
Soper, Arthur W 2103
Souther, Eustace E 2207
Souther, Warren A 2021
Spencer, Corwin H 21 10
Spencer, Selden P 21 1 1
Spencer, Horatio N 21X2
Spencer, Charles H 21 13
Spengler, Tobias 2114
Spiegelhalter, Joseph 21 16
Sprague, Ambrose 2124
Staehlin, Christian 2124
Stagg, Hannah 1 2115
Stanard, Edwin 0 2124
Starkloff, Hugo M 2126
Starkloff, Maximilian C 2127
Stateler, Learner B 2129
Steedman, Isaac G. W 2005
Steigers, William C '. . 2136
Stevenson, John D 2137
Stewart, Alphonso C 21 13
Stewart, James 2138
Stickney, William A 2140
Stifel, Charles G 2141
Stifel, Otto F 2143
Stillman, John D 2144
Stocke, Jacob 2144
Stoddard, Amos 2146
PAGE.
Stoddart, Thomas A 2147
Stoffel, Remy J 2147
Stolle, Caspar 2148
Stone, Charles H 2208
Stone, William J 2149
Strassberger, Clemens 2150
Straub, Augustus W 2151
Strodtman, George 2167
Stuart, Alexander 2168
Stuckenberg, John 2168
Stuever, Charles B 2168
Sturgeon, Isaac H 2169
Sublett, William L 2170
Sutter, John 2201
Sutter, Otto 2202
Sutton, James C 2202
Sutton, John L 2203
Swasey, William A 2204
Sweringen, James T 2204
Swift, William H 2206
Swinglev, Charles E 2208
T
Talmage, Archibald A 2210
Talty, John A 221 1
Tamblyn, William L 221 1
Tansey, George J 2213
Tansey, Robert P 2213
Taussig, Edward 2215
Taussig, James 2216
Taussig, John J 2216
Taussig, Joseph S 2217
Taussig, William 2218
Taylor, Daniel G 2221
Taylor, George 2222
Taylor. Isaac S 2223
Taylor. Seneca N 2224
Teasdale, John W 2226
Tebhetts, Lewis B 2226
Teichmann, Charles H 2227
Temm, Herman H 2236
Ten Broek, Gerrit H 2238
Terry, John H 2242
Tesson, Michel D 2248
Tesson, Edward P 2249
Tesson, Edward M 2250
Thayer, Amos M 2250
Thomas, Benjamin F 2261
Thomas, James S 2261
Thompson, James D 2262
Thompson, Francis W 2263
Thompson. N. D 2265
Thompson, George H 2266
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
Thompson, William B .' 2267
Thompson, William H 2267
Thompson, Seymour D 2268
Thomson, William H 2269
Thorne, Adela P 2271
Thoroughman, Thomas 2271
Tiemeyer, John C 2273
Tiffany, John K 2273
Tillotson, Frederick E 2237
Timken, Henry 2275
Tinker, George 2276
Tirmenstein, Martin S 2276
Todd, Albert 2280
Todd, Charles 2281
Todd, George 2249
Tompkins, Cornelius 2238
Tonti, Henry de 2283
Tower, George F 2286
Townsend, Henry C 2287
Treat, Samuel 2295
Trekase, William 2303
Tremmel, Frank 2303
Triplett, John R 2304
Troll, Henry 2305
Trorlicht, John H 2306
Trudeau, Don Zenon 2306
Tucker, Nathaniel B 2310
Tuholske, Herman 231 1
Turner, John W 2313
Tutt, Dent G 231S
Tutt, Thomas E 2319
Turtle, Daniel S 2320
U
Udell, Freeman E 2325
Uhri, Andrew 2326
Uhrig, Franz J 2327
Uhrig, Ignatz 2328
Ulloa, Antonio de 2329
Unzaga, Luis de 2361
Uthoff, Frank G 2328
V
Vahlkamp, Henry 2362
Valle, Francis 2362
Valle, Jules F 2363
A^alliant, Leroy B 2364
Van Blarcom, Jacob C 2366
Van Cleave, James W 2366
Vandervoort, William L 2368
Van Dillen, William C 2367
Van Studdiford, Henry 2369
Vaudreuil, Pierre F 2369
Verdin, James 2374
Vigo, Francis 2374
Vogel, Charles F 2375
Vogel, John C 2376
Vogeler, Julius 22,77
Vogelsang, Henry B 2378
Vogt, William C 2378
Voilrath, Charles 2379
Von Court, Benjamin J 2380
Von Phul, Henry 2381
W
Wachter, Emil 2385
Wade, Festus J 2386
Waddill, Tames R 2387
Wahl, John 2388
Wainwright, Samuel 2391
Wait, Walter J 2455
Walbridge, Cyrus P 2393
Waldauer, August 2391
Walker, Benjamin 2394
Walker, David D 2395
Walker, Tesse 2395
Wall, George W 2389
Wall, Otto A 2390
Walsh, Edward 2396
Walsh, Julius S 2397
Walsh, Thomas W 2399
Walsh, William 2399
Walther, Charles F 2405
Walther. Karl F. W 2401
Ware, Martha E 2446
Warner, Charles G 2452
Warner, Edward S 2454
Warren, Isaac S 2456
Wash, Robert 2465
Waterhouse, Sylvester 2465
Waterman, Alfred M 2453
Waterworth, James A 2472
Watson, Howard 2474
Watson, Ringrose J 2454
Way, James C 2473
Way, Mary A. E 2475
Wear, David W 2476
Wear, James H 2477
Wehking, Charles H. C 2484
Weinheimer, Jacob 2485
• Weldon, George S 2485
Welle, Albert F 2486
Wells. Erastus 2487
Wells, Robert W 2487
Wells, Rolla 2489
Wenneker, Charles F 2490
Wertheimer, Jacob J 2491
INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES.
PAGE.
VVesten, Edward 2492
Westlake, James V 2494
Whitaker, Edwards 2496
Whitaker, Francis 2550
White, Florence D 2498
White, Porter 2498
Wickham, John 2502
\\ iggin, Lucy A 2502
Wiggins, Samuel B 2503
Wightman, William E 2503
Wilkinson. James 2504
Wilkinson, John C 2505
Willard, George W ' ■ ■ 2506
Williams. Eugene E 250S
William-. Samuel 2508
Wilson, Oscar B 2509
Wilson, Robert M 2510
Wimer. Carl 2512
W'imer. John M -'51-'
Winkelmaier, Louis 251 2
Winkelman, Bernhard -'513
Winkelmeyer, Julius 2514
Wise, William 2515
Wishart, Dempster 2551
Wislizenus, Adolph 2515
Wisser. Philip 2516
Withnell, John 25 1 7
Withrow, James E 2517
Witt. Thomas D 25 iS
Wi '<. nier, J. Gabriel 25*9
Wolff. Christian D 2521
Wt .Iff. Edward B 2555
PAGE
Wolff, George P 2522
Wonderly, Peter T 2549
Wood, Horatio D 2539
Woodson, John M 2540
Woodward, Calvin M 2541
W'oodward, William H 2543
Wright, Frank L 2547
Wright, Henry C 2548
Wright. James A 2549
Wright, Joseph P 2552
Wright, Thomas 2552
Wright, Uriel ■ 2553
Wrisberg, William C 2554
Wuerpel, Edmund H 2555
Wyman, Edward 2556 .
Wyman, Henry P 2558
Wyman, Walter 2559
Y
Yarnall, Mordecai 2562
Yeaman, W. Pope 2563
Yeatman, James E 2563
Yoakum, Benjamin F 2565
Yosti, Emilien 2566
Young, Paul, Jr 2569
Z
Zachritz, William 2569
Zepp, Jacob 2570
Ziegenhein, Henry 2570
Zimmermann, Theodore F. W 2^71
INDEX TO PORTRAITS.
Conard, Howard L. . . Frontispiece to Vol. IV.
R
PAGE.
Robinson, Daniel B T93°
Rogers, Charles S J933
Rombauer, Roderick E 1935
Rowell, Clinton J937
Rutledge, William A 1943
Rychlicki, John K 1946
S
Sampson, Clark H 198 [
Sarpy, John B 1986
Sawyer, Frank 0 1980,
Scanlan, Mary F 1990
Schlange, Joseph T996
Schlossstein, Adolphus T998
Schlossstein, George 2000
Schlossstein, Louis 2002
Schmieding, Charles W 2005
Schmieding, Frederick E 2007
Schnaider, Joseph 2009
Schotten, William 2019
Schotten, Hubertus 202:
.Schotten, Julius J 2022
Schreiber, William 2024
Schroers, John 2027
Scott, John 2°3°
Scruggs, Richard i\l 2031
Scullin, John 2036
Shapleigh. Augustus F 2047
Shaw, Henry 2048
Sherman, William T 2055
Sneed, Thomas F 20S8
Soper, Arthur W 2103
Spencer, Corwin H 21 10
Spencer, Horatio N 21 12
Spengler, Tobias 2114
Spiegelhalter, Joseph 21 16
Stewart, James 2138
Stifel, Charles G 2141
Stocke, Jacob 2144
Stolle, Caspar 2148
Straub, Augustus W 2151
Sweringen, James T 2204
Swift, William H 2206
(v
T
PAGE.
Tansey, Robert P 2213
Taussig, James 2216
Taussig, William 2218
Taylor, Daniel G 2221
Taylor, Seneca N 2224
Tebbetts, Lewis B 2226
Temm, Herman H 2236
Ten Broek, Gerrit H 2238
Terry, John H 2242
Tesson, Michel D 2248
Tesson, Edward P 2250
Thomas, Benjamin F 2261
Thompson, Francis W 2263
Thompson, N. D 2265
Thompson, William B 2267
Thomson, William H 2269
Thoroughman, Thomas 2271
Timken, Henry 2275
Treat, Samuel 2295
Trorlicht, John H 2306
Tuholske, Herman 231 1
Turner, John W 2313
Tutt, Thomas E 2319
U
Udell, Freeman E 2325
Uhrig, Franz J 22>27
Uhrig, Ignatz 2^2^
V
Van Cleave, James W 2366
Vandervoort, William L 2368
Vogel, Charles F 2i75
Vogelsang, Henry B 2378
Von Phul, Henry 238 1
W
Wade, Festus J 2386
Wahl, John 2388
Wainwright, Samuel 2391
Walbridge, Cyrus P 2393
Walker, David D 2395
ii)
INDEX TO PORTRAITS.
PAGE.
Walsh. Julius S -2397
Walsh, Thomas W 2399
Walther, Charles F 2405
Warner, Charles G 2452
Warner, Edward S 2454
Warren. Isaac S 2456
Waterhouse, Sylvester 2465
Way, James C 2473
Way. Mary A. E 2475
Wear, James H 2477
Weldon, George S 2485
Wells, Erastus 2487
Wells, Rolla 2480
Westen, Edward 2492
Wickham, John 2502
f PAGE.
\\ illard, George W 2506
Wilson, Robert M 2510
Winkelmeyer, Julius 2514
Woerner, J. Gabriel 2519
Woodward, William H 2543
Wright, Frank L 2547
Wright, James A 2549
Wright, Joseph P 2552
Wrisberg, William C 2554
Wyman, Edward 2556
Wyman, Henry P 2558
Wyman, Walter 2560
Y
Yeatman, James E 2563
Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis.
R
Rios, Francisco, commander of the ex-
pedition sent to St. Louis by Count Ulloa, in
176", to establish the Spanish authority in Up-
per Louisiana. He was accompanied by twen-
ty-five Spanish soldiers — the first that came to
St. Louis — and built old Fort St. Charles the
Prince.
Riots and Mobs. — St. Louis, from its
I beginning as a trading post up to its incor-
! poration as a city in 1822, was almost free
' from disturbances in the nature of riot or mob.
I The primitive French inhabitants were peace-
I able and satisfied with their government, and
I there were no strifes of religion or politics to
set them at variance. After the transfer to the
United States in 1804, immigrants began to
come in from the East and abroad, bringing
with them not only enterprise and adventure,
but more complicated interests. The old
French element soon found itself outnumbered
but submitted quietly to the inevitable and
made the best of it. No collision between it
and the new American element ever took
place.
The first election disturbance occurred on
the 4th of August, 1817, at a special election
held to fill the vacancy of Territorial Delegate
in Congress, caused by the rejection of John
Scott, whose election was contested by Rufus
Easton. The election was held at Baird's
large frame house on South Third Street,
where the United States recruiting office was
kept. During the day the soldiers were
marched several times round the polls, bearing
tickets on their hats and hurrahing for Scott.
Altercations took place between them and
citizens, but no blood was shed and the feeling
provoked by the affair soon passed away.
In 1822 there was a series of fights between
the "Jacques and the Mikes," the former com-
posed of the surveyors and chain carriers in
the employ of General William Rector, United
States surveyor-general, who, in a spirit of
mischief, got into the habit of committing noc-
turnal depredations on the doors, domiciles,
and wooden carts of the French habitants,
who called them "sacre Jacques," a name, it is
said, derived from the jack-staff that supported
the surveyor's compass. The boatmen who
were accustomed to winter in St. Louis were
a roystering set, ready to take a hand in any-
thing that came along. They had their head-
quarters at the Cross Keys tavern on South
Second Street, between Spruce and Poplar,
kept by James Gonzales, and at the frequent
balls and parties given there and at rival
taverns they had frequent collisions with the
surveyors, resulting sometimes in the defeat
of one party and sometimes the other. There
was a considerable number of Irishmen in
the city at that time and they espoused the
cause of the habitants and had their share of
fighting with the surveyors, and this, it is said,
suggested the name of "Mikes" by which the
rival faction to the "Jacques" became known.
The first case of lynch law in St. Louis oc-
curred in 1835, when a negro named Mc-
intosh, who killed Deputy Sheriff Hammond
while being taken to jail, was captured, chained
to a tree and burned to death. The burning
took place on what is now the Southwest cor-
ner of Seventh and Chestnut Streets in the
presence of an approving assemblage of over
one thousand persons. The event made a
vivid impression, and for many years after-
ward the "year the nigger was burned" was a
date in popular reckoning.
On the 25th of February, 1844, there was
an outbreak of that popular horror and re-
sentment of which dissection rooms have been
so often the center and provoking agent.
The medical college of the St. Louis Univer-
sity then stood in the common on Washington
Avenue near Eleventh Street, and some boys
playing in the neighborhood had occasion to
(1913)
1914
RIOTS AND MOBS.
i limb ovei th< vail in search of a ball. While
thus engaged the) came upon the opening into
the vault where the remains of bodies from the
dissecting room had been carelessly cast with-
out any precaution taken to protect them from
view. The b( i) S ran oft' in terror and reported
the discovery, and persons came and looked
on the ghastly sight. Wild rumors flew about
of graves robbed in cemeteries and the bodies
can nil t( i the dissecting room, and by the mid-
dle of the afternoon there was a crowd of one
thousand persons on the spot, making threats
of destroying the building. By nightfall the
crowd was three thousand strong, and the situ-
ation was becoming alarming. The militia
was ordered out and the mayor and a number
of prominent citizens, Alexander Kayser,
James Mahon, Mr. Blennerhassett and Judge
Mullanphy made speeches to the crowd, urg-
ing them to abstain from violence, and dis-
perse. In spite of their efforts the crowd be-
came a mob and stones were thrown and
windows smashed. Some of the leaders most
active in inciting to violence were arrested,
but the mob refused to disperse and demanded
the withdrawal of the militia. A conference
was arranged which resulted in the withdrawal
of the militia and the release of the arrested
leaders and then the mob dispersed. But a
committee of twelve were left in charge, and
after a time the crowd began to return and
show a spirit of violence, as bones and frag-
ments of bodies were brought out of the pit.
Finally, it made an assault on the doors and
broke them down, ranging through the build-
ing and committing whatever wanton destruc-
tion its rage suggested. All the furniture was
demolished, the materials in the museum
broken to pieces, and nothing left but the bare
walls and roof. The mob next marched to the
Missouri Medical College with the purpose of
wrecking it in like manner; but the demon-
strator, with the assistance of several of the
professors and students, apprehending some-
thing of the land, had taken the precaution to
put the building in order and hide everything
thai might excite the mob, and when the
angry visitors came they were invited in and
their leaders conducted through the building.
They reported that they found nothing wrong
and the mob dispersed and quiet was restored
to the alarmed city.
There was a city election riot in the Fifth
Ward in April. lS44.au encounter between two
persons of opposite sides furnishing tbje oc-
casii m. Party spirit ran high and a good deal
of excitement had prevailed during the day,
and the fight was followed by the gathering of
a large crowd, composed of friends of both
combatants, and a general fight took place, in
which several well known citizens, not con-
cerned in the disturbance, were injured — and
as Joseph Jones was passing by Maher's
tavern he was fired upon and mortally
wounded. When the crowd gathered on
Franklin Avenue heard of it they started im-
mediately for the spot and attacked the tavern,
breaking in the doors and windows, throwing
the furniture, liquors, beds and everything
into the streets. No other violence was com-
mitted.
On Sunday, June 29, 1849, a riot between
firemen and rivermen occurred on the Levee,
on the occasion of a fire which, starting in the
engine room of the steamer "Algona," early
in the morning, extended to the "Mary,"
"Phoenix," "Dubuque," and "San Francisco,"
and all were burned. About half past five,
while the volunteer firemen were still at work,
a difficulty occurred between one of them and
a bystander, and blows were struck. A gen-
eral fight followed in which missiles were
thrown and the firemen forced the crowd to
retreat into the coffee house of J. O'Brien at
So Levee. When the firemen attempted to
enter they were fired upon from the upper
windows and several of them slightly
wounded. They in turn retreated, and were
followed and fired upon by fifteen or twenty
men. Shortly afterward the firemen opened
fire and drove the coffee house crowd, com-
posed chiefly of rivermen. up Morgan Street.
The firemen, with their friends numbering
now several hundred, many of them armed,
then attacked O'Brien's coffee house and de-
stroyed everything in it, following with at-
tack's successively upon the coffee houses of
Dennis Murphy on Battle Row, and B. Shan-
non on Green Street. James Gilligan on
i 'hern Street, and Terence Brady on the cor-
ner of Fifth and Morgan Streets, all of which
were treated in the same manner, in spite of
the efforts of the mayor and police to prevent
it. Having completed this work of destruc-
tion, the rioters appeared satisfied, and began
to disperse, and fifty citizens appointed by the
mayor were sworn in as special policemen to
assist in maintaining the peace. But about
RIOTS AND MOBS.
1915
9 o'clock that night a party of firemen with
their friends to the number of two or three
hundred, obtained a howitzer, loaded it with
powder, slugs and boiler-iron punchings, and
took it to the Levee and planted it so as to
rake Battle Row, in which were the rivermen's
boarding houses. Before a further outbreak
of hostilities a shower came up and the crowd
started to the Missouri Engine House, taking
the howitzer with them and retaining it all
night in spite of the efforts of the city author-
ities to secure possession of it. No further
disturbance occurred.
In the winter of 1847-8 a German women
suddenly and unaccountably disappeared from
her home in the city, and, although diligent
search was made, could not be found. Vari-
ous suspicions and conjectures were put forth,
and the one that met with greatest favor was a
report that she had been decoyed into the Mis-
souri Medical College at the corner of Ninth
and Cerre Streets and killed for dissecting
purposes. Professor J. N. McDowell, one of
the founders of the college, was accustomed to
make public speeches against foreigners and
this strengthened the belief in the suspicion.
There were threats against the college and a
crowd began to gather bent on mischief. As
the number increased, the feeling increased,
stones were thrown at the windows and doors,
and the crowd seemed ready to attack the col-
lege, when their attention was attracted to
lights and movements in the second story of
the octagonal stone building adjoining on the
corner of Eighth and Gratiot which, just
erected, was afterward to become famous as
McDowell's College Military Prison. There
were port holes in this building, and a report
prevailed that it was armed with cannon — and
when the crowd, looking up at the windows,
plainly saw a number of students with Dr. Mc-
Dowell in command loading and handling a
cannon, they were seized with panic and broke
and scattered in all directions, and never came
together again. About two weeks afterward
the woman whose disappearance had caused
the trouble was found wandering in a de-
mented condition in the vicinity of Alton, and
brought home.
On the morning of Sunday, October 28,
1849, two French counts, Gonsalve and Ray-
mond Montesquieu, on their travels for recre-
ation and pleasure in this country, while
quartered at Barnum's City Hotel, corner of
Third and Vine Streets, were concerned in a
tragedy, in which two young men, T. Kirby
Barnum and Albert Jones, were killed and
three others wounded. The elder brother,
Gonsalve, who afterward died in an insane
asylum in France, deliberately tired twice with
a double-barrel shot gun. The reports of the
gun instantly gathered the guests and others
together, and calls were made for a rope to
hang the offender then and there. Charles
Gonter, a newspaper man, was the first to arrest
Gonsalve, whom he found in bed with a heavy
overcoat on him. Mr. Theron Barnum. pro-
prietor of the hotel, effectually dissuaded the
crowd from violence, though in his resentment
he at first seized the murderer by the throat
and knocked his head against the wall. The
prisoners were taken to the jail which then
stood on the southeast corner of Sixth and
Chestnut Streets, where, during the day a mob
collected, and under the leadership of Robert
Mc. ( ('Biennis, they threatened to take the
prisoners out and hang them. Toward night
there were increasing indications of trouble
and a number of citizens consulted as to the
best means of preventing the threatened
violence, and Isaac Sturgeon with L. A. La
Baume, the sheriff, went immediately to Judge
Colt, who promptly issued an order directing
the sheriff to remove the prisoners from the
jail to a place of safety. By the time the sher-
iff reached the jail there was a mob of a thou-
sand persons around it on Sixth and Chestnut
Streets, and the jailer said if the prisoners
were brought out they would be torn to pieces.
It was remembered, however, that there was
an unused gate leading into the alley in the
rear, and through this the prisoners were
quietly taken and conducted to the residence
of Bishop Hawks directly across the alley.
From there the prisoners, each in charge of an
officer, with whom they walked arm in arm,
some distance apart, were conducted to the
corner of Fourth and Walnut Streets where
hacks were in waiting. They were taken first
to the Arsenal, where the officer in charge in-
formed the sheriff that he had not a single man
to protect them. They were then taken to
Jefferson Barracks and placed in charge of
Captain Lovell, where they were kept until the
dav of trial. They were tried and acquitted on
the plea of insanity and no further attempts at
violence were made.
RIOTS AND MOBS.
i in the nighi of Jul) 25, i860, a mob of
some two or three hundred persons made an
assault upon the tenements in the neighbor-
hood of Almond and Second Streets, inhabited
by degraded classes of men and women. As
the work went on the mob increased until they
numbered nearly a thousand. Bricks and
stones were hurled in the windows, driving the
occupants into the back yards, the mob de-
molishing one house after another until eleven
were wrecked, and the furniture, beds, bedding
and clothing brought out into the streets and
burned. In addition to the houses sacked, as
many more were robbed. The mob set the
police at defiance during their work of havoc
and then dispersed.
1 in the 25th of May, at 10 o'clock at night,
[850, a 1110I1 of live hundred persons made an
attack on several houses of ill fame, on Al-
m 1 Street, mar Third, and destroyed the
furniture and contents of four tenements. No
lives were lost, and the mob dispersed and the
ringleaders were arrested.
Tin- city election of Monday, April 5. 1852,
was attended by an unfortunate outbreak of
hostilities between the Germans and Ameri-
cans. Tin- candidates for mayor were L. M.
Kennett (Whig), who had been elected for
two terms and was standing for a third, and
T. P. Chiles and T. R. Conway, Benton and
anti-Renton Democrats. There was a good
deal of feeling, and in the First Ward, where
the Germans, who were Benton Democrats,
were in a large majority, the) look possession
of the polls and prevented their opponents
from voting. Some who made an attempt to
break through the crowd were driven back
with sticks and stones, and I )r. Mitchell was
roughh handled. Mayor Kennett repaired
to the scene, and was greeted with groans and
hisses. When information of these proceed
ingS reached the Second. 'Third. Fourth and
! nth Wards, about ^ o'clock in the afternoon,
a Tody composed of both the native horn and
adopted citizens, numbering over five thou-
sand, led by Bob < ('Biennis and the notorious
\'ed Buntline (Judson), moved down to the
polls al Soulard Market. 'The vicinity of the
Market was denseh packed with Germans,
who made repeated attacks on the crowd as
it passed down, throwing stones and other
missiles into it, while an occasional shot was
fired From the windows of the houses. In the
midst of the excitement a force of two hun-
dred Americans, well armed ami moving with
some discipline, arrived opposite the Market,
and with a shout for "free suffrage," charged
on the polls and drove off the crowd that had
been holding possession. "The Germans, in
dispersing, took possession of the coffee
houses above and below. The polls being
cleared of the obstructionists, voting was re-
nun d. and all voters were permitted to de-
posit their ballots without regard to the party
they belonged to. But the excitement con-
tinued, and frequent collisions occurred in the |
neighborhood, and several persons were
wounded 1>\ shot, fired from the houses. Ned
Buntline's horse was wounded in the neck.
'These hostilities exasperated the crowd from
the upper wards, and they opened fire on the
houses m return. Soulard Market was rid-
dled, and so was Xeumeyer's tavern, on the
corner of Park Avenue and Seventh Street.
where a number of Germans had taken refuge.
A shot fired from the tavern killed a young
man named Joseph Stevens, of the St. Louis
Tire ( ompany. which so infuriated the Amer
icans that they assaulted the house, destroyed
everything in it, and then burned it to the
ground. 'The rioting continued until after
dark, when the mob managed to get posses-
sion of two six-pounders, which they planted
on the corner of Park Avenue, so as to sweep
the sidewalks, where large crowds of Germans
were gathered. The cannon were not fired,
however, nor was any attempt made to capture
them. 'The hostile mobs confined themselves
to threats and brickbats and occasional pistol
shots, until several influential citizens inter-
fered, and by their earnest appeals persuaded
them to disperse. The trouble seemed to be
at .111 end, when, about to o'clock, another
mob of twelve or fifteen hundred persons gath-
ered and made a move against the "Anzeiger
d> s Westcns" printing office, in resentment of
certain articles printed in that paper. Before
an attack was made, two companies of the
city military sent by Mayor Kennett appeared
on the ground and drew up promptly in front
of the threatened building. The mob finding
itself foiled, after a while melted away, and
this was the end of a day and night of har-
rassing troubles.
On Sunday morning, May 25. 1853, a riot
growing out of a dog fight resulted in the
death of two men. The fight between the
dogs was going on under the patronage of the
RIOTS AND MOBS.
1917
residents of Green and Cherry Streets, re-
spectively, when a member of Franklin Fire
Company interfered, and the intrusion was re-
sented by the owner of one of the canines.
An encounter took place, which involved
others besides the two combatants, several
members of the fire company and others on
one side, and the friends and adherents of the
dog owner on the other. The latter were
forced to take shelter in houses, and these were
demolished and several of the party that had
taken refuge in them severely beaten ; one was
killed outright and another died in a few days
after from his injuries.
The election riots of August. 1854, were the
worst of the kind that ever occurred in St.
Louis. The "Know-Nothing" party, which
grew out of the ruins of the Whig party in
New York, in 1852, was organized in St. Louis
in the winter of 1853 and spring of 1854, and
intensified and embittered the ill feeling that
had for several years prevailed between the
native-born and foreign elements of the popu-
lation. The "Know-Nothing" party was op-
posed both to foreigners and to the Catholic
Church, and this imparted a religious feature
to the hostility and made it doubly menacing
to the peace of communities where the foreign,
particularly the Irish element, was strong,
and the Catholic Church influential. At the
election in St. Louis many foreign-born citi-
zens, on presenting themselves at the polls,
were called on for their papers and declared
unqualified. This caused bad blood, and at
the Fifth Ward polls a boy was stabbed by an
Irishman, who, after the act. fled toward Mor-
gan Street and took refuge in the Mechanics'
Boarding House, at the corner of Second and
Morgan Streets. The crowd of pursuers that
followed him attacked the house with stones
and bricks, taking several other similar houses
in the assault, smashing windows and doors
and breaking up the furniture. Pistol shots
were fired into the houses, and from them,
during the attack, but the inmates were driven
out and forced to flee for their lives. In half
an hour the crowd had increased to five thou-
sand persons, and after sacking the houses at
the corner of Second and Morgan Streets,
they proceeded to Cherry Street and wreaked
their fury upon a dozen houses in that locality
occupied by Irishmen. Then returning to
Morgan Street the crowd encountered a body
of levee Irishmen, drawn up to oppose their
passage to the levee, but the blockade soon
gave way, two men being killed in the fight,
and the mob poured down the levee. A fierce
contest took place between the Irishmen, who
had taken refuge in the houses on Battle Row,
and the mob, the showers of stones and brick-
bats from the crowd being answered with
pistol shots from the inside, a boatman being
killed by one of these shots, and a number of
persons on both sides being wounded. The
occupants of the houses were, in the end,
driven out, and every house on the levee from
Morgan Street to Locust Street was attacked,
the windows and doors broken in, and the
contents destroyed. After this the mob pro-
ceeded to Morgan, Cherry. Fifth and Green
Streets, sacking one Irish house after another,
and, after wrecking Drayman's Hall, on the
corner of Eighth and Franklin Avenue, it
broke up into small parties and attacked all the
drinking saloons in the neighborhood, contin-
uing its disorderly and destructive career until
at last the National Guard, the Continentals
and the St. Louis Grays, called out by the <
mayor, managed to disperse the larger bodies,
and the smaller ones disbanded of their own
accord. Next day the rioting was resumed.
There was a large body of Irishmen gathered
at the foot of Morgan Street, and two hostile
disorderly crowds at Fifth and Green Streets.
The Continentals, while marching along
Green Street about 10 o'clock, were fired upon
from the houses, and two of their number —
Spore and Holliday — wounded. They re-
turned the fire and wounded several persons
in the mob, and the disturbance in that neigh-
borhood ceased ; but the rioting was kept up
in other localities, without coherence between
the rioting bodies. At the corner of Seventh
and Biddle Streets, near St. Patrick's Church,
a man was making free use of his pistol, when
E. R. Violet, a prominent and popular citizen,
and several others attempted to disarm him,
and in the struggle Mr. Violet received three
shots in the shoulder, killing him on the spot.
An affray between hostile parties at the corner
of Broadway and Ashley Streets about the
same time resulted in three persons being
wounded, and one man named Snyder, a sa-
loon-keeper, being killed. These collisions
continued to occur throughout the day and
through half the night, and when Wednesday
morning came the streets in places were
thronged with men calling upon Americans
1918
RIOTS AND MOBS.
to protect their lives and honor, and it seemed
as if the city was to be given up to anarchy,
when the law and order element began to as-
sert itself. A meeting of citizens, called by
the mayor, was held at the Merchants' Ex-
change, to devise measures for suppressing
the riots and re-establishing authority. James
H. Lucas was called to the chair, and Hudson
E. Bridge chosen secretary. Resolutions
pledging the meeting to assist the authorities
in restoring order were adopted, and the meet-
ing immediately adjourned to the Court-
house, where a larger meeting of citizens
was held, addressed by the mayor, Edward
Bates, and others. The result was the tempo-
rary suspension of the regular police by the
mayor and the appointment of a special force,
placed in charge of Captain N. J. Eaton. By
5 o'clock in the afternoon seven hundred men
had enrolled their names and were on hand
ready for service. Captain Eaton named
Major M. L. Clark to command in the field,
and thirty-three well known citizens to act as
captains, to each of whom he assigned a list
of competent men from whom to select his
lieutenants, the captains and lieutenants all to
be mounted. The duty of suppressing and
dispersing all riotous bodies and re-establish-
ing order was entrusted to this body of citi-
zens, with the military held in readiness to be
called on if their assistance should be required.
Fortunately no more rioting occurred. Two
days of violence had nearly exhausted the
mob spirit, and what survived was cowed by
the determined arrangements made to meet it,
and by midnight the streets were perfectly
quiet and no further collision occurred.
On the nth of May, 1861, the day after the
capture of Camp Jackson, great excitement
and bloodshed was caused by a body of Home
Cuards firing wildly into the crowd on the
sidewalk, in resentment of pistol shots fired at
them. The troops were marching up Walnut
Street from Third, and the crowd on the side-
walk, with the bloody scene at Camp Jack-
son fresh in their minds, hooted at them as
they passed, and a young man standing on the
steps of the Presbyterian Church, on the north-
west corner of Broadway and Walnut Street,
fired a pistol at the marching column and a
soldier fell dead. Two more shots were fired
from windows of houses. In response the
troops at the head of the column, which had
reached Seventh Street, turned suddenly and
fired wildly down the street, killing sbme of
their own comrades, as well as some of the
spectators. It w:as a neighborhood of private
residences at that time, and many bullets en-
tered windows and doors and were imbedded
in the furniture and walls. Six men lay dead
on the street, and a number of others were
wounded and shrieking with pain. Four of
the men killed were members of the regiment,
and two were citizens. Jerry Switzelan, an
engineer on the river, was struck in the head
by a bullet, which scattered his brains over
the door and walls of Mr. H. Glover's resi-
dence on Seventh Street, near Walnut, and
Jeremiah Godfrey, who was at work in the
yard of Mr. Cozzens, county surveyor, was
deliberately shot by three soldiers, who aimed
their muskets at a distance of three feet and
fired three bullets into his body. Fortunately
the wounds were not mortal, and he recov-
ered. The community was nearly frantic
with excitement, but nothing could be done,
and after an address from Mayor Taylor from
the steps of the church, the crowd dispersed
and nothing further came of the affair.
On the 17th of June, 1861, while a detach-
ment of Colonel Kallman's regiment of
Home Guards was marching down Seventh
Street, at a point between Olive and Pine
Streets, a shot was fired, the weight of the
testimony indicating that it was the act of a
soldier in the ranks. Instantly the troops in
advance wheeled and fired a volley into the
Missouri engine house, on the east side of
Seventh Street, between Olive and Pine
Streets, and the adjoining houses. The sec-
ond floor of the engine house was the re-
corder's court room, and the court was in ses-
sion at the time. Four persons were killed,
two mortally wounded, and several others
slightly injured. The marks of seventy-five
bullets were counted upon the walls, shutters,
doors and windows in the neighborhood. The
names of the persons killed were N. M. Pratt,
Keren Tracy, an Irishman; Charles Cella, an
Italian, and a man named Burns. Deputy
Marshal Franzel, who was supposed to be
mortally wounded, recovered and lived to hold
several official positions, though badlv crip-
pled.
At a Fourth of July celebration, in 1863, at
Hyde Park, where several thousand persons
were assembled, a riot was started by thirty
or forty convalescent soldiers from the hos-
RIOTS AND MOBS.
1919
pital, who had been permitted to go to the
place. They began the disturbance by drink-
ing repeatedly and refusing to pay, and then
demolished a balloon prepared for ascension,
and next assaulted the restaurant building, de-
stroying the liquors and smashing the fixtures.
The proprietor called on a military company
encamped just outside the park for protection,
and the captain marching his men inside, or-
dered them to fire on the rioters. Several
were killed and others wounded. The park
was immediately evacuated and the celebra-
tion broken up.
On Saturday night, October 30, 1880, at
the close of the presidential campaign, an im-
mense Republican mass-meeting was held at
Lucas Market, Twelfth and Olive Streets,
several thousand persons being present, and
speeches made at several stands. At one of
these stands a colored club was startled by the
firing of a shot from an unknown person, who
fled. The members of the club, imagining
that the police had fired it, attacked them
while attempting to preserve order, and drove
them back. Some of the police were forced
to take refuge in Heffner's saloon, and the
mob attacked the place and riddled it with
bullets, and then entering the house broke the
furniture and destroyed whatever they could
find. The police were compelled to retreat
again before the rioters, and matters were be-
coming serious, when Captain Samuel J. Boyd
was detailed by Captain William Lee to quell
the riot. Taking with him fourteen men, all
he could gather on the spur of the moment,
he gave an example of what a handful of reso-
lute trained men can do against a disorderly
and lawless mob of twenty times their num-
ber. Forming his men in line, with himself
in the lead, Captain Boyd charged into the
crowd with a cheer that suggested a regiment
behind it, the police beating their way through
with their clubs, which came down upon
every head in front of them. The negroes at
first tried to make a fight with their torch
staves, but they could not stand before the de-
termined attack of the police, who put them
to flight, pursuing them along Twelfth Street
to Lucas Avenue. On their return they found
a body of rioters in possession of a drug store.
These were attacked and driven off, with the
loss of one killed and several others badly
wounded, who afterward died in the hospital.
Several hundred shots were fired during: the
affray. Only one of Captain Boyd's force
was injured, a man named Shafford.
One of the accompaniments of the great
railroad strike of July, 1877, was a sort of reign
of disorder in St. Louis, which lasted for sev-
eral days, during which the community was
almost entirely at the mercy of a body of an-
archist agitators calling themselves the "In-
ternational Committee of the Workingmen,"
with headquarters at Schuler's Hall, corner of
Fifth and Biddle Streets. Here they issued
edicts and organized labor meetings and pro-
cessions, which were directed to visit all man-
ufacturing and industrial establishments and
compel the employes to quit work and join in
the movement for revolutionizing things in
general — foreign-born persons taking the lead
in the proceedings. To assist in compelling
obedience to the decrees of the committee a
regiment of negroes, mostly roustabouts from
the levee, armed with clubs and revolvers,
was sent on a march through the city. At 8
o'clock, July 25th, a meeting was held at Lu-
cas Market, on Twelfth Street, and here the
beginning was made. A procession started
from the meeting, which soon degenerated into
a mob, passing down Locust Street to Fifth,
thence to Poplar, thence to Twelfth and
Spruce and the Four Courts, stopping at the
Phoenix Planing Mill, and giving the proprie-
tor fifteen minutes to close his works. The
mob then moved across the Twelfth Street
bridge and forced the St. Louis Bagging Fac-
tory to shut down, after terrifying the one hun-
dred female operatives with their shouts and
yells as they were being discharged from
work. The rioters next took possession of
the foundry of Shickle, Harrison & Co., a
short distance away, and shut off the steam.
At the Douglas Bagging Factory, on Stod-
dard Street, the windows were broken and
the door of the engine room beaten in, and
the engineer compelled, under threats of
death, to shut off steam. The mob then, after
insulting and frightening the women and girls
employed in the factory, visited successively,
Waimvright's Malt House, Christopher Simp-
son & Co.'s foundry, on Park Avenue, the
works of the Southern Bagging Company, at
Decatur and Barry Streets, and the St. Louis
Trunk Factory, where similar scenes were en-
acted. They next compelled the Saxony
Mills and the Southern White Lead and Color
Works to close up, under threats of burning.
1920
RIOTS AND MOBS.
and kept up their visitation march until a
dozen other establishments were forced to sus-
pend. At Plum Street depot they surrounded
a passenger train on the Iron Mountain Rail-
road that was preparing to start out, threat-
ened the passengers, and were dissuaded from
detaining it only through the efforts of some
white colleagues in their ranks. The mob
divided into two bodies, to facilitate the task
of forcing a general suspension of factory
work, and a small detachment, under the lead
of a member of the international committee,
visited the Dozier-Weyl Bakery, at the corner
of Sixth and Pine Streets, where, after com-
pelling the thirty or more employes to stop
work, they took possession of the retail de-
partment and devoured the loaves of bread,
pies and cake. Toward the close of the day
the law-abiding citizens of St. Louis began to
recover from their stupor, and in co-operation
with the authorities, a volunteer force of about
four thousand men was organized and
equipped for action. On Thursday, the 26th,
a raid was made on Schuler's Hall by the
mounted police, under Captain Boyd. On
reaching the neighborhood the street adja-
cent to the hall was cleared by a charge, and
a number of rioters and idlers inside were ar-
rested ; but the executive committee, who had
been instigating and directing the disorder,
had received notice of the attack and escaped
through the windows on the roof of the ad-
joining building, and the group of ineffectives
whom the military procession brought to the
calaboose as prisoners were too pitiable and
sorry looking to gratify the resentment or
provoke the derision of the crowds of specta-
tors collected on the streets to see them as
they passed. The riot was completely broken
and some of the leaders were arrested and
punished.
In 1 88 1, April 20th, the street car conductors
and drivers held a meeting at Turners" Hail
and demanded a reduction of hours from
eighteen to twelve as a day's work, with $1.75
a day for drivers and $2 a day for conductors,
with a resolution to strike if the terms were
not acceded to. The companies rejected the
terms, and on Saturday the men, seven hun-
dred in number, quit work on every line in the
city but two. For nearly a week street car
travel was suspended, and the public put to
great inconvenience. The few cars that came
down town were prevented front moving by
the crowds in sympathy with the strikers, and
the few new men who took the places of the
old ones were hooted at and reviled as "scabs,"
and sometimes along the route they were
pelted with dirt and stones. The feeling was
increasing, and there were indications of fur-
ther trouble, when the National Guards were
called out and held in readiness to act, and the
police, by judicious management, broke the
power of the strike and dispersed the crowds,
and the regular running of the cars, with new
conductors and drivers, was resumed.
On Tuesday, June 10, 1884, there was an
affray between the mates of the steamer "St.
Paul" and the roustabouts employed on her,
growing out of misunderstanding about
wages. One of the mates was driven into
the river, and the other, in defending himself,
shot and mortally wounded one of his assail-
ants.
There was a strike of street car conductors
and drivers in the early part of October, 1885,
attended by much lawless conduct on the part
of the strikers and their sympathizers, and
great inconvenience to the public — for it was
during the Fair week, when the demand for
street car service is greater than usual. The
strikers demanded a reduction of the work
day from eighteen hours to twelve, and the
sympathy of the street crowd was plainly with
them. The lines affected attempted to run
their cars with new drivers, but with poor suc-
cess, and their patrons had to walk. As fast
as new men were placed on the cars they were
persuaded by the strikers to give up their posi-
tions. On Broadway the cars were stopped
and the horses taken out and hitched to the
other end of the car. The Cass Avenue line
encountered similar trouble, and one of the.
drivers was dragged off his car. A crowd of
sympathizers at Compton Avenue threw
stones into a Market Street car, smashing the
windows. Xext day a mob smashed several
cars on Pine Street and beat the drivers off,
and on Seventh and Eighth Streets a Cass
Avenue ear was surrounded by a crowd, with
cries of derision against the driver, and one
man leaped over the dashboard and seized
him by the throat and beat him in the face.
The horses were unhitched and the car left
standing on the track. A police officer
finally managed to arrest the driver's assail-
ant and take him off. The mob then rushed
to Pine Street, and at Seventh stopped a blue
car, cut the lines and traces, and drove the
mules off. All cars attempting to cross west
RIVER COMMERCE UNDER MILITARY CONTROL.
1921
were forcibly stopped, the mules unhitched,
and the cars thrown from the track. About
1 1 o'clock a car on the Bellefontaine line was
; derailed by a strong body of strikers, causing
! a blockade of seven cars that had been de-
tained for the "trades procession." The pas-
, sengers were forced to leave the cars, which
| were then turned over on their side and left
! in the street, the drivers were taken from their
; cars and badly beaten, and one of them sent
home with a fractured skull. Next day, Fri-
day, the 9th, riots occurred at half a dozen dif-
ferent places, attended by the destruction of
• railroad property, and John Havey, a brick-
\ layer, who was taking part with the strikers,
1 was shot and killed by Officer Hamon of the
police. At Twelfth Street bridge several cars
' were overturned and a driver severely beaten,
! several of the rioters engaged in the work be-
! ing arrested. On the Chouteau Avenue line
a party of forty strikers detached two cars
and beat the drivers and conductors, and sim-
ilar violence was enacted on O'Fallon Street.
In the western part of the city a lady in the
Jefferson Avenue car had her arm broken by
the explosion of a torpedo. The killing of
the bricklayer, Havey, marked the culmina-
tion of the disturbance, and as it was followed
by the arrest of several of the most active pnd
daring of the leaders, the strikers became dis-
heartened and gave up the contest.
In March, 1886, there was a strike among
the workmen employed on the Gould system
of roads, provoked by the discharge of a car-
penter, whom Mr. Hoxie, of the Missouri Pa-
cific, refused to reinstate. At the command of
Martin Irons, who was at the head of the labor
organizations, the men went out, and the roads
were tied up for several weeks, only mail cars
being permitted to go out of the yards in St.
Louis. A crowd of fifteen hundred persons,
strikers and their sympathizers, would assem-
ble at the yards and machine shops every
morning, offering such impediments as throw-
ing switches the wrong way, running engines
off the track, and pulling out coupling-pins,
so that it was impossible to make up trains
or take them out. Fortunately, the strike was
not attended by bloodshed, and after a time
the strikers gave it up and the regular run-
ning of trains was resumed.
D. M. Grissom.
River Commerce Under Military
Control.— On the 10th of December, 1861,
owing to the exigencies of the Civil War, the
river commerce from the port of St. Louis was
placed under military control and surveillance.
Under the order which then went into force no
steamboats or other craft were permitted to
take freight or passengers from this port ex-
cept those authorized by the major-general
commanding the Department of Missouri, or
the general commanding the district of St.
Louis. All officers, pilots and river employes
on any steamboat or craft doing business on
the rivers to and from the port of St. Louis
were required to take an oath of allegiance to
the United States government. The object
of the order was to suppress and entirely pre-
vent any aid or assistance to, or communica-
tion with, any person or persons directly or in-
directly disloyal to or in arms against the Fed-
eral authority of the United States. Any
owner, officer or pilot of any steamboat or
other craft who acted contrary to the order
was liable to the forfeiture of his steamboat
or other craft, and her cargo to the Federal
government.
River Navigation, Steamboat. — In
order to give a pretty fair account of the rise
and progress of steamboating, and of the class
of men connected with it, it will hardly be nec-
essary to date back of the year 1832, as before
that time there were but few steamboats, and
these made only occasional trips, such as the
"Orleans," from Louisville to New Orleans,
iri 181 1 ; the "Vesuvius," the "Washington,"
the "Aetna" and a few others. They were sea-
going vessels, and were brought around by sea
from the East, with the exception of the "Or-
leans," which was built on the Ohio River.
All of them were more or less experiments,
especially as to their machinery, which was low
pressure, and their hulls were built of such
heavy material that they proved, for the most
part, financial failures ; and it was not until
steamboat-building was regularly inaugurated
in the West — at McKeesport, Brownsville,
Pittsburg, and Freedom, in Pennsylvania, and
at other points — that steamboating developed
into a successful occupation. That was about
the year 1832, at which time and thereafter they
were turned out by the dozen, or, rather, by
the hundred. For a series of years constant
improvements were made in their construc-
tion, both as to machinery, size, and style of
hull and cabin. The first steamboats built
were very small, varying in length from thirty
1922
RIVER NAVIGATION, STEAMBOAT.
to one hundred feet, and in width, from sixteen
to twenty feet, but deep like a ship, with but
one deck and a roof, where now is the boiler-
deck, so-called. They had but one engine,
1. i\v pressure, and were stern-wheelers. The
accommodations for passengers, if any, were
on the main deck, with bunks instead of state-
rooms, as now. In fact, everything was put
in together, on the lower deck — passengers,
freight and machinery, and not much room
for any of them. As low water seasons came
around every year, it was found necessary to
vary the construction of the boats so as to
make them draw less water, and yet carry more
freight, and the result was that in the course
of five or six years boats were built 187 feet
long, and about 30 feet beam, with shallow
hold and side wheels, but still with one engine.
Improvements continued to be made, and
about the year 1836 double engines were put
on the boats and another deck was added, and
later a "Texas" for officers, and a fine upper
cabin, with state rooms, were inaugurated, and
the size, width and length of the boats were
increased, until they got to be — for the lower
river, at least — 350 feet long, the power in-
creasing in proportion, and carrying 3,000
tons. About 1838 all the rivers swarmed with
boats of all sizes and capacities. High pres-
sure engines were the only ones used, and ev-
erything was done with a rush and a vim that
betokened a degree of enterprise such as was
never known 'before. Emigration was flood-
ing the country. There was no United States
law regulating the amount of pressure that
might be carried in the boilers, and the result
was that some reckless engineers, encouraged
by their captains, often carried a pressure of
180 to 200 pounds of steam to the square inch
in boilers forty inches in diameter, and with a
shell not more than three-sixteenths of an inch
in thickness, so that many explosions were the
result. One of the most dreadful that oc-
curred in those early days — 1836 — was that of
the "Mozelle," which ran between Cincinnati,
St. Louis and Alton. She was the finest boat
of her day in point of speed and accommoda-
tions, and to "show off" in starting from Cin-
cinnati full of passengers, she ran above the
city, and as she passed down, with an enor-
mous pressure of steam, she exploded every
boiler, throwing arms and legs and other parts
of human bodies, and scalded remains in every
direction. The boat was literally torn to
pieces; nothing but debris and rubbish were
left to tell the tale, the number killed being
variously estimated at between 250 and 300.
The frequency of these so-called accidents was
so common up to 1839 that Congress finally
took the matter in hand, and required engi-
neers and pilots to take out a license after a
thorough examination as to qualifications,
thereby reducing, in large part, casualties from
both marine and machinery accidents. From
time to time other restrictions and safeguards
were added, such as government lights and
signals established to designate which side the
ascending and descending boats should take.
Before that time many such signals had been
improvised by the captains and pilots, notably
by Captain Sellers, but they had never been
made effective by law. Hundreds of incidents
of accidents and disasters might be woven into
this necessarily abridged account of steam-
boating. Looking back at them with nervous
horror, what was then considered only enter-
prise, is now clearly seen to have been sheer
recklessness.
In the early days of the navigation of the
lower Mississippi River, when the "pirogue,"
the "broad-horn," which went down, but
never came back, and the primitive steamboats
first navigated the river, say, from 1812 to
1832, "Natchez under the hill," and the mouth
of the Arkansas River were, for a numDer of
years, the headquarters, or strongholds, of
bands of assassins and cut-throats, who, for
daring and blood-curdling deeds, were seldom,
if ever, equaled. The leaders of two of the
gangs were "Murrell" and "Mason." Mur-
rell had a list of sworn retainers of fully one
thousand men, while Mason had not so many
and his men were of a lower order, having no
character in the community, except as free-
booters, while many of the Murrell gang pass-
ed as respectable. It was told, among other
daring things perpetrated by Murrell, that he
at one time pretended to be an itinerant
preacher, and actually addressed a gathering
of honest people, who had ridden miles to hear
him. while his accomplices mounted their
horses and rode them off, leaving the congre-
gation to get to their homes as best they
could. He often boasted of killing men on a
lonely road, and then, after robbing them of
their valuables, and taking out their entrails
to prevent their bodies from floating, throw-
ing them into the river like carrion. Flatboat-
men and travelers of all kinds, single and in
parties, if not too large, were sure game for
RIVER NAVIGATION, STEAMBOAT.
1923
them, and this was often accomplished by his
having spies in New Orleans, Vicksburg,
Natchez and other places, who learned of or saw
persons being paid money for produce ot other
values, and then saw them start home by the
Natchez road, or "trace," as it was then called,
when they were waylaid and butchered, or
otherwise disposed of, often in the most bar-
barous manner. However, as steamboating
became 'more of a success, and as steamboats
increased in number, free-booting became
more dangerous to the free-booter. As the
"lonely traveler" left bis horse and took to the
steamboat, the free-booter also took to the
steamboat, and plied the no less nefarious
trade of gambling with "marked cards" and
other devices to rob the unwary. It is within
recollection when "Natchez under the hill" was
still a rendezvous for a class of gamblers and
cut-throats who infested the boats, traveling
up and down the river in parties, more or less
in number. Though confederates, to stran-
gers they appeared to be utter strangers to
each other. They would take their places in
the social hall, in the front of the boat where
the bar was then situated, and watch for their
prey, offering all sorts of inducements for "a
little game" of poker, and when once started
upon it their victim was never allowed to quit
until relieved of every cent of his money and
all his valuables. The game would frequently
last for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours,
the players never leaving the table, but having
the pantryman bring in a light lunch to mix
with the brandy and whisky cocktails from the
bar. Not infrequently a display of pistols
would be made if the winner attempted to quit
the game, and all this as late as 1840.
Up to the year 1845 steamboats were doing
all the transportation business in the West,
and the trade had then reached its zenith. The
first railroad built in the Western country was
that from Meredosia to Springfield, Illinois,
which used the old "flat rail" and, when run-
ning, was frequently troubled with "snake
heads," caused by the flat bars coming loose
and turning up at the ends and entering the
cars. Twelve miles an hour was considered a
fair rate of speed. Cedar ties were considered
indispensable in the building of a railroad in
those days ; indeed, everything was done as an
experiment in railroad building, both East and
West. The Hudson River Railroad was built
on "stone stubs," of posts, instead of wooden
ties, but it was soon found that, in running
over the road, it "nearly shook out the teeth
of the passengers," so that the stone posts had
to be taken out, and wood, which takes up the
vibration, put in their places.
Prior to the enactment of the laws regulat-
ing the pressure of the steam to be carried in
boilers, and various other restrictions, won-
derfully quick time was made by some of the
finest steamers on the lower Mississippi, and
it is doubtful if, with all the latest improve-
ments in the development of steamboats, faster
time has ever been made between the ports of
New Orleans and St. Louis and other points
than at that early day. For example, the
steamer "J. M. White," Captain Converse, in
1844, made the trip from New Orleans to St.
Louis, in three days, twenty-three hours and
twenty-three minutes. In 1872 the "Rob-
ert E. Lee," Captain Cannon, claimed to have
made the same trip in three, days, eighteen
hours and thirty minutes, but she had many
advantages in her methods of getting fuel and
other things. Among the many early boats
running regularly in the St. Louis and New
Orleans trade were the "Rolla," "Vandalia,"
"Alton," "Autocrat" and "St. Louis," and
there were afterward built a great number of
boats. The largest of these, the "St. Louis,"
was built in this city in 1848, and was expected
to be very fast, as she had great power, with
seven boilers, 34-inch cylinders, and ten feet
stroke, but owing to a great mistake in her
model, which was on the flat-iron wedge pat-
tern, making her bury in, rather than rise on,
the water, she never came from New Orleans
to St. Louis in less than seven days, whereas,
it had been thought by her builder and part
owner, Captain George Taylor, that she could
make the trip in three days and a half. She
was 360 feet long, 45 feet beam and 10 feet hold.
Captain Taylor dragged along, discouraged,
without making any money out of her, until
he finally sold her to the writer of this sketch,
who ran her to New Orleans through a bad
cholera season, in 1854, getting fabulous prices
for freight, and taking great risks, while nearly
all other 'boats were laid up. From 1836 to
i860 was the harvest time for steamboats, dur-
ing which time innumerable packet companies
were established and flourished, there being
then no railroad competition. Among these
were the Louisville & Cincinnati Packet Com-
pany, which operated many splendid steamers,
such as the "Jacob Strader," a low-pressure
boat; the "United States," the "Telegraph"
1 924
RIVER NAVIGATION. STEAMBOAT.
and other fine steamers. They still held their
own. even after the railroads were built along-
side of them. Captain Tom Sherlock was its
commanding spirit for several years. The
line often met with terrible competition, but al-
ways overcame it. There was also a splendid
line of steamers that ran from Wheeling to
Cincinnati, for a number of years, under the
auspices of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, but,
proving a bad investment, they were dis-
carded. This line was composed of the "Tom
Swon," the "Baltimore," the "Virginia," and
others, all long black-snake boats, with great
power and very fast. There wrere also Pitts-
burg and Cincinnati, and Cincinnati and St.
Louis packets, which were more or less sub-
ject to discontinuance on account of low water.
Next to the Louisville and Cincinnati line was
the St. Louis and Keokuk Packet Company,
under the presidency of Captain John S. Mc-
Cune, Who was at its head for many years, say,
from 1840 to 1870. This was a favorite trade,
and many steamboatmen had their eyes on it,
but the known determination and fighting
qualities of the president of the company kept
many of them out of it. Several attempts were
made to wrest the trade from McCune, but in
a fair fight they always proved unsuccessful.
However, as other lines were established,
reaching farther up the river, they naturally
interferred with the Keokuk line proper, and
finally, between them and the railroads, which
were springing up everywhere, the grand old
St. Louis and Keokuk line succumbed. Among
the best boats forming the line were the "Kate
Kearney." the "Andy Johnson," the "Ouincy,"
the "Hannibal," the "Jennie Deans," the
"Louisiana" and many other fast and fine boats
which ran regular trips, set a fine table, and had
splendid accommodations in everv way. Cap-
tain Philips was the caterer for this line. The
Alt. m ami St. Louis trade also had some very
fast boats in it, among the fastest being the
"Al'tona," built in 1853, and run by the writer.
She was 232 feet long, had 32 feet 'beam, 7
feet hold, five 5-flue boilers, with engines 36 1-2
inches in diameter, and 10-foot stroke, with a
36-foot water-wheel, and 16-foot bucket. She
made the lust time from St. Louis to Alton —
twenty-five miles — in one hour and thirty-
seven minutes, under Captain Lamothe, and
on several occasions came down within .an
hour, frequentl) beating the Chicago & Alton
trains into the city. She paid for herself in
one year, and was finallv sold to the Chicaero
& Alton railroad, soon afterward sinking in
the bend below the present water works, at the
"Chain of Rocks." The "Luella," Captain
W. P. Lamothe, was the first fast boat built
for the Alton trade and plied there for many
years, at the time the fastest boat running
above St. Louis. Then the "Tempest" and
other boats took her place. With the rail-
roads as competitors, the "Baltimore," "Rein-
deer" and "Winchester" also plied between
Alton and St. Louis and sank while engaged in
that trade. The Illinois River had several
lines of boats. At one time there were thirty-
eight of them, among which were the "Prairie
State," Captain Baldwin; the "Ocean Wave."
Captain March, and the "Prairie Bird," be-
sides the boats of the Naples Packet Company,
with Captains Gould and Rogers. There were
also packets running to Galena, Dubuque and
St. Louis. Among the early boats were the
"War Eagle," Captain Bob Riley ; the "St.
Croix." Captain Bersie ; the "Time," Captain
Hooper, who afterward moved to Salt Lake
and became a Mormon ; the "St. Paul," Cap-
tain Bissell ; and many others. In 1849, tne
time of the gold fever hegira, there were sixty-
eight fine boats engaged in the Missouri River
trade, among which were the "James H. Lu-
cas," the "Polar Star," Captain Brierly, and
Clerk — afterward Captain — Blossom ; and the
"Martha Jewett." During the years 1849 and
1850 the writer has seen and counted one hun-
dred and sixty-two steamers at the landing at
one time, and it is melancholy now to state
that he has seen the wharf, within the present
year, entirely deserted, with not a single boat
lying at it. All this is the result of more than
one cause ; the first is the incompetent manner
in which the river improvements have been
carried on, without deepening the channels of
the rivers. Another is that the railroads cut
across the country and thereby save time with
both freight and passengers, as well as saving
all insurance and running at all seasons of the
year. Then steamboatmen have never entirely
mastered the science of building boats suitable
to the trade as to draft of water, and the con-
sequence is that, in the fall, when trade is most
active, the water is low and the boats must lie
at the bank or on a bar. The insurance
companies were partly to blame for this, as
they were constantly "harping" upon building
the boats heavily timbered, and still charged
twelve cents per annum insurance. With the
development of railroads came the decline of
RIVER NAVIGATION, STEAMBOAT.
1925
steamboating, and the result was that so long
as the commerce of the West was carried on
bv the steamboats, which were owned at home,
the profits were retained and invested at home,
and, in those days, went far toward building
up St. Louis, and other Western cities where
the building of boats was carried on, and
where steamboat owners and captains lived.
But when railroads were projected the}- were
built largely on credit, and tfhe money with
which they were constructed was largely bor-
rowed from the East or from London, and
bonds issued therefor, which, of course, bore
interest twice a year ; and the result has been
that the people of the West have become
"hewers of wood and drawers of water" for
Wall Street and London, and the entire West
is being "milked" twice a year out of at least
half of the earnings of her roads, which, like
absentee Irish landlordism, is constantly de-
pleting the country. In fact, to till at extent
at least, the West is doing business on bor-
rowed capital, which is always disastrous.
Some of the men who had charge of the old-
time steamers deserve most favorable men-
tion. For splendid manners and gentlemanly
deportment, none stood higher than Captain
J. C. Swon, who commanded one of the "J. M.
Whites ;" and later, the "Alexander Scott ;"
with Captain Sellers as pilot, and Dick Ken-
nett as partner-pilot. Captain Sellers' remains
lie in Bellefontaine cemetery, beneath a monu-
ment ordered by himself, the design represent-
ing him at the pilot wheel. His partner, Dick
Kennett, was blown up on the steamer "War-
ner," below Memphis, not long after Sellers'
death, and his body was never found. Indeed,
these two men were so closely bound together
by the ties of friendship and association that
after the death of Sellers, Kennett lost all in-
terest in everything in life. They were both
noble men, and a credit to their profession.
Captain George Taylor was a very large man,
with a voice like a fog-horn, and could be
heard giving his orders for miles up and down
the river. He was the captain of several
steamers, the big "St. Louis" being one, and
the "Belfast," built for the New Orleans trade,
being the last. Captain Newman Robirds was
another, and his brother, Oby Robirds, was al-
ways wih him as engineer and owner. They
built the "John Simons," a very large three-
decker, expecting her to be a great success,
but she drew too much water, and they finally-
traded her to Captain Charlie Church, of
Memphis, for a cotton boat, and she made
money as a packet between Memphis and New
Orleans. The steamer "Mayflower" was built
in 1854, at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, for
Captain Joseph Brown, by Samuel Walker, the
builder of the fast "White," at a cost of $286,-
000. She was the finest boat that ever ran in
the St. Louis and New Orleans trade, and,
probably, had more good points than any other
steamboat of her day, with fine cabins, large
capacity for freight (2,500 tons) and passengers
and a middle or separate deck for deck pas-
sengers. Before she had been in the service
a year she was burned by the "George Col-
lier" landing alongside of her, while afire, so
as to save her own passengers. In 1861
Captain Brown was running a boat called
the "Louisiana," and happened to be in New
Orleans when the United States flagwas pulled
down from the customhouse. That evening
he started the "Louisiana" for St. Louis, fly-
ing light, and with such passengers only as
were anxious to get away while they could.
Trouble was expected in getting past Napo-
leon, and when the boat got abreast of that
point, off went one of their cannon, which the
Confederates had planted along the river bank.
The boat was landed, and four hundred men
jumped on the guards and made for the bar,
cleaning it out in about thirty minutes. Then
the next thing was to decide as to whether to
confiscate the boat or let her go on to St.
Louis. The discussion was getting very hot,
with a preponderance in favor of confiscation,
when the captain mounted a table in the cabin
and said: "Gentlemen, this boat belongs to
St. Louis, and I am part owner, with slaves on
board, and if you want Missouri to go out of
the Union, with the other Southern States, I
would advise you not to confiscate her prop-
erty." They talked it over for some time, and
finally released her, but said: "Damn the
Cincinnati boats ; we will confiscate every one
of them ;" and they did, as fast as they came
up. Captain Tom Leathers was a splendid
specimen of a man, standing six feet three or
four inches in height, and stout in proportion,
respected by everybody, and popular in the
New Orleans and Vicksburg trade, owning
two plantations and two hundred slaves before
the war. The collapse of the Southern Con-
federacy wrecked his fortune, and after that
he came to St. Louis, and was advised to get
President Morton, of the Marine Ways, at
Cincinnati, to build him another boat. "Whv,"
192(1
RIVER NAVIGATION, STEAMBOAT.
he said, "when the war broke out I owed them
$42,000 on the last 'Natchez,' and I swore,
rather than pay them, I would turn it into
the Southern Confederacy." ''Oh, well," was
replied, "go and see him; he will build you
another boat." He said he was ashamed to go;
so a friend wrote and made the suggestion.
The result was that Morton did build him an-
other boat, without a cent in money, and Tom
Leathers not only paid them for it, but the
$42,000 besides. After a few years, (however,
he was less fortunate. Captain — afterward
Commodore — Garrison, of the Pacific coast,
and finally the millionaire of New York, was a
noted steamboat captain on the Mississippi.
He built, partly with his own hands, the "Con-
vov," a large, fine steamer. He afterward
drifted over to the Pacific coast, with William
C. Ralston, and became mayor of San Fran-
cisco, and president of the Pacific Mail Com-
pany. Henry D. Bacon was another. He
was captain of the steamer "Hannibal," would
nut run on Sunday, and so laid by on Satur-
day night at twelve o'clock, and stayed at the
bank until Sunday night at the same time. He
afterward married a daughter of Daniel D.
Page, and went into the banking business with
his father-in-law, finally moving to San Fran-
cisco where he died, his remains being
brought to St. Louis. He built and endowed
with $40,000 the church on the corner of
Eleventh and Locust Streets, which still
stands. lie made other munificent gifts in
San Francisco. Captain Gould, still living in
1898, built many fine boats, the "Imperial'' be-
ing the finest and fastest, but she was never put
to 'her highest speed. The last boat built and
run by him was the "Halliday." He is the
oldest steamboat man now living in St. Louis.
Captain James B. Eads, who built the big
bridge and constructed the jetties, was once
second clerk for him. He published a splen-
did book of 750 pages, entitled "Fifty Years on
the Mississippi." Captain R. J. Lackland,
now president of the Boatmen's Bank, was
another "old-timer," and is an honored repre-
sentative of the long-ago boatmen. Captain
Ward, of what was once the Northern Line, is
a hale old boatman, and has a fine record as
captain and boatstore man. Captain Thor-
wegan, of the "Chouteau" and "Providence"
Excursion ( ompany, is still "on deck," and as
popular as ever. Captain "Jim" Goslee was
long a favorite captain on the river, and one
of the finest boats owned by him was the "Au-
tocrat." One day the "Autocrat" was on her
way up the river and had landed on the Ar-
kansas side of the river to take on wood. She
carried a hundred deckhands, and was taking
one hundred cords of wood, when a young
man stepped up to Captain Goslee, while he
was sitting looking at the deckhands taking
in the wood, and said: "Captain Goslee, I
hear this boat is very hard on wood ; how much
will she burn in twenty-four hours?" "Oh, of
good, hard, oak wood, she might get along
with about seventy cords." "Well, but of this
cottonwood you are now taking on, how much
would she burn?" "Oh," said Captain Gos-
lee, "it will be just like throwing shavings into
hell!"
The steamer "Eclipse" was the finest boat
that ever ran in the Louisville and New Or-
leans trade. She was built and commanded
by Captain Sturgeon, was fast and fine in every-
way, was 360 feet long, but drew too much
water, and, like almost all the other fine and
fast boats, made no money, being unable to
run in low water. The Atlantic & Mississippi
Steamship Company was inaugurated by the
stocking of twenty-eight steamboats into a line
about the year 1866, after the war, and was the
finest line ever consolidated on the river. But
the boats were put in at too high a valuation,
which was paid, in large part, in stock, and
amounted to $2,500,000, leaving the company
in debt over $800,000. Owing to the impov-
erishment of the South after the war, with
trade paralyzed, the company could not pay
out. and the boats were finally sold at auction.
The company attempted to carry its own in-
surance, but with poor success, as in fifteen
months it lost eleven of its best boats by fire,
explosions and other casualties. The prin-
cipal stockholders were the following gentle-
men : Captain John J. Roe, the two Scud-
ders, George Pegram, the two Ames, Joseph
Brown, Captain John N. Bofinger, Captains
"Dan" and "Bart" Able, David Gibson, 01
Cincinnati ; Captain Ford, Captain Laveille
and others, they losing nearly all the capital
put in. The present Anchor Line is the out-
growth of the Atlantic & Mississippi Steam-
ship Company, and has been more or less of a
success, but the halycon days of steamboating
arc over, and no more does the darkey stand
on the forecastle as the boat swings out from
RIVERSIDE HUNTING AND FISHING CLUB— ROBERT.
1921
Shore, and with a small flag waving over his
head sing:
"She's a bully boat; she's got a bully crew.
And a bully captain, too;
IYet her go! Our work is done ;
And now we'll rest and see her run," etc.
In the early days of steamboating every-
thing— loading, wooding and work of every
kind — was done with a vim, to the song of a
leader, the whole crew joining in the chorus.
Now, every movement of the officers and crew
shows that they have lost heart, and What was
once a regular "holiday business" has nothing
left but the drudgery of labor, to be done mere-
ly for the eking out of a livelihood. No
longer does the palatial steamer, obeying every
turn of the wheel, like a thing of life, with a
band of music and flags flying, dance up to
the landing, and deposit her way-freight or
passengers ; then out and away again, like a
bird of passage, leaving behind her a surging,
boiling, passageway, as if some "Leviathan of
the Waves" 'had just gone 'by. Changes and
improvements must and do come, but who
could have imagined that the fast and palatial
steamer, with her splendid promenade deck,
her magnificent state rooms, and her luxuriant
table and service, would ever have been dis-
placed. All these are about making their exit,
to be superseded by the "lightning express,"
which dashes across land and stream, and stops
at almost every door, at the appointed time.
Joseph Brown.
Riverside Hunting' and Fishing
Club. — A recreation club which has a club
house at the foot of Cherokee Street, in St.
Louis. It was organized April 25, 1892. Its
members hunt and fish on and along the river
in St. Louis County and in the State of Illi-
nois. There were twenty-six members of the
club in 1898.
River Transit Traffic. — As might be
supposed, the traffic across the river at St.
Louis shows a very large 'tonnage. In 1896
it was 8,081,416 tons; and of this 5,551,630
tons were carried over the St. Louis (Eads)
bridge, 1,359,612 over the Merchants' bridge,
and 2,529,786 tons by the ferries. The records
Of the business show that the tonnage from
East to West was much larger than that from
West to East — that is, the city received more
than it sent off. Thus, the freight that crossed
from West to East in 1896 was 2,984,450 tons,
and the freight that crossed from East to West
was 5,096,966. This great excess of receipts
over shipments across the river finds an ex-
planation in the 3,500,000 tons of coal received
from the east side of the river, all of which is
consumed in the city.
Riviere an Tayon. — See "Mill Creek."
Riviere 1' Abbe. — The name by which
Cahokia Creek was known among the early
French settlers of this region.
River St. Jerome. — This was the name
by which the Wabash River was designated
in Anthony Crozat's Louisiana charter, and it
was so called by the early French colonists of
the Mississippi Valley.
River St. Louis. — This was the name
given to the Mississippi River in Anthony
Crozat's charter, granting him exclusive privi-
lege in all the commerce of the Province of
Louisiana.
River St. Philip. — This was the name
given to the Missouri River by French explor-
ers, and it was so designated in the charter
granted to Anthony Crozat.
Robbers' Roost. — A name given to
what was at one time an infamous St. Louis
resort on the river bank, on the site afterward
occupied by Filley's foundry. This place was
notorious as a resort for gamblers, thieves and
other disreputables, and, in 183 1, indignant
citizens, taking the law into their own hands,
raided the place, and burned down the build-
Robert, P. G., clergyman, was born in
Richmond, Virginia, December 16, 1827. He
was educated at the Richmond Academy, in
the private school of Dr. Socrates Maupin, and
at the boarding school of Rev. George A.
Smith, at Clarens, near Alexandria, Virginia.
After leaving school he clerked for a time in
Colonel Walter D. Blair's grocery, in Rich-
mond, and, subsequently, in the counting-
room of John D. Mayben. who was a large
dealer in Virginia and Kentucky tobacco. In
1846 he determined to enter the ministry, and,
after reviewing his Greek and Latin at Clarens,
he entered the Theological Seminary at Alex-
L928
ROBERTSON.
andria. He passed his examinations under
such men as Drs. Sparrow, May and Packard,
ami was ordained to the diaconate at Christ
Church. Alexandria, July 12, 1850, by Bishop
Meade. He was advanced to the priesthood by
Bishop fohns, Decemiber 18, 1851. at Christ
Church, of Bruton Parish, Williams'burgh,
Rev. Charles Minnegerode, and Rev. Edmund
Withers, examiners. After serving for a time
as assistant rector of St. James" Church, of
Richmond, Virginia, he was sent by Bishop
Meade to Meherrin Parish, of Greensville
County, and took charge of that parish, as
rector elect. He remained there eight years,
and while there married, October 5, 1854,
Miss Elizabeth Scott. From 1858 to 1861 he
was rector of Christ Church, of Smithfield,
Isle of Wight County, and St. Andrew's South-
wark Parish, of Surrey County, the last named
being a parish of which his great-grandfather.
Rev. Christopher McRae, had been rector in
colonial times. ( Mi the breaking out of the
Civil War Mr. Robert was commissioned
chaplain in the Confederate States Army, and
served in two brigades until he was surren-
dered at Appomattox Courthouse, April 9,
[865. He was in nine general engagements,
many skirmishes, and several "affairs.'' After
the war he taught school for a year, and then
went to Little Rock, Arkansas, upon the invi-
tatii hi of Bishop Lay. He was rector of Christ
Church for three years, coming to St. Louis
from there in 1869 to become rector of the
Parish of the Holy Communion, which he has
since served. He has made a marked im-
press upon the church life of St. Louis, has
been prominent in the councils of the church,
and has filled many important positions in that
connecti* in.
Robertson, Charles Franklin, sec-
ond bishop 1 >f Missouri, was born in the city
1 if New York March 2. 1835. His father,
James Robertson, was a merchant of that city,
where his family had been resident for several
generations. The future bishop was educated
at private schools, with a view to following his
father into commercial pursuits; but a short
experience convinced him that a business life
would 11 lit prove congenial, and when about
twenty years of age, he entered Yale Univer-
sity. At Yale he distinguished himself as a
conscientious student, and was graduated with
honors in [859. By this time he had bee urn
strongly attracted to religious life, and he
turned to the church as affording the sphere of
duty most satisfying to his aspirations. He
entered the general theological seminary of
the Protestant Episcopal Church, in 1859,
completing the theological course in 1862 ; and
on the 29th of June of that year he was or-
dained deacon. On October 23, 1862, he was
advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Potter.
His first cure was St. Mark's Parish, Malone,
X. Y., which he held till 1868, discharging the
duties of his office with exemplary diligence
and great success. While rector of St. Mark's
he married, in 1865, Miss Rebecca Duane,
great-granddaughter of James Duane, a mem-
ber of the Continental Congress, first mayor
of the city of New York after the Revolution,
and one of the few laymen who were mem-
bers 1 if the convention which, in 1784, organ-
ized tiie Protestant Episcopal Church of the
United States. On September 1. 1868, he was
called to the rectorship of St. James' Parish,
1 lata via. X. Y., and two days afterward was
elected bishop of the diocese of Missouri. He
was consecrated in Grace Church. New York,
mi October 25th. and on Xovember 1st ar-
rived in St. Louis.
At the time of Bishop Robertson's election
the diocese of Missouri was coextensive with
the State. In the sixty-eight thousand square
miles (if its territory there were not a thousand
miles of railroad. There was no mode of
reaching interior towns save by wagon or on
horseback. Large sections of the State had
recently been devastated by Civil War, and
party feeling still ran high. In this vast dio-
cese there were only seventeen parishes and
six mission stations supplied with clergy, and
four vacant parishes. The total number of
communicants was less than two thousand;
the majority of the parishes were overwhelmed
with debt, and the people were poor. To
cope with these discouraging conditions the
new bishop brought executive ability of a high
order, a stout heart and faith in God. He
visited every parish and mission in the State
during the first year of his episcopate, some of
them twice, and established new missions
wherever he found a knot of church people, or
a promising field unoccupied. Wherever he
went he brought order out of confusion, and
inspired the people with energy and hope.
Debts were gradually paid off; churches were
built; the church became established through-
out Missouri. At the close of his eighteen
years' episcopate the number of churches and
ROBERTSON.
1929
missions in the diocese had increased to
eighty-five, the clergy to fifty-one, the com-
municants to sixty-five hundred, and the cur-
rent revenue of the church had trebled. The
general interests and institutions of the dio-
cese, of all of which he was ex officio the
head, felt the same access of vigor from his
broad views and business ability. Xew build-
ings were erected for St. Luke's Hospital, and
the foundation of its endowment was laid ; a
diocesan school for girls was established, and
put in charge of a church sisterhood, and be-
came a successful training school of church
women ; the Missionary Host, composed of the
Sunday-school children and their teachers, was
organized, and, under <h'is enthusiastic foster-
ing, developed into the most efficient auxiliary
of the missionary work in the diocese ; the St.
Louis City Mission was established, of which
the well equipped St. Stephen's Mission, on
Rutger Street, is the eldest offspring. The
church's work in the other cities of the diocese
received a similar impulse from his energetic
counsels and ready assistance. He carried
the same energy and good sense into the coun-
cils of the House of Bishops, of which he
speedily became an influential member, and
was honored with a full share of the labors
connected with the administration of the gen-
eral institutions of 'the church. In all move-
ments for the betterment of moral and social
conditions and promotion of good citizenship
he was deeply interested. He was vice-presi-
dent of the S't. Louis Social Science Associa-
tion, and of the National Conference of Chari-
ties and Corrections. Good citizenship was an
important part of his religion. The only rec-
reation he permitted himself was original re-
search in various departments of knowledge,
chiefly in the history of the discovery and set-
tlement of the Mississippi Valley, to which he
made important contributions, some of the
more notable of which were the "American
Revolution and the Mississippi Valley" ( 1884) ;
"The Attempt to Separate the West from the
American Union" (1885); "The Purchase of
the Louisiana Territory, in its Influence on the
American System" (1885). He was a friend
and patron of learning to the full extent his
busy life permitted. He was an active mem-
ber of the Missouri Historical Society, a cor-
responding member of the New England His-
torical and Genealogical Society, and of the
historical societies of Virginia, Wisconsin.
Marvland, Kansas and Georgia. In recogni-
tion of his learning and contributions to
knowledge, he was honored by the universi-
ties, receiving the degree of S. T. D. from
Columbia College, New York, in 1868 ; D. D.
from the University of the 'South, Sewanee,
Tennessee, in 1883 ; and LL. D. from the
University of the State of Missouri, Colum-
bia, Missouri, in 1883.
The toil and anxieties incident to the visita-
tion and government of so vast a diocese were
known to be too much for one man's strength,
and in 1885 Bishop Robertson had 'begun to
show symptoms of physical weakness. At
that time also the diocese was greatly agitated
over an ecclestical trial, which developed sen-
sational features and aroused angry passions.
The clamors and animosities of that trial and
its unhappy ending proved a severe strain on
a vitality already impaired. Nervous exhaus-
tion supervened, which a short rest failed to
relieve ; and after an illness of several weeks
the bishop died, on May 1, 1886, in the fifty-
second year of his age, and eighteenth of his
episcopate. The demonstrations of respect
which marked his obsequies showed that 'he
was held in high esteem by all classes of his
fellow-citizens, irrespective of creed ; while the
resolutions adopted by the diocesan conven-
tion, the standing committee, and the vestries
bore uniform testimony to the kindly courtesy,
fidelity to duty and righteousness of govern-
ment, which were the most patent facts of his
life and character.
Bishop Robertson was a man of modest and
kindly disposition, fortified with much native
dignity of character and a profound conviction
of the greatness and sacredness of his office.
He was deeply religious and utterly self-sacri-
ficing. In manner somewhat austere, he was
tender in his dealings with all who claimed his
sympathy. He was scrupulously particular
in the observance of his appointments, whether
with the obscure mission in the backwoods or
the wealthy city Church ; and it is pathetic to
recall at what a cost of physical toil this punc-
tuality was purchased in those days of imper-
fect facilities for travel. In his churcbmanship
he was equally removed from ritualism and
from liberalism, but tolerant of both when he
believed them to be the honest expression of
conscientious convictions. As a preacher,
while he lacked those rhetorical graces which
attract the multitude, he was very impressive,
his sermons being thoughtful and well-worded
and sometimes eloquent, and always delivered
1930
ROBIDOUX— ROBINSON.
with the earnestness of one who believed he
had a message to the consciences of men. As
an organizer and dispatcher of business he had
few superiors on the episcopal bench. He
was well endowed with those qualities of head
and heart which mark the faithful pastor and
able administrator, and his short episcopate
gave an impulse to the spiritual and material
interests of the church in Missouri, which will
continue to be felt for many years to come.
Robidoux, Antoine, Indian trader, was
born in St. Louis in 1794, and died in the
city of St. Joseph, Missouri, in i860. He was
a sprightly youth, and entered very early upon
a life which was full of romance and adventure.
At twenty-two years of age he accompanied
General Atkinson on his expedition to the
Yellowstone region, and at twenty-eight he
went to Mexico. There he remained fifteen
years, marrying, while a resident of that coun-
trv, an attractive and wealthy Mexican lady,
who returned with him to the United States.
In 1840 he settled near the site of St. Joseph,
and in 1845 went from there into the Rocky
Mountain region on a trading expedition.
Caught in an unusually severe storm on that
occasion, he suffered greatly, lost many of his
horses, and would, doubtless, have perished
himself had he not been rescued by a relief ex-
pedition sent out by his brother, Joseph. In
1846 he accompanied General Phil. Kearny as
guide and interpreter to Mexico, and in a bat-
tle with the Mexicans received three lance
wounds, from which, however, he recovered.
Returning to Missouri in 1849, ne uved at St.
Joseph until 1855, when he removed to New
Mexico. Later he lived for a time in Wash-
ington City, and then returned to St. Joseph,
where he spent the remainder of his life.
Robidoux, Joseph, merchant and
trader, and the founder of the city of St.
Joseph, Missouri, was born in St. Louis, Au-
gust 10, 1783. 1 >f French-American parentage.
He was trained to the fur trade and as early as
t8oo made his first trip up the Missouri River
in search of a favorable location for a trading
post. At that time he stopped on the site of
the city of St. Joseph, but a little later moved
on to Council Bluffs, and established his trad-
ing post there. As agent of the American Fur
Company he spent the next four years travel-
ing and trading among the Indians of the
West, and at one time pitched his tents on the
site of Chicago. Returning to St. Louis, he
then built a store here, and it was in the build-
ing which he occupied as a dwelling house and
tavern that the first Territorial Legislature of
Missouri met, in December of 1812. In 1843
he removed to Western Missouri, and laid out
the city of St. Joseph. He died there in 1868.
Robinson, Daniel Bullard, railway
president, was born August 26, 1847, in St.
Albans, Vermont, son of William H. and Car-
oline (Bullard) Robinson. He came of good
old New England ancestry, both of the fami-
lies from which he is descended having been
conspicuous through successive generations
for the physical and intellectual vigor of their
representatives. His parents, however, were
country people, and the early years of his life
were spent on a farm. His early training was
that of tin' average New England country
youth, a kind of training conducive to the pro-
motion of steady habits, sturdy character, and
that kind of industrious application which
wins success in any calling. He received a
public school education, which ended when he
was sixteen years of age, and his business
career began when he was eighteen years old.
His first employment was with the Vermont
Central Railroad Company in the humble
capacity of a day laborer. Six months after
he began work in this capacity, his faithful-
ness and efficiency had won for him promo-
tion to the position of check clerk in the
freight office of this railway company, and
some time later he was made cashier and given
charge of the books of the freight office. In
1878 he went to California by way of Panama,
and he and three companions who accompa-
nied him went to work in the shops of the Cen-
tral Pacific Railway Company at Sacramento.
After spending two years on the Pacific coast,
he went to Mobile, Alabama, and took the
position of station agent on the New Orleans
& Mobile Railway. During the next ten
years he filled successively the positions of
assistant superintendent and general superin-
tendent of that railway, and was then called
upon to undertake the building of the Sonora
Railroad. This road was started from Guay-
mas, Mexico, and built toward the United
States in connection with the Santa Fe system.
In the prosecution of this work. Mr. Robin-
son employed the few Indians and Mexicans
who could be induced to work, and added to
his force of laborers by importing two hundred
ROBINSON.
1931
negroes from the South. Serious embarrass-
ments confronted him at every turn. Con-
struction materials had to be shipped by sail-
ing vessel around Cape Horn from this coun-
try, months of time being consumed in the
voyage. The natives of Sonora were in the
main unfriendly to the enterprise and ob-
structed his progress in various ways. De-
spite the obstacles which had to be overcome,
however, Mr. Robinson completed his work.
From 1883 to 1886 he was in charge of the
construction of the Mexican Central Railway,
and then returned to the United States to be-
come general manager of the Atlantic & Pa-
cific Railway. During his connection with
the Atlantic & Pacific Company he organized
the Santa Fe, Prescott & Phoenix Railway
Company, and was made its president in 1888,
and constructed the line from a connection
with the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad at Ash
Fork, Arizona, to Phoenix, Arizona, a dis-
tance of two hundred miles.
In 1887 he left this road to become general
manager of the Colorado Midland Railway,
a position which he retained until 1890, when
he was made president of the San Antonio &
Aransas Pass Railroad Company. In 1892
a broader field opened for him in connection
with the Santa Fe system, and he left the
Texas road, which he had managed for two
years, to become vice-president of the great
corporation which owns and operates 9,900
miles of railway. In 1896 he was offered and
accepted the presidency of the St. Louis &
San Francisco Railroad Company, and this
connection brought him to St. Louis, which
has since been his home. His connection
with Western railway management has now
covered a period of nearly twenty years, and
few men have left a more strongly marked
impress upon railway construction and opera-
tion in this vast field. Both constructive and
executive ability of a high order have been
evidenced in his work as a railway man. He
has been part and parcel of the history of
epoch-marking railway enterprises. The
Sonora and Mexican Central Railroads, with
the construction of which he was prominently
identified, were the pioneer railway enterprises
of Mexico, the first highways of commerce
between the two great republics of the West-
ern Hemisphere; and the Colorado Midland,
which he managed in the infancy of its exist-
ence, was the first standard gauge railway
built over the Rockv Mountains, and one of
the most remarkable engineering feats which
has been attempted in the history of American
railway construction. A man of striking per-
sonal appearance, forcefulness and energy are
apparent in his every action, but his genial
temperament and charming "bonhommie" re-
duce to the minimum the asperities incident
to the conduct of business affairs of large mag-
nitude and exacting character. He married,
in 1871, Miss Ella Perkins, whose father was
then superintendent of the St. Louis & San
Francisco Railroad. His children are James
B. and Harry Robinson, of St. Louis, and
Mrs. Lena Robinson Thompson, of Chicago.
Robinson, Paul Gervais, one of the
most distinguished of Western physicians,
was born August, 22, 1834, in Charleston,
South Carolina, son of Stephen Thomas and
Mary Margaret (Gervais) Robinson, both of
whom were natives of South Carolina. His
father was descended from Scotch-Irish an-
cestors in the paternal line, and from Hugue-
not ancestors in the maternal line, and his
mother was of mixed Welsh and Huguenot
descent. Dr. Robinson received a classical
education in his native city, and then studied
medicine at the South Carolina Medical Col-
lege. After completing the prescribed course
at that institution, he went abroad and con-
tinued his medical studies for two years there-
after in Paris, France. He began the active
practice of his profession in Charleston, South
Carolina, in 1858, and was thus engaged when
the Civil War diverted his attention from civil
practice and carried him into military life.
He was the first medical officer to join the
Confederate Army, and took part in the first
battle of the war, being on Morris' Island at
the bombardment of Fort Sumter. After the
surrender of that fort, he went to Virginia, and
served successively with the Third Alabama,
the Twenty-second North Carolina, and the
First South Carolina Regiments until the final
surrender of General Lee at Appomattox
Courthouse, April 9, 1865. Much of the
time during his long term of service in the
army, he was attached to the command of
General Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, and
he was a witness of and participant in many
of the hardest . fought battles of the war.
When the war ended he returned to the civil
practice of his profession, and in 1867 came to
St. Louis. Since then he has practiced con-
tinuously in this city, and his broad learning.
1932
ROCK POINT— ROEVER.
conscientious devotion to duty, and successful
professional labors have given him a place
among the most eminent physicians of the
countrv. Early in his career in this city, he
began taking an active interest in medical edu-
cation, and for thirty-one years he has been
professor of the practice of medicine in .Mis-
souri .Medical College. For many years he
has been the dean of that institution, and he
has labored earnestly and successfully through
this and other agencies to elevate to the high-
est possible plane the moral and intellectual
standard of his profession. In recognition of
his scholarly attainments and his distinguished
professional achievements, the honorary de-
gree of doctor of laws has been conferred
upon him. In addition to holding member-
ship in the leading medical societies of the
country, he is a member of the society of Sons
of the American Revolution, and also of the
Empire State Society. Dr. Robinson has
been twice married — first, in 1858, to Miss
Elizabeth R. Dickson, daughter of Dr.
Samuel Henry Dickson, of Charleston. South
Carolina. The first Mrs. Robinson died in
iSf.i , leaving no children. In 1869 he mar-
ried for his second wife Miss Lina Pratte,
daughter of Honorable Bernard Pratte, of St.
Louis. Mrs. Robinson died in 1882, leaving
six children, five of whom are now living.
Rock Point. — The name given to an ad-
dition to the city of St. Louis, dedicated April
9, 1853, and made by Stephen D. Barlow, as
executor of the will of William C. Carr. The
addition extended from Main Street to Caron-
delet Avenue, between Dorcas and Lynch
Streets.
Rock Spring'.— This spring was famous
in the early history of St. Louis. It was the
source of Mill Creek — or, as the French called
it. La Petite Riviere — and one of the three
principal sources of water supply for the arti-
ficial lake known as "Chouteau's Pond." The
growth of the city finally caused Mill Creek to
be converted into a mammoth sewer, and the
waters of the spring now flow to the river
through that channel.
Rock Springs. — This was the name
given to a village, or real estate addition, laid
out and dedicated by John B. Sarpy, in 1852.
It was incorporated into St. Louis in 1876,
when the independent government of the city
was established, and its limits were extended.
Rocky Mountain Fur Company. —
An unchartered association of fur traders,
composed of the friends of General William H.
Ashley, which carried on a profitable business
between the years 1820 and 1834. General
Ashley himself was a bold, daring man, and
an enterprising trader, who conducted an in-
dividual business and became wealthy. After
■his retirement, bhose who had been in his serv-
ice, among whom were Sublette and Bridger,
famous old-time fur traders, went into partner-
ship under the name of the Rocky Mountain
Fur Company, and continued in the trade with
great profit. The association did not have its
headquarters in St. Louis; the members made
their home in the field of operations, and did
their business through agents in St. Louis.
It went out of existence about the year 1834)
after the American Fur Company passed into
the hands of Pierre Chouteau, Jr.
Roever, William, was born September
17, 1830, in Xeustadt, in the Kingdom of Han-
over, Germany, and died in St. Louis June 1 1,
180,8. His parents were Louis and Wilhel-
mina (Ludeking) Roever. and his father, who
was a wealthy soap manufacturer, immigrated
to this country in 1837. Coming of a family
prominent in the military and educational cir-
cles of Hanover, William Roever inherited
good endowments, and after the coming of the
family to St. Louis, in 1837, he was given the
advantages of educational training in the best
private schools in this city. After leaving
school he gained his first business experience
as an employe of a St. Louis brush manufac-
turer. Afterward he clerked a year for a store
in Belleville, Illinois, and then entered the em-
ploy of the wholesale dry goods house of
Woods, Christ) 6c Co., of St. Louis, with
which he was connected for several years
thereafter. After leaving this establishment he
was in business with his brother, Frederick
Roever, until i860, when he returned to Eu-
rope to revisit the land of his birth. Com-
ing back to St. Louis, at the beginning of the
Civil War. he recruited a company of home
guards, of which he was commissioned cap-
tain. He participated in the capture of Camp
Jackson, in May of 1861, and served as cap-
tain of his company throughout the war. After,
the war he entered the employ of the whole-
• ,A
ROGERS.
193;:
sale house of Dodd, Brown & Co., with which
he continued to be connected until 1871. In
1870 he was given a leave of absence, and
again spent four months abroad, his wife ac-
companying him on this trip. Failing health
compelled him to give up his business con-
nection in 1871, and for two years thereafter
he and his family lived in Europe. Upon his
return to St. Louis in the fall of 1874 he be-
came interested in the manufacture of shoes at
the Jefferson City, Missouri, Penitentiary, but
he retired from 'this business in a short time,
built a home at 3628 St. Louis Avenue, in
1876, and was not engaged in trade thereafter.
At the time of his death he was the oldest liv-
ing charter member of Cosmos Lodge of An-
1 cient Free and Accepted Masons, and he was
l also a member of the Order of Odd Fellows,
and had been numbered among the founders of
1 the Germania Club. November 12, 1867, he
! married Miss Sophie Deppe. daughter of
; Henry and Fredericka Peters Deppe, both of
whom were natives of Germany. Airs. Roe-
ver's father, who was one of the pioneer hard-
ware merchants of St. Louis, was one of the
victims of the cholera epidemic of 1849. The
surviving members of Mr. Roever's family are
I his widow and two children, Sophie Eugenia
and William Henry Roever. Another son,
Frederick Louis Roever, died in 1892.
Rogers, Charles Smith, identified
with the Mississippi River tra'de for a full half-
century, was born September 27, 18 16, at Lon-
donderry, New Hampshire, son of Edward
and Mary (Smith) Rogers. His parents died
within a few months of each other, when he
was four years of age, and he was reared under
the care and guidance of his uncle, spending
his youth in Londonderry and at Portland,
Maine. His early education was obtained in
the village school of Londonderry, and later
he attended the schools of Portland, Maine.
After quitting school he served an apprentice-
ship to the dry goods business with S. R. Ly-
man, who was then the leading merchant of
that city. With this training for commercial
pursuits, he came to St. Louis, in 1838, and
embarked in the wholesale dry goods business,
the location of this old-time establishment
having been on Main Street, between Locust
and Vine Streets. At the end of three years
he abandoned the wholesale dry goods trade
to turn his attention to the river trade, which
then offered flattering inducements to men of
enterprise and capital. In this business he
soon became a conspicuous figure, noted alike
for his successful operations and his enterprise
in building and improving river craft. Some
years before the beginning of the Civil War,
in company with Captain E. W. Gould, lie
built the steamer "Imperial," a splendid boat,
and the finest on the river at that time. He
was also the builder and owner of the steamer
"J. E. Woodruff," and, in company with Cap-
tain John J. Roe and others, built the steamer
"Empress." This steamer, owned and oper-
ated by Captain Rogers and his associates,
was, in its day, the largest freight carrier on
the river, and is well remembered by all the
old-time rivermen now living. Becoming
president of the Illinois Packet Company, Cap-
tain Rogers continued his connection with
river interests in that capacity until 1892, when
he retired at the end of full fifty years' service
in the business of transporting passengers and
merchandise on the Western rivers. His long
and active business career and the success
which had attended it entitled him to pass the
remaining years of his life in comparative rest-
fulness, but he found idleness irksome, and, in
1893, in company with other gentlemen, he or-
ganized the Central Lead Company, becoming
secretary and treasurer of the corporation, a
position which he still retains. He is still re-
garded, however, as a typical representative of
the class of men who controlled the steamboat
interests of the Mississippi River during the
golden era of their history. During bis long
term of river service he had a rich and varied
experience, that of the Civil War period hav-
ing in it much of thrilling interest. During
the war he was in command of the steamer
"Imperial." which was the last boat to leave
Xew Orleans for St. Louis in 1861. There-
after, to the close of the war, he was in the
transportation service of the Federal govern-
ment, subject all the time to military orders,
and facing innumerable dangers and perils in-
cident to that service. He was a staunch sup-
porter of the Union, belonging to that large
and influential element of the Democratic
party of Missouri which rendered such impor-
tant services to the government at that critical
period of its history. Since the war he has
continued to act with the Democratic party,
and. in later years, has belonged to that branch
of it which has been uncompromising in its
opposition to the debasement of our national
currency, and to dangerous financial experi-
i:i:;i
ROGERS CLAIM ROMAN CATHOLIC TEMPERANCE SOCIETY.
merits. His religious affiliations are with the
Episcopal Church, and he has long been a
member of the Masonic fraternity. In 1850
he was married to Mrs. Mary Adeline Watson,
daughter of Robert Rogers, of Dover, New
Hampshire, and widow of Dr. Gilbert Watson,
of Newburyport, Massachusetts, who died ten
years later, leaving one child, a daughter. This
daughter, in [872, became the wife of Na-
thaniel G. Pierce, now a well known business
man of St. Louis. In 1875 Captain Rogers
married fur his second wife, Mrs. Emily D.
Hall, daughter of Colonel S. H. Mudge, at one
time a well known banker of this city, and later
of New Orleans, Louisiana.
Rogers Claim. — About the beginning
of the nineteenth century one Jacob Rogers is
said to have died in St. Louis possessed of a
large amount of real estate. His descendants
held a meeting at Akron, Ohio, October 12,
[896, at which the claim was made that the
heirs of Jacob Rogers were the rightful own-
er-, of real estate in St. Louis, now worth
many millions of dollars. Some steps were
taken to put this claim into shape for presenta-
tion to the courts, but nothing further was ac-
complished by the fortune hunters.
Rogues' Gallery. — A name applied to
the collection of portraits of noted criminals
and suspected persons, at the police head-
quarters,in the Four Courts building, on Clark
Avenue, between Eleventh and Twelfth
Streets. Besides these portraits, there is an as-
sortment of tools used by burglars and thieves.
Rohan, John, manufacturer, was born
in the County of Kilkenny. Ireland, Decem-
ber 27, 1 833, si m 1 if James and Anastasia (Wal-
ton) Rohan. He obtained a good, practical
education in the schools of the region in which
he spent the years of his boyhood, but when he
was fifteen years of age his school days ended.
In [848 he sailed for this country, and landed
at Xew ( >rleans in I )ecember of that year. ( )n
the 2d of January following he arrived in St.
Louis, and soon afterward went to work for a
eii\ brickmaker. Afterward he found more
remunerative employment in connection with
the building trades, and was employed in vari-
ous capacities until [851, when he apprenticed
himself to the iron manufacturing business as
an employe of Gaty, McCune & Co. Three
years later the works which had previously
been operated by this firm, were purchased by
William H. Card, and Mr. Rohan became fore-
man of the establishment, under the new man-
agement. He retained this position until Mr.
Card's death, in 1863, and was then placed in
charge of the business, and conducted it for the
estate until the spring of 1864. The plant then
passed into the hands of Gaylord Sons & Co.,
of Cincinnati, Ohio, and. forming a partner-
ship with Mr. Allison, Mr. Rohan leased it
from the owners. Two years later he and Mr. |
Allison purchased the property, and continued I
to operate the manufactory together until 1873.
Mr. Allison then transferred his interest to Mr.
Rohan and retired. Shortly afterward Mr.
Rohan associated with himself his two broth-
ens, Michael and Phil Rohan, and in 1880 their
enterprise was incorporated as the Rohan
Bros. Boiler Manufacturing Company. For
thirteen years thereafter the brothers were as- \
sociated together, but. in 1893, Michael and ]
Phil Rohan withdrew, and John Rohan took '
in his two sons, James J. and John A. Rohan.
In July of the year following the name of the
corporation was changed to the John Rohan
& Sons Boiler Works Company, and under
that name its business is still carried on. Of
this corporation the elder Rohan is president;
John A. Rohan, vice-president; James J. Ro-
han, treasurer; and Newton B. Stewart, sec-
retary. Mr. Rohan has, for more than a third
of a century, been at the head of one of the im- 1
portant industrial enterprises of the city, still
gives it his constant attention, and is known
to the public as one of the pioneer manufactur-
ers of the city, and one who 'has always stood
high in business circles. He has been twice
married ; first, in 1865, to Christina Lortz. who
died in 1889. In 1801 he married for his sec-
ond wife Elizabeth Burns. His children are
Alary T. A. Rohan, Anastasia M. Rohan. Jas.
J. Rohan, John A. Rohan, Philip A. Rohan
and The imas A. Ri >han.
Roman Catholic Temperance So-
ciety.— The first organization of its kind
formed by Catholics in St. Louis was insti-
tuted at the Cathedral by Rev. Father Hamil-
ton, in 1843, non-Catholics as well as Catho-
lics being admitted to membership. At one
time it had fifteen hundred members, but it
lasted 1 ink twi 1 vears.
±198103
ROMBAUER.
1935
Roman Catholic Total Abstinence
and Benevolent Society. — This society,
organized in 1848, by Rev. John Higgin-
botham,was active and successful at the begin-
ning, and has continued so through its long
existence. Its benevolent feature is the cause
of its coherence and the explanation of its use-
fulness. In 1898 it numbered eighty mem-
bers, the youngest of Whom was sixty-nine
vears of age. All the Catholic temperance so-
cieties in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas
have 'sprung from it, and in St. Louis it has
about twenty-five auxiliary societies. The old
organization has raised for the benefit of or-
phans and for different churches $125,000.
Rombauer, Roderick E., lawyer and
jurist, was born May 9, 1833, in Selesto, Hun-
gary, son of Theodore and Bertha Rombauer.
Although the early history of the family to
which he belongs is not definitely known in
consequence of the destruction of records dur-
ing the Hungarian wars of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries, it is probable that the
founders of the Rombauer family in Hungary
went to that country from Germany during
the latter part of the Arpad dynasty, which
, came to an end in 1301. There is traditionary
evidence that these early representatives of the
family settled in upper Hungary, and in that
; region most of those bearing the name still re-
! side. In early annals the name appears as
Romppauer, and the first authentic records
• throwing light on its history date from the be-
! ginning of the seventeenth century. These
I records are found in the archives of the city
of Locse, in the form of a written report by a
Romppauer, as member of Congress, to his
constituency. For centuries the Rombauers
have been recognized as belonging to the no-
bility of the district in which they lived, and
the father of Roderick E. Rombauer was a
member of the Department of Industry, and
chief of a division during the Hungarian revo-
lution of 1848-9, in which the patriot, Kossuth,
won undying fame. He was also in charge of
the factory of arms and military stores during
the revolutionary period. Exiled from his
native land in 1849, ne came to the United
States in 1850, and died in 1855 in Davenport,
Iowa. His widow died in 1897, at the ad-
vanced age of eighty-seven years, in Alameda.
California. Judge Rombauer received a clas-
sical education in the graded schools of Locse,
Rozsnyo, Eperjes and Selmetz, in Hungary,
and enjoyed, as he approached manhood, the
advantage of several years' residence in the
famous city of Budapest. He was eighteen
years of age when he came with his mother to
this country, in 185 1, and for two years there-
after they resided in Iowa. The family then
came to St. Louis, and soon afterward Roder-
ick E. Rombauer entered the employ of the
then Northern Cross railroad, now part of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, as as-
sistant engineer in the civil engineering de-
partment, with his headquarters at Avon, Illi-
nois. He was engaged in the engineering
work incidental to the construction of that rail-
road until 1856, when he began the study of
law under the preceptorship of Judge Law-
rence, afterward Chief Justice of Illinois. After
reading law for a time he matriculated in the
Dane Law School of Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was graduated
from that institution in the class of 1858. He
was first admitted to the bar in Boston, De-
cember 15, 1857, and after his graduation from
the law school returned to St. Louis, and was
admitted to the bar of Missouri May 19, 1858.
Beginning the practice of his profession at
once in this city, he has since engaged in it
continuously, except while serving as a volun-
teer in the Union Army during the Civil War,
and in later years on the judicial bench. He
enlisted in the First Regiment of Missouri
Volunteers as a private soldier in 1861, and
subsequently rose to the rank of captain in the
First Regiment of the United States Reserve
Corps of Missouri. He was elected judge of
the law commissioner's court of St. Louis in
November of 1863. In 1867 he was ap-
pointed a judge of the circuit court and in 1868
was elected to that office by the people. Upon
the expiration of the term for which he had
been elected, in 1871, he resumed the practice
of law, and for ten years thereafter enjoyed a
large and lucrative practice, having no part-
nership connections during that time. In 1881
David Goldsmith became associated with him
as a partner, and they continued in practice
together until 1884, when Judge Rombauer
was elected a member of the Court of Appeals.
He was a member of this court thereafter until
January, 1897, his term of service on the ap-
peals bench covering in all a period of twelve
years. During this period many of the most
important cases which have occupied the at-
tention of St. Louis courts were passed upon
bv this tribunal, and fudge Rombauer became
L936
ROSATI.
recognized as one of the ablest and most ac-
complished of Missouri jurists. His fitness for
the exercise of the highest judicial functions
have long been recognized both by the bar
and the general public. He declined repeat-
edly to become a candidate for the supreme
bench, although the nomination was tendered
to him when the Republican party, with
which he has always affiliated, controlled
the State, it being conceded by political
friends and antagonists alike that as a
member of the Supreme Court he woivld have
graced the bench and honored both himself
and his constituents. Splendid mental and le-
gal attainments, analytic powers of a high or-
der, strict impartiality and unimpeacheable in-
tegrity have been among his distinguishing
characteristics as a jurist, and as a practitioner
of the law he has also taken high rank among
Western lawyers. Wliile 'he has never been a
pronounced partisan and during 'his long ca-
reer i m the bench refrained from any active
participation in politics, deeming such action
incompatible with the exercise of judicial func-
tions, he has been orthodox in bis Republic-
anism, and has been a member of that party
ever since he became a voter. His religious
affiliation's are with the Unitarian Church. He
married, in 1865, Miss Augusta Koerner, of
Belleville, Illinois, second daughter of Gover-
nor Gustavus Koerner, of that State, one of
the most distinguished of the German- Ameri-
cans who have been prominent in public life in
the West. Three sons and three daughters
1 lorn . >f this union are now living ; the sons be-
ing Theodore G. Rombauer, born in October,
1866. and Edgar R. Rombauer. born July 3,
1868; both now members of the St. Louis
bar; and Alfred 1'.. Rombauer. born Septem-
ber 17, 1869; now a mining engineer in Butte,
Montana; and the daughters: Bertha S.
Rombauer, born August 11. 1872; Sophie M.
Rombauer, born October 13, 1874; and Irma
Ronrbauer. born August 30, 1884.
Rosati, Joseph, Roman Catholic bish-
op, was born in Sora, Italy. January 30,
1780, and dieil in Rome, September 25. 1843.
He became a member of the Lazarist order
and studied philosophy and theology in their
seminary of Montr Citorio, Rome. He de-
voted himself with great zeal to the spiritual
improvement of the prisoners in the city, and
;ii the same time became noted as a pulpit ora-
tor. He grave his leisure to the study of the
English language, and when Bishop Dubourg,
of New Orleans, invited him to come to the
United States he accepted without hesitation,
and landed in Baltimore on July 23, 1816.
After spending nearly a \ ear in Louisville,
Kentucky, he came to St. Louis on October
17, 1817, designing to found a Lazarist col-
lege', but, after consultation with Bishop Du-
bourg, it was decided to establish the institu-
tion in the Barrens, Perry County, Missouri.
Here Father Rosati and his brother Lazarists
erected a rude building with their own hands.
It was ready to receive students in 1819, and
he was appointed its first superior, at the same
time filling the chairs of logic and theology.
From this beginning was developed St. Mary's
College and Seminary at the Barrens, which
afterward took high rank. He was made
Superior of the Lazarists in the United States
in 1820, and in 1823 rebuilt his seminary on
a larger scale. The same year he obtained a
colony of Sisters of Loretto to take charge of
an academy and a home for Indian girls. In
March, 1824, he was made coadjutor of Bish-
op Dubourg, and in 1827 he was appointed
bishop of St. Louis, which had been erected
the previous year into an episcopal see. He
was also for some time administrator of the
diocese of New Orleans, and retained the post
of superior of the Lazarist order up to 1830.
He co-operated with the Jesuits in founding
St. Louis University and the House of
Novices at Florissant, and introduced various
sisterhoods. By his aid and patronage St.
Louis Hospital, said to have been the first
of its kind in the United States, was estab-
lished, and the cathedral was built under his
supervision and consecrated by him in Octo-
ber, 1834. He attended the first four pro-
vincial councils of Baltimore, and exercised
much influence in their deliberations. Bishop
Rosati was very successful in making converts
to his church. In 1840 he sailed for Europe,
anil on his arrival in Rome he was appointed
apostolic delegate to Hayti, to settle a con-
troversy that had arisen between that repub-
lic and the court of Rome, and also to bring
about a reorganization of the Haytian church.
( )n his return to Rome the pope expressed
his approval of the diplomacy of Bishop
Rosati, who prepared to sail for the United
States from a French port, but he fell sick in
Paris and was advised by his physicians to go
back to Rome, where he died shortly after his
'' -^c/Ls^^-£(
ROSE HILL— ROWELL.
1937
arrival. He was succeeded as bishop of St.
Louis by Rt. Rev. Peter Richard Kenrick.
Rose Hill. — An addition of thirty blocks
made to St. Louis in 1871 by D. C. and Ham-
ilton Gamble. It became a part of the city
in 1876 and embraced the territory between
Union and Hodiamont Avenues, on the south
side of Easton Avenue.
Round Table, The. — This club, one
of the most delightful and useful of the social
clubs of St. Louis, was organized June 10,
1882, at Porcher's, on Ninth and Olive Streets.
The suggestion of the Round Table was taken
from the then recently organized Commercial
Club, on the model of which it was formed ;
the intention being to bring into relations the
younger representative men in the principal
lines of business. The objects of the club, as
stated in its constitution, are "to establish inti-
mate relations between its members for mu-
tual improvement, and for the purpose of ob-
taining thorough information, and, if need be,
united action on matters pertaining to the
prosperity of the city of St. Louis." To fur-
nish opportunity for carrying out these ob-
jects, the members dine together six times
each year and "enjoy a free interchange of
opinion on subjects connected with social, in-
tellectual and business progress." The mem-
bership has been choice from the first, and has
always included the brightest and most pro-
gressive men connected with the management
of local commercial and manufacturing inter-
ests, railroads, and institutions of learning,
and also representative men from the learned
professions. The entire management and
direction of the club's proceedings is in the
hands of an executive committee of five,
elected annually, who provide the programme
jfor the meetings. The first executive commit-
tee, 1882-3, were James A. Waterworth,
j Charles Hodgman. Halsey C. Ives, Joseph H.
[Holliday and Henry T. Kent. The dinners
of the Round Table are elegant affairs, and
(the variety of interests and professions repre-
sented lend a characteristic vivacity and
jfreshness to the proceedings. The post-
prandial discussions are introduced by essays
prepared by persons of national or local emi-
nence selected by the executive committee.
These discussions embrace a wide range of
subjects of current interest, social, scientific,
artistic, and commercial. The records show
that, few questions of social, local or trade in-
terest have been overlooked, and that most
of them have been very ably treated. Some
important municipal reforms have also had
assistance from agitation begun at the Round
Table. The club has had a vigorous and pros-
perous life, and has been the means of main-
taining intellectual alertness, local patriotism,
and a wideawake business spirit among its
members. There are sixty-five names on the
roll of membership ; all men of prominence
in their respective businesses or professions,
and they are distributed, as to occupations,
as follows : Commercial pursuits, nineteen ;
manufacturing, eleven; transportation, four;
banking, three; law, nine; medicine, six;
university life, six ; other professions, seven.
The executive committee for the year 1898-9
are . D. S. H. Smith, Charles Hodgman, John
F. Sheplev. Breckinridge Jones, Edmund A.
Engler. The Round Table has proved emi-
nently successful in holding together the most
active and influential young men in business
and professional life in St. Louis ; affording
them opportunity for rational enjoyment, in-
tellectual friction and up-to-date information
on the topics of the time, and making them
more effective and useful men in their vari-
ous business pursuits and in the civic life of
St. Louis.
ROAvell, Clinton, lawyer, was born in
Concord, Essex County, Vermont, Novem-
ber 12, 1838. son of Guy and Clarissa (Rankin)
Rowell. His parents, both of whom came of
old New England families, removed to New
Hampshire in the infancy of the son, and he
was reared on a farm in that State. He was
fitted for college in the public schools and
academies of New Hampshire, and completed
his scholastic education at Dartmouth College.
Soon after leaving college he came west. and.
after a careful course of reading and study in
the office of a leading law firm of Blooming-
ton. Illinois, he was admitted to the liar of that
city. In 1866, just at the time that the city
was beginning to recover from the blighting
effects of the Civil War, and was entering upon
an era of remarkable growth and develop-
ment, he became a member of the St. Louis
bar and began his professional career under
favorable auspices. Forming a copartnership
with David D. Fisher, he was associated in
practice with that able and accomplished law-
yer until Mr. Fisher's election to the judge-
1938
ROYAL ARCANUM.
ship of the circuit court brought about a sev-
erance of their relations in 1889. Soon after
that he became head of the firm of Rowell &
Ferriss — Franklin Ferriss being his partner — -
among the ablest ofWestern lawfirms. Deeply
in love, apparently, with both the study and the
practice of the law, Mr. Rowell has been, in
all that the term implies, a lawyer, and he
lias neither wandered into the tempting field
of politics nor allowed commercial or business
interests to divert his attention from the call-
ing to which lie pledged his be'st efforts, his
time and his natural endowments in early
manhood. Throughout a third of a century
almost, during which he has been a member
of the St. Louis bar, there has been, in his
case, a steady growth of attainments, a con-
stant expansion of reasoning and analytical
powers, and a broadening of knowledge, and
gratifying success as a practitioner has come
to him as the reward of merit. Having many
of the attributes of a popular orator, he has
been eloquent, forcible and convincing as an
advocate and trial lawyer, and being, at the
same time, a close student of the law, with
large capacity for research and investigation,
and an unusually retentive memory, he has
achieved a no less enviable distinction as a
wise, candid and judicious counselor. In his
reading he has traveled far beyond the domain
of his profession, but this has been because a
km iwledge of literature and art and broad gen-
eral information is a part of the necessary
equipment of a well-rounded lawyer, and in
gratifying natural tastes he has better fitted
himself to meet any emergency which might
confront him and to perform all the duties
incident to his calling. A member of the Mer-
cantile Club and Merchants' Exchange, he has
been brought into contact daily with mer-
chants, manufacturers, financiers and men of
affairs in St. Louis, and has kept in touch
with the great business interests of the city,
with the general trend of development, and the
most intelligent sentiment of the people con-
cerning matters of public import and impor-
tance. In 1803 he was sent to Washington
as one of the representatives of the business
and financial interests of St. Louis to appear
before a committee of Congress and urge the
repeal of the silver purchase clause of what
was known as "the Sherman law." and his
argument on that occasion was one of the
most convincing made before the assembled
legislators, on a subject which was then at-
tracting the attention of the whole country.
Politically he has always affiliated with the
Democratic party, but neither the honors nor
emoluments of office have seemed to have for
him any attractions. He married, in 1868,
Miss Carrie M. Ferriss, and has two chil-
dren.
Royal Arcanum. — A secret society,
with fraternal and mutual benefit features, in-
corporated under the laws of Massachusetts
in 1877. The first council was organized in
Boston on June 27th of the year above men-
tioned, with nine members. Its objects are
the cultivation of fraternal sentiment, the ex-
tension of moral and material aid to its living
members, and to make provision for the care
and maintenance of the widows and orphans
of deceased members. Xovember 1, 1897, the
membership of the order in fifteen of the
United States and the Provinces of Ontario
and Xew Brunswick. Canada, was 195,000. In
each of the States in which the membership
of the order is one thousand or more a govern-
ing bodv, known as the Grand Council, is in
existence, and there were in all in the United
States and Canada twenty-one of these Grand
Councils in 1*1,7. Representatives from these
councils compose the Supreme Council, or
central governing body, which, in 1807. had
its headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts.
The collection of what is known as the Wid-
ows' and Orphans' Benefit Fund of the order
is controlled exclusively by the Supreme
Council. The Grand or State Councils are
composed of representatives elected by the
subordinate councils, which have charge of
the work of the order in their immediate vicin-
ities, and which are the agents of the Supreme
Council in the collection of the Widows' and
Orphans' Benefit Fund, above referred to.
Missouri Council, instituted June 17. 1878, in
St. Louis, was the first subordinate council
organised in this State. The Grand Council
of Missouri was instituted December 12. 1883.
The eighth annual session of the Supreme
Council was held in St. Louis, in 1895. Soon
after the great tornado of 1806 a notable en-
tertainment was given under the auspices of
the order at Music Hall for the benefit of its
members who had suffered through the de-
struction of their homes and property. The
total membership of the order in Missouri at
the be<rinnin£r of the year 1807 was 5,820, and
in St. Louis the membership at the same time
ROYAL FRATERNAL UNION— ROZIER.
1939
was 4,987. At the same date twenty-one sub-
ordinate councils were in existence in St.
Louis and eleven in the State outside of St.
Louis.
Royal Fraternal Union. — A fraternal
and benefit order, which had its origin in St.
Louis, where it was organized February 25,
1897, under a perpetual charter from the State
of Missouri. Among the original petitioners
for the charter were : W. H. Graham, George
D. Barnard, Walter B. Woodward, William
A. Hobbs, Perrin S. Smith, J. S. Marmaduke,
W. P. Robinson, and others. At the close of
the year 1897 there was one council in St.
Louis, with a membership of about two hun-
dred. Seven councils were in existence at
the same time in the State outside of St. Louis.
The principal offices of the order are located
in St. Louis.
Royal League. — A fraternal society,
with insurance and benefit features, incorpo-
rated under the laws of Illinois, October 26,
1883. It confines its operations to Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and the
States and Territories west of the Mississippi
River and north of the thirty-sixth parallel.
The founders of the League were members
of the Royal Arcanum who sought to institute
a new organization with more attractive life
insurance features than those of the society
with which they had previously affiliated. The
first council of the Royal League was estab-
lished in St. Louis about the year 1885, and
there were nine councils in the city in 1897.
The total membership of the order at the date
last mentioned was, approximately, 17,000.
Royal Templars of Temperance. —
A fraternal beneficiary order, organized in
Buffalo. New York, February 3, 1897, and
based upon total abstinence from intoxicating
liquors as a beverage. Both sexes are received
into this order on perfect equality, and it has
many beautiful ritualistic features. The Su-
preme Council sits in Buffalo, New York,
where the order originated. Grand Councils
have been established in New York, Pennsyl-
vania. Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky,
New Jersey and the New England States. The
first council was established in St. Louis in
1880. by Thomas Kerns, supreme lecturer
of Illinois, with Robert Herries, Thomas B.
Kerwin, R. M. King, Adam Woerthage.
Charles Scollay and others as charter mem-
bers. This and three other councils organized
later have been consolidated into one, called
St. Louis Council, Xo. 1.
Royal Tribe of Joseph.— A fraternal
and beneficial order, instituted at Sedalia, Mis-
souri, in 1894, deriving its inspiration and
name from the story of Joseph, the son of
Jacob and Rachel, who became prime minis-
ter of Egypt and played an important part in
traditional Hebrew history. Pleasing ritual-
istic features and judicious benefit arrange-
ments served to popularize the order at once,
and it soon extended its membership through-
out Missouri, Kansas, Illinois and Nebraska.
The only lodge in existence in St. Louis in
1897 was St. Louis Lodge, No. 7, organized
in 1894, and having a membership of 100.
Rozier, Edward A., lawyer, was born
December 9, 1857, in Ste. Genevieve, Mis-
souri, son of Edward A. Rozier, who was born
at Ste. Genevieve, in 1833, and died there in
1858. His father, although a young man at
the time of his death, had served as public ad-
ministrator and county judge of Ste. Gene-
vieve County, and was editor of the Ste. Gene-
vieve "Plaindealer," then the leading news-
paper of Southeastern Missouri. His wife, the
mother of Edward A. Rozier, of St. Louis, was
Miss Lavinia M. Skewes before her marriage,
and she was a daughter of William Skewes,
of Richwood, Missouri. The progenitor of the
Kozier family of Missouri was Ferdinand
Rozier, born at Nantes, France, in 1777. After
serving with distinction in the French Navy
for three vears this immigrant ancestor of the
Roziers left France with John J. Audubon, the
distinguished naturalist, and crossed the ocean
in the American ship "Polly." After landing
in this country Rozier and Audubon first set-
tled at Mill Grove, Montgomery County,
Pennsylvania : lived for a time afterward at
Louisville. Kentucky, and then in the year
1810 came to Ste. Genevieve with a stock of
merchandise, which included three hundred
barrels of whisky. Audubon remained at Ste.
Genevieve only a year, his partnership with
Ri i/ier being then dissolved. Rozier was for
many years thereafter the leading merchant in
what was then one of the principal towns in
the Southwest, and used t<^ make annual trips
on horseback to Philadelphia and other East-
ern cities for the purchase of goods. He mar-
RUBINSTEIN CLUB— RUMBOLD.
ried Constance Roy, who was born at Fort
Chartres, Illinois, but also came of a French
family. He was one of the most widely known
of the pioneer French merchants of Missouri,
and lived to be eighty-six years of age, dying
in 1864. The elder Edward A. Rozier was one
of the ten children born to him. His descend-
ants in St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve are now
very numerous. The younger Edward A.
Rozier was educated at the State University
of Columbia Missouri, and then studied law
under the preceptorship of Judge Jesse B.
Robbins, of Ste. Genevieve. He was admitted
to the bar in April of 1878, and at once entered
upon a successful career as a practicing lawyer
at Ste ( lenevieve. He was elected prosecut-
ing attorney of Ste. Genevieve County in
[886, and was twice re-elected to the office,
serving in all six years. In 1897 he was elected
mavor of Ste. Genevieve, and held that office
until March of 1808, when he removed to St.
Louis to accept the position of United States
District Attorney for the Eastern District of
Missouri, to which he had been appointed by
President McKinlcy. He is now filling this
office, and is also a member of the law firm of
Bryan, Richards & Rozier. Ever since he
became a voter he has been an active mem-
ber of the Republican party, and in 1892 he
was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention, held at Minneapolis. Minnesota.
May 3, 1881, Mr. Rozier married Miss Anna
M. Carlisle, daughter of James H. and Con-
stance Carlisle, of St. Louis.
Rubinstein Club. — See "Music in St.
Li mis."
Rumbold, Frank Meeker, physi-
cian, was born January 4. 1862, in Lafayette
County, Wisconsin, son of Dr. Thomas F.
and Emma (Meeker) Rumbold. His father,
who has achieved distinction in the practice
of his profession, was born in Aberdeen.
Scotland, and is a direct descendant of Cap-
tain John Rumbold, of "Rye House Castle"
and of "Rye House Plot" fame. The elder
Dr. Rumbold emigrated with his parents from
Scotland to Canada in [834, and came from
there to the United States in his young man-
hood, establishing his home in Scott County,
Iowa. He saw military service during the
Civil War, acting during that period as a sur-
geon in the Union Army. His wife, the mother
of Dr. Frank- M. Rumbold, was a daughter of
Dr. John Meeker, who was one of the pio-
neer settlers of Wisconsin. Dr. Frank M.
Rumbold was educated in the public schools
of St. Louis and at Washington University.
He then began the study of medicine and was
graduated from St. Louis Medical College in
1884. During his medical college vacations
he prospected and mined in Colorado and New
Mexico, traversing a good part of both State
and Territory either on foot or on horseback.
In 1884 he became business manager of the
"St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal," of
which his father was editor and proprietor,
and in 1886 became associate editor and pro-
prietor of this journal. Meantime, he had
begun the practice of his profession, which
was at first general in its character, but which
he confined after 1887 to diseases of the nose,
throat and ear. In 1896 he disposed of his
interests in the "St. Louis Medical and Surgi-
cal Journal." and in company with Dr. M. A.
Goldstein founded "The Laryngoscope," a
journal devoted exclusively to the considera-
tion of diseases of the nose, throat and ear.
This journal has now become widely known,
and has the largest international circulation
of any of its class published in the English
language. In 1878, when he was sixteen years
old, Dr. Rumbold began a connection with
the local military affairs of St. Louis, which
has since gained for him enviable distinction.
At that time he became a member of the First
Regiment of the National Guard of Missouri,
in which he served until 1882. when he was
transferred to Light Lattery A, of the National
Guard. He was elected second lieutenant of
this battery in 1888. promoted to first lieuten-
ant in 1890, and to captain in 1891. May 10,
1898, he was commissioned captain of this bat-
tery, which then entered the volunteer service
of the United States to take part in the Span-
ish-American War. He commanded the bat-
terv thereafter until it was mustered out at
the close of the war, and saw active service in
Porto Rico, where the battery reflected credit
upon the city of St. Louis and the State of
Missouri. Upon his return to St. Louis Cap-
tain Rumbold resumed the practice of his pro-
fession and the management of the medical
journal in which he is interested. He served
as vice-president of the Western Oto-Laryn-
gological Association in 1897, and was secre-
tary of the same association during the year
1898. During the year last mentioned he was
also secretary of the St. Louis Laryngological
RUNGE— RUSSELL.
1941
Society. He has taken a somewhat active in-
terest in politics as a member of the Republi-
can party, and his religious affiliations are
with the Christian Church.
Runge, Edward C, physician, was
born in St. Petersburg, Russia, September
7, 1856. He received a collegiate education
in his native city, and in his young manhood
came to the United States, establishing his
home in St. Louis. He had always had a fond-
ness for the study of medicine, and soon after
his arrival in this city began giving a share of
his attention to that science. He attended his
first course of lectures at St. Louis Medical
College, in 1886, and in 189 1 received his
doctor's degree from that institution. Since
then he has been engaged in the successful
practice of his profession, and in 1895 was
honored by appointment to the superintend-
ency of the St. Louis Asylum for the Insane,
a position which he still retains. In caring for
the unfortunate wards of the city deprived of
their reason he has discharged the full meas-
ure of his responsibilities, and both as a physi-
cian and executive officer, has merited the es-
teem of the public. In the fraternal circles of
St. Louis he is known as an active and promi-
nent member of the order of Knights of
Pythias and the Legion of Honor. Dr.
Runge married, in 1893, Miss Emily K.
Foote, of St. Louis.
Russell, Thomas A., lawyer and jur-
ist, was born on a farm at Huntington,
West Virginia. His father, John Russell, was
a soldier in the War of 1812, and his grand-
father, Thomas Russell, saw service in the
Revolutionary War. His mother's maiden
name was Rebecca Buffington, and she was a
daughter of Colonel Buffington, who achieved
distinction as a Revolutionary soldier. Thomas
A. Russell grew up on a farm, but at an early
I age made choice of the law as his profession,
(and bent all his energies toward fitting him-
self for that calling. While still a youth he
made an overland trip to California and spent
several profitable years on the Pacific coast.
I Returning east then as far as Columbia, Mis-
souri, he completed his preparations for the
study of law at the State University and then
|began his law studies under the preceptorship
(of his brother, Colonel F. T. Russell, who was
I at that time one of the leading lawyers of that
iportion of the State. After his admission to
the bar he established himself in practice at
Kansas City, and speedily acquired a large
clientele. In 1864 he removed to St. Louis
and has since been a prominent member of the
bar of this city. He has been identified during
the time that has since elapsed with much im-
portant litigation, and has appeared as coun-
sel in many of the most noted cases which
have occupied the attention of the State and
Federal courts. Devoted to his profession,
he has but twice yielded to solicitations which
made him an officeholder. For four years he
was a member of the public school board of
St. Louis, which he served as vice-president,
and at a later date he was appointed a judge
of the St. Louis Circuit Court by Governor
Stone, the occasion being the creation of three
additional judgeships at that time. "He wore
the judicial ermine gracefully, and doffed it
unsmirched by even a suspicion of unfair-
ness." Reaching the close of his term, he de-
clined to become a candidate for election to
the office he had filled so ably and acceptably,
and returned to the more congenial and profit-
able practice of law. He is a member of the
First Christian Church, and was for many
years a prominent official of that congrega-
tion. Politically, he affiliates with the Demo-
cratic party. Judge Russell married Miss M.
L. Lenoir, a granddaughter of General Lenoir,
of North Carolina, who was an officer of the
Continental Army. The children of Judge
Russell and Mrs. Russell are two daughters,
one of whom is now Mrs. J. G. Thomas, of
Waco, Texas, and the other of whom is the
wife of Dr. ■ Thomas E. Ferguson, of St.
Louis.
Russell, Charles Silas, manufactur-
er, was born March 7, 1833, at Oak Hill, St.
Louis County, son of James and Lucy (Bent)
Russell. His father was a native of Virginia,
and served in the Virginia line during the War
of 1812. The elder Russell came to Missouri
in territorial days and settled first at Jackson,
where he was for a time editor of a newspaper.
Afterward he came to St. Louis County and
purchased what was known as the Oak Hill
estate, south of and joining the tract of land
which has since become Tower Grove Park.
He served as a member of the Legislature of
Missouri, was a judge of the St. Louis County
Court, and an honored citizen until his death,
which occurred in 1850. His wife, the mother
of Charles S. Russell, was a daughter of Judge
1942
RUSSELL.
Silas Bent, who was appointed by Albert Gal-
latin principal deputy surveyor of the Terri-
tory of Louisiana in 1806, and who, in Sep-
tember of that year, became a judge of the
Territorial Court for the District of St. Louis,
holding that office thereafter until Missouri
was admitted into the LJnion as a State, and
who enjoyed the distinction, as presiding
judge of that court, of signing the first town
charter of St. Louis. Charles S. Russell re-
ceived an academic education and had en-
tered upon a college course at Yale when his
father's death rendered it necessary for him
to return home and give his attention to busi-
ness affairs. In company with his mother, he
took charge of his father's estate, and for sev-
eral years managed the ( )ak Hill farm and
the coal mines operated in connection there-
with. After the settlement of the affairs of the
estate and the division of the property among
the heirs of the elder Russell, Mr. Russell, in
connection with other members of the family
who had inherited an interest in the coal mines,
formed the Russell Coal Company, of which
he continued to act as general manager. While
prospecting for a lower vein of coal he discov-
ered the deposits of fire-clay which have since
been utilized in the building up of a great in-
dustry by the Parker-Russell Mining and
Manufacturing Company. He became a
member of the firm of Parker, Russell & Co.,
which had been in existence some years prior
to that time, in 1866, and at that time the firm,
which had previously been engaged in the
wholesale grocery trade, began the manufac-
ture of various kinds of goods from fire-clay,
and by a process of experimentation and de-
velopment, gradually built up one of the larg-
est institutions of its kind in the United
States. Since this enterprise was founded Mr.
Russell has been continuously identified with
it in a managerial capacity, and he has, there-
fore, been one of the builders of an industry
which furnishes employment to 200 persons
and the means of livelihood to several hun-
dred more. When the original copartnership
was succeeded by the corporation now known
as the Parker-Russell Mining and Manufac-
turing Compan\ he became secretary of the
company, and still retains that position. The
business of (his company has at all times re-
ceived his careful attention, and he is known
to the public as a capable man of affairs, of
unimpeachable integrity and the highest char-
acter. Tn addition to his manufacturing inter-
ests, he is president of the Russell Real Estate
and Improvement Company, in which he is a I
principal shareholder. He is one of a com-
paratively small number of the business men
now prominent in St. Louis who are natives
of the citv, and he has demonstrated in many
ways his loyalty to the city of his birth. While
he has, at different times, taken a somewhat
active interest in politics, he has been too
much a business man to give any considerable
share of his attention to public affairs, and the
only office he has ever held has been that of .
member of the school board. A quiet, modest
man. he is, nevertheless, a citizen of sterling
worth, recognized by all who come within his
sphere of action as a man of sound judgment,
great tenacity of purpose and exact rectitude
in all his dealings with men. Mr. Russell mar-
ried, in 1858. M iss Mary E. Mead, of St. Louis, I
who died in 1895. Their children are Sue AT.
Russell, now the wife of Thomas G. Portis, I
a member of the St. Louis bar; S. Bent Rus-
sell, civil engineer, now in charge of the ex-
tension of the St. Louis water works under
Commissioner Holman : Charles M. Russell,
a resident of Great Falls. Montana.
Russell, Trumbull (Justine, manu-
facturer, was born April 7, 1823. in Washing-
ton, District of Columbia, son of Frederick A.
and Theodosia (Gustine) Russell, the first-
named a native of New Hampshire, and the
last-named born in Virginia. His parents
were married in Georgetown, District of
Columbia, in 1804, and were living there when
Washington was captured by the British in
1814. His paternal ancestors came from the
north of England to this country and settled
in Massachusetts in the year 1640. In the
maternal line he is of Irish descent, although
generations of the family have lived in Amer-
ica, its earliest representative having settled
in Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1641. His
maternal grandmother was Ann Tayloe
Greene, daughter of Colonel Robert Greene,
of Revolutionarv fame. Colonel Greene's wife
was Patsey Ball, first cousin of Mary Pall,
afterward Mary Washington, mother of
George Washington. Reared in Washing-
ton. Mr. Russell obtained his early education
under private tutorship, and completed his
studies at Charlotte Hall, of St. Mary's
County. Maryland, once celebrated among the
educational institutions of the country. He
began his business career in Washington in
RUTLEDGE.
1943
1846, embarking at that time in the hardware
business. Three years later he came to St.
Louis and was engaged in the hardware trade
in this city, under the firm name of Russell
& Armstrong, until 1855. That year he dis-
posed of his hardware business, and early in
1856 associated himself with his brother-in-
law, George W. Parker, in the wholesale gro-
cery trade, as a member of the firm of Parker,
Russell & Co. Until 1866 this firm did a large
and profitable business throughout Missouri
and adjoining States in the grocery trade, but
in that year they turned their attention to the
manufacture of various kinds of fire-clay prod-
ucts, still retaining the firm name under which
they had previously operated. In 1871 the
partnership which had existed between Mr.
Russell and his associates was succeeded by
a joint stock company, which retained the old
name. This corporation was. in turn, suc-
ceeded by the Parker-Russell Mining and
Manufacturing Company, of which Mr. Rus-
sell is treasurer. It has built up one of the
important industries of St. Louis, ships its
products to all parts of the United States, Can-
ada and British Columbia, furnishes regular
employment to about two hundred men, and
is the largest institution of its kind in the West,
and probably the largest in the United States.
To the building up of this business Mr. Rus-
sell has devoted more than thirty years of his
active life, and during all that time he has been
well known in the business circles of St. Louis
and has enjoyed the confidence and esteem
of those with whom he has had business rela-
tions, not only in this city, but in all parts of
the country. He was a director of the Laclede
Bank, and he is also a member of the director-
ate of the Laclede Insurance Company. He was
reared under Whig political influences and
was a great admirer of the old-time Whig
statesmen, like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster,
and other famous men whose faces were famil-
iar to him in early life. He was in Washing-
ton when the next to the last of the Whig Pres-
idents elected by the people died, and was
among those who attended the funeral of
President William Henry Harrison. When
the Whig party passed out of existence he
became a Republican, and has since affiliated
with that party. His religious affiliations are
with the Episcopal Church. In 1853 Mr. Rus-
sell married Julia A. Russell, daughter of
James Russell, of Oak Hill Farm, now a sub-
urb of St. Louis. Their surviving: children
are Daniel R. Russell and Mrs. Lucy B. Cren-
shaw.
Rutledge, William Askins, promi-
nently identified with the real estate interests
of St. Louis, was born March 12, 1855, in the
village of Mechanicsburg, near Springfield,
Illinois. His parents were Washington D.
and Lucy (Askins) Rutledge, and the elder
Rutledge was for many years owner of a com-
mercial college in Springfield, Illinois, and
later a teacher of penmanship in the St. Louis
Public Schools, in which city he still resides.
The mother of William A. Rutledge was the
daughter of Rev. William Askins, a Methodist
minister, who was a contemporary of the fa-
mous itinerant, Rev. Peter Caftwright, and
during several years traveled the same "cir-
cuit" with him. She was born at Bowling
Green, Kentucky, married near Carrollton,
Illinois, and died in St. Louis, February 20.
1879. I'1 his boyhood, William A. Rutledge
attended the public schools of Springfield and
supplemented this training for a business ca-
reer by a course of study in the commercial
college conducted by his father. Then for a
short time he worked on a farm near Spring-
field, and in 1870 joined his father in St. Louis.
Here he was employed first in the wholesale
■law book firm of Soule, Thomas &
Windsor, later in the wholesale drug
store of Wengler, Blow & Co., and still
later by A. A. Mellier, also a wholesale drug-
gist. In the panic of 1873, when the business
houses of St. Louis found it necessary to re-
duce their expenses to the minimum, he lost
his position with the last named drug house,
a circumstance which seemed to him at the
time peculiarly unfortunate, as he had learned
the druggists' tra'de and was anxious to con-
tinue in that 'business. It was not in his na-
ture, however, to remain idle, and not finding
such employment as he desired, he accepted
such employment as he could find. This was
a boy's position with J. M. Carpenter, who was
engaged in the real estate business, and
through this connection he became identified
with a business for which he has shown 'him-
self peculiarly well qualified, in which 'he has
been remarkably successful, and through
which he has contributed in no small degree
to the growth and expansion of the city of St.
Louis. At a later date he served as an em-
ploye in the real estate office of Edtjar Miller,
and. having qualified himself by experience to
1944
RYAX.
engage in the business, he joined Charles A.
Dyer in establishing a real esta'te agency of
their own in [877. Within a year thereafter
he purchased his partner's interest in this busi-
ness and conducted his operations alone until
[882, when he formed a partnership with Wil-
liam M. Horton and became head of the firm
of Rutledge & Horton. This partnership was
dissolved in 1895 and thereafter, until Decem-
ber of 1897, Mr. Rutledge was again alone in
the conduct and management of a business
which had by that time grown to large propor-
tions. Toward the close of the year last
named he incorporated the William A. Rut-
ledge Realty Company, capitalized at $25,000,
his associates in this enteqmse being W. J.
Hamilton and Seneca N. Taylor, Mr. Rutledge
being the principal owner of the stock. Since
he became interested in realty transactions as
an agent and operator, Mr. Rutledge has
helped to greatly enlarge the area of the city of
St. Louis, and some of the finest residence
districts in the city were originally platted
and placed on the market by him and his asso-
ciates Among these have been Reber Place,
Horton Place, Forest Park Addition, Hay-
dock Place, Bartirrer Place, Thornby Place,
and Ellendale. In all these additions they ex-
pended large sums of money in gradihg. sew-
ering, making streets, laying granitoid walks,
planting trees, etc. Eastbourne Terrace and
Rutledge & Horton's Addition were also
added to East St. Louis by the firm of Rut-
ledge & Horton. His accurate judgment of
real estate values have caused him to be called
upon to serve the public in various capacities
in this connection, and he acted as a member
of the board of commissioners appointed in
1896 to assess damages and benefits incident to
the opening of Compton Avenue from Lafay-
ette Avenue to Carondelet. He was also one
of the commissioners who condemned the site
of the new water works at the Chain of Rocks,
and at different times he has served on many
similar commissions. During the year iXr,-
he was one of the directors of the Real Estate
Exchange of St. Louis. Politically lie has af-
filiated witli the Republican part) since lie be-
came a voter, and his religious connections are
with the Methodist Church, in which he was
reared. He was for some years a member of
the Union Methodist Church and sold to that
society the site on which its church is located,
at the corner of Lucas and Garrison Avenues.
In 1802 he helped to found the Maple Avenue
Methodist Episcopal Church and was one of
the chief donors of the fund with which that
congregation erected the handsome stone
chapel which it now occupies. In 1892 he was
made president of the board of trustees of this
church, which office he held for five years,
and for several years taught the Bible class
in its Sunday-school. He was also treasurer
of the building fund of the Maple Avenue
Methodist Episcopal Church during the five
years in which he was president of the board.
He has been for a number of years secretary
and treasurer of the St. Louis City Church
Extension and Missionary Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Church of St. Louis, an
organization which has done much good in es-
tablishing new churches and in helping weak
churches in this city. In 1888 he was asso-
ciated with Dr. L. H. Laidley and others in the
purchase of what was known as the "old Dyer
Mansion," on Eighteenth Street, and the
founding therein of the Protestant Hospital,
an admirable institution, the more extended
history of which will be found under its appro-
priate heading in this work. He is a life mem-
ber of the Young Men's Christian Association.
was "iie of the earliest members of the asso-
ciation in this city and for several years a mem-
ber of the board of managers having its affairs
in charge. He has been identified with fra-
ternal organizations as a member of Occi-
dental Lodge, No. 163, of the Masonic order,
the Royal Arcanum, the Royal League — of
which he was president during the year 1895 —
and the Legion of Honor, and is a member of
the Mercantile Club.
Ryan, Frank K., lawyer, was born in
Norfolk, Connecticut, son of John and Johan-
na (Boomer) Ryan, both natives of Kilkenny.
Ireland. His father was well known in public
life in Connecticut. His parents removed to
Decatur. Illinois, in 1858, and his father was
postmaster of that city from 1859 to 1867. In
the year last named, the family removed to St.
Louis, where his father was twice a member of
the State Legislature. Here Frank H. Ryan
read law. and in 1870 was admitted to the bar
in this city. Immediately afterward he began
practicing at the St. Louis bar and is now
rounding out thirty years of practice, in the
course of which he has impressed himself upon
the public as an able and accomplished advo-
cate, and in all respects a well rounded and
well equipped lawyer. Early in his career he
RYAN.
1945
became identified with city, State and national
politics, and has been recognized as one of the
leaders of the Democratic party, with which he
affiliates, in Missouri. He served as land com-
missioner of St. Louis during the administra-
tions of Mayors Britton and Overstolz, and
has filled other positions, but has been unself-
ish in his devotion to his party and has been in
no sense a seeker after political preferment.
During the presidential campaign of 1880 he
served as chairman of the Democratic State
Executive Committee of Missouri and distin-
guished himself as an able and popular cam-
paign manager. Since then he has devoted
himself assiduously to his professional labors,
and has been identified with much of tllie im-
portant legislation occupying the attention of
the courts of this city. The bent of his mind
is judicial, and few members of the bar of St.
Louis have had the satisfadticui of seeing their
opinions upheld by the higher courts of the
State in a greater number of cases than has
he. As a popular orator he is well known
both in St. Louis and throughout the State,
and he is one of the members of the local bar
most in demand as an after-dinner speaker.
Ryan, Patrick John, Roman Catholic
archbishop, was born February 20, 183 1, in
the town of Thurles, in the County Tipperary,
Ireland, where his maternal grandparents re-
sided. His father's home, where his infancy
and childhood were spent, was at Cloneyharp.
near Thurles, and adjacent to the ruins of a fa-
mous castle bearing the same name, sugges-
tive of beautiful surroundings. This castle is
one of a cluster of such — Miltown, Cloney-
harp, Graigue and Clogher — all within a mile
of each other. Once there existed a contin-
uous circuit of these sentinel castles, forming
a chain of defense around the fertile lands of
Upper Ossory. The archbishop's early edu-
cation was obtained at the Christian Brothers'
School in Thurles, and from there he went to
Dublin, wiiere he commenced his classical
studies at the school of Mr. Naughton, of
Richmond Street, in the Parish of Rathmines.
In 1847 he entered St. Patrick's College, of
Carlow, as an affiliated subject of Most Rev.
Peter Richard Kenrick, then presiding over
the diocese of St. Louis. There he be'came
proficient in logic, metaphysics, ethics, pure
and applied science, and his mastery of rhet-
orical style and graceful elocution made him
especially in demand on all such occasions as
scholastic exercises and public exhibitions.
Earnest piety and strict observance of discip-
line, no less than his accomplishments as a
divinity student, distinguished him, and as
soon as his years permitted, he received the
minor orders and the higher grades oi sub-
deaconship and deaconship. In 1852 he said
farewell to "the Isle so green" and came to the
United States and to St. Louis. Knowledge
of his ability had preceded him, and he was
made professor of English literature in the
Carondelet Theological Seminary. In 1853
he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1855
he became rector of the Cathedral, performing
the duties of that position until i860, when he
began the erection of the Church of the An-
nunciation and of the parochial school con-
nected therewith. When the Civil War be-
gan, while retaining his position as pastor, he
was appointed by Archbishop Kenrick spirit-
ual adviser of the unfortunate men in the
Gratiot Street Prison, and later, on recom-
mendation of General Blair, was appointed one
of the chaplains of the prison by the authori-
ties at Washington. This last appointment,
however, he declined, feeling that he could do
more good among the Confederate prisoners
as a simple priest. After his ministry at the
Church of the Annunciation he was trans-
ferred to the Church of St. John the Evangel-
ist, where he remained until his official depart-
ure for Philadelphia, in 1884. While at St.
John's he attended the second plenary coun-
cil, at Baltimore, and preached a sermon on
"The Sanctity of the Church," which was
afterward published in a collection of the best
sermons delivered before the council. New
York University conferred upon him the de-
gree of doctor of laws the same year, and
twenty years later he received this degree also
from the University of Pennsylvania. Upon
the occasion of the eighteen hundredth anni-
versary of the crucifixion of St. Peter, Arch-
bishop Kenrick made a tour of Europe, and
Father Ryan accompanied him. He returned
to St. Louis with his already liberal mind
broadened by a year of travel, and immediately
afterward was appointed vicar-general of the
diocese. He was administrator of the diocese
later while the archbishop was in attendance at
the ecumenical council, and still later, when the
archbishop applied to Rome for a coadjutor.
Father Ryan was selected for that position.
The title of Bishop of Tricomia was conferred
upon 'him and he was consecrated with impos-
RYCHLICKI.
ing ceremonies in St. John's Church, of this
city, on the 14th of April, 1872. From that
time forward Bishop Ryan took an active part
in the work of the diocese, laying corner
stones, administering the sacrament of con-
firmation, preaching in the Cathedral, and for
charitable objects, and lightening, in every
way possible, the burdens of his superior. He
visited Rome again in 1883. and it was on this
occasion that his elevation to the archepisco-
pal dignity -was announced, under the title of
the archbishop of Salimina. While connected
with the archdiocese of St. Louis his services
as a preacher and lecturer were constantly in
demand, and he became famous both for his
learning and his eloquence. In 1879 be was
the preacher selected by Cardinal McCloskev
on the occasion of the dedication of the great
Cathedral of St. Patrick, in Xew York. He
was the preacher, also, when this first of the
American cardinals was laid to rest near the
high altar of this same sacred edifice. Later,
when the pallium came to be bestowed upon
Archbishop Corrigan, it was again Bishop
Ryan who delivered the sermon. In 1884 he
was recommended by the congregation of the
Propaganda and approved and appointed by
the pope as archbishop of Philadelphia. His
departure from St. Louis was mourned by all
1 l'asses of people, and an address, tendering
him a public reception was sent to him by a
committee of representative citizens. The
priests of the diocese gave him a farewell re-
ception and banquet on the Sunday before his
departure, and expression was given on that
occasion to a wealth of sentiment showing the
extent to which he had endeared himself to
his colaborers of the Catholic clergy, lie left
St. Louis amid a chorus of regrets, which came
from ( 'atholic and non-Catholic, the press and
the people. Arrived in Philadelphia, he was
received with distinguished consideration, and
his formal installation took place in the cathe-
dral in that city on the 20th of August, [884.
Since that time his life has been an open book
to the people of Philadelphia. Those of the
Catholic faith have came to look upon him as
a kind father and counselor, in whom they may
repose confidence, and from whom they may
always look for a gracious welcome. To non-
Catholics he is known as a great preacher, a
useful citizen, and a public benefactor. \- a
pulpit orator he has few equals in the United
States, and his fame has reached to the limits
of the English-speaking world.
Rychlicki, John K., one of the early
Polish settlers of St. Louis, and a most es-
teemed pioneer, was born October 22, 1808, in
the Province of Sandomir, near Warsaw, Po-
land. His parents, Florian and Josephine
(Bzinkoski) Rychlicki, both came of families
notable in their day as landed proprietors.
When he was eleven years of age, John K.
Rychlicki attended a near-by classical scho A,
from which he was graduated three years later.
The principal of this school was greatly im-
pressed with his aptitude for learning and ad-
vised his parents to send him to college at
Radom, the capital of that Province. There
he finished in four years a six years' course of
study, passed his examinations with high
honors, received his diploma and was recom-
mended to the faculty for admission to War-
saw University. He entered the university
when he was eighteen years old and there
studied jurisprudence, the higher mathematics,
languages and civil engineering. After grad-
uating from the university he was taken under
the protection of a Mr. Bandke, who offered
him the position of tutor to his sons, then in
college. In 1831 a revolution broke out in
Poland, and, notwithstanding the flattering
offer of a high court position, Mr. Rychlicki
joined the Patriot Army and fought nine
months for the liberation of his country, par-
ticipating in many engagements. After the
defeat of the Patriots by the Russian Army
they retreated to Galicia. Austria, where they
were surrounded by the Austrian Army and
kept under military observation for nearly two
years. The Russian government demanded
the removal of these Patriots on account of
their proximity to Russian territory and the
constant menace which they would be to the
Russian despotism. In compliance with this
demand they were expelled from Austria, and
scattered in various directions, going to
France and other countries. Mr. Rychlicki,
with six hundred others, chose America as their
place 1 if exile ami were accordingly deported
10 this country in three Austrian frigates. At
the end .if a three months' voyage he and his
companions were landed in Xew York City,
in March of [834. There they were received
with numerous demonstrations of sympathy by
a committee of prominent citizens, many of
whom remembered their own struggle for
American independence. This committee of-
fered needed assistance to the exiles and pro-
vided many of them with situations, according
p^Li //. oo>tpc^c,&
-&?
SADDLERY AND HARNESS TRADE— SAGER.
1947
to their qualifications. Mr. Rychlicki was in-
vited to enter Che home of a prominent family
as a guest, and did so, remaining there some
time as instructor to the sons of the family, in
Latin and Greek. He received generous and
cordial treatment in this family and it was even
proposed that he should ente'r it by adoption
as a son, but his independent nature caused
him to decline, while expressing his gratitude
for the offer of a .home. Taking leave of his
benefactors he left New York City and, act-
ing on the advice of friends, set out for the
"Great West," in July of 1834. At the end of
a three months' journey, which was made en-
tirely by stage, he arrived in St. Louis in Sep-
tember following, and here found new friends
who offered him assistance. Being recom-
mended by these friends to the United States
survevor-general, on the second day after his
arrival in this city, he obtained a position as
civil engineer, which he held for twenty-nine
years thereafter.- He was alternately em-
ployed in the surveyor-general's office and in
the field, surveying the public lands of the
Territories adjacent to Missouri. In [863 he
retired to private life and settled on a tract of
land which he had acquired, at what is now
King's Highway and Page Boulevards. There
he gave himself up to the cultivation of fruits
and other products and to his books and his
family, leading a quiet life until December 20,
1898, when he passed away. Mr. Rychlicki
married, in 1S46, Miss .Mary E. Mann, who
was a native of Kentucky, and who died De-
cember 7, 1887. Three sons and five daugh-
ters were born to them, all of whom, except
two who died in childhood, were carefully
trained and received classical educations. The
living children are A. Rvchlicki, Casimir
Rychlicki, Marv J. Rychlicki. Emilie G Rych-
licki, Wladislas H. Rychlicki, Julia A. Rych-
licki, and Eugenia V. Rychlicki, all of whom
reside in St. Louis. John P. and Josephine
V. Rvchlicki died in childhood.
Saddlery and Harness Trade. — The
saddlery and harness trade of St. Louis con-
sists almost entirely of the sale of the products
of its own establishments, several of which are
i very extensive and send their goods tbrough-
i out the West and South. The trunk trade,
; which is allied to it, has also grown into a very
important feature of the general business of
i the city. The value of the whole trade in
1896 was estimated at $4,000,000.
Saddlery Credit Bureau. — A volun-
tary unincorporated association of the whole-
i sale dealers in saddlery and harness in St.
Louis, for imparting to one another informa-
1 tion of the business capacity and standing of
i their customers, the object being to protect
I the business and one another against irrespon-
'; sible purchasers. It was first organized with
J. J. Kreher for president ; T. Burns, first vice-
president; Jacob Meyer, treasurer, and H. C.
! Tatum, secretary.
Saengerbund. — See "Music in St.
Louis."
Saengerbund of the Sons of Her-
man.—See "Music in St. Louis."
Sager, Arthur N., lawyer, was born in
Kenosha, Wisconsin, December 2, 1871, son
of George H. and Martha A. Sager. His fa-
ther, who was born in New York State and
w;ho is now living in Chicago, is a widely •
known civil engineer, who has had much to do
with the construction of public works of va-
rious kinds. ' He was superintendent of engi-
neers in charge of the Sturgeon Bay and Lake
Michigan Canal, and built the iron ore docks
at Duluth, Minnesota. He also built and ■
sunk the new "intake" and "intermediate
crib" connected with the Chicago water works,
which was an important engineering feat. He
has built "breakwaters" at Chicago, and at
Kenosha and Racine, Wisconsin ; lowered the
Washington Street tunnel under the river in
Chicago; and is now engaged on minor pub-
lic improvements in that city. Arthur N.
Sager, the son, obtained his early education in
the public schools of Kenosha. Wisconsin, and
completed his academic studio at Evanston,
Illinois. He then read law and. in June of
1893, was graduated from De Pauw University-
Law School, of Greencastle. Indiana, with the
degree of bachelor of laws. In December fol-
lowing he went to Yellville, Arkansas, and be-
948
ST. ALPHONSO'S CONVENT OK RKDEMPTORIST FATHERS.
i^an the practice of his profession at that place.
Later he practiced at Harrison. Arkans
partnership with De Roos Bailey, and still later
in Little Rock. In 1897 he removed from the
last named city to St. Louis and formed a part-
nership with \V. F. Carter, under the firm
name of Carter & Sager. He has since prac-
ticed successfully in the courts of this city, im-
pressing himself upon the local liar as a law-
yer 1 >f fine natural ability and superior attain-
While a member of the Arkansas bar
he served as judge-advocate-general of the Ar-
kansas Reserve Militia, with the rank of major.
A Democrat in politics, he has participated ac-
tively in several political canvasses, and is a
pleasing and effective campaign orator. Feb-
ruary 14, 1894, Air. Sager married Miss Lizzie
Scott, daughter of Honorable W. T. Scott, of
Kentucky, and a descendant of Thomas
Wynne, a noted Welsh pioneer of Pennsylva-
nia. Mrs. Sager died January 26, 1896, leav-
ing one son, George H. Sager, Jr.
St. Alphoiiso's Convent of He-
demptorist Fathers. — The Redemptor-
ist order in the Catholic Church originated in
Italy about a century ago, the founder being
St. Alphonso Liguori. It has two provinces
in the United States, eastern and western, the
Very Rev. Daniel Mullane, of St. Louis, be-
ing the provincial of the western province.
Before the order was established in St. Louis
the Redemptorist Father.-, gave a mission at
the cathedral, which was attended with such
success ihat Archbishop Kenrick proposed to
them the establishing of a house in St. Louis.
In [865 the)' gave a mission at St. Mary's
Church, and the archbishop's proposition was
repeated with the choice of several lots placed
at their disp isal. No one of these lots was
lered altogether suitable, and the result
was the purchase of a lot of three .and a half
acres on Grand \venue near the St. Charles
rock road— and there the noble and beautiful
known as the "Rock Church" was
built. The lut, which cost $27,000, was in the
1 mtskirts < >t tlir i-'i\ . in the prairie, at the time.
lint is now in a densely built district. The
corner stone was laid on the }il 1 >f November,
1X1,7. in tin- presence of four thousand persons,
the celebrant being the Very Rev. Joseph
Meli'Iier, vicar-general of the archdiocese, and
mi the |ih of August, 1872. tin- church was
dedicated bj Archbishop Ryan. During the
several years preceding the dedication of their
own church, Archbishop Kenrick placed~the
cathedral with the adjoining parish in charge
of the Rcdemptorists. The conditions upon
which they agreed to establish a house in St.
Louis were that it should be the home of the
fathers eng'iged m g'V-ng missions and re-
treats; that it should also be a novitiate and
house of studies for professed students; and
the fathers were to be entirely free from paro-
chial duties. Rev. Louis Dodd, rector of St.
Philomena's Church. Pittsburg, was the first
superior, followed quickly, on June 29, 1886,
by Rev. Egidius Smulders. Rev. Ferrol Gi-
rardev and Brothers Jacques and Peter from
Annapolis, Maryland, who together constitu-
ted the nucleus of the new community — and
the mission work was prosecuted with dili-
gence and zeal. On the 10th of June, 1874.
the St. Louis house was raised to the dignity of
a rectorate. with Rev. W. V. Meredith as first
rector. In [879 a novitiate was begun at St.
Li mis. with Rev. Father Smulders as tempo-
rary novice-master. It was afterward re-
moved to Kansas City. In 1882 the corner
stone of the parish school was laid and a build-
ing erected at a cost of $45,533- In 1883 the
Sisters of Notre Dame took charge and the
school was opened with nearly four hundred
pupils. Besides their church, the St. Alphon-
so fathers have a college, also, at Windsor
Springs, near Kirkwood. two convents in Chi-
cago e mnected with St. Louis, a convent at
Xew ( Irleans and a college at Denver, Colo-
rado, and Seattle. Washington. The rector of
the Rock Church in 1808 was the Very Rev.
Win, Loewekamp.
St. Andrew's Society. — A benevolent
association formed September 31. 1839, com-
posed of natives of Scotland residing in St.
1. 1 'ir.-. John S. Thompson was first president
of the society and T. T. Stewart first secretary.
St. Ange de Bellerive, first military
commandant and acting Governor of the post
of St. Louis, was born in Canada about the
year 1705. Little more is known of his early
life than that he had been, for many years
prior to his coming to St. Lotus, in the mili-
tary service of France, on duty in the Canadas
and the Illinois country. Alt the time the
treaty of Paris went into effect in the Illinois
country, the Illinois settlements were under
his government, he being at that time in com-
mand at Fort Chartres. In the exercise of
ST. ANN'S FOUNDLING ASYLUM AND WIDOWS' HOME.
1949
these governmental functions he was subordi-
nate to M. D'Abbadie, Director-General of
Louisiana, who resided at New Orleans, then
the seat of government of the Province. St.
Ange had attained the military rank of captain
and had shown such wisdom and tact in deal-
ing with the Indians that he had gained a
strong hold upon their affections, as well as
upon the affections of the French settlers in
the region over which he exercised control.
In 1765, in obedience to the orders of his supe-
riors and in the name of the King of France,
he delivered to Captain Sterling, the accredited
commissioner of his British Majesty, formal
possession of the Illinois country and soon
afterward withdrew with bis little company of
troops from 'the territory which had passed
under British control. He came at once to St.
Louis, at a time when the infant settlement had
begun to feel the need of some governmental
authority, and his recognized character and
ability caused him to be endowed by the peo-
ple with the authority that legitimately be-
longed to a Governor under the French co-
lonial system in America. He appears to
have accepted the powers which the people
sought to confer upon him only to the extent
of maintaining public order, making grants of
land, and directing military affairs at the post
of St. Louis. The temporary government
which he established went into effect January
2, 1766, and was maintained until May 20,
1770, at which date Don Pedro Piernas suc-
ceeded 'him by appointment of the Spanish
government. While he governed without au-
thority from the Spanish crown, he appears to
have acted in harmony with the Spanish offi-
cials of the Province of Louisiana, so far as
they chose to exercise any authority during his
administration, and retired from office with
the good will of his immediate successor, who
conferred upon him the rank of captain of in-
fantry in the Spanish service. His services to
the colonists of St. Louis were doubtless of
great value, and in view of the fact that he
established its government and was for several
years the most conspicuous personage in the
place, it is not altogether strange that some
early writers, not very careful in their investi-
gations, should have given bim credit for the
founding of the city. He died at the home of
Madame Chouteau, December 27, 1774, and
was buried in the parish graveyard on the fol-
lowing day. His remains were removed from
this cemetery aloner with those of the mem-
bers of the Chouteau family and they now rest
in the Chouteau family lot. Pierre Laclede
Liguest was named by St. Ange as the execu-
tor of his will.
St. Ann's Foundling Asylum ami
Widows' Home. — This institution, the
first asylum for abandoned infants opened in
the United States, was commenced May 12,
1853. Its founder was Ardhbishop Kenrick,
who obtained from the Mother House at Em-
metsfourg, Maryland, four Sisters of Charity,
who began their work in a small house on
Eleventh and Marion Streets, the site of the
House of the Guardian Angel. Fourteen in-
fants were received on the first day. Mr. John
Mullanphy left a bequest for the support of
ten widows and separate small houses for
them. Separate residence proved impracti-
cable, so the archbishop had the house erected
on the southeast corner of Tenth and O'Fallon
Streets, on ground bequeathed by Mr. Mul-
lanphy's daughter. Airs. Ann H. Biddle. This
was given in care of the Sisters of Charity,
who brought to the new house their infant
charges, September 8, 1858. Thus were con-
solidated a Home for Aged Widows, a Ma-
ternity Hospital and Foundling Asylum. The
institution was incorporated Marcb 5, 1869.
Eleven of the fourteen sisters in the house
form the body of the corporation ; five are di-
rectors of the business affairs. The institu-
tion is non-sectarian. The sisters receive an-
nually about three hundred and fifty infants :
these are of both sexes, their ages ranging
from one day to five years. Among them are
orphans, half-orphans and foundlings. Each
child is given a name and a number and its his-
tory is recorded for future identification. It
is then placed in the nursery under the care of
the sisters and the nurses. Many of the chil-
dren are given out to nurse to mothers in their
homes. These are called in when fifteen or
sixteen months old and placed in the nursery.
At the age of three years they are transferred
to the play-room, where the older children at-
tend the kindergarten. The orphans of legiti-
mate birth are transferred to the orphan asy-
lum, when five years old, unless claimed by?
relatives. Not a few are adopted into Roman
Catholic families.
The Maternity Hospital is intended for
young women whose previous character has
been good and whose reception here will save
the honor of a family. None is admitted the
1950
ST. CHARLES— ST. JOSEPH'S BOYS' ORPHAN ASYLUM.
second time. It is also intended for married
women, who can receive in this hospital pro-
fessional attention not possible in their own
homes. Poor and homeless widows over
sixty years of age are received and cared for in
the widows' department. Others who are not
indigent are received and from these fees are
requested. The revenues of the institution are
as follows : Rents from real estate bequeathed
by Mr. John Mullanphy and Mrs. Ann H. Bid-
die : board payments for children and for ma-
ternity and hospital patients ; fairs or sales and
entertainments; donations and bequests, and
payments from fhe city for children picked up
by the police. The house has accommoda-
tions for one hundred and twenty inmates, but
is generally overcrowded. The number re-
ceived since the institution was opened is as
follows: Infants, 15,016; patients, 4.566;
widows, 254. In 1889 the sisters purchased a
lot of 718 feet on Page Boulevard by 466 feet
on Union Boulevard, on which they hope to
be able in the near future to erect a commo-
dious building.
St. Charles. — The city of St. Charles,
twenty miles northwest of St. Louis, had its
origin in one of the early French settlements
of Missouri. It was founded in 1769, five
years later than St. Louis, was incorporated
as a town in 1809, and as a city in 1849. The
Legislature of Missouri made it the capital of
the State by act of November 28, 1820, and it
continued to be the seat of government until
1826. It was called by the French "Les Pe-
tites Cotes," the village of "the little hills."
St. Clair. — A town laid out in what is now
the central district of East St. Louis, in 1837.
In 1859, together with East St. Louis and Illi-
noistown, it was incorporated as the village of
Illinoisrcwn. * In 1861 the name was changed
to East St. Louis by vote of the citizens of the
combined towns.
St. Clair Hotel.— An old-time hotel,
which stood at the southwest corner of Market
and Third Streets, and which at an earlier date
was widely known as the National Hotel. The
house was closed in 1877, but was afterward
remodeled and newly furnished but never re-
gained its old time prestige.
St. Ferdinand. — See "Florissant."
Ste. Genevieve. — The old village of
Ste. Genevieve was one of two French settle-
ments in the territory now embraced in the
State of Missouri at the time Laclede came up
the Mississippi River with the intention of
founding a trading-post in this region. It
was founded about 1735 and was twenty miles
below Fort Ohartres. Laclede landed there on
his way up the river in November of 1763, in-
tending to leave his goods and a portion of his
company there while seeking a location for his
trading-post. On arriving there, however, he
could find no place to store his goods, and pro-
ceeded to Fort Chartres, where he spent the
following winter. Ste. Genevieve was an im-
portant trading-post in the early days, and
much interesting history clusters around this
old French town, the oldest in Missouri. It
was sometimes called "Misere."
St. George. — The town of St. George
adjacent to St. Louis, was dedicated Novem-
ber 15, 1836. by William Carr Lane. It ex-
tended from the river to Carondelet Avenue,
between Victor Street and Lynch Street. It
became a part of the city in 1841.
St. Joseph's Boys' Orphan Asylum.
This institution, which is in charge of the Sis-
ters of St. Joseph, dates back to 1835. when
the corner stone of a small building was laid
in the neighborhood of the old Cathedral. In
July erf the next year the little orphanage was
opened and soon received into its shelter thir-
ty-five boys. The asylum was chartered in
1841 . Before the organization of the orphans'
board the sisters were obliged to go about and
solicit alms for the children. Every want is
now supplied by the board at stated times and
the sisters have more time to devote to the
immediate care of the asylum. The "Mana-
gers of the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylums
of St. Louis" was incorporated March 2, 1849,
the following named gentlemen being incorpo-
rators : John B. Sarpy, Edward Walsh,
Bryan Mullanphy, Amadee Valle, Joseph
Murphy, John Haverty, Thomas Gray, Thos.
O'Flaherty and Patrick J. Rider. These were
constituted a board of managers at that time,
and their successors thereafter, under the pres-
idency of the archbishop of St. Louis. Under
this management, existing for the past fifty
\ ears, over twenty thousand children have
been oared for at St. Joseph's Asylum for Boys
and St. Mary's Asylum for Girls, the number
ST. JOSEPH'S NIGHT HOSPITALITY.
1051
largely increasing annually in both institu-
tions. St. Joseph's Asylum was located far
nearly fifty years at Fourteenth Street and
Clark Avenue, but now occupies a handsome
and commodious building recently erected at
Delor Street and Grand Avenue, the home
and grounds costing $200,000. Two hundred
and fifty boys are here cared for, with the nec-
essary number of sisters and servants to look
a'fter their welfare. The age of admission is
from four to thirteen years. The boys are
taught the rudiments of a plain English edu-
cation and music. Homes are found for them
in Catholic families in the city and archdiocese
when suitable occasion affords, and those re-
maining are placed in positions at the age of
fourteen, the institution still exercising a
watchful interest in their welfare until they
become of age. Half-orphans and boys need-
ing temporary shelter are received when nec-
essary. Applicants are received without sec-
tarian restriction.
St. Joseph's Night Hospitality.—
This night refuge for homeless women
was opened Christmas night, 1877, at
St. Joseph's House of Mercy, on Mor-
gan and Twenty-second Streets. These
poor women, usually advanced in years,
are admitted at night and dismissed every
morning. They are kept completely separate
from the inmates of the other departments.
Beds have been endowed in this charity by
Mrs. Virginia S. Peugnet, who has been its
faithful helper and benefactress from the be-
ginning ; Mrs. W. Patterson, Mrs. Stettinius.
Mrs. Firth, Miss M. Chassaing and Mrs. Tulia
Maffitt.
St. Louis Anniversary Celebra-
tion.— On the 15th of February, 1847, the
eighty-third anniversary of the founding of St.
Louis was commemorated with elaborate and
imposing ceremonies. There were six mili-
tary companies, under command of Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Kennett, of the St. Louis Legion,
followed by societies, fire companies and clubs,
with a retinue of carriages. There was a rep-
resentation of the "General Pike," the first
steamboat to arrive at St. Louis, followed by
a model of the "Laclede." at that time one of
the finest boats on the Mississippi River, but
the most interesting feature of the day wras one
of the original founders, Pierre Chouteau,
then in the ninety-first year of his age, who
rode in an open carriage with his two sons,
Pierre, Jr., and Paul Liguest Chouteau, and
his nephew Gabriel S. Chouteau. There was
an oration by Wilson Primm, a banquet at the
Planters House and a ball at night.
St. Louis, Areas of. — The city of St.
Louis, incorporated December 9, 1822, con-
tained an area of 385 acres. The limits of
1839 gave it 477; of 1841, 2,865; of 1855,
8,823; of 1870, 11,505; of 1876, 39,276 acres,
or nearly 61 square miles. St. Louis is the
seventh city in the Union in point of area,
those having larger being New York, Chica-
go, Philadelphia, San Diego, Washington, D.
C, and Duluth, Minnesota.
St. Louis as a Capital. — Within two
years after the settlement of St. Louis, it be-
came, in a sense, a seat of government. From
1766 to 1770, St. Ange de Bellerive was Act-
ing Governor of Upper Louisiana, and his offi-
cial residence was at the post of St. Louis.
The first Spanish Lieutenant-Governor of the
Province came to St. Louis in 1770, and his
successors governed the territory within their
jurisdiction from this point until Louisiana
was transferred to the United States. The
formal transfer of Upper Louisiana from Spain
to France, and from France to the United, in
1804, took place in St. Louis. After the Ter-
ritory of Louisiana had been created by act of
Congress, it continued to be the seat of gov-
ernment and later was the capital of Missouri
Territory until the State government was or-
ganized. With the erection of Missouri into
a State, St. Louis ceased to be more than the
capital of a county, the seat of government be-
ing fixed at St. Charles by act of the Legisla-
ture bearing date of November 28, 1820. For
fifty years previous to that time, however, St.
Louis had been officially recognized as a pro-
vincial and territorial capital. The capital was
removed from St. Charles to Tefferson City in
1826.
St. Louis, Chronological Sketch of.
St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Li-
guest Laclede, who came up the Mississippi
River from New Orleans, and who as a mem-
ber of the New Orleans firm of Maxent, La-
clede & Co., had obtained from the Governor-
General of Louisiana an exclusive control of
the fur trade of the Missouri and other tribes
of Indians as far north as the River St. Peter.
1952
ST. LOUIS CIRCUIT COURT.
On the 14th of February of that year Auguste
Chouteau, the stepson of Laclede arrived on
the site of St. Louis, in charge of about thirty
men and on the following day they began
clearing a space in the forest and thus began
the building of a city. Almost immediately
the place became an important trading post
and continued to be headquarters of the fur
and Indian trade in the Southwest during the
latter part of the last and early part of the
present century. It passed under Spanish
domination in 1765, all the French territory on
the west side of the Mississippi River and the
Island of New Orleans having been ceded by
France to Spain by the secret treaty of 1763.
The genius of Napoleon compelled a retroces-
sion of the Province of Louisiana, of which
Missouri and St. Louis formed a part, in 1801,
by a treaty which was not made public until
1803. On the 30th of April, 1803, a treaty
was signed under which France ceded the
Province to the United States and the formal
transfer of Upper Louisiana to the growing
American republic took place at St. Louis,
March 9, 1804. The population of the trad-
ing post, St. Louis, was a'bout 1,000 at the time
it came under the authority of the United
States government. It was incorporated as
a town in 1809 with a population something
less than 1,400. In 1823 the city was incorpo-
rated with a population of approximately
4,000. Subsequent census reports give the
population at decennial periods as follows :
1830, 4.W77 ; 1840, 16,469; 1850, 77,860; i860,
185.587; 1870, 310,864; 1880, 350,522; 1890,
451,770
St. Louis Circuit Court.— Much of
the history of the Circuit Court of St. Louis is
told in other parts of this work, in the biogra-
phies of the several judges, and in sketches of
the lives of the members of the bar who have
figured in its proceedings. The purpose of
this article is to present those facts in the his-
tory of the court which are not to be found
elsewhere in this Encyclopedia.
The flight of time has made havoc of much
historical material, resting in the memory of
the pioneer settlers of St. Louis. In scarce
any field of research into local history is the-
irreparable loss of such material so evident as
in the field of our present topic. Tradition
invests with intense interest the early days of
the St. Louis Circuit Court; yet there have
been transmitted to our time few authentic
memorials of the forensic battles which the
giants of those days fought. The meagre par-
ticulars of those battles, described in the offi-
cial reports of the Supreme Court of Missouri,
constitute, for the most part, all that has been
rescued from oblivion. Here and there, how-
ever, a thoughtful hand has preserved an ac-
count of something of interest in the life of the
court, not appearing in its records, but these
particulars are given in other parts of this
work — in the sketches of local history, and in
the accounts of individual lives of our citizens. I
The records of the court have been kept, al-
most invariably, with scrupulous fidelity, and
from them has- been derived the greater, part
of the information we furnish.
The Circuit Court of St. Louis is traceable
from a period antedating the admission of
Missouri into the Union. In territorial times
the court was created and began its work.
From that day to this it has preserved an unin-
terrupted existence, and its records, intact,
contain in themselves a great mass of the most
authentic information touching the early life
and history of the city.
The circuit court of to-day is the repository
of the files and judgments not only of the court
of that name of primitive times but of several
other courts of record that have been merged
into it at various dates. It is the legal succes-
sor and representative of the "St. Louis Court
of Common Pleas," created by the act of the
General Assembly, approved January 21,
1841,* and of the Law Commissioner's Court
of St. Louis County, established in 1845, under
the provisions of the Revised Statutes, || and
of the "St. Louis Land Court," formed by the
act of 1853.** As those courts last named have
been so completely merged into the present
circuit court, it is not thought necessary to de-
scribe at length their functions. They are
fully defined in the enactments referred to, so
that the reader who desires may obtain that
information therefrom. It may be said,
briefly, that all of those tribunals were created
to relieve the stress of labor of the circuit
judges, and to facilitate the public business.
By the terms of the Constitution of 1865
(which went into force July 4th in that year)
provision was made for reorganizing the
Circuit Court of St. Louis County, so that it
should be composed of three judges, each of
whom should try causes separately, and all (or
• Laws, 1840-41, page 50.
Revised Stal utes, 1 v 15. chapter 99.
Laws, 1852-3, pa
ST. LOUIS CIRCUIT COURT.
1953
a majority) of whom should constitute a court
in banc, to decide questions of law and to hear
appeals from the several courts held by the
judges while sitting separately. The two ad-
ditional circuit judges were to be appointed by
the Governor with the approval of the Senate,
until the next general election, when the three
judges of the court were to be chosen by the
qualified voters, and were by lot to determine
among themselves the duration of their terms
of office (which were to be for two, four and
six years respectively), and they were to certify
the result to the Secretary of State. There-
after the full terms of judges elected was fixed
at six years from the first Monday of January
next after their election. The General As-
sembly was, moreover, given power to in-
crease the number of judges from time to time
as the public interest might require.
Pursuant to the constitutional provision,
the General Assembly passed an Act (ap-
proved December 19, 1865; Gen. Stats. Mo.,
1866, p. 887) which vested all the juris-
diction of the St. Louis Court of Common
Pleas, the St. Louis Land Court, and the Law
Commissioner's Court of St. Louis County,
in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County, thus
consolidating all the courts above mentioned
in one court, the Circuit Court of St. Louis
County, and transferring all unfinished busi-
ness of the other courts to the circuit court for
final disposition. The scheme of reorganiza-
tion also provided that appeals to the Supreme
Court which might have been taken from any
of said courts should be taken to the circuit
court, and in like manner writs of error from
the Supreme Court to any of said courts might
be directed to the circuit court with like effect.
We do not deem it necessary to give all the
details of the scheme of reorganization. We
merely enumerate its chief features, the most
important of which was the establishment of
what was called general terms and special
terms of the circuit court. The General
Term was when the court sat as a court in
banc for the purpose of reviewing decisions of
the Special Terms, and of hearing questions of
law certified from the special terms, which
were those terms of the court at which the
judges presided singly. The General Term
was an appellate court for the review of judg-
ments rendered at special term, and appeals
lay from the judgments of the general
term to the Supreme Court. According to the
scheme of arrangement of the general and spe-
cial terms, the court in General Term had the
power to classify, arrange and distribute the
business among the several judges as the ma-
jority might deem expedient, and the judges
were permitted to interchange business and
otherwise relieve each other, as occasion
might require. This made a very flexible and
convenient system for the transaction of the
business of the court.
When the consolidation scheme went into
operation, Judge Moodey was judge of the
circuit court proper (which was then named
Room No. 1); Judge Reber was judge of
the common pleas court (his division was
called Room No. 2), and Judge Lord was
judge of the land court (his room was
given the number 3). These judges con-
stituted the circuit court as reorganized pur-
suant to the provisions of the Constitution of
1865.
In the course of time, following the growth
of the city in other respects, the business of the
circuit court increased to such a degree that
in 1871 the number of judges was raised
by the Legislature to five.* Under the Consti-
tution of 1875 a scheme was provided for the
separation of the city and county of St. Louis,
and the city was authorized to enact a charter
for its own government. But the courts of
the Eighth Judicial Circuit (composed of St.
Louis County) were to remain undisturbed,
until otherwise provided by law. Before long
i.t became apparent that the city of St. Louis
should be separated from the county for the
purposes of judicial administration, and so the
territorial jurisdiction of the circuit court in
the city of St. Louis was made to conform to
the limits of the city as defined by the reorgan-
ization scheme. (R. S. 1879, Sees. 1122. 1163.)
By legislation in 1895 (Laws, 1895, pp. 130-
13 r-135") the number of judges of the circuit
court was increased to seven ; then, by consoli-
dation with the old criminal court, and the ad-
dition of another judge to deal with criminal
causes, the number was raised to nine. The
present judges of the court, as arranged for
the purposes of trials, are assigned as follows :
Room No. 1, William Zachritz.
Room No. 2, Pembrook R. Flitcraft.
Room No. 3, James E- Withrow.
Room No. 4, Daniel D. Fisher.
Room No. 5. Horatio D. Wood.
Room No. 6, Franklin Ferriss.
Room No. 7, Seidell P. Spencer.
Room No. 8, John A. Tally.
Room No. 9, Jacob Klein.
1 Acts 1S70. p M.
ST. LOUIS CIRCUIT COURT.
In the article on the "Federal Courts" ap-
pears a concise account of the method of legis-
lation followed during the territorial epoch of
our city's history, when many courts (includ-
ing the circuit court) were first organized.
.Much valuable information will be found
therein in regard to the jurisdiction and prac-
tical operation of the early courts, both State
and national, held in St. Louis. The reader
desiring to be fully advised on the subject may
advantageously consult that article.
The first circuit court in St. Louis was
created by the act of the General Assembly of
the Territory of Missouri, approved January
4, 1815,* which divided the State "into two dis-
tricts or circuits" (northern and southern), for
each of which the Governor was empowered
to appoint a circuit judge, who must "have
resided in the Territory at least one year pre-
vious to his appointment." The county of St.
Louis and the counties of St. Charles and
Washington composed the northern circuit.
The judge was to receive an annual salary of
$1,200, payable quarterly. Three terms of the
court were required to be held in each county
of the circuit. On the civil side the jurisdic-
tion reached all cases "above the sum of ninety
dollars." On the criminal side the court was
to deal with all causes except those in which
the punishment was capital, and those over
which the county courts had jurisdiction. The
act also invested the court with power to hear
and determine appeals from the county courts
and justices of the peace. The "town of St.
Louis" is mentioned in the act and the dates
for opening the terms of court therein for the
county of St. Louis, are appointed — the second
Monday in April, July and October. The cir-
cuit judges were removable "for nonfeasance
or misfeasance in office or neglect of duty, by
joint ballot of both houses of the Legislature,
two-thirds of both houses concurring."
It is noteworthy that the act creating the
circuit court conferred express authority to
punish contempt by fine, not to "exceed ninety
dollars," and imprisonment not longer than
during the sitting of the court, unless a fine re-
mained unpaid, in which event the imprison-
ment might be ordered to continue until pay-
ment of the fine.
Various changes in the limitations of juris-
diction of the court occurred from time to
time, both in relation to the territory of the
court's functions and respecting- the subjects
1 Terr. Laws, Missouri, pace 14s.
of its authority. As early (at least) as the Act
of February 6, 1843, tnc eighth judicial cir-
cuit of the State became confined to the
County of St. Louis, and since then the terri-
torial jurisdiction of the court has been marked
by the boundaries of the county, and later of
the city, of St. Louis. The criminal jurisdic-
tion was severed from that of the circuit court
proper by the establishment of the criminal
court (see article on that subject) by the Laws
of 1838-9, p. 28.
Below we present a table showing. the names
of the judges who have
The Judges. served in the Circuit Court
of St. Louis from the earli-
est period of its existence. We shall not un-
dertake to give in this article any sketch of
the lives of these men, or of any of them. In
other parts of this work those sketches may be
found. It is enough to say that a great many
of them have been men who ornamented the
position, who presided with dignity and im-
partiality, and, in many instances, with con-
spicuous ability. Among the members of
this bench will be found a number who at-
tained eminence in other fields, both national
and State. Some of these judges have be-
come members of the United States Senate
and House of Representatives ; others have
filled cabinet positions, and other honorable
offices ; yet others have served in higher judi-
cial positions in the State and nation. It has
not been possible in every instance to state
with absolute accuracy the date of the begin-
ning of service of each judge. Some of the
most important archives of Missouri were de-
stroyed by the fire which consumed the State
House in Jefferson City in 1837. In those
days the Governor appointed the judges, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
and the dates when commissions were actually
issued to them, prior to 1837, can not always
be stated with positiveness. But the date
when actual service began on the bench is usu-
ally marked by some court memorial which
can be depended upon. Consequently, in the
table which we present we have utilized in
each instance that date of commencement of
service which seems to be the most certain
and reliable. The table otherwise explains
itself.
JUDGES op THE CIRCUIT COURT.
SITTING AT si I,' iTJIS
Circuit Judges
David Barton
2J Qualified. «>«««.«-■
April IS, 'l.K Oct., 1817
ST. LOUIS CIRCUIT COURT.
1955
JUDGES OF THE CIRCUIT COURT.— Continued.
SITTING AT ST. LOUIS.
9 Appointed, E d f
Circuit Judges. g Elected, or §■"">„
« Qualified. service.
Nathaniel B. Tucker Feb. 9. '17. Resigned
Jan. 21, '20.
Alexander Gray Aprils, '20. Dec. 2, 1820.
Nathaniel B.Tucker April 2, '21. Nov. 1, '22.
Alexander Stuart June 2, '2:!. Resigned
Maj' 27, '2(1.
William C. Carr July 24, '20. Resigned
Jan. 20, '34.
Luke E. Lawless Mar. 24, '34. Resigned
Jan., 1841.
Bryan Mullanphy Feb. 13, '41. Resigned
Mch.27, '44.
John M. Krum April 10, '44. Apl., 1847.
Alexander Hamilton April 12. '47.
Reappointed
Jan. 4. '4!i.
Reappointed
Jan. 29, '49. 1857.
James R. Lackland August, 1857. Resigned
Aug. 1859.
Samuel M. Breckinridge Aug. 9, '50. Jan., 1864.
James C. Moodey 1 Nov.. 1863. Byremov'l
Dec. 1, '65. Mcb., 1867.
Charles B. Lord 3 Dec. 19, '65. Died Nov.,
1868.
Samuel Reber 2 Dec. 1, '65. Resigned
Sept.. 1868.
Roderick E. Rombauer 1 Mar. 11. '67. Nov., 1868.
Irwin Z. Smith 2 Sept. 16. '67. Resigned
Nov. 1868. Feb. 15, '70
James K. Knight 3 Nov.3,'68. Died Nov.
Nov., 1872. 1K76.
George A. Madill 2 April 5, '70. Jan., 1875.
James J. Lindley 4 Nov. 1870.
Nov. 7, '7(1. Jan., 1883.
Ephraim B. Ewing 1 Nov. 8, '70. Resigned
Dec, 1872.
Horatio M. Jones 5 Nov. 8, '70. Jan., 1877.
Chester H. Krum 1 Nov. 6, '72. Resigned
July, 1875.
John Wickham 2 Nov. 3, '74. Jan., 1881.
Louis Gottschalk 1 July, 1S75. Jan., 1879.
Wilbur F. Boyle 3 Nov. 30, '76.
Appointed to
vacancy
caused by
death of
J'ge Knight.
El'ct'd Nov.,
1876. Jan., 1883.
Amos M. Thayer 5 Nov., 1876 Resigned
and Nov., '82. Mar. 4, '87,
to accept
appoint-
ment as U.
S. District
Judge.
ElmerB. Adams 1 Nov., 1878. Jan., 1883.
Shepard Barclay 3 Nov., 1882. Resigned
Dec. 3), '88
George W. Lubke 2 Nov., 1882. Jan., 1889.
William H. Horner 2 Nov., 1881. Died,
Nov.. ism;.
Daniel Dillon 4 Nov., 1884.
Nov., 18(111. Jan . 1897.
Lerov B. Valliant 5 Appointed
Nov. 8, '86, to
fill vacancy.
Elect'dNov.,
1886. and
Re-elected
Nov., 18i)2. Jan., 1899,
JUDGES OF THE CIRCUIT COVRT.-Can/,>u,ed.
SITTING AT ST. LOUIS.
§ Appointed, ... -
Circuit Judges. § Elected, or e" ,.,°l
K Qualified. service.
James A. Seddon 2 Mar. 4. '87. Jan. 5 '89.
Jacob Klein 1 Nov., 1888.
Re-elected
Nov., 1896.
Daniel D. Fisher 4 Nov.. 1888.
Nov.. 1896.
Nov., L898.
James E. Withrow 3 Nov , 1888,
Re-elected
Nov.. 1894.
John A. Harrison 3 Appointed
Spec'l Judge
Dec. 6, 1892. Apr. 15. '93.
John M. Wood li April 29, '95. Jan., 1897.
Thomas A. Russell 7 April 29, '95. Jan., 1897.
Pembrook R. Flitcraf t 2 Nov., 1894.
Horatio D. Wood 5 Nov., '96 and
Re-elected
Nov., 1898.
William Zachritz 1 Nov., 1896.
John A. Talty 2 Nov., 1896.
Selden P. Spencer 7 Nov., 1896.
Franklin Ferriss 6 Nov., 1898.
JUDGES OF THE ST. LOUIS COURT
OF COMMON PLEAS: First term began
February 21, 1841. — Honorable P. Hill Engle,
appointed February, 1841, held office to Jan-
uary, 1844; Honorable Montgomery Blair,
appointed January, 1844, held office until Au-
gust, 1849 ; Honorable Samuel Treat, ap-
pointed August, 1849, resigned March, 1857;
Honorable Samuel Reber, appointed March,
1857, held office until the court was merged
in circuit court, January 1, 1866, and then be-
came circuit judge.
JUDGES OF LAW COMMISSIONER'S
COURT: First term held March, 1S51. —
Honorable John H. Watson, appointed March,
1851, held office to August, 1851 ; Honorable
John W. Colvin, elected August, 1851, held
office to August, 1857 ; Honorable Henry
Dusenbury, elected August, 1857, held office
to November, 1863; Honorable Roderick E.
Rombauer, elected November, 1863, held
office until consolidation of courts, Tanuarv,
1866.
TUDGES OF ST. LOUIS LAND
COURT: First term held August, 1853. —
Honorable Edward Bates, elected August,
1853, held office until April, 1856; Honorable
Charles B. Lord, April, 1856. to consolidation
of courts, January. 1866.
The salaries of the judges of the court have
varied from time to time. In addition to the
salary paid by the State to each of the circuit
judges, further compensation has been paid
by the county or the city for main years. Bj
1 956
ST. LOUIS CIRCUIT COURT.
the Act of February 15, 1864, the county was
required to pay $1,000 to each circuit judge,
to enlarge the salary received from the State.
By the law of December 19, 1865, each circuit
judge of St. Louis was to be paid a salary of
$4,000 per annum, $2,000 of which was pay-
able by the State, and the residue by the
County of St. Louis. By the Act of March
10, 1869, the salary was raised to $4,500 per
annum, of which $2,500 was payable by the
County of St. Louis. By the Act of March 17,
1871, the salary of each circuit judge was, in
effect, increased to $5,500, it being provided
that the county should pay $3,500 per annum
in addition to the compensation (then and now
$2,000) paid by the State to each circuit judge.
Thus it appears that the last increase of sal-
ary to these hard-worked public servants was
in 1871, nearly thirty years ago. Notwith-
standing the immense increase in the impor-
tance of the business coming before these
courts, the very great ability of many of the
judges who have adorned that bench, and the
enormous growth in wealth and importance
of the city of St. Louis, no increase of the com-
pensation of these valuable public officers has
been made. Despite this apparent "'ingrati-
tude of the republic," the spirit of the legal
profession, and the laudable ambition to fill
such an honorable place, have given to the
public service in St. Louis almost continu-
ously a most able, fearless and independent
judiciary. Its membership to-day maintains
its high position of former years, and the court
as a body constitutes one of the most conserv-
ative and trustworthy agencies in the adminis-
tration of our local government.
The following table gives the names of those
who have filled the office
Officers of the of sheriff since the reor-
Court. ganization of the court in
1866. when the circuit
court was consolidated with the court of
common pleas, the land court, and the law
commissioner's court. The date opposite each
name indicates the time when the sheriff men-
tioned began his term of service :
Jan., 1S66 John C. Vogel.
Dec. 17, 1866 John McNeil.
Jan., 187 1 Philip C. Taylor.
Dec, 1874 H tui 1 Thomas.
June 18, i^~~ John Finn.
John Finn.
Nov. 26, 1S80 Isaac M. Mason.
Nov. 29, 18S4 Henry F. Harrington.
Dec. I, 188S John Henry Pohlman.
Dec. 30, 1890 Patrick M. Staed.
Jan. 7, 1895 Henry Troll.
Henry Troll.
Jan. 2, 1S99 John Henry Pohlman.
The following table gives the names of those
who have filled the office of circuit clerk since
the reorganization of the court in 1866:
Feb. 20, 1867 F. A. H. Schneider.
Nov. 25, 1867 John Lewis.
Jan. 27, 1S71 John Lewis.
Jan. 4. 1875 J. Fred. Thornton.
Feb. 22. 1S7* Philip Stock.
Jan. 6. 187L) Charles F. Vogel.
Jan., 18S7 Philip H. Zepp.
Jan. 7, 1895 Thos. B. Rogers.
Jan. 2, i8qq Henry Troll.
As indicating the amount of business trans-
acted by the circuit court
Business of the in recent years we subjoin
Court. the following table, show-
ing the number of cases
which have been brought into the court for
hearing. A consideration of this table will ad-
vise the reader of the progress of litigation
during the last twenty-six years down to the
close of the year 1898. This schedule pre-
sents only the civil business :
In 1N73, cases brought 3.57°
In 1S74, cases brought 4.470
In 1875. cases brought 5,020
In 1876, cases brought 4.230
In 1877, cases brought 3,750
In 1878, cases brought 3.560
In 1879, cases brought 3.406
In 1S80, cases brought 2,837
In 1SS1, cases brought 2,655
In 1SS2, cases brought 2,801
In 18S3, cases brought 2,876
In 1884, cases brought 2,900
In 1885, cases brought 2,692
In 1886, cases brought 2,869
In 1887, cases brought 2,903
In iSSS, cases brought 2.S22
In 1SS9, cases brought 3,022
In 1890, cases brought 3.002
In 1891, cases brought 3,148
In 1892, cases brought 3, 155
In 1893, cases brought 4.647
In 1894, cases brought 3.56$
In 1.895, cases brought 3-374
In 1S96, cases brought 3.797
In 1897. cases brought 3,354
In 1898, cases brought 3.241
According to the most authentic tradition,,
the first building specially
Courtrooms. erected as a courthouse
was constructed in 181 7 on
South Third Street, between Spruce and Al-
mond. After that several temporary loca-
tions were occupied by the courts.
In 1822 the Legislature passed an act mak-
ST. LOUIS CLUB.
1957
ing provision for the building of a courthouse
and jail.* Under that act commissioners
selected the block of ground on which the
present civil court building is situated. But
the history of the courthouse of St. Louis is
given in another part of this work, and we
need not repeat it here.
In the limits of space marked for this article
it has not been found practicable to review the
litigation that has passed through the court,
or to do justice to the great names of the mem-
bers of the bar that have filled its history with
important events and still more interesting
traditions. In other parts of this Encyclope-
dia will be found a great deal of material which
properly appertains to the history of the court.
1 Ours has been the duty to gather up such
I facts as were not presented in other forms to
I the reader. We have endeavored to do so as
i best we might within the limitations pre-
! scribed to us.
Those who thoughtfully consider the facts
! we have given, and the important part which
[ the circuit court has played in the history of
I our city, will, we believe, unite with us in the
opinion that one of the most healthy forces in
the development of the present metropolitan
i greatness of St. Louis has been the continual
presence of a courageous, able and incor-
! ruptible judiciary. Our people are to be con-
gratulated that, notwithstanding the inade-
quate compensation which rewards the faith-
. ful labors of the circuit judges, those impor-
| tant posts are still filled with men who worthily
I preserve the ermine in all its pristine purity.
Shepard Barclay.
St. Louis Club. — The St. Louis Club
is an organization of gentlemen of means and
position, drawn together for social purposes
i only. At the same time that social intercourse
| has been conducive to the advancement of
. many of the most Important material interests
i of the city and State, the entire membership of
I the club making their influence strongly felt
in all public movements. The club was incor-
j porated Novemiber 28, 1878, by George H.
j Rea, Daniel Catlin, Isaac Cook, Edwin Harri-
son, B. B. Graham, George D. Capen and John
W. Noble. The first officers were : George
H. Rea, president ; John W. Noble, vice-pres-
ident ; T. A. Stoddard and A. B. Cheever, sec-
retaries. The first club home was in the Finney
mansion, at No. 1532 Washington Avenue,
which was opened with a public reception,
September 23, 1879, when John W. Noble de-
livered an address. These premises were oc-
cupied until 1885, when the club removed to
their present spacious and elegant quarters, on
Locust Street ami Eu-ing Avenue. This
building cost $142,000, this amount being con-
tributed in sums of $5,000 by the members of
the Commercial Club, who were also members
of the St. Louis Club. The St. Louis Club is
now building a club house, which, in dimen-
sions, architectural beauty, and elegance of
appointments, will surpass all edifices of its
class in the Mississippi Valley, and stand sur-
passed by none in the country. The location
is on Lindell Avenue, between Grand and
Spring Avenues. The site cost $60,000, and
the contract cost of the building is $195,000.
The building fund is provided by a corpora-
tion composed of members of the club, which
in its corporate capacity is inhibited from is-
suing bonds or holding realty. The building
is 100 feet square on the ground, and three
stories high. The basement is occupied with
a large swimming pool. On the first floor are
the cafe, reading room, billiard room and of-
fices ; on the second floor the library, dining
rooms, and kitchen ; on the third floor, the ball
room and sleeping rooms. The style of archi-
tecture is of the French Renaissance ; the in-
terior finishings are largely marble and mo-
saic. September 1. 1899, 's fixed as the date
of occupation. The architects are Dillon &
Freedlander, of New York, and Laurence
Ewald, of St. Louis. The club is in excellent
financiail condition. The membership is lim-
ited to 500 : there are now 372 active resident
members, and forty-eight non-resident mem-
bers.
St. Louis College of Homeopathic
Physicians and Surgeons. — See "Ho-
meopathic College of Missouri."
St. Louis College of Physicians
and Surgeons. — This college, which dif-
fers only in name from a predecessor by the ad-
dition of the word St. Louis, was incorporated
in 1879 by James O. Broadhead, William
Hyde, Louis Bauer, M. D., Isaac Cook. ( liis-
tav Woltman. Charles P. Warner. L. M. Rum-
sey, A. A. Millier. Ellis Wainwright and A. S.
Barnes, M. D. A strong faculty was chosen,
and the college entered upon a prosperous ca-
reer. At first a building was procured on the
ST. LOUIS COUNTRY CLUB— ST. LOUIS FAIR.
southwest corner of North Market and Elev-
enth Streets, which had been previouslj used
for similar purposes. This was fitted up con-
veniently, a dispensary was organized, and
material was thus secured for illustration by
clinical lectures. The regular work of the col-
lege was commenced in the autumn of 1879,
a ela-s nf five members being graduated in the
spring of [880. Each succeeding class so in-
creased in numbers that the management was
forced to seek new and more commodious
quarters. This necessity resulted in the erec-
tion of a hands, nne building specially de-
signed lor the accommodation of the college,
on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and (iam-
bic Street, where it is at present located.
The course of instruction, which is a graded
one. extends oxer four years of study in col-
lege, devoted to dissections, laboratory work,
didactic and clinical instruction, recitation and
quizzes, demonstrations and manual training
in the use of instruments and appliances.
St. Louis Country Club.— This club
had its original organization in 180.2, its pur-
poses being social, with polo playing as its
principal recreation. William Scudder was
president, and Otto L. Mersman was secre-
tary; there is no record of the board of direc-
tors. The management leased the old Bridge
farm, about a mile south of Clayton, in Floris-
sant Valley, occupying the residence thereon.
In 1895 E. C. Sterling, Daniel Catlin, Judge
Wilbur Boyle and others, constituting a driv-
ing club, proposed a consolidation of the two
clubs. This was favorably regarded, and. in
order to carry it into effect, the members of
the two organizations incorporated under the
general law as the St. Louis Country Club,
with the following officers: E. C. Sterling,
president; John F. Shepley and Wilbur F.
Boyle, vice-presidents; C W. Mersman, sec-
retary, and A. I,. Shapleigh, treasurer. The
capital stock was then increased to $30,000,
and a lease was secured upon contiguous land,
upon which a clubhouse and stables were
erected. September 15. [897, the main build-
ing was destroyed by fire; the loss was $22,001 1,
and the insurance was $17,1 , The club
made up $15,000 in contributions b\ the mem-
bership, and a new building was erected.
larger, but on the same general plan. The
grounds amount to 133 acres. Driving and
golf are practiced with interest, while polo is
regarded with much favor. The polo team has
made a record which compares favorably yyith
the best in the world, it having in recent con-
tests kit the Chicago and Buffalo teams hope-
lessly dt feated. The club boasts a better finan-
cial condition and legitimate exclusiveness
than any club in the West, if not in the coun-
try. Membership stock shares, par value $100,
sell for $350. The constitutional member-
ship, 300, is full, and there are thirty desirable
applicants on the waiting list. The present
officers are : Wilbur F. Boyle, president ; Dan-
iel G. Taylor, secretary, and A. L. Shapleigh,
treasurer.
St. Louis Eye and Ear Infirmary.—
An institution incorporated December 23,
[871, lor the gratuitous treatment of all poor
persons suffering from affections of the eye,
ear and throat. It was located at 1409 North
Twelfth Street, and among its founders were
fames F. Yeatman, Rev. William G. Eliot,
Albert Todd, Carlos S. Greeley, Dr. J. B.
Ji hnson. Dr. William M. McPheeters, Dr. E.
Fl. Gregory, Dr. William C. Glasgow and
others. After being sustained for a couple of
years the medical staff discontinued their serv-
ices, and the infirmary was transferred to St.
Luke's 1 Iospital.
St. Louis Fair. — The St. Louis Fair is
not only one of the oldest and most popular
public institutions in the Mississippi Valley,
but maintains the reputation of being far in
advance of any similar institution in the world.
It practically belongs to, and is identified with,
the history of St. Louis, and its great popu-
larity and success as a live stock, mechanical
and agricultural exhibition has accomplished
more, perhaps, toward the growth, the en-
hanced value of property, and the general en-
largement of the city than any other enterprise
inaugurated in the past fifty years. Its enter-
prising management has added, year after
year, many new attractions, until, in 1898, its
forty-second year, it has reached a state Hear-
ing perfection. The grounds, including the
race track, cover an area of 143 acres, now-
situated almost in the heart of the city. The
handsome buildings within its enclosure were
constructed with the most artistic skill in
modern architecture. The fair grounds proper
ci instil ute one 1 f the city's beautiful parks, and
are now reached bv numerous lines of electric
cars. The liberal premiums awarded each
vear amount to seventy or cightv thousand
ST. LOUIS FAIR.
1959
dollars. This money has been distributed to
exhibitors from all parts of the United States
and Canada, and tens of thousands of people
from this and adjacent States are annually at-
tracted to it. The magnificent premiums of-
fered to exhibitors of live stock have been the
means of encouraging the breeding of fine
blooded stock of every description. The
finest horses, cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry
ever seen in the country compete annually in
the pens and arena. In this connection it
must be remembered that Missouri took
more premiums on live stock at the Chicago
World's Fair than any other State in the Un-
ion. Much of this is due to the encourage-
ment given to breeders by the enterprising
management of this association. Great atten-
tion is also given to the products of the soil, as
well as to machinery, vehicles, farming imple-
ments and the fine arts, all of which conspire
to improve and cultivate public taste.
It was in November, 1855, that the first
movement was made toward the establish-
ment of this institution. The charter for the
St. Louis Fair was written in that year, and
was granted at the following session of the
Legislature. The instrument was written by
ex-Lieutenant-Governor Robert A. Camp-
bell, at the instance of Colonel J. Richard Bar-
ret, who was then a member of the Legisla-
ture, and afterward first president of the asso-
ciation. The year following the requisite
amount of stock subscriptions was obtained.
a tract of fifty acres of land, at the northeast
corner of Grand Avenue and Natural Bridge
Road, was purchased for $50,000, and on Mon-
day, the 13th of October, 1856, the fair was in-
augurated under the most favorable auspices.
The first officers and board of directors were
the following named gentlemen : President.
J. Richard Barret ; secretary, G. O. Kalb ;
treasurer, Henry S. Turner ; board of direc-
tors, Henry T. Blow, Norman J. Colman,
Thornton Grimsley, John Whitnell, John M.
Chambers. H. C. Hart, Charles L. Hunt. J.
Richard Barret, Andrew Harper, Thomas T.
January, James M. Hughes, Henry S. Turner
and F. Dings. Of these far-seeing and pub-
lic-spirited citizens all have passed over the
"great divide" except J. Richard Barret, who
now (1898) resides in New York City; Nor-
man J. Colman and G. O. Kalb. Colonel
Barret served four successive years as presi-
dent, and G. O. Kalb, in the capacity of sec-
retary and superintendent, for a period of
twenty-seven war-. In [860 Andrew Har-
per succeeded Colonel Barret in the presi
dency. In September of that year the Prince
of Wales, the Luke of Newcastle and other
distinguished foreigners visited St. Louis, and
devoted one day of their time to the attrai
tions at the fair grounds. One hundred and
fifty thousand people had congregated within
the enclosure to receive his Royal Highness.
The president escorted the Prince and his as
sociates over the grounds, and through the dif-
ferent department buildings. Among the pr< >mi-
nent horses exhibited at the first fair were : Sil-
ver Heels, St. Lawrence. Dixie, Ethan Allen.
Flora Temple, Stockbridge Chief, Revenue,
Green Mountain Boy, Illinois Farmer, Char-
ter < )ak. Young Consternation, Darkness,
Trojan. Denmark. Granite State, Henry Clay,
Bell Founder and King William. Silver
Heels was the great favorite in the exhibitions
and captured the first premium awarded by
the association. He was owned by General
Singleton, of Quincy. Illinois. The second
prize went to St. Lawrence, the property of
Thomas T. January, of St. Louis County.
"Douglass," a short-horn bull, owned by Gen-
eral J. O. Shelby, of Lafayette County, Mis-
souri, took the first premium in the cattle dis-
play. Colonel David Clarkson, of St. Louis
County, was awarded the first prize on Cots-
wold sheep, and H. Clay Taylor, of Warren
County, Missouri, was awarded first premium
on thoroughbred mares and jacks and South-
down sheep. Ex-Governor Robert A. Camp-
"bell officiated as herald for the first fair, and
was succeeded by Colonel John F. Long, and
later on came Colonel John I. Martin.
Prior to the Civil War the fairs were held
in the last week of September, except the first,
which opened October 13th, and after the war
the date was changed to the first week in Oc-
tober, on account of it being further from the
equinox and a better promise of more settled
weather. Thursday of each fair week was, and
still is, set apart as a general holiday, and a
large proportion of the population puts in the
dav at the fair grounds. It was not unusual
in the early days of the fair to witness from
75.000 to 125,000 people within the enclosure.
Monday, the first day of each fair, is given up
to the school children, free of admission, who
take full possession of the grounds, including
unlimited privileges. "Big Thursday," in
1850. will loner be remembered by those in at-
tendance as "Rainv Thursday." On the after-
L960
ST. LOUIS FAIR.
in ii ni of that memorable day a heavy rain
set in, and continued without intermission
tin i iughi mi the i \ ening and far int< i the night.
In those days not a single street railroad was
operating that far in the northwestern section
of the city, and but few cross streets were con-
structed much further west than Sixteenth
Street — they were nothing more than dirt
roads, and were ver) rough and ungainly at
that. The only means of reaching the fair
grounds was by private conveyance, and
every imaginable and available description of
vehicle was brought into requisition to con-
vey the masses to and from the grounds. \-
darkness approached it was apparent that the
transportation facilities were altogether inade-
quate tn transfer the immense crowds to the
city proper. The roads were so heavy that the
In irsi s and mules attached to the different con-
veyances were unable to draw their loads of
human freight. In many instances men. wo-
men and children were obliged to vacate their
seats and wade through the rain and mud
to their homes, miles away. Upward of 5,000
men, women and children — babies in arms —
were compelled to remain over night on the
grounds and in sheltering sheds, stables and
houses on the roads leading to the city. Those
who tarried on the grounds were made as
comfortable as circumstances would permit.
Every department building, as well as many
of the unoccupied stalls, were taken possessii >n
1 if during the night by the surging crowds
who were unable to secure transportation, and
remained there until the storm subsided on
the following morning.
On account of tin- breaking out of the war
in [860 the exhibitions were discontinued,
and no fairs were held in 1861, 1862. 1863 and
[864. The grounds were taken possession of
by the military authorities and turned intii
what was known as "Benton Barracks," and
tented with soldiers. Strange to say, the
government has never reimbursed the associa-
ti hi fur the use of the grounds.
In the early days of the fair all premiums
were paid either in gold or silver plate, and
tin awards wire distributed in the arena to
the grooms who had charge of the successful
animals. The grooms were gorgeously uni-
formed, and principally slaves. After the war
it was made optional to pay the premiums in
plate or money, and the latter soon became
preferable. At the fair in [866 an exhibitor
from Arkansas captured a premium of $75 in
plate. He called upon the management and
desired to have it exchanged for a watch, be-
cause, as he seriously remarked, he had nei-
ther lock m t latch on his door, but a
timepiece he could carry in his pocket. The
request was granted, and Secretary Kalb
made the exchange with Eugene Jaccard, who
supplied the gold and silver plate premiums
for the Fair Association.
The annual increase of exhibitors and of
live-stock rendered the then amphitheater en-
tirely too small for the accommodation of the
numerous displays, and in the year 1870 the
new, beautiful and commodious building was
constructed, which now adorns the grounds,
being fifteen hundred feet in circumference,
and possessing a seating and standing capac-
ity of 25.000. The arena of this grand amphi-
theater, where all live stock is exhibited and
their speed and endurance tested, is acknowl-
edged tn be the largest and most beautiful in
the world.
The Zoological Garden was established and
opened to the public in October, 1876. The
plans fur the buildings were drawn by Thomas
Walsh, the architect, from photographic views
of the Zoological Gardens of Hamburg, Ber-
lin and other prominent places of Europe-
After the necessary buildings were erected.
consisting of comfortable quarters for harbor-
ing the different animals, and every detail
made in readiness for their reception, a com-
mittee was appointed, consisting of Julius S.
Walsh, Charles L. Hunt. Napoleon Mulliken
and ( i. 0. Kalb. to purchase the animals and
birds for stocking the Zoological Garden.
This committee visited the New York Central
Park Menagerie, and the famous wild animal
dealer. Charles Reiche, then in New York,
and also immediately opened correspondence
with Mr. Hagenbach, in Hamburg, and made
their first purchases from these different
sources. Their collection was as numerous in
variety of the different species of carnivorous
animals and birds as could be found in this
country. 1 luring Mr. Kalb's administration
as secretary and superintendent he exchanged
all duplicate animals, which were either born
at the Zoo or purchased in the Western States,
with 'he gardens of Philadelphia. Cincinnati
and Xew York, and thereby kept the interest
alive. There was born in the St. Louis Zoo
a zebra, which is claimed to be the only one
ever burn in captivity in the United States.
There were also born several monkeys, kan-
ST. LOUIS FAIR.
garoos, bears, wolves, lions, leopards, pumas,
yaks, elks, deer and many others too numer-
ous to mention. Several sea lions were im-
ported from San Francisco, and proved to be
very interesting to the public. The royal
Bengal tiger never bred at the St. Louis Zoo.
In 1891 what animals remained of this collec-
tion were sold to the city authorities of St.
Louis, and are now rusticating at Forest Park.
The memorable industrial parade came off
in St. Louis in October, 1878. There were
thirteen divisions, comprising floats represent-
ing almost every industry in the city, and up-
ward of 20,000 people were in the line of
march. At the starting of the column a heavy
rain set in. but nothing daunted, the pro-
gramme was carried out to the letter. The
whole body of the procession marched
through the principal streets and entered the
fair grounds late in the afternoon.
In 1880 Mr. Charles Green entered upon
the presidency of the Fair Grounds Associa-
tion, and served in that capacity for twelve
successive years. During his administration
varied and extensive improvements were in-
augurated— many necessary buildings were
put up — but the most important of these was
the laying out of the mile race track, the con-
struction of the grand stand, capable of seat-
ing 15,000 people, the magnificent clubhouse,
the handsome and commodious stables, and
other buildings for the accommodation of ex-
hibition and racing animals, the whole com-
prising a beautiful city within the fair grounds
enclosure. Mr. Green's first suggestion to
establish a high-class race course in connec-
tion with the fair grounds met with many ob-
jections from the parties in control, but
through his indomitable energy and persever-
ance he succeeded in his purpose. In 1883
work was commenced and pushed forward
with his usual enterprise, energy and progres-
siveness. Xo pains or money were spared to
make it an ideal race course, notwithstanding
the doubts existing as to its success. The
work was speedily and successfully accom-
plished, and it stands to-day the pride and
glory of the lovers of the turf throughout the
country, and acknowledged by all to be the
best, fastest and most complete institution of
its kind in the world. The race track proper
contains sixty acres. The purchase of the ad-
ditional ground, the grading, fencing and
other necessary improvements were completed
at a cost of Si 10,000. The amount expended
on the grand stand was Si [0,000, which con-
tains all the conveniences appertaining to the
purposes intended. It is three stories high
and 480 feet in length. The front row in the
third story is devoted to private boxes, ovei
looking the entire grounds. The clubhouse is
recognized as one of the most complete, as
well as one of the most artistic, structures of
its kind on the American Continent, and was
built at a cost of 874,000, including its fur-
nishings. It is devoted exclusively to the
club members, their families and invited
guests. Tlie membership in [897 numbered
250, with annual dues of $50 for each member.
The stabling and other necessary buildings
for the accommodation and comfort of til 1
hibition and racing horse- were constructed at
a cost of $55,000. The stables are roomy,
comfortable and well ventilated, and excel-
lently adapted to the purposes intended. The
race track and the numerous buildings there-
on were constructed at an aggregate cost to
the ass ciation of $500,000. The supervision,
engineering, grading and laying out of the
track were under the superintendence of Ju-
lius Pitzman. To the energy and persever-
ance of President Green ami his enterprising
associates the citizens of St. Louis, and the
lovers of highbred racing, are indebted for
these magnificent additions to the Agricultu-
ral and Mechanical Association grounds. The
first racing meeting over the new track
was held on the 6th of June, 1885, with six
hotly contested races, and racing on the
course has continued every year since then.
Following are the names of some of the most
celebrated- horses participating in the inau-
gural programme of the St. Louis Jockey
Club: Modesty, Asa IX, Favor, Tom Martin.
Hazaras, Rapids, Loftin, Adventurer. Ilattie
T). H.. Sister Monica, Reverse, Flora L.,
Thistle, Troubadour. Verona, Lizzie Dwyer,
Bersan. Isaac Murphy. Kosciusko, Top Saw
yer, Talleyrand, Whizzig, Bonnie S., Ten
Stone. Charley Lucas, Doubt, and others.
The winner of the first purse of $500 offered
was Modesty, a chestnut filly, entered by I'M.
Corrigan. Eight horses started on a mile
dash. Ada D. captured the prize of $2,385 in
the second race. She was a brown filly, en-
tered by Wooding & Purvear. The grand
I (erby nurse of $4,80 1 was won in a hotly con-
tested race by Favor, a bay colt, enter.
Morris & Pattern ; one mile and a half. The
fourth struggle for a prize of $500 was cap-
1962
ST. LOUIS FAIR.
tured by Tom Martin, a bay colt, entered b\
P. C. Fox & Co. The fifth dash for $400
was won by Hazaras, a chestnut colt, three
years old, entered by Ed. Corrigan. The
officers of the first meeting of the St. Louis
Jockey Club were Charles Green, president;
B. G. Bruce, secretary. The judges were J.
\\ . Brewster, of Chicago; A. W. Gates, of
Chicago, and Charles Green, of St. Louis.
The timers were W. R. Cotrill, of Mobile;
Samuel Brown, of Pittsburg, and Edward
Martin, of St. Louis: the starter, J. G. Sheri-
dan, of New York. Ten thousand people wit-
nessed the racing of the opening day, thou-
sands of whom were the fair daughters of St.
Louis. In the evening of the inaugural day
a royal banquet was spread in the dining
rooms of the clubhouse, and those who par-
ticipated presented President Green with a
magnificent gold watch and chain, costing
$540, attesting their appreciation of his fore-
thought, enterprise and determination.
Among the distinguished public officials,
politicians and live stock breeders who have
visited the St. Louis Fair at different periods
of its existence, have been I 'resident C. S.
Grant, in 1875 and [876; President Grover
Cleveland and Mrs. Cleveland, in 1883; Presi-
dent Benjamin Harrison, in 1887; Vice-presi-
dent Henry Wilson. Vice-president Thomas
A. Hendricks. Vice-president Schuyler
Colfax General W. S. Hancock. Horace
Greeley, who delivered a speech in the
arena; General F. P. Blair, Jr., Stephen A.
Douglas, Governor B. Gratz Brown, General
W. T. Sherman, Ceneral Bosie, General Sheri-
dan, General John S. Fullerton, the Emperor
of Brazil, Dom Pedro; the Prince of Wales,
the Duke of Newcastle, Postmaster-General
Montgomery Blair, General Samuel R. Cur-
tis, Judges Samuel Miller and Samuel Treat,
of the United States Court; Senator Mc-
Creery, Senator R. O. Mills. General John B.
Henderson, Attorney-General Edward Bate-.
Governor Bowie. Senator Cullom. Governor
Luke P. Blackburn. Governor Oglesby, Hon-
orable William R. Morrison. John T. Hughe-,
of Lexington, Ky. ; Secretaries of the Interior
John W. Noble and David R. Francis. Sen-
ator James Lane. Senator John Sherman. Hie
Grand Duke Alexis of Russia. Jay Gould and
daughter. Colonel E. Ellsworth. R. A. Alex
ander, A. J. Alexander, Abe Buford, Governor
Norman J. Colman, Governor John S. Phelps,
Governor Charles Hardin. Governor Silas
Woodson, Governor T. T. Crittenden, Gov-
ernor W. S. Stewart, Governor J. S. Manna-
duke, Governor William J. Stone, Governor
Lon V, Stephens, Governor Sterling Price,
Governor Claib. F. Jackson, Governor
Thomas ( . Reynolds.
Among the noted horses participating in
the early years of the Fair were: Addison,
Noting Hiram, Black Hawk, Morgan, La-
clede, Woeful. Black Chieftain, Young 11am-
bletonian. Flying Cloud. White Mountain,
Harrod, Comet, Black Hawk Prince. Morgan
Hunter. < ireen Mountain Boy, Young War-
rior, General Gifford, Edwin Forrest, Silver
Heels, St. Lawrence, Black Bird, Albion,
Henry Clay. Bill Allen. Bell Founder, Wide-
a-Wake, Kimball Jackson, Peerless, Stock-
bridge Chief. Sherman Morgan, Long Light-
ning, Granite State, Morgan Prince, Ethan
Allen, Richmond. General Stark, King Wil-
liam, Charter Oak, Lexington, Ruric, Prince-
ton, Priam. Warfield, Young Barronton, Rev-
enue, Little Arthur, Governor Bowie, Bar-
num, Gold Finden, Castor, Doubloon, Dark-
ness, Trojan, Denmark, Dexter, Clark Den-
mark, Denmark. Jr.. Amboy, Mamona, Dixie,
and Tackey. Among the celebrated animals
contesting in the St. Louis arena in the later
years of the hair were: Lenington, Ten
Broeck, Pat Malloy. Uncle Vie, Bonnie Scot-
land, Don Cassock. King Rene, Onward, ■ Cor-
bin's Bashaw, Gold Dust. The King, Rex
McDonald, Lou Chief, Nutwood, Green's
Bashaw. Lady de Jarnette, Prince Denmark,
Billy Boyce, Goldsmith Maid. Aytoun. Pilot
Temple, Montrose, Chestnut Boy, Governor
Sprague, George Wilkes, Maud S., J. I. ('..
Mambrino Chief, Pilot, Jr., Dexter, Woodford
Mambrino, Rysdyck's Hambletonian, Al>-
dallah, Trouble. Strathmore, Green Mountain
Chief. Alexander's Abdallah, Clark Chief,
Mambrino Patchen, Ben Patchen, Red Ink,
Harry Wilkes. Colman's Abdallah. Almont,
George M. Patchen, Black Diamond, Brent-
wood, Joe 1 looker, C. M. Claw Mambrino
Star. Wedgewood, and Mambrino King.
The public-spirited gentlemen who have
served a term or more as officers of the asso-
ciation are as follows : First president. J,
Richard Barret, four years; vice-presidents,
\. Harper, Thornton Grimsley, and H. C.
Mart: treasurer, Henry S. Turner: secretary,
G. O. Kalb; second president, Andrew Har-
per, one year; vice-presidents, C. L. Hunt.
Charles Todd, and FTenry T. Blow; treasurer,.
ST. LOUIS, FOUNDING OF.
1963
G. B. Allen ; secretary, G. O. Kalb ; third pres-
ident, Charles Todd, five years ; vice-presi-
dents, Andrew Harper, Daniel G. Taylor, and
Alexander McKinley; treasurer, Ben O'Fal-
lon; secretary, G. O. Kalb; fourth president,
Arthur B. Barret, eight years ; vice-presidents.
Ben O'Fallon, Ansel Phillips, and J. O'F.
Farrar; treasurer, Daniel G. Taylor; secre-
tary, G. O. Kalb; fifth president, Julius S.
Walsh, four years ; vice-presidents, D. K. Fer-
guson, Edward A. Manny, and Charles P.
Chouteau ; treasurer, E. C. Lackland ; secre-
tary, G. O. Kalb ; superintendent of Fair
Grounds, David Clarkson ; sixth president,
Gerard B. /Mien, two years ; vice-presidents,
Charles Green, Charles L. Hunt, and E. A.
Manny ; treasurer, E. C. Lackland ; secretary
and superintendent, G. O. Kalb ; seventh
president, Charles Green, twelve years ; vice-
presidents, G. B. Allen, Charles P. Chouteau,
and Edwin Harrison ; treasurer, J. R. Lion-
berger; secretary and superintendent, G. O.
Kalb ; eighth president, Rolla Wells, two
years ; vice-presidents, L. M. Rumsey, Ellis
Wainwright, and Alvah Mansur ; treasurer,
August B. Ewing; secretary, William M.
Lockwood ; ninth president, Charles Clark,
one year; vice-presidents, Charles C. Maffit,
Alvah Mansur, and Rolla Wells ; treasurer,
William M. Lockwood; secretary, J. K.
Gwynn ; tenth president, Charles C. Mafiitt,
two years ; vice-presidents, A. B. Ewing, Al-
vah Mansur, and James Green ; eleventh pres-
ident, L. M. Rumsey, one year; vice-presi-
dents, Robert Aull, A. B. Ewing, and Charles
Clark ; treasurer, William M. Lockwood ; sec-
retary, Joseph A. Murphy; twelfth president,
Robert Aull ; vice-presidents, A. B. Ewing,
L. M. Rumsey, and Alvah Mansur; treasurer,
William M. Lockwood; secretary, Joseph A.
MurPh>'- Charles G. Gonter.
St. Louis, Founding of. — St. Louis
was founded as the result of a fur trader's en-
terprise. In the year 1762 the firm of Maxent,
Laclede & Co., formed in New Orleans, ob-
tained from Louis Billouart de Kerlerec, Colo-
inial Governor of Louisiana, a concession
] which gave them exclusive control of the fur
j trade with the Missouri and other tribes of
I Indians as far north as the River St. Peter.
(The junior member of this firm was Pierre
Liguest Laclede, commonly called Pierre
Laclede, and to him was intrusted the estab-
lishment of a permanent trading post some-
where in the vicinity of the junction of the
Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The choice
of a site for the proposed trading post was left
to him. and he had entire charge of the expedi-
tion fitted out to carry forward their enter-
prise. On the 3d of August, 1763, accompanied
by a small party of hardy adventurers and his
family, he embarked in primitive boats which
had been loaded with goods for the Indian
trade, and which were slowly and laboriously
pushed up the Mississippi River. It had been
his intention to store his goods at Ste. Gene-
vieve while selecting a location for the trading
post which he was to establish, but when he
landed at that place he failed to rind such ac-
commodations as he needed, and proceeded
to Fort Chartres, which he reached three
months after leaving New Orleans. After
making such preliminary arrangements as
were necessary, he left the fort to explore the
country about the mouth of the Missouri
River, and coming -upon the site of St. Louis
in the course of his explorations, was so im-
pressed with its advantageous situation that
he at once determined that here was a natural
trade center and the place for a town. He
found here no aborigines laying claim to the
site of the future city, and did not have to ask
anybody's consent to enter upon and occupy
the lands necessary for his purpose. His young
stepson, Auguste Chouteau, had accompanied
him. and to this lad he communicated his in-
tention of establishing a trading post at this
point, and marked the trees so that the boy
could easily identify the spot upon his return.
They then returned to Fort Chartres to make
preparations for carrying forward the work
planned, and not long afterward young Chou-
teau, who was evidently an unusually intelli-
gent and trustworthy youth, left the post ac-
companied by about thirty men to enter upon
the work of clearing a town site and building
settlers' cabins at St. Louis. This party came
in boats by way of the river and landed on
the site of the present city February 14, 1764.
About the same time Laclede, who had trav-
eled across the country from Fort Chartres,
arrived here, and under his direction the work
of laying- out a town was begun by Auguste
Chouteau. The first trees were felled and the
first cabins were erected on the block which
afterward was occupied by the old "Chouteau
Mansion." During the spring and summer
of 1764 the work of laving out the town — after
the approved plan of French villages estab-
1964 ST. I. oris HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY— ST. LOUIS IN 1807.
lished in the Mississippi valley — and erecting
homes for the settlers and the buildings in
which I. acinic was to carry on his trading
operations progressed steadily, and when the
autumn came the settlement, which was to
develop into a greal city, had a well-defined
existence. Thus was St. Louis founded, the
year 1764 having been its natal year, and
I'ierre Laclede the originator of the idea of
establishing a town here and director of the
work of laying it out, with Auguste Chouteau
as his chief lieutenant and most valued assist-
ant. The most pretentious of the buildings
en 1 ted at first was that which was to be oc-
cupied bv Laclede, and this was ready for oc-
cupancy in the early autumn of 1 764. Laclede
then brought to his trading post, which he
had named St. Louis, the stock of goods
which he had brought up from New ( )rleans.
and which had been left at Fort Chartres until
storage .facilities had been provided for them
here. With this stock of goods designed for
the Indian trade the commerce of the place
began, and thus was inaugurated the fur trade
for which St. Louis was so long headquar-
ters, and which in later years assumed such
large proportions. The transfer of the Illinois
country to England by France, which took
place shortly after St. Louis was founded, con-
tributed somewhat to the growth of the new
settlement on the west bank of the river, a
considerable number of the French settlers at
Cahokia, St. Philippe, Prairie du Rocher and
other places moving to the west side of the
river in the hope that they would here still
be able to live under French government.
Devoting himself to his commercial pursuits,
Laclede made no effort to establish any form
of government for his settlement, and as the
settlers were bound to each other by ties of
personal friendship and community of inter-
ests, there was little need of government.
Besides Pierre Laclede and Auguste Chou-
teau, the more prominent of those who may be
said to have ''been in at the birth" of St. Louis
appear to have been Madame Therese Chou-
teau. Baptiste Riviere, Antoine Riviere, Jo-
seph Pecquet. Andre Pecquet, Gabriel Dodier,
Paptiste Martigny, Lemoine Martigny, Fran-
cois Delin, Paul Kierseraux, Gregoire Kierse-
raux, Alexis Picanl. Antoine Pothier, Louis
Chancelier, Joseph Chancelier, Louis Ride,
Louis Marcheteau, Joseph Marcheteau, Fran-
cis Marcheteau, Michael I.ami, Joseph Bra-
zeau, Louis Brazeau, Nicholas Peaugenou,
Guillaume Bissette, Joseph M. Taillon .and
Roger Taillon. Pierre Chouteau — the first of
that name in St. Louis — one of the most con-
spicuous figures among the early settlers, wit-
nessed the founding of the town as a child,
six ; ear- 1 if age.
St. Louis Homeopathic Medical
Society. —This society (generally, but im-
properly, known as the St. Louis Society of
Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons) was
organized at Dr. Burleigh's office in 1868. with
thirty members, the first officers being Dr.
William Todd Helmuth, president, and Dr.
W. R. Richardson, secretary. Its purpose was
to associate together the homeopathic practi-
tioners in the city for the advancement of the
medical sciences, the individual improvement
of each member, and the promotion of har-
mony and kindly feeling. The next spring the
Missouri Institute of Homeopathy held its
annual meeting in St. Louis, as the guests of
the St. Louis Homeopathic Society, which has
in more recent days frequently entertained the
State body, and on one occasion the National
Homeopathic Society. In 1890 the society was
incorporated under the general law. The
names of the incorporators are not accessible.
Dr. T. G. Comstock was president, and Dr.
Burleigh was secretary. During a portion of
its existence meetings of the society were ir-
regular, on account of various disagreements.
It had no established home, but met in offices
of the members, until it secured a room in the
Public Library building, which it occupied
from 1893 until [898. In the latter year the
society arranged for the use of parlors in the
West End I Intel, where it continues to hold
meetings on the second and fourth Saturdays
in each month, when prepared programmes
are given, comprising essays and discussions
upon general and clinical subjects, with occa-
sional presentation of a patient. The mem-
bership is eighty-five, including a number of
females. The officers are : Dr. W. J. Gun-
delach, president : Dr. A. L. Boyce, vice-
president : Dr. G. N. Seidlitz. secretary-
St. Louis in 1 SOT. —The Cincinnati
"Literary Gazette." published in 1826, had a
sketch of St. Louis as it appeared from the Illi-
nois shore to a lady visitor in 1807. "The trav-
eler." she writes, "that passes upon the eastern
bank of the river immediatelv directs his eve
ST. LOUIS LAW SCHOOL.
1965
to the opposite shore. He there contemplates
a bold and rocky eminence, where the pri-
meval materials of nature's strength seem
piled in rude and disordered magnificence.
The ascent is steep and difficult, and has the
aspect at a distance of threatening to exclude
you from the town, which it beautifully ele-
vates to a considerable height above the water,
at the same time proving an impenetrable ram-
part to ward off the encroachments of the
river. You would almost believe the houses
were united and that the roofs upheld and sup-
ported one another, so gradual and so beauti-
fullv has nature bent her brow for the recep-
tion of this village. From the opposite shore
it has a majestic appearance, which it borrows
from its elevated site and from a range of
Spanish towers that crown the summit of the
hill and bend their Gothic rudeness to complete
a picture which scarcely has a parallel. The
principal houses of St. Louis are surrounded
bv massy walls of stone to serve as defense
in time of danger, the port holes with which
they are pierced testifying that they were con-
structed as fortifications to repel the bold and
sanguinary savage. Within these rough en-
closures are planted trees of various descrip-
tions, which, like infancy smiling in the arms
of age, serve to decorate the otherwise sombre
aspect of the town."
St. Louis Law School. — The St.
Louis Law School is one of several depart-
ments of Washington University, which insti-
tution was authorized by act of the Legisla-
ture of the State of Missouri as early as Feb-
ruary 22, 1853, under a most liberal charter,
affording great opportunity and imposing
large responsibility upon those who are
charged with the administration of its affairs.
About 1867 Dr. William G. Eliot, then presi-
dent of the board of trustees, and a man who
was ever intent to narrow the chasm between
law and ethics, first suggested the idea of es-
tablishing a law school in connection with the
university. The suggestion found ready ear
with the trustees and with the more prominent
members "of the bar, some of whom were even
then associated with the work of the uni-
versity. The first meeting looking to the es-
tablishment of a law school was held in the
office of Samuel Treat, then the United States
district judge. This meeting was attended by
James H. Lucas. Samuel Treat. John M.
Krum. Tames E. Yeatman, John F. How and
Henn Hitchcock. It resulted in the appoint-
ment of a committee, with John M. Krum as
chairman, charged with the duty to formulate
and report a plan for the organization and
control of a law school. The promptness with
which the report was submitted and the una-
nimity with which it was adopted arc proof of
the fact that the subject had received earlier
consideration by those who proposed to give
it form ami support. The prevailing ideas of
the plan were that professors and lecturers
should, in the main, consist of active mem-
bers of the bar; that degrees should lie con-
Ferred only after examination and upon recom-
mendation by an advisory board composed of
members of the bar, not otherwise connected
with the school, and that, by making the com-
pensation for services practically nominal, the
best part of the income should be applied to
the building up of the school itself. Based
upon this general plan, the following were ap-
pointed members of the first faculty, with their
respective subjects assigned to them :
Samuel Treat — International, constitu-
tional, admiralty and maritime law: the juris-
diction, practice, and proceedings in United
States courts. Assistant : Professor Alexan-
der Martin, now occupying the position of
dean of the Columbia Law School of Mis-
souri.
Xathaniel Holmes — History and science of
law : equity jurisprudence, pleadings and prac-
tice.
Albert Todd — The law of real property and
successions.
John D. S. Dryden — The law of pleading,
practice and evidence, and criminal jurispru-
dence.
Henry Hitchcock — Dean of the faculty ; the
law of contracts and commercial law.
The first advisory committee was composed
of the following members : Samuel F. Miller,
of United States Supreme Court ; David Wag-
ner, chief justice Supreme Court of Missouri;
Arnold Krekel, United States Judge. Western
District of Missouri: Charles P>. Lord. St.
Louis Circuit Court: Samuel Reber, St. Louis
Circuit Court: W. B. Napton, late chief jus-
tice of Missouri ; Samuel T. Glover, John M.
Krum, John R. Sheplev. Charles C. Whittle-
sev. and Tames O. Broadhead, all leading
members of the bar.
So equipped, the St. Louis Law School was
inaugurated in the larye hall of the old Poly-
technic Institute, on the southwest corner of
L966
ST. LOUIS LAW SCHOOL.
Seventh and Chestnut Streets, on the 16th day
of i Ictober, 1867. Chancellor Chauvenet pre-
sided, and Judge Samuel Treat delivered the
address. The first lecture was given on the
fourth lli inr 1 if the same building one day later.
About 1N71 the school was removed to the
buildings of the Washington University
proper, on Seventeenth and Washington Ave-
nue, to continue there until 1880, when its
present site. No. 1417 Locust Street (the old
Mar) Institute building) was permanently
dedicated to the purposes of the Law School
h\ the university trustees.
During these years the advisory board has,
■ if course, undergone great changes. Made
11]). as it was, of the most prominent men con-
nected with the administration of justice in
this circuit, room had sunn to be made for
younger and growing forces of equal distinc-
tion. While no judicial position, however
exalted, was ever urged by its occupant as
an excuse from service on the board, it is
equally true that there was never a time when
the mere fact of official prominence or pro-
fessii >nal success was accepted as a conclusive
test for membership. As a result, the standard
was not permitted to deteriorate. Those who
were added since the organization of the first
advisory board, and who are no longer mem-
bers, are the following: Roderick E. Rom-
bauer, James R. Lackland, John F. Dillon
John D. S. Dryden. Ephraim B. Ewing, James
K. Knight. James J. Lindley, Horatio M.
Jones, G. A. Finkelnburg, John Wickham,
Trusten 1'olk, George W. Cline. E. A. Lewis.
Amos M. Thayer, C. S. Hayden, John D.
Pope, George W. McCrary. Erancis P. Blair,
Frederick X. Judson, Noah M. Givan, Fred A.
Wislizenus, Edward S. Robert, and Charles
Sumner Taussig.
At the present time ( [898) the board is made
up as follows: David J. Brewer, justice of
United States Supreme Court : Samuel Treat.
LL. D.. United States district judge (retired) ;
Shepard Barclay, justice of the Supreme
Court of Missouri; Warwick- Hough, late
justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri:
Seymour D. Thompson, late judge of St. Louis
Court of Appeals: William II. Biggs, judge of
St. Louis Court of Appeals: Henry W. Bond,
judge of St. Louis Court of Appeals; K. A.
]'>akcwell, late judge of St. Louis Court of
Appeals: Daniel Dillon, late judge of St.
Louis Circuit Court; Leroy I'.. Valliant. judge
t S'i 1 -1 1111. I li : nit t Hlit I ICi ib L. 1 , m
judge of St. Louis Circuit Court; James E.
Withrow, judge of St. Louis Circuit Court;
I huiiel 1 >. Fisher, judge St. Louis Circuit
Court: J. Gabriel Woerner, late judge of St.
Louis Probate Court ; Elmer B. Adams, judge
of United States District Court; Wilbur F.
Boyle, late judge of St. Louis Circuit Court;
George W. Lubke, late judge of St. Louis
Circuit Court; James A. Seddon, late judge
of St. Louis Circuit Court; John W. Xoble,
ex-Secretary of the Interior: Henry S. Priest.
late United States district judge; Robert F.
Walker. ex-Attorney-General of Missouri;
Horatio D. Wood, judge of St. Louis Circuit
Court; John A. Harrison, late judge of St.
Louis Circuit Court: Edward C. Kehr, Arba
N Crane, James Taussig, John W. Dryden,
Edward Cunningham, Jr. ; George H.
Shields, John P. Ellis, Charles Claflin Allen,
John M. Holmes. Henry T. Kent, James P.
Maginn, Leverett Bell. Edward T. Farrish,
Everett W. Pattison, John E. McKeighan.
Silas B. Jones. Thomas K. Skinker, Truman
A. Post. Hugo Muench, Eleneious Smith,
lames P. Dawson, David Goldsmith. Garland
Pollard. Wells U. Blodgett, E. T. Allen, John
F. Lee. John 1). Davis. James L. Blair. Wil-
liam B. Homer. Fred W. Lehmann, of the St.
Li iuis bar.
The unfailing interest and support of the
bar finds its best proof in the fact that only
very rarely, and then only for the best of rea-
sons, has a member declined to assume the
burden of preparing and passing upon ques-
tions for the graduating class.
The faculty itself has. of course, been sub-
ject to a similar change. Quite a number have
been active since the first organization, either
temporarily or under regular appointment,
who are no longer associated with the school.
They are: John M. Krum. John W. Noble,
' ieorge A. Madill, J. Gabriel Woerner, Francis
Preston Blair. Eugene C. Tittmann, D. D.
Fisher, Samuel Reber, George W. Cline. John
F. Dillon. Chester II. Krum, Rochester Ford,
< ieorge W. Lubke, and Charles Claflin Allen.
The members at the present time are:
Winfield S. Chaplin. LL. D., chancellor of
Washington University : William S. Curtis,
LL. B., dean of the law faculty: Roderick E.
Rombauer (ex-justice St. Louis Court of Ap-
peals), professor, real property law and equity;
\11ins M. Thayer, LL. D. (judge of Uniteffl
States Circuit Court of Appeals'), professor,
iaw of contracts and commercial law: Gusta-
ST. LOUIS LAW SCHOOL.
1967
vus A. Finkelnburg, A. B., lecturer, constitu-
tional limitations ; James O. Broadhead, LL.
D., lecturer, international law ; Frederick N.
Judson, LL. D., lecturer, constitutional law;
Charles Nagel, LL. B., lecturer, corporations ;
Pendleton Taylor Bryan, LL. B., lecturer,
torts and negligence ; Edward C. Eliot, LL.
B., lecturer, sales and bailments ; F. A. Wis-
lizenus, LL. B., lecturer, administration ; I. H.
Lionberger, A. M., lecturer, statute of limita-
tions and statute of frauds ; Paul F. Coste,
LL. B., lecturer, agency; Edward S. Robert,
LL. B., lecturer, evidence; Lee Sale, LL. B.,
lecturer, partnership ; Charles P. Johnson,
A. M..C.O. Bishop, LL. B., lecturers, criminal
law; Jacob Klein, LL. B. (judge of St. Louis
Circuit Court), lecturer, advanced class.
It would not be possible to do justice to
every man who has in one capacity or another
lent his aid to the school. But it will not be
regarded as a disparagement of the work of
any one, and it is really essential to an under-
standing of the school's success, to make men-
tion of the singularly effective services of such
members of the faculty as George A. Madill
and G. A. Finkelnburg. The former taught
real property and. for the greater part of the
same period, equity, from 1869 to 1894; and
the latter has taught contracts and bills and
notes, or constitutional law, since 1878. With
these should be given the names of the men
who have held the office of dean. Henry
Hitchcock was not only the first in point of
time, but to him probably more than to any
one else is the law department indebted for
intelligent and energetic installment and pros-
ecution of its work. With rare fidelity he
devoted his splendid ability to the elevation
of his own profession. Compelled by sickness
to surrender the position of dean in 1870,
George M. Stewart was selected in his stead.
1 Returning to the city in 1871, Henry Hitch-
cock continued in active charge of the school
1 in the newly created office of provost until
l|878, when he again assumed the office of
idean, and held it until 1881 ; after which time
he continued as lecturer until 1884. During
ithe period from 1878 to 1881 he delivered as
jmany as 170 lectures a year, and his course
,of lectures during his connection with the
ischool embraced the following subjects:
.Agency, bills and notes, equity, partnership,
corporations, insurance, constitutional law.
succession, etc. In 1881 Dr. William G. Ham-
mond, until then at the head of the Iowa State
Law School, whose reputation as a man of
learning in the law was second to none in this
country, became dean. He directed tin: school
with great success, drawing to its lecture
rooms students from adjacent and from many
of the distant States, until 1893, when he died.
He was succeeded by the present dean.
William S. Curtis, a graduate of the school,
under whose control the school has enjoyed
the most pronounced growth and prosper-
ity.
After a test of thirty years the school may
be said to have proved the wisdom of its f. Hin-
ders. The teachers, with the exception of the
dean, are selected upon the old principle from
the ranks of active lawyers. The advisory
board still guards the interests of the bar bv
finally passing upon the fitness of such men
as the faculty may after its own examinations
ci include to recommend for admission ; and the
law provides that the degree, when obtained,
entitles to admission at the bar of any court
within the State of Missouri.
The conditions for entering the school have
undergone no change, unless it be in the mat-
ter of their more strict enforcement. A fair
English education is required. The course still
comprises only two years, although a third
year course for advanced students has been
added, which the more active friends of the
school confidently hope to see develop into a
regular third year. The tuition is only $80
a" year, and three free scholarships for each
class have so far made ample provision for
such men as seemed to show promise without
means. The lecture 'hours are between nine
and ten in the morning, and four and six in
the afternoon, making it more convenient for
active members of the bar, and at the same
time meeting the requirements of such stu-
dents as may be dependent upon daily work.
While in one sense this last combination is not
encouraged, and usually makes a three-year
course a necessity, it is, at the same time, true
that the greatest consideration has been shown
by employers and even by courts to facilitate
the work of the school under its time arrange-
ment.
The method of teaching may be said to have
undergone some modification. The strict
lecture system was never exclusively used.
From the beginning students were expected ti 1
be prepared to answer questions within regu-
lar assignments previously made. This fea-
ture has, if anvthin£r. been extended, and now
1968
ST. LOUIS LYCEUM— ST. LOUIS MEDICAL SOCIETY
includes the more and more frequent assign-
ment of cases for the purpose of illustration
and discussion. In addition the students are
required to attend and to participate in moot
courts, well calculated to bring them as near
as possible t.i the practical tests of active pro-
fessii mal life.
During the two years' course every student
is required to make examination in every study
before the respective teaclier; and if he falls
below a certain percentage in any branch, or
fails to reach a certain average percentage on
all studies, he can not be recommended by the
faculty for final examination to the advisory
board. Another condition to such recom-
mendation is the writing of an original thesis
upon a subject selected by the faculty.
In all this work the student is aided by a
valuable library contained in the large room of
the third fioor of the building; as also by the
privilege to use the regular law library in the
court house on Saturdays. The library of the
school was modestly started by the investment
of a donation of $2,000 from Dr. William G.
Eliot. Subsequently, Mrs. Henry Hitchcock
added $6,000 for the same purpose. Since
then some generous donations for the general
support of the school (one as large as $40,000)
have been made, notably by George A. Mad ill.
Henry Hitchcock and G. A. Finkelnburg. All
these, very materially aided, as they are. by the
largely increased income on account of tuition
and by the fact that most of the teachers give
their services for nominal compensation, or en-
tirelv free, have placed the law school in a
comparatively independent position. The li-
brary now contains upwards of seven thousand
well-selected volumes ; and since the school on
its present basis is more than self-sustaining,
the library, as well as other features of the
school, may be expected to steadily improve.
The building is devoted to the exclusive use
of the school : and in addition to lecture rooms
and library, there are ample quarters for the
dean, for faculty meetings, and for the meet-
ings of the customary students' societies.
Starting with a class of e'ight men, the at-
tendance of the St. Louis Law School now
averages one hundred and fifty. The coming
bar of the city of St. Louis is largeh c imp >sed
of graduates; the bar of the State has a good
representation.
The dependence of the law school upon the
good will of the bar in general has always
been recognized. Remembering the generous
aid that has been given in the past, it is not un-
reasonable to hope for a continuance of that
support now that the bar and the alumni
have become in so great a measure identical.
In a word, the St. Louis Law School has
realized the hope of its founders. It justifies
the claim that the lawyer is intent upon the ele-
vation of his profession. It makes proper re-
turn to the State for privileges wisely con-
ferred. It is a credit to the city and State of
which it forms a part. It gives promise of do-
ing all these things in a higher and better de-
gree as time affords opportunity.
Charles Nagel.
St. Louis Lyceum. — An organization
established in St. Louis in 183 1 as a branch
1 >f the American Lyceum, which was instituted
m New York in May of the same year for the
advancement of education, especially in pub-
lic schools and the general diffusion of knowl-
edge. Its first officers were Beverley Allen,
president; Joseph C. Laveille, vice-president;
Archibald Gamble., treasurer; James A. Murj
raw corresponding secretary ; J. C. Dennies,
recording secretary: R. K. Richards, John F.
Darby, and Peter Ferguson, curators. An-
other organization bearing the same name and
having similar objects in view was organized
in 1839, with the following officers: Andrew
J. Davis, president ; Dr. J. N. McDowell, vice-
president ; Philip Reilly, second vice-presi-
dent; George W. Dent, recording secretary;!
Safmuel Knox, , corresponding secretary;
Charles F. Henry, treasurer, and W. P.
Darnes, J. H. Bayfield, J. B. Walker. Dr. T. J
White and Dr. E. T. Watson, directors. This
last named society was incorporated in 1844,
and had a prosperous existence of several
years, occupying rooms in a building located |
at the corner of Third and Pine Streets.
St. Louis Medical College- — See
"Washington University."
St. Louis Medical Society. — The St.
Louis Medical Society is one of the oldest or-
ganizations in the city, having been founded
in 1836, and incorporated by act of the Mis-
souri Legislature. January, 1838. under the
name of Medical Society of the State of Mis-
souri, its first officers being Dr. B. G. Farrar,
president : Dr. Hardage Lane, vice-president
Dr. B. B. Brown, recording secretary : Dr. J
Johnson, corresponding secretary; Dr. Y. D.
ST. LOUIS MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY— ST. LOUIS PLACE.
1969
Boiling, treasurer. Its objects, as set forth
in the original constitution, were "the advance-
ment of the medical and its collateral sciences
in general, and the improvement of the medi-
cal profession oif the city o'f St. Louis in par-
ticular." The by-laws debarred from mem-
bership all persons "holding any patent for
medicines, or secret remedies for diseases, or
who shall advertise in any newspaper, or other-
wise announce their pretensions to superior
qualifications in the cure of any particular dis-
ease, or who shall publish cases of operations,
or promise radical cures or invite laymen to
be present at operations, or boast of cures and
remedies, or publish certificates of skill and
success ;" and provided further, that any mem-
ber guilty of any of these acts should be ex-
pelled. The society adopted the code of ethics
recommended by the American Medical As-
sociation at Philadelphia, in 1847. ^ had
three classes of members, associate, corre-
sponding and honorary. At first the meet-
ings were monthly, from May to November,
and semi-monthly, from November to May;
but in 1848, it virtually suspended, and this
condition of things lasted until 1850, when a
new organization was effected under the name
of St. Louis Medical Society, which exhibited
increased spirit and exerted a greater influ-
ence, the meetings being largely attended and
marked by earnest professional interest. Nev-
ertheless there have been occasions when
wrangling and recrimination prevailed, and
charges o'f professional misconduct were made
among members. For twelve years after the
society was organized the meetings were held
in the Masonic Hall, afterward at Westmin-
ster Church, corner of Broadway and Locust;
next in a hall on the corner of Fourth and
Chestnut ; next in the Commercial School ;
next in the office of Drs. Jordan & Shumard ;
and for a time in the hall of the Academy of
Sciences, in the Medical College building, on
Seventh and Myrtle. After this building
burned down the meetings were held in the
Polytechnic building, corner Seventh and
Chestnut Streets. Since its organization the
society has numbered among its presidents
Drs. Hardage Lane, Wm. Beaumont, George
Engleman, John Barnes, Thomas Revburn,
John S. Moore. Win. M. McPheeters. M. L.
Linton, M. M. Pallen, J. S. B. Alleyne. Wm.
Johnston, Tohn T. Hodgen, E. H. Gregorv,
G. M. B. Maughs, L. C. Boisliniere. H. H.
Mudd, Wm. Dickson and Wm. L. Barret, Dr.
J. N, McDowell and Dr. Charles A. Pope,
were of the number of its distinguished mem-
bers. At the close of the year 1898 the so-
ciety was in a high state of efficiency, harmony
and good feeling prevailing among its mem-
bers, its proceedings being marked by profes-
sional spirit and decorum, and the papers and
discussions exhibiting earnest inquiry and re-
search. The meetings were held in the board
of education building, and the officers elected
January 7, 1899, were: Dr. Jos. Grindon,
president ; Dr. Bransford Lewis, vice-presi-
dent; 1 )r. C. R. Dudley, recording secretary;
Dr. F. W. Hilschern, corresponding secretary;
Dr. A. R. Kieffer, treasurer.
St. Louis Microscopical Society. —
Several attempts, with varying degrees of suc-
cess, have been made by the microscopists of
St. Louis to organize a permanent microsco-
pical society. A society was founded in 1869,
but continued in operation only a short time.
In 1874 another society was organized, but
suspended in 1876. In 1881 a third society
was organized, but was discontinued within
some three or four years. In 1894, however,
the present St. Louis Microscopical Society,
which was really the first one founded in 1869,
was revived, and is now a prosperous organi-
zation, with some thirty-eight members, com-
posed, almost exclusively, of physicians.
•St. Louis Place. — Lying in North St.
Louis, and bounded by Benton, Hebert and
Twenty-first Streets, and Rauschenbach Ave-
nue, was acquired, in part, through donation in
1850, for a pleasure ground. The donors were
Colonel John O'Fallon. Governor Miller, Jo-
siah Dent and others. The tract is composed of
four different parts, which, together, comprise
[■3.88 acres. Numbers 1 and 2 are the older
parks. Numbers 3 and 4 are south of the
above mentioned plats of ground, and were
parts of the old reservoir site, dedicated by the
ckv to park purposes. St. Lonis Avenue runs
from east to west through the center of the
park. This avenue was formerly called Gran-
dee Avenue, but the name, being similar to
that of Grand Avenue, was changed to thai
which it now bears. The park is nicely shaded
with sveamores, maples. Carolina poplars and
Wisconsin weeping-willows. For improve-
ments and maintenance up to 1897 the city
had expended $117,066.71. The amount ap-
propriated for the maintenance of the park for
1970 ST. I.( HIS ROWING CLUB— ST. LOUIS. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NAME.
the fiscal year ending in [898 was $4,250. A
monumenl ■ ■ ch von Schiller, the Ger-
man p placed in this park, the gift of
Colonel Charles G Stifel, in 1898. It was un-
veiled with appropriate ceremonies on Novem-
ber 1 3th 1 if that year.
St. Louis Rowing Club. — The St.
I hi - Rowing Club was organized in June,
[875, at a meeting held at George Fehl's store,
"ii ! '.roadway, between Rutger Street and Park
Avenue. The organizers were John A.
Schultze. John Fritz, David Herold, Louis
Stoker, Frank Elmer, Andrew Wunsch,
( 'harles Koken, J. D. Werder, George W.
Wittmann and Charles J. Keller, and the first
1 ifncers were Frank Elmer, president ; Andrew
Wunsch, secretary: John A. Schultze, treas-
urer. The first boat house was at the foot of
Rutger Street, and was rented from Timothy
Hickey, harbor master. This was occupied
until the fall of 1876. when the club had a house
built on the levee. The membership in-
creased, and a larger house, a two-story brick.
was built, which was occupied until the ground
was needed for the elevator, and the club lo-
at the foot of Plum Street, and afterward
occupied the Excelsior boat house, on Anna
Street, until they built their new boat house,
at the foot of Chouteau Avenue. The club's
first boat was the "St. Louis." built for them
by John A. Schultze; the next was the "Mag-
nolia," which twice took the premium at the
Si Louis hair: and after these came the "Bal-
tic :" the "John A. Schultze." the "St. Louis
X... j." the "II. Clay Sexton," the "A. L. Ste-
ber," the "Romeo," the "Lily," the " Al Spink."
the "L. L. Culver," a cedar gig and two four-
oared shells. A high spirit prevails in the
club, and its rowing matches with other clubs
excite a lively interest. It has one hundred
and sixty-five members.
St. Louis School of Fine Arts.—
Sei Washington University."
St. Louis, Significance of the
Name.— When St. Louis was founded, Louis
XV was the reigning King < >f France. La-
clede was a loyal Frenchman, and supposed he
was establishing his trading post in French
territory, being unaware of the fact that the
region west of the Mississippi had been ceded
to Spain. lie. therefore, sought to honor his
sovereign bv naming his town St. Louis, in
honor of the patron saint of Louis XV. -This
patron saint was King Louis IX of France,
who was canonized and placed on the roll of
saints by Pope Boniface VIII, in the year
[297. "Louis IX. or St. Louis, was born in
Poissy, April 25, 1215, and succeeded his
father, Louis VIII. in 1226. being then in his
eleventh, year. During his minority his
mother. Blanche of Castile, a woman of great
talent and deep piety, acted as regent. This
lady bestowed upon her son every care in his
education, and especially gave great attention
to his religious training. The celebrated Xe-
ander. in his 'Kirchcngeschichte,' draws a most
interesting picture of the religious side of the
character which the assiduous care of his
mother had formed for her son, but which we
have not the space to reproduce here. On
reaching his majority, Louis engaged in a war
with Henry III, King of England, and de-
feated the English at Taillebourg, at Saintes
and at Blave. in 1242. Soon after he con-
cluded a peace with the English King. At a
subsequent period King Louis fell danger-
ously ill. During this critical time he made a
vow that if he recovered from the sickness, he
would go in person as a crusader. He did re-
cover, and in accordance with his vow he ap-
pointed his mother. Blanche of Castile, re-
gent, and sailed, August, 1248, with an army
of fort} thousand men, to Cyprus, whence, in
the following spring, he departed for Egypt,
thinking by the conquest of that country to
open the way to Palestine. He succeeded in
capturing Damietta. but was afterward de-
feated and taken prisoner by the Saracens.
The price of his ransom was named at one hun-
dred thousand marks of silver, which was
paid his captors, and Louis was released May
7, 1250. with the fragments of his army, re-
duced in number to six thousand men. He
procei ded by sea to St. Jean D'Acre, and re-
mained in Palestine until the death of his
mother, which event happened November,
1252. Louis was then compelled to return to
France to assume the government. He ap-
plied himself with great assiduity to 'tihe task
1 if gi iverning his kingdom, united several prov-
inces to the crown on the lapse of feudal
rights, or by treaty, and made many important
changes in the administration, the general
tendency of which was to increase the royal
During this time a code of laws was
brought into use. now known as the 'Etablis-
semenfs de St. Louis.' July I, 1270, Louis
ST. LOUIS SOCIETY OF PEDAGOGY-ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY.
1971
embarked upon a new crusade, and sailed for
Tunis. Here a pestilence broke out in the
French camp, by which the greater part of tihe
French army was destroyed. The King him-
self was attacked and died at Tunis, August
25, 1270. Such, in brief, are 'the important
events in the life of the monarch whose name
has been bestowed upon the city, and who is
the patron saint of the oldest parish in St.
Louis. The anniversary of the death of St.
Louis occurs on the 25th of August. When
the pioneer emigrants from France com-
menced to huild on the site now covered by the
city, they selected as the patron saint of St.
Louis the monarch whose history has been
briefly sketched in the foregoing paragraph,
and conferred his name upon the infant col-
ony. The Cathedral parish was organized
soon after tihe commencement of the settle-
ment, and St. Louis' Day has ever since been
observed as a festival day in the parish."
St. Louis Society of Pedagogy. —
See "Pedagogy, Society of."
St. Louis University. — A minute his-
tory of this institution would outline many of
the earliest incidents associated with the set-
tlement of the Jesuits in St. Louis. The pres-
ent article will attempt merely a succinct state-
ment of its origin, advance and influence, to-
gether with mention of the leading minds con-
nected with the educational Work it has per-
formed.
Rt. Rev. William Louis Dubourg, bishop of
U/pper and Lower Louisiana, who was conse-
crated in Rome in 18 15, reached Ste. Gene-
vieve two years later, and soon visited St.
Louis, the object being to determine whether
Ste. Genevieve or St. Louis was the more suit-
able for a seminary. In the summer of 1818
five ladies of the Sacred Heart, with Madame
Duchesne as superior, who had been sent
hither at the bishop's request, arrived from
France and proceeded to St. Gharles, where
they opened a school, near the Catholic
Church, but met with little encouragement.
After a year's trial they removed to Florissant,
and this formed a nucleus for various educa-
tional enterprises at different points in Mis-
souri. In 1819 Bishop Dubourg established
a college attached to the Cathedral, in St.
Louis, but this college was discontinued in
1826, and, although, much attention was given
to the establishment of mission schools, in-
cluding some devoted tio the idea of training
the Indian mind, the college plan was not re-
vived until (828, when a Lit on Ninth and
Christy Avenue, which had been given by
Jeremiah Connors, then deceased, towards
founding a college, was made over to the
Jesuit fathers. The remainder of the block
west of Ninth, between Washington and
Christy Avenues, and about two-thirds of the
block immediately west, were afterward pur-
chased. The Jesuit Mission of .Missouri, at
that time, had only eight priests and six lay
brothers, three being novices. The college
foundation was laid in 1828 fur a building 50
feet in length, by 40 in width, of three stories,
attic and basement. The college was ready to
receive students in 1829. The Florissant
Seminary students, fifteen in number, were at
once transferred there. These included Charles
P. Chouteau, Bryan Mullanphy, Edmond Paul
and Francis, Julius and Du Thiel Cabanne,
with others whose names are no longer famil-
iar, even to the oldest citizens. Rev. P. J.
Yerhaegen was the first president of the col-
lege. Among his staff were Rev. P. J. De
Smet, who afterward became so famed as an
Indian missionary, and Rev. J. A. Elet. Dur-
ing the first two years several extra teachers
taught classes in English and mathematics,
namely: Thomas B. Taylor, John Servary.
Benjamin Eaton, Bartholomew McGowan and
Jeremiah Langton. Brother James Yates
taught some rudimentary classes, and later,
Rev. Peter Walsh gave instructions in the
higher branches. On the first day the college
opened there entered ten boarders and thirty
externes, or. day scholars, which number was
within a few weeks increased to thirty and one
hundred and twenty, respectively. This at-
tendance varied but little for two years, when,
more house room having been provided, a con-
siderable number of new boarders were ad-
mitted, principally from Louisiana and Missis-
sippi, Where Father Van de Velde, a cultivated
scholar and fine pulpit orator, had labored in
behalf of the institution. This reverend father,
together with Father Wan Lommel and Mr.
Sweevelt, a scholastic, had been sent from
Maryland to join the college faculty, arriving
here in October, 1831. So promising now
were the prospects of the college that in C832
the Legislature of Missouri was petitioned for
a permanent charter, with the power to confer
degrees, etc. The Legislature granted the
charter, with university features, to include the
1972
ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY.
departments of theology, medicine and law, in
the event of its being deemed expedient to add
them. The charter incorporated P. J. Ver-
haegen, Theodore De Theux, P. W. Walsh, C.
F. Van Ouickenborne, and James Van de
Velde. The institution was, at the same ses-
sion, empowered to purchase, hold and con-
vey property for educational purposes. Un-
der this charter a regular faculty was organ-
ize.1 April 3, 1833, with Rev. P. J. Verhaegen
as "rector of the St. Louis University." Not-
withstanding the visitation of the scourge of
cholera, which was very severe in St.
Louis in 1832-3, and also a terrible tor-
nado, which worked terrible havoc in
the Western and Southern States, the
college buildings did not afford room for all
the students who applied for admission in
1833. and a new wing was begun and made
ready the next summer. Of the twenty-four
Jesuits in the Missouri mission in 1834. ten
were at the St. Louis University, there being
at that time fifteen professors and tutors en-
gaged in the institution. From the French
population of Louisiana fifty students were
added early in 1834. by the efforts of Rev. J.
A. Elet. In May the university had one hun-
dred and fifty boarders. At the annual com-
mencement, July 31, 1834, the baccalaureate
degree was conferred on Paul A. F. du Lout-
fay and Peter A. Walsh ; that of master of arts
on John Servary, all Missourians. These were
the first graduates. At the fall term Messrs.
M. Pin and J. B. Emig were added to the fac-
ulty The latter, afterward Father Emig. in-
troduced Greek into the curriculum, and had
a long and influential career in the University.
September. 1835, another addition on Wash-
ington Avenue was made to the college build-
ings, the first story of which served as a chapel
until the completion of St. Xavier Church, in
1843-
At this time. 1835, the project of forming a
medical school was agitated, but it was not un-
til October 5. 1836, that the plan book form,
when C. J. Carpenter, J. Johnson, William
Beaumont, E. II. McCabe, H. Lane and H.
King, all physicians of high standing, were se-
lected as the faculty. The school, however,
was not opened until the autumn of 1842. at
Washington Avenue and Tenth Street, in a
building erected for the purpose. The first
lecture to the medical department was given
March 28. 1842. by Professor Joseplh W. Hall.
The other members of the facultv were M. L.
Linton, Daniel Brainard, H. A. Prout, James
V. Prather. Joseph J. Norwood and Alvin Lit-
ton. The school soon attracted public atten-
tion and graduated a number of students from
the Western and Southern States. In 1848
the faculty requested the trustees of the uni-
versity to dissolve the connection of the medi-
cal department with the parent institution,
which request was renewed the following
January, and again in 1854-5, the reason as-
signed being the then growing prejudice
against Catholics, as shown in the organization
of a political party based on that and antagon-
ism to foreigners. The trustees no longer re-
sisted the separation, and thenceforth the med-
ical school was conducted under a charter of
its own. The law department of the Univer-
sity had begun its first session in 1843, with
Richard A. Buckner at its head, but despite
his efforts, this school languished and was
soon abandoned.
The Rev. Verhaegen having been, in 1836,
appointed superior of the Jesuit Mission in
Missouri, his place as president of the Univer-
sity was filled at the opening of the session in
September by Rev. J. A. Elet. in which year
the number of students was 146. At this
time Rev. George A. Carrell, noted for supe-
rior literary attainments, was added to the fac-
ulty as professor of English literature. In
1839 a suite of class-rooms was erected to ac-
commodate the increased number of students,
and the next year, the corner-stone of St.
Xavier. "the college church," was laid with
impressive ceremonies, the dedication taking
place Palm Sunday, 1843. In 1840 President
Elet was transferred to Cincinnati, to become
president of Athenaeum, afterward St. Xavier,
College, and Rev. James Van de Yelde suc-
ceeded him at the St. Louis University, remain-
in- until September 17. 1843. when he, in turn,
having been appointed vice-provincial of Mis-
souri, was succeeded by Rev. George A. Car-
rell. Father Carrell. although a man of su-
perior gifts in literature and belles-lettres, was
by his temperament not entirely fitted for the
presidency. I hiring his administration of
two years, there was a marked decline in the
number of students, though this was partiallv
accounted for in the hard times of that period ;
but by the closing of St. Mary's College, in
Kentucky, and by recruiting work in the
South, performed by Rev. John Gleizal, in
184(1, the prospects of the University were
brought back to former conditions. Another
ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY.
1973
large building, three stories in height, was
erected on Christy Avenue, and the institu-
tion had an imposing list of professors and
tutors.
Father Carrell having been transferred to
the presidency of St. Xavier College in July.
1847, Rev. John B. Druyts was appointed to
take his place in the St. Louis University. He
had been connected with the institution for
twelve years. He soon became one of the
most popular and successful of all those who
had held the position. But, unfortunately, he
lost his sense of hearing, and the managing
board was obliged to fill his place, which was
done in 1854 by the appointment of Rev. John
S. Yerdin. During the first year of Father
Yerdin's term, which extended to 1859, the
number of boarding students was larger than
at any other time. The local schools had so
improved, both numerically and in character,
that the necessity of sending youth from home
to be educated gradually decreased, but from
1855 this class of scholars was more than re-
placed by externes. March 19, 1859, Father
Yerdin was succeeded as president by Rev.
Ferdinand Coosemans. At the opening of
the fall session the classical and commercial
courses had been separated, and the classical
course extended to six years. On the break-
ing out of the Civil \Var, in 186 1, sixty-three
of the students from the South withdrew from
the University and went home. All the
classes were suspended May 24th of that year,
and during the next session only nine students
registered from the Southern States, several
cf these having remained. Indeed, all
through the war period the catalogue was
much reduced from previous years, but, not-
withstanding, the registry of 1862-3 showed
290 students. In July, 1862, Father Coose-
mans was made vice-provincial of Missouri,
and was succeeded by Rev. Thomas O'Xeil,
who remained as such till July 2, 1868, when
Rev. Francis H. Stuntebeck was installed.
Meantime, in May, 1867, property was pur-
chased on Grand Avenue, between Lindell
and Baker Avenues, where the stately build-
ings of the University are now located. At
the close of the session of 1867-8 the register
for the year had 346 names of students ; and
for the next session the same number. The
following year the number decreased to 297 ;
in 1871 it was 317 ; in 1S72 it was 402 ; in 1873,
413. Then the financial crisis came on and
the attendance dropped by years to 374. 353,
330. 327, 334, and 362 in [897.
Rev. Joseph Zealand was installed president
ti the University August 8, 1871, and Rev. L.
Bushart November 22, 1874. The latter re-
signed in August, 1877, and was succeeded by
Rev. Joseph E. Keller. It was at the begin-
ning of Father Keller*s term that the commer-
cial course was extended to five years for the
further study of mathematics, the physical
sciences, logic, metaphysics, etc., successful
examination in which would entitle the candi-
date to the degree of bachelor of science. A
medal was bestowed on the student of the
scientific course winning the highest honors
of the class at the annual commencements, as
before had been done with the class in philoso-
phy. Previous to 1836 the public annual ex-
hibitions were given in the original building
erected in 1829, then in the chapel, afterward
amidst the shade trees on the play grounds of
the students, and from 1855 ul the University
Hall.
In 1836 such had been the encroachments
1 if tlie town carpenters and builders upon the
quietude of the institution that the trustees re-
solved to select a new site for the University,
and chose a farm of 300 acres on the Bellefon-
taine road, three and a half miles north. The
foundations for the buildings were dug, when,
owing to the death of the contractor, the work
was stopped, the project postponed, and later
abandoned. The site is still known as Col-
lege Hill, now inside the city limits, where
a scholasticate was established which became
the theological department of the University.
This was a brick house of three stories, nearly
one hundred feet in length, erected in 1857 as
a country resort for professors and students.
From the sales of town lots, into which the
farm had been divided, the trustees were en-
abled to make costly improvements on the
University premises. Early in i860 the
scholasticate was transferred from College
Hill to Boston College, Massachusetts, which
enjoyed special advantages for theological and
philosophical studies.
The University possesses a select and val-
uable library, its tomes and volumes numbei-
ing scores of thousands, a museum of natural
history, a collection of scientific instruments,
a laboratory, etc. — all including many curious
and costly objects. Among its treasures are
nearlv one hundred large folios donated by
the P.ritish government in 1834, containing
i:»74
ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY
ancient statutes, the famous Doomsday Book,
and various state papers. The "Philalethic
Literary and Debating Society," organized in
1832. and the "Philharmonic Society," dating
from [838, arc features of the institution.
In the first half century of the history of the
St. Louis University almost 6,000 youths re-
ceived the benefit of its educational and moral
influence, and since then many more thou-
sands have been educated wholly or partly
within its walls. Numbers of priests, physi-
cians, lawyers, scientists, whose names are on
the roll of fame, claim it as their alma mater.
Its lists of presidents and professors embrace
ni >t a few noted no less for their commanding
intellectual gifts than for their piety and zeal
in the cause of religion.
The semi-centennial of the St. Louis Uni-
versity was celebrated in a "golden jubilee,"
June 24, 1X70. A papal brief of Leo XIII
gave the institution the apostolic benediction.
Solemn high mass was said, with Archbishop
Ryan as celebrant, and nearly one hundred
priests and secular clergy present. Bishop
Spalding delivered an eloquent discourse.
The music for the mass and the Te Deum was
of the very highest order. There was a grand
alumni dinner in the afternoon, and in the
evening a jubilee of music, poetry and oratory,
full accounts of which were given in the city
press of the following day, as also in the "His-
torical Sketch of the St. Louis University."
a book i f 26'j pages, written by Rev. Walter H.
Hill, S. )., from which a large part of the pres-
ent article has been condensed. Father Hill
has kindly supplied for the present work the
subjoined data of the University since the
golden jubilee in 1879:
"In June, 1881, the University ceased to be
a boarding school. There was a gradual in-
crease of externes, or day scholars, and the
number of students soon equaled the total
number, externes and boarders, of former
years. The project of moving the college to
another site was discussed for a number of
years, as far back as the year 1836 — owing
to the extension of the city, the bustle and the
noise of business in the central position occu-
pied by the college — though that position was
a suburban one when the college was started
in the year 1829. Property fronting on Grand
Avenue and extending from Lindell Boule-
vard to Pine Street was purchased in 1867,
with a view of transferring the college to that
place at some future time. Action was first
taken toward moving to this locality in 1884,
when, on June 8th of that year, the corner-
stone of a new church was laid with solemn
ceremony, at the corner of Grand Avenue and
Lindell Boulevard. The new college building
was begun in 1886; it fronts eastward, and its
length on Grand Avenue is 270 feet. The
old college premises, fronting on Washing-
ton Avenue and extending from Ninth Street
westward 475 feet, were sold .May 24. 1886.
The Alumni of the college had a reunion and
a farewell banquet in the study hall of their old
alma mater on June 25, 1888. when interest-
ing speeches, narrating reminiscences of its
past history, were delivered by Dr. Smith Al-
leyne, Rev. John Verdin, S. J., Dr. Elisha
Gregory, Honorable Shepherd Barclay, Rev.
M. McLaughlin. Mr. Theophile Papin, Rev.
Walter H. Hill, S. J.. Rev. Rudolph Meyer,
S. J., and Mr. Walter Blakely. Public serv-
ices were held in the old 'college church' for
the last time August 6. 1888.
The new college buildings, including 'he
theological department fronting on Lindell
Boulevard, are extensive and imposing, and
are of English gothic style. The walls, with
all ornamental trimmings, are of a red color,
agreeable to the taste prevalent when the
buildings were erected. The new church on
Grand Avenue and Lindell Boulevard is of
St. Louis limestone, trimmed with Bedford
blue stone. It is in English gothic style of
the thirteenth century ; it is 210 feet in length,
with 120 feet of width in the transept. It con-
tains grandeur of proportion, with exquisite
beauty of ornamental finish, making it one of
the finest churches in the country. It was
opened for public services early in the year
[898. This church, together with the other
buildings on the college grounds, will reach
a total cost of little less than a million of dol-
lars.
The St. Mark's Academy, a literary society
devoted to higher learning, was established at
the old college in 1876, through the influence
of Rev. J. M. Hayes, S. J. In 1886 this as-
sociation was finally developed into the Mar-
quette Club.
A commodious sodality building, of large
dimensions and handsome architecture, fronts
on Grand Avenue, at a short distance to the
south of the Marquette Club premises.
During the five years' administration of
Rev. J. Grimmelsman, S. J., as president of
the St. Louis University the magnificent
ST. MARY'S GIRLS' ORPHAN ASYLUM.
L975
church has reached its completion, and all the
departments of the extensive institution have
steadily progressed, until it has grown into an
important power in St. Louis for higher moral
and intellectual culture."
The presidents of the University, beginning
with 1877, have been as follows: 1877-81,
Rev. Joseph E. Keller, S. J.; 1881-5, Rev.
Rudolph J. Meyer, S. J. ; 1885-9, Rev. Henry
Moeller, S. J. ; 18S9-90, Rev. Edward J. Glee-
son, S. J.: 1 890-1, Rev. John E. Kennedy,
S. J.; 189?, Rev. Joseph Grimmelsman, S. J.,
appointed March 31, 1891.
In 1898 the board of trustees was composed
of the following named gentlemen : Rev.
Joseph Grimmelsman, S. J., president; Rev.
\Y Banks Rogers, S. J., chancellor ; Rev.
John E. Kennedy, S. J., secretary ; Rev.
Roman A. Shaffel, S. J., treasurer ; Rev.
Francis B. Klocker, S. J.
At the same time the officers and faculty
were as follows : Rev. Joseph Grimmelsman,
S. J., president ; Rev. W. Banks Rogers, vice-
president and prefect of studies ; Rev. Joseph
G. H. Kernion, S. J., chaplain ; Rev. Roman
A. Shaffel, S. J., treasurer ; Rev. William F.
Poland, S. J., librarian.
Post-Graduate Course — Rev. James Con-
way, S. J., and Rev. William F. Poland, lec-
turers on ethics and natural laws ; Rev. James
J. Sullivan, S. J., lecturer on logic and meta-
physics: Rev. Henry J. DeLaak, S. J., lecturer
on physics.
Classical Curriculum. A — Collegiate De-
partment— Rev. William T. Kinsella, S. J., lec-
turer on evidences of religion and professor of
mental and moral philosophy ; John B. Furav.
S. J., professor of physics and mathematics;
Rev. Charles J. Borgmeyer, S. J., professor of
chemistry and mathematics ; Aloysius F.
Frumveller, S. J., professor of astronomy,
mathematics and geology; Rev. Joseph A.
Murphy, S. J., professor of class of rhetoric :
Rev. John A. Gonser, S. J., professor of class
of poetry: Richard D. Slevin, S. J., professor
of class of humanities. B — Academic Depart-
ment: Francis J. O'Boyle, S. J., and Mat-
thew Germing, S. J., professors of first acad-
emic class; James A. McCarthy, S. J., and
Joseph C. Husslein, S. J., professors of second
academic class: William J. Eline, S. J., and
John A. Weiand, S. J., professors of third
academic class.
Commercial Curriculum — Professors David
Jones, Thomas T. Russell, M. 1 >. ; |ohn M
Flvnn, A. M.
Preparatory Department — Thomas A.
Healy.
In iSSc) a three years' University course of
mental and moral philosophy, sciences and
mathematics for members of the Society of
Jesus was added to the other curricle of the
St. Louis University. The lecturers are :
Rev. James J. Conway, S. J., and Rev. Wil-
liam F. Poland, S. J., lecturers on ethics and,
natural law; Rev. James J. Conway, S. J., lec-
turer on special metaphysics, psychology- and
natural theology; Rev. Florentine Bechtcl,
S. J., lecturer on cosmology and psychologv;
Rev. Francis Klocker, S. J., lecturer on gen-
eral metaphysics and logic; Rev. Henry J.
DeLaak. S. L. lecturer on physics and me-
chanics; Rev. Charles J. Borgmeyer. S. J.,
lecturer on chemistry and mathematics ; Aloy-
sius F. Frumveller, S. J., lecturer on higher
mathematics, astronomy and geologv.
Walter H. Hill.
St. Mary's Girls' Orphan Asylum.
This asylum, which is in charge of the Sisters
of Charity, was founded in 1843, Mrs. Biddle,
daughter of John Mullanphy, donating a site
and $3,000 toward the erection of a home, giv-
ing at the same time the use of her own dwell-
ing as a temporary asylum. In January, 1845,
the building on Tenth and Biddle Street was
completed, and was occupied by St. Mary's
< rirls' < )rphan Asylum for about fifty years,
and until the recent removal of St. Joseph's
Boys' Orphan Asylum to their new location,
when St. Mary's Asylum was removed to the
building vacated by the Boys' Asylum, at
Fourteenth Street and Clark Avenue. In
May, 1899, Archbishop Kain, president of the
hoard of "managers of the Roman Catholic
orphan asylums of St. Louis," received a gift
of grounds for a new location in the northern
part of the city, with means for the immediate
erection of a suitable new building. St.
Mary's Asylum maintains and educates or-
phan or homeless girls from the age of four to
fourteen years. Two hundred and fifty girls
are sheltered and instructed in common
branches of education and vocal music, be
sides which they are taught to sew, cook, wash
and bear a part in all the duties of the house-
hold. Children are given for adoption when
suitable homes are provided; others are re-
turned to their relatives when the necessity
1976
ST. PAUL'S BENEVOLENT SOCIETY.
for assistance is over; those remaining in the
asylum are, at the age of twelve or fourteen,
either put out to service or transferred to St.
Philomena's Industrial School, where they are
taught dressmaking and other trades. The
financial affairs of the asylum are conducted
by the board of managers, consisting, besidi s
the regular officers, of ten members, five cler-
gymen, and five laymen. The internal gov-
ernment and management of the house is un-
der the direction of twelve Sisters of Charity.
St. Paul's Benevolent Society. —
A beneficiary association incorporated May
16. 1868, under the laws of Missouri by Fred-
erick Arendes, Nicholas Helmbacher, B. L.
(iretz. A. Geisel, Louis Metts and others.
St. Philippe.— In 1710. Phillip Ren-
ault, who had been made director-general of
mines in Louisiana, sailed from France with
200 mechanics and laborers. Stopping at
Santo Domingo, he obtained there 500 negro
slaves, and with this equipment he sailed up
the Mississippi River to "the Illinois coun-
try." where it was supposed at that time gold
and silver were to be found in large quanti-
ties. He established himself on the river,
five miles north of Fort Chartres, and there
founded the village which became known as
St. Philippe. From there he sent out explor-
ing parties in all directions and diligent search
was made for the precious metals. It was a
fruitless search, and in the course of time was
abandoned for agricultural pursuits and other
vocations. When Illinois passed under Brit-
ish control, the inhabitants of St. Philippe
abandoned the place and sought new homes
in St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, and other settle-
ments west of the Mississippi River. When
the English officer. Captain Phillip Pitman,
visited the place in 1765, he reported that he
found there sixteen houses and a small church,
all deserted. All traces of the old village dis-
appeared in later years. Historical interest
attaches to it chiefly on account of its having
been the place at which negro slavery was in-
stituted in the Illinois country. When Ren-
ault returned to France he sold his slaves to
the Illinois colonists.
St. Philomena's Industrial School.
In 1834 Bishop Rosati gave to the Daughters
of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul a small
house on Third and Walnut Streets, to be used
as an asylum for boys and girls, under the pat-
ronage of St. Philomena. In 1845 tne boys
were transferred to the Sisters of St. Joseph —
tlie -iris remaining at St. Philomena's. The
same vear his grace. Archbishop Kenrick.
finding the house insufficient to accommodate
the number, erected a large buliding on Fifth
and Walnut Streets, for the purpose of train-
ing more advanced girls who were to be re-
ceived from St. Mary's Asylum: also for poor
girls out of employment. The latter charity
was continued fur twenty years, during which
time the archbishop generously contributed
toward their support, as many of these were
unable to defray their expenses. At this time,
when destitution and suffering were so great,
two sisters for several years were appointed
for no other duty than that of visiting and re-
lieving the sick. The poor were also sup-
plied with food and provisions at the institu-
tion. The number thus assisted is known to
God alone. The Industrial School was in-
corporated February 13. 1864.
This location being in the central part of
the city, proved unsuitable, and in June, 1S0S,
his grace. Archbishop Kenrick. purchased the
present site, corner of Clark and Ewing Ave-
nues, where he enabled the Sisters to erect
the commodious building, in order to carry on
this great charity. He was ever the true
friend and generous benefactor of St. Philo-
mena's.
The number of girls who have been cared
for by this institution since its foundation ex-
ceeds two thousand, the greater part of whom
arc received annually from St. Mary's Orphan
Asylum. Many children of respectable fam-
ilies, being deprived of their parents, are also
taken ami cared for and fitted for different
stations in life. The house accommodates
one hundred children, and has at present sev-
enty-five. It is interesting to see these girls
at work in the several departments, each of
which is superintended by a sister, who instills
into these young minds the necessity of ac-
quiring habits of industry, as they will in later
years be entirely dependent upon themselves.
They are taught dressmaking, fine sewing,
and domestic economy, and the Industrial
School is self-supporting. While remaining
with the Sisters the £'irls are obliged to attend)
class for several hours each day, during which
they are taught arithmetic, bookkeeping, pen-
manship, grammar, rhetoric, geography, sten-
ography, etc. These advantages enable the
ST. THOMAS' MISSION FOR THE DEAF.
1977
Sisters to procure for them excellent positions,
according to their abilities, and they are often
at a loss to satisfy the demands of patrons.
The ladies of our city require no other rec-
ommendation than to know that they are
taught at St. Philomena's.
The girls frequently return to spend their
recreations in their old home, where they re-
ceive advice and encouragement. It is grati-
fying to those who have labored in this cause
to see these girls become useful members of
society. The good effected by an institution of
this kind can not be overestimated, as these
children going out into the world diffuse
around them by their good example the les-
sons of usefulness and virtue learned therein.
St. Thomas' Mission for the Deaf.
A mission which had its beginning in St. Louis
in 1877 in the labors of Rev. Austin W. Mann,
a traveling missionary doing church work
among deaf mutes. May 30, 1891, the mis-
sion was regularly organized, with Rev.
James H. Cloud in charge. Regular services
are held at 11 a. m. Sundays, in the Mary E.
Boffinger Memorial Chapel, connected with
Christ Church Cathedral, the prayer book
service of the Episcopal Church being used.
Monthly lectures on current events are given
on the evening of the first Friday of each
month, and special lectures are arranged for
from time to time under the auspices of the
mission.
St. Vincent de Paul Society. — See
"Catholic Societies."
St. Vincent's German Orphan Asy-
lum.— A charitable institution located on Ho-
gan Street, between O'Fallon Street and Cass
Avenue. It was founded June 13, 1851, and
incorporated the same year. The incorporat-
1 ors were John Mountel, F. L. Stuver, Francis
i Sturwald, F. J. Heitkamp, J. H. Grefankamp,
! Francis Saler, and S. T. Blattaw. The cor-
ner-stone of the building was laid in Septem-
j ber, 1850. The object of the asylum is to re-
! ceive, maintain, and educate orphans of Ger-
man parentage. The institution has nearly
two hundred children, in charge of the Sisters
of St. Joseph, who receive a small annual com-
pensation from the society. The entire ex-
pense is borne by members of the St. Vincent's
Society of German Catholic Churches. The
65
improvements and grounds cost over sixty
thousand dollars.
St. Vincent's Institution for the
Insane. — This institution, established and
conducted by the Sisters of Charity, was
founded in 1858. In the early days of St.
Louis, the Sisters had charge of a hospital on
Fourth and Spruce Streets, where the insane,
as well as the sick and injured, were received.
In time it became necessary to provide a sep-
arate home for the insane, which was located
on Ninth and Marion Streets, and opened
with four Sisters and fifteen patients. During
the Civil War the aid for the insane from the
State treasury failed, as no income could be
collected, and the State Asylum at Fulton
was suspended October, 1861. Patients were
returned to their respective counties, when
there were no means for their proper treat-
ment. The County of St. Louis appealed to
St. Vincent's for help, and ninety insane pa-
tients were sent there. At that time the house
had forty patients and eleven sisters in charge.
The unexpected addition so crowded the insti-
tution that the sisters had to give up their re-
fectory and several of their rooms. In 1865
the State Asylum was reopened and the State
claimed its patients ; still the building was too
small for the reception of all sent for treat-
ment, and it became necessary to build a large
addition. Wishing to extend the benefits of
the institution to a larger number, and desirous
of giving the insane better accommodations
and purer air, the Sisters erected a new build-
ing on the Wabash Railroad, eight miles from
the Courthouse, which was opened June 25,
1895. This fine structure, admirably situated
on high ground, with a farm of ninety-six
acres, is fitted with all the latest improvements
and possesses accommodation for six hun-
dred patients, over whom the Sisters have sole
charge in each department. Patients are re-
ceived irrespective of creed or nationality.
About one-half are non-Catholics. Here, too,
are all classes of society and all grades of in-
sane. About two-thirds of the patients are
women, whose relatives and friends wish them
to be under the care of women. About one-
fourth are charity patients. The inmates are
employed, interested ami amused in various
ways. Their assembly rooms are furnished
with pianos, organs and billiard tables. There
is also a very fine entertainment hall. Many
of the ladies sew and do fancy work. In sum-
ST. XAVIER'S TOTAL ABSTINENCE AND BENEVOLENT ASSN.
mer the}- play lawn tennis and other out-of-
door games. An inebriate department was
added to the institution in 1873, for the relief
of persons addicted to the use of stimulants.
It is entirely separate from the insane depart-
ment, and is provided with a library, billiard
table, and other amusements.
St. Kavier's Total Abstinence and
Benevolent Association. — A society
organized in 1846, by Father Glenzall, of St.
Xavier's Church, then on Ninth Street and
Lucas Avenue. This church, known for
many years as the "College Church," on ac-
count of the adjacent St. Louis University,
was the center of large throngs of worshipers,
and the temperance work which the Fathers
zealously prosecuted among them was at-
tended by encouraging results. The society
maintained an active and vigorous existence
until 1 888, when the pressure of business
forced the church to move to Grand Avenue,
and then it fell to pieces.
Sale, Samuel, Jewish rabbi, was born
October 29th, in Louisville, Kentucky. There
he received his early scholastic training, grad-
uating from the High School as valedictorian
of 'his class, and winning also a scholarship in
Washington and Lee University, of Lexing-
ton, Virginia. In 1873 'le went to Europe
and matriculated at the University of Berlin,
entering at the same time the Hochsohule fuer
die Wissenschaft des Judenrhums. At the end
of five years of study in these institutions he
returned to the L/nited States with the degrees
of rabbi and doctor, and received an immedi-
ate call to the pulpit of Har Sinai congrega-
tion, of Baltimore, which had some years ear-
lier been filled by Dr. David Einhorn, one of
the most distinguished representatives of ad-
vanced thought in Judaism. Entering upon
this pastorate, Dr. Sale remained in Baltimore
until the autumn of 1883. when he accepted a
call to Chicago, where he succeeded the be-
loved Dr. Liebrnan Adler as pastor -of Kehill-
ath Anshe Maarabh congregation. He occu-
pied this pastorate for four years thereafter,
and 'during that time not only won the high
regard of liis congregation, hut of the general
public of Chicago. In 1887 he received a call
from the Reform congregation of Kcnesth
Israel, of Philadelphia, one of the largest and
most prosperous congregations in the United
States, and also from Shaare Fmeth consre-
gatiem of St. Louis. The fact that other mem-
bers of his family were residents of St. Louis
caused him to accept the call extended to him
by Shaare Emeth congregation, and for more
than ten years he has been one of the most at-
tractive and popular pulpit orators of St.
Louis. As the exponent of a liberal theology,
whose aim is the betterment of mankind re-
gardless of creeds, he has arrested the thought
and fixed upon himself the attention of those
of all shades of belief, and he is hardly less
popular with the general public than with the
people of 'his own faith. Fearless in attacking
the evils of the day, in whatever guise they
may appear, he has nevertheless little sym-
pathy with present-day pessimists, believes
in the upward tendencies of civilization, and
preaches the Gospel of progress. His ser-
mons evince the ripest scholarship and widest
range of thought and research, and are models
of chaste English and elegant diction.
Salt Trade. — The large proportions which
the slaughtering and packing business of St.
Louis assumed in the "forties" demanded
large supplies of salt for the accommodation of
this interest, and, as the regions tributary to
the city were engaged in raising corn, hogs
and cattle, still larger supplies were required
for distribution in Illinois, Missouri and Iowa.
St. Louis, therefore, became the center of an
extensive salt trade, and it has remained so
ever since, although there have been important
changes in the trade, the most notable of which
is in the source of supply. Down to about the
year 1875 the receipts of salt at St. Louis came
chiefly from New Orleans, and the Ohio River
region. New Orleans sending us what was
known as Liverpool and Turk's Island salt,
and the latter Ohio River and Kanawha salt.
The up-river salt trade from New Orleans was
for many years a large, though never a very
profitable, business. Foreign vessels coming
to Xew Orleans for cotton, grain, tobacco and
flour Would bring Liverpool salt in bags and I
barrels as ballast, so that it was delivered at 1
that point at a very low price. The up-river
boats were only too glad to bring it up at low i
rates also, for salt and sugar were the only!
freights they had up-stream, and never enough
of these to pay expenses. Ohio River salt
and Kanawha salt having the advantage of
water carriage, were brought round at low J
rates also, and during this era St. Louis, and *
through St. Louis a large part of the Vest,
SALVAGE CORPS— SALVATION ARMY.
19711
had ample supplies of cheap salt. When a
high duty was imposed on imported salt for the
development of our own salt-making interest,
the imports from Liverpool and Turk's Island
gradually fell off, and finally ceased almost en-
tirely, and the supplies of salt for St. Louis be-
gan to arrive from Michigan, New York and
Kansas, and it is from these quarters chiefly
that our receipts were coming in 1897. This
change in the source of supply is exhibited in
comparing the receipts of 1875 with
those of 1896. In 1875 89,680 sacks out of
96,680 sacks received came from New Orleans,
and 230,683 barrels out of 246,193 barrels re-
ceived came from the Ohio River region ; that
is to say, nkieteen-twenthieths of the -total re-
ceipts came from these two sources. But in
1892 only 10,000 sacks out of 48,963 were re-
ceived from New Orleans, and in 1896 there
were no receipts at all from that source. Since
1890 no receipts at all from the Ohio River
were reported. Nevertheless the salt trade of
St. Louis increased very largely in the period
between 1865 and 1896, as the statistics show.
The total receipts in 1865 were 170,814 bar-
rels, and 83,221 sacks ; in 1875 they were 246,-
193 barrels and 96,880 sacks; in 1885 they
were 387,737 'barrels, 46,331 sacks, and 548,-
700 bushels in bulk ; in 1895 they were 304,-
204 barrels, 72,293 sacks, and 804,980 bushels
in bulk. The shipments in 1865 were 109,248
barrels and 24,328 sacks ; in 1875 they were
219,102 barrels and 30,381 sacks; in 1885 they
were 309.571 'barrels, 8,957 sacks, and 345,323
bushels in bulk ; and in 1895 they were 283,-
541 barrels, 17,043 sacks, and 54,320 bushels
in bulk. From 1879 a verY large proportion
of the receipts have been in bulk, these re-
ceipts in 1895 reaching 804,980 bushels. The
receipts in sacks correspondingly decreased.
(All the receipts in 1896 came by railroad, ex-
:jcept 25,346 barrels and 438 sacks from the Illi-
•jnois River, whereas twenty years before near-
| ly all the receipts came by water and only a
small proportion by rail. The total receipts
in 1896 were 329,666 barrels, 39.163 sacks, and
454,160 bushels in bulk, and of this, 3,005 bar-
rels, 125 sacks and 102,480 bushel's in bulk
[came from Kansas, ny the Missouri Pacific
>and the St. Louis & San Francisc'o roads;
land nearly all the rest from Michigan and New
!Yorkb-vVaiL D. M. Grissom.
Salvage Corps. — What is known as the
jUnderwriters' Salvage Corps of St. Louis had
its origin in a meeting of the underwriters of
the city held at the office of the St. Louis In-
surance Company, May 19. 1874, at which
sixty-three fire insurance companies, doing
business in the city, were represented. At
that meeting the initiatory steps were taken
for creating a fire patrol to be owned and op-
erated by tlie insurance underwriters, and
Messrs. George T. Cram, Lewis E. Snow. W.
G. Bentley, W. D. VanB'l'arcom and J. B. S.
Lemoine were appointed a governing body, to
lie kiii iwn as the "Committee of the Fire Patrol
of St. Louis." At a meeting held May 29th, fol-
lowing, George T. Cram was made president,
and Lewis E. Snow secretary and treasurer of
the organization, and early in the following
month a committee, appointed for the pur-
pose, visited Chicago to inspect the fire patrol
of that city. The result oi this committee's
visit was that Charles Evans, of Chicago, was
unanimously selected to take charge of the or-
ganization and equipment of the St. Louis
Fire Patrol. Captain Evans entered upon his
work soon afterward, and completed the or-
ganization of the first Salvage Corps July 3,
1874. That it has since proven very effective
in reducing fire losses to the minimum through
the protection which it affords to merchandise
and other kinds of property is evidenced by
the fact that during the year 1S73, before the
Salvage Corps was organized, the percentage
of loss to the amount of insurance on the
property damaged by fire was 37.37, while in
[896 it had dropped to 13.40 per cent. The
cost of maintaining this fire patrol is borne by
the insurance companies, the expense to each
company being proportionate to the amount of
its business in the city. In 1897 there were
three Salvage Corps in the city, each under
command of a captain, and all subject to the
authority of Chief Charles Evans.
Salvation Army. — A body of evangel-
izers founded by William Booth in London.
England, in 1866, whose chief purpose is to
preach the gospel to the outcast and criminal
classes, who are thought not to be sufficiently
reached and cared for by the regular church
organizations. Mr. Booth was a Methodist
clergyman, engaged in evangelical work,
which brought him into personal contact with
the "submerged" classes of London and other
great English cities, and he was so touched
with pity for their wretchedness, and so con-
vinced that the ordinary agencies were not
1980
SALVATION ARMY.
adequate to the task of caring for their spir-
itual wants, that he determined to sever bis
formal connection with the church, and devote
his life to the task of ministering to the relief
of the unfortunate population of the British
capital. Most fortunately he found a valuable
and efficient coadjutant in his wife, Catharine
Booth, who entered heartily with him into the
work, and, in prosecution of it, revealed a zeal,
energy, intellectual and spiritual power, and
a sympathy for the outcast and neglected
classes not inferior to his own. Indeed, she
did so much in the beginning of the enterprise,
and showed so much power in her preaching
and writings, and such admirable judgment
in the arrangement and conduct of the work,
that it is not easy to tell how it could have been
carried to the point of success it reached, even
in her lifetime, without her assistance. As
the small body of helpers who began to gather
round the Booths were converts from the low
and poor classes, and the work to be done was
urgent and pressing, calling for sacrifice, obe-
dience and prompt action, the organization
instinctively took a military form, with Wil-
liam Booth as general, and his assistants and
helpers as military subalterns. At the very
beginning, he conceived the idea of enlisting
women in the service on a perfect coequality
with the men. Indeed, it is probable that the
zeal, judgment and ability which his wife dis-
played in the cause suggested this feature of
the organization to him. At any rate, the
women of the army have proven not onlv zeal-
ous and efficient workers, but capable of doing
tasks and visiting places, in ministering to
outcasts, where men could not go; and in the
control of drunken and boisterous men and
refractory crowds, they often reveal an au-
thority and power which men could not ex
hibit. Nearly all the officers or active work-
ers of the Army are young, and the women
share all the rights, privileges and responsibil-
ities equally with the men, beginning as cadet,
and going, by successive promotions, to lieu-
tenant, captain, ensign, adjutant and staff
captain, up to brigadier. If it was fortunate
for William Booth that his wife embarked in
the Salvation Army work with all her zeal and
abilities, it was both fortunate and strange
that all their children, three sons and four
daughters, embarked in it also, and have been
assigned to responsible and difficult positions
in England. Belgium. France, India, the
United States, and Canada. The military
character of the organization restrains liberty
of speech and action, of course, and makes
obedience to the orders of the superior officers
the first duty; but this, perhaps, is little or
no hardship as long as the Army is animated
by a single impulse, and all thinking alike,
with neither time nor disposition for doctrinal
disputes. ( Inly the officers belong to the
Army in the sense of being entirely devoted
to the work and subject, at all times, to orders.
The soldiers are usually working men and
women, earning their own living at various
avocations, and taking part in the meetings
Sunday and at night. They are not subject
to orders, and receive no wages. A "corps"
is a meeting room in charge of two officers,
usually a captain and a lieutenant, with such
a retinue of soldiers to attend the meetings as
may be enlisted — the soldiers being persons,
men and women, who have been "saved" and
sworn in at the corps. The meeting place is
usually a store-room, or hall, with a platform
at one end on which the officers, soldiers, and
invited friends sit, and from which the services
are conducted, and the space in front occu-
pied with chairs for the audience. The serv-
ice begins with a song sung standing, followed
by a song or chorus, kneeling, and one or
more prayers. This is followed by more
songs, sometimes varied with a solo, then
personal testimonies from officers, soldiers,
and persons in the audience. Then come the
tambourine collection and more testimonies,
a Bible lesson and discourse, which is an ear-
nest appeal to the unconverted, and a call to
the penitent form, and a prayer-meeting for
those who may come forward. Each corps
holds a public open meeting in its hall every
night in the week, except one, usually Tues-
day, when a private soldiers' meeting is held,
and on Sunday there are four public hall meet-
ings, at 7 and u o'clock in the morning, 3 in
the afternoon, and 8 in the evening. Every
night meeting in the week, and every Sunday
afternoon meeting, is preceded by a march,
with tambourine and drum, and brass band,
if the corps has one, and an open air meeting
on the side of the street. In 1897 the Salva-
tion \rmy had a footing in forty-three differ-
ent countries, with 5,500 corps and 12,000
officers. In the United States there were 600
corps, with 2,000 officers and 24,000 soldiers.
The largest number of corps in any one city
was thirty-three, in Chicago. There were
54,000 persons, mostly in the lower walks of
^ju^J^W^
SAMARITAN SOCIETY, ST. LOUIS— SAMPSON.
1981
life, converted at its meetings in the United
States in 1897.
For nine years the army in the United
States was in command of Ballington Booth,
youngest son of the founder, with headquar-
ters at New York City; but, in 1896, a dis-
agreement arose between father and son, upon
an order assigning the son to the charge of
the army in British India, and he withdrew,
and, with his wife, organized a new similar or-
ganization called the Volunteers of America,
with headquarters in New York, and branches
in other cities.
The army was introduced into St. Louis in
1889, and has made steady progress ever since.
In 1897 it had ten corps in the city, one of
them a slum corps, as it is called, conducting
its operations in a field where the very poor,
the outcast and the criminal classes are found.
The slum corps in all cities are in charge of
women only ; the other corps may be in charge
of women or men. There are two training
garrisons in St. Louis also, one for men and
one for women. The pupils enter these garri-
sons as cadets, and, after six to eight months
of training, in which they are instructed in
the Bible, the history and habits of the army,
the management of public meetings, and the
conduct of indoor and open air services, are
promoted to lieutenant, and assigned to active
duty under a captain in charge of a corps. In
addition to the two training garrisons the
[ army has, in St. Louis, two "Shelters" for
men, in one of which, for ten cents, and in the
other, for five cents, a bunk in a warm room,
I with a cup of coffee in the morning, is fur-
| nished to any unfortunate man who can afford
] nothing better. It has also, at 3740 Marine
i Avenue, a rescue home for fallen women,
1 where they are reclaimed, kindly cared for and
I assisted, until they can be entrusted with the
j task of taking care of themselves, when they
j are provided with places in which to earn their
jown living. General William Booth, founder
;of the organization, has twice visited the
! United States — in 1894 and 1898 — visiting St.
Louis in December of the former year, and in
I February of the latter, and speaking to large
! audiences at Music Hall on each occasion.
D. M. Grissom.
1 Samaritan Society, St. Louis.— See
"Charities in St. Louis."
Sampson, Clark Hamilton, mer-
chant and manufacturer, was born September
17, 1850, in the town of Hatfield, Hampshire
County, Massachusetts, son of Elijah N. and
Agnes (Hubbard) Sampson. The founder of
this branch of the Sampson family in America
was Abraham Sampson, who came from Eng-
land, and joined the Plymouth colony two
years after the landing of the "Mayflower,"
following his brother, Henry, who, as a boy
twelve years of age, and the ward of Edward
Tilly, had landed from the ship which brought
the English Pilgrims to this country. Abra-
ham Sampson married a daughter of Samuel
Nash, lieutenant of the Duxburv militia com-
pany, and their son, Isaac, married Lydia
Standish, a daughter of Alexander and Sarah
(Alden) Standish, son and daughter respec-
tively, of Captain Miles Standish and John
Alden. Among the ancestors, therefore, of
Clark H. Sampson in the paternal line were
at least three of the most conspicuous of the
"Mayflower" compact, and his mother also
belonged to an old New England family. His
great-grandfather was an officer in the Revo-
lutionary War, and the family annals are rich
in historic interest. Born and reared in New
England, Mr. Sampson was educated under
private tutorship, and at the schools of Hat-
field and Northampton, and was then trained
to mercantile pursuits, serving his apprentice-
ship in a large dry goods store. When
twenty-one years of age he became secretary
of a manufacturing corporation at Northamp-
ton, and for some years thereafter was also a
traveling salesman for that establishment. As
a traveling representative of this manufactory
he visited man}' of the large cities of the
United States — St. Louis being among them
— and while largely extending the trade of his
house and gaining an enviable reputation as
a salesman, he was also gaining knowledge of
trade conditions throughout the country, and
the commercial advantages of different cities,
which proved exceedingly valuable to him in
later years. Within a few years after he at-
tained his majority he became connected with
the Corticelli Silk Mills, and for some time
represented this interest in New York City,
living at the famous old St. Nicholas Hotel,
located at the corner of Broadway and Spring
Street. In 1879 he came to St. Louis and
opened a wholesale establishment for the dis-
tribution of the products of the Corticelli Silk
Mills throughout the West and South, enter-
1982
SAMUEL.
ing at once upon a commercial career which
has been continuously successful. The silk
business which he established has steadily ex-
panded, until it now occupies a conspicuous
position among the great commercial institu-
tions of the city, and this is but one of many
important business enterprises with which he
has been identified. A man of practical ideas,
large resourcefulness and superior organizing
capacity, he has been conspicuous for his en-
ergy and prompt action, and for that tenacity
of purpose which apparently recognizes no
obstacles as insuperable and reduces the fail-
ures of life to a minimum. Candid and cour-
teous in manner, and inflexible in the recti-
tude of his business transactions, he has
wielded, and still continues to wield, large in-
fluence in commercial circles, and is no less
esteemed for his moral worth and his devotion
to the welfare of his adopted city. In addition
to his mercantile interests in St. Louis he is a
stockholder in the Corticelli Silk Company, a
director in the St. Louis & Suburban Rail-
way Company, a director of the American
Credit Indemnity Company, vice-president of
the Missouri Savings & Loan Company, treas-
urer of the Ludlow Fire Alarm Company,
president of the St. Louis Manufacturing
Company, and is interested also in other busi-
ness enterprises. Notwithstanding the fact
that his large business interests have been ex-
acting in their requirements, he has seemed
always to be able to respond to the demands
of the public for his services, and ready to
labor for the public good. He has at divers
times made enviable records as chairman of
finance committees organized for the purpose
of forwarding public movements designed to
promote the welfare of the city, and has be-
come famous for raising funds of large pro-
portions in this connection. He was chair-
man of the finance committee which provided
funds for the entertainment of visiting veter-
ans at the Grand Army Encampment, held in
St. Louis in 1SX7. On that occasion he or-
ganized a committee of five hundred members,
and in a single day raised a fund of $90,000 for
entertainment purposes. He was chairman of
the finance committee which collected neces-
sary funds and erected the first monument to
General I". S. Grant. He was chairman of
the delegation through whose labors the Na-
tional Republican Convention was brought to
St. Li mis in 1896, and later acted as chairman
of the committee on arrangements which had
matters pertaining to the holding ol the con-
vention in charge. He is president of the St.
Louis Exposition <!v Music Hall Association,
of which institution he has for fifteen years
been a director. He was, in 1896, vice-presi-
denl of the Merchants' Exchange. He was
president of the Missouri State Commission,
created by Governor Stephens to represent the
interests of Missouri at the Trans-Mississippi
and International Exposition, held at ( )maha
in 189X. At the present time he is a promi-
nent member of the citizens' committee, hav-
ing in charge preparations for the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, to be held in St. Louis
in 1903. In politics he is a Republican of the
stalwart type, standing high in the councils of
his party, and yet counting among iiis per-
sonal friends and business associates quite as
many men of other political creeds as of his
own party faith. He was at one time a mem-
ber of the Republican State central committee
of Missouri, and sat in the Republican Na-
tional Convention, held in Minneapolis in
1892. as a delegate from this State. His
religious affiliations are with the Methodist
Church, with which he is officially connected
as a trustee of Lindell Avenue Church. His
regular contributions to numerous charitable
institutions bear testimony to the warmth of
his generosity and the breadth of his liberality.
He was the founder of the New England So-
ciety, of St. Louis, and has served as its presi-
dent. He is vice-president of the society of
the Sons of the American Revolution, and
deputy governor of the Society of Colonial
Wars, of Missouri. One of the organizers of
the Mercantile Club, he has long been one of
its most active members, and served several
years as a member of its board of directors.
In 1881 Mr. Sampson was married, at Long
Branch, New Jersey, to Miss Mary Ryer.
Mrs. Sampson's mother was Caroline (Cook)
Ryer, a sister of the late Isaac Cook, of St.
Louis, and she is a qreat-granddaughter of
Major Daniel Denniston, of New York, who
was an officer on General Washington's staff
in the War of the Revolution. Their chil-
dren are Marjorie, Hazel, Maybell and Helen 1
Sampson.
Samuel, Webster Marshall, who has
long occupied a conspicuous position in the
business circles of St. Louis, was born in Clay
County, Missouri, March 7, 1834. His father,,
Edward M. Samuel, was a native of Kentucky,
SANDER.
1983
and his more remote ancestors in the paternal
line came from Wales to this country at an
early date and settled in Virginia. His mother's
maiden name was Elizabeth Garner, and she
also came of a Kentucky family of Virginia
antecedents, one of her great-grandfathers
having been Colonel John Trigg, of Virginia,
who served as a commissioned officer in the
Revolutionary Army under Washington, and
was afterward a member of Congress from
Virginia. Edward M. Samuel came to Mis-
souri from Kentucky in 1829, and established
his home in Clay County, where he was long
prominent as a merchant and as president of
the branch of the Farmers' Bank operated at
Liberty, in that county. He removed to St.
Louis in 1865, engaging here in commercial
pursuits, and later founding the Commercial
Bank, of which he was president until his
death. After completing his education at Cen-
tre College, of Danville, Kentucky, Webster
M. Samuel returned to his home in Clay
County, where he was associated with his
father until 1858, when he came to St. Louis
and embarked in the grain and commission
business as head of the firm of Samuel & Al-
len. He was not actively engaged in business
during the Civil War, but in 1865 he again
became identified with the grain trade in St.
Louis as a member of the firm of E. M. Sam-
uel & Sons, and has ever since been one of
the most prominent and successful operators
in St. Louis in cereal products. He became
connected with the Merchants' Exchange in
1865, and in 1871 was made a director of that
organization. In 1873 he was made vice-
president, and in 1874 president of the Ex-
change, and has not only served it with zeal
and ability as an official, but has since been
one of its most influential members, and one
of those most active in promoting the welfare
i of an institution which has done much to de-
1 velop the trade and commerce of St. Louis.
i Since early manhood he has been an active,
forceful and energetic personality, and many
enterprises which have contributed to the up-
j building of the city and the development of
Western business interests have been indebted
to him for material encouragement and as-
jsistance. As a young man he was connected
with the famous "Pony Express," instituted
|by Russell, Majors & Waddell, holders of gov-
ernment freighting contracts, which traversed
jthe route of the Union Pacific Railway and
carried the mails from St. Joseph to San Fran-
cisco. To this enterprise Mr. Samuel gave his
personal attention for a time, making more
than one tour of inspection along the line
when the undertaking was perilous, as well as
arduous. In later years he was a director of
the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and was identi-
fied with other corporations as a director of
the Commercial Bank, and president of the
Phoenix Insurance Company. In 1889 he
organized the United Elevator Company, and
was president of that corporation until 1895.
Ever since he became a resident of St. Louis
and interested in the progress and develop-
ment of the city, he has been an earnest advo-
cate of the improvement of the Mississippi
River, and was vice-president of the Jetties
Company, organized to aid Captain James B.
Eads in constructing the jetties at the mouth
of the river. At different times he has also
acted as a member of delegations sent to
Washington to urge upon the government
authorities the importance of facilitating river
navigation, and has contributed materially to-
ward securing favorable legislation looking
to this end. He has manifested, in all re-
spects, a broad public spirit, and as an enter-
prising and influential man of affairs has been
much in the public eye, and in that sense has
been a public man, although he has held no
political office, save that of member of the city
council, in which body he served four years.
He was reared under Whig political influ-
ences, but since that party passed out of ex-
istence has affiliated with the Democratic
partv. He is a Presbyterian churchman, and
a communicant of Central Church of that de-
nomination in St. Louis. He married. No-
vember 10, 1857, Miss Annie M. Russell,
daughter of William II. Russell, of Lexing-
ton, Missouri, who was head of the old
freighting firm of Russell, Majors & Waddell,
and who did an extensive business in the
transportation of government supplies to dif-
ferent points in the far West during the years
immediately preceding the Civil War. Mr.
Russell was also the originator of the "Pony
Express," previously mentioned in this con-
nection.
Sander, Elmo, one of the oldest and
most prominent citizens of St. Louis, was born
in the City of Koethen, the old capital of the
dukedom of Anhalt-Koethen, Germany, in
1821. Coming of good family, he was care-
fully educated, ami received his doctor's de-
1984
SANGUINET.
gree from the University of Berlin, where he
had studied medicine, chemistry and the natu-
ral sciences. Instinctively a lover of free gov-
ernment, he had courage as well as convic-
tions ; and the result was that in 1848-9 he was
among those German "Liberals" who gathered
at Baden, and declared themselves unalter-
ably opposed to the established form of gov-
ernment. When the provisional government
was formed he became Assistant Minister of
War, and held that position until the Revolu-
tionary movement was suppressed. As is well
known, most of those who were the leaders of
this movement were either condemned to
death or sentenced to long terms of imprison-
ment, but Dr. Sander was one of those who
escaped the penalties of unsuccessful revolu-
tion. Eluding the King's officers, he went to
Switzerland, and remained in that country un-
til 1851. In that year he came to the United
States, and in January of 1852 established his
home in St. Louis. Being an experienced
pharmacist, he opened a drug store in the Bar-
num Hotel Block, at the corner of Walnut and
Second Streets, in 1853, and at once built up a
prosperous business. In 1865, after the com-
pletion of the Southern Hotel, he opened a
second drug store in that hotel, and conducted
both stores until 1873. In tnat .vear 'ie so'd
his interests in these drug stores to his part-
ners, but for several years thereafter he con-
tinued to opeiate the laboratory which he had
established in connection with his drug busi-
ness in 1868. Finally he severed his connec-
tion with the drug business entirely, and since
that time he has been engaged in the manu-
facture of artificial mineral waters, his factory
being, at the present time, the most extensive
of its kind in the West. His scientific attain-
ments, no less than his business qualifications,
have given him prominence in the citv in
which he has lived for almost half a century,
and ever since its organization he has been a
member of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences.
He has also been one of the leading spirits in
building up the St. Louis School of Pharmacy,
in which he occupied, for several years, the
chair of "materia medica." He was the author
of the law creating, in Missouri, a State Board
of Pharmacy, before which every druggist
must give proof of his ability to practice his
profession, and which has proven a very wise
safeguard of the public welfare. During all
the years of his residence in St. Louis Dr. San-
der has been known as one of the most Erenial
and companionable of men. His ripe learn-
ing and varied experience, his wit and vivacity,
his benevolence and kindness of heart have all
helped to enlarge the circle of his friends, and
among all his contemporaries none have been
held in higher esteem.
SJiiifyuiiiet, Charles, pioneer, and first
of the name in St. Louis, was born in Mon-
treal, Canada, the son of a French physician
and surgeon who was sent to Canada early in
the eighteenth century, being assigned to duty
at one of the military posts of what was then
known as "New France." This Charles San-
guinet came to St. Louis within a few years
after the founding of the place, and in 1779
married Marie Conde, daughter of Dr. Andre
Auguste Conde, the first physician and sur-
geon to practice 'his profession in the newly
founded settlement, on the west bank of the
Mississippi, which has since been developed
into a great city. Elsewhere in these volumes
will be found a complete sketch of Dr. Conde,
and it is only necessary to say of him in this
connection that he was post surgeon in the
French service at Fort Chartres when the Eng-
lish took possession of the Illinois country in
1775. He joined Laclede immediately after
the surrender of Fort Chartres, accompanied
by his wife and his eldest daughter, who later
became the wife of Charles Sanguinet. The
first Charles Sanguinet was a successful trader,
who acquired a considerable fortune and
reared a large family, his descendants at the
present time being numerous and closely al-
lied with the most prominent of the old French
families of St. Louis. His son, CHARLES
SANGUJINET, usually known in the later
records of the family as Charles, Sr., was born
in St. Louis, in 1781. He was reared in the
old French town, which was then known to
the outside world only as a trading-post, and
educated in the Catholic parochial school of
that period. He married into another of the
early French families, Cecile Brazeau having
been his wife's maiden name. Their marriage
took place in 1817, and they reared a family
of thirteen children, five of whom survived
their father, and two of whom, Marshall P.
Sanguinet and Mrs. Virginia Nadeau, were
living in 1897. Charles Sanguinet, the sec-
ond, was. like his father, a fur trader and in
later years a merchant. Prior to his marriage
he spent some years in New Orleans, to which
place he was sent by his parents in accordance
SANITARY FAIR— SARGENT.
1 985
with the custom then prevalent among the
wealthier French settlers in St. Louis of send-
ing their sons to the older and larger town,
which was the capital of the Province of Louis-
iana, where their education received the fin-
ishing touches. After completing 'his educa-
tion, he first emibarked in the grocery business
in New Orleans, but later returned to St.
Louis, married and became identified with the
business interests of his native town, as al-
ready stated. He was one of the more enter-
prising, as we'll as one of the wealthier, pio-
neers of St. Louis ; was a large owner of real
estate in the city and in St. Louis County, and
a pioneer also in developing the lead mining
industry of Galena, Illinois. He was a devout
Catholic in bis religious affiliations and in all
respects a most worthy and estimable citizen.
SAXGUINET, MARSHALL P., in early life
a banker and in later years prominently iden-
tified with the real estate interests of St. Louis,
was born in this city January 29, 1826, son of
Charles and Cecile (Brazeau) Sanguinet. He
also was reared in St. Louis and educated
at a private school, of which Ezra Mondy, a
noted old-time educator, was principal. The
house in which he was born was for long years
a sort of land-mark in the environs of St.
Louis. It was a stone building on the Bra-
zeau farm and occupied a site near the inter-
section of Lesperance and Kosciusko Streets,
in South St. Louis. Coming of good family
he enjoyed the best social and educational ad-
vantages as a youth, and when he was old
enough to turn his attention to business pur-
suits, he entered the old-time banking house
of L. A. Benoist & Co., as teller. In this po-
sition he was thoroughly trained to the bank-
ing business and retained his connection with
the banking house of Benoist & Co. thirteen
years. At the end of that time he became as-
sociated with Sanguinet H. Benoist in a bank
of which they were the owners and managers.
In 1859, having abandoned banking as an oc-
cupation, he embarked in the real estate busi-
ness, in which he was successfully engaged for
many years thereafter and until he retired to
enjoy the large fortune which he had accumu-
lated. When he first turned his attention to
this business, his was one of only five firms
regularly engaged at that time and devoting
their entire attention to operations in real es-
tate. He witnessed the laying out of many
new additions to the city and saw the annual
voiume of real estate transactions arrow from
a comparatively small amount to many mil-
lions of dollars. During the time in which
he was actively identified with the real estate
interests of the city, improvements multiplied
and values increased, until down town prop-
erty became worth as much per front foot as
it had brought per acre during the earlier years
of his business career. To the development
which has brought about this increased valua-
tion, Mr. Sanguinet has contributed his full
share and he is deservedly numbered among
the old and honored citizens of St. Louis, al-
though he has resided for some years in the
beautiful suburban town of Kirkwood. Born
and reared a Catholic, he has followed in the
footsteps of his parents, and from childhood
up has been a devout member of the Catholic
Church. He was one of the first members of
the St. Vincent de Paul Society, and for
many years was its treasurer. He married, in
1855, Miss Ann E. Betts, daughter of R. H.
Betts, a well known resident and business man
of St. Louis prior to his death. Of the chil-
dren born of their union, nine sons and one
daughter were living in 1897. They were
Marshall Robert Sanguinet, a prosperous arch-
itect of Fort Worth, Texas ; Frank Sanguinet,
also a resident of Texas ; Conde L. Sanguinet,
Eugene Sanguinet, Belle Sanguinet, Charles
A. Sanguinet, Benoist Sanguinet, William M.
Sanguinet, Alexis G. Sanguinet and Paul M.
Sanguinet, all of St. Louis. Three children,
Joseph C, Annie Cecile and Aloysia Sangui-
net, are dead.
Sanitary Fair. — See "Mississippi Val-
ley Sanitary Fair."
Santa Fe, First Trip to.— James Purs-
ley and two companions are said to have been
the first Americans to visit the old city of
Santa Fe. They started from St. Louis in
1802, on a hunting trip, and traversed the
plains of Kansas, then called the "American
Desert."
Sargent, Clarence Spalding, clergy-
man, was born in Gilmanton, New Hampshire,
July 29, 1855, son of Rev. Roger M. Sargent,
D. D. He was graduated from Dartmouth
College in 1876, and from Yale Theological
Seminary in 1879. October 1st of rhi
named year he was ordained to the ministry
of the CoiiQ'reerational Church, and thereafter
1986
SARGENT— SARPY.
preached two years in Maine, five years in New
Haven, Vermont, and seven years in Adams,
Massachusetts, before coming to St. Louis,
In January of 1894 he accepted a unanimous
call i" the Central Congregational Church of
this city, of which he has since been pastor,
and the same year received the honorary de-
gree 1 <i docfc >r of di\ init) . lie has been presi-
dent of the Evangelical Alliance and of the
Congregational Club of this city, and is a trus-
il Kidder Institute and other institutions.
His baccalaureate and other addresses have
attracted marked attention, and he is known as
a popular and able preacher. Since his com-
ing to St. Louis he has been actively identified
with various 'benevolent, missionary, reforma-
tory and social enterprises for the benefit of
the community, and has been prominent in ad-
vancing the interests of all churches, as well
as his own. which has practically doubled its
membership during his pastorate.
Sargent, Roger 31., clergyman, was
born September 7, 1824, in Barton, Vermont,
and came of Puritan ancestry. In 1846 he was
graduated from Dartmouth College, and in
1849 from Andover Theological Seminary.
He was ordained to the ministry in Center
Church, of Gilmanton, New Hampshire, April
27, 1N52, and preached there during eight suc-
ceeding years. Thereafter he was stationed
eleven years at Farmington, New Hampshire,
and three years at Princeton, Massachusetts,
at Monticello Seminary Church, and other
churches in Illinois, and some months in 1875
at Webster Groves, Missouri, and later at
I law K\ . Massachusetts. In 1894 be came to
St. Louis to reside with his son, Rev. Clarence
S. Sargent, and has supplied various churches
in this city temporarily since that time. Hav-
ing taught school in early life, he has always
been warmly interested in educational matters,
has served at different times on various local
sohoi '1 ci Hnmittees and as a county school com-
missioner, and was a member of the State
board of education in New Hampshire for two
terms. He was twice chosen secretary of this
board and prepared two of its annual reports.
In connection with his pastoral and educa-
tional work he lias been a contributor from
time to time to the newspaper press and has
twice tilled editorial positions temporarily. He
has held the positions of trustee and member
of examining committees of various institu-
tions, and at the request of a ministers' meet-
ing of the church, prepared, in 1898^ an
historical sketch of "The Congregational
Churches of St. Louis." The degree of doc-
tor of divinity has been conferred upon him by
his alma mater.
Sarpy, Gregoire Herald, pioneer,
was born near Agen, capital of the department
of Lot-et-Garonne, France, in 1764, and died
in St. Louis in 1824. He was one of several
brothers who were among the French colonists
of Louisiana and came to St. Louis about the
year 1786. He married Pelagie Labadie. a
daughter of Sylvester Labadie, and grand-
daughter of Madame Marie Therese Chouteau,
and became the progenitor of a family which
still has numerous representatives in St. Louis,
but none bearing the family name.
Sarpy, John B., pioneer, was born in
the Province of Gascony, France, and came to
Louisiana some time before the founding of
St. Louis. He was engaged in business as a
merchant in New Orleans for some years and
came from there to St. Louis two years after
Laclede founded his trading-post. Here he
became a conspicuous figure among the mer-
chants and fur traders and continued in busi-
ness in St. Louis for something more than
twenty years, returning then to New Orleans,
where he died in 1798. He was an elder
brother of Gregoire Berald Sarpy and uncle to
John B. Sarpy, the last named of whom was a
distinguished citizen of St. Louis in later years.
Sarpy, John Baptiste, pioneer mer-
chant, was born in St. Louis, January 12, 1799,
and died in this city, April 1, 1857. His par-
ents were Gregoire Berald and Pelagie Chou-
teau (Labadie) Sarpy, and he was a great-
grandson of Madame Marie Therese Chou-
teau. He was reared and educated in St.
Louis and at an early age entered the service
of Pierre Chouteau & Co., merchants and fur
traders, as a clerk. After a time he became a
partner in this famous old-time trading estab-
lishment and for many years was prominent in
the conduct and management of its affairs.
He was a successful merchant and financier,
and not only acquired a handsome fortune, but
took so prominent a part in forwarding com-
mercial and other enterprises calculated to
build up the city of St. Louis that, for many
years he occupied a position hardly second to
that of any other citizen of the place in popu-
SARSFIELD CLUB— SASS.
L987
larity, prestige and influence. He was one of
the original projectors of the Missouri Pacific
Railroad, and his name appeared on the first
memorial presented to Congress asking for a
land grant in aid of this railway enterprise,
and 'he was also an incorporator of the Mis-
souri Pacific Railroad Company as it was first
organized. He did not live to see the railway
completed, but he was nevertheless entitle'd to
the credit for setting on foot an enterprise
which contributed so largely to the prosperity
of St. Louis. Always oonspicuous for his in-
terest in everything calculated to promote the
welfare of his native city, he aided public im-
provements and the development of transpor-
tation facilities in various ways, and Other kin-
dred enterprises found in him always an ar-
dent champion and liberal supporter. A man
of wealth and station, his influence was ex-
erted in numerous ways to build up the city
and improve the condition of the people, and
whenever opportunity offered his public spirit
was made manifest. The great flood of 1844
brought much suffering to the people of St.
Louis and Che inhabitants of the valley adja-
cent to the city, and the wealthier residents of
the city were called upon to contribute to their
relief. Mr. Sarpy was one of the leaders in
ministering to the wants of the sufferers, and
he rendered valuable services in this connec-
tion as a member of both the advisory and re-
lief committees. In 1846, when Missouri raised
a considerable force of volunteers for service
in the Mexican War, he evinced at the same
time 'his generosity and his patriotism by con-
tributing largely to the fund raised in St. Louis
to equip these troops. While he never held a
public office more important than that of al-
derman, for the reason that he had no taste for
office-holding, he took a deep interest in poli-
tics and was prominently identified with many
important political movements during- the
early history of Missouri as a State. He was a
typical old-line Whig, devotedly attached to
Webster and Clay, with 'both of whom he had
a personal acquaintance. On the occasion of
Webster's visit to St. Louis, in 1837, he was
vice-president of the meeting held in honor of
the great expounder of the constitution, with
a festival and a barbecue as unique features of
the entertainment. He was a member of the
famous "Whig vigilance committee,"' which
had much to do with bringing about the nom-
ination of William Henry Harrison for Presi-
j dent of the LTnited States, and many of the
noted old-time Whig politicians were his warm
personal friends, some of the most distin-
guished men who belonged to that party in his
day being at different times his guests in St.
Louis. Mr. Sarpy was a man of attractive
personality and is remembered by many per-
sons still living as a genial gentleman of the
old school, a hospitable entertainer, who was
always courteous in manner and who yet had
great force of character and a dignified 1 iear-
ing peculiar to himself. The home in which
he spent the later years of his life occupied a
quarter of the block at the corner of Sixth and
Olive Streets, and was one of the noted old-
time mansions of St. Louis. He was twice
married — first, in J820, to Adele Cabanne,
daughter of Jean Pierre Cabanne, and after her
death, in 1835, to Martha J. Russell, daughter
of James Russell, of Oak Hill, Missouri. The
only surviving members of his family are two
daughters, Virginia Sarpy, horn of his first
marriage, who is now Mrs. Armand Peugnet,
and Julia Anne Adele Sarpy, now the widow
of Colonel J. L. D. Morrison, for many years
a leading member of the St. Louis bar.
Sarsfield Club. — A club founded Sep-
tember 1, 1896, at 1923 O'Fallon Street, with
Andrew F. Barry, president, and Eugene
Daly, secretary. It is composed of young
Irish- Americans, its purpose being social in-
tercourse and entertainment. It buries its
members when they die, but has no other
beneficiary feature. It gives picnics, excur-
sions and occasionally balls.
Sass, Richard F., who was long con-
spicuously identified with the steamboat-
ing interests of St. Louis, was born in
Charleston. South Carolina, November 19,
18 1 5, son of Edward G. and Mary S.
Sates. IK- was one of a family of nine
children, and the only one who survived
beyond the Civil War period, his eldest
brother, Jacob Keith Sass, a Charleston bank-
er— and the only member of the family other
than himself living at that time — having died
during the siege of Charleston as a result of
the exposure to which he subjected himself
while seeking to convey the funds of his bank
to a safe place in the interior of the State.
Richard F. Sass was well educated in the
schools of Charleston, and upon quitting
school became connected with a large whole-
sale dry mods house of that citv, in which he
1988
SAUGRAIN.
was employed until January of 1841. At that
time he married -Miss Charlotte Auguste Law-
rence, of Boston, Massachuseets, and imme-
diately afterward went with his wife to the
New England metropolis. After spending
two months visiting their friends in Boston,
the young couple decided to establish their
home in the West and started for St. Louis,
traveling by stage and canal-boat to Buffalo,
New York. At Buffalo they took a steam
propeller and were landed — at the end of a
long and tedious trip around the lakes — at
what was then little more than the village of
Chicago. From Chicago they traveled by
stage to Peoria, Illinois, over roads almost im-
passable in places, the passengers being com-
pelled to disembark at frequent intervals to pry
the stage out of the mud. At Peoria they
took passage on the steamer "Mungo Park,"
and in due time arrived at St. Louis. It is of
interest to note in this connection the condi-
tions which existed in St. Louis at the time of
his arrival, because it serves to show the won-
derful progress and development of which he
has been witness. At that time the city ex-
tended westward only as far as Seventeenth
Street, and the large area which now consti-
tutes the finest residence portion of the city
was made up of farming lands, forests and un-
occupied commons. James H. Lucas, Ber-
nard Pratte, B. \V. Alexander, Colonel J. B.
Brant, Thomas H. Benton, George Collier,
Edward Walsh, W. F. Christy, and many other
prominent citizens of that day lived in a dis-
trict which is now occupied entirely by busi-
ness houses, but which was the fashionable
"West End" of that period. The business of
the city was confined mainly to the river front,
Second, Third and Main Streets, and the prin-
cipal churches were the Catholic Cathedral,
between Second and Third Streets, on Walnut
Street ; Christ Church — Episcopalian— at the
corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets ; Central
Presbyterian, at the corner of Eighth and Lo-
cust Streets ; First Presbyterian, at the corner
of Fourteenth Street and Lucas Place ; Cen-
tenary Methodist, at the corner of Fifth and
Pine Streets : and the Unitarian Church, at the
corner of Fourth and Pine Streets. Street
cars had not then been dreamed of. and the
transfer business of the city was conducted bv
omnibus lines, one of which was controlled by
Erastus Wells, and tin- nther by Captain Case.
Immediately after his arrival in St. Louis, Mr.
Sass became connected with the line of packet-
boats then plying between this city and Peru,
Illinois, as clerk on the "Mungo Park," the
boat which had landed him here. Later he
was a clerk on the steamer "Panama," of the
same line until he was made master of the
steamer "Chicago," built and put into service
as a United States mail boat. After following
the river some years, he abandoned it to be-
come purchasing and shipping clerk in the
large grain commission house of Tucker &
Lawrence. After the failure of this house, his
large acquaintance with river men prompted
him to establish in St. Louis a general steam-
boat agency, through which he became the
representative of nearly all the boats running
on the upper and lower Mississippi, the Mis-
souri, Illinois and Ohio Rivers, and also of
the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. This
agency he conducted successfully for many
years and also operated a line of steamers be-
tween Jefferson City and Omaha, in connec-
tion with the Missouri Pacific Railway, after
that line was completed to Jefferson City.
During his long and active business career he
enjoyed the high esteem of all who were
brought into contact with him, and in his old
age has been regarded as one of the most in-
teresting of the survivors of the golden era of
steamboating on the Mississippi River and its
principal tributaries. His earliest church af-
filiations in St. Louis were with Christ Episco-
pal Church, then under charge of Rt. Rev.
Cicero Hawes, bishop of Missouri. At a later
date, he joined the Methodist Church, of which
his second wife was a communicant, and has
since been a faithful churchman of that de-
nomination. His first wife died in 1856, and
in 1858 he married Miss Victoria Hamilton,
of St. Louis. Ten years later, the second Mrs.
Sass died, and in 1870 he married Louisa S.
Leidy, of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, who is
still living. Of his first marriage, four chil-
dren were born, none of whom survive. Three
children were born of his second marriage, of
whom Richard F. Sass, Jr., is now living and
engaged in business in St. Louis. By his last
marriage he has two children, Clinton Boyle
and Lula Sass.
Saugrain, Antoiue Francis, physi-
cian, was born in Versailles, France, Febru-
ary 17, 1763. In his young manhood he met
in Paris Dr. Benjamin Franklin, and through
his representations was induced to come to
this country. After spending some time in
SAUVOLLE— SAWYER'S BEND.
1989
Philadelphia, he left there in the winter of
1787-8 and came west as far as Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania. The following spring he joined
the party of Frenchmen that established a set-
tlement on the site of the present city of Gal-
lipolis, Ohio. He married, in 1793, Genevieve
Rosalie Michaud, and in the year 1800 came
from Gallipolis to St. Louis, accompanied by
his family and that of 'his father-in-law, John
Michaud. Having studied medicine, he en-
tered at once upon the practice of his profes-
sion 'here and, when Upper Louisiana was
formally transferred to the government of the
United States in 1804, he was the only physi-
cian practicing in St. Louis. From that time
until his death, which occurred May 20, 1820,
he was actively engaged in practice and held
a prominent place among the physicians of
that period.
Sauvolle. — See "Le Moyne."
Sawyer, Frank Orville, merchant,
was born December 22, 1835, in Exeter, Xew
Hampshire, son of Almon and Charlotte Neil
Sawyer, the first named born in 1803 at Nor-
wich, Vermont, and the last named born in
1807, at Limington, Maine. His mother,
whose maiden name was Charlotte Neil Libby,
belonged to the sixth generation of the de-
scendants of Captain John Libby, who came
to this country from England and settled at
Oak Hill, in the town of Scarborough, Maine.
Esquire Aibner Libby, who was the grandson
of Captain John Libby and grandfather of
Frank O. Sawyer, removed to Limington,
Maine, in 1792, and for forty years thereafter
was magistrate and acting attorney for the en-
tire town. In the paternal line Mr. Sawyer is
descended from Thomas Brigham Sawyer,
who came from England to this country in
1635 in the ship "Susan and Ellyn," and set-
tled near Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mr.
Sawyer's father emigrated with his family from
New Hampshire to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1839,
and engaged there in the manufacture of oil-
cloth, he having been the first manufacturer of
[that fabric who carried on his business in the
IWest. He lived during the remainder of his
lli'fe in Cincinnati and died there in 1878. For
many years he was one of the active old-line
[Whigs of Ohio, and was the warm personal
[friend of Justice John McLean, of the United
States Supreme Court, in his day one of the
most pronounced opponents to slavery in pub-
lic life. Reared in Cincinnati, Frank O. Saw-
yer was educated there, graduating from
Woodward College with the degree of bach-
elor of arts. In 1859 he came to St. Louis
and engaged in the wholesale paper trade, with
which he has been continuously identified up
to the present time. He has long been presi-
dent of the Sawyer Paper Company, a com-
mercial institution widely known throughout
the country, and as a business man and a citi-
zen, enjoys the high esteem of the people
among whom he has lived for nearly forty
years. At the beginning of the Civil War he
was sworn into the Federal military service by
Captain (afterward General) Nathaniel Lyon.
and was a member of the company com-
manded by Captain George Rowley, which
served three months and participated in the
early battles of the war in Missouri. He be-
came a member of the Unitarian Church of
the Messiah, of St. Louis, under the pastorate
of Rev. Dr. William G. Eliot, and is still a
member of that church. Politically, he has af-
filiated with the Republican party since it came
into existence. In 1856 he became a member
of the Masonic order, and since then he has
held numerous official positions in that con-
nection and has attained the thirty-second de-
gree rank in Masonry. Mr. Sawyer married.
May 16, 1872, Miss Ellen S. Knowlton, of
1 '.unker Hill, Illinois. Mrs. Sawyer is the
daughter of Samuel Knowlton, who came
from Connecticut to Illinois and settled in
Bunker Hill in 1840, and is a lineal descendant
of Colonel Thomas Knowlton, who com-
manded the "'Knowlton Rangers" of Revolu-
tionary fame, and who was killed while leading
a charge at the battle of Harlem Heights. It
was this Colonel Knowlton of whom Wash-
ington said, in a general order issued the day
after the battle : "The gallant and brave Col-
onel Knowlton, who was an honor to any
country, fell yesterday while gallantly fight-
ing." A large bronze statue of Colonel
Knowlton was unveiled at Hartford, Connec-
ticut, November 13, 1895. The living chil-
dren of Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer are Frank
Knowlton Sawyer — who married, in 1897, Isa-
bella Lucas, daughter of J. B. C. Lucas, of St.
Louis; and one daughter, Mary Knowlton
Sawyer.
Sawyer's Bend. — The channel which
the Mississippi River made for itself west of
Gabaret Island about 1817, so called since on
1990
SCANLAN.
account of the numerous snags, or "sawyers,"
which planted themselves therein. It has
been know n among river men as a "steamboat
graveyard," it being stated on good authority
that thirty boats and barges have wrecked
there since [833. Many of these wrecks have
become enitbnrbed in Gatraret Island. See als
"I [arbi ir if St. Louis."
Scanlan, Mary F., Who has graced wo-
man's sphere in the social circles of St. Louis
and earned the gratitude of the public by her
kindly benevolence and charity, was born in
Cahokia, Illinois, daughter of Samuel C. and
Melaine (Jarrot) Christ}'. Her father was
prominent in his day as a man of affairs, and
her mother was a daughter of Nicholas Jarrot,
one of the most distinguished of the French
colonist.- <>f the Illinois country. Born in
France. Nicholas Jarrot came to the United
States at the time of the Revolution of 1792,
which plunged his native land into anarchy
and disorder, and in 1794 he established his
home in Cahokia. Within a few years after
coming to this country, he acquired a fortune
as a merchant and trader, and became the
owner of a large landed estate. He was a
leading spirit in shaping the influences which
invited immigration to Southern Illinois and
Northern Missouri, and in that sense helped
to lay the foundation's of the two great com-
monwealths. A liberty-loving Frenchman, he
found in free America a congenial atmos-
phere and readily adapted himself to the new
conditions by which he was surrounded. He
was a staunch friend and supporter of the
government of the United States in es-
tablishing its authority over the terri-
tory embraced in both the States of Illi-
nois and Missouri, and was major of a bat-
talion of St. Clair Count} militia which, at the
beginning of the present century, rendered
valuable services in protecting the French and
American settlements against the depredations
of hostile Indians. His home in Cahokia,
erected in [796 and long known as the "Jarrot
Mansion." was probably the first house built
of brick in the Mississippi Valley and was one
of the wonders of it- day. Nearly all the ma-
terials of which it was constructed were im-
ported, and along with these materials came
the workmen who built the walls. Still "in a
fair state of preservation at the end of more
than a century of existence, this historic home-
stead is now the property of Mrs. Scanlan,
having passed to her in part by inheritance and
in part by purchase. In this old homestead
she was born, and during the earlier years of
her life she lived in the delightful atmosphere
which had long pervaded it. Not only were
the influences which surrounded her in child-
hood conducive to culture and refinement, but
the sympathetic nature which she inherited
from her mother — a gentlewoman of the old
. m 'ted for her Christian charity and acts
of beneficence — was developed to maturity by
both precept and example. Reared in the Cath-
olic Church, - u was educated at the Convent
of the Visitation of St. Louis, and so in after
leaving school entered upon a brilliant social
carver. In [858 -he married Lieutenant John
R. Church, of the United States Army, who
had shortly before that graduated from West
Point, and soon afterward went with her hus-
band to Fort Washita, a military post in the
Indian Territory, at which he was stationed
until near the breaking out of the Civil War.
Horn and reared in a Southern State, and lov-
ing the South and its people, when the con-
flict between the States began. Lieutenant
('.lurch resigned his commission in the army
and tendered his services to the Confederate
gi ivernment.' The tender was accepted and he
was commissioned a colonel of volunteers and
assigned to staff duty. In this capacity he
served — winning distinction as a brave and
chivalrous officer — until the second year of the
war, when death ended his brilliant and prom-
ising career. His wife, who had accompanied
him to the South, sought after his death to
return with her two infant sons to her home in
St. Louis, Inn it took six weeks to accomplish
her purpose, and but for the fact that she had
many friends in both armies and exercised in-
finite tact in bringing to bear influences which
obtained for her a passage through the lines,
she would doubtless have had to remain much
longer in close proximity to the scene of hos-
tilities. Returning to her old home, saddened
by the affliction which had fallen upon her. she
found a measure of consolation in church and
charitable work, and thus linked her name
with public institutions to which she has since
been both friend and benefactress. At the
clo of the war. when the Southern people
found themselves in a veritable "valley of the
shadow." by reason of its devastating effects,
she was one of the noble women of St. Louis
to whom their condition appealed most
stroiiglv, and who set on foot the movement
/
SCAXLAX.
1991
which resulted in the 'holding of the great
Southern Relief Fair, through which aid was
extended to thousands of the sufferers. In
later years she has been a zealous member of
the "Daughters of the Confederacy," and has
aided in many ways to carry .forward the good
work of that organization. Devoted to her
church, she has been a tireless worker in its
behalf, dealing always with practical affairs in
a thoroughly practical way, evidencing alike
her resourcefulness and strength of character.
She was one of the organizers of a movement
conducted by ladies which lifted a heavy debt
from the 'Church of the Annunciation, at the
corner of Sixth Street and Chouteau Avenue,
and also assisted in erecting the school build-
ing connected with this church. She was one
of the originators of the movement which re-
sulted in the building of the Augusta Free
Hospital — now called Martha Parsons Hospi-
tal— for the care of indigent sick children, and
continued to be one of the most helpful friends
of that institution until it had been established
on a firm foundation, when she withdrew from
participation in its management to give atten-
tion to other cares and duties. For many
years she was president of the Visitation Con-
vent Sodality, of Cabanne Place, and also of
the Sacred Heart Sodality. The building of the
new Catholic Cathedral is being facilitated by
her substantial aid and encouragement, and
every enterprise designed to better social and
moral conditions in St. Louis has had her earn-
est sympathy and hearty support. After
seven years of widowhood, she married, in
1869, James J. Scanlan, a native of Philadel-
phia, who had been for some years prominent
I in the business circles of St. Louis. Five chil-
dren were born of their union, and (in later
I years Mrs. Scanlan went abroad with her fam-
ily and resided five years in the Old World, ed-
I ucating her sons. Returning to St. Louis at
I the end of that time, she resumed a leadership
I which she had long enjoyed in social circles
j and for which her graces and accomplishments
I eminently fitted her. Her home has always
I been one of the principal centers of the most
! refined and highly cultivated society in St.
i Louis, and on numerous occasions it has been
the scene of great social functions. An event
of both historic and social interest of the high-
est character was the reception and ball given
I by Mrs. Scanlan at her beautiful home, 3535
Lucas Avenue, December 12, 188 1, to the de-
scendants of the French officers who had
fought with the Duke de Rochambeau, the
Duke de Grasse, and General Lafayette under
the command of Washington in the War of In-
dependence. These French military and
naval officers were the guests of the nation to
assist in the celebration of the centenary anni-
versary of the surrender of Yorktown, Octo-
ber 19, 1 88 1. The members of the delegation
who, after the celebration, visited St. Louis,
were : General Boulanger, representing the
French Army; Colonel Bossan, of the
Dragoons ; Captain Sigismond de Sahune, of
the Hussars; Captain Gouvion, of the artil-
lery, whose grandfather directed the artillery
at Yorktown ; the two brothers Aboville, cap-
tains in the cavalry ; the Count Charles d'Ol-
lone, and the Viscount Victor d'Ollone, his
son; Colonel Octave Bureaux de Pusy, Maxi-
milien de Sahane and his brother Sigismond —
the three last mentioned grandsons and grand-
nephews of General Lafayette ; and the Mar-
quis de Lestrade, grandson of a naval officer
under De Grasse. Captain Henri de la Chere,
military attache of the French legation at
Washington, chaperoned the party during
their entire tour through the United States.
At the first visit the French delegates made to
St. Louis they were invited on the floor of
the Merchants' Exchange, where both Gen-
eral Boulanger and Colonel de Pusy made
eloquent speeches. Among the things Gen-
eral Boulanger said, this fact was mentioned :
"-We have visited no city in the United States
but once, but to show our affection for St.
Louis, after our visit to California, instead of
going by the Southern Pacific to New Orleans,
we shall return to St. Louis to accept the
charming invitation o'f a reception and ball
tendered to us by Madame Scanlan." All the
officers stationed at the barracks who had also
given their French comrades-in-arms a splen-
did reception and luncheon, were invited to
Mrs. Scanlan's house. The brilliant uniforms
of the distinguished guests, the exquisite toilets
of the ladies, and the regal appearance of the
hostess, made a picture that will never be for-
gotten by those who had been honored with an
invitation. All the elite of French and
American society were invited. It was a no-
ted and striking fact that nearly all the Ameri-
can ladies invited spoke French. The French
delegates were enthusiastic in their declara-
tions that nowhere in this country had such a
splendid social affair been given to them as
this reception and ball, and nowhere had they
1992
SCHAEFER.
seen so many beautiful ladies gatherer 1 to-
gether on one occasion. The late George M.
Pullman tendered to -Mr. Emile Karst, French
consular agent in St. Louis, the use of a
palace car For the delegation on their intended
visit to New Orleans. On the arrival of the
delegates in St. Louis, the French citizens gave
them a reception and a banquet at the St. Louis
Club. The Irish-Americans, Dr. Thomas
O'Reilly and Honorable O'Neill Ryan at the
head, thought it the right filing to manifest
their friendship for France and her represen-
tatives by giving them a grand escort at their
departure. Major Harrigan sent the mounted
police to head the procession, the officers of
the barracks sent the famous Arsenal band, the
Wolf-Tone rifles turned out, each delegate had
as escort in his carriage a prominent Irish-
American, and the streets. from the hotel to the
depot, were jammed with people. Shortly be-
fore the train started, the band played the
"Marseilles" hymn, and General Boulanger
left his seat in the car to go down on the plat-
form to shake the hand of Colonel Lewis, the
leader, to thank him for the compliment, and
the admirable manner in which the national
hymn of France was rendered. In January
following, the delegation returned to France.
In their correspondence in later years, with
their St. Louis friends, they referred, with
pleasure, to the delightful ball at Mrs.Scanlan's
as the most enjoyable entertainment given to
them in the United States. At her home, too,
Mrs. Cleveland was a guest on the occasion of
the President's visit to St. Louis during the
administration of Mayor David R. Francis,
.and the reception given by Mrs. Scanlan in
Mrs. Cleveland's honor was the distinguishing
feature of the entertainment planned for the
first lady of the land at that time. Another
social event which delighted the best society
of St. Louis was that which attended the for-
mal entrance into society of her only daugh-
ter. Miss Marie Therese Christy Scanlan, a
charming young lady, who completed her edu-
cation at the Convent of the Visitation, of
Georgetown. District of Columbia, and re-
turned to her home in 1897. In i8q8 Miss
Scanlan enjoyed the distinction of being
crowned Queen of the Veiled Prophet's ball.
The other children of Mrs. Scanlan are Alonzo
Christy Church, one of two sons born of her
first marriage, and Phillippe Christy and An-
dre Christy Scanlan, born of her second mar-
riage.
Schaefer, Louis, was born February 5,
1844, near Kerthof Kreis, Alsfeld, Hesse--
Darmstadt. Germany. His father, Heinrich
Schaefer, who was a butcher by trade, and his
mother, whose maiden name was Maria Hei-
ser, were both born in the same neighborhood
in which the son was born and reared. His
paternal grandfather was a captain of the
Guards, and his maternal grandfather was.
during his lifetime, a high judicial officer. His
parents being prosperous, financially, Mr.
Schaefer was carefully educated in the schools
and gymnasium of his native town, after
which, in accordance with the well-established
German custom, he began learning the trade
which his father had followed. He was of an
adventurous disposition, however, and when
little more than sixteen years of age, he
left home, with the blessings of his father and
mother, and sailed for the United States, to
join friends of the family, who had sent back
to Germany glowing accounts of the advan-
tages and opportunities of this country. He
arrived in St. Louis in the summer of i860, and
soon after his coming to this city entered the
employ of his cousin, Henry Springer, who
was then a prominent butcher on the Union
Market. He worked for Mr. Springer until
the Civil War began, and then, carried away
by the military ardor of that period, enlisted in
Company I of the Eighty-fourth Missouri In-
fantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Nor-
man J. Colman. After the war he returned
to this city, and worked at his trade until 1868,
when he had saved money enough to establish
himself in the business which has since devel-
oped into the gigantic enterprise conducted by
the St. Louis Dressed Beef and Provision
Company. Of this corporation Mr. Schaefer
is now president, and an idea of the magnitude
nf the entequrise of which he is the head may
be obtained from the statement of the fact that
its plant covers a space of four and a half acres
in Rock Springs, between the Manchester
Road ami Chouteau Avenue. In this plant
nearly three hundred men are employed regu-
larly, and the corporation has branch houses
in New York City, Brooklyn, Fall River, Mas-
sachusetts, and at other places. Mr. Schaefer
and his associates have nearly three-quarters
of a million of dollars invested, own their own
ice manufacturing plant, which has a capacity
of one hundred tons a day, and have also their
own refrigerator cars, which may be seen daily
in all parts of the U/nited States. In addition
SCHEME AND CHARTER.
1993
to giving general supervision to the affairs of
this great commercial and manufacturing en-
terprise, Mr. Schaefer is also a director of the
St. Louis Mutual Building Association, and
has other business interests of consequence and
magnitude. He has taken an active interest
for years in various charitable, educational and
fraternal organizations, an'd is a director of the
German Orphans' Home, located on the Nat-
ural Bridge Road ; of the Northwest Turners'
Liederkranz Hall Association ; and first speak-
er of the Humboldt Turnverein ; and has also
been president of the St. Louis Liederkranz
Society for over twenty years. He is a leading
member of the Order of the Sons of Herman,
and has served as grand president and grand
treasurer of that organization for Missouri,
and was a delegate to the national convention
of the order, held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
in 1873. For many years he was treasurer of
the Butchers' Union, and attended regularly
as a delegate the national conventions of the
union, in some of which he 'held important
official positions. He was elected a mem'ber
of the city council during Mayor Swing's ad-
ministration, and served faithfully and effi-
ciently in that body during one term, refusing
a renomination offered him to give attention
to his large business interests. He has
strongly developed artistic tastes, which have
found expression in his love df music and his
endeavors to advance musical culture in St.
Louis, and he has himself participated as a
tenor in national singing festivals, held in Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin; Cleveland, Ohio; Buffalo,
New York ; St. Louis and New Orleans. He
has also s'hown a German's love of athletics
and gymnastics, and is at the present time,
1898, a member of the Baeren Biege, a branch
of the German Turnverein, composed of elder-
ly gentlemen, some nearly sixty years of age,
who still go through the same exercises with
which Father Jahn regenerated the German
nation after the Napoleonic domination of al-
most all Europe. On the 26th day of Decem-
ber. 1868, Mr. Schaefer was married to Miss
Bertha Dierberger, who came of a well known
and highly respectable German family of St.
Louis, and their union has been blessed with a
large family of children. Those now living
are Mrs. Edward Bardes, of Cincinnati, Ohio;
Airs. Louis Denning. Louis. William, Bertha,
Ella, Edward, Louise, and Lillie Schaefer.
Two of his sons, Louis and William, are now
associated with their father in business. Com-
ing to St. Louis a poor and almost friendless
boy, Mr. Schaefer has, by dint of energetic ef-
fort and sagacious conduct of his business af-
fairs, risen to a position of prominence in the
'commercial world. While steadily adding to
his possessions, he has made liberal use of his
means in aid of various humanitarian move-
ments, and he has been a generous contributor
to many charitable institutions and religious
organizations without regard to their sectarian
character. Although now a man of large
means, he is still as unassuming and unosten-
tatious as in the years of his comparative pov-
erty, and his genial face is seen regularly at his
old-time stands in the market place, where he
still gives attention, as of old, to his patrons.
Scheme and Charter. — The name
given to the measure combining a scheme of
separation between the city and county of St.
Louis, and a new charter for the city, which
was ratified by a vote of the people August 22,
1876, and became the organic law of the
county and city sixty days thereafter, October
22, 1876. It was a measure of vast impor-
tance and great advantage to the city, and was
not attended by any disadvantages to the
county, indeed, it may be said to have resulted
to the benefit of the county, as well as to the
city, although it involved the severance df an
ancient and original relation, and deprived the
county of the claim it had long asserted over
revenues derived mainly from municipal
sources. It had its origin in the constantly in-
creasing awkwardness and cumbrousness of a
county court, in some respects a rural body,
and expending its income mainly on roads and
bridges in the country, having its seat of au-
thority and holding its sessions in the city,
and having a large control over city affairs.
This county court had become a burden and
impediment to the city, partly through its ex-
travagance, its abuses and its irresponsibility,
and partly through its restriction on the lib-
erty of action of a prosperous and powerful
municipality. The municipal population in
1870 was 310.000, and the population of the
county outside the city limits. 27,000, much
less than one-tenth : and the taxable wealth of
thedtv was Si 47.068,800, and that of the county
outside. $14,000,000, less than one-tenth. And
vet. although the city possessed more than ten
times as great a population, and more than
ten times as much wealth, and paid more than
ten times as large a share of the county taxes,
!!•!•+
SCHEME AND CHARTER.
as the rural part of the county, the county out-
numbered and outvoted the city on the bench
it the county court, and, of course, controlled
the body which had authority to assess the tax-
able property, levy and collect the taxes there-
on, and expend the revenues. This irksome
condition to the city was made more irksome
by the too frequent defalcations in the office of
county collector, the extravagant expendi-
tures on roads, bridges and county institutions
outside the city, and the squandering of large
and increasing sums for counselor's fees and
opinions. The dissatisfaction, however, did
not at first take the form of a demand for sep-
aration between city and county. There was
no precedent for such a thorough and radical
measure as that, and as the county is an an-
cient institution, and a chief subdivision of the
Sta'te, it was thought that, whatever remedy
for the trouble might he adopted, it must leave
the city in the county. Such partial measures
as could be from time to time thought of
were resorted to. ami the Legislature was ap-
pealed to at nearly every successive session to
give the city a "new charter," or an "amended
charter." giving to the city greater control
over its municipal interests. On one occasion
the abuses under the old county court became
so great that the Legislature abolished it out-
right and substituted for it a board of county
commissioners. The new arrangement work-
ed very well for a time, but ultimately fell
into the habits of the old county court, and
there continued to he demands from the city
for further amendments to its charter to bring
relief. At one time it was proposed to extend
the city limits so as to take in the entire county
and subject the rural population to municipal
control. When the State Constitutional Con-
vention of 1875 was called for the purpose of
forming a new Constitution for the State, a
small number of advocates of municipal reform
recognized that the opportunity had come for
securing to tibe dit) relief from its hampered
condition and a larger control over its own
government. Popular feeling in the county
did not look with favor upon a separation, and
the machinery of the parties in the city was
openly arrayed against it, and it was not until
near the close of the State Convention that
provision was made in the new Constitution
for .allowing the people of St. Louis to extend
the limits of the city "so as to embrace the
parks now without its boundaries and other
convenient and contiguous territory, and to
frame a charter for the government of the city
thus enlarged." The precedent conditions
were that the city council and county court
should meet in joint session and order an elec-
tion for a board of thirteen freeholders, whose
duty should he "to propose a scheme for the
enlargement and definition of the boundaries
of the city, the reorganization of the govern-
ment of the county, the adjustment of the rela-
tions between the city thus enlarged and the
residue of St. Louis County, and the govern-
ment of the city thus enlarged by a charter in
harmony with and subject to the Constitution
and laws of Missouri, which shall, among other
things, provide for a chief executive and two
houses of legislation, one of which shall be
elected by general ticket." It was further pro-
vided that the Scheme and Charter, formed by
the board o'f freeholders, should be completed,
and a copy returned to the mayor of the city,
and another to the presiding officer of the
county court within ninety days after the elec-
tion of the said board. The scheme was to be
submitted to the qualified voters of the whole
county, and the charter to the qualified voters
of the city so enlarged. The freeholders —
George H. Shields. James O. Broadhead, F.
H. I.utkewitte. George W. Parker, Silas Bent,
M. 1 hvight Collier, Henry T. Mudd, George
Penn, M. H. Phelan and Samuel Reber — per-
formed their task, and the Scheme and Charter
were submitted to vote and ratified — the
scheme by a majority of 1.253, anc' the charter
by a majority of 5,222.
The scheme of separation provided that the
city should have all the county property and
buildings embraced within the extended limits,
including, besides the courthouse, the Four
Courts and jail, the asylum for the insane, and
the poor house farm, the parks, public roads
and highways; and, in consideration of this,
should assume all the county debts and the
park tax, which before had been levied on all
county property. The severance between the
city and county as newly organized was com-
plete, and the authority of the county court of
St. Louis County over and in the city ceased
forever, and the functions toward the State,
formerly performed by the county court and
the county officers, are now performed by the
municipal assembly and the city officers: and
the city has its own sheriff, coroner, public ad-
ministrator, and recorder of deeds.
Tite new charter very largely extended the
city limits, giving a river front from a point
SCHEME AND CHARTER.
L995
200 feet south of the mouth of River des Peres,
on the south, to fhe northern boundary of
United States Survey No. 114, where it strikes
the river on the north — about nineteen miles ;
— with a western line varying from three to six
miles out from the river — enclosing an area of
sixty-two and one-half square miles, divided
into twenty-eight wards. And this enlarge-
ment of area was accompanied with an en-
largement of the city's authority of still great-
er importance and value. The legislative body
is called the municipal assembly, composed of
two branches — a council of thirteen member-,
chosen on a general ticket, and holding office
for four years ; and a house of delegates, one
from each ward, chosen every two years. The
salary of members of the assembly is fixed at
$300 a year. The executive and administra-
tive department consists of a mayor, comptrol-
ler, auditor, treasurer, register, collector, re-
corder of deeds, inspector of weights and
measures, sheriff, coroner, marshal, public ad-
ministrator, president of the board o'f asses-
sors, and president of the board of public im-
provements— all chosen by the qualified voters
and holding office for four years — and a city
counselor, district assessors, superintendent of
workhouse, superintendent of house of refuge,
superintendent of fire alarm and police tele-
graph, commissioner of supplies, assessor of
water rates, two police justices, attorney, jailer
and five commissioners on charitable institu-
tions, all appointed by the mayor, and holding
office for four years. There are also five com-
missioners appointed by the mayor — street
commissioner, sewer coimimiissioner, water
commissioner, harbor and wharf commissioner
and park commissioner, who, with the presi-
dent thereof, constitute the board of public
improvements. The tax rate for municipal
purposes can not exceed one per cent in the
old limits, and for the payment of the valid in-
debtedness of the city only such rate as may
be required : and in the new limits the rates
may not exceed four-tenths of one per cent for
municipal purposes, and one-tenth of one per
cent for debt purposes.
The new charter gave to the city a power
over its own affairs which it had never pos-
sessed before, and released it from the necessity
of going before the State Legislature with re-
quests for additional authority to do what its
welfare suggested or demanded. The in-
creased term of office, the constitution of its
legislative body, the provisions for construct-
ing and .managing public works, and for ob-
taining supplies for the city institutions, and
the fixing of a time for appointment to office
are all radical changes, and marked a new era
in the city government, and it has worked so
satisfactorily and accomplished its purposes so
well that after twenty-two years' experience
only one amendment to it has been made by the
Legislature — an amendment taking away the
freehold qualification for mayor. A few trivial
amendments have been made by the municipal
assembly, and ratified by vote of the people,
the only one possessing importance being the
provision authorizing the assembly to provide
for a general sprinkling of the streets. The
public institutions are well managed; the effi-
ciency of all the departments of government
has been notably improved; the municipal
debt, though increased in 1876, by the city's
assumption of the $6,824,000 county debt, has
been steadily reduced ; the city's credit is !vgh-
er than it ever was before; and, in addition to
this, it may be said that the period since the
adoption of the Scheme and Charter has been
one of unsurpassed prosperity, marked by
more improvements than any previous era of
its history. In 1876. when the Scheme and
Charter took effect, the taxable valuation, real
and personal, was $166,441,110; in 1898 it was
$353,988,510, an increase of $187,547,400, or
more than double. The taxable wealth of the
city, therefore, has increased more in the twen-
ty-two years since the adoption Of the Scheme
and Charter than in all its previous history. It
is this era that has brought the opening of two
bridges across the Mississippi at St. Louis, the
granite reconstruction of the streets, the intro-
duction of electricity on street railways, and
the vast extension of these railways, the tall,
modern buildings, the boulevards, the im-
provement of extensive vacant areas into resi-
dence districts, marked by noble mansions, tine
improvement of the parks, and the bringing of
them within easy reach by electric cars, and
the Cnion Station, with its vast system of ac-
cessories for the accommodation of the pas-
senger traffic of the city. No proposition of
return to the old order of relations between the
city and county has ever been made by either,
and it may be assumed, therefore, that the sep-
aration is for all time. The County of St.
Louis underwent a reorganization imme-
c'.a'tely after the separation, established Gay-
1996
SCHILLER VEREIN— SCHLANGE.
ton .i~ ;:~ seat, and erected there a courthouse
and jail, and the new government has worked
satisfactorily ever since.
Schiller Vereill.— A strictly literary so-
cietv, organized February 9. [896, for the pur-
pose "i cultivating Baste for German classic
literature. It ha- about three hundred mem-
bers, Dr. George Richter, president, and Rev.
Max Hempel, secretary. On the 13th of No-
vember, 1898, tlie Verein dedicated a statue
of Schiller, donated by Colonel Charles G.
S'ti'fel, in North St. Louis Park.
Sclllailge, Joseph, merchant and manu-
facturer, was born September 28, [845, in the
North of Germany, and died in St. Louis No-
vember 9, [898. When a lad rive years of age,
he came, with his parents to this country, land-
ing in New ( Means and coming from there di-
rect to St. Louis. Until he was eleven years
if age, he attended the parochial schools of this
city, but, thereafter his educational advantages
were limited to attendance at night schools, as
he was obliged to work industriously every
day. He finished his studies at a well known
commercial college, thus acquiring a practical
education, which well-fitted him for the busi-
ness of his later life. In 1864 he engaged in
business with !■" rank P.rinkmann as a wholesale
and retail dealer in tobacco, cigars and snuff,
and later in leaf tobacco, the style of the firm.
being Brinkmann & Schlange. Ten years
later this partnership was dissolved, and Mr.
Schlange associated himself with John C. Tie-
meyer & Co.. in the leaf tobacco trade, their
place of business being at 21, and 25 South
Second Street, and in 1X80 removed to the
southeast corner of Walnut and Second Street.
This firm was succeeded in 1891 by the John
C. Tiemeyer Leaf Tobacco Company, a cor-
poration with a paid-up capital of $250,000.
hailing health compelled him to practically re-
tire from business some years before his death,
and, accompanied by his wife, he traveled ex-
tensively, in the hope of repairing his shat-
tered energies. When Mr. Tieinever died, in
[896, Mr. Schlange succeeded him as president
if the company, and had practically closed up
its affairs at the time of his death. A man of
untiring industry and close application, he was
a familiar figure in business circles for many
years, and his strict integrity and upright deal-
ings made him popular with all those with
whom he had business relations. Through his
own efforts he acquired a fortune, and was
regarded by all who knew him as one of the
worthy, self made men of St. Louis. His na-
ture was genial and kindly, and he was a popu-
lar man in social circles, while those brought
into contact with him in the home circle were
devotedly attached to him. lie was a member
of tin- Catholic Church, a patron of St. Vin-
cent's 1 Irphan Asylum, and St. Mary's School
and other Catholic institutions. In politics,
he affiliated with the Democratic party. For
many years he was numbered among the
members of the .Merchants' Exchange, and
was recognized in that body as one of its most
honorable and upright members. May 11,
1S75. lie married Miss Helen E. Tiemeyer,
daughter of John C. Tiemeyer, of whom ex-
tended mention is made elsewhere in these
volumes. The surviving members of his fam-
ily are Mrs. Schlange, and three children, John
1.. Eugene H. and Marie H. Schlange.
Schaeffer, Nicholas, manufacturer, was
born December 4. '814, in the town of Mar-
len'heim, near Strassburg, in what was then the
French, but is now the German, Province of
Alsace. He was sixth of the seven children of
an industrious and fairly well-to-do shoe-
maker, who died When the son was but two
years of age. In consequence of this orphan-
age, the family was reduced to straitened cir-
cumstances, and being put to work very early
in life, Nicholas Schaeffer received but little
education. When he yvas fourteen years old,
he was apprenticed to a manufacturer of soaps
and candles in the famous old town of Strass-
burg. and worked there until 1832, when he
accompanied his mother and three brothers to
this country. At tJhe end of along and tedious
voyage, they landed in the city of Baltimore,
where they purchased a horse and wagon, and
set out for the far-off town of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Their household effects, the greater part of
which they had brought with them from Ger-
many, were sent forward on the freight-wag-
ons, anil the mother and her sons started on
their long journey over the mountains. At
Hagerstown, Maryland, where they stopped
for rest and refreshments, their horse was
stolen, and the most diligent efforts failed to
effect it-, recovery. Unable to purchase an-
other horse, they sold the wagon and harness,
and the mother was given transportation on
one of the heavy freight wagons, while the
sons, strong and able-bodied, made the jour-
SCHLANGE.
1!(!I7
nev to Wheeling, West Virginia, on foot.
There they took passage on a river steamer,
and in due time arrived at Cincinnati. There
Nicholas Schaeffer, being unable to obtain
employment at the trade which he had mas-
tered, hired himself to a stonemason, and, as
he had no knowledge of the mason's craft,
could do no better than put in his time mixing
mortar at seventy-five cents a day. After that
he worked for a time in a tannery at fifteen
dollars a month, but finally succeeded in ob-
taining employment at his trade and a raise of
salary to thirty dollars a month. He worked
two years in Cincinnati at his trade, and at
the end of that time, he went to New Orleans
with two hundred and fifty dollars in his
pocket. Disappointed in finding remuner-
ative employment in that city, he next went
to Vicksburg, Mississippi, where he had no
better luck. His money being by this time
exhausted, he worked three months in a stone
quarry, and, after that was for a time steward
of the old "Mansion House," at Vicksburg.
After seven months of this service, he re-
turned to Cincinnati and joined two of his
brothers in a flat-boating enterprise, which
proved fairly profitable. The financial crisis
of 1837 prostrated the river business, and he
went again to Vicksburg, where he engaged
in general merchandising, with such success
that he accumulated thirty-five hundred dol-
lars. With this amount as the proceeds of
his business, which he had sold out, he re-
turned to Cincinnati, purchased an outfit for
the manufacture of soap and candles, and es-
tablished himself in that business in Vicks-
burg. For six months his business pros-
pered, but at the end of that time the pros-
pects of continued success were not bright,
and he sold out and sought a new location.
This brought him to St. Louis, where he laid
the foundation of what afterward became a
vast business, in the year 1839. He first es-
tablished his factory at the corner of Cherry
and Main Streets ; removed it a year later to a
location on Main Street, between Cherry and
Wash Streets, and in 1844, to the location on
Washington Avenue, between Nineteenth and
Twenty-first Streets, which it had since occu-
pied and where the business had grown to im-
mense proportions. For nearly fortv vears
the establishment thus founded and built up
under Mr. Schaeffer's management was the
largest soap and candle manufactory in the
West, and the industry made its owner and
promoter one of the wealthy men of St. Louis.
He held many positions of honor and trust in
the city, some 1 if which were of a public char-
acter and others semi-public in their nature.
For many years he served as a member of the
city council, and at different times was presi-
dent of the Pacific Insurance Company, a
director of the St. Louis Fire & Marine In-
surance Company, president of the St. Louis
French Window Glass Company, a director
and vice-president of the Illinois & St. Louis
Railway Company, president of the Biddle
Market Savings Lank', and vice-president of
the Merchants' Exchange. A Catholic in his
religious affiliations, he was one of the found-
ers and long a member of St. Nicholas'
Church, at the corner of Lucas Avenue and
Nineteenth Streets. He married, in St. Louis,
in 1843, Miss Anna Maria Lay, who was born
in the Province of Hesse-Darmstadt, Ger-
many. Mr. Schaeffer died January 3, 1880,
and his widow, November 29, 1890.
Schmidt, Charles C, clergyman, was
born November 8, 1843, in Bonfeld, King-
dom of Wuerttemberg, Germany, son of John
A. and Rosina (Bertsch) Schmidt. The elder
Schmidt, who was a shoe manufacturer by oc-
cupation, came to this country in 1852 with his
family, and after residing some years in Tus-
carawas County, Ohio, removed to the north-
western part of that State, and subsequently
to Indiana, dying at Seymour, in the Stat'.
last named, in 1896. The son obtained the
rudiments of an education in his native land,
and was fitted for college in the parochial
schools of the Lutheran Church in Ohio and
Indiana. He completed his academic studies
at Concordia College of Fort Wayne, Indiana,
graduating from that institution in the class
of 1865, and then studied theology at Concor-
dia Theological Seminary of St. Louis, from
which institution he was graduated in 1868.
Before graduating from the Theological
School, he served for a time as vicar of a
church in Chicago, and immediately after his
graduation, accepted a call from Emanuel
Church, of the Lutheran faith, in New York
City. He remained in New York four years,
and then came to Elyria. Ohio, where lie
served a five-year pastorate. St. Paul's Lu-
theran Church, of Indianapolis, called him to
that city in 1877. and he was the pastor of that
church for ten years thereafter. At the end
of that time he accepted a call to Holy Cross
L998
SCHLOSSSTEIN.
Church, of St. Louis, and has since faithfully
served that church, his pastorate having cov-
ered at the present time (1898) a period of
eleven years, lie is president of the Western
District of the Synod of Missouri, and presi-
dent also of the board of trustees of the Con-
cordia Theological Seminary, wields a large
influence in church affairs, and has contributed
much in the advancement of the educational
interests of Lutheranism, and to the extension
of church work in general. Mr. Schmidt has
been twice married — first, to Miss Mary
Wyneken, of Cleveland, Ohio, who died in
[889. In 1 So 1 he married for his second
wife Miss Marianna Stoeckhardt, born in the
Kingdom of Saxony, Germany. His chil-
dren are Bertha, Carl, Louisa, Ernest, Paulina,
Emma. Martin, Alfred, George, and Magda-
lena Schmidt.
Schlossstein, Adolphus, physician,
was born in Albisheim, Bavaria, January 27.
1841, son of John and Fredericka (Latter)
Schlossstein. After receiving a classical edu-
cation in the gymnasium at Zweibruecken, he
spent five years in the completion of a univer-
sity course of study, attending successively
the Universities of Erlangen, Heidelberg, and
Wuerzburg. At the end of this thorough
course of scholastic training and preparation
for a professional career, and after he had re-
ceived his doctor's degree, he continued his
studies and researches in the field of medical
science at the hospitals of Munich and Frank-
enthal, Rhenish Bavaria, for another year, and
then entered the German Army as a surgeon,
and was on active duty in field hospitals from
June, 1866. to the fall of the same year. After
visiting and inspecting the hospitals of Vienna,
Berlin, Prague, and other cities, he then came
to the United States, and, late in the year 1N07.
established his home and began the practice of
his profession in St. Louis. Here he soon
built up a large and lucrative practice, and for
many years has occupied a place among the
most thoroughly well educated and highly ac-
complished physicians of the city. Progress-
ive in his nature and methods, he has kepi
abreast of the latest developments of medical
science, broadening his knowledge of profes-
sional work, both by careful study of medical
literature and the observations made through
extensive travels. In 1875 nc revisited Eu-
rope for the purpose of making a series of in-
vestigations in the line of his professional
work, and in [886 spent some time in Cuba
for observation and pleasure. In 1896 he
spent the year in extensive travel through
Germany, Italy, France, and the British Isles.
Eminently successful as a medical practitioner,
he has been hardly less conspicuous as an able
and sagacious business man. Becoming iden-
tified with his brother, the late George Schloss-
stein, in the manufacture of window glass, he
has aided in building up a flourishing glass
manufacturing industry, and is now president
of the French Window Glass Manufacturing
Company of Missouri, a corporation doing
business in St. Louis, and also of the Dunkirk
Window ( ilass Company, which operates a
large manufacturing plant at Dunkirk, Indi-
ana. He is identified professionally with the
St. Louis Medical Society and the Society of
German Physicians, and socially with the Lie-
derkranz and other societies, and is known in'
both professional and social circles as a man
of numerous and varied accomplishments.
Dr. Schlossstein has been twice married — first,
in 1871. to Miss Bertha Schaeffer, daughter of
Nicholas Schaeffer, a well known soap manu-
facturer of St. Louis. The first Mrs. Schloss-
stein died in 1873. and in 1875 Dr. Schlossstein
married Miss Caroline Schaeffer, a sister of his
first wife. Adolphus G. Schlossstein, a son
born of his first marriage, who graduated
from the St. Louis Medical College, is now
1 1S081 completing his medical education in
Vienna, after having studied at Heidelberg,
Munich and Berlin.
Schoen, Isaac Aaron, one of the
chief representatives, at the present time, of
the fur trade, one of the oldest of all branches
of trade in St. Louis, and that upon which the
city was founded, was born in this city Xo-
vember 4. 1858, son of Aaron and Betty
(Schwich) Schoen. Both his parents were
horn in Germany, but removed to this coun-
try in [846, anil established their home in St.
Louis. His father, who was a merchant and
man of wealth, removed later to Chicago, and
(lie si m was educated in that city and at Frank-
fort-on-the-Main, Germany, starting out in
life well equipped, by scholastic training, for
either a business or professional career. He
firsl became connected with the fur trade in
[874 as an employe of a St. Louis house, and
five years later became head of the house of
Schoen & Savers, engaged in the same line of
business. This partnership was dissolved in
SCHLOSSSTEIN.
1999
1882, and he then became connected with the
Anglo-American Packing Company, of Chi-
cago, and an operator also on the famous
Board of Trade of that city. Unfortunate in
his speculative enterprises in this instance, he
left Chicago — to use a trite form of expres-
sion— a poorer, but wiser, man, and again be-
came identified with the fur trade in St. Louis
as buyer for and representative of a large New
York exporting house. This position he held
for six years, and then originated the idea of
establishing in this city a brokerage business
in furs, through which he might supply both
Eastern and foreign demands. The project
was inaugurated, and succeeded beyond his
most sanguine expectations, all the great fur
houses of this country and of England and
France as well becoming to a greater or less
extent his patrons. To supply this demand,
he has visited regularly and made purchases
from all the principal fur merchants of the
United States and Canada, and the business
which he established as an experiment in 1889
has grown to such proportions that he is as
widely known to the fur trade as were some
of the pioneers in that line of business in St.
Louis. His business is the largest of its kind
in the United States, and it is of interest to
note in this connection that, while the charac-
ter of the business has changed since the davs
of the old French traders, St. Louis still re-
tains its prestige as the Western headquarters
of the fur trade in America. The trade in
which Air. Schoen is engaged is not to-day
surrounded with the glamour which attached
to it in early days, and it has been shorn of the
romance and adventure incident to it fifty
years ago and more, but it is none the less an
important branch of commerce, and still yields
rich returns to those engaged in it, who have
accommodated themselves to its changed con-
ditions. In the multiplicity of commercial
enterprises it has lost its old-time prestige,
is quietly conducted, and has been, in a meas-
ure, lost sight of, but it still serves to draw to
St. Louis the trade of remote regions and to
keep the city in touch with many of its old-
time markets. Prior to 1897 Mr. Schoen was
known to the business circles of St. Louis only
as a shrewd and enterprising fur trader, but in
that year he became conspicuous for his op-
erations in the broader field of speculative in-
vestments. Believing that the remarkable
business depression which had prevailed for
some years prior to that time had come to an
end. and that an era of activity had been in-
augurated which would bring about a general
appreciation of values, he began trading ex-
tensively in grain and stocks. The success
which attended his operations was phenome-
nal, and i ild traders were amazed at the mag-
nitude of his transactions and the rapid strides
which he made in the acquisition of wealth.
In a surprisingly short time the fur trader of
modest means was transformed into a man of
fortune. He was married, in 1893, to ^'>ss
Florence Hellman, daughter of a retired mer-
chant, of Cincinnati, and being a man of do-
mestic tastes, prefers the enjoyment of his
home to clubs and social functions.
Schuchmaim,GrUStavus,was bun No-
vember 13, 1850. in St. Louis, son of Philip
and Catharine (Weber) Schuchmann. His par-
ents were among the early German settlers in
St. Louis, and the son was reared in this city,
obtaining his education at the noted old-time
private school known as Wyman University.
When he was nineteen years of age he began,
in a small way, the business in which he later
became famous, and which caused him to be-
come the founder of one of the great meat-
packing establishments of St. Louis. His
earliest venture in this line was supplying
meats to steamboats plying on the Mississippi
River, and from 1875 to 1880 he furnished
meats under contract to various city institu-
tions. In the year 1880 he organized the
American Meat Canning Company, of which
he became president in 1882. He was. from
the start, the moving spirit in the conduct of
the business of this corporation, and grad-
ually acquired all the stock, becoming sole
owner of the plant and its appurtenances. As
manager of this establishment, he built up a
very large business, which extended over a
wide range of territory and had numerous and
varied ramifications. He continued at the
head of this corporation until 1885. when he
disposed of all his interests in the meat can-
ning industry and turned his attention to op-
erations in real estate. In this field of enter-
prise he soon became a conspicuous figure,
purchasing and improving much property
and being instrumental in giving to the city
some of its most attractive buildings. He was
the originator of the movement which re-
sulted in the erection of the Chemical Build-
ing, purchasing the property himself and aft-
erward associating with him other gentlemen,
2000
SCHLOSSSTHIN.
whose combined efforts gave to St. Louis one
of the handsomest office buildings in the West.
He acquired large property interests also on
Washington Avenue, and was one of the prime
movers in inaugurating the Washington Bou-
levard enterprise, an improvement for which
the cit) is largely indebted to his energetic ac-
tion, liis sagacity and foresight. Experience
lias proved that he has been remarkably ac-
curate in his judgments of the value of real
estate and in his forecasts of growth and de-
velopment in various portions of the city. As
a result his contemporaries in business circles
have set a high value upon his judgment, and
few men are regularly consulted by so large
a number of clients in matters pertaining to
city realty and investments therein. Of san-
guine temperament and vigorous mentality,
he acts promptly under all circumstances, and
his action is of that forceful character which
never fails to be productive of the best results.
His career and the success which he has
achieved as a man of affairs entitle him to a
prominent place among the self-made men of
St. Louis, and those whose fortunes have been
accumulated by persistent and well-directed
efforts. Having been absorbed all his life in
business affairs, he has given little attention
to politics, and has never been in any sense
a partisan, voting for men and measures as
they commended themselves, from time to
time, to his judgment and convictions. His
religious affiliations are with the Presbyterian
Church, but he is a broadly liberal churchman,
and has been hardly less generous in his con-
tributions to other churches than to the one
in which he holds membership. March 18,
[880, he married Miss Mina Soderer. daugh-
ter of Alois Soderer, of St. Louis. Their chil-
dren are Alois Soderer Schuchmann and Lillie
Schuchmann.
SHilossstoin, (»eorj>e, manufacturer,
was born in Albisheim, in Rhenish Bavaria,
Germany, January 30, [832, and died in St.
Louis Januar) _>u. [897. His parents were
John and Fredericka (Lauer) Schlossstein.
and his father, who was a well-to-do man of
affairs, was a miller by occupation. The son
received a liberal education in the schools of
his native town, and prior to his coming to
this country, had received some business
training under the guidance of his father. He
came to the United States in 1851, a boy nine-
teen years of age. and found his first emplo)
ment in Cincinnati. Ohio, where he worked
in a brewery for fifty cents a day and boarded
himself. He was employed at various kinds
of work for several years, finally coming to St.
Louis in [853. In 1851; he engaged in the
retail grocery trade in this city, and later be-
came a wholesale and retail dealer in. and im-
porter of, wines, liquors and cigars. Having
accumulated considerable capital in this busi-
ness, he abandoned commercial pursuits in
1878 and engaged in the manufacture of win-
dow glass as junior member of the firm of
Schaeffer & Schlossstein. In 1880 he pur-
chased his partner's interest in this business
and formed a stock company, which was in-
corporated as the French Window Glass Man-
ufacturing Company of Missouri. Of this
corporation Mr. Schlossstein became president
and treasurer, conducting its operations suc-
cessfully and giving it a prominent place
among the industries of St. Louis. In 1893
he was attracted to one of the Indiana natural
gas fields by the advantages which it offered
to manufacturers ; and, while still continuing
his St. Louis business, incorporated the Dun-
kirk Window Glass Company, with a capital
of $50,000, which built an extensive glass man-
ufacturing plant at Dunkirk. Of this corpo-
ration, Mr. Schlossstein became president and
treasurer, and held those offices up to the time
of his death, but the active conduct and man-
agement of the new enterprise was left to his
son, George A. Schlossstein, the elder Schloss-
stein continuing to reside in St. Louis and
visiting the Indiana works only when occa-
sion required. At this plant — which has con-
tinued its operations since the death of its
founder, with Dr. Adolph Schlossstein as pres-
ident and treasurer, and George A. Schloss-
stein as vice-president, secretary and general :
manager — one hundred and fifty men are em-
ployed and one hundred thousand dollars are |
paid out annually for labor. During his long
residence in St. Louis George Schlossstein was j
recognized as a man of superior ability, and he
was actively identified with other enterprises
in addition to those of which mention has been j
made, and through which he accumulated a |
fortune. He was a shareholder and director
in the Jefferson Mutual Fire Insurance Com-
pany, and one of the founders of the St. Louis j
Mutual House-Building Company, with
which he was also for twenty years officially -
connected as a director. He was a conspicu-
ous figure in the numerous German societies, I
SCHLOSSSTEIN.
2001
prominent among them being the Liederkranz
Society, the Concordia Turner Society, and
the Germania Club, in all of which he held
memberships, and the interests of which he-
helped to foster and promote. An excellent
business man, he was also a public-spirited
citizen, always ready to aid worthy enter-
prises and to contribute in every way in his
power to the betterment of moral and social
conditions in the city which became his
adopted home. He was also a great lover of
music. He traveled extensively at different
times during his life, revisiting Europe in
i860, 1867 and 1892. A staunch Unionist in
sentiment, he was among the German-Amer-
icans of St. Louis who contributed to the full
extent of their ability to the suppression of
the secession movement during the Civil War
period. Prominent among the earliest advo-
cates in St. Louis of the cremation of the dead,
he became one of the founders of the St. Louis
Crematory, was a stockholder and director in
the organization controlling that institution,
and at his death his remains were incinerated
and his ashes now occupy a niche in the Co-
lumbarium. He married, in 1862, Miss Mary
Silberg, of Cleveland, Ohio, daughter of Fred-
erick Silberg, one of the pioneers of that city,
and is survived by his widow and nine grown
children. The children are Bertha, Frieda,
now Mrs. Otto F. Meister; George A., Lena,
now Mrs. Herman C. Meister ; Augusta,
Louis A., Emma, Edward C, and Marie
Schlossstein. George A. Schlossstein, eldest
of the sons, who graduated from the Manual
Training School of Washington University,
is now (1897), as has already been stated, vice-
president and general manager of the Dunkirk
Window Glass Company, and a prosperous
man of affairs. Louis A. Schlossstein, who is
also a graduate of the Manual Training
School, and wdio spent three years in the en-
gineering department of Washington Univer-
sity, is a mechanical draftsman in the employ
of the Boyer Machine Company, and Edward
Schlossstein, the youngest son, is a student in
the St. Louis High School.
Schultz, William, merchant and man-
ufacturer, was born May 12, 1856, in St.
Louis, son of Henry and Marv (Langbein)
Schultz. both natives of Germany, who came
to this country about the year 1844 and estab-
lished their home at once in St. Louis. Mr.
Schultz obtained his earlv education in the
private schools of the city, attending fur a
time a somewhat noted institution of learning
of this character known as Walther College.
Although he was ambitious to complete a full
classical course of study, he had nut the means
to defray collegiate expenses and was obliged
to seek remunerative employment. At the
same time, however, he entered upon a regular
attendance at the night schools of the city.
continuing this course of study for three years,
and covering the ground usually gone over
in a college course. Pie obtained his earliest
business experience in the wholesale grocery
house of Morris, Taylor & Co., by whom he
was employed two years. At the end of that
time he entered the employ of Rice & Byers,
and after serving this firm several years as
clerk and traveling salesman, was made man-
ager of the establishment in 1876. Four
years later he became interested as a stock-
holder in their business, which was then in-
corporated under the name of the F. R. Rice
Mercantile Cigar Company. After the forma-
tion of this corporation, Mr. Schultz and his
associates broadened the field of their opera-
tions materially, and have gained a celebrity
enjoved by few establishments of the kind in
the United States. In addition to running a
large manufactory, the product of which is in
excess of ten million cigars annually, they are
also importers of cigars to the extent of fifteen
-millions annually. Between two and three
hundred men find regular employment in their
factory, almost a score of traveling salesmen
are in their employ, and much additional labor
is emp'oyed in less important capacities. Mr.
Schultz is now vice-president of this famous
manufacturing and commercial establishment,
and once a year makes a trip to Havana,
where he gives his personal attention to the
selection of tobaccos to be used in the manu-
facture of brands of cigars which have become
known all over the United States. Few to-
bacconists in this country have made so care-
ful a study not only of the different pr< icesses
of manufacturing cigars, but of different
grades of tobacco, the effects of "aging" and
other matters essential to the production of
high-grade goods, and an interesting feature
of his operations is the keeping on hand at all
times of a stock of tobacco sufficient for one
to two years' consumption, to improve its
quality. His business interests have occupied
his entire time and attention, and. although
his personal popularity and recognized fitness
2002
SCHLOSSSTEIN.
for public trusts have caused him to be solic-
ited at different times to become a candidate
for office, he lias declined such proffered hon-
ors. His political convictions are, however,
well defined, and as a firm believer in the prin-
ciples of the Republican party he has contrib-
uted to its success at the polls and in various
political campaigns. A member of the Ger-
man Lutheran Church, he has been active in
church work, and is superintendent of a Sun-
day-school which has an attendance of six
hundred and forty scholars and sixty-four
teachers. He married, in 1876, Miss Caroline
C. Hopmann, and has two children — Estella
and Lydia Schultz.
Sehiele, Theodore, was born in the
town of Fellheim, Kingdom of Bavaria, ( ier-
many, September 3, 1827. and died in St.
Louis February 2j. 1898. His father was
Samuel Sehiele. who died in Xew York City
in 1866. he having come to this country some
years before that and engaged in merchandis-
ing in the Eastern metropolis. His wife, the
mother of Theodore Sehiele, was Esther Hoff-
heinier before her marriage. Theodore
Sehiele was thirteen years of age when the
family came to the United States, and he com-
pleted a thorough education, which had be-
gun at a private school in Germany, in the
schools of New York City. After quitting
school he first worked for a time in a New
York broker's office, and then learned the
jeweler's trade with a Xew York house, in
which lie was employed for eight years. At
the end of that time, and in the vear i860, he
came to St. Louis, and for several years there-
after was engaged with his brother in the
wholesale millinery trade in this city as head of
the firm of T. & M. Sehiele. Afterward he
was connected for five years with the whole-
sale dry goods house of J. Weil & Co., and
still later was partner in the Sehiele Manu-
facturing Company, lie was well known in
both the business and social circles of the city,
and was one of the founders of tin social or-
ganization which later became the Columbian
Club, lie was also well known as a member
of the Masonic order, affiliating with Pride of
the West Lodge, lie was a capable business
man and a most estimable gentleman in all re-'
spects, and those who were brought into '.lie
most intimate relations with him entertained
for him a fond regard and deeply deplored his
death. He lived a quiet life, his purse always
open to the needy; conducted his business af-
fairs with good judgment and discretion, and 1
at his death left to those whom he had gath- J
ered around him in the family circle, and who \
had always been the objects of his tenderest
solicitude, a comfortable home. Mr. Sehiele
married. July 29, 1866, at Syracuse. Xew
York, Miss Sara Newcity. Of six children
born to them those who survived their father
were Samuel T. Sehiele, Harry L. Schick, Es-
sie Sehiele, Cora Sehiele, and Blanche Sehiele.
Schlossstein, Louis, manufacturer, j
was horn October 14, 1834, in Albisheim.
Kingdom of Bavaria. Germany, son of John \
and Fredericka (Lauer) Schlossstein. He j
was educated in the Latin schools in Kirch-
heim and Gruenstadt, and then served an 1
apprenticeship of three and a half years to I
the brewer's trade. Follow-ing the custom of I
German tradesmen, he then set out to spend !
his "Wanderjahre," traveling about the cottn-
trv, learning something of the world, and
gaining, at the same time, increased know!- I
edge of his craft by working at his trade in 1
different cities. These journey ings were pro-
longed over a period of five years, during I
which he traveled throughout both < iermany
and France. In 1858 he came to this country j
and became a resident of St. Louis, to which
his brother, George Schlossstein, had preceded
him. He was employed in various capaci
ties and in different breweries thereafter, un-
til he became foreman of the Uhrig Brewery,
a position which he filled for four years. In
1865 he embarked in the manufacture of beer
as junior member of the firm of Feuerbacher
& Schlossstein. proprietors of the Green Tree
Brewery. A master of the art of brewing
beer. Mr. Schlossstein contributed largely in
this connection to the building up of one of
the great manufactories of this character, for
which St. Louis has long been famous. Theifi
business developed to very large proportions,
ami their trade extended over a wide area of
territory, yielding rich returns. In June of
iSS. 1 the Green Tree Brewery was consoli-
dated with sixteen other St. Louis breweries,
under the name of the St. Louis Brewing As-
sociation, which five months later sold out
to a syndicate of English capitalists. After
the absorption of their business by this new'
corporation, Mr. Schlossstein continued to act
as manager of the plant of which he had pre-
viously been part owner, until 1892, when he
SCHLOSSSTEIN.
2003
resigned this position to give attention to his
large property interests and devote himself to
the care of the fortune which he had accumu-
lated. Devoting himself entirely to business
pursuits, he has taken no active part in the
conduct of public affairs, but in his exercise
of the right of suffrage he has always voted
for the candidates whom he deemed best quali-
fied to fill the offices to which they aspired,
and his political action has been independent
and free from partisan bias. His religious
views are broadly liberal. May 7, 1863, he
married Mrs. Josephine Uhrig, widow of Ig-
natius Uhrig. With this marriage he re-
ceived into his home two children of Mrs.
Uhrig by her former marriage — Caroline,
aged ten years, and Mary, aged three years —
these little ones having been fatherless for
some years. To them Mr. Schlossstein gave
as tender affection as though they had been
his own children, and was ever regarded by
them with all the love and devotion children
could feel for an own parent. Caroline, now
Mrs. Seitz, is yet living; her sister, Mary, be-
came Mrs. Nicolaus, and died April 6, 1899.
One child, Katie, was born of Mr. Schloss-
stein's later marriage. She is now the wife
of Mr. C. Marquard Forster. Mr. Schloss-
stein is most comfortably situated, both in
home and business life. He gives close per-
sonal attention to the management of the in-
terests committed to his care, and is held in
the highest esteem by all who are brought
into contact with him.
Slayback, Alonzo William, lawyer,
was born at Plum Grove, Missouri, July 4,
1838, and died in St. Louis October 13, 1882.
At ten years of age he was left fatherless and
almost entirely without means, and to obtain
an education and fit himself for the duties of
later life by his own efforts was the task which
confronted him in early youth. By dint of
persistent effort and hard work he succeeded
in fitting himself for college, and his natural
precocity enabled him to complete a course
of study at the Masonic College of Lexington,
Missouri, before he was eighteen years of
age. He became a fine classical scholar, mas-
tered several modern languages, and entered
upon his course of preparation for the bar un-
der favorable auspices, notwithstanding the
fact that he had labored under main- disad-
vantages. He studied law under the precep-
torship of Bela Hughes, an eminent lawver of
St. Joseph, Missouri, and was admitted to the
bar in that city in 1857, when he was twenty-
years of age. There he established himself
in practice as the partner of Joseph 1'.. 1 Irubb,
and had entered upon what promised t" be
a brilliant professional career when the (nil
War began. Chivalrous by nature, and in
full sympathy with the Southern cause, he
could not do otherwise than become a par-
ticipant in the great conflict, and in Septem-
ber of [86] he was elected colonel of a regi-
ment of Missouri State Guards, which he had
organized, and served under General Sterling
Price until the end of the term for which he
had enlisted. Upon the expiration of this
term of service he at once re-enlisted as a
private soldier, and was regularly mustered
into the Confederate Army, lie was soon
appointed captain of ordnance on the staff of
General Martin Greene, and after the skirmish
at Farmington, Missouri, was recommended
for promotion. General Price ordered him
west of the Mississippi River, and he was serv-
ing in Shelby's command when stricken down
with typhoid fever in Arkansas. A long and
serious illness followed, and after his recov-
ery he was ordered into service as a bearer
of special dispatches to Richmond and recom-
mended for duty in line. Soon afterward he
recruited a regiment of lancers in Southeast
Missouri, of which he became colonel, his reg-
iment being assigned to Colonel Jo Shelby's
old brigade, in which he served to the close of
the war. He was a brilliant, dashing and in-
trepid soldier, and seemed to be absolutely
fearless. He inspired those serving under his
command by his eloquence and by his own
high courage in the face of danger, and had
mam- thrilling experiences during his mili-
tary career. During a stolen visit to his wife,
at Lexington, Missouri, he was captured and
imprisoned in the old Masonic College, which
was then being used as a military prison. He
soon contrived, however, to effect his escape,
and returned to his command unharmed, al-
though he had been in great peril by reason
of the daring manner in which he took leave
of his guard and the enemy. After the war
he went with General Shelby to Mexico, and
remained in voluntary exile until [866. In
July of that year, having been amnestied by
the government at Washington, he returned
to Missouri and resumed the practice of his
profession in St. Louis. For a time he prac
ticed in partnership with Richard Spencer,
2(101
SCHMIEDIXG.
Lnt later associated himself with H. A. Heuss-
ler, and at the time of his death was a member
of the firm (if Broadhead, Slayback & Heuss-
ler. \t tlu- bar he soon became known as an
advocate of great ability, wonderfully effective-
in his arguments before courts and juries.
Commanding in appearance and impressive in
manner. his personal magnetism supplemented
his splendid attainments to a remarkable de-
gree, and not only at the bar. but in political
and other circles in which he moved, he was
always an impressive figure. His practice was
largely in the civil courts, and court records
show that mi "tie of his contemporaries at the
bar lost fewer cases than did he. While he
was tier}- and impetuous to a degree, he was
warm-hearted, generous and courtly, and was
numbered among the gentlemen of the "old
school" then in practice at the St. Louis bar.
His death was tragical and deeply moved the
people of St. Louis. For many years he had
been a prominent figure in the politics of the
State. In 1876 he was ia delegate to the Dem-
ocratic National Convention, which nominated
Samuel J. Tilden for the presidency of the
United States. The same year he was a can-
didate for Congress from the Second Missouri
district, but was defeated. He participated
actively in subsequent campaigns, and, in 1882,
made a spirited canvass in behalf of his law
partner, Colonel lames O. Broadhead. who
was a candidate for Congress. In the course
of this campaign he became involved in a con-
troversy with John A. Cockeril'l, then editor
of 'the "Post-Dispatch." On the 1 3th of Octo-
ber there appeared in that paper a personal at-
tack .in Colonel Slayback. which aroused his
indignation, and he sought the editor to pro-
tect against the injustice done him, and to ask-
that the objectionable article be suppressed in
the second editi in of the paper. An encounter
between him and ( 'ockerill resulted from his
visit to the editorial room, and Colonel Slay-
back was instantly killed. His death aroused
the impassioned sympathy of a wide circle of
friends in St. Louis, to whom he had endeared
himself by many noble qualities of head and
heart, and a thousand generous acts. The
Merchants' Exchange, for whom he had long
acted as legal counselor and advisor, placed
on record an almost unparalleled tribute to
his worth and an expression of deepest sorrow
at his demise. Men spoke of him as .me who
had scattered sunshine along his pathway
through life, a friend always of tin- poor, a
'helper of the needy and a champion of the op-
pressed. I li- generous nature and charitable
di-position had caused him to leave his family
in somewhat straitened circumstances, and
steps wire at once taken by the citizens of St.
Louis to testify to their appreciation of the
man by making substantial provisions for the
care and comfort of those who had been de-
pendent upon him. By means of public bene-
fits, and in other ways, a large sum was raised
for this purpose, and in no instance in the his-
tory of St. Louis has the death of a citizen
been followed by a more striking testimonial
of popular affection and esteem. In his home
life. Colonel Slayback was peculiarly happy.
The idolized head of an ideal family circle, he
was loving and lovable" under all circum-
stances in social circles he was charmingly
and delightfully companionable, and his sym-
pathies with the poor caused him to count that
day lost in which he did not do some kindly
act. 1 Ie was a member of the Merchants' Ex-
change Benevolent Society, of the University
Club, the Law Library Association, the Home
Circle, and the Legion of Honor; was an hon-
orary member of the Knights of St. Patrick,
and of tlie St. Louis National Guards, and a
leading member of the St. Louis Bar Ass tcia-
ti on. of which he served two terms as vice-
president. He married, in 1859, Miss Alice A.
Waddell. daughter of William P.. Waddell,
who was ;i member of the old firm of Russell,
Majors & Waddell. of "Pony Express" fame.
There was something of romance in the early
life of Colonel Slayback. lie and Mrs. Slay-
back were companions in childhood and were
betrothed at an early age. A misunderstand-
ing resulted in an estrangement, which lasted
four years, and then they met again.. Recon-
ciliation followed and they were married, Mrs.
Slayback receiving" a handsome settlement
from her father. They were separated again
soon after the birth of their eldest child by the
Civil War. Mrs. Slayback remaining with her
father when her husband went into the field.
When Colonel Jo Shelby made his raid into
Missouri, he brought news that Colonel Slay-
back had been left behind, in Arkansas, des-
perately ill of typhoid fever. Mrs. Slayback at
once prepared to go to the bedside of her hus-
band, which was at that time a most hazard-
ous undertaking, as she must pass through
the enemy's lines. Refused a permit to go
through the lines, she accepted banishment
papers, and. after many weary miles of travel,
^c ^
SCHMIEDING.
2005
mostly in army wagons, she reached Napo-
leon, Arkansas, to learn that her husband had
been transferred to the hospital at Shreveport,
Louisiana.- Thlilther she went and found, at
last, the object of her search, unable to raise
his head from his pillow. Her presence, how-
ever, was an inspiration to his recovery, and
he lived to gain further distinction as a soldier
and a citizen. Mrs. Slayback was compelled
to remain South until the close of the war. and
until that time she did not see (again her child,
which had been left behind with its grandpar-
ents. Five children were born to them, after
they established 'their home in St. Louis. One
daughter, Grace, died lin 1889. The other
children are Susie, Minnette, Catharine, Mabel
and Alonzb William Slayback, Jr.
Schmieding, Charles William, mer-
chant and financier, was born in Louisville,
Kentucky. December 5, 1845. His parents,
Frederick E. and Clara Louise (Kayser)
Schmieding, removed to St. Louis when he
was three yeans old. He grew up in this city,
and was educated in the public schools, leaving
the High School at the beginning of the Civil
War, in 1 861. He served his apprenticeship to
the busin'ess of merchandising in the wholesale
grocery house of Henry Gildehaus & Co.,
where he worked himself up to a responsible
position within a few years. In 1867 he made
a trip to Europe, and, upon his return, em-
barked in the wooden ware business, with
Messrs. Richard D'Oench and Max Krug as
his partners, the firm's name being Schmied-
ing, D'Oendh & Co. In 1874 he severed his
■connection with this house, and, associating
himself with F. E. Udell, formed the firm of
Udell. Schmieding & Co., wholesale dealers in
wooden and willow ware. This firm did a very
large business, and one which extended all
over the Western and Southern States, its
trade in these commodities being. With a
single exception, larger than that of any other
house in the West. In 1883 Messrs. Udell,
Schmieding & Co. sold their establishment to
Samuel Cupples & Co., and the same year Mr.
Schmieding organized the St. Louis Cattle
Company, which has since owned extensive
ranches in Texas. Prior to 1883 the business
of cattle raising in that region had been very
profitable, but, just at that time, there was a
sudden change for the worse, as a result of
overproduction, and consequent depression of
prices. A long period of hard times for the
cattle raisers followed, and many of them were
forced into bankruptcy. During this period
Mr. Schmieding managed the affairs of the
St. Louis Cattle Company in such a way as to
avoid serious losses and keep the corporation
and its properties in such condition that when
an improvement in the prices of cattle came at
last, he and his associates were able to take
advantage of the situation, lie saw the era
"i prosperity fur which he and his associates
had waited so long, fairly inaugurated, but did
nut live to witness the complete .success of the
enterprise, which he had labored so faithfully
and intelligently to build up. He was a di-
rector and vice-president 'of the Fourth Na-
tional I Sank, and was regarded in business
circles of St. Louis as an expert financier,
whose advice and counsels were of great value
to the board of directors of this institution.
The removal of the bank to its present hand-
some quarters, and the fitting up of a modern
banking house, as a result, was due, in great
measure, to his zeal and energy, and his pride
in the monetary institution, which his father'
had helped to found and build up. Mr.
Schmieding was identified, also, with various
others enterprises and was president of the St.
Louis Fireworks Company, to the financial
success of which he contributed very largely.
He stood high in the esteem of his many
friends, in both business and social circles, his
urbane manners and kind disposition winning
the hearts of all who were fortunate enough to
become acquainted with him. Ili> sudden and
unexpected death, 'at the age of fifty-two years,
caused by heart failure. January 31, 1898, when
he was apparently in the best Of health, came
as a severe shock to a large circle of friends
and occasioned deep grief among all those
who had enjoyed an intimate acquaintance
with him.
Steedman, Isaac G. W., physician,
was born in Lexington County. South Caro-
lina, in 1835. son "' Reuben and Elizabeth
(Fox) Steedman. Springing from one of the
old families of South Carolina, he was born
to the rich inheritance of a gddd name, high
courage, sound morals and a vigorous intel-
lect. A strain of martial blood runs through
the Steedman family, and, beginning with the
ilial wars, its representatives have achieved
distinction in almost every struggle in which
riie American people have been participants.
Many of them were among the patriots of the
200t;
SCHMIEDIXG.
Revolutionary era. and in subsequent wars
they were valiant defenders of cherished rights
and principles. Dr. Steedman obtained his
higher education alt the South Carolina Mili-
tary Academy, and it is of interest to note in
this connection the fact that five of bis near
relatives, bearing the same name, were stu-
dents at this institution within a period of a
dozen years. Colonel J. M. Steedman, his
double first cousin, who was graduated in the
class of [854, served gallantly in 'the army of
Northern Virginia throughout the Civil War.
Captain S. 1 >. Steedman. his brother, of the
class of 1862, was adjutant of the Firsl Ala-
bama Regiment during the war. Another
brother, X. W. Steedman. of the class of 1864,
served as a lieutenant to the close of the War,
and two younger brothers were students at the
academy at a later date. Dr. Steedman was
graduated from the academy in the class of
[856, and immediately afterward attended his
first ci nirse 1 if lectures at South 'Carolina Medi-
cal College, of Charleston. After that he at-
tended'two courses of lectures at New Orleans,
receiving his doctor's degree from the Medical
Department of the University of Louisiana in
[859. He then entered upon his professional
lab irs in Wilcox County, Alabama, a prosper-
ous region in the heart of the cotton-growing
country, and 'had fairly established himself in
practice when the Civil War began. When it
became apparent that there was to be a resort
to arms to settle issues which had been raised
between the Northern and Southern States,
his chivalrous nature responded to the call of
the South, and. relinquishing his practice, he
recruited a company of a hundred men, and
entered the Confederate Army as a captain of
volunteers. He was soon afterward promoted
to the colonelcy o'f the First Alabama Regi-
ment, and was in command of Fort Barrancas,
on Pensacola Bay, Florida, during the latter
part of 186 1 and the early part of 1862. de-
fending; the fort successfully against two bom-
bardments by the Federal naval forces. Tn
March, r862, after his regiment had been re-
cruited to its full Strength, he was ordered to
Island No. 10, which was considered the ke\
to the navigation of the lower Mississippi
River. There the regiment became a part of
the Confederate force which offered such pro-
longed and determined resistance to the pow-
erful Union fleet .and land forces sent against
it, but which was finally compelled to surren-
der the island on the 8th of April, at the end
of a six weeks' siege. After the surrender
Colonel Steedman, then seriously ill, was
brought to St. Louis as a prisoner of war. and
incarcerated in old Gratiot Street prison.
When he recovered from his illness he was
transferred to the military prison at Camp
Chase, near Colum'bus, Ohio, and later was
sent to Johnson's Island, in Lake Erie, where
he was held for four months, acting, while
there, under Federal authority, and by request
of his fellow prisoners, as physician to the hos-
pital within the prison walls. In October of
1862 he was returned to the Confederate serv-
ice through an exchange of prisoners, and at
once resumed command of his old regiment,
which he recruited to its full complement of a
thousand men within a month. Being then
assigned to duty at Port Hudson, he remained
there until that place was surrendered to the
Union Army on the 8th of July. 1863. This
defense of Port Hudson has hardly a parallel
in the 'history of American warfare for stub-
born resistance and spirited fighting against
overwhelming odds. The siege began early in
May, 1863, and the investment of the fort was
soon Completed by the Federal troops under
the command of Genera! X. P. Banks. For
sixty-four days thereafter its defenders were
under fire night and day. Repeated assaults
were made by the Federal troops, which were
as often repulsed by the Confederates, who
fought with desperate bravery and during
the siege inflicted upon the Union forces in
killed and wounded a loss equal to the whole
number of Confederate 'troops engaged. Night
and day they were in the trenches, and the
only relief they got was in being shifted, from
time to time, from the most exposed to the
least exposed positions. Through sickness,
starvation, killed and wounded, the besieged
Confederate force was reduced from 8.000 to
3.000 men capable of bearing arms, and it was
this force which finally surrendered to an army
of 30.000. when it was learned that Vicksburg
had fallen, and that a further defense of Port
Hudson was useless. Again taken prisoner,
Colonel Steedman was held at different North-
ern prisons until June 28. 1865, when he was
finally released at Fort Delaware. The war
being ended, he resumed the practice of his
profession, establishing; himself in St. Louis,
which he had first visited as a prisoner of war.
His selection of this location was, perhaps, in-
fluenced to some extent by the fact that dur-
ing" his first visit to the citv, which, as has been
A'%
^^.
SCHMIEDIXG.
2IKI7
state'd, was imt made under the most favorable
auspices, he 'had formed a most charming and
agreeable acquaintance. The prisoners con-
fined in old Gratiot Street prison had, from
time to time, received kindly attentions from
the family of Honorable James Harrison,
whose residence was opposite the prison. It
thus happened tihat Colonel Steedman became
acquainted with Mr. Harrison's daughter,
Dora Harrison, and wlhen he came to St. Louis
to begin the pradtice of medicine this acquaint-
ance was renewed, ripened into love, and in
October of 1865 they were married. Their
home has ever since been in this city, and until
1880 Colonel Steedman was an active and suc-
cessful practitioner of medicine. In 1880 he
retired from professional labors, and, after
spending some time albroad, returned to this
city to give his attention thereafter to large
private business interests, and devote himself
to the study of the sciences, for which he has
always had a special fondness. Although no
longer a practicing physician, he has contin-
ued to take a warm interest in the develop-
ments of medical science, and has also devoted
much of his time to research and investigation
in the broad field of the natural sciences, and
is known to the public generally as a scholarly
and accomplished man.
Schniiedinj>-, Frederick Edward,
merchant, was born in Bielefeld, Province
of Westphalia, Prussia, September 2, 1812, and
died in St. Louis, November 24, 1891. The
history of his life when told to the rising gen-
eration sounds to them like a fairy tale, but
his experiences were not unlike those of most
of the German and other emigrants to Amer-
ica in earlier years. He received a liberal edu-
cation in the schools of his native city, and, at
the age of fifteen years, after he had passed
through the second class of 'the "gymnasium,"
or, as it would be termed in an American city,
high school, he began serving a five years' ap-
prenticeship in a forwarding and commission
business at Minden, Prussia. There he ac-
quired a thorough and practical knowledge 1 if
merchandising. After he had finished his
apprenticeship he became bookkeeper and
Cashier in the sugar refinery of VonS'oebben,
at Minden, holding that position for several
years thereafter. During this time he heard
wonderful stories of the opportunities awaiting
enterprising men in America, and of the ease
with which fortunes were being: made in this
Country. As a result he determined to come
hither, and, in 1835, embarked aboard a vessel
bound for New York, accompanied by his two
sisters and their families. Prom New York
thej 1 aime w est, ami railroads not beiog in ex-
istence at that time, they traveled a consider-
able part of the way by canal boat, the men
walking most of the time along the tow-path
of the canal, while the women wen- housed in
cramped and narrow quarters on the boat. In
Ohio Mr. Sehmieding's brothers-in-law,
Messrs. W'uelhng and Pauk, established their
homes and engaged in farming, while Mr.
Schmieding, who never had any experience in
the business of husbaindry, went on to Cincin-
nati, where he established, after all his efforts
to get a position in a mercantile establishment
had failed, a tallow candle factory. In this
enterprise his money melted away, very much
like the candles themselves, and. becoming
disgusted with the disastrous results, as well as
the odors, of the candle factory, he turned his
attention to the more agreeable pursuit of
manufacturing can de cologne. His enter-
prise in this field was not appreciated by the
people of Cincinnati, and, in order to realize
on the stock which he had on hand, lie was
obliged to take it to New Orleans, where he
found a fairly good market. Returning by
way of St. Louis, he reached the last-named
citv, where he had intended to spend some
. davs. in time to see a negro, who had commit-
ted an atmcious murder, burned alive at the
stake, and the atrocity of this punishment im-
pressed him so unfavorably with the place that
he left almost immediately, and made his way
as rapidly as possible to Louisville. Kentucky.
Pie was almost entirely without means at that
time, but he had the instincts of a merchant,
and alter working for a time for hi- bOard lie
determined to make another effort to start in
business for himself. Purchasing a small
show case, lie filled it, as nearly as his means
and credit would allow, with com'bs, pencil's,
pen points, razors, pocket book--, etc., and
waited for customers, as a sidewalk merchant.
At the corner of Bullitt and Water Streets, in
Louisville, the former cashier of a great mer-
chandising establishment in Minden, and the
man who was later to become a rich and hon-
ored merchant of St. Louis, stood day in and
day out, in sunshine and rain, patiently wait-
ing for patrons, and. although it was a severe-
test of his courage and endurance, he -tuck to
this business until he was able to do better. For
.'(MIS
SCHMIKDING.
more fhan a year he followed rh is humble oc-
cupation, but at the end of that time he had
saved money enotvgh to enable him to enter
into a partnership with some German friends
in thi' clothing business, lie had now a roof
over his head, under which to do business.
and his prospects began to brighten. Through-
out this trying period one of his chief consi >-
lations, and a great comfort to him was his
love of literature and music, and no matter
how uncomfortable his condition and environ-
ments may have been at any time, the muses
were his friends, encouraging and inspiring
him to continued efforts. In February of
[848 he concluded to join relatives who had
settled in St. Louis, and disposed of 'his busi-
ness in Louisville. Coming to this city with
his brother-in-law, William Kayser. he estab-
lished a hardware Store on Broadway, nea-r the
old Broa'diway Market, and close attention to
business enabled him to build up a large trade
within a few years. The retail si ore which he
had established, expanded, in the course 'of
time, into a wholesale house, or ra'ther, into a
house having both wholesale and retail de-
partments, and the firm of F. E. Schmiieding
& Co. became one of tin- leading hardware
firms of St. Louis. Mr. Sc'hmieding con'tin-
ued to be identified with this business until
[872, when he sold his interest to his junior
partner, F. A. Wifete, and turned his attention
to banking affairs, and the care of his estate,
lie was one of the founders and first president
of the Broadway Savings Bank, from which
he withdrew iin 1864 to become associated with
other gentlemen in the founding of the Fourth
National Bank, n'OW one of the leading bank-
ing and financial institutions of St. Louis. He
was a director of this bank until shortly before
In- death, and was one of the founders, also,
and for many years a director, of the Jefferson
Fire Insurance Company of St. Louis.
Smith, James Abraham, who has
long been a well known citizen of St. Louis,
was born April 5, [822, in Loud. m. England,
son of James A. and Jane Smith. I lis parents
resided in the same English homestead For
thirty year- prior to 1856, and in that year
came to this country, where both died twenty
years later. The .-on was educated at Chis-
wick, in Middlesex. England, under the au-
spices of a British and foreign school society,
receiving what would be termed a common
school education in thi- country. When four-
teen \ear- of age he began serving a seaman's
apprentice-hip. and. for seven years thereafter,
was on vessels sailing on the English coast.
< >ne year after completing this apprenticeship
he passed his examination before the board of
Trinity, at the British Admiralty office, in
London, and obtained a certificate, or license,
a- master on the coast of Great Britain and
Ireland. That was in 1844, and he was then
only twenty-two years of age. Soon after
that, he became a master and. finally, an owner
of coasting vessels on the English coast. He
was thus engaged until 1854, when he immi-
grated to this country, and made St. Louis
his home. For fifteen years thereafter he was
connected with the river transportation inter-
ests, and during that time was master and
owner of various boats plying on the Illinois
and Mississippi Rivers. lie severed his con-
nection with the steannboating business in 1869
and from that date until 1889 -was engaged in
the wholesale and retail ice trade in St. Louis,
doing a large business and becoming famil-
iarly known locally as "the ice king." During
the Civil War he was in the employ of the goC*
eminent a considerable portion of the time,
and engaged in towing barges, laden with ice,
from Dubuque, Iowa, Lake Pepin and from
Kingston, and Peoria, Illinois, to Memphis,
Yicksburg and other Southern cities. While
engaged in the ice business, in which he was
very successful, in a financial way, he had, at
different times, some perilous experiences,
and, as a result of one of these experiences, he
once had the pleasure of reading his own obit-
uary. In January of 1873 the Mississippi
River was frozen over, opposite North Market
Street, so that wagons crossed from one side
to another, on the ice. Mr. Smith, his son,
S. L. Smith, and James E. Flynn, were, on the
[0th day of January, at noon, in the middle of
the river, fixing up a slide and platform by
means of which ice cut from the river, could
be loaded on the wagons, backed up to the
platform. lie observed that his carpenters
had set the posts supporting the platform on
top of tlu- ice. and that, as a result, the plat-
form was continually sliding about and in
constant danger of going into the river. To
remedy this. Mr. Smith cut notches in the ice,
-el tin- post, [n these notches, and filled the
hoh-s tints made with water, which quickly
congealed and held the posts and platform se-
curely in place. This action, as subsequent
evi tits proved, saved his life. That day there
. ' ••' ' ' s? t^^CSf
/? 1 ? , ,
,,,/s %
SCHNAIDER.
2009
was a rise of five feet in the river further north,
and the rush of waters, which came down sud-
denly, raised the great body of ice in the river
opposite St. Louis clear of both shores, and
started it down stream. Mr. Smith's son and
Mr. Flynn, who were on the ice with him at
the time, made a run for the shore, and were
rescued by men who threw planks across the
open space between the ice and the river bank.
Mr. Smith himself remained on the platform,
which he 'had had constructed, hoping- that the
ice floe would stop at the bridge. The break-
up of the ice attracted thousands of people to
the river bank, who noted his peril and
thought his death inevitable. When the ice
struck the pier of the bridge, it was broken
up. and a piece about twenty-five feet square
was left as a float for Mr. Smith's platform.
This piece cracked diagonally from corner to
corner, and but for the fact that the posts,
which had been fastened securely in the ice,
held the two pieces together, he would have
gone, platform and all, into the raging waters.
As it was, the <cake of ice continued to float
down the river until it reached Arsenal Island,
where he Was rescued by a skiff sent out from
the levee. There had been great excitement
during the afternoon in the city, and an even-
ing paper had published an account of Mr.
Smith's being swept away by the flood, and a
flattering obituary notice in that connection.
When he arrived at his home, he found that a
number of friends had gathered there to con-
dole with his wife, Who, however, did not share
their apprehensions, saying she felt sure that
her husband would never be drowned, be-
cause he had been raised in the water, and
was amphibious. Mr. Smith read with inter-
est the notice of his death, and jocularly re-
marked that he had never known before what
a good and useful citizen he had been. He
has long been well known as a member of the
Masonic fraternity in St. Louis, having be-
come a member of Keystone Lodge, No. 243,
in 1872. In 1873 he was made a member of
Royal Arch Chapter, No. 8, and in 1874 a
member of St. Louis Gommandery of Knights
Templar. He has been twice married — first.
in 1843, to Miss Elizabeth Ann Birch, who
was born December 18, 182 1, in London, Eng-
land, and died in St. Louis, August 9, 1884.
In 1889 he married, for his second wife. Jennie
Loretto Bedford, born May 17, 1865, in Mem-
phis, Tennessee. Five children, all born of his
first marriage, were living in 1898. They
66
were Elizabeth Ann Smith, who was born in
1844, and became Mrs. Judd ; James A. Smith,
Jr., born in 1845 ; Stephen Lawrence Smith,
born in 1847: Arthur Frederick Smith, born
in 1853; and Henry Richard Smith, born 111
1854. All his children were born in England.
Sclniaider, Joseph, manufacturer, was
born at Zell am Hammersbach, 111 the Province
of Baden, Germany, February 2. [832, and
died in Heidelberg, Germany, in the autumn
■ if 1X81. Fhitil he was fifteen year> of age he
continued to reside in his native town, ami in
the schools of that place obtained an education
which fitted him for business pursuits and en-
abled him in later years to become an emi-
nently successful man of affairs. When he
was fifteen years old he went to the noted old
town of Rastadt, situated on the Murg, four-
teen miles southwest of Karlsruhe, and known
as one of the strongest fortresses in Germany.
In that historic city he passed the next three
years of his life, serving an apprenticeship to
the 'brewer's trade, and mastering it with char-
acteristic German thoroughness. Going then
to Stras'burg, he became foreman of a large
brewing establishment in that city, and re-
mained there until his adventurous disposition
and his desire to see something of the world,
prompted him to enter upon a series of travels
through France and Germany, in the course
of which he spent more or less time working
at his trade in various cities and towns, thus
thoroughly familiarizing himself with the most
approved processes of manufacturing beer and
other malt beverages. Equipped with both a
theoretical and practical knowledge of the
business in which he proposed to engage, he
came to this country in 1854, proceeding at
once to St. Louis, which was thereafter his
home as long as he lived. Fie first became
identified with the brewing business in this
city as foreman o'f the odd Philadelphia brew-
ery, Which was located on Morgan Street. In
[856, however, he embarked in business for
himself, and erected the Green Tree brewery,
this plant, which he operated iin company with
a partner, being located on Second Street.
After operating this brewery successfully seven
years, they built a larger and better equipped
brewery on Sidney Street, in which Mr.
Schnaider retained his interest until 1865.
Disposing of his interest in this establishment
in the year last named, he at once erected a
new brewerv on Chouteau Avenue, be' ween
2010
SCHOFIELD— SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING.
Mississippi and Armstrong Avenues, and con-
nected with it a pleasure garden of the kind so
common in Germany, then, however, an in-
novation in St. Louis. This garden not only
became the most famous resort of its kind in
St. Louis, hut was widely known throughout
the country. It was famous during the years
immediately following the Civil War for its
high-class musical and other entertainments,
and its general good cheer. In a business
way it proved an exceedingly profitable en-
terprise and Mr. Schnaider speedily acquired
a large fortune. Personally he was exceed-
ingly popular with all classes of people, and
few men in the city had a larger circle of ac-
quaintances or were more generally esteemed
by those with whom they were brought in
contact. In 1879 the large business which he
had built up was incorporated under the name
of the Joseph Schnaider Brewing Company,
in order that it might continue uninterrupted
in case of his absence from the city, or his
death. Some time after Mr. Schnaider went
abroad, seeking rest from the cares of business
and hoping to regain his health, which had
been seriously shattered by his unremitting at-
tention to his numerous commercial and man-
ufacturing interests, and while sojourning in
the land in which he was born, his ailment re-
sulted fatally, notwithstanding the fact that the
physicians of the most famous medical edu-
cational center of the world made every effort
to prolong his life. Accompanied by his de-
voted wife, who was with him at the time of
his death, his remains were brought back to
St. Louis, and buried in the city which had
been the scene of his great business success,
and to which he had always been a loyal
adopted son. Mr. Sdhnaider was a man of
kind1 - and humane impulses, and his acts of
beneficence as a citizen of St. Louis were al-
most numberless. He married, in 1856, Miss
Elizabeth Sedler, and at the time of his death
left seven children — three sons and four
daughters.
Schofield, John Hyperion, pub
lisher. was born in the city of Leeds, York-
shire, England, June 16, 1850. His father.
Abraham Schofield, of Saddleworth, England,
was a lineal descendant of Lord John Scho
field, and his mother, whose maiden name was
Hussey, and whose birthplace was Leeds. Eng
land, came of a family prominent in letters
and also in woolen manufacturing. John II.
Schofield came from England to the. United
States with his parents when he was seven
years of age. The family settled in Whitins-
ville, Worcester County. Massachusetts.
where the subject of this sketch was graduated
from the public schools, and subsequently
from the Worcester Institute of Technology.
He next served a three years' apprenticeship
in the Whitins Machine Works, and also
worked in every department of the cotton
mill, learning the manufacturing business
thoroughly. Subsequently he instituted the
Rhode Island Shorthand College, which was
located at 64 North Main Street, in the city of
Providence. He was recognized in those
days as a very' proficient stenographer, and
was at different times employed by the State
of Rhode Island, and at one time was Supreme
Court reporter at Washington. He was also
employed on the "Providence Star and Press,"
and for ten years was on the editorial staff of
the "Providence Journal and Bulletin," then
owned by United States Senator II. B. An-
thonv. Mr. Schofield next bought out the
"Rhode Island Democrat," and in the autumn
of 1884 started the "Providence Evening
Mail," a daily penny paper. In 1S90 he sold
his newspaper property in Rhode Island and
became editor and publisher of the "Butchers'
and 1 'ackers' Magazine." of St. Louis, which
he has succeeded in making known through-
out the length and breadth of the land. He
also purchased the "St. Louis Truth," and the
"North End Leader," of St. Louis, which he
consolidated with the "Missouri Gazette," an
ably edited and popular weekly newspaper!
which enjoys a large circulation. Since his
coming to St. Louis Mr. Schofield has taken a
prominent place among the newspaper man-
agers and editors of the city, and is especially
well known throughout the West to the trade
interests of which he has been the recognize!
newspaper representative.
School Of Design. — An art institution—
thi' nature of which is evidenced by its name
— founded by Mrs. John B. Henderson in
[878, and which flourished for some years in
St. Loins. Lack of encouragement and finan-
cial aid ultimately caused the school to perma-
nently close its doors.
Srhool of Engineering. — See "Wash-
ington University. "
SCHOOLS OF THE PIONEKR PERIOD.
201]
Schools of the Pioneer Period. —
The settlers of St. Louis were mostly an illit-
erate peasantry. Not one in twenty could
read or write. They were humble farmers
and rude artisans, whom poverty had deprived
of the means of education. For some time
after the settlement of this hamlet, the num-
ber of children was probably too small for the
maintenance of a school. For more than
twenty years after the foundation of the vil-
lage, the public records contain no allusion to
the establishment of a school. All the early
schools were private. It was more than half
a century before the erection of the first pub-
lic school house. The name of the first school
teacher in St. Louis was Jean Baptiste Tru-
deau. He is the only instructor whose name
is mentioned in the French archives. Mr.
Trudeau came to St. Louis from New Orleans
in 1774, and established a school for boys in
the southern portion of the village. His edu-
cation entitled him to the patronage which he
received. The sons of the principal men
were confided to his tuition. The children of
his cousin, Lieutenant-Governor Trudeau,
were educated by him. Mr. Trudeau was in
1820 still following his vocation, according to
Paxton's Directory. His school was then lo-
cated on the south side of Pine Street, between
Main and Second. Mr. Trudeau taught
school in St. Louis about half a century, but
died in poverty, the profession to which he
had devoted his life barely affording him the
means of subsistence.
The second school of which there is any
record was kept by Madame Marie Payant
Rigauche. This school was opened in the be-
ginning of 1797 in Joseph Mainville's old log
house, on the east side of Main Street, just
south of Locust Street. Madame Rigauche
taught for about two years. It is probable
that she retired from teaching in 1799, for
after that year no record mentions the exist-
ence of her school.
Under French and Spanish rule the lan-
guage used in the schools of St. Louis was
French. It may naturally be presumed that
the instruction was very superficial. The
school books were of the most elementary
character. Even in case of the richer families,
the teaching was confined to a few of the
principal branches, while the poorer children,
from the inability of their parents to do better,
either received no instruction or were taught
only the simplest rudiments. The course of
study then comprised only reading, writing,
spelling, and possibly the elements of arith-
metic. The schools kept by Mr. Trudeau
and Madame Rigauche are probably the only
ones that existed under the French and Span-
ish regimes. The first English school in St.
Louis was established in 1804 by a man named
Rotchford. His successor was George Tomp-
kins, of Virginia, who became chief justice
of the Supreme Court of Missouri. The De-
bating Society, instituted in connection with
Mr. Tompkins' school, became famous for the
ability of its members and the brilliancy of its
discussions. It was in this training school
that Joshua Barton and Edward Bates devel-
oped and disciplined forensic powers which
at a later day achieved distinction in the coun-
cils of the nation. After the transfer of Lou-
isiana to the United States, in 1804, inter-
course between the different sections of the
country became more general, and the voung
men of St. Louis began to be sent away from
home to be educated. The seminaries estab-
lished in Lexington, Bardstown, and Spring-
field, Kentucky, had already attained a repu-
tation for their excellence. To these institu-
tions many St. Louis youths were sent. In
1804 and 1805 several young men went from
St. Louis to West Point and graduated with
distinction. < )f this number were Charles
Gratiot, Jr., who in 1836 became chief of the
United States Engineer Corps. Robert Lu-
cas, the eldest son of Judge John B. C. Lucas,
Baronet Yasquez. and later. Pharamond
Chouteau, son of Pierre Chouteau, Sr., were
also educated at West Point. In addition to
those who have been named in the foregoing
sketch, the following were also pioneer teach-
ers and had schools in St. Louis in 1821 : Mrs.
Agnes Gay. ladies' seminary, on Third Street.
above Market: Mrs. Lucinda Snow, ladies'
seminary, at the southwest corner of Main and
Pine Streets ; Miss LeFavre. French seminary,
at the northwest corner of Main and Elm
Streets; Rev. Salmon Giddings, school fur
bovs, on the south side of Market Street, west
of Fourth; Zebulon Pendleton, private school
at the southwest corner of Third and Spruce
Streets: William Macklin, school at the south-
west corner of Second and Prune Streets;
Moses E. Wilson, school on North Third
Street, above Bastion; Maurice Laurent, writ-
ing school, at 46 South Main Street: Francis
Reamer, French school, at the northwest cor-
ner of Second and Poplar Streets : and Francis
2012
SCHOOLS, PAROCHIAL.
Rochford, school on the north side of St.
Charles Street, above Fifth Street. In the fall
of 1820 the college established by Rt. Rev.
Louis Guillaume Valentin Dubourg. from
which sprang St. Louis University (which
see), was opened. Rev. Francis Neil, Rev.
Leon Days, Rev. Andreas Ferrary, Rev. Aris-
tides Anduze. Rev. Michael Saulnier, Samuel
Smith, Patrick Sullivan, Francis M. Guyot,
and John Martin constituted the first faculty.
The first public school house in St. Louis was
built in 1837. It was situated at the southwest
corner of Fourth and Spruce Streets. David
II. Armstrong was the first public school
teacher in St. Louis. He opened this school
in April, 1838. The second public school
house, located at the northeast corner of
Cherry and Broadway, was built in the latter
part of the same year. The third school
house was erected about 1S40, on the east side
of Sixth Street, between Locust and St.
Charles Streets.
Schools, Parochial. — Parochial schools
are those which are maintained in con-
nection with a church, and are conducted by
the pastor, or by some teacher appointed by
him. Their existence is ownig to the con-
scientious conviction of their supporters that
education fails of its proper end unless reli-
gious instruction be comprehended in it. and
made a part of it. The support of these
schools is derived almost entirely from the tui-
tion fees paid by parents, the cost, in most
cases, being about the same as in private
schools of similar grade. The children of in-
digent parents are admitted free of expense.
Tf the receipts from tuition do not suffice f r
the support of the school, the deficit is made
up by the church. The parochial schools in
St. Louis generally have adequate buildings,
ample equipment, and a curriculum ranking
with that of the public school system, it being
the purpose of the authorities in the various
parishes to afford no reason for their reli-
gionists to prefer other schools to their
own. In English-speaking congregations,
the schools only differ from the public schools
in the religious instruction that is given. In
schools belonging to non-English-speaking
congregations, the foreign tongue is only .sup-
plemental for the preservation of the lan-
guage. English text-books being used as com-
monly as in any public school. This is true
of lnvtli Catholic and Lutheran schools. It is
further to be said of the parochial schools of
St. Louis that they grew out of the necessi-
ties of the times then existing, fully as much
.1- out of any sense of religious duty. The
State was in its formative period, and no pro-
vision had yet been made for public in-
struction. Schools could be established
through but two agents. The one was the
individual teacher, teaching to earn a liveli-
hood. The individual teacher disappeared
after a time, and there was seldom another to
take up his work. The other was the pastor.
His labor was one of system ; and when he
passed away the system remained, and there
was a successor to continue work under it.
Two great bodies of Christians make the edu-
cation of their youth in the parish school a
subject of the very first importance. In the
sym idical assemblies of the Lutherans, elabor-
ate reports of school work are required, and
all possible aid is afforded in the training of
teachers, and the assignment of them as their
ability may warrant and necessity demand.
In the Roman Catholic Churches, under the
instructions laid down by the council of Balti-
more, in 1886, the institution and maintenance
of parochial schools is made obligatory, ex-
cept in cases where the difficulties are insuper-
able.
The first parochial school in St. Louis was
one formed in connection with a congregation
organized under the Evangelical Lutheran
Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States, as
that body is officially styled. This school dates
with certainty from 1841, and it is evident that
its existence began in the year preceding that.
Its room was in a building on Poplar Street,
the congregation with which it was connected
worshiping in the basement of the Episcopal
( iimvli. The teacher was Candidate Buen-
ger, serving under the pastoral supervision of
Carl YValther, one of two brothers who were
conspicuous in leading the liberty-seeking
Saxons from their native land to America, in
[838-9. The influx of that people soon be-
came rapid and constant, and in 1842 Trinity
Church was built, and the basement was util-
ized for school purposes. This was the first
edifice erected in St. Louis by this denomina-
tion. In 1844 a branch school was estab-
lished, and out of this grew Immanuel Church.
From this time on, and particularly for a few
\ ears beginning in 1848, immigration flowed in
fredy, and churches and schools multiplied
rapidly. In 1898 there were in the city of St.
SCHOOLS. PUBLIC.
2(113
Louis 1 6 Lutheran schools, 39 teachers, and
2,659 Pupils. In some schools 'the pastor as-
sists in teaching; in small schools She is sole
teacher.
In 1843, with the establishment of St. Mark's
Church on Soulard Street, and St. Peter's
Ohuroh on North Fourteenth Street, these
being the first in St. Louis under the German
Evangelical Synod of North America, a school
was opened under the superintendence of the
Rev. George W. Wall, the pastor of the two
congregations, with Franz Staeger as teacher.
He remained in this work continuously for
more than twenty-five years, and died but re-
cently. Other churches and schools followed
rapidly, as immigration increased. In 1898
there were in St. Louis seventeen schools,
conducted under the auspices of this denomi-
nation, with thirty-four teachers and 1,743 pu-
pils. In these schools, as we'll as in those un-
der the Missouri Synod, the male teachers are
usually young men who are in preparation for
the ministry.
When it became evident that St. Louis was
to become something more than a trading-
post, the Catholic missionaries opened various
schools for the children of the immigrants,
substantially all of whom were of their faith.
Yet true as this is, Catholic authorities do not
claim an earlier date than 1843 f°r the estab-
lishment of their first parochial school, which
was for boys only, and met in the basement of
the then unfinished St. Xavier Church, more
commonly called "the College Church," on the
southwest corner o'f Ninth and Green Streets.
This was March 25, 1843. May 8th 'following
three Sisters of Charity, recently "from Em-
metsburg. Maryland, began a like school for
girls in a house on the south side of Washing-
ton Avenue, between Seventh and Eighth
Streets. Through the effort of the Rev. Father
Carroll, pastor of St. Xavier's Church ("after-
ward first bishop of Covington, Kentucky), a
school and residence for the sisters was erected
on the corner of St. Charles and Tenth Streets.
in time for occupancy in September of the
same year. At the time there were but two
Catholic churches in St. Louis, the Cathedral,
on Walnut Street, and the College Church, be-
fore mentioned. In subsequent years the
number of churches and schools increased
rapidly. In 1898 there were in the city of St.
(Louis 46 Catholic parochial schools, with 387
teachers, and 16,628 pupils, divided as follows :
English, 21 schools, 148 teachers, 6,534 pupils ;
German, 19 schools, 156 teachers, 8,118 pupils ;
German-English, 1 school, 15 teachers, 513
pupils; Bohemian, 2 schools, 13 teachers, 721
pupils ; Polish, 2 schools, 12 teachers, 622 pu-
pils ; colored, 1 school, 3 teachers, 120 pupils.
The greater number of the teachers are fe-
males, drawn from the various religious teach-
ing orders.
Schools, Public. — The history of the
public schools of the city of St. Louis begins
with the act of Congress, approved June 13,
1812, giving to inhabitants of several towns
and villages of the Territory of Missouri cer-
tain village lots and common field lots for the
support of schools in the respective towns and
villages. St. Louis was one of these towns
and villages, and it took measures to get pos-
session of the vacant lots, procuring the pas-
sage of a bill in the Territorial Legislature es-
tablishing a board of trustees to take charge of
the land, rent or sell it, and apply the proceeds
to the maintenance of schools. Of this first
school board of St. Louis, William Clark, the
Territorial Governor, William C. Carr, Thom-
as H. Benton, Bernard Pratte, Auguste Chou-
teau, Alexander McNair and John P. Cabanne
were the members. They met on the 20th of
April. 1817, electing Governor Clark chair-
man, and Thomas H. Benton, secretary.
Measures were taken to survey and plait the
vacant lots. In 1833 the State Legislature
granted a new charter, making the entire White
population of St. Louis a corporate body styled
the board of president and directors of the St.
Louis Public Schools, and providing for the
election by the people of six directors. The
names of the first members of this new school
board should always be mentioned in any his-
tory of the St. Louis schools. They were Ed-
ward Bates and John P. Reily, for South
Ward : Josiah Spalding and Judge Mary P.
Leduc, for Middle Ward ; Cornelius Campbell
and Hugh O'Neil, for North Ward. In 1834
the first money was received for rental of lands,
but no school building was commenced until
1836, when $2,000 each for two houses
was appropriated, the same to be built on
the plan submitted by Elihu H. Shepard. The
south school house was situated on the corner
of Spruce and Fourth Streets, and the north
school house was located on the corner of what
are now Broadway and Cherry Street. On
the first Monday in April, 1838. the south
school was opened with David Armstrong and
2014
SCHOOLS, PUBLIC.
Mary H. Salisbury as teachers (salaries respec-
tively $900 and $500 per annum). The north
school opened soon after with Edward Leavy
and Sarah Hardy as teachers. A committee
of school visitors was appointed, among which
may he recognized the names of citizens well
known in St. Louis history. They were Wilson
Primm, James M. Green, Bryan Mulianphy,
Beverly Allen, William Carr Lane, Elihu H.
Shepard and George K. Budd. This commit-
tee -examined and appointed teachers.
In 1841 School No. 3, the old Benton school,
situated on Sixth and Locust Streets, was
built, costing nearly eleven thousand dollars.
In the next twelve years the following schools
were built : The Clark, the Mound, the Jef-
ferson, the Eliot, the Laclede and the Web-
ster. A high school was -opened in February,
1853, 'm apart of the Benton school building,
and in 1854 a new building on the corner of
Fifteenth and Olive was opened to receive its
pupils. On motion of William G. Eliot, in
1848, a resolution was adopted to prepare a
memorial to the General Assembly of Mis-
souri amending the charter and authorizing
the school board to levy a tax of one-tenth of
one per cent for the use of the schools. The
Legislature granted the tax and a special elec-
tion of the tax-payers of St. Louis approved it.
Between 1840 and 1850 the population of St.
Louis had increased from 16,469 to 77,860.
The first tax levied by the school board
amounted to $18,000. This was in 1850. But
in 1854 the school board received its propor-
tion 'of the State revenue for the support of
free schools, amounting to one-quarter of the
entire State revenue. St. Louis received $27,-
456. and this added to the $50,000 collected
from the one -mill tax gave a total income of
more than $87,000. In 1857 Ira Divoll suc-
ceeded John H. Tice in the office of city super-
intendent of schools. The Normal School
was established that year with Richard Ed-
wards from the Normal School at Salem, Mas-
sachusetts, as its principal. Mr. Divoll
pushed forward vigorously the reforms in
school building and the plans which he recom-
mended have been substantially adhered to in
the entire subsequent history of the schools.
These reforms related to the construction of
school houses, the size of the rooms, methods
of lighting and heating, styles of furniture,
modes of organization and classification of
schools, methods of instruction. The build-
ings were modeled on the plan first introduced
into Boston in the celebrated Quincy School
of 1848. The capacity of schools at this time
1 1857) amounted to 5.361 seats ; the city, how-
ever, contained 135,000 inhabitants, and the
school attendance should have been from
twenty to twenty-five thousand. Since 1847
the migration into St. Louis had increased
enormously and it was high time that the board
of public schools should take into considera-
tion a new policy with regard to the increase
of school accommodations. The Clay school,
corner Tenth and Farrar Streets, was the first
graded school completed in 1859 and followed
immediately by the Washington, Eleventh
and Poplar Streets, and the Everett, Eighth
and Cass Avenue. Improvements were made
from time to time on the style of building
adopted in these structures, but the general
plan has been substantially retained in all the
architecture that has followed in St. Louis.
The foundation idea of it is that there should
be four rooms on each floor, each room placed
at the corner and getting light from two win-
dows at the back of the room and two win-
dows at the side of the room, thus insuring a
sufficiency of light and a sufficiency of ventila-
tion in the hot days of the St. Louis summer.
A hallway passes through the building from
side to side, separating two rooms on the left
and two rooms on the right. Stairways for
the boys separate from the stairways for the
girls, lead to separate play grounds. Under
this arrangement each teacher instructs two
classes and supervises their studies. A school
organized in this way can be managed with
very much less corporal punishment than on
the earlier plan (that of the Benton and Frank-
lin buildings) and where a school of five hun-
dred pupils would have from one to two hun-
dred Cases of corporal punishment in the
course of one week in 1857, it Was not uncom-
mon for a school of seven hundred pupils in
1877 to have only two cases of corporal pun-
ishment a week. By Mr. Divoll's recommen-
dation the school board passed a rule promis-
ing to select for promotion those teachers who
succeeded in managing their schools by a
minimum amount of corporal punishment.
Corporal punishment was not forbidden, but
this rule proved a very wise measure, inasmuch
as it reduced in a few years the corporal pun-
ishment to one per cent of its former amount
and at the same time elevated the average dis-
cipline of the schools. In the school discip-
line great stress was laid upon regularity and
SCHOOLS. PUBLIC.
2015
punctuality, and. while in 1857 there was as
many as three hundred cases of tardiness per
year for each one hundred pupils, by ICS76 this
number had been reduced to one-sixth the
former number. This, of course, meant great
attention on the part of parents and pupils to
punctuality. In a civilization which uses ma-
chinery and accomplishes great results the
habit of being on time is very important. Un-
der Mr. Divoll the first program of the course
of study was made out. By general inquiry
throughout 'the schools it was found what the
pupils in each grade could accomplish in a
term of ten weeks of s'tudy.
The act of the General Assembly permitting
a city tax levied by the school board for one-
tenth of one per cent in 1850 has already been
mentioned. This continued in force until
1864. The rapid increase of the city at this
time showed the need of more considerable
funds and Mr. Divoll's agitation of the ques-
tion led first to action on the part of the school
board, resulting .in a memorial to the Legisla-
ture, who granted permission to raise the tax
to two-tenths of one per cent in 1865, and in
1867 it was raised to three-tenths. From
1868 and after it was fixed at four-tenths of
one per cent, where it has remained since. The
revenue from the lands reached $64,905 per
annum while the four mill tax reached $1,21 1,-
298 for the year 1895. Besides this, the State
school fund, including the interest on bonds
owned by the State for schools, added to one-
fourth of the State revenue, equaled the sum of
$137,003, making a total from these three items
of $1,413,206 for the year 1895. Under Air.
Divoll's policy the board began as early as
1864 to take special measures to draw into the
public schools the German-speaking popula-
tion. The German language taught by na-
tive Germans was introduced into a few of the
large schools situated in parts of the city where
the German population was large. One les-
son a day was given in the German language.
It was the proclaimed policy to give the chil-
dren of Germans a knowledge of English and
the advantages of school association with An-
glo-Americans, it being desirable that these
two classes of the population should not grow
up as two hostile castes, but, on the contrary,
that they should grow up as fellow pupils and
make a homogeneous population for St. Louis.
It was assumed that German pupils should
j not lose their command of their native tongue
■ while thev learned English. The number of
Germans taking advantage of this new ar-
rangement in the schools increased rapidly and
by the year 1869-70 there were 6,213 (out °f
the fratennalizing of the 'two classes, German
and by 1878-9 the number had increased to
20,428 out of a total of 48,836, and 5.005 of
these pupils were Anglo-Americans. The
study of German by Anglo-Americans was en-
couraged with the view above stated, namely
the fraternizing of the two classes, German
ami Anglo-Americans. Perhaps no step has
been taken in the schools of the nation of so
great importance as this one of bringing to-
gether the German-Americans with the Anglo-
Americans in the same school. For the St.
Louis plan was followed throughout the
Northwestern States west of Indiana. The
result has been a complete removal of barriers
between German-American and Anglo-Ameri-
can business men of these States. Affiliation
bv marriage, too, has removed still further the
national differences. That at a later date the
study of German was abolished in the schools
of St. Louis by a vote of 'the people sbows that
a large number of German-Americans who
had completely affiliated themselves with the
Anglo-Americans had come to feel that there
was no longer any need for the special study
of German in the schools. A class of citizens
migrating from a foreign country to America
will be held to a higher standard of character
'if it does not break off family ties with the
stock left in the old country. If the German
children keep up their German side by side
with their English they will be likely to retain
relations for at least two generations with the
European stock. This will not prevent their
becoming Americanized in the good sense of
the word, hut it will add a certain strength of
character to the German-American contingent
of the population. This argument proved
valid in St. Louis and in the other -cities in the
Northwest following the St. Louis plan. In
Cincinnati a different plan had been estab-
lished. In a certain part of the city the schools
were taught by German teachers using the
German language for half the day. and by
English teachers using the English lan-
guage a second half of the day. This,
as one would expect, prevented Anglo-
Americans from attending the same school
with the German pupils and therefore led to
the settlement of Cincinnati in two parts, one
part native American and the other pan Ger-
man. The consequence of this isolation of
2016
SCHOOLS, PUBLIC.
the two classes of citizens is felt to this day in
Cincinnati, and to a still grea'ter degree in
Pennsylvania. Mr. Divoll had recommended
as early as 1850 the adoption of German in the
schools, and four years "before, his predecessor,
Mr. Tice, had strongly urged upon the board
the same measure. St. Louis was a very com-
posite city. According to the census of St.
Louis County in 1870, 124,378 were foreign
born, being mostly the older population, and
2^j~<^j (being mostly children) had one or
both parents of foreign birth, leaving only 98,-
397 of native parentage. Of the foreign 'born
65,936 were Germans, 34,803 Irish, 9,843
British. 3.310 French, 3.265 Swiss, 2,733 Bo-
hemians.
Another one of Air. DivolFs plans touched
the education of the colored people and the es-
tabli-liment of colored schools for their accom-
modation. There were three schools for col-
ored people situated in the northern, middle
and southern parts of the city, established in
1866. This nunvher of schools has been in-
creased sufficiently to supply the wants of the
colored people. The Washington School, on
Eleventh and Spruce Streets, was set apart for
a colored high school, under the name of the
Sumner High School, in the year 1875.
A more important measure was the estab-
lishment of the public school library. Mr. Di-
voll began as early as i860 to advocate a gen-
eral library as an auxiliary of the schools. He
was accustomed to say that the schools teach
how to read, the library should furnish what to
read. In 1865 the "Public School Library So-
ciety of St. Louis" was formed, and chartered
by act of Legislature. By May, 1869, the li-
brary had increased to upwards of twelve thou-
sand volumes with an annual membership of
thirty-five hundred. At this time by deed of
agreement the library was transferred to the
school board, and in May. 1874. the library had
increased to 36,500, with an annual issue of
books for home use of 96,682. In June of that
year the library was opened for the first time
as a free public library supported by the board
of public schools. Although this library has
since been separated from the control of the
board of public schools and made a free public
library for the city of St. Louis, yet its close
connection with the schools has been retained.
It is one of the noblest educational institutions
in the city of St. Louis.
In May, 1868. W. T. Harris became superin-
tendent, remaining superintendent until May,
1880, but there was no change in the general
policy of the management of the schools. Mr.
Harris had been elected assistant superintend-
ent the year before at Mr. Divoll's request.
In 1X71 a system of instruction in natural
scien'oe was adopted, giving one lesson per
week of sixty minutes to each class of pupils
in the eighth grades of the elementary schools.
The first year's course of study took up an
outline of b itany. In the second year of the
primary school there was a similar study of the
outlines of zoology and physiology, and in the
third year the elements of physical science or
natural philosophy so far as to explain the
child's playthings. The fourth year took up
again the study of botany in a more systematic
manner and with special reference to the differ-
ent species of plants and their uses for food,
clothing, medkine and the arts: the fifth year
the classification of different animals and spe-
cial subjects in physiology ; the sixth year na-
tural philosophy again and astronomy. An-
other course in natural science still more sys-
tematic began in the seventh year, taking up
geology and meteorology, and in the eighth
year an outline of natural philosophy with spe-
cial reference to the understanding of the con-
struction of machinery. It will be observed
that this formed a spiral course taking the chil-
dren of the elementary school over the three
great branches of natural science three times.
In 1877 a similar course of lessons in history
was adopted, taking up also one hour a week
and arranged in a spiral form.
In 1873-4 the first experiment was made in
the adoption of the kindergarten into the pub-
lic school system. Miss Susan E. Blow of-
fered to take charge of the instruction of a
teacher in the supervision and management of
a kindergarten, provided the school board
would furnish rooms and a salaried teacher.
In the next year, 1874-5, there were three
morning kindergartens and one afternoon kin-
dergarten established, and from that time on
the kindergartens rapidly increased until the
year 1879 there were fifty-three in all, twetnty-
seven of diem being held in the forenoon, and
twenty-six in the afternoon, with a total enroll-
ment of 6.202. This was the first successful
experiment ever made of adopting the kinder-
garten into a public school system. Miss
Blow continued to give her services to the
cause of the kindergarten and the success of
the kindergarten system is due to her efforts.
A large number of voun<r women came to her
SCHOOLS, PUBLIC.
2017
training classes and learned the new method
of teaching young children. From two to
three hundred attended the weekly lessons
held by Miss Blow, and it was stated by die
superintendent that the 'benefit to these per-
sons as a preparatory education for the family
was worth the total sum expended by the
school 'board in the support of the kindergar-
ten. Many of the new kindergartens were es-
tablished in those parts of the city in which the
poorer people resided.
The St. Louis public schools have been en-
tirely secular in their instruction. Inasmuch
as the schools were founded on a grant of the
general government and destined for tlie bene-
fit of all classes of citizens without distinction
of religious belief, a resolution was offered by
Rev. Dr. William G. Eliot at a mass meeting
in 1838, before the opening of the first school,
declaring it to be improper to introduce reli-
gious exercises or reading of the sacred Scrip-
tures in schools supported by public moneys
set apart for the 'benefit of all classes of be-
lievers. These resolutions were adopted with-
out dissent. A policy begun by Mr. Divoll as
superintendent and continued under his suc-
cessors offers to ail 'parents, who desire it, per-
mits to allow their children to be absent once
or twice a week, for an hour or two on each
occasion, to attend religious instruction in the
church to which they belong. It was usual in
the seventies to grant from two to three thou-
sand permits of this kind to children, mostly
of the Lutheran and the Catholic churches.
The St. Louis schools have differed somewhat
from the schools of other cities in the fact that
great pains has been taken to prevent the evil
effects ascribed to what is called the "lock
step.'' This evil has led to the frequent com-
plaint that "under the graded school system
the work of the school roo-m becomes monot-
onous and like a treadmill." It 9erves as a
kind of Procrustean bed to hold back the tal-
ented pupil and destroy his industrious habits,
while it disheartens the dull pupil who finds
himself not able to keep 'up with the average
of the class. The effect of placing pupils of
different degrees of advancement in the same
class will be to unduly urge the backward ones
while the pupils in advance of the average in
the class will have too little work assigned
them. When bright scholars are kept back
for dull ones they acquire loose, careless habits
of study. When the pupils of slower temper-
ment are strained to keep pace with quick and
bright ones they become discouraged and de-
moralized. Even when pupils are well classi-
fied at the beginning of the year, differences
begin to develop from the first day and after
two or three months of good instruction a
large interval has developed between the ad-
vancement of the slow ones and that of the
bright ones. Besides difference in tempera-
ment there is difference in regularity of attend-
ance on account of sickness and family neces-
sities ; these things affect the rate of progress.
Moreover, the degree of maturity and amount
of previous study develop differences. Classi-
fication in a school is never absolute. No pu-
pils are of exactly the same degree of progress.
There are probably no two pupils alike in abil-
ity to do the daily work of the class. From
this it is evident that there should be frequent
reclassification. There should be promotions
of a few of the best pupils from below into the
class above, and a few promotions from the
best of that class to the next class beyond.
After such promotion has been made through
all or a portion of the classes of a school from
the lowest, each class will find itself composed
of fair, average and poor scholars, together
with a few of the best from the next lower class
in place of the few that each has lost by promo-
tion. New hope will come to those pupils who
were before the poorest in the class, and there
will be new stimulus given to the best pupils,
who have been promoted to a higher class, for
they will have to work earnestly to attain and
hold a good rank in the new class. But the
quick and bright ones thus promoted will
gradually work their way toward the top of
the class again. The slow ones in the class
may be passed by successive platoons of bright
ones introduced into the class from below, but
thev will pick up new courage on every occa-
sion when they find themselves brought to the
top of the class by the process of transferring
the bright ones who had begun to lead them
at too fast a pace.
St. Louis early took the lead in advocating
this reform of the graded school system, and
its beneficial effects extended from the lowest
primarv grade to the highest class in the high
school. In the average elementary school the
intervals between classes of the first and sec-
ond year's work averaged eight to ten weeks,
making possible the transfer of the bright pu-
pils to the next class above without fording
them to take too long steps. On the other
hand the old-fashioned plan of having one ex-
2018
SCHOOLS, PUBLIC.
animation for admission to the high school per
annum was abolished and classes were ad-
mitted two, three, and even four times a year
arc. irding to the needs of the schools. As the
number in the first year of the high school
work nearly equaled the aggregate of pupils in
the second, third and fourth years, the experi-
ment was tried of forming branch high schools
in different parts of the city in which could be
bn iught together the eighth year pupils of the
elementary school and the first year of the high
school, thus rendering it unnecessary to send
children from the age of thirteen to fifteen
years a long distance to a central school.
In the organization of the St. Louis schools
tlu' wise policy was early adopted (1865) of
placing the strongest teachers in charge of the
youngest pupils just entering school. Pre-
viously it had been the custom on promoting
teachers from the ranks to higher positions to
place them in charge of the advanced pupils
only. In consequence of this reform the pu-
pils just entering school came under the best
influences and started on their career under the
most favorable circumstances. It is easy to
believe that the first three years work in the
St. Louis primary schools was better than that
given in any other city in the United States.
This at least was the opinion of the superin-
tendents of the largest cities of the West who
visited St. Louis and inspected die work of
the primary schools.
Another circumstance aided to make the
instruction in the primary grade more effi-
cient. In [867 the school board introduced
what is known as "Leigh's Phonetic Method in
Teaching Reading" with an alphabet modified
in such a way as to make each letter represent
only one elementary sound, while the general
appearance of the word was preserved, all silent
letters being printed in hair lines. It was
found that half a year's study of the phonetic
system made the child a fluent reader not only
in the modified type of the Leigh system, but
also in the ordinary type of the primer. One
of the most important agencies in the St. Louis
public school system was brought in by the
establishment o'f the city normal school in
1857. The graduates of this school have am-
ply proved the value of the training they have
received by the fact that from their number
have been selected the larger proportion of
those teachers who are called to come up out
of the lower ranks and take position in the
higher and more important places, having
shown tiuir compentency by doing efficient
vvi >rk first in the lower grades.
I append here a historical table from the
year [857 to the year 1895 showing the total
number enrolled in the schools and the aver-
age number belonging for each year, and also
a ;e md exhibit giving the names of the presi-
dents of the board of public schools since its
organization in 1833 :
Whole .No
Enrolled in Day Schools.
Vears.
Average No.
Belonging.
Boys
Girls
Total.
1857 5s . .
5.058
4.7'i
9.769
5,814
1858-59 . .
5 1 ■
4.769
■
1859 60 .
5,409
",342
7.040
1860-61 . .
6,347
5819
12,166
1861-62 . .
2,909
:
5.787
1 654
1S62-63. .
4.n6
3.9*9
8,105
5.27-'
1863 -.1
6.139
6.210
12,340
7.7'5
iXr.4-65 .
•
6966
13.9^6
9.oqj
1865-66 .
7,256
7.300
14.566
9-593
1866-67 . .
7.461
15,291
10,754
,86;
9.-'46
9.214
18,460
12.2s:
1568-69
io,757
10,429
2 1 , 1 st,
15,282
1869-70 . .
'2,175
12.17-'
24.347
17.670
1870-71 . .
13,68s
13.899
27,587
19.844
1*71-72. •
15.085
15.209
30.294
1872-73. •
16.895
17.035
33928
23,002
1873-74 • •
l6,S25
17.44s
34.273
24.73I
1874-75. •
;.' a
is, 249
35,941
26, is;
16,825
19.535
38,390
27 501
■876-77. -
21,707
42.436
29.774
[877 7fc . .
24.379
25.199
49.578
35 7'o
1878-79 . .
.'4,' 5!
24.781
48,836
35.86o
1879-80
2f>,i95
51,241
37.150
1SS0 81 . .
25.076
26.505
5l,58l
:7.5s-
1881-82 . .
25,670
27.380
53.050
38.9 6
1882-83 .
26.558
28.402
54,900
39469
1883-84 . .
25.670
27,457
53.127
39.170
1S84-85 . .
26.430
27.561
53,991
40.186
1885-86 . .
26.737
27,716
54,453
41,826
i»6-87 . .
z6.g ;
28,387
55.3'4
41.816
1887-88,. .
27.684
29,390
57,074
43.001
1 888-89 ■ ■
27,696
29.45"
57.147
44,000
1889-90 . .
2S.40Q
29,907
58.316
44.983
1S90-91 . .
28,900
30,793
59.693
45,770
I«UI-Q2 . -
50.263
32,172
62.435
48,143
1892-93 . .
31,493
55.676
65.169
49,451
■&J3-94 • •
5?. 7'"
35.120
68,839
53.618
1894-95 ■ •
34.592
56,056
70,428
55-272
The following is a list of It'll e presidents of
the board since its organization in 1833 :
Alary P. Leduc, 1833-40; Joseph Tabor,
1X40; Samuel Willis, 1841 ; V. M. Garesche,
1842: Elijah Hayden, 1843; Thomas H.
West. 1X44; Nathan Ranney, 1845; Ed-
ward Bredell, 1846-7 ; John H. Tice,
1X48; Wm.G. Eliot, 1849-50; Edward Wyman,
1850; Charles L. Tucker, 1851-2-3; Isaiah
Forbes, 1854-5; Carlos S. Greeley, 1856; W.
W. I ireene, 1857; EdWard Wyman, 1858; S.
11. Bailey, 1859; Edward Wyman, 1860-1;
Robert Holmes, 1862-3; S. D. Barlow, 1864
and 1867: Felix Coste, 1865. 1868-72. 1874;
James Richardson. 1866; Joshua Cheever,
1873; Thomas Richeson, 1875-6-7-8; Eber
Peacock. May to November, 1877; Robert J.
Hill. 1X7(1; Frederick X. Judson. 1880-81,
[887 X; Henry E. Harrington. 1882-3; Henry
^
yfrrTJ fT^/o^^U*"^
SCHOTTEN.
2019
Hickman, 1884-6; Charles F. Miller, 1889-90;
Richard Bartholdt, 1891 ; Gist Blair, 1892;
Frederick W. Brockman, 1893-5 ; Paul F-
Coste, 1895-7; Edward C. Eliot, 1897-9.
William T. Harris.
Schotten, William, merchant and man-
ufacturer, was born September 26, 1819, in
the town of Neuess, near Duesseldorf, Ger-
many. His father was a man of limited means,
and he soon learned, in boyhood, the lessons
of industry and economy, which contributed
so much to his success in later years. After
receiving a parochial school education he was
employed by a physician of large practice, who
lived in the neighborhood of his father's home,
and his training under the guidance of this
admirable gentleman further fitted him for a
useful and honorable career. In 1847 he came
to the United States, and was attracted to St.
Louis by knowledge of the fact that a con-
siderable number of his countrymen had at
that time found homes in this city. Soon
after his arrival here he established a small
spice factory, on Walnut Street, opposite the
Cathedral, and began business by grinding his
stock himself on a hand-mill, and then acting
as his own salesman in disposing of his prod-
ucts in the city. He had to overcome many
obstacles, which would have discouraged a
less determined man, but he labored with re-
markable vigor and perseverance and planned
with the sagacity of the born merchant. As
a result the products of his little factory soon
obtained celebrity, not only in St. Louis, but
in Chicago, Cincinnati and other large cities
j of the West. As his trade expanded his fa-
| cilities for manufacturing were increased, and
' at his death he had built up a business aggre-
i gating about two hundred thousand dollars
< annually, which was a large trade for those
i days. He had also laid the foundation of a
> permanent commercial institution, and under
i the management of his sons. Hubertus and
i Julius J., it has since largely expanded its
I trade, and has come to be known as one of the
j most famous houses of its kind in the United
! States. In 1897 this house celebrated the
I fiftieth anniversary of its founding, the busi-
; ness still being carried on under the name of
i William Schotten & Co. On that occasion a
I most interesting souvenir was published and
presented to the public, in which a historical
I sketch of the house was given with numerous
1 handsome illustrations, showing the present
methods of conducting the vast business
which has been developed from the primitive
plant established by -Mr. Schotten. In addi-
tion to this enterprise Mr. Schotten engaged
in the milling business on North Alarket
Street, opposite the old Missouri Railroad de-
pot. For some years he was prominently
identified with this interest in St. Louis, but
the venture did not prove entirely satisfactory,
and in the later years of his life he confined
himself entirely to the operation of his spice
mill. Air. Schotten was twice married, and
left three sons, Hubertus, born of his first
marriage, and Julius J. and Henry E., born
of his second marriage. Hubertus succeeded
his father in the management of the business,
and he, at his death, was succeeded by Julius
J. Schotten, both worthy sons of a worthy
father. In 1870, four years before his death,
which occurred in 1874, Mr. Schotten visited
Europe, and remained there a year, revisiting
at the same time the scenes of his early life,
and adding to his knowledge of the business in
which he was engaged. At one time he was
a director in the Iron Mountain Bank, of this
city, but with this exception he held no offi-
cial position, having no taste for prominence
in public affairs. In politics he was an inde-
pendent, and his religious affiliations were
with the Catholic Church, of which he was a
faithful and generous member.
Schopp, John, was born September 28.
1844, in Germany, and died in St. Louis, July
30, 1896. His parents were Henry and Cath-
arine (Weismann) Schopp. who immigrated
to this country in 1869, and both of whom
died in St. Louis. After obtaining a practical
education in the German schools John Schopp
was employed in a flouring mill, operated by
one of Ids uncles, in a German town, until
i860. He then came to this country, and to
St. Louis, to which city he was attracted by
reason of the fact that his uncle. Jacob Schopp,
had established his home here. For a time
after his arrival in St. Louis he worked on a
farm near the city, and later began working
for his uncle, who was engaged in a small way
in the produce and commission business on
Broadway. In 1862, having some means at
his command, he himself established a com-
mission business, with his brother as a part-
ner, under the firm name of Jacob Schopp &
Bro. Together they purchased a lot at the
corner of Third and Morgan Streets, on which
202H
SCHOTTFX.
they built a store, and at that location they car-
ried on a profitable business for a quarter of a
century thereafter. In 1893 Mr. Schopp re-
tired from active participation in the grain
business, lie having by that time accumulated
a comfortable fortune, and feeling that there-
was no reason why he should not enjoy, dur-
ing the remainder of his life, the fruits of his
well directed efforts, undisturbed by business
cares and responsibilities. He was exceed-
inglv fond of travel, and in 1885, 1888 and
1893 made trips abroad, on the last of which
he was accompanied by his wife.
Scudder, John A., long one of the
leading representatives of the river transporta-
tion interests of St. Loiiis, was born at Mays-
ville, Mason County, Kentucky. June 12, 1830,
son of Dr. Charles and Mary H. Scudder, the
first named a native of New Jersey, and the
last named of Virginia. At an early age he
came to St. Louis and became identified with
steamboat interests. He was one of the or-
ganizers of the Memphis & St. Louis Packet
Company, and became president of that com-
pany in 1870. Addressing himself to the task
of consolidating and harmonizing the steam-
boat interests on the lower Mississippi, he suc-
ceeded in greatly expanding the operations of
the corporation of which he had become the
head. The Memphis Packet Company pur-
chased the line of steamers running to Yicks-
burg in 1869. and in 1874 adopted the trade-
mark which caused it to become known as the
Anchor Line. Captain Scudder introduced
on Western steamboats the restaurant plan of
catering t" passengers, and also inaugurated
various other improvements, calculated to
promote the comfort and convenience of pa-
trons of these boats. In 1871) the charter of
the Memphis & St. Louis Packet Company
expired, and the corporation was reorganized
as the St. Louis & Vicksburg Anchor Line.
Captain Scudder became president and chief
executive officer of this line, and retained that
position for many years. In 1877 lie was
elected president of the Merchants' Exchange
of St. Louis, and he has held various official
positions in connection with corporate bodies
He married, in [852, Miss Mary A. White.
Shepley, John Rutledge, lawyer, was
born in the city of Saco, Maine, pine I ;. 1817.
and died in St. Louis, < Ictober 1 1. 1884. 1 1 is
parents were Ether and Anne (Foster) Shep-
ley, and his paternal ancestors were among
the early settlers at Groton, Connecticut.
- 1 ral of these ancestors held local offices at
< Iroton, and Joseph Shepley was a member of
the Connecticut State Convention of 1788.
The grandfather of John R. Shepley was a
Revolutionary soldier. The Maine branch of
the family achieved special distinction at ihe
bar and in public life. Ether Shepley, the
father of John P., was a member of the con-
vention which framed the Constitution of
Maine in lN_>o. represented that State in the
LJnited States Senate at a later date, and still
later was chief justice of Maine. ( hie of his
sons, George F. Shepley, achieved distinction
as a Pinion general in the Civil War. and later
was a United States circuit judge in Maine.
Inheriting a large share of intellectual vigor,
and a peculiar fitness for the law. John R.
Shepley enjoyed fortune's favor in earlv life,
and was graduated from Bowdoin College
with class honors in 1837. Immediately after-
ward he entered Harvard Law School, and
was graduated from that institution in the
class of 1839. Two years later he determined
to seek a Western field in which to engage in
the practice of his profession, and in 1841
came to St. Louis, bearing a warmly com-;
mendatory letter of introduction from the re-
nowned Justice Joseph Story, who was then
dean of the Harvard Paw School. This letter
was written to P. D. Tiffany, also a graduate
of Harvard, who had established himself in
practice in this city, and Mr. Shepley was in-
vited to enter the office of Spalding & Tiffany
to Familiarize himself with Missouri methods
of practice. Later he became a partner in the
firm, which was succeeded later by the firm of
Glover & Shepley, a law firm which occupied
a place in the front rank of Western law firms
for many years.
Sale, Moses Nathaniel, lawyer, was
born < tctobcr 17. 1857, in Louisville, Ken-
tucky, son of Isaac and Henrietta Sale. His
parents, who were natives of Germany, im-
migrated to this country shortly before their
marriage, and settled in Kentucky, where they
reared a family of six sons and six daughters,
all born in the United States. Moses N. Sale
was reared in Louisville, and, after fitting
himself for college in the public schools of
that city, entered the University of Louisville,
where he completed a classical course of
studv. Me then read law under the precep-
SCHOTTEN.
2021
torship of Honorable James Speed, who was
Attorney-General in Lincoln's cabinet, spend-
ing four years in Mr. Speed's office. In the
meantime he attended the regular course of
lectures at the Law Department of the Uni-
versity of Louisville, and received the degree
of bachelor of laws from that institution in
1870. He began the practice of law in Louis-
ville, but left that city to come to St. Louis in
1881, and has since been a member of the bar
of the city, at which he has gained well merited
distinction.
ScllOtten, HubertllS, merchant and
manufacturer, was born May 28, 1855. in St.
Louis, and died here September 22, 1898. He
was the eldest son of William Schotten, a na-
tive of Germany, who came to St. Louis in
the earlv "forties," and established himself in
business, in a small way, as a dealer in spices.
His mother having died in his childhood, the
son was reared and educated under the care
and guidance of his father, who sent him, after
he had received the usual course of instruction
in preparatory schools, to a college conducted
by the Franciscan Brothers, near Effingham,
Illinois. There he pursued a four-years'
course of study, and then, returning to St.
Louis, began assisting his father in his busi-
ness, evincing from the start a remarkable
aptitude for commercial pursuits. The elder
Schotten was a strict and exacting man, and
had good, old-fashioned German notions
about the value to a young man of thorough
industrial training. It followed, therefore, as
a natural consequence, that he impressed his
views upon his son, and that the young man
had an opportunity to become thoroughly
familiar with good, honest, hard work. When
he was eighteen years old his father died, leav-
ing a business which had grown from modest
beginnings to very considerable proportions.
It devolved upon Hubertus Schotten, young
as he was, to assume the management of this
business, and under his direction it progressed
steadily from the start. He soon demon-
strated that he was a born merchant, and, in
addition to having the commercial instinct
largely developed, he had the energy and in-
domitable will power which recognizes no ob-
stacles which may not be overcome. Five
years after he took charge of the business he
was given an interest in it, and two years later
the interest of his father's estate was with-
; drawn, leaving; him and a voung;er brother sole
owners and proprietors of the establishment.
From this time on the enterprise and activity
of Mr. Hubertus Schotten expanded the busi-
ness rapidly, until it took rank among the
great spice houses of the country. Not only
did Mr. Schotten build up an important com-
mercial establishment in the sense that it is
one which transacts annually a large volume
of business, but in the sense also that it is one
which enjoys an enviable reputation for in-
tegrity and fair dealing. It celebrated some
time before Mr. Schotten's death the fiftieth
anniversary of its founding, and it is of interest
to note the fact in this connection that the
elder Schotten was at the head of the business
for twenty-five years, and that the son was
president of the corporation which succeeded
the original firm for the same length of time.
Hubertus Schotten grew up in this house,
worked his way to its head by the force of his
energy and ability, and at the time of his
death was a recognized leader among the
younger merchants of St. Louis. He took a
good citizen's interest in politics and public
affairs, and at times rendered valuable services
to the Republican party, with which he affili-
ated. A Catholic churchman, he gave liber-
ally to the church and its institutions, and also
to various other charitable and benevolent en-
terprises. In 1880 he married Miss Addie
Helming, daughter of B. H. Helming, an old
■resident of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the
union proved in all respects a happy one. The
surviving members of his family are Airs.
Schotten arid three children, Mary Beatrice,
Marcellus J., and Hubertus A. Schotten.
Souther, Warren Abbot, merchant,
was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, October
1, 1837. and died in St. Louis, where he had
been actively engaged in business for a quarter
of a century, July 20, 1887. He belonged to
an old New England family, the earliest rep-
resentative of which in America was Nathaniel
Souther, first secretary of Plymouth colon \
The progenitors of the family numerously rep-
resented in New England at a later date were
Joseph and Elizabeth Souther, who settled at
Boston '-n 1657. The parents of Warren A.
Souther were Timothy and Eliza P. (Green-
ough) Souther, natives of Massachusetts, who
removed to Alton. Illinois, in 1X42. when he
was five years old. He was reared at Alton
and educated in the schools of that city, and
at Shurtleff College, in Upper Alton. After
2022
SCHOTTEN.
completing his education he entered the em-
ploy of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad
Company.and was stationed at Hannibal, Mis-
souri, in the service of that corporation, when
the Civil War began. The prospect that Mis-
souri would become a battleground in the im-
pending struggle caused the Unionists of the
State to make early preparations to do battle
with the enemies of the Union, and Mr.
Souther, whose antecedents, training and edu-
cation made him intense!} loyal to the general
government, was among the volunteers en-
rolled in the Hannibal battalion. lie served
two years in the Union Army, and then came
tn St. Louis, where he embarked in business
with his brother, E. E. Souther, as an iron
merchant. Together they established a busi-
ness which prospered under careful and intel-
ligent management, and the present E. E.
Souther Iron Company, one of the oldest and
mosl widely known houses dealing in iron in
St. Louis, is successor to the original house
of E. E. Souther & Bro. Warren A. Souther
contributed largely to the upbuilding of this
eminently successful commercial house. lie-
was an active, earnest, energetic man, of
admirable business qualifications, and his
methods were such that he not only gained
patronage with east-, but having gained, re-
tain! d it. as he retained the friendship of those
with whom he came into contact in the ordi-
nary affairs of life. His perceptions were keen.
his knowledge of the underlying principles of
trade broad, and his observance of the ethics
of trade of the strictest sort. He pushed his
business vigorously, but his methods were al-
ways those of an honorable merchant, and
anything other than fair dealing was entirely
foreign to his nature. A man of broad ca-
pacity and methodical habits, he dispatched
business rapidly, and was able to give atten-
tion to various enterprises other than the one
with which he was most prominently identi-
fied. He was largely interested in the Mis-
souri Bolt & Nut Company, and at the time
i f his death was president of that corpora ion.
Schott, Augustus H., physician, was
born January jo. 1850. in the city of Hanover,
Germany, son of George and Marie (Rabe)
Schott. His father, who was a prosperous
carriage manufacturer in Hanover, left < ier-
man) in [851 to come to America, landing
first at Quebec, Canada. From there he came
after a time to Muscatine. Iowa, and thence
to St. Louis, arriving here about the year 1854.
In 1 86 1 the family removed to Alton, Illinois,
and there the father was engaged in the busi-
ness of carriage making for many years there-
after. Dr. Schott obtained his early educa-
tion in the public schools of Alton, and com-
pleted his academic studies at Shurtleff Col-
lege, of I'pper Alton. He began the study of
medicine in 1870 under the preceptorship of
Dr. Perry E. Johnson, of Alton, and after-
ward attended regular courses of lectures at
the Homeopathic Medical College, of Mis-
souri, during the years 1871 to 1873. He re-
ceived his doctor's degree from that institu-
tion in 1873. and immediately afterward be-
gan practicing his profession in the city of
Alton, taking charge of the business of his
former preceptor, Dr. Johnson. He was in
successful practice in that city until 1881,
when he sought a larger and more lucrative
field cf practice, and one to which he was ad-
mirably adapted by nature, educational attain-
ments and experience, in St. Louis. Here he
impressed himself upon his professional
brethren, and that portion of the public with
which he was brought into contact as a skill-
ful and accomplished physician, and soon
built up a large practice. He also identified
himself with educational work, and was made
a member of the board of trustees of the
Homeopathic Medical College, of Missouri,
and in 1883 was elected to the professorship
of paedology in that institution. He filled
this chair until 1889. gaining such distinction
as an educator and lecturer that he was then
assigned to the chair of theory and practice in
the same institution, a position which he still
retains, and which he has filled with signal
ability.
Schotten, Julius .John, merchant and
manufacturer, was born June 9, 1858. in St.
Louis, son of William Schotten, who founded
the business to which the son has succeeded,
and which he is so successfully conducting at
tin present time. After attending St. Mary's
School and St. Louis University until he was
fifteen years of age he entered the employ of
the Iron Mountain Bank, of this city, as book-
keeper, his purpose being to gain through this
connection a practical knowledge of banking
and financial affairs. After serving the bank
faithfully and efficiently two years he left it
soon alter his father's death to become con-
nected with the manufacturing and conuner-
SCHRAUBSTADTKR.
202
cial house which the elder Schotten had es
tablished and built up. I lis elder brother,
Hubertus Schotten, having assumed the man-
agement of the business, they were associated
together until Hubertus Schotten's death,
each supplementing the efforts of the other in
such a way as to bring about the best results
in the expansion of their trade and the devel-
opment of their commercial enterprise. In
the fall of 1897 the active management of the
business devolved upon Julius J. Schotten,
and since the death of his brother he has been
sole proprietor of the firm which bears the
name William Schotten & Co. Established in
1847, this house is now famous for the high
quality of its products, and as importers and
wholesale dealers in teas, coffees and spices
the firm is well known to the trade, both do-
mestic and foreign, and where known is thor-
oughly appreciated for its admirable business
methods and the high character and integ-
rity of those having its interests in charge. A
typical Western man of affairs, active, ener-
getic and resourceful, Julius J. Schotten has
contributed largely to the upbuilding of this
establishment, and although still a young
man, he has made an enviable reputation in
the business world. He has been frequently
importuned to accept official responsibilities
in connection with banks and other corpora-
tions of the city, but feeling that his commer-
cial interests demanded his entire time and at-
tention, he has declined. His religious affilia-
tions are with the Catholic Church, and dur-
ing the year 1896-7 he was president of the
Marquette Club, then one of the noted social
clubs of St. Louis, composed of members of
the Catholic Church. November 15, 1881,
Mr. Schotten married Pauline C. Feldman,
daughter of John A. Feldman, a prominent
south-side merchant of St. Louis, who at one
time served as city treasurer. Their children
are Jerome J., and Zoe Louise Schotten.
i Schraubstatlter, Carl G., one of the
imost noted of American typefounders, was
jborn May 19, 1827. in the city of Dresden.
Germany, son of Carl G. and Henrietta (Witt-
shaber) Schraubstadter. After completing
!his education at the school of Rath und That,
iat Dresden, he was apprenticed to Meinhold
!& Sons, royal printers and publishers, who
conducted a large printing and publishing es-
tablishment in his native city, and who also
'manufactured their own tvpe. He served a
six-years' apprenticeship \\11I1 this linn, unk-
ing during that time an immense quantit) <>i
type with molds and ladle by the old-time hand
process, casting machines not being in use at
that time. Quitting the •establishment of
Meinhold & Sons in 1S47 he afterward
worked as a journeyman printer and type-
maker at Buda-Pest, in Hungary; Prague
and Linz, in Austria; Munich, in Bavaria, and
Frankfort-on-the-Main. At the end of this
varied and interesting series of experiences in
Germany he went to England, and after re-
maining there a short time came, in 1854. to
the United States. He came to this country
to -ratify his fondness for travel, rather than
with the intention of remaining here, but was
so impressed with the advantages and oppor-
tunities which it offered to young men that
he decided to make it his home, and entered
the employ of James Connors" Sons, then
famous as American typefounders. After
working in this establishment for a short time
he accented a position in the Boston Type
Foundry, with which he continued to lie con-
nected as an employe and part owner for
twenty years thereafter. His steady habits
and industry, coupled with superior mechan-
ical skill, made him a valuable employe, and
enabled him also to lay aside each year a con-
siderable amount of money saved from his
earnings. With these savings he purchased.
in. 1865. an interest in the type foundn . taking
charge at the same time of its mechanical de-
partment. He was part owner of this estab-
lishment in 1872, when the great tire of that
year destroyed its building and much of its
material, the foundry's valuable machines and
matrices being saved only through his vigor-
ous efforts and the efforts of employes whom
he called to his assistance. He aided in re-
establishing this type foundry during the two
years following, and severed his connection
with it in 1874 to come west. Coming to St.
Louis in that year, he formed an association
with James A. St. John, and established in
this city the Central Type Foundry, operated
thereafter by a corporation, of which Mr.
Schraubstadter became president, Mr. St.
John acting as secretary and business man-
ager. Taking charge of the mechanical de
partment of this establishment. Mr. Schraub-
stadter made it famous for the excellence of
the tvpe which it manufactured, and the busi-
ness proved remarkably successful in a pecu-
niary way. In April of 1888 Messrs. Schraub-
2024
SCHRAY— SCHREIBER.
stadter and St. John purchased a controlling
interest in the Boston Type Foundry, and
thereafter, until [892, they operated large type
foundries in both Boston and St. Louis. In
[892 they sold both the Central and Boston
I \|i, Foundries to the American Type Foun-
dry Company, and both retired from busi-
ness with well earned fortunes. During the
eighteen years in which Mr. Schraubstadter
had charge of the practical department of the
Central Type Foundry, the type-making art
made its greatest development in America,
and many changes and improvements in the
pn cesses of type-making were due to his in-
genuity. He aided in perfecting the manufac-
ture of raised type used in printing for the
blind, and certain kinds of type used in ori-
ental countries were also made under his
supervision. The Central Foundry was one
of the leading establishments of its kind west
of the Mississippi River, and it was at all
times during its existence an important factor
in the type-making trade. Personally and as
a citizen of St. Louis Mr. Schraubstadter was
a man of large influence and great popularity.
He was an excellent singer, and in his younger
days appeared in private and charitable enter-
tainments both in Boston and St. Louis, and
held membership in the Orpheus Society, of
Boston, and the Liederkranz Society, of St.
Louis. In many ways he contributed to the
advancement of musical culture in St. Louis.
and his death — which occurred November
12. 1897 — robbed the city of one who was a
cultivated and accomplished gentleman, as
well as a sagacious business man, and one who
contributed thousands of dollars to charities,
educational institutions, and reformatory
movements: who aided many young' men to
establish themselves in life, and whose good
deeds and kindly acts caused him to be uni-
versally beloved. lie married, in i860, Miss
Augusta Stern, of Cassel. Germany, and Mrs.
Schraubstadter and nine children born of this
union survive their father. The sons are
Carl William, William V, Oswald, Richard,
George and Ernest Schraubstadter. of whom
Carl William, Oswald and William A. are still
identified with the type manufacturing busi-
ness as proprietors of the Inland Type Foun-
dry, of this city. William A. Schraubstadter.
the second son, has achieved distinction in
connection with the art of type-making, and is
a recognized authority on everything pertain-
ing to it. The daughters of Mr. and Mrs.
Schraubstadter are now Mrs. Ida Sohm, 01
Dresden, < lermany ; Mrs. Emma Goerts, of St.
Louis, and Mrs. Allie J lacker, of Houston,
Texas.
Schray, William, was born March 7,
1834, in WiKTitcmberg, Germany, son of
Conrad and Christina Schray. After com-
pleting a good education he served an ap-
prenticeship to the business of floriculture and
landscape gardening with a famous florist of
Stuttgart, Germany. After that he was cm-
ployed in the city of Munich and other parts
of Bavaria until 1852, when he came to St.
Louis. He was variously employed in this
city until 1855, when he became a landscape
gardener and florist for the late Henry Shaw,
founder of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, for
whom he worked twt> years. In 1857 he es-
tablished himself in business as a florist and
nurseryman at the corner o'f Pennsylvania and
Gasconade Avenues, at which place he has
since built up a large and prosperous business.
In [898 he had been forty-one years at the
same location, engaged in the cultivation of
tree< and flowers, and carrying on both a
wh I'lesale and retail business. He is 1111m-
bered now among the pioneer German- Ameri-
can residents of die city, is widely known
among his fellow-countrymen in St. Louis and
justly esteemed by all classes of people. He
served during one year as a park commission-
er and has aided in 'beautifying the public
pleasure-grounds of the city, as well as in the
ornamentation of private grounds and the
stocking of private conservatories. May 12,
1857. lie married Miss Pauline M. Weber,
daughter of Frederick Weber, one of the Ger-
man pioneers of St. Louis, who died in 1859,
leaving some valuable realty which Mr.
Schray purchased and subdivided into eight-
een city lots a year later. Mr. and Mrs.
Schray have two sons, Enid and Julius F.
Schray, both of whom are associated with their
father in business.
Schreiber, William, manufacturer,
was horn December 18, 1843,111 Meiningen,
1 lermany, sou of Professor Carl and Agnes
Schreiber. His father, who was a German
educator of prominence, was for many years
at the head of a private school for boys, and at
this institution William Schreiber was edu-
cated. Being inclined to the occupation of
tradesman, he left home in his youth and went
SCHUYLER.
2025
to the city of Munich, where he learned the
brewer's trade. Coming then to the United
States and establishing his home at Belleville,
Illinois, he worked in a brewery there until
January of 1864, when he enlisted as a private
soldier in the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Regi-
ment, with which he served as a Union sol-
dier until discharged at -tihe close of the war in
1865. As a soldier he made a creditable rec-
ord and had gained promotion to a sergeaney
when he was finally mustered out:. After the
War he came to St. Louis and entered the em-
ploy of Tobias Spengler, who was then die
owner and operator of what was known as the
Bremen Brewery. Close application to his
work and business capacity which made him
invaluable to 'his employer soon gained for him
promotion to a managerial position, and later
he became a partner in the brewery. Grad-
ually its entire management drifted into his
hands and when this brewery was sold by its
owners to the English syndicate which ac-
quired so many valuable properties of this
character in St. Louis some years since, he be-
came a director o'f the new corporation known
as the St. Louis Brewing Association, contin-
uing to act as manager of the Bremen Brewery
until his death, which occurred March 1, 1895.
As a result of his business operations, he ac-
quired a comfortable fortune and became
known to the St. Louis public as a capable
and enterprising man of affairs, a thoroughly
■good citizen, and a kind-hearted, genial gen-
tleman. He served for a number of years as
a director of one of the orphans' homes of the
city and contributed to various public chari-
ties, but delighted most in seeking out and
helping those who needed help, performing
these labors of love so quietly that even mem-
bers of his own family did not know of cases
pf distress which he had relieved and lives
;«vhich he had brightened until told of it after
liis death. He was a member of the Grand
Army of the Republic and the Ancient Order
of United Workmen, and belonged also to
numerous societies, in all of which he was de-
servedly popular. May 24, 1876. he married
■diss Kate Spengler, daughter of his old em-
ployer, friend and business partner, Tobias
Epengler. The children born to them were :
Clotilde, William, Tobias and Irma Schreiber.
Sclmyler,3Ioiitgoiiiery,dean of Christ
'hurch Cathedral, St. Louis, was born in Xew
; ork City, on January 9, 1814. He was the
sixth in descent from Philip Pieterse Van
Schuyler, who had emigrated from Holland
about 1645 an'd settled near Albany.
General Philip Schuyler the well known
Revolutionary hero, was a cousin of his grand-
father, and his grandmother, Hester Dey, was
a personal friend of Washington, who fre-
quently visited the hospitable mansion of her
father. His own father, Anthony Dey Schuy-
ler, was a prosperous wholesale merchant and
importer in our metropolis, until the War of
1812, and the consequent financial depression
made him a bankrupt. Having paid his cred-
itors in full, he, with the remainder of his for-
tune, purchased land near Ovid, on the shores
of Seneca Lake, Xew York, which he farmed
successfully till his death, in 183 1.
Montgomery Schuyler, the second of a fam-
ily of twelve children, grew up on the farm,
and after a thorough preparation at the Ovid
Academy entered Hobar't College, Geneva,
Xew York, at the age of 16. He. however,
did not finish his education at this institution,
but graduated in the class of 1834 at Union
College, Schenectady. For a short time he
taught school at Ovid while studying law. and,
in the same year took a trip through the West.
Like many young men of this time he intended
to make a place for himself in the new lands
which were then being rapidly opened up by
the tide of emigration. Chance led him to the
little village of Marshall, Michigan, which was
then at the height of the feverish "boom"
which swept over the Great West, prior to the
panic of 1837. Here he turned his hand to al-
most everything in the way of making money.
He was a speculator in real estate, ran a saw
mill, was part proprietor of the stage line be-
tween Detroit and tine rising village of Chica-
go, a director in the local bank and even prac-
ticed law in the justice courts. He was neve,
admitted to the bar, because in his very first
case having secured the acquittal of a man
whom he knew to lie guilty the matter so
preyed on his conscience that he gave up all
hope of forensic distinction. In 1836 he made
a trip still farther west by way of Chica .
St. Louis, but judging that the chances for the
growth of these two places were not so flat-
tering as those of little Marshall, he returned
to that place, where, after his marriage with
Sarah Sandford, of Ovid, Xew York, he
lished the first hardware store in Calhoun
Count v. Two daughters and a son were born
to him. all of whom died in infancv. But,
2026
SCHUYLER.
though successful in business and one of the
leading merchants of this little town, he was
not contented. Ever since his graduation he
had been haunted by 'the feeling that his voca-
tion was the ministry, and in the midst of his
multifarious enterprises he had been the lead-
ing spirit in the organization an'd erection of
an Episcopal church, in which he often offi-
ciated as lay reader. His success in this work
finally determined him to enter the ministry,
and after the proper preparations in theology
he was ordained deacon May 17. 1841. His
first parish was Trinity Church, Marshall,
which he had done so much to establish. His
wife died the same year, but his bereavement
only seemed to stimulate his energy in his di-
vine calling, lie was ordained priest Febru-
ary H). 1842, and so successful were his labors
that the church had to be enlarged to hold the
growing congregation. His popularity spread
over the surrounding country, and he re-
ceived calls .from all the towns of any conse-
quence in that section of Michigan. In 1843
lie organized the parish of St. Thomas, Battle
Creek, thirteen miles from Marshall, officiating
at both places. The same year he married
Lvdia Eliza Roosevelt, of Skaneateles, New
York. There were three children Of this mar-
riage. Montgomery Roosevelt, Frank, who
died in infancy, and Louis Sandfcvrd. who be-
came a clergyman and died in Memphis in
1878, having gone there to minister to the vic-
tims of the yellow fever. In 1844 he accepted
a call to Grace Church, Lyons, New York, and
after serving there a little over a year he un-
dertook the charge of St. John's parish. Buf-
falo, just organized. For ten years he labored
with great success in this field, building what
was then the largest church in Western New
York, and filling it with a devoted congrega-
tion. Here his second wife died in 1852. In
7854 he accepted a call to Christ Church. St.
Louis, which then occupied the southwest cor-
ner of Broadway (Fifth Street) and Chestnut
Street. Shortly before he left Buffalo he mar-
ried Sophie Elizabeth Norton, of that city.
Eight children were born of this marriage, all
of'whoni survive him. William, Eleanor. Wal-
ter, Philip (an Episcopal clergyman), Mary,
Gertrude, Eugene and Sophie. The cangre
gation of Christ Church, before his arrival, had
been falling off for several years owing to va-
rious causes; but here, also, bis labors were so
successful that in a little over a year the church
was filled to overflowing, and many desirous
of obtaining seats could not be accommodated.
He therefore turned his attention to the project
of building a new church, which was to be the
largest in the city and a noble monument to
t'ne glory of his Divine Master. The lot where
the church now stands on Thirteenth and Lo-
cust, facing what was then Missouri Park, was
purchased and the foundations begun in 1851).
In i860 the old church was sold and taken
down and the congregation then held services
in the old Mercantile Library Hall, expecting
soon to move into the new edifice. But the
oncoming and outbreak of our Civil War so
paralyzed business in our State, then the cen-
ter of the earliest conflicts of the struggle, that
it was found impossible to raise money for thfj
continuation of the work, which was sorrow-
fully abandoned in 1861, and the congrega-
tion worshiped for over a year in St. Paul's
Church building on the southwest corner of
Seventeenth and Olive Streets. Dr. Schuyler'
was a Northern man, with strong Union senti-
ments, and as many of his congregation were
Southern sympathizers, it seemed for awhile,
in the midst of the bitterness aroused by the
strife of that year in and about our city, that
he would be forced to leave his charge. But
when he spoke of resigning it was urged on all
sides that the life of the parish depended on
his continuing with it, and so. though the re-
cipient of two calls to churches in Western
.Yew York, he decided to remain and finish the
work he had begun. It had always been his
principle never to preach political sermons in
his pulpit, and so, though he never concealed
his opinions, his parishioners soon saw that as
the "messenger of Cod" he was no respecter
of persons. Northern and Southern, rich and
poor, slave and free, reputable and criminal all
received the same boundless sympathy, the
same religious comfort and aid. In the mili-
tary hospitals he gave his services to (Jrtiol
and Confederate soldiers alike. He was a
member of the Western Sanitary Commission,
and in 1862 received the appointment to the
post of chaplain of the hospitals. But in the
midst of these labors his thoughts never wan-
dered from the unfinished church whose aban-
doned foundations looked like some desolate1
ruin. As the Confederate forces retired from
the vicinity of St. Louis, business in the city
began to revive, and money could be raised for
the prosecution of the work. In 1862 the
Chapel was finished an'd the congregation
again had a definite home, and at the close of
SCHROERS.
2027
the next year tit was determined to continue
the main church. With the early spring of
1864 'tfbe work was recommenced and carried
on in the face of many difficulties. The chief
obstacle to be overcome was the desire on the
part of some to build further west, as it was
evident that this locality would sOon be in the
midst of the business district. But Dr. Schuy-
ler, though he also saw the westward tendency
of the population, wished the church to he
built and to remain where it was — a down-
town church, for rich and pdor alike, like old
Trinity Church in New York City. And hav-
ing with all his lovable and loving disposition,
I an indomitable will, he carried his point and
,011 Christmas day, 1867, the church was com-
pleted— a'll except the tower, the flying but-
tresses and west porch. Unfinished as it is, it
I remains to-day the largest and, architecturally,
[the finest Episcopal 'church west of the Mis-
sissippi.
In 1880 the heavy debt incurred in building
the church was paid off, and in 1888 the
church was endowed and made into a Cathe-
dral. Dr. Schuyler being the first dean. Thus
was his idea realized — the church would re-
main in its present place a mission station in
the midst of the swirl of business life. His
purpose was still furthered by the erection of
the .Mary E. Bofinger Memorial Chapel and
the Schuyler 'Memorial House. The latter, a
building containing every facility for mission
iwork, being erected as a memorial of the fif-
tieth anniversary 'of his ordination to the priest-
hood.
For almost the entire period o>f his connec-
tion with Christ Church, he was president of
the" standing committee (of the diocese, and
was elected delegate to all the general conven-
fions off the church, until the weight of in-
creasing years caused him to decline the
non'or. He was one of the founders and most
active supporter of St. Luke's Hospital, and
until 'his death officiated as chaplain in that
institution. Dr. Schuyler died, after a short
llness, on March to, 1896. in the eighty-third
cear of his age and the forty-second year of his
rectorship of Christ Church. To the very last
jie had been at his post, and the fatal illness
pad been caused by exposure at the funeral of
line of his old parishioners.
For forty-two years Dr. Schuyler was one
if the most conspicuous personalities in the
pbere of religion and morals in St. Louis. He
iyas, in a sense, the property of the public ;
everybody knew him and respected him.
There was a benignity and loveableness about
him that won all hearts and kept men loyal to
him through all vicissitudes. With this, how-
ever, there was no yielding in matters of prin-
ciple or duty ; and of the rights of the church
and his order he was quietly, but inexorably,
tenacious. Whatever the inclemency off the
weather, or his own infirmity, he never refused
or delayed the rites of religion to any human
being, however humble, and his tenderness
and bounty to the poor were proverbial. Ik-
loved the church's liturgy. In celebrating the
sacraments lie exhibited a reverence amount-
ing to awe and inspired the same feeling in the
worshiper. His reading of the services, from
the font to the grave, w-ill long be remembered
as the most perfect, sympathetic and touching
rendition of offices in themselves beautiful.
His dignified and Comely presence, his ex-
quisitely modulated voice and clear utterance,
and, in his 'later years, the pathos of a beauti-
ful and venerable old age, conspired to lend
a sweet solemnity and impressiveness to the
services in Christ Church that can never be for-
gotten by those who participated in them.
Throughout a long pastorate, tested by the
transitions of civic growth, the changes in his
congregation, pestilence and Civil War, he
held, as few pastors have held, the love and
reverence of three generations of men. To his
blameless, religious and beneficient life all men
bear witness, and the diocese of Missouri has
recorded to bus memory that he was "a typi-
cal priest of the church, and a faithful mem-
ber of the Gospel of Jesus Christ."
Schroers, John, newspaper publisher,
was born in 1858, in Aix La Chapelle. Ger-
many, that ancient city of the Rhine Province,
which was founded by the Romans as a water-
ing place, and was the favorite place of resi-
dence of Charles the Great, who died there.
In this city Mr. Schroers passed the early years
of his life, and received a classical education.
graduating from college with honors, when lie
was sixteen years 'of age. Immediately after
leaving college he came to this country, with
native ability, a thorough education, and a de-
termination to succeed in life as his only capi-
tal. When he arrived in the United States,
one of the first things which attracted his at-
tention was the mining excitemen'l al Lead-
ville. Colorado, and he determined to try his
luck in that famous camp. When, however,
2028
SCHURZ.
he had gotten as far West as Omaha. Ne-
braska, he found himself out Off money, and, as
a result, went to work in the Omaha smelting
works. After remaining there some time he
came to St. Louis, and began here his career
as a newspaper man. He was first employed
as a reporter on the "Yolksstimme des West-
ens," on which he worked until [877, when
tiiat paper suspended publication, and Sold its
stock to the owners of the "Tribune." .Mr.
Schroers then became a member of the staff of
the " Anzeiger des Westerns," and for a number
of years thereafter he did reportorial work for
that paper, his contemporaries and associates
in this field being such well known journalists
as Walter B. Stevens, Frank O'Xeil, Stanley
Waterloo, Eugene Field, Bert Waterloo, Flor-
ence White, William Byars. William Kelso,
Harry Wandell, John Jennings, and others.
From the editorial department he was trans-
ferred to the counting room, and his capacity
for thoroughly systematizing its affairs, his
business-like methods, and his enterprise and
activity placed him at the head of the business
department in 1884. In this capacity he in-
fused new vigor into 'the conduct of the "An-
zeiger des Westens," and was one of the prime
factors in bringing about the consolidation of
the German newspaper interests, under the
management of the German-American Press
Company of St. Louis, which took place in
1808. Since then he has been identified with
the "Westliche Post" and "Anzeiger des West-
ens" and "The Sunday Mississippi Blaetter,"
as publisher and associate business manager.
Mr. Schroers has been prominent also in ad-
vancing the educational interests of St. Louis,
and is a member of the city board of education,
his appointment to that position being one
which has received general commendation. A
tall, soldierly-looking man. he is a conspicu-
ous figure in any company, and his years of
active newspaper work have made him one of
the best known men of the city, and one of the
most popular as well. He married Miss Carrie
Daenzer, daughter of Carl Daenzer, founder of
both the "Westliche Post" and the "Anzeiger
des Westens." and for many years the accom-
plished editor of the last named paper. The
children of Mr. and Mrs. Schroers are Paul,
Carl and Lotta Schroers.
Schlirz, Carl, politician, lecturer and
journalist, who gained his greatest distinction
while a citizen of St. Louis, was bom in Lib-
lar, near Cologne. Prussia, March 2. 1829.
lie was educated at the Gymnasium of Co-
logne and at the University of Bonn. At the
beginning of the Revolution of 1848 he as-
sociated himself with Gottfried Kinkel, profes-
sor of rhetoric in the University of Bonn, in the
publication of a liberal newspaper. He was
implicated in an attempt to promote an insur-
rection in Bonn in the spring of 1849, aml '^d
with Kinkel to the Palatinate. He soon after-
ward entered the revolutionary army as an
adjutant, and took part in the defense of Ra-
stadt. On the surrender of that fortress, he
was fortunate enough to escape to Switzer-
land, but in 1850 he returned secretly to < Ger-
many and effected the escape of Kinkel from
the fortress of Spandau. Immediately after-
ward he went t<> Paris, and for a time acted
there as the correspondent of certain German
newspapers. In 1852 he came to the United
States, and after residing three years in Phila-
delphia, devoting his time largely to the study
of the English language, he went to Wiscon-
sin, settling in Warertown. He at once be-
came a conspicuous figure in the politics of
that State, and in 1856 delivered speeches in
German in behalf of the Republican candi-
dates for the presidency and State officers,
which attracted general attention. In 1857
toe was a candidate for Lieutenant-Governor
of Wisconsin, but was defeated. In 1858 he
removed to Milwaukee, and for a short time
was engaged in the practice of law in that city.
In 1859-60 he delivered a series of lectures in
Xew England, which stamped him as an ora-
tor of great power, his utterances being widely
quoted and commented upon at that time. He
was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention which nominated Abraham Lin-
coln for the presidency, in i860, and partici-
pated actively in the ensuing campaign, deliv-
ering speeches both in German and English.
Soon after his inauguration President Lincoln
appointed him Minister to Spain, but in De-
cember of 1861 he resigned his mission to
enter the Union Army as a participant in the
Civil War. In the spring of 1862 he was com-
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers,
and in June took command of a division in
the corps commanded by General Franz Si-
gel, with which he participated in the second
battle of Bull Run. In 1863 he was made a
major-general of volunteers, and commanded
a division of General O. O. Howard's corps
at the battle of Chancellorsville. He was act-
SCHWARTZ.
2029
ing commander of this corps for a time at Get-
tysburg, and later took part in the battle of
Chattanooga. During the summer of 1865 he
was appointed a special commissioner by
President Johnson to inquire into the condi-
tion of the States Which had been in rebellion,
and visited the Southern States for that pur-
pose. He was Washington correspondent of
the "New York Tribune" during the winter of
1865-6. and dm the summer of the year last
named founded the "Detroit Post." A year
later he came to St. Louis, to become identi-
fied with the "Westliebe Post" as its editor-in-
chief. His great ability gave him at once a
commanding influence among the Germans of
this city, and 'the voting strength of that ele-
ment in Missouri made him a leader in the Re-
publican party of this State. The Republican
National Convention, held in Chicago, in 1868.
made him its temporary chairman, and he was
the author of one of the most important reso-
lutions in the platform adopted by that con-
vention. In January of 1869 he was chosen
United States Senator from Missouri, and
served until the close of his term in 1875. Op-
posed to some of the chief measures of Presi-
dent Grant's administration, life helped to in-
augurate the Liberal Republican movement
in Missouri, and became one of the organizers
of the Liberal Republican party in 1872, pre-
siding over the convention that nominated
Horace Greeley. In 1876 he favored the
election of Hayes, and subsequentlv served as
Secretary of the Interior during Hayes' ad-
ministration. After his retirement from thecab-
imet, he became the editor of the "New York
Evening Post," and was not conspicuously
active in politics again until 1884, when he fa-
vored the election of Grover Cleveland to the
presidency. In 1896 he again evidenced his
independence of political parties by strenu-
ously opposing the nominee of the Democratic
party for the presidency, and condemning, in
vigorous terms, the monetary plank in the
Democratic platform of that year. After the
death of George William Curtis he succeeded
that distinguished orator and writer as the
editor of Harper's Weeklv.
Schwartz, Frederick William, a
pioneer German-American of St. Louis, was
born June 25, 1839, in the Province of West-
phalia, Germany, and died in St. Louis No-
vember 16. 1897. His parents were Herman
and Catherine ( Bierman) Schwartz, and, after
receiving a fairly good education, he came to
this country with his widowed mother, his
father having died on the ship on which thev
sailed, and been buried in the ocean, arriving
in St. Louis in 1853, at the age of 14 years.
Here he was employed at such work as he
could find to do until 1854, when he was ap-
prenticed to the cigarmaker's trade. In 1856
he attended for a time the Bryant & Stratton
Business College, fitting .'himself thereby to en-
gage in trade. In i860 he began doing busi-
ness as a flour and feed merchant on Broad-
way, and later engaged in the grain business
with his brother under the firm name of Fred-
erick & Herman Schwartz. He continued to
be identified with this business until his death,
and was eminently successful both in the ac-
cumulation of fortune and in establishing an
enviable reputation for strict rectitude and un-
swerving integrity. He was a senior member
of the Schwartz Bros. Commission Company,
which had its place of business on the levee
and Madison Street, and an office in the Mer-
chants' Exchange. Mr. Schwartz built the
Farmers' Elevator, located at the foot of Mad-
ison Street, and the Mullanphy Bank Build-
ing, and was also identified to a considerable
extent at one time with river interests, having
been owner of the steamers "Bald Eagle" and
"Dora," and builder of the steamer "Belle of
Calhoun" in 1895, s'ie making her maiden trip
on July 4th of that year. He was a member of
the Merchants' Exchange, the Merchants'
Exchange Benevolent Association, and the
Mercantile Club, and was an active and useful
man during his entire business career. He
was a generous friend of religious, charitable
and educational institutions, and was one of
the founders of the Walther College, located at
1033 South Eighth Street, in St. Louis. He
was a member of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church, and did much during his lifetime to
extend its work and promote its interests.
Politically, he affiliated with the Republican
party, and during the Civil War he served as
a member of the Home Guards of St. Louis.
He was married to Miss Alice Oetter, then
a resident of St. Louis, but a native of Joliet.
Illinois, leaving at the time of his death his
wife and eight children — six daughters and
two sons — named, respectively, Augusta,
Laura, Lydia. Mamie. Ella. Rudolph, ' Iscar,
and Estella Schwartz. His eldest daughter,
2030
SCHWEITZER MAEXNERCHOR— SCOTTISH CLANS.
Augusta, married tlu
most prominent druj
F. G. L'hlich.
< inly son of one i it" the
gists in St. Louis, .Mr.
Schweitzer Maennercho r . — This
was the name given to a song section of the
Swiss Benevolent Society, which was incorpo-
rated in 1874. Among the incorporators of
this singing society were Francis Romer, John
Jacklin, Henry Hotz and others, and in later
years it became a popular musical organiza-
tion.
Scott, John, railroad builder, was horn
on the 25th day of December, 1828, in the
County of Roscommon, Ireland, and when
nineteen years of age came to America to
seek his fortune. In 1855 he arrived in St.
Louis, where he has resided ever since. At
the time of his arrival in this city there were
no railroads in Missouri, and it became appar-
ent to the business men of St. Louis that these
arteries of commerce were necessary to de-
velop the vast resources of the State. St.
Louis was then emerging from the condition
of a country town. She had in the past de-
pended wholly upon the steamers plying on
the great rivers for her trade. While this
method of communication was adequate for
the country tributary to the streams, it was
entirely out of reach of the people living and
seeking their homes and settlement in the in-
terior. As a consequence, a railroad system
was inaugurated, and three lines leading from
the city were projected, namely, the North
Missouri, the Missouri Pacific, with its South-
west Branch, and the Iron Mountain. The
roads were located and portions of them let
for construction. The career of Mr. Scott as
a railroad contractor commenced at that time,
a calling he has successfully followed for over
forty years. He is still in harness, associated
with his sons, under the firm name of John
Scott & Sons. The number of miles of rail-
road he has constructed will reach into the
hundreds. Besides the large contracts he has
completed on the roads in this State, he lias
also built railroads in the States of Kansas.
Colorado, Texas and Arkansas, and the Ter-
ritories of Xew Mexico and Arizona, and on
the levee systems in the States of Mississippi,
Arkansas and Louisiana he erected millions of
cubic yards of embankments. A detailed
statement of the work- he has accomplished
would he interesting readinsr, but the fact is.
he is too modest and unassuming to speak of
himself or enter into any particulars of his
achievements as a contractor. Probably
there is not another man in this State who has
given employment to more men than he, or
who has exploded as many tons of powder in
excavating and tunneling his way through the
granite hills of Missouri. His prominence
and reputation as a contractor is based upon
his prompt execution of all his contracts. Xo
matter what the expense to him, his work has
alwa\ s been finished in the time specified, and
fully up to the specifications. The companies
for which he has worked have fully recognized
this capacity, and also his promptness in liqui-
dating all his obligations for labor and sup-
plies. This method of doing business has
1 iften secured for him a preference over other
contractors who were bidding for work against
him. The whole of his career has been
marked by persevering industry and business
sagacity of a high order. He has attained the
fortune he came in his youth to seek, and has
acquired wealth by honorable dealing in a
broad field of enterprise. He has in a marked
degree other attributes so proverbial witli his
race, warm-heartedness and generosity, which,
aside from business, makes him most compan-
ionable with his associates and charitable to
the needy. To arrive at a true estimate of a
man's character, he must be judged by his in-
tercourse with and his treatment of his fellow-
men, together with his usefulness as a worker
in the great human hive. On these lines,
John Scott can be tried ami stand comparison
with the best.
In Davenport, Iowa, he married Miss Annie
Killeen, of that city, a lady who has made his
home life attractive and happy, and who. by
the sweetness of Iter disposition and by her
amiable character has endeared herself to
every acquaintance. Their family consists of
three sons and two daughters, all of whom
have been brought up in this city.
Scottish Clans.-- -The order of the Scot-
tish Clans originated in St. Louis in 1878,
when Janus McCash and other Scotchmen of
St. Louis formed the nucleus of an organiza-
tion which was designed to bring about a fra-
ternal union of Scottish clubs in the United
States and Canada. November 30, 1878 —
St. Andrew's day — the Royal Scottish ( km
was instituted, the declared object of the as-
sociation being to unite Scotchmen and the
n
w
■
L/
SCRIPPS— SCRUGGS.
2031
descendants of Scotchmen, embracing all who
claim Scottish ancestry within a reasonable
limit ; to cultivate fond recollections of Scot-
land, its customs and' amusements, and to es-
tablish a fund for the benefit of the heirs of de-
ceased members, death benefits being fixed at
:one and two thousand dollars. James Mc-
Cash became the first royal chieftain, and
Dugald Crawford, also of St. Louis, first vice-
royal chieftain of the order. The Grand
Clan of Missouri was organized December 13,
1878. Clan Campbell and Clan Douglas, two
subordinate clans instituted in St. Louis, are
still in existence.
' Scripps, John, clergyman, was the
[third pastor of the Methodist Church in St.
Louis. He was an Englishman by birth, but
1 early came to America, and was a citizen of
:Cape Girardeau, County, Missouri. He en-
tered the ministry in 18 14. He was the first
Methodist preacher to preach in St. Louis,
which he did in 1817. While preaching to
country congregations in St. Louis County.
he ventured a few times into the town and
preached at night in a Thespian hall, but made
no effort to organize a congregation. He
I was a sikllful penman, a distinct reader, and
served the conference twelve years as its sec-
retary. He lived to a good age, and the later
years of his ministry were in Illinois. He
.wrote much for the papers concerning the
men and events of his times. His last home
|was at Rushville, Illinois.
Scruggs, Richard M ., merchant-phil-
anthropist, is a native of Virginia, born Feb-
iruary 10, 1822, in Bedford County, at the
I family homestead, four miles from the county
[seat, then called Liberty ville. and now Bed-
[ford City. His father. Reaves S. Scruggs,
;was a planter, and held high and influential
social position, taking an active part in public
affairs and prominent in political life, being a
leader of his party in the county and represent-
ing it in the Legislature. On his mother's, as
well as his father's side, Mr. Scruggs had most
reputable descent, the family of his mother,
Mildred L. Otey, being prominent in that
State and distinguished in public and profes-
sional life.
In that early day the advantages of educa-
tion were meager, but Mr. Scruggs had the
best the neighborhood afforded, and it com-
prised a good English education. He had.
however, thorough business training prepara-
tory to the vocation for which he was destined
and adapted by nature, as well as fitted b\
training. At the early age of fifteen he entered
a store in Lynchburg as a clerk, remaining
with it eight years, and subsequently for a year
and a half was in the employ of one of the pro-
prietors, who had established a large retail dry
goods house at Richmond. He had rapid
promotion, and notwithstanding his youth,
held in both establishments the responsible
position of confidential clerk and cashier.
In his twenty-fifth year, in 1847, he left his
native State to seek his fortune in a new coun-
try and in a larger commercial field. Mis in-
tended destination was New < Irleans, but stop-
ping at Huntsville, Alabama, on a visit to a
brother, who was in business there, he was of-
fered and accepted an advantageous position
in a branch office of a large Xew Orleans cot-
ton house, which he held during his stay in
that city till 1849. Then he met and formed
an intimate acquaintance with Mr. M. Y. S.
McClelland, the nephew of a leading and
wealthy merchant of that place, and which be-
came the occasion of Air. Scruggs' establish-
ment in business in St. Louis. Mr. McClel-
land's uncle proposed to the two young men
to associate them as partners in a dry goods
house, to be located at either Montgomery,
Alabama: Memphis, Tennessee, or St. Louis,
Missouri. ( >n visiting St. Louis, its location
was at once selected, and in March. 1850. Mr.
Scruggs began his business career, which has
continued without interruption till this day,
and with unbroken success and advancing dis-
tinction, culminating in the founding and
headship of the Scruggs, Yandervoort ec Bar-
ney Dry Goods Company, one of the very larg-
est in the L'nited States. The first firm name
was McClelland, Scruggs & Co. In i860 he
established also a wholesale house, the style of
the firm being McClelland, Pye & Co., the re-
tail business, in which he still retained an in-
terest, being continued under the name of
W. L. Yandervoort & Co. In consequence of
the disturbances of the Civil War, the whole-
sale house was discontinued in its second year,
and he resumed personal charge of the retail
store. Under new arrangements the style oi
the firm in t86^ became Yandervoort, Mc-
Clelland & Co. * In 1868 Mr. McClelland re-
tired from the firm and from business vvitl an
ample fortune, and a new partnership was
formed under the present and corporate name
2032
SCRUGGS.
of Scruggs, \ andervoort cc Barney Dry Goods
( ompany. lis first location was at the south-
west corner of Fourth and St. Charles Streets,
which it occupied till August i, 1888, when it
was removed to us present location at the
southwest corner of Broadway and Locust
Street, in the large and imposing building
erected by the Mercantile Library Associa-
tion, which was built with reference to occu-
pation by the firm, and is furnished with ele-
gant appointments and all modern facilities
for the transaction of business.
Notwithstanding the withdrawal of a large
amount of capital upon the retirement of Mr.
.McClelland, the new firm entered upon a ca-
reer of extraordinary prosperity, and soon sur-
passed the record of the former firm, with
uninterrupted and stable increase exceeding
year by \ ear its own record. From the first
Mr. Scruggs has been, in both financial inter-
est and control, at the head of the company,
and under his presidency the volume of its
business has grown to immense proportions,
served 1>> over five hundred employes and
noted for its thorough organization and supe-
rior equipment, and its financial management
and commercial probity and credit held in the
highest repute both in our own and foreign
ci iuntries.
Mr. Scruggs is a born merchant, as well as
educated and experienced in all branches and
details of his line of business, having passed
through all its grades from salesman to pro
prietor. 1 1 is business career, including the
preparatory training in subordinate positions,
now covers a period of sixty-one years, and
continues nol with lessened but increased re-
sponsibilities and activity, owing to the n 1 1 nl
death of Mi 1 hai les I Barney, who was s,
long and actively connected with the linn
Holding position in the front rank of the
commercial community, it is a special distinc-
tion of his public career that it embraces all
forms of good citizenship, and in the wide
range of his enterprise and activities lie has
■ known and honored as :t public-
spirited citi 1 d minded philanthropist
and zealous churchman, as well as an eminent
and successful merchant.
When he came 1.. Si. 1 ,ouis in 1850, tin
had jusl entered upon its modern history of
growth, lis population at that time was onh
. and the western boundan of tie
poration was at Eighteenth Street and within
1 limits north and south. 1 It now
tends along the river front fifteen miles, and
westward from six to eight miles, and the pop-
ulation has multiplied tenfold). With this
w ' mderful progress there has been demand
for manifold forms of good citizenship, in
which Mr. Scruggs has been actively enlisted.
Though not a politician, he takes an earnest
interest and active part in public affairs, and
in measures of municipal reform and good
government his name is prominent and none
mi 're influential. He is alike conspicuous in
enterprises for the establishment of the institu-
tions of a great city and the advancement of its
commercial standing and the promotion of its
social elevation and moral welfare. In all
such enterprises not only the influence of his
name but his personal leadership is sought,
and it is given with uncalculating and un-
stinted devotion of time and money.
Among many such instances of public
spirit is his association with chief citizens and
the prominent part he took in the founding of
the great St. Louis Exposition, which has
continental fame; and in connection with it,
the three years" Autumnal Festivities, cover-
ing the period of the Columbian Exposition,
and intended to give the city world-wide re-
pute. He was among the chief promoters of
it. and in raising the large fund for that pur-
post' his firm was the leading contributor in
the sum of $10,000. He has been from the
beginning the treasurer of the Exposition As-
sociation. Its financial success has been phe-
nomenal. The original capital stock was
$5< 11 1.000 ; it has now property in various forms
aggregating Si .000.000.
A like distinction has attended the admin-
istration of Mr. Scruggs in all the institutions
with which he has been connected. One of
the earliest, and now one of the most notable,
of those institutions is the St. Louis Mercantile
Library Association, of which Mr. Scruggs
was a director for a number of years, and its
president in 1870 and 1871, and still holds re-
lation to it as one of the trustees. It was
founded in 1845-6 with a financial basis in
cash subscriptions of $2,307.25, and at the
1 (he first year a membership of 283 and
-|'oS volumes in library. At this date ( iSijo'I
11s membership numbers 3.455. and volumes
103.270. During .Mr. Scruggs' connection
with the management an important measure
was inaugurated by which the Library Assol
ciation gradually acquired the ownership of
the premises occupied by it. which had been
•5m
mmmmm
wmm
L
SCRUGGS.
2033
erected and were owned by a separate corpora-
tion. The property at that time was valued
at $217,171.64; and during the period of his
administration about $60,000 of the stock of
that corporation was acquired. In the same
period there was a large increase of the mem-
bership of the association and 5,000 volumes
added to the library.
By appointment of Governors of the State
he was a member and president of the board
of trustees of the Missouri School for the
Blind, from 1883 to 1890. This period marks
a decided transition in the character of the in-
stitution from that of its first years, when it
was a mere asylum, occupied only with the
care in food and shelter of that unfortunate
class of persons, to a school proper for the
blind, with the several departments of instruc-
tion in letters, music, and industrial arts, in
which they are trained and qualified for self-
support and to take position as intelligent and
useful citizens. The equipment of the school,
accordingly, was much improved and en-
larged, and it is said it now has one of the best
plants for industrial training, and one of the
largest libraries of embossed books, of any
similar institution in the country. In music
especially there is thorough training, and
some of the graduates have made good rec-
ords as performers, teachers and composers.
A kindergarten was introduced in 1886, and
has proved highly beneficial. During the first
three years of Mr. Scruggs' presidency nearly
100 new pupils had been admitted, which was
twice as many as during any preceding three
years, and the largest in the same length of
time since the school was organized in 1851.
The increase continued, and the number of
pupils in 1888 reached 116.
Another prominent public charity with
which Mr. Scruggs has been connected is the
Mullanphy Emigrant Relief Fund. It is a
bequest to the city of St. Louis by Honorable
Bryan Mullanphy for the relief of poor emi-
grants and needy travelers, coming to St.
Louis on their way. bona fide, to settle in the
West. Since the year 1874 it has afforded re-
lief to 8,484 emigrants and 13,227 travelers.
It is under the management of a board of com-
missioners elected by the city council, and
Mr. Scruggs was a member and presi-
dent of the board continuously for five years,
from 1878 to 1882, both inclusive. The posi-
tion was one of large and delicate responsi-
bility, and required much personal supervi-
sion for careful discrimination as to the in-
tended beneficiaries of the fund and the ex-
ercise of sound business judgment in its man-
agement, estimated at $500,000, and consist-
ing of real estate, improved and unimproved.
During twenty years consecutively Mr.
Scruggs has been actively connected with the
St. Louis Provident Association, and during
the past fifteen years its president. The asso-
ciation was founded in i860, when in the rapid
transition from the town to the populous city
its social conditions required the organization
of its charities and the adoption of methods of
systematic benevolence. Theretofore, also,
the relief of the poor and unfortunate had been
supplied by individual benevolence ami the
ministry of class societies of various kinds,
and the necessity arose of care for the indigent
not otherwise provided for. This sphere the
association occupies, and is constituted and
recognized as the representative of the benevo-
lent sentiment of the community and almoner
of its bounty, which is dispensed without dis-
tinction of creed, color or nationality. There
never having been municipal provision for out-
door relief, this need for the greatest part is
supplied by this association, and the material
relief dispensed has been enormous, amount-
ing to millions of pounds of breadstuffs and
bushels of coal and an expenditure of $781,-
292.08. Mr. Scruggs is thoroughly enlisted
in this work, in sympathy with the helpless
poor, that none should lack for food and fuel,
but not less 'that material relief should be
subordinate and tributary to their physical
and moral elevation, which is the declared pri-
mary and paramount aim of the association.
Employment as the basis of relief is incorpo-
rated among its fundamental rules, and it is
the chief distinction of the administration of
Mr. Scruggs that it has given practical effect
to that cardinal principle of judicious charity
by the introduction in all practical forms of
industrial agencies, thus affording the means
of self-help and thereby checking the ten-
dency of physical relief to the degeneration of
poverty into pauperism. On the other hand,
by its rule of investigation before relief, and
registry of its results and various repressive
measures, the Association has become an in-
valuable agency for the guidance and protec-
tion of private benevolence, and the detection
and repression of mendicity and imposture.
In the prosecution of this plan and policy of
the Association it has become the peer of any
20H4
SCRUGGS.
similar institution in our country. Its finan-
cial support has required a largely increased
income, which has not been lacking, and is at-
tributable, it is recognized by his associates.
to the implicit confidence of the public in the
personal integrity and level head of its presi-
dent. The enlargement of its operations ur-
gently required larger accommodations and
facilities for its work and a permanent location
for its central office, and has been provided for
at a cost of $70,000. The invested fund avail-
able for that purpose was less than half the
cost: the remainder was Mr. Scruggs' indi-
vidual donation.
The above record, extended and distin-
guished as it is, does not measure the extent
of public service and benefaction rendered by
.Mr. Scruggs. His charities are bestowed
with a catholic spirit, and hardly an institution
in the city that has not received his patronage ;
and his public spirit is exceptional and inex-
haustible, responsive to innumerable calls and
claims for service.
In no part of his career has he been more
thoroughly enlisted nor rendered more signal
service than as a lay churchman in the com-
munion of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
South, llis zeal for the cause of religion is
at the same time enlightened and self-consum-
ing. In an all-comprehending Christian con-
secration, he gives to it time, talent, substance,
with unstinted and untiring devotion. I lis value
as a counselor is not less marked, carrying into
the administration of the church business prin-
ciples and methods in the conduct of its finan-
ces and infusing into it the spirit of business
enterprise, proposing and forwarding large
plans of church aggression. During the
twenty-five years of his church membership
he has been identified prominently with the
progress of the denomination in St. Louis,
and in the annual conference embracing South-
east Missouri. Tin- St. John's Church, with
which he united in 1873, was >n 'ts sixth year,
and was burdened with a heavy debt and 1 ither
wise much depressed. Chiefly through his
instrumentality the debt was paid, and under
wiser and more liberal administration of its
affairs it soon developed into a first class sta-
tion and took rank among tin- chief Protestant
churches of the city. The Cook Avenue
M. I.. Church, South, is a conspicuous monu-
ment of his zeal, and perhaps the most conspic
UOUS, as it is most distinctively and exclll
sivelv his creation. It is especially notable
in that its history is an exponent of char-
acteristics of the man and of the type of his
piety as a Christian and of his temper as a
churchman. It had its origin in a mission
Sunday-school established by St. John's
Church, the superintendency of which .Mr.
Scruggs had taken. He developed the mis-
sion into a separate pastoral charge and trans-
ferred his membership to it, going from the
strong to the weak church, where he was most
needed and could be most useful. The time had
come when the frame structure which was the
habitation of the mission must be succeeded
by a church edifice, if there should be a future
of commanding position and influence for the 1
new society. The policy he adopted illus-
trated not more his extraordinary liberality
than his practical judgment. The locality re-
quired a superior building. The feeble mis-
sion could not have defrayed the cost of the
foundation stones. He projected and com-
pleted it at a cost of $75,000, more than half
of which was at his own cost, and the remain-
der raised by his personal effort and from
among his personal acquaintances and busi-
ness friends. The case was a feeble society in
a costly church, and the policy of the enter-
prise required a first class pulpit and equip-
ment, which he maintained, at first almost
wholly at his own expense, and as long as
needed, till now the church ranks among the
foremost of the denomination and is sought
and served by its chief pastors.
The zeal of Mr. Scruggs is thoroughly en-
listed in church aggression, emulous of the
reputation of the denomination and its appro-
priate participation in the evangelical forces
'if the' city. Especially in late years, in the
rapid growth of the city, there is large and
increasing demand for church extension an(
sustentation and all manner and forms of city
evangelization. In these measures and move-
ments he is a chief counselor and leader. He
has thus been identified with the addition of
six new societies, with their building in the
city and suburban towns, prominent among
them the Lafayette Tark Church, in a choice
residence section, and of the Marvin Church,
in a crowded tenement district.
Besides filling all the lay offices of the
churches in which he held his membership]
for many years he has been chosen a delegate
to the annual conference. He participates
actively in its deliberations, and especially in
tin administration of its boards of missions
SCRUGGS.
2035
and education, in both of which he has ren-
dered invaluable service. The Conference
School could not have been maintained with-
out his interposition. At one time its doors
were closed, and were reopened through his
active agency, as well as financial aid in con-
ducting an effort to discharge a debt on the
property. When he became a member of the
board of missions a heavy debt embarrassed
all its operations and precluded any forward
movement. The debt was at once done away
with, and ever since the drafts of the board
rank with the best commercial paper, and the
large mission field of the Conference was
speedily supplied with the regular pastorate,
and the separate stations in principal towns
have been multiplied from two to twelve. His
relation to the Conference brought appeals to
him for counsel and aid from every quarter of
it. The account with benevolence in his
ledger has a multitude of various entries, aid
to parsonage and church building, relief to
needy pastors, assistance to candidates for the
ministry to obtain an education, and many
similar acts of personal kindness and aid to the
work of the Conference. In all its bounds he
is known and loved. He has been frequently
chosen as its representative in the General
Conference, the highest legislative and judi-
cial body of the denomination, and throughout
the bounds of the connection, reaching from
the Ohio to the Gulf, and from ocean to ocean,
he has become known and honored as a prince
in the Methodist Israel.
The church work in which, perhaps, Mr.
Scruggs takes the most personal interest is
that of the Sunday-school in which he has
been engaged for twenty-three years. In the
second vear of his membership he was made
superintendent of its Sunday-school ; and in
1883 took also charge of its afternoon mission
school, and till recently has conducted a school
both morning and afternoon. He has both
genius and love for this work, and on the one
hand spares no expenditure of interest or
money necessary for its equipment, and on the
other hand his eminent adaptation secures the
best and largest efficiency in the order and dis-
cipline of the school, the competency and
fidelity of teachers, and the attendance of
scholars, the underlying aim their conversion
and the school the nursery of the church.
One of the most remarkable religious move-
ments of the times is the national and interna-
tional Sundav-School Association, in which
Mr. Scruggs has become actively interested.
He is one of the executive officers of the or-
ganization in the State of Missouri, and since
his connection with it there is a history of large
plans and remarkable results. A Sunday-
school Auxiliary Society has been organized
in every county of the 114 counties in the
State, and the movement is in progress for a
similar organization in every township of
every county. The undertaking was costly,
but he pledged the cost. This wise and liberal
management has advanced the State to the
front in Sunday-school work — from the thir-
teenth to the third in the table of statistics for
the United States, and only excelled by three
of the more populous States. His interest in
the cause of Sunday-schools has become ab-
sorbing, and has led to the publication of a
monthly periodical under the title of the "In-
ternational Evangel." As its name implies,
a world-wide circulation is proposed for it.
and its pretensions to be justified by the high-
est standard of literary excellence, and as ad-
vocate and exponent of the most advanced
methods and highest ideals of Sunday-school
organization and work. With his wonted
large-minded and liberal public spirit, he has
projected this enterprise, pursues it at large
cost, intends its endowment, and cherishes it
as the crowning benefaction of his public
service.
Mere verbal characterization is largely un-
meaning. A man is known by what he does ;
his portraiture is in his deeds, and his achieve-
ments the measure of his value to the genera-
tion in which he lives and of the honor of his
name. Judged by this standard Mr. Scruggs
is an uncommon man, and his life an extraor-
dinary career. It is universally so regarded
in the community in which he has resided for
nearlv fifty years. A practical illustration of
the distinction in which he is held has re-
cently transpired in connection with the found-
ing of the Barnes Hospital by the will of the
millionaire, whose name it bears. He was a
retired merchant, and had been cognizant of
Mr. Scruggs' entire business career; and,
though not himself a churchman, he knew the
church life of Mr. Scruggs and his prominence
in the Southern Methodist Church, under
whose auspices the hospital was placed. He
was first named of the three trustees in whom
the entire custody and management of the
magnificent bequest of $1,000,000 was vested,
and his counsel was sought and followed in
2036
SCULLIN.
tin- appointment of the other trustees. This
new and immense trusl comes into his hands
in tli' eventh year of his life. Be-
sides tin' enlarged demands of his business
grown to immense proportions, the calls and
claims of civic and charitable and church en-
terprises and institutions do not decrease, but
multiply. He is still unhesitatingly respon-
sive t" all and still equal to all. His physical
is remarkably preserved; his energy is
unabated and seems inexhaustible ; as busy
and eventful as his life has been, there will
remain at last unfinished work. Such a man
can m it be superannuated — "ceasing at once to
labor and to live." In the uproar and onward
rush i if a city population few men only, when
they drop out, are missed. He will be one
of the few, and widely missed — in the mart of
trade, at the altars of the church, at the coun-
ei! board of trusts and charities — and in the
intercourse of private life a thousand links of
friendship broken. The only memorial of
most men is their tombstone, without inscrip-
tion other than birth and death; his is to be
found embodied in monumental forms all
along the pathway of his life — in the ambi-
tions and achievements of a sterling manhood
and a lofty Christian character.
Scilllin, .John, railroad builder and
street railway president, was born in St. Law-
renc County, New York. August 17. 1836.
I fis parents were Nicholls and Mary ( Kenney)
Scullin, worthy people, who lived ami reared
their family in a rural community. Air. Scul-
lin attended, as a boy, the common schools of
the region in which he was brought up, and
1 icd the education which fitted him to
become a successful man of affairs at the Pots-
dam (Xew York) Academy. He was trained
111 ' 1- honest, hard work from bo) li 1 up.
and at an early age became connected with the
business of railway construction on the I cum,'
Trunk Railroad, of 1 lanada. In [863 he
went west to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and
engaged in business there as a railroad con
:. but a year later turned gold-hunter
and wenl to Idaho, which then promised to de
velop mto a veritable Eldorado. I [e was one
01 a party which made the long journet to
Virginia Cit\ with ox teams, and not only ex-
pert need the hardships but encount< red the
perils incident to such trips at that early
period. Much of the way they traveled
through a region inhabited only by hostile
Indians, and once . they were attacked and
seven of the part}' were slain by the savages.
When he finally reached Virginia City, after
six months of travel, he was much disap-
pointed with the outlook, and remained there
only long enough to make necessary arrange-
ments to get away. Returning to the East,
he reached Xew York City in November of
[865, and began planning to again engage in
the business of railway construction. In 1866
he established his home in Leavenworth, Kan-
sas, and in the same year took a contract to
construct a portion of the Central Branch of
the Union Pacific Railroad. In pursuance of
this and contracts subsequently entered into,
he built forty miles of railroad, terminating
at the town of Waterville, and now a part of
the Missouri Pacific Railway system. He
next ci instructed a portion of the Missouri
Valley Railroad, from Savannah to Marys-
ville, Missouri, and in 1868 built twenty-five
miles of the Rock Island Railroad, extending
from Plattsburgh, Missouri, to Leavenworth,
Kansas. In the fall of 1869 he engaged in
construction work on the Missouri, Kansas &
Texas Railroad, operating in the States of
Kansas. Missouri and Texas, and the Indian
Territory. He built, in all. two-thirds of this
railway system, and later constructed portions
also of the Galveston, Harrisburg & San An-
tonio Railroad, and the Dennison & South-
eastern Railroad. Meantime, while conduct-
ing these extensive railway building opera-
tions. Mr. Scullin had established his home
in St. Kouis, and shortly after his coming here
had become interested in street railway build-
ing enterprises. He was interested in the con-
struction of the Union Depot, Mound City,
and Jefferson Avenue lines, but as an investor,
rather than as a manager and operator. In
1882 he was made general manager of the
Mexican National Railroad, with headquarters
in the City of Mexico, but returned to St.
Louis the following year to become most
prominently identified with the transportation
interests of the city. Immediately after his
return from Mexico, he was made president
of the Wiggins Ferry Company, a position
which he still retains. He has since then
identified himself with many other enterprises,
financial and otherwise, and has held official
positions in the Mississippi Valley Trust Corn-
pan v. the St. Louis National Bank, the St.
Louis Trust Company, and other equally well
known and well managed corporations. He
£n^L
SCULLIN— SEARS.
2037
is best known to the public, however, as a
street railway owner and operator, and in this
field of enterprise few men in the United States
have attained greater celebrity. With the
Union Depot line as a nucleus, he began build-
ing up, some years since, what is now known
as the Union Depot System of street railways,
one of the most extensive in the United States.
In 1898 its cars were carrying in the neigh-
borhood of 2,000,000 passengers per month,
and a liberal system of transfers enabled its
patrons to ride from one end of the city to the
other, by a choice of routes, for a single fare.
The old Mound City Railway and the Benton-
Bellefontaine line are now a part of this sys-
tem, and many links and new lines have been
constructed under Mr. Scullin's supervision
and with the capital at his command. He has
been president and chief executive officer of
the corporation since this vast enterprise was
formulated, and the system, as it exists to-day,
is a monument to his broad capacity and finan-
cial acumen. He married, in 1859, Miss Han-
nah Perry, of Montreal, Canada, and has five
children. His eldest son, Harry Scullin, is
now vice-president of the Union Depot Rail-
road Company. His eldest daughter is now
Mrs. De Gest, of Paris, France, and his
younger children are Frederick, Lenore, and
Charles Scullin.
Scullin, Harry, street railway manager,
was born October 6, 1866, in Fort Leav-
enworth, Kansas, son of John Scullin, the
noted street railway owner and capitalist, of
whom extended mention has been made in
this connection in the preceding sketch. He
was educated at St. John's College of New
York and at St. Louis University. Leaving
school when he was eighteen years of age, he
spent the two years following on a stock ranch
in the Indian Territory, and then came to St.
Louis, where he accepted a clerkship in the
office of the Union Depot Railway Company.
In 1887 he assisted his father in construction
j work on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.
! Returning to St., Louis in 1888, he became
! timekeeper and purchasing agent for the Jef-
| Terson Avenue Street Railway, and in 1890
: was made secretary of the company operating
1 that line. In 1891 he was elected vice-presi-
dent of the Union Depot Railway Company,
and in 1892 became both vice-president and
1 general manager of that corporation. In
1 1895 ne was made president of the Grand Ave-
nue Railroad, and has continued, up to the
present time, to be prominently identified with
the street railway interests of the city. As a
street railway manager, he has shown marked
executive ability and a thorough knowledge
of everything pertaining to intramural railway
traffic. December 26, 1887, Mr. Scullin mar-
ried Miss Julia Frye Woodward, daughter of
Frederick Woodward, and a near relative of
the noted Carlin family of Illinois. Their
children are Mary, Julia, Eugenia, and Lenore
Scullin.
Hears, Edmund Hamilton, educa-
tor, was born April 20, 1852, in Wayland,
Massachusetts, son of Rev. Dr. Edmund H.
and Ellen (Bacon) Sears. His father was a
well known clergyman of the Unitarian de-
nomination, author of several religious works,
of two famous Christmas hymns, and also of
a historical romance, "Pictures of the Olden
Time," in which he traced the first members
of the Sears family who settled in America.
The genealogical record of the family shows
that it was founded in this country by Richard
Sayer, or Sears, who came to Plymouth, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1829. Edmund H. Sears was
fitted for college at the Boston Latin School,
and entered Harvard University in 1870. As
a collegian, he gave special attention to the
Latin, Greek, French, and German languages
and to history and political economy. He also
took an active interest in college athletics, in
which he was somewhat prominent. After
graduating from Harvard in the class of 1874,
he adopted teaching as his profession, and for
a year thereafter was in Virginia doing mis-
cellaneous school work. He then received an
appointment to teach Latin and Greek in the
University of California, located at Berkeley
in that State. This position he held for eight
years, and has always looked back to his ex-
perience there with much satisfaction on ac-
count of the time he was able to devote to spe-
cial research, and also because of the benefit
he derived from contact with a vigorous,
growing and peculiarly interesting type of
American civilization. In 1884 he returned
to his native State, and, after spending a year
in the study of history and literature, estab-
lished a school for girls in Boston, which he
conducted for six years. His experience there
was interesting, but unsatisfactory, because the
people of Boston patronize private schools al-
most entirelv from social consideration, and a
2038
SECESSION" LEGISLATURE— SEDDON.
school which is democratic and truly Ameri-
can in spirit can not easily prosper in that held.
As a result (if this condition of affairs, he was
glad to abandon the school which he had es-
tablished, and in [891 he came to St. Louis to
take charge of Mary Institute, which he found
to be far superior to any of the private schools
for girls in Boston. Since his work here he-
pan he has made many changes in the insti-
tute, and has kept it in touch with the most ad-
vanced educational thought of our age and
country. An able, as well as an experienced,
educator, he has made himself widely known
throughout the West. In principles polit-
ical .Mr. Sears is a Jeffersonian Democrat, but
at the present time is chiefly interested in
maintaining the gold standard of our national
currency, and declares himself ready to vote
with the party which is most trustworthy in
financial matters. For many years he has
been an active member of the New Jerusalem,
or Swedenborgian, Church. He belongs also
to the University Club and the Round Table.
June [9, 1895, he married Miss Helen Clark
Swazey, of Springfield, Massachusetts. Mrs.
Sears is the daughter of George Washington
Swazey, who was long the leading homeo-
pathic physician of Western Massachusetts.
Secession Legislature. — This was the
name given to the Legislature convened at
Neosho, Newton County, by Governor Clai-
borne F. Jackson in the autumn of 1861, after
he had abandoned the State capital because
of his fear of being placed under arrest by the
Federal authorities, and after his office had
been declared vacant by a "Union" State con-
vention, which established a provisional State
government. Pursuant to Governor Jack-
son's call, about forty representatives and
something like a dozen Senators met in Ma-
sonic Hall, in Neosho, October 21, 1 86 1 , and
went through the form of effecting an organ-
ization of each house, although less than a
quorum of each body was present. Follow-
ing this action, the Legislature remained in
session until October 28th. an ordinance of
secession and provisional union with the Con-
federate States being the only important act
passed. On the day last mentioned the Leg-
islature adjourned to meet at Cassville. Barry
County, October 31st following. It recon-
vened on that date at Cassville and passed va-
rious bills and resolutions and confirmed Gov-
ernor Jackson's appointment of Sterling Price
as major-general, and N. W. Watkins. Thomas
A. Harris. A. E. Steen, [ohn B. Clark, W. V.
Slack, M. M. Parsons, J. II. McBride, and
lames S. Rains as brigadier-generals of the
Missouri militia. This session ended Novem-
ber 7th, and another session was to have been
held in New Madrid in March, 1862, but be-
fore that time arrived, all hope of committing
Missouri to the secession movement was aban-
doned. (See also "Politics" and "Civil War.")
Secret Service. — A branch of the gov-
ernment secret service is maintained in St.
Louis under the auspices of the United States
Treasury I )epartment. Its chief duty is to
seek out and bring to justice those engaged
in making or circulating counterfeit money.
Secret Societies. — See "Masons," "( >dd
Fellows," etc.
Seddoil, James A., lawyer, was born
March 9. 1850, in Richmond, Virginia, son of
the distinguished lawyer and statesman, James
Alexander Seddon, who represented the Rich-
mond district in Congress prior to the Civil
War. served as member of the Peace Conven-
tion, which met in Washington in February
of 1861, and later was Secretary of War of the
Confederate government. He is descended
in the paternal line from John Seddon. of
Lancashire, England, who settled in Stafford
County. Virginia, in colonial days, and his
mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Bruce,
also came of an old Virginia family. He was
educated at the University of Virginia, from
which institution he was graduated with the
degree of master of arts. He then completed
the course of study in the law department of
the University, from which he received the
degree of bachelor of laws. In December of
1N72 he came to St. Louis, and the year fol-
lowing was admitted to the bar of this city.
He entered at once upon the practice of his
profession, and soon demonstrated that he had
inherited much of the genius of his distin-
guished father, and that he had made choice
of a calling to which he was admirably adapted.
In later years, he formed a partnership with
James L. Blair, son of General Frank P. Blair,
an association which is historically interest-
ing by reason of the fact that it brought to-
gether tin- sons of two of the most distin-
guished men of the war period, one a Federal,
and the other a Confederate leader. Mr. Sed-
SEHON— SENTKR.
2039
don has since been head of the firm of Seddon
& Blair, and having given special attention to
commercial law, has become recognized as
one of the foremost members of the bar of
Missouri in that branch of practice. In 1887
Mr. Seddon was appointed Judge of the Cir-
cuit Court of St. Louis by Governor Marma-
duke to fill out the unexpired term of Tudge
Amos Thayer, and graced the bench as he has
honored his profession in the active practice
of law. Politically he has always been identi-
fied with the Democratic party, but has been
too much devoted to his profession to take an
active interest in politics. In person and man-
ners, he is a typical Virginian, a genial gen-
tleman, as well as an accomplished lawyer.
He married, in 1888, Miss Louise Quarles
Scott, of St. Louis, who died in 1894, leaving
two children — Bruce and Scott Seddon.
SellOn, Edmund W., clergyman, was
an eloquent preacher in Ohio, and was a spe-
cial transfer to Missouri to serve the Meth-
odist Church in St. Louis in 1833. lie re-
mained only one year, and then returned to
Ohio, and was prominent in the Methodism
of Cincinnati. He was in the General Con-
ference of 1844, out of which grew the Louis-
ville Convention that formed the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South. He was born and
reared and commenced his ministry in West
Virginia, and, though a delegate at the Xew
York General Conference in 1844, he voted
with the South in all matters of contention.
In 1845 he adhered to the Southern organiza-
tion, and established a congregation of the
M. E. Church, South, in Cincinnati in a leased
Presbyterian house of worship. From Cin-
cinnati he went to Louisville, Kentucky;
served two congregations there ; was then
elected missionary secretary, which office he
filled till after 1862— eighteen years in all.
He died in Louisville, June 7. 1876. He was
a man of splendid personal appearance, an elo-
quent and popular preacher and charming
platform speaker. His election to the mis-
sionary secretaryship occurred in St. Louis at
|the General Conference of 1850.
Self Culture Hall Association.—
See "Ethical Societv of St. Louis."
Seminole
Seminoles."
War.— See "War With the
Senter, William Marshall, who has
long been one of the mot prominent 11.
gaged in the cotton trade of the United States,
was born April 11. 1831, at Lexington, Ten
nessee. His father was a prosperous farmer,
and until lie was eighteen years of age the
son assisted the elder Senter on the farm, -I.
taming, in the meantime, a g 1 common
school education. Leaving the farm at that
age, he served an apprenticeship to the dry
goods business at Trenton, Tennessee, and
then embarked in the same business at that
place on his own account. In 1863 he re-
moved to Columbus. Kentucky, and from
there came a year later to St. Louis, where he
entered a broad field of enterprise, to which
he has proven himself remarkably well
adapted. The cotton market of St. Louis was
then in its infancy, the war having temporarily
diverted a portion of the trade in that staple
to this city. His attention being attracted in
this direction, Mr. Senter became impressed
with the idea that this traffic could be re-
tained. Notwithstanding the fact that the re-
ceipts of cotton fell off materially during the
years immediately following the close of the
war, he continued to be firm in tihis belief and
labored intelligently and industriously to bring
about a -realization of his hopes and predic-
tions. In 1870 he helped to organize the Cot-
ton Association, and three years later was
one of the moving spirits in founding the pres-
ent Cotton Exchange, of which he was first
vice-president. Diligent and well directed ef-
forts to build up the cotton trade of St. Louis
ultimately began to show satisfactory results,
and during the year 1871-2 there was an in-
crease, in round numbers, of sixteen thousand
bales in Itihe St. Louis receipts. The comple-
tion of the Iron Mountain Railroad opened a
highway to the rich cotton fields of Arkansas
and Texas, and gave a great stimulus to the
trade. Then it was proposed by Colonel
Paramore to build a gigantic cotton compress
in this city, and Mr. Senter became an a
colaborer in this enterprise. As a result, the
St. Louis Cotton Compress Company was or-
ganized, which has since operated the largest
compress and warehouse in the world. Mr.
Senter was made vice-president of this corpo-
ration in the beginning and for nearly a score
of years he has been its president. For some
years he was a director of the Iron Mountain
Railroad, and later he was a member of the
directorate and vice-president of the corpora-
SESSINGHAUS— SEVEN WISE MEN.
tii hi which constructed the railway known as
the "G tton Bell Linle," and was one of the
mosl active promoters of that enterprise.
Since St. Louis has 'been .one of the recognized
cotton marts of the country, the house of
which Mr. Santer has been the head has
handled vast quantities of cotton, the magni-
tude of its business giving it first place among
tin- cotton houses of the United States. Mr.
Senter served man)- years as president of the
Cotton Exchange and has also 'been vice-pres-
ident of the Merchants' Exchange.
Srssinyhiiiis, Theodore, manufactur-
er, was born June 15. 1836, in W'ernsdheid,
near Cologne, Genmany, and died in St. Louis,
February 14, 1898. He was the son of Fred-
erick W. and Wilhelmina (Wernseheid) Ses-
singhaus, worthy people, the last named of
whom catmie of an < old ami wealthy German
family. His father was a miller and baker,
and the son, as he grew up, learned something
of the business in which he achieved a large
measure of success in later years, and which
made his name a familiar one to thousands of
people. As a hoy he first attended school at
Lingen, Germany, and afterward at the gym-
nasium at Gummersbach. At the last named
institution he pursued a course of study simi-
lar to that of the high schools of American
cities, gaining a good knowledge of the higher
mathematics and also of the French and Eng-
lish languages. Leaving school when he was
something under fifteen years of age, he be-
gan teaming the hardware business in the
store of his uncle, Theodore Sessinghaus, at
Voerde, Germany. He remained there four
years, quitting his uncle's employ in 1856 to
come to this country. He left Germany on
the 17th of April of that year, and June 12th
following arrived in St. Louis, to which place
his father and brothers had preceded him.
Here In- entered the employ of Otto Monnig,
"in- of the old hardware merchants of St
Louis. After working for him -for tour
months, he joined his brothers, Charles and
William, in the Hour runl feed business, and
in this way became identified with the trade in
which lie has since been conspicuously suc-
cessful. \: the death of his brother, Charles
Sessinghans, in 1863, Theodore Sessinghaus
purchased the flouring mill, which had been
operated therel if ore In the linn of Siemens &
Sessinghaus, and at once associated with him-
self his brothers, Gustavus ami Frederick
The linn thus constituted took the name of
Sessinghaus Bros., and their partnership con-
tinued until 18S0. when the Sessinghaus Mill-
ing Company was incorporated. Theodore
Sessinghaus became president of this corpora-
tion and until his death was the recognized head
of a business Which has grown to very large
proportions, and which made Mr. Sessinghaus
very widely known to the flour manufacturing
interests of the country and to the dealers in
that commodity. He was long an influential
manufacturer, being recognized as a man who
made a close study of his business and made
himself thoroughly familiar with all the fea-
tures of the trade. In St. Louis he was known
also as an influential member of the Mer-
chants' Exchange, a man of sterling integrity
and high character. He was a public man in
the sense in which merchants and manufac-
turers, whose names become familiar to large
numhers of people, are public men, but from
the time he became a resident of St. Louis his
attention was given to business affairs and he
held no political or other public office. The
Civil War found him a staunch Unionist, and
he served during that period as a member of
one of the Home Guard companies of St.
Louis, acting politically with the Republican
part\-. Tie was ever after a member of that
party, interesting -himself in promoting its suc-
cess and the dissemination of its doctrines, but
declining all proffers of political preferment.
He was a member of the Order of Odd Fellows,
having filled, at different times, all the offices
in the lodge to which he belonged, and for
man\- years was a member also of the Ancient
' )rder of United Workmen. He married, in
[865, Miss Bertha C. Kayser, of St. Louis, and
had six children living at the time of his death.
Seven Wise Men. — A secret benevolent
and fraternal order, which is said to have orig-
inated in New Orleans in 1852. Henry
Bishop, who had been a member of the order
in Xew Orleans, instituted a conclave in 1853,
and in 1851) the Grand Conclave of Missouri
»rgan'ized. For a time the order flour-
ished in St. Louis, but during the Civil War
its membership diminished materially, and the
Northern conclaves declared their independ-
ence of the Southern head of the order. For
some years after the war there were three conj
claves in St. Louis, but in later years the name
of the order ceased to appear in published lists
of fraternal organizations.
SEWER COMMISSIONER— SEWER SYSTEM OF ST. LOUIS.
2041
Sewer Commissioner. — An officer ap-
pointed by the mayor and boldling office for
four years, who has under his special charge
the construction, repairs and cleaning o>f all
public, district sewers, inters, manholes and
other appurtenances belonging thereto. Un-
der the earlier city charters the sewers were
included in the city engineer's department, the
officer having special charge of them being
called superintendent of sewers. William
Wise was the first superintendent, and he was
appointed to that office in i860. The office of
sewer commissioner was created under the
present charter, and Robert Moore became the
first sewer commissioner in 1877. (See also
"Sewer System of St. Louis.")
Sewer System of St. Louis. — The
sewer system of St. Louis, as established by
the city charter, consists of three classes of
sewers : public sewers, as main sewers and
along the principal courses of drainage, which
are paid for from general revenue ; district
sewers, made within the limits of districts es-
tablished by ordinance, the cost of which is as-
sessed against the lots in proportion to area ;
and private sewers, made by permission Of the
board of public improvements and the sewer
commissioner, at 'the cost of the owner.
No better idea can be obtained of the drain-
age facilities of the city than is to be gathered
from the report of the board of public improve-
ments of May 18, 1878, of which the following
is a synopsis :
"St. Louis is admirably situated for drain-
age. Its sewers discharge into a river whose
rapid current and immense volume dilute and
remove the sewage matter before it bas time
to work any injury to the public health. In
this respect St. Louis is much more fortunate
than many other large cities, whose drainage
goes into bodies of water without current, in
which, from the effects of the wind or tide, the
sewage matter may be retained for a long time
in dangerous proximity to the city. More-
over, the formation of the ground is such that
the sewers may, as a rule, be built with steep
grades. This gives the double advantage of
enabling the Work to be done with smaller
conduits and of securing a current sufficiently
rapid to clean the sewers without resort to
flushing or manual labor. The only thing
which in any way complicates the drainage of
St. Louis is found in the many sink-holes
which abound in the more elevated parts of the
67
city. The 'whole city is underlaid with a bed
of limestone, -Which is broken in many places
by fissures and seams. The surface water,
finding its way through some vertical fissure,
carries off more or less of the superincumbent
earth, and gradually forms a conical indenta-
tion in the ground. These indentations en-
large and deepen until the apex of the cone
reaches the nock, and the inclination of its
sides becomes such that the water, in passing
over it, no longer abrades the surface. When,
from any cause, the fissure which has caused
the formation of the sink-hole gets stopped up
a pond is formed. These ponds, though at
first harmless, become, as the country around
them is built up, the receptacles of organic
refuse and are the sources of disease. As a
rule, it is found impracticable to keep them
permanently open, and the only certain mode
of removing the Water is either to fill them up,
or to drain them by sewers. This, in many
cases, makes necessary the construction of
very deep sewers, and calls also for the more
rapid extension of the system than the wants
of the populaton would otherwise require."
The following account of the sewer system
of St. Louis, so far as it had been completed
at the time of the adoption of the Scheme and
Charter, is gleaned from the report of Robert
Moore, seJwer commissioner, in 1878:
"This system had its origin in the year 1849.
For, though the city had built a number of
small drains across the wharf to diralin the
property between Main and Front Streets, and
had authorized a number of private persons to
construct like drain's at their own expense,
nothing like a general plan or system had
ever been adopted up to this time. But in this
year, March 12, 1849, the General Assembly
of the State passed 'An act to provide a gen-
eral system of sewerage in the city of St.
Louis.' Section 1 of this act directs the city
authorities to 'cause by ordinance the city to
be laid off into districts to be drained by prin-
cipal and lateral or tributary sewers, having
reference to a general plan of drainage by
sewers for the whole city, and number and
record the same.' Section 2 reads as follows :
'Whenever a majority of the owners of real es-
tate within any district shall petition for the
construction of the sewers in the said district,
the city council shall have power by ordinance
to levy and collect a special tax on the real es-
tate within said district so drained, not to ex-
ceed one-half of one per centum per annum
2042
SEWER SYSTEM OF ST. LOUIS.
on the assessed value of real estate, for the pur-
pose of constructing -aid sewers, which tax
shall lie annual!;, levied and collected as other
city taxes, and shall constitute a lien on the
i ■..' . ,i -m which it is assessed, and shall
hi' ir tillered until the debt
1 thereby .-'nail have been fully paid.'
In August of the -time year, 1S40, .after the fail-
tire o'i i drain 'Kayser's Lake.'
in what was then the northwestern part .if the
■ i sink-holes, there was p;
an ordinance — No. 228] — .authorizing the con-
struction of a sewer on Biddle Street, from
Ninth Street t" the Mississippi River, and
providing for the issue and sal'- of $50,000 in
bonds to pay the cost thereof. In March,
[850, this work was put under contract, Peter
Brooks being the contractor, and Bernard
Pratte, Samuel < Tity, Edward Walsh, J. B.
Brant, and John O'Fallon securities, and was
completed during the next year, at 1
to the city of $112,843.12. Meantime, in July
and August, [850, three ordinances were
passed to carry into effect the provisions of
: of March 12. 1849, just quoted. Two
se- Ordinance 2,485 and 2514 — provide
in addition to the Middle Street sewer.
already established and in progress, there
should be a large sewer on Poplar 5
where it would receive the drainage from
eau's Pond to the river: and also three
other tributary sewers — one on Seventh Street
running north into Biddle Street sewer;
and two on Ninth Street, running, one into
Biddle Street sewer, and the other into Pop-
lar Street sewer. These five main sewers were
initiated 'Public Sewers.' and were to be
paid for by the city at large. The territory
bounded north by Biddle Street, south by Pop-
lar Street, east by the river, and west by Ninth
Street, was then subdivided into districts,
numbered from one up to thirty-three, each of
which was t • be drained by what wa- denomi-
nated a 'district, 1 nr 0 ramoii, e cost
if which was to be assessed up' m the dt
drained in the manner set forth in the third or-
dinance. This ordinance — No. 2,498 — pro-
vides for the issuing of what were to be called
'common sewer bond.-.' th'e proceeds ■ >1
were to be used for the construction of district
sewers and fi ir the le\ j ing 1 >f a tax annually
upon the real estate within the district until the
bonds issued for said district were extin-
guished. This system remained without
change for nearly ten war-, during which a
number of sewers were built, and a cor-
beling number of sewer bonds issued
There was an ordinance, however — No. 4,306,
approved January 15,1859 — which so far mod-
ified the mode of payment as to allow the
property owner to pay at once his whole share
e, i-t 1 if the sewer, and bee erne
exempted from the special tax for the liquida-
tion of sewer bonds. With this modifi
th ■ tern w mid seem t> 1 have been a \ ( ry
go d one : bu1 it d »es n <t appear to have given
f ir. in the amended
proved March 14. [859, the whole system of
paving for district sewers by mean- of b inds
and an annual tax was abandoned for that now
in force, b_\ which, after the completion of a
cer, the whole c si is assess* 1 at
once up mi the separate lots composing the dis-
trict, in proportion to their area, and the spe-
cial t.ix" bills given to the contractor in pay-
ment for his work, he collecting them for his
own use without the intervention of any city
officer, or any payment into or out of the city
treasury. Luring the same year, by ordi-
nance No. 4.535. there was established for the
first time a department of the city government
styled t!te 'sewer department.' presided over
l>v a committee of the city council, called the
sewer committee, upon whom was devolved
eire charge, maintenance and extension
of the -ewer system, the city engineer being
reduced to tile position of chief executive offi-
cer of the sewer committee, with no powers
except to earn out their instructions. This
organization remained without material
change up to the year 1877, when tlie present
r went into effect, and even this made
hardly any change, except to vest the man-
agement of the sewers in the sewer eomniis-
• and board of public improvements in
place of the .-ewer committee."
Since then no change in the system has
been made, but the lack of funds necessary to
extend public .-ewer- has induced a policy to
establish large districts embracing entire wa-
tersheds of from 100 to 600 acres, including
the main stems within such districts, as a part
of the district sewers. Under this rule, large
areas have hern sewered which otherwise
would ha^e waited indefinitely under aggra-
vating unsanitary conditions. The assess-
ments, of course, are proportionately higher,
but the immediate benefits more than compen-
sate and the method appears to be entirely
actory to the property owners. The first
SEWER SYSTEM OF ST. LOUIS.
2043
work of this kind was done in Yandeventer
Avenue sewer district No. I, between Grand
Avenue and Sarah Street, and west of Sarah
Street from Duncan Avenue to St. Ferdinand
Avenue, embracing 525 acres. The district
was first established by ordinance No. 13,076.
approved December 20, 1884, but opening al-
leys and other preparations delayed the begin-
ning of the work until June 22, 1886. It was
completed December r, 1888, at a cost of
$243,336.09. The length of the sewers, rang-
ing in size from 12-inCh pipe to 81-2 feet in
diameter, was 16.74 miles.
A similar district adjoining on the west of
the above mentioned, reaching to Taylor Ave-
nue— West Mill Creek sewer district Xo. 4 —
embracing 443 acres, with 14.65 miles 01 sew-
ers, ranging from 12-inch pipe to 8 1-2 feet in
diameter, was completed June 17, 1S92. An-
other district, between Taylor Avenue and
King's Highway, from Pine Street, northwest
to Garfield Avenue — Euclid Avenue sewer dis-
trict No. 1 — with 16.08 miles of sewers, rang-
ing from 12-inoh pipe to 9 feet in diameter,
draining 596 acres, was completed July 23,
1897. Two other districts west of the above
mentioned, to wit : Clarendon Avenue sewer
district Xo. 3, with 102 acres, and Hodiamont
Avenue sewer district Xo. 1, with 206 acres,
are now in Course of con struct ion and nearly
completed.
In the southern part of the city two dis-
tricts, draining the whole watersheds above the
terminus of the public sewers, have recently
been finished, to wit: the Southern sewer dis-
trict No. 1, from Cherokee Street northwardly
to Sidney Street, and between Louisiana Ave-
nue and Spring Avenue, with 7.92 miles of
sewers, draining 205,94 acres ; and Duncan
Avenue sewer district No. 2, between Boyle
Avenue and King's Highway, and Scott Ave-
nue and Gibson Avenue, with 3.43 miles of
sewer, draining 102.55 acres. Other large dis-
tricts of this class are being prepared, and the
system will be extended as fast as the neces-
sary streets and alleys are opened.
All the drainage of the city is direct into the
Mississippi River, north of about Garfield
Avenue, or North Market Street ; thence the
dividing ridge between the Mississippi and
Des Peres Rivers, runs southwardly along and
near Taylor Avenue to the Wabash railroad ;
thence on King's Highway to Manchester
Avenue to the Pacific railroad ; along and near
Tower Grove Ayenue, from the Missouri Pa-
cific railroad to Arsenal Street ; along and near
the Old Manchester road, thence a short dis-
tance south of Arsenal Street, ea'stwardly to
Spring Avenue ; thence southwardly along
Spring Avenue 'to Gravois Avenue, south of
Gravois Avenue along Grand Avenue to near
Meramec Street, and south of Menaimec Street
irregularly a few blocks west of Virginia Ave-
nue. The drainage west of Taylor Avenue,
tributary to the Des Peres River, north o'f For-
est Park, is provided with an intercepting
sewer, receiving all the foul waiter, or dry-
weather flow, so that all the pollution of the
river, through Forest Park, if any, must come
from beyond the city limits. This sewer dis-
charges into Mill Creek sewer, on Sarah Street
and Pine Street, running on Pine Street to
Euclid Avenue, Where it receives the ordinary
dry-weather flow Of Euclid Avenue sewer dis-
tricts Xo. 1 and Xo. 2 — nearly 700 acres — and
by an automatic gate, this discharge is cut off
when the storm-water rises to a certain height,
so that the whole is discharged through an
outlet sewer into the Des Peres River at a
time when that stream is at flood height, car-
rying with it what little foul water may remain.
From Euclid Avenue and Pine Street, the in-
tercepting sewer is continued westwardly on
Pine Street, and through Forest Park to Lin-
dell Avenue and Lake Avenue, with a branch
on Lake Avenue northwardly to McPherson
Avenue, intercepting the nine and one-half foot
Clarendon Avenue sewcJr about 300 feet west
of Lake Avenue. Thence it continues west-
wardly on Lindeil Avenue, Union Boulevard
and DeGivervlille Avenue, to DeBaliviere Ave-
nue, with a branch on the latter ; northwardly
to near Delmar Boulevard, to receive the foul
water drainage from the sewer to be made in
the valley between Belt Avenue and Hamilton
Avenue. Thence it continues westwardly and
northwardly along the Wabash railroad, Del-
mar Boulevard and Hodiamont Avenue,, to
Horton Place, where it intercepts the main
stem of the Hodiamont Avenue sewer district
No. 1, and receives on its way the tributary
sewers of the same district, thus draining all
the dry-weather flow north of the Wabash rail-
road within the city limits tributary to the
Des Peres River; and it will eventually be ex-
tended, whenever necessary, to reach Other
territory west and north of Forest Park.
The drainage of that part of the city along
Des Peres River is a matter requiring further
legislation, as it affects territory beyond the
2044
SEWER SYSTEM OF ST. LOUIS.
city limits, and should not be delayed much
longer, especially that portion from Forest
Park southwardly 'through the inhabited dis-
trict. The system which will probably be
adopbed will be to straighten and shape the
channel of the river for the storm-water tl<:>>\.
with an intercepting sewer along the side to
carry off the foul water. The northern sub-
urbs will also require attention, as Harlem
Creek and Gingras Creek are becoming intol-
erable through the inhabited portion of their
courses.
The sewerage of the old part of the city
where the first sewers were made, has become
unsatisfactory on account of the inadequate
depth, since modern first-class buildings re-
quire deeper drainage. But this has so far
been remedied by private sewers, draining into
the tunnel sewer on Eighth Street, and the
customhouse sewer, on Ninth Street, both of
which are deep enough for all purposes: and a
system could be adopted to reconstruct and
lower all sewers tributary to 'these deep sewers.
Xearly every street terminating at the Missis-
sippi River along the central part of the city
is provided with a sewer. The public sewers
discharging directly into the river, with size
at their outlet, and the areas drained and trib-
utary thereto, are tabulated as follows:
KntQe
M ill C
l'.,,,la,
Biddle
^Ireet Sewer
Street Sewer
e Street Sewei ....
in Si ivei
Streel Sewer
SI i . . t >. wei ....
in Street Se%ver ....
i1 ^ 5'A
Stl ' — ivei ...
street Sewer
eek Sewei
,0 N |(j
Mr., l -.run ...
I .', retlti. . .1 1 1 . i
St reel Sewei
ers Street Sewei
Street Sewei ....
1'. ^ '.-
ii \ Stn el Sewer . . .
\ 1
i A.VI n u. Sewer . ,
1 x =,
Avenue -..«.•: ....
8
15,560
There are also about twenty-five intermedi-
ate ill rs, draining small areas direct-
ly int. > the river, between Chouteau \v. nue and
B-n rkh ■! Street. I if the ab nv menti >ned
-. the Mil! 1 - deserves
mention. This sewer, ilie largest in the city,
dnainfi aboul 6,400 acres, 1 1 ten square miles.
At its outlet, on LaSalle Street, it is 23 1-2 x
14 feet, for a distance of 82 feet, and cost, in-
cluding reconstruction, $7,916.42. Thence,
for a distance of 563 feet, its dimensions are
20 x 16 feet, representing an outlay of $80,-
621.97; thence. 20 x 15 1-2 feet, for a distance
of 797 feet, costing $77,956.79 ; thence 20 x 15
feet, for a distance of 14.947 feet, costing $1,-
1 >j< 1.344.62 : thence, 18 x 15 feet, for a distance
of 3,235 feet, and 14 x 12 feet, for a distance of
761 feet, costing $172,369.20; thence, 12 feet
in diameter, for a distance of 1,382 feet, costing
$26,974.91 ; thence, 10 1-2 feet in diameter, for
a distance of 1,783 feet, costing $37,013.05;
and thence, 10 feet in diameter, for a distance
of 1,627 feet, costing $26,036.84; with a total
length of 25.177 feet, or 4.77 miles, and repre-
senting a total outlay of $1,499,233.80. It
terminates as a public sewer at McPherson and
Whittier Streets, and thence it is extended as a
district sewer, beginning with 81-2 feet di-
ameter, and ending with 2x3 feet on New-
stead and Cottage Avenues, a distance of 1.65
miles. The sewer was commenced in i860,
and completed to Whittier street in 1891, at a
cost, as above stated, of $1,499,233.80. The
capacity of the sewer has proven inadequate
in time- . if i xceedingly heavy rainfalls, as wit-
by overflows in low places along its
route. This is being remedied by the con-
struction of a relief sewer from the intersec-
tion of Thurman Boulevard and Park Avenue,
westwardly on Park Avenue, and between the
M issi >uri Pacific and the St. Louis & San Fran-
cisco railroads, to the Des Peres River, di-
verting in that stream the storm-water of about
1. 1 '5" acres south of Park Avenue, the dry-
weather (low only being continued to Mill
Creek sewer. The cut-off alt the junction of
Park Avenue and Thurman Boulevard will be
made similar to that described at Pine Street
and Euclid Avenue. This relief sewer is 12 i-2x
15 feet in diameter, and is constructed from the
I >' - Teres River eastwardly 2,830 feet, at a
cost Of S55.745.87. To finish the work, a
length of about 2,950 feet will be compara-
tively more expensive, as it will go through a
;it and rock excavation. The estimated
ab. mt $100,000. Further relief can be
plished by constructing the Poplar
Street sewer, and intercepting the sewers on'
Eighth, Ninth. Tenth, Twelfth, Eighteenth
ami Twentieth Streets, cutting off from Mill
Creek sewer about 1,000 acres. This proposed
sewer was one of the first attempted, and soon
SEXTON.
after the constructon of the Biddle Street
sewer, a section 12 feet in diameter from the
river to Second Street, and another 15 feet in
diameter from the -alley between Broadway
and Sixth Street, westwardly to Ninth Street,
was const riveted. The work was then aban-
doned as impracticable on account of very
troublesome quicksands. But it is now con-
ceded that, with modern appliances, the sewer
can be made without extraordinary difficulties
at an expense of about $300,000.
The preparing of plans for the extension of
the sewer system is now very much facilitated
by a topographical survey, made under the au-
thority of ordinance No. 14,846, approved
March 21, 1889. The survey was made by Mr.
B. H. Colby, the present sewer commissioner,
beginning in 1889, and finished in 1897. It
is very complete and satisfactory.
The total length, area drained, and cost of
sewers in St. Louis, up to date, is as follows:
5 S
iJ
013
< H
gn
<
* -a -
4^3-89
n.470
i 5,928,531.7s
5,164,031.16
District sewers
To which may be ndded for pri-
vate sewers of a permanent
character — cost unknown —
approximately
4S6 00
11,470
530
l?,ooo
Si 1.092.562 8S
The following officers have been in charge
of the sewer work in St. Louis since the begin-
ning O'f the system : Samuel R. Curtis, city
engineer, from 1850 to 1853 ; Henry Kayser,
city engineer, from 1853 to 1855 ; J. B. Moul-
ton, city engineer, from 1855 to 1856 ; Henry
Kayser, city engineer, from 1856 to 1857; F.
Hassendeubel, city engineer, from 1857 to
i860 ; T. J. Horner, city engineer, and William
Wise, superintendent of sewers, from i860 to
1867; Ferd BischofT, city engineer, and Will-
iam Wise, superintendent of sewers, from 1867
to 1871 ; J. B. Moulton, city engineer, and
William Wise, superintendent of sewers, from
1871 to 1875 ; Walter Katte, city engineer,
and William Wise, superintendent of sewers,
1875 t° l&7&\ Charles Pfeifer, city engineer,
and William Wise, superintendent of sewers,
from 1876*0 1877; Robert Moore, sewer com-
missioner, and William Wise, assistant sewer
commissioner, from 1877 to 1881 ; William
Wise, sewer commissioner, and Julius Moul-
ton, assistant sewer commissioner, from 1881
to 1883 ; Robert E. McMath, sewer commis-
sioner, and William Wise, assistant sewer
commissioner, from 1883 to 1891 ; R. R.
Southard, sewer commissioner, and William
Wise, assistant sewer commissioner, from 1891
to 1895, and B. H. Colby, sewer commissioner,
and William Wise, assistant sewer commis-
sioner, from 1895 to the present time — 1899.
William Wise.
Sexton, Henry Clay, was born March
29, 1828, in Wheeling, West Virginia, and
died in St. Louis, December 31 1893. His
parents were John and Phoebe Sexton, and
the family to which he belonged settled in
Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia, his
immigrant ancestor having been among the
earliest colonists of that region. After gradu-
ating from the Wheeling High School, in
1844, Mr. Sexton followed his father's occu-
pation, which was that of contractor and
builder, until 1857, the family having in the
meantime removed to St. Louis. In 1857 he
was made chief of the old volunteer fire de-
partment of this city, and in that capacity be-
came widely known throughout the country.
He was distinguished for his courage and
bravery, good judgment and his kindness at
heart. The men who served under him in the
fire department were devotedly attached to
him, for, although he was a strict disciplin-
arian, he was always generous and forbearing.
After the great Chicago fire of 1871 he was
offered a salary of $15,000 a year to take
charge of the fire department of that city, but
declined the offer, preferring to remain in St.
Louis. From 1862 to 1875, in company with
his brother, John Sexton, he carried on a large
contracting and building business in St. Louis,
erecting many of the principal buildings of
that era, among which were the Republican
Building, the City Hospital, the House of In-
dustry and others. He was collector of water
rates in St. Louis during the administration of
Mayor King. In 1862 General Schofield re-
moved him from the position of chief of the
fire department and confined him in the Gra-
tiot Street Prison as a Southern sympathizer.
He was reappointed chief in 1869, and held the
office until 1885, when he resigned to become
collector of internal revenue, which office he
filled during President Cleveland's first ad-
ministration. In his early life he was a Whig
in politics, but later became a Democrat, and
2046
SHAFFNER— SHAMROCK SOCIETY
continued to affiliate with that party as long
as he lived. A member of the Southern
Methodist Church, he was a devout Christian,
and for many years was superintendent of the
Mound Sunday-school. He was a member of
the Masonic order, of the Legion of Honor,
of the order of Elks, and a Knight of St. Pat-
rick. July 4. 1850, he married Miss Sara La-
vania Lyon, at Davenport, Iowa. The sur-
viving children born of this union are Mrs.
Jennie McCaw, Mrs. Addue Maxwell. .Mrs.
Lavania Salter and Henry Clay Sexton.
Shaffner, Louis II., was born in St.
Louis, Missouri, April 10, 1842, son of Jacob
and Eliza Shaffner. The elder Shaffner, a
coppersmith by trade, and a native of Zanes-
ville, Ohio, located in St. Louis at an early-
date. After acquiring a practical education
in the public schools- of St. Louis young
Shaffmr served an apprenticeship to the car-
penter's trade with Samuel C. McCormack,
a contractor and builder. In 1874 he en-
gaged in contracting and building on his
own account, and is still engaged in that busi-
ness, lie frequently employs 100 carpenters
at a time, besides other labor in the prosecu-
tion of his building contracts. Among the
noted buildings erected by him is the Bow-
man Dairy Company Block, Sixteenth and
Franklin Avenue. He devotes most of his
time to the construction of private dwellings,
among which are many of the finest residences
in St. Louis, lie is a good judge of real es-
tate and other property, and has been fre-
quently called upon by his neighbors to adju-
dicate values. lie resides in his original
homestead, which he has occupied continu-
ous!) for thirty-seven years. Mr. Shaffner.
dining the war, was engaged in rebuilding
bridges of the Xorih Missouri Railroad, de-
stroyed by the armies. lie is a Democrat,
and has been a member of the Democratic
committee in his precinct, and a judge of elec-
tion. I le is a Methodist in religious belief and
prominent as a member of the Masonic or-
der, the Knights of Honor and the Legion of
Honor. Mr. Shaffner has been twice mar-
ried; first, to Miss Cora Ulray, of St. Louis,
in r876. Mrs. Cora Shaffner died in March,
[887, leaving six children— Eva (deceased),
Belle, Daisy, wife of Charles Spiers; Louis S..
\rtliur and Alfred Shaffner. I lis second mar-
riage was with Miss Rose Paine, of St. Louis.
in 1889. Two children have been born of this
marriage — Rose Ann and Mary Shaffner.
Shakespearean Anniversary. — An
interesting event took place in St. Louis, April
23, [864, being the celebration of the three
hundredth anniversary of the birth of Shake-
speare, for tin- benefit of the Mississippi Valley
Sanitary Fair. It was held in Mercantile Li-
brary Hall. Locust and Fifth Streets, and was
presided over by Major-General William
Rosecrans, commanding the department. It
was the mi >st noted amateur entertainment
ever given in the city. It opened with Men-
delssohn-Bartholdy's overture to "Midsum-
mer Night's Dream," with a full orchestra
conducted by Charles Balmer. followed by a
reading from "As You Like It." by Judge
Wilson Primm. A recitation from "Midsum-
mer Night's Dream" was then given by .Miss
< Ictavia Wetmore, a teacher in the public
schools, and a young woman of decided his-
trionic talents. There were in the first part
readings from "Hamlet." "Othello" and
"Julius ( acsar," by A. W. Alexander. J. B.
Pearson and M. B. Denman. The second
part, which also opened with an overture, was
even more attractive. In this Dr. C. \Y.
Stev* lis, superintendent of the County Insane
Asylum ; Rev. Montgomery Schuyler, dean of
Christ Church Cathedral; the veteran actor,
Sol. Smith ; United States Senator Charles D.
Drake, R. J. Morgan and Britton A. Hill gave
Shakespearean selections. The programme
was interspersed with vocal solos, duets and
trios by the highest amateur talent of the city,
including Edwina Dean Lowe, and closed
with Locke's celebrated "Music of Macbeth."
rendered by a large chorus of laches and genl
tlemen, supported by an orchestra composed
of the city's best professional talent, and con-
ducted by August Waldauer.
Shamrock Society. — A benevolent so-
ciety formed in St. Louis in 1854. after the
memorable riot of that year, among the viol
thus of which were many Irishmen. The or-
ganization took place at the house of Patrick
Moran, at the corner of Eighth and Biddle
Streets, and among the founders of the sol
ciety wire M. J. Dolan, William Huse, Pat-k
rick ( ('Neil, Edward Lester and others. Ed-
ward Lester was the first president of the or-
ganization. It provided for sick and death
benefits. The society was partially disrupted
<'
SHAPLEIGH.
2047
during the Civil War, but at its close was re-
organized and entered upon a prosperous ca-
reer.
Shapleigh, Augustus Frederick,
merchant, was born in Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, January 9, 18 10, son of Captain
Richard and Dorothy (Blaisdell) Shapleigh.
In the paternal line he is a descendant of Alex-
ander Shapleigh, merchant and ship owner, of
Devonshire, England, who came to this coun-
try some time before the year 1635 as agent
for Sir Ferdinand Gorges, and became the
progenitor of the American branch of the
family. This immigrant ancestor settled in
the colony of Massachusetts, and built the first
house at Kittery Point— now in the State of
Maine — on the River Piscataqua. This fact
is attested by the following entry which ap-
! pears in the York court records for the year
1650: "For as much as the house at the
river's mouth, where Mr. Shapleigh first built
i and Hilton now dwelleth ; in regard it was first
j house ther bylt." In the early days many
J important trusts under the British crown were
! held by the descendants of Alexander Shap-
| leigh, and portions of his possessions are still
I owned by members of his family, constituting
I a tenure of more than two hundred and fifty
years. Major Nicholas Shapleigh, one of the
;■ sons of Alexander, was especially prominent
I in colonial affairs in the Province of Maine,
I serving many years as a member of the coun-
I cil, and as treasurer of the Province from
1649 to 1653. He was commander of the
militia from 1656 to 1663, made a treaty with
the Sagamore Indians in 1678. was attorney
for the lord proprietor, Robert Mason, and a
representative in the Massachusetts general
:court until his death. From Alexander Shap-
! leigh to Augustus F. Shapleigh the line of de-
j scent is through Alexander Shapleigh, son of
[the first Alexander, Captain John Shapleigh,
■ Major Nicholas Shapleigh, the second, Nich-
olas Shapleigh, the third: Captain Elisha
(Shapleigh, and Captain Richard Shapleigh.
(Captain John Shapleigh was killed by the In-
dians in 1706, who, at the same time, captured
;his son, Major Nicholas Shapleigh, and car-
ped him captive into Canada. Major Nich-
olas Shapleigh served for a number of years
las major of colonial troops, and his son, Nich-
olas Shapleigh, served in the colonial wars in
[the "Blue Troupe of York," one of the com-
panies of Sir William Pepperell's regiment.
Captain Elisha Shapleigh, one of the sons of the
second Nicholas, raised the first company of
the Second York County Regiment, and com-
manded it as captain in the Revolutionary
War. Captain Richard Shapleigh, the father
of Augustus F. Shapleigh, was a seafaring
man, and was master and owner of the ship
"< iranville," which was wrecked off Rye-
Beach, New Hampshire, in 1813. In this dis-
aster Captain Shapleigh lost his life, and the
son was left a half-orphan at fourteen years of
age to assist his mother in the care of the fam-
ily. His mother was the daughter of Abner
Blaisdell, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
who served in the Revolutionary War as ser-
geant in Captain Titus Salter's company of
artillery, at Fort Washington, and later with
Colonel John Langdon's Company of Light
Horse Volunteers. Soon after the death of his
father, Augustus F. Shapleigh, who had mas-
tered the rudiments of an education, obtained a
situation as clerk in a hardware store at Ports-
mouth, New Hampshire, where he worked one
year for a salary of fifty dollars and boarded
himself. After that he led a seafaring life for
three years, in the course of which he made
several European voyages. Then, at the so-
licitation of his mother and sisters, he aban-
doned the sea and again went to work- in a
hardware store, accepting a situation with the
firm of Rogers Brothers & Company, of Phil-
adelphia. This connection began in 1829,
and thirteen years of faithful and efficient
services gained for him a junior partnership
in the establishment. This firm extended its
operations to St. Louis in 1843. and Mr. Shap-
leigh was sent here to establish the hardware
house of Rogers, Shapleigh & Company,
which continued in existence until the senior
member of the firm died. Thomas D. Dav
was then admitted to the partnership, and the
firm was reorganized and became Shapleigh,
Day & Company. Under this name the busi-
ness was conducted for sixteen years, and, Mr.
Day then retiring, it was- succeeded by the firm
of A. F. Shapleigh & Company. This firm
continued in existence until 1880, when the
enterprise was incorporated as the A. F. Shap-
leigh & Cantwell Hardware Company. In
1888 Mr. Cantwell retired, and the corporate
name was changed to the A. F. Shapleigh
Hardware Company, which is still retained.
Since 1847 Mr. Shapleigh has been the head
of this widely known establishment, and since
it became a corporation, has filled the office of
2048
SHARP— SHAW
president. He has trained to the business, as
they grew up, his four sons, and Frank Shap-
leigh is now vice-president, Richard W. Shap-
leigh second vice-president,, and Alfred Lee
Shapleigh secretary and treasurer of the cor-
poration. The history of the house is a con-
tinuous record of progress and prosperity, and
the fiftieth anniversary of its establishment,
with Mr. Shapleigh's name at the head of the
firm, finds it occupying a position among the
great business houses of St. Louis, and among
the most widely known commercial establish-
ments of the Mississippi Valley. In 1886 the
company suffered a heavy fire loss, but the
indomitable energy which had developed the
business from a small beginning to large pro-
portions speedily rehabilitated it and largely
expanded the trade of the house, which now
extends from Indiana and Ohio on the east,
through the States of the West, Northwest
and Southwest, to the Pacific coast. In build-
ing up the wholesale hardware trade for which
St. Louis has become famous Mr. Shapleigh
has been a pioneer, and as merchant and citi-
zen he has gained well-deserved prominence.
In addition to his merchandising operations
he has been identified with the State Bank of
St. Louis as trustee and director since 1859,
and served as a director of the Merchants'
National Bank from 1862 to 1890. at which
time he resigned the latter position in favor of
his son, Alfred L. Shapleigh. lie has been
president, also, of the Phoenix Fire Insurance
Company, vice-president of the Covenant Mu-
tual Life Insurance Company, and interested
in the Hope Mining Company and the Granite
Mountain Mining Company. A Presbyterian
churchman, he has long- been a member of
the Central Presbyterian Church, and polit-
ical!} affiliated with the Whig party in early
life, and since that party ceased to exist, has
been a member of the Republican party. He
was married in 1838 to Miss Elizabeth A. Urn-
stead, of Philadelphia, and of eight children
1>< >rn 1 >f their unii in. five si ins and 1 me daughter
are now living. The daughter is now Mrs.
J. Will Boyd, and the sons are Frank, Augus-
tus P., Jr.,' Dr. John I',., Richard W., and Al-
fred Pee Shapleigh.
Sharp, Fidelio ('., lawyer, was born in
Kentucky in the year 1820, and died in St.
I ouis in [875. Ilis parents were Absalom
and Maria 1 Rice) Sharp, and he was the grand-
son of Captain Thomas Sharp, a Revolution
ary patriot of tin- Virginia line. In Kentucky
the family to which Mr. Sharp belonged had
many representatives noted for their enter-
prise and ability, and from an early day they
were' influential citizens of that grand old
commonwealth. Reared and educated in
Kentucky, Fidelio C. Sharp was fitted for the
law by a liberal education, and at the age oi
twenty-one he was admitted to the bar. Two
years later, and in the year 1843, he came to
Missouri and settled in Lexington, where he
fi irmed a partnership with John P. Campbell.
Later he practiced in partnership with Judge
William T. Wood, and still later with Judge
Samuel Sawyer, of that city. In 1857 he
came to St. Louis, and some time afterward
became associated in practice with Colonel
James ( ). Broadhead, at a later date United
States Minister to Switzerland, and one of the
honored public men of Missouri, as well as an
eminent lawyer. The firm thus constituted
became celebrated throughout the West for its
successful conduct of litigation, and it is the
testimony of old lawyers of St. Louis that Mr.
Sharp had hardly an equal at the Missouri bar
in the preparation and trial of cases in the
"nisi prius" courts. For many years he was
engaged as counsel in almost all the important
cases which occupied the attention of the St.
Louis courts, and devoted himself to the law
with untiring assiduity, declining offers of
political preferment and allowing nothing to
divert him from the duties and labors of his
calling. He was a devotee to his profession,
but withal was a genial gentleman who knew
well how to enjoy the amenities of life, and
whose home was always a charmingly hospit-
able one. He was twice married, and was sur-
vived by six children. His son and name-
sake, Fidelio C Sharp. Jr.. is now a well-
known member of the St. Louis bar.
Shaw, Henry, merchant and benefac-
tor, was born in Sheffield, England, July 24,
1800. His father, Joseph Shaw, was a native
1 if I .eicester, but removed to Sheffield at a very
early age. The mother, Sarah Hoole, whom
he most resembled in disposition, was a native
of that city. The father was a manufacturer
of grates, fire-irons, etc., and had a large estab-
lishment in Green Lane, Sheffield, which was
afterward removed to Roscoe Place, both of
which sites have long since disappeared before
the advancing tide of brick and mortar. Prob-
ably the earliest recollections of the boy were
^^C#ny/KLZ£%u&<suS — -y
SHAW.
2049
associated with the factory and warehouse,
but he showed no tendency to tread in the pa-
ternal footsteps in that respect, though the
business habits and methods he was thus
brought in contact with at that period, when
the mind is "wax to receive and marble to re-
tain," were of inestimable service to him at a
later day.
His primary education was obtained at
Thorne, a village not far from his native town ;
and his favorite place for study, we are told,
was an arbor, half-hidden by blossoming vines
and surrounded by trees and flowers. He
seems to have been a lover of these from child-
hood, and with his two sisters passed many
happy hours in the little garden attached to
the family residence, "planting and cultivating
anemones and ranunculus," as he remembered
and told after the lapse of nearly eighty years.
From Thorne he was transferred to Mill
Hill, about twenty miles from London. It is
what is termed in England a "Dissenting"
school, the elder Shaw being a Baptist ; but
was considered among the best private insti-
tutions of learning in the kingdom. Here he
remained some six years, leaving probably in
1817; and here he finished that part of his
education which schools could give — the edu-
cation that taught him how to educate him-
self in the long and busy life upon which he
was soon to enter. Mill Hill gave him an
average knowledge of the classics, less of
Greek than of Latin, and more than an aver-
age knowledge of mathematics, which he de-
veloped by subsequent study, for the mere
love of the science apparently. He was for a
long time regarded as the best mathematician
in St. Louis. At both schools he was taught
French, and became in later years an excel-
lent French scholar. Undoubtedly he was
introduced at Mill Hill to other modern lan-
guages— German, Italian and Spanish — all of
which — except perhaps German — he followed
up more or less until the last years of his life,
as well-thumbed grammars and dictionaries,
and a good selection of Italian and Spanish
books, abundantly prove.
With this preliminary equipment the bov
;took his place in the ranks of men by assist-
ing his father at the home establishment for a
iyear, and then, in 1818, came with him to Can-
ada. His manly qualities must have shown
themselves unmistakably by that time, for the
isame year his father sent him to New Orleans,
!mainly, it is understood, with the object of
learning the mysteries of cotton-raising,
though other business of no great consequence
required his presence there. But his stay in
Louisiana was short ; he did not like the cli-
mate, nor were there any present or prospect-
ive financial inducements to remain. He
was now his own master, and decided to ex-
change the South for the North and try his
fortune in the then small and remote French
trading post called St. Louis. Embarking on
the "Maid of New Orleans," after a long and
tedious voyage the youthful adventurer ar-
rived at his destination, May 3, 1819. A ven-
erable citizen — Mr. Frederick L. Billon — saw
the steamer come to anchor at the foot of what
is now Market Street, and was among the first
to welcome the stranger. He says : "Mr.
Shaw had come from England with a stock of
cutlery to make his fortune in the New World.
With little means, he began business on the
second floor of a building which he found for
rent, and for a time lived, cooked, and sold his
goods in this one room. I have sat with him
there many a time, playing chess during the
long evenings. He cared little for society,
and, while he went out to parties and balls oc-
casionally, he seemed to avoid making ac-
quaintances among the girls of that period."
The reason of this was — so thinks Mr. Billon
— "that he had come to make money solely,
with the expressed intention of some day re-
turning to his native heath to enjoy the re-
sults of his early years of labor. He intended
marrying some English girl, and for that rea-
son avoided making female friends, fearing he
might fall in love and thus spoil his well-de-
fined plans."
The capital which bought the "small stock
of cutlery" and gave the young man his first
start in life was furnished by his uncle, Mr.
James Hoole, who lived to see the splendid
success of the perilous investment, and for
whose memory his nephew cherished the pro-
foundest respect.
While, very naturally and properly, the
main object of Mr. Shaw at this, the decisive
period of his career, was to "make money,"
and thereby secure that financial independence
necessary for the accomplishment of higher
purposes, and while in order to do this he will-
ingly denied himself many youthful enjoy-
ments, he did not push his prudent self-denial
beyond reasonable limits. Then and always
he knew how to harmonize business and pleas-
use, how to use both without abusing either.
2050
SHAW
and so to obtain the benefits of both with the
fewest possible disadvantages. . . . W hen
the balance sheet for 1839 was struck it
showed, to the great surprise of Air. Shaw, a
nel gain for the year of $25,000. He could
nol believe bis own figures, and so went over
them again and again until he could no longer
doubt the fact. Telling the story many years
afterward, he said it seemed to him then that
"this was more money than any man in my
circumstances ought to make in a single year,"
and he resolved then and there to go out of
active business at the first opportunity. The
opportunity presented itself very early in the
following year, and was promptly improved
by the sale of his entire stock of merchandise.
So at forty years of age — only the noon of life
— with all his physical and mental powers un-
impaired and vigorous, Henry Shaw was a
free man — and the possessor of $250,000 —
equivalent to $1,000,000 in our day — with
which to enjoy that freedom. The practical
philosophy — usually called common sense, be-
cause, perhaps, it is so very uncommon —
which was the ruling feature of his character,
was nev< r n ore clearly and happily displayed
than in this retirement. To it he owed what
has secured his grateful and generous remem-
brance forever; to it we, and those who will
come after us, owe the rare and precious gifts
of perfected Xature, whose "infinite variety
agi can not wither nor custom stale."
In September, 1840, Mr. Shaw made his first
visit to Europe, stopping on the way at Roch-
ester, Xew York, where his parents and sisters
resided. The youngest sister, now Airs.
Morisse, accompanied him to England, from
whence, after a length}' stay among relatives
and friends, he proceeded to the Continent for
an 1 tended tour. Returning to St. Louis in
the autumn of 1S42, he arranged his affairs for
another absence in Europe, which lasted about
three years, during which time he visited all
the then accessible European localities, to-
gether with Constantinople and Egypt. A
contemplated journey to Palestine was ar-
rested by the prevalence of the plague. The
journals kept and letters written in the course
of these two absences abroad show, what
might have been expected, that Air. Shaw did
in it travel mereh tor the sake of traveling, but
to see and hear what was most worth seeing
and hearing.
Early in 1S51 Mr. Shaw went abroad for the
last time, drawn thither bv the first World's
Fair, then being held in London. This final
visit has a special and peculiar interest to us
from the fact that out of it grew, indirectly,
the Alissouri Botanical Garden and Tower
Grove Park. According to his own state-
ment, it was while walking through the
grounds of Chatsworth — the most magnificent
private residence in Europe — that the fruitful
idea first dawned upon him. He said to him-
self: "Why may 1 not have a garden, too; I
have enough land and money fi >r something
of the same sort in a smaller way." That idea
could not have had a more lovely or more
appropriate birthplace than the spot upon
which the hereditary chiefs of the great house
of Devonshire have for nearly three hundred
years lavished all the resources of ample wealth
and cultivated taste — the historic domain
which William the Conqueror gave to his natu-
ral son, William Peveril — which Sir Cavendish
bought, and began to improve, in the reign 1 if
Elizabeth ; which for thirteen years was the
prison of Elizabeth-^ cousin and enemy, Mary
Queen of Scots : which before and since has
been famous in English song and store, and
which to-day is a sight well worth crossing the
ocean to see.
Air. Shaw returned in December, 1S5 r . The
mansion at Tower Grove had been finished in
[849, and the one at the corner of Seventh
and Locust Streets was then being built.
From this time forward he was in St. Louis,
with the exception of short summer vacations
at the Atlantic coast or Northern lakes. Ap-
parently a man of elegant leisure, he was in
reality a very busy man for the next thirty
years. An idler he never was until physical
weakness compelled him to be such. The
idea born at Chatsworth was developing and
taking shape.
In 1857 the late Dr. Engelman, then in Eu-
rope, was commissioned in a general was by
Air. Shaw to examine botanical gardens and
obtain such suggestions as he might deem of
value. The Alissouri Garden was begun, by
trenching and other preliminary preparation,
in that year. About the same time a corre-
spondence was begun with Sir William J.
Hooker, then director of Kew Gardens, who
wrote, under date August 10, 1857: "Very
few appendages to a garden of this kind are
of more importance for instruction than a li-
brary and economic museum, and these grad-
ually increase, like a rolling snowball." This
appears to have decided Air. Shaw to provide
SHAW
2051
a small library and museum, the building for
which was erected in 1858-9. The selection
of books was largely entrusted to Dr. Engel-
man, in consultation with Hooker, Decaisne,
Alexander Braun, and others of his botanical
friends. At the same time Dr. Engelmann
urged upon Air. Shaw the purchase of the
large herbarium of the then recently deceased
Professor Bernhardt, of Erfurth, Germany,
which was offered for sale at a very small price.
In the summer of 1866 Mr. Shaw was for-
tunate enough to secure the services of Mr.
James Gurney, from the Royal Botanical Gar-
den, in Regent's Park, London, whose prac-
tical knowledge and experience, and faithful
and conscientious devotion to his various du-
ties, won the entire confidence of his employer,
and contributed very largely to make garden
and park what they are now. Mr. Shaw's
personal supervision of both was, however,
never abandoned ; and in this congenial em-
ployment, and in perfecting arrangements for
the continuance of the noble work he had so
well begun, the last twenty-five years of his
life were happily and appropriately spent.
On the 24th of July, 1889, he received nu-
merous visitors to congratulate him upon the
commencement of his ninetieth year. He was
weak physically, though able to meet them in
the drawing-room at Tower Grove, and his
mind was as clear as ever. This, however,
was his last appearance in public. An attack
of malaria upon an already enfeebled system
speedily dissipated all hopes of recovery, and
he died at 3 125 Sunday morning, August 25th.
The death, peaceful and painless, occurred in
his favorite room on the second floor of the old
homestead, by the window of which he sat
nearly every night for more than thirty years
until the morning hours, absorbed in the read-
ing which had been the delight of his life.
This room was always plainly furnished, con-
taining only a brass bedstead, tables, chairs,
and the few books he loved to have near him.
The windows looked out upon the old garden,
which was the first botanical beginning at
Tower Grove. On Saturday, August 31st,
after such ceremonial as St. Louis never be-
fore bestowed upon any deceased citizen,
Henry Shaw was laid to rest in the mauso-
leum long prepared in the midst of the garden
he had created — not for himself merely, but
for all the generations that shall come after
him, and who, enjoying it. will "rise up and
call him blessed." There, amid the trees, the
grass, and the flowers which were so near and
dear to him from infancy to old age ; with the
soft evening sky bending over him like a ben-
ediction, and the vesper song of birds min-
gling with the farewell hymn, he was left to
sleep the sleep that knows no waking. And
so the long and useful life was rounded to its
close.
America was Air. Shaw's country, not
merely by adoption, but by deliberate and well-
considered choice — a choice which he never
regretted, and of which he was always proud.
When he retired from business he was in the
prime of manhood, and with wealth amply
sufficient in those days for the gratification of
tastes far more luxurious than were his. It
would have enabled him to live in England,
or in any part of the Continent, much more
easily and pleasantly, as a gentleman of leis-
ure, than it was then possible to do in Amer-
ica. He had nothing except personal prefer-
ence to keep him here, and very much, one
would suppose, to induce him to take up per-
manent residence abroad. Yet after long and
repeated absences — which, in most cases,
would have ended in such residence — he re-
turned to St. Louis to live and die ; to begin,
carry forward, and consummate the life work
with which his name will be forever asso-
ciated.
Yet while Air. Shaw was so thoroughly
American in the true sense of the word, he
was as thoroughly English in all those heredi-
tary traits, ideas, and habits which are born
in us, and not made by us, and which inevita-
bly take their shape and color from the soil
and stock from which we spring. "Blood is
thicker than water," and the English blood
transmitted by a long line of unmixed English
ancestry was always strong in him. He did
not love England the less because he loved
America more, and his attachment for the land
of his birth remained deep and ardent — though,
undemonstrative — to the last. He liked to
have about him things which reminded him
of his old home. Much of his furniture in
both his town and country house was of Eng-
lish manufacture of fifty years ago ; most of
the pictures and prints upon the walls were of
English subjects, and he preferred to read his
favorite authors in the English editions,
through which he first knew them. He was
systematic in everything, as Englishmen of his
generation were much more than they are
now. Systematic in personal habits — eating,
SHAW— SHELLEY CLUB.
drinking, sleeping, exercise and recreation —
to which regularity, guided always by pru-
dence, his remarkable health to advanced age
was largely due. Systematic above all in his
business. Promptness and punctuality were
cardinal virtues with him. He put off nothing
until to-morrow that could as well be done to-
day. Whatever he did himself was well done,
and what he could not do himself he placed in
competent hands, and whenever practicable
gave it careful personal supervision. His
penmanship was clear and remarkably hand-
some, and the books which contained the rec-
ords of his public and private business would
do honor to the best professional accountant.
He made out the pay-rolls of both the garden
and park up to the month of his death, and
then allowed another to do it only because ut-
terly unable himself to hold a pen. He man-
aged business matters on strictly business
principles, and in so doing knew no difference
between a friend and a stranger. He would
take no advantage, however legal, of either:
but he expected both the friend and the stran-
ger to be faithful in the discharge of financial
obligations and contracts, as he himself was
— and "his word" was ever "as good as his
bond." He was a merchant of the old school,
and his ideas of business honesty and honor
belonged to the past rather than to the pres-
ent ; nor did he ever, under any circumstances,
change them in practice to suit present condi-
tions.
[Editor's Note. — The foregoing sketch of
Air. Shaw is a part of a comprehensive review
of his career written by Mr. Thomas Dim-
mock, and published in "The Missouri Botan-
ical < iarden."]
Shaw, Hiram, was born in Castleton,
Rutland County. Vermont, May 10, 1806, and
died in St. Louis April 30, 1869. He oame to
St. F.ouis in 1S31, and was one of the early to-
bacco manufacturers of St. Louis, he having
been, in part, the founder of the present widely
known Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Manufac-
tory. He was "He of the originators of the
Washington Fire Company of the old volun-
teer lire department, and was president of that
company during almost the entire period of
its existence.
Shaw's Garden. — See "Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden."
Sheldon, Walter L., who has achieved
distinction among the moral and religious
teachers of the United States, was bom Sep-
tember 5, 1858, in Rutland, Vermont, son of
Preston and Cornelia (Hatch) Sheldon. His
vouth was passed in Middlebury, Vermont,
and he studied two years at Middlebury Col-
lege. At the end of that time he entered
Princeton University, from which institution
he was graduated in the class of 1880. He
then traveled a year in Europe and the East,
and for two years was a student in the depart-
ment of philosophy at the universities of Ber-
lin and Leipzig, in Germany. Upon his return
to this country he worked for two years with
the Society of Ethical Culture of New York
City. In the spring of 1886 he came to St.
Louis to give three lectures at Memorial 'Hall
on "Ethical Religion." The following au-
tumn he was called to ibecome the lecturer of
the new Ethical Society of St. Louis, which
was started by the impulse of the lectures
which had been given by Mr. Sheldon a few
months before. He has been the lecturer of
that society since that time. He founded the
Self-Culture Hall Association as an education al
movement for wage-earners, and has been di-
rect! it of the educational work of that associa-
tion since it came into existence. Other im-
portant undertakings have grown up through
the indirect influence of Mr. Sheldon, in Which,
however, he has kept his name in the back-
ground. In 1896 a volume of his lectures, un-
der the title "An Ethical Movement," was pub-
lished by the Macmillan Company, in New
York and London. Two other volumes of his
lectures are now in press, one in Chicago, and
one in London. He married, in 1892, Miss
Annie Plartshorne, daughter of Charles Harts-
horne, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Shelley Club. —The idea of the Shelley
Club of St. Louis had its birth in the mind of
Mrs. Edward C. Sterling, as early as the spring
of 1889, when, with the hope of making a cen-
ter for the intellectual and literary life of the
women of St. Louis, who had hitherto 'been
working in separate groups, she sent out a
programme, from house to house, among her
friends, asking each to choose a subject for a
paper. The following are among the topics
offered for selection : "Shelley's Place in Lit-
erature." "Shelley, the Man and the Poet,"
"Shelley's Friends and His Critics," "Shelley's
C01 1 temporaries," "Shelley's Ideas of Society,"
SHEPARD.
2053
"Shelley's Political Views," "Shelley and the
Godwins," '"Shelley and Byron," "Shelley's
Views of Love," "Shelley's Views of Religion,"
and "'Shelley's Views of Nature." Papers
were also written on all of the important
poems.
Some forty women responded to this call,
each pledging herself to write a paper lon a se-
lected topic, and to present it at the appointed
time during the coming winter. In November
of 1889 a meeting was called for orgianiizaJtian,
at which Mrs. W. E. Fischel presided, when
Mrs. Edward C. Sterling was chosen president,
and Mrs. Anthony H. Blaisdell, secretary.
The Shelley Ohio met at the homes of its mem-
bers ; it had no initiation fee, no dues, it ad-
mitted no visitors, and the only condition of
membership — when invited — was to present a
stipulated part of the day's programme. The
club continued one season only, namely, the
winter of 1889-90, dissolving then to reorgan-
ize as the Wednesday Club of St. Louis, re-
electing the same officers.
The first meeting of the Shelley Club was
held at the home of the president, Mrs. E. C.
Sterling, November, 1889. The subject of the
paper was "Shelley's Place in Literature," by
Mrs. Blalisdell. The last meeting of the club
was held in May, 1890, at the home of Mrs.
George W. Allen, when the year's work was
closed with the reading of the following verses
by Mrs. Rufus J. Lackland:
" TO MARY SHELLEY.
"Thine to be the crown, and thine the palm,
( )h, wounded heart of Mary !
And thine the precious healing balm,
God's love that can not vary !
No mortal tone could answer thine.
Thou note of perfect sweetness —
Within the soul of love divine,
Thy heart must find completeness.
cad thv
vhite
the
in joy elate
No more their drooping sh
With thee could soar no earth-bou
The heavenly dove reclaims thee
On, on, and up ! Thou constant sc
God's love that failelh never.
Will be thy bright and happy goal
Forever and forever ! "
Among the members of the Shelley Club
were Mrs. Beverly Allen, Mrs. E. C. Sterling,
Mrs. R. J. Lackland, Mrs. Hugh McKittrick,
Mrs. Henry Stimson, Miss Beeson, Miss Mary
McCulloch, Mrs. Daniel S.Tuttle, Mrs. Charles
Damon, Mrs. Edwin Harrison, Mrs. John W.
Harrison, Mrs. O. B. Pilley, Mrs. Era'stus
Wells, Miss Yeatman, Mrs. Charles Briggs,
Mrs. Edwin DeWolf, Mrs. Dexter Tiffany,
Mrs. John Tiffany, Mrs. William L. Huse.
Airs. \V. E. Fischel, Mrs. James N. Norms,
Mrs. C. R Suter. Mrs. Henry Eliot. Mrs. Ed-
ward Holden. Mrs. D. H. Smith, Miss Sarah
E. Cole, Airs. J. J. Cole, Miss Jennie Jones,
Miss Dozier, Mrs. Wiliam E. Ware, Mrs.
Learned, Miss Cornelia Fischer, Mrs. E. C.
Rice, Mrs. Gustave Baumgarten, Mrs. John
Green, Mrs. William Schuyler, Miss Bruiere
Mrs. George Plant, Miss Amelia Fruehte, Miss
Stevenson, Mrs. E. B. Leigh, Mrs. Clara Free-
born, Miss Gertrude Garrigues. and Mrs. An-
thony H. Blaisdell.
Mary McConnell Blaisdell.
Shepard, Elilm HotHikiss, in his
day one of the most distinguished citizens of
St. Louis, was born October 15, 1795, at Hali-
fax, Windham County, Vermont, and died in
St. Louis March 19, 1876. His parents, Able
Shepard and Sallie Dalrymple, were married
at Colerain, Franklin County, Massachusetts.
He was the eldest of eleven children born to
them, and passed the early years of his life in
Boston. The elder Shepard had been placed
in business by his father at the close of the
Revolutionary War, and later became confi-
dential clerk to a firm engaged in trade in
Canton, China. Afterward, he traded as a
"merchant in the East Indies, until 1806, when
he purchased a farm near Sackett's Harbor,
Jefferson County, New York. To this farm
he removed his family, and there be passed
the remainder of his life, and is buried, with
other members of his family, in the Shepard
burying ground at that place. Elihu H. Shep-
ard received his earliest educational training
from his paternal grandmother, Esther Reed
Shepard, who gave him his greatest inspira-
tion, and taught him the value of the classics
which he learned to love. He made his last
visit to her in 1814, when she was eighty-five
years of age, and read both Latin and Greek to
her great delight. She was a classical scholar,
a rare accomplishment for women in that day.
When the War of 181 2 began. Mr. Shepard
had entered Clinton College, but abandoned
his studies to volunteer in his countrv's serv-
ice. This interruption and his father's death
in 1815 checked his collegiate course, but he
continued his studies independentlv. After-
ward, he studied law under the preceptorship
of Judge Silas Stowe, of Lowville, and at in-
205 J
SHEPARD.
tervals at h >me and elsewhere for a peri >d of
eight vears, but never became a licensed law-
yer, although the knowledge of the law which
lis obtained ,vas of great value to him in
his subsequent business career. In 1816 he
began teaching school, in Martinsburgh, New
York, and afterward taught two years in Low-
ville Acadcmj . of Lewis County, in that State.
],, [819 he spenl Four months in Upper Canada
ng on the Masonic degrees bo the Ma-
sons of the Forty-ninth Regimen* of British
[nfantrv, then stationed at Kingston. At the
end of thai time he went to New York 1
where Ire joined the Columbian Expedition,
and was made purser of the Columbian Navy.
The expedition failed, and he left Jersey City,
January 1. [820, for the West. After mak-
ing a circuitous journey by land and water he
stopped at Turkey Hill, a settlement about six
miles from Belleville, Illinois. There the pe >-
pie built a school house for him, in which he
taught two years, among Ids pupils being Miss
Man Th >mas, who became his assistant, and
n-i lil- wife. In 1823 he removed to
St. Louis, and became professor of languages
in St. Louis I diversity. He held that position
until [828, when he opened a private school,
which was one of the famous local institutions
of ilie cii\ m its day, and which 'be conducted
until [836. He then interested himself in the
e tablishment of the public school system in
St. Louis, formulating the plan for the first
public school committee. He was a member
of the committee of three who examined the
first teachers for the St. Louis public schools,
and donated to the public school directors the
lot on Marine Avenue, upon which the "Shep-
ard School, Xo. 1." is now located. He also
donated to the city of St. Louis a lot on Car-
ondelel Avenue a~ .1 site for a market house,
and what was known as the "Shepard Market"
occupied this lot until it was removed to give
place in a lire engine house, still in use. lie
was a member of the committee which drafted
the cons'titution of the "Central Fire Com-
pany," a volunteer organization, and was its
secreban as long as that office was without
emolument, and no longer. ITe took an active
pari in the erection of Masonic Hall, ait the
1 orn T of Seventh and Market Streets, and of
the first Planters' House, and was a stock-
holder in the companies which erected both
buildings. For a time he engaged profitably
in steamboaiting. bu'l did nut enjoy a personal
•are of these interests, and disposed of them.
Through a circular which he sent out, July 10,
1 Son. Mr. Shepard was the originator of the
Missouri Historical Society, was one of the
most active promoters of the organization, a
charter member of the society, its first secre-
tary, in [866, and its secretary again in 186S or
1 Si Hi. In [850 he invested in lands in Wash-
ington County, Missouri, and in company with
rick Woolford began the manufacture
of pottery front kaolin clay. The settlement
which they founded in connection with their
manufactory was called Kaolin. In 1852 he
purchased his partner's interest in the lands
and buildings, at that place, and until 1861
.-pent much of his time and means in the im-
pr ivement of his Kaolin estate, and the devel-
opment of the industry of manufacturing kao-
lin ware. There he erected an extensive pot-
tery, to which he brought skilled potter.- from
Staffordshire, England, and into which he in-
troduced the most approved appliances for tiie
manufacture of pottery. The clay was found
in great abundance, what is technically known
as the "Biscuit" proved perfect, and the enter-
prise was pronounced a great success. I hit
the imported workmen grew restless, and when
the Civil War broke out the work ceased.
Then came the destruction of the buildings,
and other ravages of the War, which laid waste
1 lie establishment at Kaolin, and, in 1864. Mr.
Shepard returned to St. Louis, where he spent
the remainder of his life in comparative re-
tirement. At the beginning of the War of
[812, .Mr. Shepard volunteered as a private
soldier for the first thirty days' service. He
took part in the fights at Sackett's Harbor,
(Jueeiistown and Kingston, and was with the
Sixteenth Regiment of Infantry when they
were ambushed by the British and Indians at
night. Afterward he was at Ogdensburgh, at
French Hills, at Sandy Creek, and at Lundy's
Lane, and was in action on ten battlefields.
May 16, 1846, he enlisted for six months for
service 111 the Mexican War. although he was
then over fift\' yeafs of age. He entered as a
private soldier, Company A — the St. Louis
( '.ravs — of the St. Louis Legion of Infantry,
commanded by Colonel Alton R. Ea.ston. He
returned from Texas with his company, and
May 10, 1847. enlisted again for the war. being
commissioned captain of a company of his own
raising. This company became Company A,
of the Missouri Battalion of Infantry. I Aider
Colonel East on, he was at Sante Fe and El
Paso, was provost marshal of Chihuahua, and
y}:.
SHERIFF— SHF.RM AX.
2055
edited the "Chihuahua Union," the first num-
ber of which was printed April 29, 1848.
In May of 1861 he rejoined the "St. Louis
Grays," and stacked arms with them at the
surrender of Camp Jackson. He was confined
with the regiment in the United States Arsenal
by General Lyon's command, and was paroled
with oither members of that regiment. In
1864 he enlisted in Captain Clark's company,
known as the "Old Guards," in the United
States Army, and served with it until the close
of the Civil War, retiring from the military
service when he was seventy years of age. Dur-
ing the Civil War he declined military com-
missions offered him by General Lyon, com-
mander of the Federal forces, and by Gover-
nor Claiborne Jackson and General Sterling
Price, who 'tendered him commissions in the
Confederate Army. He was also a Democrat
of the old school, favoring free trade, sound
money and States' rights, and opposing the
United States Bank, all centralization of power
and the spirit of conquest. The only time he
ever failed to vote the Democratic ticket at a
national election was when General William
Henry Harrison was a candidate for the presi-
dency. He refused to vote against him be-
cause of old-time war associations. He
joined the Baptist Church, at Henderson, New
York, when young, and after his coming to St.
Louis, helped to build up the Second Baptist
Church of this city. His school rooms in the
earl_\- days of his residence here were also open
for public speeches, and the Presbyterian, Epis-
copal, Baptist and Unitarian Churches of this
city, have all acknowledged his liberality to
them at different times in the earl}' history of
their organization. He was initiated into the
Masonic order November 16, 1816, by Lodge
No. 356 of Henderson, New York. He took
all the degrees, and learned the lectures there,
and, as has been already stated, afterward lec-
tured to the British troops in Canada. He was
the first Free Mason who taught the lectures
of the Royal Arch and Knight Templar de-
grees west of the Mississippi River, and
taught them first to George H. C. Melody.
Mr. Shepard was high priest of Missouri Royal
Arch Chapter, in 1823, and again in 1846. He
became a member of Wildey Lodge, No. 2, of
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in
1838, three months after its organization, and
maintained unbroken connection with it unltiil
his death, covering a period of nearly thirtv
years, during which he filled all its offices. He
was also a member of the Grand Lodge of Odd
Fellows of the State and United States, and
was ( hand Master in 1846. He married Mary
Thomas, of Belleville, Illinois, August 10,
1823. The only child born of this marriage
was a daughter. Mary Melinda, who is now
Mrs. Mary M. B'arclay. Mrs. Shepard, who
was a woman of fine intellect, remarkable for
her industry, patient perseverance, integrity
and charitableness, died June 6, 1864. De-
cember [8, 1866. Mr. Shepard married, as his
second wife, Mrs. Catherine Card. One child,
now Mrs. Edgar M. Hand, of South Dakota.
was born of this marriage.
Sheriff. — The sheriff is an ancienlt county
officer, derived from the English law. He is
the highest ministerial and executive officer of
the countw invested with very important duties
and powers ; preserving the peace, quelling and
suppressing riots, insurrections and Other
similar disturbances, apprehending felons and
executing process. He may, in addition to his
regular deputies, appoint special deputies, to
serve for a time, not longer than thirty days,
and he may put offenders in jail on their re-
fusal or failure to give bail. One of his du-
ties is to attend on all courts of record, but
this general duty in St. Louis City is divided
with the city- marshal, who attends on certain
of the courts, while the sheriff attends on the
others. The St. Louis sheriff is chosen by the
people at the general election, and holds office
for four years.
Sherman, William Tecumseh, one
of the most illustrious of American soldiers.
wa's, for some years, a resident of this city, and
occupied a home presented to him by his pa-
triotic admirers in St. Louis after the war.
General Sherman was born February 8, 1820,
at Mansfield, Ohio, and died in New York,
February 14, 1891. His father died in 1829,
and he was adopted by Thomas Evving, long a
United States Senator from Ohio, whose
daughter he married, in 1850. He was gradu-
ated from the United States Military Acad-
emy at West Point, in 1840. and saw his first
active military service in the Seminole War.
In 1853 he resigned from the army, became a
broker in California, and, after practicing law
for a while in Kansas, was made superintend-
ent of a new military academy, established by
•the State of Louisiana. When the conven-
tion of that State passed the ordinance of se-
SHIELDS.
ipta/in Sherman resigned; was made
Colonel of United States Infantry, in May.
[861 ; and commanded a brigade at the battle
of Bull's Run, having been made brigadier-
general of volunteers in .May. In October,
[861, he succeeded General Anderson in the
command of the Department of Kentucky.
The Secretar) of War asked him how many
men he should require, lie answered: "Six-
t\ thousand to drive the enemy from Ken-
tucky: and two hundred thousand to finish the
war in tins section." This estimate seemed so
wild that he was reputed to lie insane, and was
relieved of his command; but events proved
that lie was mure sane than mosit other people.
After tiie capture of Fort Donelson he was
placed in command of a division of Grant's
Army of the Tennesssee, and performed signal
e m the battle of Sliiloh. "To his indi-
vidual efforts," said Grant, "I am indebted for
the success of that battle." There he was
slightly wounded, and had three horses shot
uivder him, and in May was made major-
general. From July to November, 1862. he
commanded at Memphis: and throughout the
campaign against Vicksburg, December, 1862,
to July. 1863. his services w!ere most conspicu-
ous and valuable. He commanded one olf the
three corps in that siege. After the fall of
Vicksburg he operated successfully against
1 K-neral J. E. Johnston. In October, 1863, he
was made commander of the Department of
the Tennessee, and joined < irant at Chatta-
nooga in the middle of November; was in the
battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25th.
and then moved to the relief of Burnside in
East Tennessee. Early in [864 he made a de-
structive march eastward from Vicksburg. In
March he was appointed to command the ex-
pedition against Vtlanta, Which he led with
skill and success, from Chattanooga —
May 6th to the capture of Atlanta in Septem-
ber. He commanded in that campaign the
Armies 1 >l the ( lumberland, the Tennessee, and
tin < mio, numbering nearly one hundre '.
thousand men. with two hundred and fifty-four
cannon, lie chased General Hood, who had
succeeded Johnston in command, inito North-
ern Alabama, and, returning to Atlanta.
marchi <' to the >ea, taking possession of Sa-
vannah late in December. Then he pushed
«vard through the Carolinas, encounter-
ing Confederate forces here and there under
Johnston, and, in April. 1865, received the sur
1 thai leadei and hi- armv at I >ur-
ham Station. General Sherman had been
made major-general, United States Ami}, in
August, 1S64. and was promoted to lieutenant-
general in July, 1866. On March 4, 1869, he
succeeded General! Urant as general-in-chief of
the American armies of the United States. At
his own request, and in order to make Sheri-
dan general-in-chief, he was placed on the re-
list, with full pay and emolument-. 1 m
February 8, 1884.
Shields, George Howell, lawyer and
jurist, was born in Bardstown, Kentucky, !
June 19, 1842. son of George \Y. and Martha
(Howell) Shields. The strength of character
and vigorous intellectuality, which he has
shown in public and professional life, come to
him as a legitimate inheritance from a long
line of worth}' ancestors in both the paternal
and maternal lines, some of whom have been
especially conspicuous in paving the way for
tin- advancement of Western civilization. I lis
father was a native of Pennsylvania, and early
records of that State show that his great-
grandfather, David Shields, was one of the
defenders of Western Pennsylvania against the
Indians, and a noted Indian fighter. The
family emigrated to Ohio early in the history
of that State, settling first in Athens County,
and removing- later to Cincinnati. There
George W. Shields, the father of George H.
Shields, completed his education, and became
by profession a civil engineer. Later he en-
gaged in the building of turnpikes in Ken-
tucky, surveyed the first railroad constructed
in .Mi^issippi, and in 1844, three years after
his marriage, came to Missouri, settling at
Hannibal. At Hannibal he engaged in busi-
ness operations, which resulted in his accumu-
lation of a comfortable fortune, and for many
years he was a leading man of affairs in that
progressive and thrifty city. He was three
terms chosen city engineer of Hannibal, and
served six times as mayor of the city. During
President Johnson's administration he served
a- postmaster .also at Hannibal, and until his
which occurred in 1880, he continued
to reside there, being regarded by all who
knew him as one of the. worthiest and most use-
ful of Hannibal's pioneer citizens. Both he
and his wife were of Scotch-Irish descent, and
both cherished the 'orthodox Presbvterian faith
of their ancestors. His wife, who was Martha
A. Howell before her marriage, was the
daughter of Daniel S. and Sarah (Shipp) How-
SHIELDS.
2057
ell, pioneer settlers of Kentucky, who emi-
grated to that State at an early date from New
Jersey. The mother of Airs. Shields, who
came of old Virginia stock, was a 'sister to Ed-
mund Shipp, who was a lieutenant in trie War
of 1812 and served with distinction under Col-
onel George Croghan in his memorable de-
fense of Fort Stephenson against the British
and Indians. In the paternal line Mrs.
Shields was a great-granddaughter of Major
Ebenezer Howell, who was an officer in the
New lersey line during the Revolutionary
War, and a granddaughter of Caleb Howell,
who was a light-horseman, or despatch-bearer,
in the Revolutionary struggle. Their son,
George H. Shields, after obtaining a gram-
mar-school education, was sent, in 1859, to
Westminster College, of Fulton, Missouri,
where he continued his studies until 1861. He
then returned to his home at Hannibal and be-
gan the study of law under the precept or ship
of Honorable W. P. Harrison, then a leading
member of the bar of Northeast Missouri.
When the Civil War began Mr. Shields' fami'ly,
like many other families in the border States,
was divided in its sympathies 'between the
North and the South, one of his brothers enter-
ing the Confederate Army, and Mr. Shields
enrolling himself as a member of Company E
of the Fifty-third Enrolled Missouri Militia
Regiment. His 'company was commanded by
Captain David Dubach, of Hannibal, and was
frequently called into service to repel invasions
and suppress the guerilla warfare of the Con-
federates. While in this service he partici-
pated in the spirited engagement at Palmyra,
Missouri, where the Confederate captain, Joe
Porter, captured the county jail and a part of
Company E, while the balance of the company
made a successful defense of the courthouse.
Toward the dose of the war Mr. Shields was
commissioned by Governor Gamble captain
and assistant quartermaster of his regiment.
While not engaged in the military service he
continued his law studies during the war, and
in the fall of 1864 he went to Louisville, Ken-
tucky, and matriculated in the Louisville Law
School as a member of the senior class. He
was graduated from that institution with the
degree of bachelor of laws in 1865, and. return-
ing to Hannibal, was elected city attorney of
that city in the fall of the same year. In the
fall of 1866 his former preceptor, Mr. Harri-
son, was elected to the circuit judgeship of his
district and Mr. Shields succeeded to the office
business and practice, which the exercisi of
judicial functions forced Mr. Harrison tu re-
linquish. About this time Mr. Shields was
employed as counsel in a number of contested
election cases in Northeastern Missouri, and,
■being pitted against such eminent lawyers as
Judge Redd, Colonel Thomas L. Anderson,
Honorable Rufus Anderson and others, ac-
quitted him self with such credit that he became
recognized as a well equipped and well
rounded lawyer, whose future was full of
promise. A Unionist during the war, he had
drifted easily and naturally into the Republi-
can part}-, and as a young man was an active
participant in all the political campaigns of
that period. In 1870 he advocated 'the amend-
ment of the Drake Constitution and the elimi-
nation from that instrument of the provisions
restricting the elective franchise and disqual-
ifying as voters ex- Con federate soldiers and
sympathizers. He was a delegate to the Re-
publican State Convention of that year, which
resulted in the bolt of "Liberal Republicans"
and the orgianization of the Liberal Republican
party, and during the campaign which fol-
lowed acted with the regular organization, be-
ing chosen a member of the lower branch of
the Legislature, although he was the only can-
didate on the Republican ticket elected in Ma-
rion Count}-. As a member of the Legisla-
ture, he served on the judiciary committee,
'was chairman of the committee on constitu-
tional amendments, and chairman also of the
special committee appointed to adjust the claim
of Captain James B. Eads against the State,
growing out of the sale of the State's interest
in the old State Bank. In recognition of his
superior attainments as a lawyer, he was also
selected by a body which was largely Demo-
cratic in its composition to act as one of the
House managers of the impeachment pro-
ceedings against Judge Philander Lucas, his
colleague being Honorable J. D. Sbowa/lter.
In 1872 he acted as chairman of the Missouri
State Republican Convention, which met at
Jefferson City and selected delegates to the Na-
tional Republican Convention, at which Gen-
eral Grant was renominated for the presi-
dency. At the convention held at St. Louis
that year to nominate candidates for State of-
fices he was nominated by his party for judge
of the Supreme Court, but along with the
other candidates on the Republican ticket suf-
fered defeat and failed to reach a position for
which he was eminently fitted. The follow-
205.S
SHIELDS.
. this city and formed a
law partnership wii i Hon irable John B. Hen-
mi nued for ten
:.' n ■ '1. rank
among law firms of the West. Dur-
ing this peri "I the firm was identified with
: ;:uil litigati '11 i iccup)
ing tlu- attend* >n of St. Louis courts within the
mtnry. They were en-
prosecu'tion of the famous
'•whisky fraud" cases in 1875-6; were princi-
holders 11 the impi >r
Sfi wing >ut of tl
Hint} b mds in aid of railway
prises in Missouri ; and appeared as lead-
ing counsel in several other cases of equal im-
portance. In 1X75 Mr. Shields was elected a
memb ntion charged with the
ing the constitution • if
»uri, and -at in that body as me ■ if
Repub bers. \!th nigh h
■lpless minority of the convention, be
1 an important influence in shapin|
new organic law of the State, and, while no
»ns were adopted
- , be approved O'f the instru-
ment as a whole and was largely instrumental
eining the vote on its adoption from be-
coming a political one. In t8/6 he was made
a member for the board of freeholders which
Framed the segregate m < if St.
Louis from St. Louis County and the charter
for the government of St. Louis as an inde-
pendent city. 'Phis board — which was c im-
posed of such distinguished men as 1
Jami i 0 Br ladhead, ex Senati «■ I >avid 1 1.
Armstrong, Silas Bent, Albert Todd, and
in its p ilitical com-
m, but notwithstanding this fact Mr.
Shields was honored with its chairmanship.
It- work was ratified by the people of St.
Louis, and the • ity government thus instituted
tee Keen regarded by people well versed
in municipal affair- as a model form of govern-
ment fo if tin countn . Dur-
ing a period if near!} fifteen velars after 1876.
Mr. Shields devoted himself assiduously to his
professional duties, holding no iffice and par-
ticipating in political campaigns 1 ml\ as a pop-
ular campaign orator. In the line of his pro-
fession h er, as a master in chan-
: 1 oufts, acting as
special master in the receivership of the Cot-
ton Belt Railroad, and also in the noted ex-
press 1 out of a contri >\ ers\ be
tween the express companies and the railroad
panics operating in Missouri. He was
also referee in the State court in a contest be-
tween the Wiggins Ferry Company and the
ag > & Vlton Railroad Company over a
ual contract for the ferriage of freight
and passengers over the Mississippi River at
St I. mis. in all these cases, which involved
large interests and attracted at the time wide-
spread attention, he exercised judicial func-
videnced a profound knowledge of
fble to the case- at bar and a
liension also of the practical busi-
ness propositions involved in the cfonitirover-
111 [889, upon the reoomatnendalti in of
ral John W. Noble, then Secretary of the
Inter >r, be was called from his profes
duties in St. Louis to take charge of an impor-
tant department at the national capital. Ap-
I : jident Harrison Assistant At-
torney-General for the Interior Department,
ntered upon the discharge of his duties,
bi ing called upon to deal with the most com-
plex question- relating to public lands. Indian
affairs, pensions, mining, patents, r.r
grants and other matters coming within the
purview of the Interior Department, the legal
business of which came entirely under his su-
pervision. Many new questions growing out
of the opening of the great Sioux Indian reser-
vation the Cherokee strip, and other Indian
lands fo settlement, controversies arising be-
ad companies and settler- on
public Land.-, and the conflicting claims to
mineral land- engrossed his attention and were
adjudicated in accordance with his decisions.
At the close o'f Secretary Noble's administra-
tion, which has not been surpassed in excel-
in the history of the Interior Depart-
ment, he acknowledged hi.- indebtedness to
Mr. Shields for the valuable assistance ren-
dered a- legal counsel in a highly complimen-
tary 'e
Many of the cases passed upon by Mr.
Shields were later taken to the Supreme Court
of the Lnited States, and in every instance the
decision of the Interior Department was sus-
tained, notably in the cases •which involved the
ownership of tide lands in the Territories; the
right of the railroad companies to mineral
Lands not known to be such at the time of the
location of the railroads, and others of equal
importance. Toward the -close 01 his adminis-
tration, President Harrison designated Mr.
Shield- to act as agent and counsel of the
SHIELDS.
2059
United States 'before the United States and
Chilean Claims Commi'ssi'on. This service
continued a year and a half under President
Cleveland's administration, ad the claims of
citizens of the United States against Chili aris-
ing within the past seventy-five years being
prosecuted by Air. Shields, while he defended
the government against die claims of Chilean
citizens against the United States arising with-
in the same time. So ably did he represent
the government in this capacity — the life of the
commission expiring by limitation before its
work had been completed — that when a new
commission was contemplated Secretary of
State Olney requested him to continue to act
for the government. In 1894 Mr. Shields re-
turned to St. Louis and resumed the practice
of law. In 1895 he became associated with
General Noble in the law firm of Noble &
Shields, now regarded as one of the strongest
at the Missouri bar. Mr Shields adheres to
the religious faith of his Scotch Presbyterian
ancestors, and for many years he was an elder
of the Lafayette Park Presbyterian Church, of
this city. During his residence in Washington
he was an elder in the Church of the Covenant,
and now sustains the same official relationship
to the Second Presbyterian Church of St.
Louis. He has long been prominent among
the active Sunday-school workers of the coun-
try and is a firm believer in the efficacy of early
religious training and its conduciveness to
good citizenship. In public life he has shown
himself an ardent patriot, in full sympathy
with the genius and spirit of our civil and re-
ligious institutions, and in private and profes-
sional life he has earned the kindest regards of
his fellow- citizens. He is a member of Frank
Blair Post of the Grand Army of the Republic,
and president of the Missouri Society of Sons
of the American Revolution, and for two vears
was vice-president of the District of Columbia
Society of the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion. He was married, in 1866. to M'arv Har-
Iri'son Leigh ton.
Shields, Mary Harrison Leighton,
]wife of Honorable Geo. H. Shields, is the eld-
est daughter of Rev. John Leighton, D. D.,
and Sarah Bainbridge Richardson, born in
1 Palmyra, Missouri. Her father, Dr. Leigh-
|ton,was born in Ireland of Scotch-Irish parent-
age, and belonged to the family of that name
jwbieh has left its impress on English and Irish
diistorv. He was a Presbvterian minister, a
man of unusual attainments as a scholar and
thinker, and wrote several books on theology.
He was a pioneer preacher in Missouri, and
there are few Presbyterian families in North-
east Missouri who do not remember with
pleasure his ministrations. His wife was a
Kentuekian, from Frankfort, being the daugh-
ter of Samuel O. Richardson, a noted lawyer
of that place, and a captain in the War of 18 i_\
She is a woman of great strength of character,
and still lives with her daughter, Mrs. Shields,
and at the age eighty-two years retains her
faculties and force of character. Mrs. Shields
was for two years the secretary-general of the
National Society of the Daughters of the
American Revolution, while Mrs. Benjamin
Harrison was its president. She was one of
the charter members of that society, her num-
ber being thirty-four, and she greatly contrib-
uted to its successful development by her
energy and business-like methods as saoretary,
and her tactful advice and smoothing over
difficulties. On her return to St. Louis she
was elected chapter regent of the St. Louis
Chapter, and, with the aid of her staff officers,
developed that Chapter from twelve to one
hundred and eighteen members in a short
time. In February, 1897, she was chosen
State regent for the State of Missouri, and has
organized chapters in several of our cities.
She is director for the State of Missouri of the
organization of the Children of the American
Revolution, an order composed of lineal de-
scendants of the heroes of 1776, who are not
old enough to join the adult 'societies. They
are taught to revere the flag and study the his-
tory of their country, and to appreciate the
blessings of the great republic.
Mrs. Shields was the originator of the idea
of a magazine to be published by the Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution, now known
as the "American Monthly." She offered
resolutions at the first Continental Congress
in 1891, proposing that die American flag be
displayed over every school house in the coun-
try during study hours, and requesting all
school teachers to teach the children the words
and music of the "Star Spangled Banner."
which was published all over the country, and
as a result hundreds of school houses now dis-
play the flag, and thousands of children "know
the words" and music of our national anthem.
She is also a member of the Colonial Dames
of America, being a Dame of the Virginia So-
ciety. She now holds the office of president
2060
SHOE MANUFACTURERS' AND JOBBERS ASSOCIATION.
oniia'l Dames in Missouri. Mrs.
.. is patri A i-nce, as she is a
lineal desci ■ olond William Richard-
.mmanded ihe Fourth Battalion oi
the Maryland I lying Corps and the Fifth Bat-
talion i i [i during the Re\ i 'lufi >n. and
was a member of the Maryland Convention
which ratified the I onstitution of the United
States; of Captain John Crowley Richardson.
of the Maryland Line Continental Army; of
Benjamin Harrison, of Surrey (Virginia), who
was a member of the House of Burgesses of
Virginia as early as 1667, and of His Majesty's
Council of Virginia as early as 1696; of Benja-
min Harrison, of Berkely, speaker of the
House of Burgesses from 1706 to 1710; of
Benjamin Harrison of Berkely, who was a
member of the House of Burgesses, and died
1745; of Carter Henry Harrison (brother of
Benjamin Harrison, the signer of the Declara-
tion . if Independence, and the ancestor of Pres-
idents Wim. Henry Harrison and Benjamin
Harrison), who was captain in the War of
1755. a very active member of the Cumberland
County committee during the days preceding
the Revolution, and the author of several reso-
lutions and addresses to the people urging or-
ganization and resistance to British tyranny ;
of Robert Carter, known as "King" Carter, a
very prominent man in the early history of
Virginia; of ColoneJ Joseph Cabell, of Vir-
ginia, who was a member of the House of Bur-
gesses from [768 to 1775. and member of the
first Revolutionary Convention in Virginia,
and who commanded a regiment of militia a;
the siege of Yorktown, and was present at the
surrender of < ornwallis; of Dr. William Ca-
hell. who was a surgeon in the British Navy,
and settled in Virginia in 1725, and held many
positions of trust and was one of the most in-
fluential men of the Colony ; of Isham Ran-
dolph, who was \djnt ant-General of Virginia
in 1738, colond of Goochland County militia
in [740, and a member of the House of Bur-
gesses (his sister, Jane Randolph, married
i» 1 Peter Jefferson, and from this mar-
riage was horn I 'resident Thomas Jefferson);
of William Randolph (T651-1711) the emi-
grant, who was clerk- of Henrico ( ounty, hur-
st'''", attorne) gen ral and member of the
council; of Arthur Hopkins, high sheriff of
Goochland, [739, colonel in 1 7 5 _» . and a mem-
ber of the vestry of Sr. James Northern Parish.
I hi- mi ither was a near relative 1 if < \ mrnn >d« ire
A illiam Baiinbridge, and one of her mother's
brothers died at sea while a midshipman in the
United States Navy.
Shoe Manufacturers' and Jobbers'
Association. — An association organized in
1 881 1 for the purpose of protecting and promot-
ing- the interests of the shoe manufacturers and
iol bers of St. Louis. It is composed of six-
teen firms. The association usually has a
monthly banquet.
Shoenberg, Moses, merchant, was
horn December 2, 1852, in Dayton, Ohio, son
of Elias and Fannie Shoenberg. His father
was for many years a commission merchant
in Dayton, and resided there until about
the year 1888, when he removed to Denver,
Colorado. Moses Shoenberg was one 1 >f a
family of seven children, of whom one brother
is a^s iciated with him in business in St. Louis,
while another is engaged in New York, and
still another in the same line of business in
Denver. As a boy Mr. Shoenberg attended
the public schools of Dayton, leaving the High
School to pursue a course of study in a com-
mercial college, his intention being to thor-
oughly fit himself for mercantile pursuits.
After completing a course in the commercial
college he went into business, and for a few
years was associated with his father at Day-
ton. He then went to Springfield, Ohio, and
before he attained his majority became a part-
ner in a commercial house in that city. There
he continued in business for five years, when,
coming west, he opened a branch establish-
ment at Joplin, Missouri, of which he took
charge in person. At the end of fifteen
months the depression in trade at Joplin. re-
sulting from the depreciation in the values of
lead, caused him to close out this business.
After this venture he went to Leadville, Colo-
rado, and, in company with David May, em-
barked in an enterprise in that famous mining
center. For six years he had a prosperous
business in that city, but at the end of that
time the ill health of his wife necessitated his
abandoning it in order to seek a climate better
suited to her physical condition. Locating in
Kansas City. Missouri, he embarked there in
a mercantile venture with Bernheimer Bros. &
Co.. in which he retained an interest until 1802.
As dealers in dry goods Mr. Shoenberg and
his associates became prominent among the
merchants of Kansas City, building up one of
the largest establishments of the kind west of
SHORT.
2061
St. Louis. In 1892 he came to St. Louis,
well fitted by his experience to operate in a
larger field, and took charge of the institution
known as "The Famous" store, in this city.
This business he has since managed with rare
skill and good judgment, exhibiting all those
qualities which go to make up a successful
merchant. Associated with him in this enter-
prise are his two brothers, J. E. and L. D.
Shoenberg, and David May, and under their
management its trade has expanded rapidly
until it has become universally recognized as
one of the greatest commercial institutions of
the city. Moses Shoenberg has been the ex-
ecutive head of this establishment, and upon
him has rested the chief responsibility for its
management. While giving strict attention
to the business of merchandising, to which he
has shown himself to be admirably adapted,
he has at the same time taken an active inter-
est in public affairs, is a member of the Con-
gregation Israel, in which he has served for
four years as a trustee, and has been a gen-
erous contributor to, and friend of, various
philanthropic institutions and charitable en-
terprises. For five years he has been a mem-
ber of the board of directors of the Columbian
Club. October 6, 1880, he married Miss
Dolly Bernheimer, sister of his former part-
ners of that name. He has one son, Sydney,
seventeen years of age. who at the present
time (1898) is attending Smith Academy with
a view to entering upon a commercial career
when he shall have finished his course of
study.
Short, Patrick, theatrical manager, was
born at Armagh, Ireland, October 12, 1848.
He received his early education at the public
school, finishing at the academy of the Christ-
tian Brothers. Recognizing the boundless
field open to worth and energy in the great
republic of the West, the subject of this sketch
lost no time in setting sail for the United
States, arriving in New York in the fall of
1864. He at once proceeded to Joliet, Illi-
nois, where he had a married sister. Here he
secured his first position as night clerk at the
old National Hotel, which position he retained
until he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, in
1869. Possessed of those sterling qualities of
grit and energy which have made the men of
the North of Ireland famous the world over,
and which have led so many of them to posi-
tions of trust and responsibility in everv city
of the Union, Mr. Short was not long in secur-
ing the looked-for opening. He found
Charles A. Spalding, and Mr. Spalding found
him. We say found, for it was a case of treas-
ure trove on both sides. The result has been
an association of upward of thirty years, which
has proved highly satisfactory to all con-
cerned, and which the vanishing years seem
only to make more intimate ; for the two men
are still loyally knit together, and it looks as
if they were to remain so unto the end. Mr.
Spalding has an abounding confidence in Mr.
Short, whom he has steadily advanced from
position to position, engaging him first as
ticket-seller and assistant treasurer, and then
advancing him to those of treasurer, business
manager, and finally to that of manager of
the Olympic. Mr. Short's services to Mr.
Spalding have not, however, ended here ; for
Mr. Spalding, himself residing in the East,
has many interests in St. Louis, over which
his trusted local manager exercises a close and
constant supervision. When the Olympic
and the Grand Opera House were pooled,
1887 to 1890, Pat Short handled the finances
of both houses, Mr. Norton being associated
with him in the management of the Grand.
During this period he was handling for Spal-
ding not less than one million dollars annually ;
yet such was the confidence placed in him by
his employer that he was never asked, at that
time or any other, to put up any bond or secu-
rity whatever. This confidence has not been
special, but universal. The word of Mr.
Short is accepted by all his associates, much as
a bank cashier's indorsement upon a note is
accepted in the financial world. It goes with-
out question. It need scarcely be said that he
is one of the best-known men in the theatrical
line to-day ; he is also one of the most popular
and thoroughly informed. In his quiet, unos-
tentatious way, there is nothing in the line of
amusements that escapes him unobserved,
and upon which he is not prepared to pass
a shrewd judgment — though not in public,
for, like most men of sagacity, he is a man of
few words, though ever debonair and courte-
ous. Though Mr. Short's best energies and
ability have been uniformly devoted to the
Olympic, which by his watchful and untiring
efforts he has raised to its present unique po-
sition at the forefront of legitimate drama in
St. Louis, yet he has left the impress of his
personality in other directions. He was the
orsrinator of the modern summer garden
SHOT MAKING.
amusements, adding those better features to
which they owe their present popularity, as
centers of clean and wholesome outdoor en-
tertainment. During the years [876 to 1886
he conducted L'hrig's ( ave, since which the
Forest Park Highlands, the Suburban Gar-
nd other similar resorts have developed.
Hi- management at Chrig's Cave was made
11. ,iable by the introduction of several novel-
ties, such as Daly's Company. He also pro-
before an open-air audience all of Gil-
bert & Sullivan's operas. What is known as
English opera was then creating quite a furore
in Li nidi hi. and gave to the operatic stage
some of its present favorites. -Miss I i
may be cited as an instance. Mr. Short is a
big hearted man. even when measured by the
standard of his profession, which has ever been
famous, in bulb sexes, for large and noble
generosity. It is a iv 'table fact that lie is never
in a hurry. An excess of business never finds
him unprepared or leaves him with so much
as a hair turned. Around him things move in
such excellent order that upon the close of the
busiest day's work everything has reached its
appi tinted end without hurt or friction. This
1- 1 lie quality of the natural-born manag
and this urbane gentleman possesses it in an
eminent degree. By reason of it. to work
with him, or under him. is a never-failing
pleasure. His kindh eye and equally kindly
voice inspire an enduring friendship, such as
prings from personal esteem and confi-
deuce. Though a member of many clubs, ho
is in mi sense ■ if the word a society man. His
time is whi ill}' dedicated t" the performance
ni thi' serious duties of lite — to the work of the
day and to home; to look after the interests of
a generous employer, provide lor home ami
family, and to live in good will with all men.
such is apparently the aim and end of his use-
ful and unostentatious life. In [876 Mr.
Short married Margaret, daughter of Janus
Joseph I humeri \. of St. Louis. ( >ne child, a
daughter, May Short, was born of this union
in the spring ■ if 1 877.
Shot Making. Tin abundance of lead
ol" choice quality in Missouri, and the ch. .ill-
ness 1 if mining it, attracted attention at a com-
paratively early day. Thirty years before St.
Louis was first settled by Laclede and the
Chouteaus, the lead mines of what is now
Washington Count} wen worked and found
to be rich and profitable. The chief demand
for lead at that earl) day was for making bul-
lets and shot to supply the hunters who
roamed over the great West, on both sides of
the .Mississippi. Moulding lead into bars for
hunters, who would themselves mould it into
bullets with the moulds which every rifleman
carried in his pouch, was an easy and not ex-
pensive business ; but making shot was a com-
plex and expensive process, requiring capital.
i'he first shot in Missouri was made at ller-
culaneum, now extinct, which stood on the
gri iiintl now occupied by Crystal City, on the
Mississippi, thirty miles below St. Louis. The
bluff at that place offered the advantage 1 if a
fall that might be turned to account, and, as
the lead mines were not far distant in the in-
terior, a shot tower was erected on the bluff
at the place as early as the year 1809, and did
,1 good business until the lead trade was di-
verted to other places. The shot tower at
Herculaneum furnished a picture for the old
geograph} text-books of Missouri for years
after both it and the town had passed into his-
torv. St. Louis was more fortunate. It be-
came famous for a shot tower also ; indeed, the
tall shot tower in St. Louis was. for many
years, the chief distinction of the city with per-
sons who lived in other States and had never
visited it. The original tower was abandoned
and replaced with a higher and better one
long ago, and St. Louis has not been without
its .hot tower from the year 1809. In 1897
it had two great towers in active operation, at
which were made nearly one-half the shot
manufactured in the United States. These
t< iwers ; re large and complete, ranking among
the most perfect structures of the kind in the
world, built of brick, and one hundred and
eighty feet in height. The manufacture of
shot has become almost perfect. For a long
time it was difficult to secure the symmetrical
roundness required in the tiny projectiles, be-
cause the outer surface of the globules cooled
too rapidly into a crust by falling into the
water, before the interior had time to become
solid also. The result of this unequal cooling
was imperfections in shape, which made the
shot untrue. Various devices were resorted
to to remedy this trouble, but none were ef-
fective except the elevation of the towers so as
to increase the distance of the fall, and thus
give the fluid globules time to become solid
before reaching the water. In melting the
had it is necessary to add a small proportion of
arsenic, usually six to twelve pounds to a ton
SHULTZ.
2068
of the lead, for the purpose of hardening the
metal and rendering it less ductile. The lead
obtained in various States differs in qualities,
according to the locality. Our Missouri lead
is known in trade as "soft Missouri," and ranks
high for nearly all manufacturing purposes,
and because of its softness, requires more ar-
senic to harden it for shot manufacture. The
furnace for melting the metal in a shot tower
has to be at the top of the tower, and the ma-
terials must be hoisted to that elevation. The
lead is melted in iron pots and arsenic is put
in, usually forty pounds to the ton of lead, and
the pot covered and sealed with clay or mor-
tar, to prevent the escape of the arsenical
vapor. The fluid condition of the alloy thus
formed is maintained for several hours by
keeping it over the fire until the mixture is
complete. The scum is then carefully re-
moved and the melted metal run into pigs, and
it is this composition that is used for temper-
ing the melted lead for making shot. When
the pure lead is melted, pigs of the composite in
are added, and the quality of the mixture
tested by taking out a ladle full and allowing
a few drops to fall into a tub of water. If the
drops are not round, more of the arsenic com-
position is added, until the globules are even
and perfect. 'When the melted mass is found
to be as it should be, it is poured into cullen-
ders, or hollow hemispheres of sheet-iron, ten
or twelve inches in diameter, perforated with
round, smooth holes, of uniform size in each
cullender. The size of these holes determines
the size of the shot, Xo. o being one-fiftieth of
an inch in diameter, Xo. i being one-fifty-
eighth of an inch, Xo. 2 one-sixty-sixth, XTo. 3
one seventy-second. Xo. 4 one-eightieth. Sev-
eral cullenders of the same size of perforations
are used at the same time, supported on pro-
jecting grates of a chafing dish of sheet-iron,
like a triangle, placed directly over the tub of
water at the bottom of the tower. The tem-
perature of the melted lead is varied according
to the size of the shot to be made. The fall is
about one hundred and sixty feet, and by the
time the globules reach the tub they have be-
come solid, and, after remaining in the water
a short time, are removed. They are after-
ward subjected to a polishing process, and are
then ready for market. St. Louis shot, like St.
Louis white lead, have a high reputation, and
are shipped to nearly all parts of the country.
The city has been a center of shot manufacture
since 1810, and it is probable that it will con-
tinue to be so for many generations to come.
D. M. Grissom.
Sliultz, Chauncey Forward, who
has been prominent in St. Louis for many
years as a business man and public official,
was born at Salisbury, Somerset County,
Pennsylvania, May Jo. [824. J J is paternal
grandfather, Jacob Sliultz, was a native of
Switzerland, who emigrated from the little
town of Poltz, near Berne, in [762, and com-
ing to this country, settled in Somerset
County, Pennsylvania. There he married,
and there his son. Adam Sliultz. was born in
[789. In the same county, Adam Shultz grew
to manhood and married, in 1818, Nancy
Shockey, daughter of Christian Shockey, a
veteran of the Revolutionary War. who had
enlisted in Captain Doyle's company of the
First Pennsylvania Regiment in 1777, and
served to the close of the war, witnessing the
surrender of Lord Cornwa'llis. Two miles
from the town of Salisbury may still be seen
'the large two-story stone house, which was
long die home of Adam Shultz, and in which
Chauncey F. Shultz was born. Among the
intimate friends of Adam Shultz was Chaun-
cey Forward, father-in-law and law preceptor
of the distinguished jurist Jeremiah S. Black,
and Ohauncey Forward Shultz was named in
his honor. The elder Shultz was a sagacious
and enterprising man. who combined with
somewhat extensive farming operations the
operation of' a large tannery. From 1832 to
[836 he was also engaged as a government
contractor in the reconstruction of the old
National Road through a portion of Maryland.
When his son Chauncey was twelve vears old,
he bought a farm in Allegany County, Marx-
land, which was on the line of the old National
Road, and through which also ran the historic
military road constructed by General Brad-
dock, in 1755, when he was marching from
Fort Cumberland to Fort Duquesne, where
he met his famous defeat in battle with the
French and Indians. On this farm Adam
Shultz laid out the town of Gramtsville. in
1836, building there two hotels, one of which
is still standing as a reminder of the old stage
days, when from fifteen to twenty stages
passed over the National Road daily, and when
it was no uncommon thing for two hundred
passengers to stop at Gramtsville for meals in
the course of a day. The old town now gives
SHULTZ.
little evidence of its earlier prosperity ami im-
portance. Adam Shu'ltz died there in 1864,
but his wife lived Do l>e ninety-one years of
age, and in 1891 celebrated her ninetieth birth-
day at tin- residence of one of her sons in Ship-
man. Illinois, when two hundred and twenty
of hi r desci ndants were gathered together in
honor of the occasion. The son of a prosper-
ous man of affairs. Chauncey F. Shultz was
carefully educated in his youth, and then
served an apprenticeship to the tanner's trade.
When he was twenty years of age. he was
given charge of the tannery which his father
had previously operated, and some time later
engaged in the business of manufacturing
leather on his own account. In 1857 he re-
moved to Hampshire County, Virginia, and
there, in company with Silas Reese, built and
operated a large steam tannery. Two years
later, several trips which he had made to the
West having convinced him that this was a
g 1 field in which to carry on the business oi
manufacturing leather, he sold nut his \ ir-
ginia interests and removed to St. Louis.
Here he purchased the leather, hide and wool
stock of Horace A. Conant, and later, asso-
ciating with himself Terry Shultz, Thomas
Kerr, William Samples, and J. A. J. Shultz as
partners, established the business which he
conducted successfully until 1874, when he re-
tired from active participation in its conduct
and management. At a later date he was one
of the organizers of the Shultz Belting Com-
pany, and acted as its purchasing agent from
[880 to 1887. Prominently identified with
trade and commerce in St. Louis, he has been
equally prominent in public life, having always
taken an active interest in local and general
governmental affairs. I lis father was. from
boyl d to old age, a Jeffersonian Democrat,
and was fond of relating that when only fif-
teen y< . during the political cam-
paign of [804, he subscribed fift\ cents to help
erect a Jefferson pole, when it took him three
days to earn the fiftj cents. Following in the
footsteps of his father, the sun has always been
<me of the staunches! of Democrats as were
all the nine s, ms of Vdam Shultz. In [854
he served as one of the commissioners of \1
legan\ County, Maryland, and in [874 was
: presiding judge of the ( '. mnty ( 'ourl
of St. Louis County. He also served as om
of the commissioners of Forest Park, person
ally signing all of the two million dollar issue
mds fi <r the purchase and improvement
of forest, O'Fallon and Carondelet Parks.
In 1875 he was appointed by the court as-
signee of the Western Savings Bank, and his
skillful winding up of its affairs resulted in the
depositors being paid in full. In 1887 Presi-
dent Cleveland appointed him United States
subtreasurer for St. Louis, and at the end of
his four years' term of service, when he turned
over to his successor more than $23,000,000,
his cash balanced to a cent. When he first
came to St. Louis Judge Shultz and his fam-
ily united with the Central Presbyterian
Church, at that time situated at the corner of
Eighth and Locust Streets, and he has since
been a conspicuously helpful friend of the re-
ligious interests of the city. He helped to
build the church at Garrison and Lucas Ave-
nues, being deacon and trustee at this time,
Rev. Dr. Brank, pastor, and later, when he re-
moved to Compton Hill, in the spring of 1877,
he and his family united with the Lafayette
Park Presbyterian Church, which was in
course of construction. He assisted in the
building and was one of the trustees of that
church. In 1890 he and his family transferred
their membership to the Compton Hill Con-
gregational Church, and when that church
erected a new edifice at Compton and La-
fayette Avenues, Judge Shultz was also deacon
and president of the board of trustees, and
superintended the building of the church. He
was president also of the board of trustees of
the Central Mission Church, at Eleventh and
Locust Streets, from 1888 to 1891, and as a
churchman has rendered many valuable serv-
ices to the cause of Christianity. In 1848. at
Hancock, Washington County. Maryland, he
was married to Hadassah Chambers Brown.
Mrs. Shultz was a great-granddaughter of
Ben Chambers, the first white settler in Frank-
lin County, Pennsylvania, and the founder of
Chambersburg. This noted colonist served
in Colonel William Thompson's battalion dur-
ing the Revolutionary War. and became a lieu-
tenant in the Pennsylvania Regiment. His
descendant. Mrs. Schultz, was born in Paris,
Tennessee, in 1827. where her father, Dr. Wil-
liam Maxwell Brown, died in 1836. Her
mother then returned by stage to her father's
home in Maryland, and there the daughter
nut and married Judge Shultz. She died in
1887. The children of Judge and Mrs. Shultz
are Maxwell W. Shultz. Mrs. Addie Allison;
Llewellvn Brown Shultz. and Marv Janet
Shultz.
SHULTZ— SHUMARD.
2065
Shultz, John A. J., manufacturer,
was born at Grantsville, Maryland, April 27,
1838, son of Adam and Nancy (Shockey)
Shultz. His father, born in Somerset County,
Pennsylvania, was the son of Jacob Shultz,
who immigrated to this country from Switzer-
land in 1762, and his mother was the daughter
of Christian Shockey, a soldier of the Revolu-
tionary War, who served in Captain Doyle's
company of the First Pennsylvania Regiment
from the year 1777 until the surrender of Lord
Cornwallis at Yorktown. Two of the uncles
of John A. J. Shultz on his father's side served
through the War of 18 12- 14 under General
Andrew Jackson, and his father, being an ar-
dent admirer of that distinguished soldier and
statesman, gave the son his name. After ob-
taining a practical education in the village
school of Grantsville, Mr. Shultz learned the
tanner's trade under the guidance of his
brother, Chauncey F. Shultz, and later pur-
chased the tannery which his father had pre-
viously operated, which he conducted there-
after until the year 1864. In that year he
came to St. Louis and embarked in the hide
and leather business in this city. In 1872 he
formed a copartnership with Colonel C. W.
Ford in the tanning business, which continued
in existence until 1873, when Colonel Ford
died. Mr. Shultz then purchased the interest
of his estate, and continued the business alone
until 1876. During this time he had been ex-
perimenting in the manufacture of a new kind
of raw-hide belt, which he succeeded in per-
fecting, patenting the process in the year last
named. The introduction of this new process
into the manufacture of belts, and the mani-
fest superiority of the product, brought about
something of a revolution in the belting busi-
ness, and in the year 1877 Mr. Shultz began
receiving so many orders for his raw-hide
belts that he found it advisable to organize a
corporation to conduct the business. Ac-
cordingly the Shultz Belting Company was in-
corporated under the laws of the State of Mis-
souri, with a fully paid-up capital of $300,000.
Mr. Shultz was made president of the com-
pany, which at once began the operation of
very extensive works at Bismarck and Barton
Streets, in St. Louis. While this business
proved exceedingly profitable and grew rap-
idly, Mr. Shultz did not rest on his laurels
as an inventor, but continued making experi-
ments of various kinds in connection with his
manufacturing operations, and has since pat-
ented a number of very important devices.
What is now known as his sable raw-hide
belting is famous the world over, for the rea-
son that the interior is raw-hide, with the
surface only tanned, and because there is no
possibility of the slipping of this kind of belt-
ing with consequent loss of motion. Raw-
hide lace leather is another invention which
has given Mr. Shultz wide celebrity. His was
the first raw-hide lace made in the world, and
his manufacture the original and the best. In
1890 he patented his woven leather belt, a tri-
umph of ingenuity, which achieved success
almost before the necessary protection was
obtained. The works of the Shultz Belting
Company, at the intersection of Barton and
Bismarck Streets, have frontages of two hun-
dred, and one hundred and forty-six feet, re-
spectively, and buildings on Seventh and Bis-
marck Streets are also a part of the plant. The
process of manufacture is a very intricate and
interesting one, and this, coupled with the en-
terprise of the corporation of which Mr.
Shultz is the head, and the wide distribution
of its products, is carrying the fame of St.
Louis far beyond the limits of the United
States, the company having agents in all parts
of the world, and selling its belting everywhere
that belting is used. A thoroughly public-
spirited citizen, Mr. Shultz has been closely
identified with the progress and growth of St.
Louis in various ways. He was one of the or-
ganizers, and is a director of the Manufactur-
ers' Association of St. Louis, the St. Louis
Latin-American Club, and the Furniture
Board of Trade. A Lutheran churchman, he
was the founder of St. Mark's English Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church, of this city. He,
with his wife, worked two years to bring to-
gether the few Lutherans who organized this
church in 1867, and the congregation thus
founded has developed into the large and
prosperous church organization of to-day,
bearing the name above mentioned, and of
which Rev. Dr. M. Rhodes is now pastor. In
the year 1859 Mr. Shultz married Miss Mary
E. Brown. Their children are Sallie K., now
Mrs. J. A. Ferguson ; E. Brow-n. Edith, Mabel,
John R., Charles F. and Fannie E. Shultz.
Shumard, Benjamin Franklin,
scientist, born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
November 24, 1820. His father. John Shu-
mard, was of Huguenot descent, and was edu-
cated for the ministry of the Methodist Epis-
2066
SHCMARD.
copal < hurch, which, however, he did not en-
ter, but became a merchant. J I is mother was
Ann Catharine ( ictz, daughter of Peter Getz,
who claimed to have invented the first fire
engine used in America. John Shumard re-
moved to Cincinnati in 1835, and the son was
in Miami University, where he re-
mained three years, diligently pursuing his
studies, bul his father changing his residence
li ; .1 bi Fore he was read) t< 1 gradu-
al . he attended lectures in the Jefferson Med-
ollege. He afterward, in 1841, entered the
M' dical University of Louisville, where, at the
end of his second course, he received his doc-
tor's degree in a large class, of which he stood
in the front rank. Settling in Hodgenville, a
small town south of Louisville, he opened an
iii'l began practice, but soon became ab-
ed in natural history and other scientific
5, almost to the exclusion 1 if his p
sion as a physician. In a twelvemonth he was
in Li misville. In ci >mpany w ith I'n ifes-
ibb, a pr< ifessii mal anatomist fi ir whom
he formed a strong friendship, he explored the
rich held .11 organic remains in the vicinity of
the Falls ( ity, and made collections of their
fossils. M. Edward de Verneuil, president of
the Geological Society of France, visiting
Louisville in 1846, while touring America to
>are the paleozoic formation of this coun-
try with those of Europe, had the assistance
of Dr. Shumard in his researches. The emi-
nent French geologisl expressed great delight
at finding among the young doctor's fossils
evidence of the analog) to many of his own
specimens at home. Dr. David Dale Owen,
who had in charge the geological survey of
the Northwestern territory under the direc-
tion of 1 ongress, was in Louisville at the same
time, and appoint! d I lr. Shumard one of his
assistants, and the latter contributed largel) to
the value of the reports on the geology of
Iowa. Wisconsin and Minnesota, which rank
among the ureal scientific productions of our
country. in 1847 he and 1 )r. Vandell pub-
lished a memoir on "The 1 ieolog_\ of Ken-
tucky," complimented l.\ mam European
geologists. I )r. Shumard labored in the survey
of the Territories until 1850, when he under-
took, with Dr. Evans, a geological tour in 1 Ire-
gon, where he was engaged eighteen month-,
and, of which survey he made an inter, ting
and valuable report. In [852, returning to
Louisville, he married Miss E. M. \llcn. a
ol fine literary attainments and love of
science. lie was next employed on the pale-
ontolog) of the Red River exploration, then
just completed by his brother, Dr. George E.
Shumard, in connection with Captain R. B.
Marcv. In 1N53. on invitation of Professor
G. C. Swallow, he removed to St. Louis to be-
come assistant in the Missouri Geological Sur-
vey. In this subordinate position he labored
live years, when at last he received an appoint-
ment commensurate with the qualifications
nizi d by men of science everywhere. I [e
was appointed by Governor Runnels, of Texas,
to make a geological survey of that State,
upon which work he entered with enthusiasm,
and in which he zealously continued for two
years, when he was removed by Governor
Houston to make room for a political friend.
Meantime he had worked over almost the en-
1 -tern and middle portions of the State,
and made a number of interesting discoveries.
his collections showing deposits ranging from
the most ancient strata up to the latest tertiary
formations. His friends had hopes that he
would be recalled to the work, but the Civil
\\ ar coming on put an end to research in this
science for a time. Dr. Shumard now turned
his attention to his original profession, opened
an office in St. Louis, and soon enjoyed a lu-
crative practice. He was elected professor of
obstetrics in the State University in 1866. and
lectured acceptably two winters. His health
had been declining several months, and b) ad-
vice he sought a milder climate. The steamer
upon which be took passage for New Orleans
caught fire and burned above Vicksburg, and
from the excitement and exposure pneumonia
set in. He returned to St. Louis immediately,
and died in the bosom of his family, April 14,
[869. \l the time of his death he was presi-
dent of the St. Louis Academy of Science,
corresponding member of the Geological So-
ciety of London, of the Imperial Geological
Societ) of Vienna, of the Imperial Geological
Society of Honnstadt, of the Academies of
Science of Philadelphia, California, Cincin-
nati, New ( Means, and of many others. Reso-
lutions honoring his memory were passed by
all of these. Few scientific writers have been
more industrious. Innumerable contribu-
tions were made by him to geological litera-
ture in magazine articles and in papers read
before academies, many of them prepared in
the midst of laborious professional duties, all
showing a vast amount of knowledge and re-
search. Constant reference is made to them
SIEBENMANN— SIGEL.
2067
in all the recent works relating to the geology
of North America. Dr. Shumard was a mem-
ber of the Sixteenth Street Presbyterian
Church, in St. Louis, the gifted pastor of
which, Dr. Brookes, had been for many years
his warm personal friend. His wife and one
daughter, Lizzie Allen Frank — they had four
daughters — now survive.
Siebenmann, Francis, was born in
the city of Berne, Switzerland, November 19,
1819, son of Jacob and Maria Siebenmann.
After receiving what would be termed in this
country a high school education he served an
apprenticeship to the business of merchandis-
ing, and in 1845 engaged in the wholesale
cigar and tobacco business. May 22, 1846,
he married Miss Caroline Julia Delporte, in
Aarau, Switzerland, and leaving that country
September 30, 1847, ne arrived in St. Louis
January 1, 1848, and for several years after his
coming thither he was employed in a clerical
capacity with various merchandising estab-
lishments and banking institutions. In 1867
he became cashier of the American Bank,
with which he was connected until 1870.
During the ten years following he was en-
gaged in the brokerage business, and since
then has been identified with the coal trade of
the city. On the 22A of May, 1896, he and his
wife celebrated their golden wedding at their
home, 2327 Geyer Avenue. Their surviving
children are Mrs. Leicester Babcock, Fred-
erick Emil, Frederick Arthur and Hedwig
Siebenmann.
Siemon, Frederick, manufacturer, was
born January 5, 1817, in Hesse-Cassel, Ger-
many, son of August and Helena (Kaatz) Sie-
mon. His father, who for several years was
a superintendent of German mails, and who
also saw service as a sergeant in the German
army, died in the fatherland in 1873. After
receiving a practical education in the schools
of his native town Frederick Siemon learned
the cooper's trade, and also served a three and
a half years' apprenticeship to the brewer's
trade. Afterward he traveled throughout Ger-
many, working in various towns and cities as
a journeyman brewer until 1834, when he
came to this country and established his home
in St. Louis. He was first employed here bv
Stephen Stock, who operated a brewery at the
corner of Seventh and Main Streets, and from
1836 to 1847 was foreman of a brewery located
at the corner of Seventh and Sidney Street.--,
in St. Louis. After making a visit to his old
home he returned to St. Louis, and some time
later embarked in the brewing business in
company with Nicholas Eckerle, the firm be-
ing known as the Eckerle ec Siemon Brewing
Company. This firm established and operated
a brewing plant located at the corner of Soul-
ard and Third Streets, and built large beer
vaults at Miami and Galena Streets, which
later became the property of Adolphus Busch.
In 1867 Mr. Siemon retired from active busi-
ness with an ample fortune accumulated by
judicious business operations and investments,
and the exercise of that kind of economy
which enabled him to add. from the start, to
the $750 which constituted the sum total of
his capital when he arrived in St. Louis. After
his retirement he built a handsome residence
at ^750 Marine Avenue, which has been his
home for nearly a third of a century. During
the Civil War Mr. Siemon was an adjutant in
the Home Guards of St. Louis, and while serv-
ing in that capacity participated in the his-
toric capture of Camp Jackson. Politically he
has been known for many years as one of the
staunch Republicans of South St. Louis, and
his religious affiliations are with the Protes-
tant Church. September 16, 1853, he mar-
ried Miss Augusta Roetcher, then a resident
of St. Louis, but a native of Prussia. Their
Surviving children are Ida, the wife of Eugene
Muehlmann, of the Anheuser-Busch Brewing
( iompany; Amalia, wife of Gustave J. Sapper,
of Washington, Missouri, and Edmund Sie-
mon, of Evansville, Indiana.
Sigel, Franz, soldier, was born in Sins-
heim, Baden, November 18, 1824. After com-
pleting his studies at the gymnasium of Bruch-
sal he entered the military school at Carlsruhe,
and was graduated in 1834. When the Baden
revolution began, in February, 1848. he raised
a corps of volunteers, organized the Lake Dis-
trict at Constance, led a body of more than
4,000 volunteers against Freiburg, and was
beaten in two encounters with the royal troops.
He escaped across the French border, April
28th, and made his way into Switzerland. The
insurrection of May, 1849, recalled him to
Baden. He was made commandant of the
Lake and Upper Rhine District, then placed
in charge of the Army of the Neckar. met the
roval forces at Hoppenheim on May 30th. be-
came Minister of War. and finallv succeeded
SIMMONS.
, hief command of the u oi ips. He
fought in several battles under General Luuis
Mieroslawski, whom he succeeded, conducted
the army of 15,000 nun in retreat through
three hostile army corps, and crossed the
Rhine with the remnant into Switzerland on
July 1 ith. While residing at Lugano he was
arrested by the Federal authorities in the
spring of 1851, and delivered over to the
French police, who conducted him to Havre
with the intention of placing him on a ship
luiiuid for the United States. lie, however,
went to England, lived in London and
Brighton, and in May. 1852, sailed for New
York. After his marriage to a daughter of
Rudolph Dulon he taught in the latter's
school, at the same time translating manuals
of arms into German, and conducting "Die
Revue," a military magazine, till 1858, when
he was called to St. Louis as teacher of mathe-
matics and history in the German Institute.
At the beginning of the ( ivil War he organ-
ized a regiment of infantry and a battery,
which rendered efficient service at the occupa-
tion of the arsenal and the capture of Camp
Jai 1 son. In June. 1861, he was sent with his
regiment and two batteries to Rolla, whence
he marched to Xeosho and compelled the re-
treat of General Sterling Price into Arkansas.
I fe took part in the fight at Dug Springs, and
after the battle of Wilson's Creek conducted
the retreat of the army from Springfield to-
ward Rolla. He was commissioned as briga-
dier general, to date from May 17, 1861. In
the autumn campaign of General John C. Fre-
mont he had command of the advance guard,
and in the retreat from Springfield he com-
manded the rear guard, consisting of two di-
visions. He took command of the right wing
of the troops assembled under General Samuel
R. Curtis at Rolla, and gained the battle of
Pea Ridge by a well-timed assault, lie was
thereupon made a major general, dating from
March 21, [862, and was ordered to the East
and placed in command of the troops at Har-
per's Ferry. Mr co-operated in the movi
men! against General Thomas J. Jackson at
Winchester. When General John Pope was
placed in command of the newly created Army
of Virginia, Sigel, in command of the First
< 'orps, took part in tin
ning with Cedar Creek and ending with Bull
Run. where he commanded the right wing and
won the first day's fight, a decided adva
>ii. After the battle he coven
retreat to Centreville. His corps held the ad-
vanced position at Fairfax Courthouse and
Centreville. He commanded the Fourth
Grand Reserve Division until that organiza-
tion was abolished, when he resumed com-
mand of the Eleventh Corps, took leave of ab-
sence on account of failing health, and was
superseded by General Oliver O. Howard. In
June. 1863, he took command of the reserve
armv of Pennsylvania, and organized a corps
of 10,000 men to aid in repelling Lee's in-
vasion. In February, 1S64, President Lin-
coln appointed him to the command of the
Department and the Army of West Virginia.
He fitted out an expedition that operated under
General George Crook in the Kanawha Val-
lev. and led a smaller one of 7,000 men
through the Shenandoah Valley against
Lynchburg and Staunton, but was defeated
by < ieneral John C. Breckinridge at New
Market. He was thereupon relieved, and in
June. 1864. put in command of the division
guarding Harper's Ferry. He repelled the
attack of General Tubal A. Early on Maryland
Heights, but was relieved of his command
soon afterward and retired to Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, to recruit his health. He re-
signed his commission on May 4, 1865, and
became editor of the Baltimore "Wecker." In
September, 1867, he removed to New York
1 itv. and has since resided there, holding at
different times important public offices.
Simmons, Edward ('., merchant, was
born September 21, 1839, in Frederick, Mary-
land, son of Zachariah T. and Louise (Helfen-
stein) Simmons. His parents were natives,
respectively, of Pennsylvania and Maryland,
the father descended from New England an-
cestors, and the mother of German antece-
dents. Mr. Simmons came to St. Louis in
1846, when he was seven years of age, and
completed his education at the High School,
which was then located on Sixth Street, be-
tween St. Charles and Locust Streets. When
he was sixteen years old he entered the employ
of Childs, Pratt & Co.. hardware merchants,
whose place of business was on Main Street,
between Vine Street and Washington Ave-
nue, and three doors north of the old State
Bank of Missouri. After serving a three
years' apprenticeship to the hardware busi-
ness in this connection he entered the employ
of Wilson, Levering & Waters, a new firm just
embarking in business at 51 North Main
SIMMONS.
2069
Street. Four years later Mr. Wilson retired
from this firm, and January i, 1863, Mr. Sim-
mons was admitted to a partnership in the firm
of Levering, Waters & Co. Eighteen months
afterward Mr. Levering died, and the firm
then became Waters, Simmons & Co. This
firm continued a successful business until
1872, when Mr. Waters retired. Isaac W.
Morton was admitted to partnership with Mr.
Simmons, forming the firm of E. C. Simmons
& Co. This partnership was succeeded in
1874 by the corporation which took the name
of Simmons Hardware Company, now con-
ducting the largest hardware business in the
world. Mr. Simmons was one of the first
business men in St. Louis to take note of the
liberal character of the laws of Missouri relat-
ing to corporations, laws under which stock-
holders are responsible only to the amount of
the par value of the stock which they own.
Simmons Hardware Company, which he or-
ganized, and of which he became the chief ex-
ecutive officer, was the first mercantile estab-
lishment to incorporate in the United States,
and therefore was the pioneer, whose example
has been followed by thousands of similar cor-
porations. At first the idea of incorporating
a business of this character was looked upon
with suspicion, but the public soon grasped the
fact that this plan enabled the managers and
principal owners of the business to interesl
their employes as stockholders, and in that
way to establish upon a healthy and equitable
basis a system of profit-sharing which would
be very effective in promoting the success of
the enterprise. From boyhood up to the
present time Mr. Simmons has been an en-
thusiastic lover of the business in which he is
engaged. Beginning as a boy in the dis-
charge of the most simple duties, he gained
experience in every detail of the business, mas-
tering each department separately, and hence,
as the scope of his operations became larger,
he was vastly benefited by his practical knowl-
edge of every phase of the hardware trade.
He was among the first hardware merchants
of the country to put traveling salesmen in
the field, and it is now said that he has em-
ployed more salesmen in this capacity than any
other man in America. The selection of these
men has always been a matter of pride with
him, and it has been his constant aim to so ele-
vate the business in which he is engaged as
to make it better for his being in it. He has
encouraged his salesmen to be upright, in the
broadest sense of the term, to cultivate good
habits and the strictest integrity of purpose.
One of his favorite mottoes has been "that a
salesman's duty is to help his customers to
prosper," and one of the mottoes of the house
under his guidance has been that "the recol-
lection of quality remains long after the price
is forgotten." Mr. Simmons has been par-
ticularly fortunate, and has given evidence of
his clear perceptions and good judgment of
men in the selection of his staff of assistants,
and it may be confidently asserted that there
is not now in the United States a commercial
house better organized, more systematically
conducted, or founded upon a more enduring
basis than that of the Simmons Hardware
Company. On the 1st of January, 1898, owing
to advancing years and impaired health, Mr.
Simmons resigned the presidency of the com-
pany, as did his associate and friend, Mr. Mor-
ton, the first vice-presidency. Wallace D. Sim-
mons, eldest son of Edward C. Simmons, who
had been trained to the business under his di-
rection, succeeded his father as president, and
John E. Pilcher, who had been connected
with the house for thirty-five years, succeeded
to the vice-presidency. Edward H. Simmons,
another of Mr. Simmons' .sons, is now a mem-
ber of the board of directors, and the eight
other members of this board have all been con-
nected with the house for a quarter of a cen-
tury or 'more. In this connection it may be
stated that Mr. Simmons and Mr. Morton have
established another precedent, which is likely
to be followed in this country. They have
accepted the positions of advisory directors,
which means that they still retain their con-
nection with the institution, although they
have given up its active management and have
shifted the larger share of its burdens and re-
sponsibilities to other shoulders. Each day,
however, they spend a portion of their time in
the house, and are ready at all times to give
to their successors the benefit of their many
years of experience and of their ripened judg-
ment. An evidence of the firm foundation
upon which this great commercial institution
has been established is found in the fact that
during the first year after the retirement of
Mr. Simmons and Mr. Morton, the business
was even more successful than it had ever been
before, and as there is a large element of youth
as well as of ability in the present directorate,
it is probable that the business will be con-
ducted for another twentv-five vears with but
SIMMONS— SIMPSON.
a few changes i f management. Mr. Simmons
has been a great factor in bringing trade from
remote sections to St. Louis, the salesmen of
his house, numbering more than two hundred
in all. having been sent into not less than
forty States and Territories, in all of which
the\ have done a large and profitable busini ss
This example has been followed by merchants
er lines of business, and the result has
been immensely beneficial to St. Louis. Air.
Simmons has always been an enthusiast in re
gard to the possibilities and advantages of St.
Louis as a jobbing center, advancing for it the
. J inn th li ii is the on) , large < d\ m the I nittd
Mate- that has tributary to it the cotton and
cereal producing regions of our country,
-t iples which constitute the basis of c miraer-
cial prosperity. In addition to his merchan-
dising operations, he has Keen a director of
ihi' Boatmen's Bank for seventeen years; was
for a time a director in the St. Louis Xational
Bank', and is now a director in the Xational
Bank of Commerce, the largest financial in-
stitution in the United States with a single
e: ception. 1 le has also been a director of the
St. Louis ITust Company since its organiza-
tion. 1 luring the years i88o and 1SS1 he
was a member of the St. Louis police board,
which had to its credit the permanent closing,
in a single night, of every public gambling
in Si. Louis. lie has always taken a
great interest in young men. and is easih ap-
proached b\ his youngest or humblest em-
pi' <} e. i re has belie; ed at all times that en-
couragement is the greatest incentive to
S "d conduct, and has watched the lives of his
employes as closely as he could, with a view
io benefiting them and advising them against
lakes ;( , Freqin nth made l.\ the \ oung
While he is a broad-minded and liberal man.
he has been pronounced in the matter of not
employing habitual drinkers as traveling sales-
men, believing thai trade procured in that way
is not worth having, and it is a fact worthy of
mention that out of respect lor his views' his
large force of salesmen have abstained almost
wholh from habitual drinking, and each has
striven in his , ,Wn wa\ to elevate the plane , ,i
traveling salesmanship. Mr. Simmons mar-
ried. 1866, Mis, i larrie Welch, daughter of
-''- W. and Luc\ Welch, of St. Louis.
( if live children born to them, two daughters
have died. Two of die three s(,ns are idei
with the business which their father es
tahlished, and the third son is finishing his
studies at Yale University. Mr. Simmons is
an active member of the Episcopal Church,
and has .aided materially in advancing the in-
terests of that denomination in St. Louis.
Simmons, Wallace I)., merchant, was
born November _'4, 1867, in St. Louis, 9011 of
Edward C. and Garrie (Welch 1 Simmons. He
was titled for college in the primary depart-
ment of Washington University ami under
private tutorage, and in 1886 entered Vale
( College, from which institution he was gra lu-
ated with the degree of bachelor of arts in the
f 1890. January 1. 1891. he entered the
employ of the Simmons Hardware Gotmp&ny,
and. notwithstanding the fact that his father
was the founder and head of tin house, he be-
gan as till employes of that establishment do
a bhorough course of training for the business.
After serving in all the departments, includ-
ing that of traveling salesman, he was made
assistant treasurer of the company upon the
resignation of one of the former officers, and
held that position until January 1st of 1898,
when his father reared from the position ■ if
president, which the elder Sitamonis had held
since the corporation was organized. As he
had demonstrated his capacity as a business
man and merchant and after his father's retire-
ment became the active representative of a
\er\ large interest in the house, he was elected
by the stockholders to the presidency and still
retains that position. This action of his busi-
ness associates was a flattering testimonial to
his ability as a man of affairs and ihe distinc-
tion of being the official head of the greatest
hardware house in the world is an honor such
as is seldom conferred upon so young a man.
lie is a member of the Protestant Episcopal
1 hurch, in which he was confirmed in 18S4.
Simpson, Robei't, physician, was born
a: Port Tobacco, Maryland, and came west in
1809, as assistant surgeon in the army, coming
down the Ohio River from Pittsburg on a tlat-
boat with a detachment of troops. At Fort
Massac, Illinois, he left the flat-boats and came
kit rest of the way on a keel boat with cor-
delle, pole, oars and sails. He made his wajj
up the Mississippi to Port Madison, and re-
mained there for two \ ears. In 1812 he came
to St. Louis, and made it his home. He was
a man of sterling uprightness and possessed a
capacity for business that caused him to be fre-
quently called to responsible positions. In
SINGLE TAX LEAGUE.
2071
1831 he was chosen alderman in the city coun-
cil, and in 1839 he was elected comptroller,
holding the office by successive re-elections
till 1846. From 181 5 to 1818 he was post-
master, and in 1847 was chosen the first treas-
urer of the Boatmen's Savings Institution.
He died in St. Louis, May 2, 1873.
Single Tax League. — A voluntary or-
ganization of both sexes, and without distinc-
tion as to politics, religion, race or nationality,
which was a natural coming together of kin-
dred spirits for a union of effort in the propa-
gation and advancement of the principles
taught by the late Henry George and denomi-
nated by him, early in the history of the move-
ment, as "Single Tax, "a term recognized by all
adherents of the philosophy as an insignificant
and therefore unfortunate name for such a
grand and noble cause. However, as this
term is expressive of the methods proposed,
and the English language fails to furnish a
name that comprehends the full scope of Mr.
George's ideas, this one is accepted as a per-
manent fixture wherever the cause is launched
into the arena of social and political discussion.
That this is evident the course of events in for-
eign lands, where Mr. George's philosophy has
taken root and grown even more rapidlv than
in the United States, attests, as the name
■'Single Tax" has been or is being substituted
for Other appellations as the name under which
organized propaganda and political action is
going on. Notably is this the case in Great
Britain and her colonies, especially those of
New Zealand and Australia. Even in Japan
the movement with the name "Single Tax" is
rapidly assuming considerable force under the
guidance and inspiration of some of our Amer-
ican missionaries, one of Whom is the Rev.
Charles E. Garst.
The single tax platform consists of the fol-
lowing declaration of principles : "We assert
as our fundamental principle that all men are
equally entitled to the use of the earth, air and
sunshine, and that the chief function of govern-
ment is to protect the individual in these
rights. The land being the source of all
wealth and comfort, and exclusive, undisturbed
possession of certain areas of land being a priv-
ilege afforded by governmental protection
only, and comprehending all other privileges,
we further assert that taxation for the support
of government should be based solely upon
such privilege.
"Therefore, no one should be permitted to
hold land without paying to the community
the value thereof, and from the fund so raised
all expenses of government should be paid.
We would, therefore, abolish all taxation ex-
cept a tax upon the value of land, exclusive of
all improvements. This system of taxation
would dispense with a horde of tax-gatherers,
simplify and purify government and greatly re-
duce its cost. It would do away with the cor-
ruption and gross inequality inseparable from
our present methods. It would relieve the
farmer, the workingman and the manufacturer
of those taxes by which they are now unjustly
burdened, and tax for public uses those val-
ues due to the presence of population. It
would make it impossible for speculators to
hold land idle, and would open unlimited op-
portunities for the employment of labor and
capital which is essential to the solution of the
labor problem."
The league, which is the local branch of a
national organization having like branches in
all parts of the country, is what may be oalled
a development from earlier efforts toward or-
ganized propaganda.
The first recorded efforts to co-operate in
the teaching of "Single Tax" in the city were
initiated in 1885 or 1886 by Hamlin Russell,
journalist, now in New Jersey ; James A. Hill,
at this time (1898) master mechanic of the
Peoria & Pekin Union Railroad Company,
and located at Peoria, Illinois ; Charles L.
Deyo, journalist : and John G. Hummell. to-
bacconist. The first meeting place was at Mr.
Russell's residence, 3019 Dickson Street.
Russell, Hill and Hummell later on joined the
Knights of Labor, then at the zenith of its
power, and labored assiduously for the spread
of the George doctrine. From this beginning
arose what was called the "Land and Labor
Club of St. Louis," of which a large number
of individuals formed the membership, some
of them quite prominent in labor organizations
and other civic bodies. Late in 1887 the
movement took on another phase and the local
organization evolutedinto what was known as
the "Anti-Poverty Society," which was organ-
ized on September 24th of that year. This
name was inspired by the movement headed
by Father McGlynn, in New York, following
the George mayoralty campaign of 1886, which
culminated in defeat, and later on in the
formation of what was called the "Anti-Pov-
erty Crusade," and was retained until the or-
SINKING FUND.
ganizaltion adopted another, after which the
term "Anti-Poverty" gradually disappeared
from the vocabulary of the Georgeites.
On August 12, 1888, the change of name
heretofore referred to took place and the "St.
Louis Single Tax League'' was organized at
1109 Washington Avenue, but this organiza-
tion was composed of elements not entirely
harmonious on clear-cut single tax principles.
And, therefore, on the evening of January 1,
[889, a number of straight-out single taxers
met at the shoe store of Stephen M. Ryan, 1 125
\< >rth Third Street, and agreed On a line of ac-
tion which resulted in the reorganization of
the league, with Hamlin Russell as president.
The membership of the league at this time
consisted principally of laboring men — using
the term "laboring" in its contracted sense —
but during the year following a number of ad-
herents from the professional and educational
circles were gathered in, some of them quite
prominent in the community. Mr. Bronson
C. Keeler was one of these, and to him, more
than to any other individual in the country, are
the people of the United States indebted for
the movement which resulted in Congress or-
dering the taking of a census of "home and
farm mortgages" in 1890, and which caused
the expenditure of more than a million of dol-
lars, but which opened the eyes of the public
to the startling fact that less than one-half of
the people of our country owned their own
homes free of mortgage indebtedness, and
that of the people of St. Louis only fifteen per
cent were likewise fortunately situated. The
agitation which resulted in the action taken
by Congress, as aforesaid, was initiated by Air.
Keeler, who, early in 18S9. introduced a reso-
lution in the Single Tax League bearing on
the subject, and it was adopted. A committee
was appointed to push the matter. This com-
mittee was composed of the following named
gentlemen, only one of whom is still a resident
of St. Louis : B. C. Keeler, chairman. Ham-
I/in Russell and H. Martin Williams; and by
the expenditure of about one hundred dollars
for literature and postage, the work Was so
well done that other organizations, including'
those <>f workingmen and farmers, took it up.
and the result was as before stated. Only
once in the history < f the league have the mem-
bers 'engaged in organized political action. In
1894 Mr. N. O. Nelson, a member of the
league, was nominated by Single Taxers for
Congress from the Twelfth District, on a
straight free trade and single tax platform.
The election resulted in a count for Mr. Nel-
son of a few more than a thousand votes.
Coming down to the present time in the his-
tory of the league, its influence on the public
mind has expanded with its age, until now it
numbers in its membership many of the most
substantial business and professional men of
the city.
At this writing (June, 1898), what is known
as the "Equal Taxation Committee" of the
league — S. L. Moser, chairman, and John J.
McCann, counsel — is engaged in the practical
work of calling attention to the non-enforce-
ment of the present laws relating to the collec-
tion of taxes and contesting the constitution-
ality of license and personal property taxation
in the courts of the State. It was this commit-
tee that brought before Mie local board of
equalization the matter of franchise taxation,
calling especial attention to the gross under-
valuation of street railway and other corporate
property in the city.
A- stated by one of the members of the
league, the great strength of the organization
and the movement which it seeks to advance
•is its democratic and cosmopolitan character-
istics. Rich and poor, educated and unedu-
cated, Catholic and Protestant, Jew and Gen-
tile. American and foreigner, and white and
black, meet here on common ground, and.
shoulder to shoulder, strive to push the cause
of absolute justice and equality of opportunity
throughout the land. L p CtJSTER.
Sinking- Fund. — A fund for the gradual
payment of the city debt. It consists of three-
fourths of the net proceeds of the sales of oity
commons in the year 1854, and three-fourths
of the net proceeds of the city commons and
other lands belonging to the city, when fur-
ther sales shall be made: and three^fourths of
the net proceeds of all sales of the city com-
mons and other lands belonging to the city,
subsequent to the year 1854 and prior to the
adoption of the charter of 1876; also all rail-
road stock belonging to the city in any rail-
road terminating in the city, or opposite the
same in the State of Illinois; and in addition
$10,000 a year out of the general revenue of
the city. Besides this, there is a sinking fund
for the redemption or purchase of city bonds
outstanding on the 7th day of April, 1890. It
consists of that portion of the annual appro-
priation of a sum not less than $1,200,000,
SIRE.
2073
which is left after paying- the interest on the
city debt. The moneys are to be invested in
bonds of the city, which, when purchased, are
to be canceled.
Sire, Joseph A., merchant and fur
trader, was born at La RoChelle, France, Feb-
ruary 19, 1799, and died in St. Louis July 15.
1854. He came of good family, his father
'having been a teacher of languages in France,
and his mother a lady of fine intelligence and
High character. His father died during the
childhood erf Che son, and when 'he was fifteen
years 'of age, Joseph was encouraged by 'his
mother to immigrate to the United States,
France being at that time distracted by tire
daring schemes and reckless 'ambition of Na-
poleon Bonaparte, and the prospects of suc-
cess for one who desired to engage in peace-
ful pursuits being anything but promising in
his native land. In those days itlhe sailing-
vessel was the only means of transportation be-
tween the Old and the New World, and on one
of these vessels young Sire voyaged to the
United States. Arrived at Philadelphia he
presented letters of introduction to Vital M.
Garesohe, then head of tile firm of Garesc'he
& Rasazies, of that oity, and later a distin-
guished 'citizen of St. Louis. Mr. Garesohe 's
parents had been residents of La Rochelle, and
>he extended a cordial welcome to the young
Frenchman, whb oame to him from that place,
and gave him employment. Thoroughly
capable, intelligent and industrious, he soon
gained the confidence of the firm of which Mr.
Garesohe was the senior partner, and con-
tin tied in its employ until 1826, when he came
•west. Arriving in St. Louis, the letters of in-
troduction which he brought with him to the
French residents of this city gained for him
admission into the best social circles and the
friendship of all the prominent old Creole fam-
ilies. He soon entered the emplov of Sylves-
tre Labadie, a leading citizen of St. Louis,
closely related to the Gratioits, Chouteaus,
Prattes, Papins, Bertholds, Sbulards, and other
prominent families. Mr. Labadie was the
owner of a grist-mill, to which was attached
the first saw mill ever established west of the
Mississippi River. It was located on the bluff,
near the foot of Ashley Street, and had rude
and simple, though serviceable, machinery, its
motive power being an elevated, circular
tread-plane worked by oxen. Mr. Sire became
connected with this establishment, gained the
highest esteem of his employer by his faithful
and valuable services, and the following year
married his daughter. This unibn was a
happy one while it lasted, but was of short
duration, for within two years thereafter his
wife and their only child died. Later Mr. Sire
became associated in the fur trade with Pierre
Chouteau and John B. Sarpy, owners of the
American Fur Company. .After forming this
connection he took charge of the 'annual ex-
peditions of the company to the region at the
headwaters -of the Missouri River. The com-
pany erected, at different points throughout
this region, stockade forts for protection
against the warriors of the plains, and the suc-
cess of its trading 'expeditions depended upon
the courage, tact and resourcefulness of the
men in charge of them. An expedition would
always leave St. Louis in 'the spring of the year,
with a cargo of trinkets, blankets, tobacco,
guns, and ammunition, and would remain at
the forts bartering with tlhe Indians unitil the
opening of navigation in the following year
enabled them to descend with their boats to
St. Louis to dispose of their products and re-
plenish their trading stock. The navigation
of the Missouri, with its swift, turbid current,
its snags and shifting channels, was fraught
with danger, and, in addition, the "voyageurs"
had also to be on the alert airways against the
wily Indians. Peril lurked also within the
fort, and sleepless vigilance was maintained
lest some hostile band should invade its pre-
cincts and murder every white man found
therein. These forts were oases in the track-
less 'wilderness, far more isolated than the fron-
tier military posts of the government are to-
day. The latter are united by telegraph, have
regular mails, and are always in supporting
distance of each other, but the trading-post
had no other coimmunication with the outer
world than by the "courrier du bois," who
traveled from one fort to the other, or, per-
haps, was sent to the settlements thousands of
miles away with dispatches. These "cour-
riers" were white men, who had lived so long
among the Indians that they had acquired the
same skill in guiding themselves ithrough
trackless wildernesses by the light of tfbe stars
at night, and by the bark of trees in the day
time. Six years of Mr. Sire's life were passed
in these distant forts, yet on his return to St.
Louis so little had he been spoiled by his con-
tact with barbarism that he was welcomed to
the most exclusive circles of the city's society.
.'iiTl
SISTERHOOD OF PERSONAL SERVICE.
After this In- remained at the office of the com-
pany in St. Louis to organize and direct expe-
ditions such as he had formerly commanded,
.in! wasfhus engaged at the time of his death.
I lis executive ability, organizing capacity, and
personal knowledge of the conditions existing
throughout the region in which their opera-
v\ ore carried on were of great value to his
Iks and contributed materially to the
development of the business in which they
were mutually interested. He left, at his
death, a handsome fortune, accumulated in
merchandising and in the fur trade, and is re-
membered as one of the most upright and hon-
• >ral>le, as well as one of the most successful, of
the old-time merchants and traders. In 1852
Mr. Sire married, for his second wife, Mrs. Re-
becca W. Chouteau, widow of one of the mem-
bers of St. Louis' most historic family. Mrs.
Sire is still living, one of the most beloved of
th' use who now remain to link the early history
of St. Louis with the present day.
Sisterhood of Personal Service. —
With the influx of thousands of helpless refu-
gees fleeing from inhospitableRussia,the char-
itable Hebrews of the United States found
themselves face to face with a most serious
problem, namely, how to care for hundreds of
utterly destitute men, women and children who
knowing neither the language nor customs of
this country, were the more to be pitied. Or-
dinary methods of administering charity were
soon found wholly inadequate by those in au-
thority, and so new resources had to be in-
vented and out of the necessities of the occa-
sion, Sisterhoods of Personal Service were in-
stituted in nearly all of our large cities, and
the women of Israel became ministering angels
tii • their downtrodden brethren and sisters from
n climes. Dr. Leon Harrison, the
rabbi of Temple Israel, is the founder of the
St. Louis Si'sterh 1 of Personal Service,
which, from its very inception, has done telling
work anion- the unfortunate poor of our city.
In the spring of [892 the first meeting was
liehl in the Temple chapel. It was decided to
divide the work into four sections — the kin-
urten, where little ones, between the age
1,1 three and a hall ami six years, should be
taught and cared for, so tli.it by the time thev
ready for the public schools they could
easily take rank with the native -born pupils;
second, the Domestic Economy Section, in
which classes were to be formed where girls
ranging from twelve to sixteen years of age
should be taught the essentials of house work,
cooking, table service — in fact, all that it is
necessary for a girl to know of domestic work ;
the third was to be the sick and needy section,
the members of which were to pledge them-
selves to visit and care for the helpless poor;
while the fourth section was to establish
"Friendly Clubs" for the working classes,
where they would find relaxation and instruc-
tion. Each section was to have its own guide,
secretary and voluntary corps of instructors,
and once a month the heads of these depart-
ments were to report to the executive commit-
tee, composed of a president, three vice-presi-
dents, treasurer, two secretaries, and a board of
directors. A constitution and by-daws were
presented and accepted at the second meeting
and, without delay, the first three of the sec-
tions entered upon the splendid work laid out
for them. How successfully they have per-
formed their duties, hundreds who have been
aided and encouraged will gladly testify to.
Over two hundred names were enrolled the
first few weeks, but as the dues were to be only
three dollars per annum, it was evident from
the very beginning that funds would have to
be raised each year so that the work could be
carried on as it had been generously planned.
And the approach of each winter found the
members of the Sisterhood engaged in some
practical scheme for raising quite a sum of
money, and as their righteous labors were in
every instance crowned with success, the vari-
ous sections could dispense their blessings with
an open hand. Groceries, medicines, doctors'
services, money for the payment of rents, ais
loans, for transportation, all were furnished to
those found worthy after the most thorough
investigation by the matron and her assistants
of the sick and needy section.
To-day the Sisterhood is a part of the Fed-
erated Jewish Charities of St. Louis, but its
g» * >d work goes on just the same, and the kin-
dergarten is the delight of many little ones.
And the Domestic Economy classes, with their
watchword — "Cleanliness is next to -Godli1
ness" — are the means of directing many young
girls into the paths of neatness and home com-
fort, while the sick and needy bless the coming
of many charitable women into their lowly
homes.
For the first four years Mrs. Jonathan Rice
was the Sisterhood's president. She was fol-
lowed by Mrs. J. P. Weil, the present holder of
SKETCH CLUB OF ST. LOUIS.
2075
this responsible position. The vice-presidents
are Mrs. Louis Glaser, Mrs. Meyer Swope,
and Mrs. A. Loth ; the treasurer, Mrs. Elias
Michael; recording secretary, Mrs. Louis Bry ;
corresponding secretary, Miss Shaba Harris ;
guides, Mrs. Herman Herzog, Mrs. M. Weld-
er, Mrs. Esther Gdtz, and Mrs. J. Wolfort.
Aueelia Stix Rice.
Sketch Club of St. Louis.— See "Art
Development in St. Louis," and "Architec-
tural Club, St. Louis."
Slavery and Emancipation in St.
Louis. — It has been 'impassible to ascertain
from any records to which the writer has had
access the date of the first importation of Afri-
can slaves into the settlement which afterward
became the city of St. Louis. It is, perhaps,
an historical fact of no great importance ; it
would serve merely to indicate with accuracy
the duration of the stove system in this city.
It would not mark the beginning of any social
or political movement, as slavery had existed
in the Province of Louisiana for generations
before, and, at the time of Chouteau's expedi-
tion in 1764, slaves were held in Ste. Gene-
vieve, Calhokia, and all the older French set-
tlements in the Mississippi Valley. It is not
probable that the original band 'of thirty pio-
neers brought slaves with them. In reading
over their names, we find that they were mil-
lers, carpenters, farmers, gunsmiths, traders,
and blacksmiths. Men of these avocations
could hardly have been slaveowners. They
came, as all early settlers come into a new
I country, to fell the trees and to Clear and cul-
tivate the land, to build houses and stockades,
and to set about supplying the little commu-
nity with the necessities of life. They arrived
at the site of the future city March 14th ; La-
jclede moved over with his family from Caho-
kia in the fallowing September, and it is more
than probable that he owned slaves and
brought them with him to his new home. In
Ithe following year there was a great exodus of
[the French from the territory east of the Mis-
sissippi westward across the river, on account
[of the recent cession to England. A sort of
panic seems to have seized the settlers at the
(thought of falling under English domination,
land from all the surrounding posts and vil-
lages whole families fled with all their goods
land chattels to St. Louis that they might be
Jsafe on French soil before the arrival of the
British troops. In the same year several fam-
ilies came up the river from New Orleans. It
is idle to speculate about probabilities in his-
torical matters, yet, from the fact that tlhese
new-comers were from slave-holding towns
and that they were possessed of sufficient for-
tune to enable them to transport their whole
establishments to a distant point, it is but rea-
sonable to believe that some among them
owned slaves and carried them to St. Louis. If
this be correct, then slavery was established
here as a feature of life in the village not later
than 1765. On December 17, 1766, an inven-
tory Was filed in the archives of St. Louis of
the property of Daniel Blouin, which he had
agreed to sell to John Daitchurut, amid it in-
cluded "a negro man named Caesar, and Wis
wife, Jeanet'ton ; four negro men, Marthurin,
Batiste, Noyos and Jasmin." Air. Billon men-
tions 'that the deed was executed in St. Louis,
January 17, 1767. There is also on record an
agreement entered into before the royal notary
of the Illinois on August 14, 1768, whereby
"Alexander Langtois, a traveling trader, liv-
ing at the post of St. Louis, by these presents,
voluntarily binds himself to Mr. Antoine Hu-
bert, merchant, residing at the post of St.
Louis," to go to the post of the Little Osages
and there trade with the Indians as the clerk of
Mr. Hubert. The instrument continues :
"This agreement is made for the sum of eight
hundred livres in peltries, deer-skins, or
beaver, at the current price of the same at this
post, which they will establish on the peltries
of this trade on his arrival at St. Louis. It is
also agreed that in case said Langtois will take
a negro in place of the said sum of eight hun-
dred livres in peltries, said Mr. Hubert obli-
gates 'himself to deliver him one on the arrival
of the couvoy from New Orleans in1 the next
spring, said negro to be sound and free from
all disease, in which case the said Langtois will
repay to Mr. Hubert said amount of eight
hundred livres in the same manner in peltries."
(Billou, Vol. 1, p. 62.) It is evident from this
that the sale and barter of slaves was begun in
St. Louis within two years after the city had
been founded.
At this time the famous Black Code of
Louisiana, which had been proclaimed in 1724,
was in force throughout the Province. It con-
sisted of fifty-four articles and contained the
most minute and specific provisions for the
control and management, not only of the slaves
but even of the free negroes, while it also de-
2076
SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN ST. LOUIS.
fined and limited the powers of the masters. It
is too lengthy to insert in full, but reference to
a few sections is sufficient to show the condi-
tions which it was designed to meet. If a
master, for instance, allowed his slave to work
on Sunday, the negro was confiscated. Negro
clvi'ldren followed 'the condition of their
mothers. If she was free they were born free,
even though the father might be a slave ; if she
were a slave the children 'became the property
of her owners. Slaves could not be witnesses
in either a civil or criminal action, except
when there was a default of competent white
witnesses, and in no event could they be wit-
nesses either for or against their masters.
They could not be parties to a civil suit nor
complainants in criminal causes. If a slave
struck his master, or any member of his family
with sufficient force to cause a bruise or to
draw blood, lie was liable to capital punish-
ment, as he was also fur any other "outrages
or acts of violence" committed against free
White persons. Stealing of horses or cattle,
"according to the circumstances of the case,"
was a capital offense. A runaway slave who
did not surrender himself within one month
after having been denounced to the authorities,
"shall have his ears cutoff and shall be branded
with the flower de luce on his shoulder. For
the second offense within that time he shall be
hamstrung and branded on the other shoulder.
and for a third offense he shall be executed."
When a slave was sentenced to death for a
crime in which his master did not participate,
he was to be appraised by two persons whom
the judge appointed and the value of the slave
was to be paid to the owner ; to raise this sum
"a pri poi tional tax shall be laid on -each slave."
The only punishments which masters could in-
flict on their slaves were to have them whipped,
lint 'inly with rods or ropes, and to put tlhem
in irons. It" they racked or mutilated them
the stoves so treated might be confiscated. In
almost every ease where confiscation is pro
vided for it is prescribed that the slave lie sold
at public auction, and the proceeds handed
Over to tin- nearest hospital. Husband and
wite were not to be sold separately, when
owned by the same master, and children under
fourteen were nOI to be separated from their
parents. A sia\ e owner over twent \ five years
of age could manumit his slaves on obtaining
a decree ol permission from the superior
council, but to do this he had to satisfy the
council that he had good and sufficient reasons
for wishing to free his slaves. All negroes,
whether free-born or manumitted slaves, were
incapable of receiving donations, either by tes-
tamentary disposition, or by gifts, "inter vi-
vos," from the whites. The code contains
also a mass of details, which it is not necessary
1. 1 recite here.
In those early days which we are now con-
sidering the western part of the American
continent was almost a "terra incognita," even
to the European governments which claimed
possessions therein. It was then a vast wil-
derness where a few small settlements were to
be found separated from each other by great
distances of a trackless country infested by
hostile Indians. The southern part of the
Province was, of course, more quickly popu-
lated, and the towns were in comparatively
easy communication with each other. But in
Upper Louisiana the conditions were quite
different. Once a year the river settlements
received consignments from New Orleans. It
took months to complete the journey north-
ward from the capital to the villages in the
Province of Illinois. So remote were the set-
tlements that in several cases considerable time
elapsed 'before even civil authority was estab-
lished in them. It is not surprising, therefore,
that neither France nor Spain attempted to
perform what may be called the less necessary
functions of government, such as the taking
of a census, or the procuring of Other accurate
information concerning the state of the popu-
lation. The cessions of Louisiana from one
power to another and the political changes in
Europe also tended to bring about this result.
For these reasons 'the facts and statistics con-
tained in such official records as are within
reach of an inquirer in St. Louis are of the most
unsatisfactory character for a research such as
the present. The best information that can
be obtained must be gathered from unofficial
data, such as recorded wills, deeds and inven-
tories ; but these, while interesting enough in
themselves as evidence of particular transac-
tions, do not supply sufficient material to en-
able us to form a comprehensive idea of the
part that slavery had in the early history of our
city. It is practically an impossibility to as-
certain the number of slaves held here at any
given time during the colonial period, the
numbers of whites, free colored and slaves, and
the varying proportion which these classes
bore to each other from year to year. It is
true that, in 1769. General Alexander O'Reilly,
SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN ST. LOUIS.
2077
soon after taking possession of the Province as
Spanish Governor- General, ordered a census
to be taken of New Orleans, and there is rea-
son to believe that this was done with great ac-
curacy. The population of the rest of the
colony, however, was estimated on figures
that can not be verified, and which were prob-
ably founded on reports from traders and otlher
travelers. The entire population of the Prov-
ince in that year was 13,538, but of this total
7,382 is credited to New Orleans and Tchou-
pitoulas alone. St. Louis was supposed to
have 891 inhabitants, and about half of the
population of the entire colony was white.
When no more accurate or complete informa-
tion than this is obtainable it will be seen how
difficult it is to present a satisfactory statement
of the history of slavery in St. Louis in its
early years.
An incident occurred in St. Louis in 1779
wlhich enables us to form some idea as to the
sort of treatment accorded to disorderly slaves,
and also as to the responsibilities to which
their owners were subject. On the 21st of
January a negro slave woman named Lorine
attacked Marianne, a mulatto slave woman, in
the course of a dispute concerning the right to
Use a hole which bad been cut in the ice on
Mill Creek, Where both were engaged in wash-
ing. Lorine threw Marianne into the water,
and would have drowned her, but that another
slave woman dragged her out ; and then Lor-
ine, after having beaten her severely, threw
her into a fire, which was burning near by.
The law acted promptly, and the offense met
with a swift punishment ; tlhe trial Was had the
next morning before Captain De Volsay, the
post adjutant, as Governor De Leyba, being
the owner of Marianne, had placed the matter
in his hands. The court sentenced Lorine to
receive one hundred lashes in public ; fifty on
the same day at four o'clock, and the balance
on the next day at the satne hour. It was "or-
dered, furthermore, that Mr. Roubien and wife,
owners of said slave, Lorine, be held responsi-
ble for the appearance in case of the death of
Marianne, and until her perfect recovery, and
that they pay the surgeon's bill for attendance
until her complete recovery, and all costs and
charges of this prosecution." (Billon, Vol. I,
p. 58.) The ownership of slaves, it will be
seen exposed the master to liabilities which
rniglWt be extremely serious in their results.
The whole subject of the duties and rights of
slaves — for they had rights which were recog-
nized by law — the punishments which might
be inflicted on Ithem, and the obligations of
slave owners is covered by a decree of Baron
de Cairondelet which he. promulgated in 1795,
being, at that time, Governor- General of Lou-
isiana, and which modified, to some extent, the
more severe restrictions of the Black Code.
It discloses a condition of society, which, to
many of us, appears unintelligible, yet Major
Amos Stoddard, who abhorred slavery and
every feature of it, cites this decree in his
"Sketches of Louisiana," as an example of
philanthropic endeavor on the part of Caronde-
let to ameliorate the condition of the slaves.
It is interesting to note the fear of a slave in-
surrection, which is apparent, and which is so
carefully provided against in various articles.
Major Stoddard's Version of this decree is as
follows: "In 1795 he published an ordinance
on the subject, by which he established the
monthly allowance of corn in the ear to each
slave at one barrel. It was recommended to
masters to assign waste lands to tlheir slaves
for the purpose of enabling them to raise the
necessaries of life ; and if this allowance was
denied them, they were obliged to furnish each
of them with a linen shirt and trousers for sum-
mer, and a woolen great coat and trousers for
winter. Labor was to commence at the break
of day, and to cease at the approach of night.
Half an hour was allowed for breakfast, and
two hours for dinner. Slaves were allowed
on Sundays to rest or to work for themselves,
except in time of harvest, when their masters
were authorized to employ them, paying them
about thirty cents each per diem. Punish-
ments at one time, under a penalty of fifty
dollars, were not to exceed thirty lashes ; but
the stripes were allowed to be repeated after
the interval of a day. It was permitted to fire on
negroes who had deserted their masters ; also
on those unarmed, if they refused to submit,
when required, or presumed to defend them-
selves against their masters or overseers, and
likewise those who entered a plantation with
an intent to Steal. Those who killed or
wounded a negro, except in the above cases,
were threatened with the severest penalties of
the law. The amusements among slaves were
restricted to Sundays, and the planters were
forbidden, under a penalty of ten dollars, to
suffer any strange negroes to visit their plan-
tations after dark ; and they were also forbid-
den, under a like penalty, to permit any in-
trigues or plots of escape to be formed on
2078
SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN ST. LOUIS.
their plantations by negroes belonging to
others. No slave was permitted to leave the
plantation of 'his master without a written per-
mission, under a penalty of twenty lashes ; and
if any slave was found riding the horse of his
master without the like permission, he was
liable to receive thirty lashes. Firearms,
powder and lead, found in t'he possession of
slaves, were liable to confiscation; and such
slaves were adjudged to receive thirty lashes.
No planter was allowed to employ more than
two slaves to 'hunt for him at the same time ;
and on their return from the chase they were
obliged to deliver up their arms. No slave
was allowed to sell anything, not even the pro-
ductions of his own labor, without the permis-
sion of his master."
The purchase of Louisiana by Jefferson in
1803 did not, of course, affect 'the right to hold
slaves, as slavery was at that time a legalized
institution in the United States. In the sub-
sequent year, when the formal cession took
place at St. Louis, the population of this city
was 1,080, while tihe total free population of the
district of St. Louis, which comprised all the
region between the Meramec and Missouri
Rivers, was 2,280, and the number of slaves
was estimated at 500. In 1810, six years later,
the slaves in St. Louis were reckoned between
a fourth and a fifth of the population. The
occupations in which they were employed were
verv similar to those in which their descend-
ants are usually to be found at tlhis day. A
large number of them were household serv-
ants, and as the town grew in size and wealth,
and a more luxurious style of living became
possible, great numbers of slaves were to be
found in the private houses of the more pros-
perous citizens. Every man of means had his
body-servant, or valet, as he would now be
called, and bis wife and daughters were at-
I by their ne.qro maids. Not infre-
quently a slave would be deeded to an infant
for this purpose. The cooks, of course, were
slaves, generally women : the Creoles were al-
ways f 'ii-l -'f a good ami generous table, and
in "darky cooking," improved, perhaps, by
recipes brought from France, they found en-
titv satisfaction, while the numerous dishes,
which are favorites throughout the South to
this day, are evidences of the gastronomic tal-
ents of the old slave cooks, who first invented
them. The keys of the store room were usual-
ly committed to the care of some trusted fe-
male slave, and she became the custodian of
that precious store of household luxuries, the
supplies brought with much trouble and ex-
pense from New Orleans, and on her fell the
responsibility of making the stock on hand last
through the year, until the barges again came
up the river in the following spring. Several
of the larger places had private smokehouses,
where the ham and bacon for family use were
prepared. The 'mistress of the house took
charge of the still room, an important depart-
ment, where home-made wines, preserves and
other delicacies, and sometimes medicines,
were produced. The work was done by slaves
who were especially trained for the purpose.
This sort of education often began when the
slave was a mere child, and it added consider-
ably to his or her value in the market. The
cooks, for instance, had with them in the
kitchen, as assistants or scullery-maids, one or
more young girls, to whom they imparted the
secrets of their art, and who in time became
skilled cooks themselves. The laundresses
were also slave women, and on certain davs of
the week the banks of the stream which is
now confined in the Mill Creek sewer were
crowded with the women washing the clothes
in the running water, or beating them on flat
rocks with wooden paddles, while the turf and
bushes about were covered with the linen
spread out to bleach. With few, if any, excep-
tions, all the household servants in St. Louis
for years were slaves. They were, of course,
employed in other occupations ; they were lit-
erally the hewers of wood and drawers of water
for the community. Slave labor was used on
the farms and kitchen gardens surrounding the
city, and much of the heavy work of all kinds
was done by them. With the development of
steamboat traffic a new use was found for
them, both in the carrying trade and along
the river front.
There is a memorandum in existence con-
taining a record of the sale of all slaves belong-
ing to the estate of Auguste Chouteau, and |
t'he results are probably a fair indication of
the price of slaves at that time. The sale took
place September 15, 1830. This paper gives
the names of the purchasers, the names and
ages of the slaves, and the price paid for each,
Of the thirty-seven slaves only one was not
disposed of, and that was one Pitre, Chou-!
teau's old body-servant ; the reason for this
exception becomes apparent when we find his
age listed at one hundred and two years. The
next in age was seventy-four, while there are
SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN ST. LOUIS.
2079
others mentioned merely as infants, and sold
with their mothers. The total proceeds of the
sale were $10,869, giving an average price
of almost $302 per slave. The highest price
was paid by Hippolite Papin, who bought
Joseph Clarice, aged eighteen, for $605, and
Grand Louis, aged seventy-four, was knocked
down to Henry Chouteau for $50, which was
the cheapest purchase made. It may be noted
that most of these slaves were bought by the
immediate family and friends of Auguste
Chouteau.
In the course of time, as St. Louis became
the metropolis of -the Mississippi Valley, it also
naturally became the slave market for the sur-
rounding country. Just as in the earlier days
the merchant or trader went to New Orleans
and bought his slaves there, so the farmer or
planter, from either up or down the river, or
from the "back country," would come to St.
Louis, both to buy and sell his slaves. There
were always a number of slaves on sale, from
which he could make his choice ; and if he
wanted to dispose of his human properties the
chances were always in favor of his obtaining
better prices in the city. As a natural conse-
quence of this condition of affairs, there sprang
up a class of slave dealers, or "nigger-traders,"
as they were then known, who made a business
of buying and selling slaves like merchandise.
Slaves were sometimes good investments, and
several of these dealers acquired considerable
fortunes by their speculations in this class of
property. They were sometimes the auction-
eers when slaves were sold at public vendue,
and as an incident to their trade, they estab-
isbed slave-pens, where their stock on hand
could be maintained until disposed of, and
where they could be examined by prospective
purchasers, like horses in a paddock. These
slave-pens were at different points in the older
portions of the city, and, perhaps, the best
known was on what is now South Broadway,
on the corner of Clark Avenue, and by one of
the strange turns of events it was used during
the Civil War as a Federal prison.
A word should, perhaps, be said concerning
the treatment of the slaves by their masters.
There seems to be no reason to doubt that, as
a rule, the slaves in St. Louis were well cared
for. Public opinion was in favor of it. While
there were bad masters, it must not be forgot-
ten that there were also bad slaves. The cases
3(f cruelty and oppression were sure to become
m'atters of public gossip, while, on the other
hand, the master who treated his slaves with
humanity, attracted no attention, because he
did what was expected of him. The majority
of the slaves were well housed, well fed and
well clothed. In time of sickness medical at-
tendance was provided for them, and the mas-
ter and members of his family made it their
business to see that proper attention was given
to the sick among their slaves. The great
terror of the slave's life was that he might be
sent South. To be "sold down the river" was
the most awful fate that could befall him. This
shows, at least, that the slaves could imagine
worse treatment than they received here. But
perhaps the best evidence is the devotion
and real affection which in so many cases
the emancipated slaves showed to their old
masters. They are a class which is becoming
extinct, but every slave-holding family in the
city knows of cases where their ex-slaves have
maintained a loyal attachment to the persons
who once owned them. Even at this day a
few remain who follow the fortunes of "my
old white people" with unselfish interest ; every
birth, or death, or marriage in the family
brings them to the house to share, with an
humble but sympathetic participation, in the
joys or sorrows of their former masters. Of
course, there were slaves who attempted to es-
cape. Generations of slaves' ancestors could
not crush out the instinctive desire for freedom
in the race. In looking over the files of old
newspapers one finds in almost every issue
advertisements of rewards for the capture of
escaped slaves, with little pictures, all exactly
alike, of the black man running, in great
haste, with his stick and bundle over bis shoul-
der, and of the woman, a bandanna tied about
her head, who is apparently not as speedy in
her flight — representations as conventional as
i!h't cuts of steamboats, which still adorn the
advertising columns of our newspapers. One
gathers the impression from these notices that,
to use the language in which they are couched,
"my mulatto boy, Tom," and "my black wench,
Lucy," must have given their owners consid-
erable annoyance by their constant efforts to
escape. But it is not fair to say that the slave
was always fleeing from cruel treatment. The
unavoidable and essential features of the slave
system itself, the possible separation of hus-
band from wife, or of parents from children,
the public whipping post, the never ending re-
straint, and all the other circumstances which
must, of necessity, attend the institution of
L'DSII
SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN ST. LOUIS.
slaven-, as shown by the slave laws of the
period, are, in themselves, a sufficient expla-
nation of the reason that so many slaves took
a desperate chance to reach a strange land
where they might find themselves penniless,
homeless and friendless, but free.
There was no agitation looking to the eman-
cipation of the slaves during the French and
Spanish periods of our history. In the tran-
quil and conservative atmosphere of the
French settlement, 'existing conditions were
not questioned, and were accepted by one
generation after another without change. Gen-
eral Collot. in describing Upper Louisiana, in
1796, says that the reply of the Creoles to any
suggested innovation is always: "It is the
custom; so it was with our fathers. I get
along with it ; so. of course, will my children."
Slavery was in the established order of things,
and therefore there was no slavery question
in French St. Louis. After the Louisiana
purchase, however, and particularly after the
admission of Missouri to the Union, the echoes
of the abolition movement reached the western
banks oi the Mississippi River. The State of
Missouri itself entered the Union in the midst
of a storm of partisan and sectional conflict at
Washingt on, which was to lead the nation with
an awful certainty into further dissension and
unrest until it reached the climax of a civil
war. But slavery was still to be permitted in
Missouri, the State. The Missouri com-
pramise, a'1'tbougb afterward declared by the
Supreme Count to be worthless, as binding on
subsequent legislation, gave both parties an
opportunity to permit the admission of Mis-
souri, without sacrificing their fundamental
principles. Statehood was conferred on Maine
at the same time, for. as Canning irad called
upon the New World to redress the balance of
the ( >ld, so the statesmen of that day called
upon the free-soil \orth to preserve the
countn from control by the slave-holding
States of the South. The most interesting
feature of the history of slavery in this city is
undoubtedly the political struggle which was
urged on this issue, for and against, but as a
discussion of this subject would involve a
repetition of the political history of the State
at large, and even of the nation from 1820 to
1865, and more particularly as it would tres-
pass on the papers of those to whom such top-
ic- a- the war and the secession and abolition
movements have been assigned, it is not prac-
tii ilbk to enter here into a review of those
matters. There is one important incident,
however, which it may be permissible to men-
tion, as showing that the slavery question in
Missouri might have met with an easy solu-
tion if the foresight and wisdom of her po-
litical leaders 'had not been rendered nugatory
by an accident, which could neither have been
foreseen nor prevented. In Switzer's "His-
tory of Missouri" there is an account of a se-
cret meeting held in St. Louis in 1827 or 1828,
which was attended by the leaders of both
parties representing all sections of the State.
There were about twenty or thirty in the gath-
ering which came together for the purpose of
devising means to rid the State of slavery.
Barton and Blair attended; and the result of
their deliberations was the following plan of
action : They agreed to bring, if possible, all
the candidates at the coming election into the
movement. On the same day. all over the
State, resolutions, secretly prepared and print-
ed, were to be publicly circulated in the form
of anti-slavery memorials, and the machinery
of both parties was pledged to procuring the
signatures of the electors. The meeting was
harmonious, and the delegates separated in the
belief that their plan would be successful.
Everything was in readiness when suddenly a
story, emanating from an unknown source,
went flying from mouth to mouth throughout
the State to the effect that Alexander Tappan
had entertained negroes at dinner, and that his
daughters had been seen driving with 'them in
his carriage. "Perhaps it was not true, but it
was believed in Missouri, and raised such a
furore that we dare not and did not let our me-
morials see the light." The opportunity was
lost forever, and slavery was thereafter to be
considered only as a partisan question. It was
but a few yeans later, in 1836. that a mob, on
the night of the 21st of July, attacked the office
1 if the St. Louis "Observer," an abolition news-
paper, published by the Rev. Elijah P. Love-
jo\ . The presses and 'Other contents of the
building were wrecked and destroyed, and
public feeling was so aroused that Lovejoy
moved to Ait m. where he was killed the fol-
lowing November, in attempting to defend his
property against a similar attack.
In 1854 a lawsuit was instituted in St. Louis,
which, in its ultimate results, was destined to
have the most far-reaching effects on the pub-
lic events of the future. At the April term of
that year in the United States circuit court for
the District of Missouri, Dred Scott, a negro,
SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN ST. LOUIS.
2<>S1
brought an action against John F. A. Sand-
ford, the immediate purpose of which was to
establish his freedom, and that of his wife and
two daughters, whom Sandford claimed as his
slaves. It was a case of trespass vi et armis,
on the ground that Sandford had illegally
taken them into custody. The case had been
previously tried in the circuit court of St. Louis
County, a State court, in which Scott had been
successful, hut on Sand ford's appeal to the
State Supreme Court that cause had been re-
versed and remanded to the circuit court,
where it was pending when Scott brought suit
in the Federal court. The judgment there
was against him, 'and he appealed to the Su-
preme Court of the United States. An ex-
traordinary number of issues was raised, in-
cluding the right of Scott to litigate, questions
of citizenship and jurisdiction, the status of
slaves and of free colored persons, the legal
aspect of the slavery question, and several im-
portant interpretations of the Constitution.
Chief Justice Taney delivered one of the most
weighty and exhaustive opinions that has ever
been handed down from the Supreme Court.
It is not necessary to discuss the case further.
It was held that Scott had no standing in court
as a litigant, and that he could not claim eman-
cipation from the fact that his master had, at
one time, removed 'him to a free State. His
condition of slavery was confirmed, and as the
case had aroused the interest of the entire
country when slavery was a burning issue and
a great political question, the decision of the
court did much to aggravate the "irrepressible
conflict." The Dred Scott case is one of those
famous in American reports, and it has given
rise to one of the most persistent misquotations
of its language, for it will probably always be
said, as it was said then, and as it is frequently
Said to-day, that the court was of the opinion
that "the negro has no rights which the white
man is bound to respect."
The Missouri Statutes of 1855 recognized
the usual division of the African population of
the State into two classes, the free negroes
and mulattoes and the slaves. The laws in
regard to free colored persons were very se-
vere. No negro or mulatto could own fire-
arms or ammunition, or any sort of weapon
without a license from a justice of the peace.
The county courts were required to have
brought before them all free negroes and mu-
lattoes in the county between the ages of seven
and twentv^one years, and to bind them out
to be apprentices or servants ; "but no colored
apprentice shall be placed in company with a
free white apprentice." No colored person
could live in this State without a license, and
these licenses were to he issued only to certain
classes of them ; moreover, bond, not exceed-
ing a thousand dollars, had to be given in se-
curity for good behavior. The negro was not
allowed to retain in 'his possession the license
or other free papers, though he could obtain
them in the event of his moving from one coun-
ty to another, as they had to be filed with the
clerk of the county court where he resided. No
free negro or mulatto could emigrate into the
State, or enter the State, unless in the service
of a white man, or for the purpose of passing
through. In either case the time that he could
remain in the borders was limited. If he
stayed longer he was liable to arrest, a fine of
ten dollars, and expulsion. If the fine was not
paid he was further liable to not more than
twenty lashes, and the court could either or-
der that he 'immediately leave the State or else
hire him out until the fine, costs and expenses
of imprisonment had been paid for by his la-
bor. Any person keeping or teaching a school
for the instruction of negroes and mulattoes
in reading or writing was liable to a fine, not
in excess of five hundred dollars and imprison-
ment not exceeding six months. No meeting
or assemblage for the purpose of religious
'worship or preaching was permitted, where
the services were performed by some of their
own race, unless a sheriff, oonstable, marshal,
public officer or justice of the peace was pres-
ent. All meetings of negroes or mulattoes for
the purpose of learning or religion, were de-
clared unlawful assemblages, and it was made
the duty of the public officers to suppress them.
The slave laws of the same date recall in many
instances the Black Code and the ordinance
of Carond'elet. A master who hired his slave
to another slave, or who allowed his slave "to
go alt large upon the hiring of his own time,
or to act or do as a free person, or to hire him-
self, within this State," was to be fined between
twenty and one hundred dollars for each of-
fense, and the slave was to be held in jail until
his owner gave bond that the offense would
not be repeated. A slave going from the tene-
ment of his master without written permission,
or entering upon a plantation without the writ-
ten consent of the owner or overseer, unless
he was sent by his master on lawful 'business,
was punished by flogging. "Insolent and in-
ao82 SLOSS.
suiting language of slaves to white people of September, 1862, and January, 1863, it was
shall be punished with stripes at the discretion evident that freedom for the slaves throughout
of a justice of th<- peace," was another provis- the country was an assured fact. In this man-
ion of the code Xo one could allow more ner slavery in St. Louis came to an end after
than five slaves belonging to others on his an existence of over a century. Henceforth
propertv at the same time, and these could not the slaves were free, and had to work out their
remain' more than four hours without the own salvation. Amendments to the Federal
written consent of their owners. Ferrymen Constitution placed the matter beyond the pos-
or other persons who carried a slave across sibility of doubt ; the "peculiar institution"
the Mississippi without a written pass from his ceased to exist ; the slavery question was dead,
owner was liable to the owner for the value of and the problem which had vexed the nation
the slave, costs and damages, and the boat for so many years was settled forever,
used for the purpose, or even for bringing the Julius L- Foy.
slave from one point to another in the State,
might be libeled. Most offenses committed Sloss, James L., merchant, was born in
by the slaves were punished by stripes. Florence, Alabama, August 4, 1833, and died
A comparison of the following figures, giv- in St. Louis August 17, 1882. His father, who
ing the census of St. Louis in 1850 and in i860, came of Scotch-Irish antecedents, was a Pres-
is interesting, as showing the decrease in the byterian clergyman, who was engaged for
number of slaves, while the free population many years in ministerial work in the State of
was steadily growing: Alabama. His mother was a daughter of
[8so. i860. Judge David Campbell, a native of Virginia,
whites 73,806 .57.1:6 whose ancestors emigrated from the Highlands
Free colored 1,398 j Scotland to Ireland during the reign of
Slaves 2,050 1-4- ° °
Oueen Elizabeth. From Ireland representa-
Total 77.860 160,773 ~ . , r a • 1
fives ot the family came to America, and set-
It only remains to record the death of slavery tied first in Pennsylvania, in 1726. From
in St. Louis, and for this purpose it is neces- there they removed to Orange County, Vir-
sary to look for a moment into the history glnia, in 1730. Judge Campbell, who came of
of the State. On January 6, 1865, a Constitu- this Virginia family, was appointed first Fed-
tioroal Convention of sixty-six delegates met eral judge of the Territory of Tennessee, which
in the Mercantile Library Hall, in St. Louis, he had aided to separate from the State of
to frame a new State Constitution, Which was North Carolina. He was of the same family
to be submitted to the electors at the next as Colonel William Campbell, the hero of the
election. The first committee appointed was battle of King's Mountain, of whom Lafayette
named for the purpose of drawing up an article said that his services in that battle would "do
of emancipation, and on January nth they his memory everlasting honor and insure him
reported the following ordinance : "An ordi- a high rank among the defenders of liberty in
nance abolishing slavery in Missouri: Be it the American cause." Reared in the most
ordained by the people of the State of Mis- prosperous and progressive portion of the
souri, in convention assembled: That here- State of Alabama, James L. Sloss received
after in this State there shall be neither careful educational training in early youth, and
slaver\ nor involuntary servitude, except in at fifteen years of age was well fitted to begin
punishmewl of crime, whereof the party shall preparations for a business career. At that
have been duly o invioted : and all persons held age he became a clerk in a store in Tuscumbia,
to service or labor a> slaves are hereby de- Alabama, and at the end of a year's experience
olared free " \ number of amendments were in that place returned to his native town of
moved, mosl of them providing for a gradual Florence, where he wnas employed for six years
emancipation, or for recompensing the slave thereafter as clerk and salesman in a commer-
owners, bul the ordinance was finally carried cial establishment. Having by this time at-
in its original form by a vote of sixty yeas, four tained his majority, he became ambitious to
nays, and two absent. The new Constitution enter a more promising field oi enterprise than
went into effect Juh 4, [865. Emancipation was afforded by the quiet Southern town of
had been practically achieved before thai date. Florence, and, with this object in view, he went
Vfter Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamations to Kansas. The fierce warfare between the
SMALL.
2083
pro-slavery and anti-slavery 'dements of the
population of Kansas, each seeking to gain the
ascendancy in the organization of a pros-
pective new State, and the turmoil incident
thereto prejudiced 'him against Kansas, and
turned 'his course into Missouri. Coming to
St. Louis, he obtained a situation as book-
keeper in the mercantile establishment of
Chiles & Carr, and thus began his career in
this city. At the end of a four years' connec-
tion with this house 'he had saved something
from 'his earnings, and had won the 'Confidence
and friendship of many men prominent and in-
fluential in business circles. With the small
capital at' 'his command, and the assistance of
his friends, he was inclined to engage in busi-
ness on his own account in i860, but finally
concluded to postpone the venture and await
a more settled condition of affairs than then
existed. A year later, however, he became
junior member of the firm of Gilkeson & Sloss,
and established a commercial house with which
he continued to be connected to the end of his
life, and which gained high standing among
the business houses of the city. He was one
of the leading promoters of various enterprises
which served to 'bring to St. Louis the cotton
products of the States further south and con-
tributed materially toward making it one of
the great cotton markets of the country. He
was one of the founders of the St. Louis Cot-
ton Compress Company in 1873, and for some
years was a director of that corporation. He
also served as president of the St. Louis Cotton
Exchange, and while acting in that capacity,
proved himself one of the ablest and most in-
telligent promoters of the carton interests
identified with the trade in St. Louis. Suc-
cessful in his operations as a merdianlt, his en-
terprise extended into Other fields, and he was
connected with banking, insurance and Other
corporations in various official capacities, and
served also in the directory of the Texas & St.
Louis Railway Company, which formerly op-
erated the line of railway now known as the
"Cotton Belt Route." He was a member of
the Presbyterian Church, and an elder of the
Compton Avenue Presbyterian Church from
the time of its organization until his death.
His Christianity was respected by all who
knew him, even by those whose views differed
radically from his own, for in his character
was exemplified that rare combination of the
successful business man and the consistent
Christian, conscientious and scrupulo'iisly hon-
est in all his dealings with his fellow-men.
Mr. Sioss married, November 8, 1858, Miss
Belle Blood, daughter of Captain Sullivan
Blood, for many years a well known banker
of St. Louis, of whom appropriate mention will
be found elsewhere in these volumes. The
paternal ancestors of Mrs. Sloss emigrated to
the United States from England in 1639, and
settled in Concord, Massachusetts. They
were among the original petitioners for a plan-
tation at Groton, Massachusetts, to which
place her direct ancestor, Richard Blood, re-
moved, and where he served as selectman and
town clerk in 1668. Two later ancestors, one
of whom was at the time but sixteen years of
age, fought in the battles of Lexington and
Bunker Hill, and were in the siege of Boston
during the winter of 1775-6. Mrs. Sloss' ma-
ternal grandfather, who was too young to en-
list as a soldier in the Revolutio'nary War, ac-
companied his brother, Captain Willis Hall,
and was in active service, although he had not
been regularly mustered into the colonial
forces.
Small, George H., merchant and pub-
lic offidal, was born in Mason County, Ken-
tucky, April 10, 1843, son olf David and Mary
A. (Doll'is) Small. When he was two years
old, his parents removed from Kentucky to
Missouri, settling in Lexington, the county
seat of Lafayette County. They Continued to
reside there until 1853, when his father took
charge of a large farm in the southwestern part
of Lafayette County, owned by Russell, Wad-
dell & Majors, government contractors for the
transportation of supplies to the various gar-
risons and military posts in the West. At the
end of a half dozen years devoted to the man-
agement of this farm, the elder Small pur-
chased a farm near Wellington, in the same
county, on which he continued to reside until
his death, which occurred in 1870, and on
which his widow lived thereafter until her
death, in 1879. George H. Small spent all
the earlier years of his life in the country, and
his early industrial training was that of the
average farm boy. His education was ob-
tained in the public schools supplemented by a
course of study in a commercial college of
Louisville, Kentucky. He was approaching
manhood when the Civil War began, and in
1861 enlisted as a private soldier in a com-
pany of infantry belonging to Bledsoe's bat-
talion. He served with this company until
I'll- 1
SMALL-POX— SMITH.
after the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, fought
in March of [862, and afterward served with
the Missouri Battery, commanded by Samuel
F. T. Ruffner, of Lexington, Missouri, until
the close of the war. He surrendered, with
•nfi deraire troops, at Shreveport, Lou-
isiana, 1:1 May, "i [865, and in the fall of thait
year returned to his old home, in Lafayette
County, Missouri. After devoting some time
to the improvement of 'his education lie came
to St. Louis, at the beginning of the year 1867,
and engaged in business as a commission mer-
chant, continuing to devote the larger share
of his time and attention to that business for
nearly thirty years thereafter, and attaining
di erved prominence among the successful
business men of the city. In 1SS9 he was ap-
pointed police commissioner of St. Louis by
1 iovermor David R. Francis to fill out an un-
expired term of two years, and at the end of
that time was reappointed for a full term of
four years. This important office he held un-
til he was called upon to assume the responsi-
bility of caring for one of the most important
financial departments Of the United States
government as .Assistant United States Treas-
urer at St. Louis. He was appointed to the
treasurersliip by President Cleveland, as suc-
cessor to < leneral Bernard G. Farrar, and en-
tered upon the discharge of his duties in April
of [895. The office to which he was appoint-
ed in this instance is one which has uniformly
been held in St. Louis by men of the highest
character, noted alike for their sterling integ-
rity and correct business methods, and Mr.
Small lias sustained the high reputation of in-
cumbents of the office. The only important
office he has held oilier than those which have
been mentioned was that of first vice-president
of the Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis,
winch lie Idled in 1S94. Politically he has
In en identified with the Democratic partv ever
since lie became a citizen of Missouri, and for
many years lie lias been prominent in the
councils of the part) IL was married, in
[877, to Miss Ida M. Wetmore, a daughter of
Dr. \. Wetmore. a leading physician of Clin-
ton, towa.
Small-Pox. See "Epidemics."
Smith Academy.— See "Washington
I m\ ersil \ ."
Smith, Charles Henry, surveyor of
the port of St. Louis, was born iii Cincinnati,
Ohio, November 13. 1855, son of Henry and
Anna ( Rinckhoff) Smith, the first named a na-
tive of Manchester, England, and the last
11 uned of Hamburg, Germany. His family
removed to Xew Orleans during his early
childhood, and he was educated in the public
ami private schools of that city. Quitting
school at an early age. he began work as a
butcher's boy, and a little later found employ-
ment as a cash boy in the commercial estab-
lishment of D. H. Holmes & Co., of New Or-
leans. At the end of a year he transferred his
services to the mercantile house of Wallace &
1 o., then the largest of the wholesale dry
.oils houses of Xew Orleans, becoming a
clerk in the credit department of that establish-
ment. In [871 he severed his connection with
Wallace X Co., and for five years thereafter
was connected with a mercantile house at
Homer, in Claiborn Parish, Louisiana. He
came from there to St. Louis in 1876, and after
his arrival here he studied telegraphy, and en-
tered the employ of the Western Union Tele-
graph Company. After serving that corpora-
tion two years he was appointed manager of
the Western city office of the American Dis-
trict Telegraph Company, retaining that posi-
tion until the year 1880. He resigned the
managership of the District Telegraph to ac-
cept a position with Honorable R. C Kerens,
and was in his employ up to the time of his ap-
pointment to the office he now holds. An
enthusiastic Republican, he 'began taking an
active interest in city, State and national poli-
tics some years since, and has long been recog-
nized as a leader of the young and progressive
element of his party in Missouri. He was ap-
pointed to the survivorship of the port May
4, 1897, by President McKinley, was promptly
continued by the United States Senate, and en-
tered upon the discharge of his official duties
May 15, 1897. He is an Episcopalian church-
man, and affiliates with fraternal organizations
as a member of the Legion of Honor and the
Royal Arcanum. He is also a member of the
Mercantile (dub and the Elks' Club, of St.
Lntis, .and secretary and treasurer of a num-
ber of corporations. December 14. 1881, he
married Miss Sophia Hagemann, of St. Louis.
Their children are Claude Henry. Richard
Lester, and Gladys Amelia Smith.
Smith, Elsworth Fayssoux, phy-
sician, was born in St. Louis April 29, 1825,
son if John B. and Louisa (McDougal) Smith.
SMITH.
2085
His father, John Brady Smith, was an influ-
ential and much respected merchant of St.
Louis, who enjoyed the distinction of having
been first president of the old State Bank of
Missouri, and who was also first collector of
the port of St. Louis, and State and county
collector in the early history of the State. The
mother of Dr. Smith was a daughter of Cap-
tain Alexander Me Do u gal, of New York City,
and a descendant of General Alexander Mc-
Dougal, of Revolutionary fame, and a descend-
ant also of Oliver Ellsworth, the renowned
jurist, author of the hill creating the United
States judiciary, and Chief Justice of the
United States Supreme Court from ^796 to
1799, ■when he resigned. Reared in St. Louis,
Dr. Smith received his academic education at
St. Charles College and St. Louis University,
and was graduated from the classical depart-
ment of the last named institution in the class
of 1845. He then began the study of medi-
cine, and in 1848 received his degree of doc-
tor of medicine from St. Louis Medical Col-
lege, then medical department of St. Louis
University. Soon 'after his graduation from
the medical college he entered 'the City Hos-
pital of St. Louis as one of 'the first two in-
ternes at that institution, Dr. John T. Hodgen
being the other. From 1852 to 1854 he con-
tinued his medical and scientific studies in
Paris, France, and during the years 1864-5
he again spent some time abroad, adding to his
professional attainments through his inter-
course with the most renowned physicians of
that day and the superior clinical advantages
afforded by the French hospitals. Except
when pursuing his studies and investigations
abroad, his entire professional life was spent
in St. Louis, and as a practitioner he was
eminently successful, occupying for many
years a place among the leading physicians of
the city. Early in his career he 'became iden-
tified with the educational work of his profes-
sion, being made demon strator of anatomy at
the St. Louis Medical College in 185 1. He
was appointed to the chair of physiology and
medical jurisprudence in the same institution
in 1868, and two years later was made profes-
sor of clinical medicine and pathological anat-
omy. This chair he continued to occupy un-
til 1885, when he tendered his resignation of
the professorship. In recognition, however,
of the valuable services Which he had rendered
to the institution and to the general public in
that connection, his alma mater made him
emeritus professor of clinical medicine and
pathological anatomy after his resignation of
the active duties of the position Which he had
filled for fifteen years, and this honorary posi-
tion he continued to hold until his death. As
an educator he was no less distinguished than
as physician, and was known to the profession
as an able teacher, having the happy faculty of
entertaining and instructing at the same time
those who came under his preceptonshlp. The
degree of doctor of laws was conferred upon
him in recognition of his scholarly attainments
and his ability as a medical educator. As a
consulting' physician, he was widely known
throughout the country adjacent to St. Louis,
and he enjoyed to the fullest extent the con-
fidence both of his profession and of the gen-
eral puhlic. While visiting his daughter, Mrs.
Crosby, in 1896, he accidentally sustained se-
vere burns, which occasioned his death, at
Fort Missoula, Montana, August 19th of that
year. His professional life had been one of
intense activity, and he had filled many im-
portant positions in St. Louis, and rendered
valuable services to his native city alt various
times. During the Civil War he was acting
assistant surgeon of the United States Army,
having charge of the military small-pox hos-
pital in this city, and serving also as surgeon
to Eliot General Hospital. From 1866 to
. 1869 he was surgeon to the United States Ma-
rine Hospital in St. Louis. His high courage
in the face of great danger and his chivalrous
devotion to- his calling was made manifest dur-
ing epidemics of cholera and small-pox, which
prevailed in St. Louis while he was in the
active practice of his profession, and on more
than one occasion his heroic services called
forth the warmest praise from his fellow-citi-
zens, many of whom still hold him in grateful
remembrance. He was first health officer of
St. Louis, serving from 1857 to 1863, and was
also a member of the first regular board of
health created by act of the Legislature, serv-
ing as third president of that board. His na-
ture was philanthropic, and for many years he
gave his professional services free to the pub-
lic and charitable institution's of the city in the
capacity of consulting physician. His relig-
ious affiliations were with the Episcopal
Church until shortly before his death, when
he embraced the Roman Catholic faith. In
i860 he married Miss Isabelle Chenie, daugh-
ter of Antoine Leon and Julia (De Mun)
Chenie, and his wife and five children are the
2086
SMITH.
surviving members of his family. The chil-
dren arc Dr. Elswortfh Smith, Jr., of St. Louis;
|. I )c Mini Smith and J. Sheppard Smith, busi-
ness men of this on ; Julia P. Smith, now the
wife of Dr. William D. Crosby, a surgeon in
•the United States Army; and Emilie De Mun
Smith. Through her father Mrs. Smith, the
widow of Dr. Ellsworth F. Smith, is a descend-
ant of the founder of St. Louis, and is related
also to the Ohenie family of Canada, represen-
tatives of which achieved distinction in the
( anadian Rebellion of 1837.
Smith, Huntington, was born March
15, 1N47, in Louisville. Kentucky. His father
was Honorable Hamilton Smith, who gradu-
ated from Dartmouth College in his young
manhood, studied law under William Wirt,
and .afterward practiced his profession for
main years in Louisville, where he was also
prominent as a financier and man of affairs.
The elder Smith was for twenty-five years
president of the American Cannel Coal Com-
pany, which was one of the pioneer coal-min-
ing enterprises of Kentucky. He was also a
conspicuous figure in politics during a por-
tion of his life; served as 'a member of the In-
diana Legislature while residing in that State:
was a delegate to the National Democratic
Convention held in Chicago in [864, and also
attended as a delegate the Democratic Xa-
tional Convention held in Xew York in 1868,
where he was recognized as the confidential
friend and spokesman of Salmon P. Chase,
who was regarded by many leading Demo-
crats as an available candidate for the presi-
dency at that time. The family to which Mr.
Smith belongs was planted in New England
early in the colonial era, his immigrant an-
cestor, George Smith, having been recorder of
die Dover Plantation— which afterward be-
came Xew Hampshire from [640 to [653.
1 >ne of the sons of this ancestor was foseph
Smith, who was a large landowner in Xew
Hampshire, and the line of descent to Hunt-
ington Smith is through John Smith, select-
man and town surveyor; Benjamin Smith,
who was a selectman and held other offices in
New Hampshire; Lieutenant John Smith, se-
lectman; Honorable Valentine Smith, town
surveyor, town clerk, member of the Legis-
lature Of Xew Hampshire, and chief justice of
the Court of Sessions < if Strafford (omit v. and
Honorable Hamilton Smith, of whose career
dental mention has already been made.
The mother of Huntington Smith was Louise
Rudd before her marriage, and she was a
daughter of Dr. Christopher Rudd, of Ken-
tucky, a descendant of one of the old Catholic
families which came to America with Lord
I ialtimore. Closely allied with the Rudd fam-
ilv also, by marriage and otherwise, were the
( arrolls, of Maryland, and the Palmers, an old
Huguenot family of South Carolina. Hunt-
ington Smith entered the Naval Academy at
Annapolis, Maryland, February 26, 1863, and
was graduated from that institution. He was
commissioned an ensign in the United States
Navy July 22, 1869, and master July 12, 1870.
He made his first visit to St. Louis in 1872,
while still an officer in the navy, and May 15,
1873, resigned, with the intention of making
this city his home. In 1873 'le entered upon
a business career as a partner in the real estate
firm of Andrew McKinley & Co., and in 1876
engaged on his own account in the real estate
business, which he has since conducted, be-
coming well known as a man of affairs. While
in the United States Navy, he served first in
the European Squadron, next with the Asiatic
Squadron, and afterward on the United States
ship "Michigan" in the Great Lakes, having
had the experience of circumnavigating the
globe before he was twenty-three years of age.
Some years after his coming to St. Louis he
began taking an active interest in local mili-
tary affairs, and was an officer of the Police
Reserve Regiment from 1877 to 1882. At the
beginning of the year 1882 he wras commis-
sioned a captain in the National Guard of Mis-
souri by Governor T. T. Crittenden, but re-
signed his captaincy before the close of the
year. He has been prominent in the club
circles of St Louis, and has been treasurer of
the University Club since January, 1881. No-
vember 15. [871, he married, in Terre Haute,
Indiana, Miss Laura Griswold, daughter of
Honorable William D. Griswold, of whom
extended mention is made elsewhere in these
vi ilumes. Their children are Griswold. Ham-
ilton and Ralph Smith, and Huntington
Smith, Jr.
Smith, Irwin Z., lawyer and jurist,
was born in West Granville, Hampden
County, Massachusetts, and died in Albu-
querque, New Mexico, ( )ctober 7, 1881. He
passed the early years of his life on a farm,
and after obtaining an academic education
studied law and was admitted to the bar in
SMITH.
2087
New York. In 1847 ne came to St. Louis
and began the practice of his profession in this
city. After a time he formed a partnership
with William D. Sedwick, under the firm
name of Smith & Sedwick. Later he was a
member of the firm of Knox, Smith & Sed-
wick, and still later of the firm of Knox &
Smith. In the fall of 1864 he was elected a
member of the Missouri Legislature, and in
1868, judge of the Circuit Court of St. Louis,
lie was an able jurist and a lawyer of fine at-
tainments, and throughout his professional
career stood high at the bar of this city. He
was twice married, first in 1857, to Miss Eliza-
beth Kerr, and after her death, to Miss Isa-
bella Fallen.
Smith, John Brady, was born at
Lexington. Kentucky, August 5, 1798, and
died in St. Louis, March 16, 1864. His father
was William Smith, of Culpeper County, Vir-
ginia, who, while a young man, removed to
Lexington, and, in 1797, was married to Eliza-
beth Brady. In 1810 William Smith came
with his family to St. Louis, and purchased a
lot on the east side of Main Street, just north
of Market, upon which, in 1812, he erected a
brick house, the second one of the kind in the
place. It was only seven years before that
Louisiana had been ceded to the United
States, and the few American-born citizens
were prominent in political and business af-
fairs, because man}- of the French residents
did not take kindly to the change at first.
William Smith was a leading spirit among the
Americans, and an estimable citizen besides.
He was made a director in the first bank or-
ganized in the town, and was active and con-
spicuous in all movements to advance the in-
terests of the town. He came to his death
September 28, 1817, the day after the Benton-
Lucas duel, and it was a result of that unhappy
affair. The duel aroused the deepest feeling
in the community, and the day after it was
fought, while a number of citizens were dis-
cussing it in front of the Washington Hotel,
on the southeast corner of Main and Pine
Streets, an altercation arose between William
Smith and William Thorp, in which the latter
drew a pistol and shot Smith dead on the spot.
John Brady Smith was the eldest of five chil-
dren left by his father. He was educated in the
St. Louis schools, and being of an enterprising
spirit, with unusual capacity for business, he
embarked in the drv goods trade when a
young man. His first partner was Alexander
Ferguson, and when, after several years of
prosperous business, Ferguson retired, Mr.
Smith took in his younger brother, and the
firm was changed from Smith & Ferguson to
Smith & Brother, at No. 7 North Main Street.
The house continued to prosper, and Mr.
Smith was one of the prominent merchants of
that time. When the Bank of Missouri was
organized, in 1837, he was made president. In
1852 he was State and county collector, and
afterward United States surveyor of the port
of St. Louis, maintaining throughout his mer-
cantile and official careers the highest reputa-
tion for integrity and honor. He was a gen-
tleman of the old school, grave, courtly and
dignified, and when, in the latter years of his
life, his well known figure appeared on the
street, with his coat buttoned up to his chin,
he seemed to be a connecting link between the
old era and the new. He was a devoted friend
and adherent of Thomas H. Benton, and was
held in the warmest esteem by the distin-
guished statesman. Mr. Smith was twice
married, his first wife being Louisa A. Mc-
Dougale, daughter of Alexander Mc-
Dougale, of the British Army. The children
of this union were Julia Penelope, who became
the wife of John H. Wilson, and died in i860;
Ellsworth Fayssoux Smith, and Charles Bland
Smith, who married Miss Emilie De Mini,
daughter of Jules De Mun, and who died in
1889. The first Mrs. Smith died in 1832, and
in 1833 he married her sister, Mrs. Penelope
Hepburn, who died in 1864.
Smith, Solomon F., actor, was born
April 20, 1801, in Norwich, Chenango County,
New York, and died in St. Louis April 20,
1869. He began life as a clerk in Albany,
New York, and after devoting three years to
that occupation, apprenticed himself to a
printing establishment in Louisville, Ken-
tucky. There he joined Drake's Dramatic
Company, in 1820, but withdrew at the end
of the season and studied law in Cincinnati,
Ohio. In 1822 he became editor of "The In-
dependent Press," a Jacksonian organ, and at
the same time manager of the Globe Theater
of Cincinnati. The theater enterprise proved
unsuccessful, but the following year he trav-
eled with his own company, gaining wide rep-
utation as a comedian, his principal roles being
"Mawworm," in "The Hypocrite;" "Sheep-
face," in the "Village Lawyer." and "Billy
2088
SMITH— SXKLl).
Lackaday," in "Sweethearts and Wive,-." In
[853 he abandoned theatrical management
and the stage, and settled m St. Louis, where
he practiced law during the remainder of his
life, lie was a member of the Missouri State
Convention of 1861 ; was an unconditional
Union man. and took an active part in form-
ing a provisional government for the State and
preventing it from joining the secession move-
ment. He was the author of works entitled.
"Theatrical Apprenticeship," published in
Philadelphia in 1845; "Theatrical Journey
Work." published in [854, and an autobiog-
raphy, published in 1868.
Smith, William, merchant and manu-
facturer, was born April 1. [824, in the manu-
facturing town of Chorley, Lancashire, Eng-
land. He is the son of William Smith, a cot-
tun spinner and manufacturer, who came to
the United States in 1X41 . established his home
first in Illinois, and later removed to St. Louis,
where he died in [843. Mr. Smith was edu-
cated in the parochial schools of Chorley and
Southport, England, which he left at an earh
age to go to the city of Roseau, capital of the
Island of Dominica, in the British West In-
dies. There he was first employed as a clerk
by William Withnell, an architect and builder
of Roseau, and a brother of John Withnell, a
well known builder of St. Louis. He was in
Mr. Withnell's employ two years, and then en-
tered the mercantile house of Alexander Dal-
rymple & Co., a firm which had its parent
house at No. 11 Lime Street. London, and
various branch establishments in both the
East and West Indies. He continued in this
emploj and remained on the Island of Do-
minica until 1847, when he sailed from there
on the clipper "Alicia." of Baltimore, for the
United States. \fter touching at the island
of St. Thomas and at the port of I 'once. Porto
Rico, the vessel arrived in Baltimore about
the first of July, 1847. Twelve days later Mr.
Smith reached St. Louis, and soon afterward
became an employe of the wholesale and retail
dn g Is housi of Wolf, Hopper & Speck, of
this city. In March of [850 he transferred his
services to the brewing firm of Ellis & Samuel
Wainwright, where he was assigned to dutv as
bookkeeper. This linn operated at thai time
what was known as the old Fulton Rrewerv,
at the corner of Main and \lmond Streets.
and Mr. Smith was connect* <1 with the brewery
for seven years. Leaving it in [857, he
formed a partnership with George and Zacha-
riah linker, and embarked in the malting and
brewing business as a member of the firm of
Tinker Bros. & Co., which had a malt-house
located at the corner of Third and Cedar
Streets, and also operated the old Franklin
Brewery, located on Seventeenth Street, be-
tween Market Street and Clark Avenue. The
business with which he thus became identified
proved satisfactory to Mr. Smith in character
and returns, and he continued it for thirty
years thereafter. At the end of this period,
and in the year 1887, he retired with a hand-
some fortune, accumulated as a result of his
energetic efforts and sagacious operations.
Since that time he has devoted his attention to
the care of his property interests and the en-
joyment of that rest to which his age and suc-
cess in life entitle him. He served during the
Civil War as a member of Colonel Charles
Tucker's regiment of Home Guards, and was
a loyal supporter of the Union. For twenty
years he was a member of the Merchants' Ex-
change, and he is still a member of the Mer-
chants' Exchange Benevolent Association.
January 17. [882, he married Miss Fannie Dil-
lon, adopted daughter of the late John With-
nell, of St. Louis.
Slieed, Thomas F., street railway man-
ager, was born December 18. 1854. in Boone
( omit v. Missouri, son of Thomas S. and Susan
( Blanton) Sneed. Both his parents were born
at Frankfort, Kentucky, and both belonged to
families whose Kentucky history dates back
to the pioneer days of that commonwealth. In
both the paternal and maternal lines he is de-
scended from ancestors who had the courage
and hardihood to brave the perils of the fron-
tier, ami who took an important part in pro-
moting the advancement of Western civiliza-
tion. He himself was reared in Boone
County, Missouri, where he obtained a fair
English education in the public schools. Dur-
ing his boyhood his father — who had been a
man of means before the war, but had lost his
fortune through his devotion to the Southern
cause — was employed as station agent on the
Northern Missouri Railroad, and. quitting
school at fourteen years of age. the son turned
his attention to the study of telegraphy in con-
nection with railroad work. After working
for four years as a telegraph operator, he was
employed on the Northern Missouri Railroad
until 1876 as bag-gagemaster and express mes-
O f>
SNIDER.
2089
senger. He then went to Brookville, Kansas,
where he was engaged in business one year as
a hotel manager. Leaving Brookville at that
time, he went to Denver, Colorado, as a store-
keeper for the Kansas Pacific Railroad Com-
pany, and continued in the employ of that cor-
poration until the spring of 1880. Coming
then to St. Louis, determined to make this
city his business headquarters, and resolved
also to make the best of the situation in which
he found himself placed, he obtained employ-
ment first as a conductor on the Olive Street
Railroad. Six months later he went to what
was then known as the "Narrow Gauge" Rail-
road, and which later became the Suburban
Railroad, and for seven years thereafter filled
the position of conductor on that line. In
1887 his faithfulness and efficiency received
deserved recognition from his employers and
he was made superintendent of the line. Two
years later he was promoted to general super-
intendent of the entire Suburban Railroad sys-
tem, and has ever since occupied that impor-
tant and responsible position. This brief re-
view of Air. Sneed's personal history attests
the fact that the position which he has attained
has been earned by years of hard work, and
that he owes nothing to fortuitous circum-
stances. The broad knowledge of street rail-
way management, which he has shown in the
position he now fills, was obtained by practical
experience in subordinate positions, and un-
derstanding thoroughly all the phases of the
business in which he is engaged is the secret
of his success. As an executive officer, he
has no superior among the railway managers
of St. Louis, and his capacity for handling
great crowds of people has attracted marked
attention in street railway circles. Thorough
familiarity with modern street railway equip-
ment, and careful consideration of constantlv
changing conditions have been essential to the
successful conduct of the business entrusted to
his care, and the continued growth and devel-
opment of the railway system which he has
superintended afford the best evidences of
his managerial ability. He has, in a sense,
grown up with the Suburban Railway system,
and has had much to do with developing a vast
business interest, which represents in the ag-
gregate a value of millions of dollars. It fur-
nishes employment to a large number of peo-
ple, with whom Air. Snccd has been brought
into more direct contact than any other official
of the company, and the harmonious relations
which have existed between the employer and
the employed in this instance give evidence of
his ability to discipline and govern men, and
attest also the fact that he deals with them
in that spirit of fairness and just treatment
which makes faithful servants and subordi-
nates. The "Suburban Garden," one of the
most attractive resorts of St. Louis, is largely
indebted to .Mr. Sneed for its existence, he
having been one of the originators and pro-
moters of that enterprise. He has taken some
interest in politics as a member of the Demo-
cratic party, affiliating with the "sound money"
wing of that party, and sat as a delegate in the
Sound Money Democratic Convention, held
at Sedalia in 1896. He is a Baptist church-
man, and in a quiet way is a generous donor
to charities and charitable institutions. May
18, 1875, he was married to Miss Cora C. Con-
ger, of Boone Count}', Missouri, and has two
children — Edna May and Leo S. Snccd.
Snider, Denton Jaqnes, was born in
Mount Gilead, Ohio, on the 9th day of
January, 1841. He graduated at Oberlin
College in 1862. In 1864 he taught Eng-
lish and American literature at the Christian
Brothers' College, St. Louis, and later on was
a teacher of several branches of learning in
the St. Louis public schools. In the latter
part of the "sixties'* and in the "seventies" he
was a prominent member of several leading
philosophical and literary societies, and during
several years, of its existence was a lecturer at
the School of Philosophy at Concord, Mas-
sachusetts. He contributed frequently to the
following St. Louis magazines, to-wit : "The
Inland Monthly." "The Western," and "The
Journal of Speculative Philosophy."
During leisure hours he conducted classes
for men and women in Roman and Greek his-
tory. Homer, Herodotus. Shakespeare, and
Goethe. Professor Snider has done more for
the cause of higher education in St. Louis
than anyone who has ever resided in the city,
except Professor William T. Harris, LL. D.,
our present National Commissioner of Educa-
tion.
About the middle of the "seventies" he spent
two or three years in European travel, visiting
principally the classic grounds of the past.
Professor Snider is the author of several
works of higher literature noted for their ana-
lytical insight, classic diction, and philosoph-
ical power. While the art is not of the high-
I'll! HI
SNOW FLAKES— SNOW.
est, it is nevertheless of a very high grade.
Absorbed as he is in the contemplation of the
central idea, he sometimes loses sight of the
minor — though not always entirely unimpor-
tant— details. He does not write for the popu-
lar masses, but for the educated few. Popular
applause, to him, has no seductive side.
The writer of this, having been a pupil of
Professor Snider's, and having the further
honor of his friendship since a quarter of a
century, prefers to further speak of his genius
through others. Judge J. Gabriel Woerner,
one of the ripest literary scholars of St. Louis,
once said in a conversation with the writer :
"Mr. Snider grasps the central thought of a
poem, an epos or drama, and so unfolds it in
its meaning, its beauty and power as to make
it accessible to less gifted minds." And, as
to his critical powers, that he has reared un-
dying monuments to himself in his commenta-
ries on the Shakespearean dramas, Goethe's
"Faust," Homer's "Iliad," and Dante's "Di-
vine Comedy" — "they reveal to us, like the
seers in Holy Writ, the gospel of divine truth,
as contained in what he I Snider) calls the lit-
erary bibles of the world."
1 1 is best poetry, Judge Woerner said, has
not been put in book form, but only in printed
slips tor distribution among his intimate
friends. "The finest specimens of his poetic
powers are contained in his 'Soul's Journey'
(in three parts); 'The Triumph of Death,'
'The Triumph of the Image,' and 'The
Triumph of Reason.' This poem, or cycle of
poems, is the outcry of his soul steeped in grief
over the loss of his wife."
His "Walk in Hellas," one of the most de-
lightful of his books — •because he is upon the
classical ground so dear to him — "infects the
reader with that enthusiastic adoration of the
beautiful which is Mr. Snider's divine gift from
the Muses."
1 'n ifessi ir Snider resided in St. Louis about a
quarter of a century. Since some ten years he
lives in Chicago, but he pays frequent visits to
his old friend> in the < "it y i ii the Mounds. He
is a widower, his wife having died in St. Louis
in [874. lie has an only daughter who lives
in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
His published works are: "A System of
Shakespeare's Dramas" ("1877); "Delphic
Days" (1880); "A Walk in Hellas" (1882);
"Agamemnon's Daughter" 1 1SS5) ; "Epigram-
matic Voyage" (i886);"A Commentary on
Goethe's Faust" (1886); "A Commentary on
Shakespeare's Tragedies" (1887); "Johnny
Apple-seed," "World's Fair Studies" (1894);
"The American State," "Psychosis," and two
or three others of less importance.
Alexander N. De Menil.
Snow Flakes. — An appellation applied
to the Democrats of Missouri in the
rarl\ paft of the Civil War. Those who had
been stvled "black Republicans," on account
of their sympathy with the negroes, retorted by
calling their political opponents "Snow-
flakes," on account of their intense aversion to
the negroes.
Snow, Marshall Solomon, educator,
was born August 17, 1842, in Hyannis, Massa-
chusetts. His father was Rev. Solomon Pep-
per Snow, and his mother's maiden name was
Maria J. Pratt. His ancestors in the maternal
line were New England farmers, while all his
male ancestors in the paternal line during
three centuries were sailors. His father was
a sailor in early life, but at the age of twenty-
six years left the sea and entered the Metho-
dist ministry, preaching for fifty years there-
after in New England. Marshall S. Snow
was fitted for college at Phillips' Academy, of
Exeter, New Hampshire, and was graduated
from Harvard College with the degree of
bachelor of arts in the class of 1865. In 1868
the degree of master of arts was conferred
upon him by his "alma mater." He was sub-
master of the High School at Worcester, Mas-
sachusetts, during the school year of 1865-6,
and master of the High School at Nashville,
Tennessee, in 1866-7. I" 1867 he was ap-
pointed professor of mathematics in the Uni-
versity of Nashville, and a year later was made
professor of Latin and principal of Montgom-
ery Bell Academy, of the University of Nash-
ville, retaining those positions until 1870. In
the year last named he became professor of
Belles Lettres in Washington LTniversity, of
St. Louis, and occupied the chair until 1870.
in which year he was made professor of
history in Washington University and has
ever since filled that chair. He was registrar
of the college from 1870 to 1877, and has been
dean of the college since the latter year. He
was a charter member of the University Club
of St. Louis, of which he was chosen an offi-
cer soon after its organization, and from 1892
to 1 896 he was president of that club. He is a
member of the New England Society of St.
SNYDER.
2091
Louis, which he served as president in 1894-5,
and a member of the Missouri Historical So-
ciety, of which he has been president since
1894. He is also a member of the American
Historical Association, a member of the Amer-
ican Academy of Political Science, honorary
member of the New Hampshire Historical
Society, and corresponding member of
the Minnesota Historical Society. An
Episcopalian churchman, he is a com-
municant of Christ Church Cathedral
with which he is officially identified as junior
warden and member of the Cathedral Chapter.
He is also a member of the standing commit-
tee of the diocese of Missouri and its secretary,
and secretary of the Parochial Trust Fund of
the diocese. July 9, 1867, Professor Snow
married Miss Ellen Frances Jewell, of Exeter,
New Hampshire.
Snyder, John, clergyman, was born
June 14, 1842, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He is of German extraction in the paternal
line, the immigrant ancestor of the family to
which he belongs having come from Germany
to this country and settled in Pennsylvania
about the year 1750. Lutheranism was the
religious faith handed down to him from this
ancestry, while his maternal ancestors be-
longed to the Society of Friends, or Quakers.
He was educated in the schools of Philadel-
phia and then took the divinity course in the
Theological School of Meadville, Pennsylva-
nia, from which institution he was graduated
in 1869. Soon after his graduation he was
settled as pastor of the Third Unitarian
Church, of Hingham, Massachusetts, and
filled that pastorate until January of 1873,
when he was called to the Church of the Mes-
siah, of St. Louis. He succeeded, as pastor
of the last named church, Rev. Dr. William G.
Eliot, renowned both as preacher and educa-
tor, a man of untiring energy and rare admin-
istrative ability, who had been engaged in all
sorts of public and philanthropic enterprises,
and whose influence had been potent for good
not only in St. Louis, but throughout the en-
tire Southwest. To be called upon to minister
to a congregation which had enjoyed for many
years the rare privilege of receiving its reli-
gious instruction from so learned and accom-
plished a man as Dr. Eliot was a flattering
compliment to Dr. Snyder, who was then not
] thirty years of age; at the same time it was a
;call which carried with it grave responsibilities.
Accustomed to hearing discourses represen-
tative of the highest order of intellectuality and
the most advanced religious thought from the
old pastor, the members of this congregation
could be satisfied with nothing less from the
new, and to meet and fill the measure of their
expectations was a task of no ordinary magni-
tude. That Dr. Snyder succeeded in doing
this is evidenced by the fact that for more than
twenty-five years he has continued to fill the
pastorate of the Church of the Messiah and
that during all these years, as in its earlier his-
tory, this church has been famous for the
strength, originality, beauty and timeliness of
its pulpit utterances. From the time of his
coming to St. Louis until now, Dr. Snyder has
ranked among the most attractive and elo-
quent pulpit orators of the city and as one of
the ablest representatives of a liberal and pro-
gressive theology. His utterances have evi-
denced profound research, deep thought and
an intimate acquaintance with the best litera-
ture of all ages and have been characterized
by impassioned earnestness and charming
dignity and eloquence. As a moral teacher
outside of the pulpit he has long been one of
the most active and useful of the ministers of
St. Louis. He has been at the head of many
movements designed to promote general cul-
ture and intelligence, and in connection with
his church work has conducted various classes
whose studies have covered a wide field of re-
search. Reform movements having for their
objects the betterment of political, social or
moral conditions have invariably appealed to
him strongly, and having at all times the cour-
age of his convictions, he has never failed to
lend to such measures his active aid and co-
operation. As a consequence, he has on va-
rious occasions taken a conspicuous part in
political campaigns, and in his political, as in
his religious utterances, he has demonstrated
that he is at the same time a man of broad and
liberal spirit and profound convictions. While
keeping in mind always the dignity of his high
office, there is little of the cleric about him in
every-day life. Delightfully companionable,
and charming all he meets with his wit and
repartee, he is always a welcome guest on so-
cial occasions and is known as one of the hap-
piest of "after-dinner speakers." As a writer
on various timely topics, he is well known in
the realm of literature, and he has been a fre-
quent contributor to newspapers, magazines,
and other journals, and is the author of the
2092
SO AT AND CANDLE TRADE-SOCIAL DEMOCRACY.
historical sketch of "Unitarianism in St.
Louis," published elsewhere in these volumes.
He married, in 1869, Miss Margaret A. Kin-
niff, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, and has
reared a family of eight children.
Soap and Candle Trade. — The trade
in snap and candles of St. Louis consists al-
most entirely in the manufacture of these ar-
ticles for the supply of the local market and
shipments to other markets. The receipts of
snap and caudles from outside points are com-
paratively small, because the factories of St.
I .< mis are. and for many years have been, capa-
cii his enough to supply the local city trade and
the wants of all the territory tributary to the
city. In 1875 the shipments were, of candles,
83,829 boxes, and of soap. 126,332 boxes; in
[892, they were, of candles, 124,942 boxes, and
1 if si iap, 642,983 boxes ; and in 1896 they were,
of candles, 155,685 boxes, and of soap, 656,009
boxes. The annual value of the trade was es-
timated at $3,000,000.
Social Democracy. — The Social Dem-
ocratic movement is a transition of the labor
problem. As conceived and promulgated by
its best and most intelligent advocates, it is the
embodied demand for the restoration of the
land and the instruments of production to the
people, and for a distribution of the products
of labor in conformity with improved methods.
The contrast between a highly developed pro-
ductive system and a receding system of dis-
tribution is held by the advocates to be shown
in the operations of the large corporations and
trusts, with their armies of producers, in con-
tinual proximity to poverty, the corporation
receiving the product being able with the pro-
ceeds t' > cl< ise their fact< iries for a period equal
to the time operated and continue to pay high
salaries to their officers. Co-operative pro-
duction by the linest and fastest machinery is
an unmistakable step in the evolution of in-
dustry, bul it is held that this demands a simi-
lar development in distribution. Labor
unions, organizations of self-defense, have
been able' to stem the downward tendenC) of
wages. I '.ui it is contended that while fight-
ing for maintenance of wages, reduction of
hours and respectful treatment, the labor
unions, by increased com petition and the con
centration of wealth in fewer hands, have been
gradually brought to a change of tactics. This
alternative, as seen b\ the American Railway
Union, came as a result of the loss of its great
strike at Chicago in 1894. and as a conse-
quence there was evolved, in June. 1897, a
powerful organization with a new name, a new
aim and new friends. It came out the cham-
pion of a universal brotherhood. Eugene V.
Debs, the hern of the Chicago strike, was
elected national chairman. A national organ,
"The Social Democrat,'' was immediately pro-
jected, headquarters established at Chicago,
and a declaration of principles promulgated
as follows :
1. The public ownership of all industries
controlled by monopolies, trusts and com-
bines.
2. The public ownership of all railroads,
telegraphs, telephones, all means of transpor-
taition, communication, water works, gas and
electric plants, and all other public utilities.
3. The public ownership of all gold, silver,
copper, lead, coal, iron and other mines; also
all oil and gas wells.
4. Reduction of the hours of labor in pro-
portion to the progress of production.
5. The inauguration of a system of public
works and improvements for the employment
of the unemployed, the public credit to be
utilized for that purpose.
6. All useful inventions to be free to all. the
inventor to be remunerated by the public.
7. The establishment of postal savings
banks.
8. The adoption of the initiative and the
referendum, the imperative mandate and pro-
portional representation.
1 'receding these demands, the platform de-
clared that one of the States of the Union,
thereafter to be determined, should be selected
for the concentration of the supporters and
the introduction of the co-operative industry.
The first steps in St. Louis to join the Social
Democracy were taken simultaneously by sev-
eral groups of men and women, who, under
a call issued by \Y. K. Gordon for a meeting
at ( iarrison Avenue and Olive Street, there
and then formed Branch Xo. I, of Missouri,
with the following as some of the well known
names on its membership list : Harry C. Yroo-
inan, Sheridan \Yebster, W. C. Bohannen, W.
A. Hall, T. L. Talbot, E. D. Waldorf. L. E.
Hildebrandt, S. Schmall, G. A. Hoehn, Dr.
Theodore Crusius, A. F. Haeussler, Miss I. M.
Witherell, Dr. L. H. Davis, George Taylor
and A. I-".. Sanderson. Branch Xo. 1. soon |
firmly established with a good membership,
SOCIALER SAENGERCHOR— SOCIAL SCIENCE CLUB OF ST. LOUIS. 2093
which grew to nearly one hundred in number
in a short while, began a vigorous campaign
for the principles enunciated. The platform
meetings were held weekly, first at iooo Olive
Street (Painters' Hall) and later at 1223 North
Broadway, where it meets to-day, with a lec-
ture by a good speaker for every meeting.
Five more branches were soon started in St.
Louis, all of which at the present time (1898)
enjoy a steady growth. Agitation and dis-
tribution of literature are busily pushed. Here
also the movement added to its working force
many good and well known men and women,
including Dr. and Mrs. Charles Shattinger,
Frank Ujka, Carl Meier, H. C. Nelson, V.
Marchal, and J. L. Franz. At this time Rev.
Harry C. Vrooman, with fifteen other clergy-
men of St. Louis, have an auxiliary society.
The branches of St. Louis, in order to co-oper-
ate in some things, like giving festivals or go-
ing into political campaigns, instituted a joint
executive board, composed of three delegates
from each branch. On two occasions partic-
ularly there have been notable popular demon-
strations. The first was at the time of the La-
bor Convention held to consider the coal
strike in the fall of 1897; the second, a festival
given at the Bohemian Gymnasium by the
united branches of St. Louis. At one meet-
ing held at the courthouse the crowd had be-
come very great, the speakers receiving many
words of encouragement, but the police on
this occasion were unfriendly and, notwith-
standing a mayor's permit allowing the speak-
ers to speak from the courthouse steps, or-
dered them to desist, and upon their refusal,
arrested them. They were arraigned the next
day before Judge Peabody, but were acquitted
with a dissertation by the judge upon the
rights of free speech. After the existence of
the Social Democracy for one year, the Na-
tional Convention, with delegates from
branches all over the Union, met at Chicago to
determine the policy and tactics to be used in
the ensuing year. It soon developed that the
convention contained two factions, nearly
equally divided, one contending that coloniza-
tion was the prime issue ; the other, political
organization and action at the ballot-box.
The difference of opinion concerning which
should be the prime, and which the subser-
vient, issue was sufficient to cause a split into
two parties, "The Social Democracy of Ameri-
ca," and "The Social Democratic Party of
America." _ Julius G. Friton.
Socialer Saengerchor. — A German
singing society organized September 13, 1850.
Its first president was Herr Holzmann and its
meetings were held in Kossuth Hall on South
Second Street. Its first concert was given
November 30, 1850. In the early part of the
following year it established a library, and in
October of 1852 a debating club was formed
in connection with the society. It prospered
and was known as one of the representative
German institutions of the city until it was
temporarily broken up by the Civil War.
After the war it was reorganized, and in 1868
was incorporated, with Conrad Kellerman,
Clemens A. Schnake, Henry Thon, Philip
Nolting and others as promoters of the enter-
prise.
Social Evil Ordinance. — The city
council of St. Louis, in 1870, passed an ordi-
nance designed "to regulate and suppress" the
social evil, by subjecting the keepers and in-
mates of immoral resorts to a rigid system of
medical inspection and requiring them to pay
certain fees, hospital dues, etc., at stated inter-
vals. The system of dealing with this evil thus
inaugurated amounted, in effect, to the licens-
ing of prostitution and the moral sense of the
community was deeply outraged by the inno-
vation. As a result of the prevailing senti-
ment and an aversion of the courts to enforc-
ing the provisions of the ordinance it soon be-
came inoperative and the attempt to "regulate
and restrain'-' a great evil in this way, proved a
failure. The Legislature of Missouri has since
placed it beyond the power of any munici-
pality to attempt to regulate the evil by giving
to it the sanction of the law. This is said to
have been the only attempt made in this coun-
try to "regulate" the social evil by an enact-
ment of this character.
Social Science Club of St. Louis. —
The Social Science Club was — and is — an or-
ganization, under the leadership of the Rev.
R. A. Holland, composed of thinking men and
women of St. Louis — regardless of creed, na-
tionality, or political views — who are conspicu-
ously interested in the elucidation of the social
problem. Though at times, when the inter-
est ran high, two hundred strong, this club
had its beginning at a preliminary meeting
called by Mrs. Anthony H. Blaisdell at her
home, January 21, 1892, with the purpose of
forming a class for the study of social science
209-1
SOCIAL SETTLEMENT. ST. LOUIS.
under the direction of Dr. Holland. Twenty-
five persons responded to this call, and Dr.
Holland addressed the meeting on the subject
of the Christian Socialism movement emanat-
ing; from Oxford, England. Those present
then and there organized themselves into the
"Social Science Club of St. Louis," with Dr.
Holland as president, and Mrs. Blaisdell as
secretary. It was further decided to hold
semi-monthly meetings at the homes of its
members, as invited, until permanent quarters
could be secured. Laveleye's ''The Socialism
of To-day" was selected as the book to guide
the discussion. The club increased rapidly in
members and by the close of its first season
most of the private houses were found inade-
quate to entertain it.
The ground covered by the club the first
winter was chiefly the investigation of what
had preceded and produced the present inter-
est in social science — Fichte, Mario, Karl
Marx, LaSalle and Bakunin. When addi-
tional light was needed on any point, it was
the policy of the club to invite outside speak-
ers, and to this end Father Huntington and
Rev. VV. I '. C. Bliss visited the club and gave
their views on "Collectivism and Land Nat-
uralization."
In the autumn of 1892 the club was offered
the use of the Guild's room in St. George's
Church, in which thereafter all meetings were
held. The first vice-president selected was
Mr. ( 'harles ( ilaflin Allen, who presided in the
absence of Dr. Holland. Later, both Mr. I.
II Lionberger and Mr. R. Graham Frost
served the club in the same capacity. The
men who took part in the program of the club
were drawn from every profession and trade — ■
theology, medicine, the bar, as well as those
actively interested in educational work, in
manufactures, m engineering, and in commer-
cial pursuits, \ 1 m ■ mi-- these were General
John W. Noble, Professor William M. Bryant,
X. ( >. Nelson, ( :onde B. Pallen, James A. Sed-
don, Alexander Cochran, Frederick M. Crun-
den, Jesse McDonald, Rabbi Leon Harrison,
Rabbi Samuel Sale. Rev. J. \V. Lee, Rev. Wil-
liam Short. Professor Sears. Rev. Gustavus
Tuckerman, Charles Gildehaus, Werner Stille,
Dr. F. Louis Soldan, Judge J. < 1. Woerner, F.
W. Lehmann, Chancellor Chaplin and others.
Vmong the women who from time to time
led discussions before the club were : Mrs. Ed-
win C, Cuclnr.an. Mrs. Lydia Fuller Dickin-
son, Miss Thekla I'.ernavs. Mi.ss Leonora Hal-
sted, Miss Grace Gilfillan and Miss Fannie
Chamberlain Brown.
The debates, though always guided by the
chairman, as far as might be, into the region of
impersonality, were not altogether without
lirai. owing to the earnestness of those en-
gaged in the discussion and to the reality of
the problem presented, for the Social Science
Club was made up of persons professing every
possible shade of economic philosophy. Some
of the subjects considered were as follows :
"When is it Right for the Individual to Resist
the State ?" "Do We Need a Stronger Govern-
ment?" "Altruism and Economics," "The So-
cial Inferno," ''The Problem of the Poor,"
"The Aim of Punishment," "Organized La-
bor," "Economic Principles of Democracy,"
"Justice," "Marriage," "What can Women do
for Women?" "Natural Rights," "Is Social
Democracy Possible?" and "Social Evolu-
tion."
In the autumn of 1895, in consequence of
Dr. Holland's failing health, the Social Science
Club regretfully disbanded.
Mary McConxell Blaisdell.
Social Settlement, St. Louis. — The
Social Settlement idea, which is so rapidly ex-
tending in the large cities of England and the
United States, is simply a practical working
out of the belief in universal brotherhood. A
household is established in a congested tene-
ment district which is carried on by permanent
residents, reinforced by temporary residents,
the latter giving such time as they can spare
from the claims of other duties, remaining gen-
erally for a month at a time. The. promoters
of Social Settlements believe that by residence
among the people upon whom the hardships
of life fall heaviest, thus sharing to some ex-
tent their circumstances and environments,
they can best understand and sympathize with
them, win their friendship and confidence, and I
be truly their neighbors and helpers. Such
residence has, in some instances, changed the
character of an entire district, not only moral-
ly and socially, but by causing improvements
in streets and buildings, and in general sanita-
tion, which results could be accomplished
only through intelligent and persistent effort
1 if actual residents.
I he St. Louis Social Settlement owes its
beginning and successful continuance to the
warm heart, bright intellect and untiring la-
bors of Mrs. Lucy A. Wiggin, who, though
SOCIETE DU 14 JUILLET.
2095
constantly fulfilling the arduous duties of a
teacher in the public schools, has in addition
carried on this exacting enterprise with equal
energy and ability. It is a further develop-
ment of the Working Girls' Free Library and
Evening School, located for so many years on
Lafayette Avenue, which was started by Mrs.
Wiggin in 1886, for the benefit of girls em-
ployed in mills and factories, and which, after
nine successful years, led to the Social Settle-
ment, which covers a wider field of usefulness.
In September, 1895, a house was secured on
Second and Victor Streets, where the Settle-
ment was organized. The first floor consists
of a large assembly hall, which is also the li-
brary, and above this are six living rooms.
Here a home life is maintained, and pleasant
and hospitable relations with the neighbors
are cultivated. Mrs. biggin, as manager of
the Settlement, has resided there much of the
time, Mrs. Virginia C. Logie relieving Mrs.
Wiggin from August, 1897, until April, 1898.
Among others who have been residents are
Mrs. S. E. Fifield, Miss L. E. M. Smith, and
Mr. L. D. Goodman. Much help is received
from outside workers, who assist with classes
and contribute to the various entertainments
and other features of the work, among them
being Mr. E. H. Babbitt, Miss Rugg, Miss L.
M. Clinton, Miss Barlow, and others. The
library is open on Sunday afternoons and is a
center from which good has radiated. The
evenings of the week are devoted to the vari-
ous clubs, among which are the "Lend a
Hand," whose membership includes girls
from ten to eighteen years old, who are enter-
tained with stories, recitations and music ; the
"Young Women's Ideal Club," whose object
is entertainment and mutual benefit ; and a
"Young Men's Club." One evening is set
apart for little boys who are brought in from
the streets and entertained with games, music
and stories. The little girls have formed a
"Beautiful Lady Club." A sewing school is
carried on Saturday afternoons, to which the
mothers are invited. Lessons in physical cul-
ture and dancing have also been given, and a
great number of literary and musical entertain-
ments. A number of boys, girls, and mothers
with their babies, were afforded, by groups of
from ten to twenty at a time, a week's vacation
at Le Claire, Illinois. Numerous excursions
have also been arranged, and an annual picnic
is held at Mrs. Wiggin's home in the suburbs.
It was found that many infants and small chil-
dren were left to the insufficient care of older
children while their mothers were away at
work. This led to the opening of a day nur-
sery in an adjacent building, where the little
ones are well cared for from 6 a. m. to 7 p. m.,
the mothers who can do so paying five cents
a day for each child. Employment and aid
have also been obtained for many. The aver-
age weekly attendance at the various clubs and
classes has been 310, and would be greater if
the quarters were larger and better adapted to
the purposes of the work. The hall is crowded
at the entertainments. The main source of
revenue has been the annual gift of one hun-
dred dollars each from the following gentle-
men and business firms acquainted with the
work from the start: Colonel George E.
Leighton, Mr. Emerson MacMillan, New
York; the late Mr. B. H. Brownell, Mr. Ellis
Wainwright, the late Mr. James T. Drum-
mond, the Catlin Tobacco Company, and the
Drummond Tobacco Company, Mr. Joseph
Franklin, Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Culver, and
many other men and women have also lent
generous assistance to the pioneer Social Set-
tlement of St. Louis. Such an institution is
constructive and benefits the community by
cutting off the supply of new recruits drifting
annually, in all great cities, to vicious lives.
Sooiete du 1-t Juillet. — On the 14th
day of July, 1880, the first St. Louis celebra-
tion of the French National Fete took place.
Since that date the fete has been one of the
annual amusement features of St. Louis. Its
object is to befittingly commemorate the bene-
ficial results to humanity which accrued from
the French Revolution in the death of feudal-
ism and the birth of universal liberty. The
fete is annually held in a public garden or park,
which is handsomely decorated and illumi-
nated, and the program consists of two ora-
tions, one in French and one in English, by
prominent citizens, an address in English by
the mayor of the city, and one in French by the
consular agent of France. The "Marseillaise,"
the "Salut a la France." the "Star Spangled
Banner," and "Hail Columbia" are sung by
noted lady singers in appropriate costumes.
A musical concert composed of classic and
popular French and American selections, a
generous display of fireworks, an a! fresco
ball, and other features, yearly bring five or
six thousand people to the celebration. The
fete is not an exclusively French one, as fully
2096
SOCIETY OF ACCOUNTANTS— SOLDAN.
one-half of the yearly attendance is composed
of naturalized Swiss, Belgians and Canadians,
descendants of French people born in the
United States, and Americans. In the decora-
tions every French Hag is crossed by an
American, and the bunting of the two nations
intertwine. Many inconveniences having
arisen in the conduct of the fete from the want
of a regularly organized and responsible asso-
ciation to take charge of its many preparatory
details, the Society of the 14th of July was
founded in March, 1S96. since which date it
has had exclusive charge of the fete. The So-
ciete du 14 Juillet now numbers seventy mem-
bers, its officers for 1899-1900 are: Presi-
dent. Dr. Armand Derivaux; vice-presidents,
Eugene Felix and Alexander N. De Menil;
secretary, Paul E. Juillard; treasurer, Gustave
M. Biston; directors, Francis Kuhn, Louis B.
Gabard, Joseph Bornecque, Professor Paul
Peltier. Louis Guyot and Joseph M. Layat;
honorary president, Louis Seguenot, consu-
lar agent 1 >f France.
Alexander N. De Menil.
Society of Accountants. — The St.
Louis Society of Accountants was organized
< Vtober 14, [896, with F. J. Spindler as presi-
dent ; C. A. Sweetland, vice-president ; Charles
H. Lyle. secretary; F. J. Dardis, treasurer,
and E. E. Hickok, librarian. The object is
"the mutual benefit and welfare of its members
by uniting fraternally all accountants and
bookkeepers who are morally and sociably eli-
gible and acceptable, and competent in their
profession." It was at one time a member of
a national federation, called the National So-
ciet\ of Accountants, but this body was al-
lowed to fall to pieces, and now the local so-
cieties in the large cities act by themselves.
In [898 it had about sixty members.
Sodalities. — See "Catholic Societies."
Soderer, Alois, was born in Baden,
Germany, November _>_>, [816, son of August
and Catherina (Neidinger) Soderer. and died
in St. Louis. March 31, [899. He receive. 1 a
good education and then spent several years
in Marseilles and Paris, France, where he
learned the butcher's trade, which be had thor-
oughly mastered before coming to this coun-
try, lie came to the United Stales in [837,
and first established himself in business at
Louisville, Kentucky. After remaining there
a year he came to St. Louis and soon built up
a prosperous butchering establishment and
meat market in this city, with slaughter houses
located at Twenty-third Street and Franklin
Avenue, and with sales stall at the old Round
Top Market, at Third and O'Fallon Streets.
While thus engaged his surplus earnings were
very judiciously invested in real estate, and as
the business in which he was engaged was a
lucrative one in those days, he acquired a very
considerable amount of realty within a few
years after he came to this city. In the fall of
1843 he returned to Germany and spent sev-
eral months visiting his old home and the
scenes with which be bad been familiar in his
earlv life. After coming back to St. Louis
he continued in the meat trade until 1856,
when he turned his attention to the improve-
ment of real property which he had acquired,
erecting numerous buildings and making
many improvements creditable to the city, as
well as to himself. He continued the work
thus begun until, in 1898, he was the owner of
four store buildings on Franklin Avenue, six
store buildings on Market Street, two store
buildings on Morgan Street, and numerous
dwellings on Twenty-third Street and Franklin
Avenue. In all, he had erected and was the
owner of forty-three buildings, a very substan-
tial contribution to the growth and improve-
ment of St. Louis. In 1853 he removed to the
country and lived in a rural neighborhood un-
til 1868. In the year last named he returned
to the city, where he resided until his death.
He revisited Europe, accompanied by his
wife, in 1882 ; at different times traveled exten-
sively in this country, and after 1896 lived in
retirement, giving himself up to the quiet en-
joyment of his ample fortune. In politics he
was a Republican, and in religion a Catholic.
May 1, 1844, ^lr- Soderer married Miss Caro-
line Jackman, then a resident of Baden, Ger-
many. Four children born of their union
survive, of whom Caroline is now the wife of
Frank Simon, of St. Louis; Josephine is the
wife of Adam Weber, of St. Louis; and Min-
nie is the wife of Gustave Schuchmann, of St.
Louis. Alice Soderer is unmarried.
Soldan, Frank Lonis, educator, was
born < Ictober 20, 1842, in Frankfort-on-the-
Main, 1 iermany, son of John J. and Caroline
(Elssman) Soldan. He was educated in the
German schools and came to the United States
and to St. Louis a youth twenty years of age. '
SOLDIERS, FIRST IN ST. LOUIS-SOLDIERS' HOME.
2097
The year 1863 was the date of his arrival in this
city, and in 1864 he assumed charge as princi-
pal of one of the largest private schools in the
city, which was then located on Broadway,
near Market Street. He was principal of this
school until 1868, in which year he was ap-
pointed teacher of modern languages in the
St. Louis High School. While thus engaged
he took a leading part in the monthly meet-
ings of teachers in the literary and
scientific work of several organizations,
&nd presented a number of essays and
papers in various societies which stamped
him as a profound thinker and close
student. Dr. William T. Harris, now chief of
the bureau of education of the L'nited States,
was then superintendent of schools in St.
Louis, and Mr. Soldan belonged to the little
circle of scholarly men and women who gath-
ered about him for the study of philosophy.
In 1870 he was appointed assistant superin-
tendent of public schools, and during his in-
cumbency of this office did important work.
In the primary department of the schools the
introduction of the system of writing, instead
of printing, the letters on the slates, and of
arithmetic, into the work of the first year were
to a great extent due to his efforts.
In 1871 he was made principal of the Nor-
mal School, and under his management it be-
came widely known for its efficiency and high
character as an educational institution. In
the fall of 1887 the High School and Normal
School were united under his management and
in this broader sphere the value of his services
in behalf of popular education was greatly in-
creased and he gained added celebrity both on
account of his ability as a teacher and as an
executive officer. In 1895 the St. Louis
School Board tendered him, unsolicited, the
position of superintendent of the schools of St.
Louis, and two years later, when an entirely
new board of education was placed in charge
of the schools through a change in the school
laws, he was unanimously re-elected to the
office of superintendent of instruction. Mr.
Soldan's educational work as a writer and a
lecturer has extended far beyond the limits of
St. Louis and has caused him to become rec-
ognized through the country at large as one
of the ablest educators identified with the pub-
lic school system. The papers which he has
presented, from time to time, before the Na-
tional Educational Association have al-
wavs found a circle of attentive listen-
ers and readers. In 1883, at the meet-
ing of the association held at Madison,
Wisconsin, at which over seven thousand
teachers were in attendance, he was elected
president of the association. In 1880 he re-
ceived a call from South Carolina to organize
the first Normal Institute for teachers held in
that State, and the success of this enterprise
was an important factor in accelerating the
educational revival which Hugh S. Thompson,
later Governor of the State, Professor E. S.
Joynes, and their associates brought about,
and which led to the re-establishment of the
time-honored LTniversity of South Carolina,
and in the renewal of educational activity and
enthusiasm throughout the State. Mr. Sol-
dan's contribution to the cause of popular edu-
cation in this connection was thoroughly ap-
preciated by the South Carolina educators,
and at the first commencement exercises of the
re-established South Carolina LTniversity that
institution honored him by conferring upon
him the degree of doctor of laws. He has
done much literary work in addition to his ed-
ucational activity, and during the past twenty-
five years has delivered series of lectures each
winter in St. Louis and elsewhere on literary
and philosophical subjects.
Soldiers, First in St. Louis. — When
Captain St. Ange de Bellerive came to St.
Louis in 1765, after surrendering the Illinois
country to the representatives of the British
government, he brought with him about twen-
ty soldiers, who had constituted a portion of
the garrison of Fort Chartres. These were
the first soldiers stationed at the new settle-
ment. Captain Francisco Rios, who built old
Fort Charles the Prince (which see), brought
the second company of soldiers to St. Louis,
in 1767. One company of the Spanish regi-
ment called the "Stationary Regiment of
Louisiana" was stationed at St. Louis during
the thirty-five years of Spanish domination.
These troops served as a kind of military po-
lice under command of the Lieutenant-f lov-
Soldiers' Home. — This institution, lo-
cated at St. James, in Phelps County. Mis-
souri, on the St. Louis & San Francisco
Railroad, had its origin in a meeting of the
Women's Relief Corps of Missouri, an organ-
ization for the relief of sick and wounded
Union soldiers during: the Civil War. There
SOLDIERS ORPHANS' HOME— SONS OF MALTA.
had been established after the war, in various
States, asylums and homes for soldiers alone
— and at a meeting of Blair Post, No. 3, of the
Women's Relief Corps, in the year 1891, the
suggestion was made that there was needed
in Missouri a soldiers' home. It was favor-
ably received, and arrangements were begun
for securing such an institution. A circular
—ued soliciting contributions and invit-
ing propositions for a site. The result was the
location of the home at St. James, in Phelps
County, one hundred miles from St. Louis —
the mansion being the gift of the mayor and
citizens of St. James. For one year the prop-
erty was held by a board of trustees in trust
for the Women's Relief Corps, and then it was
formally presented to that organization. In
1894 it was incorporated, representing, with
the house and fifty-nine acres of ground, a
value of $10,000. Money for the support of
the home was secured by donations, enter-
tainments, and a booth conducted by the Re-
lief Corps in the St. Louis Exposition. The
formal dedication took place in St. James on
the 25th of October, 1896, the occasion being
doubly memorable by a mournful event con-
nected with it. A large excursion party that
left St. Louis on the St. Louis & San Fran-
cisco Railroad, in the morning, came in col-
lision with another train at Valley Park, re-
sulting in ten persons being killed and a num-
ber wounded — the most distressing railroad
casualty since the Gasconade Bridge accident
in [855. A year after the dedication of the
home it was taken in charge by the State, and
made a State institution, supported by regular
appropriations from the State Treasury. The
act of the Legislature provides for the estab-
lishment and maintenance of "a home for dis-
abled and indigent, honorably discharged
I • deral soldiers and sailors of Missouri of the
Civil and Mexican Wars, and their aged wives,
and the honorably discharged indigent army
nurses who served in the Federal Army." In
addition to the State appropriation, the Fed-
eral government gives $100 a year for each in-
mate. In [898 there were about seventy in-
mates, twelve of them being females, W. D.
I randall being superintendent and Georgia
( 'randall matron.
Soldiers' Orphans' Home.— An in-
stitution established in 1862 by the West-
ern Sanitary ( ommission of which James E.
Veatman, Carlos Greeley, Rev. Dr. Eliot, Dr.
J. B. Johnson and George Partridge were ac-
tive members. The business of the sanitary
commission was to look after sick and
wounded Union soldiers in the Civil War, and
when the war was over it had a considerable
amount of money in its hands which it used for
the purchase of Webster College, at Webster
Groves, for a home for soldiers' orphans. Ad-
ditional buildings were erected and the insti-
tution placed in charge of ladies with a board
of gentlemen managers. At one time there
were one hundred orphans in the home, but
the number diminished with the lapse of years,
until only half a dozen were left, and then the
institution was turned over to the Protestant
Home on Seventh Street, between Morgan
and Franklin Avenue, in which a pestilence
was prevailing, requiring the removal of the
inmates, the sanitary commission receiving
$34,000 for the property. The Protestant
Home was moved to Webster Groves and has
had possession of the buildings ever since.
Sons of Benjamin. — A Jewish frater-
nal and benevolent organization which origi-
nated in New York, and the governing body of
which maintains its headquarters in that city.
There are three lodges of the order in St.
Louis.
Sons of Herman. — A secret society,
which is composed exclusively of Germans,
and which was organized in New York, in
1840. It combines social, fraternal and bene-
fit features, and has steadily grown in popular
favor in St. Louis since the organization of the
first lodge here, in 1867. The charter mem-
bers of this lodge were Alexander Bergfield,
Hermann Huss, Louis Kusehagen, Heinrich
Wiecke and A. M. Beck. The grand lodge of
Missouri was organized February 28, 1868,
with Alexander Bergfield as grand president;
H. W. Lindemann, grand vice-president ; W.
II. Mueller, grand secretary; F. Zoll, grand
treasurer; Hermann Huss, grand guide; and
Louis Kusehagen, grand sentinel. All of the
first officers of the grand lodge were members
of the three St. Louis lodges then in existence.
There were twenty-four lodges in existence in
tlie city in T89S.
Sons of Malta. — A mystic society, which
came into existence in St. Louis in 1855,
ami which about the same time seems to have
been represented in nearly all the larger, and
SONS OF ST. GEORGE— SONS OF TEMPERANCE.
2099
many of the smaller, cities of the country. It
is said to have originated at Mobile, Alabama,
once the queen of mystic society cities, and
to have been, in a sense, the outgrowth of
Mardi Gras festivities. The chief purpose of
its existence was to provide fun and merriment
for its members, but the genial spirits who
were attracted to the organization were no
less prone to make generous exhibitions of
their sympathy with suffering mankind than
they were to laugh at the follies of their fel-
lows. The first lodge of Sons of Malta was
organized, and its meetings were held in a
room over the banking house of Allen, Copp
& Nisbet, at the corner of Second and Chest-
nut Streets, and at a later date there were at
the same time two lodges in existence in the
city, one of which held its meetings over De
Bars' Theater, while the other met in rooms
over the Chestnut Street police station. The
code of ceremonies of the order appears to
have been a flexible one, subject to such modi-
fications as the temper of a candidate for initi-
ation might render expedient, or such innova-
tions as circumstances and the wit of the initi-
ated might suggest. The initiatory ceremonies
were the source of all the merriment and hi-
larity for which the institution became famous,
and were of a most ludicrous and mirth-pro-
voking character. Staid and dignified men
were solicited to become members in some in-
stances, and, having passed through the ordeal
of making themselves ridiculous for the
amusement of others, were not averse to tak-
ing their places among those who laughed at
the antics of later victims. The St. Louis
lodges, which, at that time, had a membership
of more than one thousand, were largely com-
posed, however, of men, then young, many
of whom have since become prominent in vari-
ous walks of life, and some of whom still de-
light their friends with reminiscences in this
connection. While the society of the Sons of
Malta is remembered as a fun-loving and fun-
making organization, many beneficent acts
should appear to its credit in the record of its
existence. All the moneys which it collected,
save what was necessary to pay rent, gas bills
and other incidental expenses, were appro-
priated to charitable uses, and systematic ef-
forts were made under its auspices to seek out
and relieve those in distress. While the insti-
tution existed in St. Louis, it was not an in-
frequent occurrence for one hundred Sons of
Malta to assemble at their "den," or lodge
room, organize themselves into a grotesque
procession of hooded and sheeted figures, and
march to previously designated houses of poor
and needy people to supply them with food and
other necessaries of life. On other occasions,
wagons, loaded with flour, meat and provis-
ions, formed a feature of these "Good Samari-
tan" processions, and widows and orphans
blessed the Sons of Malta for their bounteous
gifts. During the winter of 1855-6 there was
much suffering among the poor of St. Louis
on account of the long continuance of intensely
cold weather, and many of those who felt the
rigors of that winter were indebted to this or-
der for timely assistance. It continued in ex-
istence in St. Louis until 1861, when Provost
Marshal McKinstry destroyed the furnishings
of its lodge room, and issued an order prohib-
iting further meetings, giving as a reason for
so doing, its alleged disloyalty to the govern-
ment. An expose of coarse and vulgar fea-
tures of the order's ritual appeared in Frank
Leslie's illustrated newspaper in i860, and
public sentiment became arrayed against it to
such an extent that within a few years there-
after it ceased to exist.
Sons of St. George. — This order,
named after the patron saint of England, orig-
inated in Pennsylvania, in 1876. It is a secret
benefit society composed of persons born in
England, or whose father or grandfather or
mother or grandmother was English. The
membership age is between eighteen and fifty
years, and a belief in a Supreme Being is one
of the conditions required. The order in the
LTnited States numbers about forty-five thou-
sand members, with four hundred and twen-
ty-three lodges. Wellington Lodge, No. 419,
was established in St. Louis March 8, 1897.
Nelson Lodge was organized in St. Louis, No-
vember, 1898. The lodge meetings are held
the second and fourth Mondays of each month.
Sons of Temperance. — The name of
a fraternal order, designed to promote total
abstinence from the use of intoxicating liquors.
It was founded in New York in the year 1842,
and had the attraction of being a secret or-
ganization with pleasing ritualistic features.
A great wave of temperance sentiment was
sweeping over the country at that time, and
the organization spread rapidly to all parts of
the United States and Canada. The national
division of the order was petitioned by A.
SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
Spalding and others for a dispensation to
found a division in St. Louis, in February of
1X44. The dispensation was granted in due
time, and St. Louis Division, No. 1. was insti-
tuted the same year. In 1847 the Grand Di-
vision of Missouri was instituted by William
S. Stewart, deputy M. W. P., with Rev. C. B.
Parsons, D. D., as first grand worthy patri-
arch. There were at that time five divisions
in the State, and among those prominent in
advancing the work of the order in Missouri
were Bernard Bryan, Ira Vail, J. R. Lackland,
Rev. \Y. Z. Prottsman, Jonathan Jones, and
others. The representative of the State in the
National Division reported 3,370 members in
the divisions of Missouri, in 1841). In 1858
there were twenty-eight divisions in St. Louis,
and 1 nit.' hundred divisions in all, in the State.
The Civil War blighted this organization, as it
<lid many other institutions, and its member-
ship declined until the order ceased to exist in
St. Louis.
Sons of the American Revolution.
1 he public festivities in the cities ct tne land
celebrating the hundredth anniversaries of
the principal events of the Revolution, rekin-
dled the tires of patriotism in the hearts of the
people. Jt was then discovered that the old
Revolutionan soldiers had disappeared; that
historic landmarks in large cities had given
way to new buildings; that many of the Revo-
lutionarj battlefields were destitute of tablets
Or stones commemorating the deeds of our
anc< stors; the graves of Revolutionary heroes
were lost or forgotten, and that the utilitarian
age was crowding sentiment and gratitude out
of existence. • Mi ( Ictober 22, 1875, a meet-
ing was held in San Francisco, where the idea
of organizing the descendants of Revolution-
ary soldiers and sailors was suggested. It
was determined thai in the celebration of
the 4th of July. 1S70. the sons ami grand-
- 'ii- > if -neli -1 ildiers should he a feature of the
parade. Nearly forty of such descendants
i' " '1. pari in tie processii m in San Franciso 1
on that day. When the parade was over these
descendants marched to the Palace Motel and
organized a society, which still exists, and is
now the California Society of the Son, of the
\merican Revolution. The name of the or-
ation a! that time was "The Si ms - \< \
olutionary Sires." "Lineal descent, g 1
character and fair repute" were the only tests
of membership. The organization provided
for a junior society, auxiliary local branches,
coequal societies in other States, and a repre-
sentative national body.
The matter of organizing such a society also
was talked of in the East, and it is said that a
call was made in 1876 for a meeting on Feb-
ruarv _>2d to organize an association of the
"Sons of the Revolution," but no definite ac-
tion was taken until December 4, 1883, when
that society was organized at Fraunces' Tav-
ern, in New York, and April 19, 1884, a con-
stitution was adopted. The New York so-
cietv was more social in its character than the
California society, and the membership was
not limited to lineal descendants, but accept-
able collaterals were admitted. Some differ-
ence- as to the character of the organization
arose between those who were anxious to or-
ganize State societies and the New York so-
ciety, which claimed that the other organiza-
tions should be auxiliary branches to the New
York society, which was not satisfactory to
some of the other States.
In 1888, at the instigation of Revolutionary
descendants in New Jersey, the idea was
adopted of organizing State societies of Sons
of the Revolution, and calling a convention of i
the whole for the purpose of national organi-
zation. The object was not to organize a sep-
arate society, but to see if differences could
not be harmonized. This convention met in j
New Yortc, April 30. 1889, the hundredth an- j
niversary of Washington's inauguration as j
President. Every existing society was invited .
and delegates from thirteen were present, in-
eluding California. The New York society
refused to recognize the others except as aux- ]
iliary branches, and took no further part in the
convention. Pennsylvania affiliated with New
Y'ork. The other States, after careful consid- J
eration, formed a national society, based upon
the equality of the States, and chose the name '
of "The Sons of the American Revolution."
"The Sons of the American Revolution" be-
gan their independent existence with eighteen
State-, the "Sons of the Revolution" had two.
Several years later the "Sons of the Revolu-
tion" repealed the clause in their constitution
which had made the breach, and began or-
ganizing State societies, and now have such
State societies in many of the States, and later
they repealed the clause of their constitution
admitting collaterals. Henry Hall, the his-
torian-general of the Sons of the American
Revolution, in a report made to the national
SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
2101
society in 1897, from which the above facts
are taken, says : "'As for the Sons of the Amer-
ican Revolution, their popular methods, their
thorough Americanism, their public spirit and
incessant enterprise, their exclusion of collat-
erals and rigid examination of credentials have
so commended them that they have won gen-
eral approbation, and thousands of men of the
highest professional, financial and social sta-
tion have joined their membership, and they
have so stimulated patriotic sentiment that the
United States is filled with hereditary associa-
tions. They have never knowingly admitted
any person not of lineal descent. It is they
who established the annual celebration of Flag
Day, the formation of local chapters, the sys-
tem of open monthly meetings and free dis-
cussion."
The object of the two societies is practically
the same, and within recent years there is very
little substantial difference between the two
societies. In 1893 negotiations as to the con-
solidation of the two societies, which was
greatly desired by the rank and file of both,
failed by the action of the Sons of the Revo-
lution requiring new conditions to be added
to the "basis of union" after such basis had
been unanimously reported by a joint com-
mittee appointed from the two societies : and
later, in 1897. negotiations looking to a union
of the two societies resulted in the appoint-
ment of committees from each, which made a
report which was considered by the respective
national societies in Cincinnati in October,
1897, and was adopted by the Sons of the
American Revolution, and also by the Sons
of the Revolution, with the condition that it
should be submitted to the State societies for
ratification. This was done, and substantially
all of the State societies of the Sons of the
American Revolution adopted the proposed
constitution for the united societies, but the
majority of the State societies of the Sons of
the Revolution, under the leadership of the
New York society, declined to ratifv the ac-
tion of their national society, and the two
i bodies still remain separate. This is greatlv
to be regretted, as it impairs the efficiency of
j both ; keeps many eligible and patriotic de-
scendants of Revolutionary sires out of both
i organizations, and greatly disparages the in-
1 fluence of both societies. It is to be hoped
that wiser counsels will prevail, and the two
1 societies will unite in the near future on some
I satisfactory basis.
The object of the society of the Sons of the
American Revolution is thus stated in its na-
tional constitution : "The objects of this so-
ciety shall be to perpetuate the memory of the
men who, by their services or sacrifices dur-
ing the War of the American Revolution,
achieved the independence of the American
people ; to unite and promote fellowship
among their descendants ; to inspire them and
the community at large with a more profound
reverence for the principles of the govern-
ment founded by our forefathers ; to encour-
age historical research in relation to the Amer-
ican Revolution ; to acquire and preserve the
records of the individual services of the patri-
ots of the war, as well as documents, relics and
landmarks; to mark the scenes of the Revolu-
tion by appropriate memorials ; to celebrate
the anniversaries of the prominent events of
the war ; to foster true patriotism ; to main-
tain and extend the institutions of American
freedom, and to carry out the purposes ex-
pressed in the preamble to the Constitution of
our country and the injunctions of Washing-
ton in his farewell address to the American
people."
In 1898 the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion aggregated 9,141 active members. There
are thirty-eight State societies, including one
in the District of Columbia, one in Hawaii and
one in France. Among its members are some
of the most distinguished men of the times,
such as the I 'resident of the United States,
senators, foreign ambassadors, members of
Congress, Governors of States, and many who
have attained distinction in their profession
or in business. The society is intensely demo-
cratic, making no test of membership save that
of lineal descent from Revolutionary stock
and reputable character. It is patriotic rather
than social, although its annual banquets
show that a spirit of comradeship exists among
its members. The present officers of the na-
tional society are as follows : Honorable Ed-
win Shepard Barrett, of Concord, Massachu-
setts, president ; Honorable Franklin Murphy,
Newark, New Jersey; General Joseph C.
Breckinridge, U. S. A., Washington. D. C. ;
General Thomas M. Anderson. U. S. A., Ma-
nilla ; Honorable James M. Richardson. Cleve-
land, Ohio; Honorable John Whitehead, Mor-
ristown. New Jersey, vice-presidents ; Captain
Samuel E. Gross, Chicago, Illinois, secretary :
General C. W. Haskins, New York City, treas-
urer; General A. Howard Clark, Washington,
2102
SONS OF THE REVOLUTION.
D. C, registrar-general; Honorable Edward
M. Gallondet, Washington, D. C, historian-
general ; Rev. Rufus \\ . ( lark, 1 ). D., Detroit.
Michigan, chaplain-general.
The Missouri society of the Sons of the
American Revolution was organized April 23.
iSSi 1. and in that year became a member of the
national society. Its first president was Jo-
siah Fogg. It was incorporated March 10.
1891, with the Honorable Nathan Cole as
president. He was succeeded by the Honor-
able Edward C. Cabell, and he by the Honor-
able Geo. E. Leighton. The society has about
two hundred members, with a large chapter
in Kansas City, and members in various parts
of the State. Its present general officers are
as follows : Honorable George H. Shields,
president; Honorable E. O. Stanard, Honor-
able J. L. Robards. Honorable Gains Paddock,
Honorable C. II. Sampson, vice-presidents;
Judge Sam'l Treat. Honorable Ceo. E. Leigh-
ton. Honorable Nathan Cole, Honorable Jo-
siah Fogg, honorary vice-presidents; Melvin
H. Stearns, secretary: I. Shreve Carter, treas-
urer; J. M. Fulton, registrar; Horace Kep-
liart, historian; Rev. S. J. Niccolls, D. D..
chaplain. George H. Shields.
Sons of the Revolution. — The centen-
nial anniversary of American independence in
[876 led to the organization of the society of
the Sons of the Revolution, in a call issued
by Mr. John Austin Stevens, of New York,
inviting all who were descended from officers
or soldiers to meet at the rooms of the New
York Historical Society, February 22, [876,
to organize a society under the name of "Sons
of the Revolution." Up to this time the So-
ciety of the Cincinnati, organized in [783 by
the officers of the Revolution, had been the
only society commemorating that period. The
membership having always been limited to
one descendant al a ti - Idesl male
line of an officer, had restricted its growth, and
1 neral observance of the centennial anni-
versary led to a demand for a societ) organ-
ized on broader lim s, so as to admit all de-
1 mts, whethi ■ d from an officer,
soldier, sailor or one prominenl in the civil
service.
After the organization in 1876, and on ac-
count 1 if a want of public interest, the
lay dormant until December 4, 1883, whei m
the occasion of the one hundredth anniver
sarv of Washington's farewell to his officers.
the society was revived at a banquet held at
Fraunces' Tavern, in New York, in the identi-
cal room where Washington had formally
bade farewell to his officers. Shortly after-
ward the Pennsylvania society was organized,
then the District of Columbia, and in 1890 a
general society was formed, which is now rep-
resented in thirty-one States, with a member-
ship of 7,000.
The societ}' is strictly a non-political, non-
partisan, non-secret organization, but is patri-
otic in its broadest sense, and is organized to
''keep alive among ourselves and our descend-
ants the patriotic spirit of the men who, in
military, naval or civil service, by their acts or
counsel, achieved American independence; to
collect and secure for preservation the manu-
script rolls, records and other documents re-
lating to the War of the Revolution, and to
promote intercourse and good feeling among
its members, now and hereafter."
The eligibility rules require an applicant to
be a lineal male descendant, above the age of
twenty-one years, from an ancestor who was
either a military, naval or marine officer, sol-
dier or sailor, or marine or official in the serv-
ice of any one of the thirteen original colonies
or States, or of the national government rep-
resenting or composed of those colonies or
States, assisted in establishing American in-
dependence during the War of the Revolution
between the 19th day of April, 1775, when
hostilities commenced, and the 19th day of
April, 1783, when they were ordered to cease.
An official in the civil service must have been
of such a character as to have caused the ar-
rest of the official for treason against Great
Britain.
The society of the Sons of the Revolu-
tion in Missouri was organized in St. Louis,
February 22, 1894, with forty-nine charter
members. It has had a steady and remark-
able growth, and now numbers 400 members.
There are two local chapters auxiliary to t lie
State society, one at Kansas City, with ninety
members, and at St. Joseph, with fifty mem-
bers. The State society celebrates Washing!
ton's birthday in St. Louis by a banquet, and
is engaged in enlisting the attention of the
pupils of the High Schools and schools of
equal grade in the State of Missouri in the
study of the history of the Revolution by of-
fering gold, silver and bronze medals as prizes
for the most meritorious essays. The medals
are presented to the successful contestants at
(
SONS OF VETERANS— SOPER.
2103
the banquet of the society February 22d each
year, and the idea has proven very popular
among the scholars.
The present officers of the State society are :
President, Rt. Rev. Daniel Sylvester Tuttle,
D. D., S. T. D., St. Louis ; vice-president,
Honorable Henry Hitchcock, St. Louis ; sec-
ond vice-president, Captain Abiel Leonard
Smith, U. S. A., Kansas City ; third vice-presi-
dent, Honorable Amos Madden Thayer, St.
Louis ; secretary, Henry Cadle, Bethany ; as-
sistant secretary, Ewing McGready Sloan, St.
Louis ; registrar, Thomas James, Kansas
City ; treasurer, Henry Purkitt Wyman, St.
Louis, 101 South Main Street; chaplain, Rev.
Michael Burnham, D. D., St. Louis; historian,
Professor Calvin Milton Woodward, Ph. D.,
St. Louis; marshal, Alfred Lee Shapleigh, St.
Louis ; board of managers, Rt. Rev. Daniel
Sylvester Tuttle, Honorable Henry Hitch-
cock, Henry Cadle, William Goddin Boyd,
Stoughton Walker, James Hamilton Mc-
Cord, John Alexander Ross, James Lawrence
Blair, Wallace Delafield, George Amos New-
comb, Norris Bradford Gregg, Honorable
Selden Palmer Spencer, George Oliver Car-
penter, Jr., Robert Elisha Carr, William
Magraw Reid ; delegates to general society,
Henry Cadle, Edwin McKaig Clendening,
Henry Clarkson Scott, Milton Tootle, Jr.,
Charles Breck Adams ; alternates, William
Romaine Hodges, Howard Elliott, Robert
McCulloch, James Lewis Lombard, Walter
Bond Dousdas.
Henry Cadle.
Sons of Veterans. — The military order
'of Sons of Veterans owes its origin to Major
I A. P. Davis, who instituted the first camp in
I Philadelphia in 1878. A national organiza-
tion was effected at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania,
in 1881, and in 1897 there were in the United
.States 680 camps, with an aggregate member-
jship of 33,000. Like the Society of the Cin-
cinnati, established immediately after the Rev-
olutionary War, it was designed to perpetu-
!ate the memory of the achievements of Amer-
ican patriots who had served their country on
fthe field of battle, through the bonding to-
jgether in fraternal relationship of their male
[descendants. Those admitted to membership
jare the sons of officers and soldiers who served
in the Union Army during the Civil War who
have reached fhe age of eighteen years, and
jare of good moral character, and provision
;has since been made for the perpetuation of
the order through successive generations.
During the earlier years of its existence the
membership of the order was confined mainly
to the Eastern States, but in time was ex-
tended throughout all the Northern States.
The first camp organized in Missouri was in-
stituted at St. Joseph in 1883. In the same
year General George H. Thomas Camp was
organized in St. Louis with fifteen charter
members, two of whom are Charles A. Schoen-
ing and Charles C. Belke, still actively identi-
fied with the work of the order. At the end
of an existence of four years, this camp sur-
rendered its charter. In the fall of 1885 the ten
camps then in existence in the State, through
duly chosen representatives, formed the Mis-
souri Division of the Sons of Veterans, elect-
ing Charles S. Crysler colonel in command of
the division. The next camp organized in St.
Louis was General F. Schaefer Camp, No. 28,
which came into existence October 28, 1886.
Since then the following camps have been in-
stituted in the city: General John C. Fre-
mont Camp, Xo. 35, February 3, 1887; Ad-
miral Porter Camp, No. 47, May n, 1887;
General John W. Noble Camp, No. 51, June
3, 1887; Colonel D. P. Slattery Camp, No. 85,
September 7, 1888; Major Leo Rassieur
Camp, No. 4, July 21, 1893, and Elijah P.
Lovejoy Camp, No. 100, composed of colored
men, March 19, 1889. The first division com-
nrander elected from St. Louis was B. W.
Frauenthal. Others elected from this city
have been E. W. Raymond, 1892; E. L. Gott-
schalk, 1894, and the present division com-
mander, E. E. Schoening, elected in 1897.
The official title of the division commander is
colonel, and that of the commander of a camp,
captain. The number of camps in the State
in 1897 was forty-eight, with a membership of
955. In the city of St. Louis there were in
existence at the same time seven camps, with
a membership of 250.
Sopor, Arthur W., railway manager
and financier, was born July 16, 1838, in
Rome, New York, eldest son of Albert and
Esther Soper. He was educated at Rome
Academy under the preceptorship of Pro-
fessor Frank Moore, leaving that institution
when he was seventeen years of age to be-
gin work in his father's office and lumber
yard. He entered the railway service in 1S58.
beginning as a clerk in the freight office at
Rome, New York, of the Rome, Watertown
2104
SOULARD MARKET MISSION— SOUTHERN HOTEL.
& Ogdensburg Railroad. In 1861 he was ap-
pointed a clerk in the office of the superin-
tendent of that road, and held that position
for two years. Thereafter for one year he was
a passenger conductor on the same road, then
clerk in the general superintendent's office for
three years, and assistant superintendent for
four years. Soon after Addison Day — under
whom he had served as assistant superintend-
ent of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg
Railroad — came to St. Louis to accept the
superintendency of the St. Louis, Iron Moun-
tain & Southern Railway, he tendered Mr.
Soper the position of assistant superintendent
on this line. He accepted the position thus
offered him. and came to St. Louis in Feb-
ruary of 1871, to become identified with West-
ern railway management. Mr. Day resigned
the superintendency at the end of a year, and
Mr. Soper became his successor. At a later
date he served this corporation as general
superintendent, and still later as general man-
ager, and became recognized as one of the
most efficient and capable railway managers
in the West. The affairs of the road prospered
under his supervision, and while building up
this line of railway he contributed in no small
degree to the prosperity of St. Louis. After
ten years of service on the Iron Mountain
road he resigned the position of general man-
ager and removed to New York City to en-
gage in business there, leaving behind him in
St. Louis a host of sincere friends and admir-
ers, many leading citizens and business nun
uniting in the presentation to him of a hand-
some silver service and resolutions bearing
testimony to the esteem in which he was held.
at the time of his departure for the East.
Soon after his removal to Xew York he be-
came identified with various important inter-
ests incidental to railway enterprises, which
prospered under his management and devel-
oped to large proportions. In 1889 he be-
came president of the Safety Car Heating &
Lighting Company of Xew York, the affairs
of which he has since controlled and directed
in a remarkably successful manner. In Mr.
SopeCs mental make-up there is a happy
blending of the "suaviter in modo" and the
"fortitcr in re." Endowed with great energy,
both physical and intellectual, he is just the
kind of man who succeeds in whatever he un-
dertakes. When general manager of the St.
Louis & Iron Mountain system, under the
presidency of Mr. Thomas Allen. Mr. Soper
accomplished much for the promotion of the
commercial interests of St. Louis, for which
he is still held in grateful remembrance by the
citizens of this city.
Soulard Market Mission. — A mis-
sion organized the second Sunday in July of
1875, with an attendance of thirty-five officers,
teachers and scholars, at the corner of Eighth
Street and Chouteau Avenue. It was re-
moved to Soulard Market Hall, at the corner
of Eighth and Carroll Streets, in September
of 1877. May 27. 1896, the building which it
occupied was destroyed by the cyclone. Its
average attendance during the three months
preceding that catastrophe had been 1,046.
The corner stone of a new building for its oc-
cupancy was laid October 30, 1896, at the cor-
ner of Menard and Julia Streets, and this
building was dedicated Sunday, May 2. 1897.
The name was changed to Menard Street Mis-
sion December 29, 1896. One of the highest
tributes ever paid to an evangelizing work was
paid to this mission by the chief of police of
St. Louis, who at one time said : "The re-
straining influence of Soulard Market Mission
is worth one hundred policemen a year to that
part of the city."
South Broadway 3Ierchants' Asso-
ciation.— This association was organized
August 8, 1895, witn C. H. Thuner for presi-
dent, William Ottend for vice-president, and
E. A. Rollman for secretary, its object being
to "improve the business facilities of the mer-
chants of South Broadway, by obtaining all
possible connections with the different lines of
railway running south, southwest and west :
by the passage of such ordinances as will bene-
fit South Broadway by advertising; by festi-
vals, by parades, and by such other methods
as will attract the attention of the citizens and
families to the different merchandise offered
by the merchants of South Broadway." Reg-
ular meetings are held twice a month. In the
fall of 1897. although the association was little
more than two years old, it had given three
elaborate and beautiful parades, and distin-
guished itself for enterprise and public spirit.
Southern Hotel.— The Southern Ho-
tel was the outgrowth of a movement on the
part of public-spirited citizens of St. Louis to
supply the city with hotel accommodations
which should be in all respects equal to those
SOUTH ST. LOUIS— SOUTH SIDE DAY NURSERY ASSOCIATION. 2105
of the older and larger cities of the United
States. A stock company was chartered to
build the hotel in 1857, and the block bounded
by Fourth, Walnut, Fifth and Elm Streets was
purchased as the site of the proposed struc-
ture. Work on the foundation was begun in
1858, but the enterprise languished until i860,
when new life was infused into the project by
Thornton Grimsley, John A. Brownell, George
Knapp, Henry T. Blow, John J. Anderson,
Charles McClaren, Robert K. Woods, B. M.
Runyan and Taylor Blow, who associated
themselves together to complete the hotel.
The magnitude of the enterprise and the de-
moralization of the business of the city inci-
dent to the Civil War occasioned delays in the
work, and the building was not completed un-
til 1865. Built of stone, in the Italian style of
architecture, six stories high, it was both a
handsome and commodious structure, admir-
ably adapted in every respect to the purpose
for which it was designed. It was opened
December 6, 1865, with a grand ball, and for a
dozen years thereafter was famous among the
hotels of the United States. It was destroyed
by fire on the morning of April 11, 1877. The
guests and employes of the hotel who were
asleep in the building at the time the fire was
discovered numbered several hundred, and the
lives of those on the fourth, fifth and sixth
floors were almost immediately placed in dire
peril, the ordinary avenues of exit being shut
off by the flames which swept up the elevator
shaft, and the stifling smoke which filled the
halls and corridors. Little attempt was made
by the firemen to stay the progress of the
flames, the destruction of the building being
inevitable, but every effort was made to save
the lives of those in the doomed structure.
Many persons narrowly escaped death by fire
I or fall, and thirteen lives were lost. The vic-
tims were Rev. A. R. Adams, vicar of the
Parish of Stockross, Berkshire, England ;
George F. Gouley, secretary of the Masonic
Grand Lodge of Missouri; Henry Hazen, of
New Castle, Pennsylvania ; Charles A. Tier-
nan, Mrs. W. S. Stewart and Andrew Einst-
man, of St. Louis ; H. J. Clark, wife and child,
of North Adams, Massachusetts ; Abbie Mo-
ran, Mary Dolan and Kate Reilly, domestics
in the employ of the hotel, and an unknown
man. Other persons were reported missing,
but whether or not they perished in the flames
is unknown. A project for the rebuilding of
the hotel took definite shape in 1879, with
69
Thomas Allen and George Knapp as chief
promoters of the movement. The work of
rebuilding was prosecuted under the direction
of Mr. Allen, and a structure regarded as ab-
solutely fire-proof was erected on the site of
the burned building. It was opened with ap-
propriate ceremonies May 11, 1881, and has
since held a prominent place among the more
noted hotels of the country. It has been es-
pecially famous for the accommodations af-
forded to political conventions and other na-
tional gatherings in St. Louis.
South St. Louis. — The name given to
an addition to St. Louis dedicated May 11,
1836, by Samuel S. Rayburn, William S.
Stamps, John Withnell and twenty others. It
included territory lying between the old Arse-
nal and Marine Hospital. The name South
St. Louis, as used at the present time, applies
to all the southern portion of the city.
South St. Louis Square was dedi-
cated by the city in 1882, and contains 1.66
acres. It is situated between South Broad-
way and Pennsylvania Avenue, and Courlois
and Schirmer Streets. Trees have been
planted and improvements made at a cost of
$8,145.97. An appropriation of $800 for
maintenance was made for the fiscal year end-
ing in 1898.
South Side Day Nursery Associa-
tion.— An association organized March 17,
1886, its object being to provide perfect care
for young children whose mothers have to
leave them during the day in order to earn the
family support. After a sufficient amount of
money had been collected to inaugurate the
enterprise a building was erected at the cor-
ner of Tenth and Julia Streets, which still re-
mains the home of the pioneer of the numer-
ous day nurseries now in operation in St.
Louis. A matron was secured and the nur-
sery was formally opened May 3, 1886, and in-
corporated July 16, 1888. Here a mother, if
a breadwinner, may take her child in the morn-
ing and leave it for the day with people com-
petent and willing to give it most excellent
care, including a bath, fresh clothing, health-
ful food, toys and amusements, and, for those
old enough to profit thereby, kindergarten in-
struction. The ages of the children vary from
a few weeks to six years. Inasmuch as the
aim of the nursery is to help those who wish to
Jim;
SOUTHWEST EXPEDITION— SPANISH BOARD OF TRADE.
help themselves, and to increase, rather than
to diminish, self-respect, mothers pay for serv-
ices rendered at the rate of five cents per day.
At the beginning the daily cost to the nursery
for the care of each child was thirty-three and
one-third cents, but through the large increase
in attendance the association has been enabled
to provide the same comforts at less expense.
The money received from the mothers being
a very small part of the amount needed to
carry on the work, the balance is supplied by
the annual membership fee of three dollars,
the life membership fee of $100, and by gifts
of money and supplies. The association,
through earnest effort, has been enabled to
purchase their building, to enlarge it and put
it in the best sanitary condition. The re-
ports for the eleven completed years present
the following facts: Total number of attend-
ances for one day, 60,152; total number days'
work of mothers, 41,102 ; total earnings of the
mothers, over $42,000; expense of conducting
the nursery, $16,500. The financial value of
the charity does not exceed the moral influ-
ence. The mother, weary after a day of toil,
receives her child, happy, clean, improved
physically and mentally, and is encouraged
and influenced thereby to habits of cleanliness
and thrift. The officers for 1898 were: Presi-
dent, Mrs. C. M. Woodward; vice-president,
Mrs. Anthony Ittner; secretary, Mrs. J. B.
Johnson, and treasurer, Mrs. J. M. Miller.
Martha S. Kayser.
Southwest Expedition. — By this
name is known a military march from St.
Louis to the western border of Missouri in
the year 1851). The struggle of the North and
South for the mastery of Kansas had produced
a condition of constant turmoil on the border.
Tli'- vicinity of Mound City, in Kansas, was
one of the scenes of operations of John Brown.
Jennison, Montgomer) and other Free State
leaders, who were accused of making incur-
sions into Bates and adjoining Missouri coun-
ties for the purpose of enticing slaves away
from their homes and removing them north
by the "underground railroad." Consider-
able foraging and other depredations were
likewise charged to their account. On the
other hand, these deeds of the Kansas "jay-
hawkers" were counterbalanced by raids into
Kansas by Missouri "border ruffians," as they
were called. At all events, a condition of law-
lessness certainly prevailed, not seldom break-
ing out in bloody outrages. A judge of the
United States District Court at Fort Scott
complained to the President that he was pre-
vented from the exercise of his duties by a
band of marauders, and this was transmitted
by President Buchanan's Attorney-General to
Governor Stewart. The latter had been in re-
ceipt of numerous calls for protection, and had
taken some steps, which for a time allayed the
disturbances. In January, 1859, he called on
the Legislature for an appropriation to enable
the State to suppress the troubles. Accord-
ingly, $30,000 was appropriated. Quiet was
restored for a time, but in the fall of i860 Gen-
eral D. M. Frost, in command of the First Di-
vision of Missouri militia, with a roster of
about 650, was called upon to summon his
command and proceed to the border forth-
with. This division was composed entirely of
the citizen soldiery of St. Louis, and as it was
the same that assembled at Camp Jackson in
May following, the reader is referred for the
details of its organization to the part of this
work treating of that subject. The expedi-
dition set out by the Missouri Pacific Railroad,
debarking at Tipton, then its western term-
inus, and from that point marched overland to
within a few miles of the Kansas line. Mean-
while, a detachment of Federal cavalry, under
Captain Nathaniel Lyon, had reached Mound
City. There was no enemy in sight, nor any
evidence that there had been any organized
force in that neighborhood. What had been
called "Montgomery's Fort" was an old log
granary or storehouse, and Mound City itself
bore the appearance of a small, peaceful New
England village. A detail was made to re-
main in the neighborhood of Fort Scott, on
the Missouri side, and the rest of the troops
took up the line of march homeward, where
they arrived in due season, and were cordially
welcomed by their friends.
Spanish-American War. — See "War
with Spain."
Spanish Board of Trade An insti-
tution of which mention is sometimes made in
the early history of Spanish-American colo-
nies. It was a court established by Ferdinand
of Spain in 1507, to which he committed the
administration of American affairs. The
court was called "Casa de Contratacion," or
Board of Trade.
SPANISH CLUB— SPANISH INTRIGUES IN THE WEST.
Spanish Club. — See "Latin-American
Club of St. Louis."
Spanish Domination. — See "Domi-
nation, Spanish."
Spanish Explorers. — See "Explorers."
Spanish Governors. — See "Govern-
ors, French and Spanish."
Spanish Intrigues in the West. —
The political intrigues in the West in the pe-
riod immediately following the Revolutionary
War, were of a most exciting character, and
England, France and Spain were each in-
volved in schemes to check the progress of the
United States and restrict its governmental
authority to narrow territorial limits. Of all
the schemes presented to the Western colo-
nists, by means of which it was hoped to allure
them from allegiance to the Union, that pre-
sented by the Spanish intriguants and their
American confederates was the most seduc-
tive, and doubtless came nearest realizing the
hopes of its promoters. In 1785 every por-
tion of the West which was settled at all was
settled by a people who had become deeply
imbued with the feeling that a union of the
West with the Eastern colonies, which- had
waged a successful war against England,
would be harmful rather than advantageous to
the West. The brave, hardy and spirited pio-
neers of Kentucky were engaged in a life and
death struggle with hordes of Indians, and
Virginia, the mother colony, seemed unable to
give them any protection, and afforded them
but little assistance in establishing and extend-
ing their settlements. These settlers had pe-
titioned Virginia and Congress also to allow
Kentucky to become an independent State,
and their petitions had been disregarded and
ignored. The treatment which they had re-
ceived from Virginia, and from the Congress
which then represented the government of the
United States, had weakened their allegiance
to both, and the inability or indisposition of
the government to provide for the free naviga-
tion of the Mississippi — of vital importance to
them — still further irritated them against the
authority to which they were subject. With
the termination of the Revolutionary War,
Spain had shown an aggressive spirit in the
assertion of her territorial boundaries in Amer-
ica. She not only claimed all west of the Mis-
sissippi, as accorded her in the treaty of Paris,
1763, but asserted a right to both sides as high
up the river as Kentucky, and even attempted
to engage with England to insist upon the Al-
leghany Mountains as the western boundary
of the United States. In 1787 Mr. Jay, who
was Secretary of Foreign Affairs under the old
confederation, made a preliminary treaty with
Don Gardoqui, the Spanish Minister, subject
to the assent of the Continental Congress, by
which the exclusive control of the navigation
of the Mississippi River was to be conceded to
Spain in return for certain commercial privi-
leges. Seven of the United States consented
to the treaty, but it failed of ratification, the
consent of nine States thereto being required.
When the purport of the negotiations became
known, great indignation prevailed in Ken-
tucky at the bare suggestion of conceding to
Spain such exclusive powers over the naviga-
tion of the river as she then exercised. This
feeling was moderated somewhat by the adop-
tion by Congress, September 16, 1788, of a res-
olution which declared "that the free naviga-
tion of the Mississippi is a clear and essential
right of the United States, and that the same
ought to be considered and supported as
such." This was an unequivocal assertion of
the right of free navigation, but no effort was
made to enforce it, while Spain made a prac-
tical exemplification of her purpose to main-
tain her claims, by seizing, upon every occa-
sion, boats attempting to descend the river
without permission and confiscating them and
their cargoes. Failing in his diplomatic ad-
venture with the government, the wily Span-
iard sought to make terms with the people of
Kentucky which would, at the same time,
strengthen Spain and weaken the United
States. To them were held out the allurements
of commercial advantages to be obtained if
they would set up an independent government
and negotiate as a separate community or
place themselves under the protection of the
Spanish government. Wearied and disheart-
ened by the neglect of their interests by Vir-
ginia and the general government, citizens of
Kentucky, who were incorruptible, and who
had only the best of motives at heart, listened
tentatively to these suggestions, while others
of commanding ability and unbounded capac-
ity for intrigue, subsidized by representatives
of the Spanish government, labored assidu-
ously to further these schemes. Fortunately,
however, the adoption of the Constitution
2108 SPANISH POND— SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY, ST. LOUIS MOVEMENT.
and the formation of the Federal government,
which was followed by prompt action looking
tu the admission of Kentucky as a State,
caused the failure of the negotiations and pre-
served Kentucky to the Union. For the time
being, the new State relegated the question of
free navigation of the Mississippi to the future
and gave attention to the inauguration of a
State government, but in a few years the agi-
tation was renewed and led first to a treaty in
which Spain conceded the right of navigation
claimed by the United States, and later to the
acquisition of Louisiana. The history of
Spanish intrigues in this connection, and the
extent to which citizens of the United States
were involved therein, has never been fully
written, but the revelations of later years
proved that many persons in high places were
engaged in the attempt to rob the UJnited
States of a part of its possessions, and that a
considerable number of such persons were
pensioners of the Spanish government.
Spanish Pond. — A central point in the
settlements surrounding St. Louis in its early
history. It was twelve miles due north of St.
Louis, and was the home of Jacques de St.
Vrain, brother to Lieutenant-Governor De-
lassus.
Speculative Philosophy, St. Louis
Movement. — A history of intellectual
progress in our city would be far from com-
plete without an account of what is known as
the St. Louis Movement of Speculative Phi-
losophy and Art Criticism, which had its ori-
gin in the advent hither of Dr. William Tor-
rey Harris — now United States Commissioner
of Education— in the year 1858, and finally
culminated in the organization of the St. Louis
Art Society and the Kant Club, two societies so
interwoven in membership, general aims and
sympathies, as to necessitate their close asso-
ciation in any adequate description of their
work and influence, though they were always
distinct as organizations and in a considerable
part of their membership. They were parallel
organizations, and, as hinted above, always
mutually sympathetic in their work, the one
tracing out laboriously, but earnestly, through
many toilsome years, the evolution of the cate-
gories of pure thought ; the other affording by
the presentation of some classic work of art.
the joy of interpretation which consisted in
the recognition of those ideas which the artist
had unconsciously embodied ; thus each so-
ciety was complementary to the other, and be-
came, as it were, the very body and soul of
"the St. Louis movement." As silent, but
eloquent, evidences of his forceful influence,
they ceased to exist as organizations, on the
departure from St. Louis in that year,
1 88 1, of the great man whose inspiration
and example of persistent zeal during all
those years of preparation had been the
living source of their activity. But this
departure of Dr. Harris for wider fields of
usefulness, to play a more important and hon-
orable part upon the national stage, did not
by any means mark a cessation of influences
here at home, for he left behind him coworkers
and disciples, old and young, identified with
different periods of his sojourn here, who, fired
with the holy zeal of his example, were ready
and willing and able to take up the good work
where the master left it, and to carry it for-
ward indefinitely; this secondary movement
legitimately succeeding the first, took the
varied form of a multiplicity of clubs for spe-
cial study and work, each led by a worthv
graduate of the St. Louis movement. These
still "live and move and have their being,"
perpetuating the spirit and results of those
early, memorable days.
A supreme moment in the history of philos-
ophy in America was that when William T.
Harris, then fresh from Yale College, a youth-
ful student of "Kant's Critique of Pure Reason"
and of Goethe's "Faust," first met and felt the
masterful influence of our distinguished fel-
low-citizen, the Honorable Henry C. Brock-
meyer, who then and there indicated to the
young student the two pathways along which
he was destined in future to tread with so
much success to himself and with so much ul-
timate benefit to the philosophic consciousness
of his countrymen. It was Governor Brock-
meyer who introduced Mr. Harris to the phi-
losophy of Hegel, as vastly superior to that
of Kant, and who also furnished his young
friend with the philosophic "art form" and
"content" of Goethe's "Faust," an interpreta-
tion afterward embodied in his well known
"Letters on Faust."
Thus fell into the fertile brain of Dr. Har-
ris from the same hand those seeds which
were destined to expand and fructify into that
philosophic view of life and of art criticism
which was to characterize his future life, and
here in our citv was to result in the formation
SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY, ST. LOUIS MOVEMENT.
2109
of those two kindred organizations, the St.
Louis Art Society and the Kant Club.
This society was established in the year
1867, and continued to
St. Louis Art meet at irregular, but more
Society. or less frequent, intervals
at the residences of its
members. Those who in those early days of
the society extended to it the hospitality of
their homes were Mrs. Beverly Allen (sister
of Mr. James E. Yeatman, who was also a
patron and friend of the society from the first) ;
Mrs. William Hazard, and, somewhat later in
its history, Mrs. Rufus J. Lackland.
It embraced in its early membership, among
others, of whom a record is wanting, Miss
Anna C. Brackett, Miss Mary E. Beedy, Mrs.
Ella S. Morgan, Dr. and Mrs. John Green,
Miss Susan V. Beeson, Mrs. Lue Childs Fell,
Mr. John Jay Bailey, Mr. Denton J. Snider,
Mr. Thomas Davidson, Mr. Conrad Diehl, Mr.
William C. Ball, Dr. F. Louis Soldan, Dr.
William M. Bryant, Miss Susan E. Blow, Miss
Gertrude Garrigues, Mr. Brandt V. B. Dixon,
Mr. Lewis J. Block, Mr. F. W. Crunden, Miss
Amelia C. Fruchte, Mrs. Anthony Blaisdell,
Miss Mary C. McCulloch, Dr. Robert A. Hol-
land, and Mr. F. E. Cook.
In the year 1878, owing to a change of man-
agement, which carried the organization away
from the original intentions of its founders,
the former membership ceased to attend its
meetings, but still continued to meet infor-
mally, as before, at the residences of its mem-
bers. At this period Mrs. General John W.
Noble, assisted by her gifted sister, Miss Le-
nora Halsted, hospitably entertained the mem-
bers of the society.
The very last meeting was held in 1881, at
the residence of Dr. R. A. Holland. On that
occasion it so happened that Governor Brock-
meyer, with probably accidental but eminent
fitness, closed, as he had introduced years be-
fore, the career of this society, with a remark-
able paper on Goethe's "Faust," with un-
equaled brilliancy and genius. It was a no-
table gathering. Among the many present
were Dr. Harris, Mr. Snider, Dr. Holland,
General Noble, Judge Woerner, Mr. Dixon,
Miss Garrigues, Miss Beeson, Miss Fruchte,
Mrs. Blaisdell, and Miss McCulloch.
The formal mode of procedure at the meet-
ings of this society was to have a paper read
upon some representative work of art, this to
be followed by a study of the work itself, con-
cluding with extempore comments and re-
marks by the membership. As an indication
of the character of the work of the society the
following selected list of papers is subjoined :
1. 1867 — "Raphael's Transfiguration," by
Dr. Harris.
2. 1867 — "Leonardo da Vinci's Last Sup-
per," as treated by Goethe, translation of, by
Mr. D. J. Snider (a fine engraving presented
for study).
3. "Beethoven's Fifth Symphony" and
"Moonlight Sonata," by Dr. William T. Har-
ris. Played by Colonel Charles S. Bernays
and Mrs. Arnold Strothotte.
4. December, 1868 — "Beethoven's Sinfonia
Eroica," by Colonel Charles S. Bernays.
5. 1869; — "Michael Angelo's Last Judg-
ment."
6. 1871 — "Restoration of the Venus of
Melos," by Mr. Lewis J. Block.
7. 1873 — "Remarks on the Madonna Sis-
tina" (Tieck).
8. 1874 — "Thoughts on the Music of Bee-
thoven," by Dr. William T. Harris. (Illustra-
tion— F major sonata, piano and violin;.
9. June 11, 1874 — "The Fair God" (a
critique), by Mr. F. E. Cook.
10. 1875 — "Dante," by Dr. F. Louis Sol-
dan.
11. 1876 — "Interpretability of Music," by
Mr. Block.
12. 1876 — "The Niobe Group," by Mr.
Thomas Davidson.
13. 1877— "Michael Angelo's Fates," by Dr.
Harris.
14. 1877 — "System of Shakespeare's Plays,"
by Mr. D. J. Snider.
1=;. 1878 — "Clarence" (an original drama),
by Mr. D. J. Snider.
One of the lasting results of the work of the
society was the purchase of a large and choice
collection of autotypes of the best-known ex-
amples of art, which may still be viewed and
enjoyed at the Public Library, where they
were permanently placed by the society.
The preliminary organization out of which
the Kant Club grew met
The Kant Club. first in 1865, in the law
office of Governor Henry
C. Brockmeyer. This was called the Philo-
sophical Society. It consisted, besides Gov-
ernor Brockmeyer and Dr. Harris, of Judge
Gabriel Woerner, Professor George H. Howi-
son, Mr. Adolph E. Kroeger, Dr. Horace H.
Morgan, and Mr. Britton A. Hill. Its discus-
2110
SPENCER.
sions took a wide range — and were deemed of
sufficient importance to cause to be invited to
St. Louis Ralph Waldo Emerson, A. Bronson
Alcott, and Julia Ward Howe, who came un-
der the auspices of this society — were contin-
ued occasionally from year to year, and grad-
ually grew into what is now known as the
Kant Club.
This club was organized in the year 1874-5.
Its first season was given to ''Kant's Crit-
ique on Pure Reason," using Meikeljohn's
translation and Kuno Fischer's commen-
tary (in Mahaffy's translation). The second
season (1875-6) was devoted to "Wallace's
Translation of Hegel's Logic" (using as aids
"Stirling's Secret of Hegel" and the critical
and explanatory articles and translations of
the "Journal of Speculative Philosophy," this
latter quarterly publication being not the least
of the results of the St. Louis movement. It
was the first and at that time the only jour-
nal of speculative philosophy published in
English. Its influence has since been world-
wide). The third season (1876-7) witnessed
a large increase in the numbers of the club,
as well as in the interest manifested. "Hegel's
Logic" furnished the basis of its yearly work
until its conclusion in the departure of Dr.
Harris from the city (1881).
Its specific work from 1877 to 188 1 was the
interpretation of "Hegel's Doctrine of Reflec-
tion" by Dr. Harris, and from 1878 on, the
translation and publication of the entire sec-
ond volume of "Hegel's Logic" (essence) for
and before the club by Dr. Harris, with the as-
sistance of Mr. James S. Garland, secretary.
The first and only president of the club was
Mr. Francis E. Cook. Its regular member-
ship consisted of Dr. William T. Harris, Den-
ton J. Snider, Dr. Robert A. Holland, Miss
Grace C. Bibb, Dr. William M. Bryant, Mr.
James S. Garland, Mr. Edward H. Long, Mr.
George B. Lane, Rev. Lyman Allen, and
Francis E. Cook. The club met every Satur-
day evening, alternately at the residences of
Dr. Harris and Mr. Cook, with the exception
of the last season (1880-1), when all the meet-
ings were held at the home of Dr. Holland.
Aside from the general effect of the St.
Louis movement, as indicated above, it is a
further fact that both Emerson and Alcott be-
came interested in Hegel through Dr. Harris,
and it was they who induced the latter gentle-
man to start the Concord School of Philoso-
phy (1882-5), which might with much pro-
priety have been called "The St. Louis Kant
Club abroad."
It is also a fact that the influence of this
movement has extended to the English and
Scotch universities, modifying their courses of
study therein.
In those seats of learning and at Heidelberg
the work of these St. Louis societies is well
known. Francis E. Cook.
Spencer, Corwin H., was born De-
cember 13, 1851, in Morgan County, Ohio,
son of David and Angeline (Israel) Spencer.
His father was a farmer, and the son obtained
as a boy such education as he could gain in
the country schools of Morgan County, sup-
plemented later by a course of study at the
High School of Malta, Ohio. Until he was
seventeen years old, he worked on his father's
farm, and thereafter for several years added to
both his intellectual and financial resources
by teaching school during the winter months
of each year. In 1873 he went to McCon-
nellsville, Ohio, where he was employed as a
clerk in a general store, and gained his first
experience in mercantile pursuits. In 1874
he came to St. Louis, and after completing a
course of study at Bryant & Stratton's Col-
lege, which consumed most of the money he
had saved up to that time, he entered the old
house of Harlow, Gelston & Co., as a book-
keeper and grain salesman. He quickly mas-
tered the intricacies of the grain trade, and in
1876 became a member of the firm, which then
took the name of Harlow, Spencer & Co.
Their business was prosperous, and they were
among the leaders of the St. Louis market
until 1882, in which year, on account of large
advances to farmers in the Mississippi Valley,
who were unable to meet their obligations in
consequence of there having been three con-
secutive years of crop failures, due to floods
and river overflows, the firm was compelled to
suspend operations. Undaunted by this ill
fortune, Mr. Spencer began anew, entering
into an arrangement with the firm of W. T.
Anderson & Co., under which that firm fur-
nished capital with which he purchased grain
on joint account. This venture was a success
from the beginning, and, in a short time, he
had retrieved his losses and was again among
the leaders of St. Louis' grain interests. In
1889 he organized the firm of C. H. Spencer
& Co., and in 1890, having purchased the ele-
vator at Madison, Illinois, this firm was reor-
SPENCER.
2111
ganized and incorporated as the C. H. Spencer
Grain & Elevator Company. He continued
to act as president and general manager of
that company until July i, 1897, when, on ac-
count of failing health, he closed out his St.
Louis business. After spending a short time
in. Southern California, which resulted in
greatly improving his health, he returned to
St. Louis and to active business life. Since
then he has devoted his time mainly to the
operation of the Southern Electric Railway,
he having been elected president of the corpo-
ration owning that line in 1897. The stock
of this corporation is largely owned and con-
trolled by himself and the estate of Charles F.
Orthwein. Under his management the busi-
ness of the line has grown steadily and rapidly,
and the stock of the corporation has greatly
increased in value. He is also president of
the Xational Railway Company. As in ear-
lier years, he is still a leading spirit ''on
'Change," and his views concerning market
conditions are as much sought after by op-
erators on the floor of the Merchants' Ex-
change at the present time as ever before.
He was elected president of the Merchants'
Exchange in 1896, after one of the most hotly
contested campaigns since the organization of
the Exchange. At the end of his term he re-
tired from that office with the reputation of
having been one of its most popular and effi-
cient presidents. For the past two years he
has been chairman of the board of managers
of the St. Louis Traffic Bureau, an organiza-
tion which seeks to obtain for St. Louis the
best possible transportation rates and facili-
ties, and in that capacity he has done much
to protect and promote the trade and manufac-
turing interests of the city. He has also been
conspicuously identified with the Business
Men's League, and is vice-president of that
organization. He is interested in the grain
trade outside of St. Louis as a large stock-
holder and director in the Allen. Grier &
Zeller Grain Company, of Chicago, and is a
member of the New York Produce Exchange.
His knowledge of crop conditions caused him
to be a leader in the market during the season
of 1897-8, but, unlike Mr. Leiter, of Chicago,
when wheat reached its actual value he sold
out, realizing a handsome profit for himself
and his associates. He is a director in the
Continental National Bank of St. Louis, and in
business circles is recognized as a capable and
sagacious financier. He has long enjoyed,
also, the enviable distinction of being a thor-
oughly public-spirited man, ready to respond
to any appeal in aid of movements to promote
the commercial or industrial prosperity of the
city, and equally ready to aid its charities and
all the agencies for the betterment of social
and moral conditions, fdentified with the
Republican party politically, he has from time
to time taken an active interest in promoting
its welfare and advancing the principles for
which it stands. He is a Presbyterian church-
man and a generous friend of the church and
kindred institutions. A member of the St.
Louis, Commercial, Noonday, and Country
Clubs, he is in close touch with the social, as
well as the commercial, life of St. Louis. Feb-
ruary 23, 1875, he married Miss Mary E. Har-
low, of Kimmswick, Missouri. Their chil-
dren are Harlow Bates, Ruth Anne, Lula, and
Hazel Spencer.
Spencer, Seidell P., lawyer and jurist,
was born in the city of Erie, Pennsylvania,
September 16, 1862, son of Samuel Selden and
Eliza Deborah (Palmer) Spencer. His early
educational training was obtained in the pub-
lic schools of Erie, and he was then fitted for
college at Hopkins' Grammar School, of New
Haven, Connecticut. At the end of his gram-
mar school course he entered Yale College,
and was graduated with honors from that in-
stitution in the class of 1884. Immediately
after his graduation from Yale he came to St.
Louis, his intention being to fit himself for
admission to the bar, and to then enter upon
the practice of law in the West. Entering the
St. Louis Law School, he began at the same
time a dilligent course of reading and study,
outside of the law school, and in 1885, a year
before his graduation, he was admitted to
practice in the Circuit Court of St. Louis. He
entered upon his professional career in this
city immediately after receiving his bachelor's
degree from the law school, and in a compara-
tively short time had impressed himself upon
the public and the bar as a young man of very '
superior attainments. He had at the begin-
ning also the happy faculty of making friends
wherever he went, and soon gained wide per-
sonal popularity, as well as an established po-
sition at the bar. In 1895 ne was nominated
for member of the State House of Representa-
tives, on the Republican ticket, and. being
elected to that body, took rank among its
ablest members. As a legislator he was con-
2112
SPENCER.
scientious, high-minded, true to the best in-
terests of the people at large and the constitu-
ency which he represented, a tireless worker
and faithful and competent public servant. He
was chairman of the House committee on
banks and banking, a member of the commit-
tees on judiciary, ways and means, militia,
rules, and of the "Republican steering com-
mittee," serving the last named committee as
its secretary. Although one of the youngest
members of the House of Representatives, he
was throughout its session one of its recog-
nized leaders, and influenced to a large ex-
tent its legislation and policies. In 1896 he
was nominated on the Republican ticket for
judge of the Circuit Court of St. Louis, and
at the ensuing general election was chosen to
that office by a flattering majority. Since he
donned the judicial ermine he has proven him-
elf master of the situation, as he has of every
other situation in which he has been placed
since he became a citizen of St. Louis. A
scholarly and refined gentleman, he is at the
same time vigorous in thought and action,
and his progressive methods as a judge of the
court, his fairness and courtesy to lawyers and
litigants, and his unswerving rectitude, have
won for him the highest commendation.
Promptness in meeting every engagement,
admirable precision and a happy faculty of
dispatching the business of the court rapidly
have been distinguishing characteristics of his
administration on the bench. In 1898 he was
elected president of the Missouri Bar Asso-
ciation. In December of 1898 he was elected
secretary of the Missouri Conference of
Judges, an organization composed of the ju-
diciary of the State, which was formed for the
purpose of considering and reporting to the
Legislature upon omissions, uncertainties and
incongruities in the statute law. In this office
he was the successor of Judge Shepard Barclay,
who had shortly before that retired from the
supreme bench. From the time of his coming
to St. Louis up to the present he has been
known as a firm believer in the principles of
the Republican party. For several years he
filled the chair of medical jurisprudence in
Missouri Medical College, and he has never
ceased to be interested in advancing the cause
of popular education. He is a member of the
St. Louis and Mercantile Clubs, and is an ac-
tive worker in church circles, and a generous
friend of benevolent institutions. Judge
Spencer married Susan B. Brookes, daughter
of Rev. James H. Brookes, D. D., for many
years one of the most noted of Western cler-
gymen. Their children are James Brookes,
Selden Marvin and Oliver McLean Spencer.
Spencer, Horatio N., physician, was
born July 17, 1842, at Port Gibson, Missis-
sippi, son of Horatio N. and Sarah (Marshall)
Spencer. His grandfather, Israel Selden
Spencer, was a Revolutionary soldier, who en-
tered the colonial army and fought through
the seven years' struggle to establish the inde-
pendence of the American colonies. Reared
in Port Gibson, Dr. Spencer obtained his early
education under private tutorship, and then
entered Alabama University, from which in-
stitution he was graduated in i860, when
eighteen years of age. When the Civil War
began he enlisted in the Confederate Army,
and served to the end of the great conflict,
discharging his duties as a soldier with zeal
and fidelity, and winning commendation on
numerous occasions for gallant and meritori-
ous conduct. At the close of the war he
turned his attention to the study of medicine,
and was graduated from the College of. Phy-
sicians and Surgeons of New York City, re-
ceiving his doctor's degree in 1868. He then
went abroad and devoted two years to research
and investigation in the line of his profession
in the hospitals and medical educational cen-
ters of Europe. Returning to the United
States at the end of that time, he established
himself in St. Louis in 1870, and quickly im-
pressed himself both upon the medical pro-
fession and the general public as a physician
of broad knowledge and superior practical
skill. Confining himself exclusively to the
treatment of diseases of the nose and ear, he
has attained wide celebrity as a specialist, and
has built up a practice among the largest and
most remunerative of any with which St.
Louis physicians have been favored. In rec-
ognition of his skill in the treatment of the
diseases to which he has given special atten-
tion, he was elected to a professorship in Mis-
souri Medical College, and as an educator
ranks among the leaders of his profession in
the city. While his talents and brilliant at-
tainments command the admiration of the
medical fraternity of St. Louis, his personal
magnetism and agreeable traits of character
have served also to popularize him among
his professional brethren, and he enjoys to a
remarkable degree the warm friendship and
SPENCER.
2113
kindly regard of all with whom he is brought
in contact in the affairs of everyday life. He
has been twice married. His first wife was a
Miss Kirtland, of Memphis, Tennessee, who
died in 1885. Two years later he married Miss
Elizabeth Porcher Dwight, of Charleston,
South Carolina. His children are three
daughters and two sons, all born of his first
marriage.
Spencer, Charles H., was born March
12, 1849, in the town of Keene, New Hamp-
shire, and died in St. Louis, July 6, 1886. His
parents were Charles and Emily (Parker)
Spencer, worthy New England people, and the
first five years of his life were spent in the town
in which he was born. His father's family
then removed to Boston, and he was educated
at what was known as the Lincoln School, of
that city. In consequence of his ambition to
enter upon a business career he left school at
an early age and found employment in the
office of Messrs. James & Stetson, lumber
merchants of Boston. He remained in their
employ until he was nineteen years oi age,
and having by that time learned the business
thoroughly, he came to St. Louis to accept a
more remunerative position with his uncle,
J. H. Parker, who was engaged in the lumber
trade in this city. In 1874 the lumber firm oi
H. S. Parker & Co., of which his uncle had
been a member, and with which Mr. Spencer
had been identified from the time he came
west, was succeeded by the Parker-Spencer
Lumber Company, which continued in exist-
1 ence until 1880. In 1881 he connected him-
! self with the Schnelle & Querl Lumber Com-
! pany. organized as a corporation, becoming
secretary of the company, and also a stock-
holder. He continued to retain this position
until his death, and was known as a business
, man of fine capacity and high character. His
] integrity was unimpeachable, and during his
\ career of more than twenty years in this city
he won golden opinions from all with whom
; he was brought into contact, and enjoyed the
unqualified respect of his neighbors and ac-
quaintances.
Shapleigh, John B., physician, was
born October 31, 1857, son of Augustus F.
and Elizabeth (Umstead) Shapleigh, the for-
mer a native of Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
; and the last named of Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania. His paternal grandfather was Richard
W. Shapleigh, a seafaring man, who was
owner and captain of a vessel lost in sight of
Portsmouth Harbor with all on board. Dr.
Shapleigh was educated at Washington Uni-
versity, of St. Louis, from which institution he
was graduated with the degree of bachelor of
arts in 1878. Immediately after completing
his academic education he began the study of
medicine, and received his doctor's degree
from St. Louis Medical College in 1881. He
then served as an interne in the City Hospital
for one year, and in the Female Hospital of
St. Louis for another year, after which he
went to Vienna, Austria, for the purpose of
making a special study of diseases of the ear,
his design being to make that branch of prac-
tice his specialty. On his return to St. Louis
in the spring of 1885 he began the practice of
his profession, and has since attained well
earned prominence among his professional
brethren. His success as a practitioner, his
chivalrous devotion to his profession and his
readiness to respond to every demand made
upon him in the line of professional duty have
caused him to become closely identified with
medical educational work, and with various
eleemosynary institutions in St. Louis. He
is professor of otology in St. Louis Medical
College, a member of the staff of St. Luke's
Hospital, and also of the staff of St. Louis
Protestant Flospital. Deeply interested in
everything tending to promote progress with-
in the lines of his profession, he has very nat-
urally allied himself with the various organi-
zations of physicians and surgeons having in
view the elevation of professional standards,
and he is a member of the American Academy
of Medicine, of the American Otological So-
ciety, of St. Louis Medical Society, and of the
Medical Society of Hospital Alumni. His re-
ligious affiliations are with the Presbyterian
Church, and he is identified with fraternal so-
cieties as a member of the Legion of Honor.
October 27, 1886, he married Miss Anna P.
Merritt, daughter of Jacob Merritt, of St.
Louis.
Stewart, Alphonso Chase, lawyer,
was born August 27, 1848, in Lebanon. Ten-
nessee, son of Alexander P. and Harriet By-
ron (Chase) Stewart. His father, who was a
graduate of West Point, entered the Confed-
erate Army at the beginning of the Civil War
as a major of artillery, and attained the rank of
lieutenant-general before the war closed, tak-
2114
SPENGLER.
ing part in the campaigns in Tennessee and
Alabama, and retiring with an enviable record
as a brave and efficient commander. The
mother of Alphonso C. Stewart belonged to
the noted Chase family, of which Chief Justice
Salmon P. Chase, Samuel Chase, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence,
and Bishop Philander Chase, of the Episcopal
Church, were distinguished representatives.
In 1863, when he wa*s but fifteen years of age,
Alphonso C. Stewart entered the Confederate
Army and served with the forces commanded
bv General Wheeler until very shortly before
the close of the war, when he was appointed
cadet on his father's staff, and remained with
Stewart's corps until the war ended. After
the war he completed his education, which was
begun during that unhappy period, attending
first the private school of Nathaniel Cross, at
Edgefield, Tennessee, later the Alabama Mili-
tary Institute, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and
still later Cumberland University, of Lebanon,
Tennessee, being graduated from the last
named institution with the degree of bachelor
of laws in the class of 1867. After his gradu-
ation he remained at the university for another
year as a post-graduate, being still under age,
and during that time was presiding judge of
the university moot court. After a second
graduation in 1868, being still under age, and
hence ineligible to the bar by general law, he
was, nevertheless, specially admitted to the bar
of his native county by a special legalization
of the county court for that purpose, which
removed his age disability and admitted him
to practice. In i860 he removed to Winches-
ter, Tennessee, and began the practice of his
profession there, in partnership with Tobias
Turney, brother of Honorable Peter Turney,
late Governor and Supreme Court justice of
Tennessee. At the end of a year this partner-
ship was dissolved, and after practicing ah me
for another year Mr. Stewart removed to Mis-
sissippi, where he became associated in prac-
tice with Honorable Sylvamis Evans, one of
the leading lawyers of that State. He prac-
ticed three years in Mississippi, and then came
to St. Louis, where he became, after a time, a
member of the firm of King, Phillips & Stew-
art. Six months later this partnership was
dissolved, and a new partnership formed 1>\
Mr. Stewart and Judge Phillips, who built up
a large practice as commercial and corpora-
tion lawyers. They were the general solicit-
ors for the Texas & St. Louis Railwav Com-
pany, and the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas
Railway Company, and counsel for the St.
Louis Cotton Compress Company. In the
celebrated Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Rail-
road receivership case, which resulted in fore-
closure proceedings and the reorganization of
the Wabash Company, they represented the
first mortgage bondholders, and they were
also attorneys in the noted case in which it
was first decided by a Missouri court that a
corporation had the right to make a general
assignment for the benefit of its creditors. In
the autumn of 1890 Mr. Phillips and Mr. Stew-
art admitted to partnership with themselves
Edward Cunningham, Jr., and Edward C. El-
liot, and the firm became Phillips, Stewart,
Cunningham & Elliot. The present firm of
Stewart, Elliot & Cunningham is the successor
to the above mentioned firm, and occupies a
commanding position at the St. Louis bar.
In 1889 Mr. Stewart, with other gentlemen,
organized the St. Louis Trust Company, and
he acted as secretary and counsel for the com-
pany until 1891, when he resigned the secre-
taryship, but retained the position of counsel.
Either in his professional capacity or as a
stockholder and official he is connected with
the St. Louis Trust Company, the St. Louis
Cotton Compress Company, The Schultz
Belting Company, The Merchants' Life Asso-
ciation of the United States. The Southwest-
ern Improvement Association, and the Jasper
County Electric Power Company. His pro-
fessional career began when he was twenty
years of age, and he has since been one of the
busiest of busy practitioners, and at the same
time has been so closely identified with busi-
ness enterprises that he is equally prominent
as a lawyer and a man of affairs. Mr. Stewart
married, in 1873, Miss Elizabeth Smith,
daughter of Samuel Smith, of Winchester.
Tennessee, one of the leading citizens of that
portion of the State. Their children are
Samuel Smith and Harriet Chase Stewart.
Spongier, Tobias, who was one of the
pioneer brewers of St. Louis, a man of largo
wealth, and in all respects a most estimable
and worthy citizen, was born December 16,
1816, in the town of Lautenbach, Province of
Baden, Germany, son of Adam and Elizabeth
(Mangold) Spengler. After obtaining in the
< ierman schools what would be called in this
country a common school education he was
apprenticed to a soap manufacturer, and after
9 <^
4p+S
SPENGLER.
2115
having mastered this trade with the thorough-
ness which German custom exacts before per-
mitting a young man to begin work as a jour-
neyman, he came to this country. Reaching
the United States in 1850 he came west as far
as Indiana, and his first knowledge of the
habits and customs of the people of this coun-
try was gained while working in that State.
In 1852 he came to Belleville, Illinois, and es-
tablished, in a small way, a soap manufactory
of his own. He had brought with him to this
country the frugal and industrious habits and
the approved economic theories of the father-
land, and the business which he had estab-
lished grew steadily, and was yielding him a
comfortable income in 1856, when he decided
to remove to St. Louis. Disposing of his
business at Belleville, he purchased a primitive
brewery, which had previously been operated
by his brother-in-law in North St. Louis, and
taking charge of this plant, gradually devel-
oped it into one of the important brewing in-
dustries of St. Louis. His son, Tobias Speng-
ler, Jr., and William Schreiber, his son-in-law,
became associated with him at a later date, and
the business was conducted as a copartnership
until 1886, when it was incorporated as the
Bremen Brewing Company, with the elder
Mr. Spengler as president. He continued to
hold that position, and to give the business the
benefit of his supervision and practical experi-
ence until his death, which occurred July 19.
1887 ; two years later — June 1, 1889 — the plant
became a part of the extensive system of brew-
eries purchased and still operated by a wealthy
English syndicate in St. Louis. During all
the years of his active life as a manufacturer
and business man Mr. Spengler enjoyed to a
large extent the good will and esteem of his
contemporaries among the merchants and
manufacturers of the city, and had the good
fortune to be especially beloved by the large
number of persons to whom he had sustained
the relation of employer. Those who came
into contact with him in this connection found
in him a true friend, always solicitous for their
welfare and anxious to assist them in better-
ing their condition in life. His accumulation
of a large fortune enabled him to gratify a nat-
urally refined taste, and at the same time to
evidence his devotion to his home and family.
His tastes were domestic, and at his fireside he
found the chief enjoyment of life. In a home
furnished with every luxury, he gathered about
him those endeared to him by family ties and a
circle of most devoted friends, and passed the
closing years of his life in rare enjoyment of
fortune's favors. Among the German socie-
ties in St. Louis he was especially popular, and
he was ever ready to encourage the upbuilding
of these institutions designed to preserve the
customs, usages and traditions of the father-
land, and many of them were recipients of his
generous benefactions. He married, August
15, 1846, Miss Christine Seelinger, also born
in Germany, who survives her husband. His
only surviving children are Mrs. Catharine
Schreiber, widow of William Schreiber, and
Miss Christine Spengler.
Stagg-, Hannah Isabella, was born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, daughter of John and
Hannah Davis. Her parents were worthy
members of the Society of Friends, whose
place of nativity was Bedford County, Vir-
ginia, from which they removed to Cincinnati
when that place was a small village on the
western border-line of civilization. Her father
engaged in merchandising and assisted in lay-
ing the foundations on which the Ohio village
afterward rose to the honor and eminence of
the "Queen City of the West." At Cincin-
nati Mrs. Stagg was educated under the tu-
torage of a private teacher and at the school
.of Mrs. Mary Tallant, and there, too, she was
.married, in the year 1842, to Henry Stagg.
Shortly after their marriage they came to St.
Louis, Mr. Stagg engaging in the business of
financial and insurance agent, and Mrs. Stagg
entering at once into the active charitable and
church work which has since been, in large
measure, the occupation of her life. Mr.
Stagg maintained his agency business until his
death, in the year 1887. Mrs. Stagg was
prompt to take part in enterprises in which she
could do most good, and her zeal and intelli-
gence in counsel and action soon caused her
to be recognized as a leader among other good
women in the work of building up the churches
and charitable institutions of St. Louis. When
the Civil War broke out she took a firm stand
on the Union side, although it involved a sev-
erance of the ties that bound her to many
Southern friends, and when an organized ef-
fort was called for to make provision for the
sick and wounded soldiers in St. Louis, Mrs.
Stagg became a charter member of the La-
dies' Union Aid Society, formed at the sugges-
tion of Mrs. John C. Fremont after the battle
of Wilson's Creek, in which General Nathan-
2116
SPIEGELHALTER.
iel Lyon lost his life. Throughout the trying
period that followed she was one of the most
active workers in this organization, and in
1864 she served as a member of the execu-
tive committee, under whose admirable and
efficient supervision and management the
great Mississippi Valley Sanitary Fair was
held in St. Louis. The purpose of this fair
was to raise funds with which to provide for
the better care of the disabled sick and suffer-
ing Union soldiers, and it was owing to the ac-
tive sympathy and liberality of the people of
St. Louis, directed by the intelligent and pa-
triotic women of the Ladies' Union Aid So-
ciety, that the enterprise proved so great a suc-
cess. When the restoration of peace relieved
the patriotic women of their duties and re-
sponsibilities as auxiliaries of the Union Army,
Mrs. Stagg turned her attention again to
church and charitable work. She has been a
member of the board of managers of the St.
Louis Protestant Orphan Asylum for more
than forty years, and for several years has filled
the office of secretary of the board. All en-
terprises and reforms that sought to improve
the condition of the weak and unfortunate
could claim her sympathy and enlist her assist-
ance, and in many of these she is gratefully re-
membered. Mrs. Stagg became a resident of
St. Louis when it was a small city, located
in what was at that time considered the "Far
West." and when Indians were a common
sight on the streets, though their hostility
never took a more dangerous form than appro-
priating articles that excited their barbaric
fancy. The western limit of the city was Sev-
enth Street, beyond which were forests and
farms. She has witnessed its amazing growth
and shared its trials of flood and fire, of war
and pestilence. She remembers the great
flood of 1844, when the river rose to a greater
height than it has ever reached since ; and the
double calamity of fire and scourge in the year
1849, when the conflagration on the levee and
in the harbor was followed by a visitation
■ if cholera, which decimated the population.
She has a vivid remembrance of the tragic
events in the history of the city — the falling of
Laclede Hall and the disaster at the Gasconade
bridge; ami on the other hand, she has pleas-
ant memories of happier things — the opening
of Shaw's ( harden to the public, the dedication
of Forest Park and the other parks, and the
building of the Fads bridge. She has been
contemporary with many whose names are as-
sociated with the growth and prestige of the
city — of men who have advanced its manufac-
turing interests, built its churches, established
its schools and founded its libraries and char-
ities ; and she has been associated with women
whose graces and culture have adorned our
social life, and whose names are imbedded in
the history of our benevolent institutions. She
has been a close observer and student of events
in which she took part, and when she indulges
in reminiscences of the more than fifty years
which she has lived in St. Louis it is equally a
charm and a profit to listen to her. She has
been an active writer all her life, and the pro-
ductions of her pen betray the woman of wide
observation, culture and taste. In church
work she was associated with Rev. T. M. Post,
the Congregational clergyman so well known
and warmly esteemed in his life time for his
benign character and scholarly attainments,
and some of her most pleasant recollections
are connected with this association. Of the
five children born to Mrs. Stagg, two were liv-
ing in 1898 — Virginia Isabella Stagg, wife of
M. S. Forbes, of St. Louis ; and William Lewis
Stagg, a resident of Springfield, Illinois.
Spiegelhalter, Joseph, physician, was
born August 6, 1834, in the town of Obern-
dorf, kingdom of Wuerttemberg, Germany,
son of Joseph and Johanna (Zippehli) Spiegel-
halter. He received a liberal education in the
schools of his native town, but was unable to
realize his ambition to take a university course
for the reason that his father had a large fam-
ily and could not afford the expense. In
1854, when the Crimean War threatened to in-
volve all Europe in the hostilities, he con-
cluded to emigrate to the United States before
he had reached the age at which he would be-
come liable to military duty. When he ar-
rived in this country, although he had learned
the English language at home, he encountered
the difficulties in obtaining satisfactory em-
ployment usually encountered by young for-
eigners who have no friends to assist them in
getting a start. Some friends whom he met
in Philadelphia advised him to try teaching
school in the country, and, acting upon this
advice, he went to Reading, Pennsylvania,
where he passed the required examination and
obtained a teacher's certificate. He was soon
afterward employed to take charge of a school
in Long Swamp Township of Berks County,
which he taught during the winter of 1854-5.
^7o ■ <V^z-e- i^c^^c^
SPIEGELHALTER.
2117
That he was successful as a teacher was evi-
denced by the fact that when the superintend-
ent of schools for that county visited his school
he was offered a position in the Normal School
at Reading, which he declined, saying that he
was a teacher from necessity and not from
choice. In the spring of 1855 he returned to
Philadelphia and found employment in a drug
store owned by Dr. Vasey, a physician in ac-
tive practice. While employed in this capac-
ity he had access to the doctor's library and
thus began the study of medicine. Later he
went to Chicago and while engaged as a drug
clerk in that city, he continued his medical
studies during his leisure hours. In 1857, after
recovering from a serious illness, he deter-
mined to go to New Orleans, but, learning
upon his arrival in St. Louis that yellow fever
was raging in that city, he spent some time
here, thus gaining his first knowledge of the
city which has now been his home for many
years. Later he proceeded to New Orleans
and found employment in a French drug store,
his purpose being to perfect his knowledge of
the French language. The following year
yellow fever again made its appearance in New
Orleans and caused him to return to St. Louis.
While employed here in a drug store he at-
tended medical lectures at Humboldt Medical
Institute and had made considerable progress
toward the realization of his ambition to be-
come a physician when the Civil War inter-
rupted his studies. When President Lincoln
issued his first call for troops, Dr. Hammer,
who was at the head of the Medical Institute,
organized the students into a military com-
pany, which was drilled by Peter J. Osterhaus,
who later became one of the most distin-
guished generals of the Union Army. Sworn
in as a special police force, this company had
for some time done guard duty at the arsenal,
and when hostilities began most of those who
had composed it entered the Union Army in
various branches of the service. Dr. Spiegel-
halter enlisted in the Fifth Regiment of Mis-
souri Infantry and served during three months
as lieutenant of Company I of that regiment,
participating as such in the battles of Carthage
and Wilson's Creek, and commanding his
company in the last named engagement. At
the end of the term for which he had enlisted
he was discharged and in the fall of 1861 re-
sumed his medical studies. He was graduated
from the Medical Institute early in 1862,
and immediately afterward, after being exam-
ined by a military board of medical men, of
which Dr. I. T. Hodgen was president, he ac-
cepted the position of assistant surgeon of the
Twelfth Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regi-
ment, Colonel Osterhaus, in preference to that
of surgeon of the Thirteenth Missouri Infan-
try, which had been tendered him. He joined
this regiment at Batesville, Arkansas, shortly
after the battle of Pea Ridge, but was soon
afterward ordered to take charge as surgeon
of the medical department of the Seventeenth
Missouri Infantry. Shortly afterward he was
ordered to escort a lot of wounded men to the
hospital at Batesville and was retained there
by the order of General Curtis to act as assist-
ant post surgeon. He filled this position un-
til the army moved through the swamps to
Helena, Arkansas, and on this march he had
charge of the hospital train containing the sick
and wounded of Osterhaus' division. While
at Helena he was all the time on detached serv-
ice, acting at different times as surgeon to near-
ly every regiment of the division, and accom-
panying nearly every expedition. During the
first attack onVicksburg and at thesubsequent
capture of Arkansas Post he suffered to such
an extent from hardships and exposure to rain
and cold that his health broke down. After
lying ill of inflammatory rheumatism several
weeks in camp at Young's Point, he was sent
to the Officers' Hospital at Memphis, Tennes-
see. In May of 1863 he had recovered suffi-
ciently to rejoin his command at Grand Gulf
and participated in the march to Jackson and
Vicksburg. In the memorable charge of Gen-
eral Steele's command on the center of the
Confederate works at Vicksburg, May 22,
1863, the command was subjected to the cross-
fire of the enemy three times before reaching
the point of beginning the charge, in which,
when finally made, the Twelfth Missouri In-
fantry lost 120 men in killed and wounded.
Dr. Spiegelhalter was the only surgeon in the
division who accompanied the troops in the
charge and worked until 2 a. m., of the follow-
ing morning in attending to the wants of the
wounded. He continued with his regiment
and was promoted surgeon while on the march
to Chattanooga. During the Chattanooga
campaign, participating in the battles of Look-
out Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Ring-
gold. After the battle of Ringgold — in which
his regiment suffered severely — General Os-
terhaus obtained a special order from General
Grant authorizing Dr. Spiegelhalter to seize
2118
SPIEGELHALTER.
any available house in Chattanooga and con-
vert it into a hospital for the wounded officers
of the First Division, Fifteenth Army Corps.
At this hospital he treated the wounded offi-
cers, caring for them until such time as they
wire able to endure transportation and then
escorted them to their respective homes. As
an army surgeon Dr. Spiegelhalter was ex-
ceedingly popular among his comrades, mak-
ing it a point to be always with them in battle
and ready to render them such service as might
be needed. During the Georgia campaign
he was appointed a member of the operating
corps of the First Division field hospital, but
as he had no assistant, he caused it to be ex-
pressly understood that he should be permitted
to stay with his regiment while it was under
tire and would be required to report for duty
at the hospital only when his command was
not engaged. He was a bold and successful
operator and the many bloody engagements
in which his regiment participated gave him
ample opportunity to show his skill. That he
was equally successful in administering to the
troops under his care as a physician and sani-
tarian is evidenced by the fact that when Col-
onel Wangelin made his final report to the
Adjutant-General of the State of Missouri,
that report contained the following statement :
"The Twelfth Missouri Infantry has always
been a remarkably healthy regiment, doubt-
less in great part owing to the efficiency of its
medical officers. Its reduction to such a small
number as it presented when mustered out was
caused by actual loss in battle." After the fall
of Atlanta the Twelfth Regiment was sent
home to be mustered out, its term of service
having expired, and although the chief medi-
cal director wished to retain Dr. Spiegelhalter
as contract surgeon on the staff of General Os-
-terhaus, he felt that his services were not
longer needed and preferred to return home
•with his regiment. Had he known that Sher-
man's Army would march to the sea, he would
have accompanied it, and still regrets that he
was not a participant in that famous march.
After leaving the army he began the practice
of his profession in St. Louis, and in 1865 was
appointed health officer of the city by Mayor
Thomas. The city board of health then con-
sisted of five councilmen, with the health offi-
cer as ex officio member and the executive
officer of the board. When cholera appeared
in European ports in 1865, Dr. Spiegelhalter
warned the board of health of the impending
danger to this country, but his warnings were
unheeded and the city council failed to make
the appropriation necessary to enable the
health authorities to deal with the epidemic of
the following year. When the epidemic came,
prompt action was necessary, and with the aid
of Honorable Erastus Wells, money was ob-
tained with which to carry on the necessary-
work of sanitation. Dr. Spiegelhalter organ-
ized committees of citizens in every ward to
aid in this work, and by thorough organiza-
tion of these auxiliary forces the horrors of
the epidemic and the attendant mortality were
greatly mitigated. The burden of supervision
fell upon Dr. Spiegelhalter and he was untir-
ing in his efforts to stay the progress of the
disease and restore the public health. The
first cases of cholera were reported during the
last days of July, 1866, and although it had
found the city totally unprepared for its ad-
vent, the board of health was able, as a result
of his prompt and effective work, to declare at
its meeting of September 13th following that
cholera had ceased to exist in St. Louis in an
epidemic form. In recognition of his services
in this connection he was nominated and
elected coroner of St. Louis in the fall of 1866
and re-elected to that office in 1868. When he
entered upon the discharge of his duties as
coroner he gave up his private practice and
devoted all his time to his official work. At
the expiration of his second term as coroner he
visited Europe, where he devoted ten months
to medical study and research in the universi-
ties and clinics of Tuebingen, Vienna and
Wuerzburg. Returning to St. Louis in the fall
of 1871, he has since engaged in the private
practice of medicine and surgery, occupying
a leading place among his professional breth-
ren of this city. He was again called into the
public service in 1876, when Mayor Overstolz
appointed him medical member of the board
of health. He was reappointed to that posi-
tion by Mayor Overstolz in 1877 and 1879, and
by Mayor Ewing in 1883, serving in all
eleven years in that important capacity. His
knowledge of sanitary affairs and the topog-
raphy of the city were of great value to the
city during his term of service as a member of
the board of health. He has been a member
of the St. Louis Medical Society since 1864,
and is a member, also, of the Society of Ger-
man Physicians, of the Microscopical Societv,
the Mississippi Valley Medical Society, the St.
Louis Academy of Science, the American
SPIRITUALISM.
2119
Medical Association, and the American Pub-
lic Health Association. In politics he has
been a Republican since he cast his first vote,
but in later years the requirements of his large
practice have prevented him from taking any
active part in political campaigns. In social
and musical circles he has long been a con-
spicuous figure. He was one of the founders
of the Arion Des Westens, and for many years
its president, and a member of the Liederkranz
Society, the St. Louis Turnverein, and the
Union Club. The warm feeling of comrade-
ship which he has always cherished for those
with whom he was associated in war has made
him active in the veteran organizations, and
he is a member of Frank P. Blair Post of the
Grand Army of the Republic, of the Military
Order of the Loyal Legion, and of the Society
of the Army of the Tennessee. He is a mem-
ber, also, of the St. Louis Ethical Society, was
one of the founders of the St. Louis Swim-
ming School, and of the Missouri Crematory
Association, and is officially connected with
the two last named institutions as a director,
taking an active interest in their management
and welfare. Dr. Spiegelhalter has been twice
married ; first, to Miss Bertha Schmieding,
daughter of Frederick E. Schmieding, a re-
tired merchant and banker of St. Louis. She
died May 5, 1876, leaving four surviving chil-
dren : Frederick J., Joseph, Jr., Charles and
Bertha. His second wife, born Augusta Kay-
ser, is the daughter of William Kayser, a re-
tired merchant of St. Louis. They have three
children : Ella, Alice and Paula Spiegelhal-
ter.
Spiritualism. — There is nothing exclu-
sive, or modern, or doctrinal about spiritual-
ism. It is but a revival of the search after the
"Anima Mundi," which tinged so many of the
speculations of the earlier philosophers, and the
grosser forms of which havebeen handed down
to us in connection with soothsayers, witches,
etc. The old testament is full of spiritualistic
lore and manifestations, as for example, Jacob
wrestling with an angel and the divine voice
speaking to Moses from out of a burning bush.
The dangers attending spirit messengers were
early recognized, as shown in the caution to
the Israelites recorded in Deuteronomy :
"There shall not be found among you any one
that maketh his son or daughter to pass
through the fire, or that useth divination, or an
observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch,
or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar
spirits." Despite these warnings we read that
Manasseh, King of Judah, "made his son pass
through the fire" and of Saul commanding his
servants to seek out "a woman with a familiar
spirit," so that he might "inquire of her." Per
contra, we find recorded, with approbation, the
story of the boy Samuel, of the three Israelites
walking in the "burning, fiery furnace," and of
many prophets of the Most High delivering
true messages. In the New Testament sweep-
ing power is claimed over the spirit world, to
say nothing of the other marvelous gifts asso-
ciated by orthodox Christians with the Feast
of Pentecost. In the pagan world we find
similar conditions prevailing. Oracles were to
be found all over Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece
and Rome, and some of them were quite fa-
mous, so that many of the great and mighty
traveled far in order to consult them. The
oracle of Claros is said to have foretold the
death of Germanicus ; and Alexander, before
he embarked upon his career as a world con-
queror, wrested from the Delphic sibyl in per-
son the prophetic encouragement, "Nothing
can resist you, my son." Varro mentions ten
oracles of renown, viz.: "The Babylonian,
the Libyan, the Delphian, the Cimmerian, the
Erythraean, the Samian, the Cumaean, the
Hellespontine. the Phrygian and the Tibur-
tine." It may be noted of the Cumaean sibyl,
•that she wrote many of her predictions on
leaves. These sibyls, while under the spirit
influence, were affected much as modern me-
diums are, Jamblicus, a disciple of Porphyry,
the platonist, who made a special study of the
ancient mysteries, writing in the third century
says of their custodians, while giving out their
utterances : "Some are agitated throughout
the whole body; others in some of their mem-
bers ; others again are entirely quiet. Some-
times there are pleasing harmonies, dances,
and according voices — and sometimes the re-
verse ; again, the body appears either taller or
longer, or is borne aloft through the air — or
is affected by the opposites of these." Despite
all these apparent wonders, the ancient world,
like the modern world, remained unconvinced.
The Israelites stoned not a few of their proph-
ets ; the Sibylline books were, again and again,
rejected ; and though the augurs were an offi-
cial institution at Rome, Cicero, in speaking
of soothsayings, says : "I have no confidence
in fortune tellers, mercenary soothsayers and
magic hand-claspings." The early Christian
2120
SPIRITUALISM.
ages were miracle-working, if the records of
those times are deserving of any credence at
all. The middle Christian ages are replete
with curious stories of magic. Albertus is
credited with having constructed, early in the
thirteenth century, a machine for communing
with the spirits, in other words, a planchette.
Pope John the XXII speaks with reproba-
tion, in 1317, of his court, complaining that his
very physicians gave themselves up to conjur-
ing with circles, etc. In those days sorcery
was officially recognized, and those charged
with practicing it subjected, strangely enough,
to the test of magic ordeals — to walk red-hot
plough-shares, etc. Some of the spirit visita-
tions of the seventeenth, eighteen and nine-
teenth centuries are thoroughly authentic so
far as human testimony can prove them so.
Take, for example, the strange doings that
chanced in the fall of the year 161 2, at the
house of the Rev. Perraud, minister of the Re-
formed Church at Mascon, Burgundy, France.
These occurred in the presence of many wit-
nesses, including the elders of the church, spe-
cially summoned to investigate them ; and are
vouched for by the bishop of Mascon, the fa-
mous Robert Boyle, and by the Rev. Peter De-
Molin, chaplain to Charles II. What is known
as the Cock Lane Ghost was a regular Lon-
don sensation, and was investigated by Sam-
uel Johnson and Bishop Percy, among other
notables. A still more remarkable occurrence
was. probably, the "Epworth Rappings,"
which first occurred in the house of the Rev.
Samuel Wesley, rector of Epworth parish, and
father of John and Charles Wesley, the saintly
founders of the Methodist Church. These
manifestations first happened while Wesley
and his family were at prayer. They lasted for
years. "I have," says Samuel Wesley, in his
account of his experiences, "been three times
pushed by an invisible power, once against the
.corner of my desk in the study, the second
time against the door of the matted chamber,
and a third time against the right side of the
frame of my study door, as I was going in."
Wesley himself assigned the visitations to the
devil. He was advised to vacate the house,
but declined, saying that if anyone was to va-
cate it was not himself, who was guiltless, but
the devil. The whole parish gossiped over the
matter, and it was widely canvassed at the
time. Robert Southey, in his "Life of Wes-
ley," says: "The testimony upon which it
rests is far too strong to be sel aside because
of the strangeness of the relation." Spirit-
ualist manifestations were common in Ameri-
ca among the early settlements in New Eng-
land, where they were reprobated and classed
as acts of witchcraft, and as such severely
dealt with. The spirit manifestations that
aroused Salem, Massachusetts, early in the
spring of 1692 have passed into history; they
were solemnly inquired into by a committee of
some of the most eminent men of the time, in-
cluding Lieutenant-Governor Stoughton and
Messrs. Sargeant, Saltonstall, YVinthrop and
others, at the courthouse of Salem. Over two
hundred persons were then accused of witch-
craft, of whom fifty-five confessed (in order to
save their lives) one hundred and fifty-four
were imprisoned, twenty were executed, and
eight sentenced to death but afterward re-
prieved. It may be added that later the
judges made public and solemn confession of
the injustice done the accused, and implored
pardon alike of God and man. Shocked as one
is by the severity of the judges, one is still
more impressed by the pathetic endurance of
the accused — mostly ignorant men and wo-
men : awed by the phenomena they had wit-
nessed, fretted by their inquisitors, trembling
for their lives, yet, perhaps, fearful of eter-
nal damnation should they deny the revela-
tions made to them, what wonder if they fal-
tered. What may be called the renaissance of
spiritualism in the United States dates from
about the middle of the present century. In
1843 many strange psychic phenomena were
observed by the sedate Shaker community at
Xew Lebanon, New Jersey. In 1845 Andrew
Jackson Davis, an illiterate shoemaker's ap-
prentice, at Poughkeepsie, New York, dic-
tated the "Principles of Nature, Her Divine
Revelations, and a Voice to Mankind," while
under the spirit influence, at least so he al-
leged. Be that as it may, it was certainly a re-
markable effort for one wholly lacking educa-
tion. In 1848 the spirit rappings at the home
of John D. Fox, Hydeville, Wayne County,
New York, created considerable stir, the re-
sult of which was a great revival of spiritual-
ism. We read that there were no fewer than
three hundred magnetic circles holding regu-
lar meetings in the city of Philadelphia alone
in the year 1852; and that in the succeeding
year there were thirty thousand regular me-
diums practicing in the United States. Dur-
ing the rappings at Hydeville, it may be stated
that the "rapper" claimed to be a spirit, and
SPIRITUALISM.
2121
also announced that the body of a murdered
man lay buried under the cellar floor — in sup-
port of this last announcement we are in-
formed that human bones were discovered by
digging. Many men of prominence were
convinced, among others Judge J. W. Ed-
monds, who with his daughter became me-
diums— the latter having, it is alleged, among
other gifts, the gift of tongues. The world
was stirred and several crowned heads of Eu-
rope attended specially summoned seances,
conducted under the auspices of some specially
notable mediums. Among the investigators
might be named Robert Chalmers, Arch-
bishop Whately, W. M. Thackeray, Anthony
Trollope, Camille Flammarion, Dr. Robert
Hare, Robert Dale Owen, Lord Lyndhurst,
Alfred Russell Wallace, Professors Mapes and
Loomis, Dr. Lockhart Robinson, Sir William
Crookes and Dr. Hoffle, all of whom were
greatly impressed, some becoming strong,
though for the most part conservative, sup-
porters of the cult. Frauds have been de-
tected and none have been more frank in ad-
mitting them than spiritualists. The phenom-
ena are, however, to-day regarded as proven.
Accepting the phenomena, the difficulty of ex-
plaining them remains, substantially, the same
as ever. The materialists, reinforced by the
chemists and other scientists, incline to ac-
count for them as manifestations of matter —
thus putting them much upon the same plane
as the phenomena of the telegraph and of the
telephone. The spiritualists, backed by many
acute metaphysicians and by all the churches
—for these, even when they denounce, concede
spirit agency — assign them to a far higher
source. The spiritualist is prepared to admit
all that the scientist claims as to the subtlety of
matter and the infinite variety and marvel of
its phenomena, but in presence of life he halts
and demands with Elliott Coues : "What is
the chemico-physical difference between a live
amoeba and a dead one?" The Roentgen
ray proves that matter is penetrable, even if
we did not know that before.
The thing which chiefly concerns the spirit-
ualists is not matter and its phenomena, but
life and its phenomena. Whence comes life
and whither goes it? According to Draper's
"Intellectual Development of Europe" : "It
is little that we know respecting the mutations
and distributions of force in the universe. We
can not tell what becomes of that which has
characterized animal life, though of its per-
petuity we may be assured. It has no more
been destroyed than the material particles of
which such animals consist. They have been
transmitted into new forms, it has taken on a
new aspect. The sum-total of matter in the
world is invariable, so likewise is the sum-total
of force." If this be so, and it may be re-
garded as among the established axioms of all
scientific observation, the question that spirit-
ualists and the hosts of believers have most at
heart can not be waived aside ; whence and
whither life? To suppose that the mystery
can ever be explained by the physicist is irra-
tional— for he is possessed of no balances fine
enough, nor of any microscope powerful
enough, to weigh and explore the luminiferous
ether, to say nothing of the infinitely less pon-
derable forces that pass through the ether. If
there be a more satisfactory explanation of the
origin of things than that given by John, many
await its announcement: "In the beginning
was the Word and the Word was with God,
and the Word was God." Here is a complete
system, based on an indwelling, verifying law
— unity throughout all manifestations; the en-
thronement of the spirit that sees and judges
and not of the matter that is merely seen and
judged. If matter and force are interlocked,
the penetrating and interlocking is done by the
force that yokes, and not by the matter that is
yoked. Whether beyond the most rarified
spheres there is an outer sphere, wherein even
atomic dust may not float is not relevant to the
present discussion. Suffice that where mat-
ter is there also is force — the spirit that in-
forms and so generates what is known as life,
with all its manifestations, mysterious as well
as simple. "Investigations of modern science
into the nature and properties of what has
heretofore been termed 'matter,' and the expe-
riments which have been made with material
physical forces upon the human organism, as
illustrated by the phenomena of hypnotism,
have afforded us," says Laurence Oliphant,
"a basis upon which to argue that a world may
exist composed of material forces which are
of too subtle a nature for us to cognize with
our present external senses ; and if that world
is peopled with material beings appropriate to
it, there may be such an affinity between the
finer atoms of the seen and the unseen worlds
as to render possible the interlocking of their
respective atoms, thus forming a single system
of animate nature — for there is no such thing
as an inanimate nature — of which one part is
21 22
SPIRITUALISM.
visible and the other part invisible, and of
which the visible may be a broken and dis-
torted image of some portion of the other
part — broken and distorted because the me-
dium of our senses through which we can be-
come conscious of it is so limited and imper-
fect. These, however, in the case of certain
persons are sufficiently developed to enable
them to perceive, in a dim and obscure way,
that the world in which they live is a reflex of
events which are transpiring in one which is
unseen, and of the processes of nature there,
and of the moral and intellectual activities
which prevail in it ; at the same time the repre-
sentation is imperfect and partial in the ex-
treme ; while in the case of no two observers
does the image thus observed present the same
aspect of character, because the glimpses
which they catch of it are conditioned by the
quality of their material atoms, which become
the transmitting medium for their internal vi-
sion. He, however, who has penetrated far
enough into the mystery of the union of these
two worlds into one system soon begins
clearly to perceive that it is through the inter-
locking of the atoms of the unseen world with
those of his own and of the people in it that
all natural life is maintained. When apparent
suspension of animation occurs in nature, a
certain dislocation of these atoms takes place,
resulting in entirely new combinations of
them, by means of which the grosser ones are
liberated from those which are more sublima-
ted ; these latter remaining interlocked with
those with which they have affinity, and being
for the time inseparably attached to them, con-
tribute the life they have, as it were, withdraw
from this world to the world to which they
now belong; from which they again discharge
it into this one, as water is drawn from the
seas and the streams of the earth into the
heavens, where it recondenses. and descends
with its life-giving moisture again to the soil.
Thus, there is an endless vital circle radiating
life, none of which is ever wasted, for it is part
of an endless system of absorption and distri-
bution, deriving its life in turn from another
system revolving eternally round the center of
all life, which at the same time permeates to
the circumference of all life, till, once more in
contact with the infinite, human thought fails
in its faculties of conception." Such, in effect,
is practically the explanation which all
thoughtful spiritualists give for the phenom-
ena of spiritualism.
It is generally agreed that the spirit world is
divided into spheres. Emanuel Swedenborg,
who may be regarded as one of the most in-
spired of the spiritualists, so taught. The
amount of intercourse between these spheres
depends upon affinity. The intercourse be-
tween our world and the spirit world is simi-
larly explained. The innermost essence of
man is the pneuma or spirit. The spirit — sur-
rounded by its elemental sphere, through
which by means of vibrations it informs the
soul and in turn receives impressions — in-
dwells in the soul. The soul, surrounded by
its elemental sphere — informing and informed
— indwells in the body, through which it mani-
fests itself. The body has a sphere of its own,
and operates by means of its organs. At
death the soul is released from its outer, fleshly
wrapper and joins another sphere — that of
souls or astral bodies. It will be noted that
spiritualism claims that souls are material —
though their world or atmosphere is of a finer
and more rarified kind than ours ; is in fine the
psychic world. Beings in the astral body are
also credited with retaining most, if not all, of
the predispositions and tastes known to them
while in the material body of humanity ; the
pleasures of the senses, as also such moral at-
tributes as love, magnanimity and their oppo-
sites — hate, envy, and the spirit of lying.
From this it follows, that, spirit communica-
tions are just as fallible and tinged with the
elements of suspicion as those between man
and man ; when a medium is used, indeed more
so — the personality of the medium introducing
a fresh element of uncertainty. "Nor is this
all ; life in all its forms — vegetable, animal and
spirit — is subject to the fundamental law of
selection, which implies, primarily at least,
this : a desire for betterment. Forces beyond
their power of resistance may pull men and
spirits downward, but the natural instinct is to
struggle onward, and upward. Man aspires
to the company of the angels, and each of the
angelic choirs has its gaze fixed upon that
which is above, rather than on what is below —
similarly, the fallen angels seek to force their
way to the higher and beatific spheres, and
if they can do so by beguiling mortals, they
will do so. What is the logical inference to
draw from this situation : souls evolving to-
ward the zenith in the higher spheres, and
souls involving toward the Nadir in the lower
spheres, with the earth suspended, as a kind
of medium or magnet, midway between the
SPORTSMAN'S PARK AND CLUB.
2123
realms of life and truth and the realms of dark-
ness and lying? The earnest spiritualist is, of
course, desirous of being put in communica-
tion with the powers of light and truth, but
what are his chances under the great law of
selection ? If a medium is employed, the me-
dium is usually an impressionable girl or wo-
man— of doubtful education, mentally, morally
and physically. The astral body (such is the
theory) of this impassionable woman goes
forth into the soul world to learn and report —
there wanders much as an unsophisticated Fiji
Islander would wander in Wall Street or in
Chapel Court. Well disposed angels have no
more use for lost astral bodies than busy bank-
ers have for marvel-seeking country gazers ;
they have their own business to attend to. But
with the lower or lost spirits it is different.
For such the astral body even of a cataleptic
girl is betterment ; and if they avail themselves
of the opportunity to go in and possess it, the
quality of the resulting messages can be in-
ferred. If the operation of the great law of
selection has here been properly stated, no
wonder that spiritualists should complain of
the prevalence of "puckish and lying spirits."
"The spirit world is full of tramps," admitted
a prominent St. Louis spiritualist, to the pres-
ent writer, "as full as this earth of ours is."
The literature of spiritualism is extensive,
but, as might be expected, for the most part
unsatisfactory. At the same time, many men
of ability have brought scientific methods to
the investigation of the alleged phenomena
and have conceded, in general terms, the pres-
ence of forces in nature outside and beyond
any previously experimented upon by them.
These men have, by their prudent reserve, ex-
ercised considerable influence even in the
scientific world — outside of that hide-bound
coterie which by reason of its entire lack of
imagination and idolatry of materialism, pure
and simple, is, in final analysis, committed to
nothing less than the negation of life itself.
Between the imaginative crudities of the emo-
tional spiritualist, on the one hand, and the
unimaginative crudities of the mere laborato-
rian, on the other hand, there is obviously an
entire universe to be explored — the universe
of consciousness. Between matter and spirit
there is a "borderland" where mind and mat-
ter mingle. This side of borderland is the
known and the knowable; that side of border-
land is (for man) the eternally unknowable — ■
but borderland, itself is explorable. Spirit-
ualism deals with borderland, of which it would
reclaim for man, housed in the body, as much
as possible.
The "First Spiritual Society of St. Louis"
was established in 1865 by Andrew Jackson
Davis and obtained a charter from the State
of Missouri. Davis also organized a Sunday-
school in connection with the society. Its first
meetings were held in Mercantile Library
Hall. At a later date they met in Armory
Hall. The interest in the society was kept up
by lectures delivered once a week by popular
speakers, most of whom came from other
cities and some of whom were very prominent
representatives of spiritualism. Jesse B. Fer-
guson, who was a member of the official fam-
ily of President Andrew Johnson during his
term of office, was the regular lecturer of the
society for a time. After the burning of Ar-
mory Flail the society held meetings at the
courthouse and in other halls until its charter
expired. Its meetings were then suspended
until 1880, when ex-Mayor Joseph Brown and
others secured a new charter for the society
under the same name. Soon afterward How-
ard's Hall, at the corner of Thirtieth and Olive
Streets, was rented and has since been occu-
pied by the society. Six similar societies were
in existence in the city in 1899. At the same
time it was estimated that there were in exist-
ence in the city something more than five
hundred circles, giving seances, from time to
time, with spiritualistic mediums present. The
number of avowed spiritualists in the city was
in the same year estimated, by a competent
authority, at fifteen thousand. What was
known as the Spiritual Association was incor-
porated in 1882 by John B. Crocker, C. H.
Crocker, E. M. Moore, S. T. Dewolfe and
others.
Sportsman's Park and Club was or-
ganized in March, 1881, and incorporated,
the charter members being Christ Von der
Ahe, W. F. Nolke, W. W. Judy, Ed. Goodfel-
low and John W. Beckington, who owned the
$5,000 capital stock, increased in 1892 to
$50,000. They leased for fifteen years five
acres of ground from the Lindell estate, which
they enclosed and provided with amphitheatre
seats, capable of accommodating 2,000 per-
sons, at prices ranging from one dollar down
to twenty-five cents. The purpose of the club
was amusement, chiefly baseball playing. The
Sportsman's Park is at the intersection of Van-
2124
SPRAGUE— STAXARD.
deventer Avenue and Natural Bridge Road.
The grounds are rented out for lawn parties,
picnics and other festive gatherings. Christ
Yon der Ahe was president from the begin-
ning down to 1898, when B. S. Muckenfuss
was chosen to the place. The club did a thriv-
ing business for many years until 1898, when
the war with Spain, the march of regiments
through the city, and the attractions of the
volunteer camp at Jefferson Barracks caused
it to decline, and the park went into the hands
of a receiver.
Sprague, Ambrose, one of the origina-
tors of the St. Louis Fire Company of the Vol-
unteer Fire Department, was born in Danby,
Tompkins County, New York, in 1818, and
died in St. Louis, May 13, 1880. He was en-
gaged in merchandising throughout his life
in St. Louis and was esteemed as a man of af-
fairs. In the days when the volunteer fire
companies protected the city against the fire
fiends he was conspicuous as a volunteer fire-
man and for thirteen years was president of the
St. Louis Fire Company.
Spritz Tour Club. — An 'outing" club,
composed of Germans, organized in 1889. Its
membership is limited to one hundred, and the
expenses of excursions and other "out of
town" entertainments for its members are met
by the collection of monthly dues.
Spruce Street 3Iissiou. — A mission
started in St. Louis on the 21st day of January,
1892, the doors of which have been closed
but one night since, and that the night of the
cyclone, May 27, 1896. The idea of establish-
ing this mission originated with two business
men of St. Louis, V. O. Saunders and Murray
Carleton, who, on a visit to New York, were
invited to attend services at the Florence All
Night Mission, on Bleeker Street. With a
party of Christian workers they made a trip
through the slums of the city, and they became
so impressed with the wonderful work of the
mission that they determined, upon their re-
turn home, to establish a work similar in char-
acter to that of the Florence Mission. They
began this work at 507 Spruce Street, but on
the 15th of January they moved into the build-
ing on the northwest corner of Sixth and Elm
Streets, formerly occupied by the Theatre
Comique. The mission is non-sectarian and
is a rescue mission for fallen men and women.
Religious services are held thereevery night by
ministers who volunteer to conduct them and
by the missionary who resides at the building.
The good people who carry on this mission
work visit the sick, bury the dead, and seek out
the destitute and vicious classes for the pur-
pose of bettering their moral and physical con-
dition. The mission is supported by volun-
tary contributions and appeals strongly to
those who have noted what it has accomplished
and who recognize in it a potent agency for
good.
Staebliu, Christian, was born Decem-
ber 15, 1829, in Bahlingen, Baden, Germany,
son of Christian and Maria Barbara (Haesig)
Staehlin. He came with his father's family to
this country in 1833 ar>d first lived on a farm.
In 1837 his father came to St. Louis and es-
tablished himself in business on the levee.
Later the elder Staehlin built the old Staehlin
Brewery, now known as the Phoenix Brewery,
at the corner of Eighteenth Street and Lafay-
ette Avenue. After completing his education
in the public schools of this city, young Chris-
tian Staehlin was placed in charge of his fa-
ther's interest in the brewery, then one of the
largest plants of its kind in the West. There-
after, until 1877, he managed this brewery, and
in this and other operations, accumulated a
handsome fortune. Later in life he met with
heavy losses, financially, but has never ceased
to enjoy the respect and esteem of the people
of St. Louis. In 1855, when only twenty-six
years of age, he was elected a member of the
city council of St. Louis and proved himself a
useful members of the local legislature of the
city. During the years 1859 to 1861 he was
city treasurer, elected to that office on the
Democratic ticket. In 1872 he was chosen a
member of the St. Louis County Court and
held that office four years. Throughout his
life he has taken a great interest in public af-
fairs, and he is one of the men to whom St.
Louis is largely indebted for its present water-
works system. June 5, 1858, he married Miss
Pauline Ackle, of St. Louis. The children
born of this union who are now living are
John C, Bertha (now Mrs. Charles Simpson),
Charles, August and Alfred Staehlin.
Stanard, Edwin Obed, ex-Lieuten-
ant-Governor of Missouri and ex-Congress-
man, as well as a distinguished manufacturer
and man of affairs, was born in Newport, New
STANARD.
2125
Hampshire, January 5, 1832, and comes of a
typical New England family. His mother,
Elizabeth A., was a Webster, and both his
great-grandfather Webster and his great-
grandfather Stanard won Revolutionary re-
nown. William Stanard, who was his great-
grandfather in the paternal line, was a member
of the committee of safety of Newport, New
Hampshire, and also served as a private in
Captain Uriah Wilcox's company of Colonel
Benjamin Ballou's New Hampshire Regi-
ment ; and his great-grandfather Webster was
a lieutenant in Captain Joseph Dearborn's
New Hampshire Company which marched
with the Continental troops against Canada
under the leadership of General Montgomery
in 1776. In 1836 his father, Obed Stanard,
moved to Van Buren County, Iowa, where
Edwin received his early education at the
Keosoqua High School. He afterward en-
gaged in teaching. In 1856 we find him at
Alton, Illinois, in the position of bookkeeper,
and two years later opening a commission
house in St. Louis. With untiring energy and
perseverance, he soon built up a profitable
business, which in 1861 justified the estab-
lishment of branch houses in other cities. In
1868, relinquishing the commission business,
he embarked largely in milling, in which he is
still (1898) engaged on an extensive scale. The
several brands of Stanard flour enjoy a reputa-
tion not confined to the United States. For
more than three decades Mr. Stanard has been
a conspicuous figure on the floor of the Mer-
chants' Exchange, and for a large portion of
this time he has occupied official positions in
that body. In 1866 he was elected its president.
He has also been one of the vice-presidents of
the National Board of Trade. During the
year 1893 he was president of the directory of
the St. Louis Exposition, and was a leader in
the Autumnal Festivities Association, now
known as the Business Men's League. He is
a director in the St. Louis Trust Company and
also in the Boatmen's Bank. For fourteen
years he was president of the Citizens' Fire In-
surance Company. Thus it will be seen that
Mr. Stanard has had a close identification with
the business affairs of St. Louis, whose inter-
ests he has at all times exhibited zeal in pro-
moting. He has been a frequent delegate to
commercial and similar conventions in the
principal cities of the Union, and his voice has
been often heard upon subjects of vital con-
cern to the country.
Mr. Stanard, although known to his friends
and acquaintances as a stalwart Republican,
had up to 1868 taken no active public part
in politics, so that his nomination as a candi-
date for Lieutenant-Governor in that year, on
the McClurg ticket, was in the nature of a
surprise. His inclinations were not in the di-
rection of office-holding, but he was a good
speaker and earnest in all his actions. He
grasped readily all the strong points in his
party's cause, and as a novice in partisan war-
fare shone with unusual force among the vet-
erans and "wheel-horses" then prominent
in election affairs. A man of Mr. Stan-
ard's sterling character, emerging from en-
grossing business pursuits and carrying with
him to the hustings the unmistakable impress
of both enthusiasm and sincerity, rarely fails
to exert wide influence. The acquisition of
Mr. Stanard, therefore, to the fighting forces
of the Republican party produced a wonderful
effect, particularly in St. Louis. As Lieuten-
ant-Governor it is not usually given a man to
mold a career strikingly brilliant to the State
at large. He forms the committees of the
Senate and presides over the proceedings of
that body. In the first mentioned function his
judgment of the various capacities and apti-
tudes of the members is brought into action ;
in the other his sense of fairness and alertness
in the dispatch of the public business. In both
these requisites Governor Stanard was a suc-
cess, and he established himself as a leader.
By the time his term as a State official expired
the Governor had, in a measure, overcome his
early disinclination toward public life, so that
at least it was less difficult to persuade him,
in 1870, to be a candidate for Congress than
it had been to induce him to run for Lieuten-
ant-Governor. He then resided in the lower
congressional district of St. Louis, where the
Liberal Republican sentiment was strongest.
The editor of the "Democrat," Colonel Gros-
venor, was the Liberal candidate. Governor
Stanard the nominee of the Radical wing.
The Democracy had no candidate of their own,
but in convention endorsed Colonel Grosve-
nor. Against this strong combination Gov-
ernor Stanard was elected, largely, of course,
through his forceful personal character. He
took his seat at a time most opportune for
Western interests. The Representatives from
the Eastern States had always been chary in
voting appropriations for the maintenance and
improvement of Western and Southern water-
2126
STANDARD TIME— STARKLOFF.
ways. The question of cheap transportation
to the seaboard, involving the loading of ves-
sels at New * Mleans that might successfully
pass the delta obstructions in the lower Mis-
sissippi, was of vital importance, and to this
subject Governor Stanard devoted immense
energy. Congress consented to try the expe-
riment of keeping a deep channel between
New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico by jet-
tics, and Captain Eads was placed in charge of
the work, although limited to the least prom-
ising of the three passes or mouths of the Mis-
sissippi. Governor Stanard, since the com-
pletion of his congressional term, has firmly
declined all solicitations to return to public
life, preferring to devote his time to his busi-
ness interests, although never averse to lend-
ing a helping hand to any enterprise for the
advancement of the city.
From his Xew England ancestry. Governor
Stanard inherits firm religious tendencies.
From bovhood he has been a faithful member
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was
selected by the Missouri Conference a dele-
gate to the Ecumenical Council at London in
1881, a trust he discharged most satisfactorily.
But his piety is by no means of so severe a type
as to be inconsistent with a most sympathetic,
agreeable and genial nature, which manifests
itself with unaffected cordiality. In 1865 Mr.
Stanard married Miss Esther Kaufman, of
Iowa. Their children are William K. Stan-
ard, who is a prominent member of the Mer-
chants' Exchange; a younger son and two
daughters.
Standard Time. — The present system
of standard time was adopted for the United
States and Canada, on the 13th of November.
[883, and grew out of the extension of rail-
roads east and west, and the necessity of a gov-
erning time for running trains. In France
trains are run by Paris time, and the difference
between the extreme eastern and western
points is only forty minutes. In England,
Greenwich gives the governing time, and the
greatest difference, that between the local time
of Yarmouth and Land's End, is thirty-two
minutes. But on the Continent of North
America, Canada and the United States streti h
east and west seventy degrees, and as every
fifteen degrees of longitude makes a difference
of one hour in time, the difference in local time
between points on the Atlantic and Pacific
Coast is four to five hours. To avoid the con-
fusion of running trains by local time along
such a great stretch of longitude, it was de-
cided to adopt the present system of five meri-
dians for Canada and the United States, the
Intercolonial, running through the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, sixty degrees west from Green-
wich ; the Eastern, running between New
York and Philadelphia, seventy-five degrees
west from Greenwich ; the Central, running
between St. Louis and Belleville, Illinois, nine-
tv degrees west from Greenwich; and the Pa-
cific, running a little east of Sacramento, Cali-
fornia, one hundred and twenty degrees west
from Greenwich. These meridians are fifteen
degrees or one hour apart. Each governs a
belt seven and one-half degrees on each side,
and. as nearly as practicable, all places in
this belt use the time of the meridian passing
through it. Thus, Boston, Philadelphia, New
York, Baltimore and Washington use the
Eastern meridian time, and all places as far
east as Cincinnati, and as far west as Topeka,
Kansas, and Lincoln, Nebraska, use the Cen-
tral meridian time.
Starkloff, Hugo 31., physician, was
born in the city of Stuttgart, Germany, Octo-
ber 3, 1834, son of Baron Carl and Sophie von
Starkloff. Dr. Starkloff comes of a dis-
tinguished family, which originated in Russia,
where his ancestors held high rank, both in
the army and in the government service.
From Russia the family was transplanted to
Germany, and there also its representatives
achieved distinction especially as military men.
I >r. Starkloff's grandfather was one of the
< ierman officers who served under Napoleon
in the Russian campaign, which ended in the
disastrous retreat from Moscow. Commanding
a German regiment, recruited in Wuerttem-
berg. he endured all the hardships incident to
that memorable campaign, and retreat up to
and including the historic passage of the Ber-
esina in the fall of 1812. It was at the Ber-
1 sina that the bruised and broken army of Na-
poleon was practically annihilated by the piti-
less tire of the well organized and skillfully
disposed Russian troops, and Colonel Stark-
loff died from a wound received at that time.
The father of Dr. Starkloff was also colonel of
a regiment of Wuerttemberg infantry at a later
date, and his grandfather on the maternal
side was colonel of an Austrian cavalry regi-
ment. Reared in the kingdom of Wuerttem-
berg, Dr. Starkloff received a liberal academic
STARKLOFF.
2127
education at the gymnasiums of Stuttgart
and Ulm. After completing his classical
studies, he was fitted for the medical profes-
sion in the famous schools of Tuebingen,
Heidelberg and Prague, and received his doc-
tor's degree in 1852. The same year he came
to the United States, and, after stopping a
short time in New York City, came west,
crossing Lake Erie on the steamer "Griffith,"
which was burned to the water's edge before
the voyage ended. Picked up by a passing
steamer, Dr. Starkloff was landed at Cleve-
land, Ohio, and soon afterward went to Cali-
fornia by the "overland route" in the employ
of the American Fur Company as surgeon.
Later he was located for some time at Fort
Riley, Kansas, where he was connected with
the United States Army as contract surgeon.
When this connection ended he came east as
far as Galesburg, Illinois, where he was en-
gaged in the practice of his profession until
the beginning of the Civil War. In 1861 he
tendered his services to the government, and
was commissioned surgeon of the Forty-third
Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
Combining with rare medical and surgical
skill the qualities of a superior military discip-
linarian, his promotion in the medical depart-
ment of the army was rapid, and before the
war closed he became medical director of the
First Division of the Seventh Army Corps.
After being mustered out of the military serv-
ice, he came to St. Louis, and resumed the
practice of his profession at Carondelet, be-
coming surgeon also of the military post at
Jefferson Barracks. In 1885 he resigned the
position of surgeon at the barracks, and found-
ed the Orthopedic Institute of St. Louis,
continuing to be prominently identified with
the medical profession of this city until 1889.
In that year he was appointed by President
Benjamin Harrison LTnited States consul at
Bremen, Germany, a position which he con-
tinued to hold until 1894. He proved himself
an able representative of the government at
Bremen, gaining special distinction during the
prevalence of the cholera epidemic at Ham-
burg, in 1893, by inaugrating sanitary meas-
ures which prevented the spread of the dread
disease and its introduction on board the
steamers bound for the United States. So ef-
fective were these measures that not a single
case of cholera appeared on board the steam-
ers sailing from Bremen for this country, or
among the thousands of emigrants who left
that port almost daily. At the expiration of the
term of service as consul, he returned to the
United States, and has since been numbered
among the most distinguished practitioners of
medicine in the West, filling also the chair
of orthopedic surgery in the Marion Sims
College of Medicine and Surgery, and hold-
ing high rank among the medical educators of
the country. His interest in educational af-
fairs has extended to the public schools of the
city, and for fifteen years or more he served
as a public school director in St. Louis, prov-
ing himself one of the ablest and most useful
friends of the public school system of this
city. For many years he has taken an active
interest in politics, and has been one of the
most influential members of the Republican
party in Missouri.
Starkloff, Maximilian C, physician,
was born December 30, 1859, in Quincy, Illi-
nois, son of Dr. II. M. Starkloff, a native of
Germany, and a well known physician, whose
career has been reviewed in a preceding sketch
in this volume. The son was educated in the
public schools of St. Louis, and at the military
academy of Pennsylvania, and later took a
commercial course at Bryant & Stratton's Col-
lege of this city. For four years thereafter he
read medicine under the preceptorship of the
noted physician and surgeon, Dr. John T.
Hodgen, attending the courses of lectures also
at St. Louis Medical College. He received
his doctor's degree from that institution at the
close of the college year 1882, and immediate-
ly afterward began the practice of his profes-
sion in Carondelet. He has since continued
his practice in this city, and at the same time
has held various important municipal and
other offices. During the administration of
President Harrison, he served as president of
the board of United States pension examiners
for St. Louis. In 1895 he was appointed
health commissioner of St. Louis, bv Mayor
Walbridge, and still fills that position, in which
he has done much to improve the public health
and better sanitary conditions in the city. He
is also local surgeon for the Missouri Pacific
Railroad Company, and consulting surgeon of
the Western Steel Company, and of the Vulcan
Iron works. During a period of ten years'
sendee as surgeon of these corporations, he
has treated fifteen thousand persons, suffering
from injuries, for which the corporations felt
themselves in some degree responsible, an
2128
STATE CONVENTION.
average of fifteen hundred patients a year. As
a physician and surgeon Dr. Starkloff stands
high among his contemporaries, as a public
official he has been true to every trust, and as
a man he has drawn about him a host of warm
friends. An enthusiastic patron of field sports,
he is known locally as one of the best shots
in St. Louis and as a participant in numerous
shooting tournaments. Politically he is
identified with the Republican party, and he
has taken an active part in advancing its inter-
est, and is one of the influential party man-
agers of St. Louis. He married, in 1879, at
Belleville, Illinois, Miss Mary E. Flynn, a
daughter of William Flynn, of Mexico, Mis-
souri, well known throughout the West, as a
railroad builder and contractor. Their only
child is a daughter, now approaching woman-
hood.
State Convention. — The representative
body, usually referred to in Missouri as the
"State Convention," was a body which came
into existence upon the eve of the Civil War,
and adjourned finally July 1, 1863. In his in-
augural address, delivered January 4, 1861,
Governor Claiborne F. Jackson gave expres-
sion to the sentiment that Missouri was en-
titled to a voice in the settlement of the ques-
tions then pending in the country, and recom-
mended that the Legislature should immedi-
ately provide for the calling of a State conven-
tion "that the will of the people may be ascer-
tained and effectuated." In pursuance of this
recommendation, the Legislature, on January
1 6th, passed a bill providing for the conven-
tion, the object of which was declared by the
act to be "to consider the then existing rela-
tions between the government of the United
States, the people and the governments
of the different States, and the gov-
ernment and the people of the State
of Missouri; and to adopt such meas-
ures for vindicating the sovereignty of the
State and the protection of its institutions as
shall appear to be demanded." The tenth sec-
tion of the bill provided that "no act, ordinance
or resolution of said convention shall be
deemed to be valid to change or dissolve the
political relations of this State to the govern-
ment of the United States, or any other State,
until a majority of the qualified voters of this
State, voting upon the question, shall ratifv the
same." In accordance with the provisions of
the bill, each senatorial district in the State
elected, on the iSth of February, 1861, three
times as many delegates to the convention as
such district was entitled to members in the
State Senate. Ninety-nine members were
thus elected in all, and the convention met
February 28th following, in Jefferson City.
At the organization Sterling Price, afterward
distinguished as a Confederate general, was
made president, upon the nomination of Hon-
orable James O. Broadhead, of St. Louis.
Other officers elected were Robert Wilson, of
Andrew County, vice-president; Samuel A.
Lowe, of Pettus, secretary; and Robert A.
Campbell, of St. Louis, assistant secretary.
On March 1st the convention adjourned to
meet in St. Louis on March 4th, following.
On the date last named, it reconvened at Mer-
cantile Library Hall, in St. Louis, and con-
tinued in session until March 22d. The delib-
erations of the body during this session were
characterized by heated debates and dramatic
episodes, but the gist of its action may be
given in the statement that it adopted a series
of resolutions declaring that there was, at that
time, no adequate cause to impel Missouri to
dissolve her connection with the Federal
Union ; that the people of the State were de-
votedly attached to the Union, and earnestly
desired that it might be preserved and perpetu-
ated ; that the people of the State favored the
amendments to the Constitution of the United
States, proposed by Senator John J. Critten-
den, of Kentucky, commonly known as the
"Crittenden Compromise;" that the Legisla-
tures of Missouri and other States should take
the proper steps for calling a convention to
amend the Constitution as proposed ; that the
Federal government should not employ mili-
tary force to coerce into submission the seced-
ing States ; and that the seceding States should
not assail the government by force of arms,
both being entreated to stay the arm of mili-
tary power, and the Federal government being
requested, in order to restore harmony and
fraternal feeling between the different sections,
to withdraw Federal troops from forts within
the borders of seceding States.
After constituting a committee, which was
authorized to call the convention together
should occasion arise for its meeting prior to
the date to which it adjourned, an adjourn-
ment was taken to the third Monday in De-
cember, 1861. In pursuance of a call by this
committee, the convention met again at Jef-
ferson City July 22, 1861, and remained in
STATE IMMIGRATION SOCIETY.
2129
session until July 31st, following, when it again
adjourned to the third Monday in December.
During this session, Governor Jackson and
other State officers having fled from the capi-
tal, the convention declared the offices of Gov-
ernor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of
State and members of the General Assembly
to have been vacated, and appointed Hamilton
R. Gamble, Governor ; Willard P. Hall, Lieu-
tenant-Governor; and Mordecai Oliver, Sec-
retary of State ; to act until their successors
should be elected on the first Monday in Aug-
ust of 1862. Robert Wilson was elected to the
presidency of the convention at this session
to succeed General Price, who had accepted a
major-general's commission in the Confed-
erate army. The convention was again con-
vened by proclamation of Governor Gamble,
October 10, 1861, and was in session at Mer-
cantile Library Hall, in St. Louis, until the
18th of October following. At this session
the convention abolished the State board of
public works, the office of State superintendent
of public schools, the offices of State and as-
sistant State geologist, and the office of county
school commissioner. A form of oath was
prescribed for each civil officer in the State,
and certain provisions were made for the or-
ganization of the State militia. June 2, 1862,
in obedience to a proclamation by Governor
Gamble, the convention reassembled at Jef-
ferson City, and was in session thereafter un-
til the 14th of the same month. The conven-
tion at this session divided the State into nine
congressional districts, and provided that a
test oath of loyalty should be taken by voters
and all persons elected or appointed to any
civil office in the State. The convention met
for its last session in pursuance of a proclama-
tion by Governor Gamble, June 15, 1863, at
Jefferson City. The most important act of
this session was the adoption of an ordinance
providing for the gradual emancipation of
slaves, and the final extinguishment of slavery
in Missouri prior to July 4, 1870. On the 1st
of July, 1863, the convention adjourned "sine
die." (See also "Politics and Civil War" and
"War Between the States.")
State Immigration Society. — While
Honorable John S. Phelps was Governor of
Missouri, and largely through his efforts, a
State Immigration Society was formed, which
had for its object the systematic collection of
data showing the natural resources and ad-
vantages of Missouri, the publication and dis-
tribution of the data thus collected, and the
promotion of immigration to the State. Much
interest was taken in the movement by the
people of St. Louis, and a meeting of the so-
ciety held at Mercantile Library Hall is re-
membered as one of the most enthusiastic con-
ventions of the kind ever held in the West. To
the action of this immigration convention,
and the work done later by the State Immigra-
tion Society, Missouri is mainly indebted for
the impetus given to fruit-growing in this
State, and every county and city in the State
may be said to have reaped direct or indirect
benefits from the labors of this society.
Stateler, Learner B., clergyman, was
the successor of Thomas Drummond, who
died in 1835, while pastor of the Methodist
Church in St. Louis. After service in differ-
ent parts of Missouri he was appointed to look
after Southern Methodist Missions in Mon-
tana and Colorado in 1865. He spent many
years and endured many hardships in Mon-
tana, where he died in 1872, after fifty-three
years in the ministry. He was a member of
each of the following named conferences :
Kentucky, Missouri, St. Louis, Indian Mis-
sion, Kansas, Western, Denver and Montana.
After all of his pioneer labors he bequeathed
$5,000 to the Church Extension Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
Stationary Engineei's, Brother-
hood of. — A social, beneficiary and trade
brotherhood, organized in St. Louis in April
of 1878. It was incorporated in August of
1882, and amended articles of incorporation
were filed in October of 1888. It is strictly
a local institution, and is entirely independent
of similar organizations existing in other
cities. Its objects are to unite fraternally all
acceptable white men engaged in the business
of running stationary engines, and to give to
its members all the moral and material aid in
its power. From a fund created by assess-
ments it pays sick and death benefits to its
members. It is empowered to grant licenses
to all qualified to take charge of steam boilers,
engines and heating apparatus, and from
time to time holds meetings for the purpose of
giving instruction in the line of work in which
its members are engaged. Applicants for
membership must be between twenty-one and
fifty-five years of age, and competent to earn
2130
STATIONARY ENGINEERS, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF.
a livelihood for themselves as stationary en-
gineers. He must also have had personal
charge of a steam boiler, or boilers, for a pe-
riod of not less than two years. The stated
meetings of the brotherhood are held every
Thursday evening in the Odd Fellows' Build-
ing. Its present membership is 257.
Stationary Engineers, National
Association of. — An organization formed
in 1882 at a convention called by the Engi-
neers' Association of Providence, Rhode Is-
land, and which met in New York in October
of that year, with representatives present from
Providence, New York, Brooklyn, Chicago,
and Wilmington, Delaware. The objects of
the organization were declared to be "the bet-
ter education of its members in the art and
science of steam engineering ; to protect the
interests of the competent engineers in their
vocation ; to enroll all competent engineers in
the organization ; to discountenance strikes ;
to impart information beneficial to the trade ;
to assist members out of employment to ob-
tain employment, and to procure, by legal en-
actment, greater safety in the operation of
steam plants." St. Louis Association, No. 2,
was organized under the auspices of this Na-
tional association, September 5, 1883. and in
1898 had 200 members.
Statues in St. Louis. — At the eastern
entrance to Forest Park, near the termination
of Lindell Boulevard, is a bronze statue of
( General Francis Preston Blair, which was for-
mally presented to the public by the officers of
tin Blair Monument Association. May 21,
1NN5. The artist was Mr. Wellington W.
Gardner. The figure is of heroic size, fully
ten feet high, and, with the pedestal of Mis-
souri granite, has a total height of about twen-
ty-five feet. (")n the east side of the pedestal
is the name, with the date of birth, February
to. [821, and of death. July 8, 1875. ( >n the
west sid,- is a lengthy inscription commemo-
rative of the character and public services of
the distinguished statesman and soldier. I te
is represented standing erect in citizen's dress,
in the act of addressing an audience, and th-osc
who have seen him in that attitude agree in
pronouncing the likeness a most perfect one
in every respect. The position of the right
arm. though not graceful, is true to the life in
his most familiar gesture upon the platform.
This well deserved memorial to a brave man
and noble patriot cost about $10,000.
At the southeast corner of Forest Park is a
bronze statue of Edward Bates, one of Mis-
souri's most distinguished lawyers, and a
member of President Lincoln's first cabinet.
The figure is of colossal size, and the work of
J. Wilson McDonald. Mr. Bates is repre-
sented in the attitude of speaking, and it is said
to be a good portrait in face and form. On
the four sides of the massive granite pedestal
are medallion portraits of Captain James B.
F.ads, Governor Hamilton R. Gamble, Mr.
Charles Gibson and Henry S. Geyer. The to-
tal cost, including pedestal, etc., was some
$13,000.
At the highest point in Lafayette Park
stands a bronze statue of Thomas Hart Ben-
ton, unveiled and dedicated May 27, 1868,
General Frank P. Blair delivering the oration.
Eight years before the Legislature made an
appropriation for such a monument to the
great Missouri Senator, but the amount of the
appropriation was altogether insufficient, and
had to be largely increased by public and pri-
vate subscription. When a sum large enough
had been secured the gentlemen in charge of
the work gave the commission for its execu-
tion to Miss Harriet Hosmer, the well known
American sculptress. She prepared the model
in Rome, and it was cast in the Royal Foundry
at Munich. The figure is ten feet in height,
and stands upon a pedestal of Quincy granite
of the same height, which, with the platform at
the base, makes the total elevation about
twenty-three feet. The Senator is draped in
a long cloak, somewhat resembling a Roman
toga, and the hands hold a map. The uncov-
ered head is slightly bowed, the eyes looking
downward, as if in deep thought. This posi-
tion has provoked some criticism, as it is said
that Benton never looked downward, but car-
ried his head erect with an upward tendency.
The standard portraits of him certainly do not
sustain Miss Hosmer's idea of his general ap-
pearance in this particular. At a Pacific Rail-
way meeting in St. Louis, in 1849. Colonel
Benton made a speech advocating the great
transcontinental work which has long since
been so successfully realized. In that speech,
looking westward, he exclaimed : "There is
East — there is India !" These now immortal
words are on the west front of the pedestal in
letters of gold. Benton could not have looked
down when he uttered them ; and if the statue
STATUES IN ST. LOUIS.
2131
was intended to represent him when making
this speech it is — to' that extent at least — inap-
propriate and unfaithful. But as an artistic
work in bronze it is remarkably fine. The
total cost, including the pedestal, is said to
have been $36,000.
Not far from the Benton is a smaller statue
of much greater historic interest — a bronze
reproduction by Hubard of the famous marble
original in the capitol in Richmond, Virginia,
done from life by Jean Antoine Houdon, in
1788. The Houdon statue, as all know, is con-
sidered the very best portrait of Washington
in existence; and as this bronze is a faithful
copy of it to the minutest detail, it is of inesti-
mable value to present and future generations
of our pople. It has the disadvantage of
standing too high, being only life size ; the
original not having been intended for the open
air, but for a comparatively small room. The
"Washington" was purchased by the park in
about 1873, and placed where it now is. Hon-
orable Carl Schurz made the dedication ad-
dress. It may be mentioned that in the great
tornado of May, 1896, the figure was moved
three-quarters of an inch on the granite ped-
estal, but suffered no damage.
To Mr. Henry Shaw, the greatest benefac-
tor the city and State have ever had, St. Louis
owes the finest specimens of the plastic art
now in her possession — the "Shakespeare,"
"Humboldt" and "Columbus" in Tower
Grove Park. Fortunate, indeed, will St. Louis
be if in the future other benefactors are
equally generous and equally tasteful. The
"Shakespeare," like its associates in bronze
immortality, is the work of Von Mueller, of
Munich, and was cast in the Royal Art Foun-
dry of that city — the most famous of its kind
in the world. It stands at the center and
highest point of the park, and is the most con-
spicuous object in this beautiful pleasure
ground. The figure is of colossal size, and
clad, of course, in the costume of the Eliza-
bethan period ; a close-fitting doublet from
neck to waist, loose knee-breeches, stockings
and low shoes. A short cloak falls lightly
from the shoulders. The right arm hangs at
full length, the hand holding a pen. The left
arm is partly hidden in the folds of the cloak,
the hand resting on the hip. The right foot is
slightly advanced, and behind the left are two
or three large folio volumes, which furnish the
figure all needed support. The head is un-
covered, and, with the face, is a sufficientlv
faithful reproduction of the bust over the grave
in Stratford Church — conceded to be the best
likeness of the prince of poets extant. The
pedestal, of red Syenite granite, is eighteen
feet square at the base, and fifteen feet in
height. On the front or eastern side is a
bronze panel representing the late Ben De-
Bar, the popular St. Louis actor, in the char-
acter of "Falstaff." On the north side is seen
"Hamlet and the Grave-Digger" ; on the
south, "Queen Katharine," meeting her ac-
cusers, and on the west, "Lady Macbeth," in
the sleep-walking scene. When Adelaide
Neilson — "the incomparable Juliet" — visited
St. Louis for the last time, in the early spring
of 1880, she gave the statue and its accom-
paniments long and careful inspection, and
then said to the friends with her: "I think I
have seen every memorial of Shakespeare,
public and private, of any consequence, in ex-
istence, and to me this is the best of all." She
then promised to send a slip from the Shakes-
peare mulberry tree at Stratford to be planted
on a spot near it which she indicated. Her
death a few months later prevented the fulfill-
ment of this promise ; and Mr. Shaw, in the
following autumn, planted on the same spot
what is now known as "the Neilson Mul-
berry." He was assisted in this graceful trib-
ute by Mr. N. M. Ludlow, the oldest actor
then living; by Mr. Thomas E. Garrett, then
dramatic editor of the "Missouri Republican" ;
and Mr. Thomas Dimmock, a member of the
editorial staff. He afterward placed in front
of the tree the present marble tablet, bearing
Miss Neilson's name, and the date of her
memorable visit.
The "Shakespeare" was formally unveiled
and presented to the public, with appropriate
ceremonial, April 23, 1878, being the three
hundred and fourteenth anniversary of his
birth, and the two hundred and sixty-second
of his death. A fitting confirmation of Ben
Johnson's noble line is graven upon the base
of the statue : "He was not of an age, but for
all time."
Some two hundred yards east of the
"Shakespeare," and in a direct line with it on
the main avenue, stands the "Humboldt." per-
haps the most attractive of the three. Though
the smallest of them, it is no less than eleven
feet in height, and, like the others, the real size
is concealed by the skill of the artist in pro-
portioning the figure. The great naturalist is
represented in the prime of early manhood, as
STATUES IN ST. LOUIS.
he was during the scientific explorations in
South America, which laid the foundations of
his fame. Dressed in the traveling costume
of the period, he leans in easy attitude against
the stump of a tree, over which a cloak is
thrown. The hands are loosely clasped in
front ; the right holding a partially opened
map, which he has evidently been consulting.
The head is uncovered and slightly bowed, as
if the owner were contemplating a scene which
appealed at once to the imagination and the
intellect. The face is eminently worthy of the
man and his work ; high and massive brow,
strong yet handsome features, and a mouth of
such exquisitely blended strength and beauty
that, once seen, it can never be forgotten. No
portrait ever painted of him on either side of
the ocean gives us such a graceful and alto-
gether charming Humboldt as this one in en-
during bronze. The pedestal of red granite
is fifteen and a half feet square at the base, and
rises to the height of about thirteen feet. The
bronze panel on the west or front side has sim-
ply the name : "Alexander von Humboldt."
That on the south has a landscape view of
Mount Chimborazo, whose summit he was the
first white man to reach. On the east side is
a fine likeness of Mr. Shaw himself, and this
inscription: "In honor of the most accom-
plished traveler of this or any other age.
Erected by Henry Shaw, 1878." The relief
on the north side shows the Valley of the
Amazon, with a foreground of luxuriant
tropical vegetation. The unveiling and pre-
sentation ceremonies occurred on Sunday.
November 24, 1878, and were under the gen-
eral direction of the German-American socie-
ties of St. Louis, who thus had an opportunity
of contributing an important share of the hon-
ors bestowed upon their distinguished coun-
tryman. In this connection it may be inter-
esting to know that when the statue was com-
pleted Yon Mueller invited the grandniece of
Humboldt to come to Munich and see it be-
fore shipment to America. The lady came,
and in a letter to Mr. Shaw, written after the
visit, expressed her high admiration of the
artist's work, and said, in substance, that
"Humboldt's own country had not given him
any monument equal in grace, beauty and ap-
propriateness to this which he owed to Amer-
ica through Henry Shaw."
Near the eastern or Grand Avenue entrance
to the park stands the third member of the
artistic trinity — the "Columbus," looking
westward. It is the largest of all and latest
in point of date, having been unveiled and for-
mally presented to the city October 12, 1886 —
the three hundred and ninety-fourth anni-
versary of the event it commemorates. The
great Genoese sailor is represented standing
upon the deck of his ship on that memorable
night, gazing at that glimmering light which
told him that he had at last found the New
World, which ought to bear his name — but
does not. The figure is finely proportioned
and exceedingly impressive in its general ap-
pearance. A long sea cloak hangs from the
right shoulder, and is held to the breast by the
right hand, while the left hand rests upon a
post, around which a cable is coiled. A fold
of the cloak falls over the post, and upon it is
laid an open chart. The head is uncovered,
and the long hair, which almost touches the
shoulders, harmonizes well with the full
beard. As there is no really authentic por-
trait of Columbus, the artist was justified in
giving his own ideal of the face; and it is in
every way worthy of the man and of his work
— strong, dignified, determined; showing in
feature and expression a capacity for great
thought and great deeds. The costume is ap-
propriate in all the details, and nothing is
omitted to complete a perfect picture of what
is certainly the most famous scene in human
history. The pedestal — of the same material
as the others — is considerably larger than any
of them, and more elaborate in plan and exe-
cution. Like the others, it was designed by
Mr. George I. Barnett. Air. Shaw's architect
and lifelong friend, and it is what might be ex-
pected from one of such high professional rep-
utation. The eastern bas-relief is inscribed:
"Ti > the Discoverer of the New World." The
western has this: "The NIN Century to
Christopher Columbus, 1884." The southern
shows in greater detail the scene on the ship's
deck at the moment of the discover)' — with
these words : "Columbus, October 12, 1492."
The northern panel presents : "LaSalle at Ca-
hokia, February 12,1682." Three statues equal
in merit, interest and value to these in Tower
Grove Park were never before given by one
man to the public — certainly not in America,
and probably not in Europe. The total cost,
including the bas-reliefs, and excluding the
pedestals, was, at a very modest estimate, $75,-
000. Mr. Shaw, however, never mentioned
f
STEAMBOAT DISASTERS.
2133
the cost, and it is not believed there is any re-
cord of it among the private papers left by
him.
Thomas Dimmock.
It is most fitting that, as St. Louis was at
one time the home of General U. S. Grant, it
should have had the honor of erecting the first
statue to his memory. It is one of the most
familiar of all statues in the city to the masses
of its people. It stands before the south front
of the City Hall, but its first site was in the
middle of Twelfth Street, between Olive and
Locust. During the Civil War this spacious
area was the ground chosen for holding the
Sanitary Fair for the relief of sick and
wounded Union soldiers, and the figure was
placed on the spot where little Nellie Grant —
afterward Mrs. Sartoris — sat as the "Old Wo-
man in the Shoe" of the nursery rhymes.
The statue, which is in bronze, is a military
figure, nine feet six inches in height, rep-
resenting the General wearing a loose over-
coat, open in front, hanging easily and cover-
ing the shoulder straps. The hat worn is a
soft Kossuth hat, instead of the military
chapeau. A sword clasped in the right hand
hangs by his side. The statue surmounts a
pedestal of Missouri granite ten feet in height.
On the front of the pedestal is a bronze medal-
lion representing General Grant at the battle
of Lookout Mountain, above which, in bronze
letters, is the name, "Ulysses S. Grant." Gen-
eral Sherman considered the figure a good
likeness. The first movement toward the
erection of the statue followed immediately
after the burial of the great soldier in River-
side Park, New York, on the 8th of August,
1885. There was a funeral pageant in St.
Louis, and, two days afterward, August 10th,
the committee which had been in charge met
at the office of Mayor Francis and formed the
"Grant Monument Association of Missouri,"
with General W. T. Sherman, David R. Fran-
cis, Henry C. Haarstick, D. P. Greer, D. M.
Frost, Anthony Ittner, William J. Lemp, Nel-
son Cole, Clark H. Sampson, George E.
Leighton, and A. G. Peterson for directors.
General Sherman was made president, and
David R. Francis first vice-president ; Henry
C. Haarstick, second vice-president; William
J. Lemp, treasurer, and George H. Morgan,
secretary. In March, 1887, a contract was
made with Robert P. Bringhurst, of St. Louis,
a graduate of Washington University Art
School, for a nine and a half foot bronze figure
in military dress, resting on a pedestal. The
work was completed in the summer of 1888,
placed in position on Twelfth Street, and on
the 29th of October following, unveiled, dedi-
cated and presented to the city of St. Louis
with appropriate ceremonies, in which the Mil-
itary Order of the Loyal Legion, the Grand
Army posts, the Sons of Veterans of Missouri
and neighboring States, and troops from Jef-
ferson Barracks took part. Miss Carolyn
Ruth O'Fallon unveiled the statue, and Gen-
eral John W. Noble delivered the oration of
the day. The statue stood on the spot where
it was first placed and unveiled until the com-
pletion of the new City Hall, in 1898, when it
was removed to its present position.
A statue of Friedrich von Schiller, the great-
est of German poets, was placed in St. Louis
Park — or St. Louis Place, as it is officially
designated — in 1898. It was the gift of Colo-
nel Charles G. Stifel, was designed by Rauhe,
and is an exact reproduction of the statue of
Schiller which stands in Marbach, Germany,
his birthplace. The St. Louis monument to
Schiller was formally unveiled Sunday, No-
vember 13. 1898. On that occasion all the
German societies of the city participated in an
impressive parade, and addresses were made
by Max Hempel, Honorable Edward C. Kehr,
and Mayor Ziegenhein. D M Grissoji.
Steamboat Disasters.— In the year
181 5 the first steamboat made its appearance
on the Mississippi River, and two years later
the first one made its appearance at St. Louis.
From 1830 to 1870 may be considered the
steamboat era, or the period in which its high-
est glory was reached in large palatial passen-
ger boats, carrying crowds of passengers and
loaded sometimes to the guards with freight.
It was an era, too, in which the arrival and de-
parture of favorite steamers, and the frequent
disasters by explosion, burning and sinking
that befell them furnished the chief excitement
of the day. The records of these accidents are
very imperfect, because there was no bureau
to which they were reported and in which
they were preserved, but enough is known
to show that the recklessness with which
steamboats were run, together with the perils
of navigation, caused river traffic to be con-
ducted at great loss to life and property. Of
the 683 steamboats engaged in the Mississippi
River trade in 1848, 238 were snagged and
sunk, 68 were burned, 17 were lost by explo-
2134
STEAMBOAT RACES.
sion, 17 were lost by collision, and 344 worn
out — nearly one-half the number being lost.
From the beginning in 1817 to 1850, a period
of thirty-three years, there were 574 boats lost
— three between 181 5 and 1820, 37 between
1820 and 1830, 184 between 1830 and [840,
and 350 between 1840 and 1850. The explo-
sions in the first fifty years of steamboating
on Western rivers numbered 89, attended by
the loss of 3,808 lives — the chief disasters be-
ing the "Orinoco," in 1838, with 100 lives
lost; the "Louisiana," in 1839, with 150 lives
lust; the "Anglo-Norman," in 1850, with 100
lives lost; the "Ben Sherrod," in 1861, with 80
lives lost; the "Pennsylvania," in 1862, with
150 lives lost, and the "Sultana," in 1864, with
1, '147 lives lost. The "Sultana" disaster was
the most dreadful affair of the kind that ever
occurred in the country. The boat was on her
way from .Memphis to St. Louis, with nearlv
two thousand volunteer troops belonging to
the Union Army, and the explosion came at
a point about sixty miles above Memphis.
Many were killed by the explosion, but the
greater number were drowned. From Janu-
ary 1st to November 19th in the year 1841
there were 18 boats in the St. Louis trade lost
— all sunk but one; 15 were snagged and
sunk between St. Louis and Cairo. From the
year 1849 back as far as the investigation could
be pushed, there were 2^,1, steamboat explo-
sions on Western rivers, attended by the loss
of 1,805 lives, 1.011 persons injured, and the
loss of $997,650 in property. More boats have
been lost in the section of the Mississippi be-
tween St. Louis and Cairo than in any other
two hundred miles section of river in the coun-
try, and more have been lost in the harbor of
St. Louis than in the harbor of any other city
in the Mississippi Valley. In the great fire
of 1841), which broke out in a steamboat at
the levee, 23 boats were burned, and in the
winter of 1864 5. 21 steamers, 6 wharf-boats,
and 12 barges and rock-boats were destroyed
by the breaking up of the ice in the harbor.
The navigation of the .Missouri River has al-
ways been peculiarly difficult and dangerous
on account of the great number of snags im-
bedded in the bed of the river and the fre-
quent shifting of the channel, and though the
traffic on it was never nearlv as great as that
on the Mississippi, it shows a long record of
disasters. A report prepared by Captain
H. W. Chittenden, secretary of the Missouri
River Commission, in 1897, gives the names
of 2J}, steamboats wrecked on that river from
the beginning of navigation to that year. Of
the whole number, 193 were snagged and
sunk, 25 were burned, 26 were wrecked by the
ice, 11 by striking on rocks, 10 on bridges, 6
by explosion of boiler, 4 by sandbars and fall-
ing river, 1 by running into the bank, 2 by
storm and wind, 1 by collision, 1 by overload-
ing, 1 by swamping in violent eddy, and 14 by
unknown causes. At the head of the list
stands the steamboat "Thomas Jefferson,"
a side-wheel government steamer, one of the
fleet of steamboats in the celebrated Long's
Yellowstone expedition, the object of which
was to ascertain whether the Missouri River
was navigable by steamboats. She was
snagged and sunk at Cote Sans Dessein, June,
1819. Six of the boats named in the record
were wrecked twice, and finally lost, and one
was wrecked three times and finally lost ;
twelve were wrecked once and saved, and one
was wrecked twice and saved. The whole
number of wrecks was 295.
Steamboat Races. — In the palmy da_\s
of steamboating on the Mississippi River, rac-
ing was one of the excitements of the profes-
sion. All boats were passenger boats, and as
the passengers made it a point to travel on fast
boats, fleetness became the supreme merit.
Two boats of nearly equal speed never chanced
to come alongside, or in sight of one another,
going in the same direction, without a trial .^f
speed, and the race of ten or twelve miles to
the next place where a landing was to be made
was a sensation in which every soul on board,
from captain to fireman, and all the passengers
shared. In addition to these accidental con-
tests between boats, there was the habit of
running against time — one boat making a
record of so many days, hours and minutes be-
tween conspicuous points, which stood until
smashed by a faster rival, the victor wearing
the horns — the antlers of a stag — in front of
her boiler deck, until she in turn had to sur-
render them to some other boat that had
beaten her time. Some of the running in the
early days of steamboating was creditable to
the boat-builders. In 1836 the "Champion,"
Captain Mix, made the run from Louisville 10
St. Louis in fifty hours. In 1844 the "J. M.
White" left St. Louis Monday, April 29th, at
3 p. m., with 600 tons of freight, and arrived
at New Orleans the next Friday, making the
trip in three days, sixteen hours, the distance
STEAMBOAT RACES.
2135
being 1,200 miles. Returning, she left New
Orleans Saturday, May 4th, and arrived at St.
Louis on the following Wednesday, May 8th
— her time being three days, twenty-three
hours — and being out on the voyage nine days
— a feat never accomplished before, and very
rarely since. Her up-river time to different
points was : From New Orleans to Natchez,
300 miles, 20 hours 40 minutes ; to Vicksburg,
410 miles, 29 hours 55 minutes; to Montgom-
ery's, 625 miles, 1 day 13 hours 8 minutes ; to
Memphis, 775 miles, 2 days 11 hours 8 min-
utes; to Cairo, 1,000 miles, 3 days 6 hours 44
minutes; to St. Louis, 1,200 miles, 3 days 23
hours 9 minutes. Some time before that the
"Edward Shippen," an Ohio River boat, made
the trip from New Orleans to Louisville in 4
days 23 hours — and for several years afterward
bore the record of the feat marked on her pilot-
house. In July, 1857, the Keokuk packet,
"Louisiana," Captain Harry Johnson, on leav-
ing St. Louis on her up trip, fired her gun be-
tween the shot-tower and the waterworks ;tt
eight minutes after 4 p. m., and reached Keo-
kuk, 240 miles, at sixteen minutes past 8 next
morning — making the trip in 16 hours 8 min-
utes, lowering the record on the Hannibal
Citv's time 41 minutes, even while losing 24
minutes at Hannibal. But steamboat racing
reached the crisis of interest and excitement
in the famous trial of speed between the "Rob-
ert E. Lee" and the "Natchez," in 1870. Both
were large and superb passenger boats en-
gaged in the lower Mississippi trade, and each
was under command of a first-rate veteran
master. Each was backed by friends, and the
rivalry and feeling between them grew so hit;h
and personal that it was recognized that a
contest must decide it. When, therefore, on
the afternoon of June 30th, while the two boats
were lying near one another at the New Or-
leans levee, the Lee suddenly drew in her haw-
ser and backed out a few minutes before the
"Natchez' " starting time. Everybody knew
what it meant — none better than the "Nat-
chez" herself — and in a moment her hawser
was thrown off, too, and her big side wheels
turning to back her out. Freight, passengers
and everything else was left — for it was a race
between the two monarchs of the Mississippi,
and everything had to stand aside until it was
finished to the bitter end. The "Lee" man-
aged to get herself straightened out in the
stream a few minutes before her antagonist,
and this was an advantage of some value, for
it forced her antagonist to follow in her wake
and take the wash of her big waves. The de-
parture of the boats was announced instantly
bv telegraph from New Orleans to all points
up the river, and, indeed, all over the country,
and their progress, with the time they were
making, was likewise telegraphed every few
hours, intensifying the excitement and bring-
ing thousands of persons to the banks of the
river at night and in the day to see the racers
go by. The "Natchez" was warmly backed
by a host of friends, and in spite of the advan-
tage the "Lee" had at the start in getting
choice of position and putting her rival be-
hind her, the backers of the "Natchez" confi-
dently believed she would overhaul her rival
and put her astern. But the "Lee" main-
tained her advantage and slightly increased it
every hour. By something like a tacit under-
standing St. Louis was made the goal, al-
though neither boat had ever been there be-
fore, and St. Louis pilots were ordered at
Cairo to bring them up. Captain Cannon, of
the "Lee," had taken precaution before leaving
New Orleans to send orders up the river for
the best coaling arrangements — and when the
"Lee" arrived at Vicksburg she found the
"Frank Pargoud," another fast and friendly
boat, waiting for her in the river. As the "Lee"
came alongside, almost without slacking her
speed, the two were lashed together and a sup-
ply of coal put aboard the "Lee" while run-
ning at full speed. The "Natchez" had no
such special arrangement provided for, and
was therefore compelled to go to shore and
take coal-boats in tow, their dead weights im-
peding her progress while taking a supply of
coal aboard. Notwithstanding these disad-
vantages, the "Natchez" made a gallant run
and kept in sight of her antagonist for twenty-
four hours — and for nearly the whole distance
between New Orleans and the mouth of the
Ohio, 1,000 miles, the smoke of each boat
could be seen from the deck of the other. But
when, on Sunday afternoon, July 3d, the third
day out from New Orleans, the "Lee" rounded
the point at Cairo, she was three hours ahead
of her pursuer, and everybody knew that the
contest was over. Without landing at Cairo,
she slowed up on the opposite side of the river,
where she took a coal-boat in tow and her St.
Louis pilot, and kept on her way up the river.
When she arrived at Jefferson Barracks, on
the forenoon of Monday, the 4th of July, she
was met by a convoy of boats gaily decorated
2136
vSTEIGERS.
with flags and banners, and crowded with ex-
cursionists, who gave the monarch round after
round of cheers. At the lower part of the city
she slackened her speed to receive an ovation
from the largest multitude of people packed
along the river front from the workhouse to
Morgan Street, ever seen in St. Louis before;
and when she was made fast to the wharf-boat
they came aboard by thousands to see her
stately cabin and examine her machinery, and
pay homage to the greatest steamboat that
ever moved on the Mississippi River. When
the "Natchez" arrived at Cairo, she gave up
the race and came easily up, arriving at the
St. Louis levee in the evening of the 4th. The
"Lee's" time to different points up the river
was: To Carrollton, 2j 1-2 minutes; to
Harry Hill's, 1 hour 30 seconds ; to Red
Church, 1 hour 39 minutes ; to Bonnet Carre,
2 hours 38 minutes ; to Donaldsonville. 4
hours 59 minutes ; to Plaquemine, 7 hours 5
minutes ; to Baton Rouge, 8 hours 25 minutes ;
to Bayou Sara, 10 hours 26 minutes; to Red
River, 12 hours 56 minutes; to Natchez, 300
miles, 17 hours n minutes; to Vicksburg,
410 miles, 1 day 38 minutes; to Greenville, 1
day 10 hours 55 minutes ; to Memphis, 775
miles, 2 days 6 hours 9 minutes ; to Island 10,
2 days 20 hours 37 minutes; to Cairo. 1,000
miles, 3 days 1 hour; to St. Louis, 1,200 miles,
3 days 18 hours 14 minutes. The "Natchez' "
time was : To Natchez, 17 hours 52 minutes ;
to Vicksburg, 26 hours ; to Napoleon, 1 day
18 hours 15 minutes; to Memphis, 2 days 9
hours 40 minutes ; to Hickman, 3 days 1 hour
43 minutes ; to Cairo, 3 days 4 hours 24 min-
utes; to St. Louis, 3 days 21 hours 58 minutes.
The following October the "Natchez" made
an attempt to retrieve her defeat by breaking
the "Lee's" record over the stretch of 300
miles of river between New Orleans and
Natchez, which has long been a famous race
track with the crack lower river boats — and
she was successful in the effort, for she made
the run in 16 hours 51 minutes, beating the
"Lee's" time 20 minutes; but her triumph did
not last long, for, shortly afterward, the "Lee,"
stripped for the work, made the run in 16
hours 36 minutes 47 seconds, beating the
"Natchez' " time 14 minutes 13 seconds — and
there the record stands to this day. The
"Lee's" time to the important points — ending
with 3 days 18 hours 14 minutes from New Or-
leans to St. Louis, has never been lowered.
and still stands as the most brilliant achieve-
ment in the history of Western steamboating.
D. M. Grissom.
Steigers, William C, was born Sep-
tember 15, 1847, in St. Louis, son of Francis
I. and Sarah (Price) Steigers, who were mar-
ried at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1840, and came
from there to St. Louis the same year. His
father was for many years a grocery merchant
of St. Louis, and died in this city in 1863. His
mother died here in 1891. Mr. Steigers was
educated at the old Cathedral School, on Wal-
nut Street, between Second and Third Streets,
at the Christian Brothers' College, the Ben-
ton and Washington public schools, and at the
old High School, then located at the corner of
Fifteenth and Olive Streets. September 15.
1862, he enlisted in the Eighth Missouri Regi-
ment of Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered
into the Union Army for service in the Civil
War. He joined his regiment at Memphis,
Tennessee, and soon afterward, as the result
of a competitive examination, was assigned
to duty as a member of the United States Sig-
nal Corps. He served in the armies of Grant
and Sherman, and as a participant in the bat-
tles of Arkansas Post, Chickasaw Bayou, Port
Hudson, the siege of Vicksburg, and numer-
ous minor engagements. July 5, 1863, the
day after the surrender of Vicksburg, he was
taken seriously ill, and lay three months in the
military hospital at that city. In September
he was sent to St. Louis and discharged from
the service on account of physical disabilities,
resulting from the exposure and hardships
which he had undergone. After his recovery
from this illness, he accepted a position in the
Eagle Foundry of St. Louis, beginning his
service there as bookkeeper in 1866. In April
of 1868 he became connected with the busi-
ness department of the "Evening Dispatch"
newspaper, which then had its office at 313
North Third Street, and was controlled and
managed by Peter L. Foy and W. H. Mc-
Henry. He began his connection with the
newspaper business as collector, and held
that position until 1870, when he was trans-
ferred to the advertising department. In Octo-
ber of 1871 D. Robert Barclay bought the
"Dispatch," and Mr. Steigers was the only one
of the old employes, acting as head of a de-
partment, who was retained under Mr. Bar-
clay's management. He resigned his posi-
tion with the "Dispatch" in 1872 to accept
STEVENSON.
2137
the position of advertising manager on the
"Times," then managed and controlled by
Major Ewing, Stilson Hutchins and John
Hodnet. In July of 1878 he engaged with
John A. Dillon, publisher and owner of the
"Evening Post," as advertising manager. In
December following the "Post" and "Dis-
patch" were consolidated under the name "St.
Louis Post-Dispatch," with Joseph Pulitzer
as editor, John A. Dillon as head of the busi-
ness department, and Mr. Steigers as adver-
tising manager. He filled this position until
October 15, 1895, when he was released by
C. H. Jones, who obtained temporary control
of the "Post-Dispatch," because of Mr. Stei-
ger's pronounced advocacy of the Pulitzer in-
terests in the Pulitzer-Jones suit for possession
of the property. He then accepted the posi-
tion of advertising manager on the "New
York World," which he filled until January 1.
1897. In March of that year he opened ne-
gotiations with Colonel C. H. Jones to pur-
chase his interest in the "Post-Dispatch." and
the successful conduct of these negotiations
resulted in the transfer of Colonel Jones' in-
terest in the paper to Mr. Pulitzer. Mr. Stei-
ger was then re-employed as advertising man-
ager of the "Post-Dispatch," entering upon
the discharge of his duties January, 1898.
June 18th, following, he was made business
manager, as well as advertising manager, and
still fills both these positions. He alwavs
voted the Democratic ticket until the Chicago
platform was promulgated in 1896, but since
then has voted independently. He became a
member of the Order of Elks in 1883, and has
filled all the principal stations of the order,
including that of exalted ruler. As a result
of his long connection with the publishing
business in St. Louis, Mr. Steigers has earned
and enjoyed the reputation of being an able
and successful newspaper manager.
Stevenson, John Dunlap, lawyer,
soldier and public official, was born in Staun-
ton, Augusta County, Virginia, June 8, 182 1,
and died in St. Louis January 22. 1897. His
father was Levi Lamb Stevenson, and his
mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth
Dunlap, was a daughter of Robert Dunlap, of
Augusta County, Virginia. The maiden name
of Levi Lamb Stevenson's mother was Ruth
Lamb, and it is said that she was christened
by the Rev. Bishop Francis Asbury, the friend
and colaborer of John Wesley in the founding
70
of Methodism. She was all her life a devout
member of the Methodist Church, which was
anti-slavery in sentiment, and her influence
over her grandson, who was her especial pet,
had much to do with forming the convictions
which controlled his actions in later years.
When very young, John D. Stevenson was
sent to Gambier, ( )hio, where he attended
school for a time, and from there he went to
Columbia, South Carolina, where he com-
pleted his education, lie then returned to
Staunton and studied law in Judge Thomp-
son's law school of that place. After complet-
ing his law studies, he left Staunton and
went to Beverley, Virginia, to practice his
profession. From there he went to Clarks-
burg, Virginia, and after remaining there a
short time, came to Missouri, arriving here in
1841. Establishing himself at Union, Frank-
lin County, Missouri, he practiced his profes-
sion there successfully for many years, and-also
became prominent in politics. February 19,
1845, 'le married Miss Hannah Letcher, of
Lexington, Rockbridge County, Virginia,
their marriage taking place at St. John's Epis-
copal Church, in St. Louis, with Rev. W. W.
Griswold as the officiating minister. Mrs.
Stevenson was a first cousin of Governor John
Letcher, of Virginia, known as the War Gov-
ernor of the "Old Dominion." That John D.
Stevenson was a man of heroic mould and chiv-
alrous character was evidenced at the begin-
ning of the Mexican War, when he accepted
a captain's commission in the United States
Volunteer Army raised for service in that con-
flict. June 2/, 1846, he took command of a
company in the First Missouri Regiment of
Mounted Volunteers, commanded by Colonel
A. W. Doniphan. He marched with these
troops across the plains and through New
Mexico, later participated in the battle of Chi-
huahua, and remained in the government mil-
itary service until June of 1847. At the out-
break of the Civil War he was a member of
the Missouri Legislature, and sternly resisted
every endeavor of the secession party to carry
the State into the Southern Confederacy. Fort
Sumter fell on the 15th day of April, 1861.
In less than a month thereafter, and in re-
sponse to President Lincoln's call, he tendered
his sword for the defense of the Union. On
the 1st day of June, 1861, he was commis-
sioned colonel of the Seventh Missouri In-
fantry. His service up to the battle of Shiloh
was confined to the State of Missouri. After
2138
STEWART.
that important battle he was placed in com-
mand of the District of Savannah, under Major
( ieneral Halleck. He was afterward assigned
to the command of the Third Brigade, Third
Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, and under
MacPherson re-enforced Rosecrans on the 3d
of < >ctober, [862. On the 29th of October,
[862, he was commissioned brigadier-general
of volunteers, and being subsequently ordered
to Yicksburg with the Seventeenth Corps, par-
ticipated in the great campaign which, under
the masterful genius of Grant, resulted in the
surrender of the Confederate stronghold, with
(ieneral Pemberton and his army. During
this eventful period, (ieneral Stevenson was
engaged in the battles of Port Gibson, Rav-
mond, Champion Hills, Big Black, Jackson.
and the siege of Vicksburg, in all of which he
was conspicuous for valor and efficiency.
After the fall of Vicksburg he commanded an
expedition to Monroe, Louisiana, and after his
return was assigned to the command of the
District of Corinth, and there continued until
the place was evacuated by orders. Being
subsequently placed in command of the Fourth
Division, Sixteenth Corps, he fortified and
held Decatur, Alabama, until April. [864,
when, having been slighted by General
Sherman in the assignment of commands for
the Atlanta campaign, he resigned his commis-
sion in the army. It was evidently the opin-
ion of (ieneral Grant that (ieneral Stevenson
had been unfairly treated by General Sherman,
because, as the result of an accidental meet
ing between the commanding general and
General Stevenson at Willard's Hotel, in
Washington, the latter was. in August. 1864,
by special request of (ieneral Grant, recom-
missioned 1>\ the 1 'resident as a brigadier-
general, with rank from November 29, [862,
to the date of his original commission as a
general officer. Upon his re-entry into the
service, (ieneral Stevenson was assigned to
command at Harper's Ferry, Sheridan's base
of campaign, and there remained until Lee's
surrender, conducting the militan affairs of
In. district with m ■. tli. 1 : 1 h ■ thai elicited die
thanks of the Secretary of War in general or
ders, <ln the [3th of March. 1865, he was
brevetted major general of volunteers for meri
torious services, and was afterward assigned
to the command of Northern Georgia, where
he remained in the discharge of duty until he
was finally mustered out of service on the 15th
of lanuarv, 1866. < '11 the 28th of July, [866,
he was commissioned colonel of the Thir-
tieth Infantry, United States Army. He
was brevetted brigadier-general of the United j
States Army March 2, 1867, for gallant serv-
ice at Champion Hills. He was assigned to
the command of the Twenty-fifth Infantry on
the 15th of December, 1S70, and resigned his
commission on the 31st following, and was
honorably mustered out at his own request.
Xo temptation or influence of his early sur-
roundings were strong enough to seduce him
from his patriotic love of country and his loyal
devotion to the flag to which he had sworn
fealty and had followed on fields of battle in
his youthful days. After leaving the army.
1 ieneral Stevenson accepted numerous sta-
tions of responsibility and trust in civil life.
He was successively city collector, assessor
and collector of water rates, and comptroller
of the city of St. Louis, and when stricken with
his last illness, was auditor of the Laclede < ras
Light Company. He died full of years and of 1
honors. His heart was tender and loving,
and the tear drops that would trickle down his I
weather-worn cheeks when recounting the
pathetic incidents of the war told of qualities j
rarely manifested in the ordinary relations of
life. '
Stewart, James, was born September j
[6, 1821, in the seaport city of Peterhead, sit-
uated at the eastern limit of Scotland, in Ab-
erdeenshire, then noted as the headquarter- |
of the most extensive whaling fleet in the
world, and for its varied shipping interests.
Mr. Stewart comes of a family which has been I
conspicuously identified with the building in- I
terests of Great Britain since the last quarter
of the seventeenth century. His father was
John Stewart, also a native of Aberdeenshire,
and his mother, whose maiden name was Jane
Mair. was the daughter of Alexander Mair. an j
extensive forester and manufacturer of lum-
ber, which he shipped in his own vessels to the I
various seaports in Scotland.
The great-grandfather of James Stewart,
was a leader among the Jacobites, took part.
with the last reigning monarch of the Stuart !
Cabal, against the Revolutionary party, fav-
oring William of ( >range, and. tradition has it.
fell in one of the conflicts subsequent to the |
attempt to dethrone James II. Deprived
of their estates, nothing was left for the
Stewart family thereafter but to make the
best possible use of head and hands. On a
/?<?&^s
STEWART.
2139
barren tract of land, completely surfaced with
granite, a quarry was opened, which in pro-
cess of time was extensively worked, and the
famous Aberdeen Granite quarries became
known throughout all Europe. Under the
management of Mr. Stewart's father their
value became more appreciated, and in the
building of the London and Liverpool docks
great quantities of this celebrated granite, in
blocks of from ten to twenty tons, were used,
and it also was chosen for the erection of the
base and plinth supporting the Nelson Monu-
ment in Trafalgar Square, London. In this
| way the father of James Stewart became early
! interested in the building business, and dur-
| ing the closing quarter of the last century and
I the first quarter of this he was one of the
most prominent contractors in Great Britain,
I being especially connected with the erection
i of churches and public edifices. At his death
! the late Alexander Stewart, the eldest son, as-
i sumed control of the business. Its scope was
j greatly enlarged, and embraced the building
I of fortifications, government harbors and light
I houses along the shores of the North Sea and
, Atlantic coast, and during his career he
I erected throughout Scotland and Northern
'. England many of the most prominent build-
\ ings, churches and castles for the Scottish no-
bility, including Balmoral castle. Queen Vic-
| toria's residence in Scotland. He sustained
i the position conferred upon him by the Ma-
| sonic fraternity as Grand Master Mason of all
i Scotland for over a quarter of a century. After
I his retirement from active business he inter-
| ested himself largely in the management of his
i own estate, his last days being occupied in im-
provements in his own native city.
His eldest brother having assumed charge
J of his father's business, the subject of this
'sketch settled in Kingston, Canada, in 1843,
j and soon established a large architectural and
] building business in that province. He re-
Inained in Canada twenty-two years, and for
j six years, under appointment, acted as build-
ling commissioner of the government, during
'which he was occupied in supervising the esti-
; mates and the character and value of the struc-
lural work of the new Parliament buildings at
j Ottawa; and in this connection he was associ-
ated with Honorable Alexander Mackenzie,
afterwards Premier of Canada. While con-
structing this work, Mr. Stewart also erected
1 the government prison at Ottawa, and the
I Episcopal Cathedral in that city.
Mr. Stewart was married, in Kingston. Can-
ada, in 1844, to Miss Martha Lyall, daughter
of William Lyall, an architect of Edinburgh,
and the designer of the Parliament houses in
Kingston, then the capital and metropolis of
Canada. They have six children, three sons
and three daughters, all of whom are living.
In 1865 Mr. Stewart became a resident of
the city of St. Louis, where he has since con-
stantly resided.
He is a man of splendid physique, having
large, expressive blue eyes, a high, broad fore-
head, a well-shaped nose and a strong chin,
and a countenance genial and sympathetic.
He is endowed with an analytical intellect, and
a will as firm as the granite of his native Scot-
land, guided by a conscience whose behest has
ever controlled his deportment. Possessing
immense magnetism, boundless energy, love
for mankind, and faith in God, he at once ob-
tained the confidence and respect of the people
of St. Louis ; and soon his abilities and worth
were appreciated and his clientage in the ar-
chitectural and building line became large, and
the impress of his genius is manifested in many
of the public and private buildings which
adorn the city. Several years ago he formed
a partnership with his son Alexander M. Stew-
art, under the style of James Stewart & Co.,
and more recently the firm was enlarged so as
to include his two other sons, John L. and
James C. Stewart, but the style of the firm has
constantly remained James Stewart & Co. The
business of the firm, thoroughly founded by
Air. Stewart, has constantly increased, so that
now. as engineers, contractors for the con-
struction of harbors, railroads, bridges, grain
elevators, railroad depots, mercantile and other
heavy works, they scarcely have a peer in the
country. Monuments of their skill and con-
structive ability are to be found in every part
of the United States.
The religious and ethical elements in Mr.
Stewart's character have always been strung.
prompting him even in his youth to hold re-
ligious services among the fishermen in his
native city. While in Canada he became
prominent in religious and philanthropic work,
and was held in high esteem as a co-worker t >r
temperance, Sabbath reform and the spread-
ing of Christianity. He was accordingly
made president of the Western Temperance
Society of Canada, and secretary of the Sab-
bath Reform Association of the British I 'n iv-
inces, trustee of Knox Theological College in
L'UO
STICKNEY.
Toronto, and \\a- one of the founders of the
Buxton Settlement in Canada, in 1863, which
secured a tracl of land for negro refugees, and
gave to each a cottage and fit'./ acres of land.
Many have been his benefactions since a resi-
lient of St. Louis. During the cholera epi-
demic in 1866 he practically gave up his busi-
ness for weeks, and, in company with Rev.
Henry M. Nelson, D. D., and Mr. Thomas
Morrison, devoted his time to administering t< 1
the needs of the cholera patients, and their
families. He early associated himself with the
Biddle Market Mission Sabbath-school, and
Bethel mission, devoting his time and giving
his means to the development of these famous
works. He was one of the original incorpora-
tors of the Glasgow Avenue Presbyterian
Church, and also of the Cook Avenue Presby-
terian Church, the buildings for which socie-
ties he designed, and owing to his extensive
benefactions, the homes for these respective
congregations were erected. During recent
years he has devoted his time and means for
the rescue work of fallen women, having pur-
chased for that purpose the large, four-story,
double edifice, No. 3740 Marine Avenue, now
used for this purpose under the auspices of the
Salvation Army, to whom it was presented by
Mr. Stewart, being received on its behalf by
< ieneral Booth during his visit to St. Louis in
[898.
Mr. Stewart is a strong patriot, devoted to
the country of his adoption; but his first and
strongest love is to God and the Bible, which
he sincerely believes an inspired book, revealed
by God as a guide for man's belief and con-
duct. His zeal in all matters pertaining to the
vital principles of Christianity is obvious to
all who know him. The honesty of his con-
victions and the integrity of his life should be
judged not only by what he has accomplished
from religious, ethical and philanthropic
standpoints but also from the result achieved
in the rearing of his family. Few men have
equal grounds for rejoicing over the splendid
career of all their sons, each of whom stands
a tower of strength and ability in the design-
ing, construction and building lines, and their
united effort forms a combination scarcely
equaled by any other in the building line in the
country.
Mr. Stewart, with a splendid private (state.
in comparative retirement, with sons and
daughters of whom any one might be proud,
with a life spent mindful of his duties to God
and his fellowman, may contemplate the past
without regrets, and look forward to heaven
as his goal, for "Sweet the repose that dwells
upon renown, and beautiful the life that is the
peristyle of immortality."
Stickney, William Albert, merchant,
was born in the town of Townsend, Massa-
chusetts, in 1844, son of Dr. Augustus G. and
Louise (Wilson) Stickney. He was reared
and educated in the neighborhood of his birth-
place, and left there in 1862, when he was
eighteen years of age, to go to Boston, then, as
now. the mecca of ambitious New England
youth, where he proposed to fit himself for the
business of merchandising. Connecting him-
self with one of the stores of Boston, he 'was
employed there as a clerk for two years, when
he enlisted in the Sixth Volunteer Regiment of
Massachusetts, at the last call made. After his
term of service expired he went to New York
City, where he became identified with the trade
in which he has since been so signally success-
ful. He embarked there in the cigar business,
made a careful study of all its branches and de-
tails, familiarized himself with the trade
throughout the country, and in 1872 deter-
mined to come west, and establish a whole-
sale cigar house in the Mississippi Valley.
Selecting St. Louis as the most available situa-
tion from which to control the trade of a large
territory, he established here the William A.
Stickney Cigar Company, or, more properly
speaking, the business which has since been
incorporated under that name. His capital
was not large to begin with, but he had a thor-
ough knowledge of the tobacco trade in gen-
eral, and especially of that branch of it which
includes the importation, manufacture and sale
of cigars, and this knowledge enabled him to
lay a broad foundation for future business, lb-
was quick to note the demands of trade in the
Mississippi Valley, and equally prompt in
meeting such demands and, as a result, soon
popularized himself and his house with the
retail trade. With the vigor and energy char-
acteristic of men trained to commercial pur-
suits in New England, he extencfed his busi-
ness in various directions, winning patronage
by sheer force of enterprise, tact and courtesy,
and retaining it through fair dealing and the
recognized high character of the goods which
he sent into market. As the business grew,
he extended it beyond what is considered the
territorv tributary to St. Louis in other
^%v
>$*?*'
STIFEL.
2141
branches of commerce, and for some years his
goods have been shipped to all parts of the
United States. The house which he estab-
lished a quarter of a century since has now
become the largest jobbing house engaged in
the cigar trade in the United States, and
wherever it is known, its high character as a
business establishment is recognized, and its
admirable management commended. A
branch house is operated in Kansas City, and
also in Denver, the latter house for territory
included in the States of Colorado, Utah, Wy-
oming and Montana. The trade controlled
directly by the St. Louis house, and its
branches extends throughout all the South-
ern and Gulf States, westward to the Pacific
Coast and northward to the Dominion of
Canada. Many of its brands of cigars, like
the "Chancellor," "Security," "Preferencia"
and others, have become known in every part
of the country, where good cigars are con-
sumed, and it is one of the largest importers of
fine cigars in the United States. A genial
gentleman, as well as a successful business
man, Mr. Stickney is exceedingly popular in
social as well as in business circles in St.
Louis, is a member of the Mercantile, Uni-
versity and other clubs, and a member also of
all the more prominent fraternal organizations
of the city. He was married, in 1873, to Miss
Millicent M. Taylor, of Covington, Kentucky,
and has four children — Albert Taylor, Stuart
Grosvenor, William Arthur and Mildred Le-
moine Stickney.
Stifel, Charles (i., manufacturer, was
born in the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg, Ger-
many, January 28, 1819, son of Frederick and
Anna Catharine (Renz) Stifel. He was well
educated in the schools of his native town, and
when approaching manhood came to this coun-
try, to which he had looked as a land of bound-
less opportunities for young men dependent
upon their own efforts for success in life. His
earliest experiences in the United States were
hardly calculated to confirm this impression,
but in the struggles of his young manhood he
evidenced that sturdiness of character and te-
nacity of purpose which, yielding to no dis-
couragements, is certain to command success
sooner or later. His first bitter experiences
and subsequent success constitute an object
lesson which may be studied with profit by
young men of the present generation, too
much inclined to think that the acquisition of
wealth is a matter of luck, and too apt to for-
get that individual effort, tireless, unremitting
and intelligent effort is the magic talisman
which repels poverty and gathers the riches of
the earth. Arriving in New York in 1837,
when he was eighteen years of age, with mea-
gre resources, Mr. Stifel at once sought em-
ployment, which would afford him the means
of livelihood. At that time, however, the
country was in the throes of a financial panic,
business of every kind seemed to be at a stand-
still, and for days and weeks his search for em-
ployment was in vain. In New York, Phila-
delphia, and Newark, New Jersey, he offered
his services at any kind of work for his board,
without being able to find the temporary home
which this arrangement would have given him.
Finally, in the city of Newark, he met a farmer
who offered to give him employment at four
dollars a month, on a farm, forty miles away.
Accepting this offer gladly, he walked the en-
tire distance to the farm, and began his career
of an American business man as farm laborer,
at a compensation of a trifle more than thirteen
cents a day. After working on this farm sev-
eral months, he went to Wheeling, Virginia,
where he obtained more satisfactory remun-
eration for his labors as a brewery employe,
his wages during this term of service ranging
from ten to twelve dollars a month. For sev-
eral years he labored in this capacity, and
during these years rigid economy alone en-
abled him to make any headway toward the
realization of his ambition to accumulate suffi-
cient capital to start a business of his own.
His earnings were small, but what he earned
he saved until he had six hundred dollars to his
credit. Then disaster overtook him. He
loaned his money to a friend, and lost all but
one hundred and fifty dollars. Sick at heart
over the loss of his small but hard-earned for-
tune, he left Wheeling and went to New Or-
leans. Three days after he reached that city
he was stricken with an illness which lasted
six weeks, and when he recovered he was al-
most penniless. He was sick of the Crescent
City, but he had not the means to go else-
where and bravely set about to make the best
of his situation. In the smallest way possible
he began buying and retailing country eggs
in the New Orleans market. Gradually he
built up a business which yielded him net prof-
its of two or three dollars a day, and again he
began to accumulate capital. Enabled, after
a time, to embark in business on a larger scale,
JU2
STIFKL.
he went to Nashville, Tennessee, and engaged
in packing eggs, which he shipped to the New
Orleans commission houses. In this business
he laid the foundation of his fortune, and, in
1845, na'' prospered to such an extent that he
was able to return to Germany, and bring his
father back with him to America. On this oc-
casion he narrowly escaped being impressed
into the German military service, which he
had evaded by coming to this country as a
young man, and his stay in Germany was lim-
ited to thirteen days. Upon his return to this
country, he established himself in business in
Cincinnati, Ohio, engaging there in the ship-
ment of farm produce to New Orleans. In
1849 he came to St. Louis, and at once became
identified in a small way with the brewing busi-
ness, in which he has since built up a large
fortune ami gained renown as a man of affairs.
The brewery of which he thus became part
owner, with two associates, was a primitive af-
fair, located at the intersection of Collins and
Cherry Streets, and his share of the capital was
eighteen hundred dollars. A reasonable de-
gree of prosperity attended its operations, and
at the end of three years Mr. Stifel purchased
the interests of his partners. In 1859 he built
the brewery on Fourteenth and Chambers
Streets, which he operated until his retirement
from active participation in business affairs.
He was himself the architect of this building
and plant, which for nearly forty years has
been recognized as one of the best equipped
and most admirably arranged breweries in the
West, compact in space, yet not cramped,
and thoroughly practical in all its appoint-
ments. Its capacity was originally eighty bar-
rels of beer per day, but this has been increased
by changes to three hundred and fifty barrels
per day, and it has also a malting capacity of
one thousand bushels per daw At the begin-
ning of the Civil War this business had as-
sumed considerable proportions, and Mr. Sti-
fel was on the high road to fortune. His
business interests did not. however, prevent
his tendering his services to the government
as soon as it became apparent that an armed
conflict was to take place between the sup-
porters of tlie Union and those who sought
to destroy it. Early in [861, in anticipation
of an outbreak in Missouri, he purchased about
fifty muskets, and got together a company of
one hundred men, to whom he began giving
military instructions in the malt house con-
nected with his brewery. When prompt ac-
tion became necessary he organized a regi-
ment within forty-eight hours, and on May
12th, the day after the capture of Camp Jack-
son, marched it to the arsenal, where it was
regularly mustered into the United States serv-
ice for three months by General Lyon. Of this
regiment, which became known as the Fifth
Regiment of the United States Reserve
Corps, he became colonel. After receiving
arms and other equipments at the arsenal, his
regiment proceeded to a rendezvous in the
north end of the city, and while passing up
Walnut Street was attacked by a mob of seces-
sion sympathizers. Two of his soldiers were
killed, and seven wounded, but the attack of
the rioters was repelled with a loss of thirty-
eight in killed and wounded. A week later he
was ordered to report for duty at Boonville
with three hundred men, and when General
Lyon left that place for the South, a few days
afterward, he was placed in command of West-
ern Missouri and Kansas. He had two
steamboats at his disposition, and an artillery
equipment which consisted of two twelve-
pound cannon and one sixty-eight pound
howitzer, and with the forces under his
command he determined to inaugurate active
military operations. Confederate Colonel Joe
Shelby was in camp fifteen miles below Lex-
ington, Missouri, adding daily to the strength
of his forces by enlistments. Colonel Stifel re-
solved to take Shelby by surprise, and planned
an attack which should be made at day-break
simultaneously by two detachments of his
troops, one of which was dispatched by boat to
the scene of the action, and the other by land.
The mi tvement was entirely successful, and,
being under the impression that he was at-
tacked by forces superior to his own, Shelby
was completely routed. Later Colonel Stifel
moved to the western part of the State, and
fought a spirited engagement at Blue Mills,
near Independence, routing the enemy and
capturing that place. He continued in active
service, having numerous skirmishes with the
enemy for almost a month after the period for
which he and his troops had enlisted. Being
then relieved from duty, at Jefferson City, he
returned to St. Louis with his command, and
was mustered out of service. Afterward he
reorganized the regiment, and, entering the
three years' service, was in command of it for
six months. Meantime his business affairs
had been badly managed in St. Louis, and,
feeling if imperative that he should give them
STIFKL.
2143
some attention, he tendered his resignation.
General Pope, under whom he was serving at
the time, at first refused to accept it, telling
him that he could not be spared from the serv-
ice. Subsequently, however, when informed
by Colonel Stifel that he was being financially
ruined by the reckless conduct of his business
in his absence from home, General Pope ac-
cepted his resignation, and he returned to St.
Louis. It took him several years to regain
what he had lost by his patriotic devotion to
the government of his adopted country, but
from that time forward he enjoyed continuous
prosperity, and has long occupied a position
among the wealthy and influential business
men of St. Louis. In 1889 he disposed of his
brewing interests to the great English syndi-
cate which acquired so much property of this
character in St. Louis, but he continued to
manage the brewery which he had established
and built up until his retirement from busi-
ness, in 1892. Besides being a large property
holder and a successful manufacturer, he was,
during his active life, interested in various
financial and other institutions, and for twenty
years was president of the Northwestern Sav-
ings Bank of St. Louis. When he became a
citizen of the United States he began voting
with the Whig party, and, uniting with the
great body of the Germans of the country in
opposition to slavery, became a Republican
later. He has ever since acted with that party,
although he has never been a politician in the
ordinary acceptance of that term, and has only
once held a public office. This was in 1855,
when he was a member of the upper branch of
the city council. He was married, in 1847, to
Miss Louise C. Stifel, and three children born
of this marriage were living in 1897. His
son, Otto Stifel, is well known in the city as a
prominent man of affairs, and is vice-president
of the St. Louis Brewing Association.
Stifel, Otto F., manufacturer, was born
in St. Louis, November 4, 1862, son of Colonel
Charles G. and Louise Stifel. The honorable
and successful career of his father as a busi-
ness man and citizen of St. Louis has been
briefly reviewed in the foregoing sketch, and
the son was born to the inheritance of a good
name as well as fortune. After being fitted
for college in the schools of St. Louis, he en-
tered Washington University, and completed
a collegiate course of study at that institution.
He then went abroad, and at the city of Stutt-
gart, capital of the German province in which
his father was born.pursuedanadvanced course
of study in a noted school of technology. Re-
turning to St. Louis, his liberal academic and
scientific education was supplemented by a
practical course of training designed to fit him
for the care and management of the important
commercial and industrial interests which his
father had built up by years of sagacious and
well-directed effort. Accepting a position in
his father's establishment, he entered upon a
careful study of the processes of manufactur-
ing beer, and of the business details incident to
the successful conduct of a large manufactory
of this kind. Later he continued this process
of fitting himself for the duties and responsi-
bilities which were to devolve upon him in the
near future by studying the science of brew-
ing at Chicago, Milwaukee and New York
City, noted for the magnitude of their brew-
ing industries. Returning then to St. Louis,
thoroughly equipped theoretically and prac-
tically for the business in which he was to en-
gage, he became associated with his father,
whose advancing years caused him to shift to
the shoulders of the son the burdens of a large
and rapidly growing business. It soon be-
came apparent that these interests had been
committed to safe hands, and when the Stifel
brewery passed, by purchase, under the con-
trol of the English syndicate, at present so
largely interested in the brewing industry in
St. Louis, Mr. Stifel became vice-president of
the new corporation, a position which he still
retains. Acting in this capacity, he has not
only been one of the chief representatives of a
corporate enterprise of great magnitude, but
has wielded an important influence in the de-
velopment and up-building of one of the great-
est industries of St. Louis. Various other en-
terprises have occupied a share of his atten-
tion, and he is now — 1897 — president of the
East St. Louis Ice and Cold Storage Com-
pany. Still a young man, he has strongly im-
pressed his individuality upon the business in-
terests of the city, and strength of character,
broad capacity and admirable executive abil-
ity have been evidenced in all his undertak-
ings. Belonging to a generation of business
men which has grown up since the Civil War,
he is a typical representative of the active,
progressive and public-spirited class of men
who are doing so much at the present time to
promote the growth and prosperity of the city,
and to make it the chief city of the Southwest.
2144
STILLMAN— STOCKE.
Beginning life under very much more favor-
able auspices than the elder Stifel, he was call-
ed upon to shoulder proportionately greater
responsibilities than rested upon his father at
the beginning of his career. To build up a
fortune requires one kind of genius ; to care
for a fortune in such a way that, while earning
its legitimate increment, it shall benefit both
the possessor and the general public, requires
another kind of genius. In caring for the in-
terests committed to his charge, Mr. Stifel has
shown himself to be the possessor of the last
named kind of genius, and many kind and
generous acts attest the fact that he appreciates
the responsibilities resting upon those favored
by fortune. Genial in temperament and cor-
dial in his intercourse with those coming into
contact with him, lie is popular in both busi-
ness and social circles, and is an esteemed
member of the Mercantile and Union Clubs
and of the Masonic fraternity. Politically he
is identified with the Republican party, but is
too much a business man to take an active in-
terest in politics. Mr. Stifel was married, in
1893, to Miss Ella Conrades, daughter of J.
H. Conrades, prominent among the manufac-
turers of St. Louis. His only child, a son, is
named in honor of his grandfather, Charles G.
Stifel.
St ill man, .John Dwight, physician,
was born March 17, 1827, in Chenango Coun-
ty, New York, and died in St. Louis Novem-
ber 28, 1895. His parents were Elisha and
Desire (Barber) Stillman, worthy country peo-
ple, in moderate circumstances. In his boy-
hood he attended the public schools of the vil-
lage near which he lived, with reasonable
regularity, until he was thirteen years of age,
but being then apprenticed to the Sadler's
trade, his school days were limited thereafter to
three months of each year, until he had pre-
pared himself financially, and by a process of
self-education, to enter upon a collegiate
course. He was not a strong youth phvsi-
cally, and once broke down under the work
put upon him as an apprentice, but was nursed
back to health by the gentle and gracious
woman who bore to him the relationship of
stepmother, his own mother having died in
his infancy. While working at his trade he
had two well defined purposes in view. One
was to fit himself by a systematic course of
study for admission to college, and the other to
earn money enough to defray the expenses of
a collegiate course. By working overtime
and devoting his leisure hours, as far as possi-
ble, to study, he managed to do both, and in
his young manhood entered Yale College,
from which institution he was graduated.
Having completed his academic studies, he
again had recourse to his trade to provide him-
self with the means necessary to the continu-
ance of his preparation for the professional
career upon which he was ambitious to enter.
"While working at his trade, he read medicine,
and when he found himself able to do so, at-
tended the regular courses of lectures at Rush
Medical College, of Chicago, and was gradu-
ated from that institution. In 1863, soon after
he received his doctor's degree, he entered the
Union Army as an assistant surgeon, and
served in that capacity at Columbus, Ken-
tucky, and elsewhere, until March of the year
1866, when he was mustered out of service
with an honorable record for faithful and effi-
cient discharge of his duties. He then began
the practice of medicine at Memphis, Tennes-
see, and in 1867 passed through an epidemic of
cholera in that city. In 1871 he came to St.
Li mis and was engaged in general practice
until 1875, when he retired, and thereafter
gave attention mainly to the manufacture of a
proprietary remedy of which he was the dis-
coverer, and which attained much popularity
and had a wide sale. This remedy he discov-
ered while treating patients during the cholera
epidemic in Memphis, and its efificiency in cur-
ing disease was such that he gave it the name,
"Water of Life," by which it still continues to
be known. During his residence of twenty
years in St. Louis he made many friends by his
kindly, gracious ways and acts of kindness,
and the remedy of which he was the discoverer
made him much more than a local celebrity.
lie was prominently identified with the insti-
tution of the order of the Knights of Honor in
St. Louis, and held many positions in that or-
der. He was twice married. First, to Miss
Juliet H. Worth, of Fall River, Massachusetts,
and after Iter death to Miss Catharine Davis,
of Memphis, Tennessee, who became his wife
in 1869, and survives him.
St OCkades. — See "Fortifications."
Stock*', Jacob, was born February 10,
7833, in St. Louis. His father, who was a na-
tive of Pennsylvania, was George V. Stocke,
and his mother's maiden name was Lena
<3^£^/ <gi^=^yfV
STOCK YARDS.
2145
Breitenstein. When a lad eighteen years of
age the elder Stocke came west, reaching St.
Louis in the year 1825. Here he soon pro-
cured work in a grocery store. For some time
before, and during the fire of 1849, which
swept away so large a part of St. Louis, he had
charge of the river patrol, and later was over-
seer at the workhouse. He then embarked in
the grocery business, which he conducted suc-
cessfully until his death, in 1887, at the ad-
vanced age of nearly eighty years. He was
much beloved by all who knew him, and at
his death there passed away one of the most
prominent of the pioneers of this city. Jacob
Stocke was one of the five children born to
George V. Stocke and his wife, of whom but
one other, Mrs. Robert Berry, was living in
1899. Jacob Stocke, the youngest of the
children, was educated in the public schools of
St. Louis, attending, as a boy, what was known
as the Lafayette and Clark Schools. While
still a mere boy he was placed in charge of a
vegetable stand at the old market, then situated
between Market and Walnut Streets, on Main
Street. This started him in the business in
which he has ever since been engaged, in
which he has shown remarkable business acu-
men, and in which he has been very success-
ful. When the Center market was opened, on
Seventh and Spruce Streets, on the ground
now occupied by the Cupples blocks, Mr.
', Stocke was one of those who moved their
: business to the new market, marching, with
many of the former occupants of the old build-
ing, in a procession headed by prominent citi-
zens to the new location. In 1878 he removed
| to the Union market, and from that central lo-
1 cation has ever since supplied the leading ho-
\ tels, club houses and most prominent families
• of St. Louis with vegetables and fruits of all
' kinds. These fruits and vegetables are now
largely grown on Mr. Stocke's farm, situated
1 in St. Louis County. This farm is known as
I one of the most productive fruit and vege-
table farms of the West, and it is doubtful if
I any other farm in this region has ever yielded
1 such rich returns to its owner. He also estab-
1 lished, in 1891, the Progress Press Brick and
Machine Works of St. Louis. Frugal in his
habits and indefatigable in his industry, Mr.
\ Stocke has earned the reward of affluence, and
the position of prominence which he occupies
in business circles. He has traveled exten-
sively for the purpose of investigating matters
pertaining to agriculture and horticulture, and
by a process of intelligent experimentation he
is all the time arriving at more satisfactory re-
sults in the prosecution of the industry in
which he is engaged. At the outbreak of the
Civil War he entered the Fifth Missouri Mili-
tia Regiment, with which he served in defense
of the Union throughout that trying period.
While he has always voted the Republican
ticket, and has at various times taken an ac-
tive part in political campaigns, he has refused
numerous proffers of office, preferring to de-
vote all of his time to his business affairs. He
married Miss Annie Schill, daughter of a well-
to-do farmer and wine-maker of Overbergen.
The children born to them have been Sophie,
now Mrs. Henry Frueh ; Mary, now Mrs.
Louis Schurck ; Katie, now Mrs. Adolph
Klingler ; Anna, now Mrs. Henry C. Bech-
man ; Julietta, now Mrs. William Schroedter ;
and Jacob V. Stocke.
Stock Yards. — The rapid growth of St.
Louis after 1840 in population and trade, and
the rapid multiplication of farm animals, par-
ticularly cattle and hogs, in the fertile farming
region around it on both sides of the Missis-
sippi River, forced upon its business men the
matter of accommodations for the live stuck
brought to its market. Nothing was easier
in those days than to raise these animals, for
hog cholera and pleuro-pneumonia were un-
known, and hogs and animals increased almost
without any other care than feeding in the se-
vere winter season — and the constant tendency
of live stock to the only city west of Louis-
ville that possessed facilities for handling and
shipping it made it manifest that St. Louis
must become the center of an enormous live
stock trade. Small stock yards were opened
for the accommodation of the business, suc-
cessively, at one place and another in the city
— at the Wedge House, on the Market Street
road, near what is now Twenty-first Street ;
at Bremen, above the city, on the Missouri
Pacific Railroad, in what was then the western
part of the city, and on private grounds else-
where. These places were made to serve the
purpose for a time, but the increasing receipts
of cattle and hogs which they attracted showed
that arrangements for handling them on a
larger scale must be provided if St. Louis was
to profit fully by the trade that waited only for
its accommodation. It was this necessity that
led to the establishment of the National Stock
Yards in East St. Louis. The fact that they
!14f,
STODDARD.
were not within the limits of St. Louis, nor
in the State of Missouri, but on the other side
of a great river, in the State of Illinois, does
not in any degree impair their value as an ad-
junct of our city. They are closer to the Mer-
chants' Exchange than any eligible point in-
side or near the city limits where it would
have been possible to locate them, and they
serve all the purposes of the live stock trade
more efficiently than they could on this side of
the river. The first measures for establishing
them were taken in 1S71. and were followed
up so energetically that the yards were opened
two years later. They embrace an area of
650 acres, admirably situated, a mile north of
East St. Louis, with Cahokia Creek running
through the tract, the St. Louis, Yandalia &
Terre Haute Railroad running along the east
side, and the Toledo. Wabash & Western run-
ning through it. with a connecting line be-
tween them, and having connections with the
terminal systems on the two sides of the
river and the bridges. The tract is underlaid
with a perfect system of sewers and water
pipes, and is laid out with streets. The yards
are paved, and large enough to accommodate
15,000 head of horned cattle, with outside
space for as many more. A frame shed, 1.200
feet long and 100 feet wide, with a broad pas-
sagewav through it, has pens for 20,000 head
of hogs at one time. The accommodations
for animals are on so large a scale that, al-
though the receipts of live stock have nearly
trebled since the yards were opened, no incon-
venience has been met with in taking care of
them. A large hotel, the Atherton House. built
at a 0 >st 1 if Si 2;.' >< to, five st< »ries high, and con-
taining 130 sleeping rooms, besides halls, din-
ing-room, parlors and office, is one of the most
conspicuous features of the place. There is
an abundant supph of water, and no accesso
ries of convenience and comfort are lacking,
and, taken as a whole, the National Stock
Yards are probably the largest and most com-
plete establishment of the kind in the United
States. The Union Stock Yards, on Bremen
Avenue, in the northern part of the city, be-
tween Broadway and the river, are smaller in
size and are taxed to their utmost capacit) at
times. They embrace fifty acres, with the
best terminal facilities and connection with the
ferry for the easy transfer of animals between
the two ■-ides 1 if the river. They have sheds
and pens for 25,000 head of hogs and 2.000
head of cattle at one time. and. in addition, all
needed buildings for exchange rooms and
offices for the transaction of business. In the
vicinity are smaller private yards, and on up-
per Broadway and the adjacent streets are
stables and yards for horses and mules, more
of which are received at and shipped from St.
Louis than any other city in the United States.
The facilities which the stock yards of St.
Louis afford for the handling of stock, to-
gether with the excellence of the market, have
attracted animals from all the grazing regions
of the West and Southwest, and the feeding
districts of Kansas, Missouri and Illinois, and
the receipts show a steady increase through
the period of thirty years from 1867 to 1897.
In this period the receipts of cattle increased
from 74,146 to 960,763 head; hogs, from 301.-
560 to 2,065,283; sheep, from 79,315 to 660,-
380, and horses and mules, from 27,175 head,
in 1874, to 105,570 head in 1897, and the ag-
gregate receipts of all animals, from 482,196
head to 3,791,996.
Stoddard, Amos, who acted as the rep-
resentative of France and the United States
when the Territory of Louisiana was formally
surrendered by Spain, was born in Woodbury,
Connecticut, in 1762, and died at Fort Meigs,
Ohio, in 1813. He served in the Revolution-
ary War, and. at the close of the war, became
clerk of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts.
From 1792 to 1798 he practiced law at Hal-
lowell, Maine, and in the latter year was ap-
pointed captain of artillery in the United
States Army. He was serving in the West
when Louisiana was ceded to the United
States, and was designated by the govern-
ments of France and the United States to rep-
resent them in the formal transfer from Spain
to France, and from France to the United
States. After the transfer he remained in
command at St. Louis, acting as ( iovernor
until provision had been made by Congress
for the government of the newly acquired
territory. Acting upon the advice of I 'resi-
dent Jefferson, he made few changes in the
administration of local affairs, and inaugu-
rated a policy which reconciled the French
settlers to the new domination. He was suc-
ceeded in the exercise of gubernatorial powers
by General William Henry Harrison, Gov-
ernor <>f the Territory of Indiana, Upper Loui-
siana having been attached temporarily to that
territorv by act of Congress in the fall of 1804.
STODDART— STOFFEL.
At the siege of Fort Meigs, Ohio, in 1813, he
received wounds which caused his death.
Stoddart, Thomas A., financier, was
born September 10, 1829, in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, son of Arniat and Elizabeth
(Powell) Stoddart. He is a descendant of
John Stoddart, who came to this country
from England toward the close of the eight-
eenth century, and married Rebecca Ashton,
who came of American Revolutionary stock.
In the maternal line, Mr. Stoddart is also de-
scended from Revolutionary ancestors, two
of whom, Captain Samuel Powell and Major
William Powell, served in the Continental
Army. As a boy, Mr. Stoddart attended the
free schools of Philadelphia, and was gradu-
ated from the Public High School of that city.
In 1848 he came west in the company of
Charles A. Perry, who was then engaged in
merchandising in the town of Weston, Platte
County, Missouri. He was in the employ of.
Mr. Perry and his partner thereafter as clerk
in a general store until 1851, when he made
a visit to Salt Lake City. The same year he
returned to Philadelphia on a visit, but after
a short time came back to Missouri, and was
in business at Weston until 1857. In that
year he was elected bookkeeper of the old
"Southern Bank," of St. Louis, and thus be-
gan a connection with the banking interests
of the city which has now extended over more
than two score years. After the passage of
the National Banking Act of 1862 the South-
ern Bank was reorganized in accordance with
the provisions of that law, and on the 25th of
December, 1863, became the Third National
Bank of St. Louis, it being one of the earliest
national banks organized in this State. In
1864 Mr. Stoddart was made cashier of this
bank, and retained that position until 1897,
contributing largely to the building up of one
of the greatest banking institutions of the
Southwest. When the position of manager
of the St. Louis Clearing House was left va-
cant, in 1897, by the death of Edward Chase,
Mr. Stoddart's recognized ability as a prac-
tical banker and sound financier caused him
to be chosen unanimously as successor to Mr.
Chase. Solicited to accept this position by
the associated banks of St. Louis, he entered
upon the discharge of his duties in that con-
nection in March of the year 1897, and has
since filled the full measure of the expectations
of those who felt that he would prove an ideal
manager of an institution which is at the same
time the creature and the governor of the
banking interests of the city. He has been
known always as a representative of that class
of bankers who regard the trust reposed in
them by the public as sacred in character, and
during the forty years of his connection with
the Third National Bank he never owed it a
dollar individually. September 10, 1856, Air.
Stoddart married, at Glasgow, Missouri, Mrs.
Anna Dickey, who was born Anna McCoy, at
Cartersville, Virginia, and came to Missouri
with her parents in childhood.
Stoffel, Remy J., physician, was born
in Paris, France, December 1, 1850, son of
Remy and Adelaide Stoffel. When he was
five years of age his parents came to this
country, leaving him for the time being in
the care of his grandmother in France. Soon
after his arrival in the United States, the elder
Stoffel came to St. Louis and established him-
self in the carpet and wall paper business,
which he continued to conduct on South
Broadway until his retirement from trade', in
1878. The son joined his parents in this
country when he was nine years of age, and
obtained the major part of his education in the
schools of St. Louis. He first attended what
was known as the Elliot School, at the corner
of Fifteenth and Pine Streets, and after com-
•pleting his course of study at that school he
attended Rice's Commercial College. After
that, and after he had attained his majority,
he took a course at St. Vincent's College, of
Cape Girardeau, and was graduated from the
commercial department of that institution.
His intention had been up to this time to de-
vote himself to mercantile pursuits, but not
finding this a congenial occupation, he spent
two or three years teaching school. He then
began the study of medicine at Sparta, Illinois,
under the preceptorship of Dr. David S.
Booth, who was one of the most accomplished
physicians and surgeons practicing at that
time in Southern Illinois. From Sparta Dr.
Stoffel came to St. Louis in 1877, and contin-
ued his medical studies with Dr. John T.
Hodgen as his preceptor. At the same time
he attended the regular courses of lectures at
St. Louis Medical College, and in 1880 he re-
ceived his doctor's degree from that institu-
tion. He at once began the practice of his
profession in this city, grew steadily into popu-
lar favor, and soon became well known among
STOLLE.
the medical practitioners of the city, and also
to the public. In 1890 he was appointed at-
tending physician to the Alexian Brothers'
Hospital, which position he held until 1894, re-
signing it then to devote himself to study and
travel in Europe. In 1896 he was elected pro-
fessor of materia medica and therapeutics in
the Beaumont Hospital Medical College, and
in 1897 his professorship was extended so as
to cover the diseases of children. He has
been a successful educator and a careful, con-
scientious and skillful physician, whose rule
has been to give to every case to which his at-
tention is called close attention and the most
thorough consideration. While he has had
a large and lucrative general practice, he has
given special attention to the diseases of chil-
dren, and has written various interesting and
instructive papers and monographs on matters
coming within this field of practice. He is a
member of the American Medical Association,
the Missouri State Medical Association, and
the St. Louis Medical Society, and in addition
to these professional connections is identified
by membership with nearly all the benevolent
and beneficiary orders of the city. In 1880
he married Miss Mary E. Green, a ladv who
had, prior to that time, been identified with
the public schools of St. Louis, and who had
attained very high standing as a teacher.
Their family consists of two sons and two
daughters, who inherit the abilities of their
parents, and who, although still young, are
making rapid progress in their studies.
Stolle, Caspar, one of the leading Ger-
man-American citizens of St. Louis, was born
February 22, [825, in Hanover, Germany.
His father was David Stolle, and his mother's
maiden name was Elizabeth Postnau. They
were worthy and prosperous people, who gave
the son a fair education in the schools of his
native town. After completing his studies he
worked for a time with his father at the trade
of millwright, which he thoroughly mastered.
In 1845, when he was twenty years old. he set
sail for the New World on the good ship "Ad-
ler." then making its second trip from Bremen
to New Orleans. Arrived in the last named
city, he at once sought employment, but did
not find very remunerative work to begin with.
His first day's work netted him a dollar and
seventy-five cents, but on the second dav he
began working in a cooper's shop, with the
understanding that his wages should be four
dollars a month and board. Small as his com-
pensation was, his employer expected him to
work until late at night and frequently on Sun-
days, and his spirit of independence rebelled
against this treatment to such an extent that
he refused to work longer for this man, even
when offered an advance of wages, which
would have been very satisfactory under other
circumstances. In January of 1846 he came
to St. Louis, the western limit of which was
then at Seventh Street, and remembers shoot-
ing the first rabbit which he killed in this coun-
try on ground not further west than the pres-
ent Ninth Street. Thereafter he worked at
whatever he could find to do, hardly earning
more than fifty cents a day by his labor and re-
ceiving only a very small portion of the
amount thus earned in cash, orders being
given on the stores for the balance due. Not-
withstanding the fact that he labored under all
these disadvantages, he had managed to save
a little money at the end of the first three
months spent in St. Louis, but this he lost
through the dishonesty of a friend, to whom he
loaned it. Beginning again at the beginning
and without a cent, he went to work as fireman
on a Missouri river steamboat at eight dollars
a month compensation in addition to his
board. The bad quality of the board made
this job unsatisfactory, and after that he
worked for a time on the levee at fifty cents
a day. Finally the tide of fortune seemed to
turn in his favor when he entered the employ
of Richard Krenningen, a stonemason, quarry-
man and builder. At first he received only the
wages of a common laborer, but soon demon-
strated that he had mechanical ability and
gradually worked his way up to a position in
which he earned average wages of four dol-
lars per day. This enabled him to save money
and with the capital thus accumulated he en-
gaged in business on his own account as a con-
tractor for city work, with William Peters as
his partner. Later he formed a partnership
with Henry Schniepel, and as contractors and
builders the firm thus constituted was very suc-
cessful from the start. They became the own-
ers of several stone quarries, one of which was
located on Ashley Street, near Main Street,
and another on Sixteenth Street, near St.
Louis Avenue. Mr. Stolle made some for-
tunate speculations in stone quarry properties
also, and this added to his resources to such
an extent that he soon became a man of means.
In 1866 he built Stolle's Hall, on Biddle Street,.
STONE.
2149
near the Biddle Market, and soon became also
the owner of other valuable property. Dur-
ing the years 1852, 1853 and 1854 he was a
member of the city council of St. Louis, and
later served three years as a member of the city
school board. In 1856, in company with other
gentlemen, he established the present Frank-
lin Bank, of which he was a director for many
years. He was one of the founders and direc-
tors of the Fourth National Bank. He was a
director, also, and president of the Biddle Mar-
ket Savings Bank, and has since been iden-
tified officially and as a stockholder with many
other corporations. He has been director of
the German-American Bank, president of the
Caspar Stolle Quarry & Contracting Com-
pany, president of the Biddle Market Com-
pany since it was organized in 185 1, a director
of the German Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany, a director for thirty-four years of the
St. Louis Mutual Fire Insurance Company,
of which he is at the present time (1898)
president, and is sole owner of the limestone
quarry located in St. Louis County, near Web-
ster, which was formerly known as the Glen-
dale Quarry, but is now called the Grant
Duarry. Always fond of outdoor sports, he
was one of the earliest members and first presi-
dent of the St. Louis Sharpshooters' Associa-
tion. During his long and active career as a
contractor, he has built many public works of
note, one of which was the famous Mill Creek
sewer. He also erected the Belcher Sugar
Refinery, which was the first thirteen-story
building in St. Louis. He began life in this
country without any resources other than
brains, energy and industry, labored under
many disadvantages to begin with, overcame
these difficulties by keeping up the struggle
manfully, and has been rewarded by the ac-
cumulation of a handsome fortune and the at-
tainment of a proud position among the sub-
stantial business men of the most substantial
city in the United States. His jovial disposi-
tion, his love of manly sports, and his posses-
sion of those qualities which make him a thor-
oughly companionable man have drawn about
him a host of friends who are greatly attached
to him. Although no longer young he is still
a picture of manly health and vigor, no less
devoted than in earlier years to various kinds
of recreative amusements. Coupled with a
truly enviable record as a business man and a
citizen in all that pertains to the affairs of civil
life, he has a record to be proud of also as an
American soldier. Enlisting in the Union
Army in 1861 he was mustered into the Thir-
teenth Missouri Infantry Regiment and served
four years under the gallant Colonel Ed. Beck-
mann as commissary officer of his regiment.
Charged with the responsibility of providing
subsistence for the regiment, he made the most
generous provision possible for his comrades
in arms, and during his term of service paid
out of his own pocket more than eight thou-
sand dollars, for which he was never reim-
bursed by the government. On the 20th of
July, 1846, Mr. Stolle married Miss Elizabeth
Puis, of Hanover, Germany, who died in 1863.
After his first wife's death he married Miss
Josephine Kulage and has reared a large fam-
ily of children.
Stone, William Joel, lawyer, ex-Con-
gressman and ex-Governor of Missouri, was
born May 7, 1848, near Richmond, Madison
County, Kentucky. His father was William
Stone and his mother's maiden name was Mil-
dred Phelps. The elder Stone was also a na-
tive of Kentucky, but came of a Virginia fam-
ily, his father having come to Kentucky from
the Old Dominion at an early date. The
grandfather of Governor Stone was a pioneer
settler in Kentucky, served as first surveyor
of Madison County and was one of the men
who helped to lay the foundations of that com-
monwealth. In Virginia the Stone family has
left its impress upon the history of the State,
and Thomas Stone, of Maryland, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence,
was also an ancestor of Governor Stone. Gov-
ernor Stone's earlier educational training was
obtained in the common schools of Kentucky
and he completed his academic studies at the
University of Missouri. In 1867 he began the
study of law at Columbia, Missouri, under the
preceptorship of his brother-in-law, Colonel S.
Tavlor, and in 1869 he was admitted to the bar.
During the year immediately following his ad-
mission to the bar he practiced law at Bed-
ford, Indiana, but in 1870 he returned to Mis-
souri and opened a law office at Nevada, in
Vernon County. For eight years thereafter
he was associated in practice with Charles R.
Scott, and subsequently, while at Nevada, with
Judge D. P. Stratton and Granville S. Hoss.
Rising rapidly into prominence as a lawyer, he
took an active interest also in politics and pub-
lic affairs, and within a few years after he be-
came a resident of Nevada he was both a lead-
2150
ST< IVE TRADE— STRASSBERGER.
ing lawyer and an influential citizen of that
portion of the State. The first public office
which he held was that of prosecuting attor-
ne\ for Vernon County, a position which he
held for two years. In [876 he was chosen
presidential elector on the "Tilden Ticket,"
and in the canvass which preceded that election
made himself known to the people of Missouri
a^ one of the ablest Democratic campaigners
in the State. In [884 he was elected to Con-
gress and served in that body for six years
thereafter, winning distinction as one of the
ablest debaters in the House of Representa-
tives, and as a brilliant champion of the inter-
ests of his constituents, the State of .Missouri
at large and the principles of the Democratic
party. In 1892 he became the nominee of his
party for Governor of Missouri, and, being
chi isen to that office at the ensuing election, he
gave the State one of its ablest and cleanest
administrations. Immediately after his retire-
ment from the governorship he established his
residence in St. Louis and has since occupied
a leading position at the bar of this city. Long
and faithful services in behalf of the Demo-
cratic party have made him one of its recog-
nized leaders and there is no man in the United
State to-day more prominent in its councils,
none whose opinions carry with them greater
weight and none to whose utterances greater
significance it attached by the public at large.
• rovernor Stone married, in 1874, Miss Sarah
Winston, daughter of Colonel W. K. Winston,
of Cole County, Missouri. Mrs. Stone is a
lady of many social and domestic graces, well
fitted in every way to be the wife of a distin-
guished public man. Their children are Kim-
brough, Mabel and Mildred Stone.
Stove Trade. — The stove trade of St.
"Louis consists chiefly in the manufacture of
stoves and the distribution of them to the re-
gions where they are needed, for only a com-
paratively small number arc received from
other cities or States, either for use in St.
Louis or for distribution. The casting; of
stoves was one of the early industries of the
city, and it has been one of the most success-
ful. Our first stovemakers possessed more
than the common share of intelligence, enter-
prise and sagacity, and recognizing, in the
thirties and forties, that the then thinly settled
West and Southwest must become the home
of a vast population with whom cooking and
heating stoves would be articles of prime ne-
cessity, they went into the manufacture of
them and devoted themselves to the work of
making continuous improvements in them.
The result is that St. Louis has become one of
the largest stove-making centers in the coun-
try and famous for special good qualities in its
sti wes. All the original great foundries which
governed the stove trade between 1850 and
1890, and gave to St. Louis its enviable reputa-
tion in this important business, were either still
in existence and active and prosperous in 1897
or had transmitted their name and fame to
successors. Giles F. Filley, inventor of the
"Charter Oak" stove, was living in 1897, more
than four score years of age, and retired from
business ; and the names of Bridge, Beach &
Co., Buck & Culver, were still remembered as
synonyms of uprightness and business probity,
riie capital invested in the business in 1897
was $2,500,000, the number of persons em-
ployed was 1,200, and the sum paid out in
wages per annum was $500,000. In the year
189] there were 190,000 stoves, 50,000 ranges
and 75,000 gasoline stoves turned out at the
several foundries and factories, the whole hav-
ing a value of $3,250,000. In addition to this
stoves from other places to the value of $100,-
000 were sold in the city. The depression in
trade that followed the financial collapse in
1893 reduced the demand for stoves, and for
several years there was a slight falling off in
the number turned out; but in 1897 the max-
imum product was again nearly reached and
the trade was assuming its old prosperity.
D. M. Grissom.
Strassberger, Clemens, founder and
director of Strassberger's Conservatory of
Music, was born in April, 1859, in Saxony,
Germany, eldest son of Carl E. and Wilhel-
mine Strassberger. His father was the man-
ager of the locally famous Strassberger brew-
ery until 1866, and later was engaged in the
wholesale cattle trade. The son was carefully
educated in the schools of his native land, and,
in early life showed himself to be possessed of
very superior musical talent. His natural
tastes in this direction were carefully cultivated
and he was sent to many cities in Europe to
take advantage of the best opportunities of-
fered in those cities for musical culture. When
lie was approaching manhood he was suddenly
called home by the demise of his father, to find
there a thorough appreciation of his musical
accomplishments. When not quite eighteen
YYZt^A
STRAUB.
2151
years old, he was made manager and director
of a prominent local musical organization, and
a year later was made president of a district
musical society, composed of two hundred
and forty members. He also aided in found-
ing and conducting several other musical or-
ganizations and societies, and visited the chief
musical centers in the land of music and song,
gaining great popularity. In the spring of the
year 1881 he sailed for the United States, and
upon his arrival in this country traveled ex-
tensively before deciding to establish his home
in St. Louis. His mother, brother and sisters
followed him to this country, and also made
their home in St. Louis. Serious sickness in the
family made it necessary for him to start, in
the beginning, in a comparatively humble way
as a teacher of music. His talents soon gained
for him, however, due recognition in the best
social circles, and he became a useful member
of the Choral Symphony Society and the Mu-
sical Union Orchestra. In 1886 he estab-
lished the Strassberger Musical School in the
rooms of the Social Turner's Society, and the
first annual examination concert, given one
year later, proved a great success, sixty-seven
pupils participating. Many concerts have
since been given by him at the Exposition
Music Hall and in other places, which de-
lighted large audiences, and, through the gen-
erosity of Professor Strassberger, materially
aided various charitable and other enterprises.
After several years of careful preparation,
tours were arranged, and, with fifty-two of his
most talented students, Professor Strassberger
has given concerts throughout the States of
Missouri, Illinois and Kansas. The great suc-
cess which he has achieved as an instructor
and the wide popularity of his compositions,
published in St. Louis, Boston, Massachusetts,
and elsewhere, have popularized the institution
of which he has been the head, and caused it
to have a rapid and steady growth. In 1893
he purchased the large three-story building at
the corner of Twenty-second Street and St.
Louis Avenue, now known as Strassberger's
Conservatory of Music, and twenty-five accom-
plished teachers are now employed as instruc-
tors in the different departments of this insti-
tution. During these years classical and pop-
ular concerts were given under his direction,
in which only the best national and local talent
participated, the object being to cultivate bet-
ter musical tastes and more thoroughly artistic
accomplishments. Teachers' and pupils' reci-
tals were also given, with good results, and
when the conservatory hall proved too small
to hold the appreciative audiences, Professor
Strassberger obtained the use of Memorial
Hall, which still failed to accommodate those
who wished to hear and witness the perform-
ance. In 1888 Professor Strassberger mar-
ried Miss Mathilde C. Heim, daughter of the
late John and Gertrude Heim, and a niece of
Ferdinand Heim, of East St. Louis and Kan-
sas City. Mrs. Strassberger has fine musical
tastes and accomplishments, has proven a true
helpmate to her husband, and has greatly
aided him in building up the Conservatory of
Music. His brother, Bruno Strassberger, and
his sisters, Martha and Hattie Strassberger,
are also accomplished musicians, and have
traveled with him and with other concert
troupes throughout the United States for sev-
eral years. Two children, Mathilde and Clem-
entina Strassberger, brighten the home of Pro-
fessor and Mrs. Strassberger.
Straub, Augustus W., banker, was
born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, March
30, 1846, son of John N. and Elizabeth (Lang)
Straub. After receiving a good education in
the public schools of his native city, he went to
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and there entered the
banking house of Philip R. Mertz. He was
eighteen years of age when he began serving
this apprenticeship to the banking business,
and for five years thereafter he was a clerk in
one of the best managed banking houses of
Pittsburg. At the end of that time he went
abroad and had the interesting and memor-
able experience of spending several months in
Germany while the Franco-Prussian War was
in progress. Upon his return to this country
he became interested with his father in the
brewing business at Allegheny City, and until
the year 1873 was a member of the firm of
Straub & Sons. In that year he came to St.
Louis and became one of the managers of the
Julius Winkelmeyer brewery, which Mr. Win-
kelmeyer had established in this city in 1846.
His genius and executive ability contributed
to the rapid development of this enterprise',
and before many years had elapsed the Wink-
elmeyer brewery had become one of the most
famous in the West and the excellence of its
product had contributed largely toward estab-
lishing the celebrity of St. Louis as a beer
manufacturing center. Mr. Straub was iden-
tified with this enterprise for eighteen years
2152
STREET COMMISSIONER— STREET NAMES,
and until the consolidation of brewing inter-
ests by English capitalists offered an oppor-
tunity for disposing of his brewery upon ad-
vantageous term-. \fter the sale i if this plant
and its good will to the new corporation, Chris-
topher and Julius Winkelmeyer continued
their connection with it as manager and as-
sistant manager, respectively, of the plant, but
Mr. Straub, refusing flattering offers to associ-
ate himself with the amalgamated brewing in-
terests, severed his connection entirely with a
business in which he had been conspicuously
successful, and which had rewarded him with
a handsome fortune. In 1890 he again vis-
ited Europe with his family, and remained
abroad eighteen months, making a tour of the
principal cities of the ( )ld World, in the course
of which he combined business with pleasure,
and made a careful study of the banking meth-
ods of London, Paris, Berlin and other finan-
cial centers, and of the financial systems also
of the several countries which he visited. Late
in the vear 1891 he returned to St. Louis.
and devoted himself to financial affairs and
the banking interests with which he had
previously been identified, until his death,
which occurred May 23, 1898. He had been
called upon, in 1886, to take charge of the af-
fairs of the International Bank, an institution
which, at that time, was not in such condition
as to satisfy its stockholders and directors. A
reorganization of the bank resulted in Mr.
Straub's election to the pressidency, and he
soon demonstrated that he had a genius for
financiering by re-establishing the bank on a
sound basis, and so conducting its affairs that
it grew rapidly into popular favor. It has
since become one of the leading monetary in-
stitutions of the city, has important foreign
connections and wields a large influence in
financial circles. As a banker he showed
himself a capable and public-spirited financier,
as well as the careful conservator of the inter-
ests which were in his keeping, and he was the
trusted counselor of many of the men whose
commercial and manufacturing enterprises
were developing St. Louis into one of the
great trade centers of the United States. He
was president of tin German Eire Insurance
Company of St. Louis, from 7886 to 1800, and
identified officially and otherwise with many
enterprises and public movements, which have
been of great benefit to the public and to the
trade and commerce of St. Louis. From
18S3 to 1887 he served as a member of the
city council, but with this exception held no
official position other than such as were inci-
dental to his business enterprises. He took a
good citizen's interest in political affairs, act-
ing with the regular organization of the Demo-
cratic party until 1896, in which year he acted
with the "gold standard" wing of that party.
His connection with fraternal organizations
was limited to membership in the Masonic or--
der. Mr. Straub married, in 1873, Miss Julia
S. Winkelmeyer, daughter of Julius Winkel-
meyer, of St. Louis, the founder of the Winkel-
meyer brewery.
Street Commissioner. — An officer ap-
pointed by the mayor, and holding office for
four years. He has special charge of the con-
struction, reconstruction, repairing and clean-
ing of the public streets, alleys and places, ex-
cepting parks. The office was created under
the first city charter, in 1823, which provided
for two commissioners. The first two occu-
pants being John Bobb and Joseph C. La-
veille.
Street Names. — Although St. Louis be-
came an incorporated city December 9, 1822,
it was not until four years later that the
streets were regularly named. Before then
they were Rue Principale (Main), Rue de
l'Eglise (Church), and Rue des Granges
1 Barn 1. The width of each of these was thirty-
six French feet of thirteen inches to the foot,
or thirty-nine feet of our measurement. The
cri iss streets running east and west were thirty
French feet in width, and the blocks 240 feet
front, running back three hundred feet. Mar-
ket Street was La Rue de la Place; Walnut.
La Rue de la Tour, etc. In 1826 an or-
dinance was passed naming the streets north
of Market as follows : Chestnut. Pine, Olive,
Locust. Vine, Laurel, Prune, Oak, Cherry,
Hickory, Pear, and Willow; south of Market:
Walnut, Elm, Myrtle, Spruce, Almond, Pop-
lar, Plum, Cedar. Mulberry, Lombard, Hazel,
and Sycamore. Commercial Alley, between
Main and Second, or Church, was the back
door, as it were, to the business places on those
two streets. Market Street took the name, of
course, from the market which was at Main,
growing into the principal shopping street.
Laurel became Washington Avenue; Prune
became Green, and afterward Lucas Avenue;
< >ak became Morgan; Cherry became Frank-
lin Avenue; Hickorv, Pear and Willow be-
STREET NAMES.
215;!
came Wash, Carr and Biddle respectively.
Hazel is now Chouteau Avenue ; Mulberry is
Gratiot; Myrtle is Clark; Almond is Valen-
tine ; Lombard is LaSalle ; and Sycamore is
Convent. Up to March 22, 1893, Chestnut
Street was spelled with but one "t." At the
foot of an ordinance of that date is a note :
"Spell Chesnut Street Chestnut Street." The
western limits in 1S26 were east of Fifth Street,
the northern Franklin Avenue, and the south-
ern Chouteau Avenue, but the bulk of the
population was nearest the Mississippi River.
Fourth Street, which was not known up to
1819, ended at Elm. In February, 1839, tne
limits were extended on the west to Seventh
Street, south to Rutger, and north to Biddle.
Very little new territory was thus added, say,
five or six blocks, but the lines were more
shapely drawn. Again, in 1841 the limits
were broadened to include the territory lying
between Dock (North Market), taking in the
towns of North St. Louis, St. George. Central
St. Louis village, and a number of additions
south of Rocky Branch, and Wyoming
Street, on the south, and one hundred feet
west of Second Carondelet Avenue, on the
west — total area, four and one-ninth square
miles. A little book published in 1846 by W.
D. Skillman, bookseller, opposite the Planters'
House, gives the names and bounds of all the
streets, 151 in number, and it is curious to
note how few of them bear the names of the
earliest comers. Among these, however, are
Barton, Bates, Bent, Benton, Clark, Duchou-
quette. Easton, Gratiot, Hempstead, Howard,
Labadie, Lesperance, Lucas, McGirk, Men-
ard. Morrison, Mullanphy, Papin. Picotte,
Provenchere, Rutger. Saugrain, St. Ange,
Stoddard, and Trudeau. Chestnut then ran
to Eleventh, as did Pine and Walnut. In
1855 the limits were extended, making Keo-
kuk the southern, 660 feet beyond Grand
Avenue the western, and Grand Avenue where
it intersects Bellefontaine Road the northern
limits, taking in the town of Bremen and the
villages of Florence and Highlands, as also
Union, Stoddard, Bryan's, and a number of
other additions. In March, 1872, the city
limits were advanced west and south to em-
brace Tower Grove, Forest and O'Fallon
Parks, but two years later the Legislature re-
stored the western limits to 660 feet west of
Grand Avenue. In August. 1876. by the
"Scheme and Charter," under which the city
is now governed, the limits of 1872 were re-
stored and extended, taking in Lowell, Rock
Springs, Cheltenham, Fairmount, Rose Hill,
Cote Brilliante, etc. At the same time the
city of St. Louis was separated from the
county and relieved of the dual government,
the remainder of the old county being left to
establish a county seat, elect its own officers,
collect its own taxes, and do for itself in all
matters.
The fact that the western boundary line was
fixed 660 feet west of Grand Avenue, (and not
in the middle of it) recalls the opinion pre-
vailing then that the thoroughfare would be-
come improved with fine and costly residences,
and its abutting grounds would enhance
greatly in value ; so that, if the city limit lay in
the middle of the thoroughfare, the lot owners
on the east side of it would be harassed with
all the city taxes, while those on the west
would, although equally benefited, be sub-
ject only to the nominal burthen of county
farm tax rates. The 660 feet line was intended
to provide a just equalization of the local tax
liabilities.
The streets and avenues now carrying
names which perpetuate the oldest pioneer
history of the valley and city are, besides those
already given : DeSoto. Laclede, LaSalle.
Chouteau. Carondelet, DeTonty, Lami,
Conde, Cerre, Cabanne, Montgomery, Ivory,
Gamier, Hebert, Hubert. LaDuc, Morgan,
Le Beaume, Paul. Cardinal, Ranken, Penrose,
Sarpv. Soulard, Berthold, Dodier, Tamm,
Tesson, and O'Fallon. Rutger is properly
Rutgers, named for Abend Rutgers, who im-
migrated here from Holland in 1800. Wash,
Carr, Christy and Lucas represent four of the
half dozen men who. at one time, owned
nearlv the whole of St. Louis ; Ashley, William
H. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor and member
of Congress; Finney. John Finney, who came
here in 1821 ; Gamble, Archibald Gamble,
alderman and politician ; and Morgan Street,
which was in existence in 1818, was probably
named for Colonel George Morgan. Papin,
originally Lombard Street, was named for
Theodore Papin : Murdoch and Dickson for
John J. Murdock and Charles K. Dickson,
who. with Henry Stoddard, established Stod-
dard's Addition. Palm Street was so named
for William Palm, a prominent German who
served in the city council in 1849-50-1. estab-
lished locomotive building in St. Louis and
left a handsome legacy to Washin.arton Uni-
versity. Howard Street was named in honor
iir.i
STREET NAMES.
of Benjamin Howard, Territorial Governor,
[810-12; Walsh, for John B. Walsh, first
mayor of Carondelet; Paul, for Rene Paul,
the first city engineer. The names of some
other streets represent the Russels, Ken-
nerlys, Kennetts, Loughboroughs, Ewings,
Barrets, Von Phuls, McNairs, Kaysers, Dil-
lons, Clemenses, Skinkers, McReas, Gays,
West.-. Taylors, Januarys, Maffitts, Garesches,
Maurys, Donovans, Espenschieds, etc.
In [816, Colonel William Chambers, of
Louisville, Kentucky, purchased of Louis Le
Beaume a tract of land. 374 acres, running
north from the Big Mound to Rocky Branch.
He afterward took as a partner Major William
Christv, son-in-law of Major Wright, U. S. A.,
and they proceeded to lay out the town of
North St. Louis. Le Baume Street was
named after the gentleman from whom the
purchase was made; Chambers Street after
the purchaser ; Wright after Major Wright,
and Tyler after Robert Tyler, who married
Colonel Chambers' only child, Mary Law-
rence Chambers. Rocky Branch, the north-
ern limit to this addition, gave the name to
Branch Street.
Baden was laid out by George Buchanan,
E. C. Anglerodt, N. N. Destrahan, and Ed.
Mallinkrodt. for all of whom streets were
named, as also for the town itself. Thomas
Collins, in 1839, laid out ten blocks on the
west side of Second Street, between Mound
and Chambers Streets. Collins Street takes
its name from this gentleman. Another ad-
dition was made by Collins on both sides of
Brooklyn from Broadway to Ninth, in 1 S 4 5 ,
and two years later by Collins and Susan Le
Beaume, from Ninth to Eleventh, between
Brooklyn and Tyler. Moore Street is named
for Robert Moore, who laid out, in 1840, an
addition on both sides of Mound Street, from
Broadway west. Union Addition, consisting
of fifty-four city blocks, between North Mar-
ket. Hebert, Sixteenth and Jefferson Avenue,
was dedicated in 1S4S by John ( ('Fallon, L.
A. Le Beaume, L. A. Benoist, Josiah Dent,
Albert Todd. John R. Shepley, Samuel Knox,
B, B Dayton, and others. St, Louis Place, a
park of about fifteen acres, was reserved to the
city as a pleasure resort. Knox, Dayton, and
several other streets are comprised in this
tract. The town of Lowell, embracing forty
blocks, added to St. Louis by the "Scheme
and Charter" of 1876, was incorporated in 1841,
by E. C. Hutchinson — for whom Hutchinson
Street is named. Carr Street was named for
William C. Carr. for whom was also named
Carr Place.
In January, [898, St. Louis had 962 streets,
boulevards, avenues, and other named thor-
oughfares. Besides new streets, many
changes from time to time have been made in
the nomenclature of the old ones, and scores
of the latter have disappeared altogether.
As the streets east and west, and north and
south were opened into one another, they
took on continuous titles. In a single ordi-
nance— March 22, 1882 — nearly two hundred
changes were made, and by others the next
year one hundred and fifty more. Thus, to
what was before Third Street was added Jack-
son, between the Arsenal and Rutger Street on
the south, as also the old Broadway between
Christy, now Lucas, Avenue and the northern
extension of Fifth Street. Broadway, in ad-
dition to the old Fifth Street, took on Main
Street between the southern limits and Jeffer-
son Avenue, Carondelet Avenue to Park
Avenue, and in the northern section Belle-
fontaine south to the old Broadway terminus.
It would be tedious to follow all the changes,
some of them perplexing to the people
living along the thoroughfares, especially
where Eighth became Ninth. Eleventh be-
came Thirteenth, and so on, in numerous in-
stances. But there had been much con-
fusion before. Carondelet, Manchester,
North St. Louis, Baden, Lowell, Bremen,
Bridgeton. Rinkleville, Elleardsville, and
others had their separately named streets,
and there was consequently much duplication
when the big city absorbed them in its cor-
porate maw. Thus. Carondelet Avenue —
named for Baron de Carondelet — has, like the
name of the old town itself, disappeared from
the city records and gone entirely into history,
giving place to the metropolitan and presump-
tuous title of Broadway. Christy Avenue is
now Lucas; Lucas Place. Locust Street;
Bogy is a part of Brooklyn; La Barge is
Maple, Claggett is St. Louis Avenue;
Myrtle Street. Clark Avenue; Cherry is swal-
lowed in Franklin Avenue; and Almond is
Valentine. Beckwith, Rosetti and Stoddard
are merged in Eleventh ; Buel. South and
Yalle in Tenth ; Parsons, named for Lewis B.
Parsons, afterward ( ieneral Parsons, is now
North Market ; Pratt Avenue is part of Ohio;
Picotte, of Russell; Guion, of Davis; Renard,
of Carr Lane Avenue; Ulrici, part of Nine-
STREET NAMES.
2155
teenth ; Wilkinson, of Theresa; MacKenzie
Avenue is Virginia ; Hecker, part of Eight-
eenth, and so forth.
It is not strange that new names for old
streets are slow in application, so that, while
the street west of the Levee is officially First
Street, most people persist in calling it Main.
It was a good while before citizens in the
central part of the business section became ac-
customed to Broadway, in place of Fifth. The
Broadway of the "forties" and "fifties," by the
way, ran from Washington Avenue north
along the then fashionable shopping thor-
oughfare on Third Street, opposite the old
Broadway Market. So Beaumont Street, and
Leffingwell, Ewing, Garrison, Compton,
Leonard, Channing, and Ware Avenues are
still known as such, instead of Twentv-
seventh, Twenty-eighth, etc. This numer-
ical naming and the running through of
streets have gradually reduced the total, as
already shown. The names of 280 have be-
come obsolete in recent years, obliterating for
future time some that should have remained
in that part of history, and which are not too
well remembered even now ; whereas there
are hundreds which note no history or biog-
raphy and convey no meaning to the general
public. Thus, nearly sixty carry such fem-
inine and fanciful names as Bessie, Carrie,
Nellie, etc., many bearing a delicate honor to
respected ladies of the times, but whose iden-
tity is in most cases lost or confused. So
with the masculine names like Alfred, Alger-
non, Edward, Edmund, etc. Angelica
Street was named after the wife of that worthy
citizen, James E. Yeatman. In 1856 Dr.
John Gano Bryan made an addition of fifty-
seven blocks, between Grand and Prairie
Avenues, from Hall Street to Penrose, and
every member of his family was remembered
in the names of the streets. Hence came
Eveline, named for his wife ; John, Gano and
Guy, for his sons ; Maria, his daughter — after-
ward the wife of J. H. Obear; Obear, for his
son-in-law ; and Emily, for another daughter.
Carrie Street was named after a daughter of
Colonel John O'Fallon, who married Dr.
Charles A. Pope, the distinguished surgeon,
and whose name is perpetuated in Pope Street :
Clarence, after a grandson of Colonel O'Fal-
lon. Luther was named after Luther M. Ken-
nett ; Sarah was named, according to good
authority, after Mrs. Sarah Obear, although
the honor is also claimed for Mrs. Nathan
Coleman and Mrs. E. F. Berkley; Josephine
was called after a member of Colonel James
B. Eads' family ; Julia undoubtedly for Mrs.
Julia Maffitt, sister of Charles P. Chouteau.
The poetic or romantic idea takes form in
such streets and avenues as Cote Brilliante,
Glades, Belle Glade. Glendale, Aurora,
Beauty, Dale, Ashland, Rosedale, Ellendale,
Ellwood, Lindenwood, Parkland, Itaska,
Vista, Fairmount, Fairview, Belleview, Foun-
tain, Arcade. Esplanade. Arlington, etc. A
dozen or more have Indian names. The At-
lantic Ocean, and the rivers, Mississippi,
Missouri, Arkansas, Ohio, Rappahannock,
Potomac, Juniata, Osage, Gasconade, Mera-
mec and Chariton, are represented by street
names. So with twenty-seven of the States,
the youngest, Utah, being a street nearly four
miles long. Besides these, Delaware and
Maryland have half a representation each in
Delmar Avenue, which is named for both of
them. Named for, or at least bearing the
names of, eminent statesmen, soldiers, com-
manders, patriots, historians, poets and
scientists are : Audubon, Bancroft, Bayard,
Bismarck, Cass, Clay, Clayton, Clinton, De-
Kalb, Emmet, Farragut, Franklin, Grattan,
Hancock, Harney, Humboldt, Kosciusko,
Kossuth, Lafayette, Penn, Longfellow,
Marion, Alilton, Prescott, Putnam, Randolph,
Schiller, Scott, Sheridan, Tennyson, and
Webster. Truth compels the statement, how-
ever, that some of these names have also been
borne by persons less renowned in the world's
history than in that of this town. There is a
Byron Street, but it was probably named after
Byron Gates. So Marmion does not per-
petuate Scott's poem, but an army officer who
married Beatrice Paul. There is a Gibbons
Street, but its eponym was probably a coal
miner on the Gravois. Not many years ago
there was a Garibaldi, but now it is Newhouse.
Pestalozzi, named for the distinguished Ger-
man educator, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi,
has its rise in the brewery district down town.
Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison,
Monroe, Van Buren, Pierce, Grant, Garfield,
and Arthur are represented. Adams was
named for neither John nor John Ouincy, but
for Calvin Adams, who came here from Con-
necticut at the close of the last century. Bu-
chanan Street was so called not for the "Sage
of Wheatland" but for George Buchanan, one
of the incorporators of the town of Baden.
Polk Street was named for Trusten Polk,
2156
STREET NAMES.
Governor and Senator; Cleveland for the
Ohio city. Tyler Street was named for
Robert Tyler, son-in-law of Colonel William
Chambers, who laid out the town of North
St. Louis. An amusing incident is recalled
by the mention of this street. The Whigs who
got control of the city after the first Harrison's
election were greatly incensed at the defection
of Vice-President Tyler, and supposing that
Tyler Street was named in honor of John
Tyler, changed it to Harrison ; but in later
years, discovering their error and there being
two Webster Streets, designated one of these
Tvler. Missouri Senators and Representa-
tives are remembered in streets and avenues,
as Barton, Benton, Blair, Geyer, Linn, Polk,
Vest, Allen, Blow, Kennett, Hogan, and
Wells. Two ex-members of presidential cab-
inets. Bates and Francis, and besides Francis,
seven ex-mayors. Carr Lane, Mullanphy,
Daggett, Darby, Barry, Krum, and Noonan,
are on the list. Several street names have
been transplanted from elsewhere, as Broad-
wav, from New York; Euclid and Prospect
Avenues, from Cleveland ; Wabash, from Chi-
cago ; Beacon and Commonwealth, from
Boston ; Mercy, from Philadelphia ; and Unter
den Linden, from Berlin. Germany gives us
Alsace and Lorraine, Baden, Bremen, and
Berlin. Parnell and Athline are contributed
by Ireland ; by England, Albion, Canterbury,
Cheltenham, Kensington, Fairfax, Newstead,
Picadilly, Westminster, Wrestmoreland, Wind-
ermere, Windsor, Wicklow, Melrose, Devon-
shire, Dover, Drury Lane, Nottingham, Nor-
folk and Manchester. Cleveland, Frisco, San
Francisco, Sacramento, Louisville, Richmond,
Hartford, Portland, and Ouincy may fairly be
claimed for America. Garfield was formerly
Boston ; the nearest to it now is Plymouth.
Liberty and President may likewise be placed
among the strictly American streets, while
Capitol is suggestive in the same direction,
and Mt. Vernon and Hermitage are not far
behind. Antelope and Deer are reminders of
trails, rather than streets. Many of the
streets and avenues take their names from the
location in which they are or were situated,
as Arsenal, Dock. Bamberger (Grove), Belle-
fontaine and Calvary i Cemeteries), Cave
(English's), Botanical (Shaw's Garden), Con-
vent, Chain (of Rocks). Ferry (Carondelet),
Magazine and Powder (powder works I.
Mound, Park and Lafayette ( Parks I. Vulcan
(iron works), etc. Prairie Avenue, formerly
Bryan Avenue, a part of which is now Tiffany,
runs from Chouteau Avenue and Twentieth
to Gravois Avenue, and was in early days a
tine pasture land. Sulphur Avenue derives its
title from the mineral springs in the western
suburbs. Iron Street represents the Iron
Mountain Railroad; Cambria, the now dis-
mantled Carondelet iron works. Merchant,
Marceau, Cintra, and many others, have
either doubtful significance, or none at all.
The fields of Buena Vista, Sacramento and
San Jacinto are commemorated, but no battles
of the Civil War. Grand Avenue was so
named by Josiah Obear, who platted and sub-
divided the land through which it was orig-
inally laid out. H. W. Leffingwell, the pio-
neer real estate man, also aided in promoting
this improvement, and Leffingwell Avenue
was named in his honor. College Avenue
owes its origin to College Hill, in North St.
Louis, owned by the Jesuits, where Catholic
priests went into retreat for devotion and
study. Cote Brilliante was dedicated by
Charles Gibson, James C. Page, and Felix
Coste in 1853. Cote Brilliante is a French
appellation, but not derived from the French
era. By early French settlers, the pretty
little mound was known as "La Mamelle," a
descriptive designation quite correct physi-
cally, but to English ears not so delicate as
that substituted by Messrs. Coste and Gibson.
Streets and avenues carry the names of St.
Alphonsus, St. Anthony, St. Charles, St. Den-
nis. St. Ferdinand. St. Joseph. St. Louis, and
St. Vincent. The seasons are represented in
Spring. Summer (Thirteenth I. Autumn, and
Winter.
The craze for naming parts of streets
"Places" set in soon after Vandeventer Place
was laid out, along which now runs Vande-
venter Avenue. It was named for J. and W.
Vandeventer, who were clothiers at Main and
Washington Avenue in the "fifties." Even
as early as that it was forseen that westward
the star of advancement would take its way.
De Hodiamont Avenue was named in honor
of Emanuel de Hodiamont. In the French
times he was said to be "Baron" de Hodia-
mont, not "Count." as he was called later.
Whether one or the other, however, his was
probably the only authority for either title.
He was a rude, common farmer, a hard field
worker, and parsimonious to a degree. On
coming to St. Louis, he located six miles from
the court house, but on land now within the
STREET NAMES.
2157
city limits. The stone mansion built and oc-
cupied by him is still standing and used as a
residence. The "Count" died many years
ago. DeGiverville commemorates another
French count. Beaumont Street — Twenty-
eighth — is named for a distinguished French
physician, Israel G. Beaumont, who made St.
Louis his home. Goodfellow Avenue takes
its name from David F. Goodfellow. who came
here at an early date from Belfast, Ireland,
and died here in 1858. Salisbury Street was
named after Captain Philander Salisbury, who
came to St. Louis early in the "thirties" and
who afterward commanded a company of
Missouri troops in the Mexican War. Mc-
Laren Avenue and Switzer Street were named
for two sons-in-law of Dr. Jennings, who
owned a large tract at Jennings' Heights ;
Hornsby and Gwinton Streets after families
residing in that neighborhood ; Whitman, for
J. T. Whitman, long superintendent and com-
missioner of water-works, a brother of Walt
Whitman, the poet: Bissell, for Capt. Lewis
Bissell, of Bissell's Point; Boyle, for a highly
respected Methodist minister, father of Judge
Wilbur F. Boyle ; Boyce, for the judge who
married a Mullanphy ; Hall and Stockton
Streets, for two physicians, who laid off
Lowell Addition ; Biddle, for Major and Mrs.
Ann Biddle ; Dunnica, for a popular steam-
boat captain ; Tholosen, for J. S. Tholosen, a
member of the family of Charles Sanguinet ;
Garrison, for Oliver and D. K. Garrison, who
laid out Garrison Addition ; Hamilton, for
Hamilton R. Gamble ; McCune. for Captain
John S. McCune, long identified with river in-
terests ; McPherson Avenue for William M.
McPherson, president of the Keokuk Packet
Line; Page, for Daniel D. Page, alderman and
banker; Bacon, for Henry D. Bacon, partner
of Page and promoter of the Ohio & Missis-
sippi Railroad: Simpson, for Dr. Robert
Simpson, old postmaster, ex-army officer, etc. ;
Reber, for Samuel Reber, long a judge of the
court of common pleas ; Farrar, for Dr. Far-
rar, father of John, Benjamin, James, and
General B. G. Farrar; Lindell, for Peter
Lindell, who, with two brothers, came to St.
Louis in 181 1; Dalton, for Richard Dalton,
once city marshal, noted for his memory of
St. Louis men and events ; and Devolsey, for
an addition in 1848 of four blocks on Gravois
Avenue. Gravois Avenue, by the way, was
an old road to the coal mines, the name signi-
fying "pebble." Keber Street was named for
a confidential agent of Colonel O'Fallon ;
Doddridge, after Doddridge Hornsby ; Ken-
rick, for the Catholic archbishop ; Talmage
(A. A.), Soper (A. W.), McKissock (T. M.),
distinguished railroad managers ; Primm,
Wilson, judge of the criminal court ; Hill, Dr.
F., alderman, etc. ; Bircher, the "leech doctor,"
who became wealthy and once owned the La-
clede Hotel ; Bell, Daniel W., prominent mer-
chant ; Bittner, an old German gardner ; and
Marcus, for Marcus A. Wolff. Compton Hill
Addition was established in 1854 by Mavor
John S.Thomas, and the avenue was named for
his wife. Robbins' Lane, which crosses Wash-
ington Avenue at No. 1627, from St. Charles
to Lucas Avenue, was named after Samuel
Robbins ; Hicks Street, of uncertain origin
and once of doubtful fame, is now an alley
running from Olive Street to St. Charles
Street, between Seventh and Eighth. The
oldest inhabitant can give only a vague idea
of how King's Highway, now King's Highway
Boulevard, came to be so called. The road
was probably a continuation of King's Trace,
in Jefferson County, running north from the
Joachim, or "Swashin." Along this there
had been an Indian trail, skirting the forest
west of the prairie land, in the direction of a
portage on the Missouri River, a way many
miles shorter than by the Mississippi River
bank. The Indian trail became trace, then
King's Trace, then King's Highway. It never,
until recent years, justified the high-sounding
title.
A recital- of the nature of this article must
necessarily become tedious, but the following
should not be omitted in the list of persons
for whom streets, avenues and places have
been named : Rufus Easton, William Glas-
gow, Joseph Charless, Henry Shaw, George
Partridge, Fred. C. Billon, Charles L. Hunt,
B. M. Alexander, Martin Thomas, Ed. Haren,
E. R. Mason, John Whitnell, General Bowen,
James L. Sweringen, George Thatcher, Mary
C. Hereford, Samuel Eager, Walker R. Carter,
J. B. Maurice, Francis Coleman, Ed. M. Tes-
son, David Nicholson, Mary F. Scanlan, Asa
B. Ecoff, J. A. Eiler, Christian Koeln, John
Kittenreiner. Adam M. Mills, John Hall,
Peter J. Hurck, M. M. Marmaduke, Henry J.
Wise, C. C. Carroll, Robert Clarkson. James
Ham, William A. Lvnch, John Ford, John
Lux. F. W. Beckwith, N. Blaine. Robert
Campbell, A. H. Evans, George W. Atchison,
I. W. Kingsburv, Edward Mead. J. G.
2158
STREET RAILWAY CONVENTION— STREET RAILWAYS.
Prather, Charles Semple, William Wadding-
ham, Charles (Mints, T. B. Targee, Peter
Miller, A. !•'. Bird, Benjamin Hickman. Miles
Sells, J). P. Slattery, Ira Stansbury, Fidelio C.
Sharp, Sylvester I.aflin, Pierce C. Grace,
William J. Lemp, Hernard Poepping. M. W.
Warne, Ed. Breden, D. D. Mitchell Thomas
R. Axtell, Robert Barnes, Philip Zepp, and
so on, Pitzman, Bischoff, Rauschenbach,
Bleeck, Macklind, Emerson, Cozzens, and
Klemm were named for gentlemen prominent
in the street department. Anderson, Belt,
Elliott, Obear, Harper, Leffingwell, and Wade
are named for well known real estate dealers.
There were, at the date of the last report of
the street commissioner, April, 1898, 413 miles
of streets improved, and 555 miles unim-
proved. Some of the longest are Broadway,
178 blocks; Grand Avenue, 124; Eleventh,
m; Seventh, 101 ; Eighth. 100; Fourteenth,
99; Sixth, 1)4; Twelfth, 94; Market, with its
Manchester continuation, 92; Thirteenth, 86;
Fifteenth, 83; Eighteenth, 78; King's High-
wav, 74 ; Jefferson Avenue, "t, ; Compton
Avenue, 72; Seventeenth, 70. The streets
with the shortest names are A and B, which
run north and south from Eichelberger
Avenue, No. 3901, to Walsh Street, with a
block between. This avenue has a long
name compared to A and 1'.. hut it runs forty-
odd blocks in South St. Louis. By the way,
Short Street is thirty-six blocks long. In
length of name, Eichelberger is rivaled by
Duchouquette and Rauschenbach.
Streel Railway Convention. — The
American Association of Street Railway
Managers held one of its most interesting
meetings in St. Louis, in October of 1885.
At that meeting electricity as a motive power
was carefully considered, with the result that
there was a preponderance of opinion among
the delegates to the effect that its general ap-
plication to the operation of street railways was
impracticable. The few who then contended
that electricity would revolutionize street rail-
way traffic have seen their expectations more
than realized.
Street Railways. — The facilities for
rapid transit in St. Louis are unequaled'by
those of any other city in the world. The
rapidity and safety of the service, the system-
atic transfer plan, the penetration of the most
remote suburban districts, and the almost uni-
form excellence of the cars used, excite favor-
able comment from all visitors, and combine
to aid in the city's steady growth. The num-
ber of passengers carried annually exceeds
100,000,000, having more than doubled within
twelve years. Less than forty years have
elapsed since the first horse car made its ap-
pearance in St. Louis, and rapid transit, in the
modern sense of the term, was first introduced
less than thirteen years ago. The first re-
corded attempt at transportation facilities of J
any kind was made in 1830, when an omnibus j
was secured and an attempt made to induce ,'
the people to ride in it. The necessary patron-
age was not, however, forthcoming, and it was
not until 1845 tnat Erastus Wells and Calvin
< ase succeeded in establishing an omnibus
line. Regular trips were made from the old
I 'lanters' House to the Arsenal ; another from
the National Hotel to the same point; a third
from the National to the northern portion of
the city, with others to Camp Springs and the
Prairie House. In 1850 Messrs. Robert I
O'Blennis and Lawrence Matthews became
associated with Messrs. Wells and Case, and
a consolidation was effected. Contemporary
records placed the number of omnibuses at
ninety, and the number of horses at 450.
On May 10, 1859. the Missouri Railway
Company was organized, with a capital stock
of $100,000. Erastus Wells was the origin-
ator of the movement, and the first president
of the company. Tracks were laid on Olive
Street, between Fourth and Twelfth Streets,
and thus was commenced the work of build-
ing the street railways of St. Louis. On July
4, 1859, the first car was run, Mr. Wells hand-
ling the reins. The car was of Eastern con-
struction, and excited much admiration, al-
though of a size and type discarded many
years ago. Very large crowds watched the
initial trip, which was made under evident and
manifold difficulties, and then only to Tenth
Street, the two other blocks of track not being
ready for service. The novelty attracted gen-
eral attention, and the number of passengers
hauled far exceeded expectations. Three
other street railway companies were incorpo-
rated in 1859. the St. Louis, the Citizens' and
the People's. The St. Louis Railroad was
constructed on Broadway, from the existing
northern limits to Keokuk Street. The Citi-
zens' was at first a continuous single-track
road, running on Fourth Street. Franklin
Avenue, Garrison Avenue and Morgan Street.
STREET RAILWAYS.
215£
During the war it was extended on Easton
Avenue beyond Grand, and on Grand to the
fair grounds. The People's originally ran
from Fourth and Morgan Streets, along
Fourth Street and Chouteau Avenue to St.
Ange Street, and was soon extended to La-
fayette Park. The first steps toward creating
what is now one of the most complete street
railway systems in the country were taken in
1862, when the Gravois Railway was con-
structed from the old Planters' along Pine and
Twelfth Streets, and for a distance of about
three and a half miles southwest. The road
changed hands in its youth, and the new cor-
poration was known as the Union Depot Rail-
road Company. The Lindell system, equally
remarkable for its extent and completeness,
is about two years younger, the company hav-
ing been organized in 1864. In 1867 it ran
cars on Washington Avenue as far as Summit.
The Bellefontaine Company was organized in
1864, and a service was established as far as
Salisbury Street; the LJnion line was built as
far as Hyde Park in 1865, and the Fourth
Street and Arsenal road was constructed in
1866.
This may be said to have completed the
original street railway construction work in
St. Louis, and for eight or nine years there
were no new enterprises. In 1874 the Cass
Avenue and Fair Grounds road was built out
to the Fair Grounds, St. Louis and Carondelet
were connected by the South St. Louis Rail-
way in 1876. and in [880 the Northern Cen-
tral line was built through the Stoddard Addi-
tion to the Fair Grounds. In 1885 the St. Louis
Cable & Western Road purchased the narrow
gauge steam railroad, inappropriately named
the St. Louis, Creve Coeur & St. Charles Rail-
way, with tracks from Olive Street and Grand
Avenue to Florissant, and commenced build-
ing an independent down-town connection for
it. The cable system was adopted, and thus
was rapid transit first introduced into a city
where it now seems so thoroughly at home.
The cable cars sprang into immediate pop-
ularity, and the business done by the new com-
pany taxed its plant to the uttermost. The
down-town terminus was at the corner of
Sixth and Locust Streets, and the conduits
were laid on Locust, Thirteenth, Fourteenth
and Wash Streets to the junction of the last
named with Franklin, ami thence on Franklin
and Morgan to a point a little west of Yande-
venter Avenue. Hence a junction was ef-
fected with the steam division, or the old nar-
row gauge line. This carried passengers
through the then lightly settled central West
End section, Cabanne. and De Hodiamont,
and out beyond the city limits through Nor-
mandy and Ramona to Florissant. The pio-
neer rapid transit line in St. Louis had a very
eventful career. It was at first exceedingly
prosperous, and the enterprise was sold out to
Boston capitalists at a handsome profit. Then
followed a less prosperous period. The ca-
bling of parallel roads diverted travel, and the
steam division's unpopularity was proverbial.
The company went into the hands of a re-
ceiver, and the properties were finally acquired
by St. Louis parties, headed by Messrs.
Charles H. Turner, Sam. M. Kennard. Ellis
Wainwright and Clark H. Sampson, and the
St. Louis & Suburban Railway was incorpo-
rated. In 1891 the entire road was recon-
structed and operated by electricity. The dis-
tance between the termini being nearly twenty
miles, the road was one of the longest of its
kind, and it is said to be still the longest elec-
tric road in the country operated from one
power house. The public appreciated the
change in the motive power, especially as cars
were put on to the city limits without change.
Seven million passengers were carried the first
year following the reconstruction, and the
number has steadily grown since. The Ca-
banne district has built up with surprising
rapidity, and the section beyond it has also
shown its appreciation of improved transpor-
tation facilities. When the reconstruction was
effected a branch line was built on Union Ave-
nue, giving the company connection with, and
an entrance into. Forest Park.
The Suburban Railway is of special interest
in connection with both local and national
history, owing to the pioneer position it oc-
cupies in the matter of street railway mail serv-
ice. The steam division did both a mail and
express service, and the electric car equipment
now includes express and mail cars. These
latter run past the general postoffice on Lo-
cust Street, and both collect and distribute
mail along the entire route. The experiment
was watched with interest, and its success has
led to the running of mail cars on the Union
Depot line in this city, and on several roads
elsewhere. The express feature has also been
developed on the electric system in the West
End, and an attempt is being made to extend
it down town. On another local road, the
2160
STREET RAILWAYS.
South St. Louis, quite a remunerative express
anil light freighl business is done. During
the last three years a branch of the Suburban
system lias been constructed .to Meramec
Highlands, two miles beyond Kirkwood, and
a little mini- than ten miles from the cit) lim-
its. This branch leaves the main line at Sarah
Street, ami passes through the suburbs of
Benton, Ellendale, I >ld < )rchard, Webster ami
Kirkwood, with a double-track road. Cars
run through to the down-town terminus, and
the holiday traffic is very heavy. In the con-
struction of this branch a $50,000 viaduct had
to be built over the River Des Peres and the
Missouri Pacific tracks. It is a thousand feet
from end to end, and establishes a record in
street railway construction. The mileage of
the Suburban main line and branches is ap-
proximately fifty miles.
The Missouri Railroad Company has ex-
panded from a down-town line of a few blocks
to a great system of twenty-seven miles of
track. Two of its lines run direct to Forest
Park, and the third to Tower Grove Park.
For several years the main or Olive Street
line ran from Fourth Street to Grand Avenue.
In 1887 this was converted into a cable system
and extended west on Olive Street and Boyle
and Maryland Avenues to King's Highway.
The road is still being operated by cable, and
in 1 Si/'i an entire equipment of new cars was
secured. Running due west in the center of
the city, the business of this line is very heavy,
especially in short rides. The through traffic
to King's Highway, within a block of Foresl
Park, is also very large. The route is an ideal
one for a cable road, as there are only two per-
ceptible curves from end to end, and the
grades are exceedingly favorable. The cars
are lighted by gas on the I'intsch system, sim-
ilar to that used on some of the leading trunk
lines of the country.
The Forest Park. Laclede Avenue & Fourth
Street line was originally an independent road.
Tt was absorbed by the Missouri a few years
ago. This road was the first to reach Forest
I 'ark. and although its original service to that
breathing space was a horse car extension, its
patronage encouraged further development.
Tt is now a high grade electric road, and owns
a handsome pavilion ami terminus within the
boundaries of the park close t,, the Blair
statue. The cats run along the north front
of the Union Station, and on a loop on Thir-
teenth, < (live. Fourth and Chestnut Streets
down town. The original road was from
Fourth and Market Streets by means of single
tracks on Market and Chestnut Streets in the
down-town section, and by a double track on
Laclede Avenue.
The Tower Grove division was for years a
horse car line to Rock Springs and Tower
Grove Station on the Missouri Pacific Road.
In 1891 it was changed into an electric road
and extended to Shaw's Garden and Tower
Grove Park. Its eastern terminals are those
of the Laclede Avenue division just men-
tioned. The properties of the Missouri Rail-
road Company were purchased early in the
year 1897 by a syndicate composed of princi-
pal holders of the Lindell Company's stock,
the assumption being that the Lindell would
absorb the older corporation. Certain legal
technicalities have yet to be settled before this
is absolutely done.
The Lindell Railway system, apart from the
Missouri, is a gigantic one. It includes over
sixty-five miles of track within the city limits
and a very large mileage in St. Louis County.
The county extensions are being pushed to
completion so rapidly that it is difficult to ap-
proximate their actual extent at any given
time. When completed they will include two
routes to Creve Coeur Lake, a north and
south line skirting the western city limits, and
a line through the suburban districts to Web-
ster and Kirkwood. The growth of the Lin-
dell system within the city limits is typical of
the expansion of the city itself. When the
western terminus of the main line was ex-
tended from Garrison Avenue to Ware Ave-
nue friends of the road criticised the action
and blamed the executive for recklessness.
Again, when a loop was built on Grand, Fin-
ney, Yandeventer and Delmar Avenues, the
foll\- of "going out into the woods" was en-
larged upon. About ten years ago the road
changed hands, and work was immediately
commenced to convert it into an electric line.
Now the main line extends from the Eads
Bridge approach into Forest Park, near the
Great Lake. The route extends on Washing-
ton and Lucas Avenues to Grand, and on Fin-
ney, Taylor and Delmar to DeBaliviere, at
which point it turns south, and, entering the
park, passes round a very convenient loop.
Its pavilion and depot at this point represent
the expenditure of several thousand dollars,
and the structure is one of the finest of its kind
in the country. The trackage on the main
STREET RAILWAYS.
2161
line measures fifteen miles. When the west-
ern portion was constructed the territory was
little settled. The streets were not made, and
there were very few houses along the route.
Now Delmar Avenue has grown into a splen-
did boulevard, and costly residences and ex-
quisite lawns have taken the place of what op-
ponents of extension were pleased, ten years
ago, to call "cabbage patches." Cars on the
Page Avenue line of the Lindell leave the main
line at Finney and Taylor Avenues, run a few
blocks north, and then turn west on Page Ave-
nue, intersecting some of the best sections of
Chamberlain Park and Cabanne. The round
trip on this division is also about fifteen miles.
The Spalding Avenue cars run north on Tay-
lor from the main line to Spalding, and thence
west to King's Highway, the complete trip
measuring thirteen miles. The Chouteau
Avenue division is the longest of all, the cars
covering seventeen miles in the double jour-
ney, and connecting at the extreme city limits
with the St. Louis & Kirkwood line, which
runs ten miles due southwest, through Kirk-
wood to Meramec Highlands. The Chouteau
Avenue cars leave the main line on Four-
teenth Street, run south to the avenue from
which they take their name, and thence out
west to the city limits.
The red cars of the Lindell leave the main
line at Eighteenth Street, and, passing the new
Union Station, penetrate the southwestern
section, giving admirable transportation fa-
cilities to the Compton Heights and Tyler
Place sections. One of these divisions fur-
nishes direct access to Tower Grove Park.
The Taylor Avenue cross-town line of the
Lindell extends from the Manchester Road to
a point near the cemeteries in the northern
portion of the city. At present this division
has about twelve and a half miles of track laid,
and some four miles more have been sanc-
tioned. There is another cross-town Lindell
division on Vandeventer Avenue, running
from Sportsman's Park, on the north, to Van-
deventer Station, on the Missouri Pacific.
This has ten miles of track. It will be ob-
served that the aggregate length of the Lin-
dell divisions or trips, within the limits of the
city, is about one hundred miles. The Lin-
dell Railway has done much pioneer work in
rapid transit matters in St. Louis. Its cars
are palatial in their appointments, and almost
as large as Pullman sleepers. Although ex-
tra long, eight-wheel cars are now general in
the city ; the Lindell Company is largely re-
sponsible for their introduction. In 1889 it
ran the first electric car in St. Louis, and the
year following it introduced the transfer sys-
tem. It has now ten transfer points, and
those who are acquainted with the ramifica-
tions of the system are able to obtain a ride of
great length by the payment of a single fare.
This road also introduced boulevard or cen-
ter poles for the suspension of trolley wires.
Great success has attended the aggressive pol-
icy of the last few years, and the business has
grown over six-fold, while that of the entire
street-car system of the city has doubled.
The Union Depot system of railways is even
larger than that of the Lindell. At present
it confines its operations to city territory,
though it has several county projects under
consideration. Its cars carry in the neighbor-
borhood of 2,000,000 passengers per month,
and its liberal transfer arrangements enable
its patrons to ride from one end of the city to
the other, by a choice of routes, for a single
payment. The principal down-town termi-
nals of this vast system consist of a loop from
Pine Street along Broadway to Lucas, and on
Lucas and Sixth Streets back to Pine Street.
There are double tracks on Pine Street to
Twelfth, and thence south past the new City
Hall and the Four Courts, and over the Mill
Creek Valley tracks by a bridge which has
long since become too small for the traffic.
South of the steam railroad tracks, the UJnion
Depot system divides up and branches out into
the different sections of the southwest. Both
Lafayette and Tower Grove Parks are passed,
and the attractive suburb of Clifton Heights
is reached. The California Avenue division
of this system crosses the Mill Creek Valley
by the Eighteenth Street bridge, and runs due
south into and through the pleasantest parts
of Carondelet. The old Mound City Railway
is now a part of the Union Depot system, hav-
ing been acquired by purchase in the month
of April, 1893. The cars leave the Pine Street
tracks, going west, at Ninth Street, and run
by a direct route to the Fair Grounds and
water tower. Returning, they come south to
Pine on Twelfth, and thence east to the Plant-
ers' House. The Benton-Bellefontaine divi-
sion was acquired by purchase also in April,
1893. The cars on this division use the Lin-
dell terminals at the Eads bridge approach,
and the Lindell tracks on Washington Avenue
to Tenth Street. Turning north, they run by
!162
STREET RAILWAYS
a verj direct route to the water tower, and
thence on Florissant Avenue to the two large
cemeteries. Still another division runs north
on Eighteenth and other available streets to
the Baseball 1'ark. All the divisions of the
Union Depot system are connected by
the Grand Avenue branch, which has been in
operation rather more than four years. This
cross-town line gives a connection between
the northwest and southwest, and. as ahead}
mentioned, makes the Union Depot Com-
pany's transfer plan very complete and gen-
erous. So far as the southwestern wards are
concerned, the heavy expenditures on this
system and its connection have proved vastly
beneficial.
The six railways operated by the National
I ompany make up together the largest sys-
tem in the city. In the year 1895 the cars of
these companies ran 1 1.445.075 miles, and car-
ried more than 28,000.000 passengers; and
these figures do not establish a record. The
roads are the St. Louis, or Broadway, cable,
and the Citizens', Cass Avenue, Northern
Central. Union and Southwestern electric
lines. The St. Louis Railroad Company, as
already mentioned, dates its history back to
the earliest days of street railways in the city.
It is still the only road which runs through
the heart of the city, and connects the north
and south without change of cars, and it is one
of the three lines still operated by cable. Its
cars make more than 70.000 trips each month,
and its business is such that until quite re-
cently the idea of changing the motive power
into electricity has not been entertained seri-
ously. The cable was laid in 1890, and the
Baden extension was converted from a horse
car 10 an electric line four years later. The
road, with its extension, runs from Baden, in
tin: extreme northern part of the city, to Keo-
kuk Street on the south.
The Citizens' road was cabled in 1887; in
1805 >l was again reconstructed, and it is now
a first-class electric line. It runs from Fourth
Street west and northwest to the city limits
and the St. Charles Rock road, connecting
at that point with a horse-car line running out
into the country. This road has accomplished
great things in the way of real estate develop-
ment. For years it was only operated be-
yond Grand Avenue by a single-track horse-
ear service, and the business did not s<
justify much more. When the cable system
was adopted, the co-operation of property-
holders led to its being extended to King's
I fighway, and when electricity was substituted
a through car service to the extreme city limits
went into effect. Building of every descrip-
tion has been encouraged, prices have risen
steadily, but surely, and the general develop-
ment has been remarkable.
The Cass Avenue line has its terminals near
the Southern Hotel, on Broadway and Wal-
nut. It reaches Cass Avenue by single tracks
< in Seventh and Eighth Streets, and then turns
west. Its main line runs out on St. Louis
Avenue to King's Highway, and it also has a
connecting line to Sportsman's Park and the
Fair Grounds. The Northern Central runs
from Fourth and Locust Streets through the
Stoddard Addition, very much in the same
direction as the Cass Avenue. It runs be-
tween the Fair Grounds and Sportsman's
Park on the Natural Bridge Road, and
reaches King's Highway by that thoroughfare.
Lower has been granted it to extend its tracks
out to the city limits. The Union line has
the same down-town terminals, and, running
on a more northerly route, reaches the Fair
Grounds northern entrance, continuing west
on Kossuth and Lee Avenues to Newstead.
This road has also power to extend to the city
limits. The Southwestern road runs over the
Cass Avenue tracks from Cass Avenue to
Walnut Street, and thence south on Seventh
Street and Broadway to Chippewa Street.
where a turn is made west as far as Grand
Avenue. The management of this system of
roads is entitled to credit for having intro-
duced, first, extra long, or sixty-foot rails:
second, cast-welded joints, making each rail
prai tically a continuous track from end to end,
and the direct coupling system for electric
ear-. Each of these three propositions was de-
nounced as impracticable and undesirable, but
each has proved a success nationally, as well
as locally.
The Southern Electric Railway Company
connects the business section of St. Louis with
the southern wards, and is the only line run-
ning to Jefferson Barracks. For several years
its northern terminus was at Sixth and Market
Streets, but its cars now run on the tracks of
lines over a loop which passes right
through the entire business section, and as far
north as Howard Street. Running south, the
car- pass the two mammoth breweries — of
which mention is made elsewhere — and also
Benton Tark. The track parallels the Mis-
STREET RAILWAYS.
2163
sissippi River to the extreme city limits, and
beyond them to Jefferson Barracks. In its
horse-car days this road carried about 2,000.-
000 passengers yearly. Since adopting elec-
tricity as a motive power, it has increased its
business more than three-fold. It is now
seeking a franchise authorizing an extension
of the tracks to the extreme northern and
northwestern parts of the city, and if this plan
is carried out, the road will become one of the
longest in the city. The Southern Road has
made a specialty of light freight and express
business, and was the first St. Louis line to
equip its cars with life-saving fenders. An
interesting feature of its management is the
offering of a series of prizes annually for clean
bills in regard to collisions and other acci-
dents. The cars of the Southern are all of
the new long type.
The People's Railway Company is another
of the park lines of the city. Its down-town
terminus is at Fourth and Morgan Streets. It
runs south on Fourth, west on Chouteau, and
then on St. Ange and Park to Lafayette Park.
Continuing west on Lafayette Avenue to
Grand Avenue, it passes the grounds of the
Compton Hill Reservoir, and then runs along
Grand Avenue to the main entrance to Tower
Grove Park. The route is through some of
the most picturesque residence sections of the
city, and the streets are conspicuous for the
beautiful shade trees which line the sidewalks.
Originally a horse-car line, the People's, has
for about ten years been operated by the cable
system. Xow plans are under consideration
for the adoption of electricity as a motive
power.
The Fourth Street & Arsenal Road is not
being operated at the present time. It is
equipped for electricity, but has no power-
house of its own. This road runs through
some of the oldest territory of the city, and it
has been unable to extend its sphere of use-
fulness and the length of its route, although
once or twice recently plans have been made
for securing right of way over other compa-
nies' tracks in different directions. The Jef-
ferson Avenue Electric Line is a cross-town
road connecting the districts of Lafayette Park
and the Fair Grounds. It is of marked con-
venience to residents in those sections of the
city, and serves as a feeder for several of the
larger railway systems. It is owned and op-
erated by a syndicate controlled by the four
largest companies in the city. It is operated
under a lease, and it was the last road to aban-
don mules and diminutive cars.
Of roads beyond the city limits, mention
has already been made. The Suburban Com-
pany has the greatest mileage in St. Louis
County, but the construction work now in
hand by the Lindell is very extensive. The
St. Louis & Kirkwood line has had a most
eventful history. It is just ten miles long,
and runs in an almost straight line, from the
southwest corner of Forest Park to Meramec
Highlands. It was originally constructed as
a Lindell extension, but owing to friction be-
tween its promoters and the parent line, it
was operated as an independent road. Its
business was heavy, and as it is a single-track
road, some difficulty was experienced in oper-
ating it. A disastrous collision involving loss
of life and heavy damage suits caused the
road to default in its bond interest, and after a
period of uncertainty, it came under the con-
trol of parties interested in the Suburban
Road, which system is now operating it.
The extent of the street railways of St. Louis
city and count}- may be appreciated from the
fact that there are almost four hundred miles
of single track in actual operation. Of this
immense mileage, more than three-fourths, or
about 320 miles, is made up of strictly city
roads. There has been little construction of
new track within the city limits during the last
few years, the roads for the most part having
been concentrating their business, improving
their plants; and laying heavier rails. In the
county the work of street railway building is
phenomenally active, and the residence area
for city people is being constantly increased.
There are no horse-car lines in St. Louis.
There is but one in St. Louis County, and that
is very limited in extent. Ten years ago the
cable system was the rage, and it iooked
as though all the street railways of the city
would adopt it. Electricity, however, speed-
ily superseded the cable. Two lengthy roads
went to the heavy expense of abandoning the
cable, tearing up the conduits and equipping
with electricity. At the present time plans
are being considered for further heavy outlay
in this direction. The spring of i8q8 finds
about thirty-three and three-quarter miles —
single track — of cable in operation in St.
Louis. The electric road mileage is much
larger, approximating 290 miles. Rills pend-
ing in, or recently passed by. the [Municipal
STREETS AND NUMBERS— STRIKES, NOTABLE.
Assembly involve the building of about fifty
miles of additional electric track.
The overhead, or trolley, system is used by
the St. Louis electric roads, and has proved
very successful. The agitation against over-
head wires has led to a careful consideration
of the underground electric plan, which may
be tried shortly. The general rapid transit
system of St. Louis is remarkable for its com-
pleteness, the magnificence of the equipment,
and the general high state of efficiency of the
plant. In 1885, when rapid transit was first
brought before the city's notice, the number
of street railway passengers carried annually
was 41.000,000. Ten years of rapid transit
increased this total to 100.000,000, and the
total last year was in excess of 112,000,000.
These figures represent only the fares collected
within the city limits, and make no allowance
for the heavy county business. The fare in
the city is five cents, regardless of distance.
An additional fare of like amount is collected
on most of the county lines.
The value of the St. Louis street railway
plants and franchises has been placed at $50,-
000,000, and there have been rumors from
time to time of a new company to be incorpo-
rated at that figure and acquire all the existing
roads and properties. The aggregate of the
investment in stock and bonds is about $40,-
000,000. More than four thousand men are
kept in regular employment, and the horse
power generated in the power-houses of the
electric roads exceeds 25,000.
James Cox.
Streets and Numbers. — St. Louis
streets run north and south, and east and west.
the intersections, with some exceptions, being
at right angles. Market Street to Jefferson
Avenue, and Laclede Avenue thence to For-
est Park, form the dividing line of the cross
streets. Streets above Market or Laclede are
known as "north;" below as "south," and
numbers are arranged accordingly, increasing
as they separate. North and south streets are
named numerically, except a few, such as
Wharf, Lexer and Broadway, Fifth. Jefferson
and ( irand Avenues, etc., although several
still popularly bear the names under which
they were originally laid out. Each block is
numbered by hundreds, the houses on the
north and west sides having odd. and those on
the east and south sides even numbers. Street
names are at every corner.
Strikes, Notable. — The mob violence
that reigned in St. Louis for several days in
July. 1877, was a product of the great railroad
strike, which, beginning in the East, rapidly
extended to the Mississippi River, and found
a warm welcome in the railroad town of East
St. Louis. All freight trains were stopped,
and the. executive committee of the strikers
took control of the railroad property, forcing
the employes in the shops to join them. Dele-
gations came across the river to St. Louis and
ci impelled the employes on the- Missouri Pa-
cific and the St. Louis, Kansas City & North-
ern roads, who had gone out, but resumed
their places on the concession of pay which
they demanded, to join in the general move-
ment. The employes at the Harrison Wire
Works were prevailed upon to join also. The
infection spread rapidly. Meetings of work-
ingmen were held in St. Louis and Caronde-
let, approving the course of the strikers, and
bodies of men visited East St. Louis to give
them the encouragement of their presence.
Agitators and emissaries from a body calling
itself the "International Executive Commit-
tee" attended the parades and meetings of the
workingmen, and made inflammatory
speeches, the effect of which was to bring in a
large number of vagrants, idlers, curiosity-
seekers, and such like, into the processions.
Very few railroad men took part in the parades
and street disturbances, even while approving
the cause of the strikers. Nevertheless, the
riotous spirit, stimulated by the "Interna-
tional Executive Committee," increased, and
on the 25th of July, the fourth day of the
strike, the street demonstrations took the form
of overt violence. A meeting was held at Lu-
cas Market, corner of Twelfth and Olive
Streets, at which a procession was organized,
with a list of names of manufacturing estab-
lishments to be visited and ordered to suspend
work. After several inflammatory harangues
from members of the executive committee,
the procession was formed and began its
march, re-enforced by a band of negroes
from the levee, armed with clubs and other
weapons — a strange inaction on the part of the
public authorities encouraging the disorderly
elements in the enterprise. The procession
marched defiantly past the Four Courts to the
Phoenix Planing Mill, and forced the proprie-
tor to stop work at the demand of a committee
who allowed fifteen minutes for a decision.
The St. Louis Bagging Factory, on Twelfth
STRIKES, NOTABLE.
2165
and Austin Streets, was next visited, and
closed up with a great deal of menace of vio-
lence from the negroes in the procession, who
from that time dominated the mob and took
the leading part in the disorder. The proces-
sion next moved to the foundry of Shickle,
Harrison & Co., the Douglas Bagging Fac-
tory, Wainwright's Malt House, the Park
Foundry, the Southern Bagging Factory, the
Saxony Mills, and the Southern White Lead
and Color Works, repeating the violence and
threats that marked its conduct from the start,
and compelling the closing up of the establish-
ments on the pain of having them given to the
torch. The Plum Street Depot of the Iron
Mountain Railroad was visited, and the passen-
gers in a train ready to start threatened and
intimidated : and the mob then went to the
Atlantic Mills, where George Bain, one of the
proprietors, had a narrow escape from a negro,
who attacked him with a hatchet. Page &
Krauss' zinc works were next visited and
closed. While these disorders were going on
a section of the procession visited Garneau's
Bakery, at Seventeenth and Morgan Streets,
and the bakery on Morgan, between Sixth
and Seventh Streets, and carried off whatever
they took a fancy to. At Ninth and Franklin
Avenue a store was raided and the contents
thrown into the street, "so that poor people
might pick them up." The steam bakery of
Dozier, Weyl & Co., at Sixth and Pine, was
visited, where the mob regaled themselves on
the bread and cakes in the retail department.
At the close of this day of tumult, Mayor Over-
stolz made an appeal to the citizens for sup-
port in suppressing the disgraceful disorder,
and the result was that a large number of lead-
ing men, among them General A. J. Smith,
General John S. Marmaduke, General John
W. Noble, General John S. Cavender, and
Major Turner, came promptly forward and
tendered their services. A meeting was held
for organization and defense, and volunteers
were called upon from all of the wards to join
in the posse comitatus to be placed at the com-
mand of the mayor. Then followed another
meeting, at which General A. J. Smith was
chosen to take charge of the force, with A. W.
Kelsey, H. S. Turner, W. H. Clark. John E.
Bloomfield, Thomas C. Fletcher, Captain Mc-
Murtry, J. T. Butler, C. E. Salomon, C. C.
Slag, and J. R. Claiborne in command of the
companies. Mayor Overstolz issued a proc-
lamation naming General Smith, General
Marmaduke, Judge T. T. Gantt, General No-
ble, General Cavender, and General John D.
Stevenson, a committee of safety, and Sheriff
John Finn summoned a posse comitatus of
five thousand men. On the 26th Governor
Phelps arrived in the city, and issued a proc-
lamation pledging the power of the State to
the faithful execution of the laws. The mer-
chants raised a fund of $20,000 for the organi-
zation of a thousand men, to be armed with
rifles and navy revolvers, to be officered bv ex-
soldiers and placed at the order of the mayor
for general duty in the business district of the
city. In a short time the authorities had five
full regiments ready for the field, including
200 cavalry from the country, a company of
marines and a company of artillery — in all
nearly five thousand men. The mobs, under
the orders of the International Executive Com-
mittee, with their headquarters at Schuler's
Hall, at the corner of Fifth and Biddle Streets,
continued their defiance of law in the very
face of these preparations to suppress them,
parading impudently before the Four Courts
where the city authorities and the citizens'
committees held their meetings. On the 26th
a crowd composed chiefly of negroes, and
commanded by a large negro on a yellow
horse, visited the Excelsior Foundry and
Belcher's Sugar Refinery, in the upper part of
the city, and committed acts of violence and
destruction. During the day a house at the
corner of Second and Madison Streets and a
lumber yard were burned, said to have been
the work of rioters. On the 27th the mayor,
confident in the support behind him, deter-
mined to act, and accordingly sent a battalion
of mounted police and patrolmen to Schuler's
Hall to arrest the executive committee, who
were the instigators of all the mischief. The
force was in command of Captain William
Lee, and there was a body of troops with artil-
lery, accompanied by the mayor and promi-
nent citizens, held in readiness as a support.
The raid of the police was promptly executed,
but none of the executive committee were
taken, they having received warning of what
was coming in time to make their escape by
leaping from the third-story windows to the
roof of the adjoining building and running off.
A number of persons in and about the hall
identified as rioters were arrested and
marched to the Four Courts. This display
of force broke the strike completely, and no
further disorder occurred. Next day several
2166
STRIKES. NOTABLE.
companies of the Twenty-third United States
Infantry from Fort Leavenworth arrived at
Jefferson Barracks, under General Jefferson
C. Davis, who, dividing them into two de-
tachments, marched over to East St. Louis
and took possession of the Relay Depot, and
the trouble at that place came to an end also.
A strike of the conductors and drivers on
all the street railroads in St. Louis, April.
1881, was attended by six days' disorder and
riotous proceeding's and great inconvenience
to the public. The strike, which was partici-
pated in by 300 men, was for twelve hours for
a day's work, with $2. 00 a day for conductors
and Si. 75 a day for drivers — and a great meet-
ing was held to give it a start. The compa-
nies refused to accede to the terms, and on
Saturday, the 23d, the conductors and driv-
ers quit their places, and all the lines ceased
running except the Bellefontaine and Frank-
lin Avenue roads — the latter being kept run-
ning by a bargain with the men that if the
strike should be successful the terms de-
manded should be established on it — and the
Bellefontaine line acceding to the terms at
once. The cars on the Scullin lines were
started out as usual in the morning with new
men, hut some of the drivers were stoned, one
was severely wounded, and all were interfered
with until they were powerless to keep the
cars running. About n o'clock in the morn-
ing a crowd of 5.000 persons were collected
on Line Street, from Fourth to Sixth Streets,
which blockaded the street for four hours,
rendering' it impossible for cars to pass. Some
were turned over, some thrown from the
track, anil the drivers driven off. In the after-
noon a car with two conductors was run out on
the < Hive Street line anil was greeted with
shouts of derision and jeers by men. women
and children nearly the whole distance. On
tin- ('ass Avenue line not a car was moved
from the stables during the day. On Market
Street the men refused to work until Lresi-
dent Wells made a temporary concession to
their terms. A meeting of 5011 men was held
at Turner's Hall in the afternoon, and a pro-
cession formed which marched through the
streets with banners hearing' the inscriptions:
"Street car men are men. ni it slaves" ; "Work-
ingtnen. help us by walking"; "Don't ride on
cars driven by scabs." A mass meeting of
1.500 persons was held at the corner of Jef-
ferson \\enue and < iravois Road, which de-
clared its sympathy for the strikers. < )n Mon-
day the condition continued without change.
The strikers held another meeting and made
another parade. On Tuesday the Missouri
1 ompany started out cars, but the drivers
were stoned and egged, and several persons
were injured. But the strikers began to grow
wear) and to show their disappointment at the
continued refusal of the companies to vield,
and when a large number of special police-
men were sworn in, some of the most active
rii iters arrested, and the National Guard called
on to hold itself in readiness, and two Gatling
guns taken to the Four Courts as if for serv-
ice, they became disheartened. On Friday,
the 29th, the police were found strung out on
Washington Avenue and Olive Street at an
early hour in the morning before the crowd
had assembled, and the cars running under
their protection. By night all the other lines
except three were running, and no effort at
interference was made. Most of the strikers
soon afterward went back to work at a com-
promise— twelve and a half cents an hour for
drivers, and fifteen cents an hour for con-
ductors.
At 9 o'clock Monday morning. June 20,
iSSi, the men employed at the St. Louis lias
Company's works went on a strike for $3.00
a day. and darkness prevailed over the city
entirely for a night. ( hi Tuesday morning
the < las Company conceded the terms, and the
men went hack to work : but the reserve stock
1 if gas was so nearly exhausted that it was sev-
eral nights before the lamps south of Wash-
ington Avenue were lighted.
1 In Wednesday, Octover 7, 1885. the street I
car conductors and drivers went on a strike I
for shorter hours and higher wages, and as |
the companies refused to grant the demand, I
disorder began. On Pine Street several cars
were smashed and the drivers forced to flee, f
The (ass Avenue cars were obstructed on f
Eighth Street and Washington Avenue, and j
one driver beaten, and at Ninth and Line
there was a crowd of 10,000 persons assem- I.
bled committing riotous acts. Another riot-
OUS crowd gathered at Third and Convent1
Streets, and attacked and beat the drivers. It
was Fair week and the day of the great an-
nual "Trades Procession," and it was esti-
mated that 20.000 persons were forced to walk
home after the procession. On the 10th a j
conference was held between the Police
Board, the president of the street railway and '
city and State officers, and as a result 500
STRODTMAN.
2167
men were added to the police force. On Tues-
day the strikers' terms, $2.00 and $1.75 a day
for twelve hours, were accepted by the South
St. Louis lines. The other lines still refused
the terms. The vigorous action of the police
in arresting ringleaders of the rioters, together
with the indictment of them and the offer of
liberal rewards for information that would lead
to the arrest and conviction of the persons
who attempted to destroy cars with dynamite,
at last broke the spirit of the strikers, and they
abandoned their cause and left the cars to run
undisturbed.
The great railroad strike of March, 1886,
on the Gould system of roads, extending
through Missouri and Kansas into Texas, had
its origin in the discharge of a carpenter whose
reinstatement was demanded by his friends.
Under instructions from Mr. Hoxie, in charge
of the system at St. Louis, this demand was
refused. Martin Irons, then at the head of a
labor organization, ordered a general strike
of the employes of the system, resulting in a
suspension of mining and manufacturing in-
dustries belonging to the Missouri Pacific, the
Iron Mountain and the Missouri, Kansas &
Texas Roads, as well as the tieing up of the
traffic, the only trains allowed being mail
trains with a limited number of passenger
coaches attached. This partial suspension
continued for nearly three weeks, and was at-
tended by great inconvenience, but fortu-
nately not by much violence. It proved a
failure in the end. Martin Irons, who precipi-
tated and directed the movement, disappeared
from public view and died in obscurity in
Texas in 1897. D M Grissom.
Strodtman, George, was born in St.
Louis May 23, 1845, and died in this city Feb-
ruary 14, 1898. His parents were Juergen
and Catharine Elizabeth (Denter) Strodtman,
1 both of whom were natives of Germany. He
J was educated in the public schools of St. Louis
and graduated from the High School May 17,
11861, being the youngest member of his class.
! Refusing a scholarship in Washington Uni-
versity, he then fitted himself for a business
j career by a thorough course of training at
I Bryant & Stratton's College, from which in-
stitution he was graduated in 1862. Imme-
diately thereafter he became bookkeeper for
I A. Krieckhaus & Co., and for twenty years
1 thereafter was in the employ of that well-
known business house. In 1882 he accepted
the position of secretary of the Degnan-
Maginnis Saddlery Company, retaining that
position until 1888. He then became cashier
and bookkeeper of the St. Louis Car Com-
pany, and retained that connection until 1896,
when he became head of the firm of Strodt-
man & Strodtman, engaged in the real estate
and fire insurance business, his son being as-
sociated with him as junior partner. He con-
tinued in this business until his death, and in
the meantime was identified also with various
other business enterprises. He was president
of the Excelsior Box and Manufacturing Com-
pany, and secretary and treasurer of the
Thompson Dry Goods Company. He was a
capable business man and a most estimable
gentleman in all respects, and those who were
brought into the most intimate relationships
with him entertained for him a fond regard,
and deeply deplored his death. The kindli-
ness of his nature was evidenced in the inter-
est which he always took in young men and
in his readiness to lend them a helping hand
whenever he could in any way aid them to
establish themselves in business, or put them
in the way of becoming permanently prosper-
ous. He lived a quiet life, but conducted his
business affairs with good judgment and dis-
cretion, and at his death left to those whom
he had gathered around him in the family cir-
cle, and who had always been the objects of
his tenderest solicitude, a comfortable for-
tune. He was one of a comparatively small
number of members of the Masonic order in
St. Louis who had attained the highest de-
gree conferred by that order. For several
years prior to his death he was a Scottish Rite
Mason, and had attained the thirty-second
degree. He was a member of Moolah Tem-
ple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; of St. Aide-
mar Commandery of Knights Templar; of
St. Louis Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, and
was a member and past master of Bea-
con Lodge, No. 13, of Master Masons.
He affiliated with other secret societies as a
member of Enterprise Lodge of the Ancient
Order of United Workmen, of which he was
Master Workman at the time of his death ; of
the North End Council of the Royal Arca-
num, and Tower Council of the Legion of
Honor, and was a member of the North St.
Louis Turnverein and the Office Men's Club.
Mr. Strodtman married, in 1868, Miss Sarah
J. Mvers, of St. Louis. Their children are
Georefe W. Strodtman, who continued the real
5168
STUART— STUEVER.
estate and insurance business in which he had
been associated with his father; Mrs. James
W. Metcalfe, of St. Louis; Annie and Edith
Strodtman.
Stuart, Alexander, lawyer and jurist,
was born and reared in Virginia, and came
west about the beginning of the present cen-
tury. He was educated for the bar, and after
practicing for a time at Kaskaskia, Illinois,
came to St. Louis in 1807. He was a promi-
nent member of the pioneer bar in this city,
and in June of 1823 took his place on the cir-
cuit court bench of St. Louis, by appoint-
ment of Governor McNair. He filled this
judicial position for three years and was suc-
ceeded by Judge William C. Carr. At a later
date he retired from the practice, and died on
his farm near Bellefontaine.
Stlickeilberg, John, manufacturer, was
born in Hanover, Germany, August 9,
1831, son of Herman and Christine Stucken-
berg, who immigrated to the United States
and settled in St. Louis in 1840. the father
dying here in 1854 and the mother in 1884.
His parents were German country people, of
good standing in the community in which they
lived, and the son spent the early years of his
life on a farm, dividing his time between farm
labor and attendance at the German schools.
He left his native land in 1847, a boy sixteen
years of age, with a fair education and an am-
bition to make a fortune in the country which
he had learned to regard as a land of prom-
ise— the United States. He arrived in this
country in 1847, and first found employment
in a Cincinnati pork-packing establishment.
After working there two months he came to
St. Louis, arriving here February I, 1848.
Soon afterward he entered the employ of his
brother. Henry Stuckenberg, as a brick-
maker's apprentice, and remained with him
six years. At the end of that time he en-
gaged in the manufacture of brick on his own
account in South St. Louis, and soon built up
an industry of considerable magnitude, em-
ploying regularly from twenty-five to fifty
men. During the Civil War he served as a
member of the St. Louis Home Guards, which
temporarily interrupted his business opera-
tions, but with this exception, he was contin-
uously identified with the brick manufactur-
ing trade from 1853 to 1895, when he retired
from business with a comfortable fortune. His
active business career in this city covered, in
all, a period of forty-two years, and at the time
of his retirement he was one of the oldest of
the men engaged in the brick-making indus-
try. Since that time his attention has been
given to his property interests and the inter-
ests of the St. Louis Mutual Insurance Corn-
pain, of which he is a director, and to vari-
ous kinds of charitable and religious work.
He has been one of the warmest friends of
the German Protestant Orphans' Home,
which he has served as president of its board
of trustees, and he is also superintendent of
the St. Marcus' Church Cemetery, and for
thirty years past has been trustee and treas-
urer of St. Marcus' Church, with which he has
been identified for forty-seven years, being
the oldest living member of that church so-
ciety. Mr. Stuckenberg married, January 6.
1854. Miss Elizabeth Haga, then of St. Louis,
but born in Prussia. Their children are Mrs.
Julia Munzlinger, Mrs. Augusta Ehler, and
William Stuckenberg.
Student Life. — A paper issued month-
ly at one dollar a year, published by the stu-
dents of Washington University, in the inter-
est of that institution, and edited by A. B.
Chandler, one of the students. It has been
in existence twenty-five years. Some of the
contributions are admitted to vie in treat-
ment with first-class newspapers and maga-
zines, as, for instance, two articles on John
Sherman, for and against that statesman. The
principal subscribers are the alumni, dispersed
over the country. The name, "Student Life,"
was suggested by Professor Waterhouse.
About five hundred copies are issued.
Stuever, Charles B., manufacturer,
was born in Prussia, September 5, 1822, son
of William and Augustina (Heine) Stuever.
His father, who was a brickmason by trade,
came to this country in 1856, but was acci-
dentally killed while landing from the ship
in which he had crossed the ocean, at New
Orleans. The son was reared in Prussia, and
received a plain, practical education in the
schools of that country. After leaving school
he served an apprenticeship to the brick-
mason's trade under his father's supervision,
and followed that occupation for several years
thereafter. With the earnings which rigid
frugality had enabled him to accumulate he
came to this country in 1848, and during the
STURGEON.
2169
next two years found employment at his trade
in St. Louis. In 1850 he joined the proces-
sion of gold-hunters which was attracted to
the Pacific coast, and until 1852 engaged in
placer mining in California. His search for
the precious metal was attended with a con-
siderable degree of success, and in the spring
of 1852 he returned to St. Louis, having ma-
terially augmented his fortune. Immediately
afterward he established himself in the retail
grocery business, at the corner of Seventh
Street and Park Avenue, and later erected a
stone building at the corner of Eleventh and
Emmet Streets, in which he continued to
carry on merchandising operations for many
years thereafter. He first became identified
with the great beer manufacturing industry
of St. Louis in 1855, and was continuously
engaged in that business thereafter until 1889,
when he sold the plant which he had built
up to the English syndicate, which at that
time purchased and consolidated many of the
leading breweries of St. Louis. For some-
thing more than a year after this sale he had
no connection with the beer trade, but in 1890
he purchased what is now known as the Home
Brewery, which had previously been operated
by the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company,
and which he placed under the control of the
Home Brewing Company, a corporation or-
ganized at that time with a capital of $250,000.
Of this corporation Anton S. Stuever, son of
Charles B., became president, the elder Stue-
ver taking the positions of vice-president and
treasurer, in order that the burdens and re-
sponsibilities of management might be shifted
to younger shoulders. As an investor, he is
still, however, largely interested in the indus-
try which excels all others in St. Louis in the
annual value of its manufactured products.
He is also prominently identified with the
banking interests of the city, as one of the
^principal stockholders in the Lafayette Bank,
and is a director of that admirably managed
financial institution. Politically he is identi-
fied with the Democratic party, and his re-
ligious connections are with the Evangelical
Lutheran Church of Sts. Peter and Paul. He
married, in 1853, Miss Mary Hulsmann, then
of St. Louis, but born in Prussia, who died in
1896. The children born of their union are
Misses Bettie, Emma and Annie Stuever;
Mrs. Josephine Griesedieck, wife of August
Griesedieck, a well known brewer of St. Louis ;
Mrs. Hoogen, wife of Dr. Franz Hoogen, of
71
this city, and Anton Stuever, prominent as a
business man and as police commissioner of
St. Louis.
Sturgeon, Isaac Hughes, at the pres-
ent time comptroller of the city of St. Louis,
was born September 10, 1821, in Jefferson
County, Kentucky, son of Thomas Sturgeon,
Jr., and Elizabeth (Tyler) Sturgeon. Isaac was
the second of three sons, the other two being
named Edward Tyler and Thomas Levi Stur-
geon. By the death of both their parents they
were left orphans at a tender age, and were
reared by their maternal uncle, Robert Tyler,
and his wife. Inheriting ample means for their
care and education, they attended a noted in-
stitution of learning in the neighborhood of
their home. Isaac quit school in the fall of
1837, when he was only sixteen years of age,
and went to Louisville to enter a wholesale
grocery and commission house, where he re-
mained for about three years, at the end of
which time he accepted a clerkship in the Lou-
isville Chancery Court. Here he was em-
ployed in making out the records of appeal
cases, and this work proved of great ad-
vantage to him when studying law, which he
did at night in the office of Guthrie & Tyler.
He was admitted to the bar in 1845. By a
change in the office of marshal of the chan-
cery court Mr. Sturgeon became deputy mar-
shal, and was acting in that capacity — and his
brother, Thomas, as deputy sheriff of a cir-
cuit court — when the two decided to make
St. Louis their future home. Leaving Louis-
ville in January, 1846, they settled in this city,
where their aunt's father, Colonel William
Chambers, was possessor of a large landed
estate. Circumstances arose that caused Colo-
nel Chambers and his son-in-law to place the
Chambers estate in charge of the Sturgeons.
Soon after their arrival Mr. Sturgeon and his
brother engaged in the lumber business in
North St. Louis, where they had purchased a
sawmill. After a season of prosperity they dis-
posed of this mill. In 184S Mr. Sturgeon was
nominated by the Democratic party as their
candidate for alderman of the Sixth Ward,
and, overcoming a Whig majority, he was
elected, with 180 votes to spare, and was re-
elected to the same position in 1850 and 1852,
each time running far ahead of his ticket. In
August, 1852, he was elected to the State Sen-
ate and resigned as alderman. He likewise
resigned the State senatorship to accept the
2170
SUBLETT.
appointment as Assistant Treasurer of the
United States at the hands of President Pierce,
and was reappointed by President Buchanan,
serving until 1861, when President Lincoln
appointed a Republican. While serving as
alderman Mr. Sturgeon introduced the reso-
lution resulting in the national convention at
St. Louis October 1, 1849, m favor of the con-
struction of a National Pacific Railroad from
the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.
He was active in arousing mass meetings in
many sections of the country in favor of this
great project. Although a warm supporter
of the Breckinridge ticket in i860, Mr. Stur-
geon declared that the election of Mr. Lincoln
furnished no cause for secession. He allied
himself with the Union element in politics,
which finally threw him into the Republican
ranks, where he has since remained. Air.
Sturgeon was (see "Railroads"') president
and general superintendent of the North Mis-
souri Railroad, now the Wabash (west), for
about ten years, during which time no one
on a passenger train was killed or seriously
injured. He took an active interest in the
Texas & Pacific Railroad project of Colonel
Thomas A. Scott, and issued an able address
to the people of the United States in favor
of making St. Louis its eastern terminus. He
was appointed by General Grant as commis-
sioner to inspect and examine the road from
Kansas City to Denver, and from Denver to
Cheyenne; also the road from Plattsmouth,
Nebraska, west, and to examine the first com-
pleted section of the Texas & Pacific Rail-
road. As an official of the LTnited States gov-
ernment in the early part of the war, Air.
Sturgeon was alert. His movements in regard
to the treasure and defenses at St. Louis arc-
related in Colonel Broadhead's review of the
Federal side of the Civil War, as given in
another part of this work. When the reve-
nue— "whisky*' — frauds of 1875 burst upon
the country and Collector Ford was corn-
to resign, President Grant appointed
Mr. Sturgeon to the vacancy, and he remained
as internal revenue collector during the re-
mainder of the term of President Grant and
the terms of President Hayes, Garfield and
Arthur, and until November. 1885. under
President Cleveland, collecting during the
period of ten years and four months $49,505,-
1 10.04. Tn all his public service his accounts
have balanced to a cent. Mr. Sturgeon was
assistant postmaster at St. Louis from Febru-
ary, 1890, to 1893, under President Harrison.
He served, in all, under eight Presidents of
the United States. In March of the latter
year he was nominated and elected city comp-
troller on the Republican ticket, and again, in
March, 1897, for the term ending in 1901. His
majority at the last election over Captain
Joseph Brown, a most popular Democrat, was
20,340 votes. Captain Brown and Mr. Stur-
geon were warm personal friends, and their
offices adjoined each other from April, 1893,
to April, 1897, as Captain Brown had been
elected auditor and Mr. Sturgeon comptroller
April, 1893. Captain Brown was the first to
come in and congratulate Mr. Sturgeon on his
election. "Well, Brown." said Mr. Sturgeon,
"no one has heard a word from me except in
your praise"; and the Captain said: "Same
here." They were ever warm friends — and
are to-day. The contest between Mr. Stur-
geon and Governor Robert Campbell, in
[893, was conducted in the same friendly
spirit. He has led a long public life of activ-
ity and usefulness, and enjoys the fullest re-
spect of our citizens, irrespective of party or
creed. Air. Sturgeon was married, December
16, 1858, to Aliss Nannie Celeste Allen, sec-
ond daughter of Air. and Airs. Beverley Al-
len. Mr. Beverley Allen was one of the most
eminent lawyers of his day at the St. Louis
bar, ranking with Geyer, Bates, and
Spaulding. He died September 10, 1845.
Airs. Allen was the daughter of Judge Na-
thaniel Pope, long United States District
Judge of the State of Illinois, and who was the
Territorial representative in Congress from
that State, and performed invaluable services
in the organization of and fixing the bounda-
ries of the State. (See Moses' "History of
Illinois," Vol. I.) Airs. Allen is also the sis-
ter of the late Major-General John Pope, of
the United States Army. There have been
born to Air. and Airs. Sturgeon eleven chil-
dren, eight of whom are now living.
Subli'tt, William L. — The history
of what was once known as the Far West
abounds in names of brave and daring men,
dashing, picturesque, independent, and gamy
men, who found out there everything they
coveted — fortune, adventure, freedom, dan-
ger, and sometimes a grave ; and William L.
Sublett was one of the first of the class. There
were three brothers, Alilton and Andrew be-
ing the other two, and all were known in the
SUBLETT.
2171
West, the subject of this sketch enjoying the
title of captain, given him by his friends by
virtue of his being called upon to take the
lead in difficult and dangerous enterprises, and
of his possession of the qualities which indi-
cated the leader. They were Kentucky peo-
ple, having the reputation of being game in
that State, and meeting with frequent oppor-
tunities for vindicating it in their adventures
in the Far West. Their maternal grandfather,
Colonel Wheatley, was a companion of Dan-
iel Boone. They came to St. Louis when
young, and very naturally made their way out
to the mountains, where there were deer to be
hunted, beaver to be trapped, and Indians to
be fought. There they fell in with General
William Ashley, who was conducting a profit-
able and somewhat dangerous fur trade on his
own account, in competition with the Ameri-
can Fur Company and the Hudson Bay Com-
pany, and who was ready to take all the game
spirits who might come along into his service.
William Sublett soon showed that he possessed
other valuable qualities besides courage ; he
was cool-headed, prudent, patient — character-
istics quite as much needed in dealing with the
fierce Indian tribes of the plains and mount-
ains, conducting expeditions and devising
schemes in the presence of difficulty and dan-
ger, as the personal bravery which was a com-
mon trait among the hunters and trappers, and
he was constantly called upon to escort trains
of supplies from St. Louis to the trading ren-
dezvous in Pierre's Hole in the mountains, or
trapping parties into new regions, or return
trains laden with furs and skins to St. Louis.
He was always prompt to go before, when
danger or difficulty was to be encountered.
Sublett was frequently associated, in these
tasks involving difficulty, hardships and dan-
ger, with another well known citizen of St.
Louis prominent in the fur trade — Robert
Campbell — and the two seemed perfectly
suited in habits, tastes and temper. Camp-
bell, in a trip to the mountains for the benefit
of his health, had become associated with Ash-
ley, and this brought him into relations with
Sublett. and the two were true and steadfast
friends for life, remaining together during ten
years of trading in the mountains, and, after
that, forming a partnership under the style of
Sublett & Campbell, for dealing in Indian and
sutler's goods in St. Louis. It was Captain
Sublett and Robert Campbell, with Fitzpat-
rick and Bridger, two other active and fear-
less mountain traders, who, on the retirement
of General Ashley to St. Louis, organized the
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, for the more
vigorous and systematic prosecution of the fur
trading business in the region covered by Ash-
ley's operations. The American Fur Com-
pany, a powerful organization, with the Chou-
teaus and the Gratiots in control, was already
in possession of the country round the head-
waters of the Missouri, and actively pushing
into adjoining fields. The lines of the two
companies sometimes crossed, and matters
were beginning to look as though they would
result in serious collisions, as the older and
more powerful company was disposed to claim
everything by right of prior occupancy, hav-
ing been in the country thirty or forty years
before the smaller organization was formed.
But Sublett, with Campbell, Fitzpatrick and
Bridger. formed a combination which forced
the respect of their opponents, and the Ameri-
can Fur Company, in order to avoid disputes
and collisions, conceded to the younger and
not less vigorous company all the country
now embraced in Colorado and Utah, and as
far south and west as they might choose to go ;
and they prosecuted the trade with great en-
terprise and success in this field over which
they ruled supreme. Sublett was the most
experienced man in the company, and knew
both the country and the tribes that roamed
in it, and it was for this reason that he was
so often placed in command of its subsidiary
enterprises. William Sublett had too much
wisdom and too high a sense of justice to seek
trouble with the Indian tribes, or to wantonly
provoke them, for these difficulties interfered
with the trade in which he and his associates
were engaged ; but when collisions occurred
in spite of all reasonable efforts to avoid them,
he was the gamest of fighters and always in
the lead. His characteristics were exhibited
in a fight with the Blackfeet at Pierre's Hole
in July, 1832. Sublett and Robert Campbell
had come to Pierre's Hole with their annual
supply of Indian goods, brought from St.
Louis. The place, which was a beautiful val-
ley meadow in the mountains, with a stream
running through it,' had been the regular sum-
mer rendezvous for traders, hunters, trappers,
and Indians for years, and it was there the
Indians and trappers brought their furs and
the St. Louis traders their supplies of goods,
trinkets, powder and lead, for a general ex-
change. The meeting was held and passed
217:
SUB-TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES.
oft' pleasantly, and the break-up had begun.
Milton Sublett had started off with a party
of trappers toward the southwest, being ac-
companied by another party of free trappers
in charge of Sinclair, a brave and hardy leader,
accustomed to the wild life of the West, and
who never faltered in time of danger. When
a day out, they unexpectedly met a large body
of Indians, who proved to be Blackfeet, the
fiercest fighters in all the tribes. The meet-
ing was peaceful, and the two parties might
have separated and each gone on its way with-
out trouble had not a friendly Indian of Sub-
lett's party, whose tribe, the Flatheads, were
the ancient enemies of the Blackfeet, delib-
erately shot and killed the Blackfoot chief.
The Indians instantly took possession of a
tangled swamp and threw up a low breast-
work, on top of which they hung a curtain
of Buffalo robes and blankets, and from this
covert poured a fire upon the whites. A mes-
senger, sent in haste back to Pierre's Hole,
eight miles off, soon brought Sublett and
Campbell, in their shirt sleeves and with their
arms bared, and each with a rifle and pistols,
prepared for fight. Up to this time no one
had thought of such a desperate thing as at-
tacking the Indian breastwork, but Sublett
determined upon this at once, and Campbell
stood with him. The two friends were reck-
less of their lives when occasion demanded
any enterprise or daring, and they had already
made their wills, in soldier fashion, as they
rode to the place ; and now, before ventur-
ing into the thicket to be a target for Indian
bullets, Sublett called his brother, and, in the
presence of Campbell, made known his will,
and appointed Campbell his executor. Hav-
ing performed this act of business, he ad-
vanced into the thicket with Campbell and
i lie brave free trapper. Sinclair, at his side.
Sinclair was shot and fell almost as soon as
they entered the dangerous ground. Sublett
saw an Indian peeping through a hole in the
covert and tired, shooting him through the
head, and in the next instant was himself shot
down. Campbell carried his friend in his
arms to a place of safety in the rear, and re-
turned and renewed the fight. The wounding
of their leader discouraged his men to the
: of preventing them from attempting
to carry the breastwork by assault, but the
conflict was kept up until night, when the
firing ceased, and, when the whites prepared
to renew it in the morning, the Indians were
gone, having abandoned their position under
cover of the darkness. Captain Sublett's
wound was in the shoulder, and not fatal. He
had distributed his pack of supplies, and as
soon as he was able to travel, he took charge
of the annual pack of furs and peltries re-
ceived in return and, in company with his
friend, Campbell, made his way back to St.
Louis. An eye witness, who met the caval-
cade three months later, passing through a
skirt of timber in the northwest corner of Mis-
souri, states that the pack horses, richly laden
with bales of valuable furs and peltries, the
hunters and assistants accompanying them,
and a lot of half-breeds with their squaws and
pappooses fillinsr in the open spaces, made a
line that stretched for a mile along the road.
Sublett was still carrying his arm in a sling,
but his wound was being healed, and in a lit-
tle while after his arrival in St. Louis his vig-
orous constitution asserted itself, and he was
ready for new enterprises and dangers. Dur-
ing his sojourn in the mountains, Sublett
availed himself of the opportunities to explore
the country, behold its marvels of scenery,
locate its streams available for trapping bea-
ver, and acquire a familiarity with the land-
marks which would be valuable to the pros-
ecution of the trading business. One of his
enterprises was that of sending four men with
a boat to Great Salt Lake, with instructions to
circumnavigate it and bring back a report of
what they might discover in regard to that
wonderful inland sea. In 1835 he began to
long for the comfort and quiet of civilized life,
and, in company with his friend and compan-
ion in arms and trade, returned to St. Louis
and established the house of Sublett & Camp-
bell, for supplying sutlers and Indian traders
with the goods they required in their busi-
ness. He owned a place at Cheltenham, and
for many years after his death the stone house
in which he lived, on the hill, was pointed out
from the railroad. Sublett died at Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania. July 23, 1845. while on his way
to Washington to secure the appointment of
Indian agent. His brother, Milton G Sub-
lett. who had shared his fortunes and hard-
ships in the mountains, and who had been en-
trusted by him with many responsible tasks,
died at Fort Laramie, in 1834.
Sub-Treasury of the United States.
The United States sub-treasury system came
into existence in 1837, immediately after the
SUGAR TRADE.
2173
collapse of many banks carrying deposits of
public moneys had occasioned heavy losses
to the government. In May of that year
President Van Buren ordered that the public
moneys should be kept in the United States
treasury at Washington, and in the mint at
Philadelphia, the branch mint at New Or-
leans, and the new customhouses at New
York and Boston, which he designated as
branch depositories. In a message to Con-
gress at the extra session held in 1837, he
recommended legislation establishing sub-
treasuries at different points in the United
States, but Congress refused to give legisla-
tive sanction to the proposition. The plan
which the President had adopted was contin-
ued under executive authority until 1840,
when a bill establishing the sub-treasuries
was passed by Congress. This measure was
repealed in 1841, but in 1846 Congress enacted
the law under which the sub-treasuries were
permanently established. The United States
sub-treasury at St. Louis was opened in Octo-
ber of 1848, during the administration of Pres-
ident James K. Polk, George Penn being the
first appointee to the office of Assistant United
States Treasurer in this city. His successors
have been Henry S. Turner, Isaac H. Stur-
geon, Benjamin Farrar, A. G. Edwards,
Chauncey F. Schultz, Bernard G. Farrar, and
George H. Small. The financial transactions
of the sub-treasury aggregate one hundred
millions of dollars annually. Its receipts come
from thirty-eight hundred postoffices, which
make all their government remittances to St.
Louis ; from collectors of internal revenue
and customs throughout a wide extent of ter-
ritory ; from national bank depositories, which
remit their surplus funds from time to time ;
from collections of fines and penalties by
United States marshals and clerks of United
States courts ; from sales of public lands in
the State of Missouri, and from the United
States treasury at Washington. The sub-
treasury disbursements are made in payment
of annuities and other moneys due the Indians
of the Southwest ; of pension claims aggregat-
ing fifteen million dollars per annum ; of mail
contractors on star routes and of railroad com-
panies which carry United States mails, and
of all the running expenses of the local post-
office, of the internal revenue collector's office,
customhouse, United States assaying office,
quartermaster's department, and of the United
States courts located in St. Louis and adja-
cent territory. Disbursements are also made
to pay army officers located in St. Louis, and
officers and soldiers located at a number of
posts in the West; to meet expenses of the
Mississippi River commission; to meet ex-
penses of improvements made on the Missis-
sippi, Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, and Illinois
Rivers, and on several small rivers in the
State of Missouri; to pay for government
building constructed in this region, and to
meet other similar government obligations.
In addition to collecting and disbursing funds
for the government, and acting as the custo-
dian of such funds, the sub-treasury is also
the agency for the distribution of coin to the
banks of the Southwest, and for the exchange
of old paper money and worn coins for new
bills or coins.
Sugar Trade. — The constant and inti-
mate relation between St. Louis and New
Orleans by the Mississippi River caused this
city, in the palmy old days of steamboating,
to be the chief center of the sugar trade in the
West. Not only was Louisiana brown or
"open kettle" sugar the chief kind of sugar
consumed by the masses, but all the foreign
sugar imported for Western consumption
came in through New Orleans and was
brought up the river in steamboats. Down to
the year i860, Louisiana sugar supplied the
population of the West and Southwest, and
the distribution of it in the West was largely
through St. Louis. The increasing popula-
tion of the country and a constant demand
for a better style of living — a demand which
always exhibits itself in an increased con-
sumption of sugar — made larger importations
constantly necessary; and the building up of
many lines of railroads to the Atlantic sea-
coast, together with a constantly diminish-
ing rate of carriage between the seaboard and
the Mississippi River, caused a considerable
part of our city's supply to come from the
East. Along with all this came a change in
the habits of the people — an abandonment of
brown sugar for white — and this also contrib-
uted to bring about the change of securing a
part of our supply of this important house-
hold commodity from the East. The St. Louis
merchants showed their traditional enterprise
and sagacity in adjusting themselves to the
altered conditions. Under the old brown-
sugar era they had made St. Louis the center
of distribution for the West, and they have
2174
SUMMER GARDENS.
successfully maintained the position under the
white-sugar era. For twenty-five years, under
the Belchers, who built and operated the great
St. Louis refinery, St. Louis was itself a large
producer of white sugar. The product of the
Belcher establishment was famous for its
quality, and it not only entirely supplied the
St. Louis market, but went largely into Mis-
souri and the adjoining States. Under the
old brown-sugar era Louisiana sugar came
chiefly in hogsheads, whereas under the white-
sugar era our receipts are chiefly in barrels.
In 1875 there were 36,389 hogsheads received ;
in 1895, only 3,127. In 1875 there were 51,680
barrels received ; in 1896, 448,105. The num-
ber of hogsheads was reduced more than nine-
tenths, while the number of barrels was in-
creased seven-fold. The total receipts in 1865
were 17,889 hogsheads, 8,189 barrels, and 29,-
410 bags; in 1875, they were 36,389 hogs-
heads, 51,680 barrels, 40,690 boxes, and 8,031
bags — about a trebling in the period of eleven
years. In 1890 the receipts were 2,474 hogs-
heads, 338,280 barrels, and 144,764 bags, and
in 1896 they were 1,298 hogsheads, 448,105
barrels, and 253,919 bags. In 1865 the ship-
ments were 1,852 hogsheads and 53,069 bar-
rels ; in 1875 they were 7,424 hogsheads, 252,-
770 barrels, and 41,458 bags; in 1890 they
were 722 hogsheads, 213,292 barrels, and 114,-
946 bags, and in 1896 they were 856 hogs-
heads, 293,469 barrels, and 223,159 bags. It
will be seen that the shipments in 1896 fell
considerably short of the receipts in that year.
The explanation of this is that the population
of the city and the candy factories require a
large quantity of sugar and molasses for local
consumption. Of the 448,105 barrels, 253,919
bags, and 1,298 hogsheads received in 1896,
154.636 barrels, 30,760 bags and 442 hogs-
heads remained unshipped. The candy fac-
tories, which turn out some thirty million
pounds of candy and confectionery a year,
took a large part of this, and the city's popu-
lation of six hundred thousand souls con-
sumed the rest. The receipts of molasses in
1865 were 10.589 barrels and 1,461 kegs; in
1875 they were 19.679 barrels, 13.568 kegs,
and 2,495 hogsheads ; in 1891 they were 23,-
344 barrels and 475 kegs, and in 1896 they
were 16,830 barrels and 1,808 kegs. The
shipments of molasses in 1865 were 10.444
barrels and 11,095 kegs ; in 1875 they were
40,393 barrels and 65,207 kegs; in 1891 they
were 74,210 barrels and 28,327 kegs, and in
1896 they were 57,651 barrels and 27,632 kegs.
Of the total receipts of sugar in 1896 — 1,298
hogsheads, 448,105 barrels and 253,919 bags —
more than one-half — 251,665 barrels, 221,295
bags and 1,298 hogsheads — came from Lou-
isiana ; the remainder — 196,440 barrels and
32,625 bags — coming from the Eastern refin-
eries, showing that the chief supply that comes
to St. Louis is still Louisiana cane sugar. The
shipments went to nearly all the States west
of the Mississippi, and to several east of that
river- D. M. Grissom.
Summer Gardens. — Open air is nat-
urally courted in the South and other warmer
climes. In Oriental countries outdoor enter-
tainments have ever been popular. The
famous hanging gardens of ancient Babylon
were doubtless the scene of many splendid
pageants of that order, and in India, Japan,
and other Eastern countries similar pageants
are daily — or, rather, nightly — taking place.
The theatrical performances of ancient Greece
were enacted in amphitheatres open to the
sky, and Nero fiddled and took part in public
entertainments amid somewhat similar sur-
roundings. Coming to more recent times, we
all know what has been accomplished in the
lines of summer gardens, more particularly in
Germany and France. The most notable cen-
ter of these resorts is, probably, Vienna, the
Volksgarten, in front of the Hofburg, and the
Neue Welt being great popular institutions,
where theatrical performances and concerts of
considerable merit are given. The Neue Welt
can not cover much less than thirty acres, and
as many as seven bands, including that led
by the celebrated Edward Strauss, have been
known to play there during the course of a
single night. KrolFs place at Berlin is famous,
and similar resorts are numerous in all the
great German cities, Hamburg, Munich, etc.
The summer garden has long been a recog-
nized institution of gay Parisian life ; and
London had its Rosherville, Vauxhall, and
Cremorne Gardens until these had to make
way before the invading builder, something
like a quarter of a century ago.
St. Louis is the original home of the sum-
mer gardens, so far as the United States are
concerned. They were doubtless introduced
by the German element, which is so largely
represented in our midst. As run in this city,
the summer garden has been purged of those
meretricious and grosser attachments that mar
SUMMER GARDENS.
it in the Old World. It affords a clean, sim-
ple and wholesome form of diversion, among
pleasant and health-giving surroundings , such
as parents can take their children to without
fear of results. The first open-air resort in
the shape of gardens, open by private enter-
prise in St. Louis, was the Vauxhall Gardens.
It was on the west side of Fourth Street, be-
tween Plum and Poplar, and surrounded one
of the oldest brick residences in the city, which
had been built by Thomas C. Riddick. We
learn that as early as 1823, and for years after-
ward, it was a great place of public resort, be-
ing used upon Fourth of July and similar oc-
casions. When this had served its term of
utility a second Vauxhall Gardens was opened,
in an orchard surrounding the old Soulard
residence, on the east side of Carondelet Ave-
nue, south of Miller Street. This garden has
long ceased to be used, but was, like its prede-
cessor, much patronized in its time. The
name, "Vauxhall Gardens," clearly indicates
the origin of the idea, a resort of that kind, and
similarly named, having been long estab-
lished in London. The first summer garden
of the modern type established in St. Louis
was opened by Chris Nunce, a German, some-
where along in the sixties, upon the site of the
present Uhrig's Cave, southwest corner of
Washington Avenue and Jefferson Street. It
took the place of a disused brewery, the so-
called caves having been used for the storage
of beer. The place was run upon popular lines,
and soon found excellent support. Improve-
ments were gradually introduced, and the
open space, with its shade trees, turned to best
advantage. A stage was erected at one end
of the garden, and concerts given on the aver-
age about twice a week. "Pat" Short, the
veteran manager of the Olympic Theater,
took charge of Uhrig's Cave in 1876, and ran
it for some ten years. His presence soon be-
gan to make itself felt, and with increased pat-
ronage, the entertainments were both widened
and improved. "Pat" Short was the first to
introduce high-class concerts and opera to an
open-air audience of St. Louisans. Not con-
tent with giving them Daly's company, he
presented all of Gilbert & Sullivan's operas
at the time these productions were creating
such a furore in London. The innovation
took, and has since spread all over the coun-
try. Mr. Short may thus be regarded as the
father of the modern improved summer gar-
den, and St. Louis as its original home. The
movement toward this form of amusement is
rapidly spreading, and is strongly backed by
the various street railroads, which have a sub-
stantial interest in carrying the public to and
fro. The tendency is to carry the summer gar-
den out to the country, where the surroundings
are naturally more rural. June 2, 1895, Mr.
Jannoupolo — having S. W. Gumpertz as man-
ager— opened the Suburban Gardens with
vaudeville. The Suburban Gardens are at the
end of the terminus of the St. Louis and Su-
burban Railroad, and cover six acres of high
and well-timbered land, pleasantly diversified
with shrubberies. The venture was a success
from the beginning. Upon the opening night
there were twenty-five thousand visitors. In
1896 the scenic railroad was introduced and
proved an immense attraction, carrying up-
ward of three hundred thousand passengers
during the season. The season of 1897 was
rendered notable by the introduction of open-
air theatrical performances, including Shakes-
peare's well known "Midsummer Night's
Dream." The Forest Park Highlands were
opened by Tony Steever, in 1896. As the
surroundings were ideal, and as access was
readily obtained over the Lindell Railroad,
they at once took with the public. The en-
tertainments are both excellent and varied,
including stage plays, vocal and instrumental
music, minstrel and acrobatic performances,
etc. Here, also, can be found the scenic rail-
road. It is run upon the principles of gravity,
and is the best, perhaps, of its kind at present
operating in the country. There are several
good summer gardens in St. Louis, and they
are multiplying. Among others might be
mentioned the Klondyke, where "Shooting
the Shutes" had a great run, also Koerner's
Garden, Athletic Park Garden, Ernst's Gar-
dens, etc. All of them have their special
features, and all provide a clean, wholesome
program, such as youth can follow without
hurt. Light refreshments to sustain the inner
man are, after the German fashion, always to
be obtained, but the limits of moderation are
strictly observed. Admission to the gardens
is, as a rule, free : and elsewhere popular
prices prevail, ranging from ten cents to a
quarter of a dollar. The roof-gardens of
New York City and Chicago are but modifi-
cations of the summer garden idea, specially
adapted to the conditions of the densely
crowded down-town districts of great cities.
The reception given by the Earl of Leicester
21 76
SUMMER REST— SUNDAY LAWS.
to his sovereign lady, Queen Elizabeth, at
Kenilworth Castle, and that given by the
grandiose Fouquet, superintendent of the
finances of France, to Louis XIV, le roi
soldi, were essentially outdoor receptions
upon a splendid scale. Descriptions of these
stately shows can be found in Walter Scott's
"Kenilworth" and in the "Three Musketeers"
series of the elder Dumas, and make interest-
ing and instructive reading for all concerned
in such displays.
Summer Rest.
tian Association."
-See "Women's Chris-
Sunday Laws. — The name of this day is
derived from the Saxon "Sunnan daeg," which
is akin to the Roman "dies solis," the day of
the sun — of light, of life — hence the first day ;
and, in contradistinction to the Sabbath, de-
rived from the Hebrew "Shabath," to leave
off, to rest ; hence the last day. The custom
of keeping certain days apart, for purposes of
rest and worship, dates back to times imme-
morial. It will suffice here to refer to the
"Sabbatu" of the Assyrians, and the "dies ne-
fasti" of the Romans. The latter, indeed,
have special value to those who seek to trace
the sources and evolution of social laws, for
it was a law of much solemnity and strict ob-
servance among the Romans that upon the
"dies nefasti" no judgment could be pro-
nounced nor any assemblies of the people held.
The observance of the Sunday, instead of the
Sabbath, was of slow growth, though the prin-
ciple involved was certainly strenuously main-
tained, even in the apostolic times. The mo-
tives leading up to the change were mixed ;
the Christians, no doubt, thereby seeking to
emphasize their separation from the Jews of
the old dispensation, as also their rejection of
the pharisaic interpretation of the Fourth
Commandment, given at Mount Sinai. Many
of the early Jewish Christians, however, ob-
served both days. Gradually the Sunday came
to be referred to in the Gentile churches as
the "Lord's day," though the first monumen-
tal inscription to that effect is assigned by De
Rossi to the year 403. The first law, either
ecclesiastical or civil, promulgated in connec-
tion with the Christian Sunday, was by edict
of Constantine, in the year 321 A. D., and
runs as follows : "Let all judges, inhabitants of
the cities, and artificers rest on the venerable
Sunday. But in the country, husbandsmen
may freely and lawfully apply to the business
of agriculture, since it often happens that the
sowing of grain and planting of vines can not
be well performed on other days, lest, by neg-
lecting the opportunity, they should lose the
benefits the divine bounty bestows on us."
The Theodosian code, a collection of Roman
laws, first published in 438, directs that, "on
the Sunday, rightfully designated by our an-
cestors as the Lord's day, all law suits and
public business shall cease." Among the
Anglo-Saxon races Sunday observance was
early insisted upon. Ina of Essex forbade "all
servile work" on that day ; and Alfred, "all
labor, traffic and legal processes." Under the
Plantagenets several laws were promulgated
aiming to make the day holy and one of rest.
In the twenty-seventh year of the reign of
Henry VI (1449), an act was passed forbid-
ing the holding of fairs and markets on certain
feast days, Easter Sunday and "other Sun-
days." The wording of this act would seem
to imply that the observance of the Sunday
was not at that time particularly strict, and
such, indeed, was the case. On the continent
of Europe matters were even more lax ; nor
did the reformation bring about much of a
change there, Luther and Zwingli both being
opposed to the Puritan view as to how that
day should be spent. Strangely enough, it is
to the reign of the pleasure-loving and care-
less Charles II that we must go for the legal
sanction of the Puritan Sunday. In the
twenty-ninth of the reign of that most
worthless of the Stuarts (1678) was passed
the statute which may be regarded as the j
foundation of all the present law on the sub-
ject in England and the United States. It
enacted "that no tradesman, artificer, work-
man, laborer or other person whatsoever, shall
do or exercise any worldly labor, business or
work of their ordinary callings, upon the
Lord's day, or any part thereof (work of neces-
sity and charity only excepted)," and "that no
person or persons whatsoever shall publicly
cry, show forth, or expose to sale, any wares,
merchandises, fruit, herbs, goods, or chattels
whatsoever, upon the Lord's day, or any part
thereof." The Puritans of New England, in
particular, enforced these laws with great
vigor, and their action has beyond question
affected the country even to this day.
The French brought to St. Louis, as to their
other settlements this side of the ocean, the
customs, at once free and amiable, of their
SUNDAY LAWS.
2177
mother land. So long as French influence
prevailed in Louisiana, such a thing as a Sun-
day law can scarcely be said to have existed —
save only the merciful one (part of the famous
Black Code), which forbade slaves to be
worked upon Sundays and certain feast days.
Free men and free women were left pretty
much to their own devices, in the belief that
public opinion would prove a sufficient re-
straint against any breach of decorum upon
the Sunday. Major Stoddart, in his "Sketches
in Louisiana," has much to say of the levity
of the French Sunday, but ends by admitting
that it was apparently a matter of honor with
the people to indulge on that day with a certain
noble moderation. So far from inclining to-
ward the Puritan Sunday the sprightly French
settlers gave their dancing parties "frequently
on Sundays, afternoons and evenings. The
Sabbath being considered over, by most of the
people, at the High Mass at 12 o'clock noon —
the afternoons were devoted to amusement, a
few only of the most devout, largely females,
would attend the evening vespers." So far
from regarding business on the Sunday as un-
lawful, "their judgment sales, by decree of the
Governor, always took place on Sundays at
the church door, at the doss of mass, at 12
o'clock noon." So much for the French rule.
Regulations for Sunday observance were
promulgated by Don Manuel Gayoso de Le-
mos, Governor-General of Louisiana, Jan-
uary 1, 1798, of which the following are ex-
tracts : "Any workman or artisan, without
exception, of whatever class or profession he
may be, convicted of having worked on Sun-
day or a holy day, during which one can only
attend to work in cases of necessity by espe-
cial permission, shall be sentenced to a fine of
ten dollars ; or, if he is insolvent, to six days'
imprisonment, and his employer shall pay
double the amount. . . . It is prohibited,
under penalty of twenty-four hours' imprison-
ment, to run carts on holy days and Sun-
days. . . . Taverns and billiard-rooms
must be positively shut at the hour of the tat-
too at all seasons, under a penalty of eight dol-
lars' fine for the first offense, and sixteen for
the second, besides that the proprietors of said
places shall forfeit the privilege of keeping
them. The said billiard-rooms must not be
opened on holy days until after high mass.
. . . It is permitted, however, to have in
the doors of taverns a wicket of a foot square,
through which to deliver these articles of great
necessity that sick persons may require at un-
reasonable hours ; well understood, however,
that the door is not to be opened for any pur-
pose whatever after retreats (tattoo) until
dawn." The last sentence seems to indicate
the source from which has been drawn the
later inspiration of the "side door" of the sa-
loons for Sunday trading in "articles of great
necessity" for sick persons, etc. An old law
of the Territory of Missouri, entitled an "Act
for the prevention of vice and immorality,"
approved January 8, 1814, directs that any
person or persons on the Lord's day, com-
monly called the Sabbath or Sunday, found
laboring or compelling his, her or their ap-
prentices, servant or servants, slave or slaves,
or the apprentice or apprentices, etc., of any
other person or persons, to labor or perform
other services, unless in the ordinary house-
hold offices of daily necessity, or other work
of necessity or charity, he, she or they so of-
fending, being thereof duly convicted, should
forfeit and pay the sum of one dollar for every
offense, deeming every apprentice, servant or
slave so compelled as constituting a distinct
offense. The same law provided that no per-
son, a member of any religious society, who
observed as a Sabbath any other day of the
week than Sunday, or the Christian Sabbath,
should be liable to penalty, so that they ob-
serve one day in the seven, agreeable to the
regulations aforesaid, saving to ferrymen the
right of crossing passengers. This last ex-
ception, it may be observed, was in accordance
with the ruling of Lord Tenterden, with which
all lawyers are familiar. The same statute
provided that any person or persons willfully
and maliciously or contemptuously disturbing
any congregation, assembled in any church or
chapel, meeting-house or other place for re-
ligious service, he, she or they should be fined
in any sum not exceeding one hundred dol-
lars, nor less than one dollar, at the discretion
of the court convicting.
Under the Revised Statutes of 1835 we find
Sunday laws materially enlarged and rendered
more specific. The fine for disturbing, etc..
a religious meeting was retained at the old
maximum, but the clause was added render-
ing those unable to pay the fine liable to im-
prisonment for a term not exceeding three
months. The laboring, or causing to labor,
on a Sunday was defined as a misdemeanor,
and maximum penalty placed at not exceed-
ing five dollars. Further it was declared that
>176
SUNDAY LAWS.
every person convicted of horse racing, cock
righting or playing at cards or game of any
kind on a Sunday was to be deemed guilty of
a misdemeanor, and fined not exceeding fifty
dollars. Also, every person exposing to sale
any goods, wares or merchandise, or keep
open any ale or porterhouse, grocery or tip-
pling house, or sell or retain any fermented or
distilled liquor after 9 o'clock of a Sunday.
was, upon conviction, guilty of a misdemeanor
and fined not exceeding fifty dollars. This
section was not. however, to be construed as
applying to the sale of drugs or medicines.
provisions or other articles of immediate ne-
cessity. By an act approved December 16,
1834, no person could, on a Sunday or the
Fourth day of July, serve or execute any writ,
process, warrant, order, judgment or decree
(except in criminal cases, for breach of the
peace, or when the defendant was about leav-
ing the country). Such service was declared
void, and the person so executing was liable
to the suit of the party aggrieved as for illegal
service. By an act approved March 7, 1835,
no court was to be opened or transact business
on Sunday unless for the purpose of receiving
a verdict or discharging a jury; and every ad-
journment of a court on Saturday was always
to be to some other day than Sunday, except
such adjournment as might be made after a
cause had been committed to a jury. But
this section did not prevent the exercise of the
jurisdiction of any magistrate, when it was
necessarv in criminal cases to preserve the
peace or arrest an offender. Under the re-
vision of 1870 these words are added: ''Nor
shall it prevent the issuing and service of any
attachment in a case where a debtor is about
fraudulently to secret or remove his effects."
As to mercantile instruments, the law was
made to declare that when the day of payment
of any bond, bill of exchange or promissory
note should, according to its terms, be a Sun-
dav (or other stated legal holiday), its pay-
ment was to be deemed due and demandable
on the day next before its day of payment. In
addition to the penalty provided for selling in-
toxicating liquors on a Sunday under the old
laws, the Revised Statutes of 1870 declared
that party offending should forfeit his license
and not obtain a license to keep a dramshop
for a term of two years thereafter.
To obviate the law prohibiting Sunday
trading being used as a defense against an
action for damages, etc.. the Revised Statutes
of 1889 specially provided that it could not be
construed to be an excuse or defense in any
suit for the recovery of damages or penalties
from any person, company or corporation
voluntarily contracting or engaging in busi-
ness on Sunday. Under Section 525, a
plaintiff might have an attachment issued and
served on a Sunday, etc., by making affidavit
that he would lose his case unless attachment
was so issued and served. In construing
time in which anything was to be done, Sec-
tion 6570, declared that it was to be computed
by excluding the first day and including the
last, but if the last day was a "Sunday" it also
was to be excluded. Under the city ordi-
nance, it is not lawful for any military com-
pany, or any procession, or any body of per-
sons, accompanied with martial music, to
march or pass through, or for any person to
play on any musical instrument in any of the
streets of the city of St. Louis, within one
block of any house of worship, on Sunday,
during the hours of worship. Any person
violating this ordinance is deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor and upon conviction, liable to
fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than
fifty dollars for each and every offense. The
interpretation of the Sunday Laws given by
the Supreme Court of Missouri is well indi-
cated by three cases as follows: (1) In the
case of the State v. Crabtree (27 Mo., 2^2) it
was held that to authorize the conviction of a
grocery keeper for keeping open on a Sunday
and permitting persons to enter to drink in-
toxicating drinks, etc., it is not sufficient that
he permitted persons to enter his grocery on
Sunday and to drink intoxicating drinks there ;
it must appear that the acts done by him were
for the accommodation of customers and in
continuance of the usual business of the
week. (2) In the case of Rosenblatt v.
Townsley 172 .Mo.. 536) it was held that
where goods are selected and set apart and
the prices agreed upon on Sunday, but by the
contract they are not to be delivered till the
next day, and they are not delivered till then,
the transaction can not be avoided as a sale
made on Sunday. It was further held, in the
same decision, that if goods are selected and
their prices agreed upon at the same time and
they are delivered immediately, but only for
the inspection of a third party, this part of the
transaction may be severed and will not in-
validate the rest. (3) In a particularly inter-
esting case, that of Elizabeth Thompson, ex-
SUNDAY-SCHOOL CONVENTIONS IN ST. LOUIS.
2179
ecutrix, v. the Western Union Telegraph
Company (2,2 M. A., 191) it was held upon
appeal that sending a telegram on Sunday
on ordinary business is prohibited under Sec-
tion 3855 of R. S. 1889; and that a contract
for the transmission of a message being en-
tered into on a Sunday and the requirement
of the same being that it should be transmitted
on that day, was, unless a work of necessity,
void and a nullity ; that the message in
question in the case, being to request the at-
tendance of the addressee at a business con-
ference merely on the following day, which
was chosen because preferable and more con-
venient only, was not a matter of necessity.
The question whether the city authorities
should enforce the Sunday laws of the State
within the city limits, so far as the sale of in-
toxicating liquors on Sunday was concerned,
was submitted to the vote of the people of St.
Louis at the regular election in August, 1859.
The vote in favor of the saloons opening on
Sundays, 5,543, against 7,554. Despite the vote,
the common council, August 9, 1859, passed
(by ten to two) an ordinance legalizing the
keeping open of saloons on Sundays, until 9
o'clock in the morning and after 3 o'clock in
the afternoon of that day.
Those who object to all legislation of the na-
ture of the Sunday laws declare that all such
laws are contrary to the spirit and intent of
the Federal Constitution. On the other hand,
those who support such legislation claim the
right as a right of police. Prudent statesmen,
however, are specially averse to arousing these
controversies, well understanding that they go
to the very foundation of all laws and of all
society.
Sunday-School Conventions in St.
Louis. — Xo one thing has contributed so
effectually to establish for St. Louis the title
of "Convention City" as the great Sunday-
school conventions held here, for the list in-
cludes the greatest convention of the kind
ever held in the world.
In October, 1866, there was held the con-
vention which organized the Missouri State
Sunday-school Association, and by this or-
ganization have all the subsequent Sunday-
school conventions been brought to St. Louis.
This convention, in 1866, witnessed the begin-
ning of organized, interdenominational Sun-
day-school work in Missouri, a work that is
auxiliary to that of the International Sunday-
school Convention, which convention inaugu-
rated and maintains the now well-nigh univer-
sal "Uniform Lesson System."
The first, tenth, nineteenth and thirty-sec-
ond annual conventions of the Missouri Sun-
day-school Association have been held in St.
Louis in 1866, 1875, J884 and 1897, respect-
ively, Honorable S. B. Kellogg, the late
Fred Hawes, Rev. W. W. Boyd, D. D., and
Robert Rutledge being, in turn, the presidents
of the association elected in these years. D. R.
Wolfe, of St. Louis, was elected president at
Mexico, Missouri, in 1888; was re-elected
each year thereafter, and served with distin-
guished success until after the opening of the
thirty-second convention in St. Louis, in
1897. St. Louis has furnished other presi-
dents of the association in the persons of ex-
Governor E. O. Stanard, 1868 and 1869;
E. D. Jones, 1871 and 1873; Samuel Cupples,
1879; Rev. O. M. Stewart, D. D., 1883, and
Frank P. Hays, 1898-9. This city further
contributed to the marked success of the asso-
ciation and the Sunday-school conventions
through the able services of others of her well
known citizens serving as officers, including
R. M. Scruggs, A. C. Stewart, W. H. McClain,
M. Greenwood, Jr., William Randolph, and
Hobart Brinsmade, and by the work of W. J.
Semelroth as State superintendent for six
years.
In the Sunday-school conventions held in
this city many men of national and even
world-wide reputation have participated, in-
cluding Governors of our State and distin-
guished representatives of the greatest reli-
gious denominations. In a "Sunday-school
Congress" held in the Pilgrim Congregational
Church November 6 and 7, 1882, no less than
five persons of national fame were on the pro-
gram— B. F. Jacobs, president of the World's
Second Sunday-school Convention, in 1893,
and for over a quarter of a century and still
chairman of the International Executive Com-
mittee ; the late William Reynolds, for many
years international field superintendent : the
late Rev. James H. Brookes, D. D. : the dis-
tinguished biblical scholar. Rev. A. E. Dun-
ning, D. D., national secretary and editor of
the Sunday-school department of the Congre-
gational denomination of America, and Mrs.
G. R. Alden, the famous author and teacher,
known the world over as "Pansy." Some of
St. Louis' famous preachers were also among
the speakers, including the late universally
2 lso
SUNDAY-SCHOOL CONVENTIONS IN ST. LOUIS.
beloved Dr. C. L. Goodell, the equally popu-
lar Dr. M. Rhodes, who is St. Louis' represen-
tative on the international lesson committee;
Dr. W. W. Boyd, Dr. G. H. Merrill, Dr. H. D.
Ganse, and Dr. C. E. Felton.
In the Missouri convention of 1897, in this
city, several of the most renowned Sunday-
school workers of America participated, in-
cluding Professor II. M. Hamill, Marion
Lawrence, Charles D. Meigs, and Hugh Cork,
men who have left, and are still leaving, their
impress upon the Sunday-school work
throughout the international field.
But to lead up to the crowning event in the
Sunday-school convention history of St.
Louis, we must go back, in time, and make
record of the World's Second Sunday-school
Convention, held in this city in 1893.
For the World's Fair year, Chicago wanted
everything that was going, or that was to go.
So the Illinois Sunday-school Association del-
egation, presenting a solid phalanx, headed by
that indomitable born leader, B. F. Jacobs,
worked hard in the sixth international con-
vention at Pittsburg, June, 1890, to secure the
next triennial convention for Chicago, it being
the intention to hold the World's Convention
at the same place and on the days immediately
following the triennial international conven-
tion of 1893.
But the delegation from the Missouri Sun-
day-school Association, led by President
D. R. Wolfe and William Randolph, were
equally determined to secure these greatest of
all Sunday-school conventions for the metrop-
olis of Missouri. After a splendid battle royal,
and when delegates from all parts of the conti-
nent began to put on the Missouri badges,
the Missouri delegation carried the day, and
the two conventions were given to St. Louis,
for August and September, 1893. W. H. Mc-
Clain, as president of the St. Louis Superin-
tendents' Union, then followed his previous
telegram of invitation with this welcome:
"Our workers rejoice that the next conven-
tion is to be held in St. Louis. We will wel-
come you with open arms and homes in 1803.''
In fact the gathering of Sunday-school
workers at St. Louis in [893 constituted four
distinct conventions. The first dav, August
30th, was occupied by the International Sun-
day-school Field Workers' Conference, an
auxiliary organization that was effected in
pursuance of an editorial suggestion by a St.
Louisan, W. T. Semelroth. in the "Missouri
Sunday-School Evangel," in August, 1892.
He was also its first president. The speakers
and leaders of the practical topics were the
best known, experienced association field sec-
retaries and superintendents from different
parts of the country and Canada, including the
late William Reynolds, international field su-
perintendent; Professor H. M. Hamill, inter-
national field worker; W. B. Jacobs, Illinois;
Alfred Day, Ontario ; Marion Lawrence, Ohio ;
Rev. E. P.' St. John, New York ; E. S. Boswell,
Kentucky ; W. H. Hall, Connecticut ; Rev.
S. I. Lindsay, Iowa ; F. F. Lockhart, Alabama,
and W. J. Semelroth, Missouri.
The seventh international Sunday-school
convention was opened by addresses of wel-
come by Cyrus P. Walbridge, Dr. M. Rhodes,
and State President D. R. Wolfe, and appro-
priate responses by eminent workers from the
North, South, East and West. In the three
days following there were heard such distin-
guished American speakers as Honorable
John G. Harris, of Tennessee ; Honorable
Lewis Miller, of Ohio, who was elected presi-
dent ; Dr. W. A. Duncan, New York ; Dr. Geo.
M. Boynton, the late William Reynolds, of
Illinois; Dr. Jesse L. Hurlbut, New Jersey;
B. F. Jacobs, of Illinois, and others. The re-
port of the executive committee was presented
by the chairman, B. F. Jacobs, and the report
of the lesson committee by the secretary, Rev.
Warren Randolph, D. D.
The Primary Teachers' International Con-
ference was held Thursday afternoon, August
31st. Addresses were made by Mrs. J. S.
Ostrander. New York ; Miss Bertha F. Vella,
Massachusetts; Miss Anna Johnson, then of
Tennessee, now Mrs. W. J. Semelroth, of St.
Louis, and Mrs. M. G. Kennedy, of Pennsvl-
vania. It is worthy of note that at this time,
led by the expressed judgment of the eminent
primary teachers in attendance, the interna-
tional convention voted against the proposi-
tion for a separate course of lessons for the
primary department of the Sunday-schools.
The World's Second Sunday-school Con-
vention opened with a preliminary meeting
Sunday afternoon, September 3d, at which ad-
dresses were made by Mr. F. F. Belsey and
Mr. Thomas Edwards, of London, and Dr. J.
L. Phillips, of Tndia. The World's Convention
proper began Monday morning, September
4th, with an address by Mr. F. F. Belsey, of
London, president of the World's Convention
at London in 1889. Then followed reportsfrom
SUNDAY-SCHOOL CONVENTIONS IN ST. LOUIS.
2181
England, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark,
Sweden, Germany, and Scotland, and on the
Sunday-school work among foreigners in
America, by Rev. Henry Collins Woodruff.
Mr. Thomas Edwards, of London, spoke on
"Continental Sunday-school Work" ; Dr. J.
L. Phillips, of India, in behalf of a worker for
Japan, and Dr. W. A. Duncan, of New York,
and others, on the home department. In this
session the report of the nominating commit-
tee was made, and the address of the presi-
dent-elect, Mr. B. F. Jacobs, was given.
Monday evening Dr. J. Munro Gibson, of
London, spoke on "The Bible" ; Rev. James
A. Worden, D. D., of Philadelphia, on "The
Teacher's Work," and Mr. M. Greenwood,
Jr., of St. Louis, on "House to House Visita-
tion." Tuesday forenoon Mr. George White,
of Norwich, England ; Mr. Edward Towers
and Mr. Charles Waters, of London, and Pro-
fessor H. M. Hamill, of Illinois, made the
principal addresses. Tuesday afternoon was
devoted to "Primary Teaching," and addresses
were made by Miss Annie S. Harlow, of Mas-
sachusetts ; Mrs. W. F. Crafts, of Washing-
ton, D. C. ; Mrs. J. W. Ford, of Missouri, and
Mr. George Shipway, of Birmingham, Eng-
land. In the closing session Tuesday evening,
September 5th, some final reports were pre-
sented, and short parting speeches were made
by Rev. B. B. Tyler, Mr. F. F. Belsey, Mr.
Edward Towers, Dr. J. L. Phillips, Mr. Will-
iam Reynolds, Mr. D. R. Wolfe, Mr. William
Randolph, Rev. John Potts, D. D., and Mr.
B. F. Jacobs. Mrs. W. J. Semelroth, of St.
Louis (then Miss Anna Johnson, of Tennes-
see), the official report says, at this point "cap-
tivated and melted to tears the vast audience
with her tender rendition of the appropriate
hymn, 'Dear Ones, All Good-bye.' " And
then the venerable secretary of the lesson
committee. Dr. Warren Randolph, of New-
port, Rhode Island, pronounced the benedic-
tion, and the greatest Sundayjschool conven-
tion ever held was at an end.
Several very exceptional features associated
with this four-fold convention served both to
distinguish it above all other similar conven-
tions and also to make a great name for St.
Louis and Missouri. There were nearly a
thousand enrolled delegates, from fifty-four
States, provinces and countries, including
Asia, India. Germany, and Sweden. In this
convention was inaugurated the movement to
send a Sunday-school worker to Japan. This
missionary has since been secured, and is now
at work in the Sunrise Empire. At this time,
and by the address of M. Greenwood, Jr., of
this city, was inaugurated the larger move-
ment throughout America of house to house
visitation, for the evangelization of our cities
and counties.
But the striking and original features added
by St. Louis served no less to make this the
most memorable of Sunday-school conven-
tions. The City Union, with M. Greenwood,
Jr., as president, had charge of the entire re-
ception and entertainment of the convention.
The general committee, with W. H. McClain
as chairman ; the finance committee, with John
H. Roth as chairman ; the festival committee,
with Hobart Brinsmade as chairman ; the re-
hearsal committee, with P. M. Hanson as
chairman, and William Randolph as grand
marshal, made the general arrangements per-
fect, and the parade of ten thousand Sunday-
school scholars and teachers a world-famous
affair, as was also the grand chorus of ten
thousand voices, trained and led by the late
L. F. Lindsay, at the great festival held in the
Fair Grounds. In the parade were carried
all the parts of the Tabernacle — poles, sock-
ets, curtains, ark of the covenant, altar of in-
cense, golden candlestick, table of shew
bread, and brazen altar. Under the direction
of W. E. Stephens, the Tabernacle was set up
entire at the Fair Grounds. After being dedi-
cated by the members of the international les-
son committee entering the Holy of Holies,
it served as an object lesson of exceptional
instruction to the thousands of Bible students
from all parts of the world, while the various
Sunday-schools of the city were encamped
about it, representing the several tribes of
Israel.
The Saturday sessions of the convention —
forenoon and afternoon — were held in the
grandstand at the Fair Grounds, with the Tab-
ernacle and the encampment of Israel in view,
vividly reminding the delegates of the gather-
ing of Israel on one of their great festal days.
At this place addresses were made by Rev.
E. P. Armstrong, B. F. Jacobs, Dr. J. L' Hurl-
but, William Reynolds, Honorable Lewis Mil-
ler, Dr. W. F. Crafts. Dr. C. R. Blackall, and
others. The resolutions were reported and
adopted, and Boston was decided upon as the
location of the eighth international convention,
in 1806.
2182
SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION.
Another feature that added to St. Louis'
lasting fame was the elaborate illumination
of the oit> in honor of the World's Sunday-
invention. St. 1 .ouis will recall the
extensive gas and electric fixtures erected on
the principal down-town streets in connec-
tion with "The Fall Festivities" for several
Extras were added on this occasion,
including a large electric bulletin cm Twelfth
Street, near Washington Avenue, on which
St. Louis' welcome was displayed in Utters of
living fire. Short and popular texts of Scrip-
ture and the names of the must eminent of the
delegates wen- also portrayed in electric let-
ters. An eminent Englishman said he would
fear to tell half that St. Louis had done in
honor of the convention, lest he would not
l>e believed in England.
To all that was done by the splendid corn-
pan; of Christian men of St. Louis in behalf
of this great Sunday-school gathering must
be added the exceptionally full ami fine work
of the St. Louis daily papers. Many pages
were given to the reports, and scores of por-
traits "i speakers and of the parts of the Taber-
nacle were printed, making such a verbatim
and pictorial record as has never been equaled
by that .if any other Sunday-school conven-
tion, and in striking contrast with the next to
no attention given by the London papers to
the last World's Convention held in that city
in [898.
It is an easy and natural conclusion that
St. Louis has entertained and made of excep-
tional success the greatest of all Sunday-school
conventions. Some reward is found in the fact
that when the reports presented to the inter-
national convention were compared the Mis-
souri Association (made effective chiefly by
tin- St. 1 .ouis men") was found to stand at the
very top of tin- li^t. and in advance of all other
State associations in the average percentage,
in the amount and progress of the work along
si: different line- or departments, a record
that has added merited fame to our citv and
commonwealth. Moses Grbekwood.'j*.
Sunday-School Union. — In the re-
ligious world St. Louis has been recognized
as one of the leading cities of the countn ill
organized Sunday school work. A general 1 0
operation on the part of the various Sundav-
M-hool officers throughout the city had been
apparent from the time of their establishment,
hut the first effort looking toward concerted
.in in was made in 1880, when the represen-
tatives of the various denominations organized
as "The Committee of Seventeen,"' under
whose auspices there were held for five suc-
C< ssive years annual banquets, where repre-
sentatives of all schools met in social good-
fellowship and exchanged ideas and discussed
plans for the betterment of their respective
schools.
This committee also undertook the con-
duct of a central Bible class, which was held
on Saturday afternoons in the old Y. M. C. A.
building, at the corner of Eleventh and Locust
Streets, led by the various pastors of the city,
who gave scholarly expositions of the Sab-
bath-school lesson for the following Sabbath,
highly instructive to the hundreds of teach-
ers always in attendance.
Prominent members of this original "Com-
mittee of Seventeen" were: Samuel Cupples,
chairman; 1). R. Wolfe, vice-chairman;
Thomas Morrison, Oscar Whitelaw, Hobart
Brinsmade, F. G. Xiedringhaus, Jesse M.
Battles, Isaac M. Mason, and others.
In the year 18S5 many of the superintend-
ents <>f the Sabbath-schools of St. Louis, real-
izing the benefit to be derived from their
united and systematic efforts, decided to re-
vive the work (which had in previous years
been faithfully performed by the "Committee
of Seventeen"), for the great and constantly
growing work of the Sabbath-schools of the
city. They, therefore, resolved to form an
organization to be known as "The Superin-
tendents' Union," the object of which, ac-
cording to its constitution, was "to promote
fellowship and social acquaintance among its
members, and to discuss and develop the best
methods of Sabbath-school work."
The organization continued actively for
seven years, under the following presidents,
as the representative heads of their respective
administrations: 1885, T. Greer Russell;
1886, I). R. Wolfe; 1887, John S. Moffitt;
1888, W. II. McClain; [889, W. H. Mc-
Clain; [890, W. H. McClain; iStji, W. H.
McClain.
'fhe greatest practical movement for unit-
ing the Protestant denominations of St. Louis
in aggressive Sunday-school work was on
Sunday, the 12th day of December, 1886, in
'In ' .rand Music Hall Exposition building,
when stirring addresses were made in behalf
of the movement by Rev. S. J. Niccolls, D. D.,
LL. D., pastor of the Second Presbyterian
SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION.
2183
Church; Rev. M. Rhodes, D. D., pastor of
St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church ;
Rev. John Mathews, D. D., pastor of Centen-
ary M. E. Church, South; Rev. C. L. Good-
ell, pastor Pilgrim Congregational Church ;
Rev. John Fulton, D. D., rector of St.
George's P. E. Church; Rev. B. E. Reed,
rector Mount Calvary P. E. Church, and the
following well known laymen : Mr. Samuel
Cupples, M. E. Church, South; Honorable
Nathan Cole, Baptist ; Governor E. O.
Stanard, and Honorable F. G. Niedringhaus,
Methodist Episcopal ; E. C. Simmons and
Joseph Franklin, Protestant Episcopal ; D.
R. Wolfe (president of the St. Louis Sunday-
school Superintendents' Union), Presbyte-
rian : Mr. R. M. Scruggs, Mr. S. M. Kennard,
Mr. James H. Wear, and many of the leading
business men of the city of all denominations
were upon the stage, and as a body it was one
of the most notable gatherings of the Chris-
tian citizens of St. Louis ever assembled.
The great hall was crowded with Sunday-
school officers, teachers and scholars, and
thousands were unable to secure admission,
and those who could not obtain admission at
the overflow meeting held in the First Pres-
byterian Church, corner of Lucas Place and
Fourteenth Street, where good speakers and
singers were sent to respond to the deep in-
terest felt in this movement, were compelled
to return to their homes disappointed.
It was this outpouring of the people, that
proved far too great for the largest audito-
rium in the city, that rendered it necessary to
make other provisions for these great gath-
erings of the Sunday-school hosts of St. Louis,
at least once a year, and the May Festival at
the Fair Grounds was decided upon as the
best time and place for these great gatherings
for stimulating aggressive interdenomina-
tional co-operation in Sunday-school work
for the evangelization of the youth of our
city.
It was at this meeting that the first great
chorus of Sunday-school scholars and teach-
ers, under the leadership of Lewis F. Lind-
say, awakened the interest in Sunday-school
songs, the magic power of which brought
children by the thousands into the Sunday-
schools of our city, and the perpetuation of
this special feature of Sunday-school interest
has thrilled many thousands of persons who
never attend Sunday-schools at the Grand
Music Hall, where concerts are held annually
during our great Exposition, under the lead-
ership of Mr. R. O. Bolt, who succeeded the
lamented Lindsay as the leader of the chorus
of 2,000 trained children's voices, representing
over niie hundred different schools of the
city.
Through the faithful efforts of the officers
and members of this Superintendents' Union
much was accomplished during the seven
years of its existence. The "Annual May
Festival" was inaugurated, bringing together
at the Fair Grounds 20,000 Sunday-school
workers and children in 1889; 30,000 in 1890,
and 41,000 in 1891, there being about 125
Sabbath-schools represented on this occasion.
Thus a bond of union was formed between
the children of the city, and all realized as they
passed in review, in their street parade preced-
ing the festival, that they formed a part of
the great army — a company in the regiment —
in the brigade — in the division — of our Great
Commander's St. Louis Sunday-school corps.
Through the efforts of this "union" much
was accomplished in uniting the schools in
charitable and benevolent enterprises.
On Christmas day in 1891, as a result of
energetic and active work on the part of the
committees appointed by President McClain,
there were distributed in the great Music Hall
of the Exposition building 4,000 pairs of shoes
and stockings to the needy poor children of
the city, the shoes and stockings being fitted
to the children and all worn from the building,
in order that unfeeling and designing parents
might not have the opportunity of taking the
new shoes from their children and pawning
them to secure money for other purposes.
Those most interested in contributing to
the success of this "May Festival" and the
"shoe offering" were : W. H. McClain, L. F.
Lindsav, Robert Rutledge, Moses Green-
wood, jr., D. R. Wolfe. Grant Tilden, R. M.
Scruggs. P. M. Hanson. G. H. Ten Broek,
William Randolph, Hobart Brinsmade, Isaac
H. Orr, Murrav Carleton, E. S. Greenwood,
A. H. Fredericks, L. R. Woods, Jno. H. Roth,
R. E. Brier, Elmer E. Lacey, John O. Mc-
Canne.
At the regular meeting of the Superintend-
ents' Union held in March, 189T. Moses
Greenwood, Jr., presented the subject of
"House to House Visitation" for discussion,
urging that the entire city be visited in an in-
terdenominational effort to invite every indi-
vidual to the church of his choice, and to se-
2184
SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION.
cure a religious census. The union was unan-
imous in its approval of the general move-
ment, and recommended that an effort 1"
made to reach even household, on a selected
da) , to nd that every one be invited to
attend church and Sabbath-school on the fol-
lowing Sabbath. The entire work was placed
in the hands of Moses Greenwood, Jr., who
suggested the idea and insisted upon its
adoption, and the following committee ap-
pi Hilled ;■ i assist him in carrying can the plans:
fames A. Field, \V. K. Roth, Grant Tilden,
Rev. \. II. Miller.
The city was divided into eighty-one dis-
tricts and a responsible chairman secured for
each. In the majority of instances the chair-
man was the superintendent of the principal
Sunday-school in the several districts, and
■ 1 the assistance and co-operation
of the various workers in the districts. The
pastors presented the subject and its impor-
tance from their pulpits, and on Thursday,
May id. iS'M, it was agreed to undertake to
vi.-dt every home with a gospel invitation and
secure (as far as possible) the religious cen-
sus.
< tne hundred and ninety-two thousand per-
sons were visited, of whom 104.000 were Pro-
testants, 71. Romanists and 17.000 without
any preference, willing to attend any church,
either Protestant or Catholic, to which they
might be invited; 50,000 children were found
not in attendance on any Sabbath-school.
1 m May i_\ iSi)2. the second canvass was
made, using the original eighty-one districts,
tor convenience, and over 300,000 persons in-
vited. This canvass was preceded by a union
prayer meeting, held in Music Hall of the
I 1" isition building.
The board on house to house visitation then
ne a live and active institution, with
regular office headquarters, anil an efficient
ir\ devoted his entire time to the work.
In that office there was a carefully pre-
pared map of the city, divided into the I
to house visitation districts, with every
church. Protestant and Roman Catholic,
Sabbath-school, Christian Endeavor, Baptist
Society, and Epworth 1 1
sh i\\ n. so that anj 1 me could b) a
the neglected portions of the city and where
missionary efforts should be directed.
Several churches, as a result of this move-
ment, have engaged regular home city mis-
sionary women, who devote their entire time
to the districts assigned to them. All denomi-
nations formed church extension societies, as
they realized the great need and claims of the
city upon them, and so it was that the work
of the "House to House Visitation," in this
broad sense, originated in St. Louis, and it
has since become one of the most potent of
modern methods in advancing Sunday-school
effort, and adopted in many of the cities of
the country, and incorporated in many of the
State organizations, as from time to time its
satisfactory and beneficial results have be-
come apparent. Thus the work of the Super-
intendents' Union grew, the field extended,
the harvest whitened, more laborers were
needed, anil a larger and more comprehen-
sive organization became necessary to under-
take and successfully prosecute the work of
the many and constantly increasing depart-
ments of evangelistic Sunday-school work in
St. Louis.
At the January meeting of the Superin-
tendents' I'nion in 1892 the "St. Louis Sun-
day-school L'nion" was formed, constitution
and by-laws adopted, and officers elected, the
Superintendents' Union, Primary Union,
Secretaries' Union, and other branches of the
work becoming departments of the St. Louis
Sunday-school Union, which, in its organiza-
tion, in addition to the above, included strong
committees on treasurer's work, librarian's
work, Sunday-school music, annual festival,
mission schools, publications, house to house
visitation department, home class department,
and Bible institute; and upon this foundation
has the Sunday-school work of St. Louis since
been built, until the city leads all others in her
organization.
The statistics submitted to the secretary of
the seventh International and the second
World's Sunday-school Conventions, which
met in St. Louis August 31 to September 6,
[893, showing that, in organized, systematic
Sunday-school effort St. Louis led all the cit-
the world, and Missouri ranked number
one among the States of our I'nion; and at
office headquarters inquiries are constantly
being received from all parts of our land ask-
ing as to the plans and methods by which the
work is carried on in St. Louis, in order that
the same may be adopted in. other cities which
have observed the results here obtained.
And yet, the figures compiled by Thomas G.
Rutledge, statistical secretary of the union,
shows that in 181)8 there were 153.352 chil-
SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION.
2185
dren of school age in the city and 70,758 who
were not enrolled in any Sunday-school, and
who (as far as known) are outside of any re-
ligious influence.
The St. Louis Sunday-school Union se-
lected as its presidents the following, who have
devoted much of their time and means to bring
the union to its high state of efficiency : 1892,
A. C. Stewart; 1893, Moses Greenwood, Jr.;
1894, Moses Greenwood, Jr. ; 1895, Moses
Greenwood, Jr.; 1896, F. B. Brownell; 1897,
F. B. Brownell; 1898, Hobart Brinsmade;
1899, Charles C. Nicholls.
St. Louis very promptly realized the neces-
sity of emphasizing the importance of primary
work in modern Sunday-school effort, and
much time and energy have been given by
her many devoted Christian women to the
advancing of the grade of all work in the city
through the medium of the Primary Union ;
and the rank which St. Louis now holds is
due in no small degree to the faithful and self-
sacrificing efforts of the following, who have
from time to time contributed to the efficiency
of the organization : Mrs. Anna Johnson
Semelroth, editor in charge of the Primary
Department of the International Evangel ;
Mrs. Peter Blow, Mrs. M. Park, Mrs. Robert
Rankin, Mrs. D. R. Wolfe, Mrs. J. W. Ford,
Mrs. Mary Wisdom Grant, Mrs. Samuel
Knight, Mrs. A. A. Roth, Mrs. D. M. Harris,
Mrs. Lucy K. Walker, Mrs. H. B. Peters,
Mrs. R. E". Brier, Mrs. W. J. Evans, Mrs. J. L.
Conway, Mrs. Henry Meier, Mrs. S. F. Mars-
ton, Miss Helen Peabody, Miss Stella True-
blood, Miss Kate Haus, Miss A. Botticher.
The most noteworthy feature of all that has
transpired in the Sunday-school history of the
city, and which has brought St. Louis into
national and international fame, has been the
founding of the publication, "The Interna-
tional Evangel," in 1896, by Richard M.
Scruggs, upon a basis generous and benefi-
cent to a degree never before known, and is
the crowning act of devotion and love which
this most honored and respected citizen has
shown to the youth, not only of his own city
and State, but to the entire world (as this
monthly publication of forty-four pages — the
only real Sunday-school newspaper pub-
lished— has a circulation of 35,000, reaching
every Christian land in its gospel mission).
Mr. Scruggs has expended thousands of
dollars making this paper the best and the
most helpful of its kind — with the distinct un-
derstanding that all profits are to be divided
into two equal parts, one part to be devoted
to the betterment of the paper, and the other
part to be devoted to the Sabbath-school
cause of the city, State, and nation.
The Sunday-school work of the State of
Missouri has been managed, conducted and
supported almost entirely by the people of
St. Louis since 1887 (the voluntary contribu-
tions in some years amount to over $12,000),
and Missouri has been brought to a degree of
efficiency second to no State in the Union
under the able administration of the St. Louis
officers of the State association (Mr. D. R.
Wolfe, the practical head of Sunday-school
work in Missouri for a decade, and vice-presi-
dent of the seventh International and World's
Second Conventions ; Robt. Rutledge, the sec-
retary for many years, and whose form of
''State Sunday-School Statistics" have attained
international attention — he was in 1898 elected
to the presidency of the association ; William
Randolph, the efficient State treasurer for ten
years, and W. J. Semelroth, State superintend-
ent for six years, and now editor of "The In-
ternational Evangel," also author of "The
Complete Normal Manual," in use in every
State and Territory, and who was elected
chief secretary of the World's Third Conven-
tion, London, England, July, 1898).
The presidents since 1888, when the ag-
gressive work was undertaken, have been as
follows: 1888-97, D. R- Wolfe; 1898, Rob-
ert Rutledge ; 1899, Frank P. Hays.
While those on the executive committee
have been : R. M. Scruggs, W. H. McClain,
William Randolph, Moses Greenwood, Jr.,
Hobart Brinsmade, Rev. O. M. Stewart, W.
P. Nelson, E. P. V. Ritter, A. C. Stewart.
In addition to these, there are many names
which should always be linked with the inter-
ests and progress of St. Louis Sunday-schools
and organized effort, and which have made the
history during the period 1880-99: Elmer E.
Lacey, statistical secretary; Thomas G. Rut-
ledge, statistical secretary; Rev. E. H. Kel-
lar, general secretary; Rev. R. L. Gurney,
general secretary ; Thomas Morrison, fifty
years a superintendent; W. H. Markham,
superintendent Soulard Market Mission ;
L. F. Lindsay, eight years musical director;
R. O. Bolt, five years musical director : Rob-
ert Rutledge, superintendent House of Refuge
Sunday-school ; John H. Roth, superintend-
ent Biddle Market Mission: P. M. Hanson,
2186
SUPERVISOR OF PLUMBING— SUPREME COURT
W. II. Herrick, Breckinridge Jones, \\ . B.
Wylie, C. W. Barstow, John Q. McCanne, A.
P. I orbes, E. P. V. Ritter, A. II. Fredericks,
Benjamin I. Klene, A. F. Mason, Henry Wie-
bush, C. W. I fopper, John J I. Spinning. S. M.
Kennard, \V*. B. Harrison, E. C. Simmons,
W. F. Brunner, Nathan Cole. E. P. Teasdale,
Murray Carleton, Thomas H. Whitehill, V. O.
Saunders, VV. S. Truesdall, Joseph Franklin,
Rev. B. E. Reed, G. W. Hall, E. O. Stanard,
Carl 1. fngerson, M. M. Greenwood, A. E.
Whittaker, J. I.. Secor, W. K. Roth, L. G.
Kammerer, Edgar F. Alden, George I. Coch-
ran. E. VV. Douglass, H. W. Prentiss. A. J.
Caldwell. W. J. S. Bryan, S. C. Lewis, W. E.
Stephens. II. H. Jacoby, W. S. Swingley, R.
G. Hogan, \V. B. Sourbeer, J. S. Stephenson,
E. I''. Wescott, B. F. Edwards, Lewis E.
Snow. Rev. W. L. Johnson, J. P. Licklider,
Or. G. II. Gibson, Howard Crucknell, J. W.
Stewart. S. E. Flint, George W. Brown, James
Patterson, W. J. Johnston, J. G. McKibban,
C. D. Butler, John C. Wilkinson, Peyton
Harrison, George W. Lubke, George F.
Lennox-Rea, Edgar McClelland, Henry Mor-
ris.
St. Louis is well organized. Her equipment
is complete. The Bible itself is becoming
more popular in the schools. The Christian
sentiment of the city is growing stronger.
I >ur Sunday-schools are increasing, and the
union is "making for victory."
Moses Greenwood, Jr.
Supervisor of Plumbing. — An of-
ficer of tin- city of St. Louis, appointed by the
president of the board of public improvements,
with the approval of the mayor. His duty is
to receive ami examine all plans for plumbing
and drains submitted to him. and to endorse
them where he finds them in accordance with
the ordinances, and issue a permit for the
construction thereof, and to reject them, when
the) ate not in such accordance. He investi-
gates bad or imperfect work and material and
reports his finding to the board of public im-
provements, and reports all cases of violation
of ordinances, rule-, and regulations about
plumbing, drain laying and building. He
supervises water and sewer connections and
excavations for the purpose of opening or re-
pairing- the same, acting in this work as trie
" nt of tin- street, water and sewer commis-
sioner. \ll buildings in course of erection,
alteration, or repair are to be inspected by his
inspectors, to see that the plumbing, drains
and sewer work is properly done and by au-
thorized persons. All persons engaged in
plumbing and drain-laying are required to
have their names, residences and places of
business registered in his office. The office
was created in the year [899, Thos. Hennessy
being the first occupant. The salary is $2,000
a year.
Supreme Court. — Under the original
( onstitution, approved by the people of Mis-
souri by their representatives in convention
assembled, at St. Louis in 1820, the judicial
power as to matters of law and equity was
vested in a "Supreme Court," in a "chancel-
lor" (this last office was abolished at a special
session of the General Assembly, held at St.
Charles, November, 1822, and chancery juris-
diction conferred upon the Supreme Court and
circuit courts) — in "circuits courts" and in
such inferior tribunal as the General Assembly
might, from time to time, ordain and establish.
The Supreme Court had (except in cases
specially reserved under the Constitution, and
with restrictions and limitations similarly pro-
vided for) appellate jurisdiction only, such
jurisdiction being coextensive with the State.
To it was also entrusted a general superin-
tending control over all inferior courts of law ;
and it had power to issue writs of habeas
corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari
and other remedial writs, and to hear and de-
termine the same. The Supreme Court was
to consist of three judges, two to be a quorum,
and they were to be conservators of the peace
throughout the State. For their jurisdiction
the State was to be divided into convenient
districts, not to exceed four, in each of which
the Supreme Court was to hold two sessions
annually, at such place as the General Assem-
bly should appoint. When sitting in any dis-
trict the court could exercise jurisdiction over
causes originating in that district only. It
was. however, provided that the General As-
sembly might thereafter direct by law, if so
minded, that the Supreme Court should be
held at one place only. A judge of the Su-
preme Court had to be at least thirty years of
age; nor could he retain such office after he
had attained the age of sixty-five years. The
Governor nominated the supreme judges, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate ;
and each judge was to receive for his services
a compensation which might not diminish
SUPREME COURT.
2187
during his continuance in office, and which
was not to be less than two thousand. dollars
annually. (Const. 1820, Art. 15.) By act of
the General Assembly, passed November,
1832, an amendment to the Constitution was
submitted to the people for their approval,
providing that the amount of the compensa-
tion of a supreme judge was to be fixed by
law, and the office made elective. This act
provided that the offices of the judges of the
Supreme Court should be vacated on the 1st
day of January, 1835, after which date it was
provided that the General Assembly was to
elect a court until the next general election.
(See Laws of Mo., 1832, page 1.) This amend-
ment failed of ratification. The Supreme
Court was authorized to appoint its own
clerks, who were to hold their offices during
good behavior. A judge of the Supreme
Court could only be removed (otherwise than
by impeachment) on the address of two-thirds
of each house of the General Assembly to the
Governor, in which case each house had to
place on its respective journals the cause for
which it wished the removal, and the judge
had the right to be heard in his defense in such
manner as the General Assembly should, In-
law, direct. No judge could be removed in
this manner for any cause for which he might
have been impeached. In the case of the im-
peachment of the Governor of the State (all
impeachments being tried by the Senate) it
was specially provided (Article III, Section
30, of the Constitution of 1820) that the presid-
ing judge of the Supreme Court "shall pre-
side."
Under the laws of the State of Missouri, as
revised and digested by authority of the Gen-
eral Assembly, and published according to act
in 1825 — that is to say, under the statute law
■ — a judge of the Supreme Court must, pre-
viously to his appointment, have resided one
year in this State, and after his appointment
commissioned by the Governor, and, within
sixty days after the receipt of his commission,
and before entering on the duties of his office,
take an oath, before any judge or justice of the
peace, to support the Constitution of the
United States and of this State, and faithfully
to demean himself in office, a certificate of the
taking of which oath to be indorsed on his
commission ; and, moreover, within sixty days
after the receipt of his commission, file, in the
office of the Secretary of State, a true state-
ment of his age, to the best of his knowledge
and belief, verified by oath or affirmation,
which statement was to be received as con-
clusive evidence of the facts therein stated, in
all courts and places where the same might
be drawn in question. (Laws Mo., 1825, page
268.) In cases not specially provided for by
the Constitution the Supreme Court had, in
matters of law, jurisdiction only in writ of
error and appeals from final judgment and de-
cisions, and in all matters of equity, in appeals
from the final decrees, judgments and orders
of the circuit courts in their respective dis-
tricts, where the matter in controversy was of
the value of one hundred dollars, exclusive of
costs ; and in all cases, both at law and equity,
where the title to lands or the boundaries
thereof were drawn in question, or where
lands or slaves were the subject of the judg-
ment, decree or order. They had power to
try, hear and determine all charges made and
exhibited against any clerk for misdemeanor
in office, and upon conviction to remove him
from office, and impose such other penalty as
might be prescribed by law. They had power
to direct the form of writs and process not
contrary to or inconsistent with the Consti-
tution and laws in force for the time being.
The opinion of the court was in all cases to be
reduced to writing and filed in the cause to
which it related. No judge of the Supreme
Court, who was interested in any suit, or re-
lated to any party, or who had been counsel in
any suit or action which was, or hereafter
might be, presented in said court, could sit on
the determination thereof, if a court could be
found without such judge. (Laws Mo., 1825,
Section 23, page 270.) The clerks of the Su-
preme Court in their several districts were au-
thorized to procure suitable rooms in which
to keep the records of the court, reasonable
compensation for same being paid out of the
State treasury.
The State was divided into four judicial dis-
tricts, as follows : First District, the counties
of Boone, Howard, Chariton, Ray, Clay. Lil-
lard, Saline, Cooper and Cole ; Second Dis-
trict, the counties of Callaway, Montgomery,
St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike and Ralls ; Third
District, the counties of Gasconade, Franklin,
Washington, Jefferson and St. Louis : Fourth
District, the counties of New Madrid, Scott,
Cape Girardeau, Perry, Ste. Genevieve. St.
Francois, Madison and Wayne. The Su-
preme Court was to be holden at the times and
places following: First District, at the town
2188
SUPREME COURT.
of Fayette i Howard l bunt) I, on the second
Monday of April and fourth Monday oi
September; Second District, at the town of St.
Charles (St. Charles County), fourth Mondays
of April and ' ictober; I hird District, at the
,, St. Louis (St. Louis < ount) I, first
Mondays of May and November; Fourth Dis-
trict, at the town of Jackson (Cape Girardeau
!. fourth Mondays of May and Novem-
By an act of amendment to the Consti-
tution, fixing the salaries of the Civil officers
ovi mbi i -'<>. 1824), judges of the Supreme
Court were to receive as compensation $1,100
annually, in four equal installments, paid at
the end of each quarter of a year. This con-
stitutional amendment, though allowed to ap-
pear for many years upon the Revised Stat-
utes, issued under authority of the I General As-
sembly, was never fully confirmed, and so re-
mained a dead letter. The first election of
judges was not until 1851, as will appear later.
I nder the Revised Statutes of 1845 the Su-
preme Court was directed to hold its sessions
at the Capitol, at the seat of government.
It was to hold two sessions annually, com-
mencing on the second Monday in January
and on the first Monday in July, respectively;
at which were to be heard all cases coming
ir, ,m any part of the State except the Eighth
Judicial Circuit (St. Louis). Two other ses-
sions of the court were to be held annually,
opening on the third Monday in March and
( Ictober, respectively, for the hearing and de-
termining of all causes from the Eighth
[udicial Circuit. The Supreme Court was
authorized to appoint a marshal, who was to
hold office at the pleasure of the court. Ill-
compensation was fixed at one dollar and fifty
e, nt, for each da) he attended on the Su-
preme Court ; with fees for other services same
as allowed to sheriffs for the same. A further
act was passed providing for reporting tie de
cisions of the Supreme Court, the attorney-
general being appointed ex-officio reporter for
ame, and receiving one hundred and fifty
dollars compensation annually for the service.
These reports of the Supreme Court were to
he published semi-annually, printed to the
number of one thousand and circulated, each
clerk of a court of record receiving two copies.
In the session of [848-9 another attempt
was made to break the life tenure . if the judges
of the Supreme Court, but to continue them
a- appointive for terms of ei 5, with
bility to reappointment. I his amendment
to the Constitution was side-tracked by the
adoption of articles of amendment. An
amendment to the Constitution, whereby the
judges of the Supreme Court were to be
ed, was. however, adopted during the
session of 1849 and subsequently adopted by
the session of 1850-51. The mode of amend-
ing the Constitution at the time being that
the amendment should be adopted at two suc-
ceeding sessions of the State Legislature by a
two-thirds vote in each. LTnder this amend-
ment, judges of the Supreme Court were to be
elected b) the qualified electors of the State,
each holding his office for a period of six years
only, but continuing in office until a successor
was elected. Upon a vacancy, by reason of
death, resignation, removal out of the State,
or other disqualification, the Governor was to
is, ue a writ of election to fill such vacancy,
lutt fi >r the residue of the term only. The first
general election for Supreme Court judges
was to be the first Monday in August, 1851;
and subsequent elections on the first Monday
in August every six years thereafter. If a
vacancy occurred less than twelve months be-
fore the day set for general election, the gov-
ernor w-as to appoint to the vacancy, but the
judge so appointed w-as only to retain his of-
fice until the next general election for such
judges. The offices of the several Supreme
Court judges were to be vacated on the first
Monday in August. 185 1 , and all parts of the
original Constitution, or of any amendment
thereto, inconsistent with or repugnant to this
amendment were declared abolished. In
order to meet the needs of St. Louis, the Su-
preme Court was directed (Revised Statutes
[855), to hold two sessions annually, in the
Capitol, beginning the second Monday in
January and the first Monday in July, and to
hold two sessions annually at the "City of St.
Louis," on the third Monday in March and
1 ictober, respectively. At the court holden
it St. Louis were to be heard and determined
till cases coming by appeal, writ of error, or
otherwise, from the Third, Fourth, Eighth,
Ninth, Tenth and Fifteenth Judicial Circuits;
the balance at court holden at the Capitol.
The judges were at the same time empowered
to appoint a clerk to the Supreme Court in
St. Louis, who was to reside and keep his of-
fice there; .also provision was made for a
marshal for St. Louis. LTnder the same act
further arrangements were made as to the
keeping of the decisions of the Supreme Court,
SUPREME COURT.
2189
and its practice further systematized. The
salary of a judge of the Supreme Court was
made three thousand dollars annually, by an
amendment approved January 16, i860.
Alexander McNair, first Governor of Mis-
souri, acting under his powers under the Con-
stitution appointed, with approval of the
Senate, the following gentlemen as judges of
the Supreme Court: Matthias McGirk, of
Montgomery County ; John D. Cook, of Cape
Girardeau County, and John R. Jones, of
Pike County. Judge John D. Cook resigning
in 1823, Rufus Pettibone was duly appointed
to succeed him. The court now consisted of
Matthias McGirk, John R. Jones, and Rufus
Pettibone, John R. Jones dying in 1824,
George Thompkins was duly appointed to
succeed him. The court now consisted of
Matthias McGirk. Rufus Pettibone and
George Thompkins. Rufus Pettibone dying
in 1825, Robert Wash, of St. Louis County,
was duly appointed to succeed him. The
court now consisted of Matthias McGirk,
George Thompkins and Robert Wash. This
last gentleman resigning in 1837, John C.
Edwards was appointed to succeed him. The
court were now Matthias McGirk, George
Thompkins and John C. Edwards. The last
resigning in 1839, William B. Napton suc-
ceeded. The court now were Matthias Mc-
Girk, George Thompkins and William B.
Napton. Matthias McGirk resigning in 1841,
William Scott succeeded. The court now
were George Thompkins, William B. Napton
and William Scott. George Thompkins hav-
ing reached the age of sixty-five, the limit
under the Constitution, Priestly H. McBride
was duly appointed to succeed him. The
court now were William B. Napton, William
Scott and Priestly H. McBride. In 1847 an
amendment to the Constitution was carried
in the General Assembly, and ratified by the
subsequent Legislature January 11, 1849, un-
der which the offices of the Supreme Court
judges became vacant March 1, 1849, and in
place of the old life service, the Governor was
authorized to appoint judges for a term of
twelve years. Judges appointed under this act
were William B. Napton, John F. Ryland and
James H. Birch. In 1849 the General As-
sembly passed a fresh amendment to the Con-
stitution, vacating the offices of the Supreme
judges and making the offices elective for a
term of six years, the first election to take
place on the first Monday of August, 1851.
The amendment was ratified and the first elec-
tion took place accordingly. The first elected
judges of this State were Hamilton R.
Gamble, John F. Ryland and William Scott.
Hamilton R. Gamble resigning November 15,
1854, a special election was appointed, at which
Abiel Leonard, of Howard County was
elected. The court now were John F. Ryland,
William Scott and Abiel Leonard. The court
thus remained until 1857, when a new election
took place. The court as thus constituted
were William Scott, William B. Napton and
John C. Richardson. The latter gentleman re-
signing in 1859, John Ephraim B. Ewing suc-
ceeded. The court now were William Scott,
William B. Napton and John Ephraim B.
Ewing. We now approach the troub-
lous period of our Civil War, a time
of revolutionary and extra-constitutional
procedures. The State of Missouri, being as
it were within the debateable lands between
North and South, was naturally strongly af-
fected ; and no less necessarily was the Su-
preme Court, as supreme interpreter of the
law within the State, involved in the grave is-
sues then in question.
By an act approved January 21, 1861, the
General Assembly passed an act "to provide
for calling a State convention." The dele-
gates elected, under the provisions of this act,
assembled at Jefferson City, Thursday, Feb-
ruary 28, 1861, and on March 1st adjourned to
meet at St. Louis, March 4, 1861, when they
proceeded to consider "the then existing re-
lations between the government of the United
States, the people and governments of the dif-
ferent States and the government and people
of the State of Missouri ; and to adopt such
measures for vindicating the sovereignty of
the State and the protection of its institutions
as shall appear to them to be demanded."
The convention proceeding to business estab-
lished a provisional government with Gamble
for Governor, and passed an ordinance that
each civil officer of the State should within
forty days subscribe an oath not to take up
arms against the government of the United
States, or the State Provisional Government,
nor give comfort to the enemy. The offices
of all persons failing to take oath were declared
vacant, and the vacancies so created were to
be filled by the Governor by appointment for
the residue of their respective terms. Judges
Scott, Napton and Ewing, having failed to
take the required oath, their offices were de-
2190
SUPREME COURT.
clared vacant, and to be filled by the Gov-
ernor. < lovernor < iamble appointed as judges
of the curt Barton Bates, of St. Charles
County; William \. \. Bay, of St. Louis
County, and John D. S. Dryden, of Pike
County, these appointments being confirmed
bv the voters in the election of November,
[863. B) an act approved February 13, 1864,
the General Assembly provided for the call-
ing of a constitutional convention, which
convention met at St. Louis, January 6,
[865, i" consider 11st) such amendments
to the Constitution of the State as may
be bj them deemed necessary for the emanci-
pation of slaves. '-''1) Such amendments to
the Constitution of the State as may be by
them deemed necessary to preserve in purity
the elective franchise to loyal citizens, ami
such other amendments as may be by them
deemed essential to the promotion of the pub-
lic good. Among other things the Conven-
tion ("besides considering amendments to the
Constitution." is the way the contemporaneous
Missouri reports of 1865 judiciously put this
mi. onstitutional departure from imposed lim-
itations) promulgated an ordinance vacating
the offices of the judges of the Supreme Court
(among others) on the first day of May, 1865,
the same to be filled for the remainder of the
term of said officers, respectively, by appoint-
ment by the Governor. Everyone appointed
under this ordinance was required to take
the oath called for 1>\ the ordinance adopted
fune 10, [862. Judge Bates resigned his of-
the resignation to take effect February
1, 1865. Judges Dryden and Bay, regarding
the ordinance vacating their seats as beyond
the competency of the convention as specially
elected, determined to disregard it. Mean-
while, 1 Governor Fletcher commissioned David
Wagner, Walter L. Lovelace and Nathaniel
Holmes as judges of the Supreme Court.
What followed is set forth by Chas. C. Whil
telsey, official reporter of the Supreme Court,
and may be found in the Missouri Reports.
Judges Wagner and Lovelace issued an order
calling a special term of the Supreme Court, to
be held at St. Louis on Monday, June 12,
1865. Judges Dryden and Bay, tinder their
former commissions, also issued an order for
a special term, same date and place; took their
and proi eeded with the business of the
court. The following day, June 13th. Go,\
emor Thomas C. Fletcher, through Brigadier-
ral D C. C pieman, Adjutant-General of
the State, served upon Judges Dryden and
Bay, they then sitting in court, the following
letter: "Executive Department, Missouri,
lime 13, 1865. Sir — By the ordinance of the
State Convention vacating certain offices, the
offices of the judges of the Supreme Court be-
came vacant on the first day of May last. By
virtue of the authority conferred on me by
that ordinance, as Governor of the State of
Missouri, I have caused commissions to be is-
sued in legal form to the Honorable David
Wagner, Honorable Walter Lovelace and
Honorable Xathaniel Holmes, as judges of
the Supreme Court, and who have qualified
as such judges. The ordinance referred to is
the supreme law on that subject and it is my
imperative duty to enforce it, which duty I
shall pursue the most summary course in per-
forming and will treat as they deserve any
action on your part done in furtherance of a
design to intrude yourselves into and usurp
the powers of the office of a judge of the Su-
preme Court. Respectfully yours, Thomas C.
Fletcher, Governor of Missouri." Judges
Dryden and Bay, claiming they were still
legally in office, refused to vacate their seats.
Thereupon, General Coleman withdrew but
only to return with a police force and the fol-
lowing military order from Governor Fletcher
which he laid before Judges Dryden and Bay,
together with a letter of instruction to him-
self: "Headquarters State of Missouri, June
14, 1865. Special Order (1) The usurping
judges of the Supreme Court will be compelled
to submit to the ordinance of the State Con-
vention vacating certain offices. (2) David
Wagner, Walter L. Lovelace and Nathaniel
Holmes will be put in possession of the Su-
preme Court room, in the Courthouse, at
St. Louis, with all the records, seals, furniture,
hooks and papers of the office of the clerk of
the Supreme Court. (3) Brigadier-General D.
C. Coleman is charged with the execution of
this order, and will employ such force for that
purpose that he may deem necessary, and
arrest all persons who may oppose him.
Thomas C. Fletcher, Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chief." Governor Fletcher's let-
ter of instructions to General Coleman, June
14, 1865, was as follows: "General: Here-
with please find special order directing you to
enforce the ordinance of the State Convention
vacating certain offices by putting the recently
appointed judges of the Supreme Court into
the possession of the court room, records, etc.,
SUPREME COURT.
2191
of that court. You will proceed to the court-
house and on the arrival of Messrs. Dryden
and Bay, deliver to each of them the sealed
note addressed to them respectively. An of-
ficer of the city police will accompany you,
and you will have a force of the city police at
hand. If, after delivering the notes, the said
Bay and Dryden do any act to disturb Messrs.
Lovelace and Wagner in entering on said
discharge of their duties as judges, you will
direct the policemen to arrest them and take
them before the city recorder and at once in-
form me of that fact. In case Messrs. Bay
and Dryden do not come to the courthouse at
9 o'clock, or soon thereafter, you will cause
the note referred to to be delivered at their
rooms. In putting the judges into the pos-
session of the court room and clerk's office,
you will, as far as is convenient in your judg-
ment, avoid the use of violent means, but, if
in your judgment necessary, do not hesitate to
employ all the force it may require. Thomas
C. Fletcher." Judges Dryden and Bay, still
refusing to vacate their seats, were forcibly
removed and taken to the court of the recorder
of the city of St. Louis, where the following
complaint was preferred against them : "To
the judges of the recorder's court of St.
Louis County : I complain of Wm. V. N.
Bay and John S. Dryden for disturbing the
peace by interfering with the Supreme Court.
Please summons as witnesses David Wagner,
Walter L. Lovelace, Thomas C. Fletcher, D.
C. Coleman, A. R. Bowman. Very respect-
fully, Thos. C. Fletcher." Soon thereafter
the judges appointed by Governor Fletcher,
proceeded with the business of the court,
during the term disposing of five cases.
As already stated, the State Convention
summoned to meet at St. Louis, January 6,
1865, met to amend the State Constitution.
Under the new Constitution it was directed
that at the election in the year 1868, all the
judges of he Supreme Court should be elected
by the "qualified voters" of the State and
enter upon their office on the first Mondav
of January next ensuing. At the first ses-
sion of the court thereafter the judges were to
determine by lot the duration of their several
terms of office, which were to be respectively,
two, four, and six years ; the result to be certi-
fied to the Secretary of State. After the
general election, every two years after the
said first election, one judge of the court was
to be elected to hold office for a period of six
years, from the first Monday in January next
ensuing. The judge having at any time the
shortest term to serve being the presiding or
chief judge of the court. In the event of a va-
cancy occurring by death, resignation, etc.. the
Governor was to fill the vacancy until the next
general election, when the qualified voters
were to elect for the balance 'of the term.
Section three of article two of this Constitu-
tion declared, "No person shall be deemed a
qualified voter who has ever been in armed
hostility to the United States — ever given aid,
comfort, countenance or support to any per-
son engaged in any such hostility — or has
ever been a member of, or connected with any
order, society or organization inimical to the
government," etc. This section of the
amended Missouri Constitution was, upon ap-
peal, declared by the United States Supreme
Court to be contrary to the Federal Constitu-
tion, and therefore void. The General As-
sembly in 1863-64 had passed enactments
whereby the sessions of the Supreme Court
were rearranged so as to take in St. Joseph,
as follows : The Supreme Court was to hold
two sessions annually at the Capitol, at the
seat of government, on the second Mondav in
January and the first Monday in July; two
sessions annually at the city of St. Joseph on
the third Mondays of February and August;
and two sessions annually, at the city of St.
Louis, on the third Monday in March and Oc-
tober. The court might, by a majority, call
special terms in vacation for the trial of cases
arising in St. Louis and by appeal or writ of
error taken to said court, and such other
cases arising from other counties as might be
ready for trial or submitted on briefs. Ten
days' notice had to be given by the clerk of
the court, by advertisement in a St. Louis
newspaper. The court had power to appoint
a clerk and marshal at St. Joseph, as previously
empowered in the case of St. Louis. The
business of the Supreme Court was divided as
follows : At St. Louis, all cases from the
Third, Fourth, Fighth, Ninth, Tenth, Fif-
teenth and Sixteenth Judicial Circuits ; at St.
Joseph, all cases from the Fifth, Eleventh,
Twelfth, and Seventeenth Judicial Circuits, at
the Capitol, all cases coming from other parts
of the State. The compensation of marshals
was increased to two dollars per day. while in
attendance, with fees as before. The various
necessary expenditures of the court were pro-
vided for. the same to be paid by the State
2192
SUPREME COURT.
treasury upon the certificate of the court which
was to be a sufficient voucher. By an act ap-
i Februar) 28, [868, the compensation
of marshal of the Supreme Court was raised to
four dollars per day while serving. By an
acl approved January 24, 1S70. the salaries of
judges of the Supreme Court was raised to
four thousand live hundred dollars annually.
In the summer of 1875 a State Convention
met at the Capitol, in the city of Jefferson,
i VIonday, August 2d, adopted a new
Constitution, which Constitution was duly rat-
ified by the people at the ensuing election.
Under the new Constitution, the Supreme
( ourl consisted of five judges, any three to
;uie a quorum. They had to be not
less than thirty years old, citizens of the
United States and citizens of this State for five
years next preceding their election or appoint-
ment, and "learned in the law." The judges
were to hold office for a term of ten years;
the judge oldest in commission to be the chief
justice. The full terms of the judges were to
commence on the first day of January next
ensuing after their election. The existing
three judges were to remain in their offices un-
til the expiration of their respective terms.
To till 1 heir places as their terms expired, one
,vas to l>e elected in 1876, and one every
two years afterwards. The Supreme Court
u;b to he held at the seat of government, two
ons annually, commencing on the third
Tuesday in < Ictober and April of each year,
until otherwise directed by law. The salaries
of judges were to be fixed by law-, but might
not increase or diminish during the period for
which they were elected. The offices of
clerks of the Supreme Court at St. Uouis and
St. Joseph were declared vacant, and their
: . directed to be turned
over to proper custodians, etc.
The importance of having early and com-
plete reports of the proceedings of the Su-
preme Court was early recognized and legis-
lated for. By an act approved May 2, 1X77,
the Supreme Court was authorized to appoint
land maintain subject to its pleasure) an of-
ficial reporter. The salary allowed was two
thi tusand dollars — raised by the law of 1887 to
thousand dollars annually. Provisions
were also made for the printing and circula-
tion of the reports, and the selling of them at
a low price. With the new Constitution of
1X75. the State of Missouri once more entered
upon a course of normal constitutional de-
velopment. The judges of the Supreme
1 ourt (during the interregnum immediately
ling the general election of 1868) were,
I (avid Wagner, Nathaniel Holmes and Thos.
J. C. Fagg. Holmes retired, and James
Baker was appointed to fill his unexpired
term of office. As the result of the general elec-
tion of the Supreme Court, January, 1869, the
court were: David Wagner, Philemon Bliss
and Warren Currier. Judge Currier resigned
January, 1872, and was succeeded by Wash
Adams. The court now were — Wagner,
Bliss and Adams. The term of Philemon
Bliss expiring January 1, 1873, he was suc-
ceeded by E. B. Ewing. The same year the
number of the supreme judges were raised to
five. The court now were — Adams. Wagner,
II. M. Yories, T. A. Sherwood, and W. B.
Xapton. Judge Adams resigning, the Gov-
erm >r appointed E. A. Lewis to fill his unex-
pired term. October term, 1874, the court
were — 1 Warwick Hough), Wagner, Vories,
Sherwood, Napton and Lewis. The names
are here given as they appear in the contem-
poraneous Missouri Report, the authority of
which is, of course, official. None the less
the observant reader will not fail to note a dis-
crepancy. The names cited number "six,"
while the then Constitution provided but for
"five" judges of the State Supreme Court.
The explanation of this discrepancy is as fol-
lows : Judge Adams sent in his resignation
to the Governor, said resignation to take ef-
fect October 1st. It w:as an awkward date, for
Section 8 of Article 6 of the then Constitu-
tion read: "If a vacancy shall happen in the
1 iffice of any judge of the Supreme Court . . .
the t iovernor shall appoint a suitable person
to fill the vacancy until the next general elec-
tion occurring more than three months after
the happening of such vacancy." However, as
the business of the court was just then in a
congested condition and the loss of a judge,
even for a period of three months, was a
51 lions interference with the prompt dispen-
sation of justice, the Governor thought him-
self justified, under Section 8, Article 5, of the
Constitution, in filling the vacancy. The
section on which relied read : "When any
office shall become vacant the Governor, un-
li s otherwise provided by law, shall appoint
1 person to fill such vacancy, who shall con-
tinue in office until a successor shall be duly
elected or appointed and qualified according
to law." Thereupon, the Governor wrote a
SUPREME COURT.
2103
letter to Warwick Hough, offering him the
appointment. The Governor and Mr. Hough
both recognized the constitutional difficulty,
which indeed was very patent; the decision
was, however, left with the latter, and Mr.
Hough, after considering all the circumstances
decided to decline the honor of appointment
and await the result of the impending Novem-
ber election. This decision was undoubtedly
right, but it did not relieve in any way the
urgent business of the court. Thereupon the
Governor appointed E. A. Lewis as judge of
the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy created
by the resignation of Judge Adams. Thus
Honorable E. A. Lewis served as one of the
judges of the Supreme Court of Missouri dur-
ing the October term, 1874. The elevation of
Honorable Warwick Hough to the Supreme
bench was not effected until January 1, 1875,
the authority of the reports of the Missouri
Supreme Court to the contrary notwithstand-
ing. As a result of the general election of
1874 the court were — Wagner, Vories, Nap-
ton, Sherwood, and Hough. In 1876 the
court again changed as follows : Sherwood,
Napton, Hough, Elijah H. Norton and John
W. Henry. The personnel of the Supreme
Court from this date remained unchanged un-
til 1881. Judge Napton's term expiring De-
cember 31, 1880, Robert D. Ray was elected
to succeed him. The court now were — Sher-
wood, Hough, Norton, Henry and Ray. (In
1882 three commissioners — Alexander Mar-
tin, Chas. A. Winslow and John T. Phillips — ■
were appointed to assist the court in its work.
Under the law, under which the commissioners
acted, their decisions were to be submitted to
the Supreme Court and, if approved, had the
force and effect of judgment of the court.
The personnel of the commissioners changed
from time to time, and all of them disappeared
in 1884.) Judge Hough's term expiring De-
cember 31, 1884, Francis M. Black was elected
to succeed him. The court now were —
Henry, Norton, Ray, Sherwood and Black.
Judge Henry's term expiring December 31,
1886, Theodore Brace was elected to succeed
him. The court now were — Norton, Ray,
Sherwood, Black and Brace. Judge Norton's
term of office expiring December 31, 1888,
Shepard Barclay was elected to succeed him.
The court now were — Ray, Sherwood, Black,
Brace and Barclay.
A constitutional amendment was adopted
at the general election November, 1890,
whereby the Supreme Court was to consist of
seven judges and, after January, 1891, divided
into two divisions as follows : One division to
consist of four judges (known as division
number one) ; the other of the remaining
judges (known as division number two). The
two divisions were to sit separately but have
concurrent jurisdiction of all matters and
causes in the Supreme Court, except that divi-
sion number two was to have exclusive cog-
nizance of all criminal cases pending in said
court. Upon adoption of this amendment
the Governor was to appoint two additional
judges to the Supreme Court to hold office
until the first Monday in January, 1893. At
the general election of 1892 their successors
were to be elected. They were to hold this
office for a term of ten years, like the other
judges. The two judges appointed by the
Governor and the judge elected at the election
of 1890 were to constitute division number
two. When the state of the docket warranted,
the Supreme Court could dispense with the
division line. Under this amendment the
Governor appointed John L. Thomas and
George B. McFarlane as judges ; and Judge
Ray's term expiring December 31, 1890,
James B. Gantt succeeded him. The court
under the new arrangement were : Division
One, Sherwood, Black, Brace and Barclay;
Division Two, Gantt, Thomas and McFarlane.
The terms of Judges Sherwood, McFarlane
and Thomas expiring December 31, 1892,
Sherwood, McFarlane and Burgess were
elected to succeed them ; court now were —
Division One, Black, Brace, Barclay and Mc-
Farlane ; Division Two, Gantt, Sherwood and
Burgess. The term of Judge Black expiring
December 31, 1894, Waltour M. Robinson
was elected to succeed him. Court now
were — Division One, Brace, Barclay, Mc-
Farlane and Robinson ; Division Two, Gantt,
Sherwood and Burgess. Judge Barclay, the
chief justice, resigned January 29, 1898, and
the Governor immediately appointed W. M.
Williams, of Boonville, to succeed him. On
a reorganization of the court, Judge Gantt
was chosen chief justice and Judge McFarlane
as presiding judge of Division number Two,
Judge McFarlane died February 12, 1898,
and on February 22d, the Governor appointed
William C. Marshall, of St. Louis, to the
vacancy, and Judge Brace was chosen presid-
ing judge of Division number One.
SURVEYING.
The Bench of the Supreme Court of Mis-
souri has been occupied by some able jurists,
who have reflected honor upon the State. As
a courl it has rendered some decisions, nota-
bly that in the Dred Scott case, which were
epoch making. The Supreme Court of Mis-
souri is too big a subject to be more than
glanced at in an encyclopedic history kept
within manageable proportions. To produce
a work worthy of the theme would require a
large part of the leisure of a lifetime. It
should be written from the inside, and it is to
be hoped that some one of the many able men
who have tilled the high office of judge of the
Supreme Court of the State of Missouri will
undertake the task as a labor of love. This
should be done before the present generation
has passed away, and the "dust of antique
time" obscures records of singular nobility.
Surveying. — This subject will be best
understood b) beginning in the middle. St.
Louis is fortunate to have such a beginning.
For most purposes of a person investigating
tin boundaries or the title of a piece of land
in St. Louis, it is not necessary to go back of
the United States confirmation, and the sur-
veys "ii which it was based. These surveys
are taken for granted, but there is a very con-
siderable body of work and of history back
of them, which needs to be known in order
thai the surveys may be understood. When
the United States came into possession of the
Louisiana Purchase, there was an earnest pur-
pi ise i 'ii the part ' if ( a ingress to have the work,
guaranteed by treaty, of "protecting the in-
habitants in the enjoyment of their property''
done promptly. One year was. by acl of • !on
gress, allowed for making a complete registry
land titles then existing. It was more
than seventy-five years before the last of this
worl was done. Meantime the land had be-
come valuable; and for the most pan compe
t' ni men. who knew that they were dealing
with valuable property, made the surveys.
The record of careful work and judicial deter-
mination of questions which had previously
arisen makes it possible in St. Louis to estab-
lish land lines and know they are correct, in-
stead of rel) ing, in the older parts of the t iwn,
old pi issessi' >n, as mo:
cities are compelled t< > do. This is i iur p 1
fi n tune.
Early Grants and
Surveys.
The value of the body of work which lies
back of the United States
confirmations is now his-
torical, rather than prac-
tical, but was intensely
practical for more than half
the nineteenth century. In St. Louis the sur-
veyor was not the pioneer of civilization. Xo
government survey of wild land had preceded
the settlement. The roster of the little com-
pany who began the work of clearing the for-
est and building log huts contains no sur-
veyor's name. Pierre Liguest Laclede, the
promoter of the enterprise, had remained with
his family in the ancient town of Cahokia.
The boy clerk, Auguste Chouteau, was in i
charge. Speaking of French settlers who
came soon after from Illinois, he says : "These
persons commenced building their cabins and
entered their lands, agreeably to the lines of
the lots, which I had drawn, following the plan
which Monsieur Laclede had left with me."
This plan (a) on paper, of the town to be,
might well have been designed at Fort dar-
tres, where the winter had been spent. Its
fundamental idea was a rectangular block 240
feet (b) on the principal streets, by 300 feet
deep along the cross streets, the principal
streets to be two perches wide, the cross streets
to be thirty feet wide. Deeds, antedating by
many years any recorded survey, show that
this was the original plan. The subdivision
was into halves, quarters and eighths. The
Rue 1'rincipale. or Alain Street, was laid out
thirty-six feet wide, just back of the low lime-
stone bluff which formed the river bank north
1 if their landing. It was made straight from
what is now Vine Street southward to imprac-
ticable ground, now Plum Street. The per-
pendicular direction of the cross streets was a
mure difficult matter. The shape of the river
bank at that time seems to have left its record
in the direction of the cross streets south of
Walnut and north of Vine Streets. The tier
of 1 'lucks on which the Governor's house
stood — Market to Walnut — was distinguished
by the extraordinary front on Main Street of
300 feet. On account of the angles at Vine
( 1) The plan of the fortifications executed in 17S0. on file ill
limed States recoider's office, shows so much of [he plan of
the town as was included within the stockade. The certifi-
ttached signed Aug. Chouteau, show that the fortifica-
tion was an afterthought; the Indian raid of i;S. was a suffi-
isoil A small copv of this map may be seen at the
1 the Missouri Historical Society. See also Scharf's.
where the stockade appears incorrectlv as a part of
inal plan of the town.
French
SURVEYING.
2195
and Plum Streets, the adjacent blocks north
of Vine and south of Plum had an increased
front on Main Street. The choice of lots and
permission to build were in the main verbal.
The country was known by treaty, on the
other side of the Atlantic, as Spanish territory,
but Spanish authority had not reached these
parts. Frenchmen from Illinois who did not
wish to live under British rule swelled La-
clede's original company. They made for
themselves a Governor in the person of St.
Ange, late Governor of Illinois. A book of
the land — Livre terrein — (c) was opened, and
some records kept of sales and grants. But
archive No. 34 — A. D. 1768 — shows that land
"taken without concession" and "sold by ver-
bal transfer" was sufficient to form a recog-
nized boundary at that time. Williams, who
was a most careful and trustworthy investi-
gator of titles, asserted in 1854 that chains of
title, going back to 1770, with possession, but
without concession from the French or Span-
ish authorities, or confirmation by the United
States government, were then in existence.
Under St. Ange the common field system was
developed — St. Louis Common Field, 1765 ;
Petit Prairie, 1766; Grand Prairie, 1766; Prai-
rie des Noyers, 1769. The following extracts
from the testimony of Auguste Chouteau is of
interest: "Of his own knowledge, about
1766 Grand Prairie was laid off, and was
bounded north by the little river called Marais
Castor, and as the land or lots were granted,
they extended south until they eventually
joined into the Oil de Sac, which separated it
from Prairie des Noyers. And further states,
of his own knowledge, that A. D. 1790, there
was a common field fence that connected with
the fence of the common fields of Carondelet,
and extended so as to go around and include
Prairie des Noyers, Cul de Sac and the Big
Prairie ; and the land enclosed within this was
very generally in cultivation for several years.
"Sworn to before me. June 3, 1825.
"Theodore Hunt.
"Recorder of Land Titles."
It will be noticed that Chouteau Mill tract
had not been extended at the time of which
he testifies. For evidence that the west part
of the Mill tract was at one time cultivated as
common field, see Williams' (d) plat C and ac-
companying remarks. The common field
(c) The first entry was dated April 27, 1766.
(dj Williams in defense of Cozens Surveys, in Public Library.
fence was not maintained after 1803. Some
say it fell down a few years earlier, so the cul-
tivation was not kept up.
With the Spanish Governor, m 1770, came
Martin M. Duralde, who was appointed "Sur-
veyor of the Colony of 111." The certificates
of the work which lie did in St. Louis are re-
corded in "Livre terrein" No. 2. This Span-
ish surveyor used the French system of land
surveying. This was in accordance with
Spanish custom in colonies which had been
originally settled by the French. His method
of procedure is told in his own words: "I
caused to accompany me the proprietor and
his nearest neighbors, to serve as witnesses
and to point out to me precisely the true situa-
tion of the concessions. I attained my object,
and caused the land to be bounded, in my
presence, with stones, at its four corners."
These stones set by Duralde served more than
sixty years later — 1835 — to convince Brown
of an error which he had made in 18 18 through
following Soulard's map. The point in ques-
tion was the offset in Grand Prairie common
field at Cass Avenue. Duralde's work cov-
ered the St. Louis common field, and the
Grand Prairie as far south as the Kiercereau
tract — Page Avenue — and was mainly done
in 1770-2. He measured the fronts of the
common field lots with reasonable care. He
married a few years later and returned to New
Orleans.
St. Louis real estate was very dull for many
years after the Indian attack of 1780. Pierre
Chouteau, the successful merchant, appears to
have sometimes done a little surveying. He
testifies that he made a survey of the Prairie
des Noyers common fields in 1787 by order of
the Spanish government.
Antoine Soulard came in 1797, after the
French revolution. He had been an officer
in the French navy. He was surveyor of Up-
per Louisiana on March 9, 1804. when the
transfer to the United States took place in St.
Louis. Delassus commended his zeal and
accuracy, and adds: "He can give the most
reliable information in regard to the titles of
grants." He was continued in his position.
with the rank of surveyor-general, by the
United States until about 1813. Zeno
Mackev, who. in 1806, made the official survey
of the St. Louis commons, had been his deputy
as early as 1800. During the rush of work
preparing documents to present to United
States Commissioners of Louisiana Land
SURVEYING.
Claims he kept a second deputy at Cape
( lirardeau and a third at St. Charles. On
March 30, [804, Delassus, late Spanish G
ernor, wrote' to Captain Stoddard: "Mr.
A. Soulard has trouble with people armed and
>sing, in the name of the United States
government, a survey for a grantee, on Febru-
ary 17th." He (Delassus) having already re-
not o of change of government, has
testimony and submits the case. Stod-
dard replied that he could not punish, since
the violence occurred under the Spanish gov-
ernment. He ordered the suspension of all
surveys under Spanish grants. This suspen-
sion was temporary. The commissioners, un-
1 act of [804, had plenty of use for a
or's work. The surveys were rated as
private surveys, and were made to make the
claim,- intelligible. The act of Congress.
March 26, [804, and the four amendatory acts
prior to [812, form an interesting study, grow-
ing knowledge of the actual condition of af-
fairs, as outlined above, was making one posi-
tion after another untenable. For report of
the work so far see (e) American Archives,
Volume 2, page 463, and following. The act
of June 13, 1812, was revolutionary. It made
"occupation and cultivation prior to 1803,"
without reference to Spanish usages or cus-
toms, -rants or surveys, the basis of future
claims. See American Archives, Vol. 3, page
313, for report under this act. The commis-
sive the dimensions, rejected or ap-
d, in French measure. What Soulard
understood that he was using may be seen
from this specimen certificate (f), "which sur-
vey was made in presence of owner and adja-
bors, with the perche of Paris of
eighteen royal feet in length, according to the
usages and customs of this colony." (g 1
The unit of length was the pied d„ Roi.
The tab!. 1 .1" long measure
The Ancient French was as follows: 12 lignes
System of Sur- equal 1 pour,-; u ponces
vc>in>- il 1 pied ; t8pieds equal
1 perche; 10 perches equal
1 arpent : 6 1 pieds equal 1 cha
tl 1 x pn g,
[.and Clai
Mi-si.-*,,,
in Chi
ulard mad
I si L01
e, but 1 -
hat it misled Brown
The toise — six pieds — appears occasionally.
This seems to be just as simple as our feet and
inches and our division by 27 to reduce to
cubic yards. If the boundaries pointed out
by the owner and his neighbors would be so
accommodating as to fit the end of the
"perche" — measuring rod — it was a simple
decimal system. In all other cases that factor
nine in the length of the perche was sure to
cause a resort to vulgar fractions.
Acts of February 15, 1811, and of March 3,
181 1, make provision for
Public Land the survey of public lands
Survey. jn the Territory of Loui-
siana (h) on the United
States system. The method of procedure
adopted by the surveyor-general was as fol-
lows : First, survey out of the whole body of
land the old claims and number them as
United States surveys ; second, leave the sec-
tions fractional, running out the section lines
to their intersections with the survey lines.
The subdivision into townships was done in
March, April and May, 1816, by William S.
May. The cutting out of the United States
surveys and sectionizing the remainder was
done 1817-20. The growth of knowdedge as
to the validity of old claims occasioned resur-
veys as late as 1850. Joseph C. Brown sur-
veyed nearly all of the United States surveys.
A variety of questions which were liable to in-
ject themselves into the case in hand at any
time made the official surveying of old claims
an entirely different class of work from sec-
tionizing.
The work of adjusting land claims, so far,
had been done in French
Relative Values of measure, but the public
French and Eng- land surveys were made
lish Units. with the Gunter's chain.
Before the surveyor could
proceed a relative value of the two units had
to be fixed on some working basis. Tradi-
tion, a third century ago, said that the matter
had been decided in the courts. If this was
so the case did not get into any court whose
decisions are published. Years afterward
Rene Paul, as county surveyor, was accus-
tomed to certify that he had made one survey
in French measure, and another in chains and
links ; the two systems working side by side
without any suggestions that any relative value
'i By ael if Congress, 1S04, the Louisiana Purchase was di-
th< thirty-third parallel of latitude into two territo-
ry-: 1. 011 i-i;in.i north of that line, and Orleans -outh of it.
SURVEYING.
2197
was known or desired. The question did not
first arise in St. Louis. In 1806, when dealing
with Michigan land claims, the Secretary of
the Treasury had secured from Aug. Wood-
ward a statement on this subject (i), viz.:
"The pied du Roi equals 1.068 London feet,"
hence the arpent equals 192.24 feet. A re-
cent letter from the city engineer of Detroit,
Michigan, informs me that this value is in
use there at the present time. St. Louis has
a larger value, and New Orleans and Natchez
have a smaller value, but have for many years
been using the correct value. Professor
Pritchett, of the Coast and Geodetic Survey,
writes : "Referring to enclosed tables, it will
be seen that the value of the French foot in
terms of the metre is 0.3248483 metre, and ac-
cording to the tables published by the office,
the English foot is 0.304801 metre."
For more ready comparison, the results of
inquiry are tabulated as follows :
good ; but how such use can have any force
or effect, in cases where the chain of title goes
back of the change of government, and the
tract has not been separately confirmed, it is
hard to see.
The Spanish surveys were made by mag-
netic courses. The well-
Variation of the known fact that the varia-
Needle. tion was increasing here in
the last century is illustrated
by the north and south lines magnetic of old
claims, which are generally run at N. 7 de-
grees E., Var. 8 degrees E., by the United
States surveys. The plats accompanying
United States surveys show that Var. 8 de-
grees E. was used throughout St. Louis
County in 1818. This, too, drifted over from
Illinois. As the variation at any time differs
at extreme points of the county more than a
degree, the universal 8 degrees means a gen-
eral neglect to comply with instructions and
Pied du Roi-=-Eng. ft.
Michigan Terrritory
Georgia and Orleans Territories.
Georgia and Orleans Territories.
Illinois and Missouri Territories.
Montreal, Canada
U S. Coast Survey
1.068
1.0667
1.06576
1.C694
1.C658
1.06577
Error in
English
feet per
Spanish
Arpent in
acres.
141. S4
192.50
-S4S4
.8465
U. S. Confir
U. S. Confir
Many years
U. S Confir
Custom.
Oflicial.
It appears that both the extreme north and
the extreme south of New France that was
have dared to do right. And further, it ap-
pears that from the lakes to the Ohio River
we are stuck in two old ruts. Our St. Louis
value of the French foot probably floated in
with Surveyor-General Rector. He had to
do something, and what he had been used to
in Illinois was good enough for Missouri.
The only thing that appears certain about it
is that the man who adopted it regarded the
"line" as the refinement of accuracy. Having
observed that the French exceeded the Eng-
lish foot by more than 9-12 of an inch, the next
thing for him to say was 10-12, and he said it,
and we use it. Where the government has
confirmed a tract of land using this or any
other ratio to translate French measure into
English measure, the title is undoubtedly
(i) American Archives. Volume 1. page 264.
determine the true variation. The practice
too frequently indulged in of using the old
variation when making a resurvey, has gone
on accumulating until now it is not uncom-
mon to see maps which show a difference of
a degree or more from the government
courses, through no fault of the United States
surveys.
At the November term, 1809, of the Court
of Common Pleas a petition was presented for
an incorporation of the town according to a
description of limits, which included a small
part of the St. Louis common fields and the
greater part of the commons. The petition
was granted, but the survey was not made at
once. Soon after, the old board accompanied
its first report to the Secretary of the Treasury
with a series of recommendations (k), one 1 if
which was that the law be so changed as to
2198
SURVEYING.
grant to St. Louis, and several other towns
mentioned, the whole of their town lots, com-
mons, common field lots, and out lots in one
bod) ; tracts that were unclaimed, or had re-
! to i he government by Spanish usage,
to become the propert) of their respective
school boards. The law as passed — 1812 —
made it the duty of the principal deputy sur-
veyor 'it' said territory "to survey, or cause to
be surveyed and marked, the out boundary
lines of said towns and villages so as to in-
clude the out lots, common field lots, and
commons thereto respectively belonging," and
In forward to the surveyor-general plats of
the surveys.
This survey not having yet been made, Con-
gress, in February, 181 5,
New Madrid granted to the sufferers by
Locations. the earthquakes (1) at New
Madrid the privilege of
making locations elsewhere on public land sub-
ject to entry, in lieu of the land destroyed.
The law was so framed that a man might sur-
render a town lot and locate a farm in ex-
change. Now there was haste. The claims
were bought by speculators at twenty-five to
fort) cents per acre. Very soon every piece
of land in the neighborhood of St. Louis
which the plats in the surveyor-general's
office showed to be yet vacant was shingled
over with New .Madrid locations. It was very
necessary to these claimants that this land
should be "subject to entry." which it would
not be if it were included in the body of land
granted to St. Louis by prior act of Congress.
The survey, yet to be made, under act of [812,
needed attention. In 1X20 Surveyor-General
Rector ordered a survey of St. Louis, as in-
1 orporated in i,Xo<,. and not as described in the
act of Congress. Joseph ( .'. Brown made the
survey, a copy of which ma\ be seen at the
I [istorical Societ) . The survey, in its relation
to other lines, is shown on plat of United States
surveys T. 45, \. R. - [•... and in "llutawa's
Atlas." published in [834, some copies of
which are yet extant inn. This had been a
different town if the intention of Congress
had been carried out. It may be well to
note that Stoddard Addition was a New
Madrid location. Another interesting quality
1'
l'l>,' earthq
ok
1
,.'
, iSu-1813.
in
1 11 ■
!en< 1
,1 S
eyoi
Milbl
Hi's 1, slj,
OllV 1
11 this sn
,,.,,.
Riid h
Tl
in CO
islriu
tint a plat
loa-
S known
PI ,1
V see
k,--
' \
s
Scho
its, in
Public Lib
my
F01 ["111 Hi
dis<
of tile
~:'
lie s
s.-,- Will
1.1ns
of these New Madrid claims was that they
were floating. If the land claimed on one
place was proved not subject to entry, the
claimant might relocate until he found a place
where it would stick.
Duplicate claims and conflicting claims,
originating in such various
Surveys Caused ways that each case seemed
by Incomplete a class by itself, were
Titles. plenty. Most of them
never would have been
heard from if the law of 1804 had been adhered
to ; but with the loopholes, which one amend-
ment after another offered, and with the open
door of the act of 1812 set before them, they
came up smiling and persistent. A piece of
land was sometimes covered by three or four
titles before the New Madrid roof was put on.
To straighten out such a tangle and make an
intelligible presentation of the rival claims
was a job which the lawyer usually delegated
to the surveyor. It was desirable to put an
end to this condition of affairs. The Lucas
law was enacted by the State, which provided
that open and adverse possession, under any
color of title, should perfect that title. I hit
the same law made it necessary to be very vigi-
lant against squatters, which might have any
old piece of paper about their shanties. To
locate these parties, so that ejectment suits
might be tiled, furnished some more interest-
ing work for surveyors.
Two surveys of the town preceded the offi-
cial survey by Brown. The
Early Surveys. attempt in 1823 to improve
Main and Locust Streets
brought to the front the question of the proper
location of all the streets of the town. There
was a jurv 0{ citizens, and Rene Paul was sur-
veyor. He was instructed "to place in the
center ol the intersection of every two streets
of the city a cedar post four inches square and
eighteen inches long, the top of which post
shall be even with the surface of the street."
It was not an ideal sort of monument, nor
an ideal place to put it. A contemporary let-
ter describes "the unfathomable mud of St.
1 -1 mis as fit only for a frog or a tortoise" In}.
The second survey was in 1835, also by
Rene Paul (o), and in the official report of
111 For the report of this jury, signed bv nine well known
n.uni ., -« Scharf. page «.i. At the Historical Society is a map
of the city of St. Louis, surveyed according to resolution of
oard of aldermen. July to, [823, Chas. De Ward, draughts-
man, winch is probably Rene Paul's survey.
is exhibited by Aug. Gehner at
Duri Historical" Society. 1S99.
SURVEYING.
2199
Brown's survey he frequently refers to a
"picket of a local surveyor" as incorporated in
his survey.
From 1814 to 1832 the land claims were in
the hands of the recorder
Brown's Survey. of land titles subject to ap-
proval of Congress. In
1832 a new board was organized, with power
to decide. In 1835 the board of confirmation
had so far progressed (p) that the official sur-
vey of the town was begun. On September
15, 1835, Joseph C. Brown entered into a con-
tract with Elias T. Laughan, surveyor-general,
of which an extract follows: "Said Brown
will survey the town, and out lots of the town,
now city of St. Louis, and the lots of the com-
mon fields attached thereto, which have been
confirmed by the United States, and have not
heretofore been surveyed. And he will also sur-
vey the out boundaries of the town, and of the
several common fields, either in separate par-
cels or in one general survey, according as he
may be instructed by said Laughan." It does
not appear that the aforesaid instructions were
ever issued. The issues involved were too
momentous. The survey made under this
contract, located all the confirmations of town
lots, which had been previously approved, and
put the block lines on a permanent basis.
Brown says in his report that all measurements
were made with a wooden rod twenty feet
long; that the courses of all lines were ascer-
tained by determining the course of one line
by astronomical observation, and measuring
angles to all other lines with his transit. No
monuments were set, but existing buildings
were described and noted. Enough of these
buildings were standing thirty years after-
ward to make it possible to retrace _ his lines
with certainty. He made a separate descrip-
tion of each block, describing its boundaries,
by plat, and in descriptive text, the plat also
showed the smaller parcels. The French feet
were translated into English feet by the ratio,
72 French equals JJ English. A copy of this
survey, which was furnished in 1865 to the
county court by the United States recorder of
land titles, and should be in the office of the
recorder of deeds, can not now be found. In
making Brown's measurements his field-
hands used plumb-bobs, instead of following
the ancient custom of dropping the pin. The
mathematical instrument-maker had as vet no
shop in St. Louis. Under Brown's direction
his field-hands (q) beat plumb-bobs for them-
selves out of lead. The twisting of the string
showed whether it was evenly balanced, or
needed more beating to reduce it to symmet-
rical form. The twenty-foot rod was gener-
ally used in lot surveying after Brown's sur-
vey, until the steel tape replaced it — 1863-66.
Resurveys show that Brown's work was
carefully done. It was while making surveys,
under this contract for individual confirma-
tion in the Grand Prairie common fields, that
Brown discovered the error in the out-bound-
ary survey of 1818 and proved it by Duralde's
corner-stones as noted above.
Chas. De 'Ward, then county surveyor, made
for the city a survey and
Subdivision of subdivision of the city
the City Com- commons in 1835. The
mons. subdivision into blocks of
forty acres area, was made
by roads forty feet wide, intersecting at right
angles. The blocks were subdivided into
quarters by the survey, and into eighths by the
deeds and leases. How little was known at
that time by those most interested of what
might vet be proved about acts done and for-
gotten, all the way from thirty to sixty years
back, is plainly shown by the way De Ward's
subdivision lines ran across the Petit Prairie,
which has now been confirmed to individual
claimants (r). Two notable things were done
in connection with this survey — the appropria-
tion of the forty acres for Lafayette Park —
and the opening of Jefferson Avenue, one hun-
dred and twenty feet wide, through the com-
mons.
The boundary between the commons and
Prairie des Noyers, was
Prairie des not well established when
Noyers. the commons were sub-
divided ; the common field
fence had been down too long, and the an-
cient cultivation could not be identified.
These fields were confirmed late and with
much litigation. It is to be noted that the
Prairie des Noyers. as well as the Petit Prairie
common fields, appear on the map of the
United States survey — 1820 — while the
Grand Prairie field, south of Finney Avenue,
does not appear; that ground being covered
(p) For details consult Mosberger's map. where the work of
each board or recorder is shown by a separate tint.
(ql Mr. Cozens is mi' authority for thi« statement.
in This Petit Prairie country and some private claims which
were not a part of, but conflicted with the common field and
overlapped the south part of Soulard's grant, were resurveyed
by United States deputies at this time, 1835, and conflicts noted.
1200
SURVEYING.
b) section id which was not "subject to entry"
and New Madrid locations.
In [846 an order of court (s) was directed
to William H. Cozens to
Cozens' Survey. survey, "according to the
possession of the claim-
ants," certain tracts of land in the Grand
Prairie. The "possession" referred to was
tin- "possession and cultivation prior to 1803"
\ct of [8l2, and by 1846 it was some-
what overgrown. There was evidence that
claim failed there as it had failed in other
places before that time.
With the admission of Missouri as a State
came the county surveyor's
County Surveyors, office. The following list
of county surveyors, with
tluir term of office so far as can be determined
from the county surveyor's record of surveys
and their active work in St. Louis, so far as
known by the writer, will be of interest to some
readers :
Joseph *
Rene Paul . . .
eh. 1- D
[a ob Smith
L'leiiH'iit u 1 .>!
N F. liver .
C !■ Salomon .
W. 11 Cozens .
Julius PiUman.
1824
1825
1829
,8v
lb4i
[84s.
1-40
ISVi
■
lUSO
1861
1876
[816-1838 U. S. deputy surveyor.
1 As I" S deputy surveyor, made surveys for individual
1 claims in St. Louis common fields in 1826.
1842 V. S deputy surveyor.
[823-1841 Died in ivj[.
Later firm of Coote & Cozens.
II. W. I.effingwell, deputy.
Schultze, deputy.
Sehultze and J. Pitzman. deputies.
Joseph Davis deputy
to date. Many deputies— Wm. Bouton over 33 years.
these parties had been seeking recognition of
their claims many years. Rene Paul had been
employed to go upon the southern part of this
ground to take bearings, so as to perpetuate
their corners, in 1825; where he had in ad-
dition made memoranda of the number, order
and size of the claims, as then understood by
his companions, northward as far as the
Spanish surveys. De Ward, as county sur-
veyor, had made a survey in 1836. Cozens
took four years in examining data, and com-
paring conflicting claims, before he made his
report. The land, as far as one arpent south
of McPherson \vcnue, was finally confirmed
according I urvey. Williams' argu-
ment in this case, made in 1854, is full of in-
formation about early conditions, with more
reference to surveying than will be found else-
where in the same space. This was the last
large bod\ of claims which was approved for
confirmation, and affected the ownership of a
square mile or mure of central residence prop-
erty. The work of confirming small tracts
for convenience, as perfecting the chain of
title, went on as long as a living witness was
available (t). \n effort was made to relocate
'Im Chauvin Claim into Grand Prairie after
the < ivil War: the survey was made, but the
(s ah. r the
lonjrrcss im
iiiteil States
1 Soini tun. I ibly informed.
In 1872 the county surveyor's office was by
State law made appointive in counties having
three hundred thousand inhabitants, in order
that there might be competition, competent
men to be appointed on application. Upon the
adoption of the Scheme and Charter the of-
fice became city surveyor and continued to be
appointive. Mr. Pitzman has continued in
the position, and has had competition nearly
all the time. February 1, 1892, Pitzman's
Company of Surveyors and Engineers was
incorporated and soon afterward Joyce &
Sons and R. E. McMath & Sons. On ac-
counl of these incorporations it is not prob-
able that hereafter a surveyor's office will be
broken up and notes scattered on account of
the death of a surveyor. On account of the
thorough work which has been done since
[863, it is not now necessary to secure an
ment of all the surveyors in town before
a valuable building can safely be begun.
Such agreements were once common.
A word about the want of system in the
street plan of the city. A
question often asked is :
"How did the surveyors
come to get things mixed
up in the way they are"?
The surveyors were not chiefly responsible.
Municipal control, which ought to be very
much where public interests are concerned,
Municipal Con-
trol of Street
Plan.
SURVEYOR OF THE PORT— SUTTER.
2201
amounted in St. Louis to very little. Individ-
ual initiative had its way, and went to seed.
The laying out of the St. Louis common
fields will illustrate all the rest. This seems a
simple case ; the farms were bounded by lines
running east and west, which were parallel.
North St. Louis in the northeast corner of the
fields has a street system, which has no in-
telligible relation to the streets south and west
of it. But given the Spanish grant (u) from
which it sprang, and the owner doing as he
pleased, the result could hardly be avoided, for
he was first in the market, and land titles about
him were still unsettled. The offsets in the
north and south streets, west of Eleventh
Street and North of Locust, are an every-day
annoyance, and are explained by the individ-
ual owners, each giving a different answer to
the question, how long should a city block be ?
Lucas said 338 feet; and O'Connor, who owned
the next farm, did not want any cross streets,
but made his contribution to the "Future
Great" by laying out Washington Avenue.
The streets now crossing his tract have been
opened by condemnation. Christy and Carr
determined that 376 feet was the right length
of a block. Then there was a jumble of small
fry for a few more offsets, and the Mullanphy
heirs at Cass Avenue said 270 feet. Then the
united wisdom of those who gathered together
the fragments west of Labaume claim and
laid out Union Addition made their answer
500 feet, and the result was achieved. Beyond
this area the situation becomes more complex
and there are real difficulties ; but individual
initiative has tackled each problem in its own
way.
With the adoption of the Scheme and
Charter, came the hope of municipal control ;
a charter provision decreed that a plan of the
citv should be made, and that when lands are
hereafter subdivided, the plat should be sub-
mitted to the board of public improvements,
who shall, if the fact be so, endorse thereon,
that the same is in accordance with the general
plan of the city. "No map shall be recorded,
or have anv validity, until so endorsed." The
(u) This claim was granted by Zenon Trudean in i:q<3.
surveyed by Antoine Soulard. I.abaume took possession
claim cut a great slice off from twenty two arpents of
common fields and despoiled twelve individual owners,
alternative from this c inclusion is that the land had rea
to be occupied and had reverted to the crown. In which (
the United States confirmed claims of persons who had
been owners of Snanish land and were not in process of sei
ing titles in iSov but had at one lime honed to become own
When these claimants had their lands surveved bv P
deputy United States surveyor, in 1S26, they cut Labaur
claim into ribbons and made no mention of his lines ; but
claim held fast and they took the fragments.
municipal control born of this provision in the
organic law, had eyes only in the back of its
head. The plan of the city as adopted shows
no streets, except old county roads, which ex-
tend beyond existing subdivisions ; and the
question when the new plat is offered is. how
can this plan be fitted to the past ; and not how
is it adapted to future needs? In connection
with board approval of plats for record, there
is a modern requirement that the position and
character of the monuments set, shall be
shown on map for record ; and that the number
shown shall be sufficient. The street depart-
ment has been setting a good example of late,
by monumenting its surveys for street open-
ing in a more permanent way than has been
the custom heretofore. ,., T.
\\ ii.liam Bouton.
Surveyor of the Port.
toms. Surveyor, of."
-See "Cus-
Nutter, .lolisi. pioneer, was born in
Altenheim, Germany, in the year 1818. Un-
til he was fifteen years of age he attended the
schools of his native city with reasonable
regularity and managed to acquire a good
German education. In 1833 he came to the
United States, landing in New York City,
where he started out without money or
friends to make his way in the world alone.
He was a courageous, manly and honest yi lung
fellow, had confidence in himself and his abil-
ity to win in the battle of life, and in conver-
sation with .some of his fellow-countrymen
aboard ship, had learned something of what,
in those days, was termed "the far West" in
this country. He determined to see this
region, which was talked of as a land of
promise, and although he labored under many
difficulties, finally managed to reach St. Louis.
Here he had the good fortune to make the ac-
quaintance of J. Charless Cabanne, then living
on his farm a few miles west of the city. He
had had some experience in agricultural pur-
suits in the Fatherland, was anxious to work-
on a farm in this country, and although he
could speak no English, succeeded in making
Mr. Cabanne understand what he wanted.
The smiling, good-natured face and energetic
action of the young German immigrant made
a favorable impression on Mr. Cabanne, and
he was given employment. To him was en-
trusted first the duty of caring for the cattle
on Mr. Cabanne's farm, and this work was
2202
SUTTER— SUTTON.
very much to his liking, lit- soon demon-
strated that he had more than ordinar)
city, gained the full confidence of his em-
ployer and finalh suggested to him the estab-
lishmenl of a dain for the purpose of supply-
ing milk and butter to St. Louis. .Mr.
Cabanne considered the suggestion favorably
ami started young Sutter in business with four
or five cows. He quickly demonstrated that
there was money in the enterprise, added to
his herd from time to time, and at his death,
which occurred in [867, had built up one of
the largesl dairies in the West, which was con-
ducted under the name of the John Slitter
I lairy ( '< impam . He was one of the pi' >
in the business which has since grown to very
large proportions and in which a vast amount
of capital is invested in St. Louis and its im-
mediate vicinity. Starting in the smallest
possible way, Mr. Sutter accumulated a large
fortune as a result of his business operations,
lived honored and respected, and died re-
gretted he all who knew him. He was a mem-
ber of the < ierman Methodist Church, a truly
pious and devout man. and one who evidenced
his faith in the works of his everv-dav life,
lie was twice married : first, to Miss Anselm,
who died leaving several children born of their
union. For his second wife he married Miss
Catherine Killian Hartnagel, and two sons
and three daughters were born of this mar-
riage. The elder of these sons, Charles Sut-
ter, is a well known civil engineer, and the
younger -on is Dr. Otto Sutter, of the City
1 lospital. The daughters are all married and
reside in St. L( mis.
Sutter, Otto, physician and hospital
superintendent, was horn in St. Louis County,
Missouri, January 24, 1863, son of John and
rine Sutter. Both his parents were born
in Germany, but both came to this country at
an early age and spent the greater portion of
their lives in St. Louis County. Dr. Sutter
the public schools of the
county when five years old and at eleven years
■ »f age entered the St 1 ,1 mis grammar schoi ils.
\fter obtaining a g I education, lie served
an apprenticeship to the drug business and,
taking up the study regularly of compounding
and preparing drugs, graduated from the St.
Louis College of Pharmacy in [884. The
same year he became chief druggist of the
1 "ity I fospital, and in the latter pari of that
purchased a drug store, which he con-
ducted successfully until 1887. Meantime he
had begun reading medicine, and in the year
last mentioned attended his first course of
lectures at Missouri Medical College. He
was graduated in 1891 with the degree of
doctor of medicine from Beaumont Hospital
Medical College and was engaged in the gen-
eral practice of his profession thereafter until
June of [895, when he was appointed super-
intendent of the City Hospital, as successor to
I m \Y. L. Blickhahn, serving in that capac-
ity until [898, when he resigned to establish a
private hospital. As the chief executive of-
ficer of that important city institution. Dr.
Sutter proved himself a faithful and efficient
public official, peculiarly well adapted to
hospital management. As a practicing
physician he has taken rank among the con-
scientious, capable and progressive members
of his profession, ami has entered upon .1
promising career. He married, in 1886, Miss
Matilda C. Wilke, of St. Louis.
Sutton, James C, pioneer, was born
July 1, 1707. in Xew Brunswick, New Jersey,
and died at his country home, near St. Louis,
July 19, [877. Little is known of his boy-
hood and early life, and it can only be said
that, after acquiring a limited education and
learning the blacksmith's trade, he resolved to
cast his fortunes with the people living on the
Mississippi River, in what was then regarded
as the far West. June 18, 1818, he left Xew
Jersey and set out on a journey which involved
weeks of travel under the most favorable cir-
cumstances, protracted into months in his
case, on account of misfortunes which over-
took him on the way. When he had pro-
gressed as far westward as a small settlement
on the < Ihio River, he was stricken with an
illness and la\ for a long time on a sick bed.
with none Intt strangers to administer to his
wants or look after his comfort. Upon his
recovery he found himself penniless, and with
a tine sense of honor which was one of his dis-
tinguishing characteristics throughout his life,
In determined not to proceed on his journey
until he had discharged all the pecuniary ob-
ligations which he felt rested upon him.
Finalh he continued his journey and April
-'<>. [819, arrived in St. Louis, to which place
his brother, John L. Sutton, had preceded
him. Here he established himself in business
as a blacksmith, and. being a cunning worker
in iron, introduced many new and useful
SUTTON.
2203
articles and appliances among the primitive
residents of St. Louis. In those days cut
nails were unknown, and Mr. Sutton manufac-
tured the wrought nails used in the construc-
tion of many buildings erected about the time
St. Louis was undergoing its transition from
village to city. When he came to St. Louis,
nearly all the vehicles in use here had wooden
wheels and only a few, owned by the more
wealthy citizens, had wheels shod with iron
tires, which had been made in Pittsburg. It
was not until 1824 that the Suttons succeeded
in bringing the iron-tired wheels into general
use, and it was several years later that they
were able to introduce vehicles ironed
throughout, like those in use in the Eastern
States. Mr. Sutton introduced also among
the farmers of St. Louis County the iron and
steel-pointed plows, and became locally
famous for the manufacture of a plow which
was known as "the Sutton plow." Iron har-
row-teeth were also first made by him for the
farmers, and he introduced among them
numerous appliances made of iron, which
greatly facilitated their work in the cultiva-
tion of the soil. He was the maker also of the
locks for the building which had been known
as the "old Spanish jail," of the iron railings
which adorned the old State Bank, and of the
first iron printers' sticks ever used in St. Louis.
His ingenuity, mechanical skill, and industry
were rewarded by a patronage which enabled
him to accumulate, in the course of a few years,
a considerable amount of money. He then
ceased to work at the blacksmith's trade and
purchased of Charles Gratiot 320 acres of land,
which was part of a league square, west of the
city, 011 the Manchester road, for which Mr.
Gratiot had obtained a grant from the Spanish
Governor. Removing to this farm. Mr. Sut-
ton built there a home and devoted himself to
agricultural pursuits until the end of his life.
He had married, in his young manhood, Ann
L. Wells, daughter of another of the pioneers
of St. Louis, and they lived together forty-six
years in the tenderest affection. Surrounded
by his family, he lived at his country home, a
quiet, pastoral life until he had passed the
age of four-score years. He was patriarchal
in his instincts and seemed never so well
pleased as when the large farm-house — which
took the place of his earliest homestead and
in which he died — was crowded with relatives
and friends. He gave a number of orphan
children their start in life and was noted for
his ready benevolence and his gifts for chari-
table purposes. While he was a self-edu-
cated man, he had a vigorous intellect, and,
being always a close observer, acquired a
large fund of knowledge and his conversation
was always interesting and entertaining. His
hatred of shams, of cant and hypocrisy was in-
tense, and he was the soul of honor in all the
affairs of life. He numbered among his
warmest personal friends many of the older
citizens of St. Louis, distinguished for their
personal worth, and those who bore his re-
mains to their last resting place were Jules
Beauvais, William N. Tivy, and T. R. 1'ullis,
of St. Louis ; Henry Gratiot, of Cheltenham ;
William Hensley, of Rock Spring; Captain
Joseph A. Brown, of Glencoe ; Dr. H. Barron,
of Webster Groves; and Dr. A. B. Barbee, of
Taylorwick. The family which grew up
about him remained with him to the end of his
life, and its members found homes in close
proximity to the ancestral homestead. Tin-
old homestead farm, containing 320 acres,
purchased at $1.12 1-2 per acre, is now
half inside the city limits, and on it are lo-
cated many fine suburban homes. Its appre-
ciation in value evidenced the sagacity and
good judgment of Mr. Sutton, who handed
down to his descendants a rich estate as a re-
sult of his earlv investment.
His son. JOHN L. SUTTON, was born
September 9, 1830, in Gravois, now a part of
St. Louis County. He was the oldest of a family
of eleven children born to the elder Sutton,
of whom seven were living in 1898. His
father having settled on the farm on which
he lived for so many years and on which he
died, the son devoted himself to agricultural
pursuits in his youth and obtained his educa-
tion at a country school. As a boy he was of
a somewhat adventurous disposition, anxious
to travel and see something of the world, and
when only nineteen years of age he went to
California. For three years thereafter his
lot was cast among the fortune-hunters who
sought the Pacific Coast as a result of the Cali-
fornia gold discovery, and there was much of
romance crowded into the experiences of
these years. In 1852 he returned to St. Louis
and thereafter devoted himself to farming and
stock-raising, and in later years to mining
enterprises in Colorado and Montana, and
cotton-planting investment in the South. At
his father's death he became the owner of the
old Sutton homestead, and one of the most
2204
SWASEY— SWERINGEN.
beautiful suburbs of St. Louis has grown up
around his home, on land which formed}
belonged to Ins father's estate. Mr. Sutton
married, in 1858, Miss Margaret L. Smith,
and has four children living, Ann C, Sarah
\\ . John L., and Margaret E. Sutton.
Swasey, William Albert, architect,
was born October 11. [863, in the city of Mel-
bourne, Australia, son of John 1!. and Hettie
(Jewett) Swasey, both of whom were natives
of Newburyport, Massachusetts. Although
born nil the island continent while his parents
were temporarily sojourning in the largest of
it- cities, he comes of an old New England
family, and his great-grandfather was a Revo-
lutionary soldier. His education was ob-
tained at the Boston Latin School, a military
boarding school of Paris, France, and the Bos-
ton Institute of Technology, the last named 1>>
ing the institution at which he completed his
course of stud; and from which he was grad-
uated in the class of 1882. Later he studied
and practiced architecture under eminent
architect- of Chicago, New York and foreign
1 tties, and in 1885 came to St. Louis and en-
tered into a copartnership with Charles k.
Ramsey, becoming junior member of the firm
of Ramsey & Swasey. Two years later this
partnership was dissolved, and since then Mr.
Swasej ha- continued the practice of his pro-
Fession alone, gaining a leading position
among Western architects as a result of his
artistic accomplishments and his thorough
knowledge of everything pertaining to the
superintendence of building operations.
While he ha- been the architect of many fine
churches, apartment houses, hotels, and other
public buildings, his cultivated tastes have
found their best expression in club houses and
private residences. The Fullerton Building,
completed about the close of 1897, one of the
most impressive office-buildings in St. Louis,
was designed by him and erected under his
supervision; and the Pastime Club, St. Louis
Dairy Company Building, and the Cumber-
land and Westminster Apartment houses are
structures which have contributed no1 a little
n> hi- renown a- an architect. The residences
of Samuel Kennard, Byron Nugent, 1. C, Van-
Blarcom, Judge Elmer I'.. Adams. Henry
Siegrist, and others, which never fail to attract
the attention of visitors to Si. Louis, are evi-
- of his superior attainments as a de-
signer of dwellings, admirably adapted to their
surroundings and replete inartistic beauty,
lie may be said to have introduced and pop-
ularized in St. Louis the Colonial style of arch-
itecture, now largely in evidence in the fash-
inable "West End" and in other handsome
residence portions of the city. He is a mem-
ber "f the St. Louis. Noonday, and Country
Clubs, and the Society of the Sons of the
Revolution, a member of the St. Louis Chap-
ter of Architects, and a fellow of the American
Institute of Architects. He is an Episcopal
churchman and a member of St. George's
Church of that denomination. Mr. Swasey
married, in 1890, Miss Irene McNeal, the ac-
complished daughter of Honorable Albert I.
McNeal, of Memphis, Tennessee, and a great-
granddaughter of President James K. Polk.
Their only child is a son, McNeal Swasey,
born November 9, 1891.
Swedenborgian Church.-
Church."
-See "New
Sweringen, James Tower, mer-
chant and financier, was born January 12,
1806, in the town of Mifflin, Juniata County,
Pennsylvania, son of Thomas and Janet (La
Tour) Van Sweringen. His paternal lineage
is traceable to the old family of Van Swerin-
gen, of Amsterdam, Holland, whose earliest
representative in this country was Captain
Garret Van Swearingen, a seafaring man,
who in 1656 was sent with supplies to New
Am-terdam, later called New York. This
Captain Van Swearingen had the misfortune
10 lose hi- vessel on the Atlantic coast near its
destination, but escaped from the wreck him-
self, landing on the Maryland coast. lie
found a home among the colonists of Mary-
land, where four succeeding generations of the
family lived, dropping the "Van" from the
name before the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury. From Maryland representatives of the
family migrated to Virginia, Pennslyvania,
New York, and other States, and the name
has been conspicuous in the civil and military
annals of the country. In every war since
[656, the Sweringens have been participants,
and on the muster rolls of the Indian wars,
the Revolutionary War. the War of 1812 and
the ( ivil War, the names of numerous mem-
bei - of tin- family appear who served as com-
missioned officers and private soldiers. Some
members of the Virginia branch of the family
have served with distinction in Conrrress and
@p«
-C &f-£sZ-iS
SWERINGEN.
2205
one defeated George Washington as a can-
didate for a seat in the Virginia Legislature,
and was, in turn, defeated by Washington for
the same office. The mother of James T.
Sweringen was of mixed French and Scotch
extraction, she having been a descendant of
Madame De la Tour in the French line, and
of ancestors who belonged to the famous clan
MacGregor in the Scotch line. Reared in
Pennslyvania, Mr. Sweringen obtained a fair
English education mainly at a country school,
which was three miles from his home, and to
and from which he walked every day during
the time of his attendance. He arrived in St.
Louis in 1828, when he was twenty-two years
of age, a vigorous, active and energetic young
man, whose broad common sense and good
judgment had commended him to such an ex-
tent to his uncle, George Morris, of Phila-
delphia, that he was empowered to invest in
St. Louis very considerable sums of money
for his Philadelphia relative. Sharing in the
profits of these investments and making
equally fortunate investments on his own ac-
count, he very soon became a business man
of consequence and influence among the pio-
neers of this city. In 1846 he established
what was at that time the most famous dry
goods house in the State of Missouri, and prob-
ably the largest in the West, and was wonder-
fully successful in his merchandising opera-
tions. Later, as endorser for the pork-pack-
ing firm of Jamison & Samuels, he lost a sum
of money which would be considered a hand-
some fortune, even at the present time, but,
notwithstanding this heavy loss, he continued
to occupy a position among business men of
the city, becoming especially prominent as the
representative of large Eastern capitalists,
who invested vast sums of money in the West.
He was a born financier, having a natural
genius for the negotiation of monetary trans-
actions, both private and public in their na-
ture. He placed the first issue of St. Louis
municipal bonds, was a stockholder in the old
Missouri State Bank, a stockholder in the
North Missouri Railroad Company, and a pro-
moter of many important enterprises which
materially advanced the business interests of
St. Louis. He commanded the unbounded
confidence of many of the men who were most
prominent in public life during the years of
his activity in St. Louis, and at different times
held powers of attorney from Thomas H.
Benton, General William Ashley, Major
Thomas Biddle, and others whose interests he
represented. He was the intimate personal
friend and associate also of these men, and
among the interesting relics which came into
his possession and subsequently passed into
the possession of his family as a result of these
friendly relationships were the pistols used in
the Benton and Lucas duel, and also in the
duel between Biddle and Pettus. He was a
charter member of the Merchants' Exchange,
one of the earliest promoters of the Agricul-
tural and Mechanical Fair Association, and
one of the men who inaugurated the first Fair
held in 1855. He helped to set on foot the
movement which resulted in the building of
the first Lindell Hotel, was a stockholder in
the original corporation and a member of the
Board of Directors under whose supervision
what was then one of the finest hotels in the
world was constructed, and he aided also to
build the new structure which took the place
of this one after it had been destroyed by fire.
He was also one of the early subscribers to
the stock of the North Missouri Railroad
Company and was a member of the Board of
Directors of that corporation. While he was
a busy man and the bearer of great responsi-
bilities during his entire business career, his
fondness for recreative amusements is evi-
denced by the fact that he was one of the
founders of the Hat Island Gun Club and one
of the most generous subscribers to the fund
which secured for it extensive game preserves.
He was a trifle fond of adventure and in 1869
crossed the plains with General R. B. Marcy,
keeping a diary in which were recorded many
interesting and not a few thrilling experiences,
the country which they traversed being at
that time infested to a considerable extent
with hostile Indians. His personality was
very attractive and. although his early educa-
tion had not been liberal, he had been an apt
pupil in the school of experience and had
gathered, as a result, a large fund of general
information which made him always enter-
taining to those who gathered about him.
His dry humor and quaint forms of expression
are characteristics well remembered by his
old-time associates, for which he was hardly
less distinguished than for his sterling integ-
rity and broad capacity as a man of affairs.
He was a Jeffersonian Democrat of the old
school, but took very little interest in politics
and held few public offices, refusing on two
or three occasions to become a candidate for
2206
SWIFT.
the mayoralty of St. Louis. Nevertheless his
counsel and advice were frequently sought by
those in charg< of public affairs, and he was,
from tunc !.> time, an important factor in
formulating financial legislation and shaping
the financial affairs of the city government.
I [e was at one time city assessor, an office for
which he was peculiarly fitted by reason of his
thorough knowledge of real estate and other
values, but with this exception is not known
to have held any city office. His name is
closely linked, however, with various public
improvements, prominent among them be-
ing the laying out of Forest Park and Lindell
Boulevards, the last named street being made
one hundred feet wide at his suggestion.
What was known as the Lindell Addition to
the city, now a beautiful residence district,
was also a semi-public enterprise in which he
was interested financially with Jesse and Peter
Lindell and others. Broad-minded and lib-
eral in spirit and action, he was not only a
promoter of public enterprises, but a kindly
and charitable man in all the relations of life,
who gave substantial expression to his sympa-
thies in acts of charity and benevolence. He
died in the city of his adoption, at the end of
a long and useful career as a business man,
Dec mber 24. [872. Mr. Sweringen married,
in [832, Miss Martha J. Farrar, eldest
daughter of Dr. Bernard Gaines Farrar. Mrs.
Sweringen's mother was Sallie Stubbs Christy
before her marriage, and was a daughter of
Major William Christy, who, in company with
Messrs. Wright and Chambers, laid out the
town of North St. Louis, and after whom also
Christy Wenue was named. Mrs. Sweringen
survives her husband and is still a resident of
St. Louis.
Swift, William Henry, was born in
Cayuga County, Xew York, March 27, [832,
son of Joseph I '. Swift, at one time high sher
iff of Cayuga County, a well known Whig
:.iii and the intimate friend of Millard
Fillmore, Judge Mfred Conkling, and other
old time leaders of the Whig party. In the
paternal line, Mr. Swift is descended from an
English immigrant ancestor who landed on
Cape Cod in 1644 and became the progenitor
of a family which has had many distinguished
representatives in this country. His maternal
ancestors, the Stoddards, were also among
the earliest colonists of \*ew England, An-
thony Stoddard, a native of England and
founder of the family in America, having set-
tled in Boston about the year 1630. To this
family belonged Captain Amos Stoddard, who,
as the joint representative of France and the
United States, formally received from Spain
the Province of Louisiana. He was the first
military commandant of the newly acquired
territory and established the authority of the
I 'nited States government, acting as Governor
until succeeded by General William Henry
Harrison. Governor of Indiana Territory, to
which Upper Louisiana was attached some
months after it became a part of the L'nited
States. In both the paternal and maternal
lines the ancestors of Mr. Swift have been con-
spicuous for vigorous intellectuality and force
of character, and these transmitted qualities
constituted his inheritance when he began life
for himself. He obtained in schools only a
fair English education, but left the school-
room to enter one of those institutions from
which many of the most distinguished men of
modern times have been graduated, the Amer-
ican newspaper office. As a printer's apprentice
on the "Auburn Advertiser." published at
Auburn, New York, he continued a system of
education in which all theories are subordi-
nated to practice, and then, as a craftsman, he
gathered knowledge of the world, of business
affairs, of politics and government in various
cities of the East and South. In 1850 he came
to St. Louis and began His career in this city
as a journeyman printer. After a time he
became foreman of the "State Journal" com-
posing room and was employed in that capac-
ity until the publication of the paper was dis-
continued. The practical printer had, by this
time, become an accomplished news-gatherer
and soon after became city editor of the "St.
Louis Dispatch." In this capacity he had an
opportunity to evidence his ability as a writer,
liis executive force and his familiarity with
affairs in general, and as a result, he was pro-
moted to the position of editor-in-chief, which
he held until his inclination to identify himself
more thoroughly with the business circles of
St. Louis prompted him to accept the man-
agement of the commercial and financial de-
partments of the "Missouri Republican." now
the "Republic." During four years there-
after he conducted this branch of journalistic
work in connection with what was then the
leading newspaper of the Southwest with con-
• licui his ability, and became personally known
to almost every man of prominence in both
^/^^7
SWIFT.
business and political circles in the State of
Missouri. He himself took an active interest
in political affairs, and as a result of his per-
sonal popularity and recognized fitness for the
position, he was elected clerk of the city coun-
cil and held that office for two years. After
retiring from the clerkship, he determined to
abandon newspaper work and devote himself
to business pursuits, and in pursuance of this
plan, associated himself with Jeremiah Fruin,
then, as now, famous as a contractor for the
building of public works of all kinds. His
knowledge of public affairs, the diplomacy of
which he was master, and the knowledge of
men which he had acquired as a result of his
years of newspaper work, had a vivifying effect
upon the business which Mr. Fruin had estab-
lished, and from that time forward its opera-
tions were vastly extended. Some years later
Messrs. Fruin, Bambrick and Swift formed a
corporation to carry on their business, which
took the name of the Fruin-Bambrick Con-
struction Company. Of this corporation Mr.
Swift was made president, and is still at the
head of one of the most famous contracting
companies in the United States, an institution
which has operated in almost every State in
the Union and which has constructed many of
the most notable public works in the larger
cities of the country. As a result of his op-
erations and enterprise in this field, Mr. Swift
has accumulated a large fortune and is recog-
nized as one of the distinguished self-made
men of St. Louis. It has been well said of
him that ''in social life he is a man welcome
in all company wherein intelligence is an in-
dispensable attribute of agreeableness. His
literary skill and his experience in the world
make him a charming companion. His wit is
nimble, and his humor kindly. In all the
minor offices of life he is a man of deep and
broad sympathies. He holds his wealth, with-
out Quixotism, in trust for the less fortunate
i of his fellows, and his hand is cunning in
| charity that evades the gaze of the world in
j its operations." Successful in business,
1 happy in his domestic relations, and esteemed
| in all the circles in which he moves, the lines
of his later life have been cast in pleasant
places and he has proven himself in every way
worthy of his good fortune.
Souther, Eustace E., merchant and
ironmonger, was born December 8. 1834. in
Ipswich, Massachusetts, son of Timothv and
Eliza (Greenough) Souther. He is a lineal
descendant of Joseph and Elizabeth (Fairfield)
Souther, who came from England to America
and settled in Boston in 1657. Nearly related
to the immigrant ancestor of this branch of
the family was Nathaniel Souther, who set-
tled at Plymouth in 1635 and was first secre-
tary of the Plymouth colony. Timothy
Souther, the father of the subject of this
sketch, was a native of Ipswich, Massachusetts,
born April 7, 1800. His wife, who was Eliza
Parker Greenough before her marriage, was
born in 180 1, the daughter of William Green-
ough, of Bradford, Massachusetts. Timothy
Souther was a man of prominence and in-
fluence in his native town of Ipswich and was
one' of the old-line Democrats who held office
there under President Andrew Jackson. He
removed with his family of five sons and two
daughters to Alton, Illinois, in 1842, and was
postmaster of that city from 1846 to 1854.
His children grew up in that city, and E. E.
Souther has vivid recollections of the Love-
joy riot; the embarkment of troops for service
in the Mexican War, and other incidents of
interest in the history of that city. He at-
tended the first public school opened in Alton,
at which a tuition of $1.25 a quarter was
charged pupils, the town authorities feeling
that they could not afford to offer such edu-
cational advantages entirely free of cost. The
-teacher of this school was Rev. Loring S.
Williams, who had been a missionary among
the Choctaw Indians and who was a most in-
teresting character. At this school Mr.
Souther mastered the ordinary English
branches and in 1849, when he was fifteen
years old. began working in a general store.
He was employed in various capacities at
Alton until i860, when he came to St. Louis
and obtained a position in an iron store, thus
becoming identified with the business in which
he has ever since been engaged. He was em-
ployed in this establishment until the autumn
of the year 1865 and then established an
agency for the sale of iron manufactures. In
1869 his brother, Warren A. Souther, joined
him in this enterprise, and they were associ-
ated together in a business, which grew to
large proportions, until 1887, when their re-
lationship was terminated by the brother's
death. In 1S94 the business was incorpo-
rated as E. E. Souther Iron Company, and
provision has thus been made for the perma-
nent maintenance of a house which is widely
2208
SWINGLEY.
known throughout the West and which has
come i" be recognized as one of the commer-
cial land mark- of St. Louis. .Mr. Souther's
success .1- .1 business man is attributable to
the close attention which he has given to the
I, ranch of trade in which he has been en-
gaged, and his duties and responsibilities in
this connection have operated to prevent him
fn .m office-hi ilding or participating in the con-
duct of public affairs.
Stout', Charles II., well known to the
people of St. Louis as a public official, was
bom January 21, 1840, in Bridgewatcr. Mas-
sachuestts, son of Rev. Richard C. and Alma
Stone. His father was a Congregational
minister who was especially well known
throughout Massachusetts in his day as an
ardent temperance apostle. The family to
which he belonged was planted in this country
in [650 by colonists who came from England.
< Ine of the earliest representatives of the
family was William Stone, who became Col-
onial Governor of Maryland, and among
whose descendants was Thomas Stone, one
of the signers of the Declaration of Independ-
ence. ( Hlier distinguished members of this
branch of the family have been John Hoskins
Stone, Governor of Maryland from 179410
[797; Bishop William Murray Stone, of the
Protestant Episcopal Church of Maryland;
Michael J. Stone, who served as a judge of the
General Court of Maryland; and Frederick
Stone, a member of Congress from Virginia
early in the present century; while William
( lliver Stone, the artist, and William Leete
Stone, the author, belonged to the New
England branch of the family. Charles H.
Stone was educated in Providence, Rhode
Island, completing his course of study at the
Latin High School of that city. He came to
St. Louis at the beginning of the year 1858
ami engaged in teaching school, a vocation
which he followed almost continuously for
main years. In 1861 he was mustered into
the Federal military service by General Nath-
aniel Lyon at the vt. Louis \rsenal and there-
after participated in the capture of Camp
Jackson and the battle at Springfield, Mis-
souri. \tter that In- was ordered to Cape
Girardeau, where he tool, part in the building
of fortifications. In later years he had mili-
tary experience also a- a member of the State
militia, in which for a time he commanded a
company. In 1871 he became connected
with Washington University and for twenty-
three years thereafter was a teacher in that
institution. His connection with the conduct
of city affairs began in 1892, when he was
elected a member of the House of Delegates.
In 1895 he was appointed by Mayor Cyrus P.
Walbridge harbor and wharf master of St.
Louis and has ably discharged the duties of
that office. He was reared under Republican
political influences and has been a member of
that party since he became a voter, although
he has not been a politician in the sense in
which that term is generally used. His re-
ligious affiliations are with the Congregational
Church, and he is identified with fraternal so-
cities as a member of the Legion of Honor.
He married, in 1862, Miss Margaret M. Bar-
ber, whose father was master armorer in the
St. Louis Arsenal.
Swinjsley, Charles Earnest, chief
of the fire department of St. Louis, was born
January 4, 1849, in Ogle County, Illinois, son
of George and Anna Elizabeth (Locher)
Swingley. He is descended in the paternal
line from the famous Swiss nobleman and re-
former, L'lrich Zwingli, who was born at Wild-
haus, St. Gall, Switzerland, in 1484, and was
killed at the battle of Kappel October 11, 1531.
The Locher family, to which .Mr. Swingley's
mother belonged is also of Swiss origin and is
descended from Jacob Philip Locher, who
figures in history as a statesman, through
whose efforts the city of Zurich was included
in the Rhenish alliance, a federation of ( rer-
man-Swiss cities. In the eighteenth century,
Francis Antoine Locher, a member of this
family, settled in Bohemia, where he became
the imperial sanitary official. In 1776 his
grandson, Henry Locher, immigrated to
America and established his home in Wash-
ington County, Maryland, where he engaged
in agricultural pursuits and is accredited with
having been the first farmer to cultivate the
red clover in this country. Charles E. Swing-
lev obtained the rudiments of an education at
a ci luntry school near Mt. Morris, Illinois, and
completed bis studies in the public schools of
this city. In T858. when he was nine years of
age, he bad gone with bis father's family to
1 'lathe, Kansas, the entire distance of six
hundred and ninety miles being traveled by
wagon. He was in Kansas three years, and
then came back to St. Louis, where he spent
SWISS MAENNERCHOR— SYNDIC.
2200
some time in school and then began working
at the trade of brick-laying. He was thus em-
ployed until 1869, when he became connected
with the city fire department of St. Louis. He
has ever since been identified with this depart-
ment of the city government and has proven
himself one of the most efficient of the brave
and faithful men whose duty it is to protect
the city against the ravages of the fire fiend.
He has progressed by successive steps to his
present position at the head of the department,
having filled every place in the service, from
pipeman to chief. He was made chief of the
department in 1895, an<l nas amply demon-
strated his fitness for the place and won
golden opinions from all classes of citizens.
While taking no active part in politics by
reason of the fact that he deems such activity
incompatible with his official position, he is
a firm believer in the doctrines of the Repub-
lican party. He is a Methodist churchman,
a member of St. Louis Commandery of
Knights Templar, of the Knights of Pythias,
and of the American Legion of Honor. Mr.
Swingley was married, in 1869, to Miss Eliza
Charlton, daughter of Edward and Harriet
Charlton, who immigrated to this country
from England and settled in St. Louis in 185 1.
There have been born to them three sons, all
of whom are living.
Swiss Maennerchor. — See "Music in
St. Louis."
Syndic. — In its primary meaning the
term "syndic" may be said to be practically
synonymous with the English term "trustee."
In different countries it has been the title also
of a government official exercising magisterial
functions. In St. Louis this was the title
given by the early French settlers to an official
chosen by the people in public assembly, on
the first day of each year, who acted in con-
junction with the "umpires" in enforcing the
regulations in regard to the lands of the com-
mune and in looking after the public works of
that primitive period. His chief official duty
appears to have been to see that the water
courses of the village were kept clear of ob-
structions, to supervise the construction and
repair of bridges and streets, and to "view and
preserve the common field fences." Two
syndics were nominated by the people each
year in the presence of the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, and one of the syndics thus chosen was
designated by the Governor to receive all fines,
to be held and used as a public improvement
fund.
2210
TALMAGE.
T
Talmage, Archibald Alexander,
one of the most distinguished of Western
railwa) managers, was born in Warren
County, .\\\v Jersey, April 25, 1834, son of a
worthy minister of the Presbyterian faith and
■ ndant, in the paternal line, of English
ancestors, and of Scutch ancestors in the ma-
ternal line. He was born with a vigorous in-
tellect, and at fifteen years of age had com-
pleted an academic course of stud} and was
ready to enter upon the active business of life.
He first found employment in a general store
at Goshen, New York, and there familiarized
himself, to a considerable extent, with the
general character, as well as with the details.
of commercial business. When eighteen
years old he became a clerk in the freight de-
partment of the New York & Erie Railway,
and in this capacity served his apprenticeship
to the railroad business. At the end of a year
he left the railway offices and went to New
York City, where he was employed some
months in a wholesale hardware house, but
nature had intended him for a railway man-
ager lather than for a merchant, and in a few
months he found himself anxious to get back
into the railway service. Removing to Chi-
cago in [853, he entered the employ of the
Michigan Southern Railroad Company as a
freight clerk in that city, but within a few
months thereafter was sent to Monroe, Mich-
igan, as an employe of the same company.
Later he was given a position in the service
of this company at Toledo, Ohio, where he
remained until [858, holding the responsible
position of trainmaster during the last two
\ ears 1 if his empli >\ mint in that city. In 1859,
when lie was twenty-five years old, he came to
St. Louis and entered the employe of the
Terre I [ante & Alton Railroad Company as
a passenger conductor. From this compara-
tively humble position he was promoted to
assistant superintendent of the road in [864,
but a lack of harmony between himself and
the superintendent of that line caused him to
resign his new position in the fall of that year.
Immediately afterward lie was made master
of transportation of the military roads con
trolled by the United States government east
1 ittanooga, and in this capacity
s 1 demonstrated his broad capabilities and
evinced the fact that he had a thorough, prac-
tical knowledge of the management and opera-
tion of railroads. Within thirty days he was
appointed general superintendent of the same
lines and had entire charge of their operations
until the close of the war and the resumption
of control by the corporations owning the
lines. He was then appointed general super-
intendent of the East Tennessee & Georgia
Railroad, and busied himself with the reor-
ganization of its affairs and the reconstruction
of the line until the fall of 1868, when he was
invited by Mr. Herkimer, general superintend-
ent of the Indianapolis & St. Louis, which had
leased the Terre Haute & Alton Railroad, to
again accept the assistant superintendency of
that line, which he had resigned in 1864. In
this capacity he displayed such remarkable
ability as to draw from the late Colonel
Thomas A. Scott, of the Pennsylvania Rail-
way system, the highly complimentary re-
mark: "A. A. Talmage is the best railroad
manager in the West." He was appointed
general superintendent of the Indianapolis
& St. Louis Railway Company in 1870, and
gained such prestige and prominence among
the railroad managers of the West that a year
later he was invited to become general super-
intendent of what was then known as the
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, running from
Pacific to Vinita. He accepted this position,
and in December of the same year became
general superintendent of the Missouri Pa-
cific Railroad. He continued to occupy that
position until the Missouri Pacific was ab-
sorbed in the Gould Southwest system of
railroads, and during these years of service
became universally recognized as a practical
railway manager, having few peers among his
contemporaries in the LTnited States. The
Gould system was formed by the consolida-
tion of the Missouri Pacific, the Iron Moun-
tain, and the Wabash. St. Louis & Pacific
Railways, and in March of 1884, when the
Wabash was placed in the hands of Solon
Humphreys and Thomas E. Tutt. as receiv-
es, by the United States court, Mr. Talmage
was made its general manager by the receiv-
ers. He continued to hold that position until
TALTY— TAMBLYN.
2211
the formation of the Wabash Western Rail-
way Company, in March of 1887, when he be-
came general manager for the reorganized
corporation. Taking charge of its affairs, he
speedily perfected its operative system, and
gave it a prominent place among the great
railways of the country. He was indefatiga-
ble in his labors to make this railway system
the equal of any of its rivals, and continued
in its service until his death, which occurred
on his private car at Peru, Indiana, June 28,
1887. His energy was indomitable, his re-
sources apparently unlimited, and his execu-
tive ability of that high order which recognizes
no obstacle which can not be overcome, and
which knows no such thing as failure in busi-
ness undertakings. Few men have been iden-
tified with Western railroad management who
have impressed themselves so strongly upon
the history of these enterprises, or who have
left behind them the record of so much ac-
complished. Mr. Talmage married, in 1868,
Miss Mary R. Clark, daughter of the Rev.
James Clark, D. D., of Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania, who survives her husband and is
still a resident of St. Louis.
Talty, John A., lawyer and jurist, was
born in Moline, Illinois, August 22, i860, son
of P. H. and Catherine (Vaughn) Talty. He
was educated at the public schools in his na-
tive town. He has been a student all his life.
In May, 1880, he came to St. Louis with
the intention of fitting himself for the law. As
an expert stenographer he entered the law
offices of Johnson, Lodge & Johnson, where
he also studied law under their preceptorship,
and in 1882, shortly after he attained his ma-
jority, he was admitted to the bar. In 1883
he formed a partnership with Joseph G.
Lodge, of that firm, and their professional con-
nection continued until Mr. Lodge's death in
1890. In that year Judge Talty, who had es-
tablished an enviable reputation as one of the
most brilliant of the younger members of the
bar, was appointed judge of the court of
criminal correction. After serving on the
bench of that court for some time he was
nominated for a full term on the Republican
ticket in 1891, made the race for that office,
but failed of election, his party being defeated
at the polls. He had, however, given abund-
ant evidence of his ability and fitness for the
discharge of judicial duties, and both his party
associates and his contemporaries at the bar
regarded him as one marked for higher dis-
tinction of this character. In 1896 he was
nominated for the circuit judgeship and was
elected to that office by a flattering majority.
During his term of service on this bench he
has become recognized as a jurist of quick
perceptions and clear understanding, a close
student of the law and precedents, and a care-
ful and painstaking investigator. His courte-
ous and urbane manners have made him a
special favorite with members of the bar, and
among the younger members of the State
judiciary none has achieved greater or more
thoroughly well merited distinction. In the
discharge of his judicial duties his courage,
frankness and promptness in reaching con-
clusions have commended him especially to
busy practitioners and to all those who seek
to reduce to the minimum "the law's delays."
He was the charter president and principal
organizer of the Merchants' League Club,
and although he has, in deference to his office,
ceased to be an active participant in politics
since his elevation to the bench, he is known
as one of the most loyal of Missouri Republi-
cans, and in a quiet way he exerts a potent
and beneficial influence in the councils of his
party.
Taniblyn, William Langford, was
born in the town of Liscard, County of Corn-
wall, England, August 25, 1837, and died at
West Pjaden, Indiana, December 14, 1897.
With his parents he immigrated to the United
States in 1847, and settled near Honesdale, in
Wayne County, Pennsylvania. The son had
obtained the rudiments of an education in the
schools of his native town, and supplemented
this by attendance at school for something like
a year after the family settled in Pennsylvania.
He was then put to work in Honesdale, in the
meantime continuing a process of self-educa-
tion which developed him into a capable and
intelligent young man. He was still resid-
ing at Honesdale when the Civil War began,
and soon after the beginning of hostilities en-
listed in the Sixth Regiment of Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry, a regiment which became
known as the "Pennsylvania Buck-tails." He
was commissioned first lieutenant of Com-
pany A of this regiment, and soon afterward
was assigned to duty as chief of the signal
corps, then stationed at Washington. While
serving in this capacity he was promoted to
captain of a cavalry company, and later was
2212
TAMBLYN.
in active service at Norfolk and Fortress
Monroe, participating in various engage-
ments, in one of which his horse was shot
under him by a Confederate sharpshooter. Be
1 for a time on the staff of General John
A. Dix, and rose by successive promotions to
the rank of colonel. I le commanded a cavalry
regiment, and at the close of the war con-
ducted a campaign against the Indians in the
S'orthwest, distinguishing himself for his
braven and gallant conduct in this perilous
and trying warfare. There was much of the
martial spirit in his nature: his figure was
commanding, and his bearing and manner
was always typical of the thorough soldier.
After being mustered out of the Union Army
with an enviable record as a commanding offi-
cer and soldier, he engaged in the manufacture
and -ale of lumber at Warren, Pennsylvania,
in company with General Stone, who had
been one of his comrades in arms. After a
successful business career of several years in
the East, he came west in 1871 and established
himself in business at the old Pacific Stock
Yards in St. Louis as a dealer in live stock.
After the completion of the Eads bridge and
the establishment of the National Stock
yards in East St. Louis he transferred his
business to the new stock yards, and was one
of the first shippers of cattle from that mar-
ket. In 1875 he became a member of the live
stock commission firm of George Taylor &
Co., with which he was identified until 1881,
in which year he formed a partnership with
Samuel Scaling, of St. Louis, thus establish-
ing the live -took commission firm of Scaling
& Tamblyn. In 1XX7 the business of this firm
had grown to large proportions, and a branch
establishment was instituted in Chicago, of
which Colonel Tamblyn took charge, remov-
ing with his family to that city. The firm of
Scaling & Tamblyn continued in existence
until March 1. 1X07. when it was dissolved,
' olonel Tamblyn then associating with him-
self his two sons and continuing the business
in which he had been engaged tinder the firm
name of Tamblyn & Tamblyn, with Chicago
as his plac( of residence, and business
houses in Chicago, Kansas City and Last St.
Louis 'I he Chicago branch of the business
was conducted under his personal supervision,
while the business at Kansas ('itv was man-
aged h\ his son. 1 \r,,y^r S Tamblyn, and that
in Last St. Louis h\ Roberl I.. Tamblyn. The
business of this firm had numerous ramifica-
tions, one feature of which was the main-
tenance of an extensive cattle ranch in the
Indian Territory. In addition to his live stock
operations, Colonel Tamblyn was also presi-
dent of the Planters' Cotton Seed Oil Com-
pany, at Alvarado. Texas, and was a large
stockholder in the Brownwood Cotton Seed
( Ml Company, of Brownwood, Texas, at
which place seventeen thousand head- of cat-
tle were fattened during the year 1895. He
was a business man of wonderful activity
and great executive ability, and was one of the
most widely known of Western dealers in live
stock. Politically he was always identified
with the Republican party, and took an active
interest in politics at various times, although
he was never an office-holder or an office-
seeker. He was reared in the Episcopalian
Church, but while a resident of St. Louis at-
tended the Pilgrim Congregational Church,
of which the members of bis family were com-
municants. He was a firm believer in the
1 hnstian religion, and exemplified his belief
by bis upright conduct, strict rectitude and
kindly acts in the affairs of every-day life. He
was a member of the Masonic order, the
Royal Arcanum, and the Legion of Honor,
and was prominently identified also with vet-
eran military organizations, being a member
of Ransom Post, of the Grand Army of the
Republic, of St. Louis. He was devotedly at-
tached to the comrades of this post, and had,
while living in St. Louis, expressed the desire
that at his death he should be buried under
its auspices and with the honors which it be-
stows upon its members. In compliance with
this wish, his remains were brought to this
city from West Baden, to which place he had
gone previous to his death, hoping to derive
some benefit from its healing waters, and his
funeral took place from the residence of his
son, Robert L. Tamblyn, Ransom Post con-
ducting the obsequies. Colonel Tamblyn mar-
ried, in 1862. Miss Jane Isabel Pig-art. daugh-
ter of William Maxwell Bigart, a prosperous
tanner of Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Their
surviving children are William M. Tamblyn.
ol St. Louis; George S. Tamblyn. of Kansas
City, and Robert L. Tamblyn. of St. Louis,
previously mentioned as being associated
with their father in business; Marv E. Tam-
blyn. now Mrs. Louis E. Herrick, of Chi-
cago; Rebecca ]., Isabel B. and Eugene A.
Tamblyn.
V £L lUMa
TANSEY.
2213
Tansey, George J mid, lawyer, was
born March 25, 1865, in Alton, Illinois, son of
Robert T. and Maria (Mangum) Tansey. The
elder Tansey removed, with his family, to St.
Louis in 1869, and the son was fitted for col-
lege in the Stoddard Grammar School and
at the St. Louis High School, graduating
from the last named institution in 1884. In the
fall of the same year he entered Cornell Uni-
versity, of Ithaca, New York, and was gradu-
ated from that university with the degree of
bachelor of letters in the class of 1888. Re-
turning then to St. Louis, he took a course
at the St. Louis Law School, and was admitted
to the bar in June of 1889. During the fol-
lowing year he was assistant secretary of the
St. Louis Transfer Company. In March of
1890 he became junior member of the firm of
Laughlin, Kern & Tansey, his partners being
Judge Henry D. Laughlin and R. H. Kern.
Mr. Kern retired from the firm some time
later, and Randolph H. Laughlin, Judge
Laughlin 's son. being admitted to the part-
nership, the firm was Laughlin, Tansey &
Laughlin until the spring of 1899, when this
association was dissolved. At the death of
his father Mr. Tansey succeeded the elder
Tansey as president of the St. Louis Transfer
Company, becoming also general manager of
the affairs of that corporation. While
practicing his profession successfully, Mr.
Tansey has also taken an active part in poli-
tics, not as a candidate, but as an orator,
writer and party leader. In the presidential
contest of 1896 he was one of the active man-
agers of the National Democratic party
movement, and took a prominent part in the
conduct of the campaign in Missouri. He is
a member of the Delta Epsilon fraternity, of
the Mercantile, Cornell, and Office Men's
Clubs, and of the Knights of St. Patrick, and is
one of the wittiest and most versatile after-
dinner speakers in St. Louis. A fondness for
the best literature is one of his marked charac-
teristics, and he is a contributor to literary
journals and a polished and vigorous writer.
Tansey, Robert P., who was identi-
fied with the development of St. Louis for
more than a third of a century, was born Octo-
ber 2. 1833. in the County Antrim. Ireland,
son of Bernard and Mary Tansey, and died
in St. Louis March 29. 1899. His birthplace
was the village of Glenarm. a picturesque spot
on the coast of Ireland, not far from the
Giant's Causeway. When fourteen years of
age, leaving school in Belfast, he immigrated
alone to this country, arriving at New Orleans
in a sailing vessel, after a stormy passage of
sixty-three days. Making his way to Baton
Rouge, his first employment was as operator
and repairer on the Louisville and New
( )rleans telegraph lines. When the "Harney
House" was opened in the new State capital
at Baton Rouge by L. A. l'ratt young Tansey
took a position there as bookkeeper and
clerk, where he remained a year. Meeting
with Edward Keating, at that time one of the
ablest lawyers in Southern Illinois, he was
induced to take up the study of law in that
gentleman's office at Alton, which study he
pursued with ardor for a period of two years.
Mr. Keating, becoming connected as financial
agent with the Alton & Sangamon — now the
Chicago & Alton — Railroad, appointed Tan-
sey paymaster of the company, although he
was then not twenty years old. This position
he held for several years, and then became
general agent of the road at Springfield and
Alton. In i860 there was no part of the
country more agitated over the political situ-
ation of the times than the State of Illinois.
The famous debate of 1858 between Lincoln
and Douglas had projected its immense influ-
ence everywhere, but the candidacy of the dis-
tinguished participants for the presidency,
both being Illinoisans, added new fuel to the
fire already burning. The intellectual forces
of the whole State were called out and mar-
shaled on the respective sides. In i860 Mr.
Tansey resuscitated the old Alton "National
Democrat," whose establishment had been
completely destroyed by a cyclone, and. as-
suming the entire proprietary and editorial
responsibility, performed indomitable and
brilliant service in behalf of the Democratic
campaign. He thus became prominent and
influential in his party's councils and the close
friend of distinguished party leaders. Stephen
A. Douglas, the greatest of Western Demo-
cratic statesmen, seemed to feel a sort of
fatherly regard for the brilliant young editor,
and during the closing years of his life Mr.
Tansev was one of his closest and most thor-
oughly trusted personal and political friends.
He was one of the few men also admitted
to the counsels of Wilbur E. Storev. the gifted
editor of the Chicago "Times." whose genius
and enterprise have left a distinct impress
upon Western journalism. Absorbed in the
221 t
TANSEY.
building up of a great newspaper enterprise —
in the development, in fact, of a new school
of journalism Store) lived in an atmosphen
of reserve which few people penetrated. He
trusted few people, and had few intimate
friends, but Mr. Tansey was one of the few,
and knew the great editor and publisher as
hardly any other man knew him. He was
the intimate friend, too, of William R. Morri-
son, S. S. Marshall. George Judd, Charles II.
Lanphier, R. E. G lell, and. indeed, all of
the chief party leaders in those days, and his
advice was always sought and welcomed. The
friends he had made outside of politics ad-
hered to him under all circumstances. He
took an active part in the permanent location
of the capital at Springfield at the time the
question of building a new State Mouse was
agitated, and assisted greatly in the result.
Resuming his railroad connections in 1862.
he was appointed general freight agent of the
Chicago & Alton Railroad, serving under its
first president, lames Robb, with headquarters
at Chicago, but from this position be retired
in the fall of 1863, and came to St. Louis as a
member of the firm of Mitchell. Miltcnberger
& Tansey, afterward incorporated as the East
St. Louis Transfer Company, which, purchas-
ing the Madison County Ferry, operated the
ferry between Venice and St. Louis. At that
time all railroad freights were required to
break bulk on either side of the river, and. ;h
the commercial importance of the city in-
creased, the want of some method of trans-
ferring cars loaded with grain, flour, lumber
and other commodities in bulk was found to
work a serious injur) to the commerce of the
city. In those days the railroads in Illinois
terminating in bast St. Louis were often
obliged to refuse grain in bulk for St. Louis,
owing to the great dela\ in getting it removed
from the cars b) teams. At this critical period
Messrs. Mitchell and Tansey, appreciating the
great need of the hour, established, in connec-
tion with the Madison County ferry, a car
transfer, b\ steamboat and barge, capable of
transferring twelve cars each trip. The imme-
diate effects of tins enterprise inaugurated by
Mr. Tanse) and his associates were the re
moval of the embargo on the grain trade, a
great increase in the shipments of heavy
freight to St. Louis in car loads, and a large
reduction in the cost ..f transfer. The plan of
transfer thus inaugurated revolutionized the
system of transportation across the
ri\er. inasmuch as other ferry companies fol-
lowed the example of the Madison County
Ferry Company, and thus developed a trans-
fer system adequate to the needs of the great
and growing city of St. Louis. At a later
date the blast St. Louis Transfer Company
was amalgamated with the old St. Louis
Transfer Company, taking the name of that
corporation, under which it has continued its
existence up to the present time. Mr. Tansey
being at its head until his death. He organ-
ized the through-checking of baggage, which
travelers have found so great a convenience,
and in numerous ways he diminished the an-
noyance of travel. A man of so versatile and
universal business genius could not long hide
bis "light under a bushel" in this community.
Air. Tanse)' quickly became recognized in
commercial circles as a leader. He was for
over thirty years a member of the Merchants'
Exchange, serving on all its committees, and
as director, vice-president and president, to
which latter office be bad the unusual honor,
in [871, of being elected without opposition.
He was at the front in the promotion of many
useful enterprises, and is believed to have been
one of the chief organizers of the "Veiled
Prophets," whose illuminations of the city,
pageants and grand balls have attracted so
wide attention to St. Lends, he throwing the
resi mrces of the Transfer Company into the
marshaling of the floats, etc. He was a lead-
ing member of all reception committees, pro-
viding hospitable entertainment for conven-
tion delegates and distinguished visitors, and
was a member of all the principal business
leagues and social clubs. He was also an ex-
president of the Knights of St. Patrick.
Though solicited to do so by influences suf-
ficient to nominate and elect, be repeatedly
declined to become a candidate for Congress;
but titter the adoption of the Scheme and
Charter he reluctantly consented to serve in
the upper branch of the municipal assembly,
which lie did for four years, leaving a whole-
some impress upon the legislation of the
period.
In 1854 Mr. Tansey was married to Miss
Maria Mangum, in Alton, Illinois. One daugh-
ter .and four sons were born of this marriage,
only two of whom. Alary and George Judd
Tansey, survive. Mr. Tansey's father died in
1843, and his mother at the ripe old age of
eighty-four, on the last day of the year 1807.
Mr. Tansey was president of the St. Louis
TAUSSIG.
2215
Transfer Company and director in the Wig-
gins Ferry, and other companies, giving the
greater portion of his time to his business in-
terests in St. Louis, but residing on a farm
near Springfield, Illinois.
The points given above illustrate Mr. Tan-
sev's character with tolerable accuracy, ex-
cept that they fail to exhibit his geniality in the
private relations of life. A man in whom there
is a constant, unconscious rivalry between the
forces of brain and heart rarely gives the cue
to the observer as to which predominates. Of
him it may be said that no friend ever had a
sorrow that was not partly his. To do more
than his duty was with him not an impulse,
not a sentiment, but a plant of nature. He
would not. but he might well have said truth-
fully—
"I live fur those who love me.
For those who hold me true.
For the Heaven that bends above me.
And the good that I may do;
For the cause that needs assistance,
For the wrong that lacks resistance,
For the luture in the distance,
And the good that I may do."
Taussig-, Edward, who has had an un-
usually interesting and eventful career as a
business man, was born in 1835. in the city
of Prague, Austria, son of Seligman and Rosa-
lie Taussig. When he was twelve years of
age he came with his parents to this country,
arriving in New York City in 1847. After a
short stay in the Eastern metropolis he joined
his eldest brother, Charles Taussig, who was
established in business in St. Louis as a mem-
ber of the firm of Abeles & Taussig. After
his arrival here he attended the famous old-
time Wyman's School, which was located at
the corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets. The
play ground of the school children at that time
was the courthouse yard. After leaving
school Mr. Taussig clerked, and in 1857 estab-
lished himself in the business of general mer-
chandising. In 1859 he opened a wholesale
leather house at the corner of Main and Mar-
ket Streets, as head of the firm of Taussig &
Bruckman. The Civil War destroyed the
business of this firm, as its patronage and
trade came principally from the Southern
States. A loyal Unionist, Mr. Taussig joined
the Second Regiment of the Missouri Home
Guards, was sworn into the United States
service by Captain (afterward General) Lyon
at the United States Arsenal, and participated
in the capture of Camp Jackson. His com-
pany conveyed thirty of the captured State
troops to the Arsenal. During his three
months' service with the Union forces Mr.
Taussig also participated in a night raid in
Callaway County. After the battle of Wil-
son's Creek St. Louis was no longer threat-
ened by the Confederates, and he then offered
his services to Commodore Foote, command-
ing the gunboats on the Mississippi River. He
labored, however, under the disadvantage of
being very near-sighted, and hence his offer
to serve in this capacity was not accepted.
Determining then to make an effort to recover
some of the money he had outstanding in the
South, he. with Messrs. Tolle, Powell,
Smith. Tunstall, Holmes, and others, went up
the Cumberland River on. the old stern-wheel
steamer "Adriatic" to Nashville, Tennessee.
He arrived at Fort Donelson soon after the
notable battle at that place and while the field
was still strewn with dead horses and other
reminders of the bloody engagement. The
"Adriatic" was the first trading steamer to
reach Nashville. Some time later he returned
to St. Louis and established himself in the
cotton commission business, with which he
was identified until 1866, when he became a
member of the banking firm of Taussig,
Fisher & Co., of New York City. In 1869 he
went, with his family, to Europe, and later
established the branch of the New York-
banking house at Frankfort-on-the-Main.
He was a resident of Frankfort thereafter until
1873, when he removed to London. England,
and became managing director of the Natal
Plantations ' Company, the Transvaal and
South African Land Trust, the Lombard
Syndicate, of London, the Sierra Almagrera
Mining Company, of Spain, and a director also
of several other English corporations. He re-
mained in London until he had finished the
education of his children, and then, in the year
1886, returned to St. Louis, which has since
been his home. In his young manhood Mr.
Taussig joined the old Whig party, and he
became later one of the earliest members of the
Republican party in Missouri. In later years
he has been measurably independent in his
political action. He was married, in 1864, in
St. Louis, to Miss Ottilie Fisher, daughter of
Dr. Gustavus Fisher. Two sons were the
children born of this union. James Edward
Taussig, the elder of these sons, is at present
superintendent of the Wheeling Bridge and
Terminal Railway Company, while the
2216
TAUSSIG.
younger, Ethan Allen Taussig, is a profes
sional musician of \'e\\ York City.
Taussig, .James, lawyer, was born in
the city of Prague, Austria, September 30,
1 S27. 1 1 1> parents were John ( \. ami Charli itte
Taussig. After obtaining the rudiments oi an
education through private instruction at his
home he took a two years' course in the Poly-
technic School at Prague, which was followed
h\ a six years' course of training in the livni-
nasium of his native city. He then completed
his education at the University of Prague,
leaving school in the year [848, to become a
ipant in the German Revolution of that
year. Enlisting in a students' corps organized
in Prague, he served through the siege ami
capture of Prague by General Windischgraetz.
I leing compromised ami liable to political
prosecution, he. like many other revolutionists
of that period, left his native land in July,
1848, and. coming to this country, proceeded
to St. Louis, to which place some members of
his family had preceded him. Soon after his
arrival here he began the study of law with
such prominent lawyers of that period as
Charles S. Rannels and Spalding & Shepley.
After a course- of reading he was licensed to
practice by Judge Alexander Hamilton, in the
year [851. During this period of his prepara-
tion for the bar Mr. Taussig gave much time
t" the acquirement of the English language,
lie had a thorough knowledge of the classics
and of the modern languages of Western
Europe, ami this enabled him to accomplish
— what foreigners rarely accomplish — so
thorough a master) of our language that his
-perch conveys no knowledge of his foreign
birth. He rapidly gained a position of promi-
nence at the bar. although the rivalry in those
days at the St. Louis bar was formidable. Until
[891 he enjoyed a lucrative practice, retiring
in that year to the enjoyment of a well earned
leisure, with liberty to indulge his taste for
Study and travel. lie is a member of the
St. Louis Par Association, the Missouri Bar
Association and tlie American Bar Associa-
tion, ami for two successive terms served as
president of the association first named. From
[864 to 186S he was counsel for the St. Louis
School Board. During the years immedi-
ately preceding the Civil War he took an
active interest in the political issues then
dominant, and was one of the most ardent
supporters of the newly formed Republican
party, voting for Fremont for the presidency
m 1856. In the early days of President Lin-
coln's administration he acted as a committee
of one, sent by the Radical Republicans of St.
Louis to Washington to present resolutions
favoring the abolition of slavery to the Presi-
dent. It is a noteworthy illustration of the
rapid march of events in those days that Presi-
dent Lincoln, in the historic interview with
Mr. Taussig, declared the immediate and un-
conditional emancipation of the slaves to be a I
suicidal policy, but nevertheless issued his I
proclamation of emancipation within three
months thereafter. Notwithstanding the fact I
that he had much political zeal, he could never i
be persuaded to accept any political office or I
nomination for office. He was tendered a I
nomination for Congress in a district in which
nomination was equivalent to election, but
declined in favor of Henry T. Blow. He was
offered a seat on the bench of the State
Supreme Court by Governor Fletcher, but
declined all promotion of that character, be-
lieving that "the post of honor is the private
station." and being perfectly content to be-
hold at last the complete triumph of the prin-
ciples for which he had so earnestly contended.
All his life he has been a student, and for vears
be has been a working member of the Ethical
Society and of the Self-Culture Association of
St. Louis, which latter he served for two vears
as president. Mr. Taussig was married, in
1852, at New York, to Magdalene Dormitzer,
of Prague. Austria, and four sons and two
daughters have been born of their marriage.
Taussig, John J., banker and finan-
cier, was born July 9, 1843. 'n tne C'T.V OI
Prague, Austria, son of John and Charlotte
raussig. When he was five years of age he
came to this country, with other members of
his family, wdio established their home in St.-
Louis. He attended the public schools and
Washington University until he was fourteen
years of age. leaving the university to enter
the office of Shrvock & Rowland, who then
conducted the leading grain commission
house of St. Louis. He remained in the em-
ploy of this house until about the beginning
1 if the ( 'ivil War. when he engaged in business
on his own account. In 1865 he became the
senii ir member of the firm of Taussig & Fisher,
bankers and brokers, which within a few years
built up a large business and widelv extended
its operations. From this beginning grew the
^bf^f?t^V
TAUSSIG.
2217
firm of Taussig, Fisher & Co., of New York,
and of Grempp & Taussig, of Frankfort-on-
the-Main. These firms did a wonderfully
prosperous business until the financial panic
of 1873 swept away their resources, as it did
the fortunes of many of the bankers of this
country in a single day. Since then Mr. Taus-
sig has confined his financial operations to
St. Louis, and within the period which has
since elapsed he has been identified officially
and otherwise with many important enter-
prises and institutions. He has occupied
numerous positions of trust and responsibility,,
among which have been the directorship and
vice-presidency of the Pacific Railway of Mis-
souri, the Consolidated Coal Company, and
the United Elevator Company. At the pres-
ent time (1899) he holds similar official rela-
tionships to the Hope Mining Company, the
existence of which dates from 1865. and which
is the oldest mining corporation in St. Louis,
ami to the Merchants' Terminal Railway
Company, and other corporations. His ex-
cellent judgment, rigid integrity and sagacious
conduct of financial affairs have caused him
to become recognized both as a trustworthy
and capable financier, and he enjoys a large
measure of public confidence. Politically he
has always been identified with the Republi-
can party, while his religious affiliations have
been with the advanced thinkers and students
who constitute the Church of the Unity, of the
Unitarian faith, in this city. A lover of both
literature and art, his private library is one
of the finest and most carefully selected in the
West, while the art works which adorn his
home evidence his cultivated tastes in that
I direction. A member of the Union Club, he
I has helped to build up that institution, which
! has become one of the leading social and fam-
i ily clubs of St. Louis. December 21, 1865,
Mr. Taussig married Miss Leonore Taussig,
who was his second cousin. The children born
1 of this marriage have been P>elle L., Grace A.,
! Charlotte E., Leonore, J. Clarence and Gar-
1 field J. Taussig.
Taussig, Joseph S., banker and finan-
i cier, was born in the city of Prague, Austria,
! in 1832, son of Seligman and Rosalie Taus-
I sig. His father was a successful manufacturer
■ of cotton goods in Prague, but retired from
business in 1847 anc^ came to St. Louis. The
I son was educated in the Polytechnic Institute
; at Prague, and supplemented this course of
training with a commercial college course
after his coming to St. Louis. He came to this
city in 1846, joining his elder brother, Charles,
who had come hither in 1842, and had estab-
lished himself in business here with his
brother-in-law, under the firm name of Abeles
& Taussig. Joseph S. Taussig joined this firm
in business, and remained with it until 1853.
He then accepted a position with the whole-
sale dry goods firm of Eddy, Jameson & Co.,
which he continued to hold until 1856. In
that year he went into business in the town of
Carondelet. with his brother Edward as a
partner, the name of the firm being J. & E.
Taussig. Subsequently the firm became
Taussig & Shores, and he was interested in
this house during the early years of the Civil
War. Being in full sympathy with the Fed-
eral government in its effort to suppress the
uprising of the Southerners, he joined a com-
pany of Home Guards, and participated in
the early movements for the protection of
St. Louis from Confederate invasion. In 1863.
after selling out his Carondelet business, he re-
moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and estab-
lished in that city a commission house, which
was conducted under the name of Coronna,
Taussig & Co. There he also joined a com-
pany of Home Guards, and while serving in
that company participated in the exciting
skirmish occasioned by General Forrest's
raid on that city. In 1866 he left Memphis to
become connected with the banking house of
Taussig, Fisher & Co., in New York, that
being the first St. Louis banking house estab-
lished in the Eastern metropolis. He re-
mained in New York until the financial panic
of 1873 swept away his fortune and made it
necessary for him to begin life anew. Return-
ing to St. Louis in 1874, he established, in
connection with his cousin and former partner,
John J. Taussig, the banking and brokerage
firm of J. & J. Taussig, which is still in exist-
ence. This firm has taken high rank among
the financial institutions of St. Louis, and en-
joys the esteem of the public, both on account
of its integrity in transactions and the abil-
ity which its members have shown in the con-
duct of their business. Personally, Mr. Taus-
sig has long been recognized as an astute
financier and a man of the strictest probity
and high character. He was one of the origi-
nal members of the Republican party in St.
Louis and voted for Abraham Lincoln for the
presidency in i860. Subsequently he became
2218
TAUSSIG.
what may be termed a "Cleveland Democrat,"
voting for that distinguished statesman for the
lency in [884. I fe is now classed among
the "Gold Standard" Democrats of St. Louis.
He is interested in literary, philosophical and
scientific researches, and for twelve years has
been treasurer of the Ethical Society of St.
I ouis I !>■ married, in [869, Miss Marie L.
(.'iiuip. daughter of Charles A. Cuno, of St.
1 .1 ,uis. Mrs. Taussig died in 1879. leaving two
children. Albert E. and Fred J. Taussig, both
of win mi are now practicing physicians in St.
I j mis.
Taussig, William, was born February
28, iSji). in the city of Prague, the third city
of the Austrian Empire, and the commercial
and manufacturing center of Bohemia. He
was educated at the famous old University of
Prague, founded in 1348, and after complet-
ing his classical course, turned his attention
to the study of medicine, devoting himself
chiefly to chemistry. In 1847, when he was
twenty-one years of age, he came to this coun-
try, and for a year thereafter was employed
in New York City as an analytical chemist.
Leaving New York in 1848, he came to St.
Louis and soon after his arrival in this city
became connected with the drug house of
Charless, Blow & Co. as chemist. To further
qualify himself for the practice of medicine,
m afterward attended a course of lectures
at Pope's Medical College, and then entered
upon his career as a physician. During the
memorable cholera epidemic of 1849 ne
I the city as assistant physician and
apothecan at quarantine, evincing the fear-
lessness and devotion to duty which have ever
>inee been distinguishing characteristics of
the man. In iS;i lie removed to Carondelet,
then an independent cit) and not a part of St,
Louis, as now, and soon built up a very ex-
tensive practice in that city and its environ-
ments. Almost immediate!) after he became
a resident of Carondelet his recognized abil-
ity and popularity made him a conspicuous
figure in the conduct of its municipal affairs.
In [852 he was elected mayor of the city, and
held that office until failing health compelled
him to retire from the position, and also to
give up his large medical practice. In 1859
he was again drafted into the public service
and became one of the judges of the St. Louis
County Court, John II. Lightner, Benjamin
Farrar, Robert Holmes and Joht H I se be-
ing his associates. These gentlemen were
1 members of the important court, or
board, which had almost absolute control of all
the financial and administrative affairs of St.
Louis County during the entire period of the
( ivil War, and upon which rested the chief
responsibilities of county government. They
were chosen, moreover, as a reform board,
their immediate predecessors having brought
down upon themselves popular condemna-
tion by their malodorous conduct of county
affairs. The court constituted by the elec-
tion of Dr. Taussig and his associates inau-
gurated numerous reforms and met the ex-
pectations of the people by giving them an
honest and economical administration and
conducting the business of the county with
wisdom and discretion. In 1863 Dr. Taussig
was re-elected to the county court and made
presiding justice, holding that position until
his resignation in 1S65. An interesting inci-
dent of his term of service on the bench was
the rejection of Captain — afterward General —
U. S. Grant as an applicant for county sur-
veyor, an official position filled in those days
by appointment of the county court. Judges
Taussig, Lightner and tarrar favored another
candidate, and Grant soon afterward went to
Galena, Illinois.- Possibly a great genera]
might have been spoiled to make a poor sur-
veyor had he been given the lucrative county
office which he sought at that time, and on
the occasion of one of his visits to St. Louis
General Grant told Dr. Taussig he was in-
debted to him for his action in this matter.
Dr. Taussig was presiding on the county
bench when General Sterling Price made his
Last raid through Missouri and threatened the
capture of St. Louis. Supported by his as-
sociates, he set on foot a movement to raise
two regiments of troops to reinforce the in-
adequate reserves defending the city under
command of General Rosecrans. This was a
difficult task, because the resources of the city
and adjacent country had been severely taxed
already, and the much needed additional mil-
itary force could only be raised by giving gen-
erous bounties to encourage the enlistment
of troops. There was, however, no money
in the county treasury, and $200,000 was
needed to meet the expenses of the proposed
movement. To raise this money. Dr. Taus-
sig had to negotiate a loan, and his appeal to
( harles P. Chouteau was met by a response
which entitled the latter to the lasting grati-
TAUSSIG.
2219
tifde of the citizens of St. Louis. Another in-
cident in Dr. Taussig's Civil War experience
gives evidence of the prompt action which he
was accustomed to take to meet emergencies
in public affairs and the extent to which he
was able to command the needed co-operation
and assistance. When the marauders — call-
ing themselves Confederates — under the
command of "Bill" Anderson, fell upon the
town of Fulton, Missouri, and robbed and
destroyed the insane asylum at that place, the
unfortunate inmates of that institution were
left without a place of refuge. Dr. Taussig,
upon hearing of the disaster, endeavored to
provide for their relief through the State
government and then through the command-
ant of the United States military forces in
Missouri, but failed in both instances. Taking
the matter in his own hands, he set out for
Fulton, accompanied by Captain Bartholo-
mew Guion, making his way, in part, on horse-
back. Arrived at Fulton, he found the situa-
tion deplorable, but speedily organized a relief
movement on his own account. With the as-
sistance of residents in the vicinity, he gath-
ered together those who had been inmates
of the asylum — over two hundred in num-
ber— loaded them into farm wagons and ve-
hicles of various kinds, and finally landed them
at Mexico, Missouri. The region traversed
was infested with guerrillas, and Dr. Taussig
and his party had no military escort. Fortu-
nately, however, they reached their destina-
tion in safety and proceeded by rail to St.
Louis. Here, by previous arrangement, the
doors of St. Vincent Asylum were thrown
open to them, and these unfortunate wards of
the State were housed and cared for as a re-
sult of the prompt and forceful action of one
i man, incited to the task which he had under-
I taken solely by his humane instincts. As a
result of this incident, the present magnificent
| City Insane Asylum was founded. The land
! on which it is situated was purchased, the
plans prepared by the county architect, the
| late William Rumbold, and the corner stone
! laid with appropriate exercises, presided over
i by Dr. Taussig, in the fall of 1864. A memo-
rial tablet in this now flourishing institution
commemorates this fact. While serving on
the county court bench Dr. Taussig was also
examining surgeon for the First Military Dis-
trict, by appointment of President Lincoln, his
duty in this connection being to pass upon
the physical condition of men drafted into the
Union Army. In 1865 he was appointed
United States internal revenue collector by
President Lincoln, he being the second ap-
pointee to that office in St. Louis. Soon after
the close of the war he became identified with
the banking interests of the city, and was first
president of the Traders' Bank. A little
later he became interested also with Captain
James B. Eads in the project to construct a
bridge across the Mississippi River. At the
first meeting of the executive committee of
the Illinois & St. Louis Bridge & Tunnel
Company he was appointed chairman of that
committee, and from that time until his vol-
untary retirement in 1896, for nearly thirty
years, the management of the vast interests
connected with the bridge and tunnel consti-
tuted his life work. The only other enter-
prise with which he was identified during that
time was the North Missouri Railway Com-
pany, of which he served two years as director.
In July, 1874, upon completion of the bridge,
he was appointed general manager of the St.
Louis Bridge Company, the Tunnel Railroad
Company, the Union Railway & Transit
Company, and the Union Depot Company,
all of which interests were finally, by lease and
purchase, combined under the general owner-
ship and control of the Terminal Railroad As-
sociation of St. Louis. This association made
Dr. Taussig its president in 1889, and from
that time forward until the date of its comple-
tion he devoted himself to the perfection of
the present railroad terminal system of St.
Louis and to the building of the Union Depot,
the pride of the city and the finest railway sta-
tion in the world. In this connection his re-
sponsibilities have been great and his duties
multitudinous, and the highest tribute which
can be paid to his character and abilities is to
state the simple truth that he has met every
emergency and proven himself equal to every
task imposed upon him, discharging faithfully
every trust committed to his care. From the
time he became a citizen of St. Louis down to
the present time he has been an active, ear-
nest, masterful spirit. Vigorous mentally and
a comprehensive grasp of the great problems
which have to be solved in the building up of
large cities have been evidenced in the work-
accomplished under his direction, and where-
ever he has put forth his hand there has been
broad, substantial and continuous develop-
ment. His private life has been as blameless
as his career as a public official and business
TAXATION AND REVENUE.
man has been honorable and .successful. He
married, in 1S57. Mis- Adele Wuerpel, of St.
Louis, a lad) of culture and refinement,
whose father, a prominent teacher in the
Rhine provinces in Germany, had to emigrate
to America during the revolution of [848
on account of his liberal sentiment.-. ' >ne oi
I I, 1 aussig's 51 ms, Frank W. Taussig, a grad-
uate of the Washington University, of St.
Louis, 1- professor of political economy in
Harvard College, noted for his ability and
scientific attainments.
Taxation ;m<l Revenue.— The first
taxation in St. Louis was introduced in 1809,
when the place was incorporated as a town,
with trustees ; before that there was no organ-
ized government, and no levy of taxes. The
first revenue system levied a tax of one-fourth
of one per cent on property, and $15.00 a year
upon tavern- and public houses, $15.00 on all
stores and retailers of merchandise not the
growth or manufacture of the Louisiana Ter-
riton : $5.00 on all boats and barges from
outside -aid Territory; $1.00 per ton upon
all merchandise brought on outside boats;
$2.00 on pirogue-; $15.00 on ferries; $2.00
on four-wheeled carriages, and $1.00 on two-
wheeled vehicles; $2.00 on dogs, and $100.00
on billiard tables. Auguste Chouteau, the
original settler of St. Louis, was the first town
treasurer, and a statement made by him, still
preserved, -hows that the receipts front license-
in 1 Si.) were $350.00, in addition to which
there was $16.00 in fines for racing through
the street-. In the following year the total
revenue was $632.87. In 1S1X it was $1,307.
In 1S23 St. 1j mi- became an incorporated
city, with municipal franchises and dignity.
with the needs of a larger revenue. This was
supplied chiefly from the property tax. which
increased as the value of taxable property in-
creased; but. in addition to this, a general
and elaborate system of licenses and taxes
on franchises grew up. which now yields more
than two tilths of the municipal revenue. [n
1X54 the total receipts were $725,966; in 1858
they wen- $859,885; in 1871 they were
$2,359,920. The present revenue -iMnii of
the city consists of a property tax of one half
of one per cenl on all taxable property, real
and personal, and a schedule .if licenses, taxes
on franchises, fines, fees and commissions, and
miscellaneous taxes. The most important
licenses are auctioneers', ranging from $40.00
for ten days to $300.00 for six months ; banks,
S 1 . 1. ... 11 1 ii ir six months ; billiard tables, $10.00
a year; city weighers, $25.00; commission
merchants. $25.00 on sales of one hundred I
thousand dollars and over per annum; exhi-
bitions, $25.00 for thirty days, to $150.00 for
twelve months ; fortune tellers, $100.00 a year;
hotel, railroad and steamboat runners. $50.00
a year; hawkers, one horse, $15.00, two
horse. $25.00; dramshops, $250.00 for six
months ; insurance companies, $100.00 a year ;
intelligence offices, $150.00; junk shops,
$50.00; junk wagons, $20.00; merchandise
brokers, $50.00; merchants, 20 cents per
$100.00 value of stock and $1.00 per $[,000
sales ; manufacturers, twenty cents on the
$100.00 of stock and $1.00 on the $1,000 of
sale-: mercantile agents, $100; restaurants, I
$20.00 for six months ; pawnbrokers, $200.00 I
for six months; real estate agents and brokers, I
$25.00 a \ear ; railroad ticket brokers. $50.00 I
for a year; sale stables, $25.00 a year: stock
yards, $150 a year; shooting gallery. $25.00 I
a year; street cars. $25.00 a car a year; ten |
pin alley, $10.00 a year : theaters and muse- I
urns, $150.00 a year; vault cleaners, $100.00 I
a year; vehicles, from $2.00 for a one-horse 1
\\ agi m to $5.00 for a hackney carriage. The '
Stale Constitution forbids the levy of a 1
property tax exceeding one-half of one per
cent per annum for revenue purposes; but it
allows whatever additional rate may be needed j
for debt and interest. The receipts into the in-
terest and public debt revenue fund in the fiscal 1
year ending April n, 1898, were as follows: j
Taxes tor the year 1X97. $1,166,045; delin- I
quent taxes of prior years, $194,008; interest ]
on deposits. $94,282: total, $1,454,336. Add
balance on hand April 13, 1897, $360,991 ; to-
tal resources, $1,815,328. The appropriations
were : for interest, $877,561 : commissions and 1
expen-e-. $1,557: advertising and other mis-
cellaneous expenses, $746: for sinking fund,
$322,438; total. $1,202,303; balance on hand
\pril 11, 1898. $613,024.
The receipts into the municipal revenue fund I
were : from taxes for the year 1807. $2,847,865 :
delinquent taxes. $473.082 — total from taxes
$3,320,948. From licenses : bicycles. $18,058 :
commission merchants, $13,241 ; dog's, $3,505;
dramshops, $068,870; insurance companies
ami agents. $21,510; manufacturers. $115.-
450; merchants $161,458: peddlers and haw-
kers. $12,559; street railroad tax on cars,
$19,263; vehicles, $30,066; auctioneers. $3,-
^fcj?
■>
ST/a « / >
TAYLOR.
2221
029; banks, brokers and financial agents, $5,-
877; billiard and ten pin alleys, $530; bill
posters, $48.00; boarding houses, $1,664; en~
gravers, $106; flying horses, $195: fortune-
tellers and clairvoyants, $726; garbage re-
movers, $364; intelligence offices, $460; junk
shops, $2,117; lithographers, $19; lumber
measurers, $53 ; mercantile agencies, $870 ;
merchandise brokers, $5,457; ordinaries, $2,-
868; pawnbrokers, $4,254; photographers,
$1,185; railroad ticket brokers, $768; real
estate agents, $5,469; runners, $283; shooting
galleries, $30 ; sale stables, $288 ; theaters and
exhibitions, $3,063; weighers, $96; total
licenses, $1,413,213. From boiler and ele-
vator inspections, $13,849; building permits,
$10,008; street railway franchises. $63,310;
telephone companies, $21,258; electric light
companies, $9; St. Louis Automatic Refrig-
erating Company. $334 ; total franchises, $89,-
911. Fines, fees and commissions, $162,142.
From markets, $30,738 ; from recorder of
deeds, $46,573 ; from rents, $6,885 > from
scales, $10,139; State's portion of cost assess-
ing the revenue, $37,382 ; State's appropria-
tion for support of the insane, $15,000;
weights and measures inspections, $10,201 ;
and other smaller items, making a total of re-
ceipts on account of municipal revenue of
$5,187,078. The appropriations were: For
courts and expenses incident thereto, $391,-
825 ; for coroner and morgue, $25,925 ; for de-
partments where the fees of the office pay the
expenses, $67,676 ; fire department and fire
alarm telegraph, $728,305 ; health depart-
ment, $701,163: house of refuge, jail and
workhouse, $152,079; lighting the city, $328,-
222; lighting public buildings, $61,426; police,
$950,395 ; public buildings, $46,942 ; board of
public improvements, $63,339; parks, $127,-
368; sewers, $128,431; street commissioner's
department, $622,083 ; departments not classi-
fied, $266,163; miscellaneous expenses. $229.-
613; total for general purposes, $4,893,120.
In addition there were appropriations for
special purposes and new work, $311,425,
making a total of expenditures of $5,219,479,
and leaving a balance in the treasury April 1 r,
1898, of $95,039-
Taylor, Daniel Gilchrist, mayor of
St. Louis during the years 186 1-2, and for
many years prominently identified with the
river and other interests of the city, was born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1819, and died in this
city in 1878. His father was James Taylor,
and his mother was a Miss McLean before her
marriage. Both were natives of Scotland, who
came to this country about the year 1810, and
both were orthodox Scotch Presbyterians,
who looked carefully after the religious train-
ing of their son during the earliest years of his
life. His educational advantages were lim-
ited to a somewhat irregular attendance at the
public schools until he was old enough to be-
gin earning his own living. While still very
young he found employment in various ca-
pacities on Ohio and Mississippi River steam-
boats, and may lie said to have grown up in
that business. In due course of time he be-
came master of a boat, and while filling that
position had many of the interesting and thrill-
ing experiences of the old-time river captains,
and a fair share also of the favors showered
upon them by fortune during the golden pe-
riod of "steamboating" on Western rivers.
He was master of the steamer "Clairmont,"
which, in 1845. went up the Yellowstone River
on a trading expedition under the auspices of
Pierre Chouteau and his associates, who had
succeeded to the business of the American
Fur ( Company in St. Louis and throughout
the vast region which the fur traders had
made tributary to this city. The "Clairmont"
was probably the first large steamboat which
ever navigated the Yellowstone River, and its
-voyage on this occasion marked an epoch in
the historv of Western navigation. Captain
Tavlor continued to be identified with the
river interests as master of a boat until 1849,
in which year he left the river to engage in a
kindred business in St. Louis, where he had
previously established his home. He had just
completed the purchase of the ship-chandlery
business of Shaw & Zuntz when the great fire
of 1849 swept away his newly acquired posses-
sions, and seriously crippled him financially,
as a result of his having no insurance on his
goods. He then established the steamboat
agency of Taylor & Hopkins, and some time
later became also head of the wholesale liquor
house of Taylor & Horrington. From that
time until 1861 he was prominent in the whole-
sale trade of the city, and at the same time
was interested to a considerable extent in
steamboats and steamboat securities, retain-
ing, through these investments, his connec-
tion with the river interests to the end of his
life. Public duties engrossed a considerable
share of his attention after 1861, and the pri-
TAYLOR.
vate busini ss to which h< gave most of his
time was that of the Krai Estate Savings In
stitution, of which he was president. From
the time he became a resident of St. Louis
until the end of his life he took an active in-
terest in the government of the city and the
conduct of municipal affairs, and served as a
member of the city council in 1852. In t86i
he was elected mayor of the city, entering
upon his term of service at a most critical pe-
riod in the history of the city, when the mu-
nicipality was torn by the dissensions of the
Civil War, threatened with invasion from
without, and by turbulent elements within.
The responsibility for putting the city on a
war Footing, adjusting its financial affairs to
the new order of things and preserving its
credit devolved largely upon the mayor during
this period — trusts which were faithfully and
ably executed by Mr. Taylor. At a later date
he was elected cit) treasurer of St. Louis, and
rendered valuable services to the city as its
chief financial officer. 1 fe was always a Dem-
ocrat in his political affiliations, and believed
full) and firmly in the principles of his party,
I ml as a public official he was the impartial
servant of the people, performing all his duties
faithfully and conscientiously, without regard
for partisan considerations. I lis religious
affiliations were with the Roman Catholic
( lunch, into which he was baptized shortly
lufi ire his death. Mr. Taylor was twice mar-
ried first, to Miss Vngelique Henrie, whose
early home was at Prairie du Rocher. Illinois.
Accompanied by his wife and two children.
Mr. Taylor was aboard the steamboat "'Cross-
man" when it blew up on the Mississippi
River, in the spring of [858 Mrs. Taylor
and one of the children lost their lives in this
disaster, Mr. Taylor and the other child escap-
ing unhurt. In i860 he married for hi> sei
ond wife Miss Emilie Lebeau, a daughter of
Chauvin V. Lebeau, of St. Louis. Mrs. Tay-
lor survived her husband, dying in this citv
six years later. I lis surviving children are:
Zoe Taylor, born of his first marriage, and
now Mrs. Walter I'.. Mill, of San Jose. Cali-
fornia; \.ngelique Taylor, Grace Taylor and
1 >aniel l . faylor, Jr., born of his second mar-
riage. Mis Mm is a resident of St. Louis, and
a well known member of the bar of this city.
Taylor, (li'iirnc, merchant, was born in
Loudoun County, Virginia, March 12, 1838,
and died at St. Louis, June 28, 1893. His par-
ents were Joseph Drury Taylor and Frances
R. Taylor, both natives of Virginia, the first
named of English, and the last named of
French, descent. Mis parents spent their lives
on a farm, and both lived to the good old age
of four score years and more, beautiful and
worthy lives, full of good works. While lhe\
were plain people, they had a rugged intellec-
tuality, intense energy and many striking
characteristics. Both were zealous and ac-
tive members of the Baptist Church, and both
were opposed to the institution of slavery, and
although they lived all their lives among slave-
owning people of their station in life, they
never owned a slave themselves. George
Taylor was educated in one of the rural
schools of Virginia, and is said to have been
an apt pupil, especially proficient in mathe-
matics, and manifesting from early childhood
a fondness for good literature. At eighteen
years of age he became a clerk in a mercantile
establishment in the famous old town of Alex-
andria, Virginia, and at the end of a year's ex-
perience in that position he went to Washing-
ton, Arkansas, to take the position of book-
keeper in a mercantile house at that place,
owned and operated by a New York man. His
business career was interrupted within a few
years thereafter by the Civil War, in which he
participated first as lieutenant, later as cap-
tain of a company in an Arkansas regiment.
and still later as depot quartermaster, with
headquarters at Fulton, Arkansas. While
serving as quartermaster he was placed in
charge of all the supplies for Southwest Ar-
kansas after the siege of Corinth, and had
charge of an immense business, largely com-
mercial in its character. This experience
tested his capacity and executive ability thor-
oughly, and proved of much benefit to him in
his commercial operations of later years. Im-
mediately after the war he embarked in the
retail grocery business in Washington, Ar-
kansas, and continued it with success until
1S74. in which year he transferred his opera-
lions to the town of Fulton, in the same State.
That year the present Iron Mountain Railroad
was finished to Fulton, and an admirable
opening for trade at that point was the cause
of Mr. Taylor's removal. There he engaged
in a general merchandising business, which
grew to he the most extensive establishment
of its kind in South Arkansas. Cotton was
the staple product of that region, and Mr.
Taylor purchased and shipped large quantities
TAYLOR.
222:;
of it both to St. Louis and New Orleans. The
trade relations which he thus established with
St. Louis brought him to this city in 1880, and
here, in company with A. P. Bush, Jr., of
Mobile, Alabama, he established the firm of
Taylor & Bush. Operating as cotton factors,
this firm, which at first handled something like
5,000 bales of cotton per annum, built up an
establishment which, in the year 1892, handled
65,000 bales of cotton. Mr. Bush withdrew
from the firm in 1882, and the business after
that date was practically managed and owned
by Mr. Taylor. In 1889 he organized the
George Taylor Commission Company, a cor-
poration, in which he owned all the stock at
the time of his death. He had also been presi-
dent, and was the largest stockholder, in the
Peper Cotton Press for several years prior to
his death. He served twice as president of
the St. Louis Cotton Exchange, and few men
in the trade were more widely or more favor-
ably known throughout the Southwest. A
business man of superior ability and high
character, his activities were confined to the
field of commercial pursuits, and he had no
ambition for participation in public affairs fur-
ther than to cast his vote and contribute his
share toward the maintenance of good govern
ment. A Whig in early life, he became a
Democrat later, and affiliated with that party
until the end of his life. He was a Presbyte-
rian churchman, and was long one of the dea-
cons of the Central Presbyterian Church of St.
Louis. The Provident Association, the Hu-
mane Society, and other organizations of
charitably inclined and philanthropic people,
found in him an enthusiastic friend and liberal
patron, and his private charities were manv in
number, bestowed always with peculiar gra-
ciousness and kindness. Shrinking from
everything which had the appearance of osten-
tatious giving, it was his custom to give lib-
erally to the needy and deserving on all oc-
casions, and not even the members of his own
family knew the extent of his bounty in this
direction. For several years he held the office
of treasurer of the Legion of Honor, and he
was an active member also of the Royal Ar-
canum. He married, in 1863. Miss Sarah
Elizabeth Conway, daughter of Dr. Joel D.
Conway, of Washington, Arkansas, who was
one of the pioneers of that State, to which he
removed in early life from the State of Ten-
nessee. The three children born of this union,
all of whom survived their father, are Joseph
C. Taylor, Charles M. Taylor and Annie (i.
Taylor.
Taylor, Isaac S., architect, was born in
1851 in Nashville, Tennessee, son of Isaac W.
and Mary (Stacker) Taylor. A natural fond-
ness for architectural drawing and the artistic
tastes which he evinced in early boyhood
shaped the course of his life, and after receiv-
ing a collegiate education at St. Louis Uni-
versity— from which institution he was gradu-
ated with class honors in 1868 — he associated
himself with George I. Barnett, one of the
most noted of the older generation of archi-
tects in the West, and devoted six years to the
study of architecture under Mr. Barnett's pre-
ceptorship. At the end of that time he en-
tered into a partnership with his preceptor,
and for five years thereafter the firm of Bar-
nett & Taylor occupied a leading position
among Western architects, Mr. Taylor per-
forming a large share of the work of designing
and superintending the erection of buildings
which came under the supervision of the firm.
During the association of Mr. Barnett and Mr.
Taylor they designed and superintended the
construction of the Southern Hotel of St. Louis,
the first fire-proof hotel erected in the city,
and now, as in the earlier years of its existence,
one of the finest and most famous hotels in the
world. In 1879 Mr. Taylor severed his con-
nection with Mr. Barnett, and has since prac-
ticed his profession alone, with constantly in-
creasing prestige and prominence, until he has
become widely known as one of the most ac-
complished architects in the United States.
noted alike for his attainments, his high char-
acter and his devotion to his calling. Monu-
ments to his genius abound not only in St.
Louis but in many other Western cities, and
in St. Louis his name is closely linked with
many of the most important building opera-
tions which have been undertaken during the
present generation. The magnificent block
of business buildings occupying the south
side of Washington Avenue, between Tenth
and Eleventh Streets, were planned and
erected under his supervision, as was also the
Drummond Tobacco Factory, on the corner
of Fourth and Elm Streets, and the Liggett &
Myers Tobacco Factory, the last named said
to be the finest building of its kind in the
world. The Rialto. Columbia "Globe-Demo-
crat," Mercantile Club and Public Library
buildings are other monuments to his artistic
.'■-• I
TAYLOR.
tastes and architectural skill, as is also the
Planters' House, in the building of which .Mr.
Tavlor evinced much originality of thought,
as well a- a thorough and comprehensive
knowledge of the technique of his profession.
His has been a creative genius, and while de-
voting himself in a practical way to the busi
ness of lii^ life, and guarding with zealous care
the interests of his clients, he lias been at the
same time an educator in the held of architec-
ture. While planning and erecting public
buildings and resiliences which have added
much to the beauty and attractiveness of St.
Louis, and to its metropolitan aspect, he has
done much also to elevate and improve the
public taste in this connection, and to him the
city "i" St. Louis is largely indebted for a vasl
improvement in its architecture within recent
years. The strictest professional rectitude
has been one of the distinguishing features of
his career in St. Louis, and nothing is better
undersl 1 b) those who come within the
sphere of his operations than that every obli-
gation which he takes upon himself will be
faithfully executed, and that no laxity will be
tolerated upon the part of those who become
accountable to him in connection with build-
ing operations. A quarter of a century of intel-
ligent and conscientious labor in St. Louis has
brought to him professional renown and ma-
terial prosperity, and this success has been due
not less to his sterling integrity than to his
superii ir talent.
Taylor, Seneca Newbery, lawyer, was
born lanuarv 1. [836, in the town of < lakland.
< lakland County, Michigan, llis parents were
John and Leah (Shanon) Taylor, both natives
of Xew Jersey, the first named of English-
Holland antecedents, and the last named of
Scotch-Irish ancestry, llis parents removed
from Xew Jersey to Michigan, and were
among the pioneer farming people of that
State. llis mother, a warm-hearted, impul-
sive and altogether lovable woman, died when
he was mx years of age, and the son grew up
under the care and guidance of a reserved and
rather stern father, and a not altogether loving
stepmother. During his youth he labored in-
dustriously on bis father's farm, and attended
the country schools in season until he was
1 en \ ears 1 if age, I lis farm life de\ 1 1 -
.1 strong physique and strengthened the
philosophical elements in his nature, so that
as he approached manhood a "love of nature,
and action," and marked individuality,
were characteristics which impressed them-
selves upon all with whom he was brought into
contact. When he was eighteen years old he
entered Dixon Academy, at Romeo. Michigan,
and after a course of study at the academy
entered the Agricultural College of Michigan,
he being the first student enrolled at that in-
stitution. As a student he established a repu-
tation for tenacity of purpose, and of a class
of twenty-six students at the Agricultural Col-
lege was the only one who returned to com-
plete the senior year. After leaving the Agri-
cultural College he took the degree of bach-
elor of science at Adrian College, distinguish-
ing himself while there as one of the ablest de-
baters of the college lyceum. After obtain-
ing his college degree he taught the village
school at Lakeville. Michigan, and while there
organized a debating society, in which he suc-
ceeded in interesting the leading men of the
surrounding country. As the leader of this
debating society Mr. Taylor not only aroused
an interest in various questions then before the
public, and developed the controversial pow-
ers 1 if all its members, including himself, but
incidentally shaped the beginning of his own
professional career. He had not at that time
made choice of a profession, but his argu-
mentative powers and oratorical ability im-
pressed themselves upon the society to such
an extent that many of its members and other
friends were quick to discover his adaptability
to the law. and he wisely decided to make that
his calling. With self-consciousness of his
fitness for the legal profession, he began read-
ing law in the spring of i860, under the pre-
ceptorship of < >. M. Barnes, of Mason. Mich-
igan. At the end of this course of reading he
was admitted to practice, but with character-
istic thoroughness continued his studies at the
\nn Arbor Law School, until graduated from
that institution with the degree of bachelor of
laws in 1861. Immediately after his gradu-
ation from the law* college he opened an office
at X'ilcs. Michigan, and practiced there suc-
cessfully for five years thereafter. During a
portion of that time he held the office of cir-
cuit court commissioner, and his exercise of
judicial functions in this capacity led to his
being made the candidate of his partv for
judge of the circuit court. He made a bril-
liant campaign for this office, but was defeated,
and thereupon resolved to eschew all aspira-
tions of a political character, and devote him-
f*w>
1/AJMl l^-
TEACHERS' ANNUITY AND RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION.
self exclusively to the duties of a practicing
lawyer. Toward the close of the year 1865
he came, to St. Louis in search of a wider and
more promising field of labor, and ever since
that time has been a member of the bar of this
city. Regarding the law as a jealous mistress,
and seeking only that eminence which comes
from the able representation and champion-
ship of clients, he has applied himself zealously
to the practice of his profession in this city
during a period of more than thirty years.
The result has been that, without any adventi-
tious aids, he has labored for and gained a
place among the leading trial lawyers of Mis-
souri, and is recognized both by the bar and
general public as one of the ablest counselors
at the St. Louis bar. He has never ceased to
be a student, and his researches in all the de-
partments of practice have been both profound
and exhaustive. A man of brilliant intellec-
tual attainments, he has cherished the belief
that genius is a capacity for hard work and
close application, and to his persistent effort,
rather than to natural endowments, he has at-
tributed his great success as a practitioner of
law. Mr. Taylor was first married, in 1863,
prior to his coming to St. Louis, to Miss Leti-
tia Wayland Chester, of Xiles, Michigan.
Five children were born of this union, four of
whom survive. The eldest is Dr. Rodney C.
Tavlor, a well known physician and surgeon,
in charge of the Texas Pacific Railway Hos-
pital, at Marshall. Texas. The others are
Mary L. Taylor, now the wife of James Doug-
las Nettleship ; Seneca C. Taylor, practicing
law in his father's office, and Carrie W. Tay-
lor, a student at the present time (1898) at
Smith College, of Northampton, Massachu-
setts. In 1896 he married, at Washington,
D. C, Miss Mary Morrison, sister of Major
J. N. Morrison, assistant judge advocate-gen-
eral of the United States Army. His home is
one of the homes of St. Louis conspicuous for
the atmosphere of culture which pervades it.
A lover of nature, Mr. Taylor has continued
to be a student of the natural sciences, as well
as of the law, and, next to his family and his
profession, he loves the books with which he
has surrounded himself, and his library of
scientific literature is an extensive one, em-
bracing all the latest works of the best English
and American authors.
Teachers' Annuity and Retire-
ment Association. — The Teachers' An-
nuity and Retirement Association of St. Louis
was formally organized November 27, 1897, at
the St. Louis High School Building, in pur-
suance of an act passed by the Missouri Gen-
eral Assembly in March of the same year. F.
Louis Soldan, George T. Murphy. 11. \Y.
Prentiss, James S. Stevenson, F. E. Cook,
Mrs. Rose Fanning and others were promi-
nent among the founders of the institution,
and George T. Murphy became its first presi-
dent. The object and purposes of the asso-
ciation are to provide, by means of a fixed
assessment upon teachers regularly employed
in the public schools of the city, for the cre-
ation of a benefit fund for the relief of mem-
bers of the association in need of assistance.
Provision is also made for pensioning teach-
ers upon their retirement. The funds of the
institution are controlled jointly by the city
school board and representatives of the asso-
ciation.
Teachers' Mutual Aid Association
of St. Lonis. — A beneficiary society com-
posed of about three hundred and fifty teach-
ers, male and female, the latter predominating,
incorporated February, 1878. The objects
are "to render pecuniary aid to members in
case of sickness, and in case of death to pro-
vide for their burial." Membership is con-
fined to teachers in the public schools of St.
Louis, employed during the day session, and
clerks and employes of the various depart-
ments controlled by the school board, under
fiftv vears of age, and not afflicted with any
bodily ailment which may interfere with their
ability to work, or may cause an early death.
The initiation fee is two dollars, the annual fee
two dollars, and there is an assessment of one
dollar on each member on the death of a
member. The benefits are five dollars a week
in case of sickness, and fifty dollars for funeral
expenses at death. There is a board of nine
directors, with president, vice-president, sec-
retary and treasurer, and a visiting committee
of five. The office of the association is on the
fifth floor of the Board of Education Building,
911 Locust Street.
Team Owners' Association. -This
body was organized in St. Louis in [889. and
grew out of the team owners' opposition to
the Cummins-s wide-tire bill in the municipal
assembly. F. Graubner, Win. Paschedav and
John C. O'Brien were leaders in the move-
TEASDALE— TEBBETTS.
ment. It is devoted entirely to business, and
has no bem fkian feature beyond the payment
of one hundred dollars for the funeral ex-
penses of it- members. It had in [898 41*
members, representing both capital and labor.
It was through the association's efforts that
the- license tax on two-wheeled vehicles was
reduced from ten dollars to five dollars, and
reduced one-half on all other vehicles. It
was instrumental in having established drink-
mi; fountains for teams on Chouteau Avenue,
1 ass Vvenue, Broadway and other thorough
fares, and has been active in reporting the bad
condition of streets and securing their ini-
ement. It effected the abolition of the
practice of carrying lanterns on heavily loaded
wagons after dark, and also a modification of
the wide-tire ordinance in 1897. It was in-
strumental in having gates and watchmen put
on Main Street at dangerous crossings. The
association holds meetings on the third Tues-
day in every month at Fraternal Hall, Elev-
enth Street and Franklin Avenue.
Teasdale, .John W., merchant, was
burn in Fredericksburg, Virginia, November
13. [838, son of Rev. John and Susan (Losey)
Teasdale. both natives of New Jersey. The
ather of Mrs. Teasdale was a native of
Holland, who came to the United States be-
fore the Revolution, and served through the
entire war for independence. In the paternal
line he is descended from Rev. Thomas Teas-
dale, who came to this country from England,
settled in New Jersey, and for tweutv-five
years was pastor of a church in Sussex County,
of that State. ' )ne 1 if the si ms 1 if this Thomas
["easdale, Major Thomas Teasdale. grand-
father of John VV. Teasdale, was a soldier in
the War of 1812. When Mr. Teasdale was
four years old his parents removed from Fred
ericksburg to New Jersey, and in 1851 his
fathi r 1 .mil west, settling at I Ipper Alton, Illi-
where he resided until [855, when
he was killed in the memorable Gasconade
Bridge disaster. The son grew up at Alton,
and 1 1 impleted the a airse of study which fitted
him for a commercial career at Shurtleff Col-
lege when he was sixteen years old. He then
came to St. Louis and obtained a position with
a publishing house in ibis city, which he re
tained for a time, afterward becoming clerk-
desman in a commercial establishment.
In [862 he embarked in business as a whole-
di aler in dried fruits, with his unci, a a
partner, their association continuing until the
ii the war. He then started the business
on his own account, and gradually built up
the establishment which is now one of the
t of its kind in the country, having a
business which extends to all parts of the
United States, and has also a very consider-
able European trade and correspondence.
His suns, as they grew up, have been trained
to the business in which Mr. Teasdale has been
so eminently successful, and are now asso-
ciated with him in the conduct and manage-
ment of the house under the firm name of John
W. Teasdale & Co. For many years Mr.
Teasdale has been a member of the Merchants'
Exchange, is well known in all commercial
circles of this city and the Southwest, and is a
merchant of commanding influence and high
character. One of the diversions of his later
life has been the gratification of his fondness
for well-bred and speedy horses, and he has at
different times been the owner of some turf
celebrities. Genial in manner and courteous
and affable under all circumstances, he is no
less highly esteemed in a social way than as a
business man and merchant. In October of
1863 he married, at Centralia, Illinois, Miss
Mary E. Willard, daughter of Captain George
W\ W'illard, a retired business man of St.
Louis, who had removed to a farm in Illinois.
Two sons and two daughters have been born
of this union, and the sons are now associated
in business with their father.
Tebbetts, Lewis B., was born at Great
Falls, Xew Hampshire, August 30, 1834. His
parents were Lewis B. and Rebecca (Roberts)
Tebbetts, his ancestry on the father's side
being English stock, honorably connected
with the first settlement of Rochester, Xew
Hampshire. When the subject of this sketch
was but a few weeks old the family moved to
Newbury, Vermont, on the Connecticut
River, where the father engaged in mercantile
business, and where the children had the ad-
vantage of a flourishing seminary, of which
Hester Ann, the eldest sister, subsequently
became principal. About 1844 the family
moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, and it was in
the excellent grammar and high schools of
tli.it city that the subject of this sketch re-
d the chief part of his education. About
11 1855. Mr. Tebbetts being then of age,
went to Baltimore, and engaged in mercantile
and manufacturing pursuits, for which he re-
o^^S^^^^
TEICHMANN.
1^7
vealed a high capacity for management, and
during the Civil War was placed in superin-
tendence over an extensive establishment,
which undertook large and important con-
tracts with the government for gunboats and
ammunition. Mr. Tebbetts, in 1859, was mar-
ried, at Lowell, Massachusetss, to Miss Ellen
Mansur, sister of the late Alvah Mansur, and
in 1874, when the Mansurs came to St. Louis,
Mr. Tebbetts came also, and in connection
with his brother-in-law established the house
which, first under the name of Deere, Mansur
& Co., and afterwards as the Mansur & Teb-
betts Implement Company, became, and still
is, famous throughout the West for the extent
of its operations and the superiority of its
work. It is now an incorporated company,
with Mr. Tebbetts as president, and the large
success that has attended it is due, in no small
measure, to Mr. Tebbetts' vigorous and ad-
mirable management. His capacity for busi-
ness is recognized and appreciated in St.
Louis, and his name and co-operation are es-
teemed a guaranty of prudent management
and success in all commendable enterprises.
He belongs to that class of business men who
have the happy faculty of conducting their
affairs with military precision, and hence are
able to transact a vast amount of business with
comparative ease. Perfect system in every-
thing, and admirable method in supervising
the affairs of a great commercial institution,
have enabled him to dispatch business with
unusual rapidity, and while he has been one
of the busiest of busy men, he has always
seemed to have time for everything which
claimed his attention, and to be never too
much engaged to give a courteous hearing to
those who seek interviews with him. In this
material age the minds which bend themselves
to commercial and industrial pursuits are such
as would have been absorbed with matters of
statecraft, or in the direction of armies of con-
quest, a few generations since, and, as "Peace
hath her victories no less renowned than war,"
Mr. Tebbetts is a typical representative of that
class of modern business men, whose tact, sa-
gacity and executive ability have enabled them
to achieve such victories. Besides conduct-
ing one of the large commercial houses of the
city, he is identified with the banking interests
of St. Louis as a director of the Continental
National Bank, and is interested in various
other enterprises. Church and charitable
work has also been a matter of interest to him
at all times, and when any appeal is made to
the good people of St. Louis, who have kindly
natures and responsive sympathies, he is never
overlooked. A member of the Noonday and
other clubs, he keeps in close touch with the
social, as well as the business, life of the city.
Teichmann, Charles H., was born
July 27, 1832, in the city of Celle, Province of
Hanover, Germany, son of Frederick and
Christina (Holekamp) Teichmann. His father
was an inspector of titles in one of the high
courts of justice in Germany, and the son was
reared in the midst of environments conducive
to culture and intellectual development. His
early education was obtained at a private
school, and he afterward took a collegiate
course at the so-called gymnasium of his na-
tive city, a preparatory school for the univer-
sity. He left there in 1847 to go to Bruns-
wick, where he expected to complete a course
of training for commercial pursuits, but hear-
ing much of the wonderful opportunities af-
forded by the United States, through friends
who had come to this country, he grew restive
and anxious to take advantage of such oppor-
tunities to improve his own condition in life.
As a result he came to this country in 1849,
having at the time little means, but abundant
hope, courage and ambition, and a capacity
for hard work and continuous effort. For
two years after he landed in New York City
he was employed there as a bookkeeper in a
mercantile establishment, but at the end of
that time a determination to come west
brought him to St. Louis. Here he obtained
a position as bookkeeper with Louis Speck,
who was at that time a wholesale notion mer-
chant, located on Main Street. He was thus
employed until 1855, when he obtained a more
remunerative situation with the firm of Angel-
rodt & Barth, commission merchants, and
thus became identified with the business in
which he has since achieved a large measure of
success. He was a salesman for this firm for
two years, and then forming a partnership
with Andrew Einstmann — who lost his life in
the Southern Hotel fire of 1877 — he estab-
lished the commission house of Teichmann &
Co., of which he has since been the head. The
business thus established was conducted from
the first with rare tact, sagacity and good judg-
ment, and its operations in the grain trade
soon grew to large proportions and made it
one of the best-known grain commission firms
TELEGRAPH, THE.
in the West. In [882 the enterprise was in
rated as the Teichmann Commission
pan) . and being made president of the
iration, Mr. Teichmann has since retained
that position. Hie commercial institution
which he founded has now been in existence
ire than fort) 5 ears, and during all that
time it has occupied a position of prominence
among the business houses of the city, and is
to day regarded as one of the old and honored
houses engaged in a branch of commerce
which has contributed as much as any other
to the aggregate volume of trade in St. Louis.
For fort) three years Mr. Teichmann has been
.1 mi mber of the Merchants' Exchange, and
he has served two terms as vice-president of
that bod) : lias been a member of its board of
directors, and at different times has done
service on all its important committees. In
[889 he was nominated for the presidency of
tli.- Exchange, but declined the honor on ac-
count of a contemplated trip to Europe. For
eleven years he was president of the United
State< Saving Institution, and for a quarter of
a o ntury or more he has been a stockholder
in the Jefferson Insurance Company, which
he served for a time as vice-president, and of
which he is now president. In the early pan
of the Civil War he served his country as a
member of the Second Regiment of the United
States Reserve Corps of Missouri, and later
was twice sworn into the 1 Inited Stairs service
to .iid in guarding the city of St. Louis against
threatened attacks of the enemy, lie has in
terested himself in the advancement of various
organizations formed lor the promotion of
culture, intelligence and social intercourse
among his countrymen, ami is a member ol
nion Chili, the Liederkranz Society and
kindred organizations. Mis kindh nature
and sympathetic disposition have caused him
genen ms 0 mtribut ir to charitable in
stitutions of various kinds, and he has been a
member and served as a trustee of the Mer-
chants' Exchange Renevolent Society, and
has hei n \ ice pi esident of the Mullanphy Em-
igrant Relief Fund Roard. September ;.
[857, he married Miss Emily Hang, like him-
self a native of 1 iermany. Five children were
if tin's union, of whom \\ illiam < .. ( itto
I. and Anna Teichmann were living in [898.
'lest of his sons, William C. Teichmann,
who is a graduate as doctor of philosophy of
liversit) of Munich. Germany, has been
' of St. Louis since that office was
d, in 1893,; and his second son, Otto
Teichmann, is associated with his father in
1 aisiness.
Telegraph, The. — Telegraphy, or writ-
ing at a distance, as the word implies, is a
system of conveying intelligence from one
p lint to another by signs, sounds, or motions,
whose meaning has been previously agreed
up. m, each sign, 1 >r motion, or sound represent-
ing a word, or command, or idea. The sys-
tem in use before the invention of the electro-
magnetic telegraph was through the sema-
phore, invented and adopted by the French in
[794, and imported into all civilized countries.
It consisted of a tall post, at the top of which
was a en >ss bar, working on a pivot and having
at each end a short arm. working on pivots also
— the whole apparatus moved by a rope and
pulleys. The bar, with its arms, was capable
of showing two hundred and fifty-six different
positions or inclinations, but, practically, it was
limited to sixteen, each inclination represent-
ing a letter of the semaphore abbreviated al-
phabet. The words and messages were thus
spelled out from one station to another, situ-
ated on eminences, and intelligence transmu-
ted rapidly for a hundred miles or more, by
day, when weather conditions were favorable.
This telegraph was so superior to any of the
crude methods of conveying intelligence rap-
idly from point to point that had been prac-
tical before it that it came into general use.
and every European government maintained
semaphores between its capital and its chief
seaports. Czar Nicholas of Russia estab-
lished a line of towers, or stations, five miles
apart, from the frontier of Austria, through
Warsaw to St. Petersburg. There were two
hundred and twenty stations in all in this line,
and its cost was several million dollars. The
semaphore is still used at sea in conveying in-
nce between ships. It serves onlv be-
tween pi n'nis close enough for the signals to be
seen, and in fugs or snow storms is utterly nse-
1< ss. Since the invention and adoption of the
electro magnetic telegraph in 1844. it has so
overwhelmed and displaced all other methods
i'i conveying intelligence between distant.
points that the word" telegraphy" is now prac-
tically confined to this wonderful device,
which, by means of an electro-magnetic bat-
tery, transmitting and recording instruments,
and an iron wire for conducting the magnetic
current, conveys intelligence, almost instan-j
TELEGRAPH, THE.
2229
taneously, between points thousands of miles
apart. This came into use a few years after
railroads ; indeed, it might be said that these
two wonderful and effective instrumentali-
ties of modern civilization came hand in hand,
for, although there was some experimental
railroad building in the United States in the
decade between 1830 and 1840, the work was
slow and hesitating, and when the first tele-
graph line was stretched between Washington
City and Baltimore, in 1844, there were only
4,300 miles of railroad in the county. The
progress of the telegraph was rapid, from the
start. In 1S54, ten years after the stretching
of the first line, there were more miles of tele-
graph than of railroad in the country — 16,735
miles of the former, and 16,000 miles of the
latter. Since then the two have gone hand
in hand, as if dependent one on the other, and
in 1874 there were 71.585 miles of telegraph,
and 69,273 miles of railroad; in 1884, 145.037
miles of telegraph, and 115,705 miles of rail-
road; and in 1894, 190,303 miles of telegraph,
and 175,508 miles of railroad. The inventor
of the magnetic telegraph, Samuel F. B.
Morse, enjoyed the singular privilege of hav-
ing no rival to claim a share of the honor and
fame of the great discovery. Other discover-
ies and inventions have been stumbled upon.
or laboriously reached, by two or more search-
ers at about the same time, and it is not always
easy to determine the question of priority be-
tween the claimants. But the magnetic tele-
graph is the work of Morse, and all the honor
of it belongs to him. He was born at Charles-
town, Massachusetts, April 27, 1790, and died
at New York City, April 2, 1872, having lived
to see 62,000 miles of his telegraph erected in
the United States, and the wonderful device
established all over the world. Morse did not
give promise of becoming an inventor in his
youth. While at Yale College he displayed taste
[for painting, and after graduating, in 1810. he
[went to Europe, with the painter Washington
j Allston, and was admitted to the Royal Acad-
emy. He remained four years in Europe, and
produced some pictures that gained for him a
high reputation. On his return, in 181 5, he
settled at Boston as a painter. Eight vears
I afterward he removed to Xew York, where he
continued his painting. In 1831 he visited
' Paris, and there had his attention drawn to the
I subject of using electricity in telegraphing.
I While at college he had received instruction
in electricity from Professor Jeremiah Day,
and had attended the elder Silliman's lectures
on galvanism and chemistry, and it is recorded
of him that his wonder and curiosity were ex-
cited at finding that a number of persons stand-
ing in a circle, with hands touching, received a
simultaneous shock from an electrical ma-
chine. On his return voyage from Europe to
New York, in 1832. he made the acquaintance
of Charles F. Jackson, also a passenger, who
had made electricity and magnetism a special
study in Paris. The two were constantly to-
gether on the voyage, ami electricity was a
subject of frequent discussion. In one of
their conversations, Jackson told his com-
panion that electricity passes instantaneously
over any known length of wire — a remark
which drew from Morse the confident and
daring assertion : "If it will go ten miles
without stopping, I can make it go around
the globe." The electric telegraph had
flashed through his mind, and, filled with the
idea, he immediately set to work, and before
the voyage to New York was ended he had
devised a "dot-and-dash board" alphabet, to-
gether with the electro-magnetic and chemical
recording telegraph, essentially as it exists to-
day. He did not follow the matter up as
promptly as he would if he had not been
hampered by the lack of means. Like many
other inventors, he had to wrestle with pov-
erty, so extreme with him at times that he was
forced to the necessity of borrowing money
with which to buy food. But he persisted in
his experiments, and in 1835 was rewarded
by the discovery of the relay, which made it
possible to re-enforce the electrical current
after it has become enfeebled from the source,
thus making it possible to transmit from one
point to another on a main line, over great dis-
tances, by the single act of the operator. Two
years later, in 1837, having completed his
working model, he petitioned Congress for an
appropriation to assist him in demonstrating
his great discovery by constructing a telegraph
between Washington and Baltimore. The
proposition met with little favor and was
laughed at as a chimera; but it was renewed
in 1S42, when Honorable John P. Kennedy,
of .Maryland, was chairman of the House com-
mittee to which it was referred, and through
Mr. Kennedy'- efforts an appropriation of
830,000 was made for the purpose of test-
ing the practicability of establishing a sys-
tem of magnetic telegraphing. Ezra Cor-
nell, of Xew York, became associated with
2230
TELEGRAPH. THE.
Professor Morse, and they determined, after
various discussions and experiments, to set
poles and stretch the wire overhead along the
fort) milr route. The work was in progress
and nearly completed when the National \\ hig
Convention of [844 met at Baltimore to nomi-
nate candidates for President and Vice-presi-
dent; and when Henry Clay was nominated
for the presidency a message was immediately
sent b) rail to the point near Baltimore that
the wire had reached, and from there it was
dispatched to Washington. It went through
without impediment, and when, an hour later,
the train from Baltimore arrived at Washing-
ton, the passengers, who expected to be the
first to announce the news, were surprised to
learn that the telegraph had brought it before
them. A week later the line was completed,
and on May 24. 1X44. Air. Morse and a num-
ber ( >f friends met in the Supreme Court room
at Washington, while his assistant, Mr. Vail,
stood at the other end of the line, at Alount
(lair depot, in Baltimore, to formally inaugu-
rate the first magnetic telegraph in the world.
The honor of selecting the opening message
accorded to Miss Annie G. Ellsworth,
daughter of Henry G Ellsworth, commis-
sioner of patents, because she had been the
first to apprise the inventor of the passage of
the bill through Congress granting the appro
priation for the experimental line between the
two cities, and she chose the words: "What
hath God wrought! — Numbers, xxiii. 23." 1'
went through without obstruction and was re-
I at 1 nice in Baltimore, and the next in-
stant w.i- -.lit back to Washington, when it
was seen that the great invention was all that
it- author had claimed for it. Two days later
tli" National Democratic Convention met al
Baltimore and nominated James K . Polk for
di nt.and Silas Wright forVici pn sident
I li< lattei was I Fnited State- - 1 nati ir from
\ew V'ork, and when the dispatch came from
Baltimore to Washington, announcing his
nomination, .Mr. Morse instantly took 1: I 1
the Senate chamber and delivered it in Mr.
Wright, who at once wrote a dispatch to the
■ "". 1 ii'H hi. I, clining the nomination, ami
gave it to Mr. Morse. He took it to the office
and sent it. and it reached the convention at
Baltimore n after the nomination had
been made -while the convention was still in
the excitement of the vote that the delegates
ould nol credit it. There had been no reason
for doubting Mr. Wright's willingness to
cept the honor offered him, and when the swift
and prompt message declining it was read to
the convention, that body was surprised and
bewildered. It was thought that there must
be some mistake, and an adjournment was car-
ried to await the report of a committee ap-
pointed to wait upon Mr. Wright, at Wash-
ington, and receive his answer in person.
When the public recovered from the amaze-
ment caused by the feat of the new instrumen-
tality, and saw the telegraph flashing messages
back and forth without delay and with perfect
accuracy, between Washington and Baltimore,
it grasped the truth that the Morse magnetic
telegraph was alb that its inventor had claimed
for it — and, probably, even more — and that it
was the most wonderful achievement of the
age. The great value of the invention was
demonstrated, even then, by the number of
rival companies that sprang up, based upon
the claim of something different from, or an
improvement upon, the Morse process; but
the original inventor had done his work mar-
velously well and had covered the whole
ground — and when the suits for infringement
of patent came before the United States Su-
preme Court, they were all decided in favor
of the joint stock company to which Morse
had turned over his patent. In the Morse tel-
egraph the power is derived from a voltaic
battery, with an electro-magnet at the receiv-
ing station. When the current flows this
magnet attracts an armature, by which dots or
lines, according to the duration of the current,
are marked on a moving ribbon of paper by a
steel point. This point is attached to one end
' if a lever, at the other end of which is a move-
able armature. The apparatus' is so com-]
pletely under the control of the operator that
by pressing a button with his finger the cir-
cuit is closed, and by removing the pressure it
is broken. When a message is sent the cir-
cuit is permanently closed by springing the
lever to the left, thus allowing the steel poinj
to w,,rk continuously on the paper ribbon,
'litis ribbon is carried between rollers moved
by clockwork, in one part of which is a groove
into which the point presses the paper. When
the key is pressed down for a longer or shorter
time, keeping the circuit closed, a continuous
line of any desired length is produced, these
lines 1 if different lengths and the combinations
of them constituting the telegraph alphabet.
1 he relay is an electro-magnet wound with a
long, line wire, which is introduced into the
TELEGRAPH. THE.
2231
main line, and becomes part of a great con-
ductor from city to city, this part of the appa-
ratus enabling the operator to strengthen the
current when it becomes feeble by reason of
the long distance traversed.
In 1846 the line was opened to New York,
and shortly afterward it was built through the
Southern States to New Orleans, this exten-
sion being stimulated by the desire to secure
news from the war with Mexico. This news
was brought by steamer from Corpus Christi
and Vera Cruz to New Orleans, and from there
sent to all cities of the country reached by the
wire. It was pushed rapidly from Philadel-
phia, through Pittsburg, to Cincinnati and
Louisville, and thence westward in the direc-
tion of St. Louis. When Congress met in
December, 1847, tne ane had reached Vin-
cennes, and the President's message was sent
over the wire to that point, and from there
brought by relays of horses to St. Louis for
the "Missouri Republican." Two weeks later,
December 19, 1847, the line reached the bank
of the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis,
and three days afterward, December 22, 1847,
an instrument having arrived, a telegram was
sent to the President of the United States, an-
nouncing the opening of the telegraph to St.
Louis. During the month of January follow-
ing only four news telegrams were sent over
the wire from St. Louis, three of them referring
to the movement of Missouri troops at Santa
Fe, in connection with the Mexican War, and
the fourth announcing the capture of Baldwin,
who killed Matthews a few days before, twenty
miles west of St. Louis. M. B. O'Reilly was
the contractor who constructed this first line
to St. Louis, and his name is honorably asso-
ciated with the entire work of extending the
wires between the Eastern States and what
■were then the Western States. At first, after
the opening of the line to St. Louis, dispatches
were brought across the river by messengers
on the ferry-boats for a time, until a wire was
stretched across from the levee to Bloody
Island on masts one hundred and seventy-five
I feet high. A storm on the 4th of May, 1848,
prostrated these masts, and it was found that
the only reliable method of establishing per-
I manent connection between the two shores
I must be by submarine wire; so, accordingly,
j in October, 1850, a wire encased in gutta-
I percha was laid on the bottom of the river,
I from shore to shore — and this connection has
! been maintained ever since. On the 10th of
January, 1848, less than a month after the wire
reached East St. Louis from the East, it was
extended to Alton, and in August of the same
year to Dubuque. On the 27th of July, 1850,
the line between St. Louis and New Orleans
was opened, and shortly afterward connection
was established between Chicago and St.
Louis, thus giving St. Louis connection with
the East, South and North. After completing
his invention, Professor Morse did not stop
until he had demonstrated by careful experi-
ments the practicability of submarine tele-
graphing by his apparatus. He laid a wire
between Castle Garden, at the lower part of
New York City, and Governor's Island, and
sent messages over it without difficult)' — the
first step toward those international cables laid
under the oceans that now connect all the im-
portant countries on the globe. In 1847 a
submarine wire was laid connecting Baltimore
with Havre de Grace, which was found to
work well; and, in 1851, one was laid across
the channel between Dover and Calais, which
also worked successfully. In 1863 six cables
were laid between England and Scotland, over
a distance of one hundred miles, and in 1X54
a cable was laid between Varna and Constanti-
nople, one hundred and sixty miles. In 1855
Cyrus W. Field, of New York, whose name is
so eminently associated with the enterprise
of connecting Europe and America by sub-
marine telegraph, began the attempts, which,
after twelve years of failure, losses and dis-
couragement, were finally crowned with suc-
cess. In the first attempt the cable was lost
in a storm in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In
1857 and in 1858 two more expeditions, start-
ing from England to cross the Atlantic with
a "cable, proved failures. In 1858 a third ex-
pedition, starting from Ireland, succeeded in
laying a cable to Newfoundland, and mes-
sages were sent over it, the first one being a
salutation from Queen Victoria to President
Buchanan ; but the working was imperfect,
and after a few weeks it ceased to work entirely
and became useless. It was not until seven
years afterward, in 1865. that the next attempt
was made, with a better cable, carried b\ the
"Great Eastern," the largest steamship in the
world; but after 1.200 miles of the cable had
been paid out. it was broken by a sudden lurch
of the great vessel and lost. A search for it
was made, which proved fruitless, and the ves-
sel returned to England to record another fail-
ure. Tt was a failure, however, which gave
TELEGRAPH, THE.
bright promise of success, and when, the next
year, the "Great Eastern" started from Valen-
cia, "ii the west coast of Ireland, with another
cable, good fortune attended the expedition,
and the western end of the cable was safeh
and successfully landed at Cape Race, New-
foundland, and Europi and Vmerica were con
tii-cnd l,\ telegraph at last. One of the firsl
items of intelligence brought by the cabu
the tidings i if the treaty i if peace between Prus-
sia and Austria. After the "Great Eastern*'
landed the cable on the coast of New-
foundland, where it was at unci- connected with
the United States and Canada, she returned
to mid-ocean and made a second search, with
approved grappling appliances, for the- cable
lost the year before. This search was success-
ful, and the old cable, drawn up from a depth
of two miles, was spliced and landed, thus
making two submarine cables, side by side,
working between Europe and America. Hie
event was regarded as a notable achievement
on both sides of the Atlantic, and Cyrus W.
Field was honored in England, as well as in
the United States, for the unfaltering faith and
the indomitable persistence with which he had
prosecuted the enterprise through so many
years of failure and discouragement. The
length i f the cable between the Irish coast and
Newfoundland is 2,134 miles. In [861, five
before the Atlantic cable was success-
fully laid, a cable was laid from the Island of
Malta to Vlexandria. 913 miles; and in [864
one was laid in the Persian < iulf, a distance of
[.330 miles. In 1869 the French-Atlantic
cable from ['rest to St. Pierre was laid, and
rom Si I 'ierre t > I hixbury. M assa-
chusetts, having a length of 3.857 miles In
1873 a cable was laid from Lisbon, Portugal,
to the Cape Verde Islands, and from there
across the Atlantic to Pernambuco. Brazil;
and in 1X75 a new cable was laid from I'.al-
lingskillig Bay, on the west coast of Ireland,
lye, 1 hi the 0 iast 1 if New 1 lampshire.
( ables were laid, also, from Land's End. Eng-
land, to Lisbon, 856 miles; from Lisbon to
Gibraltar, 337 miles; from Gibraltar, in the
Mediterranean, to Malta. [.000 miles; from
Malta to Alexandria. 913 miles; from Sue/.
in the Red Sea. to \den, r.400 miles; from
\den. across the Arabian Sea. to P.ombav,
[.851 miles; from Penang to Singapore, to
Saigon, in < ochin China: to the Island of Bor
neo.toHong Kongand other important points
on the China coast, and to .Manila, in the
Philippine Islands, to Australia. New Zealand,
Tasmania, and other places in that quarter of
the globe.
The demands of international commerce
have caused the rapid extension of telegraphic
service through submarine cables between dif-
ferent countries until all the mainlands and all
the important islands of the globe, except the
Sandwich Islands, were, in 1898, connected.
In that year there were five sub-Atlantic cables
in operation between North America and Eu-
rope— the Anglo-American, between Yalcntia
in Ireland and Fleart's Content in Newfound-
land: the Commercial cable, between Water-
ville, Ireland, and Canso, Nova Scotia ; the
I )irect United States cable, between Ballins-
killig's Pay, in Ireland, and Halifax, extended
from Halifax to Rye Beach, New Hampshire;
the Western Union, between Senner Cove,
near Penzance, England, and Dover Bayi
near Canso. Nova Scotia, extended from Do-1
ver Bay to New York: and the Compagnie
Francaise du Telegraphe de Paris a New
York, between Brest, on the west coast of
France, and St. Pierre, Miquelon, extended
from St. Pierre to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Tn addition to these, there was a sixth Atlantic
cable between I 'arcavallos. near Lisbon. Por-
tugal, by way of the Madeiras, the Canaries,
ami the (ape Verde Islands to Pernambuco,
in Brazil, South America. In 1896 there were.
altogether, 310 submarine cables in the world,
having a total mileage of 139,754 miles, owned
by private companies: and. in addition, there
were 994 cables, having an aggregate mileage
of [8,132 miles, owned by various govern*
ments.
The telegraph fire-alarm now used in all
large cities is one of the valuable purposes to
which this wonderful instrument is made subl
servient. By means of small iron boxes fas-
tened against the walls of buildings, generally
on the corners, in various districts, and con-
nected with a central office, an alarm sounded
in any district is instantly communicated to
the central office, and the next instant com-
municated to as mam' engine-houses as it
may be thought advisable to order to the spot.
In a few moments after the alarm is received
at the engine-house, the already partly har-
ne sed horses are hitched to the engines and
hose carriages, and are off at a gallop to the
point of danger. It is this saving of time at
the beginning of fires, made possible bv the
iph alarm, that has assisted in making
TELEPHONE, THE.
2233
the modern fire department in cities so great
an improvement over the clumsy arrange-
ments which prevailed fifty years ago.
After the efficiency and value of the Morse
telegraph was demonstrated by the successful
working of the lines first established in the
Eastern States, a number of companies entered
the field to secure a share of the business
which it was foreseen would be required, and
for a time these flourished in competition with
one another, but the Western Union, in 1886,
began to assert its superiority and became pre-
eminent. In 1881 it absorbed, by purchase,
all the lines of two other large companies, the
American Union and the Atlantic & Pacific,
by which its own mileage of 85,645 miles was
increased by 10,706 miles. In 1887 it pur-
chased the 6.71 1 miles of line belonging to the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and shortly after-
ward, the 2,684 miles of line owned by the
American Rapid Telegraph, extending be-
tween Boston, Xew York, Washington and
Chicago. In 1881 it also acquired control by
lease of the 8,000 miles of the line of the New
York Mutual Telegraph Company, and subse-
quently of the Northwestern Telegraph Com-
pany, with its 8,000 miles of line. The West-
ern Union in 1898 had a capital of $ioo,ooj,-
000, owned and controlled over nine-tenths of
all the telegraph lines in the United States, and
therefore virtually represented the telegraph
system of the country. The following figures
exhibit the growth of the Western Union busi-
ness and of the telegraph business of the coun-
try : In 1866 the number of miles of line was
37,380 : number of offices. 2.250 ; number of
messages sent, 5,879,282; receipts, $6,568,925;
expenses, $3,944,006; profits, $2,624.1)20;
average toll per message, 104.7 cents. In
1876 the number of miles of line was 73.532 ;
number of offices, 7,072 ; number of messages
sent, 18,729,567; receipts, $10,034,984; ex-
penses, $6,635,474; profits, $3,399,510; aver-
age toll per message, 33.5 cents. In 1886 the
number of miles of line was 151,832; number
of offices, 14,184; messages sent, 43.289,807;
receipts, $16,298,639; expenses. $12,378,783;
profits, $3,919,855 ; average toll per message,
23.4 cents. In 1897 the number of miles of
line was 190,614; number of offices, 21,769;
number of messages sent, 58,151,684; re-
ceipts, $22,638,859; expenses, $16,906,656;
profits, $5,732,203; average toll per message,
24.3 cents.
The Postal Telegraph Company was organ-
ized in 1881, taking its name from the original
purpose of its projectors to make it an arm of
the Postoffice Department of the government
by cheapening the cost of telegraphic trans-
mission through improvements in the meth-
ods. These expectations were not fulfilled,
and a connection was effected with the Com-
mercial Cable Company, and the name of the
land lines changed to the Postal Telegraph-
Cable Company. In 1898 it had about 3.000
offices, 25,000 miles of route (poles and cables 1,
135,000 miles of wire, with an equipment ex-
tending into most of the States; and in [897
it transmitted about 13,750,000 messages. This
company first opened its office in St. Louis
in 1884, with C. Dougherty for superintendent,
and Edward Altemus as manager.
D. M. Gkissom.
Telephone, The. — An instrument for
transmitting sounds or speech through a wire
by means of electrical vibrations which corre-
spond to the sounds. An instrument of the
nature of the telephone was invented by Reis,
of Frankfort, in i860, but it was very imper-
fect and would not transmit speech. It was
followed by an articulating telephone invented
li\ Alexander Graham Bell, which was first
exhibited at Salem, Massachusetts, in the year
1875, and again at the Philadelphia Centen-
nial Exhibition the following year. It was
accompanied by nearly similar inventions by
Gray, of Chicago. Edison and others. The
advantages it offered in commercial life in
cities were so great that it was rapidly im-
proved, and the result was an instrument com-
bining the best features of all inventions,
which has come into universal use. The Bell
telephone consists of a pear-shaped case con-
taining a bar magnet wound with a coil of fine
wire at one end, and adjusted in close prox-
imity to a diaphragm, or thin plate of sheet
iron, placed crosswise at the end of the case,
and held by a cap hollowed underneath. The
diaphragm is so gripped at the edge that the
center is free to vibrate when smitten by the
sound of the voice. Through the center of
the cap is a trumpet-shaped opening similar to
the mouth-piece of the speaking tube, which
collects the sounds and causes them to hear on
the diaphragm. When two separate instru-
ments of this kind some distance apart are
connected by telegraph wires with the wire
coils around the bar magnets, the two dia-
phragms respond to the impulses of electricity
2234
TELEPHONE, THE.
and these responses in the receiver agree ex-
actly in power, rapidity, and quality with the
sounds generated in the transmitting instru-
ment; in other words, the sounds in the trans-
mitter are sent over the wires and recon
verted into fac simile sounds in the receiver at
the other end of the line. There is a great
waste of power in the sound in the transmis-
sion; what reaches the hearer is estimated at
only one three-millionth of the power of the
original sound, and although constant efforts
are made to remedy this weakness of the tele-
pl one, they have not been attended with suc-
cess. The battery system now in commercial
use is the Blake transmitter in connection with
the Hell receiver, by which the necessary im-
pulses are obtained by passing a steady flow
or continuous current of electricity from a
battery through an instrument that throws the
current into the proper vibrations by stopping
the current at each interval between the im-
pulses, the process being facilitated by sub-
stituting for the magnet and coil behind the
diaphragm a few pieces of carbon placed be-
tween the diaphragm and a solid support.
Telephony, like telegraphy, is a modern art,
both owing their origin to electricity, both as-
s iciated with electrical developments, and
both having much to do in ministering to the
demands and modifying the habits and
methods of the new civilization. Telephony
has had the advantage of a high order of in-
telligence and inventive spirit in its devotees
and adherents from the first, and there is no
art that exhibits more rapid progress in ad-
vancement than it has made. The brilliant
electricians and experimenters are its dutiful
allies and servitors, and, in the improved pro-
cesses of manipulating metal, wood, clay,
-tone, paper, and carbon, in other fields of dis-
covery, ii is constantly finding something for
us benefit. The promptness with which tin
telephone was appreciated as an agency of lo
cal communication, and its perfect adaptation
to the needs of busy cities recognized, was ex-
hibited in the fact that it was introduced and
used in St. bonis within two years of its first
public exhibition. It afforded the first demon-
iacity to transmit speech over
wires at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876,
and the 22d of \pnl. [898 was the twentv-
si ci md anniversary 1 if tin- existence of the first
-nr company in St. Louis. Tt opened
al li 7 Olive Street with four subscribers. At
the close of the year [898 the business of all
the companies in St. Louis was exhibited in
an aggregate of 11,000 instruments; 218 miles
of duct; 18,000 utiles of wire; and 1,000,000
feet of cable. For twenty years after the in-
troduction of the telephone in St. Louis, trans-
mission was effected by overhead wires, as
that was the only method that had been tried
in the city. But the constantly increasing ac-
cumulation of overhead wires became more
and more objectionable every year, until in
September, 1896, the municipal assembly took
the first step toward burying the wires, by
setting apart a district bounded on the east by
the Mississippi River, on the west by Twenty-
second Street, on the north by Wash Street,
and on the south by Spruce Street, embracing
the heart of the business portion of the city,
and providing that thereafter no wires, tubes
or cables conducting or transmitting electricity
should be placed above the surface of the
street, alley, or public place in this territory,
except such as might be necessary for local
distribution; and permission was given to
erect poles in alleys for such local distribu-
tion, with the consent of the board of
public improvements. Immediately after the
passage of this ordinance the telephone com-
panies began work on the conduits, and
prosecuted it without delay until it was satis-
factorily completed and their wires in the sub-
way district placed beneath the surface. The
system in this first district consists of three
backbones Laid east and west on Olive Street
and north and south on Fourth and Tenth
Streets. Tributary mains run north and south
and east and west from these, as occasion
calls for, and from these mains, in turn, the
various distributing lines run in alleys, to be
tapped at intervals, through laterals, to sup-
ply office buildings. The area between the
river and Twenty-second Street and Wash
and Spruce Streets is divided into east and
west districts by Twelfth Street, on which are
terminal poles located «t the entrance to
alleys intersecting the streets carrying the
runs. The cables on leaving the manholes are
led through three-inch iron pipes to the ter-
minal poles and terminate in a cable head,
from which the various circuits are distributed
by short overhead lines to the telephone sub-
scriber-. In the business district of the city
east of Twelfth Street, the manholes are lo-
cated at the entrance of alleys, as elsewhere,
but. instead of an alley pole line a distributing
duct enters the street manhole in its center
TELEPHONE. THE.
2235
and one at the end where the duct is dead-
ended. From the cable head in the center of
the alley distribution is made through lead-
covered cables laid through three-inch pipe
into the basement or cellar of the building in
which the subscriber is located. In office
buildings, where many subscribers are con-
gregated, an entire cable-head enters the base-
ment and terminates in a large cable-head,
where each wire is separately brought out to
terminal posts ; and from these the circuits is-
sue in the form of a cable which, at the various
floors, is spliced with cables of smaller units
which terminate in smaller cable boxes, from
which the final circuit to the subscriber's in-
strument is completed. The distribution tile
known as the Johnston duct, from the inventor,
is a tile made in two-foot sections and con-
sists of two through ducts for single-pair
cables, one enclosed cable duct and a shallow
channel above the same, permitting a device
for drawing in the single pairs. The con-
ductors are of hard drawn copper, paper-in
sulated, and twisted in pairs, the whole en-
cased in a heavy lead sheath. All the main
runs with a few exceptions consist of 3 3-4-
inch hollow brick tile eighteen inches long, of
octagonal exterior, made of sewer pipe clay
glazed inside and out. This pipe was laid 5
1-2 inches between the centers, the spaces be-
ing filled in with cement, and the successive
rows separated vertically by a 1-2-inch layer.
A mandril was drawn through the ducts as the
work progressed, to preserve the alignment,
and prevent the mortar from entering. The
only cement used was the best Portland, the
concrete foundation for the conduits ranging
from four to six inches, and the sides and top
being incased in three to four inches of con-
crete. The general size of the manhole is 5
feet by 5 feet by 5 feet, with 9-inch brick walls,
concrete bottoms, 6-inch clay tile sewer, with
iron trap and covers grated where necessary.
The roof is 10-inch concrete, with rectangu-
lar opening for 24-inch by 30-inch self-locking
cast steel cover. There are 1,200 manholes
in all, in the subway district. A novel and
very effective way was adopted for pulling in
the large 120-pair cables used in the conduits.
Instead of the turn-stile plan, a small horizon-
tal steam engine was employed to furnish the
motive power, the engine with a cap-
stan being mounted on a low wagon.
By suitable gear the capstan was made
to revolve and wind up a rope, one end
of which was manipulated by a man, and
the other securely fastened to the cable to
be drawn through. By this device the cable
was laid at the rate of 25 feet a minute. When
obstructions in the shape of net work of gas
and water pipe were encountered, iron pipes
were resorted to in place of the clay tile, the
pipes being bent into shapes to meet the con-
ditions. On the 16th of January, 1898, at 2
a. m., nine months after breaking ground, the
first public message was sent through the ex-
change in the Telephone Building, thus in-
augurating the new metallic system and mak-
ing the underground telephone service an ac-
complished fact. The telephone apparatus
specially provided for underground service in
St. Louis is of the most approved pattern.
The switch-board, which is the source and
center of operations in the exchange, is based
on the multiple common battery branch ter-
minal metallic system. The term "multiple"
signifies that all the subscribers' lines ter-
minate in every section. There is a novel
automatic arrangement for signaling the op-
erator when a connection is desired. It con-
sists of miniature electric lamps, upon the glow
of which and of a larger pilot lamp in front of
the operator to attract attention it is instantly
known what subscriber has removed his tele-
phone from the hook and desires a connection.
•There is also a double row of miniature cord
lamps whose office is to indicate when the
parties have ended their conversation. The
operation of completing a connection is com-
parativelv simple. When a subscriber re-
moves his telephone from the hook prepara-
tory to calling up another subscriber, the fact
is indicated by the simultaneous glow of the
lamp corresponding to his line in the ex-
change. The operator immediately extin-
guishes the lamp by the manipulation of a
plug, and, resorting to the proper listening
key before her, communicates with the sub-
scriber, and inquires "what number" he wants.
LJpon receiving the answer she instantly dis-
covers if the line is busy, and if it is. indicates
it by a click: but if clear, no click is received,
and the operator by means of what is termed
a calling plug calls up the number desired by
ringing his bell with the proper ringing key.
When conversation between subscribers is
ended, and the receivers are replaced on the
hooks, the miniature lamps connected with the
cords of the corresponding plugs, and which
have been dark during the conversation in-
2236
TK.MM.
stantly blaze up, indicating the disconnect
signal to the operator. In general, when the
receivers are off the hook, the cord lamps are
dark, and when replaced, the lamps are bright.
The large pilol lamp before each operator
which simultaneously responds with the small
is when a call is received, is duplicated on
the chief operator's tables, so it is possible to
i lie exact condition of affairs at each
operator's position on the entire switch-board,
and by simply observing the various lamps at
her board, the chief operator can see how
promptly calls are being answered, and how
busy any section, or the entire board may be
at any moment. In a spacious room at the
exchange is the wire chief's table which plays
an important part in the working' of the ex-
change, for it is here that all subscribers' cir-
cuits are systematically tested at regular in-
tervals, complaints registered, and orders for
immediate repairs issued. The back of a
switchboard affords some idea of the prodig-
ious wiring demanded in a telephone ex-
change. In the straightway cables in a
switchboard wired for 4,000 subscribers, there
1- 5,006,000 feet of wire, and there is 9,218,000
feet more of wire in the relays and other
• oils; and the number of soldered connections
between the terminals of cables on the main
distributing board and the operator's switch-
board is estimated at half a million. Contrary
to the Law system where the local batteries
are required at the subscribers' instruments,
thus, calling for a great deal of inspection and
renewal, the mosl modern and simplified
of battery transmission concentrates the
electrical energy at a central point for dis-
tribution. With metallic service installed, it
is possible for a subscriber without leaving
his office, to communicate with a person in
am city in the United States where long dis-
service has been established; and it is a
common occurrence to send a message to,
and receive a message from Chicago, New
York or Bi iston.
The Bell Teh pi >any of Missouri
1 business in St. Louis in Maw 1878, its
ifficers being K. A. Hitchcock, president;
< ieo. I-'. Durant, vice president; I'.. A. Smith,
secretary, and John A. Lionberger, treasurer.
In r8o,8 it had 6,000 instruments in use in the
city, 15,000 miles of wire, 115 miles of duct
and its connections wire I 20,000 a day.
The Kinloch Telephone Company is a St.
I ouis association, with well known business
men in control of it. It was organized in De-
cember, 1896, with Sam M. Kennard for pres-
ident; Wm. F. Xolker, vice-president; Wm.
1 >. 1 irthwein. second vice-president; Breck-
inridge Jones, treasurer : Hopkins J. Hanbord,
general manager, and C. K. Dickson Walsh,
secretary. In December, 1898, it had 5,000
instruments in the hands of subscribers, 3,000
miles of wire, 400,000 feet of cable, 103 miles
of duct, and 5,500 subscribers.
In 1880 there were 148 telephone companies
in the LTnited States, having 34,305 miles of
wire. 54.3 to receiving telephones, and 3.338
employes. In 1897 the Bell Telephone Com-
pany, which had come practically into the con-
trol and conduct of the telephone business of
the country, had 805,711 miles of wire, 967
exchanges, 832 branch offices. 14,425 em-
ployes. 325.244 subscribers and 772,627 in-
struments in the hands of licensees, under
rentals. The number of exchange connec-
tions daily in the Dnited States was 2,630,071 ;
the average number of daily calls per sub-
scriber was 8 1-3. The capital of the com-
pany was $23,650,000. In 1895 it received in
rental of telephones $1,475,850, and in 1896
$1,450,032. The gross earnings for 1895
were $4,475,442. and in 1896 $4,538,979. Its
net earnings in 1896 were $3,383,580 and in
that year it paid its stockholders $3,361,233.
D. M. Grissom.
Temm, Herman II., merchant, was
born I ictober 11, 1833, in Ramsdorf, Province
of Westphalia, Germany, and died in St. Louis
( ictober 17, i8()6. His parents were William
A. and Frances fBruer) Temm, and he spent
the early years of his boyhood with them in
the land of his birth. UJnder their guidance
the truths of Christianity were instilled into
hi- young mind, and he grew up an adherent
1 if the Roman Catholic faith and lived and died
a member of that church. L:ntil he was eleven
years of age he attended the parish schools of
his native town, and through this schooling
laid the foundation for broader education in
later years. Tn the year 1844 he came to this
country and found a home at Keokuk, Iowa.
There he served an apprenticeship to the drug
business with the firm of Hamilton & Ayers,
in whose employ he remained two years.
Turning his attention then to the matter of •
bettering his education, he attended school
ars at West Point, Iowa, and al-
though still young when he completed his
•^?/<£>.
TEMPLE OP HONOR.
2237
course of study, his industry and studious
habits had enabled him to make very consid-
erable progress toward the attainment of a
scientific education. Thereafter he clerked
for a year or two in a drug store at Fort Mad-
ison, Iowa, and in 1851 he came to St. Louis.
Here he was at first employed in Dorman's
drug store, at the corner of Thirteenth Street
and Franklin Avenue, and later held positions
in other pharmaceutical establishments in the
city until 1859. Meantime he had pursued a
course of study at one of the business colleges
of the city and had fitted himself theoretically
and by practical experience to engage in bus-
iness on his own account. As head of the
firm of Temm & Roepke he established him-
self in the drug business at the corner of
Nineteenth Street and Franklin Avenue in
1859, and from the start he was both a popular
and prosperous merchant. Afterward he
established another drug store at the corner of
Seventeenth and Biddle Streets, and later still
another one at the intersection of Jefferson
and Franklin Avenues, and in 1895 another
at the corner of Marcus and Easton Avenues.
These different commercial establishments he
continued to conduct successfully as long as
he lived, and through his mercantile opera-
tions and judicious investments he accumu-
lated a substantial fortune. He was a direc-
tor in a building and loan association, and was
a stockholder in other similar enterprises. In
the line of business to which he devoted the
greater share of his time and attention he was
known at the time of his death as a pioneer,
and also as one of the most capable and sa-
gacious drug merchants in the city. His
good judgment and his unswerving integrity
commended him to the financial institutions
with which he was identified, and his counsels
were always prized by those associated with
him. When fortune favored him he did not
forget the fact that he had struggled to gain
a foothold in business, and had known a time
when kindly encouragement had been to him
a precious boon, and what he had learned the
worth of by experience he freely gave to yi >ung
men who came within the sphere of his action
and influence. He delighted in helping
worthy youths to become worthy men, and
assisted churches, schools, charities, and all
agencies designed to better social and moral
conditions. While his life was, in a sense,
quiet and uneventful, he was solicitous always
for the public >welfare, and especially anxious
that those of his own household should de-
velop into useful and worthy citizens. Reared
under the influence of this conscientious and
upright man, his sons became his worthy suc-
cessors, and are to-day honored business and
professional men. He married, in 1862, Miss
Harriet M. Tooker, who came to this city
from Cincinnati, Ohio. Their children are J.
Alexander Temm, Dr. Francis A. Temm,
Jessie, wife of B. L. Zwart, Harry J. A. Temm.
Charles D. Temm and Dr. William B. Temm.
Temple of Honor.— This order was
established by some members of the Sons of
Temperance in New York in 1845. The origi-
nators intended it as an exalted degree of the
Sons of Temperance, but the National Di-
vision refusing to recognize it as such, it was
then maintained independently of the mother
order. Its chief officer was designated as
worthy chief templar, and the next in dignity
worthy vice-templar. The places of meeting
were called temples, with the Grand Temple
having supervision over all. The order was
introduced into St. Louis in 1853, and in
June, 1854, a Grand Lodge was organized,
with four temples in the State — one at Loui-
siana, one in St. Louis, one in Hannibal and
one at Carrollton. The instituting officer was
W. A. Lynch, of St. Louis, who became the
first grand worthy templar of the Grand Tem-
ple. Among those present and participa-
ting in the organization from St. Louis were:
G. W. Lynch. J. B. Higdon, William A.
Lynch, Richard Ivers and T. S. Warne. The
growth of the order was greatest just after the
Civil War, when there were seven temples in
St. Louis. Subsequently the order began to
decline, and in July, 1882, there were but six
temples in the State, with three in St. Louis.
These temples passed out of existence a few
years later, and the order ceased to be repre-
sented among the temperance organizations in
St. Louis.
Tillotson, Frederick E., who was a
conspicuous figure in the fraternal circles 1 if
the city, and well and favorably known also in
business circles, was born September [8, r868,
in Delhi, Illinois, and died in St. Louis, I >c-
tober 13, 1897. He was the son of Elias and
Juliet (Townley) Tillotson. and his father,
formerly engaged in the grain trade at Delhi
and Jerseyville, has been for some years a
resident of St. Louis. He was educated in the
2238
TEN BROEK.
public schools of St. Louis, quitting school
when eighteen years of age to turn his atten-
tion to business pursuits. At that time he en-
tered the employ of the E. Tillptson Lumber
& Commission Company, in the capacity of
bookkeeper, and later transferred his services
to the Harnett Lumber Company, where he
also filled the position of bookkeeper until
promoted to secretary and treasurer of the
company. As financial officer of this corpo-
ra mu, and one of the managers of a large
business, he evinced ability of a high order,
and his high character and integrity gave him
an enviable reputation in commercial circles.
1 lis genial and kindly disposition gavehim wide
personal popularity, and he was especially be-
loved by those with win mi he came in con-
tact in the fraternal orders with which he affili-
ated, lie was a member in high standing of
both the Masonic order and the order of the
Knights of Pythias, and the tender and touch-
ing tributes paid to his memory at the time of
his death testify to the high esteem in which
he was held by those with whom he had been
assi niated in the bonds of fraternal union. He
was a worthy and zealous Baptist churchman,
holding membership in the Second Baptist
( Ihurch under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. \Y. W.
Boyd.
Tompkins, Cornelius, banker, was
born February [8, [838, in St. Louis, and
comes of an old Kentucky family, and of
Revolutionary stock. His father, who was
born in Lexington, Kentucky, came to St.
Louis in [837, bringing with him considerable
capital, which he invested in the , wholesale
grocery business, succeeding the firm of Rob-
ert \. Barnes, under the name and style of
Blaine, Tompkins & Barrett. This house re-
mained in existence for many years thereafter.
the firm being widely known throughout the
\\ esl and - tanding high in
business circles. Cornelius Tompkins grew
to manh 1 in this city, and was educated at
St. Louis University. Immediately after leav-
ing school he entered the employ of the
time banking house of Lucas & Simonds, and
was thus engaged until 1857, when these
bankers retired from business. Some time
later he went to NTew York, and embarked in
the banking business in that city. I [1
became a member of the New York Stock Ex
change, in which he occupied a position of
some prominence until 1872. In that vear he
returned to his old home in St. Louis, and be-
came connected with the Commercial Bank of
this city, which continued eighteen years. For
eight years he was cashier of this bank, re-
signing the cashiership in 1890 to accept the
position of treasurer of the Union Trust Com-
pany, in which capacity he was identified with
one of the leading financial institutions of the
West until 1897. In that year he resigned the
treasurership of the Union Trust Company
and went abroad, spending nearly two years
thereafter traveling through the south of Eu-
rope. Egypt and Asia Minor. A man of culti-
vated taste and nice discrimination, he col-
lected, in the course of this two years of travel,
many rare curios and art works, which now
adorn his home in this city, a source of pleas-
ure to himself and his friends. Having re-
tired permanently from business, Mr. Tomp-
kins devotes his time to the conduct of his
private affairs, and the enjoyment of that
leisure, to which his many years of active and '
successful business entitle him. Identified
with the Catholic Church, he has contributed
his share toward the building up of the church
and its institutions, and is known as a gen-
en ius and helpful friend of its charities. His
political affiliations are with the Republican
party. In 1862 he married Miss Louise Au-
gusta Benoist, second daughter of Louis A.
Benoist, of whom extended mention is made
elsewhere in these volumes, and who, in his
day, was one of the leading bankers of St. 1
Louis. Three sons and four daughters have
been born of this union ; the sons are now well
known business men of this city.
Ten Broek, (Jerri! II., lawyer and
editor, was born March 30, 1859, in St. Louis.
His parents were Henry and Gepke (Die-
kenga) Ten Broek, and he comes of Dutch
ancestry. After completing his academic ed-
ucation at the St. Louis High School he en-
tered the St. Louis Law School and finished
his law course there. He was admitted to the
bar and at once began the practice of his pro-
fession in this city. Turning his attention to
mercantile law, he established the Ten Broek
Agency, through which he became acquainted,
either personally or by correspondence, with
al thousand attorneys scattered through-
out the United States and other countries.
In 1886 he conceived the idea of uniting these
correspondents into a regular organization,
and in pursuance of this idea he formed the
!^Va*x>. <\mo^<^
TENNESSEE SOCIETY— TERMINAL RAILROAD ASSOCIATION.
"Associated Law Offices." This is an organ-
ization which aims to secure by co-operation,
interchange of information and through the
employment of the same contracted corre-
spondents, the highest efficiency in their collec-
tion departments. Mr. Ten Broek has had the
satisfaction of seeing this organization develop
into one of the most noted and most thor-
oughly efficient collecting agencies of the
country. He established, in 1885, "The Mer-
cantile Adjuster," of which he is still the edi-
tor, and in which he owns a controlling inter-
est. This monthly legal publication is issued
from New York, contains information of
especial interest and value to credit men, col-
lection managers and commercial lawyers, and
now has a circulation of 10,000 copies, which
extends into every country in the world hav-
ing commercial relations with the United
States. Its offices in New York are in the
Empire building, where Mr. Ten Broek spends
a portion of his time, although his residence
and principal office has been in St. Louis.
Still a young man, the formative genius of
Mr. Ten Broek has been such that he has
made a marked impress upon the legal profes-
sion in St. Louis, and his connection with
commercial law has caused him to become
prominently identified with enterprises of
large magnitude and national celebrity. In
politics he is a Republican, but not actively
partisan or in any sense a politician. He is a
member and vestryman of Grace Episcopal
Church, and is secretary of the St. Louis
Bethel Association, secretary of the St. Louis
Hospital Association, and secretary of the
Hospital Saturday and Sunday Association.
He married, in 1893, Mrs. Frances Lorraine
Colby, of St. Louis.
Tennessee Society. — The Tennessee
Society of St. Louis was organized December
7, 1895, at the Southern Hotel, with a member-
ship of twenty-five, and in the year 1898 had
an active membership of one hundred. This
society is purely social and patriotic, its mem-
bers being natives or descendants of natives
of Tennessee living in St. Louis. The society
has a banquet annually, which is held on
"Jackson Day," the 8th day of January, when
an address is delivered by some prominent
Tennesseean. The first officers were : Henry
W. Bond, president ; Jerome Hill, first vice-
president ; William M. Senter, second vice-
president; A. C. Stewart, third vice-president;
Joseph Wheless, secretary, and John C.
Meeks, treasurer.
Terminal Railroad Association. —
This company furnishes a practical illustration
of the benefits that accrue to traffic and com-
merce through an intelligent aggregation of
forces that had been hitherto scattered and
working at cross-purposes. When the Eads
bridge was opened and ready for railway
traffic, in 1874, its projectors found themselves
in a peculiar and unforeseen dilemma. It had
been confidently expected, and, indeed, se-
cured by contract with the most important
Eastern lines, that the latter would, upon com-
pletion of the structure, run their passenger
and freight trains across the bridge. This,
however, they refused to do, alleging as a rea-
son that, as Illinois corporations, they had no
right to operate a railroad or run trains in
Missouri. On the other hand, the bridge
company's charter contained no franchise or
privilege to operate a railroad either in Mis-
souri or Illinois. Without such rights it could
not organize a railway service of its own,
could not acquire or condemn property
needed for terminal facilities — in fact, could
not use its property for the purposes for which
it was constructed. Its hands were appar-
ently tied, and for a long time the bridge and
its tracks remained unused.
In this dilemma it was concluded to form
outside auxiliary railroad companies under
the general- corporation laws of Missouri and
Illinois, and to enter into traffic contracts be-
tween them and the bridge company for the
performance of railway service between St.
Louis and East St. Louis, also for the acqui-
sition of the needful motive power, and for
the purchase or condemnation of real estate
required for terminals.
Two such companies were formed, the
Union Railway & Transit Company of St.
Louis, under a Missouri, and the Union Rail-
way & Transit Company of East St. Louis,
under an Illinois charter. Each company
organized with a capital of $250,000, which
was subsequently increased to one million.
The capital was mainly furnished outside of
St. Louis.
Within a short time after their formation
these companies organized, under the direc-
tion of the bridge management, a complete
service, purchased locomotives, erected ma-
chine shops and freight warehouses, and laid
2240
TERMINAL RAILROAD ASSOCIATION.
connecting and storage tracks for the handling
of freight.
But while these arrangements took care
of freight, there was no accommodation for
passengers in St. Louis, and it became neces-
sary i.i organize another company for the
building of a Union depot. This was done, and
the Union Depot Company of St. Louis, with
a capital of one million, was formed. This
compan) proceeded at once to erect the (old)
passenger station at Twelfth and Poplar
Streets, and opened the same for regular
traffic on June i, 1875. Up to that date pas-
sengers were taken across the bridge by omni-
buses.
In [880 the capita] of the Union Railway
& Transit Companies of St. Louis and East
St. Louis had become exhausted, and as the
traffic had increased to large dimensions and
more ground was needed for expansion of
terminals, two new auxiliary companies were
formed, the "Terminal Railroad Companies
of St. Louis and East St. Louis," on precisely
the same terms and principles as their prede-
irs. Their joint capital amounted to
about one million dollars.
Thus there were five auxiliary companies,
each with its own corporate organization,
hoard of directors, officers and stockholders,
but all five operated under the direction of the
patent company, the St. Louis Bridge Com-
pany, which practically paid interest at the
rate of to per cent per annum for the use of
the capital which these auxiliary companies
furnished.
This lasted ten years (the limit of the lease),
and in r886 Mr. Jay Gould, whose road, the
Missouri Pacific, of which he was president.
had in the meanwhile become the lessee of
the bridge, advanced the mone) to redeem
tlie stuck of these several companies, amount-
ing in the aggregate to over $3,500,000. He
further advanced whatever additional money
was needi d for real estate and for the yard and
track extensions which the increased business
necessitated.
In [882 already Dr. William Taussig, the
general manager of the Bridge Company and
all of the above auxiliary 0 impanii ; con
ceived the idea of consolidating all these
properties under one ownership, and to have
this ownership vested in an association com-
posed of the most important east and west
trunk lines. His underlying idea was that,
inasmuch as the bridge and its terminals were
operated for the use of all the roads center-
ing in St. Louis and East St. Louis on equal
terms, and inasmuch as the resources and
credit of the Bridge Company were not suf-
ficient to furnish the capital necessary for the
enlarged scheme of freight and passenger ter-
minals as laid out by him. that the whole of
this vast property should be owned, managed
and operated by the roads who are directly
interested in its prompt, reliable and economic
service. Another factor which pointed to the
isity of such an organization lay in the
jealousies and suspicions of other roads
against Mr. Gould, who, as president of the
Missouri Pacific and Wabash Railroads, was
sole lessee of the bridge, based upon the belief
that these two roads received undue advan-
tages in rates and facilities as against other
lines. Unfounded though these suspicions
were, and though conscious that he had ad-
ministered the property with the utmost im-
partiality and with regard to the interest of
all roads alike, Mr. Taussig, the then general
manager, could not close his eyes to the fact
that such suspicions and fears, even if ground-
less, would be apt to divert business from the
bridge, make roads look around for other ave-
nues of river transfer, and thus seriously im-
pair its revenues.
.Mr. Gould, to whom he frankly submitted
these facts, was too sagacious a man not to
see their import, and upon having the scheme
for the formation of a company composed of
important lines to take over all these proper-
ties submitted to him, approved it, and author-
ized Mr. Taussig to enter into negotiations
with the different lines for the furtherance of
this project.
The result of these negotiations, which
lasted several years, was the agreement of
October, 1889, between the following lines,
-• ven in all: Ohio & Mississippi; Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis (Big Four);
Louisville & Nashville; Vandalia; Missouri
Pacific, and Wabash Railways. At the last
minute, after the contracts had been printed
and agreed upon, the Vandalia (Pennsylvania
l\. Kt, who had been the most ardent pro-
moter of the scheme, refused to sign, having,
while trading with the St. Louis Bridge
pei iple, entered into what they conceived to be
more profitable arrangements with the Mer-
es' Bridge.
Under this agreement all the above (six)
proprietary lines organized as the Terminal
TERRA COTTA— TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.
2241
Railroad Association of St. Louis, and became
the owners of the properties of the before men-
tioned auxiliary companies, and lessees in per-
petuity of the bridge and tunnel, the fixed
charges of which they guaranteed, together
with the interest of the bonds issued by the
Terminal Association of St. Louis itself. The
first issue of bonds authorized was seven mil-
lions, of which five millions were paid to Mr.
Gould for the properties he had acquired as
above stated, and two millions were reserved
for extensions and improvements.
Subsequently, in 1893, an additional issue of
five millions in bonds was made, mainly to be
used for the erection of the new Union Sta-
tion and the land required for it.
At the first meeting of the association in
1889 Dr. William Taussig was elected presi-
dent, and continued in that position until his
voluntary retirement in 1896.
As a result of the formation of this com-
pany, with its vast capital and energetic move-
ments, St. Louis may boast to-day of having
the largest, most compact and complete ter-
minal system of any city in the country, under
one management. It affords the means of in-
gress and egress to twenty-two railroads, it
owns, for the common, joint use of these rail-
roads, the largest and finest Union passenger
station existing, and it furnishes freight facili-
ties, storage yards and warehouses for all the
vast tonnage that these twenty-two roads
bring into and out of St. Louis. It owns in
St. Louis, in fee and under lease, 95.17 acres,
and in East St. Louis 83.40 acres of ground,
operates in St. Louis thirty miles and in East
St. Louis twenty-eight miles of track, with
thirty-two engines of the latest and heaviest
type. Its number of employes is over three
thousand, and all its appliances and appurte-
nances are of the most advanced and modern
type. The system of its tracks, yards, con-
nections, station and approaches has become
a model which many other roads in the coun-
try have copied.
For a description of the Union Station
structure and its method of management, see
"Union Station."
William Taussig.
Terra Cotta. — The first terra cotta man-
ufactured in St. Louis was made in 1883, by
Joseph Winkle. It has grown in favor for
architectural ornamentation, and the manu-
facture of it quadrupled between 1890 and
1897. Terra, cotta from St. Louis works is
highly esteemed, and has been shipped to
Pittsburg, Minneapolis, Denver, Cleveland,
Galveston and Montana.
Territorial Government. — The first
governmental authority over the territory
which later became the State of Missouri, ex-
ercised by the United States, was that dele-
gated to Captain Amos Stoddard, as military
commandant, who assumed, in effect, the pre-
rogatives and functions which had previously
been vested in the Spanish Lieutenant-
Governor of Upper Louisiana. Within a few
weeks after the formal transfer of Louisiana
to the United States Congress divided the
Province into two parts, and attached the
upper portion — which was known as the Dis-
trict of Louisiana — to the Territory of Indi-
ana. Thus the first Territorial government ex-
tended over the region now embraced in the
State of Missouri was that which centered
at Vincennes, which was then the capital of
Indiana Territory. Under this authority the
Governor and judges of Indiana Territory —
who constituted the Territorial Legislature —
made laws for the government of the District
of Louisiana until the 3d of March, 1805, at
which time Congress segregated it from Indi-
ana and gave it a limited Territorial govern-
ment, naming it at the same time the Territory
.of Louisiana. Under this new form of govern-
ment, the Territorial officers were a Governor,
Secretary, and two judges of the superior
court, all of whom were appointed by the
President of the United States. The first offi-
cials appointed were James Wilkinson, Gov-
ernor; Frederick Bates, Secretary ; Return J.
Meigs and John B. C. Lucas, judges. Acting
together, these officers constituted the Legisla-
ture of the Territory, and framed the laws for
its local government, and. acting individually,
they were at the same time the administra-
tive and executive officers of the Territorial
government. This system of government was
maintained until June of the year 1812, when
Congress passed an act erecting Louisiana
Territory into a Territory of the first class and
changing the name to Missouri Territory.
When Missouri Territory came into existence
the people then resident in the region em-
braced within its limits were given, for the
first time, to a limited extent, representative
government. The territorial officers were
Governor, Secretary, and three superior court
judges. The legislative power was vested in
2242
TERRY.
a general assembly, all the acts of that body,
however, being subject to approval by the
Governor. The general assembly consisted of
council and house of representa-
tives, the last named body only being chosen
by the pei .pie. The members of the legislative
council nine in number at first — were ap-
pointed b) the President of the United States.
who selected the councilors from eighteen
,ns nominated to him by the territorial
of representatives. Representatives
elected by the people served for two years and
councilors were appointed for terms of five
years. In the first Legislature of the Territory
of Missouri there were nine members of the
council and thirteen members of the house
epresentatives. Changes were subse-
quently made in the number of members of
both bodies, but the character of the general
assembly was not changed until Missouri be-
came a State.
Terry, John H., lawyer, legislator and
man of affairs, was born in Seneca County,
New York, July 30, 1837. His father, James
T rry, who was of English descent, was reared
on Long Island, his ancestors having settled
there in 1630. His mother, also a native of
Xew York State, was a descendant of Stephen
Hopkins, one of the Pilgrims who came over
in the "Mayflower." The elder Terry was a
prosperous farmer and manufacturer, and the
In 1 was one of a family of ten children,
received as a boy that thorough industrial
training which is conducive to the develop-
ment of a vigorous manhood. Early in life
lie determined to make the profession of law
his vocation, and. although his father was not
in full sympathy with his plans and purposes
in this respect, he adhered steadfastly to this
determination. After obtaining an academic
education he matriculated in the law school
at Albany, New York, and. maintaining him-
self b\ his own labor while pursuing his stud-
ies, was graduated from that institution at the
end of a regular course. Immediately after-
ward he entered the law office of Boardman &
Finch, of Ithaca. New York, ami had entered
upon the practice of his profession under
favorable auspices when the Civil War be-
gan. Firm convictions and patriotic im-
pulses wire inherent in his nature, and when
the struggle began which was to settle con-
1 >ies that had begun almost with the ex-
e of the government he could not remain
an idle and inactive looker-on. Quitting his
office, he recruited a company, which was
mustered into the One Hundred and Thirty-
seventh Regiment of New York Volunteer
Infantry as Company D. He was elected and
duly commissioned as captain of this com-
pany, and entered the field in 1862, his regi-
ment being assigned to duty as a part of the
Third Brigade of the Second Division,
Twelfth Corps of the Army of the Potomac,
commanded by General Henry Slocum. He
jiarticipated in all the campaigns of the Army
of the Potomac thereafter up to the battle of
Chancellorsville. On the third day of the
battle of Chancellorsville he was carried from
the field wounded, and this wound, coupled
with general ill health, compelled him soon
afterward to resign his commission in the army
and return to civil life. Upon his return to
his old home the problem of selecting a loca-
tion for the practice of law presented itself to
him for solution, and, looking westward, he
established himself first in a law office at
Ravenna, Ohio, where he was associated with
Judge Day, father of the late distinguished
Secretary of State. He was not satisfied, how-
ever, with the limited opportunities for pro-
fessional advancement afforded by a small
city, and left Ravenna to come to St. Louis in
1865. Reaching St. Louis, he opened a law
office, and may be said to have begun his
career in this city practically even with the
world, owing no one anything, and, on the
other hand, having but a few dollars to his
credit. He was, however, physically and in-
tellectually a vigorous young man, and his
energy and resourcefulness soon brought him
prominence and patronage. Soon after became
here he delivered a course of law lectures at
Bryant & Stratton's College, and a little later
became associated with Charles G. Morrow,
Esquire, as assistant United States district
attorney. Later he became well known at the
bar as a member of the law firm of Terry &
Terry, and practiced his profession success-
fully until 1880, when he became interested in
various real estate operations, and retired
from practice to give his entire time and at-
tention to this business. Forming a partner-
ship with Mr. S. S. Scott, he became head of
the real estate firm of Terry & Scott, and en-
tered upon a business career which has been
crowned by a large measure of success. His
'ri'i^e of the law. coupled with superior
business qualifications, soon made him a con-
^
-*s)
-p^y
TERRITORIAL REVENUE SYSTEM.
2243
spicuous figure in real estate circles, and he
lias long wielded great influence in all matters
pertaining to this branch of business in St.
Louis. He is president of the St. Louis
Property and Financial Company, and has
been a moving spirit in promoting many im-
provements and other enterprises which have
contributed materially to the advancement
and upbuilding of the city. In 1888 he served
as president of the St. Louis Real Estate Ex-
change, of which he has long been one of the
most active and useful members.
Early in his career in St. Louis he began
taking an active interest in politics, and soon
became influential in the councils of the Dem-
ocratic party. In 1868 he was elected to the
twenty-fifth general assembly of Missouri, and
served with distinction in the lower branch of
that body. In 1871 he was appointed land
commissioner in St. Louis, a position created
by statute, in which he exercised judicial
functions, and in consequence of which he has
since been known to the public generally as
Judge Terry. In 1874 he was elected to the
Missouri State Senate, and during his term of
service in that body served on its most impor-
tant committees and wielded large influence
as a legislator. Personally a magnetic man,
he drew about him a large circle of friends,
and his practical ideas of legislation, coupled
with persuasive eloquence, made him a potent
factor in shaping the laws placed upon the
statute books of Missouri during his term of
service. The present insurance law of the
State and the statute governing the condem-
nation of private property for public uses are
measures which have been beneficent in their
operations, the passage of which was chiefly
due to his efforts. As a citizen of St. Louis,
Judge Terry has always been eminent among
those most loyal to the city's interests, and he
has contributed in many ways to promote its
progress and advancement. He was one of the
founders of the Mercantile Club, of which he
has served as vice-president and director. He
organized in this city the order of the Legion
of Honor, of which he was first supreme chan-
cellor. Affiliating with the Unitarian Church,
he has been active in extending the influence
and usefulness of the church in this city, and
has served as president of the Unitarian Club.
He was married first, in 1868. to Miss Eliza-
beth Todd, daughter of Honorable Albert
Todd, of St. Louis. Of this union four sons
were born, all of whom are now living. Mrs.
Terry died in 1888, and, in 1891, Judge Terry,
while revisiting his old home in New York,
met Mrs. Vashti Pearsall, who, as Miss Vashti
P.oardman, had been his companion and
sweetheart in youth. Mrs. Pearsall was a
widow, and the renewal of their acquaintance
brought about a renewal of their old-time
friendship, and resulted in their marriage.
Since then they have made their home in this
city.
Territorial Revenue System. —
Throughout the territorial period the people
of Missouri were engaged largely in agri-
cultural pursuits, with lead mining, after a
primitive fashion, and trading, as additional
occupations. A description of the conditions
in 181 1 tells us that the prevailing method of
exchange was barter, while peltry and lead
were recognized as money.
The methods of business and habits of life
were of the simple character and on the lim-
ited scale that would be expected of a frontier
people. It follows from the conditions of life
in the newly organized territory that the needs
of the State during this period were very lim-
ited. The functions of the government ex-
tended little further than the protection, in its
narrowest sense, of life and property, the
maintenance of highways, and such general
duties as are inseparable from an organized
society. There was little to suggest the mod-
ern complex industrial and' social system
that has resulted in an extension of the
functions of the State to the maintenance of
public schools, the regulation of railroad and
express companies, the oversight of sanitary
conditions, and, in general, to the protection
of the public from the infringement of its so-
cial as well as its individual rights. The early
limit of State activity was the result of exist-
ing conditions which required no more, rather
than of any theory as to the proper bounds of
government functions. Indeed, there is ample
evidence in the regulations concerning fer-
ries and mill charges that what the community
sought was a reasonable recognition of its
welfare, regardless of any question a-- to the
invasion of the domain of individual free-
dom.
The financial operations were correspond-
ingly limited, and the financial history of this
period is concerned only with the simpler
phases of revenue and expenditure. Questions
concerning public debt, public improvements,
IA I
TERRITORIAL REVENUE SYSTEM.
ami the more serious phases of revenue and
expenditure did not appear until later times.
In supplying the needs of the State, recourse
was had in part to personal services and in
part to revenue. The two chief forms of per-
sonal service were military duty and the main-
tenance of roads. The territory was practi-
cally surrounded, except on the east, by hos-
tile Indians, thus rendering a military force
of some sort imperative. This force was pro-
vided by requiring all free, white male inhab-
itant, riol incapacitated by age or otherwise,
and not exempted by law, to be enrolled in
the militia. The service required of the mili-
tia was attendance upon musters and assist-
ance in case of invasion. Until 1815 there
were at least five regular musters annually,
involving five or more days of military serv-
ice. After 181 5 the calls for muster were sub-
ject to the orders of the commanders of
the several corps. The amount of actual serv-
ice that could be required of each was unlim-
ited, save by the necessities of the occasions.
In 1807 a maximum of sixty days' continuous
service was fixed, which was later extended to
six months. Those subject to military duty
were required to provide their own arms and
accoutrements, which were definitely specified
in the several acts.
The construction and maintenance of pub-
lic roads was also accomplished largely by per-
sonal service, which was in this case required
of all able-bodied male inhabitants within cer-
tain specified ages. Military service was re-
quired only of free, white inhabitants. The
amount of road service that could be required
was fixed by the act of 1806 at from two to
thirty days annually, to be assessed according
to the amount of property owned. Though
no provision was made for commuting road
sen ice fi ir a mi iney payment, the fines for non-
performance of this duty, from one to two dol-
lar- per day, made such commutation pos-
sible.
But personal services did not meet all the
needs of the government. Accordingly, we
find among the earliest laws for governing the
newly acquired territory provision for a reve-
nue system. The first law was passed ( ictober
i. [804, and was entitled. "A law regulating
count} rates and levies." It provided that "all
• iii town, tow 11 lots, 01,1 lots and man-
sion houses in the COUntn " valued at two hun-
dred dollars and upward, "all able-bodied sin-
gle men" not having "taxable property to the
amount of four hundred dollars, all water and
windmills, and ferries," all horses, mules, cat-
tle, three years old and upward, and "all
bond servants and slaves, except such as the
court of quarter sessions [should] exempt
for infirmities, between sixteen and forty years
of age" should be chargeable for county reve-
nue. Upon the houses, lots and mills was to
be levied a tax not to exceed thirty cents on
each Si 00 valuation. For most of the other
objects mentioned a maximum specific tax
was provided, e. g., the tax on meat cattle
was not to exceed ten cents per head.
The law contained provisions also for an
annual charge of $15 for licenses to sell mer-
chandise that was not produced in the district,
and an annual charge of not to exceed $10 for
ferry licenses. Two assessors were to be ap-
pointed for each township. The sheriff was
authorized to perform the duties of collector
and treasurer. Within the limits provided in
the law, the rates actually collected were de-
termined by the court of quarter sessions.
Indeed, this court seems to have had general
charge of the administration of the affairs of
the county. It appointed assessors; passed
upon the lists of taxable property : audited
claims against the county; determined the
necessary expenditure; and to it was answer-
able the sheriff as collector and treasurer. Sub-
sequent legislation materially modified the
provisions of this law. Other objects of taxa-
tion and license were added ; rates were
changed ; the method of administration
altered ; but in its general features it remained
the basis of the financial system of the terri-
torial period.
The source of this law, as might be ex-
pected from its passage by the Governor and
judges of Indiana Territory, is found in the
laws of Indiana. The law as passed for the
District of Louisiana is, with slight exceptions,
an exact copy of a law that was enacted for
Indiana Territory the previous year. (Novem-
ber 3, 1803. Laws of Indiana, p. 63.) The
Indiana law, as stated in its title, was taken
from the Virginia code and from the laws al-
ready in force in the Northwest Territory, of
which Indiana Territorv formed a part until
July 4, 1800.
The sources of revenue during the territo-
rial period were four — fines, fees, licenses, and
taxes. For the most part, however, fines were
TERRITORIAL REVENUE SYSTEM.
2245
intended as punishments for violation of law,
and were but incidentally sources of revenue.
An exception to this general rule is found in
a law of 1807, which provided that all persons
convicted in the court of quarter sessions
should be fined fifty cents, the amount be-
ing afterwards increased to one dollar. This
was manifestly an attempt to use the penal
power to increase the general revenue.
Fees formed an important source of reve-
nue. Much of the work done for the govern-
ment was paid in fees, and numerous laws
specified in detail the amounts that might be
charged for services rendered. In the main
the fees did not provide general revenue, but
were retained by the persons performing the
service. There were, however, certain excep-
tions to this. In 1807 the need for increased
revenue led to a special charge of fifty cents
(increased later to one dollar) for writs and
executions, the income from which went into
the general revenue fund. For the same fund,
in 1815. a charge of fifty cents was made for
every certificate ot the clerk of the county
court. In 1813 a special charge of fifty cents
was made for recording deeds and mort-
gages, the purpose in this case being to re-
plenish the territorial treasury.
A third source of revenue was license
charges, which, at one time or another, were
required of a variety of occupations. As has
been seen, the first revenue law required ferry-
men and merchants who sold goods not pro-
duced in the district to pay for licenses. To
these were afterwards added keepers of public
billiard tables and taverns, Indian traders, at-
torneys, physicians, proprietors of unauthor-
ized lotteries, and peddlers. In establishing
rates, the law usually either fixed a definite
sum or set limits within which those charged
with the administration of the law determined
the amount. Thus the rate for merchants'
licenses was, at first, $15 annually, subse-
quently increased to $10 semi-annually, and
again to $15 semi-annually; the rate for at-
torneys and physicians was $10 annually ; and
for peddlers $14 semi-annually. The charge
for ferry licenses was fixed, in 1804, at not to
exceed $10 annually, afterward changed to
from $5 to $100, and later to from $2 to $100;
the rate for public billiard tables was not to
exceed $50 annually, and for tavern licenses
from $10 to $30. In the case of Indian traders
a proportional rate was at first tried, the rate
being fixed at I per cent of the value of the
equipment. This rate was subsequently in-
creased to 1 1-2 per cent, and then changed
to the fixed sum of $52.
To what extent revenue and to what extent
regulation were involved in the license charges
can not be definitely determined. The law of
1806, establishing a license tax for taverns,
states that it is "for the prevention of disor-
ders and mischiefs which may happen byamul-
tiplicity of houses of entertainment." More-
over, a desire to regulate was probably the
reason for the law of 1816 requiring unauthor-
ized lotteries to pay 50 per cent of the money
or property they proposed to dispose of. The
idea of regulation may also have entered into
the other license charges, especially those im-
posed upon ferrymen and Indian traders, but
it is highly probable that revenue was a lead-
ing consideration in most cases.
The fourth source of revenue mentioned was
taxes. As this is to-day the principal source
of revenue, the territorial tax system possesses
an unusual interest. The objects of taxation
may be grouped in three classes: (1) real
property, (2) personal property, and (3) un-
married men.
The real property taxed by the law of 1804
included "all houses in town, town lots, out
lots and mansion houses in the country, valued
at $200 and upward," and water and wind
mills. In 1806 there were added to these
plantations actually cultivated, of the value of
$200 and upward, and horse mills. Two years
later, in 1808, the exemption on the basis of
valuation below $200 disappeared, and there
were added to the list of taxable real property
distilleries and tanyards in operation at the
time of assessing or within the three months
preceding. By the supplementary act of 1814
taxation was extended to uncultivated lands,
in certain cases, the amount of uncultivated
lands taxed being limited to 800 arpens (about
680 acres), while the next year all land was
taxed. Pre-emption rights were made sub-
ject to taxation in 1815, but the Legislature
evidently repented of this in haste, for the
same day that this was approved as a part of
a general law another act was approved re-
pealing the tax on pre-emption rights. It is
interesting to note the steps by which the
scope of the law was extended to include
practically all real property. Beginning with
1804. farm land is not taxed, and tlnre is an
exemption of certain other real property val-
ued below $200; in 1806 cultivated land was
TERRITORIAL REVENUE SYSTEM.
added; in [808 the exemption was removed;
in 1814 uncultivated land was included, with
certain exceptions, and in 1815 all land was
taxed.
Tin- personal property taxed at first included
onl) Stock and slave.-, and not all of these. Of
the stock there were taxed horses, mules,
asses, and neat cattle three years old and up-
ward, provisions for which are found in the
law of 1804, and remain throughout the period.
Able-bodied slaves were taxed, throughout
the period, with slight variations as to age
limit. In 1808 there were added to the per-
sonal property taxed carriages for pleasure,
and billiard tables. Public billiard tables had
been subject to a license charge heretofore, but
now all billiard tables were taxed.
Throughout the period there was a poll tax
levied on able-bodied single men possessed
of limited property. In 1804 all were taxed
who did not have taxable property to the
amount of S400 ; this limit was subsequently
reduced to $100, and afterwards raised to
$200.
The rates charged were usually ad valorem
on real property and specific on personal prop-
erty. though there were exceptions to both.
The rates on real property were not to exceed
thirty cents on the $100 valuation in 1804; not
to exceed fifty cents in 1806, and not to ex-
ceed one hundred cents in 1808. In 1814 the
rate was fixed at thirty cents on the $100 valu-
ation. In 1814, however, land, except town
lots, was charged with a specific tax of fifty
cents on the too arpens (83 1-3 acres), which
was increased to sixty cents in 1815, with a
tax of i_> 1 2 cents on certain lands whose
titles were not yet finally settled.
In the case of personal property, specific
rates predominated. The rate on horses,
mules and asses was nol to exceed titty cents
111 180 1, thirty three and one-third cents in
1 Sod, thirty-seven and one half cents in 1808,
and twenty-five cents in 1815. The rate on
neat cattle, until 1X15, was not to exceed ten
cents; in that year the maximum was fixed
at six and one-quarter cents. Horses kept
fi ir breeding purposes were charged not to ex-
ceed the rat'' of their services. The rate on
slave's was in it to exceed $i by the acts of 1804,
1806 and 1808 In 1814 an additional tax of
forty cents was laid for territorial purposes and
in 1815 the rates mi slaves were fixed at sixtv-
two and one-half cents for territorial purp
and at not to exceed fifty cents for county pur-
poses. Carriages for pleasure were, in 1808,
included in the general class of property taxed
at not to exceed one hundred cents on the
S100 valuation. In 1814, however, specific
charges were substituted for the ad valorem.
Four-wheeled carriages for pleasure were
taxed $10 each ; others $5 each. But the next
vear they returned to the ad valorem rating.
Pleasure carriages were made a separate class
and taxed at $1.50 on the $100. Billiard tables
were taxed $100 each in 1808, but in 18 15 the
tax was reduced to $25 each. The poll tax
on unmarried men with limited taxable
property varied. In 1804 it was placed at from
fifty cents to $2 ; in 1806 it was fixed at $1 ; in
]8o8 it was not to exceed $1, and in 1815 it was
fixed at fifty cents.
It is characteristic of the form of govern-
ment in the United States that the common-
wealth is the unit from which we go to the
Federal government on the one hand, and to
the county and other minor political divisions
on the other. The counties and towns are
the creation of the commonwealth, and are
entirely subordinate thereto. In the develop-
ment of the commonwealth of Missouri, the
districts, which became the first counties, ante-
dated the territorial organization itself. When
provision was first made for governing the
Territory, the districts already existing were
assumed as the legal units. No specific regu-
lation of district or county boundaries was
made until Governor Howard, in his proclama-
tion of 1812, designated provisional county
lines, preparatory to the election of members
to the house of representatives newly provided
fi ir 1 ly act of Congress. These units were
called "districts" until 1812, but they corre-
sponded to the units commonly designated
"counties."
From the first the counties occupied a prom-
inent place in the government. They were
the unit through which administration was
effected. Indeed, the first revenue law made
provision neither for territorial revenue ma-
chinery nor even for territorial revenue. In a
study, then, of the financial administration,
the county is the starting point.
In many cases the laws enacted by the regu-
lar legislative body of the Territory made only
general regulations, leaving it to the discre-
tion of local authorities to determine the
specific provisions that should be enforced.
So there was needed a local administrative
bod-\ which, within the limits set bvthe territo-
TERRITORIAL REVENUE SYSTEM.
rial Legislature, should make regulations and
oversee their execution. It is evident that this
portion of the administrative machinery gave
considerable trouble. Frequent changes were
made. No fewer than six plans were tried
within the seventeen years constituting the
territorial period.
The second step in securing revenue is to
list and value the property. Property own-
ers were required to supply lists of their tax-
able property. When these were properly pre-
pared, so far as specific rates prevailed, there
remained nothing further but to determine
the amount of taxes and to provide lists for
the collectors. But where owners failed to
supply lists, or gave in false lists, and where
ad valorem rates necessitated a valuation, the
services of an assessor were required. How-
ever, the extent to which specific rates were
employed materially decreased the labor of
assessment. Several systems of assessment
were tried.
Throughout the period the sheriff was col-
lector of taxes, and except from 1806 to 1808,
when the office of county treasurer existed,
the sheriff retained charge of the county funds
until ordered by competent authority to dis-
burse them. The beginning of a system of
financial administration for the Territory, dis-
tinct from that provided for the counties, was
made in 1806, when a territorial treasurer was
provided. In 1810 provision was made for a
territorial auditor, who should be ex-officio
auditor of St. Louis County. Four years later
a separate auditor was appointed for the Terri-
tory. The chief administrative body of the
Territory was the Legislature.
L'ntil 1806 no provisions existed for terri-
torial revenue. All revenue went into the
county treasury for county purposes. In that
year, however, it was ordered that twenty per
cent of the revenue should be set apart for
territorial expenses. Two years later it was
provided that income from licenses for sell-
ing merchandise, and from tavern, ferry, and
public billiard table licenses, together with the
fines and forfeitures incident thereto, should
be paid into the territorial treasury. As yet,
however, territorial revenue was of incidental
importance only. In 7814 there were signs
that the territorial revenue was becoming a
question of prime importance. A law of that
year, to supply additional revenue for the Ter-
ritory, provided for taxes on slaves, pleasure
carriages, laud, both town lots and farms, and
houses and improvements. Of these, land
alone was reserved for the exclusive use of the
Territory. In addition to these the license
charges for trading with the Indians, the
special fees for writs and executions, and the
special fines for convictions, were to go to the
territorial treasury. The entire revenue sys-
tem was revised in 1815, and at that time the
sources of revenue for the Territory and the
county were almost entirely separated. Only
slaves remained an object of taxation common
to both.
The early revenue system, compared with
that existing to-day, presents many points of
difference. Of these, three are especially note-
worthy : there was no attempt to tax intangi-
ble personal property; there was no general
property tax : and there was a separation of
territorial and local sources of revenue.
The early system confined itself to real
property and tangible personalty. The ex-
planation of this is apparent. Intangible
personalty formed a comparatively insignifi-
cant part of the property. It is doubtful if
there were any stocks and bonds, at least dur-
ing most of the period, and the amount of
mortgage indebtedness must have been small.
It is significant also that there was not a
general property tax. Not only was there no
attempt to tax tangible personalty, but
such personalty as was taxed usually bore a
specific rather than ad valorem rate. Thus
there was a horse tax, a cattle tax, a carriage
tax, and others, but there was no provision
for estimating the total value of all kinds of
property as the basis of the property tax. Not
least significant of the differences was the
well-nigh complete separation of the territorial
and county systems. This was not an acci-
dent, for when territorial revenue was pro-
vided, it consisted of twenty per cent of the
funds collected for county purposes. But by
successive steps in 1808, 1814 and 1815 the
sources of revenue for the Territory were, as
has been seen, entirely separated, except in the
case of slaves. In general, it may be said that
license charges, special fees and fines, and
taxes on real propertv were assigned to the
territorial revenue, while to the county reve-
nue were assigned taxes on personal property
and on unmarried men. There were, however.
2248
TESSON.
exceptions to this. Thus of the personalty,
the taxes on pleasure carriages and a tax on
-laves formed pan of the territorial revenue,
while of the realty, the taxes on mills, lanyards
and distilleries went to the enmity. This sepa-
ratism of territorial and county finance, though
not made perhaps >>n scientific principles, pos-
sessed man) advantages.
The principle upon which the obligation to
contribute to the support of the government
was conceived to rest is not clearly set forth.
From certain features of the system it might
he inferred that the test of obligation was abil-
ity, as determined largely by the possession of
productive resources. The revenue was de-
rived principally from license charges on cer-
tain productive occupations and from taxes
on agricultural wealth. The exemption of
other forms of property is not inconsistent
with the theory mentioned, for agricultural
wealth represented most of the productive
property of the community. Moreover, there
is apparent a tendency to exempt unproduct-
ive agricultural wealth. Thus uncultivated
lands were not taxed until 1814 and 1815, at
which time they began to have a speculative
value; stock was exempted below the age of
three years. To the objection that the specific
taxation of personal property and of unculti-
vated land is not in harmony with taxation ac-
cording to ability, it is to be said that under
the existing conditions of society differences
in the quality of slock, and even differences
in the value of uncultivated land, were not of
much moment.
'in tin- whole, it may fairly be concluded
that the financial system was suited to the
times. — (From a paper read before the Mis-
souri Historical Societv bv Professor Freder-
ic C. Hicks.)
Tesson, Michel D(M-;iviii<>s, pioneer.
was born on the Island of Santo Domingo, in
i75"- and died in Mew < >rleans, Louisiana, in
[845 Both his parents were native- of
France, and he was reared and educated ac-
cording to French customs and usages, lb
came to tin United Slates in [703, at the time
of the insurrection of the negroes and tin- mas
sacre of the white population of Santo Do-
mingo. At that lime his life was onh saved
by 'he devotion of .-, faithful slave, who kept
him concealed in his cabin, and in the dead of
night helped him on board of a ship, ivhicll
sailed from the island before davbreak. Hun-
dreds of refugees abandoned their rich coffee
and sugar plantations to flee for their lives in
like manner. At a later date the French gov-
ernment paid to a few who could furnish un-
disputed proof of their claims a small indem-
nity for the losses they thus sustained. After
his coming to this country Mr. Tesson spent
a few years in Philadelphia with a French
family, and while there made a careful study of
the English language. Becoming restless,
and having heard of St. Louis, which at that
time was settled by French people, with a few
Spanish families, he determined to -seek his
fortune in this place. Coming here he estab-
lished himself in business, and, in 181 1, mar-
ried Miss Adelaide Baroussel, also a refugee
from Santo Domingo, but from a different part
of the island. At that time there was no resi-
dent priest in St. Louis. Ste. Genevieve was
the nearest parish, and the good Father Selivre
had to be sent for to perform the marriage
ceremony. For many years Mr. Tesson con-
tinued in the general dry goods business, and
was a prosperous merchant at one time, being
among the large taxpayers of St. Louis. In
the "forties" his health became impaired, and
he went to Xew Orleans with his wife in
search of a milder climate. There he died,
leaving a widow, one son. Edward P. Tesson,
and one daughter, Coralie (Tesson) Polkow-
ski. An interesting document in the posses-
sion of one of Mr. Tesson's descendants is the
following, issued by Governor William Clark,
"Governor of the Territory of Missouri, and
commander-in-chief of the militia thereof":
"To all who shall see these presents, greeting:
"Know ye, that reposing special trust and
confidence in the patriotism, valor, fidelity
and abilities of "Michel Tesson, I have ap-
pointed him captain of 1st Company, of 1 st
Battalion, of 1st Regiment. lie is therefore
carefully and diligently to discharge the duty
of captain, by doing and performing all man-
ner of things thereunto belonging, and I
strictly charge and require all officers and sol-
diers under his command to be obedient to his
orders .is captain, and he is to obey such or-
ders and directions, from time to time, as he
shall receive from his superior officers. This
commission to continue in full force during
the pleasure <>f the Governor of the Territory,
for the time being.
"In testimony whereof, I have caused the
seal of the Territory to be hereto affixed.
TESSON.
2249
"Given under my hand at St. Louis, the 2d
day of October, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and seventeen, and of
the independence of the United States the
forty-second. "(Signed) Wm. Clark."
Todd, George, manufacturer, was born
February i, 1815, at Toddsville, Otsego
County, New York, son of Ira and Sallie
(Hinman) Todd. He belongs to the seventh
generation of the descendants of Christopher
Todd, of York, England, who was one of the
earliest colonists of Connecticut, and was des-
ignated by his contemporaries to establish a
null to supply the needs of the infant com-
munity at New Haven. He met the expecta-
tions of the colonists in the matter of making
provisions to supply them with flour, and a
part of the foundation of the historic mill
which he built is still in existence in the city
of New Haven, and is pointed out to visitors
as one of the most interesting of colonial
relics. The representative man of the fifth
generation of the descendants of Christopher
Todd was Jehial Todd, grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch, and the intimate friend of
Judge William Cooper, father of James Fen-
nimore Cooper, the novelist. After founding
Cooperstown, in Western New York, Judge
Cooper persuaded Jehial Todd to remove from
Connecticut to a convenient water-power site,
not far from his own home, and to there es-
tablish a flour mill. There the sturdy pioneer.
Todd, became noted among the earliest manu-
facturers of that region, and in process of
time saw a thriving and busy village spring
I up around the mills which he had established.
He was one of the minutemenof Revolutionary
fame, and was pensioned by the government
on account of these services. It was in his
honor that the village of Toddsville was
inamed, and at the age of four score and three
ivears he died, honored by all who knew him.
[His son. Ira Todd, succeeded to the business
which he had built up, and for many years this
ison was largely engaged in manufacturing en-
terprises, his operations extending from New-
York to New Jersey, Illinois, Michigan and
jMissouri. Ira Todd was the father of ten
children, of whom George Todd and a brother
'ire at the present time (1897) tne onb" surviv-
als. George Todd was educated in the public
schools of the neighborhood in which he was
)orn and reared, completing an academic
•ourse of studv at Hartford, Connecticut. He
was a student in Hartford in 1825, when Gen-
eral Lafayette visited that city, and vividly re-
members the impression made by the great
French general and patriot upon the school-
boys drawn up in line to receive him. He was
trained industrially to the milling business, in
which his father, as well as representatives of
earlier generations of his family, had been
eminently successful, and when nineteen years
of age came to what was then regarded in the
East as the remote Western town of St. Louis,
for the purpose of establishing here a mill-
furnishing factory and store. Several flour-
ing mills were then in existence in St.
Louis, and in the region contiguous thereto,
and although the venture was thought to be
somewhat hazardous, it was believed that ln-
prudent conduct and management a profitable
business in this line might be built up. Sail-
ing from New York City in November of
1834 Air. Todd arrived in New ( Irleans at
the end of a six weeks* voyage. There he was
compelled to remain until February, to await
the opening of navigation on the upper river,
but in that month he started up the Mississippi
aboard the steamer "( )ceana" to St. Louis.
In this city he established himself first on
the river front, near Biddle Street, and began
his operations under the name of Ira Todd &
Sons, his father being interested with him in
a. financial way. Some years later his brother.
Charles Todd, became associated with him,
and the firm name was then changed to G. &
C. Todd & Co., and later was incorporated as
the Todils & Stanley Milling Company.
Tessoil, Edward P., merchant and
banker, was born in St. Louis. May 18, 1812.
and died here in June of 1881, his useful life
having been prolonged to near the age of
three score years and ten. His parents were
Michel D. and Adelaide (Baroussel) Tesson.
and in the biographical sketch of the father,
published in this connection, mention is made
of the incidents which led to the planting of
the family tree in America, and the establish-
ment of the family seat in St. Louis. Ed-
ward I'. Tesson was the eldest of his father's
children, and grew up in St. Louis. As a boy
he attended Elihu H. Shepard's school, and
from there he went to Maryland and en
the College of St. Mary's, where In
until about 1828. In 1833 Mr. Tesson mar-
ried Miss Lucia Marrotte, who came of a
Patrician familv of old French lineage. The
TESSON— THAYER.
issue of this union were ten children, seven
sons and three daughters. These children were
Madame Cecile Tesson Renouard, widow,
who is now living with her daughter, Mrs. J.
I'.. Risque, al Pinos Utos, \:ew Mexico; Mrs.
Clara M. Wilcox, widow, residing in Butte
City, Montana, with her daughter; Edward M.
Tesson, who married Laura A. Forsyth in
[863, ami now resides west of Forest Park in
St. Louis County; Dr. Louis S. Tesson. of the
United States Army, who married Miss Mar-
garet Duncan, and who is now stationed at
Fort Ethan Allen ; Theodore Francis, who re-
sides in St. Louis, and is unmarried; Joseph
Sire, who married Miss Robinson, in Texas,
and died there, leaving a widow, a son and two
daughters; Naomi, who married George H.
Hall, and resides in Old Orchard, Missouri.
and George Baroussel Tesson, who married
Miss Ada Dean, and also resides in ( )ld < Or-
chard. Two sons, Ernest and Amedee. died
in infancy. Mr. Tesson, after his marriage,
followed mercantile pursuits for a time, and
was associated with his father in the dry goods
trade in St. Louis. In the year 1838, or. per-
haps, in 1839, he became connected with the
general commission house of Berthold. Ewing
& Co., his associates being Peter A. Berthold
and William L. Ewing. Later he entered the
banking house of Aaron H. Hackney, who
was a brother-in-law of Louis A. Benoist.
After the retirement of Mr. Hackney Mr. Tes-
son continued the business, and in 1852 took
into partnership with himself Mr. Louis Dan-
i en, who afterward became his son-in-law.
"The firm of 'Tesson & Danjen thus constituted
was for many years one of the prosperous
banking houses of St. Louis. After Mr. Dan-
jen's death, in [864, the eldest son. Edward
M. 'Tesson. was taken into the business
and the firm was known thereafter as Tesson.
Son & Co. until [868, when they retired from
the banking business. At a later da\ Mr
TesSOll went to Montana, but he subsequently
returned to St. Louis, where he spent his re-
maining years among his old friends and asso
ciates. lie was a man of tine mind, well in-
formed in general, and especially in regard to
matters of local historical interest, concerning
which his information was very accurate and
reliable. lie was .me of the founders of the
Missouri Historical Society, and took great
interest in its prosperity. A few days before
his death lie sent a brief note to the S0ciet\
explaining the cause of his absence from its
rooms and meetings, and also presented it
with a copy of John A. Paxton's Directory of
St. Louis for 1821.
Tesson, Edward M., is the eldest son I
of Edward 1'. and Lucia (Marrotte) 'Tesson.
] le was born in St. Louis in 1840, received his
education at the Christian Brothers' College. I
and later at the St. Louis University. After
finishing a commercial course he left college,
at the age of seventeen, and entered as clerk ;
in the banking house of Tesson & Danjen.
Tie was considered by business men as an in-
dustrious and bright youth. Mr. Sullivan
Blood, when president of the Boatmen's Bank, I
offered him a tellership. Pleased with the
compliment, he, however, declined, thinking
his father needed his services, and remained
with him until i860, when he left home for the I
gold fields of Colorado, where he and his part- ,
ners. John P. Cabanne and Lamar Suber. were
quite successful. He returned to St. Louis in I
the winter of 1862, and was married to Laura 1
A. Forsyth in 1863. Born of this union were I
seven sons, three of whom died in infancy. I
In 1864, at the dissolution of the firm of Tes- .
son & Danjen, bankers, he became associated 1
in the business with his father under the name
of Tesson. Son & Co., who closed their house I
in [868. In 1869 Edward M. went into the
United States assessor and collector's office
under A. R. Easton, and subsequently served
under Theophile Papin. Chas. W". Ford, Con
Maguire and Isaac H. Sturgeon, remaining in
the office until 1877. During his stay in this |
office he was appointed and held the position 1
also of inspector of tobacco for export. In
[882 Mr. Tesson left the city and built a home
on a portion of the Forsyth estate, in St. Louis I
County, where he still resides with his wife and I
four sons. Edward Pierre. Jr.. Robert Forsyth,
Asa Stowell and Ernest S., all grown and in-
terested in the farm. Mr. 'Tesson has inner- I
ited the savoir-faire of his French ancestry,
coupling with it the enterprise and activity of
the Western man of affairs. His home life is
of an ideal character, and he and his estimable
family have maintained the reputation of the I
Forsyth homestead as a center of the most
charming hospitality.
Thayer, Amos Madden, lawyer and
jurist, was born October 10. 1841. in Chau-
tauqua County, New York, son of [chabod
and Fidelia iI.aDue) Thaver, the first named
J
THEATERS.
225 1
born in Milford, Massachusetts, in 1808, and
the last named in Genesee County, New York,
in 1819. His immigrant ancestor in the pa-
ternal line settled at Braintree, Massachusetts.
in 1630, coming there from Essex County,
England. His mother's family, the LaDues,
were French people, who came to this coun-
try from Canada, settling in New York during
the Revolutionary War. Representatives of
both the Thayer and LaDue families were
numbered among the Revolutionary patriots.
Judge Thayer was fitted for college at the
Westfield Academy, New York, and then
completed a full classical course at Hamilton
College, New York, from which institution he
was graduated with the degree of bachelor of
arts in 1862. In 1892 the degree of doctor of
laws was conferred on him by his "alma
mater." In July of 1862 he enlisted in the
Union Army, in which he was commissioned
a second lieutenant. He was promoted to
first lieutenant in the United States Signal
Corps in March of 1863, and served in that ca-
pacity until the close of the war, being bre-
vetted major for gallant and meritorious serv-
ices. Resigning his commission in the army
August 9, 1865, he returned home, and in
February of 1866 came to St. Louis. Here he
read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1868.
Thereafter he practiced his profession in this
city until the autumn of 1876, when he was
elected a judge of the St. Louis Circuit Court.
He was re-elected to the same office in No-
vember of 1882, and continued to be a mem-
ber of the city judiciary until February of
1887, when he was appointed United States
district judge for the Eastern .District of Mis-
souri. In 1894 he was honored by being ele-
vated to the United States circuit judgeship
for the eighth circuit. Eminently fitted in
every way for the exercise of judicial functions,
he has taken high rank among Western jurists,
land in all the relations of life has proven him-
self a true representative of the best American
I citizenship. He is a liberal in his religious
Ifaith, and a Democrat in politics. December
22, 1880, he married Miss Sidney H. Brother,
[daughter of Captain Alexander Brother, of the
city of New Orleans. Their only child is a
daughter, Louise January Thayer, born Au-
gust 5, 1885. Mrs. Thayer has been promi-
nently identified with charitable work in St,
jLouis, and was one of the early directors and
managers of the Children's Hospital, and the
"Wednesday Club."
Theaters. — The amusements of the early
St. Louisans were those of a simple country
community living up to the old adage : "Early
to bed and early to rise." The men mostly
confined their outdoor diversions to fetes
champetres, and to pony racing over a few
hundred yards. These races were between
small Indian ponies, and the excitement of
betting was entirely absent from these con-
tests. For indoor purposes the men found
relaxation in billiards, for which there were as
many as three establishments as early as the
year 1767 — certainly a liberal allowance for a
village then but three years old. The chief
day of relaxation was Sunday, as customary
with descendants of the Latin races, the re-
ligious observance of that day being regarded
by the majority as ended with the High Mass
at 12 o'clock noon. These early settlers were
a light-hearted, simple and sociable genera-
tion. Visitors received a cordial welcome to
the family circle; and child and patriarch, ma-
tron, and even priest, vied with each other as
to who should foot it longest and most deftly
upon the "light fantastic toe." The Span-
iards, during their tenure of power in Loui-
siana, laid their heavy hand upon the amuse-
ments of the people among other things.
Thus, upon January 1, 1798. Don Manuel
( iayoso de Lemos, brigadier of the armies of
the King. Governor-General, vice-royal pa-
tron of the Province of Louisiana and West
Florida, inspector of the regular troops and
militia of the same, etc.. issued a proclamation
which, among other things, "prohibited, under
penalty of twenty-four hours' imprisonment,
to run carts on holidays and Sundays." "No
person," said this proclamation, "of whatever
state, sex, quality or condition he may be.
may keep, either in his own or other person's
house, or in the suburbs or vicinity of this city,
any game of cards or dice, or other forbidden
games, and notably those known as under the
names of lansguenet, monte, albures. primera,
roulette, crabes, and others which are, unfor-
tunately, but too much in use, causing the un-
happiness and destruction of the young.
Whoever infringes this prohibition will be
punished rigorously to the extent of the law.
by a fine of fifty dollars on the one who plays.
and of one hundred dollars on the keeper of
the house. Taverns and billiard rooms must
In- positively shut up at the hour of tattoo, al
all seasons, under a penalty of eighl dollars'
fine for the first offense, etc. The -aid billiard
THEATERS.
rooms must nol be opened on holidays until
after High Mass; and on working days me-
chanics and workmen may not be permitted to
frequent them during working hours; as to
minors and slaves, they arc forbidden to be
found there at any time, under the penalty ex-
pressed above." I fere we have an instance of
paternal and quasi-martial government, such
as lias made the Spaniards impossible rulers
for any free and enlightened community. This
proclamation, it may scarcely need be added,
was never observed. At the same time it
doubtless had a tendency to repress the open
display of natural tastes, as shown, for exam-
ple, by those who took part in the early dra-
matic performances in this city hiding their
identity under the thin disguise of initials.
One of the first buildings used in St. Louis
for giving plays was the blacksmith's shop of
Tames Heard, on the west side of Third Street,
between Almond and Spruce. This structure
had a frontage of forty feet, with a depth of
seventy feet. Here Mr. Vos gave the first
theatrical performance ever witnessed in St.
Louis, October, 1817. Mr. Vos was sup-
ported by a company brought along by him
from Nashville, Tennessee. Heard's smithy
was at that time the largest room in the city,
and, as such, used for all kinds of purposes,
from a court-house to a dancing hall and ral-
lying place for Fourth of July banquets. For
many years the theatrical field was limited to
the efforts of aspiring amateurs. As an en-
tertainment the drama was preceded by the
"circus" and by "shows." the first of which is
credited to Mr. Brown, who is recorded as
having done "a week's flourishing business "ii
the corner of Main and Green Streets."
Eugene Leitendofer gave an exhibition Jan-
uary 15. 1 Si 4, of his sleight of hand work, at
which the plain folk marveled exceedingly.
The Roscian Societ) was founded in the same
year, 1814. It was composed of amateurs,
hut seems to have been regularly organized,
for in the succeeding years it is much in evi-
dence. Its members gave their first public
entertainment January 15. [815, at the court-
house. The pieces given were "The School
for Authors," a comedy, followed by a farce.
"The Budget of Blunders." The "Gazette"
<>f Februan 4, [815, in announcing these gay
doings, has this to say: "On Thursdav the
admired coined} of' Who Wants a Guinea?'
was presented to a crowded house, and the
lovers of the drama were again gratified in
beholding the principal characters well filled,
and it was the general opinion that Messrs.
11 . S n, P e, K y, B 1,
II 11. 1! d, B y. and P es would
-face a city theater." This last touch seems
to suggest an underlying desire for a regular
home for Thespians. Dramatic performances
were somewhat frowned upon by the elders
and respectables of those days, not only in the
new. hut also in the Old World. This senti-
ment had probably as much to do with the
general use of initials by the performers as
modesty.
In 1817 there appears to have been erected.
-ir adapted, a building specially dedicated to
purposes theatrical. It was located on a piece
of land bounded by Spruce and Almond
Streets. Here Messrs. Thomas and Louther,
assisted by several amateurs, gave a "grand
concert of music" March 1, 1817. From the
mode of announcement Thomas and Louther
would appear to have been professionals.
They were followed, in 1818, by William Tur-
ner, with his wife and daughter. Turner was
also supported by amateurs, probably belong-
ing to the Roscian Society. Turner is said to
have made his appearance in a frame structure
on Third Street, near Spruce, but Ludlow, the
veteran manager and actor, speaking with ap-
parent authority, denies this, stating that "the
only place Turner could procure to give such
entertainments as he was enabled to fudge up
was the upper loft of a large barn or stable."
This venture — which some have been disposed
to regard as the first attempt at regular drama
in St. Louis, a claim which Ludlow dismisses
with some warmth — does not appear to have
been a financial success, though the pro-
gramme was both varied and ambitious, in-
cluding, as it did. "George Barnwell, the Lon-
don Apprentice," and Shakespeare's "King
Henry IV" and "Richard III," besides other
plays of more or less pretensions.
During the years 1817 and 1818 an attempt
was made to erect a handsome theater. To
this end a stock company was formed and a
site selected on the south side of Chestnut
Street, between Second and Third. The ven-
ture, however, never proceeded further than
the laying of the foundation. Another at-
tempt, this time on city block 30, bounded
by Olive and Locust and Main Street to the
alley, was more fortunate. The structure
was. however, a rough affair. It had one tier
of boxes, and pine benches served as seats, but
THEATERS.
without a covering of any kind. Here enter-
tainments were given four days in the week.
Admission, one dollar. The scenery is de-
scribed as good, but limited to six or eight
scenes. It was the work of John Douberman,
an artist and actor then residing in St. Louis.
Air. Vos assumed control of the new house,
and thus may be regarded as the first regular
theatrical manager established in this city.
The opening of the new theater was formally
announced January 27, 1819, and as it consti-
tutes an epoch in the history of the amuse-
ments of the great city on the Mississippi, the
terms of the announcement deserve recording.
It runs as follows : "The New Theater will be
opened on Monday evening, February 1st.
when will be presented the comedy of 'She
Stoops to Conquer,' to which will be added
the much admired farce, 'The Village Law-
yer.' The box books will be opened on
Thursday, January 28th, from 10 a. m. until
2 p. m., and continue open every day, except-
ing the day of performance, when they will
positively close at 12 o'clock. Gentlemen
taking whole boxes will please send servants
to keep them. Smoking in the theater pro-
hibited. Tickets may be had at the theater,
or at the stores of Messrs. Collet & Kennedy.
The doors will be opened at 6, and curtain will
rise at 7. Price of admission, one dollar ;
children under twelve years, half price. Noth-
ing but current money will be received. Mu-
sicians who are inclined to play will call at
the theater, where arrangements will be made
for them for the season. Four or five steady
men, who are willing to assist as supernumer-
aries, will be paid for their services.''
The financial rewards attending upon these
early and varied ventures do not appear to
have been commensurate with the enthusiasm
with which they were launched.
Acting upon the promptings of E. I'.
Maury, a former editor of a St. Louis news-
paper. Mr. X. M. Ludlow, then a resident at
Nashville, determined to try his fortunes at
the Mound City. Ludlow was an able actor
and manager; his work, "Dramatic Life," will
long be consulted as an authority upon the
early stage of America. His first view of St.
Louis is graphic and interesting: "I confess
I was a little discouraged when I landed at
St. Louis : it wasn't anything like as cleanly.
or as well built, as any of the towns of the
West or South that 1 had previously visited.
The shores were nothing- but ledges of lime-
stone rocks, with here and there jagged pro-
jections of the same standing like buttresses
to keep off invaders ; and at long intervals
were to be seen a few stone warehouses, built
in a very rough though substantial manner.
There was really but one street, running paral
lei with the river, that approximated to l»
closely built — the present Alain Street — which
extended from about Vine Street southwardly
nearly to the termination of what is now
Chouteau Avenue; with short, narrow cross-
streets from the river, as Walnut, Elm, Myrtle,
Almond, Poplar, etc. There were a few dwell-
ing houses scattered along Second Street ; tin-
streets were unpaved, except at great inter-
vals ; sidewalks were a rarity, and at night the
only lights for the streets were what the moon
and stars afforded. This was St. Louis in
1819. Missouri was yet a territory." Lud-
low effected his landing in December, a lugu-
brious month for a visiting stranger, but he
none the less, with true artist's eye, grasped
the future awaiting St. Louis, as he later on
tells us. Ludlow took hold with vim, and his
companv soon consisted of ten men and five
women, as follows : Messrs. Ludlow, Vos,
Hanna. Cargill, King, Jones, Flanagan, Fin-
lay, Frethy, and Dauberman, and Mesdames
Ludlow, Vos, Hanna, Maccafrey, and Sey-
mour. Fearing the imposition of a tax upon
the drama, of which he had had some prior
•experience, Ludlow visited Governor William
Clark, who promptly allayed his anxiety upon
that score. The Governor, rising from his
seat, extended his hand and urbanely ex-
claimed : "Mr. Ludlow — We feel too much
complimented by you and your companv vis-
iting us to think of committing such an tin-
courteous act as taxing you. It affords me
great pleasure to be able to state there is 110
authority for any such proceedings in Mis-
souri." The delighted manager testifies his
gratitude by describing General Clark as "the
finest specimen of the old Virginia gentle-
man," and in recognition of his courteous
welcome extended to him a "carte blanche '
ticket to all his entertainments. Ludlow
opened his campaign in the middle of Decem-
ber, 1819, with the comedy of "The II
moon." cast as follows: "Duke," Ludlow:
"Roland," Vos; "Balthazar," Cargill: ' '
Montalban." King: "Jacques, the
I Hike." Hanna : "Lampedo." Freth) : "!•■■
Dauberman : "Campillo," Flanagan : "Juli-
ana," Mrs. Ludlow; "Volante," Mrs. Vos ;
THEATERS.
"Zanora," Miss Maccafrey; "Hostess," Mrs.
Hanna; after which the farce of "The Liar"
was given— "< Hd Wilding," Cargill; "Young
Wilding," Ludlow; "Sir James Elliot," King;
"Papillon," Mrs. Frethy; ".Miss Grantham,"
Mrs. Ludlow; "Miss Godfrey," Miss Maccaf-
rey: "Kitty," Mrs. Vos. "This." adds Lud-
low', with the emphasis of italics, "was the first
dramatic performance by a professional com-
pany of comedians ever given in the city of St.
Louis, Missouri."
Ludlow gave his entertainments in the
structure upon "city block 30," already de-
scribed, and bounded by Olive, Locust, Main
and an alley. Glose upon the heels of Lud-
low followed Samuel Drake, Sr.. who made his
first appearance in January, 1820, with a
troupe imported from Louisville. This com-
petition, which was unintentional, for Drake
did not know that Ludlow already covered the
field, worked to the disadvantage of all con-
cerned; for St. Louis had then but a popula-
tion of about 4,000, of whom over a half were
"French Canadians who could not appreciate
the English drama." Drake gave his enter-
tainments in a large room, thirty by sixty
feet, attached to the only hotel of importance
then in the city, the "City Hotel," on the north-
east corner of Third and Vine Streets, of
which Mr. Bennet was the landlord. Drake,
in this encounter, had a double advantage, for
nol only had he, as Ludlow himself admits,
the better company, but his place was well
warmed, which in that season of the year was
a great consideration wholly lacking at the
opposition house. The rival concerns ar-
ranged to entertain upon alternate nights, and
thus tly.- good St. Louisans had an opportu-
nity, for the first time, of attending a dramatic
pi rformance ever) da) in the week, but there-
suit did not show paying houses. The out-
come wa> an amalgamation, Ludlow going
over to Drake and taking his wife, Mrs.
Hanna, Miss Seymour, and Messrs. Vos, Car-
gill and Hanna along with him. Flu firsl
professionals appearing in St. Louis possessed
a fair share of talent among them, but they
struggled against many disadvantages. Fur-
ther, Ludlow notes tlu- existence at that time
of a strong antagonistic feeling among the
French and Spaniards of Louisiana toward all
speaking tiie 1 nglirli language [his sen-:".-
men) was strongest ;lt ^ru. QrleanSi ],,,( ex-
tended more or less over the entire Mississippi
territory. Ludlow, in evidence, cites an ex-
perience of his own in New Orleans; how he
was followed one Sunday night by a prowling,
scowling Spaniard with such persistency that
he was about to draw his pistol and shout
"halt," when a diversion was effected by three
men turning a corner, "very merry and sing-
ing in English, 'Old Grimes is Dead.' " The
Spaniard thereupon disappeared and Ludlow
pursued his way in peace. From the sedate
Canadian French of St. Louis there was, of
course, no personal violence to be feared ; but
still the subtle barriers erected by racial patri-
otism and by differences of language existed,
and, no doubt, interfered with the receipts.
According to Ludlow, an acute and trained
observer, these adverse sentiments "did not
entirely disappear until the Civil War of 1861"
— a somewhat notable statement.
Of the actors appearing in the company of
Messrs. Drake and Ludlow, we learn that
Palmer Fisher, Drake's principal tragedian
and leading man, was an Englishman, who
had been raised to the stage from infancy, #nd
who. before appearing at St. Louis, had per-
formed at most of the important provincial
theaters in England. Fisher's wife — who sub-
sequently became well known as Mrs. Thayer
— was endowed not only with considerable tal-
ent, but with many personal graces. She
lived to become a favorite in the Eastern cities,
especially in Philadelphia, where she took her
final leave of the stage as recently as June I,
[872, having acquired a handsome compe-
tency. Henry Lewis was known as "Gentle-
man Lewis." He was somewhat eccentric,
and Ludlow seems to have acquired an aver-
sion to his "corncob" pipe and Bohemian bear-
ing, but those who knew him best appear to
have held him in high esteem, both as actor
and man. Hanna is described as "a very use-
ful young man," as also is Cargill, with the
added encomium of being "a very worthy and
honorable man." Both of these actors com-
menced life as printers, as also had Samuel
Jones. Gilbert Stuart, we are informed, had
a wonderful resemblance to George Washing-
ton. Dauberman is described as a man of
g 1 taste and sound discretion in the parts
he assumed ; King played the "walking gen-
tleman very respectably." George Washing-
ton Frethy was very fair in low comedy, and
though a pigmy in size, a lion in heart. John
1 1. Vos was a man of fine presence, nearly six
feet high, son of a Scotchman and endowed
with an artist's temperament. John Finlay
THEATERS.
■ii;>:,
appears to have been quite a character. He
was an Englishman with a wooden leg and a
marvelous voice. He had been a sailor, and
could "give Dibden's sea songs in a style in-
ferior only to Incledon, the celebrated Eng-
lish vocalist," and also "played fiddle like an
angel, and could sing 'All in the Downs' and
'Ben Block' so as to charm a school of mer-
maids or porpoises around a ship in a dead
calm."
The united companies of Messrs. Drake and
Ludlow presented "She Stoops to Conquer"
at St. Louis, February i, 1820. The cast was
as follows : "Sir Charles Marlow," Cargill ;
"Young Marlow," Ludlow; "Old Hardcas-
tle," S. Drake, Sr. ; "Hastings," J. O. Lewis;
"Tony Lumpkin," Alexander Drake; "Miss
Hardcastle," Miss Denny ; "Mrs. Hardcastle,"
Mrs. Lewis; "Miss Neville," Mrs. M on gin ;
the evening's entertainment concluding with
the farce, "The Day after the Wedding"—
"Colonel Freelove," Ludlow; "Lady Eliza-
beth," Miss Drake. After a few weeks of
varying success Mr. Drake left St. Louis.
Ludlow remaining, but only for a few months,
when he took his departure. Referring to
these experiences, Ludlow, in his "Dramatic
Life," says: "Notwithstanding my first un-
successful efforts to plant the drama in St.
Louis, still I had an abiding confidence in the
future greatness of the place ; then the kind-
ness and friendship I had met with caused me
to become warmly attached to the inhabitants,
and I determined that at some future day I
would return and settle among them."
During the next few years the local ama-
teur organization, the Thespian Society, had
St. Louis pretty well to themselves ; but the
drama did not languish, for. as was early
noted, the happy, joyous inhabitants were fond
of amusements, asking little but that what
was placed before them should be sound and
wholesome. A large brick house on Church
Street, formerly occupied by Scott & Rule,
having been converted into a theater, the
Thespian Society opened there October 24,
1 1825, giving "The Soldier's Daughter." Two
years later James H. Caldwell, an experienced
! theatrical caterer, leased the "old salt ware-
1 house," on Second Street, north of Olive, and
. added a stage fifty feet deep. He opened June
30th with "The Honeymoon." which was fol-
I lowed later by "Rosina," the opera. "The
; Devil's Bridge." and other pieces, including
! "The Three and Deuce," in which Caldwell
presented the three characters of "Pertinax
Single," "Peregrine Single," and "Percival
Single." The legitimate drama was repre-
sented in this season by "Henry IV, or The
Humors of Sir John Falstaff," in which Mr.
Grey assumed the role of the old, gay, fat
knight. The following year Mr. Caldwell
made a vigorous effort to erect an improved
modern theater to seat an audience of six hun-
dred. This he proposed to do by means of a
stock company, capitalized for fifteen thousand
dollars, of which he undertook to raise one-
half. The plan, however, never materialized,
and Caldwell continued to occupy the old salt
house until the expiration of his lease in 1834.
sub-letting, however, to Mr. Pearman in 1 831.
Though the period between 1820 and 1834
was a quiet one so far as the legitimate drama
was concerned, it was not wholly unenlivened
by an infusion of imported talent and enter-
prise. During the season of 1828 there were
four performances a week, opening July 19th.
In this year "The Merchant of Venice" was
witnessed at St. Louis for the first time, the
play being cast as follows: "Shylock," An-
derson; "Portia," Miss Rowe ; "Nerissa," L.
Smith ; "Jessica," S. Smith. In these enter-
tainments Mrs. Kenny displayed her grace by
dancing a "pas seul." At a subsequent play,
"The Exile, or the Russian's Daughter," great
enthusiasm was aroused by the presentation
of a great snowstorm, which was a novel piece
of stage effect in those days. In 1829 J.
Purdy Brown opened, in a lot adjoining the
Missouri Hotel, with a combination entertain-
ment consisting of a display of equestrianism,
to which was added a dramatic performance
of the regular order. In 1830 a Mr. Huppard
gave a representation of "Mount Vesuvius in
Eruption ;" and in the same year Mr. Parsons,
from the Boston Theater, gave a special enter-
tainment for three nights, commencing July
27th. It is perhaps worth noting that in the
following year, 1831. Mr. and Mrs. Sol. Smith
appeared in St. Louis as members of Mr. Cald-
well's company. J. Purdy Brown made a sec-
ond appearance in St. Louis August 15, [833,
and erected an amphitheatre in which to dis-
play those feats of equestrianism for which he.
in his time, was famous. Without attempting
to enter into matters of criticism and taste, it
may here be related as a fact worthy of note.
and as creditable alike to St. Louis and to its
local and visiting actors, that the plays pro-
duced during these early years were largely
2256
THEATERS.
of a superior order, the list including some of
the best works of the English classics, aim mil;
them plays of Shakespeare, Sheridan, Gold-
smith, Sheridan Knowles, and others.
Air. Ludlow returned to St. Louis in I S35.
when he found the Salt House Theater to be,
to use his own words, "dirty, illy contrived.
and poorly provided with scenery." With his
usual energy, Ludlow proceeded to renovate
the home of the drama so as to fit it for his new
company, which included Messrs. N. M. Lud-
low, M. C. Eield, Joseph Cowell, William Kid-
dle, George Hernizen, J. E. Watson, N. John-
son, Spencer, Thompson, Barclay, Wolfe, Wil-
liams, Kelly, Morris, La Rue, Edgerton. and
Samuel Cowell, then a boy ; also Mesdames
Eliza Riddle, Ludlow, Cowell. Watson. Min-
nich, Stannard, Johnson, and Milton. In
February, 1837, the old salt house w'as de-
stroyed by fire. Its loss was not greatly felt,
and it was to be quickly replaced by something
better, hi 1835. soon after his return to St.
Louis. Ludlow had commenced to agitate for
the erection of a new and commodious theater
worthy of the growing city. A site was se-
lected and secured at the southeast corner of
Third and Olive Streets. The sum of sixty-
five thousand dollars was got together, ami
the corner-stone was laid May 24, 1836. In
this work Ludlow was ably supported by Colo-
nel -Meriwether Lewis Clark and Colonel
Charles Keemle. The St. Louis Theater
Company was incorporated March 3, 1837.
The first board of directors was composed of
M. Lewis Clark, Joseph C. Laveille. William
Hempstead. Edward Beebe, and Charles
Keemle. The original intention was to open
July 4th. but the preceding day being not only
a Monday, but the birthday of Ludlow — who
desired to have his name identified with the
event in some prominent manner, he being a
great admirer of St. Louis — the first perform-
ance in the new house was given July 3d. The
first item on the programme was an opening
address, for which Messrs. Ludlow & Smith
had offered a prize of one hundred dollars.
It w-as the work of Edward Johnsi >n. of Greens-
burg, Pennsylvania, and was sonorously de-
livered, amid great enthusiasm, by Joseph M.
Field. Tobin's comedy, "The Honeymoon"'
— a prime and never-failing favorite in those
days — was the main feature of the evening.
The St. Louis Theater — pulled down in [851
— was erected after the design-, of George I
Barnett. It had a frontage of seventv-three
feet by a depth of one hundred and sixty feet.
The main front was after the Erectheum of
Athens. It could seat fifteen hundred per-
sons, and was the finest theater in the West,
if not in the entire country, in those days. The
stage was fifty-five feet by seventy-three feet
in depth, and the internal arrangements, both
before and behind the footlights, w:ere excel-
lent. Admission to the boxes was one dollar
and a half, and to all parts of the theater fifty
cents. The drama may thenceforth be re-
garded as regularly established in St. Louis.
Here Madame Celeste appeared as a "star" in
1839, and was followed by Dan Marble and
Miss Ellen Tree. On the occasion of the ben-
efit of that lady, April 30th, as much as five
dollars "were offered and refused for boxes."
In the following year, 1840, the great trage-
dian, Edwin Forrest, appeared as "Othello."
and in most of his famous characters. At
Madame Celeste's benefit the receipts
amounted to the then unprecedented sum of
one thousand one hundred and forty-nine dol-
lars.
In 1840 a fresh addition was made to the
amusements of St. Louis, Messrs. MacKen-
zie and Jefferson fitting up a concert hall for
dramatic representations. The building was
on Market, between Second and Third Streets.
It was erected by Edward J. Xaupi, who occu-
pied it as a dancing academy as recently as
1855. Xaupi introduced to St. Louis the
masked ball, at which — "safeguards for pro-
priety being imposed" — some of the best citi-
zens regularly attended. That Xaupi was
held in excellent repute in his time is shown
b) the fact that he was deputed by a public
meeting of the citizens of St. Louis, held at
the court-house, to visit Paris upon a mission
of congratulations to MM. Lamartine. Ledru
Rollin and Louis Blanc upon the successful
revolution of 1848, which sent the Bourbons
once more into banishment and brought the
Republic back to France. Xaupi returned to
St. Louis with some novel dances, among
1 >thers the Bavarian schottische and the polka-
redowa. In 1843 financial reverses overtook
the veteran entrepreneurs, Messrs. Ludlow &
Smith, and the St. Louis Theater was sold un-
der a deed of trust for twenty thousand dollars.
The drama had, however, by this time gotten
a strong hold upon St. Louis and kept steadily
along. The great English tragedian. Ma-
cready, appeared as "Hamlet," April 9, [843.
IK was supported by Messrs. Rvder. J. M.
THEATERS.
2257
Field, Eddy, Farren, and Sol. Smith, and by
Mrs. Farren as the "Queen," and Mrs. J. M.
Field as "Ophelia." The gifted actor at the
same visit assumed the roles of "Richelieu,"
"Othello," "Werner," "Iago," and "Macbeth."
Macready was followed two months later by
that erratic genius, Edwin Forrest, between
whom and Macready a bitter rivalry had long
existed. The same year the French violinist,
Vieuxtemps, and his sister gave a concert at
the Planters' House ; and Herr Alexander, a
German magician, also put in an appearance,
giving four entertainments. In this year the
West was for the first time introduced to the
now popular matinee. We are told that the
professionals did not take kindly to the inno-
vation, some of the company refusing to play.
In the fall of 1845 two fresh theaters were
erected, the one upon Main, between Market
and Walnut Streets, and the other, called the
National Theater, on the southwest corner of
Third and Pine Streets. These places were
mostly devoted to vaudeville entertainments,
but neither amounted to much. They merely
anticipated the rivalry that was approaching.
In the summer of 1846 Mr. and Mrs. Charles
Kean visited St. Louis with quite an extensive
repertoire. Charles Kean has passed into his-
tory as the best "Richard III" and "Shylock"
who ever trod the stage. J. B. Booth, the
famous tragedian, filled his first engagement
at St. Louis June 17, 1846. As Forrest ap-
peared as a rival of Macready. so Booth sought
to excel Kean. Those were indeed great days,
the strife of the players filled two continents
and afforded all manner of excitement to the
dramatic world. Tongues and pens slashed
out and ripped up viciously, the world of sock
and buskin taking sides with the thorough-
ness that ever marks the artist temperament.
In 1846 also appeared James E. Murdock,
another keen aspirant for the endorsement of
popular favor. He confined himself mostly
to the great classic plays — indeed, just then,
little else was in demand. Mr. and Mrs. Wal-
lack opened with "Pizarro" in the fall of the
same year.
Some time in the year 1848 the question of
erecting a commodious new home for the le-
gitimate drama was thoroughly discussed.
The outcome was the Bates Theater on the
north side of Pine Street, between Third and
Fourth, opened by John Bates. January <j,
185 1. Among the list of those who performed
at this house may be noted some names of in-
ternational fame, such as Ristori, Charlotte
Cushman, J. Wilkes Booth, Charles Mat-
thews and Charles Kean, while among vocal-
ists we have Mesdames Xilsson, Pauline
Lucca, and Parepa Rosa. Ben De Bar bought
the theater from Mr. Bates in 1856 for fifty-five
thousand dollars. He assumed the manage-
ment, changing the name to the St. Louis
Theater, and subsequently, in i860, to the
De Bar's Opera House. In 1874 De Bar
leased to William Mitchell, when another
change of name was effected, this time to the
Theatre Comique. Ben De Bar died August
28, 1877, when the theater was sold to parties
in Philadelphia. De Bar was a man of con-
siderable versatility. He was an Englishman,
imported by James H. Caldwell, who visited
London with his agent, Mr. Kennet, in 1835,
to secure performers, engaging at that time,
among others, De Bar and his sister, who later
on married Junius Brutus Booth. De Bar is
described in an obituary notice as a French-
Welsh-English-Irish-American. When Air.
Alitchell's lease of six years expired the man-
agement was taken over by William H.
Smith. The theater finally went up in flames,
December 9, 1S80. This house was the scene
of two notable tragedies in real life — the mur-
der committed by William Wieners, and the
killing of the unfortunate ballet dancer, Mabel
Hall, by Edgar Moore.
Great enthusiasm was aroused in St. Louis
by the arrival of that sweet songster and most
excellent of women, Jenny Lind. Barnum,
the notable showman, was her agent. Julius
Benedict acted as conductor, and Joseph
Burke led the orchestra. Jenny Lind made
her first appearance at Wyman's Hall. March
18, 1851. The price of admission was fixed
at five dollars to all seats in the house. The
tickets were sold by auction, admission to the
auction-room being ten cents. The entire
proceeds of the first concert were handed over
to the mayor, to be applied by him to charit-
able purposes. The approaches to the
were crowded, and many gathered even on the
roofs of the adjacent houses to catch the pass-
ing strains of the singer's voice. The visit
was one of great eclat. Jenny Lind was sere-
naded and made a member of the Polyhym-
nian Society. March 26th the Swedish
ster gave her concluding concert. A v
of boundless charity, Jenny Lind left behind
in the hands of the mayor. Honorable Luther
M. Kennett, the munificent sum of two thou-
2258
THEATERS.
sand dollars for various charities — the Or-
phans' Home, $250; Catholic .Male Orphans'
Home, $250; German Ladies' Benevolent As-
sociation, $250; and for the relief of the dis-
tressed immigrants of every nationality,
The same year witnessed the last sea-
v. in of the St. Louis Theater under the man-
agement 01 Ludlow & Smith, the building be-
ing shortly afterward dismantled, the site hav-
ing been disposed of to the LTnited States gov-
ernment for the purpose of a customhouse
and postoffice. During this season the prin-
cipal attractions were furnished by the Frank
ballet troupe the Bateman children, C. Burke,
Collins, Messrs. Maccallister and De Bar, and
Mesdames Farren and Davenport. A notable
theatrical engagement in the "fifties" was that
of Gustavus Vaughn Brooke, the Irish trage-
dian— a first cousin, by the way, of William
Sommerville, of this city, president of the Mis-
souri Glass Company. About the same time
the celebrated Espinosa ballet troupe appeared
at the People's. The Varieties Theater, lo-
cated on the south side of Market Street, be-
tween Fifth and Sixth Streets, opened some
time in May, 1852, with a comedy company,
which is described as being the best that ever
appeared up to that time in St. Louis. It was
incorporated under the name of the Varieties
Association, and the intention was to combine
it with an exclusive club. The manager and
leading actor was J. M. Field. George
Paunceforth, the English tragedian, put in an
appearance here in the summer of 1856. and
tried to revive the fading fortunes of the house,
but without success. In those days the star-
ring system was in vogue. A regular stock
company was engaged for the season — lead-
ing man. leading woman, low comedian, sou-
brette, villain, old man. old woman, juvenile,
etc. in fact, the whole round of characters
and the visit usually covered a series of twelve
nights. The usual terms with the stars was a
division after one hundred dollars nightly,
sometimes half the house, while for special at-
tractions like Booth, Clarke, and Hackett, the
percentagi -stem ruled. The regular pro-
gramme include. 1 a tragedy or melodrama,
interlude (a "pas seul") and a farce.
Tin- Varieties Theater, after being closed
for a time, was taken over by a German stock
company, but the fates still proved adverse.
In 1865 Messrs. Deagle & Martin tried their
luck with the house, but soon retired from the
management. It then fell into the hands of
.Messrs. Wakefield ec Hutchins, the name be-
ing changed to the Wakefield Opera House.
In 1873 Ben De Bar, having meanwhile leased
his theater on Pine Street, secured the house,
which had been remodeled during the pre-
ceding year, and rechristened it De Bar's
Opera House. He ran it for a year or two,
when, in 1875, Jonn W. Norton became the
manager. The last performance in the old
building was "The Danites," April 9, 1881. It
was replaced by a new structure named the
Grand Opera House, which opened August
29, 1881, the dedicatory address being given
by Mayor W. L. Ewing. The dramatic at-
traction of the evening was J. K. Emmett, an
actor who created a furore in his day and is
said to have made more money than Patti or
any other attraction. Sunday afternoon,
November 23, 1884, the Grand Opera House
was destroyed by fire, but was quickly re-
placed with the present building, which was
opened for entertainment September 14, 1885.
In the early "seventies" there were but
three first-class theaters in the city — the
Olympic and the Grand, devoted to the legiti-
mate drama ; and Mitchell's Comique, the old
Ben De Bar Opera House, on Pine Street,
given over to varieties. To-day, 1898, there
are a full half dozen, drawing big houses.
The Olympic — erected upon the circus
ground formerly run by Levy J. North — was
remodeled in 1866, with a seating capacity of
2,200. It was owned by Spalding and man-
aged by John Albaugh, who is now manag-
ing in Washington, D. C. Combinations and
stars were the order of the day. In 1867
Spalding took control and ran the Olympic I
with first-class combination and vaudeville;
The best minstrel shows were given at this
house about this time. So matters went un-
til September 1, 1869, when the Olympic policy
changed, giving place to the strictly legiti-
mate drama, which has ever since been the
vogue at this house, conferring upon it its
present deserved high reputation. Among
the leading attractions might be mentioned
Booth, Jefferson, Sothcrn (famed as "Lord
Dundreary" ), Edwin Forrest, John McCul-
lough, Edwin Adams, "old time" John T.
Raymond, and the great German tenor, Theo-
dore Wachtel ; also Mesdames Ristori, Mod-
jeska, Charlotte Cushman, and the beautiful
Adelaide Neilson. Among the more recent
attractions might be mentioned Robson and
Crane, Nat Goodwin, young Sothern, John
THEATERS.
2259
Drew, J. K. Emmett, and Richard Mansfield ;
also Mrs. John Drew and Fanny Davenport.
The old theater was closed by Robson and
Crane, April 3, 1882. The new theater, with
an increased seating capacity for 2,400 per-
sons, was opened September 14, 1882, by that
remarkable genius and drawing card, J. K.
Emmett. He was then working upon a per-
centage basis — sixty to seventy per cent was
his figure — the gross receipts of the house
running from $9,000 to $10,000 weekly. On
May 14, 1896, was played what was known as
"the all-star cast 'Rivals'," which was the
theatrical sensation of that year. The cast in-
cluded Joe Jefferson, W. H. Crane, N. C.
Goodwin, Francis Wilson, Robert Tabor, and
Joseph and E. M. Holland, together with Mrs.
John Drew, Julia Marlowe, and Fanny Rice.
This powerful combination gave two repre-
sentations, matinee and evening — as many
performances, be it noted, of this attraction as
were witnessed in any single city. Mr. Pat-
rick Short — Pat Short, as his friends and in-
numerable admirers love to call him — at
present the unchallenged dean of the theatri-
cal profession in St. Louis, has been connected
with the Olympic from September 1, 1869, and
since 1875 as regular manager. As a financial
success, this house is the phenomenon of the
country, running for thirty years in succes-
sion without a single unprofitable season.
The Century Theater, in the fine new Cen-
tury Building, northwest corner of Olive and
Ninth Streets, is quite a recent affair, having
been opened to the public September 18, 1896.
It stands upon the site of the old Pope's
Theater. Charles R. Pope was long con-
nected with theatricals at St. Louis. He was
a German and a man of education. His
father's name was Roche, and his mother's
Papst, or Pope, which name he assumed. Mr.
Pope, though himself an excellent actor, will
be principally remembered as an enterprising
manager. His work at the old Pope's Thea-
ter— where he engaged upon various occa-
sions Salvini. Rossi, the Florences, John T.
Raymond, Her Majesty's Italian Opera Com-
pany, Ideal Opera Company, Madison Square
Theater Company, Union Square Theater
Company, Daly's Company, Kiralfv Brothers,
Geistinger, Gallmeyer, Carlotta, and Adelina
Patti, and others — did much to stimulate
theater building at St. Louis and to make this
city a great center of amusements. Mr. A.
Levering is the present manager of the new
Century Theater, running it as a first-class at-
traction. The following have, among others,
appeared at the new house : John Hare, E.
H. Sothern, Albert Chevalier, John Drew, De
Wolfe Hopper, and William Gillette, and Mes-
dames Lillian Russell, Olga Nethersole, Julia
Marlow, Delia Fox and others.
The Imperial Theater, formerly Hagan's, at
the southeast corner of Tenth and Pine
Streets, opened in November, 1891, under the
management of Hagan & Havlin. as a cheap
combination house ; but a change of policy was
inaugurated in the year 1897, when it was
taken in hand by a stock company, J. C. Jan-
nopoulo, president. The house, now under
the management of Samuel W. Gumpertz, is
producing legitimate plays of a society type
before appreciative audiences. Sunday, De-
cember 4, 1898. Mansfield's version of "Cy-
rano de Bergerac," the sensation play of the
year, was produced for the first time in St.
Louis to crowded houses, James M. Colville,
a new addition to the company, appearing in
the title role, with Miss Minnie Seligman as
"Roxane."
The new Grand Opera House was opened
September 14, 1885. with Nat C. Goodwin as
the drawing card. It is now, 1898, controlled by
the Tri-State Amusement Company — running
houses in Chicago, Pittsburg, and St. Louis —
of which James J. Brady is general manager,
at the Dearborn (late Schiller) Theater, Chi-
cago, and J. ,B. Worrell, manager at St. Louis.
Mr. Worrell is a recent importation from the
East, where he has had an experience of
eighteen years, beginning at Philadelphia.
The Grand Opera House gives two perform-
ances daily, drama and vaudeville, with a seat-
ing capacity for 2,200 persons. This house
during recent years has experienced many
vicissitudes and has changed its name fre-
quently.
Havlins' Theater, of which William ( larin
is the present manager, stands on the south-
west corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets. It
occupies the old site of the original Pope's
Theater, built by Mitchell & Robertson to take
the place of the Comique, on Pine, Ben De
Bar's old place, and opened September 10,
1881, under the management of Mr. Smith.
After the death of Mr. Mitchell, about 1888,
John Havlin bought the lease and continued
the old policy successfully, running as a com-
bination house, with entertainments of a light
and wholesome character. The present
THEATERS.
house seats about 2,000 persons, giving per-
formances every evening and four matinees in
the week.
The Germania Theater, well located on the
northwest corner of Fourteenth and Locust
Streets, commonly known as the Fourteenth
Street Theater, was specially designed as a
home for the German drama by the German
Dramatic Association, of which Gustav
ramer is president. It was opened October
I, 1891, with ''Wintermaerchen," with a pow-
erful cast. German performances are given
twice a week, Friday and Saturday, the house
being rented for the other days of the week for
concerts and popular English entertainments.
George Heinemann has been manager since
1893. The house has given some great plays,
including "Mary Stuart" and "Die Raeuber"
("The Robbers"), by Schiller. "Wilhelm
Tell," also by Schiller, was placed on the stage
in the fall of 1898. The Germania seats 1,600
persons.
The Columbia Theater is the most recent
addition to the play houses of St. Louis. It
stands at the southwest corner of Sixth and
St. Charles Streets. It was opened March 26,
1898. with Messrs. Charles Salisbury and
Frank R. Tate as joint managers. This
theater is after the designs of Mackelfatrick,
the well known New York architect, who has
erected more theaters than any other man in
this country. It is owned by the Columbia
Theater Company, an entirely local corpora-
tion. It makes a specialty of high class vaude-
ville of a thoroughly wholesome character,
such as ladies can witness unattended. Fully
"lie third of tlie attractions are European, and
-Mnii of the best talent is constantly
imported. The house has a seating capacitv
of 1.S00.
The Standard Theater, at the northeast cor-
ner of Seventh and Walnut Streets, is devoted
to vaudeville and burlesque of a broad char-
acter. It is owned In Edward Butler, and
managed by his son, J .nies J. Butler. Among
its attractions is a weekly change of program.
The new theater opened September 7, 1883,
with "The Power of Money" billed for. the
chief attraction. The Standard claims to seat
an audience of 2,500 persons, the largest ca-
pacityofany theater in the city of St. Louis.
Besides the theaters already noted, may be
named the Gaiety, at 24 South Fourth Street;
the Palace, 624 Elm Street: and the Pickwick,
2621 Washington Avenue; minor places, but
each filling a niche of its own.
The history of theatricals in St. Louis to
date, 1898, is covered by the lives of four men :
first, N. M. Ludlow, the old-time American
actor and manager, who first introduced a St.
Louis audience to an exclusively professional
company ; second, Ben De Bar, born in Eng-
land and an actor of renown in his time, re-
garded as the best "Falstaff" who ever ap-
peared upon the stage, at least in this country ;
third, Charles R. Pope, born in Germany and
a successful manager, and fourth, Pat Short, a
native of North Ireland, who is still alive and
adding to his laurels as one of the most suc-
cessful theatrical managers in the country.
To Pat Short is due, among other things, the
credit of introducing the Summer Garden
amusements. These entertainments — orig-
inated in St. Louis, which city still maintains
precedence in that particular line — have
rapidly acquired popularity throughout the
country, offering as they do a particularly
healthy and wholesome form of diversion.
To the above list historic justice demands
the addition of a fifth name — that of Charles
A. Spalding, a gentleman who, for consider-
ably over a quarter of a century, has, with vast
experience and a heavy bank account, stead-
fastly stood behind some of the leading theat-
rical enterprises of St. Louis. Mr. Spalding
inherited a large fortune from his father, ac-
quired in the circus business, and he to-day
controls, either as proprietor or lessee, sev-
eral of the leading theaters in the country. It
is to Mr. Spalding that Charles R. Pope really
owed his first substantial lift in life as manager
of the old Olympic, and popular Pat Short
modestly assigns all his success to the strenu-
ous and never failing backing derived by him
from the same source. Though Mr. Spald-
ing's theatrical interests in St. Louis center at
the Olympic, they are not there limited. For
several years, from 1879 to 1890, he ran the
< irand < »pera I louse in conjunction with the
Olympic. Pie is also owner of Havlin's Thea-
ter. While residing in the East, Mr. Spald-
ing's connection with St. Louis, where he
holds considerable real estate, has been long
maintained, as well as pleasant and profitable.
His various and extensive local interests are,
and for years have been, in sole charge of Mr.
Pat Short, who has been in his constant,
steady employ for upward of thirty years,
THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY— THOMAS.
226]
To this loyal and enduring co-operation the
phenomenal success of the Olympic may in
large measure be assigned. q t pASEY
Theosophical Society. — A society or-
ganized in St. Louis under a charter granted
by the Theosophical Society and Universal
Brotherhood, dated September 17, 1882, the
first officers being: Elliott B. Page, president;
Clarence E. Kelso, secretary ; Frank A. White,
treasurer, and Albert J. Spies and W. A.
Kelso, councilors, with W. F. Burrows,
George Peck, Thomas J. Portis, Frank Kraft,
Edmund H. Gorse, Alex. R. Webb, W. J.
Olds, Mrs. Louise Olsen, E. C. Cushman, W.
C. Cushman, William Throckmorton, Dr. W.
A. Kendall, Thomas B. Wilson and A. W.
Alexander among the members. The objects
were to "unite in an effort to establish the
Universal Brotherhood of Man as a fact, and
influence others not members of the society
to take up the study of theosophy, and under
such instruction lead them to a practical
knowledge of universal brotherhood." The
present society in St. Louis is now a branch
of the Universal Brotherhood and Theo-
sophical Society in America, founded at Chi-
cago in 1898. Meetings are held at the resi-
dences of the members.
Thomas, Benjamin Franklin, law-
yer, was born in Anne Arundel County, Mary-
land, November 17, 1817, and died in St. Louis
May 2, 1S86. His father, John Richardson
Thomas, was the son of Ellis Thomas, of Rev-
olutionary fame, a prosperous and finely edu-
cated man, who fought bravely and well for
America's independence, and, always solic-
itous for the welfare of his country, sent his
three sons to the front in the War of 1812.
Benjamin Franklin Thomas was educated at
St. John's College, of Annapolis, Maryland,
at which institution he ranked high as a tal-
ented and ambitious scholar. In 1840 he was
admitted to the bar of Maryland, and soon
[after came west, settling in St. Louis, where
jhe acquired an extensive clientele. Brilliant
in intellect, a close student of the law, and of
jkindred sciences as well, he seemed destined
to attain the highest distinction in his chosen
profession, but ill-health obliged him, early
in the "fifties," to give up the practice of law.
jHe retired to his country place in St. Louis
County, where he regained physical strength
jind vigor in the, quiet and peaceful avocations
of rural life. He was a man of strong charac-
ter and unswerving integrity, and among his
professional contemporaries, as well as in
business circles, his word was always as good
as his bond. He was eminently qualified to
lead, but being modest and retiring in dispo-
sition, he sought no public office, no military
honor. Although he took no active part in
the late Civil War, he was loyal to his early
training, confirmed by his own strong convic-
tions, and his sympathies were with the cause
of Southern independence. A Democrat in
later life and an ardent adherent to party prin-
ciples, he followed with keen interest and un-
erring judgment the affairs of our great na-
tion, and was regarded by all who knew him
as a man in whose counsels there was wisdom.
Universally respected and highly esteemed
by all, his whole life exemplified his profound
regard for truth, morality and sincerity, and
at his death he bequeathed to his children an
unblemished name and the tender remem-
brance of a devoted parent. He married, in
1845, Miss Jane Chambers, third daughter of
Charles Chambers, Esquire, and grand-
daughter of the renowned John Mullanphy,
whose highest eulogy and grandest monu-
ment are the many institutions founded and
endowed by his charity. Four children born
of this marriage survive: Julia Jane, a
religieuse of the Order of the Sacred Heart ;
Catherine Mullanphy, wife of John L. Boland,
Esquire ; and John Richardson and Benjamin
Franklin Thomas, worthy citizens and practi-
cal business men of St. Louis.
Thomas, James S., was born in Mary-
land, May 25, 1802. In January, 1825, he came
to St. Louis and opened a small banking
house, with a very limited capital, but with a
substantial credit in the East. It was the first
private hanking house in the city. He con-
tinued in the business for thirteen years, and
in 1838 went into partnership with A. L.
Benoist, in the house which continued for
more than twenty years one of the leading
banking houses of St. Louis. He was a con-
spicuous Union man in the Civil War, and in
1864 was chosen mayor, to fill out the unex-
pired term of Chauncey I. Filley, who re-
signed. He was re-elected in 1805, and for
the three succeeding terms. He was a popu-
lar, liberal and public-spirited man. and his
administration was marked by many features
of municipal prosperity. His first wife was a
22t;i'
THOMPSON.
daughter of Curtis Skinner and sister of the
wife of Trusten Polk, United States Senator.
His second wife was Miss Susan Hackney,
sister of Judge A. H. Hackney, at one time
presiding justice of the St. Louis County
Court.
Thompson, James I)., for many years
secretary and treasurer of the Laclede Cas
Light Company, and a conspicuous figure
among the managers of gas light corporations,
was born January 15, 1833, in Wheeling, West
Virginia, and died in St. Louis February 15,
1898. His parents were James and Susan
(Snyder) Thompson, and he was the youngest
of a family of nine children. He was reared
and educated in Wheeling, and. having been
left fatherless at the age of three years, began
contributing to the support of his mother and
sisters while still a mere child. Before he
was sixteen years of age, and while he was still
a student, he was also a teacher, devoting some
hours of each day to hearing classes in mathe-
matics and the languages, in which he had
evinced marked proficiency. Quitting school
at the age of sixteen, he entered the employ
of the Merchants' Bank, of Wheeling, Vir-
ginia, as a clerk. The construction of the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad over the moun-
tains was begun shortly afterward, and as the
railway company liquidated its obligations
largely through the bank by which Mr.
Thompson was employed, important respon-
sibilities devolved upon him in this connec-
tion. From time to time he was assigned to
the duty of carrying large amounts of money
from the bank to the contractors, who, in
turn, disbursed it among their employes.
These journeys had to be made on horseback
through a wild and mountainous region, and
in the performance of the tasks assigned to
him Mr. Thompson had numerous interesting
and exciting experiences. Proving himself
not only entirely trustworthy, but tactful and
resourceful as well, he received successive pro-
motions in the Wheeling bank, anil in 1855
was made cashier and manager of a branch
of the institution established in Point Pleas-
ant, at the mouth of the Kanawha River. He
was in charge of this hank at tlir beginning of
tlte Civil War. and. acting in the capacity of
manager of this institution, he assisted in the
disbursement of government funds for army
and hospital work'. A guerrilla raid, having
for its object the looting of the hank, was
made at one time, but Mr. Thompson had
been forewarned of the danger, and by con-
veying the bank's funds to the opposite side
of the Ohio River, he escaped the vengeance
of the raiders and prevented the despoilment
of the bank. His able management of the
affairs of this institution made him well known
to the banking circles of Ohio River cities,
and as a result, he was, in 1863, appointed
cashier of the First National Bank of Cincin-
nati, which had been reorganized in accord-
ance with the provisions of the national bank-
ing law. Two years later he organized the
Central Lank of Cincinnati, and became first
president of that institution. About this time
he became extensively interested in cotton
planting in Arkansas, buying the famous
Johnson plantation on the Mississippi River,
and becoming the owner also of a sugar
plantation in the Bayou Teche district of Lou-
isiana. The demoralization of negro labor
incident to the reconstruction period and a
series of floods in the Mississippi River caused
these investments to prove disastrous, and Mr.
Thompson lost heavily as a result. Toward
the close of the decade beginning with i860
he removed to New York and became con-
nected with the well known banking firm of
Soutter & Co., which at a later date financed
tlie Laclede ( ias Light Company, of St.
Louis. His connection with this banking
house caused him to become closely identified
with the financial affairs of this St. Louis cor-
poration, and in January of 1875 he became
secretary and treasurer of the Laclede Gas
Light Company. In the negotiations which
led to the amalgamation of the several gas
companies of St. Louis, which were carried
on in 1889, Mr. Thompson took an active part,
and to his thorough understanding of the
financial situation and his intimate knowledge
of tlie capacity and assured development of
tlie properties much of the later success of the
I .aclede < ias Light Company is to be attrib-
uted. When the consolidation of the several
companies was effected and the new Laclede
Cas Light Company was formed, Mr. Thomp-
son became vice-president of that corporation.
In 1893 he was made treasurer of the com-
pany, and held that office until his death. Dur-
ing all the years of his connection with this
corporation he was a prodigious worker, and
those familiar with the inner history of its
affairs give him credit for much of the plan-
ning and husbanding of resources which have
■
1
Tfe^ c c/ /^ /^<^^A '
THOMPSON.
2263
made the Gas Light Company the powerful
financial institution that it is at the present
time. He was a member of the Western Gas
Association as early as 1884, and became a
member of the American Gas Light Associa-
tion at a meeting held in Cincinnati in Octo-
ber, 1885. He was secretary of the Gas &
Electric Building & Loan Association of St.
Louis, and was interested also in various other
business enterprises in this city. Reared in
the Presbyterian faith, he was a member of
the Second Church of that denomination in
St. Louis, was one of its ruling elders, and
treasurer of its benevolent fund, and was active
in other church work. Mr. Thompson was
twice married, first, in 1854, to Miss Louise
Stillwell, of Wheeling, who died in 1865. In
1868 he married Miss Georgia Treadway, of
New Haven, Connecticut, who survives him.
He left, at his death, six children, three born
of his first, and three of his second marriage.
His tastes were domestic, and finding in his
own home the sweetest joys of life, he had
no connection with fraternal societies or social
clubs.
Thompson, Francis William, was
born December 25, 1809, at Albion Hall, one
of the handsomest country seats in the Empire
State, in "Thompsonville," New York, and
died July 28, 1871, at St. Louis. He was a
merchant and steamboat owner, and a de-
scendant of Anthony Thompson, who came
from England by way of Holland to this coun-
try in 1634, and settled on Long Island.
Anthony Thompson became the founder of
this branch of the Thompson family in Amer-
ica. Many of the descendants of Anthony
Thompson in this country have achieved
marked distinction, and in New York State
the family has been quite prominent.
Hezekiah Thompson, a son of Anthony
Thompson, was a well known lawyer of
Woodbury, Connecticut, and married Re-
becca Judson, a daughter of Isaac Judson,
and a descendant of one of the original Euro-
pean proprietors of Woodbury. Of this union
there were born four sons and four daughters.
The second son, James Thompson, graduated
ifrom Yale College, studied law, and practiced
his profession for some years at Durham,
New York. With distinction he served in the
general assembly of New York, and later be-
came a minister of the Protestant Episcopal
Church. Charles, another son, was also a
member of the bar. William Abdial Thomp-
son, the eldest and most distinguished of the
sons of Hezekiah Thompson, was the father
of Francis William Thompson.
After being prepared for college under the
preceptorship of Rev. John R. Marshall, an
Episcopal clergyman, William Abdial Thomp-
son entered Yale College, at New Haven, in
1878. During his first year in college the
British landed at New Haven and plundered
the town and the college. The furniture in
his room was also destroyed by them. He
was witness to the principal engagement be-
tween the British and the Americans in the
vicinity of that city, and was so near that a
cannon ball in plowing up the earth, covered
him with dirt. He graduated from Yale under
the presidency of Ezra Stiles, then studied law
with his father, and was also under the pre-
ceptorship of John Canfield, an eminent law-
yer of Sharon, and Governor Griswold, of
Lyon, Connecticut. He was licensed to prac-
tice law in 1784, and opened an office in Nor-
walk, but shortly afterward went to Horse-
neck, a place which was then noted for much
litigation. Here he built up a large practice
and laid the foundation of a fortune. He mar-
ried, in 1785, Fannie Knapp, and after her
death married her sister, Amy Knapp,
daughters of Israel Knapp, of New York. His
second marriage caused him to remove from
Connecticut to New York, and he opened a
law office in New York City. In 1794 he
bought large tracts of land in "Thompson,"
Neversink and Bethel. In the spring of 1795
health considerations caused him to remove
to his new possession in Ulster County. He
made the first prominent settlement in the
town of "Thompson," in that county. In 1803
this town was named in honor of its founder,
and was also incorporated. In 1802 he was ap-
pointed by Governor George Clinton one of
the judges of the Common Pleas Court for
Ulster County, and in 1803 was appointed
first judge of that county. The duties of this
office he discharged creditably, until the new
countv of Sullivan was organized. He then
became chief magistrate of this county, and
continued to discharge the duties of that office
until 1823.
Judge Thompson's official duties did not
prevent him from attending to private affairs.
He was proud of being the owner of an ex-
tensive landed estate, and carefully improved
the same. In 1810 he built what became
2204
THOMPSON.
known as "The Mansion" or "Albion Hall,"
in Thompsonville. Judge Thompson had an
instinctive liking for the cultured classes of
Great Britain, and in every respect looked the
chivalrous, polished English gentleman he
was. His mansion externally was imposing,
and its interior arrangements, with corniced
rooms, were ornamented with mountings and
carved panels which were the local marvels of
that day. It far surpassed other buildings in
the county, and was considered a residence
suitable for an English nobleman. He there-
fore named it "Albion Hall," a name which he
intended his village of "Thompsonville"
should bear. In this, however, he was over-
ruled by his neighbors and friends, who recog-
nized the propriety of calling the place
"Thompsonville,'' and insisted upon that
name. It was Judge Thompson's ardent de-
sire that his "Mansion" should always be
owned and occupied by one of his male de-
scendants, and if it had been possible he
would have entailed upon its occupants a fair
estate, so that the name of Thompson of
"Thompsonville" should have been perpetu-
ated in the town, respected and honored, and
the old-time hospitality of the house contin-
ued through future generations. He thought
it his duty to do what he could to secure the
continuance of the "Mansion." and a compe
tent provision was made against poverty to
one of his sons, because the town bore his
name, and after he had (in a moment of inad-
vertence) conveyed a considerable part of his
property to several of his children, leaving
less than what he deemed necessary to main-
tain the honors of his house, he expressed
sorrow for what he had done.
In the spring of iSn he visited England
and France, and remained in those countries
several months. He traveled from the former
to the latter country in the United States frig-
ate, "Constitution," commanded by Captain
Isaac Hull, and during his absence from his
native land associated freely with Americans
of high position, as well as with the higher
classes in the countries which he then visited.
After the termination of his official career as
chief magistrate of Sullivan County he turned
his attention to scientific and philosophical
studies and researches, for which he had an
innate inclination.
When he had mastered a subject he com-
municated his observations and the theories
deduced therefrom to "Silliman's Journal of
Science," then a magazine of high standing.
His dissertation on "Diluvial action as shown
by grooves made on the solid rocks that have
been covered by the earth," and an article on
the existence of certain Brachiata found in
rocks beneath the surface of the earth where
they had lain in a state of torpidity for thou-
sands of years, attracted the attention of the
learned men of both America and Europe.
His opinions on the latter subject were re-
ceived as the true ones and have been and are
still maintained by scientific men. On ac-
count of these and other writings he was
elected an honorary member of the Geological
Society and of the Royal Institute of France;
both of which societies were under the patron-
age of Louis Philippe. Only two other per-
sons in the United States had been similarly
honored at that time, and one of these was the
renowned scientist, Professor Silliman. These
honors were gratifying, as they were unex-
pected, and they were not the only ones of a
distinguished character conferred upon him.
The city of New York voted him a silver
medal, and enclosed it in a box made of wood
from the first boat that passed .from Lake
Erie to the Atlantic Ocean, and to do him still
further honor, they made him a pallbearer at
the obsequies of ex-President General Andrew
Jackson, in that city. Eccentric in manner,
but exceedingly popular, he wielded large in-
fluence, and was one of the distinguished
pioneers of the region in which he spent all
the later years of his life.
Francis William Thompson was the tenth
of the sixteen children of Judge William
Abdial Thompson, who was married three
times. 1 1 is last wife was Charity Guyer,
daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Guyer and
widow of Shadrach Reed. He was born and
reared at "Albion Hall," which was famous for
its hospitality. The son of a wealthy father,
he enjoyed the best educational advantages,
and after leaving school, was trained to com-
mercial pursuits. In 1840 he came west.
establishing his home in St. Louis, and em-
barked in the wholesale grocery business in
that city. Inheriting the genius of his father
for the conduct of affairs, he had, within a few
years, built up one of the noted wholesale
grocery houses of the West. Like other cap-
italists and enterprising men of that period, he
became largely interested in steamboating, and
was the owner of a number of fine boats used
for the Missouri and Mississippi River trade.
^V75. W^/x-
THOMPSON.
2265
He was one of the pioneers in developing
what in the course of time became a vast com-
merce, and contributed no little to the up-
building of St. Louis. He was governed in
all his operations by the strictest integrity and
his word given was considered as good as a
bond.
In his business transactions and in society
he was always the genial and courtly "old
school" gentleman. Broad-minded, gener-
ous, and possessing an ample fortune, he be-
came a most influential citizen, and aided in
forwarding many worthy enterprises in build-
ing up various public institutions, which have
been productive of much good. He was
reared in the "Whig school of politics," but
after that party passed out of existence be-
came a member of the Democratic party, and
affiliated with it until the end of his life. His
religious affiliations were with "Christ Church
of the Protestant Episcopal denomination,"
and he generously promoted and encouraged
its institutions. July 8, 1S41, he married
Miss Marian F. Wood, of St. Louis.
After the death of his first wife, and
in the year 1858, he married Miss
Therese Angeliguet Schneider, a native of
France, who came of a noted French
family. There are no surviving children by
his first marriage. Five children were born
of this second marriage. Two at the present
writing are living and are residing in St. Louis,
who are widely and favorably known in social
circles, namely, Mrs. E. DeLacy Wickes, nee
Eugenia A. Thompson, widow of the late E.
DeL. Wickes, of New York and San Antonio,
Texas, and Mrs. James A. Maginnis, nee Matil
A. Thompson, who had one daughter, Eugenie
Cecile Maginnis.
A history of William Abdial Thompson,
father of Francis William Thompson, is in the
Astor Library, Xew York City, also one of
his eldest brother. William Augustus. The
family have the coat of arms and crest, and
can trace back in England a lineage extend-
ing several hundred years, proving that their
' family had an ancient P>aronial origin, and that
their coat of arms was united to several of the
oldest and most renowned houses of England.
Thompson, N. I)., book and periodical
publisher, was born in Barren County, Ken-
tucky, in 1852. His parents, Lewis Morgan
Thompson and Mary Robertson Thompson,
were natives respcctivelv of Virginia and
South Carolina. The years of lus boyhood to
the age of seventeen were spent on a farm in
the section where the district school furnished
the educational advantages. lie afterward
attended ( ieorgetown College two years, leav-
ing at the end of the junior year, lacking one
year of graduation. He taught school five
years in Metcalfe ami Cumberland Counties,
and had the distinction of commanding the
largest salary that had up to that time been
paid to a teacher in his county. lie left the
schoolroom to accept a position offered him
by the then well known Caxton Publishing
Company, of Cincinnati. At the expiration of
a year with this firm he was offered and ac-
cepted the management of a Chicago branch
house for the subscription publishing firm of
E. Hannaford & Co.. of Cincinnati. At the
end of two years he succeeded to a partner-
ship in the Chicago business, the firm style
being Hannaford & Thompson. This con-
nection continued three years when the busi-
ness was sold to Geo. McLain & Co.. of Phila-
delphia. With the capital thus secured he
came to St. Louis and began the publishing
business under the firm style of X. 1). Thomp-
son & Co. It was at the period of what was
known as "The Farmer's Movement" — when
the Grange organizations became universal in
the farming districts and a factor in State and
national politics. His first publication was a
-large pictorial history of that movement. It
was successful and had a sale co-extensive
with the country. Then followed various
State histories, books of travel, of adventure,
books on agriculture, horticulture and live
stock — profuse illustrations being made a
special feature and a business policy. Of the
work' on live stock — a large octavo volume oi
1.200 pages — over fifty thousand copies went
to Australia — the aggregate sale of this very
successful book reaching ultimately a quarter
of a million. The policy of keeping abreast
with current movements ami of utilizing every
great, popular sentiment and interest, has been
followed and the popular demand for litera-
ture thereon promptly met. \t the peri
Moody's great revivals in England and '•
ica he published a biography of Mood)
volume of his sermons and lecture
which met witli a phenomenal demand
ingston's death and Stanli
furnished subjects for popul;
raphy and African explorations. His V
Fair publications afford an illustratio
266
THOMPSON.
point. Noticing and being impressed with
the remarkable demand for photographs of the
public buildings, grounds, industrial and art
exhibits, he conceived the idea of reproducing
these photographs in half-tone engravings,
with a .short description, and publishing them
in convenient portfolio. Jts sale extended
from Boston to San Francisco and exceeded
live million copies — its success being the sur-
prise of the publishing world. Conceiving
the idea of illustrating Bible lands by photo-
graphs of the actual places of Bible occur-
rence, he engaged the services of a noted out-
door photographer and an eminent clergyman
— arranging with them to proceed to Bible
lands with all necessary equipment, and trace
literally the footsteps of Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob, Moses, Joshua, Samuel, Isaiah, Jere-
miah, and Daniel, Christ and the Apostles, and
to photograph and describe the actual places
i if events in their lives. In this journey they
traversed Egypt, Palestine, Asia Minor and
Rome, literally reproducing by photography
every historic place in those countries. The
publications therefrom included art portfolios,
quarto Bibles and Testaments. They sold
throughout England, Scotland and Wales to
an extent equal to that in America. One of
these publications (published in St. Louis) was
presented by an English society to Queen
Victoria at the period of her jubilee and re-
ceived special mention in the leading English
journals. Mr. Thompson has thus circulated
books with the St. Louis imprint not only
throughout the United States, but throughout
the English-speaking world. A distinguished
St. Louisan is fond of relating that in a trip
around the world lie found publications with
this St. Louis imprint in Tokio, Japan; that
while goinsr up the Nile on a steamer he found
them in a prominent place in the reading
room, anil that when he reached London he
was surprised to find them in book stalls.
When our recent war with Spain had made
sufficient history he published that history in
an illustrated quarto volume, and when the
conditions gave to America vast island
possessions he speedily matured a plan of re-
producing these islands and their people by
photography, accurately describing them for
the information of the Vmerican people. In
this interest he arranged with a noted outdoor
photographer and an author of great abilitv
as a descriptive writer to enter upon the work,
beginning with Tuba. Porto Rico, and the
Isle of Pines; then the Hawaiian Islands, and
finally the Philippine Archipelago, in the order
named. The islands thus literally photo-
graphed in city, town, village and country —
the people in their homes and their daily oc-
cupations— were reproduced and described.
This pictorial presentation in connection with
the most elaborate and up-to-date maps are
given in a serial art publication entitled, "Our
Islands and Their People as Seen with Cam-
era and Pencil." This combination of photo-
graphic, map and descriptive presentation is
as near a transference of the country and its
people to paper as art and modern invention
render possible. The enterprises here men-
tioned serve to illustrate the character of work
and the methods by which Mr. Thompson has
built up and sustained the publishing busi-
ness in a city and section not popularly sup-
posed to be favorably located as a publishing |
center.
Aside from the presidency and general di-
rection of the business of the N. D. Thompson
Publishing Company, he is president of the
Journal of Agriculture Company, the pro-
prietors of the old "Journal of Agriculture," a
twenty-four page weekly sustaining great cir-
culation and wielding wide influence. He is
likewise president of the Methodist Magazine
Publishing Company, a corporation publish-
ing an illustrated monthly magazine devoted
to the history, literature and interest of the
Methodist Church.
Thompson, George Howard, phy-
sician, was born in 1S66, in Memphis, Tennes-
see, near the historic Fort Pickering, son of
Judge Seymour D. and Lucy (Jennison)
Thompson. He came with his parents to St.
Louis when he was five years of age and was
educated in the public schools of this city, at
Iowa University, and at Missouri State Uni-
versity. After completing his academic
stttdies, he began the study of medicine and
after obtaining his doctor's degree from Mis-
souri Medical College, he took a post-gradu-
ate course at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col-
■ if New York. In 1889 he went to
Europe and continued his studies in the hos-
pitals and medical colleges of Jena, Leipzig,
Berlin and Dresden. Returning to this coun-
try in 1891, the began the practice of his
profession in St. Louis, and in 1894 was chosen
professor of materia medica and therapeutics
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
THOMPSON.
2267
At the same time he was made secretary of the
faculty and a member of the board of trustees
of this college. Since then he has continued
in active practice and has gained enviable
distinction among the younger physicians of
the city. He is a member of the St. Louis
Medical Society and of various other associa-
tions of physicians, and is deeply interested in
everything calculated to elevate the standard
of his profession and to promote the advance-
ment of medical science. He married, in 1892,
Miss Pauline Adelaide Gebhard, of Leipzig,
Germany, who belongs to a very old and dis-
tinguished German family.
Thompson, William II., banker and
financier, was born in Pennsylvania, and grew
up in that State. He came to St. Louis in
1851 and began life here as a plumber's ap-
prentice. After completing his apprentice-
ship, he began business as a plumber and later
embarked in the manufacture of lead pipe
and plumbers' supplies. He entered this
field of enterprise at an opportune time and
soon built up a large and profitable trade. As
a merchant and manufacturer he gave evi-
dence of the sagacity and sound judgment
which has since given him so much promi-
nence as a financier and chief executive officer
of one of the great monetary institutions of the
country. Becoming interested as a stock-
holder in the Bank of Commerce, he was made
a director of that institution in 1870 and at
once became an influential factor in directing
the conduct and management of its affairs.
His wisdom and conservatism, coupled with
broad views and public-spirited enterprise.
commended him to his associates and to the
general public, and as a result of the hold
which he gained upon the confidence of the
public, he was made president of the Bank of
Commerce in 1883. He has now been at the
head of this famous banking house for sixteen
years, and within that time has seen it take its
J place among the richest and soundest banking
institutions of America. LTnder his wise di-
rection its resources have been expanded and
its facilities for doing business extended until
it now stands at the head of the list of Western
banking institutions and is exceeded by only
one bank in the United States in the amount
of its capital and surplus. While acting as
president of this bank, he has been identified
officially and as a stockholder with many other
corporations, financial and otherwise, and all
these various corporations have profited by his
services and counsel. In all matters pertain-
ing to finance, he is a recognized authority
and no Western banker enjoys to a greater ex-
tent the esteem and confidence of the public.
When the movement to hold a World's Fair
in St. Louis on the one hundredth anniversary
of the acquisition of Louisiana Territory by
the United States was set on foot, the serv-
ices of Mr. Thompson were enlisted and he
has been among the leading spirits in finan-
ciering that enterprise.
Thompson, William B., lawyer, was
born in the town of Virginia, Cass County,
Illinois, June 20, 1845, son °f Nathaniel B. and
Louisa (Dutch) Thompson. His father was a
merchant, who was first connected with the
mercantile house of Knapp, Pogue & Co., of
Beardstown, Illinois, and subsequently re-
moved to Virginia, in the same county.
There he kept a general store, in which he
aimed to keep everything which the farmers
of the surrounding country might desire to
buy, and through which he handled also much
of the country produce of that region. He
was successfully engaged in merchandising
there for thirty years, but some years before
his death removed to St. Louis and died here,
at seventy-one years of age, in 1882. He was
survived by his widow, five sons and four
daughters, all of whom are still living, all his
children having families of their own, except
his voungest son. Dr. George D. Thompson,
of St. Louis, who is a bachelor and lives with
his widowed mother. The elder Thompson
left a large estate, consisting mainly of prop-
erty in Cass County, Illinois. William B.
Thompson is the eldest of the five sons of
Nathaniel P.. Thompson. He was fitted for
college at -Springfield, Illinois, attending
there a school which was established by I )r.
Reynolds, father of George D. Reynolds, at
one time United States district attorney for
the Eastern District of Missouri, and at which
he had for his schoolmates Robert T. Lincoln,
George D. Reynolds, Henry Latham, Thomas
C. Mather, and other young men of Spring-
field who have since achieved marked dis-
tinction. After that he attended the Uni-
versity of Michigan and was graduated from
the law school of that instituti m. He then
came to St. Louis and has een in
active practice in this city, gaining prominence
at the bar by reason of 1 and close
2268
THOMPSON.
application to professional duties. During
the earl) years of his practice he bad to con-
tend with difficulties not unknown to young
practitioners, and being too spirited to appeal
to his father for assistance, he felt at times the
pinchings of poverty, but persistent effort and
high courage finally brought to him the re-
ward of abundant success. He took an inter-
est in politics as a member of the Democratic
party, and in 1.S75 was nominated for State
Senator to represent the Thirty-fourth Sena-
ti trial District, composed of the old Eleventh
and Twelfth Wards of the city and three
townships of the county. This district was
ordinarily Republican by a majority of fifteen
hundred, but Mr. Thompson carried it by one
hundred and served a full term in the Senate
with distinction, filling the important position
of chairman of the judiciary committee of that
body and proving himself an able and con-
scientious legislator. In the practice of his
profession he has been connected with much
important litigation since he became a mem-
ber of the St. Louis bar, and in later years
has been known as the counselor of many
large corporations and also of many of the
leading citizens of St. Louis. He married, in
[869, Miss Camilla Stiles, daughter of George
Stiles, who was connected with the old Bank
of the State of Missouri for over thirty years.
Five children have been born of this union, of
whom one daughter is married and resides
abroad, two daughters and one of his two
sons are still living with their parents in St.
Louis, and the other son resides in Xew York
l ltv.
Thompson, Seymour Dwight, law-
yer, jurist and author, was born in Will
County, [llinois, September iN. 1842. His
father was a Presbyterian clergyman in early
life, but failing health compelled him to aban-
don the ministry, and he afterward devoted
himself to agricultural pursuits in Fayette
County, Iowa. Judge Thompson was thirteen
years old when his parents removed to Iowa,
and thereafter he was dependent entirely upon
his own resources. His father and younger
brother were burned to death in a prairie fire
shortly after the removal of the family to Iowa,
and he returned with his mother and sister
to [llinois. Until he was sixteen years old he
worked on an Illinois farm, and then took the
firsl step toward the realization of an ambi-
tion to enter professional life b\ becoming a
country school teacher. He taught school
during a part of each year for three years, and
when not teaching he attended school at Rock
River and Clark Seminaries, in Illinois.
When the Civil War began he abandoned, for
the time being, all his cherished plans for ob-
taining a collegiate education and enlisted in
the Union Army, intent upon contributing his
full share toward the suppression of the
Southern insurrection and the mainte-
nance of the Union. Joining an Iowa
regiment as a private, he saw much serv-
ice in the course of the war and bore himself
so gallantly that he was mustered out of the
army with the rank of captain, after having
served a year as judge advocate of his brigade.
lie was mustered out at Memphis, Tennessee,
and having determined to adopt the law as his
profession, he set about acquiring a legal edu-
cation with the same determination that char-
acterized his earlier efforts in his literary
course. His means of livelihood during this
period of preparation were diversified, preca-
rious, and altogether unsuited to the tastes
of a man of his lofty ambition and great capa-
bilities. For a time he served as patrolman
on the metropolitan police force of Memphis,
and, while wielding a club with one hand,
it may almost be said that he was clinging
to a text-book with the other. Afterward he
secured employment, directly in line with his
purpose, in the office of the clerk of the
municipal court, and still later in the office of
the clerk of the law court of Memphis, con-
tinuing to utilize his spare moments in read-
ing law. Thus, after surmounting the obstruc-
tions that lie in the path, in greater or less de-
gn e, of every student whose daily bread must
be earned in other pursuits than that in which
he >eeks proficiency, he was admitted to the
bar in Memphis in 1869. He practiced three
years in Memphis and then came to St. Louis.
where he made a marked impression upon
Judge John F. Dillon, then on the bench of
the United States circuit court, who appointed
him master in chancery. From that time for-
ward his professional patronage constantly in-
creased and he steadily gained in prestige and
prominence at the bar. In 1880 he was made
the Republican nominee for judge of the St.
Louis Court of Appeals, and. overcoming an
adverse majority, was elected to that high
office. Thereafter he occupied the bench of
the Court of Appeals for a period of twelve
years, and during that time took rank among
THOMSON.
the leading- jurists of Missouri. Having- a
strong natural inclination toward literary
work within the sphere of his profession, he
turned his attention largely to work of this
character after his retirement from the bench.
His first work was a compilation, on which
he collaborated with Thomas M. Steger, of
Nashville, Tennessee, and which was entitled,
"Thompson & Steger's Tennessee Statutes."
This work was adopted by the Tennessee Leg-
islature for use in the State offices. His next
work was a collection of cases illustrating the
law of self-defense, and by reason of the fact
that its preparation was suggested to him by
Judge Horrigan, he entitled it "Horrigan &
Thompson's Cases on Self-Defense." He is
the author also of "Thompson on Corpora-
tions," a work published in six large volumes ;
"Thompson on Homesteads and Exemp-
tions," "Liability of Stockholders in Cor-
porations." "The Law of Negligence," "The
Law of Carriers of Passengers," "Liability of
Officers and Directors of Corporations,"
"Charging the Jury," "Thompson & Merriam
on Juries," "Thompson on Trials," and
"Thompson on the Law of Electricity." It
was through Judge Dillon, always his staunch
friend and admirer, that Judge Thompson be-
gan his career as an editorial writer for legal
periodicals. Shortly after his arrival in St.
Louis Judge Dillon established the "Central
Law Journal," still recognized as one of the
most influential publications of its kind in the
West. He employed Judge Thompson as as-
sistant editor. When Judge Dillon retired
from the editorial management of this journal,
three years later, Judge Thompson succeeded
him. Shortly after this the "Southern Law
Review" was transferred from Nashville to
St. Louis, and he assumed control of this
journal, and continued to be its editor until
the "American Law Review" absorbed the
"Southern Law Review." After the consoli-
dation of these two journals Judge Thomp-
son continued to be the editor-in-chief of the
"American Law Review." At the same time
he was in active practice in St. Louis after
his retirement from the bench until 1898,
when he removed to New York to continue
his practice and literary labors in that city.
In addition to editing leading law journals,
he has contributed hundreds of articles to
other law journals of the country within the
past twenty years, and he is widely known to
his profession as a man of tireless industry,
extraordinary mental vigor and wonderful
memory. He is a constant reader, and there
are few books worthy of a high place in litera-
ture which he has not read. As an illustration
of his power of retaining what he reads it is
said that twenty years after reading "Paradise
Lost" he could repeat readily the greater part
of that wonderful poem. During his residence
in St. Louis he was identified with legal edu-
cation as a lecturer on the law of corpora-
tions in the law school of Missouri Univer-
sity, and also in the law school of Northwest-
em University, at Chicago. Judge Thompson
married, in 1865, Miss Lucy A. Jennison, of
Fort Atkinson, Iowa. Their children are Dr.
George H. Thompson, a physician of St.
Louis ; William D. Thompson, a member of
the bar of Racine, Wisconsin ; Mrs. W. C.
Middlekauff. of Lanark, Illinois, and Mrs.
Lemuel A. Harlich, of Chicago.
Thomson, William Holmes, banker,
was born at "Hawthorne," Frederick
County, Maryland, April 16, 1837, son of
William James and Margaretta Ann (Davis)
Thomson. Of mingled English, Scotch and
Irish ancestry, he is descended in both the
paternal and maternal lines from families
numbered among the early colonists of his
native State. His great-great-grandfather in
the maternal line was John Lackland, who
came from Scotland and settled in Maryland
some time prior to the Revolutionary War.
His great-grandfather, James Lackland, was
an officer in the Revolutionary War and a Jef-
fersonian emancipationist, who made a will
in 1812 in which he provided that his negroes
and their descendants should be set free as
they reached certain specified ages. This
James Lackland, in the year 1775, and at the
age of nineteen years, was one of the early
explorers of Kentucky, he making, with oth-
ers, at that time a trip from Maryland through
the "Wilderness" to Kentucky on horseback.
He entered a large tract of land in Kentucky,
while it was still a count} of Virginia, and was
one of the pioneers who paved the way for
the advance of civilization in that region. On
May 14, 1776, when he was twenty years of
age. he was commissioned by the council of
safety second lieutenant of the company
formed in the lower district of
County, Maryland, for service in the Revolu-
tionary War, which com ^rt of
the Twenty-ninth Battalio irried
2270
THOMSON.
Catharine Lynn, daughter of David Lynn,
who came from Dublin, Ireland, and settled
in Maryland in about 1717. This David Lynn
was judge of the Frederick County Court,
held a commission under King George as jus-
tice of the peace, and was one of the three
commissioners appointed by the general as-
sembly of Maryland in 1751 to lay out George-
town, now in the District of Columbia. His
three sons were in the Revolutionary War,
one of whom served as captain, one as lieuten-
ant, and the other as a surgeon. One of the
daughters of James and Catharine (Lynn)
Lackland was the maternal grandmother of
William H. Thomson, who married Ignatius
Davis, of "Mount Hope," Frederick County,
Maryland. Mr. Thomson's father was also a
native of Frederick County, son of John Pop-
ham Thomson, of English antecedents, who
married Margaret Holmes, of Carlisle, Penn-
sylvania; he graduated (A. M.) at Dickin-
son College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the
class of 1828. He was born June 26, 1808, in
Frederick, Maryland ; studied law, but soon
devoted himself to farming, living at "Haw-
thorne." Frederick County, Maryland, where
he died June 21, 1841. William H. Thomson
was reared in Frederick County, and was edu-
cated in the public schools of that county and
the city of Frederick, lastly attending board-
ing school for a time in Pennsylvania. Quit-
ting school at the age of sixteen, he was em-
ployed for a year with a civil engineer corps,
and then turned his attention to commercial
pursuits, becoming an employe of a Baltimore
commission house. Two years later he sev-
ered his connection with that house to come
t<> St. Louis, and on his twentieth birthday,
in the war 1S57. Ik- entered, in this city, the
employ of (In- banking house with which he
has now been connected continuously for more
than forty years. Ten years before this the
Boatmen's Savings Institution had been or-
ganized by a few prominent and philanthropic
citi/ens of St. Louis, with a view to fostering
thrift and economj on tin part of steamboat-
men, a class which at that time constituted a
large portion of the laboring element of the
city. It was the pioneer institution of its kind
in the West, and, success attending the enter-
prise, it took out a second charter in 1856,
under the name of the Boatmen's Saving
Bank. It had then a capital of $400,000, and
had fairly entered upon its long and prosper-
ous career as a banking house when Mr.
Thomson became connected with it as a clerk,
April 16, 1857. For a dozen years thereafter
he was employed in subordinate capacities,
winning commendation from time to time for
his faithfulness and efficiency, and gaining de-
served promotions as occasion offered there-
for. In 1869 he was made assistant cashier
of the bank, and in 1870 became cashier and
chief executive officer of the institution, a
position which he has since retained and in
which he has achieved well merited distinc-
tion as one of the ablest of Western bankers
and financiers. Since he became identified
with the Boatmen's Bank its capital stock has
been increased to $2,000,000, as the result of
accumulated profits, after paying stockholders
in dividends upwards of $1,100,000. Since its
capital stock was fixed at $2,000,000 it has
regularly paid the stockholders semi-annual
dividends of from three to five per cent, and
has accumulated, in addition, a surplus which
now amounts to more than $800,000. In ad-
dition to his banking operations, Mr. Thom-
son has been officially identified with various
manufacturing establishments in St. Louis, is
a member of the Merchants' Exchange and
Cotton Exchange, and is chairman also of the
committee of management of the St. Louis
Clearing House. In politics he has always
been a Democrat, acting with the "gold stand-
ard" wing of that party in the presidential
campaign of 1896. He was reared a Presby-
terian, but became a member of Trinity Epis-
copal Church, of St. Louis, in 1859, ar|d has
since been continuously connected with that
parish, active in promoting its charities, and
prominently identified also with the manage-
ment of various other charitable institutions
of the city. For many years he has been a
vestryman of Trinity Church, and now, and
for some years back, its senior warden. He
was one of the founders of St. Luke's Hospital,
which came into existence in 1865, and since
1889 he has been president of the board of
trustees of that institution. In 1862 he mar-
ried Margaret Foote Larkin, eldest daughter
of Thomas H. and Susan Ross Larkin, of St.
Louis, who died in 1863. One child, a daugh-
ter, born of this marriage, died in 1864. In
1872 Mr. Thomson married Annie Lou Har-
gadine, eldest daughter of William A. and
\crata McCrcery Hargadine, also of St. Louis.
The children born of this marriage were one
son and seven daughters, all of whom, save one
daughter, were living in 1898.
(?Zn <rfL
THORNE— THOROUGHMAN.
Thorne, Adela Page, was born June
29, 1845, in Stoughton, Massachusetts, daugh-
ter of Samuel W. and Betsey F. Page. She
was educated in the schools of Massachusetts,
being first sent to the public school of Rox-
bury, later to Miss Clark's School, at Savin
Hill, Boston, and still later to Dr. Cartee's
School, at Charlestown, finishing at Framing-
ham, Massachusetts. While at school at Savin
Hill she spent much of the time at the home
of her aunt, Miss Sarah Baker, who estab-
lished the church in Dorchester now called
the Sarah Baker Memorial. Miss Baker was
closely associated with the patriots who fol-
lowed Kossuth in his exile, and with William
Lloyd Garrison and other noted Abolitionists
of her day. She was the author of various
abolition pamphlets and other works, and a
woman of broad culture. At her home Mrs.
Thorne — then Miss Page — met many of the
most cultivated men and women of that day,
deriving great benefit from these associations.
After leaving school Mrs. Thorne came to St.
Louis, and she, with Miss Shaffer, of the Clay
School, were the first to introduce, under the
superintendence of Mr. Divoll, the Leigh
phonetic system into the schools of this city.
She worked also for some time, at the sug-
gestion of the late Samuel G. Howe, the
philanthropist of Boston, on a phonetic sys-
tem for the blind. From the time of her com-
ing to St. Louis down to the present she has
been deeply interested in philanthropic work
of various kinds. During the last epidemic of
cholera in St. Louis she labored heroically
with Mr. Thomas Morrison and others who
were interested in the mission work at Biddle
Market to alleviate the sufferings of those
stricken with the dread disease and give
Christian burial to those who fell victims to it.
A member of the Episcopal Church of the
Trinity for some years, and later a communi-
cant of St. George's Church, of St. Louis, she
has done much good work in connection with
various church charities. She married Ed-
ward D. Chase Thorne, whose mother be-
longed to the illustrious Chase family of Ohio,
of which the late Chief Justice Chase was a
member. This Chase family descended from
the Chases of Hundridge, one of whom was
the martyr, William Chase, who fell a victim
to religious persecution during the reign of
Henry VIII. Another member of the family
was Sir William Chase, of Chesham, who was
high steward to the household of King Henry
VIII. Mrs. Thorne has long been secretary
of the Chase Association of America, inter-
ested in genealogical work, both in this coun-
try and England. She has the Chase coat-of-
arms joined to that of the Page family, who
originally came from Surrey. She has been
closely connected with the leading literary
clubs of St. Louis, has written numerous
sketches and short stories, has been a frequent
contributor to the press, assisted in getting
out a "Globe Manual," and text-books now in
use in Illinois and Missouri country schools,
and is the author of two novels now in press.
She has one child, a daughter, now the wife
of James Willard Wright, of Ohio.
Thoroughman, Thomas, lawyer, was
born in Buchanan County, Missouri, and died
in St. Louis December 24, 1897. His father
was a farmer and the early years of the life
of the son were devoted to agricultural pur-
suits. At one of the old-time district schools
he obtained a rudimentary education, but as
nature had endowed him with a vigorous in-
tellect, an active mind and the love of books,
he was able to pursue a thorough course of
self-instruction, and thus acquired a liberal
education. Having made up his mind to be-
come a lawyer, he left home when he attained
his majority and went to St. Joseph, Mis-
souri, where he entered the law office of Craig
& Jones, composed of two lawyers who were
the leading practitioners at the Buchanan
County bar. In 1854 he was admitted to the
bar, and began the struggle to establish him-
self in practice at St. Joseph. In 1856 he was
appointed assistant city attorney of St. Joseph,
and the fact that he discharged the duties of
that office efficiently and gave proof of his
ability as a lawyer was attested by his election
to the office of city counselor at the next gen-
eral election. Thus brought before the pub-
lic, he was given an opportunity to demon-
strate the fact that he had superior ability, and
private practice came to him as a natural con-
sequence. At the expiration of his term as
city counselor he was elected circuit attor-
ney of the circuit then presided over by Judge
Elijah Hise Norton, afterward distinguished
as a judge of the Supreme Court of Missouri.
He was serving as circuit attorney when the
Civil War began, and being strongly S
ern in his sympathies, resigned that office
to enter the Confederate Army. Chivalrous,
courageous and resourceful, he soon rose to
THORPE LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB— THREE CIRCLES, THE.
the rank of colonel, and took a prominent part
in the struggle on the Western frontier. After
the battle of Elk Horn Tavern he was ordered
forward to reinforce the Confederates, then
going through the evolutions which finally
terminated in the battle of Pittsburg Land-
ing, but his regiment reached the field too late
t<> take part in that battle. Later he was one
of those commissioned by Governor Jackson,
of Missouri, to return to Missouri on recruit-
ing service for the Confederate Army. While
on this mission, in company with Alexander
Davis, he was captured by the Federal troops,
and thereafter was confined in various Mis-
souri prisons for more than a year. He and
his comrade, Davis, were then paroled by
order of President Lincoln on condition that
they were to K-ave the State and take up their
residence in some Western Territory. Choos-
ing Montana as his place of exile, he went to
Virginia City, and opened a law office there in
1864. He soon built up a large practice, and
became so popular throughout the Territory
that he was urged by man}" of those most
prominent in the conduct of its affairs to ac-
cept the position of Territorial delegate to
Congress. Although he could easily have
been elected to that position, his preference
was to return to Missouri, and in 1869 he
opened a law office in St. Louis. Some time
later Judge II. L. Warren became his law
partner, and during the period of their associ-
ation they were attorneys for the St. Louis,
Iron Mountain & Southern Railway. After
practicing in St. Louis for a number of years,
Judge Warren removed to New Mexico, and
Colonel Thoroughman then became associated
in practice with Judge Henry S. Priest. This
association continued for a number of years,
and afterward, from 1893 until his death. Col-
onel Thoroughman was head of the firm of
Thoroughman, Carter & Thoroughman, his
associates being his son-in-law, W. Frank
Carter, and his son. Emmet 1!. Thorough-
man, lie was a lawyer as well as a gentle-
man of the old school, a man of broad infor-
mation and striking personality. His prac-
tice was. in the main, general in character, and
as a jury lawyer, lie was exceptionally suc-
cessful. Reared a Democrat, and through-
out his life a member of that party, lie partici-
pated in man)' political campaigns, and his
time and eloquence were- always at the serv-
ice of hi- part) when important issues were
being contested. Notwithstanding this fact,
he asked no political favors from the party,
] inferring professional to official life. He
married and reared a large family of children,
most of whom were settled in life at the time
of his death.
Thorpe Literary and Scientific
Club. — This club was organized by Dr.
T. J. Thorpe, November 29, 1896. "The
sole aim is the literary and scientific
advancement of its members, especially
those who are employed during the
day and have only the evening at leisure."
The membership is limited to one hun-
dred. There is a lecture once a week, and
on other evenings the club is divided into
classes of ten each, who receive instruction
in Latin and English, elocution, mathemat-
ics, mental philosophy, and other subjects. In
short, it offers an opportunity for free educa-
tion to its members. Its first officers were
Otto Senn, Oscar Hammer, Otto Hammer,
W. H. Latal and Miss Lena Demuth.
Three Circles, The. — According to re-
liable accounts, on June 29, 181 6, Colonel
William Chambers, Major William Christy
and Major Thomas Wright dedicated the in-
corporated town of North St. Louis, extend-
ing from the river to Twelfth Street, and be-
tween Madison and Montgomery Streets. In
this dedication they donated to the public a
market square, and school, park and church
sites. These grounds have since become known
as Exchange Square, at the foot of North
Market Street; Marion Place, Jackson Place,
and Clinton Place. Market, or Exchange
Square — which see — has passed from under
the control of the city, after prolonged litiga-
tion, and has never subserved the purposes
for which it was originally designed, but
Marion Place, Jackson Place and Clinton
Place, generally known as "the three circles,"
have more than realized the expectations of
their creators. These three circular tracts,
dedicated to public uses not long after the be-
ginning of the present century, have each a
diameter of three hundred feet. Each circle
is carved from portions of two blocks, and be-
tween them are portions of two blocks now
occupied by handsome residences. The entire
space occupied by the three circles and inter-
vening residence property is equal to six
block s, and is bounded by Eleventh, Twelfth,
Madison and Montgomerv Streets.
THROUGH CAR, FIRST— TIFFANY.
2273
Through Car, First. — The first through
car from St. Louis to San Francisco
left the Union depot at 9 o'clock on the even-
ing of October 20, 1883, and was the Pull-
man sleeper "Hector." The first through car
from San Francisco to St. Louis left the first
named city at 9 130 a. m., Saturday, October
20, 1883, and arrived in St. Louis at 6:40
a. m., the following Thursday.
Tiemeyer, John C, merchant and man-
ufacturer, was born August 8, 1818, in Ger-
many, and died in St. Louis, August 8, 1896.
After acquiring a fairly good education he
engaged in farming until 1846, when he immi-
grated to this country, landing in New Or-
leans. From there he came at once to St.
Louis, and first found employment here as
a bricklayer. In 1849 ne embarked in business
in this city as a manufacturer of and dealer
in cigars in a small way, his shop and store
being at the corner of Fourth and Lombard
Streets. He carried on the business which he
had established there for sixteen years, adding
all the time to his resources and capital, and
making steady progress toward the accumula-
tion of a fortune. In 1865 he engaged in the
wholesale leaf tobacco trade, his place of busi-
ness being on Second Street, between Market
and Walnut Streets. For twenty-six years
thereafter he had a large trade in this line,
and the enterprise which he had built up, and
which had by that time grown to large pro-
portions, was incorporated in 1891 as the
John C. Tiemeyer Leaf Tobacco Company,
with a capital stock of $250,000, fully paid up.
Mr. Tiemeyer became president of this cor-
poration, and occupied that position, and was
also the principal holder of the stock of the
company, until his death. During the later
years of his life he was remarkably success-
ful in a business way, and at his death he left
a fortune of more than a quarter of a million
dollars, all of which he had accumulated him-
self without any adventitious aids or fortunate
speculations. He was a man of sound judg-
ment, excellent business capacity, and strict
integrity, wielded an important influence in
commercial and financial circles, and gained
high standing in the community in which he
did business for nearly fifty years. For many
vears he was a member of the Merchants'
Exchange, and the members of that body who
were contemporary with him esteemed him
for his high character, his ability as a man of
affairs, and his many good qualities of head
and heart. In politics he was always a
staunch Democrat, aiding his party when oc-
casion offered to achieve victory for the prin-
ciples which it represented, but never seeking
political preferment of any kind for himself.
In common with many of the leading German-
Americans of St. Louis, he took a warm inter-
est in the promotion of musical culture, and
he was an active and helpful member of the
Liederkranz Society. Mr. Tiemeyer was
twice married, first, in 1846, to Miss Elizabeth
Horstmann, of German)-, who died in 1856,
leaving one daughter, Helen E. Tiemeyer. In
1858 he married Miss Gertrude Meier, of St.
Louis, who died in 1897, leaving one daugh-
ter, now Mrs. H. J. Gaupel, of this city.
Tiffany, John Kerr, was born in the
city of St. Louis, February 9, 1843. His father,
P. Dexter Tiffany, was a lawyer of great abil-
ity at the bar in St. Louis from about 1832 to
1861, when he died, leaving a large estate. His
mother, Hannah Kerr Tiffany, was a daugh-
ter of Matthew Kerr, a prominent and wealthy
business man in the same city from about 1824
to February 3, 1857. John was born in the
family mansion, then situated on the south-
west corner of Broadway and Olive Street,
the site where for many years he afterward
had his law offices. Pie received his early edu-
cation in St. Louis, but when only sixteen
years old his father took him to France, where
he attended school two years. A few years
prior thereto the family had removed to Wor-
cester, Massachusetts, and John was sent to
Andover to prepare for college. He entered
Harvard University in 1861, and graduated
there in 1865, after which he entered Harvard
Law School in 1866-7.
Returning to Worcester, lie entered the law
office of Mr. Peter C. Bacon, a distinguished
and very able lawyer of that city, and remained
there actively engaged as a young lawyer in
the business of Mr. Bacon. It was here and
during these years that he received the train-
ing which made him the careful and thorough
lawyer into which he developed. T fe was there
ci nstantly engaged in the preparation of wills,
intricate leases, contracts, deed-, and other
legal documents, and so he became a most
skillful pleader, draftsman and con
The large estate of the family being situated
in St. Louis, it was natural that J< '
est son. should return and take up his abode
T I L I • M A X I' F ACTURE.
here. This he did in the fall of 1865. For
some time he was in the office of Henry Hitch-
cock, Esquire, and then in the office of Glover
& Shepley, and later in the office of Knox &
Smith. These gentlemen were all leaders at
tli<- bar, and their standing and ability were
incentives to the ambition of the young law-
yers in their offices. Only Mr. Hitchcock
and Samuel Knox now survive, the former
still in active practice, the latter — who is now
eighty-four years old — retired.
For some years Air. Tiffany was associated
in the law business with Jacob Klein, with
whom he remained in the most pleasant and
intimate business relations until January,
1 8Si). when Mr. Klein became one of the
judges of the circuit court ; after that he was
associated for some time with Mr. William E.
Fisse, but for some years before his death
he was in business with his brother, Dexter
Tiffany.
As a lawyer he was remarkable for his com-
prehensive and accurate knowledge of the law
in all its branches. He was possessed of what
the lawyers call "a legal mind," keen, clear-
headed and practical ; able to make instant
application of the controlling legal principles
to the facts of a given case. Systematic and
sure in all his mental processes, with a clear
perception and well-trained reasoning facul-
ties of a high order, he was a formidable op-
ponent in the trial of cases and in forensic
arguments. But he never trusted to his
natural ability ; he thoroughly prepared for
every occasion, and, as might be expected,
was generally successful.
Aside from the law, he had a mine of in-
formation. He was at all times a great reader
and student, and had command of French,
Spanish and German, as well as of the classics
and of English. Having traveled extensively,
he had a fund of knowledge gathered person-
ally by a keen and intelligent observation in
foreign lands, and with all these riches of a
bright intellect he li ived t" entertain, and many
times astounded his friends. He was a genial
and companionable man, but cared little for
the ostentatious shows of society.
Encouraged by his father, he began, when
vet a boy, the collection of postage stamps
and .if publications relating to that subject.
This brought him into prominence and corre-
spondence with philatelists all over the world.
For many years he was the president of the
American" Philatelical Societv, and wrote a
number of books and monographs relating to
stamps and stamp-collecting. His philatelical
library is probably the best in this country,
and his collection of stamps is almost ex-
haustive. Up to the time he ceased col-
ecting, a few years before his death, he de-
voted his attention more particularly to the
collection of philatelic literature.
In private life he devoted himself to the
care of his own and of the family estate, show-
ing rare judgment in the management thereof.
He was a devoted husband and father, and a
most loyal and generous friend. As pure in
heart as he was honest and true in all his deal-
ings, he was thoroughly beloved and abso-
lutely trusted by every one who knew him.
For several years before his death he suf-
fered much from a constantly aggravating
malady, but he never lost his cheerfulness nor
made complaint. He bore the troubles that
befell his lot with a sturdy and heroic forti-
tude and resignation, and few of his friends
knew of his ailment until they were shocked
by the notice of his death, which occurred in
St. Louis on March 3, 1897.
Compressed into a few words, his most in-
timate friend wrote of him this short and ex-
pressive eulogy: "He was a man of supreme
intelligence, tine education and a wide range
of information ; upright to the last degree,
pure in heart and mind, and of clean hands
and a noble disposition.''
Like many another lawyer he lived a quiet,
rational, useful life; discharged the duties of
his profession and to his clients with devotion
and singleness of purpose ; was fearless in his
opposition to political frauds, maintained a
high sense of duty as a citizen, and was dearly
beloved by his family and a circle of warm
friends, who will cherish his memory until
they answer the summons of that inevitable
hour which comes to all.
He was twice married, first to Caroline
Barnard, of Worcester, on July 28, 1869. She
died August 24, 1871. On December 8, 1875,
he was married to Miss Madge Peters, who
survives him. A daughter of the first mar-
riage, now Mrs. Caroline B. T. Smith, of Bos-
ton, and a daughter of the second marriage,
Miss Edith Peters Tiffanv, are his onlv chil-
Tilo Manufacture
Tile."
-See " Brick and
^ Cz^^^-'f «/ ^ ^fAC^-
TIMKEN.
Timken, Henry, famous both as in-
ventor and manufacturer, was born August
16, 1831, near the city of Bremen, Germany.
He was one of seven children — six sons and
one daughter — and came of good family, his
father, Jacob Timken, having been a prosper-
ous farmer, owning lands near Bremen. His
mother died when he was four years of age,
and three years later, in 1835, his father im-
migrated with his family to this country, set-
tling first in St. Louis. After residing here a
year the elder Timken bought a large tract
of land near Sedalia, Missouri, where he car-
ried on extensive farming operations for many
years thereafter, and where he died at the age
of eighty-four years. Henry Timken attended
a country school near Sedalia until he was six-
teen years of age, and when not in school did
his share of work on his father's farm. Not
being inclined to agricultural pursuits, he left
home at the age of sixteen, and, coming to
St. Louis, apprenticed himself to the wagon-
maker's trade with Caspar Schurmeier, who
was then one of the leading wagon and car-
riagemakers of the city. After completing his
apprenticeship he continued to work at his
trade until 1855, when he established a small
carriage factory of his own in St. Louis, on
Fourth Street, near Morgan. After continu-
ing in business at that location with a fair
degree of success for some years, he formed
a partnership with his father-in-law, and es-
tablished a branch of the same business at
Belleville, Illinois, under the firm name of
Timken & Heinzelmann, continuing at the
same time his business in St. Louis. In i860,
tempted by the glowing reports of gold dis-
coveries in Colorado, he sold out his manu-
facturing interests and went to Pike's Peak.
Six months' "prospecting" convinced him,
however, that he was not destined to accumu-
late a' fortune by this process, and, resolving
to content himself with the fruits of indus-
try and honest effort, he returned to St. Louis.
Here he again embarked in the carriage-man-
ufacturing business, establishing his factory
on Sixth Street, between Morgan Street and
Franklin Avenue. During the Civil War his
business was interrupted to a considerable
extent by his military services, he having en-
listed first in the regiment of Home Guards
commanded by B. Gratz Brown, and at the
expiration of this term of service, in the Thir-
teenth Regiment of the Missouri Militia, in
which he served for three years as a captain.
His manufacturing operations were also seri-
ously interfered with and his prosperity re-
tarded during this period by the burning of
his factory in 1864. Rebuilding the factory
soon after, however, he continued in business
on Sixth Street until 1877, when he removed
to a new and admirably equipped establish-
ment located on St. Charles Street, between
Tenth and Eleventh Streets. He first became
known as an inventor in 1877, when he in-
troduced to the carriage trade of the country
the "Timken spring," which was the product
of his genius, and which has since carried his
name and fame to all parts of the country and
into foreign lands. Since then he has invented
and patented many other devices, one of
which is now attracting widespread attention,
and which is known as the "Timken roller-
bearing axle." Having accumulated a hand-
some fortune as a result of his manufacturing
operations and the large use of his inventions,
he retired from active business in 1887 and
established his home at San Diego, California.
He discovered, however, after a time that his
active mind and restless energy would not
allow him to rest content without some occu-
pation, and at the end of five years' residence
in California and six months of travel in
Europe he again established himself in the
carriage-manufacturing business in St. Louis
in 1894. At that time he erected a large whole-
sale carriage factory at 3100 North Second
Street, associating with him his two rons in
the formation of a corporation, of which he
is president : W. R. Timken, secretary and
treasurer, and H. H. Timken, superintendent.
This corporation is known as the Timken
Carriage Company, and its manufacturing
plant is famous among institutions of its kind
in the West. In addition to his well earned
celebrity as an inventor, Mr. Timken enjoys
the distinction of having contributed largely
to the upbuilding of the carriage-making in-
dustry in the West. As a consequence, he
has occupied a prominent and influential posi-
tion among the carriage-builders of the coun
try, and during the years 1896 and 1807 he was
president of the Carriage-Builders' National
Association, the largest and oldest trade- asso-
ciation in the country. He presided at the
deliberations of the association at its meet-
ing held in New York in October of 1897,
that being the twenty-fifth anniversary of its
formation. He had been then a member of
the association for twenty rears, and his ad-
TINKER— TIRMENSTEIN.
dress at the opening session of the associa-
tion's meeting constituted an interesting re-
view of its history and accomplishments, and
contained much wholesome advice to the car-
riagemakers of the country. In addition to
his manufacturing interests, he is the owner
of agricultural lands in Kansas and extensive
orange and lemon groves in San Diego
County, California. A believer in the theory
that travel broadens one's mind and is an ex-
cellent educator, he has visited all parts of
the United States and has seen much of
Europe. Mr. Timken married, in 1855, Miss
Fredericka Heinzelmann, of St. Louis, and
has a family of two sons and three daughters.
The suns have already been mentioned as as-
sociates of their father in business, and they
are in every way worth}' to become his suc-
cessors. His daughters are: Mrs. A. S.
Bridges, of St. Louis, and Mrs. John H. Fry
and Miss Cora Timken, now living in Paris,
France, both of whom are artists of recognized
talents and ability.
Tinker, George, manufacturer, was
born March 25, 1824, in Slippery Rock Town-
ship, Butler County, Pennsylvania, son of
Joshua and Ann (Wainwright) Tinker. His
father, who was born in Yorkshire, England,
in 1777. came to this country in 1810 and set-
tled in Butler County, Pennsylvania, where
he embarked in the manufacture of woolen
goods. The son, George Tinker, acquired a
plain English education and then began serv-
ing three years' apprenticeship to the woolen
manufacturer's trade with David Phipps &
Co., of Scrub Grass Creek-. Venango County,
Pennsylvania. As a boy he worked at this
business for a compensation of six dollars per
month. Later he worked at the trade as a
journeyman, but, because he did not find
this occupation either congenial or profitable,
he abandoned it. and learned the maltster';
trade, with his uncle, Joseph Wainwright, in
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1851
he came to St, Louis, arriving here on the 16th
of < >ctober of thai year. 1 1< began work here
in the Fulton Brewery, which was owned and
operated by his cousin, Samuel Wainwright,
father of Ellis Wainwright, now president of
the St. Louis Brewing Association. He had
the sagacity to perceive that as the brewing
business grew in St. Louis the malting busi-
ness must also become profitable, and in 1852
he engaged in the manufacture of malt under
the firm name of Z. W. & G. Tinker, their
place of business being on Third Street, be-
tween Plum and Cedar Streets. In 1857 Mr.
William Smith entered the firm, and the name
was changed to the Tinker Brewing Com-
pany, which became known as the most ex-
tensive manufacturer of malt in the Western
country, supplying the breweries of St. Louis,
and also those of other cities. In 1864 Mr.
Tinker and his associates erected a new malt
house in the middle of the block between
Ninth and Tenth Streets, extending from
Franklin Avenue to Wash Street. Even this
large establishment did not supply the increas-
ing demand for their product, and later
another malt house was erected, on Seven-
teenth Street, between Market Street and
Clark Avenue. In 1879 this enterprise was
incorporated, under the name of the Tinker
& Smith Malting Company, Mr. Tinker's son,
Zach W. Tinker, becoming connected with
the new corporation. For a period of fifty
years the elder Tinker was actively identified
with this enterprise, retiring at that time to
make room for younger men and to enjoy the
rest to which he was entitled. He is still, how-
ever, a large stockholder in the Columbia
Brewery, of which his son is treasurer,
and other manufacturing enterprises and cor-
porations. Always a generous friend, he is
no less sympathetic and kindly in his old age
than in earlier years, and his purse and his
heart are always open to the appeals of those
in distress. He is a member of the Episco-
palian Church, and independent in politics. Of
six children born to him, only one survives,
this one being the well known Zach W. Tinker,
prominent as a man of affairs in St. Louis.
Tirmenstein, Martin S., publisher,
was born March 16. 1858. in St. Louis, son
of Samuel X. and Dorothea Tirmenstein. His
father, who was born in Saxony and immi-
grated to this country in 1840, was one of the
pioneer coppersmiths of St. Louis, and did
much of the copper work necessary in the
construction of the early breweries of this city.
He was a member of the old Phoenix Fire
Department, and helped haul the first truck
which arrived on the scene of the conflagra-
tion and opened the first fire plug in the great
lire of 1841). The elder Tirmenstein was also
a member of the original German Immigra-
tion Society of St. Louis, and a devout
Lutheran churchman. He died in 1875, at
TOBACCO. CAROT OF— TOBACCO RING.
the age of forty-four years. The son grew up
and obtained his education in St. Louis, being
graduated from the Lutheran Parochial,
Walther College and the Polytechnic Scho >1.
In 1875 he became a clerk for Robert Barth,
German consul at St. Louis, and retained that
position two years. At the end of that time
he transferred his services to the book and
stationery firm of Gray, Baker & Co., becom-
ing its cashier. He was thus employed until
1879, when he became connected with the
.Missouri Tent & Awning Company, retain-
ing his position with that house until 1891,
and becoming secretary and treasurer of the
corporation which succeeded the original
partnership. While in the employ of this com-
pany he was also secretary of the Huguley
Manufacturing Company, of West Point,
Georgia, a corporation which operated one of
the largest cotton mills in the South. Resign-
ing both these positions in the year 1891, he
was made assistant manager of the Con-
cordia Publishing House, located ait 3560
South Jefferson Avenue. In the autumn fol-
lowing he was promoted to general manager
of this publishing house, and still retains that
position, which is one of importance and great
responsibility. Mr. Tirmenstein is one of the
worthy self-made men of St. Louis, and has
reached his present position of prominence
and influence after long years of faithful and
persistent effort. He received as compensa-
tion for his services when he began work as
a clerk after his father's death twelve dollars
per month, but then, as now. he discharged
his duties faithfully, and faithful services in
one position have from time to time gained
for him promotion to more important and
more remunerative positions. As a youth
he had a somewhat interesting military ex-
perience, and saw service during the great
railroad strike of 1877 as a member of Com-
pany A, of the Merchants' Guard. His re-
ligious affiliations are with Holy Cross
Church, of the Evangelical Lutheran denomi-
nation. He married, April 26, 1885, Miss
Clara Lange, daughter of Charles F. Lange,
a well known queensware merchant of St.
Louis. Their children are Martin S., Alvin
W., Hilda C. Charles M„ and Clara L. Tir-
menstein. At 3546 California Avenue Mr.
Tirmenstein owns a handsome home, which
is the reward in part of his successful labors,
and his domestic tastes have found expression
in its artistic adornment and in surrounding
his family with all the comforts of life,
Tobacco, Carot of. — The "can it" of to-
bacco was a medium of exchange <>f limited
circulation among the pioneers of tin- Missis-
sippi Valley. These carots were rolls of to-
bacco, so called from their fancied resemblam 1
to the esculent root which we call the carrot.
They had a definite weight, and their usual
value was about two "livres." They were in
common use and demand in both Upper and
Lower Louisiana, because of their conven-
ience, and are still made for home consump-
tion on the tobacco plantations of Louisiana.
Tobacco Inspector. — A State officer
appointed by the Governor, and holding office
for two years. His office is in St. Louis. He
weighs every hogshead of leaf tobacco that
is received in the city to be sold, and marks or
brands the weight on the hogshead, lie in-
spects it also, by first stripping the hogshead
and breaking the tobacco in not less than two
nor more than four places, taking a sample
from each break. The samples are returned
and the hogshead restored in good order and
marked "Missouri State Tobacco Inspection."
The fee is twenty-five cents for inspecting a
hogshead, and it is provided that the ware-
house charges, including inspection fee. shall
not exceed three dollars.
Tobacco King-. — In the year [867 a
number of tobacco manufacturers in St. Louis
and other places in Missouri, tempted by the
crude nature of the internal revenue system,
fell into the habit of defrauding the govern-
ment by placing their tobacco on the market
without paying the excise tax. The govern-
ment had not then adopted the method of af
fixing stamps on the caddies to denote that the
tax had been paid. The practice was to mark
the caddy containing tobacco with a brand.
This was easily counterfeited, and the fraud
came to be practiced so extensively as to at-
tract the attention of ( leneral John VV. X'oble,
at that time LTiited States district atl
There was no organization in the natui
"ring." and no understanding ■
parties practicing the fraud: the; acted
one for himself Nevertheless, the disl
habit was carried on for five years, until b
up bv an unsparing pri 1
ers. Their factories v
!278
TOBACCO TRADE.
with them, large lots of manufactured tobacco,
bearing counterfeit brands, and confiscated to
the government, and the offenders arrested.
tried and convicted. The seized property was
valued at $200,000. This vigorous prosecu
tion 1 in ike up the offenders, and so thoroughly
destroyed the business that it was never at-
tempted again.
Tobacco Trade. — Tobacco is a gift of
barbarism to civilization. It was not known
in Europe before the discovery of America,
nor for nearly a hundred years afterward, al-
though the American Indians had been accus-
tomed tn it from a time further back than even
their traditions reach, and one of the first and
most interesting novelties in which our Euro-
pean ancestors were called upon to take part
with the red men was smoking the pipe of
peace. It was the great Sir Walter Raleigh,
most probably, to whom the English people
are indebted for their first acquaintance with
tobacco. Raleigh was founder and patron of
the colony planted on Roanoke Island, and it
was from that settlement that Ralph Lane, in
the year 1586, took to England a small lot of
the weed and gave it to his patron, with in-
structions as to how to smoke it. Raleigh ex-
hibited it as one of the products of his Amer-
ican colony, and, backed by his name and ex-
ample, tobacco-smoking came into use as a
fashion of the day. It did not make its way.
however, without opposition, for, in the reign
of James I, that pedantic monarch wrote and
published an essay on its evil effects. This
royal protest seems to have had no better suc-
cess than the hundreds of similar articles that
have been written and published since, for the
use of tobacco continued to spread until it
encircled the globe, and the fragrant weed be-
came the basis of valuable industries, and the
material of an important international com-
merce. Virginia was the colony in which to-
bacco was most carefully cultivated, and in
which the weed was accorded peculiar honors.
The systematic cultivation of it was introduced
in 1612 by John Rolfe, distinguished for be-
ing the husband of the Indian princess, Poca-
hontas, and it not onh became the chief ex-
port crop of the State, but came to be its cur-
rency and the measure of values. Debts were
contracted ami paid in it, and so main- pounds
of tobacco would bin anything for sale, from
a house to a piece of cloth. Tobacco is now
.cultivated as a crop in sixteen States of the
Union, and the annual yield is several hundred
million pounds. In 1888 it was 565,795,000
pounds, valued at $43,666,665. Kentucky is,
and for many years has been, the chief to-
bacco-growing State, yielding about one-third
of the whole crop of the country. The Ken-
tucky crop in 1888 was 283,306,000 pounds;
the Virginia crop, 64,034,000 pounds: the
Tennessee crop, 45,641,000 pounds; Ohio,
35,195,000 pounds; North Carolina, 25,755,-
000 pounds; Missouri, 13,100,000 pounds.
Down to 1865 Missouri was one of the largest
tobacco-growing States of the Union, and its
annual crop was three times as great as in
1888, the choice leaf of Callaway, Pike, Chari-
ton and Franklin Counties ranking high for
shipping purposes, and still higher for manu-
facturing. In the old days of the State To-
bacco Warehouse, hogsheads of fine, bright
wrapping leaf from Callaway were known to
sell for $100 per 100 pounds, and even higher.
But the farmers of the tobacco districts of Mis-
souri gradually diminished their crops, turn-
ing their attention to wheat and stock, until.
in 1S04, the tobacco yield of the State was only
8,296,000 pounds. There is no farm crop
raised in this country that demands more con-
stant care and minute treatment than this
weed. The seeds are sown in plant beds in
February, and the plants are set out in thor-
oughly prepared ground in the latter part of
May or the first part of June. As soon as they
begin to grow the ground is lightly but care-
tully cultivated with plow or cultivator, every
two weeks, with a free use of the hoe around
the plants, between the plowings, so as to keep
tin ground entirely free from weeds. When
the stalk begins to shoot up the tobacco fly
visits the field regularly about sunset, and de-
posits her eggs on the leaves, and in a few days
the worms make their appearance. And now
the tug of war begins — the tobacco must be
"wormed" incessantly, to keep it from being
devoured, for the worms will destroy the crop
in forty-eight hours, if let alone. The "worm-
ing" consists in searching every leaf of every
plant, picking off the worms and pulling them
asunder in the fingers, a task that is anything
but romantic, for a fullgrown worm is three
ti i fi air inches long, with a horn on its tail, and,
when gorged with tobacco, is a black-green,
repulsive monster to look at, and still worse to
handle. When the plant is a foot high it is
"topped" to twelve leaves, and these leaves
will then grow so large as to touch across the
TOBACCO TRADE.
2^7!»
rows. About the first of September the plants
are ripe, and the "cutting" begins, the process
consisting in splitting the stalk down to about
eight inches from the ground, and cutting it
off just above the ground. The plants, after
wilting, are straddled on sticks and hung on a
scaffold several days, to yellow, and then re-
moved and hung in the barn and "fired" by
means of a log or coal fire on the ground,
which dries up the sap in the stalk and stem.
The crop is now secure, and there is nothing
more to be done but wait for spells of damp
weather in the winter and spring for stripping
off the leaves and tying them up into "hands"
for hauling to market, or prizing into hogs-
heads.
The manufacture of tobacco for chewing
purposes was begun in St. Louis by Thomas
Campbell about the year 1837, and was pur-
sued in a small way, by hand process, and with
moderate profit, by a number of persons
until the internal revenue system came into
full operation. This system had a similar
effect on tobacco manufacturing to that which
it had on brewing — to diminish the number of
factories, turn the business into the hands of
persons and corporations having ample cap-
ital, making it enormously profitable. At one
time there were sixty-five tobacco factories in
St. Louis, but the effect of the internal tax
was, in the end, to reduce the number to less
than a third. Notwithstanding the gradual .
decline in tobacco raising in Missouri, tobacco
manufacturing largely increased, until, in
1897, St. Louis stood at the head of the cities
of the world in this business, the annual pro-
duct of its factories increasing from 5,751,185
pounds, valued at $2,300,000, in 1872, to 17,-
170,190 pounds, valued at $6,800,000 in 1882;
to 57'677.35i pounds, valued at $23,000,000
in 1892, and to 62,588,227 pounds, valued at
$25,035,000, in 1897. As St. Louis is the seat
of the largest brewery in the world, it is the
seat of the largest chewing tobacco factories
in the world, and their annual product is dou-
ble that of any other city in the Union. Be-
fore the development of the business of manu-
facturing chewing tobacco in St. Louis into its
present proportions the tobacco crop of Mis-
souri supplied all the material our factories
required — and more, besides, for a large pro-
portion of Missouri tobacco received in St.
Louis was shipped to Europe. But as the de-
cline in the cultivation of the staple in Mis-
souri was accompanied by an increase in the
demand fur manufacturing purposes, the St.
Louis manufacturers were forced to look else-
where for a supply, and now they not only take
nearly all the Missouri leaf raised that is suit-
able for their purposes, but they import largely
from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Vir-
ginia. In 1865 the receipts of leaf tobacco in
St. Louis were 16,4X3 hogsheads; in 1875 they
were 13,110 hogsheads; in 1885 they were 31/
481 hogsheads, and in 1897 they were 53,850
hogsheads. In 1867 the shipments were 16,-
273 hogsheads; in 1875 they were 3,951) hogs-
heads. The shipments have steadily declined
till they consist only of such qualities of the
weed as are not available for manufacturing
purposes. The St. Louis trade in manufac-
tured tobacco, which is very large, does not
consist exclusively in the shipment of the
products of its factories ; the city is a distribut-
ing point for the products of outside factories
also. In 1890 the receipts of manufactured to-
bacco were 13,048,727 pounds; in 1892 they
were 25,004,118 pounds, and in 1896 they
were 16,253,510 pounds. The total shipment,
in 1890 were 57,350,696 pounds; in 1892.
76.021,818 pounds, and in 1896 they were
64,114,500 pounds. The history of what is
called fine-cut chewing tobacco reveals a cu-
rious freak in the trade. At one time this form
of the weed was in demand, and great quanti-
ties of it were made in St. Louis, one of the
largest factories limiting its business almost
exclusively to the manufacture of choice and
popular brands of fine-cut, which met with a
ready sale and rapid consumption in the West,
while the manufacturers of plug had difficulty
in holding their share of the trade. White
burley leaf was the best material for making
fine-cut, because, in addition to a rich golden
color, it possessed the merit of being loose and
spongy in packages, and, so long as the fine-
cut was made of this leaf, it held the field. But
when fine-cut came to be made of other varie-
ties of leaf it declined in popular favor, and
when, about the same time, the plug manufac-
turers took advantage of the situation !•> use
the hurley and other fine tobacco more freeh
in their goods, the tide turned to the plug
form, and the consumption of fine-cut rapidly
declined. At one time nearly half the
ing tobacco made in St. Lnui< was fine-cut;
but. in 1806, the quantity had fallen to
pi muds, while the output of plug had
mously increased. Tobac 1 1
tributor to the revenue-
2280
TOBACCO WAREHOUSE— TODD.
merit. In 1872 the factories in St. Louis paid
in internal revenue taxes $1,358,717; in 1882
the\ paid $2,728,525; in [892 they paid $3,-
460,641, and in [897 they paid $3,755,293. In
the twenty-five years, from [872 to 1896, in-
clusive, the) paid in the aggregate over $70,-
000,000. In tin- twenty-seven years, from
i86q to [8 15, inclusive, manufactured tobacco
in the whole countn paid in taxes $914,000,-
of which vast sum 8X3, 000,000 was paid
in St. Louis.
The manufacture of chewing plug requires
the choicest and best leaf that can be raised —
soft and silk) to the touch, of close, delicate
texture, gummy, and of rich, brown color —
and for this kind the manufacturers pay the
highest price. The leaves must be whole,
without worm-eaten spots, not frostbitten nor
smoked in firing, nor "house-burnt" — a de-
fective condition from being hung too close to
the barn. The manufacturing process con-
sists in stemming, or stripping out the central
stem in the leaf, sweetening, flavoring, rolling,
pressing and packing. The sweetening is
done with syrup made of the best white sugar,
and the flavoring with licorice and added flav-
ors that are sometimes a trade secret. The
leaves are then made into rolls, each being
covered with a bright wrapper, and these are
subjected to heavy pressure in hydraulic
presses, to force them into flat plugs, which is
the marketable form. These are pressed into
strong packing boxes, which are branded and
sent off. Sometimes, instead of being rolled
and made into plug, it is made into twist. Dif-
ferent qualities, shapes and flavoring are de-
manded by different markets. In the North
chewers want plenty of sweetening and lico-
rice m their tobaccc m Missouri. Virginia
Kentucky and other Southern and some of
the Western States the) want it nearly in the
condition of natural leaf, slightly sweetened
and delicately flavored. Sailors want their to-
bacco black and strong. < (ccasionall) a cer-
tain brand of chewing tobacco will suit the
popular taste, and it will have a run for ten or
twenty years, and yield to the manufacturers
millions of dollars. The tobacco factories of
St. Louis employ over 4.000 persons, many of
them women and girls, whose average earn-
'mSs are $328 a year. D. M. Grissom
Tobacco Warehouse.— In 1843 the
Legislature provided for a State inspection
of leaf tobacco, which at that time was an
important crop in a number of counties, and
had a State tobacco warehouse built on the
corner of Washington Avenue and Sixth
Street. It was a plain brick structure, two
stories high, having no architectural pre-
t( rises, and having no purpose other than that
of a shelter for the hogsheads of tobacco,
which then constituted a very important fea-
ture of the trade of the city. But, while the
structure was intended only for the accommo-
dation of tobacco hogsheads and a meeting
place for sellers and buyers, the city people
soon found it adapted to other uses. It occu-
pied a quarter of the block, and its spacious
upper floors served for a drill room, a dancing
room for public balls and festivals, and a place
for holding public meetings. When the State
abandoned the inspection of tobacco the place
was closed up. and the tobacco received in
the city went into private warehouses. In
[859 the property was sold by the State, and
passed first into the hands of Jameson & Cot-
ting, a dry goods firm; afterward into the
hands of John J. Roe, and again into those
of John G. Copelin, who bought it for $190,-
000. In [873 the warehouse was destroyed by
fire.
Todd, Albert, lawyer, was born near
Cooperstown, < >tsego County. New York,
March 4. 1813. and died in St. Louis.
April 30. 1885. He was one of a family
of eleven children, and had eight brothers
and two sisters. His father was a practical-
minded man, and. while the son's early edu-
cation was not neglected, he was trained to
work', and impressed with the view that in-
dustry is one of the cardinal virtues. When
he began to think about selecting a life occu-
pation he was inclined to take to the sea. but
after a brief experience on one of the coasting
vessels of that period he resumed his studies
and fitted himself for a professional career. In
[832 he matriculated at Amherst College, but
a year later left that institution and entered
the sophomore class of Yale College, from
which institution he was graduated with class
honors in 1836. During a portion of his senior
\ear he engaged in teaching school, and thus
defrayed his college expenses for that year.
\fter leaving college he chose the law as the
nrofession which he would follow, and began
his studies in the office of Judge Arphaxed
Loomis, of Little Falls. Herkimer County.
\"ew York. At the end of a three vears'
TODD.
2281
course of study he was licensed to practice
law, and in the year 1839 entered upon his
professional career in St. Louis. He was
licensed to practice in the courts of this State
by Judge Tompkins in the spring of 1840, and
at once impressed himself upon the bar of this
city as a lawyer of thorough education, supe-
rior attainments, and admirable qualifications
for practice in the Western courts. From that
time forward until he sought a well earned
retirement he was one of the recognized lead-
ers of the St. Louis bar, and a conspicuous
figure in public life. In 1854 he was elected
to the lower branch of the Missouri Legisla-
ture, and rendered valuable services to the
State in connection with the revision of the
statutory law of Missouri. During the earlier
years of his residence in St. Louis he was an
active and influential member of the Whig
party, but later drifted, with the conservative
Whig element, into the Democratic party. He
was a candidate for Congress in i860 on the
Bell and Everett ticket, but suffered defeat,
as did all the candidates on that ticket in Mis-
souri. He was a member of the Constitutional
Convention of 1875, anf' a prime mover in
bringing about the separation of St. Louis
from St. Louis County, in accordance with the
plans which he had previously helped to origi-
nate. He had some years before this retired
from the practice of law. except as counselor,
and his term of service in that conven-
tion was his last public service in an official
capacity. He, however, continued for many
years thereafter to take an active interest in
public affairs, being especially interested in
matters relating to popular education and the
right of suffrage. He was a firm believer in
the common school system, and in public
lectures and speeches urged that it was the
duty of the State to provide for the non-
sectarian education of its youth and fit its
voting population for the intelligent exercise
of the elective franchise. He favored com-
pulsory common school education, and also
believed that the qualified voter should be
compelled by law to exercise the right of
suffrage and participate in the government of
the country. These views, which were then
thought by many to be altogether radical,
have since been endorsed by many of the
deepest thinkers and most intelligent students
of social and governmental problems in the
United States. Mr. Todd was one of the
founders of Washington Universitv. was long
a member of its board of trustees, and gave
his services gratuitously to its law department,
in which he held a professorship for many
years. He was one of the men who hud
the foundations of the St. Louis Agricultural
& Mechanical Association, of the University
Club, the Public School Library, the Mercan-
tile Library, and the Missouri Historical So-
ciety. He helped organize the St. Louis Bar
Association, was a member of the Academy
of Sciences, and a founder of the St. Louis
Cremation Society. The Humane Society and
other charitable and philanthropic organiza-
tions also profited by his connection with
them and his generous and liberal efforts in
behalf of the causes which they represented.
He married Miss Jane Wilson, of Little Falls,
Xew York. The only children born of their
union were two daughters, of whom one died
in infancy. The other, a most amiable and
accomplished ladv, who became Mrs. John H.
Terry, died in 1888.
Todd, Charles, manufacturer, was born
in Northampton, Massachusetts, May I, 1817,
>on of Ira and Sally (Hinman) Todd. His
paternal ancestors were Scotch people, who
came to this country almost at the beginning
of the colonial period, his immigrant ances-
tor, Christopher Todd, having been one of the
original colonists of Xew Haven, Connnecti-
-eut. In the maternal line he was descended
from English ancestors, some of whom were
conspicuous in the English naval service.
Charles Todd's great-grandfather, who was a
widely known millwright, erected the first
flouring mill in Xew Haven, and this historic
building occupied the site now occupied by the
Arms Manufacturing Company. His grand-
father, also a mill-builder, moved to Western
New York, where he laid out the town of
Toddsville, not far from Cooperstown, laid out
on ( Hsego Lake, by Judge William Cooper,
the father of James Fennimore Cooper, the
novelist. Judge Cooper and Jehiel Todd.
Charles Todd's grandfather, were warm
friends as well as contemporaries, and it was
at Cooper's solicitation that Todd settled near
him. Jehiel Todd served as a soldier in the
Revolutionary War. and in the later years of
his life received a pension from the govern-
ment on account of his services. The flour-
ing and paper mill which he built at T
ville is still in existence, an I i ; ^tate
of preservation, although no 1 mger in opera-
!282
TODD.
tion. Following in the footsteps of his father
and grandfather, Ira Todd engaged in the
business of building mills, factories and mill
machinery, establishing himself first at Hart-
i". .id. i !onnecticut, and in New York City. In
later years he extended his business at differ-
ent times into the States of Michigan. New
Jersey, Illinois and Missouri. He was emi-
nently successful as a manufacturer and a
man i if affairs, and Charles Todd, who was
one of a family of nine sons, began life under
favorable auspices. After receiving a rudi-
mentary education, like many New England
boys of that period, he manifested a strong in-
clination to take to the sea, and his practical-
minded father concluded to gratify him, and,
ti i cure his fancy at the same time. He there-
fore put him aboard a sailing vessel, instruct-
ing the captain to see that he performed all
of a sailor's duties and that the irksome fea-
tures of a sailor's life were vividly impressed
upon him. The result was that at the end of a
single voyage the adventurous youth was quite
content to take his father's advice, and enter
Amherst College, where he completed his edu-
cation. Leaving college at the age of eighteen
years, he became connected with his father's
business, evincing marked capacity in the con-
duct of affairs committed to his care, and espe-
cially in the management of the large number
of men in his father's employ. For a time he
was in charge of his father's interests in New
York City, and came from there to Cincinnati,
( )hio. to establish a branch of the mill furnish-
ing business. Prior to his coming to Cincin-
nati, however, and in the year 1835, his
brother George had established a branch of
the same business in St. Louis, so he left Cin-
cinnati and became a partner in the St. Louis
enterprise. Under the firm name of Ira Todd
& Sons, they were associated together in a
remarkably successful business until after the
Civil War, when Charles Todd sold his inter-
est to his brother < leorge. The manufactur-
ing enterprise which the}- established is, how-
ever, still carried on under the name of the
Todd & Stanley Mill Furnishing Company.
At the same time he was engaged in business
in St. Louis, Charles Todd also conducted a
mill furnishing business at La Salle. Illinois,
and there met the lady who became bis wife.
This lady was born Eliza A. Leonard and she
was the granddaughter of fudge Wood, one
of the first settlers of La Salle. She was a
lineal descendant of Captain David Leonard,
who was a participant in the capture of Ticon-
deroga, 1759, serving under the British King
against the French. In the War of the Revo-
lution he again buckled on his sword, but this
time to fight against his Britannic Majesty,
and in behalf of American independence. He
was a second lieutenant in the company which
marched from Bridgewater to Lexington in
1775 and bore a prominent part in later revo-
lutionary engagements. Charles Todd and
Eliza A. Leonard were married in 1850, and
in 1852 Mrs. Todd died, leaving an infant
daughter. Fanny E. Todd, who is now Airs.
Hinman H. Clark, of St. Louis. Having
been eminently successful in his manufactur-
ing operations. Mr. Todd retired from active
business at a comparatively early age, and de-
voted the remaining years of his life largely
tn study and travel and to such public affairs
as were in harmony with his tastes and in-
clinations. He was one of the chief promoters
of the Agricultural and Mechanical Fair, and
one of the founders of the association which
built up and developed that worthy enterprise.
I le was president of the association from 1861
to 1865. and was always devoted to its wel-
fare. His talents, energy and splendid bus-
iness capacity contributed largely toward
establishing the high character of the fair as-
sociation and helped to make its exhibitions
among the most famous in the history of
Western expositions of this character. He
served also with distinction as a member of
the city council of St. Louis and helped frame
the measure which provided for the building
of the first water-works reservoir. While he
had no church affiliations, he was always a
warm friend of churches and of the Christian
religion, and while not a sectarian, was in all
that the term implies a broad-minded Chris-
tian gentleman. Though not of a restless
nature, lie was exceedingly fond of foreign
travel and profited much by his contact with
the different peoples and civilizations of the
Old World. He was a close observer of
manners and habits and liked to trace the in-
fluences of the laws and customs of different
nations on the habits of the people subserv-
ient thereto. His disposition was amiable.
his manners gentle and winning, and his char-
acter without a blemish. Possessed of un-
usual suavity and charming always in his ad-
dress, his intercourse with those whom he met
was a delight to them as well as a pleasure to
himself. His mind was stored with an abund-
TONTI— TOPOGRAPHY.
2288
ance of information, and his narrations of his
experiences as a traveler and man of affairs
were full of interest. There was a warmth of
welcome in his voice and hand that could not
fail to impress all with a benevolence of heart
which was wholly unaffected and which had
many methods of manifestation even to those
who did not personally know him. He died
July 9, 1889, while temporarily sojourning at
Eureka Springs, Arkansas.
Tonti, Henry tie, explorer of the Mis-
sissippi Valley, was born in Gaeta, Italy, about
the year 1650, and died in Mobile, in what is
now the State of Alabama, in 1704. His father
was Lorenzo de Tonti, inventor of the system
of annuities, now known as the "tontine."
He sailed with La Salle for Quebec in 1678, ac-
companying him on his first expedition into
the Illinois country and remaining in com-
mand of the little garrison left at Fort Creve
Coeur when La Salle returned to Canada. In
1679 he built Fort Creve Coeur under La
Salle's direction, and in 1680 also built Fort
St. Louis, on the Illinois. He descended the
Mississippi with La Salle in 1682, leaving La
Salle on that expedition to return to Mack-
inaw for assistance. In 1686 he went to the
mouth of the Mississippi River by way of
Chicago and Fort St. Louis, to seek tidings
of La Salle, returning, after a fruitless search
for that information, to Montreal. Later, he
lived for some years among the Illinois In-
dians and was found by Iberville in the year
1700, supporting himself by hunting and trad-
ing in furs. He accompanied Iberville to the
Gulf of Mexico, and died, as already stated, at
Mobile.
Topography. — For more than half a
century the physical features of St. Louis re-
mained untouched by the hand of improve-
ment. No public system of grading was un-
dertaken prior to 1823. No changes materi-
ally altering the general surface of the ground
were made before the incorporation of St.
Louis as a city. Accordingly, the following
facts, derived from Mr. F. L. Billon and ob-
served in 1818, must present a substantially
correct view of the site of St. Louis in its
primitive condition. To avoid repetition and
the employment of terms long since obsolete,
the present names of streets and numbers of
blocks are used in this description. A glance
at Chouteau's map will show that some of the
streets mentioned in this account were not in
existence at that day, and are merely em-
ployed as a present means of identifying local-
ities. In 1764 a steep limestone bluff oc-
cupied the place of our present levee. It ex-
tended from the foot of Ashley to the foot of
Poplar. Its height above the ordinary stage
of the Mississippi was thirty-five or forty feet.
From the public square, between Market and
Walnut Streets, there was a gradual descent
to an alluvial bottom, which began in the
vicinity of Poplar Street and extended down
the river nearly two miles. It was through this
valley that the waters of 'La Petite Riviere"
flowed to the Mississippi. The mouth of the
little river was a short distance below the
present gas-works. Owing to a slight con-
vexity of the river front, the distance of
Main Street from the edge of the bluff varied
from 150 to 200 feet. The highest ground on
Main was in the rear of the public square, now
Block 7. From this central elevation there
was a descent of about five feet to Market
Street. From this point to the northern lim-
its of Main, the ground was level or slightly
rising. From the public square south, there
was a gradual slope to the foot of Plum, where,
in consequence of a slight westward curva-
ture in the river, Main Street terminated.
With one important exception Second Street
had the same general outlines as Main, but
from Chestnut to Vine there was a shallow
depression which, after rains, was muddy and
almost impassable. In the street and in the
lots on the east side, the depth of the water
was often over shoes. In 1778 this tract was
drained into the gully which obliquely crossed
Chestnut on its way to the river. On Third
Street, from the center of the village to Wash-
ington Avenue there was a rise of twenty-five
or thirty feet. From Washington Avenue
to its northern extremity Third Street
was comparatively level. From the cen-
ter southward. Third followed the gen-
eral slope of Main and Second. In 1818
Fourth Street was not in existence. The line
on which this street was subsequently laid out
ran beyond the western limits of the village.
Until about the time St. Louis assumed mu-
nicipal honors. Fourth terminated at Elm.
About 1823 Colonel Easton's land, sil
at the intersection of these
the paling fence which ib
removed, and Fourth ,• iuth-
ward. The highest crromnl on this street was
2284
TORNADOES.
between Elm and Chestnut. It was called
"the hill" and was the water-shed between
Ninth Street and the river. It was the most
elevated land enclosed within the first limits
of the city. From Chestnut there was a rapid
descent to I 'inc. At this point a deep gully,
which drained a large area lying northwest of
the village, crossed Fourth in a southeasterly
direction. North of Pine the surface of
Fourth rose with a very slight ascent. South
of Elm the ground on Fourth gently declined
to the valley of Mill Creek. The ground-
swell on Fourth Street was 35 or 40 feet higher
than the edge of the bluff, and consequently
70 or 80 feet higher than the river itself. In
17114, from Market down through the valley of
Mill Creek, there was a heavy growth of forest
trees. In 1818 a low sand-bank, from 400 to
600 feet wide, extended from the foot of Mar-
ket to the southern extremity of the village.
At the lower end of this bank there was a
slight elevation covered with bushes. In
after vears this knoll, insulated by the action
of the river and enlarged by alluvial deposits,
became Duncan's Island. At the base of the
bluff there was a flat rock about 100 feet wide.
In high stages of the river this rock was al-
wavs submerged, but in low water it afforded
a dry and unobstructed foot-path from Mar-
ket to Morgan. During high water the boat-
men were compelled to land on the "bottoms"
and ti 1 make a long detour to reach the village.
The original bounds of St. Louis were nar-
row. According to the plat of 1764, the Trad-
ing 1'ost stretched from Chouteau Avenue to
Cherry, and from the river to near Fourth.
At that time there was no street fronting on
the Mississippi. The rear yards of the first
line of buildings extended to the edge of the
bluff. Three streets ran parallel with the
river. They were named Main — or Royal —
Church, and Barn Streets. The width of
these streets was 36 French feet. Eighteen
cross Mrect- ran west from the river. Their
width was 30 French feet. Walnut was then
called "La Rue de la Tour." because it led up
to the tower on the hill, and Market was
named "La Rue de la I 'lace." because it
formed the northern border 1 if the Public
Square. < tnly two or three of the other
streets running west had distinctive names.
They were merely lanes on which there were
no houses. In 1818 the village was divided
into forty-nine blocks. Block 7, in the center
of the river front, was called "La Place." or
the Public Square. < )n this vacant space,
after the cession to the L'nited States, the first
public market-house was built. Block 34,
directly west of the Public Square, was se-
lected by Laclede for his own residence. It
was on this site that the spacious stone house,
called the Chouteau Mansion, was subse-
quently erected. Block 59. between Second
and Third, was reserved for the Catholic
church and cemetery. The blocks between
Walnut and Market were 300 French feet
square: all the rest of the blocks had a front-
age 1 if 240 by a depth of 300 French feet.
Within the limits of the village the original
grants to settlers were commonly restricted to
a quarter of a block ; a few favored individuals
obtained half-blocks, and in three or four in-
stances, official distinction, meritorious serv-
ice, or social dignity secured the concession of
a whole block. In 1818 there were only two
approaches from the river to the town. These
led up Market and Morgan Streets. The as-
cent was steep, rocky and difficult. Under
the town organization no steps were taken to
provide additional means of access, but soon
after the adoption of a municipal government
other streets were cut through the bluff to the
river.
Tornadoes. — A destructive tornado vis-
ited St. Louis on the 27th of June. 1833. which
unroofed and demolished many dwellings, up-
rooted shade trees and injured several per-
sons, killing one. What was known as the
North \\ ard Market-house was entirely de-
stroyed, a portion of the Methodist Church
was carried away, and the cupola of the Epis-
copal Church was blown down. There is no
authentic record of an earlier visitation of the
same character, or of a storm which inflicted
any serious damage on the place. April 27,
185-'. a terrific hail and wind storm swept over
the city, which did much damage, but caused
no loss of life. Carondelet suffered more
severely than St. Louis from this storm, be-
tween twenty and thirty buildings being un-
roofed or otherwise injured in that place.
March 8, 1871. East St. Louis and the eastern
shore of the Mississippi River were practically
devastated by a tornado which came from the
si mthwest and swept along the river bank with
an estimated velocity of sixty to seventy miles
an hour. This storm demolished a grain ele-
vator and wrecked the freight house of the
Vandalia Railwav and the St. Louis & South-
TORNADOES.
2285
western freight house and depot. A loco-
motive and train of ten cars were blown from
the track, the depot and freight houses of the
Chicago & Alton Railroad were greatly dam-
aged, and three freight houses belonging to the
Ohio & Mississippi Railway Company were
blown from their foundations. Many other
buildings were wholly or partially destroyed,
and the steamer "Mollie Able," the ferry
boats "Edwardsville" and "Milwaukee," and
the ram "Vindicator" were wrecked. The
victims of this tornado were seven persons
killed and more than fifty injured. On the
night of January 12, 1890, a storm visited St.
Louis in which four people were killed and
fifteen injured and much property destroyed.
May 27, 1896, St. Louis was struck by a tor-
nado which occasioned an appalling loss of
life and property. About five o'clock on the
afternoon of that day the storm burst sud-
denly upon the city, coming from the south-
west, and, passing down the valley south of the
railroad track, laid waste an area about two
miles wide by three miles in length. The
storm was severely felt in other portions of the
city, near the river and north of its general
course. In East St. Louis there was a
frightful wreckage of buildings of all kinds,
attended by great loss of life. A heavy rain
storm accompanied the tornado, increasing
the horrors of the situation and seriously im-
peding the work of rescuing the wounded and
caring for those who were without shelter.
"The devastated district was in darkness, all
electric plants having been disabled and miles
of poles and wires destroyed. In man)' places
the gas was also cut off. Several fires oc-
curred, which happily were extinguished by
the rain. Every street railroad in the city
was disabled and traffic completely suspended.
The Olive Street Cable Line, however, escaped
serious damage and was able to resume serv-
ice later in the evening, but thousands of peo-
ple were compelled to walk to their homes in
the blinding rain. Railroad traffic was also
entirely suspended, no trains leaving or enter-
ing the city during the night. The gloom
that pervaded the city during that eventful
night can better be imagined than described.
When the morning broke the full force of the
disaster was realized. As the business men
gathered on 'Change the one prevailing
thought was the desire to extend immediate
help to those who had been rendered home-
less. No attempt was made to transact bus-
iness. At 12 o'clock President Spencer, of
the Merchants' Exchange, called a meeting
of the members and suggested that a sub-
scription be at once started and committees
appointed to look after the unfortunate. Al-
though the attendance was slight, many of the
merchants being absent engaged in looking
after their own homes or those of their friends
who resided in the stricken district, the sum of
$15,000 was subscribed in a few moments, and
a general executive committee appointed to
prosecute the good work. This committee
met at once and appointed sub-committees to
solicit funds, and other committees to dis-
tribute relief, with full authority to take charge
of the work, and appoint sub-committees.
The St. Louis Provident Association, the St.
Vincent de Paul Society, the Hebrew Relief
Association, the Ladies' Emergency Aid So-
ciety, the South Broadway Merchants' As-
sociation, and others offered their services,,
and were placed in charge of sub-districts.
Immediate relief in the shape of food, cloth-
ing, furniture and bedding were freely given,
and at the end of two weeks every known suf-
ferer by the storm had been fed, clothed and
housed. Then the systematic work of in-
vestigation was taken up and relief extended
to many who had not applied for aid in the
various districts. As nearly as can be ascer-
tained about 8,000 families, representing
40,000 persons, were assisted. The call of the
committee for money to carry on the work of
relief was responded to in a most liberal man-
ner by the people of St. Louis, and generous
subscriptions were also received from outside
the city. The amount received by the Mer-
chants' Exchange Relief Committee and the
Rebuilding Committee was $267,430.49. In
addition $4,101.90 was collected from the pub-
lic schools. $2,624.37 by the Broadway Mer-
chants' Association, and a very large amount.
estimated at over $100,000. was distributed
personally by friends and neighbors. A large
quantity of clothing, bedding, etc.. was also
donated, some of which was distributed by the
general committee and the balance by individ-
uals. So it is safe to say that aid to the amount
of $400,000 was rendered to the tornado suf-
ferers. The official report of killed and in-
jured, as furnished by the health depart!
was as follows :
Killed
Drowned Trolll boat*
Injured and treated from H • ■ ■
2286
TOWER.
The following statement shows the num-
ber of houses damaged and gives an approxi-
mate estimate of the property loss incurred :
Number of houses considerably damaged 26;
Number of houses damaged (not to exceed iy$) ■ - •■-■>•/
Total
Loss on buildings •
Loss on personal property (household effects, etc.] ■ 1,191,8'
Loss "ii machinery, stocks of merchandise, and
property tiol included in the above 1,360.000
Total flo.239.oco
Buildings entirely destroyed 321
Number of buildings that cost less than $3,000 each . . ,651
Numberof buildings that cost less than $1,500 each . . 1,171
The damages included in the above esti-
mate to overhead wire system, were $500,-
000; to churches, $400,000; to schools, $100,-
000 ; and to the shipping interests over $400,-
000.
Tower, Georj>e Franklin, merchant,
was born June 3, 1825, in Lancaster, Mas-
sachusetts, and died in St. Louis, Novem-
ber 30, 1893. His father was Asahel Tower,
Jr., of Lancaster, and his mother's maiden
name was Mary Palmer. The genealogical
record of the Tower family is traced through
seven generations to John Tower, of English
nativity, who settled in New England, and
the Palmer family — which is of Scotch origin
— was also founded in New England in col-
onial times. Representatives of both the
Tower and Palmer families were participants
in the American Revolution and have a record
for honorable service in the struggle for inde-
pendence. The father of George F. Tower
was a nail manufacturer of Lancaster, Mas-
sachusetts, having inherited this business from
his father. The son was educated in the
Lancaster schools, in which he held high rank
as a student. He enjoyed also as a youth the
advantages of a fine public library and de-
veloped an unusual fondness for reading stand-
ard author-;, thus acquiring a comprehensive
knowledge of the best English literature.
When about seventeen years of a.c;e he went
to Winchester, Xew Hampshire, where his
eldest sister was then living. His business ex-
perience began there as clerk in a general
store, a position which he held for some time
and in which he developed marked aptitude
for the business of merchandising. From
Winchester he went to Boston to take a more
remunerative place in a wholesale house and
remained in the Xew England metropolis un-
til 1841). when he moved to St. Louis. He
came to this city as a young man, well edu-
cated and with a business training acquired
under the preceptorship of Boston merchants,
then, as now, among the most intelligent, care-
ful and sagacious in the country. Soon after
his arrival in St. Louis, he became connected
with the large wholesale grocery house of
Livermore & Co., then engaged in business at
525 North Second Street. Beginning as an
employe of this establishment, he became
after a time junior partner in the house, and,
by successive steps, reached the position
of sole proprietor of one of the leading
commercial institutions of St. Louis. The
firm name, when he first became a partner,
was Livermore & Co., later Livermore,
Cooley & Co., and still later, Cooley,
Tower & Co. About the year 1877 Mr.
Tower bought of A. S. W. Goodwin the man-
ufacturing plant which had previously been
conducted by Goodwin, Behr Company, which
was located at 1920 Poplar Street, and the
principal products of which at the time were
candles, glycerine and red oil. He was suc-
cessful both as a merchant and manufacturer
and enjoyed the highest esteem not only of
those with whom he came into contact in a
business way, but of all classes of his fellow-
citizens. He was a loyal supporter of the
Union cause during the Civil War, and in
politics he affiliated with the Republican party
from the time it came into existence until the
end of his life, although he was never an active
politician. He was a Unitarian in his relig-
ious belief and attended that church regularly,
but was also for many years a trustee of the
First Congregational Church of St. Louis of
which Rev. Truman Post, D. D., was pastor.
I lis wife was a member of that church, and on
this account he was long recognized as one of
its most generous friends and supporters.
Mr. Tower was thrice married, first, in 1855,
to Miss Julia Torre}-, who died a few years
later, leaving a young daughter, Helen Palmer
Tower, now the wife of Frank J. Tratt, Jr., of
Seattle. Washington. His second wife was
Miss Martha A. Smith, of Colerain, Massa
chusetts, before her marriage, which occurred
January 30, 1861. Mrs. Tower, whose an-
cestors on both sides were numbered among
the revolutionary heroes of New England, died
in Liverpool. England, June 16, 1886. The
children born of this marriage were: George
F. Tower. Jr., who married Miss Carrie E.
Kehlor in 1885 and succeeded to the conduct
TOWER GROVE PARK— TOWNSEND.
2287
and management of his father's business in St.
Louis; and Sarah L. and Martha I. Tower,
two daughters, both of whom are residents of
this city. In 1887 Mr. Tower married for his
third wife Isabel Gould, who, with their young
daughter, Elizabeth Tower, has resided in
Washington since Mr. Tower's death.
Tower Grove Park.— To the munifi-
cence of Henry Shaw the city is indebted for
this magnificent park, which is situated on
Grand Avenue, between Magnolia Avenue and
Arsenal Street Road. A gentleman of culti-
vated tastes, Mr. Shaw had taken great pleas-
ure in the ornamentation and improvement of
his large private grounds, and when advanc-
ing age admonished him that his work must
end with his own life unless provision were
made for its continuance by a corporation
whose existence should be perpetual, he de-
termined to make the city of St. Louis the
beneficiary of his labors and wealth. In the
year 1868 he proposed to the city authorities
to give them one hundred and twenty acres of
ground, extending from King's Highway to
Grand Avenue, eleven hundred and twenty-
one feet in width and six thousand one hun-
dred and sixty-three feet in length, for a pub-
lic park. He coupled with this proposition
the reservation of a strip of ground two hun-
dred feet wide, surrounding the proposed
park, which should be leased to the city for a
period of ninety-nine years, the proceeds de-
rived therefrom to be devoted to the main-
tenance of Shaw's Garden, and required the
city also, upon acceptance of the gift, to de-
vote $360,000 to the improvement of the park.
No action looking to the acceptance of the
proposition was taken by the mayor or city
council, however, and realizing the importance
of the matter, the Board of Trade appointed a
committee to confer with Mr. Shaw concern-
ing it. The result of this conference was that
Mr. Shaw deeded the land to the board, and
that body, acting in conjunction with the Mer-
chants' Exchange, procured the passage of an
ordinance by the city council accepting the
gift. Under this ordinance a board of com-
missioners was appointed, consisting of James
S. Thomas. Charles P. Chouteau, Adolphus
Meier, William Ferguson and Henry Shaw,
who. under the supervision of Mr. Shaw, were
authorized to carry out its provisions. The
work of improvement, the laying out of walks
and drives, the planting of shade trees, shrubs
and flowers was then commenced, so that by
the summer of 1870 the tract was formally
opened under the name of Tower Grove Park.
Among its most attractive features at the pres-
ent time are a great variety of coniferous and
deciduous trees of stately growth and ap-
pearance, magnificent drives, beautiful lawns,
rustic bridges, miniature lakes, pagodas and
fountains. The entrances on ( Irand Avenue
and Arsenal Street are superb and were
erected at great cost. The surroundings of
the music pavilion are embellished with a
number of Carrara marble busts of the most
celebrated modern composers, and the park is
otherwise embellished with statues of Colum-
bus, Shakespeare and Humboldt, which were
the gifts of Mr. Shaw. The park now covers
266.67 acres, and is in charge of a board or
special commissioners. The cost of improve-
ment and maintenance up to the close of the
fiscal year 1896 was $952,581.81, including
$25,000 a year in addition to the original ap-
propriation. Wii.i.iam Favel.
Townsend, Henry ('., who occupies
a prominent position among Western railway
managers, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylva-
nia, August 11, 1847. He entered the railway
service in 1863, as a clerk in the auditor's
office of what was known as the Bellefontaine
Railroad, in Pennsylvania, and was employed
in that office until 1864. During the next
year he was a clerk in the freight office of the
Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail-
road. His connection with the railway pas-
senger traffic began in 1865, and from that
date until 1871 he was advertising clerk in the
general passenger department of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company. December 1.
1N71. he was made general passenger and
ticket agent of the Toledo. Peoria & Warsaw
Railway, and thereafter until 1877 held that
position at Peoria. Illinois. June 1. 1877. he
was made general passenger and ticket agent
of the Wabash Railway Company, and until
1879 his official headquarters were at Toledo.
Ohio. November I, 1879, he became general
passenger agent of the Wabash. St. Louis &
Pacific Railway, and this brought him I
Louis, which has since been his h<
r. 1S83. he became general passi 1
of the Missouri Pacific Railway lin
as of the Wabash. St. '
Company, and filled that po July
15 of 1884. Since then
2288 TOWNSHIPS OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY— TRAFFIC BUREAU, ST. LOUIS.
rial passenger agent of the Missouri Pacific
system, giving to the interests of that great
corporation his entire time and attention. Few
men are better known in Western railway cir-
cles, and wherever he is known he is esteemed
for his ability, his genial manners and cour-
teous treatment of all with whom he is brought
into contact.
Townships of St. Louis County.—
At its organization, according to the records
of the United States Land Office, the County
of St. Louis comprised the townships of Ca-
rondelet, St. Louis, St. Ferdinand, Bonhomme
and Meramec. According to Dupre's ma]) of
St. Louis County, made in 1838, the township
of St. Louis was about eleven miles east and
west, and six and one-half miles north and
south. In a general way, its northern bound-
ary may be given as an extension of an east
and west line passing near Jennings; the .Mis-
sissippi River formed the eastern boundary.
A westward extension of a line projected from
the foot of Chippewa Street, in the city of St.
Louis, would indicate the southern limit ; the
western boundary would be three miles east
of the present town of Clayton. As the city
of St. Louis continued to increase in popula-
tion, additional territory became needed, and
encroachment upon the adjoining townships
began. In 1870 the city acquired three square
miles from Carondelet, the city of that name
being included in the acquisition. In the
city's extension westward, under the Scheme
and Charter legislation of 1875. the township
of St. Louis disappeared, and contiguous ter-
ritory was derived from the townships of Bon-
homme and St. Ferdinand. About four miles
of river front was taken from the latter, to pro-
tect the St. Louis city water supply. The
townships of Carondelet, Meramec, Bon-
homme and St. Ferdinand were legally de-
tached from the city of St. Louis, and consti-
tuted a county, to be styled St. Louis County.
At the same time a new township was erected,
to be known as Central township. To form
this. [1,520 acres were taken from the town-
ship of Bonhomme. 16,540 acres from the
town-hip of St. Ferdinand, and St. Louis relin-
quished all its territory west of the present
division line between the eit) of St. Louis and
the village of Welston. In Central township
was established the new county seat of St.
Louis County, under the name of Clayton,
which was without even a hamlet existence
until then. Central township is bounded on
the north by St. Ferdinand township ; by the
city of St. Louis on the east; by Carondelet
township and a part of Bonhomme township
on the south, and by Bonhomme township on
the west. The township is nine miles north
and south, and it averages eight miles in width.
In [890 the population, including the villages
of Clayton and Webster Groves, was 9,541.
St. Ferdinand township has the Missouri River
on the north and west, the Mississippi River
and the city of St. Louis on the east; Central
township and the city of St. Louis on the
south, and a portion of Bonhomme township
on the west. It is about nine miles east and
west, and averages seven miles from north to
south. In 1890 the population, including the
villages of Bridgton and St. Ferdinand, was
8,399. Bonhomme township is bounded by
the Missouri River on the north; by the town-
ships of St. Ferdinand, Central and Carondelet
on the east ; by Meramec township on the west,
and by Jefferson County on the south. It is
sixteen miles in length from north to south,
and averages eight and one-half miles in
breadth. In 1890 the population, excluding a
part of the village of Kirkwood, was 5,952.
1 !an mdelet township has Central township
and the city of St. Louis on the north; the
city of St. Louis and the Mississippi River on
the east ; the Meramec River, in its meander-
ings, on the south and southwest, and a part
of Bonhomme township on the west. In 1890
the population, exclusive of Kirkwood, was
6,780. The population of the village of Kirk-
wood, partly in Bonhomme township, and
partly in Carondelet township, not enumerated
in the township statistics, was 1.777. Mera-
mec township alone remains as originallv con-
stituted. The population was 3,858 in 1890.
The population of St. Louis County, in 1890,
was 31,888.
Traffic Bureau, St. Louis.— This
body is an auxiliary to the Merchants' Ex-
change and the Business Men's League, it
having been organized May 1. 1897, by those
two associations for the purpose of aiding the
merchants and business men of St. Louis and
East St. Louis in handling traffic questions
with common carriers. The preamble de-
clares that the bureau "is not intended to take
the place of an\- commercial or industrial or-
ganization now in existence — or any that may
be organized hereafter — in St. Louis or Fast
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES, ST. LOUIS.
2289
St. Louis, but to co-operate with them in every
way possible in matters pertaining to trans-
portation of passengers or freight, so far as
such matters may be of interest to the general
welfare of St. Louis and vicinity ; to counsel
with individual members on similar lines ; to
furnish such information to members in the
way of quotations of freight rates, etc., to and
from various territories, as will enable them to
meet the competition of rival manufacturers
and jobbers in other cities, or when equaliza-
tion of freight rates is necessary, to advise
them what is necessary to enable them to meet
competition. Also to keep the interests of St.
Louis constantly before the various railroads,
railroad associations, classification commit-
tees, and all common carriers, with a view of
having such discriminations as now exist
against St. Louis removed, where possible.
and preventing others being created." Its
first officers were : C. H. Spencer, chairman ;
Murray Carleton, vice-chairman: George H.
Morgan, treasurer, and A. J. Vanlandingham,
commissioner. Board of managers, C. H.
Spencer, Murray Carleton, F. N. Johnson,
Chris Sharp, William P. Kennett, and P. P.
Williams. Three of the managers are from
the Merchants' Exchange and three from the
Business Men's League. The association has
been active and discreet in dealing with traf-
fic questions, and accomplished no little in the
way of securing for St. Louis merchants and
manufacturers fair show in competition with
rivals in other cities in freight rates.
D. M. Grissom.
Training School for Nurses, St.
Louis. — This school, the first of its kind es-
tablished west of the Mississippi, was incorpo-
rated in December. 1883. Its object is to
train and educate women in the care of the
sick and wounded. The inception and organ-
ization of the society was mainly due to \\ il-
liam G. Eliot. D. D., and Mr. James E. Yeat-
man. The officers of the society are a presi-
dent, two vice-presidents, a treasurer, a record-
ing secretary and a corresponding secretary.
The president and vice-presidents, with six
other members, each representing a standing
committee, constitute the executive commit-
tee, which controls and manages the affairs of
the society. Associated with the executive
committee, for consultation, is an advisory
board of not more than five gentlemen. The
original officers were: Mrs. William H. Pul-
sifer, president; Mrs. J. Gilbert Chapman, first
vice-president: Mrs. James X. Norris, second
vice-president; Mrs. James M. Leete, treas-
urer; Miss Julia Shepley, secretary; executive
committee, Mrs. J. Gilbert Chapman. .Mrs.
Charles E. Briggs, Mrs. Watson I!. Farr, Mrs.
James N. Norris, Mrs. Samuel Treat. Mrs.
R. H. Kealhofer, Mrs. Dexter Tiffany. The
original advisory board was composed as fol-
lows : William G Eliot, D. I)., James E.
Yeatman, Henry Hitchcock, George S.
Drake, and Dr. D. V. Dean, superintendent
of City Hospital. Immediate!) following the
incorporation of the society an ordinance was
presented to the city council and passed,
granting to the school the privilege of two
years' training of its pupils in the City Hos-
pital. The school is under the direct super-
vision of a superintendent, who, with a corps
of instructors, gives lectures during the two
years and conducts examinations in the vari-
ous subjects. An applicant presents letters of
recommendation as to character and good
health, and upon passing an examination in
the branches taught in common schools, is re-
ceived as a probationer for two months, and if
she proves capable, is entered as a pupil by
the health commissioner, having pledged her-
self to two years' service in the City Hospital
and to submit to the rules and regulations of
the school. A graduate receives the badge
•and diploma of the school after successfully
passing the examinations and having faithfully
discharged all other obligations. The school
receives a certain sum from the city for each
pupil nurse. The executive committee uses
a portion of this money to defray the expenses
of a home, where the pupils are lodged, and
the remainder is given to the nurse, for her
books and uniform. The first home was a
small dwelling at 1510 Lafayette Avenue. He-
fore the end of the second year an adjoining
house was rented, and it became apparenl that
a permanent home, suited to the needs ol the
pupils, must be provided.
The executive committee invited a building
committee, consisting of J. Gilbert Chapman.
William Lee Huse. Dr. John Green
Robert Moore, to secure a lot. The commit-
tee negotiated for and bought a lot on
Street, within two minutes' walk of the
City Hospital, where, in iS>
known as "the William G
Nurses." was formally occupii
The building is a plain brick sti
2290
TRANSFER COMPANIES.
lighted, heated and ventilated, containing
twenty bedrooms, a parlor, a nurses' sitting-
room, and a class-room, the superintendent's
parlor, matron's room, dining-room, kitchen,
nurses' cloak-room, laundry and storerooms.
Six months after the society was organized,
Emma L. Warr, a graduate of the New York
Hospital Training School for Nurses, be-
came the superintendent, and remains its hon-
ored head at this date, 1899. The initial work
of the school was limited to two divisions of
the hospital. Now the entire nursing in the
City Hospital is under the efficient control of
the superintendent of the school.
Membership in the society is obtained by
the payment to the treasurer of ten dollars,
annually. The present officers are: Mrs. J.
Gilbert Chapman, president; Mrs. Philip N.
Moore, first vice-president ; Mrs. J. Finney
How, second vice-president; George O. Car-
penter, treasurer; Mrs. Holmes Smith, record-
ing secretary ; Mrs. George O. Carpenter, cor-
responding secretary ; executive committee,
Mrs. William Lee Huse, Mrs. John Green,
Mrs. Charles S. Taussig, Mrs. Frank E. Alex-
ander, Mrs. Oliver H. Greene, Mrs. Philip N.
Moore, Miss Frances G. Markham. The
members of the present advisory board are :
James E. Yeatman, Henry Hitchcock, Henry
C. Ilaarstick, Edward C. Eliot.
Transfer Companies. — The situation
of St. Louis on the west bank of the Missis-
sippi River makes the transit traffic between
the two banks of the river a very important
feature of its commerce. In 1888 it amounted
to 6.330,901 tons; in 1890, to 7,632.953 tons;
in [895, to 8,452,959 tuns, and in 1897, to 9,-
089,26] tons- the increase being something
more than 4 per cent a year, or a doubling in
twenty-three years. These figures express
tin- entire tonnage both ways, and it seems that
it is greater from east to west than from
west to cast. Tin- traffic from east to west in
1897 was 5,446,074 tons, and that from west to
east, 3,643,187 tons. Before the Eads bridge
was built the whole transit traffic came and
went by the ferries; but there existed, even
then, the need of some agency for assuming
charge of shipments deposited on the eastern
shore of the river and maintaining the custody
of them until they were delivered at the store-
doors, or warehouses, on the west side — for
the ferry's charge began at the water'- edge
"ii one side and ended at the water's edge on
the other — and on either side there was a haul
which it could not undertake. In addition to
this, there was the transfer of passengers and
baggage, which became a matter of some con-
cern when the first railroad was built to the
east bank, and which grew in importance as
other railroads, one after another, reached that
bank. All the travel between St. Louis and
the East, which had formerly come and gone
by the Ohio and Illinois Rivers, crossed the
river and came and went by rail as soon as the
roads were built to accommodate it. And the
same may be said of the freight received from
and shipped to the East. It was in this transit
business across the river, and the necessity for
some agency to receive it on one side and de-
liver it on the other, that the transfer compa-
nies had their origin. At first they handled
only passengers and baggage, the vehicles used
being omnibuses and baggage wagons, meet-
ing at and starting from the Planters' House,
at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets,
driving with their loads of passengers and
baggage to and on the ferry-boats. The pas-
sengers retained their seats in the 'buses dur-
ing the trip across the river, and during the
drive to the railroad depot in East St. Louis,
or to the hotel or residence in this city. In
the transfer of merchandise there was no car
movement at first. The cars which brought
the goods to the opposite side were opened
and the goods reloaded in the transfer wagons.
In 1857, what is now the St. Louis Transfer
( ' impany was organized for the purpose of
carrying passengers, baggage and freight
across the river both ways. In 1864 an asso-
ciation known as the East St. Louis Transfer
Company was organized for a like purpose.
In ]S6c>. Mitchell, Miltenberger & Tansey,
who had originated it, bought the Madison
County Ferry, in the upper part of the city,
and conducted the transfer business on a large
scale, carrying on their boats entire trains of
L iaded freight cars at a single trip. The Wig-
gins Ferry Company introduced the practice
into their business, and in a few years the
transfer of unbroken loaded cars across the
river on boats built especially for the work be-
came an established business. In 1869 the
East St. Louis Transfer Company was merged
with the St. Louis Transfer Company, and
since then the latter has been virtually without
a rival. In 1802 there were 94,110 cars car-
ried across the river in transfer ferry-boats ; in
iSo'e 76,102. and in 1897. 94.613. But while
TRANSPORTATION, RIVER.
2291
the transfer of unbroken loaded cars of certain
kinds of freight on boats across the river has
become the rule, there has all the time been a
verv large proportion of merchandise, in-
tended for St. Louis, hauled and delivered at
the store doors in transfer wagons, which re-
ceive the goods from the railroad depots on
the Illinois side, haul it over the ferry and
bring it to the points where it is wanted in St.
Louis. These wagons use the ferry-boats
chiefly, instead of the bridge, because the ferry
is a flexible system, whose boats land at points
most convenient for receiving and delivering.
In the vear 1897 nearly 700,000 tons of freight
was transferred in this way by the St. Louis
Transfer Company, which is the connecting
link between the railroads on the east side and
the St. Louis merchants. D M Grissom.
Transportation, River. — St. Louis
had its beginning in 1764, and for about thirty
years its transportation outfit consisted of
a few keelboats and barges, which had to
be propelled by oars, setting poles, and cor-
delle or rope, either drawn by men walking on
the shore or fastened ahead to the projecting
limb or root of a tree, or a snag in the stream,
and then hauled on, until the boat was brought
up to the place where the cordelle was fas-
tened. When it was a question of transport-
ing something or somebody down stream —
say, from St. Louis to New Orleans, or from
the Upper Missouri to St. Louis — the steam-
less keelboats and barges did very well, for
the current was three or four miles an hour
at nearly all times, and six to eight in flood
seasons — and this bore the vessel, with crew
and cargo, down to the point of destination
rapidly enough for that day — for such a thing
as being in a hurry, in the modern sense of the
term, was not even thought of. If, for any
reason, it was desirable that too much time
should not be wasted, the rate of travel could
be doubled by helping the current with row-
ing. But up-stream transportation was a very
different question, for the current which as-
sisted in the other direction had now to be
overcome, and the rowing, poling and cordell-
ing were slow, tedious, painful and exhaust-
ing. It is no wonder that the river men of
those days were a stalwart, powerful and truc-
ulent race, and dangerous in personal encoun-
ters. The first steamboat to land at St. Louis
was the "General Pike," in 1817. and the event
marked the doom of the keelboats, barges.
canoes, and cordeliers, and the approach of a
new era — for, although the old vessels went
out of use slowly and stubbornly, as if fighting
for their lives and rights, some of them holding
their ground as late as 1837, yet, even the rude
and clumsy steamboats of the period between
1817 and 1837 were such a prodigious im-
provement over the old arrangement in the
saving of time, labor and money, that they
came rapidly into use. Steamboat building
leaped into existence as a new trade on the
Ohio River, and although the West was thinly
settled and the river towns few and small, it
was difficult to build boats fast enough to meet
the demand. It would have been easier, if it
had only been possible to keep the boats run-
ning until they were worn out. hut steamboat-
ing was full of perils; the vocation was new
and little understood, and the rivers were full
of snags, so that, what with explosions, burn-
ings and sinkings, it took as many boats to
meet the destructive demands of the danger-
ous navigation of the day as to meet the de-
mands of the transportation interests. In
1848 a statement was published showing what
had become of 684 steamboats which had been
built for service on the Mississippi and its trib-
utaries— and the account stood as follows :
Worn out in service, 344: sunk, 23S; burned,
68; lost in collision, 17; lost by explosion, 17.
The history of transportation in St. Louis
strikingly illustrates how business is multi-
plied by multiplying the facilities and cheap-
ening the cost of doing it. In the old keel-
boat era, the regular standing freight rate up
from New Orleans to St. Louis was fifty cents
a pound, or one thousand dollars a ton. with-
out regard to the article carried. In 1837.
when there was a pretty good supply of steam-
boats in the trade, the rate was only $2 per
hundred, or $40 a ton. In 181)7, with a thou-
sand times as much freight to be carried as in
1837, the rate to New Orleans was only three
to four dollars a ton, and to New York less
than five dollars a ton. The rates of 1807.
charged on the small amount of freighl
ried in 1837, would have made steamboati
starving- business, for the boats were
and slow, and their freight bills ■
have half paid the wages of a
And the rates of 1837. charge
of freight carried in 1897, v.
portation between St. Louis and \
or between St. Louis an '
ically impossible — f ir
2292
TRANSPORTATION. RIVER.
afford to pa) $40 a ton, when wheat is worth
onlj $30 a ton? Hie present age is one of
cheapening, and there is no field of business
in which the demand for cheapening lias been
more importunate and pitiless than transporta-
tion, hi [897 this demand had brought the
carrying rate for freight <m the railroads of the
United States down to eighty-five hundredths
1 if a cent per ton per mile, and the railways
were experimenting to discover if it were pos-
sible to make it still lower. In 1895 the rate
on grain in sacks from St. Louis to New Or-
leans by river was twenty-two hundredth- of
a cent per ton per mile, and on bulk grain
shipped in barges, one-tenth of a cent per ton
per mile. At the same time, the rate from St.
Louis to New York by rail was four-tenths of
a cent per ton per mile. It is thus seen that
the river rate to the South was less than one-
half .if the rail rate to the East, and the fact
clearly demonstrates the advantage of having
a river to the seaboard, even though it be little
used, since it is the constant menace of what
can be done by the river that brings railway
rates down to a point in the neighborhood of
water rates. The Mississippi River, running
in nearly a direct line from the boundary of
the United States to the gulf boundary on the
south, and navigable a part of the year for a
distance of twenty-two hundred miles, has
been a governing factor in the determination
of freight rates from the time the subject be-
gan tn be agitated, and the sagacious, far-see-
ing merchants and manufacturers of St. Louis
have never allowed their Merchants' Exchange
ti ' li >se sight nf this fact. When the enormous
amount nf farm products and other commodi-
ties and merchandise— amounting in 1807 to
1 s.i 1, 11 1,1,111, tons — began to pour through St.
1. 1 mis. and the carrying rate- mi it became a
question of supreme concern, the) recognized
that the Mississippi could be made to play the
same pari in the controversy that the great
lake- were playing iii tlie similar controversy
nil the Northern frontier — and they never
ceased t" urge upon tin- Federal government
the necessity nf improving the navigation of
the great river 1>\ perpetual work, with the ul-
timate purpose 1 if securing a constant depth
nf -i\ feet from St. Paul to St. Louis, ami 1,1'
eight feet from St. Louis iii Xew ( Means, in
the lowest seasons. Nor is the importance of
the rivers as a governing element in the trans-
portation problem impaired by the fact that
river transportation has declined before the
competition of railroads, ever since railroads
were numerous enough to do the carrying, for
the rivers have their influence in the matter,
even when shippers prefer the railroads, since
the choice of going by water is constantly
open to them. The tonnage receipts by river
at St. Louis declined from 884,401 tons in 1871
to 671,765 tons in 1896; and the shipments
declined from 776,498 tons to 572,410 tons in
the same time ; while the receipts by rail in-
creased in the period from 3,182,722 tons to
10,408,039 tons, and the shipments by rail from
1,730,380 tons to 5.554,493 tons. The steam-
boat arrivals at St. Louis declined from 2,767
in 1865 to 2,065 in 1896, and the departures
from 2,953 t" I>945- This decline in water
traffic was not peculiar to St. Louis, nor to the
Mississippi River, for the total steamboat ton-
nage on all the Western rivers fell off from
393,008 tons in 1882 to 281,220 tons in 1895;
and there was a decrease on the Northern
lakes, in the same period, from 1,241,459 tons
to 711.270 tons. In 1878 there were 460 ves-
sels, having an aggregate tonnage of 68,928
tons, built on the Mississippi River and its
tributaries — and in 1895, only seventy-eight,
having an aggregate tonnage of 8,122 tons.
The explanation of this falling off in the busi-
ness of transportation by water, which was
general over the country, is that in the period
referred to railroads have been multiplied, and
the ease with which freight can be loaded on
railway trains, the rapidity with which it is
carried, and its exemption from insurance in-
cline shipments to go by rail rather than by
water, provided the rail rates are nut greatly
in excess of the rates by water. But this does
not prove that, even with all the railroads we
need, our rivers will become worthless and fall
into disuse. The presence of a great river be-
tween St. Louis and New Orleans, on which
grain in sacks is carried a distance of 1,200
miles for 15 cents per 100. or S3 a ton, and in
bulk inr 8 cents per 100, or $1.60 per ton, is a
fact which the railroads are compelled to take
into account when fixing their carrying *ates,
and this makes the river, in no small measure,
a governing agent in the important matter of
transportation charges. This is why the far-
seeing merchants and manufacturers of St.
I.i mi-, wlii 1 understand how intimate is the
connection between trade and transportation,
have persistently and indefatigably pressed
upon the Federal government the necessity of
systematic improvement of the Mississippi and
TRANSPORTATION, RIVER.
2293
its tributaries. They recognize the fact that if
the work can be kept up until, by constriction
of the channel and dredging in the shallow
reaches of the river, the required depth is
secured and maintained, the transportation
problem for St. Louis will have been solved
for good and all.
In 1817 St. Louis had an outfit of twenty
barges and one hundred and sixty keelboats
and flatboats engaged in the trade with Xew
Orleans. This was no mean transportation
service for that day. The barges had a capac-
ity of 100 tons each, and the keel and flatboats
of thirty tons each, showing altogether a ton-
nage of 6,000 or 7,000 tons. But 18 17 was the
year in which the first steamboat landed at St.
Louis, and from that time steamboats multi-
plied rapidly, so that in the first six months
of the year 1819 there were five steamboat ar-
rivals, and several more expected. In 183 J
there were eighty arrivals, with an aggregate
tonnage of 9,520. In 1834 there were 230
steamboats on the Mississippi and its tribu-
taries, with an aggregate tonnage of 39,000.
Four years later, in 1838, the amazing sight
was witnessed of thirty-three boats at St.
Louis, receiving and discharging freight, on
the same day, in April ; and during that year
the number of steamboats landed at the St.
Louis levee was 154, having an aggregate ton-
nage of 22.750. The whole number of entries
for the year was 1,014. St. Louis now had a
profitable trade, not only with New Orleans,
but also with the Ohio River cities, with the
Upper Mississippi, and with the Missouri
River. In 1839 there were 1,476 arrivals at
the levee, having a total tonnage of 213,193.
In 1840 there were 1,721 arrivals, with an ag-
gregate tonnage of 244,186. In 1844 there
were 2,105 arrivals, with an aggregate tonnage
01467,824. In 1847 there were 1.965 arrivals,
with an aggregate tonnage of 584,639, show-
ing that the boats were steadily increasing in
size. In 1845, in addition to the steamboats,
there were 346 arrivals of keel and flat-boats,
and in 1846 there were 881 arrivals of keel and
flatboats, showing that these craft continued
in service far into the steamboat era. In 1846
New Orleans had an enrolled and licensed
steamboat tonnage of 180,504 tons ; St. Louis,
22.425; Pittsburg, 17,162; Cincinnati. 15.312;
Louisville, 1,872; Nashville, 2,809; Wheeling,
2,666 — total tonnage on the .Mississippi and
its tributaries, 249,054. In 1882 the tonnage
on Western rivers was 393,008; and in 1895
it had fallen to 281.220. So much for the river
transportation interest.
The decline of this interest, which had so
faithfully and efficiently served St. Louis, was
due to the introduction of that wonderful in-
strumentality of transportation, the railroads,
which have wrought such marvels in the busi-
ness of the country and given to the question
of carrying such interesting features. The
first railroad of which St. Louis had the bene-
fit was the Chicago & Alton, whose southern
terminus was not at St. Louis, but at Alton,
and which, for several years after it was built,
the passenger and freight traffic of St. Louis
could reach only by packets to Alton. The
Missouri Pacific, the first road on the St. Louis
side of the Mississippi, was begun in 185 1. and
what are now the Wabash and the St. Louis.
Iron Mountain & Southern, a few years later.
These roads, and what is now the " 'Frisco,''
struggled along slowly and painfully, and it
was not until i860 that they had penetrated
to the center of the State, and it was
not until [865 that the existing railroad
system of St. Louis began to assume shape
and to become the admirable transportation
equipment which it now presents. This equip-
ment consisted, in 1897, of nine vast railroad
systems, which reach to all points of the com-
pass, bringing into, and taking out. three
hundred passenger trains and more than as
many freight trains every day; a spacious
Union Station, with eleven acres of train shed
for the accommodation of the traffic on these
roads ; two great bridges across the Missis-
sippi, with a complete system of terminal ac-
commodation, including a tunnel from the
Eads bridge to the Union Statii >n ; a large and
effective transfer outfit for the delivery of
freight and baggage to and from the .1.
four ferries across the river, within the city
limits : ninety-one permanent enrolled steam-
ers plying on the upper Mississippi, the lower
Mississippi, the Illinois, and the Tennessee:
forty small steamers of twenty tons burthen:
eighty-nine barges, and three yachts — the
whole having a tonnage of 1 14.413. The
whole amount of freight of all kinds brough
into St. Louis by river and rail in the
1893 was 1 1.007.444 tons: in [894, it W.
0 6,420 tons; in [895, it was [0.998,174
and in [896, it was [1,434,881 tons. The
whole amount of freight shi]
citv was, in 1893, 5,90 4- 5>"
[43,336 tons; in [895, 5.652,682 tons, and in
2294
TRAPPERS— TRAVELERS' PROTECTIVE ASS'N OF AMERICA.
1896, 5.973.138 tons. The total receipts and
shipments of freight into and from the city
were, in 1893, [6,998,937 tons; in 1894, 15.-
239,756 tons; in 1895, [6,650,856 tons, and in
[896, 17.408,019 tons. Estimating twenty
cars, each loaded to fifteen tons, as an average
freight train, seven trains coming into and
going out of the city every hour would be
required to carry this enormous quantity, of
freight. This gives some idea of the vastness
and efficiency of the transporting machinery
at the command of the city.
How much transportation has to do with the
growth and prosperity of a city, and how im-
portant it is held to be by the business men of
St. Louis, may be understood when it is stated
that the Business Men's League, the leading
association of business men, in 1897 found it
necessary, in conjunction with the Merchants'
Exchange, to organize a special commission,
called the Traffic Bureau, to look after it, and
from time to time to make reports, the object
being to keep abreast with other cities in the
contest for the lowest carrying rates, and to
Foster and encourage proposed new railroad
enterprises whose traffic would come to St.
Louis. This prompt and intelligent concern
exhibited by the business men of St. Louis
in whatever affects their own interests and the
welfare of the city is not of modern origin, for
we find a striking exhibition of it as earlv as
the year [838, when a special meeting was held
to consider the subject of establishing "a line
of steamships from some Eastern port to St.
Louis," and at which a committee was ap-
pointed to "collect facts and statistics relating
to the import and export trade of the city."
Nothing substantial followed this meeting;
the population of the city at that time was
only about [4,000, and the committee went
far enough, probably, to discover that the
question was premature; but the affair illus-
trates the enterprise and far-sightedness that
have characterized the business men of St.
Louis from a very early day.
What is called tin- "Barge Line" is the pn id
net of the demand for cheaper transportation.
Before it there was no carrying of grain to
New ( Irleans in hulk, because it was carried
in large and usually sumptuously furnished
passenger steamboats, in sacks. Bulk carry-
ing would save ilw' cost of sacks, and would
save the cost of handling also, as the grain
could be spouted into the barges from eleva
tors. The "Barge Line" was therefore de-
vised. It consists of cheap, but powerful,
towboats, towing loaded keel-boats or barges,
and making the trip from St. Louis to New
( Irleans without stopping at the intermediate
landings to take on freight and passengers, as
the regular boats do. They carry cheaper
than the regular boats do, and so it has come
about that the "Barge Line" system has ma-
terially reduced the rates for transportation
and thereby increased the export grain and
tlour trade from St. Louis. _ .,
D. M. Grissom.
Trappers. — See "Hunters and Trap-
pers."
Traveler's Aid. — See "Women's Chris-
tian Association."
Travelers' Protective Association
of America. — This extensive and powerful
organization, whose operations extend over
nearly all the States of the Union, has its head-
quarters in St. Louis, where one-third of its
officers reside. It was organized at a national
convention, held at Denver, Colorado, June
3, 1890. Before that it was only a social and
local affair. Now it exists in thirty-one
States, each State being called a division, with
a State president and State secretary. There
are in all ninety posts with a total member-
ship of thirteen thousand one hundred and
fifty. The National Association was incor-
porated in the clerk's office of the St. Louis
Circuit Court, June 3. 1890. The chief pur-
pose is to bring about a better acquaintance
and more fraternal feeling among commercial
travelers, "to secure the abolishment of all
local. State and county licenses exacted of
commercial travelers, to secure reduction of
passenger rates to commercial travelers on all
lines of transportation, to obtain a fair and
equitable allowance of baggage, to secure
hotel accommodations commensurate with
the prices paid, to elevate the social and moral
character of commercial traveling as a profes-
sion, and to provide a benefit fund for mem-
bers of the association in case of accident or
death." The association has accomplished
something by securing- an amendment to the
Interstate Commerce Act permitting railroads
to issue interchangeable mileage tickets and
lo give special free baggage privileges with
mileage tickets. It came to St. Louis in 1890
and Post "A" was organized, of which George
W. Smith is president, and Will B. Weber,
W*> 4fr
{/?^</>
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, SPECIAL AGENT OF— TREAT.
2295
secretary. There is a membership of sixteen
hundred in St. Louis. In 1898 this post and
the National Association, also, had their head-
quarters in the Union Trust Building.
Among the officers of the National Associa-
tion in St. Louis are Louis T. Le Beaume,
national secretary and treasurer; George W.
Smith, chairman of the National Employers'
Committee; and C. H. Wickard, W. A. Kir-
choff and J. W. McDonald, national direc-
tors ; Henry T. Kent, national attorney ; and
Dr. J. W. Williamson, national surgeon. The
national president, Charles R. Duffin, resides
at Terre Haute, Indiana. In the State of
Missouri Division there are six posts with
about two thousand members. The annual
fee is ten dollars for each member.
Treasury Department, Special
Agent of. — An officer of the government
having headquarters in St. Louis, who is
charged with the duty of supervising certain
affairs connected with the collection of govern-
ment revenues and who acts directly under
orders from the Treasury Department at
Washington. The special district of which St.
Louis forms a part includes also the ports of
St. Joseph and Kansas City, in Missouri;
Denver, Colorado ; and Omaha and Lincoln,
Nebraska.
Treat, Samuel, jurist, was born in
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, December 17,
181 5, son of Samuel and Lydia (Sheldon)
Treat. Of English origin, the Treat family-
tree was planted in America by Richard
Treat, who settled in Wethersfield, Connecti-
cut, early in the seventeenth century and who
was one of the patentees of the charter which
was granted to Connecticut by Charles II, in
1662. One of the sons of this Richard Treat was
Robert Treat, who was Governor of Connecti-
cut from 1683 to 1698 — except during the two
years of Sir Edmund Andros' administration —
and who was chiefly instrumental in prevent-
ing the surrender of the Connecticut Charter
tn the representative of King James II, when
that monarch determined to withdraw the
charters from the colonies. Judge Treat is
one of the many illustrious descendants of the
patriotic colonial Governor and inherited a
good name, as well as superior intellectual en-
dowments. After being fitted for college in
! the schools of his native town, he taught
i school a vear and then entered Harvard Uni-
versity, from which institution he was gradu-
ated in the class of 1837. Soon after his
graduation he began the study of law — under
the preceptorship of Charles B. Goodrich, of
Boston — acting at the same time as an instruc-
tor in a somewhat famous educational institu-
tion at Jamaica Plains, known as Weld School.
Later, he accepted the principalship of Temple
Hill Academy, at Geneseo, New York, and
there continued his law studies with Hon.
John Young — later Governor of New York
State — as his preceptor. In 1840 he severed
his connection with the academy for the pur-
pose of completing his preparation for the bar,
and a year later came to St. Louis, intending
to make this city his home. He was accom-
panied thither by his wife, a daughter of Hon.
C. H. Bryan, of Geneseo, New York, to whom
he had been married while residing in New
York. Immediately after establishing his
home in this city he was admitted to the bar
by Judge Bryan Mullanphy, but for some
years thereafter devoted the major part of his
time to editorial work. Ill health caused him
to spend the winter of 184s-!) in Cuba, and
upon his return to St. Louis he turned his at-
tention to the law, and in August following
was appointed by Governor King judge of the
Court of Common Pleas. By virtue of this
appointment he served as judge until August
of 185 1, at which time he was elected to the po-
sition for a term of six years, the office having
been made elective by act of the Legislature
approved March 1, 1851. As a result of the
decision of the Supreme Court of the United
States, establishing the jurisdiction of the
Federal courts over all the navigable waters
of the States, Congress passed an act early in
1857 creating the Eastern Judicial District of
Missouri, and on March 3d following, Judge
Treat, who had established an enviable repu-
tation as a State judge, was appointed to the
new Federal judgeship by President Franklin
Pierce. For thirty years thereafter he
adorned the bench of this court, reflecting
honor upon himself, the Federal judiciary and
his profession in the discharge of his judicial
functions. During this long term of service
the range of hisduties made it necessary fur
him to deal with every phase
prehended in modern jurisprudi 1
troversies involving thi acts
of 1 'ongress, treatii
constitutionality of Cong tments,
and ether matters affe ry at
2296
TREAT.
large came before him at different times for
adjudication. Gigantic conspiracies to de-
fraud the government of revenue had their
headquarters in St. Louis, and criminal cases
growing out of these conspiracies came before
him for hearing. Admiralty cases, cases in
bankruptcy, and cases growing out of the
changed conditions brought about by the Civil
War, in which precedents were established,
were passed upon by him, and those who prac-
ticed in the Federal courts during his incum-
bency of the office of judge bear witness to the
fact that he dealt with all these matters in the
light of the highest reason and broadest knowl-
edge of the law. coupled with dauntless cour-
age and strict impartiality. Sir Matthew
Hale, one of the ablest of England's chief jus-
tices, gave expression to the sentiment that :
"In the administration of justice these things
are to be continually kept in mind, first, that
it be done uprightly; second, deliberately;
third, resolutely." it may be said without
flattery that deliberation, courage, upright-
ness, and that dignified demeanor upon the
bench which commands respect for the magis-
trate, as well as for the law which he admin-
isters, marked the conduct of Judge Treat.
Through the long years during which he ad-
ministered justice, though the intellect and
the temper were sometimes strained to their
utmost tension, he preserved his equanimity
;md his kind and courteous demeanor, and
when the clamor of public sentiment was
brought to bear upon his judicial conduct, he
maintained his courage and asserted the
majesty of the law and the dignity of the
bench. On the 17th of February, 1SS7, when
approaching the end of thirty years' service
upon the United States bench and of thirty-
eight years of judicial service in all, he ad-
dressed a letter to President Cleveland, tend-
ering Ins resignation of the office of United
States district judge for the Eastern District
of Missouri, to tale effect on the fifth day of
March, following. .Made aware of the action
which he had taken, members of the bar of
St. Louis addressed to him a communication,
"ii the 2d of March, 1887, tendering to him a
complimentan dinner at tin- St. Louis Club,
for the pnrpos,., a, stated in the paper, of giv-
ing expression to "our sense of the great loss
occasioned by your retirement from the Fed-
eral bench ; to congratulate you upon that
finished judicial record which stands in the
annals of jurisprudence eminently lustrous;
to testify our high regard for you as a jurist,
citizen, and friend, and to welcome you from
the exacting labors and seclusion of judicial
life to a more intimate personal relation with
us." This communication was signed by
Hon. Thomas T. Gantt, ex-United States
Senator John 11. Henderson, Henry Hitch-
cock, (ieneral John YY. Noble, and all the lead-
ing members of the bar. In response to it,
however. Judge Treat declined the invitation,
stating that he had an extreme distaste for
public banquets and asking that he be allowed
to pass from the bench as quietly and un-
noticed as he had taken his place upon it
thirty years earlier. For several years prior to
his retirement from the bench, he had been re-
peatedly solicited by members of the bar to
sit for his portrait, in order that it might
adorn his court-room. He finally yielded to
these earnest solicitations, and the portrait
was completed shortly before his resignation,
but in deference to his wishes it was arranged
that the public presentation of the portrait
should not take place until after his successor,
Judge Amos N. Thayer, had formally as-
sumed the duties of his position. On the 5th
of March the portrait was placed in position
in the court-room, being temporarily hid from
view by artistic drapings. At 12 o'clock.
Judges I '.rewer. Treat and Thayer entered the
court-room, and Judge Treat took his place
upon the bench to perform his last judicial acts
and announce the severance of his connection
with the court. The court-room was densely
crowded with members of the bar and prom-
inent citizens of St. Louis, who had gathered
to witness the retirement of the eminent jurist
and the induction into office of his suc-
cessor. When court was formally opened the
following address prepared by Judge Treat
was read by one of the court officials:
"All present are aware that this is the last
hour of my long official life. In disappearing
from the bench I wish to express my pro-
found gratitude to the living and the dead, of
bench and bar. State and Federal, through
whose generous aid I have gone forward in
my judicial work for now nearly thirty-eight
years. "Without such aid my life might have
been a failure. T have had to lead the way in
many untried paths of jurisprudence, the
record of which, for good or ill, is now closed.
Never through fear or favor have I suffered
justice to be perverted. Errors have been
committed, but not through passion, partiality
TREAT.
2297
or cowardice. The contests for public and
private right are not determined amid the
carnage of battle-fields alone, but more fre-
quently in legislative halls and in the judicial
forum. A wise statute or far-reaching judge-
ment often shapes the destinies of a nation,
though silently, yet potentially. Coke, at
the cost of his judicial life, refused to surren-
der under royal behests his independent judg-
ment. That sturdy independence culminaited in
the Petition of Right, the overthrow of royal
usurpation, and the incoming of the Com-
monwealth. So, at a later day, the trial of the
Seven Bishops caused the expulsion of the
Stuarts, and through the Bill of Rights conse-
quent thereon, permanent safeguards of civil
and religious liberty. When popular rage
sought to overbear the deliberations of the
court, Mansfield, defiant of such clamor,
calmly and courageously pronounced the
judgment which law and justice demanded.
Are not such scenes and the leaders in such
conflicts as worthy of commemoration as if
they had fought with Cromwell at Naseby, or
Wellington at Waterloo?
"This is not the hour to trace the growth of
the law and its many changes through legisla-
tion or otherwise. Though often impeded by
obstructive and unwise legislation, the judicial
mind has ultimately to control. Every judge
of the Supreme Court of this State and of
the local bench who was in office when I
commenced my first judicial labors; every
justice of the United States Supreme Court
and of the district courts, save three, when I
passed to the United States bench ; all my con-
temporaries at the bar, except a favored few,
have gone to that 'bourne whence no traveler
returns.' Those who survive patiently await
the inevitable. One after another has fallen,
and others must fall by the way, as the 'in-
numerable caravan' moves forward. It has
been my painful yet grateful duty to pronounce
from the bench just tributes to the memory of
those who, from year to year, have been num-
bered among the departed. To-day, officially,
I join the departed and invoke the charity im-
plied in the well-cherished maxim, 'De mortuis
nil nisi bonum, which, liberally interpreted,
reads : 'Speak no ill of those who are gone.'
The elder members of the bar will call to
mind from the portraits in yonder court-room
those who have been with me in my arduous
labors. First was Justice Catron, of the
United States Supreme Court, 'clarum et
75
venerabile uomcii.' Next, the still living jus-
tice allotted to this circuit, whose judgments
have been treasures of wisdom, and whose
opinions on the Supreme bench have shown
a strength of learning and forecast which, as I
well know, have commanded the admiration,
not of this country alotie, but also of all cog-
nate judicial tribunals abroad where free gov-
ernment obtains. As associates on the dis-
trict bench I had at first that learned, wise
and experienced judge, Robert W. Wells, who
was followed in office by one whom you all
honor and who is still with us, Arnold Krekel.
Under the changed conditions of judicial or-
ganization came United States circuit judges :
First, that wise, learned and honorable judge,
John F. Dillon, followed by George W. Mc-
Crary, equal to all the high demands of his
great office. Then our present circuit judge,
'non longo intervallo,' who favors us with his
presence at this hour, and whom you all know
and honor. His predecessors have been
forced from their high positions through in-
adequate compensation, as others have been.
Now, may it be so, that those who remain or
succeed are not to be starved into retirement,
when the needs of public and private justice
demand such able and wise judges for the con-
servation of whatever is dearest and best to
each and all, in every department of life. He
will administer the oath of office to my suc-
cessor which terminates my official career, and
I congratulate my successor that so able and
worthy coadjutors will be with him in the
consideration of the many important ques-
tions to be presented for their determination.
"With gratitude and thanks to each and all
who have aided in my important labors, I re-
quest the same measure of kindness and fidel-
ity for my successor, whom you know is emi-
nently worthy, in all respects, of the high trust
committed to him. May I cause to be read
for my last official words the following com-
munication which has touched me profoundly :
'Department of Justice.
'Washington, February 26, 1887.
'Sir : I am directed by the President to ac-
knowledge the receipt of your letter of the
17th instant, tendering your resignation of the
office of United States district judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri, to take effect on
the 5th day of March proximo, and at the
same time to express his regret that the pub-
TREATY CEDING LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES.
lie are to lose your valuable services, and his
earnest hope that the retirement upon which
you are about to enter may be marked by the
tranquility and happiness which all who love
justice and good government wish may at-
tend the able and upright judge when he lays
down his office.
'I am, with great respect, your obedient
servant,
A. H. Garland, Attorney-General.
'Hon. Samuel Treat, United States District
Judge, St. Louis, Mo.'
"I remain here at this last moment only to
witness the induction into office of my honored
successor, and on surrendering my high trust
into faithful hands, to express the devout wish
that he and his colleagues may, with contin-
uing strength and ability, and also with in-
creasing happiness, not pass away until at
least thirty years to come measure their of-
ficial life."'
At the close of this address, which was
greeted with prolonged applause by the as-
sembled members of the bar, who entertained
for him a fond regard, as well as the highest
admiration and respect, the portrait was for-
mally presented to the court and felicitous ad-
dresses appropriate to the occasion were made
by Judges Brewer and Thayer, Colonel James
I I. Broadhead, General John W. Noble, and
others. Since his retirement from the bench,
Judge Treat has reviewed in a philosophical
way his long and active career as a jurist and
public man, and has gathered together and ar-
ranged in such a manner that others may have
the benefit of his wisdom and experience the
results "i" much painstaking research. His
intention was originally to devote the years of
his retirement to one or more legal works, but
the impairment of his vision by an accident
which befell him while lie was sojourning in
Eun ipe :-< >me yeat auscd him to aban-
don this idea and content himself with putting
his materials in shape t" he utilized by others.
During his long judicial career. Judge Treat
refrained From active participation in politics,
deeming activity in that connection incom-
patible with the duties of his high office.
While reading law. however, he took an
earnest part, as a Democrat, in the presidential
contest of 1S40. The following year he was
selected to deliver the oration em the removal
of the remains of a detachment of General
John Sullivan's army which was ambushed
and massacred by Indians in 1779. The re-
mains of these troops were removed in 1841
from their original place of interment and re-
interred in Mt. Hope Cemetery at Rochester,
New York. Several counties participated in
the ceremonies incident to the occasion, and
Governor William H. Seward spoke on behalf
of the State. The proceedings were subse-
rviently published with explanatory notes, in
book form, under the title, "Sullivan's Cam-
paign." During his editorial career in Mis-
souri, with his voice on the hustings, as well
as with his pen, Judge Treat participated in
all the political discussions of that period. At
the Nashville convention, ratifying the nom-
inations of Polk and Dallas, in 1844, he made
several speeches and, at an interview with
General Jackson, received the warm personal
commendation of that distinguished patriot
for the part he had taken in connection with
the annexation of Texas. He was a delegate
to and secretary of the National Democratic
Convention of 1848 and was brought into
friendly intercourse with the nominees of that
convention and other leading Democratic
statesmen of that period. In the convention
he voted and spoke against the famous
"Yancey resolution." As a citizen of St.
Louis, his name has been identified with some
of the most important educational and kin-
dred movements. He was one of the incorpo-
rators of Washington University and did
much toward shaping its educational course
in the applied sciences, out of which grew the
Manual Training School. He took an early
interest in and secured bequests for the Mary
Institute and was largely instrumental in
bringing into existence the St. Louis Law
School, at the installation of which he deliv-
ered the inaugural address and in which he
held a professorship until the institution was
firmly established.
Treaty Ceding Louisiana to the
United States. — The following is the text
— English official version — of the treaty and
conventions concluded and ratified April 30,
[803, by the United States of America and the
French republic relative to the cession of Loui-
siana :
"The President of the United States of
America and the First Consul of the French
TREATY CEDING LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES.
2299
republic, in the name of the French people, al-
ways animated with the desire to remove all
misunderstandings in relation to the subjects
of discussion mentioned in the second and fif-
teenth articles of the convention of the 8th
Vendemiaire, year nine (September 30, 1800),
in relation to the claims of the United States,
in virtue of the treaty concluded at Madrid
the 27th of October, 1795, between his catholic
majesty and the said United States, wishing to
maintain the union and friendship, which, at
the period of the aforesaid convention, was
happily re-established between the two na-
tions, have named, respectively, their plenipo-
tentiaries as follows :
"The President of the United States of
America, with the advice and consent of the
Senate of said States, names as his minister
plenipotentiary, Robert R. Livingston, and
James Monroe, minister plenipotentiary and
envoy extraordinary of the United States to
the government of the French republic ; and
the First Consul, in the name of the French
people, names the citizen Francis Barbe Mar-
bois, minister of the public treasury, who,
after having exchanged their respective pow-
ers, have agreed upon the following articles :
"Article 1st. In virtue of Article 3d of the
treaty concluded at San Ildefonso, the 9th
Vendemiaire. year nine (October 1, 1800), be-
tween the First Consul of the French republic
and his catholic majesty, it was stipulated as
follows : His catholic majesty promises and
binds himself on his part to cede to the French
republic, six months after the full and com-
plete execution of the conditions and agree-
ments of the said article in relation to his royal
highness, the Duke of Parma, the colonv and
Province of Louisiana, in all its extent as now
actually possessed by Spain, and as formerly
possessed by France, and as also stipulated in
all treaties that might have been made between
Spain and other States. In consequence of
said treaty, and particularly of the third article,
the French republic, enjoying the incontest-
able rights of domain and possession of the
said territory, and the First Consul, desirous of
giving to the United States incontestable
proofs of his friendship, cedes to them by these
presents, in the name of the French republic,
forever, and in full sovereignty, the said terri-
tory, with all its rights and dependencies, as
fully and in the same manner as she acquired
it in virtue of the above cited treaty concluded
with his catholic majesty.
"Article 2d. In the cession made by the
preceding article there is included all the
islands adjacent and belonging to Louisiana,
all the lots and public places, the vacant levees,
the buildings, fortifications, barracks, and
other buildings that have no owners ; the arcn-
ives, papers and instructions relating to the
domains and sovereignty of Louisiana will be
placed into the possession of the commission-
ers of the United States, and copies of the
same, in good and due form, will be furnished
to the magistrates and municipal officers that
may be necessary to them.
"Article 3d. The inhabitants of the ceded
territory will be incorporated into the Union
of the States, and admitted as soon as pos-
sible, conformably to the requirements of the
Federal Constitution, to enjoy all the rights,
advantages and immunities of the citizens of
the United States, and during this time they
will be upheld and protected in the enjoyment
nf their liberty, property and religion they pro-
fess.
"Article 4th. The French government will
send a commissioner to Louisiana, who will
prepare all that is necessary, as much to re-
ceive from the officers of his catholic majesty
the said territory, with its dependencies, in be-
half of the French republic, if that has not al-
ready been done, as to transmit it in the name
of the French republic to the commissioner or
agent of the LTnited States.
"Article 5th. Immediately after the ratifi-
cation of the present treaty on the part of the
President of the United States, and of that of
the First Consul, if it has been done, the com-
missioner of the French republic will deliver
up all the military posts of New Orleans, as of
other parts of the said territory, to the com-
missioner appointed by the President to re-
ceive possession ; all the French and Spanish
troops that may be there will cease to occupy
the said posts from the moment of the delivery
of possession, and will be embarked, if pos-
sible, in the course of three months after the
ratification of this treaty.
"Article 6th. The United Stat' engages
and promises to execute all the treaties and
articles that might have been agreed on be-
tween the Indian tribes and Spain until such
time as, by mutual consent between the United
States and said tribes or pc iple, otln r suitable
articles are agreed on.
"Article 7th. As it is equally advantageous
to the commerce of France and the United
2300
TREATY CEDING LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES.
States to foster the intercourse of the two na-
ti 'iis for a limited period in the country ceded
b\ the present treaty, until arrangements are
made relative to the commerce of the two na-
tions, the contracting parties have agreed that
all the French vessels coming directly from
France or her colonies, loaded exclusively
with her productions, and also that those com-
ing directly from Spain or her colonies, and
loaded in like manner with her productions,
will be admitted for the period of twelve years
into the ports of New Orleans, as well as in all
those of the ceded territory, in the same man-
ner as the vessels of the United States coming
directly from France or Spain, or their colo-
nies, without being subject to other duties on
their cargoes or other imposts than those paid
by the citizens of the United States during
the period of time above specified ; no other
nation shall partake of this privilege in the
said territory, the twelve years to commence
three months after the exchange of ratifica-
tions, whether at Paris or in the United States,
well understood that this article has for its ob-
ject to favor the manufactures, commerce,
charges and navigation of France and Spain
alone, as to the importations which these two
nations may make in the above said ports of
the United States, without detriment to the
regulations which the said United States may
adopt for the exportation of the products or
merchandise of their States, nor to their right
to establish i ithers.
"Article 8th. After the expiration of the
twelve years all French vessels will be treated
"ii the same footing as the most favored na-
tions in the ab we mentioned ports.
"Article oth. 'Mi. especial convention
signed this clay by the respective ministers,
having for its object the payment of the debts
due t" citizens of the United States by the
French republic prior to the 30th of Septem
800 (8th Vendemiaire, year nine), i
proved, and to be put in full execution, as
stipulated in the present treaty, it will be rati-
fied at that same timi . and in the same man-
ner, so that the one will not be without tin-
other.
"Another special convention, signed' the
same dale as the presi nt treal to the
definitive law between the contracting parties,
and which has been in like manner approved,
will also be confirmed at the same time.
"Article 10th. The present treaty will be
ratified in good and proper form, and the rati-
fications exchanged within six months after the
date of signatures of the ministers plenipoten-
tiary, or sooner if possible, in faith of which
the ministers plenipotentiary have signed
these articles in French and in English, re-
marking, however, that the present treatv is
primitively in the French idiom, and have
thereto affixed their seals.
"Executed at Paris the 10th Floreal, elev-
enth year of the French republic (the 30th
April, 1803).
(Signed) "Robert R. Livingston,
"James Monroe,
" F. Barbe Marbois."
The convention between the United States
of America and the French republic was as
follows :
"The President of the United States of
America and the First Consul of the French
republic, in the name of the French people, in
consequence of the treaty of cession of Loui-
siana, -which has been signed this day, desiring
to settle definitely all matters pertaining to the
said cession, have for that purpose authorized
the plenipotentiaries, to wit, the President of
the United States, with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate of the said States, has ap-
pointed for their plenipotentiary Robert R.
Livingston, minister plenipotentiary and en-
voy extraordinary of the said States to the
government of the French republic, and the
First Consul of the French republic, in th; name
of the French people, has appointed for pleni-
potentiary of the said republic the citizen
Francis Barbe Marbois, who. in virtue of their
full powers, this day exchanged, have agreed
upon the following articles :
"Article 1st. The government of the United
States obligates itself to pay to the French
government, in the manner specified in the
next article, the sum of sixty millions of livres,
independent of that which will be fixed upon
by another convention, to pay the debts which
France has contracted toward the citizens of
the United States.
"Article 2d. For the payment of the sixty
millions of livres stipulated in the preceding
article, the United States will create a stock of
Si 1,250,000, bearing interest at 6 per cent per
annum, payable half yearly at London, Amster-
dam, or at Paris, being the sum of $337,500 for
six months, in the proportions that the French
TREATY CEDING LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES.
2301
government will determine on for these places.
The principal of this fund reimbursed at the
treasury of the United States in annual pay-
ments of not less than three millions each, the
first of which will commence fifteen years after
the date of the exchange of ratifications. This
fund will be remitted to the French govern-
ment, or any person who will be empowered
to receive it, in three months at the furthest,
after the exchange or ratifications of the
treaty, and of the possession of Louisiana on
the part of the United States. It is also agreed
that if the French government desires to ear-
lier realize the capital of this stock by dispos-
ing of it to Europe, they will take the proper
steps, as well to augment the credit of the
United States as to give greater value to said
stock.
''Article 3d. It is also agreed that the dol-
lar of the United States specified in the present
convention shall be fixed at five livres and
eight sous tournois ; the present convention
shall be ratified in good and due form, and the
ratifications exchanged in the period of six
months from this day's date, or sooner if pos-
sible.
"In faith of which the respective plenipo-
tentiaries have signed the said articles in both
French and English, declaring also that the
present treaty was made and primitively writ-
ten in the French idiom, to which they have
attached their seals.
"Done at Paris, the 10th Floreal, the elev-
enth year of the French republic, April 30,
1800 (1803?).
(Signed) " Robert R. Livingston,
"James Monroe,
" Francis Barbe Marbois."
The convention between the French repub-
lic and the United States was as follows :
"The President of the United States of
America, and the First Consul of the French
republic, in the name of the French people,
after having, by a treaty of this date, termin-
ated all difficulties relating to Louisiana, al-
ways desiring to establish on a solid basis the
friendship which unites the two nations, more
and more animated with the desire to accom-
plish the second and fifteenth articles of the
convention of the 8th Vendemiaire, year nine
of the French republic (30th September, 1800),
and to assure the payment of the amount due
by France to citizens of the United States,
have respectively appointed for their pleni-
potentiaries, namely, the President of the
United States of America, with the advice and
consent of their Senate, has appointed Robert
R. Livingston, minister plenipotentiary, and
Jas. Monroe, also minister plenipotentiary and
envoy extraordinary of the United States near
the government of the French republic : and
the First Consul, in the name of the French
people, has appointed the citizen Francis Barbe
Marbois, minister of the public treasury, win,
after exchanging their full powers, agreed
upon the following articles :
"Article 1st. The debts due by France to
citizens of the United States, contracted pri nr
to the 8th Vendemiaire, year nine of the
French republic (September 30, 1800), will be
paid in the following manner, with interest at
6 per cent from the date of the presentation of
their claims, by the parties interested, to the
French government.
"Article 2d. The claims to be paid by the
preceding article are those designated in the
note annexed to the present convention, which,
with interest, must not exceed the sum of
twenty million livres; the claims included in
said note, which will be found rejected in the
articles following, can not be admitted to the
benefits of this provision.
"Article 3d. The principal and interest of
said debts will be paid by the United States
through orders drawn by their ministers pleni-
potentiary on their treasury ; these orders will
be payable sixty days after the exchange of
the ratification of the treaty and conventions
this day signed, and after the French commis-
sioners shall place those of the United States
in possession of Louisiana.
"Article 4th. It is especially agreed that the
foregoing articles are confined exclusively to
the debts contracted to the citizens collectively,
who have been, or may yet be, creditors of
France for provisions embargoed and taken
on the high seas, and for which the claim was
duly made within the time specified in
convention on the 8th Vendemiain
(September 30, 1800).
"Article 5th. The preceding article •
only applicable, first, to prizes which the prize
court have ordered to b<
sto< id that the claimant can ha i from
2302
TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU— TREATY OF PARIS.
the l 'nited States otherwise than he could
have had from the French government ; and,
second, the claim specified in the above men-
tii med second article of convention, contracted
prior to the 8th Vendemiaire, year nine (Sep-
tember 30, 1800), the payment of which has
heretofore been demanded from the actual
g< ivernment of France, and for which the cred-
itors have the right to demand the protection
' if the United States.
"Article 6th. For the purpose of amicably
clearing tip the various questions that may
arise from the preceding article, the ministers
plenipotentiary of the United States will ap-
point three persons, who will act provisionally
at this time, having full power to examine
without delay all the statements of the various
claims already liquidated by the offices estab-
lished for that purpose by the French republic,
and to satisfy themselves if they are admissible
into the classes of claims designated in the
present convention, and based upon the regu-
lations there found, or if they are included in
some one of the exceptions ; and declaring by
tluir certificates that the debt is due to Ameri-
can citizens, or their representatives, and exist-
ing b.-fore the 8th Vendemiaire, year nine (Sep-
tember 30, 1800), the debtor (creditor?) will
receive an order on the treasury of the United
States in the manner prescribed in the third
article.
"Article 7th. The same agents will also
possess the authority to examine the claims
presented for examination, and to certifv those
that should be allowed — in marking them to
show that they are not to be shut out with
thosi excluded by the present convention.
"Article 8th. The same agents will also ex-
amine the claims which may not have been
presented for liquidation, and will certify that
they decide them admissible for liquidation.
"Article 9th. According as the debts desig
nated in these articles will be admitted, the)
will be paid, with interest at 6 per cent, by the
treasury of the 1 fnited Stati s,
"Article [Oth. To remove all doubt on the
above mentioned conditions, and to reject all
unjust and exorbitant demands, the commer-
cial agent of the United Stales at Paris, in his
capacity as minister plenipotentiary of the
United States, will appi 'int. if he thinks pn iper,
an ag< Hi to a >si >l in the - iperatii ms 1 if the
offices and examine the claims preferred. If
he thinks the debt is not sufficiently proven,
or that it is perhaps comprised in the rules of
the fifteenth article above mentioned; and if,
notwithstanding his opinion, the offices estab-
lished by the French government should de-
cide that the debt should be settled, he will pass
his observations thereon to the judicial courts
of the United States, which will at once ex-
amine into it, and give the result to the minis-
ter of the United States, who will transmit his
observations in like manner to the minister of
the treasury of the French republic, and the
French government will then decide defi-
nitely on the case.
''Article nth. All decisions must be made
within the period of one year from the ex-
change of the ratifications, after which period
no claim will be considered.
"Article 12th. In cases where the claims
for debts contracted by the French govern-
ment with citizens of the United States since
the 8th Vendemiaire, year nine (September 30,
1800), are not included in this convention, the
payment of the same can be claimed and prose-
cuted as if no convention had been agreed on.
"Article 13th. This convention will be rati-
fied in good and due form, and the ratifica-
tions exchanged within six months from the
date of the signatures of the ministers pleni-
potentiary, or sooner if possible. In faith of
which the ministers plenipotentiary, respec-
tively, have signed the foregoing articles in
French and in English, declaring that the
present treaty was first made and written in
the French idiom, to which they have affixed
their seals.
"Done at Paris, the 10th Floreal, year elev-
enth of the French republic (April 30, 1803).
(Signed) "Robert R. Livingston.
" James Muxkoe,
" F. Barbe Marbois."
Treaty of Fontaim'bleau. — The
treaty, so-called, was the secret treaty signed
b) France and Spain at Fontainebleau, No-
vember 13, 1762, in which France ceded to
Spain all her possessions west of the Missis-
sippi River, together with New Orleans and
that portion of Louisiana south of the Iber-
ville. This treaty conveyed to Spain the re-
gii hi now embraced in the State of Missouri.
Treaty of Paris. — The "Seven Years'
■War," which began in America in 1755, and
TREATY OF ST. LOUIS— TREMMEL.
2303
involved the nations of Europe, had its origin
in disputes between France and Great Brit-
ain concerning the boundaries of their colo-
nial possessions on this continent. At the end
of the long struggle a definitive treaty of peace
was signed by France, Spain, England, and
Portugal at Paris, February 10, 1763, and in
the frequent mention made of this treaty in
American annals it is usually referred to as
the "treaty of Paris." Under this treaty
France ceded to England Nova Scotia, Can-
ada and the country east of the Mississippi as'
far as the river Iberville. A line drawn through
the Mississippi River from its source to its
mouth was to form the boundary between
the possessions of the two nations, except
that the town and island of New Orleans were
not to be included in this cession. France also
ceded the island of Cape Breton, with the isles
and coasts of St. Lawrence, retaining, under
certain restrictions, the right of fishing in New-
foundland and the isles of St. Pierre and
Miquelon. By the same treaty Spain ceded
to Great Britain Florida and all districts east
of the Mississippi, and Great Britain restored
Cuba to Spain. France also ceded to Spain
New Orleans and all that remained to her of
the original Province of Louisiana.
Treaty of St. Louis. — In 1804 a treaty
was negotiated at St. Louis by Governor Wil-
liam Henry Harrison with the chiefs of the
united nations of the Sacs and Foxes for their
claim to the immense tract of country lying
between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers.
The consideration given was the protection of
the United States and goods delivered, of a
value exceeding two thousand dollars, and a
perpetual annuity of one thousand six hundred
dollars to the Sacs, and four hundred dollars
to the Foxes. An article in the treaty pro-
vided that as long as the United States re-
mained the owner of the lands "the Indians
belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the
privilege of living and hunting" on the lands.
This treaty was violated by the Sacs of Rock
River when they joined the British in the War
of 1812; the other portion of the tribe re-
mained peaceable throughout the war, and re-
confirmed the treaty of 1804 at Portage-des-
Sioux, September 13, 1815. The Sacs of Rock
River also renewed the treaty at St. Louis
May 13, 1816. Black Hawk, however, refused
to recognize the force of the treaty, claiming
that those signing it on the part of the Indians
had no authority to do so, and his disregard
of the provisions of the treaty finally led up to
the Black Hawk War.
Trelease, William, educator and sci-
entist, was born at Mount Vernon, New
York, February 22, 1857. In 1880 he was
graduated from Cornell University with the
degree of B. S., and in 1884 received the de-
gree of S. C. D. from Harvard University. He
was instructor and professor of botany at the
University of Wisconsin from 1881 to 1885,
and in 1883 and in 1884 was in charge of the
Summer School of Botany at Harvard Uni-
versity. He was lecturer on botany at Johns
Hopkins University 1884-5, and in 1885 be-
came Engelmann professor of botany and
director of the Henry Shaw School of Botany
at Washington University, of St. Louis. In
1889 he was made director of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, and he was also for a time
associate editor of the "American Naturalist
and Botanical Gazette." He was special agent
of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture for investigation of cotton insects in
1879-80; secretary of the Wisconsin State
Horticultural Society 1883-5 ! secretary of the
Academy of Science of St. Louis in 1896;
president of the Cambridge Entomological
Club in 1888; president of the Botanical Soci-
ety of America 1895-6, and president of the
Engelmann Botanical Club in 1898. He is
active, corresponding, or honorary member
of numerous scientific societies in the United
States, Mexico, and European countries. He
is also the author of numerous scientific
articles which have appeared in various pub-
lications, was joint editor with Asa Gray of
the collected botanical works of the late
George Engelmann, and is the translator of
the Danish works, "Poulsen's Botanical
Micro-Chemistry," and "Salomonsen's Bac-
teriological Technology."
Tremmel, Frank, was born in Bava-
ria, Germany, June 15, 1845, son of Mitchell
and Elizabeth (Dadinger) Tremmel. Thi
Tremmel was a carpenter and builder, who
came to the United States in 1853, and died
in St. Louis. Frank Tremmel acqui
chial school education in Bavaria,
supplemented by a public -
St. Louis. He later learned tl
trade with Christof Rieser, his uncle, with
2304
TREU BUND— TRIPLETT.
whom he worked sixteen years. In 1862 he
enlisted in Company D, Second Missouri
Light Artillery, George Houck, captain. He
was promoted to corporal in 1863, and served
with that rank during the Civil War. Corporal
Tremmel participated in all the skirmishes
and battles in which his company took part
from I'ilot Knob to Benton, lie was with
Colonel Cole on the "plains," and received a
gunshot wound in the groin while gallantly
discharging his duty as a soldier. He was
mustered out of the service in St. Louis, Mis-
souri, December 29, 1865, and afterward
worked at his trade as a brickmason for Itner
Bros, for sixteen years, assisting in the con-
struction of many of the most noted build-
ings in St. Louis. Among these were the
Southern Hotel, Lemp's Brewery, the Pullman
Car Shops, and Belcher Sugar Refinery. In
189 1 he engaged in business on his own ac-
count as a general contractor and builder, and
is still thus engaged. Mr. Tremmel is a mem-
ber of Wyman Post, No. 496, G. A. R., and
of the South Side St. Louis Turners. He is
a staunch Republican in politics, and a Catho-
lic churchman. February 4, 1869, he married
Miss Elizabeth Kleibold, of St. Louis. Five
children survive, Theodore Tremmel, Louisa,
wife of Hugo W. Otto; Frank Tremmel, Jo-
seph Tremmel, and Ludwig Tremmel.
Treu Bund. — A secret fraternity, which
is of great antiquity, introduced in America
by ' ieorge Ackers, an enthusiastic member
of the European order, who instituted the first
lodge in St. Louis. The name signifies "true
league," and the first lodge in St. Louis, which
was also the first lodge established in the
United States, came into existence September
1, 1858, It was regularly incorporated under
the laws of the State, and had, to begin with.
about thirty members. Among the charter
members were Henry Neun, John Craft, John
Ackermann, and Christopher Crieson, all well
known Germans at that time. In 189S there
were (went ^es in St. Louis, with a
membership approximating 3.500. Outside
of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, there
were six lodges, located, respectively, at
Springfield, Kansas City, St. Joseph, St.
Charles, Washington, and Pacific. The Grand
Lodge of the order, established in St. Louis,
is presided 0 1 1 official styled Grand
Treu Master, whose jurisdiction extends over
subordinate lodges in existence in the States
of Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and New
Jersey. The German language is used en-
_ tirely in conducting the work of the order,
and its membership is exclusively German.
A journal devoted to its interests, and called
the "Treu Bund," is published at Belleville,
Illinois.
Triplett, John Richards, who has
long been a conspicuous representative of
the fire insurance interests of St. Louis,
was born December 26, 1831, at Rich-
mond, Virginia, son of John R. and
Louisa R. (Stone) Triplett, of whom the
first named was born in Fredericksburg, Vir-
ginia, January 29, 1785, and the last named
in the same city January 1, 1794. Mr. Trip-
left's father was the son of Daniel and Eliza-
beth (Richards) Triplett, and the fifth of four-
teen children. He was the founder of the cele-
brated Old Dominion Iron & Nail Works,
located on "Belle Isle," in the James River,
opposite Richmond, which were the largest
nail works in the South, and which, during the
Civil War, supplied the Confederate govern-
ment with nearly all the boiler plate and nails
which it had occasion to use. This famous
manufacturing establishment, and Belle Isle
itself, are still mainly in possession of mem-
bers of the Triplett family, they being the
largest stockholders in the corporation now
controlling the property. The subject of this
sketch was educated at the Richmond Acad-
emy, of Richmond, Virginia ; the Episcopal
High School, located near Alexandria, and
the University of Virginia, near Charlottes-
ville. He was a student at the last named
institution during the years 1850 and 185 1, but
was compelled to abandon the academic
course upon which he had entered in the lat-
ter year on account of his health having be-
come impaired from overwork. After spend-
ing some months traveling throughout the
State of Virginia, he regained his health, and
in the fall of 185 1 entered the office of the Old
Dominion Iron Works, in which he was em-
ployed until the spring of 1853. He was then
vent West to survey and plat certain lands
which were located in the States of Illinois
and Arkansas, and belonged, in part, to the
president of the old Farmers' Bank of Vir-
ginia, and in part to the bank itself. It was
this enterprise which first brought him to St.
Louis, and he made this city his headquarters
while discharging his duties in this connec-
TROLL.
2305
tion. At the end of a three-months' sojourn
in the West he returned to Richmond and re-
ported the results of his labors, which were
pronounced highly satisfactory. After that
he remained in Richmond until- January i,
1854, when he again came to St. Louis, de-
termined to make it his future home: He be-
gan his business career in St. Louis as assist-
ant secretary of the old Phoenix Insurance
Company, and after holding that position a
few months was elected assistant secretary
of the St. Louis Gas Light Company. He
continued this connection with the Gas Light
Company for three years, and then resigned
this position to engage in the wholesale gro-
cery business. He was identified with the
wholesale grocery trade until 1871, and then
turned his attention to the insurance business,
in which he has been engaged up to the pres-
ent time. He has long been a conspicuous
figure in connection with the conduct and
management of the affairs of the St. Louis
Board of Underwriters, for many years was
vice-president of the board, and has occupied
the position of chairman of the committee
on "Inspections and Improvements" ever
since it was established. This is regarded as
the most important committee of the board,
and as its chairman Mr. Triplett has rendered
services of great value to the fire insurance
interests. Inheriting Whig principles from his
ancestors, he voted with that party as a young
man, but since 1855 has been a staunch Dem-
ocrat, and during the Civil War he was natur-
ally a strong Southern sympathizer. While
his political opinions, however, have been
clearly defined, he has taken no active part in
politics, and has never held a political office.
His Virginia ancestors were Episcopalians ;
his antecedent English ancestors were firm
adherents to the Church of England, and
Episcopalianism came to him, therefore, as a
legitimate inheritance. He was born and
reared in that faith, and during all the years of
his mature life has been a devout church-
man. He has been secretary of the dio-
cesan convention of the diocese of Mis-
souri for twenty-five years, and in May
of 1897 the diocese presented him with
a silver testimonial of its appreciation of his
services as secretary, begun twenty-five years
earlier. He became identified with old Christ
Church — now Christ Church Cathedral —
in 1854, and has ever since been connected
with it, being: now a member of the Cathedral
Chapter. He has represented the diocese of
Missouri as a lay delegate to the general con-
ventions of the Episcopal Church for fifteen
years, and has been, in all respects, a most
useful and worthy churchman. He is a mem-
ber of Occidental Lodge, No. 163, of Masons;
St. Louis Royal Arch Chapter, Xo. 8, and St.
Louis Commandery, No. 1, of Knights Tem-
plar. He is a member also of Wildey Lodge,
No. 2, of the Order of Odd Fellows, and of
the Odd Fellows' Veterans, and a member of
Valley Council of the Royal Arcanum, and of
DeSoto Council of the American Legion of
Honor. Mr. Triplett married, in 1854, Miss
Sallie A. Walker, daughter of Major Benjamin
Walker, of the United States Army, and two of
four children born of their union were living
in 1897.
Troll, Henry, who has been promi-
nently before the public as an official of St.
Louis and in other capacities for many years,
was born November 26, 1835. at Edenkoben,
Rheinpfalz, Bavaria, son of Jacob and Mar-
gueritta (Weisgerber) Troll. He attended the
schools of his native town until he was fifteen
years of age, and completed his education in
the public schools of St. Louis, his parents
having immigrated to the LTnited States and
established their home in this city in 1850.
.In his young manhood he was among the
patriotic Germans of St. Louis who were first
to enlist under the "stars and stripes" and
take up arms in defense of the Union. After
serving three months in the Fourth Regiment
of Missouri Infantry he re-enlisted with the
volunteers mustered into the three years' serv-
ice and went into the field with the Second
Regiment of Missouri Light Artillery. He
was promoted to first lieutenant in 1862, and
to captain of his company in 1863. serving in
that capacity until mustered out in October
of 1864. As a soldier he discharged every
duty faithfully, and returned to civil life with
a record for bravery and efficiency which had
been gained by more than three years of
participation in the greatest arm.
of modern times. When he laid aside tl
uniform of a soldier he took up
of civil life with the same del
well his part, and he has su-
spects a worthy and useful citi
as a public official began in
was made a member of
having charge of the Mull:
!306
TRORLICHT— TRUST COMPANIES.
Relief Fund, a position which he filled for
four years thereafter. In 1887 he was elected
a member of the board of education of St.
Louis, and served seven years in that ca-
pacity, contributing his full share to the
development of the public school system.
In 1894 he was elected sheriff of the city
of St. Louis, and in 1896 was re-elected to
that office, the affairs of which have been ably
administered under his supervision. Identi-
fied politically with the Republican party, he
has long been an influential member of that
organization, and an active factor in formu-
lating its policy and conducting its cam-
paigns in St. Louis.
Trorlicht, John II., merchant, was
born in the Province of Westphalia, Germany,
February 2, 1832, son of Stephen and Mar-
garetha Trorlicht, and died in St. Louis, De-
cember 17, 1898. He came of a highly re-
spectable and well-to-do family, and as a boy
had the advantages of attendance at excel-
lent schools in his native city, Langenberg,
where he received careful educational train-
ing. In accordance with the customs of his
country, he was early apprenticed to a com-
mercial house, but the death of his mother
prevented him from serving out the term of
his apprenticeship. In 1850 he came to this
country, and on the 3d of September of that
year arrived in St. Louis. Being an energetic
and ambitious, as well as an intelligent and
capable lad, he soon found employment, the
place at which he worked first being Heit-
kamp's grocery store, at the corner of Fourth
and Gratiot Streets. Afterward he was a clerk
and salesman in different mercantile establish-
ment'; of the city until, by thrift and economy,
he had managed to save money enough to
enable him to engage in business on his own
account. Starting then in the dry goods busi-
ness as a member of the firm of Metz, Tror-
licht oc Co., he had bright prospects of suc-
cess until he was stricken with an illness which
compelled him to abandon business and give
up his interest in this enterprise. After his
recovery he formed a partnership with Will-
iam Xieman.an honored resident of St. Louis,
who is still living. Their business prospered,
and in 1859 Mr. Trorlicht purchased his part-
ner's interest and continued the business alone
for some years. In 1863 lie formed the firm
of Trorlicht & Duncker, which has since con-
ducted a constantly growing business and be-
come widely known throughout the West.
Some years since this enterprise was incor-
porated as the Trorlicht, Duncker & Renard
Carpet Company, which operates at the cor-
ner of Fourth Street and Washington Avenue
one of the largest carpet houses west of New
York City. Mr. Trorlicht was vice-president
of this corporation up to the time of his death,
was known as one of the most capable and
sagacious merchants of the city, and built up
a comfortable fortune as the result of his com-
mercial operations. He married, in 1858, Miss
M. Weizenacker, who died in 1865, leaving
three children. In 1867 Mr. Trorlicht was
again married, Miss Clementine Lobsinger,
who belonged to one of the old families of
Carondelet, becoming his second wife. Of
this union nine children were born.
Trudeau, Don Zenon, Lieutenant-
Governor of Upper Louisiana, was born in
Canada, of French parents. He received a
military education in the Spanish service, and
became a captain of Grenadiers, being pro-
moted later to lieutenant-colonel of the "Sta-
tionary Regiment of Louisiana." He came
to St. Louis as successor to Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor Perez, and at once made a favorable
impression by his genial manners, his cour-
tesy as an official, and his evident desire to
improve the condition of the colony and pro-
mote its growth. "Impressed with the eco-
nomic importance of immigration, he be-
stowed lavish grants of land upon new settlers.
. . . The influence of this unstinted
bounty was soon felt, and immigration began
to flow into the Province with a fuller tide."
The era of prosperity which thus began con-
tinued to the close of Trudeau's administra-
tion, which terminated August 29, 1799.
True League. — See "Treu Bund."
Trust Companies. — Trust companies
are of comparatively recent existence in the
business histi try and life of this city. They are
practically American institutions, having had
their origin only in this country. In the older
unities they have been of long existence.
1 hie such corporation in Philadelphia, trans-
acting an enormous business to-day, was or-
ganized in 1S12, and another in the same
city was organized in 1832. The oldest in
New York dates from 1822, and still another
in the last city from 1830.
y--^, <£^t^A
TRUST COMPANIES.
2307
At the present time, in New York and
Brooklyn, there are about 30; in the city of
Philadelphia, 42; in Boston, 14; in Louis-
ville, 3. The great majority, throughout the
country at large, have come into existence
within the past twenty-five years, during which
period they have spread to all parts of the
country, owing to their great utility and the
demand for the various classes of business
they transact ; and now no large city of the
country is without a competent quota, and
they also exist in nearly all of the smaller cit-
ies, and even in towns.
The original design of the early corpora-
tions was that of insuring lives and granting
annuities. The business of executing trusts,
procuring capital for various enterprises, and
similar features, now the most prominent,
were a secondary consideration ; and while
the business of insuring lives and granting
annuities is still largely connected with some
of the older companies, the chief value and
work of such corporations is at present exe-
cuting trusts, both statutory and contractual ;
the management of large financial affairs, and
uniting the affairs of many weaklings into
such massive form as to enable them to suc-
cessfully contest with great single strength
for a fair share of the general public pros-
perity without impairing any rights or un-
justly detracting anything from the prosper-
ity of others. Their gain does not subtract
from the prosperity of other financial institu-
tions, as they develop in a field otherwise un-
cultivated, and by their operations supply new
material for the peculiar faculties of others.
In some respects they are similar to banks;
in others, they are widely different. They re-
ceive deposits and make loans, but do not
issue currency, and do not undertake the gen-
eral collection of commercial paper. The pur-
poses for which they are organized and the
services they perform are numerous. The
scope of their business has broadened to cor-
respond with the growth of capital and to keep
pace with the vast sums of money and property
over which they have control. By the great
breadth of their charters they accept and exe-
cute all kinds of trusts ; act as registrars and
agents for the transfer of stocks and bonds,
thus preventing duplication or over-issue, or
unlawful or unauthorized issue of such obliga-
tions. They are also empowered to execute
wills, administer estates, become guardian,
curator, assignee, receiver, and depository of
money for courts in complicated litigation.
They do a general financial business for cor-
porations and others, make investments, col-
lect interest, and perform a multitude of other
financial services, not the least important of
which is performing many of the functions of
savings banks.
The trust relation, however, is the chief.
Among the varied interests of mankind, none
enters more closely into the inner life of men,
women and children than the trust relation.
When by reason of engrossing cares, advanc-
ing age, or approaching death, men find it no
longer possible to manage their property and
guard valuable interests, or to protect those
whom they must leave behind them as they
wish to do, they seek for another who, repre-
senting them as principal, can safely be en-
trusted with property, and who will honor-
ably, carefully, and exactly carry out their
wishes in regard to the objects of their anxi-
eties. Such corporations can best subserve
such interests, as they all have large capital,
and such business is a first, and not secondary
consideration. Reputation is more valuable
to them, and furnishes a greater safeguard of
careful execution, than even money ; and they
are hedged about with the strongest incentives
to extreme care, and the utmost fidelity, while
no incentive can exist for unfaithfulness,
neglect, or the assumption of too extensive
authority and action. The first distinctive law
of this State authorizing the organization of
such companies was enacted in 1885, by the
terms of which such companies were em-
powered to transact the following business :
I. To receive moneys in trust, and to accu-
mulate the same at such rates of interest as
may be obtained or agreed on, or to allow
such interest thereon as may be agreed, not
exceeding in either case the legal rate.
II. To accept and execute all such trusts,
and perform such duties of every description
as may be committed to them by any person
or persons whatsoever, or any corporations,
or that may be committed or transferred to
them by order of any of the courts of record
of this State or other State, or of the United
States.
III. To take and accept b;
ment, transfer, devise or be
any real or personal estate or
accordance with the laws of f 1 1 :
States, or of the Unit ■'
such lesral trusts in regard to *'
2308
TRUST COMPANIES.
terms as may be declared, established, or
agreed upon in regard thereto, or execute or
guarantee any bond or bonds required by law
to be given in any proceeding in law or equity
in any of the courts of this State, or other
State, or of the United States.
1Y. To act as agent for the investment of
money for other persons, and as agent for
persons and corporations for the purpose of
issuing, registering, transferring or counter-
signing the certificates of stock, bonds, or
other evidence of debt, of any corporation,
association, municipality, State, or public au-
thority, on such terms as may be agreed
upon.
V. To accept from and execute trusts for
married women, in respect to their separate
property, whether real or personal, and act
as agent for them in the management of such
property, and generally to have and exercise
such powers as are usually had and exercised
by trust companies.
VI. To act as guardian or curator of any
infant or insane person under the appoint-
ment of any court of record having jurisdic-
tion of the person or estate of such infant or
insane person.
VII. To guarantee the fidelity and diligent
performance of their duty, of persons holding
places of public or private trust.
VIII. To'guarantee title to real estate.
IX. To loan money upon real estate and
collateral security, and execute and issue its
notes and debentures payable at a future date,
and to pledge its mortgages on real estate
and other securities as security therefor.
X. To buy and sell all kinds of government,
State, municipal and other bonds, and all
kinds of negotiable and non-negotiable paper,
stocks, and < >ther im estment securities.
Since that time various amendments have
been enacted, creating various useful safe-
guards i if the business i >i the a tmpanies them-
and of those who transact business with
them. The imposition of criminal and finan-
cial penalties for unfaithfulness on the part
of their directors; the deposit of securities
with, and an annual report to the Superin-
tendent of the [nsurance 1 (cpartment, in which
the fnlli si and most minute exhibit of the com-
pany's business musl be made; the power
to examine and wind up, if prudence requires,
being vested both in the Secretary of State,
as head of the Department of State Bank Ex-
amination, and in the Superintendent of the
Insurance Department, and the duty of the
Secretary of State to make at least an annual
examination of all of their business and
affairs.
The first of such companies to be estab-
lished in this city was the St. Louis Trust
Company, which was chartered on the 9th
day of October, 1889, with an authorized cap-
ital of $2,500,000, one-half of which was paid
up in cash ; with a board of directors of fifteen
of the most prominent, wealthy and success-
ful of our citizens, as follows : Daniel Catlin,
John T. Davis, J. C. Van Blarcom, William
L. I J use, Edwards Whitaker, E. O Stanard.
Henry C. Haarstick, Thomas H. West, John
A. Scudder, Charles D. McLure, Alvah Man-
sur, Edward C. Simmons, Edward S. Rowse,
S. W. Fordyce, and August Gehner.
It at once entered upon a most unexampled
career of business prosperity, proving the
deep-felt need of such an institution in this
city, and during the period of its existence
its full capital of $2,500,000 has been fully paid
up in cash and a permanent surplus fund of
$500,000 has been accumulated.
The Union Trust Company of St. Louis was
organized on the 18th day of June, 1890. Its
capital is $1,000,000, and surplus $1,425,-
000.
' Its first officers were George W. Parker,
president; Carlos S. Greeley, F. W. Bie-
binger and Julius S. Walsh, vice-presidents,
and Cornelius Tompkins, secretary and treas-
urer, with the following named gentlemen
as the first board of directors, viz. : Carlos
S. Greelev, George A. Baker, George E.
Leighton. " Julius S. Walsh, B. F. Hobart,
George W. Parker, B. B. Graham, William
H. Lee, F. W. Biebinger, Ezra H. Linley,
James L. Blair, C. F. Gauss, William Taussig,
II. L. Morrill, H. A. Crawford, George S.
Myers, William M. Senter, Jerome Hill. Hugh
McKittrick, Charles H. Turner, and Tohn J.
Mitchell.
The present officers are : George A. Madill,
president; William Taussig, first vice-presi-
dent; R. S. Brookings, second vice-president ;
B. P>. Graham, third vice-president; Irwin Z.
Smith, secretary, and N. A. McMillan, treas-
urer. The present board of directors is com-
posed of George A. Madill, William Taussig,
R. S. Brookings, B. B. Graham, W. H. Lee,
M. M. Buck, George S. Myers, William E.
Hughes, George W. Parker, I. W. Morton,
H. A. Crawford, E. C. Sterling, Edward Mai-
TRUST COMPANIES.
2309
linskrodt, W. K. Bixby, William M. Senter, A.
L. Shapleigh, John Scullin, George E. Leigh-
ton, Festus J. Wade, and Cornelius Tomp-
kins.
The management of the company is noted
for its conservatism, the policy being to do
the business, distinctively, of a trust com-
pany. It executes all lawful trusts, acting as
executor of wills, administrator of estates,
curator and guardian of the estates of minors
and insane persons, receiver and assignee,
and takes charge of estates as agent and acts
as trustee for married women. It also con-
ducts a thoroughly equipped and reliable title
department for the examination of titles of real
estate, and furnishes abstracts and certificates
of such titles, and also insures titles. It also
owns and conducts the most approved and
best equipped fire and burglar-proof safe de-
posit vault of modern times. This company
also receives savings deposits, issues time cer-
tificates for moneys deposited with it, and also
receives accounts of parties who desire to ac-
cumulate moneys for specific dates or for spe-
cific purposes. Upon these several kinds of
deposit a rate of interest, agreed upon in ad-
vance, is paid the respective depositors.
The offices of this company are complete in
all their features, and are among the finest and
most convenient of any in the city.
The Mississippi Valley Trust Company was
incorporated October 14, 1890, with an au-
thorized capital of $2,000,000, and with $500,-
000 subscribed when the articles of association
were filed. But subsequent thereto, and before
it began business, the subscription was in-
creased to $1,500,000, of which $750,000 was
paid up. The first board of directors was com-
posed of Charles Clark, Julius S. Walsh, Will-
iamson Bacon, L. G. McNair, Tames Camp-
bell, A. B. Pendleton, Aug. B. Ewing, F. W.
Paramore, S. E. Hoffman, L. C. Nelson, David
W. Caruth, Thomas T. Turner, Thomas
O'Reilly, Tohn D. Perry, George H. Goddard,
S. W. Cobb, Charles H. Bailey. Joel Wood,
John Scullin, B. F. Hammett, S. R. Fran-
cis ; the first executive committee being Julius
S. Walsh, Williamson Bacon, Joel Wood, S.
E. Hoffman, John D. Perry, B. F. Hammett,
John Scullin, and the first officers being:
president. Julius S. Walsh ; first vice-nresi-
dent, John D. Perry ; second vice-president,
John Scullin ; secretary, Breckinridge Jones.
In 1893 r'ie authorized capital was in-
creased from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000. and the
subscribed capital from $1,500,000 to $2,600,-
000, this increase of.$i, 100,000 being sold by
the company, half paid, at $85 per share, there-
by increasing the surplus fund of the com-
pany $385,000.
Julius S. Walsh has been the president of
the company since its organization, and the
first vice-presidents have been John D. Perry,
David R. Francis, Breckinridge Jones; the
second vice-presidents have been John Scul-
lin, Breckinridge Jones, S. E. Hoffman, and
the secretaries have been Breckinridge Junes
and DeLacy Chandler.
In February, 1897, the office of assistant
secretary was created, and James E. Brock
was elected, and still holds that position.
Breckinridge Jones has been the counsel of
the company practically since its organiza-
tion.
The changes in the board of directors have
been as follows : One-Year Term — Charles H.
Turner, vice Thomas T. Turner; John W.
Kauffman, vice A. B. Pendleton; August
( lehner, vice John W. Kauffman ; David R.
Francis, vice S. R. Francis; William G.
Boyd, vice David R. Francis; David R.
Francis, vice William G. Boyd; Eugene F.
Williams, vice John D. Perry. Two- Year
Term — William D. Orthwein, vice John Scul-
lin ; James T. Drummond. vice B. F. Ham-
mett ; Harrison I. Drummond vice Tames T.
J Irummond : Thomas E. Tutt, vice F, W.
Paramore; Rolla Wells, vice Thomas F. Tutt.
Three-Year. Term — Elmer B. Adams, vice L.
( i. McNair; Breckinridge Jones, vice Charles
H. Bailey; Byron F. Hobart vice Joel Wood;
Henry Hitchcock, vice Byron F. Hobart;
William F. Nolker, vice L. C. Nelson; Sam
M. Kennard, vice S. W. Cobb.
1 !hanges in the executive committee have
been as follows: Breckinridge Jones, vice J ihn
Scullin ; 1 lavid R. Franci>. vice John 1 ). Perry ;
David W. Caruth. vice David R. Francis;
August B. Ewing. vice David XV. Caruth;
David R. Francis, vice August B. Ewing;
Charles Clark, vice Williamsoi
Thomas T. Turner, vice B. F. Hair
Charles TT. Turner, vice Thomas T. Tin
William F. Nolker, vice Joel
The company has bei
start, having paid dividends 1
capital at the date of si
from the end of the firs
tion, and increase
pri ifits to i\ ■"■ $81
i':; i •
TUCKER TUESDAY MUSICAL.
The Mississippi Valley Trust Company,
while the third trust company to be organized
in this city, was the first to open an office on
the ground fl \ having moved into room No.
303, North Fourth Street, on the 15th of April,
',s!,i. It remained there until July 18, 1896,
when it moved to the northwest corner of
Fourth and Pine Streets, into a beautiful one-
story, high-ceiling, stone building, especially
erected for it. This company was also the first
to have its checks pass through the Clearing
House in this city, the first to move into a
building especially erected for it, and the first
to make a direct importation of gold from
abroad. It is now doing business with over
ten thousand patrons, and is considered one
of the most solid and progressive financial in-
stitutions in the West.
The Lincoln Trust Company of St. Louis
was organized on the 15th day of April,
l894- -, -, .
The capital and surplus (January 1, 1898) is
$550,000.
Its first directors were: L. R. Blackmer,
E. H. Coffin. J. B. Case, George F. Durant,
L II. Aug. Meyer, E. R. Feuerborn, William
E. Fisse, [. Wagoner, George P. Wolff, S. T.
Md 'ormick, and A. A. P.. Woerheide, with J.
B. Case, president; George F. Durant, vice-
president, and A. A. P. Woerheide, secretary
and treasurer.
The directors for 1898 are as follows:
L. R. Blackmer. Charles R. Blake, D. C.
Brown, F. II. Coffin. J. B. Case, George F.
Durant, W. E. Fisse, Julius C, Garrell, George
W. Lubke, J. II. Meyer, Henry Xicolaus,
,\. O. Rule, J. Wagoner, Thomas Wright,
and A. A. 1'.. V\ 1 vkh the same offi-
cers as first elected in [894.
This company exercises all the functions of
a trust company, as authorized by the laws of
the State 1 if Missouri.
1 1 lias a fully equipped land title depart-
ment, and is prepared to Furnish abstracts and
certificates of titles to all lands in St. Louis
city and county. P also guarantees titles.
It receives savings di posits, also issues time
certificates for mone} deposited for a
period, and also receives thi deposits of special
funds and allows interest thereon, as may be
agreed upon under its- titles.
In 1808 the company promoted the con-
struction of a magnificent twelve-story build-
ing, on tin corner of Seventh and Chestnut
Streets, known as the Lincoln Trust Building,
in which its offices, also its fire and burglar-
proof safe deposit vaults are located.
The appointments and equipments of the
companv, as arranged in the Lincoln Trust
Building, are of the finest character.
Norman J. Colman.
Tucker, Nathaniel Beverly, law-
yer, jurist and educator, was born September
6, 1784, at Mattox, Chesterfield County, Vir-
ginia. He was the third son of J. St. George
Tucker, who settled in Virginia previous to
the Revolutionary War, and married the
widow of John Randolph, mother of the cele-
brated "John Randolph, of Roanoke." Com-
ing to St. Louis in 1815, Mr. Tucker was
shortly afterward appointed by Frederick
Pates, then Secretary and acting Governor of
the Territory of Missouri, to the position of
judge of the northern circuit. This position
he held for about five years, his home being
in Saline County. After residing in this State
for eighteen years he returned to Virginia to
accept a law professorship in William & Mary
College, and filled that position until his death,
which occurred at Winchester, Virginia, Au-
gust 26. 1 85 1.
Tuesday Literary Club.— The Tues-
day Literary Club originated with a few ladies
of Pilgrim Congregational Church, who or-
ganized, in January, 1896, with Helen Peabody
as president. Invitations were first issued to
the ladies of all the Congregational Churches,
but later all women over twenty-one years of
age, having a desire for more extended liter-
ary culture, were made eligible to membership,
regardless of church ties, membership being
limited to one hundred. The object of the
club is to satisfy the need and desire for more
extended literary culture, and the programme
for 1897-8 embraced the history and literature
of France, varied with a continuance of cur-
rent topics and English literature. Standard
authors are cited for reference. The meetings
.ate held on the first and third Tuesday after-
noons of each month. Short papers are read
1 .11 each of the several topics assigned, each of
which is followed by discussion. The club is
represented in the State Federation of Wo-
men's Clubs. M s kavsek.
Tuesday Musical.— See "Music in St.
Louis."
[ /. t . . /.
L
TUHOLSKE.
2311
Tuholske, Herman, one of the most
distinguished of American surgeons, was born
March 27, 1848, in Berlin, Prussia, son of
Newman and Johanna (Arnfeld) Tuholske.
He received a classical education at the Ber-
lin Gymnasium, and shortly after his gradua-
tion from that institution came to the United
States. He established his home in St. Louis,
and at once began the study of medicine in
this city. In 1869 he received his doctor's de-
gree from Missouri Medical College, and then,
returning to Europe, he entered upon a post-
graduate course of study, in the course of
which he attended lectures and had the ad-
vantages of clinical observation in the best
schools of Vienna, Berlin, London and Paris,
famous as medical educational centers. Com-
ing back to St. Louis after completing his
studies in Europe, he was appointed physician
to the St. Louis City Dispensary in the sum-
mer of 1870, and at once instituted reforms in
the conduct of that institution, which evi-
denced alike his fine executive ability and his
superior professional attainments. When he
took charge of the dispensary it was treating
an average of twenty-five hundred patients a
year. Under his administration it was en-
larged, its facilities improved, its methods
changed, and an ambulance system organized,
and when he resigned the position of physi-
cian to the dispensary, at the end of five years'
service, 40,000 patients had been treated at the
institution under his direction. Annually, dur-
ing these five years, he also had charge of the
Quarantine Hospital, and when St. Louis suf-
fered from a small-pox epidemic in 1872 he
examined and sent to divers hospitals twenty-
five hundred small-pox patients. At the same
time he was examining surgeon to the police
force, and also jail physician. Meantime he
had built up a large private practice, and in
1875 severed his connection with the city in-
stitutions to give his entire time and attention
to this practice. While his practice was at
first general in character, his skillful surgical
operations soon gained for him such distinc-
tion that all his time was consumed by the de-
mands made upon him in this department of
professional work, and, devoting himself to
this specialty, he has taken rank among the
foremost surgeons of the United States. In
1890 he established in St. Louis an institu-
tion equipped with all the approved modern
appliances for the treatment of surgical cases,
its every arrangement being that suggested by
the best thought and latest developments of
medical science. This institution is known as
the St. Louis Surgical & Gynecological Hos-
pital, and occupies a handsome building at the
corner of Locust Street and Jefferson Avenue.
It is the private property of Dr. Tuholske, and
here, aided by a corps of assistants, he treats
thousands of cases every year, which coin/ to
him from all parts of the country. While he
has always been one of the busiest of busy
practitioners, he has been, almost from the be-
ginning of his professional career, an earnest,
able and popular medical educator. In 1873
he was made professor and demonstrator of
anatomy in Missouri Medical College, from
which he had graduated only four years ear-
lier. For ten years he filled this chair, and
was then made professor of surgery in the
same institution, a position which he still fills.
In 1882 Dr. Tuholske, with Drs. Robinson,
Michel, Steele, Hardawav, Glasgow, Spencer
and Engelmann, planned and erected the
building and hospital of the St. Louis Post-
Graduate School of Aledicine, the first struc-
ture of the kind ever built in this country. In
this institution he also fills the chair of sur-
gery. He also helped to set on foot the mi >ve-
ment which resulted in the Missouri State
Board of Health demanding a higher educa-
tional standard and three years' attendance al
medical lectures from those licensed to prac-
tice medicine or surgery in the State. Believ-
ing in the efficacy of medical and surgical so-
cieties as instrumentalities for the advance-
ment of professional standards, he is an active
and influential member of many such socie-
ties, prominent among them being the Ameri-
can Medical Association, the Southern Sur-
gical and ( rynecological Society, the St. Louis
Medical Societv, the St. Louis Medico-Chi-
rurgical Society, and the St. Louis Surgical
Societv, and an honorary member of the In-
ternational Gynecological Society, and of va-
rious other societies. He is consulting sur-
geon to the City and Female Hospitals, and
the South Side Dispensary; surgeon I
Post-Graduate Medical College Hospital, and
one of the surgeons to the Martha Pai
Free Hospital. He was also for
surgeon of the First Regimen
Guard of Missouri, with the ran'
His contributions to tin litei
and surgery have been nun: 1 :
of these contribute >ns I
tention from his conterm
2312
TUNNEL. ST. LOUIS.
profession. Dr. Tuholske married, in 1874,
Miss Sophie Epstein, of St. Louis.
Tunnel, St. Louis. — The St. Louis tun-
nel— there is but one — is almost as well known
as the St. Louis bridge; the sentiments which
it inspires are, however, quite different from
those aroused by the latter. Although an in-
dependent link in the chain which connects
the bridge with the L'nion Station, and the
entire system of tracks in the Mill Creek Val-
ley, it is so important an adjunct to the bridge
that the two arc, in thought, unavoidably as-
sociated. Indeed, without the tunnel, the
bridge, in its present location, would be al-
most valueless.
The opponents of the St. Louis & Illinois
Bridge Company sought to place every obsta-
cle in the way of the success of that enterprise,
and, with this object in view, succeeded in in-
troducing into the Illinois charter of that com-
pany an amendment providing that the loca-
tion of the bridge should be within one hun-
dred feet of Dyke Avenue, in East St. Louis.
This provision would necessitate placing the
western end of the structure near the foot of
Washington Avenue, in St. Louis, and, cou-
pled with the requirement of Congress as to
the height above the water surface, would
bring the railway level on the grade of Wash-
ington Avenue at Third Street. The objection
to the passage of trains through the center of
the city along a crowded thoroughfare, with
many intersecting streets, could evidently
never have been overcome. The location of the
bridge proposed by the rival company being
several blocks further north, at Cass Wenue,
would, it was thought, not he open to that ob-
jection, for, although in this case also the rail-
road trains must necessarily occupy the streets,
yet being further removed from the densely
populated part of the city, the inconvenience
would not be so great. It was thought, more-
over, that the more distant location would
prove to he of incidental advantage to the
city, by reason of the greater demand for om-
nibuses, carriages and other vehicles.
In his first report to the Bridge Company
Mr. fads discussed the question of location
very thoroughly, and the reasons which he
gave in support of the Washington Avenue
site gave evidence of his sagacity and fore-
thought. Recognizing the impracticability of
handling through the open streets the vast
traffic which he foresaw would enter the city
by this route, Mr. Lads advocated the con-
struction of a tunnel as the most feasible con-
nection between the Mill Creek Valley and the
bridge.
The original route of the tunnel as described
in an ordinance approved March 14, 1868,
placed the western terminus at Eleventh
Street, between Clark Avenue and the Pacific
Railroad track; but by an amended ordinance,
approved in 1872, the route was so changed as
to pass under Eighth Street, from the custom-
house to the south side of Clark Avenue ; from
this latter point to Spruce Street the continua-
tion of the tunnel tracks was to be in an open
cut. The route of the tunnel as constructed
is from Third Street, under Washington Ave-
nue, to Seventh Street, where it curves to the
south into Eighth Street, near Locust ; thence
under Eighth Street to Clark Avenue, a total
length of 4,095 feet between portals. The
tunnel is really a double tunnel, a partition
wall separating the two tracks ; the width of
each portion of the tunnel occupied by a track
is fourteen feet, except at the curve, where it
is fifteen feet, and the height from the top of
rail to the arched roof is sixteen feet six inches.
\\ Tile the construction of the tunnel was in
progress a scheme was devised by the super-
vising architect of the United States for ex-
pediting the handling of mail between trains
and the postoffice, which was then under con-
struction. The roadways at this point (be-
tween Locust and Olive Streets) were widened
so as to provide a platform between the tracks,
the mail pouches were to be thrown into a
hopper receptacle, and run into the basement
of the postoffice through an opening which
was left in the wall of the tunnel for that pur-
pose. The scheme was abandoned, however,
after the government had spent $150,000, the
cost to the company being as much more.
The plan was seen to be impracticable, even
before the arrangements were completed, and
no mail was ever handled at this point. The
only use ever made of this opening was for the
delivery of the granite for the construction of
the postoffice. The opening was finally closed
by a solid wall, on account of the intolerable
nuisance caused by the smoke from the tunnel.
Another impracticable scheme for utilizing
the tunnel was the plan for an underground
union passenger station, to be located under
Washington Avenue, between Eighth and
leventh Streets'. This plan, indorsed by
prominent railroad officials, was so seriously
A <j\n.
TURNER.
113
considered that a bill for a charter was intro-
duced in the Legislature.
These two schemes are mentioned here
simply to show how misty were the ideas in
the minds of railroad men, in those days, i if
what was practicable in railroad operations.
The tunnel was constructed in open cut, the
street surface being replaced on top of the
arches as they were completed. The work
was very difficult, as the sides of the cut came
close up to the building line of the streets, and
massive buildings required to be supported
until the tunnel was completed.
The tunnel was finished on June 24. (874,
and the railway tracks laid in the following
month. The first traffic through the tunnel
was the transportation of the stone for the
new government building", which was deliv-
ered through the opening referred to as in-
tended for mail service.
The tunnel was originally ventilated by
means of openings in the roof, four feet by
ten, placed in the center of the blocks between
intersecting streets. The smoke from these
openings proved to be so annoying that the
city ordered them closed. To provide the
necessary ventilation a stack 120 feet high was
built in 1882, at the mid-length of the tunnel,
on St. Charles Street ; in the stack was placed
a large exhaust fan, fifteen feet in diameter and
9 feet face, which was driven by a 150 horse-
power engine. This fan was estimated to be
capable of discharging 250.000 cubic feet of
air in a minute, and to clear the tunnel of
smoke in four and a half minutes after
a train passed the bottom of the stack. In
1893 the fan required renewal, and. in view of
the largely increased traffic passing through
the tunnel, a new fan. twenty feet in diameter
and of nearly double the capacity, was erected.
The difficulty now experienced in securing
proper ventilation is due to the great number
of trains passing through at certain hours of
the day, the maximum interval between trains
during that period being a minute and a half;
in consequence the fan can not clear the tun-
nel of smoke before another train enters the
tunnel.
The volume of traffic has enormously in-
creased since the tunnel was opened. In the
report of the first year's operation of the tun-
nel the number of loaded freight cars passing
through is given at 16,364. or an average
of forty-five cars per day. The first passenger
train crossed the bridge June 13. 1875, and in
76
the ten months covered by the report of 1876
1 lie total number of passengers carried was
496,886. The total number of passenger
coaches, ami mail, baggage ami express cars
for the same period, was 50.71 1. In [896 the
total number .if car- of all kinds passed
through the tunnel was r,r,},.y"). conveying
1.478,152 passengers and 3,418,848 tons of
freight. -- ,., T.
6 Norman W. Eayers.
Turner, John Wesley, who achieved
distinction as soldier, public official ami man
of affairs, was born in 1833. at Saratoga, Xew
York, son of John I'.. ami Martha (Voluntine)
Turner, and died in St. Louis. April S. [899.
John Bice Turner, his father, who was also a
native of Xew York, was one of the pioneers
in Western railway development, and. in com-
pany with William I'.. Ogden, built the Ga-
lena & Chicago Union Railroad, parent of the
present Chicago & Northwestern Railway
system. The elder Turner came west in 1845,
after having constructed a portion of the Xew
York & Erie Railroad, and a portion also of
the Troy & Schenectady Road, with a broader
knowledge of the practical business of railway
construction than most of the men who had
begun the agitation in favor of railroads in
the West. ami. as a result of this practical
knowledge. Chicago was given its first rail-
road outlet within a few years after lie became
a resident of that city. He was a man of
formative genius and great executive ability,
and for many year- was one of the most dis-
tinguished citizens of Chicago, which holds
his name in grateful remembrance for hi- con-
tributions to it- advancement. When he was
eighteen years of age, John \V. Turner was
appointed, upon the recommendation of Chi-
cago's most famous Congressman and public
man. "Long John" Wentworth. a cadet at
West Point, and entered the Xational Military
Academy in 1X51. lie was graduated in the
class of 1855 and assigned to dut_\ as a -
lieutenant of artillery. He served for a
on the frontier at Fort Dallas, < Iregon.
he participated in a campaign agaii
kima Indians, who had gone on tA
under the leadership of the .
Lookingglass, and ivas
Florida to take part in
uprising of t!1
led by Chief Billy Fowl
tr\ ing and ardm ;
of Florida he retu
Nil 4
TURNERS.
was stationed at Fortress Monroe when the
Civil War began. At the beginning of hos-
tilities he was assigned to duty in Western
Missouri and Kansas, acting until 1862 as
chief of the commissariat of the Department
of Kansas, with the rank of captain. In the
year last named he was transferred to the De-
partment of the Gulf and assigned to staff
duty, with the rank of colonel. September 7,
1863, he was promoted to brigadier-general of
volunteers and transferred to the Army of the
James, in which he served until the close of the
war. He was in command of a division of the
Tenth Corps of the Army of the James during
the campaign of 1864 against Richmond, par-
ticipating in many of the most important en-
gagements of that campaign. After the cap-
ture of Petersburg he joined in the pursuit of
the Confederate Army, which culminated in
the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox
Courthouse, and after the fall of Richmond
commanded the Union forces stationed at the
Confederate capital. As commandant at Rich-
mond he brought order out of chaos
which he found there, restored normal condi-
tions as nearly as it was possible to do so un-
der a military rule, and pursued a course which
caused Richmond to recover from the devas-
tating effects of war more rapidly than any
other Southern city. He was mustered out of
the volunteer service September i> 1866, and
soon afterward was ordered to St. Louis,
where he served as purchasing and depot
commissary of the government, under the di-
rection of the commissioner of Indian affairs,
until 1871. In September of that year he re-
signed his commission in the army to become
president of the Bogy Lead Mining Company
of Missouri, thus entering civil life in this city,
and becoming identified with its business in-
terests. After that time he was a conspicuous
figure in business circles, a man of command-
ing influence and force of character in every
sphere of action. He was connected officially
and as a stockholder with various business en-
terprises of large magnitude, and at the time
of liis death was president of the St. Joseph
' '.as Manufacturing Company, a director of
the East St. Louis Fee & Cold Storage Com-
pany, a director of the American Exchange
Haul:, and a director of the Wiggins Ferry
Company. His greatest public service to the
city of St. Louis, and one which entitles him
to the lasting gratitude of all its citizens, was
rendered as street commissioner, an office to
which he was appointed in 1877, and which he
filled for eleven years. In this capacity, and
as the dominating force in the Board of Public
Improvements, he brought about a general re-
construction of the streets of the business and
more thickly settled portions of the city, sub-
stituting granite block and asphaltum for the
old wooden block and macadam pavements.
This reformatory measure he carried into exe-
cution against a storm of protest on the part
of those who feared an increase of taxation,
political demagogues and time-serving city
officials. For a time the warfare against him
was fierce and bitter, but through it all he was
calmly imperturbable, pursuing the even tenor
of his way, overcoming opposition in the end
with the dynamic force of unanswerable argu-
ment and logic. Time justified the wisdom of
his action, converts to his views multiplied,
and to-day every public-spirited citizen of St.
Louis rejoices in the fact that this work was
accomplished, and honors the memory of the
man who had the courage and tenacity of pur-
pose to inaugurate and push to completion
this magnificent system of improvements.
The personality of General Turner was ex-
ceedingly interesting. His life was an event-
ful one, and the reminiscent features of his
daily intercourse were delightfully entertaining
to those who gathered about him in a green
old age. There was a peculiar charm in the
soldierly bearing and military precision of this
man of affairs which made him conspicuous in
any gathering, and which gave dignity and
grace to his presence in the thoroughfares of
commerce, as well as in the social and family
circles. General Turner married, in 1869,
Miss Blanche Soulard, daughter of Benjamin
A. Soulard, and granddaughter of Surveyor-
General Cerre, who held office prior to the
transfer of the Province of Louisiana to the
LTnited States government.
Turners. — Physical culture, more particu-
larly in the form of straight gymnastics, has
long been a feature of German educational
life. The first to introduce it in a prominent
way was Johann Guthsmuth, at a private
school at Thuringia. This institution was a
preparatory school for the university, and as
such was patronized by the sons of wealthy
men. The building has been modernized, and
is preserved as a national landmark ; it is
known to-day as the Philanthropian.
TURNERS.
2315
The next great movement, known as the re-
naissance of gymnastics, was inaugurated by
Frederick Ludwig Jahn, better known as
"Father Jahn." Napoleon at that time was
practically dictator of Europe. Inflamed
with patriotic sentiment, Jahn exclaimed :
"The only way in which we can free ourselves
is by the systematic physical training of Ger-
man youth." He was in this inspired, prob-
ably, by the recollection of what the ancient
Greeks had accomplished by similar methods.
The idea was taken up with enthusiasm, and
the German people gave themselves over with
true Teutonic fervor to building up the healthy
body in which to house the healthy mind.
The King of Prussia lent his countenance to
the work, and gave consent to Jahn and his
pupils using the Hasenheide, just outside of
Berlin, free. Here Jahn and his scholars reg-
ularly restored, and here Jahn's monument
stands to-day as a perpetual memorial of a
movement which, ultimately, did much to
thrust the invaders back once more across the
Rhine. This was in the year 1810. Jahn
soon found himself surrounded by an enthusi-
astic following. In association with Eiselen,
Friesen and others Jahn formulated his sys-
tem, which he published in 1816, under the
name of "Turnkunst" (the art of gymnastics).
The movement spread from the schools to the
army. The work was systematically pushed
by Spies, so that in Germany to-day there is
no educational institution of importance where
physical culture is not a part of the regular
course ; nor a town of any size which does not
possess one or more gymnastic societies.
Physical culture, upon scientific lines, was
first introduced into the United States about
the year 1825, by Charles Follen, a political
refugee. Follen soon associated himself with
Harvard University, where the first training
school was shortly afterward founded, the first
in this country. A great stimulus was given
to physical culture in the United States by the
unsuccessful revolution in Europe in 1848.
Immediately following that event1 a great wave
of immigration set in for this country, bring-
ing along with it some of the best and most
sturdy blood of Germany. One of the results
was the formation of the Nord Amerikan-
ischer Turnerbund, or North American Gym-
nastic Union. This association spread rapidly,
with societies spread over thirty-four States,
and with upward of two hundred trained pro-
fessional teachers. Of the 314 societies re-
porting in 1894, 206 possessed their own halls,
with all the requisite gymnastic apparati. etc.
The returns officially issued April, [898, re-
port a total membership of 36,651 male adults,
of whom 30,503 were citizens of the United
States of America; 1,490 members in senior
classes, over thirty-five years of age ; 3,760
ladies taking regular exercises ; scholars, boys
under eighteen years of age, 17,857; girls, 9,-
790; 165 professional teachers connected with
the various Turners' Halls, and sixty-five en-
gaged at the same time in public and pri-
vate schools. In connection with the junior
classes were 913 organized clubs, in which
were taught the rules of debate, the art of de-
claiming, etc. One hundred and ninety-four
societies own their own halls, the value of the
real estate being $1,235,198, and of the im-
provements, $3,005,129. The value of the
furniture was $246,476; of the apparati, $165,-
612, and of the library, containing 66,792 vol-
umes, 855,566. Two hundred and forty-one
societies were incorporated, of which 194
owned their own halls. Seventy-eight socie-
ties had special sick and burying funds, which
are optional, and twelve possessed their own
organ or paper. The total number of socie-
ties in the Bund at date of last report was 294 ;
number of accidents reported for the year. 104
light and eight severe.
Among those who fled to this country, upon
"the failure of the great reform movement in
Germany, in 1848, were many men who had
attended the celebrated gymnastic school, or
Turnschule, of Jahn. Some of those got
together, and on May 12, 1850, formed a gym-
nastic society, or turnverein, to which they
gave the name of "Bestrebung," or Endeavor,
which was afterward changed to the St.
Uouis Turnverein. The organizers were Carl
Speck, F. Roeser, U. Barthels, Carl B. Dieck-
ride, Johann Boland, Theodor Hildebrant,
Wilhelm Meyer, Wellebald Mohl and Wil-
helm Grahl. The first modest start was made
near Collins and Cherry Streets. This prov-
ing inadequate for the growing membership,
a stock company was formed, and a more com-
modious building erected, in 1X55, on Tenth
Street, between Market and Walnut S
to which the name of the Turnhalle
The place was gradually cub-
its removal was determim
movement finally took shape ii
the existing spacious premi
teau Avenue, near Dill n the
2316
TURNERS.
C ivil War broke "tit there were over five hun-
dred enrolled members upon the list, but so
many of these volunteered for service in the
Federal Army that the work of the Turnhalle
was almost brought to a standstill. For this
reason old St. Louisan Turners not infre-
quently refer to the discarded building on
Tenth Street as the old "Cradle of Liberty."
The same ardent desire to free the slaves ani-
mated the Germans at that time throughout
the country: for the most part political refu-
gees themselves, they were pledged to liberty
everywhere. As a result, entire companies of
volunteers, and almost entire regiments, were
made up almost exclusively of Turners; thus
the Seventeenth Missouri was frequently re-
ferred to as the Western Turners' Regiment.
At the conclusii m of the Civil War the Turn-
bund was reorganized and solidly established,
and the St. Louis Verein entered upon a ca-
reer of prosperity, soon having a membership
of 416 male adults and 250 pupils.
Shortly after the war the Turnbund put
forth a declaration of principles, which is
still in force. This declaration or platform
announces adherence to the following princi-
ples, among others: A republican form of
government based upon good citizenship,
physical and moral. All legislative power to
rest in the House of Representatives; the ex-
ecutive authority to be vested in a board re-
sponsible tu that house. A labor day limited
to ' ight hours, and no children under fourteen
years of age to be employed in factories. The
stoppage of all land grants, and the manage-
ment l>\ the State of all railroads and tele-
graph lines; the enactment of Laws against all
forms of adulteration, and the passage and en-
forcement of laws prohibiting the manufacture
and sale of all intoxicating drinks. Compul-
son free education, and teaching of German
as well as the English language: also the in-
troduction of gymnastics in all public schools.
A progressive income tax: also a legacy tax,
exempting therefrom, however, an amount
necessary for the support of the family. The
abolition of all forms of indirect taxation, and
the absolute severance of church and State.
All Turners were required to be citizens of the
United States, or else to have declared their
intention of becoming citizens by taking out
naturalization papers. I'.\ this platform the
Turnbund went upon record as unalterably
committed to the support of an advanced form
of free republican government, and also of
loyalty to the country of adoption.
At the head of the Bund stands the national
convention, which meets biennially. Under
it, and exercising supreme executive author-
ity, is a board of fifteen members. Below these
are the district conventions, which meet an-
nually, which are empowered to make laws
and regulations for their several districts, and
to enforce the same, but subject to the general
laws and regulations of the Bund.
The Turners seek to make their halls at-
tractive, as well as useful. To this end they
are fitted out with most of the features of a
club — such as library, reading room: also
rooms for refreshments and for such simple
forms of amusements as billiards, cards, etc.
Higher forms of entertainment are given at
different intervals, usually monthly. Upon
such occasions concerts, dramatic entertain-
ments and balls are the order of the day. Spe-
cial sections have charge of this work, the
wives and sisters of the members zealouslv co-
operating. In the summer picnics into the
country are arranged, and at Christmas time
special efforts are made for children, Christ-
mas trees, with prizes, etc. The returns for
1898 report 4,(120 ladies as assisting in these
social features, and 844 members, of both
sexes, as participating in the dramatic section.
The St. Louis district is the banner district
of the whole Bund. It has eighteen societies,
of which eleven are located in St. Louis. The
other societies, subject to its authority, are as
follows : ( hie in Highland, one in Ouincy,
one in Centralia, and one in .Mount ( Hive, all
in the State of Illinois: one in Washington,
State of Missouri: one in Herman. State of
Mississippi, and one in Little Rock, State of
Arkansas.
It is claimed for St. Louis that it has not
only more Turner halls than any other city in
the United States, but that it also has the best
equipped gymnasium. St. Louis is also the
banner city in the Union for active member-
ship— men, ladies and pupils. All the eleven
societies, it may be stated, grew out of the old
hall on Tenth Street.
St. Louis Turnverein has the largest mem-
bership of any society in St. Louis, and the
second largest in the country, being excelled
only by the Turngemeinde, Philadelphia. It
was founded in 1850, but removed to its spa-
cious new premises, upon Chouteau Avenue,
in 1888. The building that serves it as a
TURNERS.
2317
home covers 150 x 100 feet. The gymnasium
is lofty and thoroughly equipped. It is fitted
up at one end with a stage, and when used as
a concert hall can seat fifteen hundred persons.
The returns for 1898 report 750 adult male
members, ninety-four lady members, and 410
scholars, of whom 150 were girls; the ladies'
auxiliary, assisting at social functions, is given
at sixty-five. Attached are all the leading
club features already alluded to. It maintains
two excellent teachers — A. E. Kindervater, in-
structor in gymnastics, and George Hopp-
man, fencing master.
South St. Louis Turnverein. the second old-
est societv in the city, was established in 1865.
It commenced in a small way with fifty-one
members, at the corner of Ninth and Julia
Streets. Its growth was rapid, so that it was
decided to erect a new hall ; the result was the
fine structure on Carroll and Tenth Streets.
covering 1 17 x 84 feet, which was opened May
6, 1882, at a cost of $21,000. Its membership
consists of 584 adult males, 91 ladies, and 827
pupils, of whom 326 are girls. The South St.
Louis Turnverein has the largest school, with-
out exception, in the country. The instructor
of gymnastics is Cieorge Wittich, who is also
supervisor of gymnastics at the public schools.
William Wauthe is the assistant.
St. Louis Socialer Turnverein originally met
at Sixteenth and Montgomery Streets. The
society was established October 8. 1S72.
Upon January 9, 1879, the new hall, covering
Sox 112 feet, was opened at the corner of
Thirteenth and Monroe Streets. Oscar Ru-
ther is the instructor. The building was
erected by a stock company, its cost being
$18,000. This society had a membership, in
1898, of 443 adult males, 30 ladies, 208 boy
scholars, 136 girl scholars and a powerful en-
tertainment auxiliary of eighty ladies.
Concordia Turnverein was founded by
members of the Central Turnverein, who
wanted to have their meeting place nearer to
their homes in extreme South St. Louis. The
result was the existing hall upon Arsenal, cor-
ner of Thirteenth Street, erected at an ex-
penditure of $19,500. It was dedicated No-
vember 15. 1877. and its career has been one
of uniform success. The returns for 1898
give the membership as follows : Adult males,
508; ladies, 56: boys, 390; girls. 184. and la-
dies' auxiliary for social entertainments, 24.
Charles Hechrich, instructor.
West St. Louis Turnverein was for mam
years known as the Schiller Club. In the Mini
nier of 1871; the Schiller Club, then having a
membership of [38 of both sexes, resolved to
incorporate as a Turnverein. The Second Bap
tist Church, at the northeast comer of Morgan
and Beaumont Streets, was secured and
turned into a gymnasium, dedicated Ma\ S.
1881, other rooms being attached from time
to time, to meet the growing requirements of
what was soon to become a flourishing so-
ciety. The membership in [898 was re
ported as follows: Four hundred and five
adtdt males, 122 ladies (the largest ladies' tl
partment in St. Louis), 483 pupils, and 53 la-
dies' auxiliaries ; instructor. August Muegge.
The social features of this society are highly
deveh >ped.
Carondelet Germania Turnverein was dedi-
cated March I 1. 1876, the cost of the hall be-
ing in the neighborhood of S18.000. It has
a membership of 130 adult males. 20 ladies,
t 12 boy scholars, and 70 girl scholars, with a
ladies' auxiliary of 20. Otto Boettger, gym-
nastic instructor. It has a very excellent
dramatic club.
X'orth St. Louis Turnverein has its hall at
the corner of Salisbury and Twentieth Streets.
and has a large membership, consisting of
410 adult males. 51 ladies. 473 boys, and 246
girl scholars. Ferdinand Froehlich, instruc-
tor. This society was first organized in [868,
as the X'orth St. Louis Turnschule and Kin-
dergarten; reorganized in 1870, and finally in-
corporated February, 1874. as the \Torth St.
Louis Turnverein. Its first hall was upon
Bremen Avenue and Broadway.
There are four other societies in St. Louis
connected with Turnbund, viz.: Schweizer
Xational Turnverein, Rock Spring Turnve-
rein. Suedwest St. Louis Turnverein and
Humboldt Turnverein. These four societies
had. according to the official returns for [898,
an aggregate membership of 582 adult males.
100 ladies. ^)2 boy pupils, 267 girl pupils, and
54 ladies' auxiliary.
The eleven societies of St. Louis return 3.-
821 full members, out of a total, for the 1
country, of 36.651 — or over 10 per cenl
ladies and scholars under eighteei
makes even a better showing.
The various Turners' hall- are 50
centers of all that is best in * a
foster not only physical cul
otism and love of the old
2318
TUTT.
They have a special school permanently lo-
cated at Milwaukee, for the training of teach-
ers in gymnastic work. The course covers
two years, and is quite severe, including, as it
does, physical culture, theory and art of teach-
ing gymnastics, anatomy, physiology, ele-
mentary surgery, hygiene, etc.
The official organ of the Turnbund is "Die
Turnerzeitung," published at Milwaukee, be-
sides which is issued a periodical in English,
under the title of "Mind and Body."
To join a Turners' Society is quite expen-
sive to members, as, besides the hall and the
entertainments and social features, a corps of
skillful teachers has to be kept up. The aim
of the Turners is to make gymnastics the
property, not of a class, but of the entire peo-
ple. To this end they seek to introduce it
throughout the country. What can be ef-
fected in this line can be best seen in the case
of Germany, where the Turners number over
700,000 strong, all adult males. At the re-
cent national festival of the Deutche Turner-
schaft, held at Hamburg, 189S, over 37,000
Turners participated. These figures show the
great place accorded in Germany to physical
culture.
Tutt, Dent Gardner, merchant and
financier, was born August 18, 1828, son of
Dr. Gabriel Tutt, born in Culpepper County,
Virginia, in 1786, and grandson of John and
Mary Tutt, both of whom were of English
descent. Mr. Tutt's mother, who was born
in Maryland, in 1797, was a daughter of Cap-
tain Samuel Gardner, of Front Royal, Vir-
ginia. His father came from Virginia to Mis-
souri in 1835, coming to St. Louis by way of
the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers from Guyan-
dotte, on the Ohio. His family accompanied
him. but his negro servants — some forty in
number — were sent overland to this city. On
his arrival at St. Louis the elder Tutt was
most kindly received by Mr. Charles Cabanne,
who invited him to occupy a part of his farm,
four miles from the courthouse, as a camping
ground, awaiting the arrival of his servants,
horses and wagons. He and his family were
most hospitably treated by Mr. Cabanne dur-
ing their sojourn of several weeks at his place,
and a fact of interest in this connection is that
Mr. Cabanne then proposed to sell his farm —
now a part of the city — to Dr. Tutt at twenty
dollars per acre. lie did not. however, think
the offer particularly advantageous, as he had
a large family and numerous servants, and was
desirous of settling on a large tract of land.
Early in the year 1836 he purchased a body
of land in Cooper County, near Boonville,
to which he removed, and on which he con-
tinued to reside until his death. For a few
years after his settlement in Cooper County he
practiced his profession, but later was suc-
ceeded in this by his son, Dr. Samuel J. Tutt,
now of Kirkwood, Missouri, and devoted his
entire time and attention to farming opera-
tions. His wife survived him many years,
dying in 1877, in her eightieth year. Dent G.
Tutt was educated in the public schools, where
he studied the ordinary English branches, and
also obtained some knowledge of the Greek
and Latin languages. He was inclined to
mercantile pursuits, and left home when he
was sixteen years of age to begin serving an
apprenticeship to that business. His earliest
knowledge of merchandising was obtained in
a general store kept by his brother, Thomas E.
Tutt, in one of the Western towns of Missouri.
After remaining there several years he came to
St. Louis and clerked for Pomeroy & Durkee,
then in the wholesale dry goods business in
this city. From 1850 to 1852 he was employed
by the firm of Tutt & Watson, in the whole-
sale boot and shoe business, and in the year
last named embarked in the wholesale grocery
business in Weston, Missouri, then a thriv-
ing town having a population of about three
thousand. He did business there for five years
thereafter, and at the end of that time came
to St. Louis to become a member of the
wholesale grocery firm of Humphrey, Tutt &
Terry. The breaking out of the Civil War
brought about a dissolution of this firm, caused
by sectional feelings. Mr. Tutt sympathized
with the South, and the equally strong sympa-
thy of his partners with the North caused a
severance of their business connections. For
several years afterward he was a partner in
the wholesale grocery firm of Tutt & Baker,
and in 1863 formed a copartnership with his
brother, Thomas E. Tutt, and Robert Don-
nell, of St. Joseph, Missouri, the firm thus con-
stituted establishing wholesale houses at Vir-
ginia City and Helena, Montana. The busi-
ness of this firm was continued until 1867,
and Dent G. Tutt spent four years in Mon-
tana. That region was then a wild country,
populated mainly by Indians, and the road
thither was beset by perils of various kinds.
At different times Mr. Tutt had narrow es-
£.
c— <f^^
TUTT.
2319
capes from falling into the hands of the In-
dians, from being despoiled by "road agents,"
and from death by floods. The trips over-
land were made by the coaches run by Ben
Holliday & Co., fourteen days and nights be-
ing required for a continuous passage to Salt
Lake City, and seven days for the trip from
Salt Lake to Montana. In December of
1864 he left Helena with twenty-five thous-
and dollars worth of gold dust in his posses-
sion, and did not reach St. Louis until Febru-
ary following, the delay being caused by an
outbreak of the Indians, who killed all the
ranchmen throughout a large region of coun-
try, and burned all the stations between Den-
ver and Little Cottonwood. On this occa-
sion, after remaining in Denver a week or ten
days awaiting an opportunity to get through,
a large number of miners and business men
from the adjacent mining camp on their way
to the States petitioned the government to
give them a military escort through the coun-
try occupied by the hostile Indians. In re-
sponse to this petition an escort of fifty sol-
diers was supplied, and the journey was com-
pleted in about seven or eight days without
incident. The travelers noted along the way,
however, the destruction of all the stage sta-
tions, and the dead bodies of Indians lying
here and there along the roadside indicated
that a severe struggle had but recently taken
place between the ranchmen and the savages.
At the end of his four years of adventure and
trade in Montana Mr. Tutt returned to St.
Louis, where he has since resided, engaged
in various business and financial enterprises,
and occupying a prominent position among
men of affairs. He has been a member of the
Central Presbyterian Church since 1867, and
took an active part in erecting the church
edifice at the northeast corner of Lucas and
Garrison Avenues in 1874. He was a member
of the church building committee at that time,
and has seen a church debt of fifty thousand
dollars, then contracted, paid in full, contrib-
uting his full share to the consummation of
that event. Politically, he has been known
as one of the staunch Democrats of St. Louis
ever since he became a resident of the city.
Mr. Tutt married, in 1852, Miss Jessie C.
Smith, second daughter of Judge C. H.
Smith, of Boonville, Missouri. Her father,
who was a native of Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, was a much esteemed citizen of Boon-
ville, and held the office of probate judge for
over twenty years. The living children of
Mr. and Mrs. Tutt are one son and two daugh-
ters, of whom the younger daughter married,
in 1888, in London, England, Joseph M. Mac-
Donough, who now resides with his family on
Long Island, New York.
Tutt, Thomas E., merchant and bank-
er, was born October 9, 1822, in the town of
Luray, Page County, Virginia, and died in
St. Louis, March 28, 1897. His father was
Dr. Gabriel Tutt, a well known Virginia physi-
cian, who removed with his family from that
State to Missouri in 1835. The son was thir-
teen years old when the family removed to
this State, and up to that time had enjoyed
good educational advantages. In Cooper
county, where the new home was estab-
lished, he completed a practical education
which fitted him for business pursuits, ami at
sixteen years of age he began clerking in a
store. He had a natural genius for trade,
and this, combined with steady habits, close
application to his duties and a conscientious
devotion to the interests of his employers,
caused him to be advanced steadily from one
position of trust and responsibility to another.
Carefully saving his earnings, he found him-
self in possession of a cash capital of one
thousand dollars when he was twenty-two
years of age. Associating with himself a for-
• mer schoolmate, he opened a general store
at Camden, Ray County, Missouri, in 1844,
and their venture proved an entire success.
After an experience of four years as a coun-
try merchant, in the course of which he had
added largely to his cash capital, and had at
the same time gained a still more valuable
knowledge of Western trade, he determined
to embark in business on a larger scale, and
removed to St. Louis, where he established
himself in the wholesale boot and shoe trade,
in company with James S. Watson, and under
the firm name of Tutt & Watson. At the
end of five years this firm was dissolved, and
the extent of their success is evidenced by
the fact that they divided profits amounting
to $84,000. With the handsome capital which
he now had at his command, Mr. Tutt en-
gaged in the wholesale grocery and commis-
sion business, from which he retired in 1858,
on account of ill-health. After a season of
rest and recreation, he again engaged in a
branch of the wholesale trade, in 1859, deal-
ing chiefly in New Orleans molasses and sugar
2320
TUTTLE.
products. In [860, in company with his
brother, D. G. Tint, and John [•'. Bakerj he
organized another wholesale and commission
house, from which he withdrew in 1X64. With
R. \\ . Donald, of St. Joseph, Missouri, and
1 ). G. I'utt. he then established a mercantile
house at Virginia City, Montana, a gold min-
ing center about sixty miles southeast of Butte
(it.. In [865, on the advice of his physi-
cian, who recommended a change of climate
fur the improvement of his health, he went
t.> the Rocky Mountain region, and for sev-
eral years thereafter he spent a large portion
of his time looking after his business enter-
prises there. During the winter of 1865-6
there was a great rush of miners into what
was known as the "Sun River" mining region,
and the unusual severity of the winter caused
much suffering among the fortune-hunters.
Their pitiable condition appealed strongly to
the sympathies of Mr. Tun, and his establish-
ment of a hospital, in which they were treated
and cared for. caused him to lie regarded as
a public benefactor by those with whom he
was thus temporarily brought into contact,
lie returned to St. Louis in 1870, and was
thereafter most prominently identified with
the banking interests of the city. As early
as 1854 he had been made a director of the
old State Bank of Missouri, the first bank es-
tablished west of the Mississippi River, and
had had occasion to make a somewhat careful
study of the banking business. Soon after his
return from the Rocky Mountain country he
ass iciated himself with James M. Franciscus,
and together they founded the Haskell Bank,
of which he became president. Later he was
identified with the Lucas Rank as a director,
and in 1S77 became president of the Third
National Bank, holding the latter position
until July of 1889, when he resigned. At the
time '>i his death he was a director of the Mis-
sissippi Valley Trust Company. He was an
intelligent student of financial problems, and
from time to time wrote entertainingly and
instructively on financial topics, lor several
years he served as a director of the Wabash
Railroad Company, and in 1884 the great re-
5p msibilitj was imposed upon him of adjust-
ing the affairs of the Wabash Railroad as re-
ceiver for the company. For many years he
was president of the board <>f trustees of the
Missouri Institution for the Blind, and served
1- president also of the Mercantile Library
Association. I lis religious affiliations were
with the Presbyterian Church, and in poli-
tics he was a Democrat of the old school, be-
ing especially prominent during the later
years of his life in the advocacy of a sound
financial system for the United States. He
was married, in 1855, to the eldest daughter
of Dr. James H. Bennett, and niece of Honor-
able James S. Rollins, of Columbus, Missouri.
Mrs. Tutt died in 1864, and in 1871 he mar-
ried Miss Sallie R. Rhodes, daughter of Colo-
nel Clifton Rhodes, of Danville, Kentucky.
His wife and two daughters are the surviv-
ing members of his family.
Tattle, Daniel Sylvester, Protest-
ant Episcopal bishop of Missouri, was born
January 26, 1837, at Windham, Green Count}',
Xew York. He comes of good American
stock, and his paternal grandfather was a Con-
necticut soldier of the Revolution. His father
was a devout Methodist, and his years of boy-
hood were blest with the family prayers and
godly example of a Christian home. Voting
Tuttle grew up in the country, and from coun-
try air and exercise laid the foundation of the
physical robustness which stood him in good
stead in after years of laborious duty. The
Methodist Church was two miles in one direc-
tion from his home, and was in the village
where was the postoffice. The Episcopal
Church was one mile distant, in an opposite
direction, and situated in the open country
among the farmers.
A kindly, well-educated old bachelor was
the rector of this church (Trinity Church,
Windham). His name was Thomas S. Judd.
( >nc day, when young Tuttle was about ten
years old. the rector happened in at the coun-
try school when the boys were "speaking their
pieces." lie heard young Tuttle, and, struck
with the evidence of manly, intellectual gifts
displayed by the youthful orator, he went the
next day to the father and asked him if the
boy might study Latin with him. The father
gratefully consented, and so the boy was
launched into the perplexities of Latin de-
clensions and conjugations. He also became
a regular attendant at the Episcopal Sunday-
school. His Latin studies, followed by Greek,
were an annex to his district school work. Mr.
Judd continued the faithful tvitor for three
years or more. Then, in the autumn of 1850,
he arranged for his pupil to enter Delaware
TUTTLE.
Academy, Delhi, New York. Mr. Judd was
acquainted in Delhi, having been a teacher
there. He arranged for his young pupil to
pay his expenses by living with a widow,
whose two cows he should care for, and whose
garden he should cultivate. In Delhi young
Tuttle stayed three years. In the last of those
years, while still studying in his own higher
classes, he became an assistant teacher in the
institution, helping thus to pay his own way.
In the spring of 1853 he was baptized by the
rector at Delhi, and in the summer was con-
firmed in the Windham Church by Bishop
Wainwright. In the fall of the same year,
through Air. Judd's guidance, he became as-
sistant teacher in a school for boys in Scars-
dale, Westchester County, New York, under
Rev. W. W. Olssen. With a little sum of
money that he had been enabled to lay by. he
entered the sophomore class of Columbia Col-
lege, New York City, in 1854. He graduated
the second in rank in his class in 1857, hav-
ing been helped in his college course by a
scholarship from the "Society for the Promo-
tion of Religion and Learning," and by a loan
from his elder brother.
For two years he was private tutor in vari-
ous families in New York City, and for part
of the time an assistant teacher in the Colum-
bia College Grammar School. From his in-
come he paid off all his debts. Then, in 1859,
he entered the General Theological Seminary,
New York City, where he continued three
years, graduating in 1862. Among his class-
mates were those who became afterward
Bishop Robertson, of Missouri ; Bishop Jag-
gar, of Ohio, and Bishop Walker, of Western
New York. Another classmate was William
T. Sabine, since gone to the Reformed Epis-
copal Church, who, in answer to Joseph Jef-
ferson, the actor, characterized the Church of
the Transfiguration by the famous words, "the
little church around the corner."
During his seminary course he did not
altogether give up his labors as a private tutor.
And among his pupils this time were the sons
of Bishop Horatio Potter and Bishop White-
house.
Ordained deacon by Bishop Horatio Potter,
of New York, June 29, 1862. the Rev. Tuttle
went, in July, to Zion Church, Morris. Otsegi 1
County, New York, and became assistant to
the rector, Rev. Geo. L. Foote, who was pros-
trated by paralysis. In November, 1863, Mr.
I oote died, ami Air. Tuttle was elected
Subsequently, September 12, [865, the
rector married Harriet M., the eldest daughter
of his predecessor. In Zion Church he was
advanced to the priesthood by Bishop I 'otter,
July I'). 1863.
Rev. Mr. Judd came to the neighboring
parish of Butternuts, and so the faithful
teacher and pupil were associated together
again. January 30. 1864. Mr. Judd died, and
in the week's illness before his death Mr. Tut-
tle was constantly with him. He alone was
with him at midnight in his hour of death, and
had the sad pleasure of closing his e\ es t< 1 their
peaceful rest. To his godly parents in the
flesh, and to his kind and much loved fi »ster
father, Rev. Mr. Judd, the bishop in after years
has often been heard to say he owes, under
God, all which he is.
The Morris parish was singularly adapted
to bring out and develop the powers and en-
ergies of the young rector. It was a large
parish of near ten miles square, anil the parish-
ioners were much scattered. Under Rev. Mr.
Foote's unspeakably valuable suggestions and
guidance the young assistant learned how to
do pastoral visiting among them. 1 in Sundays
they only asked for morning services. After
an intermission at noon the Sunday-school
met in the afternoon. Air. Tuttle conse-
quently had only one sermon a week to pre-
pare. This concentration of his weekly studies
on one sermon was a great benefit. < >n Sat-
urday he retired to a grove near the rectory,
and preached his sermon out loud to the birds
and squirrels. So was he prepared to preach.
and not simply to read, his sermon each Sun-
day morning. Many towns and hamlets
around Morris had ivw or no Episcopal serv-
ices in them. It was not long before, by par-
celing out his Sunday nights. Mr. Tuttle was
giving some attention to seven of them.
This reaching out of missionary work on
Mr. Tuttle's part, combined with what the
bishop knew of his scholarly abilities a- the
tutor of his own boys, withoul
uted to direct Bishop Horatio Potter'
Hon to the young Morris red
man to make a missionary bishop
fore, when, in a meetine
ops, on October 5. [866,
sea on fastening
bishop of Montan;
in Idaho and Utal
TUTTLE.
finally put Mr. Tuttle in nomination, and,
though he was unknown personally to all in
the Imusl- except Bishops Potter and White-
house, he was elected. On the evening of the
da) Bishops Potter and Lay, the ap-
pointed committee, waited on Mr. Tuttle to
acquaint him with his election. He was stop-
ping in Xew York City, at the house of Dr.
Sabine, the father of his seminary classmate.
After the two bishops had explained their er-
rand Mr. Tuttle informed them that he was
only twenty-nine years of age, while the
church law says a man must be thirty years
old before he can be made a bishop.
Then the two bishops, after a consultation
together, speaking through Bishop Potter,
said : "My brother, go home to Morris to your
work, continue in it quietly and steadily till
after January 26, 1867, when you will be thirty
years old. After that you will doubtless re-
ceive from the presiding bishop (Hopkins, of
Vermont) information to guide you in your
next step."
So it came about. When in the end of Jan-
uary the presiding bishop's letter came. Mr.
Tuttle sent back his acceptance of the position,
and on May 1, 1867. in Trinity Chapel. New
York City, he was consecrated bishop of
Montana, with jurisdiction over Idaho and
Utah. Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont, was the
presiding bishop ; Bishops Potter, of New-
York, and Odenheimer, of New Jersey, were
the presenters ; Bishop Randall, of Colorado,
was the preacher, and Bishops Kerfoot, of
Pittsburg, and Neely, of Maine, joined also in
the laying on of hands. Rev. Dr. Morgan
Dix, and Rev. Dr. S. R. Johnson, Mr. Tuttle's
theological professor at the seminary, were the
atti nding presbyters.
The vast field over which Bishop Tuttle was
appoint''! missionary comprised an area of
about 310,000 square miles, and the nearest
spikes of a railroad were nearly 1,000 miles
distant. Tin- population was about 155,000,
of which nearl) 100,000 were Mormons. No
clergyman of tin Church had ever
set foot in Montai hop of the North-
tah, but only
as a visitor. In Idaho ary, Rev. St.
Michael Fackler, once of Missouri, had been
at work, and under him a little church had
been buill in Bois< ' .ut he had gone
fn im Bi >ise Inf. ire I was chi isen.
Yirgin soil, indeed, was handed over to
>p Tuttle to be plowed and tilled. He
girded himself for the work. He secured Rev.
Geo. W. Foote, his brother-in-law, and Rev.
T. W. Haskins to go on before him in April,
[867, and to take possession of Salt Lake I !it) .
Then, on May 23d. with Rev. G. D. B. Mil-
ler, another brother-in-law. and Rev. E. X.
Goddard, and with two ladies, the wife and
youngest sister of Rev. Mr. Foote, he himself
left Xew York for Utah. At that time cross-
ing the plains was a serious matter. The Un-
ion Pacific Railroad had only reached North
Platte. 300 miles west of Omaha. Arriving
here the bishop and party found the stage lines
completely demoralized. The Indians had
been at work, capturing and driving off the
horses, robbing the mails, burning the stage
stations, and killing passengers and employes.
The party was detained at North Platte until
the stage company could make arrangements
to forward the passengers who had accumu-
lated. On June 9th there started three six-
hi irse G >ncord coaches, each containing
twelve passengers inside, and as many or
more on the roof, with mail bags for seats, and
the front and rear boots crammed with mail
and baggage. The number of women to each
coach was limited, and every man had to carry
a revolver and rifle. Outriders from the
United States troops preceded the coaches on
either side half a mile distant. For four days
and nights the bishop and his two clergymen
rode without stopping, except for precarious
meals, with their rifles in their hands. At
Denver they were detained twelve days, it be-
ing impossible to send out stages through the
Indian country, but the bishop's party reached
Salt Lake City in safety, July 2d. One of the
first things the bishop did was to call on
Brigham Young, and inform him in an out-
spoken and straight-forward manner what he
had come for.
The' first confirmation in his new field oc-
curred at Salt Lake City, July 14th, when
eleven persons were confirmed. He soon
started out on his first visitation of Montana
and Idaho, and spent the winter of 1867-8 in
Virginia City, where he lived alone with his
cat "Dick" in a log cabin. The following
summer his family came out, and they lived
in Helena during the winter of 1868-9, in a
hired house of five rooms, paying $60 per
TWENTIETH CENTURY CLUB— TYPE FOUNDRIES.
month rent in gold. In the autumn of 1869
the bishop moved to Salt Lake City, where he
resided until his removal to St. Louis, in 1886.
In the year 1868, in Virginia City, there
came to the bishop a telegram, June 1st, from
Rev.Dr. M. Schuyler: "Elected bishop of Mis-
souri, at Kirkwood, May 29th. on first ballot."
He did not deem it right to leave his new field
at that time, and declined the election. Bv
reason of the growth of the church in the field,
in December, 1880, Montana was set apart un-
der the care of Rt. Rev. L. R. Brewer, at whose
consecration, at YVatertown. Xew York, De-
cember 8th, Bishop Tuttle preached the ser-
mon. Thenceforward his jurisdiction com-
prised Utah and Idaho.
After the death of Bishop Robertson the
diocesan convention of Missouri the second
time elected Bishop Tuttle, on May 26. 1886.
The telegram from Dr. Schuyler announcing
the election reached him at Silver Reef. Utah,
and on June 16th he sent in his acceptance, and
was translated to the diocese of Missouri, Au-
gust 9, 1886.
In his Western field, when Bishop Tuttle
went to it, in 1867, the Episcopal Church had
no existence. Now (1898) there are three
bishops, forty-one clergy, and 3,424 communi-
cants. Up to the present time the bishop has
baptized 1,381 persons, confirmed 8.401, mar-
ried 200 couples, buried 199 persons, and or-
dained twenty-one deacons and twenty-four
priests. Columbia College conferred upon
him the degree of S. T. D., in 1866. and in
1884 appointed him its representative at the
tercentenary of the University of Edinburgh.
Twentieth Century Club. — Xear the
close of the year 1868 the increasing protest
within the Republican party against the pre-
scriptive spirit of the so-called Drake Con-
stitution assumed in this city a more definite
form in an organization which was nominally
a social dining club, but the chief purpose of
which was political in character. This club,
which was then known as the ''Twentieth Cen-
tury Club" — a title suggestive of its progress-
ive policy — for more than two years thereafter
met regularly on each Saturday evening at its
apartments in the old Planters' Hotel. It was
composed of Carl Schurz, who acted as presi-
dent; Henry T. Blow, Emil Preetorius, B.
Gratz Brown, William M. Grosvenor, Wil-
liam Taussig. James Taussig, Charles P. John-
son, John McNeil, Enos Clarke. G. A." Fin-
kelnburg. Felix Coste, and, from time to time,
such guests as were in political sympathy with
its purposes. This was the active, forceful
nucleus of that movement which subsequently
secured the election of Mr. Schurz to the
United States Senate, and of B. Gratz Brown
as Governor of the State of Missouri, and cul-
minated in the National Liberal Republican
Convention, held at Cincinnati Ohio, in [872.
Type Foundries. — The second type
foundry west of the Alleghany Mountains was
established in St. Louis (the first being in Cin-
cinnati) in 1840, by George Charles and A. I'.
Ladew. The first named withdrew after a
time, and Ladew continued the business alone.
In 1848 Thomas F. Purcell bought a half in-
terest. Up to this time the means for manu-
facturing type were crude and faulty, all work
being done with the hand caster. The only
product was ordinary body type, for newspa-
per work. In i860 the foundry was sold to
the Cincinnati Type Foundry, and in 1861 the
business was taken up by the St. Louis Type
Foundry, incorporated, the stockholders being
the Cincinnati Type Foundry, James G. Pav-
yer, William Bright and Charles F. Kauffman.
About 1868 the St. Louis stockholders li-
the Cincinnati interest, and managed the busi-
ness until December, 1892, when the plant was
sold to the- American Type Foundry Com-
pany, which closed the house, and consoli-
dated its business with that of the Central Type
Foundry Company, of St. Louis. William
Bright entered the house in 1846, beginning in
a humble capacity, finally becoming the busi-
ness manager. He remained with it until its
sale, when he engaged in the stereotyping
business, which he continues to manage, un-
der the incorporated name of the St. 1
Electrotype Foundry.
In 1850 the Missouri Type Foundr;.
founded by a number of workmen
been in the employ of the St. f
Foundry, but it existed only abo
The Central Type Foundry '
lized in 1874 by Carl Si
a practical type fou
St. John, a sale.-'
Foundrv, I !
and bi
.':;.'!
TYPOTHETAE.
Founders' ( ompany in Xovember, 1892, and
is now operated as the St. Louis Branch of
• mi. any, w'tn -^ ' ■ ^eton a~ resident
manager.
The [nlan I I p< Fi >undry, St. Louis, was
established in [894, with Carl Schraubstadter,
Sr., formerly oi the Central Type Foundry,
and others, as incorporators. The busini ;s is
continued by the same company under the
management of Carl Schraubstadter, Jr., suc-
ceeding his father, who established the busi-
ness.
Typothetae. — This is the name taken by
an association of printers, and its appropriate-
ness is indicated by the fact that the word is
tunned from an English word and a Greek
word, the combined meaning of which 1- "to
set type." The first printing house west of
the Mississippi River was established in St.
Louis, and as the city has grown its printing
interests have been proportionately expanded.
As early as 1885 the printers of St. Louis had
evidenced their belief in concerted and har-
monious action on the part of men engaged in
the same line of business by forming what was
known as the '"Typothetae Club," which was
a local organization. At the same time many-
similar organizations existed in other cities of
the country, and shortly afterward a move-
ment was set on foot to unite these various
clubs and societies into a national association.
This was accomplished at a general conven-
tion held in Chicago, Illinois, in 1SS7. a!
which was organized "The United Typothetae
of America." The association thus formed
was composed of master printers of the United
States and Canada, and brought together the
representatives of vast business interests. The
objects and purposes of "The United Typoth-
etae" were to foster and protect the interests
of those operating printing establishments; to
enable them to act together in opposing un-
reasonable demands made upon them; to con-
tribute as far as possible to the improvement
of the art of printing in all its branches, and to
promote good fellowship and social inter-
course among those who became members ot
the organization. "The St. Louis Typothetae"
became a branch of "The L'nited Typothetae"
at its organization, and has ever since been an
influential factor in controlling and directing
its affairs. All the leading printing houses of
St. Louis are represented in this association,
and, as the managers of these institutions are,
as a rule, not only masters of their art. but
men of superior capabilities and strong char-
acter, they have, from time to time, been con-
spicuous in the councils of this great organi-
zation. At a session of the national, or, more
properly speaking, international body, held in
Toronto. Canada, in 1892, Mr. William II.
Woodward, of this city, was elected to the
presidency, and the following year he pre-
sided over the most largely attended session
in its history, which was held at Chicago —
the birthplace of the organization — during
the World's Fair. These meetings bring to-
gether many of the celebrities of the country,
and with the business transacted is coupled, in
each instance, royal entertainment and the
must thoroughly enjoyable social intercourse.
UDELL.
2325
U
Udell, Freeman Edward, manufac-
turer, was born January 13. 1837, in the
town of Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio.
His parents were Cornelius and Lois Udell,
and his immigrant ancestor in the paternal
line was Dr. Lionel Udell, who came to this
country from Exeter, England, about the year
1720. and settled in Stonington. Connecticut.
This Dr. Udell married Abagail Bill, of Ston-
ington, and reared a family of eleven children,
from whom have sprung all those bearing the
name Udell and L'dall in America. His grand-
son, John Udell, the father of Cornelius and
grandfather of Freeman E. Udell, removed
from New York State to the Western Reserve
Df Ohio at an early date and was numbered
among the pioneer settlers in that region. Be-
fore coming west, he had been for many years
a sea-faring man and had been captain of a
ship during the later years of his life on the
sea. When he came to Ohio with his family
of wife and twelve children, he settled in a
wilderness, purchasing land, which he cleared
of forests and brought under cultivation, and
enduring all the hardships incident to life in a
new and sparsely settled country. His son.
Cornelius, who was born in 180S, was reared
in Ohio, became a prosperous contractor and
builder, and continued to reside in Ashtabula
County as long as he lived. He was the life-
long friend of Benjamin F. Wade and Joshua
R. Giddings. two illustrious citizens of Ohio,
who made the town of Jefferson famous as
their place of residence. He was also the
warm personal and political friend of James A.
Garfield and rendered many important services
to that distinguished statesman in the can-
vasses which he made from time to time for
member of Congress from the famous Nine-
teenth Ohio District.
Freeman E. Udell obtained his early educa-
tion in the common schools of his native town
and later took a four years" course at Western
Reserve Eclectic Institute, of Hiram. Ohio.
an educational institution which afterward de-
veloped into Hiram College. At tin- school
Mr. Udeil was a fellow-student of James A.
Garfield and a friendship formed between
them at that time continued to the end of
President Garfield's life. I'm- the education
he obtained, after he was fourteen years of age,
Mr. T'dell was indebted to his own efforts, the
expenses incident to his schooling being de-
frayed with money which he earned himself.
During three winters of the four years, which
he spent at Western Reserve Institute, he
taught school, and the practice of rigid
economy enabled him to maintain himself dur-
ing his advanced course of study with the
money thus earned. Quitting school in 1856.
when he was nineteen years old, he engaged
in the sale of nursery stock, purchasing his
supplies rii fruit and ornamental trees from the
then famous nurseries of Ellwanger & Barry,
of Rochester, New York. He continued in
this business five years, coming to St. Lottis
:n 1857 and extending his trade, through trav-
eling agents and salesmen, into the Southern
and Southwestern States. His business pros-
pered remarkably until the beginning of the
civil war, but his operations had been so
largely in the South that the outbreak of
hostilities not only paralyzed his trade, but
swept away all that he had accumulated. Com-
pelled to make a new start in life, he found a
warm and valuable friend in Mr. Theophile
Papin of St. Louis, who. in 1862. was ap-
pointed United States Assessor of Internal
Revenue. The first appointment made by Mr.
Papin was that of Assistant Assessor, and Mr.
Udell received the appointment, being as-
signed ti 1 duty in the old Fifth Ward. The fol-
lowing vear. Congress provided for a chic!
clerk in the Assessor's office, and he v
pointed to this position, serving as chief clerk
until 1864, in which ye;
the Treasury Depart m
St. Louis. In 18
icial
lain, of this
2326
UDELL— riiKi.
Soutliern market in the Western Reserve of
Ohio. Removing t-> Ravenna, Ohio, in the
year la-, named, he was engaged in business
there during the following seven years, buying
and shipping the product of a large cheese
producing region and doing a larger business
in thai line than any other dealer in Ohio. In
the spring of 1872, he returned to St. Louis
and embarked in the wholesale woodenware
business, in which he continued to be en-
gaged until July of 1883. His former em-
plover, Mr. Chamberlain, was associated with
him in this enterprise in the beginning, and
during the first year, the style of the firm
was Chamberlain & Udell. From 1873 to
[875, the firm was Smith & Udell, and from
1875 to 1883, it was Udell, Schmieding & Co.
As a partner in this establishment. 'Mr. Udell
helped to build up next to the largest whole-
sale woodenware house in the United States,
and no mercantile house in the city of it.
Louis stood higher in commercial circles. In
1883. he and his associates sold this prosper-
ous and rapidly growing businesstotheSamuel
Cupples Woodenware Company, thelargest es-
tablishment of its kind in the world. Soon
after his retirement from the woodenware
business, in company with Mr, Schmieding,
Mr. Udell organized the St. Louis Cattle
Company, of Mitchell County, Texa-. with a
capita! of $400,000. This corporation pur-
chas< 1 a large herd of cattle and an extensive
tract "I land tor grazing purposes, and has
ever since been engaged in the cattle raising
■, surviving the depression which ex-
isted for a period of ten year-, to enjoy the
well-deserved prosperity of the present era.
In [886 Mr. 1 dell also became interested in
the Provident < hemical Works, of St. Louis,
in thi- conduct and management of whii
h.a- since participated, being at the present
[897 i < sicl ' - of the corporation. [11-
nl and v. ell in the busi-
■ anted fi >r him the rich re-
■ pn ibit\ and the
ectitude have gained for him
the respect and esteem
city which : ieen his home for
than thiri \ - bli an in
politics and a member of the Christian Church,
he has discharged with zeal and earnestness
both his civil and religious duties. In church
work he has been especially active and is 3
life director in both the American Christian
Missionary and foreign Christian Mission-
ary societies. He is a member also of the
board of directors of the Christian Bible Col-
lege, of Columbia. Missouri, and of the Na-
tional Christian Ministerial Relief Fund. In
1858, he was married to Orsie A. Haven, of
Shalersville, Ohio. Mrs. Udell's grandfather
on the maternal side, Judge Amzi Atwater,
wno became one of the earliest settlers of
Northern Ohio, was one of the men sent out
from New Haven by the Connecticut Western
Reserve Company to make the survey of the
Reserve, which was so long a possession of
the Connecticut corporation. Mr. and Mrs.
Udell have two children: Celia M.. born De-
cember 25, 1863, now the wife of Sydney H.
Thompson, treasurer of the Providence Chem-
ical Works; and Nellie L. born July 11, 1872.
now the wife of Charles A. Young, of the C. ■
Young & Sons Seed and Plant Company, both
of St. Louis.
Uhri, Andrew, was born in Baden, Ger-
man). October 5, 1823. He is the son of
Anton and Mary Ann (Bylle) Uhri of Baden,
Tii' elder Uhri was a carpenter and builder
whii died in the Fatherland in 1837. After
acquiring a practical education in the public
schools ot iiis native town, young Uhri served
a term of three years as an apprentice to the
carpenter's and joiner's trade with Andrew
Spinner, a noted contractor and builder of
Baden, and later, worked a year as journey-
man. During 1844. he served as a private
soldier in the German arm}-. After leaving
the army he resumed work at his trade and on
July .to, 1847, landed in St. Louis, Mo. His
first employment here was with John Gattcn.
In 1850 he was engaged in business on his
own account as a builder of dwellings. From
1851 tei 1853. he worked at steamboat carpen-
for Morrison & Andrew, shipbuilders,
and from [854 to 1857 was engaged in general
work as a journeyman carpenter. He then
embarked in business on his own account as
%f ///a?)/
UHRIG.
2327
a contractor and builder, and was thus em-
ployed for thirty-five years thereafter. He
confined his operations to the erection of pri-
vate dwellings ranging in price from $5,000 to
$20,000 each, mostly in South St. Louis, [n
iS<j' Mr. Uhri retired from active business
pursuits with a handsome fortune earned by
honest industry and since that date he has
resided with his son in an elegant home at
2163 South Grand avenue, surrounded with
all the comforts of life. Mr. Uhri enlisted as
a private in Company P>, First Regiment
United States Reserve Corps, Col. Armistead
Commander, and served during the civil war
in protecting United States warehouses and
other pioperty in St. Louis. He is a member
of Col. Metiman Post. Xo. 494, of the Grand
Army of the Republic Department of Mis-
souri, is a Republican and an independent
churchman.
He married Miss Fredricka Long of St.
Louis, September 18. 1851. Mrs. Uhri died
December 15, 1891. Mr. Uhri and three sons
survive. Andrew Uhri and William C. Uhri,
both contractors and builders, and Dr. Rosa
Uhri, of Louisville, Ky.
Uhrig,Franz Joseph, manufacturer, was
born in Lauderbach, Bavaria. Julv 2, 1807, and
died in Milwaukee Wisconsin, July 2 1874.
His father was Ignatz Joseph Uhrig who was
born in Bavaria in 1779, came to America in
1841, and died at Old Camp Spring in 1844.
His mother, married to his father in [802,
was born Anna Maria Sittinger, and died in
Bavaria in 1830. Mr. Uhrig's Bavarian an-
cestors had been engaged through successive
generations in the transportation business,
having been boat owners and carriers of
freight on the River Main between the cities
of Frankfurth and Aschaffenburg. From this
sturdy ancestry he inherited a large share of
business tact and sagacity, and after obtain-
ing a fairly good education at the village
school of Laudenbach, began working for his
father while still a youth as a river raftsman.
He followed the river until he was twi
nine years old and then left Bavaria t< 1 come to
America, landing in Baltimore, Mary!.-:
: I36 The first occupation in whicn he en-
' ' c! after his arrival in this country was
thai of running a ferry un the Susquehanna
river, fur which he was compensated at the
rate of eight dollars a month and board. He
had heard, however, of the greal Wesl and its
opportunities and gradually worked his way
toward the "land of promise," traveling by
stage, canal and river until he reached Louis-
ville Kentucky. From there, he worked his
passage by steamer to St. Louis, arriving here
in [838. Here he went to work with a will and
by practicing the most rigid economy saved
money enough to purchase, after a time, a
flat-boat, with which he engaged in the busi-
ness of freighting cord-wood to the city from
the farm of his eldest brother, Andrew Uhrig,
who was then living at Hardin, Calhoutf
County, Illinois. The flat-boat was succeeded
by a steamer in 1840, when he became the
owner of a snug little boat called the Pearl,
which he ran for some time thereafter. The
greater portion of the rock comprising the old
dvke connecting Bloody Island and East St.
bonis, was towed to its place by Capt. Uhrig
and the steamer Pearl. In 1844, he purchased
a piece of ground from Rene Paul, which was
located at the corner of Eighteenth and Mar-
ket streets, and on this piece of ground lie
established, in company with Anton Kraut,
a small brewery. Mr. Kraut fell a victim to
cholera in the epidemic of 1849 and soon after
his death, Mr. Uhrig sold his steamer and de-
voted tite proceeds of the sale, as well a- his
whole time and energy to the building up of
hi- brewing industry. In 1852. he bought from
William Beaumont the property at the corner
of Washington and Jefferson avenues, where
were constructed the large vaults foi
:•■: of lager beer, which caused the place
to become known as I 'hrig's ' 'ave. Me built,
in o nnection with these vaults, a
irtg-ball and thus established mi-- of tin
mous pleasure resorts of St. Lo
thi' first manufacturer 'if bo
! '-. and in [857, at
1 d the first premi
beer, tl
2328
UHRIG.
of iii.- enterprise, and having purchased in
1854. nine acres of land at the corner of Lis-
bon and Western avenues, in Milwaukee, Wis-
consin, he erected there a palatial residence,
at which he spent the summer of every year
thereafter for twenty years and in which he
died in 1874. After his death his remains
were brought to St. Louis and interred in the
family lot in Bellefontaine Cemetery. His de-
scendants .-till 1 iccupy the Milwaukee home and
are numbered among the wealthy and influ-
residents of one of the must beautiful
cities in the West. During the early years of
sidence in St. Louis, Mr. Uhrig acted
with the I 'cmocratic party, but lus opposition
to the institution of slavery caused him to
transfer his allegiance to the "Free S >il," and
later to the Republican party. He was a
Unionist in sentiment during- the civil
war, but was then too old for military service,
although in ante-bellum days he had be-
: to a local military company of dra-
I!e vvas reared in the Catholic faith
and was all his life a staunch Catholic church-
man. He was married in 1842 at the St. Louis
Cathedral, to Miss Walburga Soderer, who
was born in the ('.rand Dnchv of Baden
< ierrnany, in 1S22. and died at Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, March 26 1897. Their only sur-
viving child Josephine Uhrig, was born in St.
in 1845, and is new the wife of Capt.
Otto C. Lademann, of Milwaukee.
Uthoff, Frank (J., was bom in the King-
dom of Prussia, Germany, in the year 1S45,
and came with his parents to this country ten
years later. \ iter stopping a short time in
New York ( ity, the family came West to St.
L uis, and in the public schools of this city
bran1. G. 1 thoff received the major part of
his cducatii m. When the ci\ ii war began, 1 e
was but sixteen years 1 i age. but notwith-
standing his youthfulness the sentiment oi
patriotism which dominated the German ele-
ment of the : ' 'f St. 1 .1 mis pri imptcd
him L laid up anus in d< fense - if
his adi ipted 0 luntry. I fe had the -] lirit
makes a good volunteer sol-
dier, and tin' schooling which he got
in the army served, perhaps, to develop him
into a man of broader views and greater
strength of character than any other school-
ing which he could have obtained in a corres-
ponding period. He was mustered out of the
Union army in 1865 and. returning to St.
Louis, he organized a few months afterward
the Uthoff Grocery & Mercantile Company,
of which he became president and manager,
lie conducted a successful business in this
line of trade for several years, but in [878
abandoned merchandising and went to Colo-
rado, where he located numerous mining
claims in the Leadville district. After locating
these claims, he returned to St. Louis and
formed a partnership with G. H. Xordtride, in
company with whom he developed and
ated his mining properties under the name of
the Nordtride & Uthoff Mining and Tunnel
Company. These mines are being successful-
ly worked at the present time, but while giv-
ing attention to bis Colorado interest-. Mr.
Uthoff has continued to be identified with va-
rious interests in St. Louis and for some time
he was president of a prosperous terra-cotta
manufacturing company. In politics, he has
always been a Republican and a very active
and influential member of his party. In [892,
he was nominated for member of the House oi
Delegates and elected to that body by a large
majority from the old Seventh Ward, al-
though it had previously been a Democratic
ward. He was next elected member of the
City Council and has since been regularly re-
turned to that body, of which he is still a
member. He has served the citv with
to himself and his constituents, and wields an
influence in his party equalled by that of few
of his contemporaries interested in the city po-
litics of St. Louis. He is a member of the
Masonic Order in high standing, popular
rig his brethren of that fraternity, as he is
among all classes of people with whom he is
broughl into contact. He married, in 1.^65.
ing. Their children are: W. id.
1 E., Frederick G.. and S iphic Uthoff.
Uhrig, Ignatz, manufacturer, was born
Februan 20, 1820, in Lauderbach. Kii
,
1 I £i C /-,
J S
ULLOA— UMPIRES.
2329
of Bavaria, Germany, son of [gnatz Joseph
Uhrig who came with his family to the United
States in 1841 and died here in 1844. His
mother whose maiden name was Anna Maria
Sittenger, died in Germany in 1830. Earlier
generations of the Uhrig family than that to
which Ignatz Uhrig belonged had Ik en en-
gaged in the transportation business in Bava-
ria, and many of its representatives have made
their names familiar to the people of the day
and region in which they lived in connection
with commerce and freighting on the River
Main, between Frankfurth and Aschaffen-
burg. Coming of good family, he was fitted
for business pursuits by training and educa-
tion remaining in Germany until he was nine-
teen years of age. In 1839, he came to the
United States and immediately after his ar-
rival in this country, joined his elder brother,
Franz Joseph Uhrig, who had settled in St.
Louis. Joseph Uhrig was then engaged in
various boating enterprises on the Mississ:p-
pi River, and Ignatz became associated with
him in this business. He continued to be en-
gaged in boating as an occupation for several
vears and then joined his brother Joseph in
the pioneer brewing enterprise wdiich he had
established at the corner of Eighteenth and
Market streets. He thus became interested in "
the brewing business in St. Louis in the in-
fancy of that industry and continued to be
identified with it until it had grown to large
proportions. He was associated with his
brother in the building up of the brewery and
pleasure resort at the corner of Washington
and Jefferson avenues, which have made the
name they bore a familiar one to St. Louisans
of the present, as well as of the last genera-
tion, and was one of the men who helped to
make St. Louis famous for the excellency
of its beer product. His business proved highly
remunerative in a financial way. and at his
death, which occurred January 31, 1861, he
left a handsome estate. He was a member of
all of the leading German societies of St.
Louis and occupied a prominent position
among his countrymen socially. October 11.
1849, ne married Miss Josephine Soderer. sis-
ter of Alois Soderer. of St. Louis. The children
born t" them and now living were two daugh-
ters, now Mr-. Caroline Seitz and Mrs. Mary
\Ticolaus. respectively.
Ulloa, Antonio <U\ first Spanish « '« >v-
ernor of Lousiana and a distinguished Spanish
naval officer, was born in Seville. January 1 2,
[816. and died on the Island of I.e. in, July 3,
1705. He entered the navy in 1733 and served
under the French astronomers, who measured
an arc of the meridian in South America. In
1742 he organized the forces at Guayaquil,
against the British under Admiral Anson,
which captured Payta. For two years after-
ward, he commanded a frigate and cruised
along the coast of Chili and the Island of Juan
Fernandez. In 1745 he was aboard a French
merchant vessel captured by the English at
Louisburg, Canada, and for some time there-
after was held prisoner. After his release he
was made a post Captain, and appointed Su-
perintendent of the mercury mines at Jalapa,
in Peru. In 1760 he was made a Rear- Admiral
in the Spanish navy, and in 1764 was ap-
pointed Governor of Louisiana. He failed to
establish the Spanish authority in the Prov-
ince, and was recalled in 1760. In 1770 he
was made Lieutenant-General of the naval
forces and later, being recommended for land
duty, passed the remaining years of his life
as President of the Naval School for Cadets
at 1 a liz. lie devoted much of his life to scien-
tific research, and formed the first Cabinet
of na'iiral historv and the first school of metal-
!urg) in Spain, founding also other institu-
tion.'
Umpires. —The •'umpires" were oni-
of the primitive government of St.
cials of the primitive government of St.
Louis, who acted in conjunction with the
"syndics" in controlling and directing the
public affairs of the town prior to the organi-
zation of a village government. Eight um-
pires were nominated in general assen
the people on the first day ar and
served during the year, their chie
to see that the common field
rder. Umpi ! thc
UXDERGR< >UND WIRES.
damages resulting from the trespassing of live
d lands and h its.
Underground Wires.— When th<
trie ti legr; ph was first introduced in bt. I
and a few strands of wire on small poles suf-
fice to meet its demands, it was never im-
agined thai these few strands would multiply
and grow into the complex aerial systei
ng poles w ith arms and w ires, seen at
the year [898. But as one
electrical invention and appliance after an-
other came upon the scene, each requiring
an additional system of wires — telegraph, tel-
1 and electric lighting and heating — the
aerial network- began to develop into some-
thing unsightly to look at. and very incon-
venient and obstructive to the firemen in
their efforts to extinguish fires, and ther
a poj ular clamor through tin: press for abol-
ishing the aerial system and placing the wires
underground. But tin re were objections made
proposition, which for a long time de-
layed the change. Tt was asserti cl that under-
ground wires were poor conductors, and the
service they rendered would be far inferior
to that furnished by the existing arrangi ment;
that burying the wires would be expen
and attended with serious difficulties from the
gas and water pipes that would be en
tered; and that the subway system had not
been attended by satisfactory results in other
cities where it had been tried. It is proba-
ble that the postponement which these ob-
jections effected was not altogether disad-
vantageous, for it afforded ample opportu-
nity for dealing with the difficult problem in
the most intelligent and effective manner, and
resulted in the thorough and admirable sys-
tem tha ,' as decide d > m, and exi cuted, in the
end. 'file City authorities were not urgent in
the matter, and it was not until X'ovember,
[893, that a Subway Commission was ap-
pointed b) the Ma; 1 >r i- • investigate 'lie sub-
ject and study the e\-p< rienci s of 1 ithei
in this countn and fiurope, where under-
ground wires had been tried; and it was
later, Sept mbei 8, 189G. that tin
ch mar'.- the beginning - if th<
■ as passed. This ordinance
1 a district bounded east a'
die Mississippi River and Twenty--
and rn irth and si >uth by V ash and
Spruce Street-, as one for the begii
the work, forbidding the placing
tube? and cables for conducting or transmit-
ting electricity, above the surface of an}- -trect,
alley or public piace in this district, after the
31st of December, iS< 18, except such w
onnections for local dis-
tribution, permission being granted to erect
:, alleys to facilitate this local distribu-
tion. In tin spring following the eiia
of this ordinance, the work was begun
two telephone companies and the several elec-
tric light and heating companies; the streets
were opened, the tile tubes for carrying the
wires were laid in sections, in cemenl
the cables drawn through by means of ;
horizontal engine and capstan: and mar
twenty two hundred in number, constructed at
convenient places in streets and alleys. Th
was done under supervision of the Supervisor
of City Lighting, who has authority over the
entire subway wire system. On the first of
June. 1898, the conduit system a- officially
reported, sho ved 603,1 ' "' !l-vt of trench, 2,963-
5sO feet of duct, [34.56 miles ol
96, 1] 1 feet of laterals. The system eextends
over the entire district embraced within the
Levee and Twenty-second Street, and Wash
and Spruce, there being a conduit in every
street in this territory. The telephone com-
panies have their conduit system, and thi - v-
eral electric lighting, heating and power om-
pani - have another in common, each
pany having its own system of duets in the
same conduit, in every conduit then
■ if- s laid and reserved for the use of the ' ity,
whose wires for the lore and Police
graph ale me require 73.900 feet of cables, which
carry two to thirty-six wires each. The
laid in the reserved ducts in the 0 1
are for telephone as well as for telegraph pur-
poses. As soon as the subway win - - oi
tin telephone, illuminating, heat and power
■ : ileted, the work
moving their poles and overhead wires was
it the end of the yeai 398, ail
UNDERWRITERS, B< )ARD ( IF-UXK >X CLUB.
the service of these companies was under-
ground, except in a few cases where piles
were carrying the City lire alarm and police
telephone wires. The telegraph companies had
not at the close of the year, 1898, adopted the
subway system, and their wires were still
stretched on poles overhead. They claimed
that they were not bound by the ordinance.
and the dispute between them and the Citv
was still pending" in the courts. All the com-
panies resorting to conduits, in laying their
cables in duets, made such liberal provision
for future requirements that it was estimated
by Supervisor O'Reilly, of the Citv Lighting
Department, that the system would suffice for
fifteen years.
Underwriters, Board of. — A corpora-
tion chartered by the Missouri Legislature,
January 14, i860, having for its object the bet-
ter preservation from loss or damage of prop-
erty wrecked or stranded upon the navigable
rivers of the State.
(See also "Insurance, < Irganizations Aux-
iliary Thereto.")
Underwriters* Salvage Corps. See
"Salvage Corps."
Union Club. —One of the leading social
clubs of St. Louis, which had its origin in
several informal meetings, held in Xovember
of 1891. by citizens residing in the neighbor-
hood of Lafavette Park, who appreciated the
necessity of forming an organization which
would promote social intercourse between
citizens of that portion of St. Louis which is
known as the South Side, and bring them to-
gether to discuss and promote matters bene-
ficial to that part of the City. As a result of
these meetings, articles of association were
adopted on the 24th of November, 1S91, which
set forth that the name of the association
should be the Union Club; that the location
of the club should at all times lie in the South-
ern part of the City of St. Louis; that its object
should be to furnish facilities for bringing to-
gether gentlemen residing in or interested in
property or business enterprises in the -
ern part of the City, for educational, ai
nieul and protei tive purposi s and for fclii
ii 'ii • m all matters and tl
ig i< 1 devi li p the moral and 1
ulties of Its members, and plans .and enter-
prises for the protection of the right- and
prosperity of the residents of that part of the
City. The articles of association also pr
that the 1 lub should bi by a Bi iard
of nine Directors, elected annually on tin
Tuesday in May. The Club was incorporated
November 27, 1891. Its first Pn
( iharles ' '. Rainwater, and its first \ ice
dent was Edward S Rowse. Louis Bartlage
was selected Secretary at the organization, and
has filled that office ever since. Henrv H.
Wernse and Charles F. Miller have been
Treasurers of the Club. Among th« first
meml er.s of the Club were Thomas Akin. Jo-
seph P.oyce. Hon. James < ». Broadhead, Adol-
phtis Busch, [Inn. Seth VV. Cobb, Judge l
Campbell, E. C. Donk, Fred W. Drosten,
Henry C. Haarstick, Richard Hospes, D. M.
Houser, Fred N. Judson, George Keller. Judge
1; col Klein, Maruom D. Lewi-. Philp Me-
dart John Maguire, Charles Nagel, William
1 >. < 'rthwein. Charles F. < >rthwein. Henry
O'Hara, P. J. Fauly, Emil Preetorius, Enno
San ler, John Scullin, Charles Schmieding, Dr.
Joseph Spiegelhalter, John J. Taussig, William
1 aussig and Prof. C. M. Woodward. The
club rented a dwelling at the southeast corner
of Park and Jefferson avenues, remodeled and
furnished it. and this constituted its first home.
Later a company was formed called the Union
Club Improvement Company, with a capital
of $30,000, afterward increased to 875,
This company purchased a lot at the con
Lafayette and Jefferson avenues and erected
thereon a handsome club house which was
leased to the Union Club. December 29
on a basis of 4 per cent per annum ■ -
capital sfc >ck of the Imj
( In the 27th of May, 1891
wrecked by the terrible
aged St. Louis ro the extern
of dollar- and cai
dismayed by this
made foi the r b ii
\ N~ CLUBS— UNION LEAGUE CLUB.
ooe
-
-
-
- -
-
Union l lul>».
- -
-
-
-
-
Union Guards.
-
- -
-
-
-
Union League.
- > org v
v j son as Pres
- other officers.
...
-
of S States
-
-
-- ganiiations
-
-
■ - ■
I nion League i lui>.
-
-:er H.
Wil-
g - ■ . ry; E.
Commit-
-
-
-
8 S
-
-
- .
-
■
- •
a
l
- ■ - ■
-
■
-
-
-
-
i ■ -
I i! ion Men
-
I ■ ■ i
- --
«i ' - -'-'-
■
. - - -
2334
UNION MISSION— UNION STATION.
Union Mission.— The Union Mi
iation of St. Louis and State of Missouri
ominational in its work, and exerts
,-i influence. It was organized in
St. Louis in November, 1891, by Rev. B. Car-
radine, pastor of the First Methodis*t Episcopal
Church South, on Dayton and Glasgow Ave-
nues. He with his church back of him, or-
ganized the Mission as a branch of that church.
Jn April, 1894, a re-organization took place,
which brought into existence an inter-denom-
inational work and later led to the formation
e Union Mission Association, des
to bring '. igether Christians of all denomina-
tions in evangelical and charitable work. The
pel Wagon," which has become familiar
ti .he people of St. Louis, and which is sent
uin regularly, carrying a company of singers
schorters, who hold services on the street
corners and at other places, where they can
arrest the attention of those who do not at-
tend churches, is one of the agencies of this
Mission.
Union Refugees. -In the fall of 1861, St.
Louis was crowded with people who had been
driven from their homes in Southwestern Mis-
souri by those who were in arms under the
Confederate Government, or who were in ac-
tive sympathy with, the secession movement.
These sufferers from war were called ''Union
Refugees" and provision was made for their
relief bj the loyal people of St. Louis, and also
by means of a fund raised by assessment on
in sympathizers.
Union Station. -The problem of a new
Union Depot which should furnish suitable
modations for the constantlv increasing
passenger Im-ircs-. of St. Louis, engaged the
aii' ntion of the directors of the Terminal Rail-
road ^.ssociatii 11 immediately upon its forma-
tion in ( ictober. 18^89. The question of loca-
man led careful ci msideration, from the
fact that there was no other city in the United
States vhere so man}- railroads converge to
Mi' .n pi a.it as in St. 1 .< utis, ni li-
ny trains arrive and depart at nearly the
ihe traffi ■ 1 if twentv-two roads.
thirteen from the east and nine from the west,
had to he provided for. and with the proba-
bility of increase in numbers in the future.
The site was finally selected by the Board
of Directors in April. 1S90. and in Marcii,
1891, competitive designs or the head house
were invited from architects in various parts
of the United Slates. The design submitted
b) a St. Louis architect. Mr. Theodore C.
Link, was accepted and he was placed in
charge < if the work.
The franchise was obtained from the city
in February, 1892, and in April following the
work of removing' the buildings from the site
was commenced. The corner stone was laid
July 8 1893, and on September 1, 1894, four-
teen months after laying the corner stone the
structure was completed and opened to the
public with appropriate ceremonies.
The first regular train to use the new sta-
tion was a train of the Vandalia line — a fast
mail, which arrive 1 at 1 145 a. m.. September
Under the name "Union Station" are in-
cluded, the main building or "Head House."
the train shed, with the baggage rooms and]
mall buiiding, the building occupied by t'.ie
various express companies, and a power
house.
The "Head House" has a total frontage of
606 feet on Market Street, extending from j
Eighteenth Street to Twentieth Street, ami a
depth from north to south of 80 feet. The
western corner of the structure, fronting- on
Market Street 150 feet, is occupied by the
Terminal Hotel, which is built in the same
style of architecture as the station building.
The ground floor and first story are fire-
proof: the remainder of tiic building is cJ
"slow burning" construction.
The Romanesque style of architecture was
adopted as best fitted to express the idea thai
"in this dav the railway station is as much)
the means of entrance and exit to a city as
was t]u. bastioned gate of mediaeval times. It
is, therefore, intended as a modern elaborate-
lion of the feudal gateway." The principal
features 1 f the architecture are the main en-
trance, flanked by two pavilions; the east pa
vilion will' the clock tower, 230 feet high,
UNION STATU IN.
measured [rem the track level, forms the east-
ern termination of the building; trie west pa-
vilion extends to the hotel, the front of which
reproduces the general effect of the main
building.
The principal facades on Market street
and Eighteenth Street are built of Bedford
(Indiana), limestone; the south and west walls
are of gray brides above ami buff Roman
bricks below the roof of the train shed. The
roofs are covered with gray Spanish til os.
The two main floors, the ground flo. r and
the first story, aggregating about 70.000 sq
feet, or more than an acre and a half, are n-
tirely devoted to the use of passengers. The
central feature of each story is a great hall,
76 feet by 120 feet, the lower hall being a
general waiting room, intended to be used by
those passengers who had not long to wait
for trains. On the ground floor, besidi •
central hall, are the various ticket offices for
railroad and sleeping car companies, barber
shop, second-class waiting room, and lunch
room, with the various minor rooms and offi-
ces usual in railroad stations. Entrance to the
two central halls is obtained by the grand stair-
case, the platform of which is on a level with
Market Street, and is halfway between the two
floors. This platform is spanned by an arch of
40 feet span, which supports an allegorical
picture in glass mosaic. This picture, consist-
ing of three female figures, representing San
Francisco, St. Louis and Xew York, is the
work of a St. Louis artist.
The purpose of the arrangement of rooms
on the first floor was to provide for the com-
fort of those passengers who might be obliged
to spend considerable time in the station. The
"Grand Hail," to which entrance is obtained
by means of the grand staircase, and by ves-
tibules "ii either side, is a room 76 by 1 .:■ 1 i :et,
with an arched ceiling <•- feet above the ■ 1
the walls for about seven feet above the floor
line are lined with dark green faience brick,
and above this to the frieze with scagliola, in
which green is the prevailing tint. The ceil-
ing i anels are painted a greenish yellow, and
the arched ribs and capitals of the columns
are touched with gold.
On the east of the "< .rand 1 (all" ai
waiting rooms for iadxs, and on the west are
the smoking room and the dining room, en-
tranci to the latter form the "I irand I fall" be-
ing through a corridor Si. feet by [6 feet, call-
ed the "Gothic Corridor," from its Tudor
1 .< ithic style. \ private dinng n » mi, n
for the use of distinguished guc ts, occupies
he 1: irthwest corner of the dining i.H.m floor;
it is decorated in the Italian Renaissance style,
bridge.
The second and third stories are devoted
'-:-s for railroad purposes, and in the east
paviiion is a fourth ttorv. in which arc placed
the train dispatcher's ■ flfice, telegraph room
and tele] hi .ne 1 cchan
The building is heated by low pressure,
exhaust steam, conveyed to the"Head House"
from tilt- power house I.700 feet distant. 1'. >th
direct and indirect systems of radiation are
used: in the indirect system, which is used
principally in the central halls, the cold air
is drawn from the top of the air shaft, which
forms a projecting corner of the clock tower;
the cold air is passed over steam coils and
forced out. by large electric fans, into the
room; through openings near the ceiling line.
The vitiated air is expelled from the rooms
by an exhaust fan placed over the Bureau of
Information on the ground floor.
Between the Head I louse ami the tracks,
and separated from the latter by an orna-
mental iion fence with gates, is the "Mid-
way," which is a passage extending from
Eighteenth Street to Twentieth Street, a dis-
tance of 606 feet, and 50 feet wide, and cov-
ered in part with a roof ..f corrugated glass,
which admits light to the waiting rooms on the
first ''.oor. From the windows of these rooms
a fine view of the interior of the train shed :s
1 ibtained.
The train shed of the I 'nion Stati
ers more area and more tracks than a
isting train shed. The strm tu
broad, an I
■ tra :ks and one tra. :
The area in
2336
UNION STATION.
trains of twentv-two railroad companies are
to be found i m its tracks.
The toot of the train shed is formed of five
S] an-: the centre span being 141 feet 3 inches,
the tw< outer -pan- 90 feel 8 inches, and the
two intermediate spans 139 feet 2 inches.
Construction was commenced on the
foundations in April, 1892, and the structure
was ready for occupancy November 25, 1893.
The amount of steel used in the construction
of the train shed was 5,471,721 pounds; of
glass, 95,000 square feet; of lumber, 961,000
feet, board measure, and 1,174 boxes of tin.
The train shed is lighted by 128 direct
current arc lamps distributed along the plat-
forms and in the Midway. Under the same
roof with the train -lied are the baggage
rooms, contained in a two-story building, 30
by 300 feet, and a two-story building. 40 by
70 feet, used by the (J. S. Post Office Depart-
ment for railway mail service.
Situated south of the train shed and east
of the track- are the buildings occupied 1
various express companies. The Adams and
Southern Express ( ompanies occupy a build-
ing 150 feet by 60 feet. The United States and
Pacific Express Companies' building is
feet by 60 feet. The building of the American
Express Company is 130 feet by 60 feet, and
that of the Wells, Eargo Express is 100 by
60 feet. Each building lias its track.- for ex-
press cars, and access for teams is had by a
paw '1 roadwaj 40 feet wide on the ea-t side
of the buildings.
South of the train shed and 1.687 feet from
the head housi 1- a brick structure ('7 by 134
feel It tains the 1" lilers, en:
dynamos and compressors which furnish light.
heat and pov station buildings and
yards. The boiler room contains four Bab-
& Wilcox boilers oi 250 horse power
each. In the engine room are three direct cur-
rent Siemens X Halske dynamos of 272 kilo-
watts aggregate capacity, and three Westing-
house alternating current dynamos of 375 kilo-
watts aggregate capacity. The former are used
to supply current for the tram shed lights and
for elevators and power; the latter furnish the
current (or the incandescent lightii ■
the arc lamp.- in the head house and auxiliary
buildings. The total number of lights
crated from this station is 250 arc and 4.00.")
incandescent lamps. Three air compressors,
two of too horse power each, and one of 55
horse power, furnish compressed air for ope-
rating the interlocking plants at the Union
Station and at Grand Avenue. This
ed air is also used at the shops at 16th
Street, and for cleaning car- and carpets in the
passenger } ards.
Raised on top of the power house and
occupying the north front, facing the station
track system, is the Interlocking Tower.
The successful operation of the station
depends upon the rapid and safe movement if
trains and engines, and when it is stated that,
by actual count, 247 distinct movements of
trains and engines are made in one hour while
handling the regular daily traffic, it will be seen
that the selection of the most suitable system
of interlocking was a weight}' question. The
system finally adopted was the We-tinghouse
Electro-Pneumatic. The operation of a num-
ber of switches and signals from one point
makes it necessary that the levers which move
them shall be so interlocked that, while all
movements possible on parallel tracks shall
be permitted, it will he impossible to give sig-
nals permitting simultaneous movements 1
converging tracks, or conflicting movements
on the same track.
This is accomplished by means of bars,
which, actuated by the movement of any one
lever, so engage all either levers controlling
conflicting train movements, that the move-
ment of the latter is rendered impossible.
The interlocking frame in the Union Sta-
tion tower contains 131 levers, which control
73 -witches anil 105 signals. It is the largest
in the country. The switches and signals are
worked by compressed air. which is admitted
into the -witch or signal cylinder by means
of an electrically controlled valve, which in
turn i- operated by the movement of an ap-
pri tpriate lever in the t( >wer.
An idea of the territorj covered by the
Union Station property may be obtained when
it is stated that the building, the Midway and
;
UNITARIANISM IX ST. LOUIS.
the train shed occupy an area of 497,092 square
feet or u.i acres; the ground south of the train
shed and between it and the power house
contains 465,070 square feet, making- a total
area for the station itself, exclusive of main
track" approaches, of 963,062 square feet, or
more than twenty-two acres. There are nine-
teen miles of tracks in the system, of which
three and one-half miles are contained under
the train shed. The entire outlay for real es-
tate and improvements was nearly $6,500,000.
The head house itself cost in round numbers
$850,000.
The number of cars handled at the Union
Station during the year 1896 was 346,413, or
an average of nearly 1.000 cars per day for
even day in the year; 851,546 pieces of hag-
gage were handled, and 530,000 tickets sold,
at this station during the same year.
NORMAN W. EAYERS.
Unitarianism in St. Louis. — Nothing
can be more certain, historically, than that the
primitive Christian Church was essentially
Jewish, Monotheistic, and Unitarian. " That
it ceased to be Jewish in expression was the
accident of history, not the purpose of its
founder." During the first three centuries
of its existence, its essential charactei was rad-
ically change-!, but the initial marks ot that
change are not found in the recorded words of
Jesus himself, nor in those Apostolic traditions
which bear incontrovertable marks of a ven
earlv origin. Even the' Fourth Gospel, which
the hand of biblical criticism is pushing ir-
resistibly into the second century, contains ni 1
doctrine of a divine Trinity; and, when ti
in a genuinely critic;:' spirit, shows traces 1 1
a theology that is distinctly hostile to the Ni-
cene and Athanasian decrees. The Rev. 1 >r.
Heber Newton has frankly declared that the
first two centuries of Christian history may be
justly called the Unitarian epoch of the church.
When Christianity was born, Judaism was pa:
sionately Monotheistic. Any traces of an
earlier polytheism that might have 'lingered in
its sacred oracles had been submerged by the
rising tide of a purer creed, and Jesus but
echoed the supreme word of its deepest re-
ligious consciousness when he proclaimi
essence of the Sacred Word to be: "Hear, ' 1,
Israel the Lord, our God, the Lord is one!"
If at any time, in his earthly career, Jesus had
announced a doctrine subversive of the cen-
tral dogma -1 his nation, it would have meant
a religious revolution of the most tremendous
significance. Are there any traces of such a
revolution found in the Gospels? The advo-
cate cf Tri-Unitarianism throws his searchlight
into all the crypts of the New Testament, air!
rests his case upon the forced interpretation
of a few doubtful and obscure texts, which
may be stretched or shrunken to fit his dogma
If that dogma were scripturally true, it would
be the plainest, simplest and most obvious truth
of the Xew Testament. The Christian Church
only ceased to be Monotheistic when it ceased
to be Jewish — when from its creeds ami coun-
cils the voice of Israel had faded utterly away.
But Unitarianism does not seek to repro-
duce the exact lineaments of the Primitive
Church. It recognizes that principle of his-
toric development by which Christianity has
been adapted to the needs of a growing civili-
zatii 11. Only it declares that in the great his-
toric churches, development has been irra-
tionai unwarranted and unscientific. No
Iigious institution taking its rise in the Aryan
sti ick has ever been persistently, and for a long
period 1 f-time. Monotheistic. For more than
fifteen centuries Christian theolog) lias been
in the hands of the various branches of that
stock. The result has been a church which
shows the shaping hands of Greek mysticism
toman imperialism— a church which has
red the Unity of 1 ',. d. transformed
cja] lenn cracy in pn ssive hierarchy.
deadened a dominant spirituality into a magi-
cal sacramentalism, and given a new emphasis
irsian dualism by elevating the I >
a throne which almost rival dor < f
the Eternal God. The I; > ' tmin-
ster says: "Churches, lil
go back Lo a state of b\
constiti
churches, (hat. unlike -
sunie •
1338
UNITARIANISM IX ST. LOUIS.
principles of civilization, or rise to imagine a
primilivi state oi things which never existed
at all." The fonn of the primitive church will
never be restored. Such a restoration is neither
I nor desirable. It? formal administra-
tive defects have been slowly outgrown. But
i anism seeks to reproduce the spirit of
the \postolic Church — its democratic simplic-
ity-, its freedom from sacerdotalism, its bound-
less charity, its spiritual spontaneity, its vital
ethicalism. These qualities are essential and
indestructible in Christianity. They will sur-
vive all future changes of forms and all the
possible modifications of doctrine which larger
knowledge mafy make necessary.
During the -Middle and Dark Age-, the
sublime doctrine of the Divine Unity was
mainly left to the guardianship of the despised
and dispersed Children of Israel. But in the
earliest dawn of the Protestant Reformation
the serious study of the restored Bible gave
a few choice minds the realizing sense of the
scriptural insufficiency of the popular creeds,
whether Catholic, Lutheran or Calvanistic.
The tvpical reformers had but few purely doc-
trinal controversies with the Romish church.
But, if we may trust a somewhat obscure
and s! adition, an unbroken line of
descent from the common faith had stretched
fri 'in G Histamine to tin time < if the ' ireat
n. In the early part of the ninth
centu: I i d that Claudius, Bishop of Pied-
mont, i- accused ol "Arianism."' "It i- n it
impossible," says Joseph Henry .Mien, "that
this earliest protest against the autocracy of
the Empire Church may have left a line of
living descent sheltered anion;;- the Southern
\a'i.- - of the Alps, and bei i ime part of the
celebrated Leonim tradition that runs back to
■ ■ instantine ■' that emerged
in the general stir of thought promoted by the
Crusades, when we first hear of the Vlbig
and the Waldenses." In [179, the Third Lat-
eran Council condemned the "Arian heresy,"
whic't had apparent]) become strong enough
to merit the honor of persecution. As early
as 1535, Arians were burned alive in England,
and even Melancthon, at one time Fell under
the suspicion of having favored this "heresv."
In 1853, Servetus was burned alive in Geneva
for eaching anti-trinitarianism. Servetus was
of Spanish birth, and his name suggests the
curious fact that it was in Southern Europe,
where the Roman Church was most sti
intrenched, that we find at first tin mos
orous growth of those more rational ideas
of ( hnstianity which soon disappeared among
the Northern Reformers. Plad the Inquisi-
tion not done such deadly and successful work
in Italy, there might have been a growth of
Protestantism in that land of art and litera-
ture of a broader and more rational type.
Prominent among those who sought ref-
uge in Switzerland from the horrors of that
dread, tribunal was Socinus, whose name has
keen intimately associated with the most con-
spicuous revolt against Trinitarianism in the
sixteenth century. Finding tittle encourage-
ment in Switzerland or Germany, the
body of Italian Reformers planted the - ed
of their faith in Poland and Transylvania,
where, in 1568, we first find the name "Uni-
tarian" olficiaih applied to a religious organ-
1. But in 1658 the Unitarians
driven out oi Poland largely through Jesuit
[n Transylvania we find the oldest
existing body of Unitarian Churches. They
■ ■ - . a- just stated. < -fin ialh
ate body in 1568. That recognition was
■ned by a royal charter in 1 5 ~ 1 : and. al-
though this charter has keen often as-ailed, it
has never keen annulled. Her . 1 11 the ex-
rn border of the Austro-Hunga-
rian Empire, has existed a group of church.es
conspicuous for personal morality and that
knowledge which distinguishes the
sei ' ■■ h< reever found.
In England, the various forms of Unita-
rian opinion obtained an early but more pre-
cari hi- foothold. As early as 1550. a "Stran-
g( '-' ( hurch" was founded in England, only
to 1 trodden out 111 the reign of Mary. In
1575. a little congregation of "Arians" — evi-
dently Dutch refugees — was scattered and de-
stroyed. One John Lewes was burned at
Norwich, in [583. for "denying the God-head
of Christ, ' and only two years later, a clergy-
UNITARIANISM IX ST. LOUIS.
2339
man named Francis Ket was burned in the
same town for the same crime. Smithfield
witnessed such an execution of one man in
1612 for being an "Arianizer." In 1640, Laud
issued a series of canons, one of them ci m-
demning the "damnable and cursed heresy of
Socinianism." As early as 1636, Chilling-
worth, the great champion of Protestantism,
was accused by a Jesuit writer of the heresy
of "Socinianism."' In 1648, an ordinance was
passed making it felony, punishable w itii
death, for any one to maintain that "the
Father is not God. the Son is not God, or the
Lloly Ghost is not God. or that they three are
not one Eternal God." During Cromwell's
time, the Unitarian Independents took a rest
from persecution. But John Biddle, born in
[615, has been called the real father and the
earliest martyr of defined English Uni-
tarianism. He died in 1662, of a fever con-
tracted in a noisome prison, where he-
had been cast for his religious opin-
ions. The iittle society he had gath-
ered together did not survive his death, but
his work was continued by a disciple named
Thomas Firmin. In 1667. William Penn pub-
lished his little pamphlet called "The Sand}'
Foundation Shaken," in which the dominant
doctrines of orthodoxy — including the schol-
astic Trinity — are forcibly attacked. Unita-
rianism was quietly spreading in England.
Among its most illustrious advocates were
John Milton and Algernon Sidney. Toward
the end of the seventeenth century, we find
John Locke accused of Socinianism. Just as
tlie century was going out, we rind Fhos. Aik-
enhead, a boy of eighteen, a student in the
University of Edinburgh, executed for blas-
phemy, the charge being based upon a denial
of the Divinity of Christ. This was in Scot-
land. In England, heresy was no longer pun-
ishable with death: but an act was passed in
1698 making heresy an offence punishable
with loss of civil rights. This was not re-
pealed until 1813, and Unitarian- weri
vested with full civil rights until 1844. Early in
the eighteenth century, practical Unitarianism
bes;an to spread among the more learned min-
isters of the Established Church. I >r Samuel
Clark was frankly Arian; and Nathaniel Lard-
ner. a distinguished theologian of the Presby-
terian Church, accepted the fundamental doc-
trines of Unitarianism. In fact, so naturally
did doctrinal Unitarianism grow out of some
of the higher and more liberal forms of ortho-
doxy that to-day no Lss than twenty-five Uni-
tarian congregations in Great Britain still bear
the name of Presbyterian, and two the name
of Baptist. Dr. Martineau has even niggi ;ted
the adoption of the Presbyterian name by al!
Liberal Congregations, so that the trub
trinal and polemic suggestions of the Unita-
rian name may lie avoided.
The first Unitarian Church in England —
distinctly known a- such — was establisl 1
Theophilus Lindsev, in 1778. Lindsey was a
clergyman of the English Church, who, at the
oi (iftv, left tin- establishment for con-
science's sake. "Within ten years after Lind-
-- '- death," says 1 >r. Allen, "the gn at
of thosi Presbyterian congregations not
I ound by the terms of their foundation 1
thodox formularies were avowedly Unitarian."
In 1704. the saintly Joseph Priestly.
1 with Benjamin Franklin I
;ii hi of being the highest authority upon the
subject of electricity, and who was as eminent
liberal preacher as he was distinguished
sical science, was driven froi
infuriated mob whose religious bigotry
ned by their hate of his political
view-. The direct successor of Priestly was
Thomas Belsham. who resigned an lion
and influential position to join the Unitarians.
Another name, honorable in the history of the
-•1 sect, was Dr. I ' iter. In the
world of letters, that sect could boast such
names as William Roscoe, Samuel T.
ridge. Sir John Bowring, II Wil-
liams. sarah F. Adams, the author of " '
Mv God," Anna L. Barbauld, Maria
\vi rth. Joanna Baillie. and Harriet
But the most eminent name in tl
English Unitarians is that -
eau, beyond questi< m the gn
iogian. The sect numbers ii Iritain
onlv about
2 340
UXITARIAXISM IN ST. LOUTS.
wield a measure oi religious, scientific and pol-
itical influence immensely disproportion*
their numerical strength. "Authorities
weighed, m >t a runted."
American Unitarianism was a slow and
almost unconscious evolution from earlier
forms of religious thought. Its germinal life
was brought to this country by its first Xew
England settlers. The earliest colonial
churches were creedless and Congregational.
The Pilgrims at Plymouth, "as the Lord's
free people, joined themselves into a church
estate, in the fellowship of the Gospell, to walke
in ail (God's) waves made known or to be
made known unto them." The Salem Church
adopted this: "We covenant with the Lord and
with one another, and doe bynd ourselves in
ve presence of God, to walke together in all
his waies, according as he is pleased to reveale
himself unto us in his Blessed Word of truth."
The First Church in Boston declares, after a
brief preamble: "We Y ' do hereby sol-
emnly and religiously promise and bind our-
selves to walk in all our ways according to
the rule of the Gospel, and in all sincere con-
formity to (Christ's) holy ordinances, and in
mutual love and respect each to other, so near
as God shall give us grace." "The earliest
documents show," says L'r. Allen, "why it
was that Xew England Unitarianism was n t
— like the English — a secession, but an orT-
or development from the original Con-
itional order." Of course, all these
hcs were rigidly orthodox in belief and
practice; but in admitting the spirit of free
inquiry, and omitting creedal tests of fellow-
ship, thev opened the doors of future rational
nal development. Heresy was punished
and discredited, and strong efforts were con-
stantly made to put orthodox limitation-, to
the results oi free inquiry, but these churches
■ i bandoned their i
lilt] thus varieties of het' ' ■
• • instantly appearing. 1 >r.
Sprague declares thai there were forty-nine
ministers of known Unitarian b<
in Congregational churches during the
teenth century. Dr. Ebenezei Gay, who was
settled in Hingliam, Massachusetts, in 1717.
being called "the Father of American Unita-
rianism." The presence and influence of these
forty-nine testify to the freedom of religious
thought tolerated by the principles of Congre-
gationalism. In fact, it might almost be said
that everv man of very wide influence in the
formation of our early national life — with the .j
single exceptii n of Samuel Adams — from Ben- 1
jamin Franklin to Thomas Jefferson, was a
disbeliever in Xew England orthodoxy. In
- 754 George Whitfield made his last visit to
Boston, and he candidly declared, in vigorous
language now- almost absent from religious I
controversies, that the Xew England clergy J
were "dumb dogs, half-devils and half-beasts, 1
unconverted, spiritually blind, and leading
their people to hell." Which meant, translated
into courteous English, that the people of I
Xew England no longer responded to his fran-
tic emotionalism. In 1747 Jonathan Mayhew
was settled in the West Church, in Boston, I
and it was said of him that he was "the first I
clergyman in New England who expressed
and openly opposed the school doctrine of the
Trinity." He defined Christianity to be "not
a scheme of salvation to be defined by dogma.
but the art of living virtuously and piously."
Mayhew's successor in the West Church, Sim-
eon Howard., was also esteemed an Arian. In
1781 Joseph Willard, an Armenian in creed,
was elected to the presidency of Harvard Col-
leg' . and at the end of the century it was "con-
fidently believed that there was not a strict
Unitarian clergyman of the Congregational or-
der in Boston." ( In the 19th of June, 1785,
the first Episcopal church in Xew England
became the first Unitarian church in America
by voting to strike out of its service "what-
ever teaches or implies the doctrine of the
Trinity." When the present century opened,
while scarcely a prominent Congregational
her in Xew England remained orthodox, ■
there was as yet no line of demarkation drawn.
In truth, speaking generally, the liberal min-
isters dreaded and deprecated all forms of sec-
tarian controversy. They preferred to see ra-
rcligious thought slowly grow in those
churches whose earliest covenants had pro-
for such an expansion. "We preach,"
UXITARIAXISM IN ST. LOUIS.
savs Dr. Charming, "precisely as if no such
doctrine as the Trinity had ever been known."
But in 1815, Belshara's "Life of Lindsey," the
English Unitarians precipitated the contro-
versy. The liberal party was reluctantly forced
into the acceptance of a sectarian name. Doc-
trinal differentiation in the Congregational
churches was henceforth to be inevitable and
irresistible. Dr. Channing's celebrated sermon
preached in Baltimore, on May 5, 1819, at the
installation of Jared Sparks, and the decision
of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in
the well-known Dedham case, very clearly de-
fined the terms of the controversy, and deter-
mined the methods of ecclesiastical separation,
But so repugnant was the adoption of a sec-
tarian name to the liberal party, that, out of
twenty-nine churches in Boston, now- known
as Unitarian, only four officially bear that
title. In 1825, the American Unitarian Asso-
ciation was formed and became the recognized
instrument for the propagation of liberal Chris-
tianity, and we find that all of the Congrega-
tional churches founded by the earliest set-
tlers of Xew England, have, while retaining
their original titles and methods of ecclesiasti-
cal government, become Unitarian in the tem-
per of their religious thought. In these
churches, orthodox doctrine imperceptibly
and slowlv faded away, and was in no case
violently displaced. The history of Christian-
ity shows that if you will lift from any mind
the repressive or interpretative force of a
creed, leaving it free to face either the light
of nature or the teachings of the Bible, it will
inevitably lose the impress of orthodoxy. N 1
unassisted intelligence, however clear or com-
manding, ever found the common creeds of
Christendom in the Scriptures. This was
abundantly demonstrated in the history of
Xew England Congregationalism. Free, ra-
tional Christianity was not born from die
womb of controversy. It sprang from the spirit
of unshackled inquiry which the older cove-
nants permitted, if they did not encourage.
A; a distinct sect. Unitarianism has had
neither a rapid nor an affluent growth in
America; but it has numbered either among
its avowed apostles, or those who have been
consciously affected bv its teachings, a long
list of men and women who have been illus-
trious in the various departments of our coun-
try's intellectual and spiritual history. The list
includes a long line of statesmen, jurists, men
of science, historians, poets and eminent phil-
anthropists, "including," says Dr. Allen, "with
hardly an exception, every one of those who,
from Prescott to Holme>, have given Boston
its place in our intellectual history." While,
if we Counted in our ranks every man wdio
had revolted, with greater or less distinctness
of cons iousness, from the popular creeds, but
a meager group of great names would In;
found upon the outside.
Eariy in the third decade of this centui-v
a young clergyman, but twenty-three years
of age, came from Xew England to what was
then the frontier town of St. Louis. This w^as
William Greenleaf Eliot. "He left," says Dr.
Allen; "the most flattering prospects of a met-
ropolitan career that he might devote his life,
as he did •> 1 h singular 'iitelligence, consecra-
tion and energy, to what was then remote
frontier service in St. Louis, gaining for his
reward the largest moral and personal power
accorded to any man in that great commu-
nity." As eariv as 1830, Rev. John I'ierre-
pont, of Boston, the famous apostle of temper-
ance, while passing through St. Louis,
preached once in the Market house, on Main
and Market Streets; and in 1833, Rev. ' .
Chapman preached three times in the parlor
of 1 lie National Hotel. Some interest was ex-
cited among a small body of Xew England
immigrants, prominent among whom were
Christopher Rhodes, James Smith and George
II. Callencier. These persons started a move-
ment which resulted in the establishment of
regular Unitarian services, in November,
[834. in Shephard's school rooms, under the
leadership of Rev. YV. < r. Eliot, recently from
the Harvard Divinity School. January 26,
1835, a Unitarian Church was form
Lind( r the name of the fir-'.
tii ma] . of St. Louis, [n the m ;t ; :ar,
a lot was purcha ■
of Fourth and Pine -
stone '
183; until the iv T the
societ
2342
UNITARIANISM IN ST. LOUIS.
Main and Locusl Stf< ets. Thic was one
few business houses spared bp the gres. e
of 1849. I h. Eliot's extraordinary faith in e
ultimate success of his movement is admira-
bly shown in the pluck, energy and uncon-
querable hope with which he toiled in the face
of marked discouragements. On Easter Sun-
day, 1836, eight persons sat down together to
the O mmunion of the Lord's Supper. Two
years after, when the church covenant was
adopted, the church membership had not dou-
bled in number. And when, in 1835. an effort
was made to establish a Sunday-school, eight
teachers appeared, but no children. When, in
1837, a Sunday-school was established, the
sexton's eight or nine children furnished the
chii : ground for the hope of success. < tctober
29, [837, the new church was dedicated. By
1842 the church was enlarged by one-half, thus
increasing its debt to $11,000, which was all
lifted in 184(1. For many years the growing
Sunday-school was mainly under the admira-
ble a [ministration of Mr. Seth A. Ranlett and
Mr. FJenn Glover, the former occupying the
position ■ if superintendent for thirty-one years.
In the autumn of 1840 a ministry at large was
established and placed in charge of Rev.
Charts 11. A. Dal!, who afterward became
at efficient missionary to India.' Mr. Dall vis-
■ the 1 r, organized a day-school
for '.en indigent children, and a sewing-school
rls. During several winters, he also con-
ducted a night-school for apprentices. St.
Louis being somewhat slow to adopt the pub-
lic school system, the first school for colored
children west of the great river, was established
in the Unitarian Church. November, 1841,
the wh :le church resolved itself into a charita-
ble organization. -and per-
haps unconsciously — to the exact methods of
the primitive ' hristian church. Since Mr,
Dall's time, the place of minister-at-large has
been successively rilled by Rev. Mordecai De-
Lange, Charles C. Ward and Thomas L. El-
iot. The year [849 was made terribly mem-
1 m the histon of St. Louis by the pres-
ent of Asiatic cholera and a devastating fire
which destroyed a vast percentage of its prop-
erty. But in spite of these pressing calami-
■ 5, r perhaps, as Dr. Eliot suggests, be-
cause of them, the church felt the inspiring
ti inch of the people's newl\ an msed energy and
hope, and in the very next year, preparations
were made to build a large house of worship.
This was clone, as Dr. Eliot says, "as a thank
offering to God. and as a provision for future
growth and usefulness/' The corner stoi
the church was laid July 1, 1S50. at the corner
of Ninth and Olive Streets. The society first
purchased a lot at the corner of Eleventh an I
Olive Streets, but when a number of people
complained that they "did not want to attend
church in the country." the location was fixed
two blocks further east. The formal <'•
t ii ui look place December 7. 1851, Rev. A. A.
Livermore, of Cincinnati, preaching- the ser-
mon, and Row [ohn H. Heywood. of Louis-
ville, ottering the praver of dedication. Thir-
teen hundred, people attended the exi r -
and two hundred and. fifty joined in the com-
munion service. But a debt of nearly, 1 >r quite.
S50.000 remained on the church. On October
io. 1852, twenty gentlemen met at the house
of Mr. John Tilden. and then and there cleared
away the undesirable incumbrance. From
to 1873. Dr. Eliot remained pastor of the
church. During this period he secured the
services of several admirable assistants. Revs.
O.O. White. Robert Hassal, Carlton A. Sta-
ples and Thomas L. Eliot served ar v;
times in that capacity: the last three having
been regularly settled as colleagues. In 1873
Dr. Eliot definitely resigned from the pasto-
i the church, designing to give the
measure of his strength and energy to the
ellorship of Washington University, the
cast duties of which had multiplied upon
his hands, and the church selected as its pas-
1 ir Rev. John Snyder, of Hingham. Massa-
chusetts, who continued in that office until
the oar [899. In 1S70 positive
were taken by the Society to dispose of its
property at Ninth and Olive Streets, and
build :>. church house nearer the dwellings of
its people. Two of its members, Messrs.
George E. Leighton and Hugh McKittrick,
purchased the property for $50,000, volun-
UXITARIAXISM IX ST. LOUIS.
1343
tan'y offering to give to the church the bene-
fit of any increased value in the property
when it came to be resold. Twenty thousand
dollars proved to be the added value. A lot
whs bought at the northeast corner of Locust
Street and Garrison Avenue, and the ground
broken for a new building in November, 1879.
( )n the 6th day of July of that year, the last
services were held in the old church, and
after the usual summer vacation, the people
found themselves without an abiding taber-
na- 'c, worshipping, as it were, in tents. The
corrur-stone of the new temple was laid on
he first day of February, 1880, and on Decem-
ber 26, the Society held is glad Christmas serv-
ices in the new building. The entire cost of
i he church, including everything except its
magnificent stained-glass memorial windows,
was S 109.000. The church was formally de-
leaved on the 1 6th of December, 1881, Rev.
H. \V. Bellows, D. D., the distinguished pres-
ident of the National Sanitary Commission,
preaching the elocpient sermon of dedication.
Early in its career, as has already been said,
the church gave itself unstintedly to the noble
work of public philanthrophy and education.
In 1830, the first free school west of the Mis-
sissippi river was established in the basement
of its church building, and a few years after,
it established and generously endowed a
"Mission House," in which half a hundred
homeless children now find refuge ; which sus-
tains ;■. day and Sunday-school and is active
in almost every type of philanthrophy. Wash-
ington L'niversity was almost the creation
of Dr. Eliot : and its various branches have
been liberally endowed by members of the
Unitarian Church who looked to Dr. Eliot for
wise direction in the admini-trati.ni of their
generous trusts. The names of George Part-
ridge, James and William Smith. Hudson E.
Bridge, Wayman Crow, Ralph Sellew, Gott-
lieb, Conzehnan, George E. Leighton, J. G.
Chapman, and many other men and women of
lesser means, but equal generosity, bear testi-
mony to the preponderant influence which
the Unitarian Church has had in ministering
to the higher life of St. Louis. In making
a conservative estimate of the extraordinary
generosity of the members of the Church of
The .Messiah, Dr. Eliot declared, in 1 88 r , that
they had given to enterprises not connected
with the support of their own religious organi- ■
zation. or for the dissemination of their own
p r religioi g. views, not less than S
oi the prec< ling twenty-five years. "The
degree of effort and cost," he remarked,
"would have built and supported a scon
churches."
At the beginning of the year [868,
it had become apparent to many thoughtful
men and women that the growth of St. Louis
demanded the creation of another Unitarian
Church in the southern part of the town. Ten
gentlemen, some of whom were members of
*' r. Church of the Messiah, joined in an appli-
cation for legal existence of the Church of the
Unity, and, in November of that year, bought
a piece of land at the corner of Armstrong
and Park Avenue-, upon which the corner-
stone of a new church building was laid in
August. 1869. The building was completed
early in 1870. While the church was building,
the Church of the Messiah invited to its own
pulpit such ministers as the members of the
low organization desired to hear as candi-
dates. In January, 1870 Rev. John Calvin
Learned, of Exeter. New Hampshire, was
unanimously invited to become
The invitation was accepted. Mr Learned
[reached his first sermon in the new church
on April 17. 1870. and on May 15 of tin- same
year, the church was dedicated. Mr. Learned
•r. Eliot jointly conducting the services.
! n tlie- wi irds of Mr. Edward S. lv >wse : "The
■ grew- slowly in numbers and rapidly
in debt, until in 1873 the debl was nearh $14,-
o." In -May, of that year, the entire sum
tor the pavment of that debt was promised,
but the fearful panic of 1873 bankrupted many
of the subscribers and the debt was not finally
squished until [881. In [884, consider
able additions were made to the church, which
were promptly paid for upon compl
The great cyclone of May. [896, partial
stroyed the church building and
hi mes of many of its devoted people; hut the
structure was promptly restored. It- first
pastor, Mr. Learned, was born in Dublin, New
Hampshire. August 7. [834. I1
for Dartmouth College, but instead of entering
that institution, he came to Missouri and
taught school in the ( izark n
.. ars. He entered the I ! ' dnity
School in [859, remained thr
.-pent several months in Europe. I
to the Unitarian Church of e:
;hire, in [863, and '■■ tame pas
2344
UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS.
Church of the Unity, St. Louis, in 1870, re-
maining th^re until his death, on December
13. Mr. Learned was cue of the ripest
:hh! most exact scholars and impressive
preachers of the Unitarian fellowship, but his
noble work for the education and uplifting of
llowman was so modestly and inconspic-
uously accomplished that great multitudes felt
Lis whole some influence who were unacquaint-
ed with his personality. In June. 1894. the
h called Rev. Frederick L. Hosmer to
be ii: pastor. Mr. Hosmer, who still retains
that relationship, was horn in Framingham,
achusetts, in the year 1840. He gradu-
ated from Harvard College in 1862, and from
the Harvard Divinity School in 1869, having
- after his collegiate gradua-
li m. In < tc.tober, 1869, he was called to the
•>i.t irate of the First Congregational (Unitar-
ian) Church of Xorthborough, Massachusetts,
as assistant pastor to the Rev. Joseph Allen,
D. D. In 1872, he accepted a call to the Sec-
ond Congregational (Unitarian) Church of
Q lincy, Illinois. He resigned this charge in
)8/7, spending one year and a half in travel
.:,<! study in Europe. Upon his return in the
lafrer part of [878, he became pastor of the
Unity Church, of Cleveland, Ohio. He became,
in 1892, for a brief period, secretary of the
111 Unitarian Conference. On account
of failing health, he spent one year in Colorado
1 he ('oast. Upon his return,
ame pastor of the Church of the Unity,
St. Louis, his pastorate dating from Septem-
ber I. [894. In connection with Rev. W. C.
;. Mr. Hosmer published, in 1885, a
r\ , entitled "Thoughts
c! in Hymns and Poems." In 1894, a
published, bearing the same
dile. Mr. Hosmer's hymns have been wideh
rl used, both in this country and
Fj-.glancl; indeed, it is bul modest prai
say that he is the most gifted hymnologist liv-
among English speaking people.
For the lyri' aire religious feel-
ing, lie has, indeed, few superiors in any
luirch. |i >HN SNY1 >ER.
United American Mechanics, Junior
Order <»t' — A sc> rel fr; ternal and hem
1 fganization, which c; 0 xistence in
ivlvania in 1853. '' is not— as might be
:atii >u ci pin
of mechanics, that term beine used in
the sense in which it is used by the natural-
ists who aver that "man is a tool-making ani-
mal." It is called the Junior Order to dis-
tinguish it from the older Order of United
American Mechanics, of which it is the off-
spring. The author of the first ritual of the
< >rder and also of the constitution and by-laws
oi the first Council of the Junior Order estab-
lished was William Weckerly, then secretary
of the Pennsylvania State Council of the Sen-
ior Order. The movement which resulted in
the establishment of this Order was set on
foot by Gordon D. Harime, and the first
Council, named Washington Council, was in-
stituted in Germantown, Pennsylvania, May
17, 1853. The objects of the order were de-
clared to be : "First — To maintain and pro-
mote the interests of Americans, and shield
them from the distressing effects of foreign
competition. Second — To assist Americans to
obtain employment. Third — To encourage
Americans in business. Fourth — To estab-
lish a Sick and Funeral Fund. Fifth — To
maintain the Public School system of the
U'nited States of America, and to prevent sec-
tarian interference therewith, and uphold the
leading of the Holy Bible therein." That
these objects have commended the Order to
the American public is evidenced by the fact
that at the beginning of the year 1898, it had
a membership in excess of 200.000 in the Unit-
ed States. The first Council instituted in St.
Louis was organized by Deputy Frank Mac-
Clelland. of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber [5, [888. Twenty-five Councils, with a
total membership of about 700, were in exist-
( nee in the city at the beginning of 1898. and
including St. Louis, there were at the same
time 150 Councils in the States of Missouri,
with an aggregate membership approximating
United Confederate Veterans. Under
the auspices of the State' organization of Unit-
ed Confederate Veterans, on January 1, [896,
a Camp was formed in St. Louis, called Camp
St. Louis No. 731. Its objects are solely social
and charitable, and the collection of authentic
fac's relating to the participation of the ex-Con-
federate Army of Missouri and its soldiers in
ivil war. The following roster contains
fficers of the St. Louis Camp from its
inception to the year 1808: [896-97 — Sam M.
Kennard, Captain and Commander; C. C.
UNITED STATES COURTS.
2345
Rainwater, First Lieutenant Commander; H.
Guibor, Second Lieutenant Commander; Ben
von Phul, Third Lieutenant Commander ; F.
P. Bronaugh, Fourth Lieutenant Command-
er; Frank Gaiennie, Adjutant ; Robert McCul-
loch. Quartermaster; J. White Edwards.
Commissary; Dr. R. C. Atkinson. Surgeon;
Rev. P. G. Robert, Chaplain; R. R. Hutchin-
son, Treasurer ; Walter D. Jones, Sergeant-
Major ; William Bull, Officer of the Day ; Pat-
rick Mulcahy, Color Sergeant ; James Ban-
nerman, Vidette ; J. R. Daugherty, First Color
Guard ; and E. P. Creecy, Second Color
Guard. 1897-98: Robert McCulloch, Cap-
tain and Commander; William Bull. First
Lieutenant. Commander ; H. Guibor, Second
Lieutenant Commander ; E. C. Robbins, Third
Lieutenant Commander; L. B. Yalliant,
Fourth Lieutenant Commander ; Frank Gai-
ennie, Adjutant ; J. R. Daugherty, Quarter-
master; F. P. Bronaugh, Commissary; Dr. J.
I Miller Sursjeon ; Rev. P. G. Robert, Chap-
lain ; E. H. Sublett, Treasurer : W. B. Harri-
son. Sergeant-Major ; R. R. Hutchinson, Of-
ficer of the Day; L. I). Kingsland, Color Ser-
geant; S. M. Kennard, Vidette; C. P. Ellerbe,
First Color Guard: and Dr. IT. N. Spencer,
Second Color Guard.
United Hebrew Relief Association
— See "Jewish Charities."
United Irishmen, Order of — A s ciai
and beuefici?rv organization composed ot
Irishmen. which came into existence in St.
Louis Oct. I, 1869. After some years, its meet-
ings were" suspended, but in 1883, a new char-
ter was obtained and a re-organization took
place. Some of the leading Irish Americans
of the City were later numbered among its
members.
United Order of Hope. -A local frater-
nal and beneficial Order, which originated in
St. Louisandwas incorporated August 8.1888.
It admitted to membership persons of both
sexes between the ages of eighteen and forty-
nine years. The Order paid death benefits and
disability benefits by assessments upon its
members. At the beginning of the year 1898,
there were twelve Lodges in St. Louis, and
its supreme governing body was also located
here, with Dr. James C. Xidelet as supreme
president. The total member-hip of the < >r-
der was then approximately 600 and was
fined to St. Louis. Early in the year, how-
ever, dissension arose and ten German
Lodges seceded. The result was that in May
of [898, the Order gave up its charter and
passed out of existence.
United Presbyterian Church.— See
Presbyterianism in St. Louis.
United Sons Of Erin Benevolent So-
ciety.— A mutual benefit association
posed of Irish Catholics which was form
St. Louis in [866 with Rev. Janus II. ir
Francis Xoonan, Dr. W. II. Brennan, James
Bligt and others as promoters.
United States Benevolent Uratern it y
— A secret benevolent order, instituted in Bal-
timore. Maryland, in [881. Michael Brooks,
Deputy Supreme President, instituted the
first council in St. Loui.-. < Ictober 15. [881.
UnitedStates Courts. -An interesting
fact, and one. it is believed, not generally un-
derstood, appears in the first legislation of
1 ongress, on the subject of Federal Courts,
in what now constitute.- the States of Mi — , mri
and Arkansas. By an act 1 if Congress of March
26, 1S04 — 2d U. S. Statutes at large, p. 283 —
the land acquired of France was divided into
•two Territories. That portion lying south
of the Mississippi Territory, and an east and
west line commencing on the Mississippi river
at the 33d degree of north latitude and extend-
ing west to the western boundary of the ces-
sion, was called the Territory of Orleans. By
Section 12 of said act, the residue of the Ter-
ritory being that north of said line, was called
the District of Louisiana. This District in-
cluded the [.resent States of Arkansas and
Missouri and all the region lying north and
west of said two States. By said act, th<
ernor and Judges of the Indiana Territory
were directed and authorized to establish m
said District of Louisiana inferior Courts and
I rescribe their jurisdiction and duties,
and also to make all laws which
might deem conducive to the
enmt of the inhabitant- tin n
authority thus given. t\v ■
of tlie Indiana Territory, under d;i
ber 1. 1804, framed a - t<
2-overnm< nt of said I »istrict of L >uisi; 11a and
1
UNITED STATES COURTS.
rein, which laws com-
prise the first sixteen chapters of Volume I,
■ ritorial Law-, published by the authority
State i if Missi >uri in 1842.
By chapter 2 of the laws enacted by the
rnor and Judges of the Indiana Terri-
;ti< e's < ourts were established for the
if small causes, and said chapter di
risdiction and duties of Justices of the
in their respective districts and the prac-
observed by them, the details of
which it is unnecessary to set forth.
A Probate Court, consisting of one judge,
tablished in each of the Districts of ct.
1 -. St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Gir-
ardeau, and New Madrid, to take proof of last
and to grant letters testamentary and
of administration, and to perform all tl
ling to such court and to hold four
terms a year.
By Chapter 13 of laws enacted by the Gov-
ernor and Judges of Indiana Territory, a
styled the General Quarter Sessions of
'i .h-v was established in each of the Dis-
tricts of St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve,
Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid, consisting
of a competent number of judges, who were
ired to hold four terms each year in their
1 < spective districts.
A Court of Common Pleas, consisting of a
competent number of judges, commissioned
by the Governor, was required to be held in
of said districts, to hold pleas of assize,
"scire facias" replevins, and hear and deter-
mine al manner of pleas, suits, actions and
causes, civil, personal, real and mixed accord-
ing to law.
fhese Courts were required to commence
their terms on the same days that the terms
of the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace
began their terms.
A Supreme Court of Record, styled the
< General 1 'ourt, was required to be held twice
m 1 a< h 1 ar in St. Louis, on the first Tuesdays
i" Ma- and the last Tuesdays in 1 ictober.
ft had both original and appellete jurisdiction.
Parties aggrieved b; the judgments of the
leneral 1 Kiarter Sessii ms of tin I '■ ace, 1 >r
courts of n Id take their
npcal or writ 1 if em ir to the < leneral < lourt
Ml writ- in this
i" run in the name of the I 'nited
and bear h name of the 1 hief
e. 1 ir Presiding fudge . Bi side its a
late jurisdiction, the 1 ieneral Court had juris-
diction in all criminal cases and exclusive jur-
isdiction in those which were capital, and orig-
inal jurisdiction in all civil cases of the value
of one hundred dollars and upwards.
1 '.< mgn -s. by an act approved March 3, 1S05
2 I . S .Statutes, p. 331 — changed the name
District of Louisiana to the Territory
of Li misiana and provided for the appi lintment
of a l iovernor.who should reside in said Terri-
tory, and a Secretary and three Judges. The
legislative power was vested in the Governor
and three Judges, or majority of them, and
they were also empowered to establish inferior
courts in said Territory and prescribe their
jurisdiction and duties, but in all criminal
pn isecutions, the trials wen to be by a jury of
■ good men of the vicinage and also in
civil cases where the amount involved was of
the value of one hundred dollars, if either party
lequired it. The judges thus required to be
appointed were to hold their offices for four
\ ears and were to possess the same jurisdictii >n
which was possessed by the judges of the In-
diana Territory and were to hold two courts
annually, at places most convenient to inhabi-
tants in general, and the Governor, Secretary
and Judges were to receive the same compen-
sation established for similar offices in the In-
diana Territory and to be paid out 'of the
Treasury of the United States. All laws and
regulations in force in said district at the pas-
?age of said act not inconsistent therewith
were continued in force until altered, modified
or repealed l>v the Legislature thereby estab-
lished.
Chapters 17. [8, and 19 of Territorial Laws
were introduced by the clause: "Be it enact-
ed by the Governor and Judges of the Terri-
tory of" "Louisiana," but all subsequent acts.
from Chapter jo to S4, both inclusive, had as
their enacting- clause: "Be it enacted by the
Legislature of the Territory" "of Louisiana."
'I his latter enacting clause seems to be fully
justified by the 9th Section of the above act
of Congress, which speaks of said Governor
and Judges as "the Legislature."
The courts established by the Governor and
Judges of the Indiana Territory remained un-
changed until the passage of Chapter 38 of
Territorial Laws, on July 3, [807, entitled
"Practice at Law." This act recognized and
continued in force the Courts of Common
Pleas and of Quarter Sessions of tin- Peace,
UNITED STATES COURTS.
>347
and Justices of the Peace, and established a
new court entitled a Court of "< Iyer and Ter-
miner ami General Jail Delivery"' for the trial
of all capital offenses in each district, to be
held by • me of the judges i if the i General ( < mrt
and the Common Pleas Judge of the district.
Ft toi ik away from the < leneral Court its orig-
inal jurisdiction, except in cases of proceed-
ings by information against public officers for
oppression or misdemeanor in office, etc., and
with these exceptions the General Court exer-
appellate jurisdiction only.
The above mentioned Legislature of the
Territory of Louisiana on July 4, [807 — Chap-
ter 40 1 if Territi rial Laws — organized an "Or-
phans' Court," for the management of the es-
tates and persons of minors and their guard-
ians, trustees and tutors, and to hind out such
minors as had no estates for their support, and
ise them to be taught some useful trade
r business. The period of the Legislature of
iovernor and Judges of the Territory of
Louisiana, in regard to courts and other mat-
ter-, extended from April. [805, to October,
1810.
By act of Congress March 3, 1807 — 2 I'. S.
St.. p. 431 — the judges appointed by the au-
thority of the United States in the Territory
of Li misiana and other Territories were al-
lowed an annual salary of Sr,200. By the act
of Congress of June 4. 1812 — 2 U. S. St., p.
743. the name of the Territory was changed,
tc Missouri. This act vested the legislative
power in a General Assembly, consisting of
the Governor, a Legislative Council and a
House of Representatives, with power to make
all laws, civil and criminal, for the good gov-
ernment of the people, not repugnant ti >. 1 >r
inconsistent with, the Constitution and laws of
the United States, and had power to establish
inferior courts and prescribe their jurisdiction
and duties. The Legislative Council was to
ci nsist of nine members, to continue in office
rive years, unless sooner removed by the Pres-
ident of the United States. The members of
the Council were appointed in this manner, to-
v.it: When the representatives were elected
and convened by the • lovernor and were met.
they were to nominate eighteen persons, resi-
dents of the Territory for a year preceding
their nomination, each possessing in his own
right two hundred acres of land, and return the
names to the President of the United States,
from which the President, bv and with the ad-
■■ ice 1 il the S mate, v as ti 1 appoint and o >m-
mission nine for a period of five years, ai
on from time to time. The House of Repre-
tives provided by said act were to be
chosen by the people of the Territory every
second year to serve for two years. Xo pi
■ligible for representative unless he was
rs of age and had resided in
the rerriton for one year next preceding the
day 1 : ,:'.; v. as a freeholder in the
county in which he was a candidate. Under
1 I of Congress of June 4,18 1 2,the General
\- sembly organized under it enacted the terri-
torial laws embraced in Chapters;, fuly 12,
1813, [uent chapters to and includ-
ing ' hapter 250, dated December 24, 1818, as
published in said Volume I, heretofore re-
ferred to. aini tlii- last chapter closes tin- leg-
islative acts of the Territorial Legislature.
Tin- judicial power, by said act, was vested
in a Superior Court, inferior courts ami Jus-
tices of the Peace, who were to hold their of
rices for four year-, and the Superior Courts
were to have jurisdiction in all criminal cases,
which was exclusive in those that were rapt
tal, and original and appellate jurisdiction
in all civil cases involving Sioo or more, and
were to receive such compensation as was es-
tablished by law. and were to be paid quarter-
ly out of the Treasury of the United States.
By the act of Congress of December 18,
1812— 2 U. S. St., p. 788— the Territorial
Judges of the United States were required to
reside within the territories for which they
ware appointed, and were prohibited from act-
ing as counsel or attorney, and from practicing
law.
On January 27. I Si 4 — 3 U S. St., p. 95 —
( Congress provided for the appointment of an
additional Judge for the Missouri Territory
For a term of four years ami who was to reside
at or near the village of Arkansas, as fixed am!
established while the same was a part of the
Territi ire 1 if Li misiana, 1 >r as the limits sir mid
be established by the General Vssembh of
the Missouri Territory. Said Judge \vi
liii irized to pi issess and exercise « i'1"
limits of the late districts of Arkansas tl
isdi^tii in possessed and -
trict bv tin Court of 1
Tat po 1 exci
the Court established
1. J48
UNITED STATES COURTS.
cognizance thereof and of all appeals for er-
rors in law . The judge of this new Court was
to receive the same salary and be paid in the
same manner as the judges of the Superior
■ ourt in the Territory of Missouri
I ; Hie 3d Section of an act of Congress of
Apiil --'i. 1816 - 3 I'. S. St., p. 328 — the Gen-
ssembh of tin- Missouri Territory was
authorized to requrre the judges of the Supi
nor Court to hold Superior and Circuit
( ourt.-, and the Circuit Courts were to be com-
of one of the judges of the Super.or
Court and were to have jurisdiction in all crim-
inal cases and exclusive original jurisdiction
in those that were capital and original juris-
diction in all civil cases involving $100 or
moie: and the Superior and Circuit Courts
were given chancery powers, as well as com-
mon law jurisdiction in all civil cases, and
appeals were allowed in all cases from the
Circuit Courts to the Superior Court. Up to
March 2, [819, wdiat now constitutes the
State of Arkansas was a part of the Missouri
Territory and under its control. By act of
Congress of that date — 3 U. S. St., p. 493 —
all that part of the Territory of Missouri lying
south nf a line beginning on the Mississippi
river at 36 degrees north latitude, running
thence west to the St. Francois river; then up
the same to 36 degrees, 30 minutes, north lati-
tude, and thence west to the western boundary
line, was erected into a new Territory to be
called the Arkansas Territory, thereby leaving
in the Territory of Missouri the domain that
now constitutes the State of Missouri, less the
Platte Purchase, afterward added.
The act of Congress of April 29, 1816,
seems to be its last legislation in reference to
the Courts of the Territory of Missouri. It
may lie against the popular and general un-
derstanding, at tlie present time. t< > class the
Courts of the Territory under the head of
Federal Courts, yet tbe_\ were such, in fact, as
they were established h\ acts ol ! ongress, and
their powers and jurisdiction were defined by
Congress ami the judges were appointed by
the I 'resident of the 1 'nited States with the ad-
vice of tin Senate, and their salaries were fixed
by Congress and paid out of the Treasury of
the United States. I' 1- true that the Terri-
torial Legislature, under authority given it by
Congress, passed laws applicable m> and en-
forced b; the l ourts. but this did not destroy
their Federal character. Both the Legislature
and the Courts were during territorial times,
the creatures of the general government and
may be truly considered as Federal Courts
during the territorial existence.
It may be of interest to know who were the
Judges of the Superior Court during terri-
torial times. The following is the list, show-
ing the years they were severally appointed :
1805, Henry Vanderburgh and John Griffin;
1895, John B. C. Lucas and Rufus Easton ;
i Si ii .. Jonathan Meigs, Jr., and John B. C. Lu-
1 as; [807, John B. C. Lucas and Otto Schra-
der; 180S, John B. C. Lucas, Otto Schrader
and John Coburn : 1812. John B. C. Lucas
and William Spriggs ; 1813. John B. C. Lucas,
William Spriggs and Silas Bent; 1814. Alex-
ander Stuart and Silas Bent; 1816 Silas Bent,
Alexander Stuart and John B. C. Lucas : 1817,
Alexander Stuart and John B. C. Lucas; and
1818, John B. C. Lucas. Silas Bent and Alex-
ander Stuart.
By an act of Congress of March 6. 1820 — 3
i\ S. St., p. 545 — the Territory of Missouri
was authorized to adopt a Constitution and
form a State government and be admitted into
the Union upon an equal footing with t! i;
original States. In accordance with the pro-
of said act, the Convention called to
act in the matter framed a Constitution, and
by ordinance of July 19. of the same yeai . ac-
cepted the terms proposed by Congress. 1 Vol-
ume 1, of the Statutes of Missouri of 1825. p.
40.) Congress, by resolution of March 2, 1821,
■ 1 • - ■ - 1 . ■ 1 - - d that Missouri should be admitted into
;: 1 i -ion provided that the Legislature of the
Mate should, by solemn public act. declare the
assent 1 if the State to the fundamental con-
ditions that the fourth clause of the 26th Sec-
tion of the third Article of the State Consti-
tution submitted to Congress, should never be
nin-tnied tn authorize the passage of any law
liv which any citizen of either of the Stati - of
tlie Union should be excluded from the en-
joyment of any of the privileges and immuni-
1 which such citizen is entitled under the
( Constitution of the United States, and should
transmit to the President of the United States
on or before the fourth Monday of November
tl 1 reafter an authentic copy of said act. The
Legislature of Missouri, by act of June 26,
1821, declared the assent of the State to the
fundamental conditions and transmitted it to
the President, and thereupon he. by proclama-
tion of the 10th of August, 1821, declared the
UNITED STATES COURTS.
2349
admission to be complete. (Volume I, of
Laws of -Missouri of 1825, pp. 67, 68 and 69.)
Missouri having thus become a State, the
System of Federal Courts, as organized in all
the States of the Union, was first established
by the act of Congress of March 16, 1822 — 3
U. S. St., p. 653 — and all laws of the United
States not locally inapplicable were to have
the same force in such State as elsewhere in the
United States. By said act also, the entire
State constituted one district and was to have
one District Judge, who was required to re-
side within the State and was to receive a sal-
ary of Si, 200 per annum, to be paid quarterly
at the Treasury of the United States, and was
to hold at the seat of government three ses-
sions annually, beginning with the first Mon-
day of June, 1822, and the other two sessions
of each year on the like Monday of every cal-
endar month thereafter, and was to exercise
the same jurisdiction and powers given by
law to the judge of the Kentucky district, under
the act to establish Judicial Courts of the Unit-
ed States, being the act of September 24, 1789
— 1 U. S. St.. p. 79, and an amendment
thereto by act of March 2, 1793 — 1 U. S. St.,
p. ^^. Said Court was to be held at the per-
manent seat of the State government of Mis-
souri, but until that was permanently fixed,
it was to be held in St. Louis. In addition
to the powers and jurisdiction given to the
District Court by the act of September 24,
1789, Section 9, the Court was to have juris-
diction of all other causes, except appeals and
writs of error, that were cognizable in Circuit
Courts, as was the case in the District Court
of Kentucky. The original jurisdiction of the
United States Courts, as established by Sec-
tion 9 of the act of September 24, 1789 — 1 U.
S. .St., p. y^ — embraced all crimes and of-
fences, cognizable under the authority of the
United States, committed in their respective
districts, or upon the high seas, where no
other punishment than whipping, not exceed-
ing thirty stripes, a fine, not exceeding $100,
or 'mprisonment. not exceeding six montns,
was 10 be inflicted : all causes of admiralty and
maratime jurisdiction, including all seizures
under laws of impost navigation, or trade of
the United States, where seizures are 1
on waters navigable from the sea by vessels of
Jen or more tons burthen, saving to sr.i ■ rs
the right of a common law remedy where the
cc-'-.ffion law is compete <t to give it: also ex-
clusive cognizance ' ;■.'' izures on land, and
ol all suits for penalties and forfeitures, undc,
:! aws of the Unit; 1 .Sates; and jurisdiction
exclusive of the St; of all suits against
consuls, vice-consuls, and trials of issues of
'act, in all cases, except in civil causes - *' ad-
miralty and maratune jun'sdiction were to be
by jury.
I'.y an act establishing a United States Dis-
trict Court in Missouri, provision was made
for the appointment of a United States Dis-
trict Attorney, learned in the law, who was
to receive, in addition to fees, a salary of $200
in full for his services ; and also for the ap-
pointment of a United States Marshal, who,
in addition to fees, was to receive the like sum
of S200 in full for extra services. James H.
Peck was commissioned. April 5. 1822, as the
first District Judge, and Joshua Barton was
commissioned, April 16. 1822. as the first
United States District Attorney, and Isaac
Barton was appointed the first Clerk of said
Court on May 15, 1822. The said act. in de-
claring rhst the Missouri District Court should
exercise the same jurisdiction and powers giv-
en to ihe Judge of the Kentucky District. ga\e
to tre Judge of the Missouri District the jur-
isdiction and powers of a United States Cir-
cuit Court — for such was the jurisdiction of
the Kentucky District Court. The terms of said
Court, by act of Congress of April, 1824 — 4 U.
S. St., p. 22 — were changed and were to be
held on the first Mondays of March and
September of each vear, and by act of
May 19, "1828— 4 U. S. St., p. 278— Con-
gress declared that the Courts of the United
States in States admitted into the Union sub-
sequent to September 29, [789, the form of
mesne process, except style, etc., in common
law cases, should be the same in each State
as are used in the highest Court of original
and general jurisdiction ; and in equity and ad-
miralty, according to the principles of such
Courts, except so far as < ongress or the Unit-
ed States Courts may by rules alter or modify
the same. A special jurisdiction was conferred
upon the United States District Court for Mis-
souri by an act of Congress of May 26, 1824 —
4 I". S. St.. p. 52 — to hear and determine all
claims for land in the S under
the Treaty with Franc
Congress soon after said treaty had app
Boa; '- >fi bmi 'aims
1 'nit-
UNITED STATES COURTS.
, ,1 Stati 5 I ■•' i and Titles to hear and
decide upon such claims, yet there were many
still undecided, and by the above act the Unit-
ed States District Court was authorized to
hear and pass upon such claims as should be
.ft before it. The proceedings were
irding to the rules of a Court of
I peals w i n pn i\ ided fi ir to the
supremi I ourl of the United States, whose
judgment would be final, and if no appeal was
taken from the judgment of the District ( ourt,
its judgment was ti i be final.
I if James 1 i. Peck, first 1 United Stab -
trii i Judge, little is known by the writer here-
i cept that he was a practicing attorne)
and came here from Tennessee. In Decem-
ber, 1826, Luke E. Lawless, an attorney of
St. Louis, presented to the House of Represen-
tatives of the United State- a petition praying
for the impeachment of Judge James H. Peck
for oppression in office, alleging as ground of
impeachment that on the fourth Monday of
December, [825, said Judge rendered a final
- iecisii m f< ir defendant in the case of Julia Soul-
ard et al. vs. the United States, from which
said plaintiff took an appeal to the United
Mate- Supreme < ourt, of which said Judge
had 111 tii e, and thereafter adjourned said court
tc the third Monday of April. 1826; that on
March 30, 1826, after such appeal was taken,
said Judge caused to be published in the "Mis-
souri Republican" what purported to be the
opinion of the Court in said case, which opin-
ion said l.awlos criticised in an article signed
'. Citizen," published on the 8th of April,
1826, in the "Missouri Advocate" and "St.
Louis Enquirer;" and that on the third Mon-
day of April. 1826, said Judge caused the ar-
rest of said Lawless for contempt of court
on account of -aid article and caused him
to be imprisoned for twenty-four hours and
disbarred from practicing in said court for
eighteen months. Vftcr a dela) of some four
years, the House of Representatives presented
articles of impeachmenl to the United Slates
Senate, under which a ttaal was begun en De-
cembei 1, and 0 mtinued until Janu-
ary 31, 1831, when by a vote of 21 for con-
viction and _•_' for acquittal, the impeachment
was defeated and Judge Peck escaped, a- it
were, "b; the Am of hi- teeth." In this trial,
tiie managers for the flousi of Representa-
tives were Ambrose Spencer, lame- Buchan-
an, George McDuffie, Mr. Storrs, and
les A. Wicklifife. Judge Peck was
scnted by Mr. Meredith and William Wirt.
My the act of Congress of March
l'5 I '. S. St.. p. 176), the Supreme Court of the
United States was to consist of a Chief Jus-
tice and eight Associate Justices, and nine
circuits were established. The District of Ken-
tucky, East and West Tennessee and Miss
were made the Eighth Circuit, and tin
1 nit (ourt for the District of Missour
1 'In held at St. Louis on the first Mond
April in each year, and so much of the ;
( ongress as conferred on the District 1
ower and jurisdiction of a Circuit l
was repealed, and the Circuit Court was to
lie field by such Associate Justice 1
United States Supreme Court as might be
allotted to the circuit together with the
Di-trict Judge, either of whom might hold
tin- Circuit Court, which, and the Ju s -
eof, were to have like powers and
1 r :isi like jurisdiction, as other Circuit 1
and judges, and the District Court and judge
thereof were to have and exercise I
and jurisdiction, as the District Courts and
judges in other circuits. Provisions were made
by the act for transferring to the 1
('ourt. tints created, from the District 1 ilirt
all cases and suits originally cognizable in a
Circuit Court, and the Circuit Court for the
District of Missouri was to be governed by
the same laws and regulations that were appli-
cable to other Circuit Courts of the United
States, 'fhe jurisdiction of the United States
Circuit Courts was originally definedbythe 1 ith
Sectii m of the judiciary act of September 24.1 789
• i U. S. St., p. 78), and w-as concurrent with
the Courts of the several States, in all suits of
a civil nature at common law or in equity,
where the amount in issue exceeded, exclu-
ive of costs, the sum of $500 and where the
United States were plaintiffs, or where an
alien was a party, or the suit was betv
citizen of the Stan- where the suit was brought
ami a citizen of another State. Its jurisdiction
was exclusive as to all crimes and offenses
. ognizable under the authority of the United
Mates, except where the act or laws of the
I in: 1 d States , itherwise directed, and was 0 in-
current with the District Courts, as to
and offenses cognizable therein, etc
Under this act, Associate Justice John
Catron, of Tennessee, was assigned
circuit, and he continued to hold the ; lil
UNITED STATES COURTS.
Court in and for the District of Missouri, in
ci innection with the District Judge, until i 81 2,
when he. was assigned to the Sixth District,
and Samuel F. Miller was assigned to the
Missouri Circuit. On June 27, 1836, Robert W.
Wells was commissioned as Judge of the
District Court of Missouri as successor of
James H. Peck, and continued as such until
his death in 1862.
( »n the 28th of February, [839 (5 U. S.
St., p. 321), Congress passed an act amend-
atory of the judicial system of the United
States, regulating points of practice and auth-
orizing the Judges to appoint Circuit Court
Clerks, and in case of disagreement between
the Judges, the presiding Judge should ap-
point. By another act of the same date, im-
prisonment for debt, on judgment of the
United States Courts, was abolished in States
where by State law it was abolished. By act of
March 3, 1839, (5. U. S. St., p. 337), the Dis-
trict Judge for Missouri was recjuired to at-
tend at St. Louis on the first Monday of
( >ctober, annually, and was granted power to
make all necessary orders touching any suit,
appeal, writ of error, process, pleading, or pro-
ceedings returned to the Circuit Court, and
all writs and process were made returnable to
said Court on the first Monday of October, in
the same manner as to the sessions of the Cir-
cuit Court, directed to be held by act of
March 3, 1837, and by said acts the lien of
judgments rendered prior to its passage, as
against subsequent purchasers and incum-
brances on the real estate and chattels real
of defendants, were to cease at the expiration
.if five years after the passage of the act, and
liens of judgments afterward rendered wen- t<>
expire in ten years from the day of docketing
the same. Jurors in the United States Courts
(act of July 20, 1840, 5 U. S. St., p. 394), were
to have the same qualifications and exemp-
tions as jurors of the highest court of law in
each State, and the Federal Courts were
authorized to make all necessary rules in re-
gard to them, not in conflict with the federal
Statutes.
The act of August 23. [842 15 U. S. St.,
p. 516), defines tin' powers of < lommissioners
appointed by the Circuit Courts, authorizing
them to take acknowledgement 'if bail and
affidavits., and exercise the powers of a Jus-
tice of the Peace in respect b 1 offenders against
the United States by arresting, imprisoning or
bailing the same, and might require ;
nizances from witnesses to appear and testify.
And by said act. District Courts were clothed
with the same jurisdiction as the 1
Courts in regard K. crimes and offenses
against the I Tnited State.-, the punishments for
h were not capital. Said art further re-
quired the District C air1-, as Courts of Ad-
miralty, and the ( ircuit Courts, as ' 0
Equit\ . ti 1 be always 1 ipen fi ir tl
ot filing libels, bills, petitions, answers, pleas,
etc., and for making interlocutory motions,
1 'i ders, rides, etc.
By act of < '.< mgn ss of June 17. [84.1 :
1 . S. St., p. 67), the Justice of the Supreme
Court assigned to an}- circuit was not re-
quired to attend the Circuit Courts in any
district but once in any year, and the term
of such attendance might be designated b}
him.
( >n February 26, 1845 (5 U. S. St., p. 726).
the District Courts were given he same juris-
diction in matter- of contract and tort concern-
ing steamboats and other vessels of twenty
tons burden and upwards engaged in navi-
gation between ports of different State- and
territories, upon the lakes and navigable wa-
ters connecting said lakes, as i- possessed and
exercised by said Courts in cases of like steam-
boats and other vessels upon the high si
tide-waters within the admirability and mari-
'time jurisdiction of the United State-, and the
remedies and forms of process and pro
ings were to be the same used by such courts
in cases of admiralty and maratime juris-
diction, etc.
Neither in Missouri nor in other States
bordering on the Mississippi river and other
navigable rivers did the United States claim
or exercise jurisdiction in admirality eases un-
til about 1853. when Judge Wells. Judge of the
Missouri District, claimed such jurisdi
and declared it to be exclusive of State I
and State statutes. Prior to that time,
several States bordering on such rivers
passed statutes giving t< 1 State co irl
power to sue and attach and render judg-
ment in rem against vessel- navigating
rivers. This decision, with other;
folL iwed in the same line, -.
the United Mate- Supreme '
end. in the State ( 'ourts, to ;
cases that, prior thereto, had 1
the ?tate < '1 ■it:-.
■
UNITED STATES COURTS.
The salan of the District Judges for Mis-
souri, as we'll as of District Judges in certain
i . states, was fixed b) the act of March
3, [845, (5 I '. S. St.. p. 788), at the sum of
> ,500 per annum. By act of Congress of
March 14. [848 (9 U. S. St.. p. 213), when at-
tachments arc issued in any district in Courts
I 'nited States, they shall be treated in
ime manner and placed upon the same
footing as in the State Courts in said dis-
trict-. 1 >n February 11. 1855 (10 U. S. St., p.
Oi 1 1, Congress required the Judge of the Dis-
trict Court for Missouri to hold at St. Louis
a Circuit Court on the first Monday of Octo-
ber in every year, at which time might be
transacted any business that could be trans-
acted at the April term of said Court, and
authority was given to the Circuit Court and
the Judge of the District Court to order spe-
cial terms for the transaction of any busi-
ness that could be done at regular terms.
In 1857 in U. S. St., p. 197), the State
of Missouri was divided into two Judicial dis-
tricts: the counties of Schuyler, Adair. Knox,
Shelby, Monroe. Audrain, Montgomery, Gas-
conade, Franklin, Washington. Reynolds,
Shannon and Oregon, with all that part of
the State lying east of the above named coun-
ties were t< > compose the Eastern District, and
the Court was to be held at St. Louis ; and the
remaining part of the State was to compose
the Western District, the Court in which was
to be held at Jefferson Citv. Two terms were to
be held at Jefferson City on. the first Monday s
of March and September of each year, and
three term-- were to lie held in the Eastern
District, at St. Louis, on the third Mondays
of Februan . Max and November of each year,
both Courts were authorized to hold
adjourned terms whenever in the opinion of
tlie Court the business required it. Provision
was made for distributing between said Courts
hen mil;', and Judge Wells was
allotted to the Western District, and Sam-
uel Treat was appointed for the Eastern Dis-
tnct. at .1 salan -1 $3,000 per annum. The
Circuit Court for the Districts of Missouri
was to be held al St. Louis, al the same times
as befi ire the passagi 1 if said act. and was to be
composed of the Justice of the Supreme I ourl
assigned to said Circuit — Judge Catron, at
that time — and the two I listrict Judges, and
might be held by any one or more of said
three judges. The then District Attorney and
Marshall wire continued in office for the
Eastern District, and the then Clerk of the
District Court was assigned to the Western
District, and a District Attorney and Marshal
was to be appointed for the Western District,
and the Judge of the Eastern District was em-
powered to appoint a Clerk of his Court, and
the then Clerk of the Circuit Court remained
as Clerk of the Circuit Court as modified by
said act.
By act of February 18 ,1861 (12 U. S. St.,
p. 130). from all judgments and decrees of any
Circuit Court, a right of appeal or writ of error
was granted to the Supreme Court of the
United States in all cases of controversy in
law or equity regarding copyright or patent
claims under the laws of the I "nited States,
without regard to the amount in controversy.
By act of August 2, 1861 (12 LT. S. St., p.
285), the Attorney General of the Lhiited
States was given superintending control over
District Attorneys and Marshals in all the
I list nets of the Cnited States and they were
required to give to him an account of the
official proceedings. By an act of July 1, 1862
I I j I". S. St., p. 432), to provide for the col-
lection of internal revenue for the support of
the government and the payment of interest
on the public debt, and acts amendatory
thereof, additional jurisdiction was conferred
upon both the District ami Circuit Courts of
the Cnited States for the recovery of penal-
ties and inflicting punishments for violations
ol said acts. ( )n July 15, 1862 112 U.S.St., p.
576), a new arrangement of circuits was en-
acted by Congress, by which the districts of
Missouri, Iowa, Kansas and Minnesota con-
stituted tlie Ninth Circuit, and Associate Jus-
tice of the Supreme Court Samuel K Miller
was assigned to this circuit thus organized.
On July 16, 1862 (12 U. S. St.. p. 58S), the laws
of the State in which I nited States Courts are
held were to govern as to the competency of
witnesses. By act of Congress of July 2^, 1866
(14 U. S. St.. p. 209), the districts of Minne-
sota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas
to constitute the Eighth Judicial Circuit,
and Associate Justice Samuel F. Miller, was
ned to the Eighth Circuit. The act
"i Congress of July 2-, 1866 (14 U. S. St.,
p. 306), provides for the removal of causes
from State Courts to Lhtited States Courts
where the suit is against an alien, or a citi-
. en of another State, where the sum involved
UNITED STATES COURTS.
exceeds $500 exclusive of costs, and points out
the mode of making such removal and con-
ducting said suits in the United States Courts;
and in the same volume, page 385. act of Feb-
ruary 5, 1867, the Courts of the United States
and the judges of such Courts were author-
ized to grant writs of "habeas corpus" where
persons are restrained of their liberty in vio-
lation of the constitution or any treat)' or law
01 the United States, and to hear and de-
termine the same. By act of March 2, 1867
( '4 U. S. St., p. 517), by a bankrupt law then
passed, the United States District Courts were
constituted Courts of Bankruptcy, to hear and
adjudicate all cases of bankruptcy, with right
of appeal to the Circuit Courts. Similar juris-
diction in bankruptcy cases has been con-
ferred on the United States District Courts by
acts of April 4, 1800, and of August 0. 1841.
( In April 10. 1869 (16 U. S. St., p. 44), the
Supreme Court of the United States was to
consist of eight Associate Justices, and provi-
sion was made for the appointment in each
of the nine existing Judicial Circuits of Circuit
Judges residing in their several circuits, who
were clothed, within their respective circuits,
with the same power and jurisdiction as the
Justice of the Supreme Court allotted to the
circuit, and the Justices of the Supreme Court
were required to attend at least one term of
the Circuit Court in each district during every
period >f two years. It was further provided
b) said act that any Judge of aivv Court of the
United States who had held his commission as
such at least ten years, after having attained
the age of seventy years, might resign his
office and thereafter, during his natural life,
receive the same salary that was payable to
hum at the time of his resignation. Under this
act, the Hon. John F. Dillon was appointed
December 22, 1869, the Circuit Judge of the
District in which Missouri was included. Said
Circuit Judges so appointed were to receive a
salary of $5,000 per annum. On May 21, 1872
(17 U. S. St., p. 135), terms of the Circuit
Court for the Districts of Missouri were t< >
commence on the third Mondays of March
and September in each year.
On June 1, 1872 (17 U. S. St.. p. 1061. it
was enacted that where the Judges differed in
opinion, that of the presiding Judge should
prevail and that upon a certificate of differ-
ence of opinion, either party may remove the
case to the United States Supreme Court, and
that writs of error or appeals In the Sup
C. ourt must lie taken within two years from
the entry of judgment, ami that practice,
pleadings, etc., — except in admiralty and
equity cases — should conform, as near as
ma\ he, to those existing in the State Courts,
etc. In the same volume, page 2^2. on lunc
8. 1872. a Circuit Court in the Western Dis-
trict of Missouri was required to be held at
Jefferson City on the third Monday of April
and November of each year, and also in the
Eastern District, in St. Louis, as alread) pro-
vided by law. and said Courts in both I >is-
tricts were to be held by the Justice of the
Supreme Court allotted to the Eighth Judicial
Circuit, and the Circuit Judge of said Eighth
( ircuit, and the District Judge of such dis-
tricts respectively, or any one of them, in the
absence of the remainder. The Clerk. Dis-
trict Attorney and Marshal of the existing
Circuit ('ourt were to remain and act in the
I ircuil Court of the Eastern Districl a".' a
Clerk for said Western I >istrict was to l>e ap-
pointed by the Court, anil tile existing I >is-
trict Attorney and Marshal of said V\
District were to act as such for the Circuit
Court in the Western District of Missouri.
By act of February 25. 1873 117 U. S. Si..
p. 476). the Circuit Court in and for the
Eastern District of Missouri is made the suc-
r ot tile late Circuit Court, an
-try and dispose of all suits pending in tin
Circuit Court for the Districts of Missouri, and
two terms of the District Court in said
ern District were established, to he held on the
first Mondays of May ami November ,f each
year. By act 1 f March 3, 1875 1 18 U. S. St .
p. 470), the Circuit Courts are given 1 1
jurisdiction, concurrent with the Courts of the
several States, in ail suits of a civil nature at
common law and in equity where the amount
involved, exclusive of cists, exceeds $500,
arising under the constitution, laws or ti
of the United States, or in which the United
are plaintiffs, or in which then
controvers; between citizens of dim
Stat.-, or between citizens of the same S
claiming lands under grants of dii
r a controversy betv
State ami foreign Stat ■
F.-
li. 263), t! : A estern
divided into two dh i
the Eastern and Western I
2354
UNITED STATES COURTS.
rn District of Missouri. The Western
Division to include the counties of Andrew.
Atchison, Barton, Bates, Buchanan, Cald-
well, < arroll, Cass, Christian, Clay, Clinton,
Daviess, DeKalb, Gentry, Grundy, Harrison,
Holt, Jackson, Jasper, Lafayette, Linn, Liv-
ingston, Mercer, Xodaway, Platte, Putnam,
Kay, Saline, Sullivan, Vernon and Worth.
Hie remaining counties in said District con-
stituted the Eastern Division thereof. The
terms of the District and Circuit Courts of
the Western Division were fixed on the third
Mondays of May and October in each year, at
Kansas City, and the terms of the District
and C ircuit Courts for the Eastern Division
w ere to be held at the terms ahead}' pre-
scribed by law, at Jefferson City.
Congress, by act of February 28, [887 (-'4
I . S. St., p. 424), declared that the city of St.
Louis and the counties of Franklin, Gascon-
ade. Jefferson, Crawford, Washington, St.
Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Dent, Iron, Madi-
son, Perry, Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Shan-
non, Reynolds, Wayne. Scott, Carter, Oregon,
Ripley. Butler, Stoddard. New Madrid. Mis-
sissippi, Dunklin, Pemiscot, Montgomery,
Lincoln, Warren, St. Charles. Macon. Adair,
Audrain, Clark, Knox, Lewis, Madison. Mon-
roe, J'ike. Ralls, Schuyler, Scotland. Shelby
and Randolph shall constitute an Eastern Ju-
dicial District of Missouri, and all of the re-
maining counties of the State shall consti-
tute the Western Judicial District of the State.
The Eastern Judicial District of Missouri was
divided into two Divisions, to be known re-
eh a? the Northern and Eastern Divi-
of said District. The Eastern Division to
embrace the cit} of 5l Louis and the coun-
St. I ouis, Franklin, Gasconade, Jeffer-
son, 1 rawford, Washington, St. Francois. Ste.
Genevieve, Dent, Iron, Madison, Perry, Bol-
linger, 1 ape Girardeau, Shannon, Reynolds,
Wayne, Si ott, 1 art r, 1 in gon, Ripley, Butler,
Stoddard, \"ew Madrid. Mississippi, Dunklin,
lontgi miery, 1 ,inc< iln, Warren and
St. 1 hai les. the ( 1 mri - h >r which, as th<
to 1"' held and continued
at St Louis. The remaining counties within
said Eastern District were to constitute the
\"i irthern Division of said ! listri
1 'ourts therefor w < 1 Id at tin citv of
Hannibal. The Western Judicial District was
divided into f< utr I to be known a
. and
Southern Divisions. The counties of Clay,
Ray, 1 arroll, Chariton, Sullivan, Jackson,
Lafayette, Saline, Cass, Jackson, Bates,
Henry, Vernon, Putnam, Caldwell, Living-
ston, Grundy, Mercer, Linn, Barton, Jasper
and St. Clair were to constitute the Western
Division, the (ircuit and District Courts for
which were to be continued at Kansas City.
The counties of Atchison, Xodaway, Holt, An-
drew, Buchanan, Platte, Clinton, Harrison,
Daviess, DeKalb, Gentry and Worth were to
constitute the St. Joseph Division, and the
courts therefor were to be held at St. Joseph.
The counties of Cedar, Polk, Dallas, Laclede,
Pulaski, Dade, Greene, Webster, Wright.
Texas, Lawrence, Christian, Douglass, How-
ell, Newton, Parry, McDonald, Stone, Taney
and Ozark were to constitute the Southern
Division of said Western District, the courts
for which were to be held at the city of Spring-
held. The remaining counties in said West-
ern District were to constitute the Central Di-
vision of said District, and the Courts, Circuit
and District, were to be continued and held
at Jefferson City. Thereby was established a
District and Circuit Court of the United
States in each of the several Divisions of the
said Eastern and Western Districts thus cre-
ated, except the Southern Division of the
Western District, in which a District Court
only was created. In each of said Divisions
there were to be held two terms of the Dis-
trict and Circuit Courts in each year, except in
said Southern Division, in which were to be
held two terms of the District Court in each
year. The times of holding said terms of Court
in St. Louis. Kansas City and the city of Jef-
ferson were to be the same as already estab-
lished by law, and in the other Divisions there-
in named, the times of holding' terms of Court
■ •■ to be. at Hannibal, on the first Mondays
of May and November, and at the city of St.
Joseph on the first Mondays of April and Oc-
tober, and at Springfield on the first Mondays
of February and August. The counties
of Cedar, Polk, Greene, Dade. Law-
rence. Xewton, McDonald. Barry, and
Stone were atached to the Western Divi-
: West* ni 1 listricl f< >r < ircuit < !< iurt
es in all cases and proceedings.
The Districl Judges for the Eastern and
Western Districts, each in the division of his
proper District, and the Circuit Judge of the
1 were required to hold
UNITED STATES COURTS.
said Courts. All suits brought in the Courts
ot the United States in Misouri, not of a local
nature, were to be brought in the Division
having jurisdiction over the county where the
defendants, or one of them, resided. If there
■were more than one defendant and a part of
them resided in different Divisions or Dis-
tricts, plaintiff might sue in either Division or
District. Appointment of Clerks in the new Di-
visions created by said act was provided for,
and the District Attorney and Marshal of the
Eastern and Western Judicial Districts were
to act as Marshal and District Attorney of
their respective Districts, and receive the
fees as allowed by law. Before the
Judge was to hold terms of Court at St. Jo-
seph, Hannibal and Springfield, he was to have
satisfactory evidence that the County Court
Judges in the counties where said towns were
located had set apart, in said towns a court
room, clerk's office, marshal's office, and dis-
trict attorney's office free of rent to the United
States, to be used and occupied until the com-
pletion of public buildings by the United
States.
Thus it will be seen that Missouri is well
provided with United States Courts, con-
veniently located in different parts of the
State, there being four Courts in the West-
ern District and two in the Eastern. It is be-
lieved that no other State has so many United
States Courts within its borders.
On the 19th of April, 1888 (25 U. S. St., p.
88), the times of holding the District and Cir-
cuit Courts at Hannibal were fixed for the
fourth Monday of May and the first Mon-
day of December of each year, and in the
same volume, page 497, by act of September
26. 1888, the Circuit Court of the Western Di-
vision of the Western District was to be held
at Kansas City on the first Mondays of March
and September of each year: and the District
' for said Division was to begin at
Kansas City on the first Mondays of May
and October annually : and the Circuit and
District Courts for the St. Joseph Division
were to begin and be held at said city on the
first Mondays of April and November annu-
ally : and both Circuit and District Courts in
the Central Division of the Western District
changed to the third Mondays of April
and November annually ; and the terms of the
: Court of Springfield were to begin
on the third Mondays of Mav and October an-
By act of < (ctober t, [888 (25 I'. S. St., p.
498), the county of Audrain was detached from
the Northern Division of the Eastern Judicial
District of Missouri and attached to the Cen-
tral Division of the Western Judicial District
of Missouri.
By act of May 14, 1890 (26 U. S. St., p.
106), Congress amended the act of Febru-
ary 28, [887, so as to establish both a District
and Circuit Court in each of the several Di-
visions of the Eastern and Western Districts,
and in each of the several Divisions two terms
of a Circuit Court were required to be held
in each year. Those at St. Louis, Kansas City
and Jefferson City were to be held at the
times designated by the original act, and in
other Divisions they were to be held at Han-
nibal on the first Mondays of May and No-
vember ; at St. Joseph on the first Mondays
of April and October ; and at Springfield on
the first Mondays of February and August.
The District Judges for the Eastern and
Western Districts of the State, each in the
Divisions of the proper District, and the Cir-
cuit Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit were
required to hold the said Courts. Juries were
to be summoned as then directed by law, and
whenever the Circuit ami District Courts in
either of said Districts or Divisions should
be held at the same time and place, jurors
should not be summoned for each of said
Courts, hut for both Courts, and they were to
-act accordingly as grand and petit jurors for
both of said Courts. Again, on the 2Qth of
August. 1890 (26 U. S. St., p. 369), changes
were made in the times of holding Circuit and.
District Courts, as follows, to-wit: At Kan-
- 3 ' it\, on the first Mondays of March and
Si ptember annually; at St. Joseph, on the first
Mondays of April and November, annually;
at Jefferson City, on the third Mondays of
April and November annually; and at Spring-
field on the third Mondays of May and Octo-
ber annually. All process was to be deemed re-
turnable to the terms thereby created, and all
usances were to be taken to have ref-
erence to the respective terms tin i
lishi d.
By act of March 3, [891 ("26 1
vj, , . 1 pri wisii in i"i" '
pointment, in each Cir
Circuit Judge, with the
p
-
2356
UNITED STATES COURTS.
the Circuil Judges then had in their respec-
tive circuits. Said ad also created in each cir-
cuit a Circuit Court of Appeals, to consist
of three Judges, of whom two should con-
stitute a quorum, which should be a court of
record, with appellate jurisdiction. Said Court
was to prescribe the form and style of its seal.
and the form of writs and other process, con-
fi irmal ile t i the exercise of its jurisdiction, and
could appoint a Marshal and a Clerk, who
should exercise the same duties and powers
within its jurisdiction as were then performed
by the Clerk of the Supreme Court of the
United States. The salary of the Marshal was
fixed at $2,500 per annum, and of the Clerk
at $3,000, to be paid in equal proportions
quarterly. The Chief Justice and Associate Jus-
of the Supreme Court assigned to each
circuit, and the Circuit Judges within each
circuit, and the several District Judges within
each circuit were competent to sit as judges
of the < ircuit Court of Appeals, within their
corporate circuits. The Chief Justice, if at-
tending said Court of Appeals, was to pre-
side, and an Associate Justice if attending, was
!■ pi eside in the order of seniorityof their com-
i >ns. A term was to be held annually, and
■ mrt in the Eighth Circuit was to be held
at St. Louis on the second Monday of Janu-
after at such times as the
1 should fix. Xo appeal or writ of error
could thereafter be taken from District Courts
to existing Circuit Courts, and no appellate
jurisdiction was thereafter to be exercised by
existing t ircuit < iourts, but all appeals by writ
1 ii en 1 >r 1 ir 1 itherwise fri >m District O mrtswere
subject to review in the Supreme Court, or
unit Court of Appeals thereby estab-
lished. Appeals 1 r writs 1 if error could be taken
from District (Hurts or existing Circuit
direct to the Supreme Court in cases
in which the jurisdiction of the Courl alone
was involved, in c; 0 final sentence and
in prize c; :,i cases 1 if capital
•"! where the o instruc-
tion 1 ir applicatii m of tin United States laws
were involved, or where the constitutionality
il the I 'nited State-- was
in questii in, I he ci instil l» ti< m 1 >r law
of a State is claimed in contravention of the
itutii m of the I 'nited State-. Thi I
cuit ( '.< inrts 1 if appeals wen
pellate jurisdiction on appeals or writs of error
on final decisions in thi D 1 n
isting Circuit Courts in all cases either than
those above mentioned, and their judgments
or decrees were to he final in all cases in
which the jurisdiction is dependent entirely
pon the opposite parties to the suit being
aliens and citizens of the United States, or
citizens of different States; also in cases aris-
ing under patent laws, under revenue laws, and
under criminal laws: and in admiralty cases,
excepting that in every subject within its ap-
pellate jurisdiction the Circuit Court of Ap-
peals may certify to the Supreme Court
tions or propositions of law for its instruc-
tion. Said act of Congress sets forth provi-
sions and regulations for the guidance of said
Circuit Courts of Appeals, which it is not nec-
essary to specify in detail.
On April 19, 1892 127 U. S. St., p. 20), Con-
gress again changed the times of holding the
Circuit and District Courts of the United
States in the Western District of Mis
after the 1st of July, 1892, by declaring- that
the terms of said Courts should begin at Kan-
sas City on tin. fourth Monday in April and
the first Monday in November annually; at
St. Joseph, on the first Monday of March and
the third Monday of November, annually; at
Springfield, on the first Monday in April and
the first Mondaj in < 'ctober, annually: and at
Jefferson City on the third Mondays in March
and ( Ich iber annually.
On July 23. 1894 (28 U. S. St.. p. 115), the
President of the United States. b\ and with
the advice and consent of the Senate, is re-
quired to appoint an additional Circuit Judge
in the Eighth Judicial Circuit, who shall
sess the same qualifications and exercise the
same powers and jurisdiction as then pre-
scribed b\ law for Circuit Judges.
By act of February 8, [896, of the first ses-
sion of the Fifty-fourth Congress, the juris-
diction of the ("ircuit Court of Appeals for the
Eighth Judicial Circuit is extended to all suits
at law or equity then pending therein upon
if error or appeal from the United States
Court in the Indian Territory.
By act of January 28. [897 (p. 502. of Acts
of Second Session of the Fifty-fourth Con-
1 count; ol \udrain in Missouri <s
detached from the Western Judicial District
ol Mi souri and. is attached to the Eastern Ju-
dicial District. It is a curious fact that the
county of Audrain, which was first placed in
the Eastern District, from the time of the
UNITED STATES ENGINEER'S OFFICE.
2357
division of the State into two districts, at al-
most every session of Congress was trans-
ferred from the Division in which it was first
placed to the other, and then back again. It
might be called a traveling, or locomotive,
comity. Congress played foot-ball with it and
kept it moving backward and forward be-
tween the different Districts or Divisions.
The above compilation of the acts of Con-
gress shows, in brief, the action of the Gov-
ernment in reference to the powers and juris-
diction of Federal Courts in the State of Mis-
souri, whether granted by special or general
acts. The gentlemen, who. at different times,
have held the position of Judges of the Dis-
trict and Circuit Courts in Missouri and the
Associate Justices of the United States Su-
preme Court, assigned to the Missouri Cir-
cuit, have all been men of eminent ability and
learning and will compare favorably with any
Judges of other Federal Courts throughout
the country, both as to legal learning an in-
tegrity of character. The following are the
Judges of the United States Courts in Mis-
souri :
Judges of the District Court : James H.
Peck, commissioned Judge of the District Court
ol Missouri April 5, 1822, and retired March
8, 1836; Robert W. Wells, commissioned
June 27, 1836, and died September 22. [864,
while still in office : Samuel Treat, commis-
sioned March 3, 1857, for the Eastern District
of Missouri, and resigned March 5. 1887;
Arnold Krekel commissioned for the
Western District March 9, 1865. and
died in office June 8, 1S87; Amos M. Thayer,
commissioned for the Eastern District in Feb-
ruary, 1887, and appointed United St.ites Cir-
cuit Judge August 9, 1884; John F. Philips,
commissioned for the Western District June
25, 1888, and still in office; Henry S. Priest,
commissioned for the Eastern District Au-
gust 9, 1814, and resigned May 13, 1895: El-
mer B. Adams, commissioned for the East-
ern District December 9, 18115, and still in
office.
Circuit Court Judges: John Forest Dil-
lon, commissioned December 22, 1869, and re-
signed September 1, 1879; George Washing-
ton Mc Crary, commissioned December 9,
1879. and resigned March — . 1884; Henr)
Clay Caldwell, commissioned March 7. 1890,
and still in office; David Josiah Brewer, com-
missioned March 31, 1884, and appointed As-
sociate Justice of the Supreme 1 ourt if the
United States December 20, [889; Waiter 11.
Sanborn, commissioned March 17. [892, and
still in office.
Associate Justices of the United Stales Su-
preme Court assigned to the Eighth Judicial
Circuit in .Missouri are included: John Ca-
tron, March — , [837, and continued until
1862, when he was transferred to the Sixth
l- ircnit ; Samuel Furman Miller, o immissioned
July 16, 1S62. and assigned first to the Ninth
Circuit, in winch Missouri was then included,
and afterward, when Missouri was placed in
the Eighth Circuit, lie was assigned to that
Circuit and so continued until his death, < icto-
ber — . 1800; David J. Brewer, Associate Jus-
tice of the Supreme Court, after the death of
Justice Miller was assigned to the Eighth
Circuit.
Many important questions have arisen in
the Federal Courts of Missouri under the
treaty by which the United States acquired
oi France the Louisiana Territory, which by
appeals or writs of error have been carried
to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Their decision by this latter Court has es-
tablished principles in reference to land titles
that have controlled similar questions that
have arisen in Florida, acquired of Spain, and
111 Texas, Yew Mexico, Arizona and Cali-
fornia, acquired of Mexico. Constitutional
questions have also arisen in the Missouri
United States Courts that have had a na-
tional bearing, notably the Dred Scott
whose decision by the United States Court
aroused public attention and discussion
throughout the whole country and was one
of the causes that contributed to the late civil
war. The test oath cases, under the Missouri
constitution of 1805. involved principles of
civil liberty which were passed upon and set-
tled bv the United States Supreme Court.
MELVIN L. GRAY.
United States Engineer's Office.
This office was established in Si '
1872 and has charge of the ei
tions incident to the improvement
sissip ''"0 ami Missouri
rivers. The obj
ti 1 1 ibtain eventually, a mi
standard low wati
feet, at 'lie ?;
235S
UNITED WORKMEN, ANCIENT ORDER OF
moutli of the Ohio river, the natural
depth being in many cases from 3 [-2 to 4 feet.
I In plan adopted contemplates a reduction of
the river to an approximate width of 2,500
feet below St. Louis.the natural width being in
man}- cases from 1 »ne t< > 1 me and one-half miles.
The method employed is the building up oi
new hanks out to the line desired, from the
solid matter brought down by the river and
which is collected by means of hurdles con-
structed with piles, brush and rip-rap stone.
The hanks, both old and new. are revetted
where necessary. < >ther means are also em-
ployed occasionally for completing or hasten-
in- the depth required. Portable jetties and
dredge boats arc also employed, wherever ne-
cessary, to deepen the channel, and afford
temporary relief to navigation. This work
has keen in progress since 1872, under appro-
priations made b) Congress, from time to
time, aggregating $8,033,333.32, the total
amount expended from that period to June 30,
1 Si,-, being $7,072,766.50, which resulted in
extending the improvement in a partially com-
pleted condition to Red Rock. Missouri, eigh-
ty-seven miles below St. Louis. The plant
used in the work and belonging- to the United
State- consist s of the tow-boats "General Gill-
more" ami "General F. L. Casey, "and the tow
boat and dredge-boat "General 11. L. Abbot"
with 2 dredges, ~ -team fenders. 56 model
barges. 8 quarter barges, 10 quarter boats. 4
office and survey boats, 35 pile-drvers', 2 der-
rick boats, derricks, machine-shop, supply
and ways, fool of Arsenal street: 413
small boats, portable quarters, portable jet-
ties, boarding outfit and other minor tools
and appliances, tin approximate total value
of which, on June 30, 1897, was $635,367.47.
P,\ a' • of l ongress. approved September
19, [890.1I1C -um of Si82.ooowas ap
for impn >\ eim nl of the St. Louis harbor. 1 >i
this appropriation, the sum of §150,762.03,
was , Xpi nded b\ June :• >, [892, in tin
struction of a series of hurdles between th •
Ua d- Bridge an 1 - Bridge, for the
n': ai 'icv 'lie waterway be
. :i width of about 2,000 feet,
in order to concentrate the flow upon a num-
ber of middle bars that impeded navigati in
and thus can--- scour to the lepth d -
This work resulted m ext ■nsive depos
sediment al ng the line- of
siderable increase in cl
gineer's office is also charged with the duty of
removing siia^s and wrecks from the Missis-
sippi river, from the mouth of the Missouri |
to Xew Orleans. This work is carried on
by snag-boats belonging to the United States
under an annual appropriation not to exceed
$100,000, made by act of Congress approved
August 11. 1888, and the total amount ex-
pended from that date to June 30. i8y", was
8788,777.73, or an annual average expendi-
ture of $87,641.97. WILLIAM FAYEL.
United Workmen, Ancient Order of
— The Ancient < >rder of United Workmen
was founded by John Jordan Upchurch, at
Meadville, Pa., on the 27th day of October,
1868. He was at that time engaged as a ma-
chinist in the Railroad shops of the Atlantic
and < ii eat Western Railroad, now the Erie,
and had become the presiding officer in an or-
ganization at that time existing in Pennsyl-
vania, known as the "League of Friendship,
Supreme Mechanic's Order of the Sun." The
conduct of this order having proven unsatis-
factory, to the membership of the Lodge to
which he belonged, he proposed to it the sur-
render of the Charter and abandonment of the
Order, and the establishment of a new one
011 a plan which he had been several years in
maturing. His proposition was accepted and
tin' Rod-, appointed a committee of seven
consisting of 1. I. Upchurch as Chairman,
Wm. W. Walker, J. R. Umberger, M. II. Mc-
Nair, Henry DeRoss, A. Klock and J. R.
Hulse, to mature the new plan and report at
a subsequent meeting. At the same time the
Charter of the existing ' )rder was surrendered
and that Lodge became defunct. The mem-
bership was called together on the 27th of Oc-
tober !>' the Committee, at which time there
were present 14 members including Upchurch
and tin- first Lodge of the Ancient < >rder of
Uir'ted Workmen was instituted, Upchurch
acting as the instituting officer. This Lodge
was called refferson Lodge X". 1 of the An-
cient 1 irder of United Workmen, and is still
a prosperous and flourishing Lodge of the
( >y\r<: in Meadville. Upchurch prepared the
first ritual and wrote the first code of laws.
The societ; was designed as a Mutual Pro-
tective Vssociation for working men. profes
sional men and especially lawyers being ex-
from membership in the original con-
n. It was a fraternal society very much
UNITY CLUB.
of the style of the Mason's and Odd Fellows,
then the leading fraternities of the countrv,
and added an additional feature of social and
educational work. The first code of laws did
not provide for the protective feature of the
Order, but did make provisions that such a
feature should be added whenever there were
iooo members. Just one year afterwards Up-
church proposed the article which established
this feature of the Order.
From the first the Order was popular and
grew rapidly, extending into the adjoining
States. Soon a Grand Lodge was organized
in Pennsylvania followed in a short time af-
terwards by another in Ohio and another in
Kentucky. In Feb. 1873 these three (Irani
Lodges elected representatives to form a Su-
preme Lodge, and for this purpose they met in
the citv of Cincinnati on the nth day of Feb-
ruary of that year and the Supreme Lodge of
the Order was instituted. Its growth there-
after became much more rapid as there was a
central power to direct the work of extension,
and one by one Grand Lodges were establish-
ed in other States and Territories and in the
Provinces of Canada, until at the present time
there are about thirty-six Grand Lodges and
■about five thousand Subordinate Lodges, the
total membership being 343, 295 on January
ist. iS(j8. Since the establishment of its
beneficial features it has distributed to widows
and orphans the sum of $81,108,819.27.
The Order was introduced into Missouri
in 1.875, the first Lodge having been instituted
in the city of St. Louis on the 12th day of May
of that vear and known as St. Louis Lodge
No. 1. It is still an active and prosperous
Lodge. The Order was introduced in the
State by R. L. Miller, acting then as Deputy
Supreme Master Workman, now the Senior
Past Grand Master Workman of the Jurisdic-
tion. After its introduction into the Stat.' i'_
grew rapidly, especially up to about the year
1891, by which time it had completely occu-
pied the State. The Grand Lodge of Missou-
ri was organized in the city of St. Louis on the
25th of April. 1876. with R. L. Miller as
Grand Master Workman: Henry Kramer, as
Grand Master Workman : L. Raband as
Grand Foreman; Wm. Brennecke, as * rrand
Overseer: J. O. Hubler. Grand Guide; Dr.
Wm. C. Richardson, Grand Recorder: E. F.
Schreiner. Grand Receiver; R. L. Mueller,
Gran'. Watchman. Following: the institution
'" the * "-<""! Lodge the progress in Missouri
was rapid. ( in the first on [anuan 0
year, rScjS, there were 68 lodges in St. Louis
and 450 in the Slate, containing about 21,065
member.- in all. The jurisdiction was set apar:
liv tlle Supreme Lodge as an independent
beneficiarj jurisdiction in September, [878.
From the introduction of the Order in Mis-
souri to the first of January," [898, it had
bursed to the widows and orphans of this
State the sum of $7,499,900.38. The present
headquarters of the Order are in the City oi
St Louis, the three active officers being
Grand Master Workman Wm. II. Miller;
< irand Recorder Henry W. Meyer; and I hand
Receiver Dr. J. hn D. Vincil.
WILLIAM II. MILLER.
Unity Club. —A Club organized in 1883
at the Church of the Unity, under the leader-
ship of Rev. John C. Learned, pastor of that
church. This notable Club originated in meet-
ings held informally at the residence of Mr.
and Mrs. Learned, for "conversations" on
Emerson and other authors. Ever since its
formal organization, it has maintained its
place as one of the foremost literary and eth-
ical societies of St. Louis. For over fifteen
years it has met fortnightly, on Sunday even-
ings from ( Ictober to Vpril. It- object is the
culture to be derived from a common study of
what is best in literature, and membership is
open to all, regardless of creed, who are in-
terested in its objects and willing to bear their
part in the work. Among the authors selected
have been Emerson, Browning, II
Wordsworth, Shelley. Milton, and Dante.
The Old Testament has also been carefully
studied. Under the leadership of Mr. Lear-
necl's successor, Rev. Frederick L. Hosmer,
the works of Shakespeare, Aeschylus, Lowell
and Tennyson have been chosen. The work
of the Club has been painstaking and of solid
ci rth. The ethical and religious, as well as
the intellectual and historical, value of
courses oi study, together with the variety
and many-sidedness of treatment, have main-
tained keen inter. -1 am : p rmanent and
gn >v ingmem/bership.l
from the author under considerate
b\ comment, questions, an I pen
furnish entertainment,
I'.otl men and woi
UNITY STUDY CLUB— UNIVERSITY CLUB.
cellencc. Hie officers for 1898 were Mr. Wil-
liam S. Curtis, i lean oi the Law School, pres-
ident: Miss Jennie Jones, vice president; Mrs.
C. \ . Mersereau, secretary; Mr. G. L. Stev-
ens, treasurer; Rev. F. L, Hosmer, Miss
Laura fTinchman, Mrs. VV. S. Curtis, direc-
tors. Among those actively participating in
the work of the Club are Prof. C. M. Wood-
ward, Mrs. J. C' Learned. Prof. J. B. John-
son. Mr Frederick M. Crunden, and Mrs.
Hem , Blattner. MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Unity Study Club.— This Club was
, ni 1SS5 as Auxiliary to the Women's
Western Unitarian Conference, and as such
consisted for several years of members of the
i hurch of the Messiah and the Church of the
Unity. Later, the members of the Church of
the Messiah, withdrew, forming the Eliot So-
eietv within their church organization; and
when the Women's Western Unitarian Con-
ce disbanded in 1895, the women of the
Church of the Unity re-organized under the
! 1 name; and as it now stand-, it exists
for the stud\ of religious, educational and
philanthropic subjects. It welcomes to its
p all interested in its work, which is
earnest and thorough in character. The sub-
,1 the year [896-97 was a "Study of Cer-
h lsi - ol Penal Institutions and Eleemo-
synary Work", and for [897-98, some phases
qu sti n 1 i "government." The mem-
about fifty . but as the meet-
ings arc op 1 n, the assemblages are often very
large. The work is advanced, and the sull-
ied- and theii manner of treatment and many
the m etings have been adopted by
other clubs, Vmong the leading worker- oi
n Mrs. J. C. Learned. Mrs. John
Green, Mrs. Gustavc Baumgarten, Mrs.
Georgi I >urant. Mrs. J. B. Case, Mrs. Wil-
liam s Curtis, Miss Laura Hinchman, Mrs.
I n fohnson at d Mrs. \\ illiam Bout >n.
MARTH \ S. K ^YSER.
University Club. ' a the afternoon of
twenty-two col
lege graduates mel in tl of 1 iarland.&
1 ire( ne. No street, to t ike
the preliminary steps toward the formation oi
a I rniversit\ l 1 ib. The o illegcs
the following: I harvard. Yale, I 'art-
mi mile Amherst, Willia > 11, 1 Iamil-
ton, ( •berlin, Kenyon, and Aberdeen Scot-
land. The meeting was an enthusiastic one,
although no one seemed to have any very
definite idea a- to matters of detail. Before
the meeting adjourned, however, it was de-
cided to call the new organization The Uni-
rersit.i ( lub, and the next few weeks were
in drafting a constitution and arranging
details. After a good deal of discussion the
first building occupied by the Club as its
hi mie was agreed upon. It was the so-called
Tilden House, a three-story brick dwelling
site of which is now covered by the wes-
tern portion of the Century Building. Ninth
Street was a long way west in those day-, and
the ipposition to this location was verv
strong; but after the Club got settled they all
agreed that it was just the place.
The Club may be said to have really lie-
gun to live when its first president, the Hon.
Thomas Mien, was inaugurated, in June,
[872, and the club-house was thrown "pen t •
members. The intention at first was t 1 con-
fine the membership to graduates of universi-
ties and college-, but after some debate it was
provided that one-fifth might be n m
itates In 1S74 the provision requiring grad-
uation was abandoned so that no restriction
of that sort remained and the membership was
placed upon the same basis as in any other s 1-
cial club. The spirit oi the early days has
however, always dominated the life of the
University Club, and it is the natural rallying
place of all college men in St. Louis.
The aims of the Club were very modest
in the davs of the Tilden House. The initiation
fee was at first but five dollars, although it
was soon raised to ten dollars. In 1856 the
as raised to fifty dollars and the
annual dues in 1878 to the same amount. At
present the initiation fee is fifty. and the annual
,, nt] five dollars. In 1874 the Tilden
: was getting too small for the increas-
ing membership and the expanding wants of
the Club, and a lease was taken of the Ham-
louse. No. tt-5 Washington Avenue.
Hen the Club remained until the summer of
:SSj. This period of its life was a happy and
The membership was large
. ,. pervaded tin Club 1 me of
hcartv good fellowship. The club offered
manv pleasant and varied entertainments to
from the formal lecture to the
hibition and the evening reception. In
UNZAGA.
56]
many ways the Club entered into the social
life of St. Louis of that clay as an impi in-
fant factor, and it has also a life of its own
among- the members that is looked back upon
witli great pleasure by the older members.
In 18S2 the down-town party in the Club,
which had been gaining strength for some
time, prevailed, and a lease was taken of the
upper stories of the Jaccard Building on the
northeast corner of Broadway and Olive
Street, Here for a time the Club enjoyed an
apparent prosperity. Numbers increased and
the down-town party was elated at the Club
prospects : but after awhile it was found that
the revenue of the Club was insufficient for
the largely increased expense attending the
furnishing and carrying on of the Club, and
the lifficulties seemed to grow heavier month
b\ month. The membership began to fall
away until in the fall of 1885 it was clearly
seen that some radical step must be taken to
relieve the Club of its burden. It was decided
final I v to give up the le*se of the house and
to seek less expensive quarters farther up-
town. Only about one hundred members
were left when the Club at last was aide to
settle up all of its indebtedness and remove to
its next abode, the Walsh Mansion No. 2721
Pine Street.
Here the Club remained until August,
1896. The house was an old-fashioned, com-
fortable dwelling, with a large extent of
ground and the life of the Club returned to the
good fellowship and spirit of the days of the
Harrison House. This was its home until in
1896 the westward movement of the popula-
tion had made its location too inconvenient
for the members and serious losses of mem-
bership were threatened unless some changes
were made. Fortunately an opportunity now
offered itself for the Club to purchase the Al-
len House on the nc>rch west corner of Wash-
ington and Grand Avenues, and by the en-
ergy -iii!! activity of the officers and din
this was accomplished, and since the summer
oi [806 tiie Club lias occupied its own home.
The limiv of membership ha- been reached
since this last step was taken, and the future
of the l mil seems brighter than ever before.
It is stilt true to its name, although the uni-
versity test is imt demanded; and the college
men of St. Louis look upon the University
Club as their natural place of union.
The Club lias had Imt fi mr presidents
since it? organization in 1872. Hon. Thomas
Allen, the first president, died in 1882, hav-
ing served the Club from its beginning. He
was succeeded by Judge Samuel M. Breckin-
ridge, who also continued to hold the office
until his death in 1891. In January 1892 the
vacancy was filled by the election of Mr.
Marshall S. Snow, who served until January
1896, when he retired, and Air. Benjamin B.
Graham was his successor, who was reelected
in 1807. Since its organization the Universi-
ty Club has had on its roll of members many
of the most prominent of the citizens of our
citv. in till walks of life, and it has played no
mean part in the social and literary life of St.
Louis: although its chief claim to notice is
as a social institute >n.
PR( IF. MARSHALL S. SN< >W.
Unzaga, Luis De.— Governor of Louis-
iana, was born in 1720 and died in 1700. lie
entered the- Spanish military service in early
life and after a campaign with "Charles of
Naples", in his operation, against Austria,
was made a Brigadier General. He succeeded
O'Reilh as Governor of Louisiana, in 170'!,
and adopting a conciliatory policy, soon es-
tablished friendh relations between the
1 - and the S] anish authorities. Ik- was
made Captain Genera! of Caracas, in 1776, and
Governor of Cuba in 1783. In 1785 lie re-
turned to Spain and died there.
2362 VAGRANTS, SALES OF— VALLE.
V
Vagrants, Sales of — Ai one time in the taking full charge of all the office affairs until
histnp of St. Louis, vagrants, or persons with 1892. In that Year, the \Y. J. Lemp Brewing
n< > visible means oj enerally loaf- Compam was organized and incorporated,
gamblers and thieves, were sold at public and he was then made secretary and man
auction for six months to the highest bidder, of the corporation. This position he -till re-
There were a number of such sales in front tains, and to no one of the able men whom he
of the Court House along in the "forties."' has gathered about him does Mr. Lemp give
"The Reveille" ol |nl\ 29, 1847, gives an ac- greater credit for the success which has at-
count ol the sale of a white man named lack- tended his enterprise than to Mr. Vahlkamp,
Bowers, to a iivery-stable keeper, on Sixth When he became connected with the brewery,
street. The price given is not stated. The its annual output of beer was fifteen thousand
law had a wholesome effect in ridding the barrels, whereas, at the present time, it- an-
town of disreputable characters. nual output :s five hundred thousand barrels.
This is a remarkable record of commercialand
Vahlkamp Henry, manufacturer, was industrial development, and all who have con-
born him 26, 1845, in the City of Lippstadt, tributed to it may well feel proud of the ac-
Province of Westphalia, Prussia. His parents complishment. Throughout this period, Mr.
wen- Henry and Henrietta (Blankenburg) Vahlkamp has sustained a close and confi-
\ ahlkamp, and hi- father was a man of promi- dentia! relation-hip to Air. Lemp and has been
ner" in Lippstadt. After graduating from regarded by him as one of his ablest lieuten-
the gvmnasium in his native town. Henry ants. The admirable system which prevails in
Vahlkamp served a year in the Prussian army. the conduct of all the commercial affairs of the
and at that time had fine prospects of becom- brewery is largely his creation, and the vast
ing permanently connected with the Govern- extension of its trade is due in no small meas-
ment Civil Service. Like many other young tire to his keen foresight and sagacity. In so-
Germar.i of that period, however, he became cial life he is much esteemed, and through his
embroiled in the political controversies of the connection with all the leading German socie-
day in such a way a- to incur the displeasure ties and the Order of < >dd Fellow- he is known
"' ,'"' government, and in consequence of this to a large circle of acquaintance- as a genial
lie left Germany and went to the city of Bras- and accomplished gentleman. In politics, he
sels, in Belgium. I here lie was employed for has been nominally a Democrat, but both his
a year and a hall in a wholesale dry goods views and action have been liberal in character,
house and then, in the year 1867, came to this and his votes have been cast for men anil
country, lie arrived in New York City and measures, rather than for the maintenance of
remained there three months, after which he any political organization. Mr. Vahlkamp
went to the Pacific coast by way of the Isthmus married December to. [872, in St. Louis, Miss
"' Panama. For two and a half years there- Helen Hay, who died a few years later, leav-
after, !.<• was engaged in mining and mercan- ing two children. Henry R. and Clara W.Vahl-
;:'' pursuits in California, leaving there in kamp. September 20, 1879, he married Miss
'•v.~" '" conic to St. Louis. Determining to Caroline Hav, also of St. Louis. Their child-
make his home in this city, he firsl connected ren are Charles G., Martha. Huida K.. Emile
himself with the lumber business, but at the C. I aroline M., Gustav E., Paula E., and
end of a few months, [nil this cmploymenl to 1 (scar A. Vahlkamp.
enter the office of \\ illiam J. Lemp, who had
then just fairly entered upon the career which Valle, Francis, was born April 9, [829,
has ma('e him one of the best kno n, a veil in Ste Genevieve, son of Francis Valle, the
as one of the wealthiest manufacturers in the third of that name, and belonging to one of
l- "ll!''! Si;,tlv; Beginning :i . n-t.ncra] cieri{ the oldest French families in Missouri. His
in the office of what was then a modesl brew- father who was horn in 1770. was educated in
'"g l'1'""- hi " up with this business, Newark, New Jersev, and in the spring of 1797
VALLE.
56.:
returned to his home in Missouri, traveling on
foot ami by wagon to Pittsburg, then called
Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, and down the < > 1 1 i < >
River by flat-boat to Louisville, Ky. There
he was met by men in "pirogues," who
brought him to his home at Ste. Genevieve, of
which place his father, Francis \ alio, the sec-
ond, was then Commandant under the Span-
ish government. Francis \ alle, the third,
was made a lieutenant of militia in 1798 and
was at the head of a company in his father's
command on an expedition to New Madrid
to punish the Indians for depreciations against
the white settlers. After Louisiana passed
under American domination and in the year
1810, this Francis Valle was appointed by
Governor Meriwether Lewis a lieutenant of
Rangers, and in 1S11, by President Madison,
a lieutenant in the 24th Infantry Regi-
ment. United States army. He served through
the war of 1812, a part of the time tinder Map
Zacharv Taylor — afterward President of the
United States — and was with him on his ex-
pedition to Rock Island in 1814. In 1817. he
resigned his commission in the army and in
1822 was elected Sheriff of Ste. Genevieve
County, defeating Henry Dodge, who was
later Governor of Wisconsin and United Sta'es
Senator from that State. The second Francis
Valle, grandfather of Francis Valle, of St.
Louis, was Commandant at Ste. ( ienevieve
from 1780 until Louisiana was transferred to
the United States. The first Francis Valle
came from Montreal. Canada, to Kaskaskia,
Illinois, about the year 1730. He was Com-
mandant at Fort Charlres, on the Mississippi
and afterward Commandant at Ste. (ienevieve
until succeeded Ivy his son. Francis Valle, the
fourth of the name, who represents the family
in St. Louis, received an academic education
at the institution conducted, by Joseph Hertish,
and at which Senators Jones and Doage. of
Iowa; Lewis A'. Bogy, of Missouri; and many
other men of note were educated. Mr. Valle
came to St. Louis in 1846 and studied law in
the office of Hon. John F. Darby. He con-
tinued to reside here until the breaking out
of the civil war, when he espoused the South-
ern cause and served in the Confederate army
until the close of the war, surrendering with
the iast Confederate troops at Shreveport,
Louisiana. June 0. 1865. As a result of his
devotion to the cause of the Confederacy, he
lost a handsome estate suffering much both in
' erson and pn pert_\ . Since die war, he has
bi en a residi nt oi St. Louis. For several
years, he was cashier of tin- hank of Darb) &
Co.- from 1871 to 1876, was deputy clerk of
the Court of Criminal Correction; and since
that- time, has been a notary public, lie niar-
ri< I, in [85 \. Miss ( '• ilumbia 1 [olden, daughter
of ( !ol. Edward M. I (olden, a well known law-
yer 1 if 1 'erry ( '1 mnt; , Missi atri.
Valle,JulesF., physician, was born in S1..
I.oui-, December 28, [859, son of Jules and
Isabella 1 Sargent 1 \ alle. The Family to which
he belongs 1- one of the old French fami-
lies of Missouri, and his great-grandfather,
I rancis \ alle, was commandant of the post
-I Ste. Genevieve under both French
Spanish dominations. His father was born at
Ste. ( ienevieve, was long president of the Iron
Mountain Company and of the Chouteau,
Harrison & Valle iron Company, and died
March 4. 1872. His mother, who was born at
Prairie du Rocher, died in 1889. Dr. Valle
was educated in the public schools of this
city and at Washington University. He then
began the study oi medicine, and after being
graduated from St. Louis Medical College,
continued his preparation for the medical pro-
fession during a period of three years by a
course of stu ly and practice in the hospitals
of this country and Europe. He then engaged
in the practice of his profession in this city
splendidly equipped for its duties and respon-
sibilities and. uihouHi sail a young man has
achieved well merited distinction and taken
high rank among his contemporaries as a
practitioner. He is a member of the medical
staff of St. Luke's Hospital, of this city; an
instructor in obstetrics at the St. Louis Medi-
cal College; chief of the obstetrical clinic of
that institution, and physician to the Missouri
School for the Blind. With the last named
institution, lie has been officially, as well as
professionally connected, having served for
four vcars as a member of its Board of Man-
agers, lie has co-operated with leading niem-
bi rs of his profession in promoting the devel-
opment of medical science, improving meth-
ods of practice, and advancing professional
it terests through associations of medical
and is a member of the American Medical As-
ion, the St. Lean's Medical Society, the
Si. Louis ' tbstetrical and Gynaecological So-
ciety and the St. Louis Hospital Mumni. IPs
political affiliations an wi '
564
VALLIANT.
and he is an Episcopalian churchi
Dr. Caile married, in [881, Miss Mary V.
Clover, daughter o' Judge Henry A. Clover,
of St. Loiiis. Their children are Jules i .
Valle, lr.. Gract Elizabeth \'alle, and Mary
Isabella Valle.
Valliailt, LerOJ B., lawyer and jurist,
was burn June 14, [838, at M mlton, \1 1-
L I is lather was Denton Hurlock Val-
liant. descended from French and Er.g'ish
families, blended first in London and trans-
planted later to the United States. During ih<
reign of Louis XVI., lean \*aillant, Ftench
gentleman, transferred his place of resi
to London, and there married an English
woman. Within a generation his name was
anglicized by the transposition of an "i" from
the first to the last syllable, and its pronunc'a-
in in was changed to that which it has
retained. John Valliant, the son of Jean Var-
iant, who was the progenitor of the American
family, immigrated to the Colonies in 1658
and settled in Caroline County, Maryland,
win re many of his descendants still reside.
In this country, the family became blended
with the Hurlock family, descended from Jon-
athan Hurlock, an Englishman, who came to
ilonies in 1 716, and also settled in Mary-
land. His descendants of the present day re-
side chiefly in Dorchester County and in the
city hi Lia'timore. in that State. Judge Val-
descended from these two families in
the paternal line, and through his mother.
■ as Narcissa Ivilpatrick,
tin -a Scotch-Irish blot d has been hancl-
1 him. He was reared in the St mth
and completed hi- academic course 1 f study
University of Mississippi, from which
'in he was graduated in the class ci
[856. Immediately after his graduation from
he matriculated at Cumberland Uni-
versity Law School, of Lebanon, Tenr
and was graduated with the degree of LI
elor of Laws, in [858. A year later he was ad-
mitted to the l>ar of Greenville, Mississippi,
and was practicing there when the Civil War
The war tempi irarily changt
course of his life, and carried him awav from
professional pursuits. Entering the 1
erate military service with a Lieutenant's com-
mission, in 1 'onipany I. of the Twenty-si
Mississippi fnfantn he was latet promoted to
Captain, and in the battle of Shiloh, >; -
mantled his regiment after all the regimental
officers outranking him had been either killed
1 .- disabled. At lose of i!u war, he r^
turned to 1 ireenville, Mississippi, and re.-umel
h'S law prac* ce at that pjace, remaining there
until t' e beginning of the }ear 1875. He dim
cane 10 St loins, a v.^.l-seasoned, w«:li-
rounded lawyer, admircolv equipped for prac-
tice in a broader and more remunerative tied.
His brilliant talents quickly obtained recog-
nition and he not only impressed his individ-
uality strongly upon the bar of the city, but
became recognized as one of the ablest and
most attractive political orators in Miss uii.
After practicing with marked success for
eleven years and demonstrating his fitness for
the exercise of judicial functions in many hard
fought legal contests, he was in 1S86 nomi-
nate'', for a Circuit judgeship on the Demo-
cratic ticket, was elected in November follow-
ing, and at the beginning of the year [887,
took his place upon the Circuit bench. At the
close of his first term of six years, he was
unanimously re-nominated by his party, and
to such an extent had his administration f
the affairs of the Circuit Court commended
itself to the public that, notwithstanding the
fact that his political opponents, carried the city-
tor tlte State ami national tickets, he was
re-elected by a majorit) of more than 5.000
rotes. Reviewing his career on this bench and
the work of the Court over which he presided,
an eminent member of the St. Louis bar has
recentl) written of him as follows: "The Cir-
cuit Court of the city of St. Louis has the
highest original civil jurisdiction, and before
it omes the great mass of litigation incident
i" St. Louis becoming a great metropolis..
Hence, there have come to Judge Valliant,
in quick succession, numerous cases affecting
large property interests, but also the
most intricate and important phases of Suite
and municipal laws. Special mention should
In made of the various mandamus and injunc-
tion cases against executive and legislative of-
ficers that have come beft re him and afforde 1
him an opportunity in a marked way to exert
great influence in shaping the policy 1 f our
laws. His decisions have made it clear that
extraordinary- writs, which in late years
have become so much more in use than for-
merly, should be used with great good judg-
ment, learning and care; that there should be
no hesitation to apply them with courage and
effect when they are rightly demanded, but
ii< should be taken to avoid use of them,
YALLIAXT.
2365
to which the tendency of the times would lead.
He has been particular to leave ministerial and
other officers to the full use of the discretii in
with which the law clothes them, careful to
define the officer's responsibilit} and hold him
to the performance of his duty in a proper
case, yet at the same time careful not to trench
on the constitutional or legislative preroga-
tives. That has occurred with election i offi-
cers, Board of Health, Municipal Assembly,
Police Commissii tier, State Treasurer,
Bank Examiner, Supervisor of Building As-
sociations, etc. In State ex rel Wear vs.
Francis, the Board of Police Commissioners
was by mandamus compelled t<> rescind an
order it had made declaring- that the police
would not enforce the Sunday dram-shop law
in St. Louis, and was ordered to enforce the
law; it was contended that there was it* pre-
cedent for the exercise of such a power by the
judiciary, but the court held that if a prece-
dent was wanting, one should be made, and
the ruling was sustained by the Supreme
Court. But in Neiser vs. Williams, the d m-
ger of recognizing authority in a chani
to control by injunction an election officer in
issuing a certificate of election is p linted out.
and instances of the abuse of the power cite',.
In the recent case of the appointment of a re-
ceiver for the Mullanphy hank on applicati n
of the Secretary of State, as head of the State-
Bank Inspection Department, a decisi in was
given sustaining the right of the Secretary f
State to name the receiver, and so elucidating
the construction to be placed up in the bank
inspection law that the decision is regarded
throughout the State as placing the law upon
a popular and enduring foundation. In the
still more recent case of State ex rel Xofth
& South Railway vs. Meier. President of the
City Council in which it was sought b) a
mandamus to compel a legislative officer to
sign a bill which, it was claimed had passed the
Council, but which the President refused to
sign, the boundary lines between the co-ordin-
ate departments of the government were
drawn, the powers of the judiciary over the
others defined, and the danger of the abi
the power pointed out. His opinions in
these cases of a public character, as well as
those effecting property rights of the individ-
ual, have been written with the same
of care, not onlv as t" he clear expositi ins of
legal principle, but also as to elegance of dic-
tion, as if they were to appear in regular
printed reports. Having had experience
prior to coming to St. Louis in presiding ■ i
-i court of chancer} For a full term in a S ate
where the old chancery practice was still in
vogue, he has Seen particularly distinguished
a- a Chancellor in handling tin intricate and
delicate questions arising in equity jurispru-
dence. \ ite .'. i rthj has b< en I i
in :; recun,; Hi judu.al mine1 in the < ■lv ml
State against the unwarranted use of manda-
tor) injunctions in prelminary hearings His
high moral character, courteous bearing, un-
flinching courage and marked learning have
distinguished him on the bench and shown
to be natural his effort to dignify the C urt
and Bar; to make the young lawyer feel at
home in his court; to impress upon members
of the Bar their high duties, not merely as
advocates of their clients' cases, but as officers
of the Court, assisting in the administration
of justice, to treat lawyers as men whose
words should always be above question and
- aim should be to aid and n il
'lie Court. Of the several thousand
decided by him, there have keen appealed '
tin Supreme Court of ike State onl\ 187 cases.
and of Juse only thirty-nine, or one in five,
have been tcversed, while there have keen ap-
peal! ri to the St. Louis Gum of Appi als nl)
jjS ease,, of which only fifty-five, or less than
one in four have keen reverse'!. And a
ci 'i the reversals were on minor p
the 111 .111 point > r-e'ng approved. It is doubt-
ful if there has ever keen a better record n
our circuit bcr.ch By profession, a lawyer;
, iigior, a Methodist; by fraternity
Knight Templar: by application, a scholar;
avor of the people, a judge: by nature.
entleman: and. as has been -
others of fl
and gr.
In r&?8 his eminent I tness for I
,:i the highest judicial functions • aused him
to be elevated 'l \ the vote of tin
the Supn me bench of Missouri, wide'
tion he new occupies. judge Yallianl
ir ( ictober, i£G2 M --
lor Worthington. daughter of Judge
[hington. of Mississippi, a veteran
if 1812 and a son of a soldier ; t le Rev-
lution. He has three talei
-
VAN BLARCOM.— VAN CLEAVE.
Van Blarcom, Jacob Craig banker,
was born in Bergen County, New Joe-,
June i, '.>_;•,. son of Tac"'t. V. R. and Euphe-
ini i (Dixon) Van Vla-con. His name indi-
cates tiic o'igin of his ancestors who cam
from Holland to New Je'sey in [621 and set-
tled in what afterward became Bergi n ( J iuiit_\ .
of that State. Air. Van Blarcom grew up i:i
New Jersey, was educated at the schools of
Paterson and at Rutgers College, of New
Brunswick. In 1866 he came to St. Louis ami
entered the employ of Peterson, Hanthorn &
Company, wholesale saddlery, hardware and
leather merchants, and in the fall of that \ ;ar
was senl out to represent this firm as trav-
eling salesman. Cholera was raging ii
city at the time of his arrival here, and the
panic incident to the advent of the dread dis-
ease had operated to create many vacancies
in the commercial houses uf the city. To this.
perhaps, was due, in part, Mr. Van Blarcom's
assignment to a position not usually filled bv
one so young as he was at the time, but he
quickly demonstrated that he was well quali-
er\ way to represent with credit a
large commercial establishment. He remained
with the firm mentioned above until 1870. and,
at the age < if twenty-one, was invested with a
power mi attorney to liquidate all the firm's
business and close up its affairs. After dis-
charging this duty he was. in July of 1870,
elected head accountant of the Bank uf Com-
merce.and thus began his connection with the
banking interests of St. Louis. In January of
1877, when he was twenty-eight >ears of age,
he was made Cashier of the hank, and has
held tint position up to the present tinie.p OV-
ing himself a most admirable executive offi-
cer. II is cashiership of this great financial
don 1 ■ tended over a period of twenty-
two ears, and within tiiat time, the bank has
advanced from the rank- of fourteenth to tl it
'•1 first among the ban! s of St. 1 .'mis in
.•I';!- mill 1 1 rlcpi isits .-Mid \< ilume 1 if business
yi ar. Its depi si', have gn i\vn fn en
$r. 1.1 » 10 '' S:;.' I- .1 '.' 11 11 .. and with the e cep
ti' hi ' il a single bank in ( "hicagi 1, it is
tin- largest banking house in the West, ro
the building up uf this institution. Mr. Van
! ilarci in has given tin ire than a sc 1
1 if in'a iligent et'i' 'it, in a pi isitii 'ii 1 f gi e;
sponsibility. and results value <>f his
service- to the public. \s a citizen of St,
1 .' mii . he has kept in cl< >se ' mch with ;
-. and with tin- si icial ' n'g-ani-
zations closely allied with, and, in a measure,
representative of these interests. He is a mem-
ber of the St. Louis, Commercial ami Noon-
dav Clubs, of this city, and a member also of
the New York Club, the L'nion Club, the Ad-
irondack Club, and the Holland Society, uf
New York City. He married, January 19,
[871, Miss Marc Gamble, of Blomington, II-
linois, whose social and domestic graces have
made their home one of the charming - ■
centres 1 1 St. Lottie.
Van Daren's Visit. — Ex-Presiden
Martin Van Buren visited St. Louis in June
uf 1S42 and was given a public reception, in-
cident to which was a parade uf militan or-
ganizations and civic societies.
Van Cleave, James Wallace, manufac
turer, was burn Jul} 15. 1 S_p>. near Lebanon.
Marion County, Kentucky, sun of Henry
Mason am! Eliza J. Tlhirksi Van Cleave. The
family to which he belongs is . if lowr Dutch
origin, and came to this country from Hol-
land. The name "Van Cleave" was taken
from the River Klaver, on the border 1 f
France. Cleave means Klaver and Wan
means from and ''from Claver," is the mean-
ing of the name, according to translations
transmitted, to this time. The founder of the
family in the L'nited States was Aaron Van
Cleave, the great-great-grandfather of James
Wallace Van Cleave. This immigrant ances-
tor came to America and settle! in Roan
County, North Carolina, between the forks 1 1'
the Yadkin River, where he died about 1771'
at a good old age. The line of descent is
through Aaron Van Cleave, the second, Ca-
rey Aaron Van Cleave and Henry Mason Van
(leave to James W. Van Cleave. In the lat-
ter part of the eighteenth century the suns uf
the Cavaliers, who had settled the Carolina
coast. Felt the necessity of freer action. They
had been brought up in that school of thought
which declared against interference with theii
personal or political rights by the British
Government. As young men, they had wit-
nessed the revolt against the "Stamp Act,"
and the destruction of the stamped goods in
Charleston harbor They had also witnessed
anting of the Mecklenberg Declaration
uf Independence prior to any thought of the
document adopted later at Philadelphia. These
men came over the mountains from North
na, li ; b\ Boone, Kenton and others
'/zz^^z^'
VAX CLEAVE.
!367
and settled in what was known afterward as
the 'Dark and Bloody Ground." They carved
the State of Kentucky from a wilderness and
planted emigration there with the original
thought of an independent empire. Aaron Van
Cleave, the second, who married into the fa-
mous Brent family, of Kentucky, came to that
State with his brothers, Ben and John, Squire
Boone and others, in 1790. They set-
tled in what is now Shelby County, and in
Bear < irass Valley, near the site of the present
City of Louisville. James W. Van Cleave \\ is
reared in the grand old commonwealth, which
his ancestors had helped to build up and was
educated in the common schools and at
Springtielc! Academy. In [862, when he was
a buy only thirteen years old, he attached him-
self to the Confederate Army, then in Ken-
tucky, took part in the battle of Perryville,
fought in October of that year. Afterward he
was with the famous Southern cavalry officer,
Gen. John II. Morgan. He remained with
Gen. John Morgan's command unil the cln.se
of the war, and then began his business career
in Louisville. Kentucky. In 1867 he became
connected with the noted stove manufactur-
ing firm of J. S. Lithgow & Co., of Louisville,
and this connection continued until 1SS8. He
then came to St. Louis and entered the Buck's
Stove & Range Co., of which he has since
been Vice-President and General Manager.
He has been conspicuous for his success as a
business man and is numbered among the
thoroughly progressive men of affairs in St.
Louis. Coming of a sturdy stock which ap-
parently has never known what it was to fail
in any enterprise, he has moved forward stead-
ily, and success has crowned his efforts. A
man of firm and positive friendships, the ben:
of his mind is philosophical, and he never al-
lows himself to cherish hatreds. When he
ceases to be the friend of a man, that man
passes out of his life. Having the courage ot-
itis convictons there is little of diplomacy in
his nature, but positive statement and the hon-
est, open an'', frank expression of his opinions
may be expected from him under all circum-
stances. He was reared in the Presbyterian
faith, and is naturally in sympathy with the
Democratic party, politically. In 1896, how-
ever, he rejected the silver coinage plank of
the platform adopted by his party, and an-
nounced himself with characteristic candor and
courage, an advocate of the gold standard.
March 2;, 1871, Mr. Van Cleave married Miss
Catherine Louise Jefferson, daughter of
Thomas I., and Elizabeth (Creagh) Jefferson,
of Louisville, Kentucky. The children born
to t!u 111 have been Edith Corrine, who
married lames Humphrey Fisher, Hiram, who
ded in infancy; Giles Belle, Wallace Lee, Har-
ry 1'ones, Wilhelmina Born and Brenton
< iardner \ an Cleave.
Van Dillon, William ('., manufacturer,
was born in Amsterdam, Holland. February
6, 1830, son of Win. and Mary (Driesen)
Van Dillen. When he was seven years of
age he accompanied an uncle to the United
States, crossing on a sailing vessel, which
landed them in the city of New York. In the
public schools of that city he obtained a mod-
erate education, and later removed with his
uncle to Buffalo, New York, regarded in those
days as a Western city, which they readied
traveling by way of the Erie Canal. When
he was fifteen years old, he began serving an
apprenticeship to the machinist's trade in the
Buffalo Iron Works, and, bavin-- mastered
this trad':, went to Cincinnati in the year 1849,
memorable as one of the years in which this
country suffered from an epidemic of cholera.
After working for a time as a journeyman in
Cincinnati, he went to New 1 Irleans and re-
mained there until 1S51, when lie came to St.
Louis. After working for several years at
his trade in this city, he became master me-
chanic for the Charles Belcher Sugar Refin-
ery, a position which he hi Id foi thirteen years.
Quitting the sugar refining company, at the
end of that time, he went to Leavenworth,
Kansas, to superintend the erection of the
Kansas Grape Sugar Works at that place.
When this work was completed, he returned
to St. Louis and entered the employ of the
Collier White Lead & < >ii Company, serving
that corporation six years as superintendent
of machinerv. For three years thereafter he
was superintendent of the Kansas Castor I )il
( 'ompanv, and then became interested in man-
ufacturing on his own account as half owner
of the Laclede Brass Works, now located at
No. 307 Cedar Street. This is a prosperous
and growing enterprise, engaged in the man-
ufacture of bras- work for brewers, dis
coppersmiths, cotton mills, linseed and castor
oil mills, and tobacco works and also of bronz -
and aluminum
anion-- the substantial business mi 11 0
cit< and n garded bv all who know him as a
2368
VANDERVOl >RT.
most worth} and upright citizen, Mr. Van
Dillen is indebted fur his success in life to
untiring industry and intelligent efifort,andthe
comfortable fortune which he has accumulated
has been self-made. He has from time to time
taken an active interest in politics and public
. ami has served as a member of the
City Council of St. Louis, having been a mem-
ber of the House of Delegates when the
"Scheme and Charter'' was adopted. In fater-
nal circles, lu is known as an influential mem-
ber of the Ancient < >rder of United Work-
men, and of the < >rder of Knights of Honor.
He was marrii d in [853 to Miss Mary J. lias-
kins, of this city, whose father came to St.
Louis when it was still a mere trading-post.
Their children are Mrs. Jenny Newbegin, of
Brooklyn, \"e\\ York; Mrs. Josephine Pe-
ters of St. Louis; John J. Van Dillen. Wil-
liam Van Dillen and Edward S. Van Dillen.
Vandervoort, William L.,merchant,was
born in Baltimore, Maryland. March iS. 183 «,
son of Robert I'., ami Eliza (Durham) Vander-
voort. lie comes of an old Knickerbocker
family the male members of which had been
men hants for a hundred years before his time
and some "i whom were famous among the
old merchants of New York. His great uncle,
Peter I,. Vandervoort, was head of the his-
toric house of Vandervoort & Flanders, cele-
brated dealers in dry goods in their day who
were in business in 1708, hard by where old
Trinity Church stands, in Xew York, and
tin irs is said ti 1 h ve been the first "1 me price
dry goods house in America. Peter L. Van-
dervoort imported the first Camel's hair shawls
i' tlii Ci miirr. . This first importation con-
of fottr shawls .if rare beauty, which were
sold to the four wealthiest ladies in Xew York.
Closely related t.. the Vandervoort famih
were the Seymour and Ledyard families, th ■
first named of which has given to our countrv
such distinguishei men a- Governor Horatio
Seymour, Bishop George F. Seymour an 1
"thers; wliili to the list named' family b •-
longed Col Wi'liam Ledyard. the gallant de-
fender .11 Co it: in, 1 !onn< cticul in the Revolu-
tionary war. and the eminent traveler, fohn
Ledyard. Tin mercantile instinct came to
William L. Vandervoort a- a legitimate in-
heritance ami it never occured t<. him to fol-
low and other calling. It followed naturallv
that he was educated and trained for this
business and hail his early experience in it
when he was only twelve years old. He be-
gan at that age to make his own living, work-
ing first in a Baltimore dry goods store for
a dollar a week and "table board." Hard times
caused a reduction of bis wages to fifty cents
a week, Imt by what seemed to him then an
extraordinary stroke of good luck he soon got
another situatii 11 at a salary of two dollars a
week and "full board." In those days, he
worked from 5 o'clock in the morning until
to o'clock at night, swept the store. "d
g Is, carried parcels and made himself gen-
erally useful. He had years of this kind of
work, but in 1848. when he was eighteen
years old be made a marked step forward and
was given a position in the dry goods house of
Seaman X Muir of Xew York, at twenty-five
dollars a month. At that time Seaman &
Muir were the chief competitors of \. T.
Sti wart, will- w.is then becoming famous as a
merchant. In [852, this house failed and Mr.
Vandervoort, who had by this time become an
niplished salesman, entered the employ oi
A. T. Stewart 6V Co., taking a position in the
wholesale silk department of that celebra ed
establishment, and remaining with Mr. Stewart
until 1850. During these years lu was
brought into close contact with Stewart and
now entertains his friends with many inter-
esting reminiscences of the man who was, in
his day, the m st famous merchant in America.
I. taxing Stewart in 1851). be accepted a posi-
tion with the large silk bouse of E. Lambert
& Co. The following year, Stewart paid him
the high compliment of sending for him per-
se mally and asking him to re-enter his em-
ploy, assuring him at the time that only once
before had he ever asked a man who had left
his house to come back. At the time this of-
fer came to him. Mr. Vandervoort had under
1 1 msideration, a proposition to link his fortune
with that of Messrs. McClelland and Scruggs,
ir the conduct of a dry goods house in St.
Louis and. declining to connect himself with
Mr. Stewart he transferred his interests to this
City, a decision which he has never had cause
to regret. The house thus founded was first
William L. Yandervoorst X Co., later Vander-
voort, McClelland X Co., and then Scruggs,
\ andervoort and Barney, which was. in turn
succeeded by the present wealthy corporation.
the Scruggs. Vandervoort & Barney Dry
Goods Co. When he beean business on his
\
jP&^-r2f-0-
77.
VAN STUDDIFORD.— VANDREUIL
2369
own account, Mr. Vandervoort carried into
his merchandising operations the distinctive
characteristics of the Vandervoorts of New
York and "one price" has been the rule, from
which there was "neither variableness or shad-
ow of turning" in the great St. Louis dry goods
house with which he lias now been identified
for thirty-nine years. The combination of
commercial talent brought together by the as-
sociation of Messrs. Vandervoort, McClelland
and Scruggs in i860, was a peculiarly strong
one, each of these gentlemen being master of
his calling and each supplementing the efforts
of the others in the way which was productive
of good results. Mr. Vandervoort became
the buyer of the silks and fine goods for the
house and after a time the purchaser of all
its foreign goods and importations, going to
Xew York, which City has since been his
home. Having spent much time abroad and
having traveled extensively, he is a cosmopoli-
tan in his tastes and manners as well as a fine
tvpe of t'ne modern American merchant. Once
or twice each year, he visits St. Louis to look
after his business interests in this City, charm-
ing old and new friends alike with his "savoir-
vivre" and geniality. A bachelor and hence un-
trammeled by family ties, he is a member of
all the leading social clubs of Xew York and
of the St. Louis Club of this City. Loving the
history and traditions of the land which gave
birth to his ancestors, he is also an active
member of the Holland Society of Xew York.
Van Studdiford, Henry. Physician, was
born at Parcipenny, Morris county, Xew Jer-
sey, April 2, 1816, and died in St. Louis, Au-
gust t, 1886. He was of a Presbyterian fam-
ily, and it was the desire of his parents that
he should be a minister and his early educa-
tion was directed to this end: but when he
left the academy of his native town, with a
fair education, he manifested inclinations in
another direction and was allowed to go to
Philadelphia to enter the Pennsylvania Uni-
versity. He graduated from that famous insti-
tution and at once entered upon the practice of
medicine in Madison, in his native State.
After remaining there for a vear, the enter
prising, independent spirit in him asserted it-
self, and he determined to seek a wider field
of action in the growing West. He came to
St. Louis in 1839, where he found opportuni-
ties and conditions suited to his tastes and
talents, and he began a professional careei
marked by honor and usefulness. In the fort)
odd years in which Dr. Van Studdiford prac
ticed medicine in St. Louis, it was the home
of many practitioners, teachers and writers
who did. much for the profession and whose
names are held in high honor — and he occu-
pied a position in the front rank witli these.
His associates were Pope. McDowell, Linton.
Pallen, Beaumont, Boisliniere, Hogden,
Moore, Gregory and Johnson; and he was
continually called by them in consultation in
critical ami difficult cases. His great skill
in diagnosis was universally recognized in the
profession, and his opinion as to the nature
of a malady was rarely at fault. After an
active and unusually successful practice of
twenty-five years, he withdrew from the rou-
tine of daily visits and confined himself mainly
to an office practice, which became extensive
and lucrative. He had the sagacity to fore-
see, from the begining, the wonderful future
that awaited St. Louis, and the investments
lie made in real estate proved judicious and, in
the end, yielded an ample fortune. He was
tall and commanding of person, gracious and
affable of manner, and so regular in his mabits
of walking from his residence to his office and
back, stopping occasionally at certain places
on the way. that he might be found without
trouble any hour of the day. He seldom used
a buggy, preferring to walk, and for many
years he was a familiar figure on Olive street,
between Fourth and Seventeenth, away from
which he was rarely seen. Dr. Van Studdiford
married Miss Margaret Thomas, second
daughti r of Col. Martin Thomas, who estab-
lished first commandant at the
United States .rn nal after it was established
and one of the most popular officers of tha
old a'-'ny .
Vandreuil, Pierre Francisco.
■ 1 Louisiana from 1743 to 1752, was born in
1 luebec, Canada, in [698, and died in Paris,
France, October jo, 1705. He entered
French military service in his young man-
hood and attained the rank of Major in the
Marine Corps. He was appointed th
ernor of Three Rivers in 1733. and ten
of service as Governor of that Province. In
1755, he became Governor of Canad
itulated to the British General Amhei
Montreal, after the capture of
2370
v'AUXHALL GARDENS— VEILED PROPHET
1760. Charges prefererd against him by the
French ' leneral .Montcalm caused him to be
imprisoned after his return to France, but a
trial before the Chatelet de Paris resulted in
his being absolved from all Maine in bis ad-
ministration of the affair.- of Canada.
Vauxhall Gardens.— In iS23andfora
number of years afterward, a noted public
resort in St. Louis, famous for its demonstra-
tions on the Fourth of July and similar occa-
sions, was known as Vauxhall Gardens, it
being named after the popular and fashionable
London resort formerly situated on the
Thames above Lambeth. The first of the St.
Louis resorts called by this name surrounded
one of the oldest brick resiliences in the city —
situated on the west side 1 if Fourth Street and
between Plum and Poplar Streets — which
had been built and previously occupied by
Thomas C. Riddick. Some wars later, a 31
mid resurt, also called Vauxhall Gardens, was
established at the old Soulard residence, on
( arundclet Avenue, south of .Miller street.
Veiled Prophet. — Early in the spring of
[878, a goodly number of choice and congenial
spirits, met and agreed that an association
fashioned on the order of the Southern Mystic
Societies would flourish in this latitude, and
since the fall of that year, the \ eiled Prophet
has made his annual appearance in his be-
loved City of St. Louis. The history of this
ilanted southern flower of fancy, and its
stead\ growth, shedding perfume in response
to the willing hands that have nurtured it, is
n fleeted in these pages, reviving and recalling
the pageants of the past, with which much
of tin progress of this city and its forward
ten! is inti rwi iven. Fi >r twenty \ ears
the Veiled Prophet and his faithful followers
liavi appeared on the streets of St. Louis in a
pageant oi magnificence and splend ir, "cas(
ing sunshine and flowers" to the multitude.
For twenty years the annual ball of the Veiled
Prophet has bi n. 1 ighteen times at the
Merchants' Exchange, and twice at the large
hall of the St. Louis Exposition. On these two
occasions, tableaux of merit and bewildering
effect were shown. • Inly once in its historv has
an entertainment been given on a day other
that that on which the parade took place and
then a concert and tableaux were given at the
Olympic Theater on the evening after the
pageant and ball. The belles and beaux of the
earlier .lays of the Veiled Prophet's balls will
remember them with pleasure and recall their
enjoyment. The belles and beaux of todav,
' '' i' -war.: w ith pleasant anticipation to the
coming of the Waled Prophet Ball.
The people whom the Veiled Prophet and
hi- retinue particularly wish to please are loval
and true and appreciate this contribution' to
their pleasure. Lor them the pageants are
given and no expense is spared in their prep-
aration. The object of the promoters is only to
please, without hope of reward or pay, ex-
cept to feel that men are made happier by
this expenditure of time andmonev. From year
ti ' year, the Veiled Prophet has given the Noc-
turnal Illuminated Pageant on the first Tues-
day of the first week in ( >ctober of each year.
.since 1878. Ask the people if the)- want it?
1 onsult every movement for the city's ad-
vancement and see if the inspiration 'did not
originate and the prosecution of the work to'
a successful termination did not depend upon
the Waled Prophet and his faithful followers,
unknown among their fellow mortals and
ci ilabi Ters.
!b's retrospect would be incomplete with-
out a word for the members of the Veiled
Prophet organization. Not all the good fel-
lows beli mu tO it— but m Hie but guild fellows
do. Expecting no reward, no word of praise,
not permitted to make any acknowledgement
or give any sign of recognition to tln.se who
are willing to bestow it. they falter not in their
duty and ar< willing to persevere. Its charm,
and its success are in its secrecv.
The invitations to the ball, and the pro-
grammes, always tasteful and appropriate are
very much si night after each year. Specimens
' t them are deposited in the Missouri Histori-
cal Society for preservation, to be a reminder
and a. remembrance after \ ear> have lapsed. A
resume . if the pageants was formed into an an-
thology anil distributed as a souvenir in 1891,
i" the guests of the Mall. In 1894 a float pre-
viously represented in each parade was made
i" serve the subject of that year, being the
"History of .Mystic Societies in the United
States." particularly in Mobile. Ala., that be-
ing 1 lie oldest city in which these carnivals
]lave been given, and the Lite . .1" New Orleans,
La., also famous in the annals of Mystic Socie-
ty celebrations. Particular mention is made
• if these tw . pageants, for the purpose of mak-
VEILED PROPIIKT.
J371
ing easier the study of the panorama of the
Veiled Prophet's history in St. Louis.
Following is a skeleton sketch of each pa-
geant, giving the subject of the parade — the
representation of each float, and the number
of floats represented in the parade. In the
vear 1878 "The Festival of Ceres" was given,
showing seventeen floats.
1. Glacial Period of Winter; 2. Chariot of
the Sun; 3. Primitive Animals; 4. Fiends of
Darkness ; 5. The Centaur ; 6. Flora ; 7. Pros-
erpine and Pluto: 8. Golden Globe; 9. Deme-
ter ; 10. Triptolemus ; II. Plowing: 12. Fruits;
13. Bacchus ; 14. Industry ; 15. Wealth; 16.
The Veiled Prophet; 17. Silenus.
1879 — Progress of Civilization, 22 Floats.
— 1. Volcano ; 2. Cave of Cyclops ; 3. Pottery ;
4. Wood Carving; 5. Sculpture; 6. Music; 7.
Weaving; 8. Painting; 9. Architecture; 10.
The Wheel : 11. Ship Building ; 12. Engines of
War; 13. Glass; 14. Implements of Artificial
Light; 15. Instruments of Measuring Time;
16. Printing; 17. Astronomy; 18. Steam; iq.
Electricity; 20. Cauldron of the A*. P.: 21.
Their Dinner Set; 22. The Veiled Prophet.
1880 — The Four Seasons. 22 Floats. —
!. The Veiled Prophet; 2. The Nomadic Era:
3. Spring Land: 4. Spring Life; 5. The May
Queen ; 6. Flora ; 7. Egyptian Summer ; 8. Al-
hambra; 9. Summer Lands: 10. Rustic Sun-
shine: 11. Autumn Land; 12. Greek Autumn;
13. Demeter ; 14. Age of Chivalry ; 15. Autumn
Princes; 16. The Farmer's Joy; 17. Winter's
Nights or the Fates: 18. Grotto: 19. War in
Winter; 20. Peace in Winter: 21. The Arctic:
22. The Frost King.
1881 — "A Day Dream of Woodland Life
21 Floats. — 1. The Veiled Prophet; 2. The
aboriginal Indian ; 3. The Flower : 4. The Ant ;
5. The Farm ; 6. The Garden ; 7. The Hunt ;
8. The Dinner: 9. The Bee: 10. The Spider:
11. The Locust; 12. The Supper; 13. Recrea-
tion : 14. The Shower: 15. Courtship: 16. Mar-
riage; 17. The Revel; 18. The Concert: 19.
The Ball; 20. Rest; 21. The Dream Ends in
Fairy Land.
1882 — The Wiled Prophet's Travel
Around the World. 2} Floats. — 1. The Veiled
Prophet: 2. The V. P.'s Land Conveyance; 3.
The V. P.'s Water Conveyance : 4. China : 5.
India; 6. Persia; 7. Eijypt: 8. Greece: 9. Eu-
rope; 10. Italy; 11. France: 12. Russia: 13.
Germany: 14. England; 15. Scotland: 16. Ire-
land; 17. America: 18. The Ballot Box: 19.
The Indian : 20. The Plantation; 21. Jolly
Flatboatmen ; 22. L'ncle Sam.
[883 — Fairy Land. 23 Floats. — Household
of the Veiled Prophet, The Wiled Prophet
and High Priests, Fairyland, Fairies of Per-
fume, Fairies of the Wind, Fairies of Light,
Fairies of Eungi, Gnome Fairies, Fairies of
Malaria, Fairies of Winter. Fairies of the
Month, Fairies of the Fountain of Many Col-
ors, Fairies of Mid-summer Night, Fairies of
Good Luck, The Sleeping Beauty, Bonny Kil-
meny, The Swan Maiden, Lorelei, The Magic
Mirror, The Magic Cage, Fairies of the
Household, Jack the Giant Killer. Mother
Goose.
1884 — The Return of Shakespeare, 22
Floats. — The Return of Shakespeare. The
Team of Hecate, The Wooing of Troilus, The
F'orest of Arden, < trlando's Magnanimity,
Benedict Entrapped, Jessica's Elopement, Shy-
lock Foiled, Hamlet in the Churchyard. Mac-
beth in the Witches Cavern. Falstaff and the
Recruits. Bosworth Field, Angincourt. Cor-
iolanus Honored, Anthony and Cleopatra, The
[ncantation, The Finding <if Hermione, The
Portents before the death of Ceasar, Petrucio
Carries off Kate, 1 i . i-t ol the Garter as
Peacemaker, Malvolio's Foil) . The Wiled
Prophet.
1885 — Arabian Xights, 22 Floats. — KhiLC
'of the Jinn bearing the V. 1'., The Fairy of
Poetry and Romance. The Modern Story-Tel-
ler of the Orient, The ( ienii and the Lad) . The
Three Ladies of Bagdad, The Ston of the
Barber, The Fisherman and the Jinnee. Xour-
eddin and the Fair Princess, The Court of the
Khaleefeh, Alladin and his Wonderful Lamp,
Alladin and his Slaves with Jewels, Beder
and l riauhare, The Halt in the Desert. Sinbad,
;dlor and the Dwarfs, Sinbad in the T imb,
The Great One-Eyed Giant. The Roc's Egg,
The Flying Horse. History of Prince Zeynal-
asnan. Prince Ahmen and the hair Banou,
An Baba and the Forty Thieves. The Fair
Scheherazade.
[886 — Scenes from American Histor ,
2\ Floats. — America. Discovery of Northmen,
Landing of Columbus, Columbus 1
Ferdinand and Isabella. FYmce De Leon and
the Fountain of Youth, Meeting of 1
and Montezuma. King XezahualcoyotI a
coco, De Soto Discovering the Mississippi,
Pocahontas and John Smith, Henry Hudson,
Burning of the Dutch Village, Landing of the
2372
VEILED PROPHET
Pilgrims, Washington Crossing the Delaware,
The Heroes of '76, Daniel Boone, Hunting
the Buffalo, Statute of I ieneral Jackson, West-
ward II". King Cotton, Missouri, Veiled
Pn iphet.
[887— Histor) of the Bible, 22 Floats. —
Veiled Prophet and High Priests, Michael and
Lucifer, The Expulsion, Cain and Abel, Abra-
ham Offering Isaac, Joseph Sold into Egypt,
Joseph 1 iiving Corn to his Brethren. Moses in
the Builrushes, Moses on Mount Sinai. The
11 1 alf, Sampson's Betrayal, David and
Goliah, Pr isperit) of the 1 ri idly, Solomon and
the Queen of Sheba, As cent of Elijah, Jonah
into the Sea, Jonah Calling Ninevah to
Repentance, I >eath of Josiah, Capture of Tyre.
Judith and Holofernes, Belshazzar's Feast,
I >aniel in the I -ii m's I )en.
1888 — ( hildren's Lore, 22 Floats-
Mother ,e, Ding Dong Bell, Old King
i 'oli . Cinderella at the Palace, Little Red Rid-
ing II I, Who Killed Cock Robin, Cherry
and Fair Star. Bluebeard — The Feast, Blue-
beard— The Rescue. Robinson Crusoe and
Friday, Alladin in the Cave, Humpty-Dump-
tv's Misfortune, Day in Fairyland, Alice's
Dream — \ Long Tale, Alice's Dream — Pig
and Pepper. Alice's Dream — Queen's Croquet
Grounds. Killing the Jobberwock, Alice and
the Cheesmen, Baron Munchausen and
Friends, Cncle Remus' Tar Baby Story- San-
ta < Am- on the Roof Tops, The Wiled
Pro]
1NN1; — Comic Opera, 22 Floats. — The
irand 1 hichess, The Maso it,
ifla, Chimes of Normandy, Pina
■ i.'. 1 irpheus ami Eun -
dice. ndent. Evangeline, Boccacio,
: ' i« , Mikado, Little
'i yci • Pckin, Tri] 1 ti 1 Africa, < m
rad U ic, X.idii. Monte Chris-
. 22 I [1 >ats. —
The \ ' inian Idea.
Bull .-"ill1. Si ime i lizarre
( '1 istui I Fairies, The < ilutti m.
The * V;i ■■ ' fi >r Titles, 1
and Foyers. Beaut; and the Beast. Palm and
■ 1. Music Hath Charms. A Rural Col-
lection. The Beautiful Snow, The Tal
Man, The Xatii m; \'am-
rhe Watcrmeli hi. The Yacht SJerxi
and Zoo, The Passinsr Show.
1 So 1 — Ten Most Popular Authors, 22
Floats. — The Veiled Prophet, Ten Most Pop-
ular Authors, _'ooo Leagues under the Sea,
The Submarine Forest, Grace and the Indians.
The N'ight Attack. The Old Southern Home,
Uncle Tom's Cabin. The Carnival. Market
I lay at I 'erugia, The Mill on the Floss, Dumas
Sinbad, Mr. Pegotty's Home, The Shipmeek
in Copperfield, Uriah Heep's Office, Kenil-
worth, The Tournament, Meeting of Cortez
and Montezuma. Death of Montezuma, Ben
I I ur'- Chariot Race, The Head of the Ethio-
\n Elephant Hunt.
The Ten Authors Selected. — Jules Verne,
I apt. Chas. King. Mrs. H, 1!. Stowe, Nath-
aniel Hawthorne. Geo. Elliott. Alex Dumas,
v has. Dickens, Sir Walter Scott, Lew Wal-
lace, Rider Haggard.
1892 — History of Louisiana Territory. 22
Floats. — America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Mex-
n ''. South America, Oceanica, Missouri, Veiled
Prophet, Father of Waters, Death of De Soto.
Arrival of Pontiac,Rcception of.Marquette and
I' lii 1, l.a Salle taking possession of Louisiana
Territory, Founding of the City of St. Louis.
Lieut. Govs, of Upper Louisiana. Purchase of
the Territory of Louisiana, Incorporation of
St. Louis, Govs, of Louisiana. l7irst Missouri
Stat' ( )fficials, Visit of Lafayette to St. Louis,
Native Missourian Inaugurated President of
the I Ailed States.
[893 — Storied Hollidays, 22 Floats. —
Veiled Prophet, The Lord of Misrule Storied
Holiday, Xew Years Day, 41 1 Night or Kings
Day. Mardi Gras, Pancack Tuesday, Candle-
mas or < Iround I tog 1 lay, St. Valentine's I >.i .
Washington's Birthday. April Fouls Day.
1 ';;; . World's Fair Day, Whitsuntidi . Si
John's Day, Fourth of July, Exposition Day,
St. Louis Fair Day, Columbus Day. Hallow-
een, Harvest Home Festival, Thanksgiving
1 lay, Chrismas I )ay.
[894 — Mystic Societies, 22 Floats. — The
ion ' Rakin, Strikers Club, Comus,
Rex. Proteus, Felix Imperator, The Veiled
Prophet, Music, Aurora, Marriage of the Rose
and tin- Butterfly, The Prophet's Land Con
• land, Shakespeare. Arabian
Nights, America, Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba, Mi ither I '.< » ise, Ci cnic < Ipera, /' >< >1< igy,
An \ lar Authors, Missouri, Storied
lays.
1805 — Flighl of Time. 22 Floats. — Veiled
Flight of Time. Sunday; Monday,
VEILED PROPHET.
1 uesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Sat-
urday, January, February, March, April, May,
June, (uly, August, September, October, No-
vember, December, Zodiac.
[896 — Art. Sculpture and Painting. — The
Veiled Prophet, Origin of Art, Ancient Art.
Warfare of Xinirod, Bacchanal Procession,
Roman Wedding Ceremony, Art of the Mid-
dle Ages. Apoilo and Aurora, Eulenspigel,
Apotheosis of Louis XIV, Modern Art, Sap-
pho. Fete in Venice, The Card Players, After
the example of the Gods, The Angelus, Even-
ing. The Revellers, The ( iarden of Love, Po-
lice versus Gladiator, Circe. The Fairies
Chariot.
1897 — Old Time Songs, 22 Floats. — The
Veiled Prophet, Old Time Songs, "Cumin"
Thro' the Rye," "Old King Cole," "The Lit-
tle Fisher Maiden," "Kathleen Mavourneen,"
"The Old Oaken Bucket," "A Life on the
( >cean Wave." "Listen to the Mocking Bird,"
"The Water-Mill," "Way Down in Dixie."
"Shells of the Ocean," "The Last Rose ot
Summer." "I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble
Halls." "Columbia, The Gem of the Ocean,"
"The Indian's Death Song," "Die Wacht am
Rhein." "The Campbells are Comin'." "The
Marseillaise," "Beautiful Snow," "Home,
Sweet Home," 'Star Spangled Banner."
"< )ur revels now are ended. These our actors
As I foretold you were all spirits, and
Are melted into air. into thin air :
And like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous pal-
aces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea all which it inherit shall dissolve —
An like this insubstantial pageant faded.
Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on ; and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep."
Who composed and who are now members
of the Veiled Prophet organization is what
the reader would like to know? What the
subject of the next parade will be — Well ! wait
for next October, for the pageant and ball.
Who were and who are the members — Well !
many have gone, more are here, good men.
good citizens.
A notable feature of the Veiled Prophet's
Ball has been the Veiled Prophet Quadrille,
which is the first dance on the programme im-
mediately after the parade by the Krewe on
the ball-room floor. The first dance L bv the
Krewe and the lad\ guests only, gentlemen
guests not. being permitted to participate in
the dance. The Veiled Prophet, his two High
Priests and the Almoner always form the Im-
perial Quartette, and the) select their partners
from anion- the lad)- guests. From [878 to
the year [884 record was kept 01 the lady who
was selected to , lance with the Prophet, and
who was thus made Queen of the Ball. In
[884 the function began b 1 gn iw in imp! irtance
and every one was curious to know- upon
whom the distinction had been conferred. In
that year Miss \ irginia Joy was selected; In
[886 Miss Lulu Scott. In [887 the Ball va
graced by the presence of the President and
Mrs. Cleveland and on that account the crowd
was so great that it was impossible to dance
the Veiled Prophet's Quardrille, and it was
omitted and no Queen selected. In [888 Miss
I .' mise ( laiennie was made Queen of the Ball ;
in [889 tin record is a blank. In [890, the
first year of the Veiled Prophet's departure
from giving the Ball at the Merchants' Ex-
change, and the first year of the tableaux", the
ball was given at the Music Hall. Exposition
Building, and Miss Kate Hill was selected.
In [89] the Music Hall was again selected and
tableaux again given; Miss Julia Thomson
was selected as Queen. In [892 the Veiled
Prophet returned to the Merchants' Exchange
and the tableaux were omitted and Miss Ellen
Sttirgis was made Queen. In 1X03. the vear
ot tlie World's Fair, Commissioners visited St.
and were invited t< 1 the Ball : Miss Flor-
ence was the Queen. In 1X114 more exten-
atii ms were made, crowns were pre-
pared Mr the Queen and garlands for the
Maids of Honor, and a Lady Patroness and
Maids of Honor were selected thus making it
.1 great event, forming the Court of Honor.
and investing the forming of the Imperial
Quardrille with more ceremony; that year
Miss I [ester Laughlin -
the Ball; in [895 the same ceremony w;
d, and All's- Bessie Kingsland was
crowned Queen, but the lady pati
Maids of I Ion, -r were omitted. In 1896
Mary Louise McCreery was crowi
in 1 81 )/ Miss Jane 1 )< in Mi y P
cri iwnei 1 Queen and .'
chosen.
Begining in [888, t! -
sented to fl-
at the ball, a Re-
>374
VERDIN.— VIGO.
imittee Badge. In [895 a beauti-
ful token was given to the Queen and the
Maids of Honor, entirely different and more
costly than the Reception Committee Badge.
A token was also given to the Queen and
Maids of I lonor in 1896 and in 1897.
FRANK GAIENNIE.
Verdin, James, — manufacturer, was born
m the family homestead at the corner of < Hive
and Fifth Streets, in St. Louis, 1 ictober 2.
1816. His parents were Nicholas and Letitia
Verdin and his father, who was a carpenter
and builder by trade, came to this country
from France. He was educated in the Catho-
lic parochial schools of this City and learned
the way m makers trade with Henry Harring-
ton, an dd time wagon maker, whose shops
were >>n Fourth Street opposite the Court
House. In [837, he went to New Orleans
and remained there two years, thereafter.
working at the carpenters trade, lie then re-
turned to St. Louis and in 1840 engaged in
the manufacture of wagons, establishing shops
<>n Third Street, between Walnut and Elm.
Streets. In [850, he removed to the corner of
Eleventh and Market Streets where he en-
gaged extensively in the manufacture of wa-
gons ''or the Government and for the frontier
trade. When the Civil war began he suspend-
ed his manufacturing operations temporarily
' ml resumed in 1863 and o intinued in business
until 1865, when he disposed of his wagon
manufactory and established the first hard-
wood lumber yard in St. Louis. In 1878, he
associated with him. his sou, B. M. Verdin,
ami later Ji ihn X. Verdin alsi 1 became interest-
1 in the enterprise, which was incorporated
as the James Verdin Hardwood Lumber Co.
' if this corporation lames Verdin bei
President, lie retired from active business in
1880 and died in St. Louis, September 4. 1888.
lie was one of the liberal contributors to the
building of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and
was an enterprising and useful citizen. Liberal
minded and tin in Highly public spirited, he was
• -teemed and respected b_\ all who knew him.
1 ie was at 1 me time < 'aptain 1 if the famous 1 >ld
military Company, known as the St. Louis
Greys and also served as Captain of the old
Washington Volunteer Fire Company. He
was an ardent Catholic churchman and did
much to advance its interest, being a promi-
nent and useful member of the St. Vincent de
1 'aul Society and other Catholic organizatii ins.
February J. 1845, 'le married Miss Margaret
blood, daughter of Michael J. blood, who
was one of the pioneer merchants of St. Li mis.
The surviving members of his family are Mrs.
Verdin, and their children. Louis Verdin, of
Leadville, Colorado; John X. Verdin, of St.
Louis: Josephine, wife of William H. Swift
and Harriet Verdin.
Veteran Volunteer Fireman's His-
torical Society. — A society which was
organized in the rooms of the Mis-
souri Historical Society, November 17.
[888, the founders being John E. Liggett,
Isaac S, Smythe, Joseph E. Edgar, Capt. Jo-
seph Boyce. Capt. Henry Guibor, John Ma-
guire, Peter \\ onderly, Joseph Sycamore and
Thomas Lynch. The membership is com-
posed of persons who belonged to the old
Volunteer Fire Department of St. Louis. The
objects are social, rather than beneficiary; the
members meet to talk over old times, and to
gather and preserve relics and material • if the
old system. Unfortunately, nearly all the rec-
ords have been either lost or destroyed, only
about one-third remaining, and these, together
with the old hand engines, trumpets, firemen's
suits, banners, portraits, pictures of fire scenes
and other relics of the Volunteer Department
are carefully arranged and preserved in the
rooms of the Historical Society. The o
.■a':, ,n has had as many as eighty-four mem-
bers, but the number is steadily diminishing.
,1 there are no recruits. Judge Hugo S. la-
coby, of Kirkwond was the first President: L.
L. Kitchen, Vice-President; and Th
Lynch Secretary and Treasurer.
"Vide Poche."-A name given to Caron-
delet by the early inhabitants of St. Louis, in a
spirit of is>»i<\ natured railerv, its significance
being due to the fact that the inhabitants of
1 arondelel were agriculturalists, rather than
trader-, and seldom had any money. The
term "Vide Poche" — Empty Pocket — was
therefore deemed appropriate to their condi-
nid the village was called by that name.
VigO, Francis. -A St. Louis merchant of
Italian origin, who rendered important serv-
i - to General George Rogers Clark in con-
nection with his operations in the Illinois
ci mntrv. Thoroughly committed ti > the Amer-
VILLE DE ROBERTS— VOGEL
ican cause, he was Intelligent, patriotic and
resourceful, and when Gen. Clark readied Kas-
kaskia with his scantily supplied army, Vigo
furnished them with food and clothing to the
value of twenty thousand dollars, taking his
pay in Virginia Continental money. By the
depreciation of this money and the confisca-
tion of his property by Governor Hamilton,
the British Commandant, he was made poor.
When Clark determined to capture Hamilton
at Vincennes, he sent Vigo, accompanied by
only one man, to reconnoitre the fort. Vigo
was arrested as a spy when he was within sev-
en miles of Fort Vincennes, but being a Span-
ish subject, was released and returned to St.
Louis. He soon rejoined Clark and was with
him when he captured Vincennes. Later, he-
sustained an intimate relationship to General
William Henry Harrison, for whom he fre-
quently acted as interpreter on important occa-
sions. Born in Sardinia in 1747, he came to
America as a private in the Spanish Army,
quitting the army in 1772 to come to St.
Louis, where he engaged in the fur trade.
Pierre Menard, who was afterward the first
Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, was in his
employ as a fur trader, and together they vis-
ited General Washington at Carlisle, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1789 to consult with him in reference
to the best means of defending the Western
frontier. Vigo died near Vincennes in 1835.
Ville (le Roberts. — The name given by
the early French settlers to the settlement
which subsequently developed into the town
of Bridgeton, St. Louis county.
Vinegar Hill.— This name was given to
an elevation at Franklin Avenue and Eight-
eenth Street, in St. Louis, many years ago —
probably by some one having in mind the
bloody battlefield of the Irish Revolution of
1798 — and the name stuck to the locality long
after its character and topography had been
entirely changed.
Virginia Society of St. Louis. — This
Society was organized Jan. 23. 1807. was in-
corporated February 18, of the same year. The
first officers of the Society were: James 1 ).
Broadhead, president: Henry L. Edmonds,
First Vice-President : Henry T. Kent. Second
Vice- President : D. W. B. Yost. Secretary;
Robert McCulloch, Treasurer: Directors — ■
J- L. Ford. M. 11. Alexander, T. T. Fauntle-
roy, Jr., John D. Vincil and Edward Cun-
ningham, Jr. The objects of this Socii I
to bring together Virginians and descend-
ants of Virginians who reside in Missouri in
friendly and fraternal relation., and to pro-
mote a closer union among them ; to meel ti i
gether, from time to time, to discuss the an-
nals and traditions of Virginia and become
i.etter acquainted with the lives and achieve-
ments of her great men : to celebrate, on fitting
occasions, memorable events in her history;
and to welcome and entertain distinguished
men from Virginia. The Societ) was organ-
ized with a membership of twenty-five.
Vogel, Charles Frederick, who was
for mam years a public official of St. Louis
and is now prominently identified with
the real estate and financial interests,
horn Mareli 22, [845, in the City of Xeuch
atel, Switzerland. His parents were John and
Anna (Christinger) Vogel, who came to this
country in [849 and for main years conduct-
ed a tailoring establishment on Second Stre 1.
Other members of the family came here in
[855. The elder Vogel died in 1896. Charles
F. Vogel completed his education at the
( !hristian Brothers < '1 illege ■ if St. Louis an i
the public schools, and when fifteen years old
bei ante 1 Jerk in the office of Julius F, Schnei-
der, a noted old time Justice of the Peace of
St. Louis. In 1861 he succeeded Gen. Jo
Conrad as clerk- in the office of Justice Thom-
as H. McYicktr, of this City, who was .
brother of J. H. McVicker, the noted theatri-
cal Kinager of ( hicago. Fired with militar;
enthusiasm at the breaking oul 1 th Civil
War he enlisted as a drummer bo} in the Sec
ond Regiment L'nited States Reserve Corps,
Missouri Volunteers, organized for the three
months" service. He was on duty until mus-
tered out at the end of the
term for which he had enlisted. In August of
1862. justice McVicker, his employer, organ-
ized what became Company "E" of the
Twenty-ninth Regiment of Missouri Volun-
teer Infantry. Mr Vogel, then on!
vean of age enlisted in this Compam as a
private and went into active service with the
Regiment, which was commandi
Tohn S. Cavender and assigned to the Brig-
ade commanded by Gen. Frank P. Flair. He
serve,! until the close of the war. ;
2376
VOGEL.
tered out of service June [2, 1865. In [866
1 ir :i tunc in the office 1 f J eck 1
& Clover and then became Clerk of the Po-
lice '■ 'ourt at that time presided over by Judge
1 harles i Cady. After rilling- this position
four years, he ivas appointed Deputy Clerk of
mnt) < '1 mrt 1 if St. Louis County, during
the administration of Clerks F. C. Schoen-
and Fred L. Garesche. This position he
held until the City was separated from the
1 omit; under the "Scheie and Charter." In
April of 1877 he was made Secretary of the
iranch of the .Municipal Assembly, the
first Council elected after the adoption of the
1 t it) t barter. In November of [878
1 'd 1 lerk of the Circuit Court of
St. Lo 'is and re-elected to that office in i88r,
holding it in ail eight years. In 1887 he en-
i! busim 5s as a real estate and financial
agent and has since represented various large
interests in that connection. Both as public
official and as a man of affairs he has earned
ijoyed the esteem of the people among
whom lie has lived since early childhood. He
is an enthusiastic member of the Grand
Army of the Republic and was Commander
rank P. Blair Posl NTo. 1 of the Depart-
ment of Missouri of which he is a member,
in 1897. His political affiliations are with the
blican part) and although trustee of two
Methodist Churches he is independent in his
religious vii ributing liberally to al!
churches and Christianizing agencies pro-
of the a Ivanccment of civilization. He
is a Past Master of Missouri Lodge No. 1 of
Ancient Free and \ccepted Masons, that be
ing the oldest lodge of Mason ; \\ est of tli :
river and he has been Treasurer
1 1 this the last eighteen years. He is
ii \rch Mason, a Knight Templar
and a Scottish Rite Mason and Noble of the
Mvstic Shrine, having affiliated with the var-
ious branch ol J lasonry f< ir thirty ye; rs and
1 :■ term as I ». I). ( .rand Master < >f 1 he
St. Louis District. M th< same time, he is a
ier of Benton Lodge \*o. jj^ of the fn-
dependent 1 »rdcr of ( kid Fellows of Wilde)
- ipment Vo. 1. was Grand Patriarch of
ati of Missouri and Grand representa
tive from Missouri to the Sovereign G
Lodge. He was the first Brigadier General of
the Patriarchs Militant, commanding the De
111 ol the Mi- -is-pipi which inch;
number of Slates and Territories. He is also
a member of the Legion of Honor, of the
Mercantile and Union Clubs, Merchants Ex-
change, the Turners. Liederkranz, Liederta-
fel, Orphans Home, and cither German So-
sieties, the Helvetia Aid Society and the
Provident Association. He is a Director ot
the Real Estate Exchange and German Mu-
tual Fire Insurance Company and a member
of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Sol-
diers' Home at St. James. Missouri, h ving
been Treasurer of this Board since its organi-
zation. Mr. Vogel married, September 22,
[869, Miss Laura Fisher, daughter of F. C
[■•-her. a well known citizen of St. 1 ouis
Their children are Estella, wife of Stephen
Saum, ( lliver C and Edna Vogel.
Vogel, John ('., one of the worthiest of
the ( rerman-American citizens of St. Louis.
was born in 1816, and died in this city in
[884. His birth-place was the old town of
Kleinlangheim, situated not far from the city
of Kitzingen, in die Kingdom of Bavaria,
Germany. His parents were Johann and
Marie Magdaline (Mueller) Vogel, intelli-
gent and well-to-do people, both natives of
( Germany and residents of that country, to
the end of their lives. After obtaining a good
education in the German schools, John C.
Vogel was apprenticed to the baker's trade and
when he had completed his apprenticeship,
he came to the United States a youth nine-
teen years of age. His intention was, at the
time, to return to his native land after seeing
something of the country to give to the Ger-
man Government the military service required
of its young men. In 1836, he came to St.
Louis and began working at his trade, pros-
pi ring t'i such an extent that he made up his
mind not to return to Germany. Being con-
scientious, however, to a remarkable degree,
he felt that the obligation to render to the
country in which he was burn and reared
the military service which would have been
■■'; of him had he remained there -.till
rested upon him, and notwithstanding tiie fact
that he was titling himself to become
an American citizen, he arranged to have a
substitute 1 nter the German army, paying for
the service thus rendered the sum of four
hundred florins. Meanwhile, he prospered and
made friends in St. Louis, and in 1843, hav-
ing- become a naturalized citizen of the United
VOGEUER. 2.177
States, he was appointed to the office of City in St. Louis, acting for niarn years as presi-
Weighcr, which he held for three years. He dent of Hob Ghost Church. He was on<
then entered the government service as a ,Iu' pioneer members oi the i irder of ( kid
postal clerk and filled that position for a year, Fellows in this cit\ and one of the found-
retirim
from the service in 1847 to estab- crs of Wildey Lodge Xo. 2, of this benefic
brotherhood, ami was also a member of the
ic » >rder. I le was 1 me of tlu
I?sli the first omnibus line operated on Frank-
lin Avenue. This proved to be a highly sin
tors oi the organization which biter became
the Liederkranz Soci ty, and an early m
ber of the Miss' >uri I listorical Sociel
cessful business enterprise and, within a few
years thereafter, he became a man of com-
fortable fortune. From 18^1 to 1858, he was
a Justice of the Peace in St. Louis, gaining xv;'^ a"10"§ dle public-spirited citizens who
secured for tfie citv 1.* on Park and i\
distinction as a capable and efficient magis-
trate. From 1855 to 1861, he was also a mem-
ber of the City Council, and at different times,
he served acceptably in other official capaci-
ties, boiling the office of Sheriff of St. Louis
County for two terms, beginning with 1862
strumentnl in having the monument to the
patriot soldier erected. In the old days when
volunteer firemen protected St. Louis ag
the fire fiend, he was one of the men who gave
their services free oi cost to the city and
placed .'ill classes of citizens under lasting
In i8^t. he became connected with the St.
T ■ -,-.■ , -, r ■ r ,. obligation- to them. December 27, 1840. Mr.
Louis hire and Marine Insurance < ompam ,- , . , -,,. , ',, ... ,
, . , , , , ,, . , . ,, ; \ ogel married Miss Sophia \\ ilhelmma
an« later was elected to the presidency of that .. • , , ..,..' ., , ,,
, , ri. , • , • , branke, daughtei 01 Christian II. and Mane
successful corporation.an office which he con- . . ,. , , , . ., , .
, . c, r 11 Louise branke, both natives of Prussn
:n wen 1 11 irn 1 if th< ir unii m. but 1
ol them are now living, and Mrs. Yog 1 is the
only surviving niembet of his family. In 18 8,
[869 audi 1873, Mr. Vogcl re-visited hi
land audi, accompanied b\ his family.
aveled extensively at different I
in this country and abroad. Successful in life,
he knew also how to enjoy life and found
happiness in making lho;-e about him '
tinned to fill for twenty-five years, lie was
always a conspicuous figure in local political
circles during the years of his active life and
had large influence especially with the < ier-
man-Americans of St. Louis. He was a great
admirer of Thomas Benton, and his earliest
political affiliations "were with what was
known as the Benton Democratic party in
Missouri. Being opposed to slavery, however.
he later became a Republican and continued."
to act with the party as long as he lived Vogeler, Julius, merchant, was
He was a staunch Unionist during the war January 18. 1836, in Minden, Germany, - >n
period and. served three months as a volun- of Carl and Wilhelmina (Mueller) Yogeler.
teer soldier in the Fourth Regiment of Mis- The elder Yogeler was a vevenue officer in the
sottri Infantry. At one time, while making ;. service of the German Government, and the
strong Union speech, he was assailed by son ivas well reared and educated in his na-
Southern sympathiers. who declared that the tive land. He came I < this country in 185 1,
speech was incendiary in character. General young man fourteen rears ol age, and - » 11
Fremont was then in command of the De- after his arrival in tlu I nited States becan
partment of Missouri, and Mrs. Fremont was a resident of St. '-our-. Tie began his busi
in attendance at this meeting. When an at- ness career here as a clerk in a drug store, and
tempt was made to sieze the manuscript of the sotnt time later took a similar position in on
speech, she look it from Mr. Yogel's hand of the notion stores ■ t tiv cit\ He
and. prevented it from falling into the hands nected with this business for fifteet
of those who sought to use it to incite a so- thereafter as an employe and thru .
cession uprising. Sturdiness of character, himself in a notion store of his own, 01
rigid honesty and exact rectitude were dis- Street, between Locust and
tinguishing features of his career both as a Streets. The business of merehan
public official and a business man. Reared proved to be one to which he
in the Evangelical Lutheran faith, he was a adapted and, althoug
devout churchman of that denomination and little means to begin wi
contributed largely to the advancement ol its steadily towar
work and the un-building of its institutions merchant?
2378
VOGELSANG.— VOGT.
and retail gn icery and com-
mission i>" i i ' has since been con-
spicni i i men hant both in the
retai i ade, I [e has been for
many years an iionored member of the Mer-
chants' ' change and, in addition to his mer-
1 1 1 us, is ci mnected with
enterprises as a director cf the Provident
Building Association, and also of Security
Building Association \"o. 2. He I1 - taken
a prominent part in building up various fra-
ternal and beneficiary orders in St. Louis, and
is a member of the Ancient < irder of LTiited
Workmen, the Knights of Hon r. and of the
al Arcanum. He is also a member of the
rkranz and other 1 ierman societies'. Dur-
ing the Civil War. Mr. Vogeler servei , - n
membei ofen of tin companies of the United
States Reserve Corps of Missouri, which ren-
service in behalf 1 f the Cnion.
mber 16, 1865. lie married Miss Lena
Fuchs, daughter 01 Major F. W. and Helena
Fuchs of St. Louis. The}- have three children.
1 'I!'- - '1 :>nd [\vt > daughters.
V'ogelsangr, Henry, Bernard, was bin
842, m Lienen-, "Germany, son qf
Rudolph ami Mary Vogelsang, lie came to
tliw country in [857 and completed an cdu-
n, the foundation of which had been
laid 'ii Germany, at the German-American
of St. Louis, ami at Webster Public
School and Junes' Commercial College. A:
the end 1 E a f< w ni .nibs in the St. Louis
1 -. he had learned to speak the English
a il\ and hTienth and was well
fitted to enter upon a business career. He
served hi appr ntictship to commercial pur-
rro en store of Beckrrian Bros.,
and then became bookkei per for \\ illiar. •
Hake \ Bro., retaining tin- last named po-
sitii n four \ < ai >. At the end of that time, he
'-■ eni into busin 'ss f ir himself, becoming jun ■
""' ,:" mber -1 the fin 1 1 il Corp & \ ogelsang.
'I'lir' e yi ars lat.r. Mr. N'orp .lied, am! F. \\ .
Brocl man, em of the Si. Loui
S< hool 1 loard, became Mr. Vogelsang's bu> i
ness a - 11 1 irtner in the business
lie ha 1 established, under th nai
in? .' Bn 11 I ni ,ie 'I In. partni
connection lasted . and at the en I
' ';i"'-- Mr. his interest
to Mr. Brock-man and established himself in
1
engaged in this trade five years, at the end
iii which time lie sold the business which he
had built up to Ins cousin, John II. Vogel-
sang, and went into the grain commission
business with the Hubbard- Bartlett Commis-
sion Company. He is still interested in this
well known business house and is vice-presi-
dent of the corporation controlling and di-
recting its affairs. I lis business career has
been an eminently successful one. and having
acquired large wealth, he has been interest-
ed ir. many enterprises in addition to
alreadv mentioned. He was the largest stock-
holder in and vice-president of the old Dough-
erty Crouch Drug Company, and at the pres-
ent time — i8i;8 — is a large stockholder in
til- Mey«r Bros. Drug Company. For several
years, lie was identified with the brewing bus-
iness in St. Louis, also, as one of the owners
and managers of the Columbia Brewer;,-.
Whi'c lie has given close attention to mat-
ters cf trade and. commerce, he has found time
also tor tiie cultivation of aesthetic tastes, ami
at his beautiful home in Windemere Place.
he devotes much time to the cultivation of
flowers and rare and beautiful plants. During
the Civil War. Mr. Vogelsang served as a
member of Company D, of the Fifth Regiment
of Home Guards, under Col. Stifel. and be-
longed to the famous "body guard" of Gen.
John C. Fremont. Politically, he has been
identified with the Republican party since lit
cast his tirst vote, and while he has taken no
active part in politics, has from time to time
wielded, an important influence in the councils
and campaigns of his party. He is a member
of the \ncient < irder of L'nited Workmen and
a Free Mason of the Knights Templar de-
gree November 7. 1867, he married Miss
1 en t Knchaus. of St. Louis. Their children
are William II.. Louis P.. Clara E.. and Ed-
ward J. Vogelsang.
Yog;t, William C, manufacturer, was
born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, August 15.
son 1 if William and Mary J. Zoeckler
IPs father, who vv?s an architect, died
in Wheeling, \\ est Virginia, when the son w: s
a small boy, and iiis mother removed to St.
in 1848 I 1 ere. he ■ ibtained a goi id prac-
tical education in the public schools and then
served a three years' apprenticeship to the
coop r's trade. Shortly after he attained his
ity, he went to Illinois and for several
C#CA
<d/.
v#
YOLLRATH.
'9
years followed the occupation of farming in
Marine, Madison county, in that State. In
[868, he returned to St. Louis and, in com-
pany with his brother, established himself in
the cooperage business- at 4205 North Second
Street, the style of the firm in the beginning
being 1. F. \ ogt & Bro. Their manufacturing'
enterprise prospered under g 1 management
and in 1886 was incorporated as the Union
i ooperage Company. William C. Yogt is now
president ■ f the corporation, ami the manu-
facturing plant which conducts its opera-
tions under his supervision furnishes employ-
ment to about seventy-five men during its
working season. Standing high in the com-*
munitv in which he grew up, and with which.
he has been identified as a manufacturer for
so many years as a business man. Mr. Yogt
enjoys aiso the high esteem of those who have
been associated with him as neighbors and in
other walks of life. He is a member of the
North St Louis Turnverein, a Republi-
can in politics, and is independent in his re-
ligious beliefs. He married, in 1870, in St.
Louis, Miss Margaretta Schussler, who was a
native of < iermany. Their children are Will-
iam L. Yogt, Mrs. Annie E. Kraft. Julius < '.
Vogt, and Clara M. Vogt.
Yollrath, Charles, who has been a part ■
nt the musical life of St. Louis for many years
and who has gained much more than local
renown as a musician, was born October 12.
1840. at Bingen on the Rhine, in the Duchy
of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany. His parents
were Philip and Martha Yollrath, and his
father was a school teacher and professor of
music, locally renowned as an organist. Be-
ing comfortably situated in life, the elder Yoll-
rath educated his children carefully, and the
musical talents of his sun Charles, the eldest
of his sons, were especially well cultivated.
In 1848 Philip Yollrath was a participant in
one of the revolutionary movement which.
from time to time, in the middle of the present
century, convulsed < iermany — then divided
into more than a scire of Kingdoms, Grand
Duchies. Duchies, and Free Cities — and which
struggles for freer government failing to
achieve their purpose, brought to this country
many patriotic anil liberty-loving men. to be
come in later vears ideal American citizen-.
Forced to flee from German] as a result of his
having been a revolutionist. Philip Yollrath
came with his famih to the United Male- and.
in the begining of the year 1855, settled near
New Athens, in St. Clair county, Illinois.
\ftrr living tin-re two war-, he removed to
Belleville, Illinois, where both he and his win
died in [857. Charles Yollrath continued his
musical education and was connected with lo-
cal musical organizations until July of [861.
when he enlisted in the Eighth Regiment of
Missouri \ olunteer Infantry for service in the
Union Army during the civil war. lie was
assigned tn dun a- leader of the regimental
band and served in that capacity until mus-
tered out at Atlanta. Georgia, August 3. 1864,
at the em! 1 if the three year-' term for which
he had enlisted. He soon afterward re-enlist-
ed in the Forty-third Illinois Infantn Regi-
ment, in which he served until December of
1805. when he was finally mustered nut of the
military service at Little Rock, Arkansas. Af-
ter leaving the army, he continued fur a time
to reside at hi- old home in Belleville. From
there he was called to Kansas City, Missouri.
tn become leader of the Orchestra fur the
Kansas < itv Turnverein, and during three
years thereafter, he held that position and also
led his own orchestra in the Coates Theatre,
of that city. After spending eight years in
Kansas City, he returned to St. Louis and
formed the Yollrath Military Hand and Or-
chestra, which has since become one of the
most famous in the country and to the leader-
ship of which he has since given the greater
part of his time and attention. In 1S81. he
was called to Quincy, Illinois, to take charge
of the musical part of the programme of the
District Turnfest held there in that year, and
in 1886. he attended with his band, the Na-
tional Encampment of the Grand Army oi
the Republic, held at ('olr.nil.u-. Ohio. In
Mav of 1897, the N'ational Bundesfesl of the
United American Turners was held in St.
Louis, and Mr. Yollrath was selected to lead
the Band for gymnastic exercises and also to
furnish all the concert music for the occasion.
In February of iS, -. he took charge of the
musical programme incident to tin- Carnival
festivities at Mobile. Alabama, and on mam
, . asions he has conducted 11
functii hi- 1 if similar ch;
one 1 ears, he has conducts ' tl
tertainments of the St. 1 '■ and
mi the 1 ith of April. [$>)$.
hand of 0111 hundred pi
238' i
VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA.— VON COURT.
sion of cit> officials from the old to the new
I in Hall "ii the occasion of the formal re-
moval of the cit\ offices to the new structure.
Ill i- a member of the St. Louis Turnverein,
the Socialer Singing Society, Frank 1'. Blair
Posl of the Grand Army of the Republic, the
Ancient Order of United Workmen, the
Treubund. and Order of Harugari, and was
one of the first members of the < >ld Settlers
Association of St. Louis County, organized
in 1885. Be was one of the promoters of the
St. Louis County Fair Association and helped
t.i build up that institution, which, in later
years, has become the pride of the 0 unity. In
1867, Ik- married Mi-^ Augusta Sonnenschein,
1 it St. I ."in-, and twi 1 children have been 1>< mi
of their union. His son, Emil Vollrath, is
known as an accomplished violinist, and his
daughter 1 ilga is one of the popular vocalists
and chi >ir singers 1 if St. 1 .1 mis.
Volunteers of America. — Wh en the
1 ii .11 ti 'i >k place in [896 between I .11
William Booth, of the Salvatii m Army, and his
- mi, Rallington Booth, commanding the Ar-
my in tlie United States, with headquarters in
New York, the latter organized what was
called the \ ohmteers of America, mi a similar
plan, and for similar work ti > the plan and
work of the Arm;. In several large cities
when the Salvation \.rmy was large and ac-
tive, some of its corps officers followed Bal-
lington Booth and cast their fortune with
him in the Volunteers mi ivement, his following
being greatest in Chicago, where the Army
was strongest. The falling awa\ in St. Louis
was in it general, but sufficient to form two
corps. These maintained their im.m1ii.ii for a
year or more, in the face of great discourage-
ments in the way of hike-warm support and
arrears of rem. but were finally forced to give
up the struggle, and in [897 the one that held
out tin- longest was disband' d.
\on Court. Benjamin Jackson, pio-
neer, \vas born in McVeytown, Muffin countv,
I vnn-\ lvania, 1 lecei iber 20. 1820, -1 m of Ben-
jamin and .Mar;. (Lindscy) Von Court. His
father was for mam ,-ears a merchant at Ale
\ eytown, hut in [842 came to Si. Louis. The
son received a common school education and
while still a youtl with his brother,
Alexander Von Court, in the hotel ami gro-
cery business at Hollidaysburgh, Pennsylvania.
In [830, he came \\e>t h 1 Rock Island, llli-
nois, and was proprietor of the Ruck Island
Hotel, in that city, until 1841, becoming well
known among the pioneer Western hotel-
keepers. In 1841, he went to Portsmouth,
(•liin. in company with the brother already
mentioned, and for a year thereafter was pro-
prietor of the American House, in that city.
In [842, he came to St. Louis and took charge
■ if the 1 ild National Hotel, in its day one of the
mosl famous of Western hostelries. Four
\ ears later, he became the proprietor and man-
ager of the Missouri Hotel, also a noted old-
time public house. Thereafter until 1850. he
was actively identified with the business inter-
ests 1 if St. Louis and was especially will
known to the traveling public. The epidemic
1 if cholera in 1849 and the continued preva-
lence of the disease in 1850 caused him to dis-
pose hi ins hotel interests, and in 1852 he
married and went in California on hi- wed-
ding trip. Reaching the Pacific coast, hi
eluded to make his home in that regi
the time being and settled in San Fran
He embarked in farming and cattle raising
i'U an extensive scale in California ami also
operated nne of the earliest saw-mills
lished on Lear river. The McCormick n
with which he harvested his first crop of grain,
i< .-aid tn have been the first harvesting ma-
chine shipped tn the Pacific coast. His brother
Alexander had preceded him to California and
there they became associated together in busi-
ness, as they had been during the greater
part of their lives previously. After remaining
in California two years. Benjamin j. Von
Court disposed 1 if his interests there to his
brother and returned with his famih to Si.
Louis. Here he was engaged until [856 in the
purchase and sale of real estate, which he
abandoned in 185(1 tn settle cm a farm in St.
Clair county, Illinois, on which he lived for
thirty-five year- thereafter, devoting himself
to argicultural pursuits and coal mining < >pcr-
ations. Tie retired from active business in 1895
mil returned to St. Lnuis at the end of a suc-
cessful career as a man of affairs tn enjoy the
competency which he had accumulated. He
was a member of the City Council of St. Louis
m 1854, representing the Sixth Ward, which
then comprised all that portion of St. Louis
north 'if Biddle street. IK- has always been a
staunch Democrat in his political faith, and
an equalh staunch Presbyterian churchman.
I
'YONDER AHE KIDNAPPING".— YON I'll!
!381
He was a charter member of St. Louis
Chapter No. 8, of Royal Arch Masons; is a
member of St. Louis Commandery No. i, of
Knights Templar ; and of the Order of Odd
Fellows. .Mr. Von Court's wife was. before
her marriage, Miss Amelia Millnacht, daugh-
ter of George Millnacht, a Baltimore mer-
chant, who is said to have originated the cus-
tom of selling goods by sample, now so large-
ly practiced by the merchants of the United
States. Their surviving children are Mary ;
Hallie, wife of Edwin C. Poindexter, of Chica-
go ; Amelia, wife of Dr. D. K. Reinhold, of
Xew York ; and Carrie V., wife of H. G.
Finley, of the Anheuser-Busch Brewing
Company.
"VonderAhe Kidnapping." — As a re-
sult of complicated litigation, growing out of
matters pertaining to baseball. Christ Yonder
Ahe, known throughout the country as a man-
ager of baseball clubs, was kidnapped in [898,
in St. Louis and forcibly carried away to Pitts-
burg, Pennsylvania to answer to charges pend-
ing against him in the Circuit Court of Alle-
gheny County. Vonder Ahe had been arrest-
ed on a capias in a certain suit pending in
Pittsburg and at the instance of one W. A.
Nimick had been released on a capias bond
which prescribed that Vonder Ahe should
satisfv consideration, costs, etc., or surrender
to the sheriff or in default that Nimick should
do so for him. Finding that Vonder Ahe had
afiled to pay or surrender, Nimick authorized
Pennsylvania officers to execute the capias
which they did by force in St. Louis. The ar-
rest, or kidnapping as it was called, attracted
much attention at the time in legal circles,
the procedure in this case being altogether
unusual. An opinion prevailed that requisi-
tion proceedings were the only proper means
by which a person could be arrested and re-
moved from one state to another. The Penn-
sylvania Court held, however, that under cer-
tain circumstances, bailers have the right to
arrest their principals wherever found and re-
move them to the forum from which they have
been released and to which they have obligat-
ed themselves to surrender. Yonder Ahe's ar-
rest being held to be legal, the disputes which
had led up to it were settled and the excite-
ment in legal as well as baseball circles quick-
ly subsided.
Yon Phul, Henry, one of the most dis-
tinguished of the pioneer business men of St.
Louis, was born August 14. 17X4, in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, and died in St. Louis Sep-
tember 8, 1X74. He was the son of William
Von Phul, a native of VVesthofen, in Cen-
tral Pfalz, Germany, who, when twenty-five
years of age. came to this country, arriving
here in the year 17(14. William Von Phul,
who came of a noble family, was nol without
means when he arrived in this country and fix-
ing upon Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which had
been mainly settled by Germans, as his place
of residence, he embarked in business at that
place. In 1775. he married there. Catharine
Graff, whose father was one of the wealthiest
Pennsylvanians of his day. Eight children
were born of this marriage, of whom Henry
Von Phul was the fifth. His father largely
increased the fortune which had come to him
by inheritance and as the estate of bis wife,
and throughout his life, was a man of great
prominence and. influence in the portion of
Pennsylvania in which he lived. An old fam-
ily Bible which has come down to his descend-
ants contains a portrait of him, drawn on the
baptismal page, in which he is represented in
the uniform of a Continental dragoon, stand-
ing erect, with his right hand resting on his
sword-hilt, underneath which is written the
words: "Although of foreign birth, f have
fought for freedom and my adopted Coun-
try." Tin- truth of this statement i- attested
by the military records which show that he
enlisted as a private soldier Jul) [6, 177'1. in
the company commanded by Capt. Andrew
1 iraff. who was his brother-in-law. Septem-
ber ir, 1776, he joined Captain Joseph
Wright's company of Colonel Mathias
Slough's battalion, of Lancaster. Pennsyl-
vania, with which he afterward served in the
fersevs. Both he and his wife were devout
members of the Moravian Church, and lie-
sides many gifts made to the Church during
his life-time. William Von Phul left at his
death one thousand pounds to re-build a mill
which had been burned at Bethlehem, the par-
ent colony of the Moravians in Pennsylvania.
The year 1702 is memorable in the history of
Philadelphia as one in which yellow fever visit-
ed the city and became epidemic then-. Among
those who fell victims to tin- disease was Wil-
liam Yon Phul. After his death hi- wife and
family removed to Levin-ion. Kentucky. His
1382
VOX PIIUL.
father's estate, which consisted Iargeh of lands
and otln r property . was left in care < >f a
servator. and as the elder Von Phul had left
little read\ money, his capital having been
im-i.sti.-cl and lost in a brewery of which busi-
ness iir had no practical knowledge, the >< ni
and daughter, who had been used to every lux-
ury mi' that day, found it necessary to materi-
ally change their mode of life and were put to
many inconveniences and subjected to many
embarrassments as a result of their orphanage.
Evidencing then, as in later years, self-reliant
manhood, Henry Yon Phul determined to
come West and carve out a career for him-
self, and in the year 1800, he came with his
mother and sisters to Lexington, Kentucky.
They took with them to that place the house-
hold effects which they had inherited from
their parents, among these being a dinner and
■ of solid silver. The tea set. which had
been a famih possesion for generations, was
afterward brought by Mr. Von Phul to St.
Louis and constitutes a highly valued treas-
ure which had passed to his descendants. He
remained in Lexington ten years and. during
a portion 'if this time, was in the employ of
["homas Hart, who was a brother-in-law of
Henry ('lav. In the interest of Air. Hart, he
made numerous trips down the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers in charge of keel-boats and
'a i boats loaded with flour, lead, bagging, and
rope, and thus learned the river trade in which
he afterward became so conspicuous a figure.
It was his custom to take a cargo of goods
to Xew Orleans and, after disposing of the
g Is and the boat, to return on horse-back
to Kentucky, adventures which exposed him
to numerous dangers and perils, and thor-
oughh tested his courage and endurance. In
181 1. having at that time means to engage in
business on his own account, he came to St.
Louis lor the purpose of establishing him-
self in what had hecom,- the most important
trading post in the Southwest, although only
a village in size. Soon after he reached this
place, his health broke down, as a result of the
hardship and exposure which he had endured
in the -.ears immediate ing his com-
ing, and a pioneer physician advised him' to
travel, as a means of recovering his health.
River travel was ah, nit the only kind of travel
indulged in in tin >se days, and lie c< included to
combine business with his healthseeking ven-
ture, .and in pursurancc of this plan, loaded
boat with goods and went to Xew < >r-
li ans, \;\ ' losing i if iiis goo Is in that
city, he went as super cargo on a merchant ves-
sel bound for the Madeira Islands. Arrived
there, he found himself in a delightful climate,
which soon restored him to health, and at
the end of a year started on his return, by way
of Xew Orleans, to St. Louis, entirely recov-
npon which he sailed from
the Madeiras was a trading vessel, which first
visited the coast of Africa and, after landing
at numerous trading posts, broughl hi:
destination by a round-about voyage which
consumed several months of time, although it
enriched the young merchant in knowl
the world and many interesting experiences.
From Xew < >rleans to St. Louis, he came on
horse-back, arriving here in time to learn that
I i a ttlers on the Missouri river had been at-
tacked by Indians and were in extreme dan-
ger i if being massacre. 1. A b idy < if volunteers
was at once raised in St. Louis, which set out
to relieve the threatened settlers, under com-
mand of Nathaniel Boone, a son of the fa-
mous Daniel Boone. Henry Von Phul was
made aide-de-camp to Col. Boone on this ex-
pedition and served with the rank of Major in
the ensuing campaign. Returning then to St.
Louis, he established a general store, and his
commercial genius scion made him one of the
leading merchants of that day. In those
early days, he made frequent trips to Ken-
tucky and Xew York on horse-back for the
purpose of purchasing goods, and on all these
trips was exposed, more or less, to the danger
of Indian attacks. In 1817. he witnessed the
landing of the first steamboat at St. L mis, and
his quick comprehension of commercial and
transportation problems caused him to per-
ceive at once that this new invention would
vastly increase the river traffic and cause it to
yield rich returns to those engaged in it. He
accordingly began making investments in
steamboat property, and within a few years
thereafter, had become the owner of some
of the finest boats on the river. He owned
the steamer " Ri isalie," named fi >r his wife, and
the "Maria." named for his eldest daughter,
and the money which he quickly realized from
the operation of these steamers was invested
in other boats, until he came to own an inter-
est in almost every steamer which came to St.
Louis. For some years, he carried on his
merchandising operations without partners
VON PHUL.
l>ut in later years, he was at different times
head of the firms of Von I 'lml & Mc< .ill. Von
I'luil, Waters' & Co., and IF. Von Phul, Sons
& Co. Under his control and direction, a busi-
ness was built up which was one of the largest
of its day in the West, and such was the finan-
cial standing of the house of which Mr. Von
Phul was the head that many Western hanks
carried their St. Louis balances with this
house, with Mr. Von Phul as their financial
agent in tl;is city. Mis enterprise, his un-
swerving recititude and high credit brought
wist -ums of mone\ to the city to he invested
in various ways and it has been said of him that
he brought more commerce to St. Louis and
more credit to her business houses that any
one man of his generation, llis integrity was
of that rigid character which would not allow
him to excuse himself from the performance
of any part of an obligation into which he had
entered, whatever the hardships the full dis-
charge of such obligations might entail up-
on him. His rugged honesty and the moral
grandeur of his nature were evidenced when
misfortune overtook his house in the closing
years of his long and eventful life. Through
no fault of his own, but as a result of injudi-
cious and very extensive operations of the
Xew Orleans firm of Von Phul Pros., whose
obligations he had endorsed, his house was
compelled to suspend business in 1872. lie
was then eight\ -eight years of age but turned
his attention to the disentanglement of his fi-
nancial affairs with much of the vigi ir 1 if ear-
lier years and, against the protest of his at-
torney, the distinguished Lewis V. Bogy, in-
sisted on paying every dollar for which he was
morally or legally obligated, with interest
at eight per cent. Final settlement was made
in accordance with his notions of right,
notwithstanding the fact that it swept away
almost entirely his splendid fortune. Mr. Von
Phul held many offices of trust and honor in
St. Louis and no act of his. official or other-
wise, ever brought upon him a shadow of re-
proach. Thomas II. Benton once said of him
that he not only never did a mean act in his
life, but never thought of one. In 1X17, he
and Auguste Chouteau raised a subscription oi
$3,000 to purchase an engine and erect an en-
gine house for St. Louis. In 1819, he served
with Thomas H. Benton as one of the trus-
tees of the village. In 1823 he was elected
first auditor of the city. I11 1826, he repre-
sented tile midddle ward in the Board of Al-
dermen. In 1829 and 1830, he tvas a di
1 0" the Branch Bank of the I 'nited States
lished m St. Louis. In 1831, he was madi a
director 1 >i the Missouri Insurance Company,
and in [832 organized the Union [nsurano
Company, of which he was made president.
in 1837 he organized the .Marine Insurance
t ompany, and also became president of that
corporation. He was elected vice president of
tiie Merchants' Exchange in [836, and it
served as president of that body. From [-838
to [840, he was a member of the Cit\ .-el 1
Board, and in 1855 was made a director of
tin-' Iron Mountain Railway. Even enter-
prise designed t< > build up the city, t' > expand
Its commerce, or to promote its attractiveness
a- a place of residence received his hearty aid
and encouragement, and to the end of his life
ins loyalty to the best interests of the city was
made manifest whenever occasion offered.
(»nthe iothofjune, [816, Mi". Von Phul mar
ned Rosalie Saugrain, daughter of Dr. \n
toine Saugrain, the most distinguished 1 i the
pioneer physicians of St. Louis, whose career
is sketched elsewhere in these volumes. < »n
the loth 1 if June. [874, lie and his wife cele-
brated the fifty-eighth anniversary of their
marriage, an occasion on which they kept
open house ami entertained the friends who
called mi them with the generous and charm-
ing- hospitality which had always been a dis-
tinguishing feature < >f the Von Phul home-
stead. On that occasion congratulatory let-
ters and messages came to the aged couple
from all quarters and from hundreds oi
pie who entertained for them a filial regard.
Soon afterward, Mr. Von Phul was taken vio-
lentlv ill. and on the 8th day of September fol-
lowing, passed to a good man's reward. la
ed and honored by all classes of his fellow cit-
izens. He died in the Catholic faith, receiving
the Sacraments of the Church from Bishop
Rvan and Archbishop Kenrick. Hi- death
allied everywhere in the city man
tions of deepest sorrow, and man
tributes were paid to his memory and ';
1 ■ which he had rend.
and State. < 'ne of tin iS
said : "The State of Missoitt i
to Henrv Von Phul
[or her ' prosp< rit
ci nter of 'the Empire of th
Die and unostentatious,
2384
\-( M >1 )i IOISM.
his disposition, he never sought office or
notoriety. Indeed, either was to him exceed-
distasteful, but in the line of his duly,
he inaugurated and carried out a commercial
that is today stamped indelibly on St.
Louis. The city owes him a debt, and lead-
ing citizens of toda) may well pay tribute to
the man who helped to lay the foundation of
lier greatness." An orator of the day tints
business cares to ocup) his mind, the over-
ngs of a generous nature were being felt
by all around him. Ever a true friend to those
who merited his friendship, the circle which
will feel the void which death has made, has age
and youth, the past and the present. During
his illness, many of those among the poor who
had been the recipients of his benefactions
called to tender their sympath) to the afflicted
family. From the house of Mr. Von Phul.
till poor never were sent away empty handed,
hut were provided according to their needs."
At a meeting of the .Merchants' Exchange of
St. Louis, held on the nth of September,
1874, the following resolutions were adopted:
"The Union .Merchants' Exchange of St.
mis, believe that it is not only eminently
just, but also a solemn duty that appropriate
tributes of respect should at all times be paid
;e who perform their allotted duties in
and realizing that an imperious obliga-
tions rests on those who survive to bear full
testimony to the virtues of the departed.
whose examples are worths- of all imitation
and praise, so that the bright memories of
these virtues ma\ speak with an ever-living
force and influence to the community which
ires and mourns for the lives of those
who are dead.
"Therefore, in view of the great loss under
which our city is now suffering by the death
ol hlenn Von Phul, whose sixty-three years
iness life were spent in this city of his
adoption, and whose entire social domestic,
and commercial career was marked by the
highest order of integrity, untiring industry,
and a general kindness and purity of charac-
ter which seemed to shed a benign and happy
influence on till around him : it is
"RES< MAIM). That in the death of Henry
Von Phul, the oldest nieichaitt of 0U1' city,
whose integrity, enterprise, purity and single-
heartedness constitute a memorial Consecrated
by the heart- and judgments of those who
know him best, we. while bowing rcvcrentiallv
10 the rule of Providence in this deprivation,
• et may be permitted t< 1 m< Him the li iss . if one
so near and dear to us."
"RESOLVED, That we tender our heart-
felt sympathies and condolence to the be-
reaved family of our departed friend, with an
assurance that the example he furnished in his
domestic, social, and commercial life has been
highly apreciated by his fellow-men, and will
be treasured in their memories forever.
"RESOLVED, That, as a token of respect
ti 1 the memory of the dead, the hall of this ex-
change be draped in mourning for the next
thirty days."
A still more striking ami beautiful testimon-
ial of the feeling of the men who had been
ci immercial associates with Air. Von Phul was
given some time afterward, when a magni-
ficent oil portrait of that distinguished mer-
chant and pioneer was presented to the Cham-
ber of Commerce, Col. Lewis V. Bogy mak-
ing the presentation for the donors in an elo-
quent address which was feelingly respond-
ed to by Air. Web M. Samuel, then president
of the Exchange. This portrait still adorns
the walls of the Chamber of Commerce, and
will always serve to keep in mind one of the
greatest of St. Louis merchants anil business
men. The children of Air. Von Phul were as
folows : Maria, who married Thomas M.
Taylor; Eliza, who married Judge William M.
Cooke; Julia, who married A. T. Bird: So-
phie, unmarried; Henry Von Phul, who mar-
ried Mary Daigre; Fred Von Phul. who mar-
ried Lizzie Xidelet : Frank Von Phul. un-
married; William Von Phul. who married
Mary Williams; Pen Von Phul, who married
Martha Lape : and, Phil Von Phul. who mar-
ried Josephine Chatard; his second wife was
Josephine Throckrm irti m..
Voodooism. — This species of demonology
has been in vogue from the earliest times
among the negroes and especially among the
Creole negroes of what was the province of
Louisiana under Spanish domination. It is
said to have been derived from their ances-
tors in Africa. St. John's eve is devoted to the
mystic rites of the voodoos. On that evening
the negroes gather in some secluded spot and
there they go through the voodoo dances and
contortions accompanied by a rude kind of
music. Their magic is said to consist in a
knowledge of several very subtle poisons
WABASH.— WACHTER.
which produce a slow and lingering death
through exhaustion. The power of the voo-
doos is much feared by other negroes. In
the old slave days in Missouri when St. Louis
was considerable of a slave market, voodoo
doctors or priests were somewhat numerous
in this City and many stories are told of how
the "stiff leg varmints filled with the spirit of
the devil" chased the wicked wretches who
had incurred the displeasure of the voodoo-
tst. When freedom brought churches and
schools to the colored people, their supersti-
tions disappeared to some extent but many of
them still believe in the charms of voodooism.
At intervals the attention of the public is
forcibly attracted to this superstition of the
blacks, as for instance in 1892, when there
was a furore of excitement among them,
caused by the belief that a negro named David
Joiner had fallen victim to the voodoo.
"When dying. Joiner's roommate. Boston, was
said to have cursed him for a lack of sympa-
thy, using these words: "May the great voo-
doo of voodoos strike you dead, and mav
your body be eaten b\ serpents and then cast
into the darkest pit of torments." Joiner died
suddenly a few hours later and the negro*
the neighborhood became panic-stricken as a
result. To appease the voodoo, many of them
gathered in a negro shanty, built a charcoal
lire in the midle of the floor, danced around
it singing their weird incantations until they
fell exhausted, and then after putting some of
the a.-hes in their shoes went to their homes
feeling that they had made their peace with
the voodoo channel'. In later years the two
best known voodoo doctors or priests in St.
Louis have been Ezekiel Wilson, and Benja-
min Hicks, each of whom have been held in
awe by a certain class of negroes. The ne-
groes believed that each of these doctors
could remove the pestiferous spirit put upon a
person by the other and both were much
sought after as a result.
Voyageurs. — See "Boatmen of the Pion-
e< r i 'eriod."
W
Wabash Athletic Association.— An as-
sociation organized May 16, 1S96, by the
clerks of the Wabash Railroad in St. Louis,
the founders being W. G. Wilderman, C. M.
Hanaway and G. D. Komer. The purpose
is recreation and physical culture, for which it
has a first-class gymnasium. It holds three
outside field meetings a year for running anil
jumping exercises with premiums.
Wabash Land Company. — An as
tion of English and American capitalists,
which purchased from eleven Indian chiefs,
through Louis Viviat, a merchant of the Illi-
nois country, more than thirty-seven million
acres of land in the Wabash Valley, in 1775.
The deed to this splendid domain was ob
tained from the Indians for a trifling consider
ation and Congress repeatedly refused to
recognize the validity of the companies'
claims or confirm its titles to any portion of
this Indian land grant. In 17S0 the Wabash
Company was consolidated with the Illinois
Land Company, which claimed a large tract
of Illinois land opposite St. Louis by virtue of
a similar grant.
Wachter, Emil, merchant, was bom
September 1. 1830. in Sonncberg, Germany,
and died in 1805 at the place of his birth, he
having returned to Europe in the hop< of
improving his health. His parents were
Christopher and Johanna Wachter who im-
migrated to this country in 1852 with their
family of five sons ami three daughters, all
arriving safely in the United States with the
exception of one daughter, who died on the
sje thither. The elder Wachter. who
came from a town famous the world over for
its tov manufacturers, was himself a maker of
toys in a small way. lie was in good circum-
stances and his sole purpose in cominj
this country was to better the fortunes of his
ren. Before coming to this con
Wachter had rei ■
tion to fit him for a bti
attendance at school I
to tin- winter mi mths •
signed mainly to improve !
the English lang
on a farm, owned by 1 '
I.on. Ion. England, win
2386
WAI>F
Emil's mother. This farm was located about
twelve miles from Washington, Missouri, in
[in County. After living there until
1857, thev came t<> Si. Louis and here Emil
Wachter began the battle of life on his own
account. During the first year of their resi-
dence in St. Louis, he busied himself with
such employment as he could obtain, evidenc-
ing the fact that he was a willing worker and
that no task, however hard, had any terrors for
him. In [858, he was employed by the firm
of Ferdinand Kammerzell & Co.. Hardware
merchants, then doing business at 1400 South
Broadway. lie was in the employ of this
firm up the time the war broke out and then
enlisted in the Union Army as a volunteer for
the "ninety days' " service. He was a Lieuten-
ant in a company of one of the Regiments
commanded by Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and
participated in the battle of Wilson's Creek,
where ' ien. Lyon was killed. When the term
ot his enlistment expired, he was discharged,
and returning to St. Louis he re-entered the
service of his old employers, Kammerzell &
( o., and remained with that house until 1864.
He then established himself in the notions,
fancy goods and toy business at Xo. 1614
South Broadway and conducted a successful
business in this line for about a year and a half
thereafter. At the end of that time, he sold
out and at the request of Mr. Kammerzell re-
entered his store as a partner. A few years
later, Mr. Kammerzell died and Mr. Wachter
succeeded to the business, of which he be-
came sole owner. Tn 1S74 he purchased the
building at Xo. 1402 South Broadway and re-
moved his business to the building in which it
continued by his successors. At the
time of liis death, lie had been connected with
this house a- clerk and proprietor for a pe-
riod of thirt; seven years except during the
short time thai be was engaged in the notion
and toy trade. I fe was a sagacious man of af-
fairs and -.• merchant whose integrity was
never questioned, His friends ami acquain-
ii 'ii and his i< iviality and c< >r-
dial mamier> endeared him to all with whom
he came 111 c< intact. Fn mi the lime he be-
came a voter, he was an ardent Republican,
but he had no taste for participating in pub-
lic affairs and never held any office. Philan-
thropic b\ nature and liberal in all his impuls-
was charitable, kindly and benevolent
1 ircumstances. I le was a member
of the ('.rand Army of the Republic, of the
Legion of Honor, of the ( )rder of Harrugari,
and of the Knights of Honor. November 4,
1863, he married Miss Alma C. Biedermann,
daughter of George Biedermann, a South
Broadway hat merchant. < >f four children
born to them, one son and two daughters
were living in 1899, and the sou, Edmund L.
Wachter. was conducting the business which
his father established.
Wade, FestllS J., whose genii. s for
the conduct of real estate business has caused
him to become one of the most widely known
1 it western operators in real property, was
born in St. Louis in i860 and grew up in the
city. His father was a man of considerable
education and sterling moral worth but met
with indifferent success in the conduct of busi-
ness affairs. As a result, the son was com-
pelled at an ea rly age to turn to practical ac-
count, his abundant natural energy, industry
and resourcefullness. For five years after he
began taking care of himself, he was employ-
ed, at different times in almost every capacity
111 which a boy could make himself useful. In
[875 he embarked in the first business ven-
ture on his own account, engaging at that
time in the manufacture of cider. A year la-
ter he sold out this business and became clerk
and paymaster for a contractor who was con-
structing a portion of the present Wabash
railroad, extending from Ferguson Station
south to the Union Depot. In 1877 Mr.
Wade became clerk in the city office of the
St. Louis Fair Association, the most famous
organization of its kind in the United States.
In this position his natural aptitude was giv-
en full scope and the excellent training which
he received aided largely to develop that abil-
ity for the successful conduct of business af-
fairs which has since brought him such well-
merited distinction. In 1883 the qualifica-
tions of which he had shown himself to he
possessed received their first marked recogni-
tion in his appointment to the position of Sec-
retary of tin- Fair Association. He succeeded
Mr. ( 1. 0. Kalb who had resigned the Secre-
taryship of the Fair after occupying the posi-
tion twenty-seven years and was less than
twenty-four years of age when he became
Secretary and Manager of this important cor-
poration. He held the Secretaryship of the
I air Association until December 31, [886, and
I-
n
i
....
v
v
W'ADDILI.
2387
then resigned to accept a similar position with
the August Gast Bank-Note and Lithograph-
ic Company. He remained in the employ of
the Bank-Xote Company until July of 1888,
but in the meantime he organized, in compa-
ny with L. E. Anderson, the real estate firm
of L. E. Anderson & Company and embark-
ed in a business for which he has shown him-
self to be admirably fitted. This firm was or-
ganized on the 17th of March, 1887. and was
succeeded in July of 1888 by the corporation
known as the Anderson-Wade Realty Compa-
ny. When this corporation was formed Mr.
Wade resigned his position with the Bank-
Xote and Lithographic Company and since
then has devoted all his time and attention to
the real estate business. He has been the
prime mover in inaugurating enterprises
which have resulted in the erection in St.
Louis since the year 1890, of more than fifty
buildings, among them being the Planters'
Hotel, the Rialto Building, the Columbia and
Republic office buildings and the business
houses occupied by the Hargadine-McKitt-
rick Dry Goods Company, the Roberts-John-
son-Rand Shoe Company, and the Desnoyer
Shoe Company. His distinguishing charac-
teristics have been progressiveness. resource-
fullness, and intense energy, and his accom-
plishments have won for him a place among
the most useful citizens of St. Louis and an
enviable reputation as a man of affairs.
Waddill, James Richard, lawyer,
was born Xovember 22, 1842, in Springfield,
Missouri, son of John Sevier and Sarah — Kel-
logg— Waddill, both natives of Tennessee,
who -ettled in Missouri in 1836. His father
was a lawyer of much prominence, well read
and of much force of character. He served as
Circuit Judge in the Rolla and Springfield
Judicial districts. His death occurred in 1880.
Mr. Waddill's mother was a thoroughly prac-
tical home woman, devoted to the careful
rearing of her family. She is yet living in
the old homestead at Springfield and alth< iugh
her ninety-second year she enjoys g I
health and her mental faculties are unimpa:red.
The five children born to her are all living.
B'be eldest son, Gen. John B. Waddill, was
Adjutant General of the State of Missouri,
under Gov. Crittenden : Roswel S., is a whole-
Bale clothing merchant in Springfield, Mis-
souri ; and Tames R.. the subject of this
sketch, is a practicing attorney in St. Louis.
The daughters. Mrs. .Mary S. Boyd, and Mrs.
John 11. Gage, reside in Springfield, Vlis
souri. James, the second son, received his
education in Springfield, Missouri, in the pub-
lic schools, r.hd in the Springfield College.
He then began reading law under the careful
instruction of his father, hut before he had
finished his fundamental work, the civil war
began interrupting all ordinary pursuits. Af-
ter a time. James, now grown to manli 1,
renewed his law studies under D. C. Dade, a
capable attorney 1 if Springfield, Missouri, and
was admitted to the bar in March, 1864. He
at once entered upon practice in the courts of
that city, and throughout the Judicial District,
and was so engaged until 1878. In 1881, he
removed to Kansas City, and in that larger
field found wider scope for the development
of his abilities in his chosen profession, and he
remained there until 1893, with the excep-
tion of eighteen months, during which time
lie made his residence on the borders of Mex-
ico, his removal thither being made necessan
on acount of the ill-health of his wife. Upon
her recovery Mr. Waddill located in St. Louis
in 1893 when he was appointed Superinten-
dent of the Insurance Department of the
State of Missouri, under Governor Stone.
Upon the expiration of his term of office in
1897, he resumed the general practice of his
profession, with James E. Hereford, Esq.. as
a partner, remaining so engaged until March.
[899, when lie became senior member "i the
law firm of Waddill, Ellerbe & Hereford. Mr.
Ellerbe had preceded Mr. Waddill as Super-
intendent of the Insurance Department of the
State of Missouri, and Mr. Hereford hail serv-
ed a^ Attorney for the Insurance Department.
The gentleman thus associated, thoroughly
t-tj'uppod lawvers to begin with, in thei1- i
bined knowledge, derived from actual expe-
rience in all matters possibh connected with
Insurance, constitute a remarkabh stroi
ray of talent for the conduct of litig
arising under this head, and to this the;
vote their special attention and effort.
ing the civil war. Mr. Waddill
ble record as a soldier. In A]
among the firsl to res ]
idem Lincoln for 75
a company organized ai 5]
The company performed
2388
WAGE WORK.KRS —WAUL
four months, although their term of enlist-
ment called for but three months. He after-
wards n enlisted as a private in the Eighth
Missouri Cavalry Regiment, and served in the
arduous campaigns in .Missouri and Arkan-
sas, under the leadership of Gen. Herron and
Gen. Steele, an incident of this service be-
ing the occupation of Little Ruck. Ark. Dur-
irge part of this time, Mr. Waddill held
<•: commission as First Lieutenant, and com-
manded his troop in frequent skirmishes and
reconnoissances. In October, 1863, he was
honorablv discharged on account of disabil-
ities incurred in the line of duty. I lis public
service in civil life has been conspicuous. At
various times while a practicing attorney, at
Springfield, Missouri, he served as City At-
torney, and District Prosecuting Attorney.
In 1878 he was elected to the Forty-Sixth
Congress, from the Springfield district. The
district was suppi isedly Republican.butthe vote
of that part) was so divided between its own
candidate, < 'harles I i. Burton, of Nevada, and
Ritchie. Greenbacker, of Kewtonia, as
to make Mr. Waddill's candidacy successful.
His service in < ongress involved the most
arduous labor. It occurred during the ad-
ministration of President Hayes, when the
country was greatly disturbed on account of
the presence al the polls of United States
als and military forces. Three of the
sessions of the Forty-sixth Congress were
during these disturbed years. The dis-
trict represented by Mr. Waddill. comprised
5, and an unusual number of
pen ion claims and much other personal
business in the interest of his constituents
made his labor, outside of his public duties in
the House, quite arduous. L "p< >n the expira-
tion of his term, Mr. Waddill was re-nomi-
imation, but the Republicans
and Grcnbacl ers effected a coalition, with
Ira Haseltine a- a candidate, and Mr.
Waddill was defeated by a majority of 107
votes in a total vote < <f over 47,000. Mr.
Waddill has always been a Democrat, and an
earm ;| ile advi icate 1 if its policies
re the pcopL He has long been a mem-
ber of the Methodist I .pal CI urch. South
Hoard of the Wal-
nut Street 1 'hurch in Cit ind
pastorate of the Reverend John M at hews, and
Iso occupied 111 p •
1 hurch ' if St. 1 .1 mis. under the
same eminent divine. He was married in
1864 to Miss Rowena Emily Leedy, daughter
hi Josiah Leedy. a Virginian, who was a
contractor and builder, and erected the court
house at Springfield, Missouri, and other
public buildings in that region; hi.- death se-
cured during the war. To Mr. and Mrs.
Waddill, have been born four children, all of
whom are living.
Wage Workers.— There is no special or-
ganization called by this name, but all mem-
bers of the labor organizations in St. Louis
are recognized a-- wage workers, and when
circulars are issued calling for a mass meet-
ing of wage workers, all of these met
are addressed ami included in the call.
Wahl, John, was born April 15, [832,
m Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, and came
with his parents to the United States in 1S40
after having been sixty-nine days on the
The elder Wahl settled in St. Louis
and when eight years of age. the son began
attending the public schools of this city, in
which he acquired an education which fitted
him for business pursuits. As a boy he
> nit red the employ of Fourier & Linhoff,
wholesale and retail grocers, as a clerk, and
later worked for a time for F. M. Hill, who
was a retail dealer in books and fancy 110-
. doing business at Market Street and
11 ! ,' 1 In 1849 ne became chief salesman
for Xourse, Crane & Co., wholesale and re-
tail hatters, with whom he remained until
1850, when the firm dissolved. Mr. Xourse
establishing at that time the first exclusive
retail hat store opened in St. Louis, his place
of business being between Fine and Olive
Streets. From 1855 to [860 Mr. Wahl was
,1 salesman for William Matthews & Co.,
general commision merchants, and during
this time, he thoroughly familiarized himself
with all the departments of the commission
business. In t86o he embarked in business
• in his own account as junior member of the
firm "i Harlow & Wahl. their establishment
located at _'_' South Main Street. Three
-ears later Mr. Wahl purchased Mr. Harlow's
n ;t in the establishment which they had
founded and built up together, and conducted
the business thereafter undi r tl
John Wahl o; Co., until [864, when the ad-
mission mi John Carpenter to the firm c; d
.
WALL.
238»
its name to be changed to Wahl & Carpenter.
The name of John Wahl & Co. was resumed in
i8~o, when Mr. Carpenter retired. Mr. Wahl
purchasing his interest. In 1S91 he incorpor-
ated this business, which had grown to large
proprtions under his management, as the
John Wahl Commission Company, with a
capital stock of $100,000, fully paid up. Air.
Wahl has since been the president of this cor-
poration, its other officials being Henry ( ireve
vice president, and John B. Wahl secretary
and treasurer. For many years, he has been
known as one of the largest dealers in lead in
the country. In 1867 he sold the first car load
of pig-load shipped from the famous Joplin,
Missouri, lead district, and since then he has
handled vast quantities of pig lead and spel-
ter, his annual sales of these Missouri prod-
ucts reaching in amount as high a figure as
six millions of dollars. Xo house west of New
York has done so large a business as has that
of which Mr. Wahl is the head in these com-
modities, anil while making a specialty of this
branch of trade he has also dealt largely in
grain and seeds of all kinds'. A large meas-
ure of success has attended his com-
mercial ventures and the house which
he has built up enjoys an enviable rep-
utation for its strict integrity, finan-
cial solidity, and fair dealing. Mr. Wahl
has been a director and vice-president of the
German Savings Institution for many years,
and upon the death of Mr. F. AW Meister,
which occurred October, 16, 1898, he suc-
ceeded to the presidency of that Bank. He
has been a director in the American Central
Fire Insurance Company since 1861 and is
its Second Vice- President, has served as a
director of the Merchants' Exchange for two
terms, and was Vice President of that body in
1877 and President in 1879. He has been one
of its most active and useful members, and an
equally active member of the Merchants' Ex-
change Benevolent Society. Of this Society,
which has been one of the most useful and
effective charitable organizations of St. Louis,
he has been a director ever since it came into
existence and for twenty-one years he has
been its president, the membership having
increased during his administration from Hj
to 1400. He is a member and Chancellor of
the West End Council of the Legion of Hon-
or, and is held in high esteem in that organi-
zation. August 3. 1854, Mr. Wahl married
Miss Elizabeth A. l'.raun. of Pike county,
Missouri. Their children are John B. Wahl,
who is now Secretary and Treasurer of the
John Wahl Commission Company; Josephine
— wife of Henry Greve, Vice-President >>i the
same corporation; Bertha and Edwin Wahl,
the last named of whom is also associated
with his father in business.
Wall, George Wendelin, minister of
the Evangelical St. Marcus Congregation oi
St. Louis and Vice-President of the Western
Evangelical Synod, was horn at Owen, near
Xirchheim, in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg,
Germany, February 25. 1811. He was care-
fully educated in his youth and being of a
deeply religious turn of mind, he entered the
missionary seminary at Basel, in Switzer-
land, in the vear 1830, to prepare himself for
missionary labors. He studied there five
years, meanwhile attending the academic lec-
tures at that institution. When he had com-
pleted his course of study, he was sent, by
reas' in of the fact that he was not very strong
physically, to the United States, instead of
being assigned to missionary work in a
tropical climate. He was ordained to the
ministry with his bosom friend. Rev. Joseph
Rieger, on the 8th of February, [836.
temained for a short time at Hartford. ■
necticut. and 'then, in the autumn of 1836,
Mr. Wall came to St. Loui. He was at ^n, ■
made pastor of the German Protestant
Church of the Holy Ghost, of this city, he be-
ing the first ordained minister of that congre-
gation. He was the beloved pastor of that
Church until 1845, when he resigned to
a new Church, which became the parent 01
the twenty Evangelical Congregations now
in existence in St. Louis. From 1845 to '850,
he was pastor of St. Johannes' Congregation,
in what was known as the "Gravois Settle-
ment" in St. Louis County, and at the same
time officiated at St. Paul's Church, near Mal-
tese Creek. In 1850. he again became pastor
of the old St. Marcus' Congregation, which
he served thereafter for seventeen years and
until his death, which occurred on the 20th of
April. 1867. He was one of the first an<'
prominent German Evangelical pastors in
the West, and to him was granted tin
lege of preaching the Gospel for nearly ''
one vears. In the sanctuary, at thousan
continuations and baptisms.
2390
WALL
ness, and burial ceremonies, and at burial
grounds, lie performed the duties of his high
office, leading the members of his flock in
the straight and narrow path and administer-
ing i" them the consolations of the Christian
religion. He was not alone active in the lim-
ited sphere of his congregational work, but
was largely instrumental in promoting the
growth of the Evangelical Church through-
cut the West, and was one of the founders of
the present Synod of the West, of that
Church. In 1852, he was one of the delegates
who represented the American Church at the
international Conference of Bremen, and in
1864 he sat as a delegate in the same body
at Altenburg. Germany. On the occasion
first mentioned, he succeeded in getting the
sanction of the Prussian government for the
taking up of a collection for the benefit of the
Protestant Seminary of the United States.
While in Berlin, he was also largely instru-
mental in organizing a society whose princi-
pal duty was to send candidates for the min-
istry to the Evangelical Church of the West.
His private character was an altogether pure
and lovely one, and he was honored and es-
teemed by all who ever came into contact
with him. True Christian love was regnant in
his household, and when he approached the
end of his earthly career, he was regarded
by all who knew him as one whose life
had fitted him for translation to the realms
of bliss beyond the grave. His death occurred
on Easter Sunday of 1867. and the large at-
tendance at his obsequies, the deep grief man-
ifested by all on that occasion, and the touch-
ing tributes paid to his worth by Rev. Mr.
Haeberle, Rev. Dr. John, Rev. Jos. Rieger
and Rev. L. Nollau testified to the strong hold
which lie had upon the affections of his peo
pie and his Church. July 12, 1842, he married
Miss Julia Tiirnau. born in the Province of
Hanover, Germany, and for twenty-five years
thereafter they journeyed through life to-
gether in happy union and companionship.
His wife was an excellent woman, who aided
him greatly in his religious work, sharing
with him all the joys ami sorrows of his
earthly pilgrimage, < >f nine children born of
iheir union those now living are Otto A.,
Louis J. W.. Caroline. George W.. Clara J.,
and Richard B. Wall.
Wall, Otto A., physician and educator,
was bom September 2J, 1846, son of Rev.
George W. Wall. He was educated in the
schools of St. Louis and, when eighteen years
1 >i age, began serving an apprenticeship to
the drug business under Dr. Enno Sander.
In [868, he was graduated from the St. Louis
( ollege of Pharmacy with honors and soon
afterward engaged in the drug business on his
own account. While thus occupied, he stu-
died medicine and received his doctor*s de-
gree from Missouri Medical College in 1870,
such famous physicians as Drs. Tuholske
and Dalton being among his classmates. Af-
ter that, he took a post-graduate course at
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, of New*
York City, graduating from that institution
in 1 87 1. Returning to St. Louis, he then be-
gan the practice of medicine, continuing also
in the drug business until 1873. ^n tnat year-
he sold his drug store and has since devoted
all his time to professional labors and to the
educational work in which he has been en-
gaged. Immediately after his return to St.
Louis from New York City, he was made
Professor of Pharmacognosy and Botany in
the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, and he
has ever since retained that position. Subse-
quently, he was made Professor of Materia
Medica and Therapeutics in Missouri Med-
ical College and filled that chair for several
} ears. After that he occupied the Chair of
Chemistry for three years, and only resigned
that professorship to meet the demands made
upon him by his growing practice and other
duties. In 1882, the Oldberg-Wall Labora-
tory was organized, and to this Dr. Wall has
since given a large share of his attention. I le
was a member of the LTiited States Pharma-
copeia Revision Committee for 1880, and also
of the Committee for 1890. I fe is one of the
two authors of the "Companion" to the Unit-
ed States Pharmacopeia, and his work, known
as "The Prescription," is the most complete
treatise on the subject in the English lan-
guage. During the years 1883 and 1884, and
[885 he was president of the Missouri State
Pharmaceutical Association, and he is widely
known as a brilliant lecturer and entertaining
conversationalist. June 20, 1S71. he married
Miss Julia Rieger, of Jefferson City, Missouri.
Their children are Dr. Otto A. Wall, Jr.. Hen-
rietta 1'.. now the wife of Chester Stith, and
Irene Wall.
V/ ////// / ' ///■//
WAINWRIGHT.
591
Wainwright, Samuel, manufacturer,
was born March 6, 1822, in Pittsburg, Penn-
sylvania, son of Joseph and Elizabeth
(Graves) Wainwright. His father, who. in
early life, was a well known and wealthy
brewer of ale and beer at Yorkshire. England,
came with his family to the United State-,
early in the present century and located at
Pittsburg, where he was engaged in the same
branch of manufacturing to which he had
previously devoted his time and attention, to
the end of his life. The son received a com-
mon school and academic education, and then
served an apprenticeship to the brewer's trade
under his father's direction, thoroughly mas-
tering every detail of the art of manufactur-
ing ale and beer in accordance with English
methods. In August of the year 1S46. he
came to St. Louis and purchased a small
brewery which had previously been known
as the Fulton Brewery, located at the cor-
ner of Main and Almond Streets. In com-
pany with his brother, Ellis Wainwright. In-
conducted the brewing business thus estab-
lished under the firm name of Ellis & Samuel
Wainwright until 1849, when Ellis Wain-
wright died. For two years thereafter, the
business was conducted under the old firm
name, but at the end of that time, Samuel
Wainwright purchased the interest of his
brother's estate and continued the business
alone until a consolidation of brewing inter-
ests brought about the formation of a new
partnership. In 1848, George Busch had es-
tablished a malt-house and a lager beer brew
cry at the corner of Third and Plum Street--.
and later, had constructed extensive beer-cel-
lars between Ninth and Tenth Streets, on
Gratiot and Cerre Streets. In 1854, he erect-
ed what was considered in those days a large
brewery on the square of ground under which
these vaults had been constructed and. a year
later, associated Charles A. Fritz with him
in business. Samuel Wainwright purchased
Mr. Busch's interest in this plant in 1857. and
the firm thus formed took the name of Fritz
& Wainwright and, abandoning the manu-
facture of ale and beer by English processes,
engaged exclusively in the manufacture "1
lager beer. The firm of Fritz & Wainwright
continued until 1870. when Mr. Fritz sold his
interest in the plant to Lorenz Lampel and
Kobert Jacob, and the firm name was changed
to Samuel Wainwright & Co. Mr. Wain-
wright thus became head of the firm in 1
as well as in fact, and continued to have gen-
of 1;- affairs until his death in
[874. Ellis Wainwright, his sun. purchased
-Mr. Jacob's interest in tin- business in 1X75
and it was conducted under the name of Sam-
uel Wainwright & Co. until [883, when the
Wainwright Brewery Company, with a capi-
tal stock of $200,000, was incorporated and
became successor to the co-partnership which
had previously existed. The same year, the
present brewing plant was built, between
Tenth and Eleventh, Gratiot and Papin
Streets. The capital stock of the corporation
was increased to 8400,000 in [886, and in
r88o. the splendid plant which had been built
■if) on tile foundation which Samuel Wain-
wright and his associates had laid, was sold
to the St. Louis Brewing Association, of
which Ellis Wainwright became president.
Since then, the plant has been operated by
the English syndicate which controls so
many valuable brewing properties in St.
Louis. A man of very superior executive and
financial ability, Samuel Wainwright con-
ducted his business operations in St. Louis
with rare skill and judgment, and laid the
foundation of a fortune which has grown to
very large proportions under the management
^i his son and his widow, Mi's. Catherine I).
Wainwright. a lady of exceptional force of
character and excellent business ability. Mrs.
Wainwright's maiden name was ( Catherine
Dorothy Smith and she was a daughter of
George Frederick Smith, who was born in
German)-. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs.
Wainwright took place at Pittsburg, Pennsyl-
vania, ' ictober 1. 1845. Their surviving chil-
dren are Ellis Wainwright, president of the
St. Louis Brewing Association; Katie Wain-
wright— now the wife of Edward Bal er; and
John Witlmell Wainwright.
Waldauer, August. who has done
much for musical culture in St. Louis and
who has attained much more than
brity as a musician and educator, was horn
January 6. r826, in Landau, Germany. Eiis
father. Prof. Leon Waldauer, was a musician
and 1 ecame one by destiny. The. elder Wald-
auer was a soldier in the Bavarian Army and
was a participant in the bloody battle ol
Hanau, fought just previous to the battle of
Waterloo. In this battle, the Bavarian Army
2392
WALDAUER.
was nearly annihilated by Napoleon's le-
gions, ami as many musicians fell in the dis-
charge of their duty, the Secretary of War
issued an order requiring soldiers who pos-
sessed some musical talent to step out of the
ranks and learn to play a musical instrument
in order that the regimental bands might be
filled up. Leon Waldauer was one of those
whi > responded t< i this call and soon became
one of the best musicians in the band with
which he served. After finishing his term of
service in the Army, he settled in Landau and
married there a young and handsome lady of
very respectable family, whose maiden name
was Bach. Their son, August, received a
good general education and studied music un-
der the preceptorship of his father until he
was twelve years of age. He then became a
pupil, in Wuerzburg, of a celebrated violinist
named Grisi, who was uncle to the world re-
nowned singer, Giulia Grisi. After studying
a year under this preceptorship, he was sent
to Molique, recognized at that time as one
of the greatest violinists and musicians in Eu-
rope, with whom he studied four years. His
good mother, a lady esteemed by all who
knew her for her admirable social qualities
and womanly charms, and who was devoted to
the welfare of her son, died while he was
studying music at Stuttgart, and a year later,
after making a concert tour of Germany, the
son and his father came to this country. They
landed in New Orleans December 31, 1843,
and there August Waldauer made his debut as
a musician at the French < >pera House. His
success as a solo violinist was instantaneous,
and he was asked to play at every concert
given in that city during the ensuing season.
"Sol" Smith, a famous old-time theatrical
manager, was then manager of the St.
( harles Theatre, in Xcw Orleans, and
also of a theatre in St. Louis. He
offered Mr. Waldauer an engagement in his
orchestra, which was accepted, and a year
later, when he had mastered the English lan-
guage, he was engaged to conduct the orches-
iras at both the St. Charles Theatre, of New
Orleans and the St. Louis Theatre of this city.
When Ludlow & Smith retired from the man-
agement of these theatres. Mr. Waldauer ac-
cepted an engagement with Joe Field, at his
new Variety Theatre in this city. Field had
engaged a complete operatic, dramatic and
ballet trotip of first class artists, and the duties
oi Mr. Waldauer in this connection were very
laborious. At a later date, he was associated
with the old-time actor and manager. Ben De
Bar, and partly managed his St. Louis theatre,
while De Bar gave his attention to the St.
Charles Theatre in New Orleans. In 1857.
Mr. Waldauer managed the Opera House in
St. Louis and continued thereafter to be con-
nected with orchestral affairs and theatrical
management until 1861. At the beginning of
the civil war, when General John C. Fremont
took command at St. Louis, Mr. Waldauer
became a member of his staff, with the rank of
Captain, and was entrusted with the duty of
organizing military bands for the army. He
did his duty so well, in this connection, that
Secretary of War Stanton complimented him
highly on the service he had rendered the
government. When General Fremont retired
from the command at St. Louis, the officers
of his staff were told to go home and await
further orders. No orders ever came to Prof.
Waldauer and, as he had been sworn into the
government military service as a captain and
was never discharged, he has since sometimes
facetiously remarked that he still considers
himself in the United States service. In 1871,
he established the Beethoven Conservatory
oi Music, which is now in the twenty-seventh
Mai" of its existence and has enjoyed continu-
ous success under his management. He es-
tablished, in 1880. in company with Mr. Dab-
ney Carr, the "Musical Union" orchestra eon-
certs. These concerts, which were participated
in by the best musical talent of St. Louis, were
continued for eleven successive seasons and.
doubtless, would still be given regularly had
their discontinuance not been necessitated by
the failing health of Prof. Waldauer. Feeling
that he should have to give up either the Con-
servatory or the concerts, he chose to give up
the latter and sold out his interests in this mu-
sical enterprise to the Choral Symphony So-
ciety. Besides being a talented musician and
a successful teacher of music. Prof. Waldauer
has acquired distinction through his contribu-
tions to literature. Flis work in this field has
been, in the main, translations from the Ger-
man and French, and these have met with
great success. "Griselda," "Fanchon." "The
Pearl of Savoy," and "The Little Barefoot"
were contributions to the American drama
which made fortunes for Mrs. G. Farren Julia
Dean, and Maggie Mitchell, respectively
Oa
WALBRIDGE.
2393
He has also been successful as a composer for
the stage, orchestra, ballads, etc., and several
of his compositions have reached a sale of
over one hundred thousand each. He is the
author, also, of a comprehensive review of
the history of music in this city, published in
these volumes . Prof. YValdauer married.
March 10, 1852, Mrs. Bertha von Happe, of
New Orleans. Mrs. Waldauer died July 20,
[896, mourned by all who had known her in
St. Louis as one of the most charitable and
kindly women of her day and generation. She
was also known as a woman of brilliant at-
tainments, and her artistic tastes and happy
disposition made her union with Prof. Wald-
auer an ideal one.
Walbridge, Cyrus, Packard, ex-May-
or of St. Louis, was born July 20, 1849. in
Madrid, New York, son of Rev. Orlo Jud-
son and Maria Althea (Packard) Walbridge.
He is a great-grandson of Asa Walbridge
who served in the Revolutionary Army dur-
ing the struggle for American independence,
and his grandfather, Franklin Walbridge, a
Vermont farmer, was a soldier in the second
war with Great Britain. In the maternal line.
Mr. Walbridge is a descendant of William
Hyde, who was one of the original settlers at
Hartford, Connecticut, and one of the found-
ers also of Norwich, Connecticut. The name
of that worthy colonist appears on a monu-
ment erected at Norwich in honor of the
founders of the place. The father of Cyrus P.
Walbridge was a Methodist minister and, as
the circuit-riding rules of the Methodist
Church necessitated frequent removals of the
family, the son did not enjoy the best educa-
tional advantages as a boy. His parents re-
moved to Northern Illinois in 1S54, and he
obtained the rudiments of an education in the
common schools of that State. In 1861, they
went from Illinois to Minnesota, and estab-
lished their home on a farm near Northfield.
There Mr. Walbridge grew to manhood, di-
viding his time between farm labor and at-
tendance at Carlton College of Northfield.
\\ hile working on the farm, he also learned
the carpenter's trade and later turned his me-
chanical skill to good account as a means of
earning money to continue his education. He
also added to his resources by teaching schi » >1
in the lumber regions of Michigan, and finally
worked his way through the law department
of the University of Michigan. Immediatel)
after being admitted to the bar. lie opened a
law office at Minneapolis, .Minnesota, but after
iemaining there a short time, came to St. Lou-
is in 1876. Here he had. to begin with, a strug-
gle with adversity, such, indeed, as young
lawyers in straightened circumstances are by
no means unused to, but none the less trying,
for all that. Lie began to enjoy the sunshine
of prosperity when J. S. Merrell placed the
legal business of the J. S. .Merrell Drug Com-
pany in his hands. Thereafter, he prospered
professonally and in a commercial way, and
in the course of tune became interested as a
stockholder in the J. S. Merrell Drug Com-
pany, of which he has now been president
tor several years. Soon after his coming to
St. Louis, Air. Walbridge became connected
with the National Guard of Missouri, and for
eight years thereafter took an active part in
local military affairs. He was mustered into
the State military service as a private and had
attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the
First Regiment when he resigned from the
service in 1885. In 1881, he was elected on
the Republican ticket as a member of
the House of Delegates of St. Louis
and represented the Tenth Ward in that
body until 1883. When his term ex-
pired, he refused a renomination and de-
" voted himself attentively to the business of
the drug company with which he was identi-
fied, never relaxing, however, his active in-
terest in the politics of the city. In 1889, he
re-entered politics conspicuously, becoming
a candidate for President of the Council, and
notwithstanding the fact that the Democratic
candidate for Mayor was elected that year,
Mr. Walbridge who is a Republican, was also
elected. In [893, at the expiration of his
term a- President of the Council, he received
a unanimous m imination to the Mayoralt
was chosen to that 1 .trice by a flattering major-
ity, the first Republican Mayor elected in
eight vears. His term as Mayor
April of 1897. and he retired from the public
service after having given the
best administrations in it- histor
the fii I St. Louis t< 1
to off; s which he thougl
culiarl;
progressiveness, which char;
all hi- '
WALKER.
Board, tin
and the House of Refuge Board, and he also
aided the Humanity < lub to introduce a wo-
man guard into the City Jail to care
male inmates. As Mayor of the city, he dis-
patched business rapidly, dealt with all with
whom he was brought into contact in a frank.
open and straight-forward manner, applied
busim i to the conduct of public af-
fairs, entertained the city's guests with grace
and dignity, and has left a most lasting im-
press upon the city's history. As a public
speaker. Mayor Walbridge gained enviable
fame. His mastery of his subject, the concise
directness of his utterances, the simple natur-
alness • if si milium and of humor, and the clas-
sic purity of his style always perfectly adapted
to the subject and occasion, have been a source
of pride to the city he lias so ably represented
both at home and abroad. An earnest and
consistent churchman, he is a member of the
First • iongregational Church and President of
tin Congregational Club of St. Louis. He has
fraternal connections with the Masonic Order,
the Knights of Pythias, the Legion of Honor,
and Woodmen of the World, and has interest-
ed himself in promoting the welfare of all these
organizations. October <>. 1879, Mr. Wal-
bridge married Miss Lizzie Merrell, daughter
of Jacob S. Merrill, well known as a wholesale
drug merchant and from 1881 to 1885, City
Treasurer of St. Li mis. He has < me son. Mer-
rell Packard Walbridge, born September 5.
1884.
Walhalla Hunting and Fishing Club,
a club organized in January, 1899, with thirty
members and with W. (1. Bollinger for pres-
ident; Win. Atwood for vice-president and
Joseph Silvers for secretary. The object is
pastime in the w 1 >i ids and waters.
Walker, Benjamin, a distinguished sol-
dier ol the L'nited States Army, was born
in Clarendon, Vermont, May 14. 1707, and
died in St. I 0 Ja\ 28, 1858. His father
was Dr. Samuel Walker, a graduate of the
medical >cln.ol (,f Harvard University, and
his moth r was Sarah Muzz_\ before her mar-
riage. Both 1-;.] 1 nts wen natives of Brad-
ford, Massachusetts, and in the paternal line
Major Walker was dese. tided from Richard
Walker, who came to \mcrica from England
with the Salem colony in the year 1630. This
ichard Walker was one of t
1 IWn 0 '
iiusi tts and he
11 i if the "Ancient and Hon-
le Artillery" formed in 1636. which was
■st military organization formed in Xew
1 ' ''n of the colonist, Richard
Walker, established the leather trade in this
r at Haverhill, Massachusetts. Major
as fitted for college in the -
around Hanover, Xew Hampshire, and then
entered Dartmouth College, leaving that in-
stitution to enter West Point Military Acad-
emy as a cadet. II is career after leaving the
military academy has been briefly sketched in
Brigadier-General George W. Cullum's
"Biographical Register oi the Officers
Graduates oi tin 1 nited States Military
Academy at West Point," and this r
shows that he was graduated from the Acad-
emy in the class of 1819 and assigned 'o duty
July t. of that year, as a third lieutenant of
ordnance. He was promoted to second lieu-
tenant December 31, 1S19, and •
ordnance duty from July ). 1819, to June I,
1821. On the re-organization of the army at
the date last named, he was transferred to the
Third Infantry Regiment and was on duty at
Ft. Sullivan. Maine, during the remaindei
of the -ear 1821. He was then on frontier
dut\ at Ft. Howard, Wisconsin, during the
year 1822; on recruiting service in [823; and
on garrison duty at Detroit. Michigan, from
iSji 1.1 i,s_>o. He was made first lieutenant of
the Third Infantry Regiment October 13,
iN-M. Thereafter was on recruiting service
from 1826 to 1827: on commissary duty at
the cantonment at Leavenworth.Kansas, from
1827 to [829; on garrison duty at Jefferson
Barracks, Missouri, from 1829 to 1830; again
on recruiting service from 1830 to [832; on
frontier duty at IT. Jessup. Louisiana, front
[832 to 1836; aim at ("amp Sabine. Louisiana,
during the year 1836. From August 31. 1833.
pi September 20, [836, he was also
paymaster and captain and continued to serve
in that capacit} until February 28, [839. lie
on garrison duty at Ft. Jessup, Louisiana,
from 1838 to 18311, and paymaster in the
l'nited States Army during the year last
named, lie served in tin- Florida war from
[840 to iN_|_>. and in the war with
s .0 to 1S4- as chief paymaster '
forces under command of Brigadier-G
Stephen W. Kearnex . lie came
WALKER.
Barracks from Ft. Jessup, Louisiana, about
the rear 1842 and returned to the Barracks
after the Mexican War, being ordered to St.
Louis as chief paymaster of the Army. There-
after, he resided in this city until his death,
a conspicuous figure both in military and so-
cial circles, honored by all with whom he was
brought into contact as he deserved to be
honored by reason of his distinguished serv-
ices as a soldier and his admirable qualities
as a man and a citizen. The instincts of a sol-
dier were inherent in his nature and he was
all his life a patriot in thought and action.
While lie was still a school boy, he took part
in the repulse at the mouth of Otter Creek,
May 14, 1814, of the British fleet attempt-
ing to sail past that point for the purpose of
destroying Captain McDonough's fleet on
Lake Champlain. He was not only a brave
man, but a Christian gentleman and during
all the years of his mature life he was a com-
municant of the Episcopal Church and a
staunch churchman. He married in 1822, Miss
Mary Houston, and four children were borri
to their union. Three of these children were
daughters, the eldest of whom, Sallie A. Wa! ■
ker, married John R. Triplett, of Missouri.
The second daughter, Annie M. Walker, mar-
ried Dr. R. S. Holmes, a prominent physi-
cian of this city, and after his death. Mr. Will-
iam Fryer, of Xew York. The youngest
daughter, Harriet L. Walker, married first
Edward G. Atkinson, of St. Louis, and after
his death, General H. G. Gibson, of the
United States Army. The son, Benjamin E.
Walker, married a daughter of George K.
McGunnegle, of St. Louis. He was an ex-
ceedingly popular young man and it used
to be said of "Ben'" Walker, as he was always
called, that the number of his friends in-
cluded his entire list of acquaintances. He wa.?
the organizer and for some years the captain
of the "Young American Greys." one of the
most popular military organizations which has
ever had an existence in St. Louis.
Walker, David Davis, merchant, was
born July 19, 1840. near Bloomington, Illi-
nois. His father was a native of England and
his mother of Maryland, and both died on the
farm near Bloomington on which the_\- resid-
ed for many years, the father passing away
in 1875 and the mother three years later.
David D. Walker was reared on this farm
and obtained his rudimentary education in
country scl 1 d, for a
time, Beloit College of Beloit, Wisconsin
in 1857. while still a youth, came to St. Louis,
to enter upon a practical course of training
for t'1" business of merchandising. The firm
■ if ( row, Met Ireen & ( ' imparn was then o m -
ducting the largest wholesale drj ; Is
house in the city and Mr. Walker entered
the employ of this house ns an office boy. He
soon demonstrated that he had a geniu
merchandising and advanced from one po-
n to another until in [865, eight
after he entered the employ "i tin
was admitted to a partnership. His intense
energy and activity caused him to overtax his
strength and as a result he was compelled to
withdraw from this business in 1873 and de-
the next two years to rest and the re-
covery of his health. In [880, having regained
his physical vigor, Ik- resumed merchandising
forming at that time with Frank Eh an 1
others, the firm of Ely, Walker & 1 ompanv.
The house thus founded by young and pro
gressive men at once lock a prominent posi-
tion in the trade and the expansion of its bus
iness brought about the organization and in-
1 or] m ration of the Ely & Walker 1 >r\ < loods
Company, in 1883. The record of this house
has since been one of constant progression
.and it has become one of the famous mercan-
tile institutions of the West. Mr. Walker has
from 'die beginning of Ids career been a -in-
dent of every phase of merchandising and of
all the markets in which he has been either
buyer or seller. He was trained to the busi-
ness under the preceptorship of Wayman
Crow, one of the most thoroughly accom-
plished merchants who were ever identified
with the trade in St. Louis .and his success
has done credit to his training. Mr. Walker
married in 1S62, Mis- Martha A. Beakey,
dan Miter of Joseph Beakey of St. Louis. The
children born to them have been Rose Mar-
ion, foseph Sidney, William II., David D.
Jr., George Herbert and James Theodore
Walker. Three of the sons are ass*
with their father in business.
Walker. Jesse, clergyman, was
and reared in Xorth <
to Tennessee and settled a few 1
Xashvilk in the 1- 1 if this century. He
became an itiner;
WALSH.
pal Church in i.v02 and was sent
into North Missouri in 1807 after a year in
Illinois. The next thirteen years were divided
between the two territories. In 1820 he es-
tablished himself in St. Louis as a Missionary
and operated in the old Court House for a
year. In that time he had organized a Metho-
dist Society and procured the erection of a
small frame church at Fourth and what is
now Clark Avenue. He subsequently traveled
and preached extensively in Illinois. Part of
the time he was laboring among some of the
Indian tribes then in Illinois. He did Mission-
ary work in and adjacent to Chicago when
the population was sparse and introduced
Methodism into that town in 1832. Having
a society of ten members a deed was secured
to a lot on which a church in time was erect-
ed, and the ground is now covered by the
Methodist Block, in the midst of which is the
Clarke Street or First Methodist Church. He
died in Cook county, Illinois, in October 1835.
He was a plain man in person, preaching and
dress. A white cravat encircled an uncollared
neck, drab woolen coat, pants and vest cov-
ered his person, and a fur hat of same color
with spacious brim covered his head. No two
cities of Methodism owe so much to one man
3s St. Louis and Chicago owe to Jesse Wal-
ker.
Walsh, Edward, merchant, manufac-
turer and man of affairs, win 1 occupied a
prominent place among the builders of St.
Louis, was born in the County Tipperary,
Ireland, December 27, 1798, and died in this
city March 23, 1866. His boyhood was spent
in the rich agricultural region in which he was
born and, being one of a family of eleven chil-
dren and the son of parents not in affluent
circumstances, his industrial training began at
an early age. His school days ended when
he was twelve years old, but during the few
years which had been allotted to him for
scholastic training, he laid a broad founda-
tion for the acquisition of practical knowl-
edge and his education was completed in the
school of experience. After quitting school, he
served an apprenticeship of four years to the
business c.f merchandising in one of the stores
of Tipperary County and then another four
years' apprenticeship to the milling business,
if which tr.-nh s he appears to have thor-
oughly mastered if one may judge of this
from his success in merchandising and mill-
ing enterprises in later years. Soon after he
was 20 years old, the ambition inherent in his
nature prompted him to come to this country,
Louisville, Kentucky, to which place a friend
and relative had preceded him, being the city
in which he expected to begin life on his own
account. When he arrived there, however, he
failed to find awaiting him the longed-for op-
portunities, and the result was that he con-
tinued his journey westward to Missouri.
Settling in Ste. Genevieve county in 1818, he
built a flouring mill there and conducted it
successfully until 1824. when he disposed ot
it and removed to Madison county, Missouri,
where he inaugurated another milling enter-
prise. Some time later, having accumulated
capital enough to enable him to engage in
business on a somewhat larger scale, he came
to St. Louis and established his residence
permanently in this city. Here he engaged in
the business which he had first learned — that
of merchandising — being associated with his
brother in a general store, conducted under
the firm name of 1. & E. Walsh. He had a
genius for trade and his career in St. Louis
was a record of continuous progress, con-
stantly expanding enterprise and constantly
increasing usefulness as a man and citizen.
In 183 1, he became the owner of a St. Louis
flouring mill, which had been erected in
T827, and under his conduct and management,
it soon became the largest flour manufactur-
ing establishment in the city. Later, he be-
came the owner of two other mills and his
operations were carried on. on what was con-
sidered in those days a gigantic scale. He was
one of the founders of the milling industry in
St. Louis and helped to set on foot the move-
ment which caused this city to become fa-
mous as one of the great flour manufacturing
centers of the world. His mind was always
active, his energies intense, and withal, his
efforts were deliberatly and wisely directed
toward the accomplishment of the desired
aim. As his wealth increased, he sought new
fields of investment for his surplus capital and
thus became prominently identified with the
rn river traffic, investing half a million
rs in steamboats and other river craft
and being interested, at one time, in more
than a score of vessels plying on Western
1 5. In the golden era of Galena lead min-
ing, he was a member of the firm which had
SaD^^^I^
WALSH.
M97
a practical monopoly ot the carrying- trade be-
tween St. Louis and these mines, and gath-
ered rich returns from this investment. In a
thoroughly practical way, he was always pub-
lic-spirited and progressive. He was om of
the first men in St. Louis to favor the con-
struction of street railroads and, although he
had large river interests, he was one of the
earliest promoters, also, of steam railway en-
terprises. He was a member of the first board
of directors of the Missouri Pacific Railroad
Company and was an original subscriber, al-
so, for the stock of the Ohio and Mississippi
and the North Missouri Railroad Companies.
With the inception and development of the
street railway system of St. Louis, his name
is indissolubly connected. He was one of the
builders of the first lines of street railway and
was long identified with these enterprises
thereafter as a shareholder in, and official of
companies operating them. He was also one
of the founders of the Old State Bank of Mis-
souri and of the Merchants' National Bank,
and was a stockholder and director in the
Missouri Insurance and Union Insurance
Companies. The number of enterprises and in-
dustries which felt the vivifying effects of his
business sagacitv, energy and liberality dur-
ing his business career in St. Louis were le-
gion, and big, broad development followed
in the pathway of his efforts. Prosperity ad-
ded to the comprehensiveness of his views,
broadened his sympathies and continually ex-
tended his usefulness. At the same time, he
remembered always his past, and the strug-
gles of his early life disposed him generously
toward those who had like obstacles to con-
tend with in gaining a foothold in the busi-
ness world. He had a practical way of helping
young men to help themselves, many of
whom found in him a most valuable friend
and advisor. He was the warm personal and
political friend of Senator Thomas H. Ben-
ton and, while he always declined political
preferment of any kind, was closely allied with
Senator Benton in some of his most notable
contests. Mr. Walsh was twice married. First,
in 1822, to Miss Maria Tucker, and, after her
death, in 1840, to Miss Isabelle de Mun,
daughter of Jules de Mun. of St. Louis. Six
children survived their father. His daughter,
Ellen, became the wife of Solon Humphreys,
of New York, at one time president of the
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com-
pany; Marie C, another daughter, <
the wife of ';'.. M. Chambers, of St. Louis
county; and his three sons, 1. \. Walsh, Ed-
ward Walsh, Jr., and Daniel E. Walsh, have
al! contribute.! largely to the up-building ol
St. Louis. Of Julius S. Walsh, another son.
who has achieved unusual distinction, extrud-
ed personal mention is made in the following
sketch.
Walsh, Julius S., financier, was born in
St. Louis December 1. 1842, eldest son 01
Edward and Isabelle (de Mun) Walsh. Rearei
in the city of his birth, lie was educated in
part in the schools of St. Louis and St. Louis
University, and completed his academic course
of study at St. Joseph's College, of Bards-
town, Kentucky, from which institution he
was graduated in the class of 1861. Returning
then to St. Louis, he began the study of law
under the preceptorship of Hon. John M.
Krum, a distinguished member of the bar, and
later matriculated in the Law I department of
Columbia College, graduating from that in-
stitution with the degree of Bachelor of Laws
in 1864. The same year, he was admitted t 1
practice at the bar of New York State and in
1865, St. Louis University conferred upon him
the degree of Master of Arts, in recognition
of his scholarly attainments. While he was
admit ablv fitted, both by nature and educa-
tion, for a successful career at the bar. he was
constrained. to devote a large share of his at-
tention to the important business enterprises
in which his father was engaged, and the
death of his father in 1866 probably changed,
to a considerable extent, the course of his life.
Understanding, better than anyone else, the
character of the enterprises in which his
father had been engaged and having demon-
strated his ability to care for these interests
properly, he was made administrator of the
estate of his father and in his young manhood
assumed responsibilities of large magnitude.
Tailing his father's place as a member of the
directorates of various banking, railroad
-tree* railway corporations, hi 1
once his genius for financiering am
a potent factor in shaping the p,
controlling the affairs of the
with which he was connected
was madi 1 re. idem of
Companv, and about tl
presi '■ 1
2398
WALSH.
urban Railway Company. In his administra-
tion of the affair of these corporations, he
not onh demonstrated that he had execu-
tive ability of a lush order, but made it ap-
pan nt to all those who took note of his oper-
ate as that his views were liberal and com-
pn lensive and that he was planning- wisely
and judiciously to keep pace with the growth
of the i ity in the development of intramural
transit. Extending his interests in street rail-
v .'■ i nterprises, he was made president of the
Cnion Raiiv,a\ Company in 1873 and contin-
ue'! thereafter to occupy a prominent position
ami >ng the men who have built up in St. Iv mis
the greatest railway system in the world. In
1877, he became president of the People's
Railwav Company and also of the Tower
Grove and Lafayette Railway Companies, and
in [885 built the Northern Central Railway,
purchasing, about the same time, a controll-
ing interest in the Fair Grounds and Cass
Avenue Railway Company. He became presi-
dent of each nl the companies, owning and
operating these lines of railway, and the cor-
porations of which he was the head operated
in all something like seventy-five miles of
street railroads. Important as were the re-
sults which attended hi* operations in this
field, his activities were in part only limited
to enterprises of this character. Some time
prior to 1875, he became interested in the
improvement of the Mississippi river and es-
pecially in the plan of deepening the channel
at the mouth of the river through a system
of jetties. In the year last named, he was
chosen president of the South Pass Jetty
( "tnnany and acted in that capacity until the
desired results were obtained in the creation
of a channel at the mouth of the river thirty-
two feet in depth. From 1875 to J^QO, he
served also as president of the St. Louis
Bridge Company and in 1889 was elected
to the presidency of the Municipal Electric
Light Company. In [895, he was made vice-
president of the St. Louis Terminal Associa-
tion, and in [896 succeeded to the presidency
of a corporation which controls the terminals
of twenty-two railroads now entering St
Louis and property worth thirty millions, of
dollars. In addition I 1 acting as president and
chief executive officer of the o rporations to
which reference has been made. Mr. Walsh
has been official! \ connected also as a director
with tin Third National Hank, the Laclede
National Bank, the Merchants Laclede Bank,
the North Missouri Railroad Company, the
St. Louis, Kansas City ec Northern Railroad
Company, the Wabash & Western Railroad
Company, the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad
Company, and the Baltimore, < diio & South-
western Railroad Company. Public enter-
prises other than those in which he had a
financial interest have also received a large
share of Ins attention and derived profit and:
benefit from his sagacious management. In
1874, he was elected president of the St. Louis
Agricultual and Mechanical Fair Asociation,
and during the four years that he retained that
1 n, it enjoyed a golden era of prosperity.
He inaugurated the project of making th
Fail Grounds an attractive place of resort
at all seasons of the year, instead of during
the week of the Fair only. Under his supervi-
sion, the grounds were oeautified and em-
bellished, an art gallery was erected and a
zoological garden was established, which at
one time contained some of the rarest speei-
m< n of the animal kingdom and was one of
the leading attractions of St. Louis. He also
er 'i ted a "natural history" building and the
adornments of art were combined with nat-
ural scenic beauties to make the place one of
rare attractiveness. To the financial acumen
and organizing ability of Mr. Walsh. St.
Louis is indebted for a monetary institution
which has become famous throughout the
West, which controls vast interests and which
wields large influence in the financial affairs
of the city. In 1890, he organized the Mis-
sissippi Valley Trust Company, of which he
became president, a position which he has
since retained. Trust companies were at that
time comparatively unknown in the West, but
Air. Walsh's connection with this enterprise
inspired confidence and quickly brought to it
large patronage. The corporation now has a
capital of $3, 000, 000. and its surplus and
profits at the beginning of the year 1898 ag
' " t< 1 $750,000. To accommodate this in-
stitution, a splendid building, specially adapt-
ed to the purpose for which it was designed,
has been erected, and both the building and
the institution are monuments to the enter-
ami ability of Mr. Walsh. He was mai
ried January n, 1870, to Miss Josie Dicks >n,
daughter of the late Charles K. Dickson, of
St I 1 mis.
^5C^
WALSH.
19
Walsh, William, one of the most dis-
tinguished members of the Catholic Clergy of
Si. Louis, lor many years, was born ( Ictober
5. 1829. in the parish of Abingdon, County
Limerick, Ireland, and died in St. Louis, De-
cember 14, 1898. He was designed for the
priesthood by his parents and at an early
age, evinced an aptitude for religious teaching.
After attending the parish school, he pursued
his studies under the prcceptorship of emi-
nent priests at Cahir Conlish. In 1851, he bi
gan missionary work and soon afterwards
sailed, for America. The same year he arrived
in Chicago, Illinois, and there continued his
theological studies for a short time. Novem-
ber l, 1S52, he came to St. Louis and com-
his divinity studies, at the old Theo-
logical Seminarj in Carondelet. He was or-
dained to the priesthood in 1854 and imme-
diate1}- afterward took charge of a Church at
Jefferson City, Missouri, by appointment of
Archbishop Kenrick. Ten years later, he re-
turned to St. Louis, to become pastor of St.
Bridget's Church. He found this parish heav-
ily in debt and at once applied himself zeal-
ously to the discharge to these obligations. In
this he was eminently successful and in a
comparative!}' short time, he had relieved the
parish of its onerous burdens. He subse-
quently built two school houses, one for boys
and the other for girls, and also the parochial
residence. During the closing months of his
life, he sought to fully complete all the par-
ish buildings and leave them in perfect con-
dition for his successor. Throughout his life
he was verv active in educational work, and
he was one of those chiefly instrumental in es-
tablishing the Kenrick Diocesan Seminar;,'.
He was one of the promoters of the Boy's
Protector}-, a reformatory for bays, which
was located at Glenco, Missouri, and was a
useful institution, until it was destroyed by
fire. For years he was also vice-president of
the Orphan's Board, and was prominent in
all diocesan work. His great services to the
church, the purity of his life and his high
character, caused him to be honored by the
Holy See. with the title of Monsignor, on the
recommendation of Arcnbishop Kaine, in
1896. He was greatly beloved by all the 1 Cath-
olics of 'St. Louis and the memory of his
good deeds and noble life, will always linger
with those among whom he lived and lal
f< >r 5 many vears.
Walsh, Thomas Warj ng, architect, was
born in Kilkenny, Ireland, Juh [5, iX_>-, son
of William Walsh and Man Lovey VVaryng,
his wife of a fin< 1 ild famih near Man. luster,
England. Thomas, the eldest of sjx children,
was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Ills
father was an architect aim chose this line I <r
his son, v hi 1 studied the pn ifession under Sir
William Dean Butler, who was knighted b)
the Queen for the restoration of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, lie was thus finely equipped on
coming to St. Louis in < ictober, 1849, at tne
opportune time after the great fire, when the
work 01 rebuilding occupied so much atten
tii in. I le si ion iv ise ti 1 eminence in his pro
Cession and traveled abroad for the purpose
of familiarizing himself with the architecture
of the older countries, having in view its
adaptation to the demands of fine taste as ap-
plied to American buildings. Man} of the
public edifici s and resiliences of St. Louis beat
witness to his aesthetic ideas. N'ot only in
adornment, but in structural solidity, was his
exti lordinary genius displayed. The Re-
public" building is a lasting evidence of these
characteristics. The Church of St. Francis
Xavicr, at Lindell Boulevard ana < irand
Avenue, was planned and, in his lifetime,
partially built by Mr. Walsh. The new St.
Louis University, the old Everett House, the
'first Lindell Hotel, the Polytechnic Building,
I- Mm Courts and Jail, many of the St. Louis
Public Schools, the Insane Asylums at St.
foseph, Missouri, and Anna, Illinois, and nu-
merous either institutions were designed by
him. He was the consulting architect and
superintendent of the old and new Custom
Houses and Postofrices of the city, presented
the premium plan for the Exposition, de-
signed the County Poor House under instruc-
tions of the Court, and in his day was re-
garded as the most complete master, both in
drawing and construction, of .ureal building-
enterprises, lie had the faculty of attracting
about him the most skillful a--.ist.-mis. and
under his directions the minutest details re-
ceived careful attention. To the general re<
ognition cf his talents he owed his wonderful
success, but it must be said that his familiar
acquaintance and popularity with men of in-
rhience had something to do in promotii
as ,-. g-ood suggestor of public proj
his quick eye selecting locations when
needed or desirable, and his
WALTHER COLLEGE
;ional talents supplying suggestions as
to how the wants might be filled. Although
not a politician and having no ambitions out-
side of his devotion to his business as an arch-
itect, he freely entered into the spirit of the
people on matters relating to common con-
cur., subscribed liberally when calamity
calied for succor, and was prompt in assist-
ing the deserving. In 1854, Air. Walsh mar-
ried Isabella, daughter of Robert H. Betts,
who, with their only offspring, Robert Will-
iam Walsh, survives him. .Mr. Walsh, who
had been a sufferer for many years from a
kidney trouble resulting in Bright's disease,
died March 24, 1890. a devout member of the
Catholic Church. The son, like his father ana
grandfather before him, is an architect.
Walther College. — In January, 1858, an
academy was opened in connection with the
parochial school of Immanuel Lutheran
Church of this city. The Principal of this ad-
vanced school was Mr. P. Albach, A. M., of
Baltimore, Md.. a theologian, who had pur-
sued his studies at the Gettysburg Seminary
and had for several years been the pastor of a
Lutheran congregation. The branches of in-
struction taught in the academy were Relig-
ion, German, English, Geography, History,
Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Penman-
ship and Drawing. The school flourished for
several years, but suffered considerably un-
der the influences of the war during the early
sixties and finally passed out of independent
existence. It was. however, revived in a dif-
ferent firm. when, in October. 1866, a High
School was established by an association, the
head and leading spirit of which was Prof.
1 F. \\ . Walther. A building was provided
by several members of the Lutheran congre-
gations of this city on Barry Street, between
Si . nth and Eighth Streets. The first teacher
of this institution was Mr. George A. Witte,
A. M., who had gained some renown as an
educator in a public high school at Baltimore
and in the academy of St. Matthew's Luth-
eran congregation of \rW York. Mr. Witte
having severed his connection with the school
and returned East, Prof F. A. Brackmann, a
learned philologian and accomplished edu-
cator, who had been professor in the Mary-
find St. in- University and St. Charles Col-
ncl a major in tin Federal Army, was
principal in 1868. Hi- successor was
Prof. A. C. Biirgdorf, a man with a classical
education and large experience in the school-
room. Though for a time the school seemed
in a fair way to prosperity, several reasons
worked together to stunt its growth, and
when the chief promotei of this educational
enterprise, Prof. Ur. Walther. departed this
life, in 188", the existence of the school was
precarious and serious doubts were enter-
tained by its best friends whether it would
he possible to continue the work another
year. On December 14, of the same year a
new association was organized for the pur-
pose of founding a new institution in place
of the untenable High School, and energetic
efforts were made toward securing the nec-
essary means for the establishment of a col-
lege with good and substantial buildings. The
new organization was incorporated and ob-
tained a charter under riie name of Walther
College Association. A board of trustees was
electee' with Air. Henry F. Mueller as presi-
dent, Air. Charles W. Behrens as vice-presi-
dent, and Mr. \Y. C. Schuetz as secretary and
treasurer. Article III of the constitution
adopted declared that "no person shall be
eligible for membership to this association
unless he be in harmony with the doctrines 1 f
the Evangelical Lutheran Church, commonly
known as the German Lutheran Church, in
accordance with the symbols of the Lutheran
Church contained in the Book of Concord of
1580. and unless he possess such other qual-
ifications as the by-laws of the association
may require." The aim of the College was to
he. 10 offer its pupils opportunities of obtain-
ing a good general education founded on the
principles of true Christianity and of prepar-
ing either tor actual business life or for enter-
ing' upon a full collegiate course or for pur-
suing'- professional studies with the view 1 if
becoming doctors, lawyers, engineers, archi-
tects, etc. In September, 1889, two classes of
the new College were opened at the old build-
ing of the High School on Barry Street; but
on February 10, 1890, the school was trans-
ferred to its present quarters, a commodious
building erected on the College grounds
which constitute the greater portion of the
double block lying between Chouteau
Avenue and Hickory Street, and Eighth and
St. Paul Streets. A stately mansion, which
had been purchased with the grounds, was
occupied b\ the president of the Faculty,
WALTIIKR.
2401
Prof. A. C. Burg-dorf. and the boarding
students under his immediate supervision and
control In 1891 the boarding- hall was en-
larged by the addition of a third story and a
third teacher was engaged. In 1892 the col-
lege course was completed by the opening oi
a fourth class and the employment of two
more teachers, one of whom was to devote
all his time to the commercial department. A
generous donation of $t6,ooo by Mr. Mueller,
the I'rcsident of the Board, enabled the so
ciety to add a third building, the Ladies' Hall,
located on Paul Street, opposite the College
in 1896. The officers of the Board of Trustees,
in 1899, were H. F. Mueller. President; IT.
Schenkel, Vice-President; H. Harms, Secre-
tary and Treasurer; Prof. A. Graebner, Su-
perintendent, and Prof. A. C. Burgdorf, Pres-
ident of the Faculty. The Faculty in the sail!
year consisted of Prof. A. C. Burgdorf. Pres-
ident: Prof. E. Seuel. Prof. A. O. Leutheus-
ser. Prof. Theo. Graebner, Miss A. Cramme,
and Mr. C. Rupprecht. The courses of stud-
ies open to students of both sexes are a class-
ical course, a scientific course, an English
course, and a commercial course; besides
students are admitted to courses of elective
studies on the individual plan.
PROF. AUGUSTUS L. GRAEBNER.
Walther, Karl Ferdinand Wilhelm,
was born October 25, 1811, the son of a
Lutheran pastor at Langenchursdorf, in Sax-
ony. He was the eighth of twelve children.
His earliest training he received at his fath-
er's knee and in the common school of the
Stllage, whence he was sent to the city schi 10I
of Hohenstein near Chemnitz and, two years
later, in 1821, he entered college at Schnee-
berg, where his brother-in-law, H. F. W.
Schubert, was Conrector. During the eight
years which he spent at this school he was
nearlv exclusively under the influence of ra-
tionalistic teachers, and when he left Schnee-
berg, in his eighteenth year, he had never
possessed a Bible or a Catechism. He had no
inclination toward theologv, but longed to
make music the occupation of his life. His
father, however, would not hear of this choice,
mil promised his soji a dollar a week for his
inpport only under the condition that he
would study theology. In the fall of 1829
Walther was matriculated at Leipzig, and his
;lder brother. Otto Hermann Walther. who
was also a student at the university, intro-
duced him to a circle of students, who, under
the leadership of a candidate for the ministry,
Kuehn, devoted several hours a week to de-
votional exercises. They, however, did not
satisfy the heart of young Walther, but
brought him to the verge of despair. It was
then that God used the gentle hand of a wo-
man to draw the young (nan from the depths
of his misery by the comforting word of Gos-
pel truth, whereby the matron became the
spiritual mother of the young theologian, who,
many years after, at her burial, confessed his
debt of gratitude to her. For a time it seemed
that young Walther would never complete
his studies at the university, but that he
would fall an early prey to pulmonary dis-
ease. But when in 1832 he returned to the
university, he had made good use of the in-
terval of rest by burrowing into an edition of
Luther's works, which he had found in his
father's library, and laying the foundation of
his intimate acquaintance with the Reform-
er's writings which distinguished him in later
years. Having completed his studies under
teachers who were most oi them confirmed
rationalists he labored as a private tutor from
1834 to 1830. In 1837 he was ordained to the
ministry in the village church of Braeunsdorf
in Saxony and became the pastor of a congre-
gation which, for forty years and more, had
not heard the gospel of Christ preached from
its pulpit and had sunken deep in intellectual,
moral and religious depravity. When Walther,
true to his vow and the symbols of the Luth-
eran Church, which he had sworn to follow
and maintain, endeavored to work a change
toward sound Lutheranism, obstacles without
number were thrown in his way. until his
troubled conscience was beset on ever}- side,
and in several cases his orthodoxy led to dis-
ciplinary measures and litigations, of which
he was held to pay the costs.
It was under these circumstances that Wal-
ther was informed of certain plans, which had
matured among the adherents of Martin Ste-
phan, the preacher of a small congregation
in Dresden and the spiritual advisor of many
who were not of his parish but who, either
personal! v or in writing, revealed themselves
to him and sought his counsels and gener-
ally obtained what they needed. Walther him-
self had in hi^ troubles at Leipzig applied to
this nan for spiritual advice, and not in vain.
2402
WALTHER.
And when now. in 1838, a part) of more than
700 emigrants prepared to leave their (ierman
homes for a distant country where they
might worship God without let or hindrance.
Walther was one of the ministers who set
their faces toward America in company with
Stephan. The pilgrims arrived at St. Louis
early in 1839. Stephan had been made the
bishop Hi these people, most of whom follow-
ed him to Perry county, Missouri, where a
number of colonies were to be established
under his supervision and control. But before
many months had passed, Stephan was un-
masked liv the confessions of several of his
victims ami expelled from the colonies. Amid
the excitement and turmoil of those days,
when their leader's mismanagement seemed
t" have brought his followers to the verge of
temporal and spiritual ruin, it was Ferdinand
Walther who first succeeded in gaining a firm
foothold in the word of Scripture and leading
his companions in misery to a proper survey
and estimate of the situation, lie remained
in the colonies and also contributed toward
the establishment 01 the higher institution of
learning which later developed into Concor-
dia College and Seminar}-. When, in 1841, his
brother. Otlo Hermann, died, the younger
brother was called to succeed him in the pas-
torate of ilic 1 ongregation which had been or-
ganized by tin- immigrants who had remained
in St. bonis, and after some hesitation
Walther accepted the call. 1 li- pasti iral labors
were eminently successful. Tn 1842 the first
church of the congregation was erected with
a basement for school rootjis. In 1844 Walther
I iven an assistant minister in the per-
il a young theologian, F. Buenger, wdio
had since [84 1 been in charge of the parochial
1 In thi -a me year a branch school was
in another part of the citv, and. this
school was in, germ of Iinmanuel's Church,
was organized in 1847 and erected a
of worship in 1848, where thenceforth
to tie- end of Ins days Bhenger official'
pastor. In 1844 Lhe congregation resolved on
the publication of a religious periodical, which
had been planned by Walther, and in Septem-
ber of that year the Lutheraner made its
first appearance, giving forth, from its very-
beginning an uncompromising ring of sound
Lutheranism. In fact, the Lutheraner be-
came a bugle which, by its clear and stirring
called Luther;
the countrj lo rally around the old Lutheran
standard, which had been so long forgotten
even !>\ those who called themselves Luth-
erans. When, in 1845 and 1846, the first steps
were taken toward the organization of a
strictly Lutheran Synod, Walther's counsels
were sought by such men as Wyneken and
Sihler. 1 lis draft of a G institution for the new-
body was adopted by conferences held at St.
Louis and Ft. Wayne in 1846, and by the
Svnod which was organized in 1847 :'-1 Chi-
cago, where Walther was chosen the first
President of the body of which he remained
the acknowledged leader lo the end of his
life. In the theological professorship for which
he was elected in 1840 and in which he con-
tinued to labor the rest of his life, he became
1! - teacher of hundreds of theologians, who
were afterwards his fellow laborers in the
ministn and welcomed every opportunity of
again hearing their former teacher when at
the meetings of Synods he led in the doc-
trinal discussions, which to this day are the
most prominent feature of the synodical
meetings of the Missouri Synod.. As the chief
editor of the Lutheraner. and of a theologi-
cal monthly, "Lchre und Wehre," Walther
ted a powerful influence not only
throughout tht Synod but throughout the en-
tire Lutheran Church, not only in this coun-
try, but also in Europe and more distan
tinents. and his testimony was nol without
perceptible effect even among those who
. ntag misl in doctrinal o mtn iver-
sies. In 1850 he, together with his friend
I en, was delegated to Germany for the
purpose of bringing about a restoration of
fraternal relations with a former friend and
pi ter of the orthodox Lutheran m
ment in America. Wilhelm Loehe of Neuen-
dellelsau.
Walther's testimon) in this case, as in all
mtroversics in which he took a leading
part, was thetical as well as antithetical. Stat
ing and substantiating the doctrinal truths at
issu< as well as combating the error- bv
which he saw such truths assailed. Thus the
>\ ersy 1 in the d< ictrine of the church and
inistry, in which Walther stood against
ibau and LocIk and their follower- 1 1
ned the publication of Walther's first
■ St mime unserer Kirche in der
-.on Kirche und Amt," the first edi
ared in 1852. Tn this
WALTHER.
the chief purpose was not so much to show-
that the doctrine which he maintained was
scriptural, though this was not entirely neg-
lected, but rather that it was Lutheran, since
his opponents, too, claimed that they were
Lutherans and their doctrine orthodox. Un-
der similar circumstances all the more exten-
sive controversies in which we find Walther
engaged sprung up, and hence we under-
stand why it was that Walther's method of
substantiating his doctrinal theses and de-
fending his positions was to give first a brief
and terse substantiation from the Scriptures,
and then to add extensive quotations from the
symbolical book and the writings of the emi-
nent theologians of the Lutheran Church in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, espe-
cially of Luther, with whose works Walther
was probably more thoroughly familiar than
any contemporary theologian. This method of
demonstration implied in Walther a truly re-
markable measure of modesty. Walther was
a man of brilliant talents, who had few equals
in the use of the language in which he spoke
and wrote. He was a most ready and polished
dialectician, and in many, perhaps in most
cases, he would with more credit to himself
have said in his own words what he would
say, but said in the words of others. This is
very apparent in certain articles of his. in
which he deviated from his common method,
and in his sermons, in which he cast the
truths of Scripture and the symbols into a
form of his own, of which a German publicist
has said: "The old preachers of the Lutheran
Church are so hard for us to use because their
form of preaching is so entirelv foreign to
our method of discourse. We have to do vi< <-
lence to ourselves in order to avoid taking of-
fense at their mode of expression. In Walther
it is entirely different. He is as orthodox as
Johann Gerhard, but as fervent as a pietist, as
correct in form as a university or court-
preacher, and yet as popular as Luther him-
self." Walther was not an extempore preach-
er. His sermon manuscripts were prepared
with the utmost care, and the numerous in-
terlineations and marginal additions bear
evidence to the painstaking faithfulness, which
contributed largely toward making Walther
the model preacher that he was, especially
when we note that these manuscripts were
not laid aside when they were finished, but
committed to memory verbatim before the
sermons were delivered in the pulpit. This is
all the more noteworthy in view of the man-
ifold duties which were incumbent upon this
bus) man. Walther's correspondence was im-
mense, and most of his letter- were theologi-
cal treatises of more than momentary import-
ance on a great variety of subjects. Xol onl)
ministers who had been his students., but also
members of the congregation solicited his
opinion on different questions, some of which
were only answered after a most careful study
of matters which concerned individual souls
or entire congregations or the Synod or
church at large. Besides his time was often
occupied by personal interviews of such as
had important matters to submit to In- ripe
theological judgment and counsel. Altogether
Walther's theology was eminently practical,
always keeping in close contact with the in-
terests of the church, while at the same time
his mind was stocked with a plentiful store
of information on all the various branches i I
theology, and he was extensively read in
theological literature, both ancienl and mod-
ern, lie was familiar with the works of St.
Augustine and of the mediavel scholastics as
well as with the various schools of modern
theology. As a theological professor h
scrupulously exact in his statement-. Prob-
ably the most profitable to his students were
his Friday evening lectures, several series of
which were published after his death, while
others are still awaiting publication. The mosl
voluminous of his works, however, are his
postils, the greater part of which were also
printed as posthumous works.
With all this Walther was not a book-worm
with no horizon but that of his study. He had
from his younger years retained an ardent
love for music, of which he had a fair knowl-
edge. He was for many years the leader i if a
choir, which would assemble under his own
i ir si ime other hospitable roof at stated times
and often contributed toward beautifying the
public services oi the congregation and other
public celebrations, and when he was
engaged in the pulpit and at the alt:
would very frequently take :'
place, and then everyone knew that V,
presided at the organ. Under tli<
his various duties he -till found tim
an evening now and then at the li
colleagues or brethren in the ministrv or
bers of the congrega tons, where he v
.'4' 4
WALTHER.
si i nlertaining companion. He was quick
at repartee, and occasionally exhibited a vein
of humor which his features did not bespeak
when he was occupied with the affairs of Ins
calling.
In 1853 YValther founded a Bible Society,
with which, in the course of years, a number
iii auxilian societ) connected themselves, and
hi which he was the president as long as it
existed. In 1855 Lehre und Wehre, a theolog-
ical monthly, made its first appearance under
Walther's editi rship. In the preface of the
d volume the editor proposed a plan of
bringing members of the various Lutheran
in America into personal contact by
free conferences for doctrinal discussions, and
in the same year, r S 5 * > , the first free confer-
ence wa.< held at Columbus, ' >hio. A similar
conference mel in 1857 and 1868, at all of
winch Walther was present. His absence from
the conference of 1859 was caused by a se-
vere disease of the throat, for which he sought
and found relic! by a trip to Europe in i860.
In 1863 he published his book "Die rechte
Gestalt ciner vom Statte unabhangigen evan-
gelisch-hvtherischen Ortsgemeinde," a sequel
to his hook- on the Church and the Ministry
In 1N50 he was re-elected to the presidency
Joint Synod, in which he had been suc-
' by Wyneken in 1850 and in which
he continued to serve till 1878. In i860
Walther vvas one of the representatives of his
Synod at the colloquy with members of the
Buffalo Svnod, and in 1867 he took a leading
part in the colloquy with representatives of
the fowa Synod, where the points discussed
were Chiliasm, Open Questions, Antichrist,
and thi Lutheran Symbols. In March, [868,
Walther, with others, was in conference with
members of the ( )hio Synod at Columbus, in
1 ictol • <- of the same year with members of
the Wisconsin Synod, and in [869 with mem-
ber- of the Illinois Synod, and these three
colloquies resulted in the mutual recognition
"■ the bodii s represented as in full agreement
as tn doi trine ; nd practice. In 1871, in which
year also his first Postil on the Gospels was
published. Walther took part in a convention
at t hicago, preiiminan to the formation of
the Synodical Conference, which was accom-
plished in 1872 at a meeting at Milwaukee,
for which he preached the opening sermon;
he was also the first president of the Svnodi-
cal Conference. In August of 1872 he was
present at a tree conference of English Luth-
eran'- at Gravehon, Missouri, for which he
furnished the doctrinal theses, and this meet-
ing was the germ of what is now the English
Synod of Missouri and other States. In this
year also Walther's work on Pastoral Theol-
ogy was published in book form, the mater
ial having appeared in the form of articles in
Lehre und Wehre from 1865 to 1871. In [876
another volume of sermons. "Brosamen," ap-
peared. In 1N7N Walther accepted the tit
Doctor of Divinity, conferred upon him by
Capita! University of Columbus, Ohio. In the
same year, at his urgent ami repeated request,
his Synod finally consented to free him from
the burden of the presidency, and this measure
providential, as the following years were
1. me the most exacting of Walther's
public life; for in 1879 the great controversy,
predicted by Walther during the jubilee
Synod of 1872, the controversy on the doc-
trines of predestination and conversion.
sprung up, which led to a rupture in the Syn-
odical Conference, though not in the Missouri
Synod, as mar,}- had expected. A general con-
ference of tiie pastors of the Synod held at
Chicago in 1880 showed the mass of the min-
istry united in the same doctrinal position. A
cohoquy of the theological faculties and the
presidents of the Synods connected with the
Synodical Conference held at Milwaukee in
[881, at which Walther was also present,
tailed of ihi desired success, and the contro-
vers) was continued chiefly in the periodicals
of the Synods concerned and in an extensive
literature of pamphlets, toward all of which
Walther contributed the greater part.
Thus the fall of [886 found the great man
ripe in years and in full command of his
mental faculties, though already enfeebled in
bod) and health, and when during the Dis-
trict Synod convened at St. Louis he con-
ducted the doctrinal discussions on a scries
of theses which had furnished the subjects
for a number of years and brought the series
tn a close, this brilliant effort was also the
closing effort of his life. Immediately after the
convention he suffered a physical collapse,
from which he never recovered. After a linger-
ing allness of many months, during which the
uftieth anniversary of his ordination was cel-
ebrated by his friends, the venerable doc-
tor departed this life on May 7, [887,
while the 1 1 nut Svnod was in session at Ft.
WAI/THER.— WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2405
Wayne, Indiana, and when his body was laid
in its last resting: place, thousands of mem-
bers of the Missouri Synod and of sister
Synods from all parts of the country formed
the greatest funeral procession that St. Louis
had witnessed to that day.
TROF. AUGUSTUS L. GRAEBNER.
Walther, Charles Frederick, was 1 >< >rn
in the city of Culmbach, Germany, April 28,
[823. His parents were Christian and Wil-
helmina (Merkel) Walther, and his father,
who was a tinner by trade, immigrated to the
United States in 1S44 and established his
home in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he died the
same vear. The son was educated in the Latin
school and gymnasium of his native town and
served an apprenticeship to the business of
merchandising. He preceded his parents to
this country, and in 1839 found a temporary
home in Louisville, Kentucky, where he en-
tered the employ of William Weiman, a
wholesale and retail grocer of that city. He
was connected with this house until 1844,
when he engaged in the wholesale and retail
grocery business on his own account, con-
ducting it successfully for three years. During
the years 1847 and 1848, he pursued a course
of study in the languages and higher mathe-
matics in South Hanover College, near Mad-
ison, Indiana, and in 1849 engaged in school
teaching, becoming principal of C. F. \\ al-
ther's High School, of St. Louis. This po-
sition he retained until and including the
year 1S55. Meantime, he had become actively
identified with politics and public affairs in
the city, and in 1856 he was elected Justice
of the Peace in the Seventh Ward, an office
which he held until i860. In 1857, he was
elected member of the City Council as a rep-
resentative of the same ward, and ably cham-
pioned its interests in the city legislature, at
the same time contributing his full share to
promote the best interests of the city at large.
His official connection with the courts as a
local magistrate caused him to become in-
terested in the study of the law, and he pur-
sued a thorough course of reading under the
preccptorship of Judge Krum and Christian
Krippen during the years i860 and 1861. The
issues of the Civil War then diverted his at-
tention from other pursuits, and early in 1S62
he was commissioned Captain of Company I.
of the Eighth Regiment of Missouri Militia,
b it he was soon afterward detached from his
company to serve as an enrolling officer and
on con l-l martial duty. In t863, he was trans-
ferred to the Ninth Regiment of Missouri
Militia, in which he served until the close of
the Civii War. retiring from thai service with
an honorable record as an officer and sol-
dier. From 1866 to 1878, he again served as a
Justice of the Peace in St. Louis', and for
twenty-eight years held the office of notary
public. In the exercise of hi. judicial office,
he evinced wise discretion and ripe judgment.
and no local magistrate of his day was more
popular with all classes of people than Judge
\\ alther. In later years, he has been engi
in business pursuits, and from [885 to [893
he was a director of the German-Amei
Bank. During that time, he also, in connec-
tion with August Gehner and William Nol-
ker, reorganized the German Mutual Fire In
surance Company, .if St. Louis, of which he
became president r888, and which was a
conspicuously successful enterprise under his
management. Having a warm feeling of com
radeship for the men with whom he served
during the Civil War, he has long been a
member of Hassendeubel Post No. 13. of the
Grand Army of the Republic. Politically, he
is identified with the Republican party and he
is a member of the Methodist Church, lie
married in 1866. Mrs. Caroline Bauman, of Si.
Louis. Their children are Charles F., Blum-
ber, and Irwin L. Walther. Mrs. William W.
Corv, and Mrs. E. W. Eicks.
Wampum.— Se
dians."
l tin en: y 1 'lie In-
War between the States — Federal
History. — In order to speak understand-
ingly of the condition of St. Louis during the
Civil War. it becomes necessary to refer to
some events which preceded the condition I
armed hostilities within the borders of the
Prior t<> the inauguration of Presi
Lincoln, on the 4th of March. 18C11. -even < i
the Southern States had seeded from the
Union, formed new constitutions, elected oi
beers, organized armies and claimed to have
established independent governments with-
in their territorial limits, ho
thority of the United ivemment,
and had formed a Southern ■ mfederacy,
'406
WAR BETWEEN THE STATICS.
with a seal of government located at Mont-
. Ala., on the 7th of February, 1861.
The leading, active politicians of Missouri,
its chief executive officers, a majority of
the members of the Legislature, its United
States Senators, favored the movement.
Gov. Jackson, in his inaugural message to
the Legislature, said: "The destiny of the
slave-holding States is one and the same,"
and Missouri, he thought, would "best con-
sult her own interest, and the interest of
the whole country, by timely declaration of
her determination to stand by her sister
slave-holding States, in whose wrongs she
participates and with who.se institutions and
pei iple ;he s\ mpathizes."
Upon the meeting of the Legislature in
Jefferson City, January 2. 1861, Mr. Russell,
as commissioner from the State of Mississippi,
appeared before the joint meeting of the two
houses for the purpose of inducing Missouri
to join Mississippi in seceding from the union
and was received with distinguished honors.
( In the oih of January Vest, of Cooper, intro-
duced in the House the convention bill,
which, following the course adopted by the
seceded states, was intended to take the
State out of the Union, coupled with a pro-
vision, however, which declared that any
act of the convention proposing to change
or dissolve the political relations of Missouri
to the Government of the United State-, or
any other State, should not be valid until a
majority of the qualified voters of the State.
voting upon the question, should ratify the
same. The members of this convention were
1 lected on the [8th of February, 1861.
The object of tins convention, as expressed
in the action of the Legislature providing
for it- exist, nee. was: "To consider the
then existing relations between the < iov-
ernment of the United States, the people
nmenl of the different States and
the government and people of the State of
Missouri; and to adopt such measures for
vindicating the sovereignty of the State and
the protection of its institutions as shall
appear to them to be demanded."
In the election of delegates the question
of union or secession was the prominent, we
may say the only, issue, and the union cause
prevailed by a large majority. The convention
assembled at Jefferson City on the 28th of
Febmarv, [861, and after two davs' session
reassembled at St. Louis on the 4th of March,
the day of Mr. Lincoln's inauguration. There
was no building at Jefferson City at all ap-
pn ipriate for holding the convention, the Leg-
islature was in session, and the capitol occu-
pied, and on that account and for other
good and sufficient reasons, and not "because
the loyal atmosphere of St. Louis was prefer-
able to that of the capital," the convention was
moved to St. Louis. It was on that day that
Luther J. Glenn appeared before the con-
vention as a commissioner from the State
of Georgia, and urged that Missouri should
follow the course that Georgia had resolved
to take, and unite with other Southern
States in forming a Southern confederacy.
Georgia hail not then actually seceded, but
had chosen a convention, whose members
were evidently intending to take that step,
as was done afterward.
Previous to this. Mr. Glenn had visited
the Legislature at Jefferson City. ( hi the
1st of March he was serenaded at the \ ir-
ginia Hotel. When called upon he appeared
on the balcony, escorted by Gov. Jackson,
and was introduced by the Governor as
"the Hon. Mr. Glenn, from our Southern
sister State of > ieorgia, with whose interests
Missouri is eternally indentified." ' rlenn
made a long speech in favor of secession, and
insisted that Missouri was in honor bound
to sustain the seceded States. Jackson follow-
ed and substantially sustained the position
taken by Glenn, asserting- that the day of
I iromise was past. There was a large
crowd, and both speeches were enthus
ally applauded.
When the convention assembled at Mer-
cantile Library hall in St. Louis a secession
hag was floating from the old Berthold
mansion at the corner of Fifth and Pine
Streets. Those present will never forget and
perhaps it would not be out of place to
an eloquent passage from the speech of Uriel
Wright, then one of the ablest lawyers in
Missouri, and a member of the convention
made on the 18th of March. 1861, in Mer-
cantile Library hall, in reference to that fla
"I looked one day towards the southern
skies, towards that sunny land which con-
stitutes our southern possessions, anil I saw
;. banner floating in the air. I am licit
skilled in heraldry, and I may mistake the
sign, but ■'! •■ firsl rose it presented a single
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2407
dim and melancholy star, set in a field of
blue, representing-, I suppose, a lost pleiad
wandering through space. A young moon,
a crescent moon, was by her side, appro-
priately plucked from our planetary sys-
tem, as the most changeable of all repre-
sentatives known to it, a satellite to signi-
fy the vicissitudes which must attend its
career. The sad spectacle wound up with
the appropriate emblem of the cross, de-
noting the tribulation and sorrow which
must attend its going. I could in it favor
any such banner."
It was such utterances as these which
showed that the whole country was in the
presence of a great crisis, that the heart of
every citizen was thrilled witli unaccustomed
emotion. Beneath this outward show of an-
tagonism so eloquently displayed on the
floor of the convention, there were undercur-
rents still stronger.
It is a great mistake to suppose that be-
cause of the large majority given to union
delegates in the convention the State could
at that time be classed as a union State;
it is true there was among them a rever-
ence for the union, and it was hoped that
all difficulties could be amicably settled and
the union preserved without raising the
question of primary allegiance t< i their own
State, and such an effort was made in the
meeting called in support of the Crittenden
compromise resolution, but it may lie confi-
dently assumed that at least two-thirds of
the voters of the State outside of St. Louis
held that "if the North (meaning the fed-
eral government), pending the attempt to
adjust matters peaceably, should make war
upon any Southern State, Missouri would
take up arms in its defense." This was the
declaration, but such is not unionism. The
authority of the Government of the United
States extends over individuals and not
over states, and may cause every individual
within any State, whether he be a State offi-
cer or not, or of all the States, to obey the
laws of the United States passed in pur-
suance of the powers given by the constitu-
tion, and the federal government may also
suppress insurrections against its authority
in any State, and may use the militia of any
State for that purpose. The ridiculous dec-
laration about making war upon a State
means onlv that if tin- federal government
should undertake to use the military to exe-
cute the laws, "i- to suppress an insurr
against its authority, they would resist, and,
if it was a Southern State (that is, a slave
State i, would take up arms in its defense. The
majority of the convention was, how-
ever, composed of union men wise enough
ti) know what unionism wa<. The people
had elected them as such, and thev took
them at their word. Secession was of itself
a threatened violation of law, because it
was a declared resistence t" any attempt
tii execute any federal law within the ter-
ritorial limits of the State, but it was a
"brutum fulmen" until some act of resistance
'had been committed. It was a threat.
ever, that the provisions of the federal con-
stitution which gives that government the
power In pass laws for the collection of the
revenue, fur the performance of postal sen
ice. for the management of the arm
and navy, for the preservation of the forts
and arsenals, and the passage of such other
laws a.- should be necessary to earn into
effect the provisions nf the constitution,
would lie resisted, and. therefore, ii was un-
constitutional and unlawful, and could nut
be made binding upon any one citizi
air- one State, even though a majority of
the people of the State should approve it.
The cry of "making war upon a sovereign
Mate." si, freely used in the convention and
out of it. was a subterfuge, and desi
to elicit and strengthen the regard and
sympathy which the people had for their
political entity, to which, as such,
they had become attached. The threat of
secession in a certain contingency, and a
manifest determination to make it eff<
so plainly shown by the acts and declara-
tions of the leading politicians in the State,
ami bv their representatives in Congress,
made it necessary for those who loved the
union, beyond any affection the}- had for
the State, to take warning and adopt
measures a- would enable them to gh
the- aid in their power to the governmi
which their allegiance was first due.
It may be stated as an undoubt
ical fact that on the 17th of
when Gov. Jackson addressi
that date to Simon Cameroi
War, in n -1- >nse
Presii
>4i 18
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
which he refused the requisition as "ille-
gal, unconstitutional and revolutionary,"
. . before that time, a large majority
people of Missouri were in favor of
secession and uniting the fortunes of Mis-
souri with the States already seceded.
hi a lengthy letter from Gov. Jackson to
I. \V. Tucker, editor of the State Journal,
of the date of April 28, 1861, in which he
bitterly denounced Paschall and the Mis-
souri Republican as pimps and spies, he
said that Missouri ought to go out of the
union, and no doubt will go at the proper
time, that "she ought to have gone out last
winter, when she could have seized the
public arms audi public property and de-
fended herself. This she has failed to do,
and we must now wait a little while." I"
that letter he said: "1 want a little time to
arm the State, and I am assuming every re-
sponsibility to do it with all possible dis-
patch." And further. "Paschall knows the
people are twenty to one against him. and
hence he seeks to drag me into his aid and
support." Mention will be made of this letter
hereafter.
In addition to the facts above recited
there were others that need not be men-
tioned, which satisfied the union men of St.
I ittii that war was inevitable, and that
they must prepare for the defense of them-
selves and the cause which they advocated.
Tlie oolice force was taken out of the con-
trol of the city and placed in the hands of
the Governor, Southern States had seceded,
and Gov. Jackson in his message at the as-
semblege of the Legislature declared that
Missouri must stand by the South. The
States that had seceded had taken posses-
sion of the arsenals located in their terri-
tory, [n the arsenal at St. Louis there were
itored a large quantity of arms and am-
munition, and it was very evident from
what was known al the time that an attempt
would he made t.i roh the government of
this propert; . which was insufficiently guard-
ed. In fact, during a larger portion of the
month of January, there was not even a com-
pany of troops within its walls, except a
squad of soldiers, which was sent on Janu-
ary 11. under the command of Lieutenant
"Rollins. .n. from Xewporl Barracks to take
charge of the custom house and sub-treasury,
and was afterward taken to the arsenal.
Mr. Isaac 11. Sturgeon, now. 1898, holding
the office ot comptroller of the city, has kind-
ly furnished a written statement of the facts
connected with the arrival of Lieutenant Rol>-
inson at St. Louis, which shows the valu-
able service he rendered to the union cause.
He was then holding the office of assistant
treasurer, under the appointment of Mr. Bu-
chanan. < hving to the movements in some oi
tiie Southern States, he became uneasy as to
1 lie safety of the public funds under his
control, amounting at the time to nearly
Si .inn 1.1 mo in gold and silver. .Major Bell, in
control of tiie public property at the ar-
senal, kept his accounts with the assistant
treasurer. Mr. Sturgeon, alluding to the
condition of things at the arsenal, says
that on the 5th day of January, 1861, Maj. Bell
told him that there were stored there
60,000 stand ot arms. 200 or more barrels of
powder, cannon, cannon balls and other
munitions of war. with only one man to walk
the grounds at night to keep out intruders.
These facts being represented to Mr. Buchan-
an, the matter was at once referred to General
Scott, who promptly ordered Lieutenant Rob-
inson, with forty men, to St. Louis. At first
these troops were placed in the upper rooms
of the Postoffice, at Third and Olive Streets,
where the Sub-Treasury was. but they were
-1 "in after removed to the Arsenal, and sub-
sequently they were reinforced by the troops
then stationed at Jefferson Barracks.
( >n the nth of January, the folowing card
of 0. D. Filley, Mayor of St. Louis, appeared
in the papers :
MAY< )R'S OFFICE, January 11, 1861 —
I Gentlemen of the Board of Common Coun-
cil : A very general and unusual excitement
tils in our community, and, although I
do not apprehend that any actual disturbance
or interference with the rights of our citizens
wdl ensue, yet I deem it best that all proper
precautionary measures should be taken to
fully prepare for any event. I would, hence,
recommend that the members of the council,
from each ward, select from among their best
citizens such a number of men as the exigen-
cies 1 if il i case may seem to require and to or-
ganize them to be ready for any emergency ;
our citizens an- entitled to the full protection
of the laws and must have it. Respectfullv.
O. D. FILLEY.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
2409
This shows the excitement in St. Louis at
the time. The fact is that during the months
of January. February, March and April the
city was resting' upon a volcano. The struggle
of the contending forces was for the establish
ment of an independent republic in the South
on the one hand and the maintenance of the
union on the other. The adherents of each
thought that in securing the State of Mis-
souri to their side they would determine the
contest in their favor. It was therefore a con-
test of no ordinary magnitude, and destined to
form an important era in the history of our
country. Mr. Sturgeon says that after the
troops had been removed from the barracks
to the arsenal Gov. Jackson visited the North
Missouri Railroad office on official business,
and in the course of conversation with him
said "that if his advice had been taken the
arsenal would have been seized when he
could have walked in with ten armed men and
taken it, as it had no protection, but that to
do so now would cost the lives of a great
many men and the probable destruction of
the city. There can be no doubt of the great
value of Mr. Sturgeorfs services in the cause
of the union. The St. Louis Democrat on the
2d of February, 1861, in an editorial on the
subject of the federal officers in the State,
said : "They eat the bread of the gi ivernment
they are plotting to destroy." "The gentleman
who fills the office of assistant treasurer, the
Hon. Isaac H. Sturgeon, is the only one who
has the decency to regard the spirit of the
oath by which their fidelity is pledged to the
government which employs and feeds them."
Up to the 24th of January, 1861, Major Bell
was in charge of the arsenal and of the
ordnance stores deposited there ; he was in
complete sympathy with the secessionists:
he was removed and Major Hagner appointed
in his place. Just before the removal of
Major Dell (who refused to give up his post
and resigned his commission in the army)
he came to an understanding with 1 ien.
Frost, the commander of the State force.--, as
appears in a letter addressed by General
Frost to Gov. Jackson of the date of January
24 , in which he said :
"I have just returned from the arsenal,
where I have had an interview with Major
Bell, the commanding officer at that place.
I found the Major everything that you or I
could desire. He assured me that he con-
sidered that Missouri had, whenever the
time came, a right to claim ii as being on
her soil. He gave me to understand that he
would not attempt any defense against the
proper State authorities. He promised me
upon the honor of an officer and a gentle-
man that he would not suffer any arms to be
removed from the place without first giving
me timely information, and I in return prom
ised him that I would use ail the force at my
command to prevent him from being annoyed
by irresponsible persons." 1 mi the 24th Major
Bell was removed and Hagner appointed in
his place; at that time Lieutenant Robinson
and his forty men constituted all the military
force within the arsenal. Toward the latter
part of January Captain Sween) . with his
company, reported to Major McRae at Jef-
ferson Barracks, and he was ordered to re-
lieve Lieutenant Robinson at the arsenal. I )n
the 6th' of February Capt. Nathaniel Lyon
arrived at the arsenal with his company of
regulars from Fort Riley and assumed com-
mand of the troops, but not of the arms ami
munitions of war. They were in charge of
Major Hagner. an ordnance officer, and his
senior in rank. General Scott ordered troops
to the arsenal, but still left Hagner in com-
mand. Chi the 16th of February 203 officers
and men were brought to the arsenal, which
were further re-enforced a few days after b\
102 officers and men. This increased the force
to nine officers and 4S4 men. < leneral Harney
now informed the department that there never
had been any danger of an attack upon the ar-
senal, and that if one should be made "the
garrison would be promptly rescued by an
overwhelming force from the city." lie was
mistaken in saying that there never had been
any danger of an attack upon the arsenal.
There certainly was a design to make such an
attack on the part of Gov. Jackson.
Mr. Snead, in his excellent work. "The
Fight for Missouri," savs that the minute
tneii, established their headquarters at the
old "Bertold mansion": that they, like
Blair and the home guards, had their
fixed upon the arsenal, and forrm
drilled companies in other parts ol
that in the arsenal there were 60,0
muskets, while in all the Confede
there were not 150.000. and thai
willing- to peril their lives a
those l tat the mil 1
.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
according to law and five com-
panies mustered into the State s<"-vice by
General Frost on the 13th of Febru; formed
into a battalion under the command of Cap-
51 aler and assigned to Frost's brigade.
In regard to the ''overwhelming force
from the city." mentioned by Gen. Harney,
it 1- proper that we should go back and
relate some of the prominent facts of his-
toric interest which occurred previous to
the 1 5th of February.
Previous to this time the unconditional
union men under the direction of Gen. Blair,
Mr. 1 Hover and others had taken action. They
knew full well, as it would seem every one
ought to have known, from the declarations
and actions of the Southern extremists after
the election of Mr. Lincoln, of the men who
c mtrolled public sentiment in that section of
tin country, who not only controlled but dom-
inate 1 public sentiment, that there were but
two alteruativi -. war or peaceable dissolution:
the) knew that the actors in revolutionary
merits were always energetic and ag-
gressive necessarily so; that the quiet and
' onsi rvative population would soon be driven
by abuse, ridicule or force to join the revolu-
tionist--, as was proven to be the case after-
ward. They knew also that active steps had
keen taken by the State government to or-
ganize the militia of the State in the interest
of secession; they knew also that there were
a large number of arms and a large quantity
of ammunition belonging to the federal gov-
ernment m the arsenal, with no military force
to protect them, for during the month of Jan-
uary, [S61, tin re were not at any time ex-
ceeding 100 United States soldiers in the
ars< nal.
During tin presidential campaign of i860
the Republicans of St. bonis had organized
political clubs called the "Wide-Awakes,"
which had been disbanded after the elec-
tion, but owing to the political condition
oi affairs Mr. Blair advised their reor-
ganization. After the reorganization the
movements of the opposition led to it- aban-
donmeni and the organization of union
clubs was determined upon. To this end a
meeting of unconditional union men was
called for the 1 \ ening ■ if Januan 1 1 . 1861 :
it wa- denominated a. Republican meeting.
1 in the day Ik f< .re the meeting wa- ; 1
■ c mferem 1 ,.1 the 1 >tik e 1 if
Mr. F. A. Dick, on Fifth Street (now
Broadway), near the old Presbyterian
Church, composed of the following gentle
nun., viz.: Samuel T. Glover, F. I'. Blair.
Jr.. F. A. Dick. Henry T. Blow, O. D. Filley,
Peter L. Foy, William McKee, James O.
Broadhead, and I think Giles F. Filley,
haps others, but not exceeding twelve in
number. Henry T. Blow was a union man.
Imt he was the son-in-law of Thornton
e . . strong secession sympathizer,
prominent and highly respected a- a citizen
of St. Louis, .sir. Blow said that he
had learned from Col. Grimsley that the
meeting at Washington hall would be
br iken up. that a meeting had been he'd
at a building on ( ilive Street, between Sec-
ond, and Main, nearly opposite the old < Hive
Street Hotel, at which 100 men. strong
secessionists, had. pledged theniseh.es to
break up the meeting. The meeting, how-
ever, was held, and the room was crowded.
There had been a meeting of Democrats,
who called themselves Constitutional Union
men. held at Washington hall on the 91I1
of January, 1861. which appointed a com-
mittee of twenty to act with a committee
of the Union party, "for the purpose of op-
posing black Republicanism." At the meet-
ing of the night of January it, Mr. < >. ! ).
Filley, as a measure of precaution, had or-
dered a large force of police to attend the'
meeting. At that meeting the organization of
the "Wide-Awakes" was abandoned and pro-
vision made lor the formation of Union clubs,
and at this meeting all union men in the City
of St. Louis, irrespective of old party ties,
were united to join in the new association,
and a movement was made for the nomina-
tion of candidates for the convention to be
held on the 28th of February, 1861. Most of
tli. ultra Republicans were in favor of plac-
ing- a straight-out Republican ticket in the
field, but this was opposed by F. P. Blair. Jr.,
Samuel T. Glover and others. One of the
speakers said: "I don't believe in breaking
up the Republican party just to please these
tender-footed Unionists. I believe in stick-
ing ;o tiie party." "Let us have a country
first," responded Mr. Blair, "and then we
can talk about parlies." And it was this
wise cours< suggested by Mr. Blair, ad-
vocaled in Mr. Glover and adopted by the
meeting ln.it paved the way for the triumph
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
-'411
of the union cause in Missouri, for the Re-
publicans in the whole State at the presi-
dential election had polled only about 17.000
votes. Subsequent events showed the wis-
dom of this course. A meeting of uncondi-
tional union men was called to meet at
the Mercantile Library hall for the 31-1 of
January. So! Smith was made chairman,
resolutions in favor of the union were
passed, a committee of twenty was ap-
pointed to present at an adjourned meeting
the names of suitable candidates for the con-
vention. The committee of twentv was made
up of Republicans Beil and Everett men and
Douglas men. By call of the chairman of this
meeting all unconditional union men were
invited to meet at Veranda hall on the 6th
of February for the purpose of receiving the
report of the committee. The committer re-
ported to a large meeting at Veranda hall,
through Mr. Alexander, the following names
of unconditional union candidate-- for the
convention. Ferdinand Meyer, George R.
Taylor, Dr. M. L. Linton," H. R. Gamble,
Hudson E. Bridge, John F. Long, Sol Smith,
J. H. Shackleford, Uriel Wright. Turner
Maddox, Win, S. Cuddy, James O. Broad-
head. Isidor Bush, John How and Henry
Hitchcock. Blair made a speech favoring the
nominations, and said he did not care what
party men had belonged to, he was
for a new party — an unconditional union
party. Col. John O'Fallcn and Samuel T.
Glover were on the list of names reported,
but they declined becoming candidates.
Speeches were made at the meeting by F. P.
Blair. Jr., Charles Gibson and J. K. Ivnight
in support of the nominees. There was no
Brcekenridge man on the ticket. At the
meeting held on the nth at Washington hall,
Mr. Samuel T. Glover was selected as pres-
ident of the union organization, with C. P.
Johnson secretarv. Dr. George Hillgartner
corresponding secretary and F. A. Dick
treasurer, and the secretary authorized to
name two citizens from each ward to call
war<! meetings for the organization of ward
clubs. On the 12th of January Archbishop
Kenrick published a card addressed to the
Catholics of St. Louis advising them that
in the present disturbed state of the public
mind he recommended that they avoid all
oc sions of public excitement, "that the
indiscretion of a word, or the impetuosity
ot momentar passion might endanger pub-
lic trancp'ility." This card was published
in the 1 ), ocrat oi the 12th of January.
1 mi the Sth of January, [861, a public meet-
ing was held, exclusively under the aus-
pices of the secessionists, at which Thomas
t . Reynolds, the I .ieutenant : lovernor of
Missouri, made an inflammator; speech in
favor of tin Southern cause, and at which
meeting thi following resolution was passed:
"Resolved, That we pledge Missouri to a
hearty co-operation with our sister S aithera
States, in such mea mi es as shall bi deemed
-ary, for our mutual protection against
the encroachments of X'orthern fanaticism
and the coercion of the Federal government.'"
Previous to the meeting of the nth, at
Washington hall, a number of Republi-
cans ami L'nion Democrats had agreed to
hold a grand rally of the union men at the
Court House on Saturday, the 12th of Jan-
uary, "to declare the sentiments of Si
Louis on tli great 1 sues b< fi ire the a >un-
try," but on the morning of that day the
papers announced that "the meeting was
expected to assert its loyalty to the union."
and at the same time to take position in
favor of "the Crittenden proposition, as a
fair basis for the adjustment of all the reai
differences between the free and the slave
States." This proposition met with objection
from Republicans. The states that had se
ceded had blocked the wax- which would
lead to any compromise. South Carolina had
laid down her ultimatum, the immediate
evacuation of Fort Sumter or war; the
Star of the West, sent for the relief of that
fort, had been fired upon; the Senator- from
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas had ad-
vised their respective states to secede at
once and organize a slave-holding confed-
eral : the Governor of Georgia had sent a
detachment of State troops under Uex-
andcr R. Law-ton to seize and occupy Fori
Pulaski, which commanded the approach to
Savannah from the ocean, which order was
11 the 3d of January; on tl 1
11 ir of Alabama seized the I
Stati ? arsenal at Mount Ven
the 5th Forts Morgan and ' laines,
guar ' laches to
pied: on the 7th Florida - • ar-
J41J
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
in, in view of these events, declared in
his message to Congress, of the 9th of Jan-
uary, "that the fact couid no longer be
disguised, that the country was in the midst
ot a great revolution;" and on that day the
Star oi the West, which had been sent to
the relief of Sumter, was driven back to
sea by the batteries which South Carolina
erected in Charleston Harbor; on the
10th Louisiana took possession of the ar-
senal at Baton Rouge, and on the next day
Fori St. Philip and Fort Jackson, which
guarded the entrance to the Mississippi,
were occupied by Louisiana troops; all these
acts were warlike acts: the Southern states
had inaugurated war and committed acts
1 if hi istiiity against the Government of the
United States, it is said revolutions never
go backward, and they never do until they
are driven backward. Such is the testimony
of history; and, therefore, the Hon. Fran-
cis P. Blair, Jr., after consultation with
the leading men of his party, decided that
the proper course for them to pursue would
bi to declare unalterable fidelity to the
union under all circumstances. This could
not be none under the manifest purposes
of the proposed meeting without leading to
angry controversies which might be pro-
ductive of serious consequences, and antag-
onisms among the union men, which would
the mam object in view as announ-
ced at the meeting of the 1 ith at Washing-
tun hall, viz., the consolidation of all the
union men in the city; for it was evident
from the acts and spirit of the seceding
states that no compromise would be accept-
able to them, and that when the union men
who still hoped for a settlement by some
romisc should find that all such efforts
were liopele; iuld unite in forming
an unconditional Union party, such as had
been suggested at the meeting of the nth
at Washington hall, and so the following
■ itmd the city:
UNION MEETING.
'I'1 1 tlie Re - 1 ms t 1 be the
determination of those who called the union
meeting toda\ to take narrower grounds in
support 1 if tin mi states than that
which the R e 1 0 1 1 > 1 itv have al-
assumed, we have judged it expedient
- , t h e R ep u blii par t ii
in the meeting today, but to maintain the po-
sition already assumed in favor of the union
under all circumstances.
1 Signed 1
F. P. BLAIR,
P. L. FOY,
WILLIAM McKEE,
F. A. DICK.
S. T. GLOVER,
R. S. FIART.
The meeting was held at the east front
door of the Court House. It was a grand
meeting, largely attended, and composed of
nearly all the leading men of the city, and
some from the county. Some Republicans
attended it. and there was at least one
prominent Republican on the list of vice
presidents, and tiiey were all sincerely de-
sirous of preserving the union. Col. Robert
Campbell was chosen president and E. X.
Tracy and J. 1!. S. Lemoine secretaries.
Judge Gamble addressed the meeting, and
at the conclusion of his remarks. John D.
Coalter. as chairman of the committee, re-
ported the resolution. The Crittenden prop-
ositions of compromise were approved, and
the resolutions unanimously adopted. The
resolutions expressed ardent attachment to
the union, and declared its dissolution as
disastrous to our country, and "as tending
to injure the cause of rational liberty
throughout the world." The resolution in
regard to slavery declared: "That the pos-
session of slave property is a constitutional
right, and as such ought to be ever recog-
nized by the federal government: that if the
federal government shall fail and refuse to
secure this right, the Southern states should
be found united in its defense, in which event
Missouri will share the common duties and
common danger of the South." At that time
there was no denial of the constitutional right
to hold slave property, however much a large
portion of the Republican party might de-
pricate the existence of the institution, as
-on and Washington had both done:
the fugitive slave law was in force: the Re-
publican party at their national convention
had disavowed any intention to interfere with
slavery in the states. Crittenden, to whose
1 they appealed, had, in his proposi-
tion "f December, i860, opposed the repeal
of the Missouri compromise, and was in
its est t; tion, and makiner it a
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2413
part o{ the constitution, and also of pro-
viding- by constitutional amendment against
interference by Congress with slavery wher-
ever it should be legally established. ( rit-
tenden also supported Mr. Lincoln's ad-
ministration; and in July. 1861, by resolu-
tion, held that it was the right and duty
of the government to maintain the union
b) force. It followed, therefore, that the
able and patriotic men who spoke the sen-
timents of the meeting of January 12 would
not be slow to unite with the unconditional
union men in support of the federal gov-
ernment m its efforts to preserve the union
when they should find that no compromise
would satisfy the South, and that the slav-
holding states were determined to form a
Southern Confederacy. The meeting- of Jan-
uary 12 was not without the most beneficial
results; the leading men who participated
in its proceedings and the large majority of
the men who composed it were sincerely
desirous of preserving an unbroken unii >n ;
the voice which uttered such sentiments
came from St. Louis; it came from leading
men in all the departments of industry and
from all professions; men wdiose names
were respected and honored throughout the
state, and throughout the state it fell upon
the ears of anxious listeners, and had
much, to do with securing the election of the
union candidates lor the convention. Be-
tween the 1 2th of January and the 31st of
the same month there was a disposition
shown to act with the Republicans under
their resolution of Januarv n, by which all
union men were invited to unite with them
in the foundation of a union party: for at
the library hall meeting of January 31. a
committee was appointed, as has been stat-
ed, to name candidates for the convention,
and on the 6th of February fifteen candi-
dates for the convention were selected, four
of whom were Republicans, and the other
eleven were composed of those who bad
supported Douglas, or Bell and Everett.
As has been stated. Col. John O'Fallon
and Samuel T. Glover declined being candi-
dates, and the following named persons
were selected,: Ferdinand Meyer, George R.
Taylor, Dr. M. L. Linton. H. R. < ramble,
Hudson E. Bridge, John F. Long. Sol Smith.
J. H. ShacHeford, Uriel Wright. Turner
Maddox. William S. Cuddv. James
Broadhead. Isador Bush, John How and
Henry Hitchcock. Subsequently George R.
Taylor. Oi'ilHam S. Cuddy and Turner Mad-
dox declined being candidates, and T. T.
Gantt, Samuel M. Breckenridge and Rob-
ert Holmes were chosen to till the ticket.
1 .'n the 4th of February the Constitutional
L'nii mi party selected the following ticket,
viz.: John I 1. 1 oalter, Henrv ' 'vet
Uriel Wright. D. A. [anuan-, Albert Todd,
J. W. Willis, William 'i\ Wood, \. J. Eaton,
11. S. Turner, George I'enn. II. R. Gamble,
L. V. Bogy, L. M. Kennett and 1'. B. < lar-
esche. It will be seen that H. R. Gamble
and Uriel Wright were on both tickets. The
Unconditional Union ticket was elected by
over 5.000 majority.
It was at the meeting of January 1 1 that
authority was given for the formation of a
committee of safety, and that it was under-
stood that F, P. Blair. Jr., and Dr. Porter, who
were named as the executive committee of the
Unconditional Union men, should, upon con-
sultation with others, appoint that committee
with full power to act for the Union party.
That committee consisted of 0. D. Filley,
Samuel T. Glover, Francis P. Blair. Jr., J. J.
Witzig. John How and James O. Broadhead;
of these • l. D. Filley was chosen president
and James O. Broadhead secretary. Brief
'pencil memoranda were kept by the sec-
retarv of the committee of safety, but, tm-
fortunatelv, they have been long since lost.
\ detective force was provided for, of which
]. E. D. Couzins, formerly Chief of Police,
was the head. The detective force were paid
for their services, and they were to report
from time to time any material facts which
came to their knowledge touching the
ments of the secessionists. For along
time and during this most exciting period
night at Turner hall,
ner of Tenth and Walnut. Blair, of c
was frequently absent, as he was then a
member elect of Congress, .fame- 0. B
head is now [1898) and ha
rvivor of thai commit •
meeting at Washington hall on th 1
the r t tli oi [anuan . at will I
■
and n
initial step in a -
were finally instrui
- - 1
2414
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
part\ in St. Louis insisted upon
maintaining that they were the only true
union nun. or had they in force attended
the meeting of the 12th at the Court Hi
and resisted the adoption of the Crittenden
compromise, an antagonism would have been
produced, calculated to in-.peril if it had not
destroyed all hopes of the union cause in
uri; and had Missouri seceded, there
can be no doubt thai Kentucky would have
■ ec! her example. The aggregate vote
>i those two states at the preceding presi-
dential election was 311,724. and the vote
of Illinois 330,693. The secessionists through-
out the state, under the lead of the Gover-
nor and Lieutenant Governor, Jackson and
Reynolds, and Greene, Parsons, Atchison.
Polk and others, were active, aggressive
and prescriptive. No public meeting was
held during that time in St. Louis, except
the two of the nth and 12th of January, at
which the supporters of Mr. Lincoln were
not clem unced as Black Republicans. At one
of their meetings they declared that "they
would do what they could to remove from
St. Louis the stigma of being an anti-slav-
en Black Republican county hostile to the
institutions of the state of Missouri" (Feb-
ruary 9). They seemed more intent upon
crushing out or driving from the state, as
they frequently threatened to do, the small
band of Republicans who had voted for Mr.
Lincoln, than of preserving the union; in-
deed, thev were not for preserving the union,
but for joining the revolutionary cohorts
which commenced the war against the federal
gi ivcrnment
It was at a meeting at Washington hall
on the 7th of January that the minute men
were organized. Charles McLaren was
pr sident of the meeting. Prior to or short-
ly after the meeting of the Republicans at
Washington hall on January 11, the exact
date not now recollected, there had been a
meeting of prominent union men at the
counting room of C). D. Filley, on Mam
Street, to consider what should be done in
'.he way of personal protection against the
threats and domineering spirit of the .se-
cessionists, for tlu re is no doubt that
threats had been made to drive out the
prominent unconditional union men residing"
in the central and northern portion of the
cirv, where they were in the minority; their
lives were threatened and rumors wer
cuiated that the state guards intended
lake possession oi the arsenal: and so it
was determined at this meeting that the
'■nion men should arm themselves with
such weapon- as they could procure. A
sum oi money was raised for the purp 1 e,
and all the Sharp's rides and other we;
of the i-ind were purchased from V
ward, who kept a gun store on Main street.
Mr. 1 lilt - Filley says that he bought fifty
Sharps' ride.-, with which he armed the men
in his tdCtoiy, and that his men were two
nights under arms, owing to a rumor that
tic state guard- under Gen. Frost intended
t< 1 make an effort ti 1 take the arsenal.
At this time Mr. Samuel T. < rlover
Ins office at the corner ot Fourth and 1 live.
1 v one occasion Sam Gaty, a client of his
and a strong secessionist, came into the of-
rice, and. seeing a gun there, asked Mr.
Glover what he was doing with a gun in
his orfice. Mr. GloVer replied: "You
secessiom-ts don't expect to drive the 1
men out 1 i the city, do you?"
No one who was not a close observer oi
events of that day can form any conception
of the pro criptive and malignant spirit
which exisie ' among the secessionists
throughout the state. As an evidence, it
may be staled, that in the County of Si.
Charles, Landfield, a schoolteacher, was
■ rdered to leave the county because he had
vi led for Mr. Lincoln and advocated the
doctrines ot the Republican party. He asked
for a hearing, and he was tried by a
committee of twenty-eight of the most pri pi-
iner t citiens o? the county, among whom
were I >r McElhaney, Joseph Alexander. B
A. Alderson and others of equally high stand-
ing, and, was driven out of the county, as
stati d by the papers. The proceedings, wi'h
the resolutions of the committee, are pub-
lished i:t full ill a number of the Mi
Democrat published in January. 1861.
At the meeting held in O. D. Filley's ;
tici provision v-as also made for organ rig
,1 bod) or bodies of men who should ser
in the work ci mutual protection, and ac-
cordingly such companies were formed in
vatious parts of the city. Sixteen companies
w ei e thus t prated, composed of about 1.400
men. between that time and the 15th of Fel>-
ruarv.iSot. Thev were drilled in different parts
WAR BETWEEN THK STATES.
of the cit\-, and all acted in harmony with and
under the c'irection of the committee of
safety'. The writer for a short time belonged
to a company which was drilled in a large
room in the upper part of Winklemi
brewery on Market street. Too much praise
nil not be awarded to the German popula-
tion of St. Louis for their patriotic efforts
in favor of the union.
During the time of organizing the com-
panies of Union Guards, Gov. Yates, oi
Illinois, forwarded 200 muskets for the use
of the St. Louis union men. which were
shipped to Air. Giles F. Filley, care of
Woodward & Co., hardware dealers. The\
then were sent to Turner hall in a beer
wagon under cover of some beer barrels,
and there distributed to reliable union men.
About this time a subscription was raised
in support of the union cause. This matter
was placed in the hand- of Samuel K. Fil-
ley and E. W. Fox, and from St. Louis and
the East the sum of about §30.000 was raised.
There were certain companies of tin
Union Guards especially relied upon for the
defense of the arsenal, ami they had to be
provided for. and. in fact, the committee of
safety eotdd not carry on their operations
efficiently without money. These Union
Guards above mentioned were the men re-
ferred to by Gen. Harney in his communi-
cation to the department of the date of
February 10. in which he said there was no
danger of an attack upon the arsenal, and
never had been, and that if one should he
made, the garrison would be promptly res-
cued "by an overwhelming force from the
city." There may have been men enough, but
they were not armed: of the Union Guards
then organized, not more than one-fifth had
arms: whereas, the minute men were armed
with muskets of "the latest and very best pat-
tern." (Snead, p. 133). And the state authori-
ties had artillery and muskets which had been
furnished a short time before for the South-
west expedition against Montgomery and the
Kansas raiders, and the State Guards were
well armed, or could have been at any time. It
is true they had not a large supply of arms,
but the small arms were of the best quality.
What gave the greatest trouble, however, was
the fact that no reliance could be placed upon
Major Hagner, the commanding officer at the
arsenal .who had been assigned to that posi-
tion ill ] I,;. 1 -I \] I i
I } ' 111 ai rived \\ ith In- ■-, mipam
Stat "• tn 11 ip: 1 in F< bruan 6, and ii
had a confer, nee with lllair and the rest
ety, who explained to hi
danger of th< arsenal being taken b
sec< - and Capt. Swi 1
panii only troop, within tin
senal walls, and Major Hagner was the
manding officer at the post, and of all
men in ii. \s late as February 25 Lvon
wrote to Blair, who was then a; Washing-
ton 1 w hen he had g nir ti > secure a 1
• ii 0 mmand at the arsenal 1. thai ' I ■■
refused to do anything that he
in regari 1 ti 1 preparatii mi for defi 1 >i the
arsenal, and hail given orders not to
th'.- walls to repel an approach, but to
the enemy have all the advantage oi
walls to protect himself behind then,.
get possession of all the outbuildings over-
looking us, and we to get inside and under
tie shelter of our buildings, which we are
no' ei occupy before we malo. resistence
I in he . ic ii- he. lettei 1 ; en 1, im-
becility or d — d villain}'." Gen. Scott he.
announced that the command belonged to
Hagner, and Lvon in this letter to Blair
asked for a simple order, countermanding
that assigning Hagner to duty according t 1
brevet rank, which would give Lyon the com-
mand. .Mr. Blair 'lid not succeed with the
Buchanan administration in effecting the ob-
ject of his journey to Washington, hut as
soon 1- Mr. Lincoln got the machine)
his administration in working order, he com-
manded that Gen. Lyon be placed in charge
01 tie- defenses of the arsenal. The or.],.- ;
icr in compliance with special order No.
-_\ of (he War Department was as follows:
St. Louis Arsenal, March 10. [861 -Pos
order So. 58. In compliance with special or-
der Xo. 74. War Department, Adjutant-Gen-
eral's office, dated Washington, March 13.
[861, assigning Captain X. Lyon. Secoi
fantrv, the command of the troops and de-
fenses 1 n* t!ii- 1" st, the undersigm
1, , 1 ,n. tain Lyon all command
bilit_\ not appertaining to tie- c
. iflici 1 1 .1 the arsenal and hi- dutii
nanci -id.-, r. Bv order of Maj.
MR. II. W R
ntenant end P
still lei"' 1 Fagni
.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
lie belonged to the ordnance department of
the arm}-, and Lyon could get nothing in the
E ordnance supplies for his troops, and
on the 6th of April he wrote to Blair, who had
then taken his seat as a member of Congress
from St. Louis, acknowledging that he was in-
debted to Blair for the change in command of
the troops, but he says with the order of the
War 1 >epartmeut, as interpreted by Gen. Har-
ney be feared little had been gained: that he
was beld responsible for the defense of the
place without having the means of a defense;
that he could not get the ordnance build-
ings as a means of defense without a
struggle before Gen. Harney, who seems
to think there is no danger of an attack:
thai he could not get a hammer, spade or
ax or any needful tool without Major Hag-
ner's concession, or by making requisition
upon Gen. Harney and getting his orders;
that he hoped to have entire control of
the means available for the defense of the
post; that in all military matters there should
be one commander, and he asked that the
Secretary of War order that this special order
No. 7.4 should have no exception in men and
means necessary for the defense which he was
held responsible for. In justice to General
Barney, it ma\ be said that he was loyal to
the government, and that his interpretation
of the order from the War Department was
the con-ret one. On the same day ('April
6) upon which the letter above referred to
was written, Capt, Lyon wrote another let-
ter to Mr. Blair, in which he said that "since
writing the above I have seen Gen. Harney
and had a long an 1 free talk with him, and
he seems alive to the present state of things
and has ordered Hagner to issue me, and
provide such items as 1 have specified, and
i strongly a wish that Hagner
il if the \\." so as to put me free from
his i'" brance."
R mors \ver< rifi at this time of an in-
attai l< upon the arsenal. After the
4th of March, iSiu, F. P. Blair was in Con-
gress; Montgomery Blair, his brother, was
mber of the Cabinet, as Postmaster
1 leneral, and Edv ard Bates, of St. Louis,
was also in the Cabinet as Attorney-General,
so thai the committei of safety had am-
ple meai - of getting information as to what
"'!... on ::i Washington. The new
administration had trouble there as well as
in the West; nearly all of the Southern
States had seceded and taken possession of
the torts and arsenals within their re-
spective territories; the Southern Confed-
eracy had been formed; the Star of the West,
in an effort to relieve Fort Sumter, had been
driven to sea by the batteries in Charleston
harbor, where there was a Confederate force
under the command of Gen. Beauregard. The
tort was occupied by a military force under
Anderson, of less than ioo men, and its de-
tense was otherwise incomplete. The fort was
built upon an artificial island, and was at that
time unfinished, but it was a United States
fort, and nothing in it and no part of the
ground upon which it was built belonged to
am one oi the slates. Early in April, 1861.
Cabinet meetings were held at Washington
to determine how it should be relieved and re-
enforced, so that it could be defended from a
threatened attack from the Confederate
forces.
While the efforts above mentioned were
being made to secure Missouri to the union,
in spite of and in opposition to all the forces
of the state administration, backed as it was
by our Senators in Congress and the leading
politicians of the state, the General-in-chief of
the army and the chief member of Mr. Lin-
coln's Cabinet, the man who was his principal
competitor for the presidential nomination at
the Chicago convention of i860, were in favor
of letting the ••erring sisters depart in peace,"*
those erring sisters who held the keys to the
gates of commerce from the entrance of the
Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of the Rio
Grande; who had closed the mouth of the
Mississippi, that waters this great North-
western empire, to the states and territories
which compose it, and could levy tribute upon
every bushel of wheat and every pound of
pork which through this channel sought the
markets of the world.
( *ne evening in the latter part of March
[861, there was a gathering at the executive
:!! msion, while the Sumter question was pend-
e members of the Cabinet were invited ,
to the council chamber, where the President
informed them he had just been advised by j
General Scott that it was expedient to evacu-
a! ■ Fort Pickens a- well as Fort Sumter,
which last was assumed at military headquar- ■
ters to be a determined fact, in conformity tc
the views of Secretary Seward and General '
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
J417
Scott; a brief silence followed the announce-
ment of this amazing recommendation. Mr.
Montgomery Blair, looking- earnestly at Mr.
Seward, remarked that it was evident the Gen
eral was playing politician in regard to both
Sumter and Pickens, for it was not possible,
if there was a defense, for the rebels to tak<
Pickens, and that the administration would
not be justified in evacuating either. At the
next Cabinet meeting the President an-
nounced his determination to supply Sumter,
and confidential orders were issued to that ef-
fect. All were gratified with this decision, ex-
cept Mr. Seward, who still remonstrated.
Confidential information of this order was
promptly sent to Charleston from Washing-
ton, doubtless under the direction of Mr.
Seward. Military preparations were made for
the relief of Sumter, a squadron was fitted out
by the Navy Department within a week to
co-operate with the military, and instructions
given to Captain Mercer, of the steam frigate
Powhatan to command the squadron and pro-
ceed off Charleston harbor; the other vessels
were instructed to report to him on the nth
of April, ten miles east of Charleston light
house. This whole plan and arrangement was
defeated; not only were the rebels advised
of the confidential movements of the adminis-
tration, but at the moment of sailing the ex-
pedition was deprived of its commander. The
Powhatan, with boats, supplies and men des-
tined for Sumter, had been withdrawn from
the service to which it was ordered; Captain
Mercer was displaced from command, and
the vessels and supplies were sent under a
different and junior commander, without
naval orders or instructions, on a useless
mission to Pensaeola, all by order from the
Secretary of State, and this was done with-
out consultation with the Navy or War De-
partments. Nothing was known of this by
the Navy Department until after the Pow-
hatan had sailed. The President was in-
formed, and he at once directed Mr. Sew-
ard to telegraph forthwith and countermand
the orders. Mr. Seward remonstrated, claim-
f that the Powhatan was essential to re-
enforce Pickens, but the President was firm,
and insisted, and bv his direction Mr. Seward
telegraphed to New York and a fast boat was
dispatched from the navy yard at New York
but it was too late.
It was on the night of April 16 that the
Powhatan sailed, and on the next day Mr.
Seward wrote to judge Campbell, of the su-
preme bench, who was a leading secessionist,
and afterward resigned:
"Faith as to Sumter fully kept. Wail and
s& ."
The writer's authority for the above state-
ment is an article entitled:
"Remarks on the Memorial Address of
Charles Francis Adams on the Late William
11. Seward." by the Hon. Gideon Wells. Sec-
retary of the Navy under Mr. Lincoln, pub-
lished in the Galaxy of October, N'ovember
and December, 1872; also published in 1 1.
form.but no copy of the book now to be had;
edition exhausted or publication suppressed.
We may not have been able to save Sum-
ter, but the foregoing facts which come from
the highest and most authoritative source,
show the difficulties which surrounded the ad-
ministration in the East as well as the West.
\- 30011 as Mr. Seward found that his pro
jects were defeated, and saw the intense public
sentiment aroused at the firing 1 in
Sumter, which happened a few days after, he
became a strong supporter of the administra-
tion, and its policy, politician as he was, for
he was never a statesman.
Early in the morning of the [2th of April
notice was given by Gen. Beauregard, in
eommand of the Confederate forces at
( harleston, that unless Fort Sumter was sur-
rendered within an hour he would open fire
upon it. and' at 4:20 a. m. a signal shell was
accordingly thrown into Sumter, and in a
few minutes tire was opened from all the Con-
federate batteries. Major Anderson returned
tli<- lire about 7 a. m. Firing was kept up on
both sides for nearly thirty-four hours, until
at about 2 o'clock in the afternoon of April
1,? the fort was surrendered.
1 >n the 15th of April Simon Cameron, Sec-
retary of War. dispatched to Gov. Jackson,
calling on Missouri for four regiments of
men for immediate service. On the 17th Gov.
Jackson replied as follows:
[but Simon Cameron, Secretary of War-
Sir: Your dispatch of the 15th hist., making
a call on Missouri for four regiments of men
for immediate service has been rec<
There can be, I apprehend, no doubt bul
men arc intended to form a pari oi the
present army to make war upon the people of
ceded states. You on, in mv
2418
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
judgn i i sja . unconstitutional and rev-
olutionary; in its object inhuman and dia-
bolical, and can not be complied with. Not
one man will the State of Missouri furnish
to earn on such an unholv crusade.
C. I'. JACKS! )N,
I .' ivernor of Missouri.
The Hon. F. P. Blair returned to St. Louis
from Washington on that day. The commit-
tee of safety had been active in the organ-
ization of loyal citizens into companies and
regiments during the months of February
and March, and the organization of more
than four regiments had been completed.
Blair being apprised of the answer of Gov.
Jackson to the Secretary of War, at once
telegraphed to Washington, offering to raise
immediately four regiments for active duty,
and urging the appointment of an officer
to muster them into the service. Captain
Barton Able was also appointed to visit
Washington for the purpose of representing
Missouri affairs to the President and Cab-
inet, and confirming the dispatch of Mr.
Blair. Several of the officers of the Mis-
souri militia belonging to the command of
Gen. Frost resigned and threw up their
commissions on the 17th of April. They
were Major Schaeffer, Col. John X. Pritch-
anl, Surgeon Florence M. Cornyn and Adjt.
John S. Cavender. On the Joth of April news
reached Capt. Lyon that the secessionists had
seized the government arsenal at Liberty,
Mo., and carried off the guns and ammuni-
tion. Among the arms taken from this ar-
senal were four brass cannon. About this
time evidence was procured to the effect that
agents had been appointed to bribe the ord-
nance officers at Fort Leavenworth, Kan.,
to obtain aim-, and ammunition from that
fort, and that a large sum of money had been
raised for the purpose. Mr. Giles F. Filley
staie> that tli'- sum of $10,000 was paid for
that purpose l>\ a bank in St. Louis, and that
85,000 was t'- be paid by a bank at Arrow
Ri ' ' Salini County. Mr. Filley further says
that a man by the name of Allen, a resident
of Lawrence, Kan., and an old dealer with
Mi-. Filley, happened to be in St. Louis at
the time. A message was taken by him to
ill- officer in command at Fort Leavenworth
informing him of the design of the secession
agents. Mr. Mien did not think it safe to go by
wav of Kansas Citv, and so went bv wav of
Si mtllW est MlSS( niri. them e c 1 F< irt Set >tt, and
arrived at Fort Leavenworth the day before
the arrival of the secession agents, and when
they arrived they were told by the command-
ing officer of the fort that their business
was known, and they could leave. I hi the
21st of April Capt. Lyon wrote to Mr. Blair
that he had received information that Lieut.
J. M. Sehofield. who was on leave of absence
m St. Louis, had received orders from Wash-
ington to muster volunteers into the service,
saying at the same time "it would be we'll
for some of your people to see and consult
him at once; something should lie done if
possible today." On the same day Barton
Able, John How, O. D. Filley, James ( ).
Broadhead and F. A. Lick were with Mr.
Blair at his residence on Washington avenue.
It was resolved at once to hunt up Sehofield
and How and Broadhead started out in
search of him. They met Prof. Waterhouse,
a professor in the Washington University,
where Sehofield was also delivering lectures,
and from him they received information as to
where Sehofield could be found. They took
him over to Mr. Blair's, and he consented
to go immediately to see Capt. Lyon, but
when he reached the arsenal he found that
( ien. Harney had prohibited the entrance of
volunteers into the arsenal, or to have them
armed and equipped. Capt. Lyon imme-
diately informed Mr. Blair by note that
Sehofield "had no authority to arm and
equip the men. We do not seem to be start-
ing out right, with the instruction Mr.
Sehofield now has." Mr. Blair then tele-
graphed to Gov. A. (1. Curtin, of Pennsyl-
vania, informing him of the refusal of < ien.
Harney to permit the volunteer regiments to
remain in the arsenal grounds or to be
armed, and requesting that the facts be com-
municated to the Secretary of War by spel
cial messenger and instructions sent imme-
diately to Harney to receive the troops at
the Arsenal and arm them.
In a communication from Fitz John Por-
ter, then Assistant Adjutant-General, of the}
date of May 1, [861, to Lorenzo Thomas,
Adjutant-General of the Army, he states that
"aft 1 ]• the 19th of April, all communication!
with Washington was broken for several
days, and more than two days was required
to stud there bv messenger and get a reply
Seated in Governor Curtin's telegraph o:
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2419
fice at the Capital, Governor Curtin handed
me the following dispatch, suggesting at the
same- time that I should reply to it. as I had to
others received from the same person:
St. Louis. Mo.. April 21, 1861.
Gov. A. G. Curtm, Harrisburg, Pa.:
An officer of the Army here has received
an order to muster in Missouri regiments.
General Harney refuses to let them remain
in the Arsenal grounds, or permit them to
be armed. I wish these facts to be communi-
cated to the Secretary of War by special
messenger, and instructions sent immedi-
atelv to Harney to receive the troops at the
Arsenal and arm them. Our friends distrust
Harney very much. He should be superceded
immediately by putting another in the dis-
trict. The object of the secessionists is to
seize the Arsenal with its 70,000 stand of arms,
and he refuses the means of defending it. We
have plentv of men, but no arms.
FRANK P. BLAIR, Jr.
"When the above dispatch was handed me.
I felt it my duty, and that I would be justi-
fied in using the name and authority of the
Secretary of War and of the General-in-chief,
and I at once telegraphed.
Harrisburg, Pa., April 21, 1861.
General Harncx , Commanding at St. Louis,
Mo.:
Captain Nathaniel Lyon. Second Infantry,
is detailed to muster in troops in St. Louis
and to use them for the protection of pub-
lic property. You will see that they are prop-
erly armed and equipped.
By order of Lieut. -Gen. Scott.
F. T. PORTER,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
Harrisburo-, Pa.. April 21, 1S61.
Hon. F. P. Blair. Jr., St. Louis. Mo.:
Captain X. Lyon, Second Infantry, has
been detailed to muster in troops at St.
Louis and to use them fur the protection of
public property.
Bv order of the Secretarv of War.
F. J. PORTER,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
This is another evidence en' the sagacity and
forecast of General Blair at this important
crisis: no precaution escaped him, as no fear
deterred him from the performance of his
patriotic duties.
Blair then, in company with several mem-
bers of the committee of saletv. visited Lyon
at the arsenal, had a consultation with him.
ami u was the conclusion of all that the ar-
senal must be re-enforced that evening if
possible, an.! accordingly the men and offi-
cers, under passes from Lyon, entered the ar-
senal that night. It was near midnight when
Lyon received b\ telegraph the following or-
der, in answer to the dispatch which Blair
had sent to Gov. Curtin. Out of abundant
caution, the dispatch had been sent from a
station across the river. This was the order:
Adjutant General's Office, Washington,
April 21, 1861. — Capt. X. Lyon. Second In-
fantry. Fast St. Louis: Gen. Harney has tins
day been relieved from his command. The
Secretary of War directs that you immedi-
ately execute the order previously given, to
arm tiie loyal citizens to protect public prop-
erty and execute the laws. Muster four regi-
ments into the public service.
L. THOMAS, Adjutant-General.
The four regiments were commanded re-
spectively by Biair. Boernstein, Sigel and
Schuttner, and those regiments were at
once taken into the arsenal grounds, mus-
tered into the service and armed. < )n the
evening of April 2$ Gen. Harney left for
Washington, not relieved at that time, but
ordered to Washington, which left Lyon in
command. It had been confidently believed
- that an attempt would be made to take the ar-
senal that night; the committee had received
sue!; information, and the Flon. Danl. G. Tay-
lor.then Mayor, visited the headquarters of the
minute men and urged them not to make
the attempt. Whether it was upon his advice
or because the four regiments had been
mustered into service, they finally determined
nol to undertake it. Shortly afterward, April
26, most of the arms and equipments were
removed by Gen. Lyon to Springfield, 111.
On the 30th of April an order was issued
from the War Department at Washington,
signed by Gen. Scott, Mr. Lincoln and the
Adjutant-General and Secretary of War,
authorizing Capt. Lyon, with the co-opera-
tion .f til,.- committee of safety, naming
them, to, raise not exceeding 10.000 men. That
order reads as felloe, 5:
War Department. April 30, 1861- -Sir: The
President of the United States directs that
vou euro!' in the military service of the United
States the loyal citizens of St. 1 ouis and vi-
cinitv. not exceeding, with tofore
2420
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
enlisted. [0,000 in number, [or the purpose of
maintaining the authority of the L'nited
States and for the protection of the peaceable
inhabitants of Missouri, and you will, it
deemed necessary for the purpose by your-
self, and by Messrs. C). D. Fillev, John How,
lames O. Broadhead. Samuel T. Glover, J. J.
Witzig and Francis P. Blair, proclaim martial
law in the City of St. Louis.
The additional force hereby authorized
shall be discharged, in part or in whole, ii
enlisted, as soon as it appears to you and the
gentlemen above named that there is no dan-
an attempt on the part of enemies of the
government to take military possession of St.
Louis, or put the city in control of a com-
bination against die government of the L'nited
States, and while such additional force re-
mains in the service the same shall be govern-
ed by the rules and articles of war, and such
special regulations as you may prescribe. It
shall, like the force heretofore directed to be
enrolled, be under your command. The arms
and other military stores in the St. Louis ar-
senal not needed for the forces of the L'nited
in Missouri must be removed to
Springfield, or some other safe place of de-
posit in the State of Illinois as speedily as
practicable by the ordnance officer in charge
at St. Li iuis.
L. THOMAS, Adjutant-General.
i Indorsements >
It is revolutionary times, and therefore i
do ni:'. object to the irregularity of the same.
W. S.
Approved April 30, 1861. A. LINCOLN.
Col. Thomas will make this order.
SJ M< >X CAMERI )N, Secretary of War.
Two of the gentlemen of the above named.
How and Fillev. had held the office of Mayor
of the City of St. Louis, and three of them,
namely. Ulair, Glover and Broadnead, were
1 to Mr. Lincoln. The regi-
ments received into the arsenal were formed
into a brigade, and (apt. Lyon chosen Gen-
eral. Blair was ( olonel of the Firsl Regiment
and J. \V. Schi mid Major.
In addition to the four regiments of vol-
unteers which, were mustered into the serv-
ice on the _'ist of April another regiment
of volunteers under Col. Soloman was soon
after mustered in and armed. There were
also five others organized and armed and
enlisted fi >r three months' service, and formed
into a brigade called the United States Re-
serve Corps, of which Capt. Sweeny was
11 General. The writer was on his stair
as Quartermaster, with the rank of Major.
and has in his possession copies of contracts
made for the occupation of quarters for tlu
regiment. Soon after the organization of this
brigade, however, Sweeny was called into the
service of Gen. Lyon, who was on his way
from Boonville to Springfield. McNeil was
then in command for a short time, but soon
after all the regiments constituting the United
States Reserve Corps were ordered to the held
in different parts of the State, and the L'nited
States Reserve Corps ceased to exist as a
military organization. It is said that there is
no record of a military organization of this
character to be found in the records 1 tin
War Department.
The officers commanding these five regi-
ments were as follows: Cols. Almstedt,
Kallman, McNeil, B. Cratz Brown and Su-
lci. Stifel's regiment waa the last to b
mustered into service and armed at the ar-
senal, and on its way to the Stifel brew-
er}- in the northern part of the city, while
marching up Fifth Street, and near the
Presbyterian Church on the corner 1 f Wal-
nut, it was assaulted by a mob, stone?
thrown, very abusive language used, and
finally a pistol shot tired from the crowd.
The -nen of the regiment then commenced
firing without any orders from the officers
and continued firing as far as Pine Street.
The result was that seven or eight were
killed, principally soldiers of the regimenl
5I11 ' by their own men.
1 hi the 17th of April Gov. Jackson seni
1 'apts. Green and Duke to Montgomery.
Ala., with an autograph letter to the Presi-
dent of the Confederacy, requesting him to
furnish those officers with the siege guns
and mortars which Gen. Frost wanted for
the proposed attack upon the arsenal. Or
the same day the Governor called the Leg-
islature to meet on the 2d day of May, to
1 such measures as might be deemed
try for the more perfect organization
and equipment of the militia." He also or-
dered the commanding officers of the several
militia districts of the state to assemble their
respectiv* commands at some convenient
in their own districts on the 3d of
Ma\ : and on the 3d of Ma\ Camp Jackson
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
2421
was formed. The committee of saten- very-
soon acquired information of the commission
of Green and Duke, and informed Captain
Lyon, who was then in command, of this
fact. The commissioners, upon their arrival
at Montgomery, stated the object of their
mission and of the plan for taking the ar-
senal. Mr. Davis approved the plan, as he
was familiar with the ground, having once
been stationed at Jefferson Barracks as an
officer of the army, and ordered the offi-
cers in command at the Baton Rouge ar-
senal to supply the arms. In a letter in
reply to Gov. Jackson he said that, after
learning what was most needful for the at-
tack on the arsenal, he had directed that
Capts. Green and Duke should be furnished
with two 1 2-pound howitzers and two 32-
pound guns, with proper ammunition for
each. "These, from the commanding hills,
will be effective against the garrison and
to break the inclosing walls of the place. I
concur with you as to the great importance
of capturing the arsenal and securing its sup-
plies. We look anxiously and hopefully for
the day when the star of Missouri shall be
added to the constellation of the Confederate
States of America." These arms were shipped
on the steamboat J. C. Swon, commanded by
Capt. Jones. She steamed into the port of St.
Louis on Ma}- 8 with a Confederate flag at
her masthead. They were in boxes marked
"Tamaroa Marble." "Care of Greely & Gale,''
well-known union men. Major Shaler. of
Frost's" brigade, took charge of them and they
were taken by him to Camp Jackson, but the
agents of the committee had kept watch of
the whole movements, and Capt. Lyon was
informed. On the 9th of May Capt. Lyon
visited Camp Jackson in disguise and exam-
ined its exact location and the surroundings.
On the same day, about 4 o'clock in the
afternoon, the writer of this article rcv
a note from Capt. Lyon by a messenger, say-
ing that he requested him to meet him at
the arsenal at 7 o'clock. Similar notices were
received by the other members of the safety
committee. They all came, and a consulta-
tion was held in the upper room of Lyon's
headquarters. He said that he proposed to
take Camp Jackson, but he desired to con-
sult the safety committee on the subject and
wished their acquiescence. The matter was
discussed until about midnight. Two members
of the committee were verj much opposed
to it. but when a vote was taken the other
four favored the movement. Mr. Glover and
the writer came back to his office, and at the
corner of Fourth and Pine Streets, met two
of the pickets from Camp Jackson. This and
other facts show that Gen. Frost apprehend-
ed an attack. It was a stormy night. Blair's
regiment was to have conn- up b\ boat from
Jefferson Barracks, where ii was stationed,
but the severe storm prevented the boat mak-
ing the trip that night. The regiment marched
up by land the next morning.
1 'ii tin- night of the conference Mr. ' Hover
looked at the question from a purely legal
standpoint. Though he desired the capture
of the place, he knew that no act against
the authority of the federal government had
as yet been committed by the command at
Camp Jackson, the national flag was still
flying there, and he ii I tin ordi-
nary legal steps should be taken fur the re-
covery of the arm? brought up from Baton
Rouge by suing out a writ of replevin and
- placing the Cnited States Marshal at the
head of the troops: but Lyon insisted upon
the course he had evidently resolved upon.
although he
ing prepared by Mr. Glover. A declaration in
reple\in was drawn up by Mr. Glover, and
it was sail] at the time tint next morning
Marshal Raw 'in . rit to
the arsenal, but was refused admittance.
It was n< mflict,
which might 'be productive of disastrous con-
seqiK' induced Mr. < Hi >
the position he did. but
I'm- the law. for ' physi-
cally and morall) ' legal
he was lega'
iv ever
com-
mmtit' I to the ac~
iu he
th; t thi
2422
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
siderabl) increased, the armament which was
appropriate to be used in an attack upon the
arsenal was actually in the camp of Gen.
frost, and, situated as the arsenal was, the
skillful use of such would have enabled a very
small force to accomplish the purpose in
view, and that such a purpose was still held
1 ov. Jackson there could be no doubt.
Gen. Frost may not have known of such a
purpose; he was under control of the com-
mander in chief of the state forces, and it was
unnecessary that any one else than the com-
mander in chief should know, until the time
for action came. Gen. Lyon was a soldier,
and therefore the best judge of the impend-
ing clanger, and what steps were necessary
to avoid it.
On the morning of the ioth of May Gen.
Frost wrote a letter to Lyon, stating that
he was constantly in receipt of information
that Lyon contemplated an attack upon
his camp. He denied that either he or any
of his men had any hostile intentions to-
ward the United States Government, and
would be glad to know whether there was
any truth in the statements that were con-
stantly poured into his ears, and concluded
by saying: "I trust that after this explicit
statement we may be able, by fully under-
standing each other, to keep far from our
borders the misfortunes which so unhap-
pily afflict our common country." The letter
was sent by Col. Bowen. Lyon refused to re-
ceive it, and immediately put his column in
motii >n,
The regiments selected by Lyon to assist
in the capture of Camp Jackson were the
ist, 2d. 3d and 4th Missouri Volunteers and
the 3d and 4th Reserve Corps. The camp was
taken, and the troops treated as prisoners
-. taken down to the arsenal, and after-
ward reli 1- 'd n their parole, except Capt.
Emmetl McDonald, who refusing to give his
parole, applied to the federal court for a writ
of habeas corpus. What finally became of
this proceeding is not now recalled. When the
writ was served on Gen. Harney, who had
returned from Washington and was again
in command, he mad-' return that on the
13th of May Emmett McDonald had been
transferred )•> the officer commanding the
Illinois m .1 i]is at ' e, 111., and was
not in his custody: but said at the same
time that lie could ii"t surrender his cus-
todv unless some sufficient evidence should
be furnished that he was not of the num-
ber of those at Camp Jackson who gave
that '.amp its character, by which it came
under the class of disaffected men, hostile
to the Government of the United States, re-
ferring to an order previously issued by the
President for the dispersion of all bodies of
armed rebels hostile to the United States.
Many of the prisoners from Camp Jackson
were afterward exchanged as prisoners of
war. Of course, the pubiic did not expect such
a movement. The battles between the union-
ists and secessionists had up to this time been
a war of words. Efforts, it is true, were made
by the secessionists to bring on a conflict
within the city: the national flag was insulted,
and efforts made at one time on Fifth Street,
opposite the Berthold mansion, to tear it
down, but the union men continued their
work and bided their time. A conflict within
the city wouid have been disastrous to the
union cause, as well as to the inhabitants.
When the military movement on Camp Jack-
son was made it shocked a great many of our
most prominent union citizens. A delegation
went on to Washington for the purpose of
having Gen. Lyon removed, and it was not
surprising that those who knew so little about
the real condition of affairs should have been
amazed at the step taken by Gen. Lyon in re-
gard to Camp Jackson, but I am sure that
they themselves would be equally amazed
now, when they bring to memory the position
which they then assumed toward General
Lyon. On the other hand a delegation was
sent on by those who favored the movement
of Lyon, and the committee of safety also
sent on to the administration at Washington
a lengthy communication signed by each
member of the committee, justifying the act.
and the result was that instead of removing
Lyon he was promoted from the office of Cap-
tain to that of Brigadier General and left in
commai '1 of the department.
The unfortunate affair which took place
upon the surrender of the troops at Camp
Jackson, by which twenty-eight persons
killed and many wounded, is much to
be regretted. That night the streets were
filled with infuriated men, secession
speeches wen- made at various points to
crov\ Is of citizens who sympathized with
the Southern cause; threats were made
against prominent union men, and the
whole citv was in a state of turmoil: finallv
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
j Ml
a mob was formed for the purposes of tear-
ing down the office of the Missouri Demo-
crat, the paper which did so much for the
union cause during those troublous times,
but as the crowds rushed down Locust Street
it was greeted by a platoon of thirty police-
men under the command of Chief McDon-
ough, who, with fixed bayonets, were in line
extending across the street and facing the
mob, and under orders to use both ball and
bayonet in case of advance; the mob then
moved back to the neighborhood of the
Planters' House where the largest crowd
was assembled.
From this time Missouri was secured to
the union cause, and in regard to the rest of
this sketch it will be confined to a brief state-
ment of the names of the different military
officers who held military control in the city
and the dates of their appointment, referring
only to a few incidents connected with their
administration.
On the 16th of May, 1861, Gen. Harney
was relieved from the command of the De-
partment of the West, and leave of absence
was granted him until further orders.
On the 17th of May Lyon was informed
by the Secretary of War, Simon Cameron,
that he had been appointed Brigadier Gen-
eral of the volunteer force, raised in con-
formitv with the President's proclamation of
May 3, 1861, to rank from May 18, 1861.
After two efforts to effect a compromise
between the contending parties, the first
between Harney and Price, after Harney's
return to St. Louis, and before his removal,
which was agreed upon but not carried out;
and the second, between Jackson and Price
on the one side and Blair and Lyon on the
other, after Lyon had been placed in com-
mand of the department, which was not
consummated. Lyon, after securing the
possession of the city by detachments of
troops stationed at different points, left St.
Louis by water on June 13 for Jefferson
City, taking with him an army of about 2,000
men. Col. Blair, with the 1st Regiment of
Missouri Volunteers, was in that expedi-
tion. 1 will quote the language of Gen.
Lyon upon the breaking up of the last men-
tioned conference which was held at the
Planters' House in St. Louis, as it is given
by Thomas L. Snead in his book, entitled
"The Fight for Missouri," he being present
on the occasion as a member of Gen. Price's
staff, inasmuch as his statement differs some-
what [ram the statement of others. After the
1 onference had lasted four or five hours, Lyon
in-:
"Rather than concede to the State of .Mis-
souri the right to demand that mj govern-
ment shall not enlist troops within her
limits, or bring troops into the state when-
evcr it pleases, or move its troops at its
own will, into or out of or through the
state; rather than concede to the State of
Missouri foi one single instant the right to
dictate to my government in anj matter
however unimportant, 1 would (rising as he
said this and pointing in turn to ever' one
in the room) see you. and you, and you, and
every man, woman and child in the state dead
and buried." Then turning to the Governor
he said: "This means war. In an hour one of
my officers will call for you and conduct you
out of my lines."
The effort to secure Missouri to the union
was one of no ordinary import. She was a
slave state, and the men who were the
leaders of public sentiment were the own-
ers of slaves. They dictated lor the most
part the nomination and election of men to
"Mice, and were thus enabled to control to
a great extent the political sentiments of
the pe .pie. But the irrepressible conflict
had come to a final issue, and many who
•owned slaves when the alternative was pre-
ented by the Southern States that there
must be a further , jctension oi slavery over
territor) which had been dedicated to free-
dom, or a dissolution of the union, de
termined to unite with those who had made
war upon slavery and were willing to aban-
don the institution rather than sacrifice the
union. To this course they were further im-
pelled under the circumstances which sur-
rounded them b\ a 1 onsideration of the
wrongs and injustice which had been per-
petrated in the repeal of the Missouri com-
promise, the passage of the Kansas-Xe-
braska hill, and the adoption of the Le-
mstitution by a combination of
fraud and force. Party ties were bro
as the\ ever should be when the country is
in peril. In their eves at least justice and
itism demanded the sai
union first — the union alwa inion
without a condition — was their watchword.
Lvon never returned to St. Louis alive.
( >n the 25th of July, 180 r. Gen. Fremont
2424
WAR BETWEEN THL STATES.
then recently made a Major General, on his
; from Paris, arrived in St. Louis and
..1 command of the Department of
the Missouri, lie was vested with almost
unlimited power, but his arrival in Mis-
souri was a national disaster. In the fall
of 1861, November 6, he was removed from
the command of the department, not be-
cause of his issuing- his proclamation of
emancipation, which was repudiated by
Mr. Lincoln, but because of his ineffi-
ciency as a military officer, his treatment of
the union itch in the interior of the state,
his permitting Lyon and Mulligan to be sac-
rificed, and because he had spent more money
than the law allowed. The writer of this
article was deputed to Washington by the
it' safety for the purpose of urg-
ing his removal, and from the lips of Mr.
i incoln himself, after an interview of more
than an hour, was informed that the order
would be issued for his removal.
Early in the summer of 1861, the writer was
nted as Assistant District Attorne) for
■' District of Missouri, and spe-
cially assigned by the Attorney General to the
luty of taking such steps as might be
thought necessary to the prosecution of of-
linst the United States. In June,
riter caused J. W. Tucker to be
ted, and brought before Benjamin Hick-
then United States Commissioner and
of the United States Circuit Court, on a
■ of conspiracy. Various witnesses
examined, and finally a search warrant
f< >r and issued. under the authority
of which his office on Pine Street, between
Thin! and Fourth, was searched, his desk
n and a number of valuable pa-
were found, among which was the let-
i iv. Jackson to J. W. Tucker of the
E April 28, in which he abus< s Paschall
; publican, and
ts have been made
ding under the
earch warrai :reated great excitement. The
treets were angn mi ib, and
the I to go back and
d il was as much as
orth to make the attempt. Tuck-
er, after he was , bond in the
Sam of $TO,000, and after the examination
had lasted a few clays he lefl the state and
] i? bond was forfeited.
On the 14th of August martial law was
declared in St. Louis, and Maj. McKinstry,
then acting as Quartermaster, was appoint-
ed provost marshal. On the 30th of August
Cen. Fremont, by a proclamation to that
effect, declared martial law throughout the
Stat* of Missonn, but made no provision for
officers and men to enforce it except in and
around St. Louis.
On September 6 Brig. Gen. McKinstry was
assigned temporarily as Quartermaster Gen-
eral of the Western department. On the
15'ch of September Gen. Fremont placed
Col. F. P. Blair under arrest, and on the
.roth appointed twenty-seven officers on his
staff and organized a bodyguard, command-
ed by Maj. Zagoni, consisting of about 100
men. the exact number not recollected; and
Gen. Fremont forced the paymaster to pay
them, although it was an arm of the serv-
ice not known to the army regulations, and
purely of Cen. Fremont's invention.
the 24th of September Brig. Gen. Sam-
uel R. Curtis assumed command of the City
1 ,i mis and vicinity.
On the 14th of October, 1861, Simon Cam-
eron. Secretary of War, came to St. Louis,
visited Gen. Fremont's headquarters at Tip-
to;1., and made an order to stop the erection
eld works around the city, to discon-
t'te erection of barracks near Fre-
mont's quarters in the city, and ordered that
.-eminent debt of $4,500,000, which had
been contracted in the Quartermaster's de-
partment in the city, should remain unpaid
J -.1:1 it could be properly examined at Wash-
ington, and that no payment should be made
to officers commissioned by Fremont until the
appointments were approved by the Presi-
dent.
Shortly afterward a commission, consist-
the lion. David Davis of Illinois, Hon.
Joseph Holt of Kentucky and Hugh Camp-
il St. Louis was appointed to examine
into the military accounts of the Department
West. Joseph S. Fullerton was secre-
tary of the commission.
By orriei of the War Department, of the
date of November 9, 1861, Gen. H. W. Hal-
he' was placed in command of the De-
partment of the Missouri; and on the iSth
of November, Maj. Gen. Hunter, who re-
mained in command as ranking officer of
the department after the removal of Gen.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2425
Fremont, relinquished his command to Gen.
Halleck.
0:i the 3d of October Capt. George E.
Leighton was assigned to duty as Provost
Marshal of St. Louis and vicinity. In an
order issued by him on December 4, 1861,
he made a very important suggestion to the
commanding officer, which was calculated
very much to mitigate the severities of mar-
tial law. He says: "On the appointment to the
position I hold I found the department
greatly disorganized, and from the date of
proclamation of martial law there has been
exercised a very general jurisdiction 1 ver
civil as weli as military matters. Perhaps at
first it was in a measure necessary, but if so,
the necessity exists no longer; and it has been
my aim by thorough organization to increase
its efficiency, though operating with a less
force, and disentangle it from all connection
with civd matters, except in case of absolute
necessity, and where it is believed the in-
terests of the government imperatively re-
quired it." Col. Leighton found the affairs of
the Provost Marshal's office in a very disor-
dered condition, and did as much work in
bringing order out of chaos as was done by
any other officer m the state in any other
department.
On December 4, 1861, by an order of that
date Lieut. Col. B. G. Farrar was appointed
Provost Marsha! General of the Depart-
ment of Missouri, and Captain George E.
Leighton Provost Marshal of the City of
St. Louis and its vicinity. On December 13
McKinstry arrived at St. Louis under ar-
rest; he was tried by court-martial, found
guilty and dismissed from the service.
In April, 1862, Gen. Halleck left for Cor-
inth, Miss.. Gen. J. M. Schofield being left
in command of the greater part of the state.
On the 10th of September. Col. T. T. Gantt
was appointed to succeed Col. B. G. Farrar
as Provost Marshal General, and Col. Gantt
was relieved by Gen. Curtis on the 1st of No-
vember.
Gen. S. R. Curtis was next appointed in
command of the Department of Missouri
and Col. F. A. Dick was appointed Provost
Marshal General, and on the 9th of March,
1863, Gen. Curtis was relieved from the com-
mand, and Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner as-
signed to the command.
Gen. Sumner, on his way from the army
of the Potomac to take charge of the De-
partment of the Missouri, was taken sick and
died at Syracuse, Xew York, on the 21st of
March, 1863, having been in the military
service of the country for forty-four years.
Gen. Schofield was then appointed to the
command of the department on the 24th day
of May. 1863. And on the 9th of June, 1863,
Lieut. Col. James O. Broadhead was ap-
pointed Provost Marshal General of the de-
partment, which at that time consisted of
Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, the Indian
Territory and Southern Iowa.
During the time he was acting as Provost
Marshal letters were received from various
persons in the department urging the trial
of W. R. Straughn, who while acting as
Provost Marshal of the military district
commanded by Gen. McXeil, was charged
with various offenses at Palmyra, particu-
larly one connected with the shooting of
twelve prisoners arrested for various acts
of disloyalty, and then confined in the jail
at Palmyra, and other offenses committed
bv him while he was in office as Provost
Marshal. He was at this time out of the
service, and the Provost Marshal General,
learning that he was at Washington, D. C,
sent a detective there to arrest him; he had
left Washington, but was followed to Quincy,
111., where he was arrested and brought thence
to St. Louis, and a military commission or-
ganized for his trial. He was regularly tried
by the commission, and found guilty of ap-
porpriating money arising from the sale of
some government horses, but not guilty of
the offense charged in regard to his con-
nection with the wife of one of the persons
selected to be shot on the occasion. The case,
however, was not brought before the com-
mander of the department for its approval un-
til after Gen. Roseerans succeeded Gen. Scho-
field in command of the department, and Gen.
Roseerans disapproved the finding of the com-
mission. When Straughn was arrested his
trunk was taken from him and brought to the
office of the Prov>st Marshal General, and
opened. In it were found several counter-
feit bills and memoranda containing a list
of the names of the prisoners selected for
execution at Palmyra and other miscellane-
ous papers, among which was one purporting
to be the copy of an order issued to Jo Dud-
ding, of Hannibal, which read as follows.
fice of District Provost Marshal, Hanni-
bal. Mo.— Jo Dudding has the right t
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
pn ividi d lie does no!
; itution of the I anted 5
w ii.f.i \:,i r. si r vughn,
Prov >st Marshal,
ccceded i ien. Schofield
i'1 comman I of tin D< pj i tm< nl of Missouri.
as during his administration that
I " n. I rice n ade his sec md raid into Mis-
souri and traversed the si ite from Pilot Knob
to Lexington. It was thought that St. Louis
was in danger, and a large army of citizen
soldiers was formed to resist the attack.
On the 1 6th of July, 1863, the steamboat
Imperial arrived at New Orleans from St.
Louis without obstruction; and on the 23d
' '' Jul; S. P. Chasi ; the Treas-
ury, issued tin- following order:
Washington City, July 23. 1863.— To the
Surveyor of Customs: l lear boats and car-
goes, except of prohibited articles, for New
( irleans, if desired, taking bonds not to land
goods at intermediate points, except undei
it ■ authorized by existing regulations.
S. P. CHASE, Secretary of the Treasury.
For two years the navigation .if the Mis-
ha l been substantially closed: the
Cit' ol Si Louis was under martial law;
uired to enable goods to be
taken out or broughl into the city; trade
with the outside ivorld crippled or substan-
11 pended; the state traversed by rov-
ing bands of guerrillas on the one part and
mi lisciplined soldiers on the other, each
■ upon the unarmed, and non-com-
batanl citizens of the interior, and each ex-
eri ising ri ,'<r, p til localities
by tal and property of these
'" 'ii ombatants up< n i,..-n- suspicion thai
thej 1 ,ne ide or the other,
and jucigi - tl ■ bench b;
dier : under mi hi 1 rd< 'I he ston 1
all its lion ible detail's lias
be written. : ■ ,- that our city
'rested in 1 ' pri ign ss, and
1 r wonder thai when the in
ken ft ; hou
bounded forward with new life and energ\
and attained the exal which she
JAM 1 OADIIEAD.
War between the States — Confeder-
ate History. — The position of St. Louis as
a slave state was an anxious
trying one when hostilities commenced
in the Civil War. In fact that condition ap-
plied i" the whole State of Missouri, but to
St. Louis, as the commercial center, it was
more than a political disturbance, hazarding,
id, the destruction of her trade and com-
with that part of the South tributary to
the Mississippi river, which she had so long
been building up and enjoying. Consequent-
ly, for self-interest alone, her merchants and
ieading citizens were opposed to the country
becoming involved in strife if by a conserva-
tive course it could be avoided. < >f the popu-
lation a large portion were of Southern orig-
in, and whilst Missourians generally viewed
with grave apprehension and disapproval the
policy of secession, they had a warm sympa-
thy with their old friends in their distn
disturbed condition. As has been said of the
American revolution that "It was a war of
argument long before it became a war of phy-
sical force," so the civil war was pn
b 1 debates and discussions as to the pi >\y 1 rs 1 if
the general government and rights , ,f the
States, running back to the very foundation
of the Union. In these controversies, the
best minds and purest hearts of all sections
were enlisted, and differences of opinion and
judgment were maintained withoul dispute
as to the honesty or patriotism of those en-
gaging in them. The institution of slavery, a
baleful heritage of both North and South,
tame however, to be a most disordant element
oi politics, at last alienating personal friend-
ships, estranging families, dividing religious
si cts, and causing a war in which the lives of
hundreds of thousands were sacrificed, mil-
lii ms of money expended, and from the dire ef-
i 'Cts of which the country has not yet r< cov-
ered.
Liberty of thought under the Adams admin-
istration, with the alien and sedition laws in
operation, was a sham and pretence. A mem-
ber of Congress was imprisoned four months
and lined $1,000 for saying the President had
an unbounded thirst for pomp and adula-
tion," and many similar cases of tyrann
curred. The} pointed to centralization of
power. The Virginia Legislature, by the res-
olutions of 1707. written by Madison and en-
dorsi d by Jefferson, Patrick Henry .and many
other patriots of the Revolution, declared
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
laws unconstitutional, and invited the other
States to unite in resisting them. Kentucky
went further and declared nullification the
proper remedy. Both States viewed the con-
stitution as a compact, and acts of Congress
no further valid than as authorized by that
instrument. From that period on the question
of nullification and incidentally, of secession,
had hinged upon the question whether the
people collectively, or the people as represent-
ed through their State organizations, were
the agents "forming a more perfect union."
New York ratified the present constitution de-
claring "that the powers of government may
be reassumed by the people whenever it shall
become necessary for their happiness," and
language to the same effect was used by sev-
eral other states. Chief Justice Marshall, one
of the most ultra Federalists, averred that the
majority for the constitution was so small in
many instances that its intrinsic merits would
not have served it had the influence of char-
acter in its favor been removed ; and, in fact,
in some of the States a majority was opposed
to it. Hence it was the States, not the popu-
lar voice, that made the constitution.
With the defeat of the Adams party and
the accession of Jefferson to the Presidency
the Federalists dwindled to a mere band of
self-selected leaders in Connecticut, New
York, New Hampshire and Pennsylvania.
These leaders were secessionists, but believed
the time not ripe. They sought a foothold
through the election of Aaron Burr as Gov-
ernor of New York in 1804, and but for the
jealousy of Hamilton, Burr might have been
elected and a Northern confederacy actually
proposed, for up to this period there had been
no question of the right of a State to secede.
In 1S11, when Louisiana was an applicant
for statehood, Joshiah Ouincy of Massachu-
setts declared in the halls of Congress that her
admission would free the other States from
their alliance to the Union, and it would be a
duty of some of them "to prepare definitely for
a separation, amicably if they can, forcibly if
they must." Yet it was not until the war of
1812 that Northern nullification took mate-
rial form. The Jay treat)" of [795 between
England and the United States forbade the
exportation from America of sugar, molasses,
cotton and some other commodities. The al-
leged British right of search or impressment
of American sailors. was not disclaimed by it.
It gave our rivers to England for free naviga-
tion, but not Canadian waters to us. The
treaty was a temporizing expedient on both
sides. When Mr. Jefferson, retaliating f
peated British outrages on our vessels and
other violations of the treaty of 1795, 1
an embargo upon England's shipping, New
England was greatly alarmed. Upon the
ge of the Force bill by Congo
authorizing seizures on sea and land. New
England pulpits, presses and rostrums thun-
dered their residence. Three years later when
tin' slumbering war between Great Britain and
tiie United States came on, almost precisely
the same condition of affairs in relation to it
prevailed in New England as existed in Mis-
souri and Kentucky with reference to the
Civil War in 1861. New England raised
troops for the protection of her own soil, but
refused to put them under the orders of the
100 members of the convention chosen by the
people there was not a single avowed
national executive. Madison's Secretary of
War declined to pay them, because the gov-
ernors of the States held them as State mili-
tia. Josiah Ouincy declared that Massachu-
setts soldiers would not march through Can-
ada to defend Lake Champlain, and Governor
Strong in a message to the Massachusetts
Legislature January 1. 1S14, avowed that the
war was unreasonable, if not criminal. One
branch of the Legislature held that no aid
should be given until negotiations for peace
had failed.while the other branch resolved that
the people could not give encouragement to
tiie war without being "obnoxious to the just
retribution of Divine vengeance." Governor
( rriswold of Connecticut said the militia
should not obey orders from a continental
officer. Throughout New England this was
the prevailing sentiment, and that section
therefore, remained neutral. When, however,
the city of Washington was captured by the
British, the Hartford Convention was called to
meet December 15, 1814, to consider what
New England should do. But as in Missouri
in 1861, the radicals in the movement were
not the representatives chosen.
was its object, but the Ghent treat
was signed before the convention I
portunity to proclaim its pun
members were sworn to
itively known about tin
ord of the absurd constitt
proposed. And
veighed against t:
2428
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
the newspapers were not suppressed, the
banks were not subjected to forced loans, the
militia were not marched oft" to Federal arsen-
als, symathizers with Great Britain were not
assessed or banished beyond the lines, and
iron-clad oaths of loyalty were not adminis-
tered. It was left to the Civil War to pro-
duce these methods of conquering people
holding opposite views to those in power and
driving them into armed resistance.
At the time of the admission of Missouri to
the Union in 1820, the mineral wealth and
richness of the soil of the country bordering
on the west of the Mississippi was already
known and had attracted the attention of peo-
ple Hing in the old States. A tide of immi-
gration set in and from the settlement and pre-
emption of rich wide acres of the new territory
it became apparent that it was a question of
only a few years when the whole West would
be populated and new States carved out of the
vast domain acquired through the foresight
of Jefferson. The fight therefore made against
Missouri as a slave State by the North, not
apparent at the time, had a wider range than
simply her admission implied. There were
millions of money invested in slaves.
Millions were yearly produced by their
labor where white men could not be substitut-
ed or profitably employed. The attempt to
abridge the right of ownership in slaves ac-
cordingly met with the strongest opposition
and resistance. Agitation on either side be-
gat opposition on the other, until the election
of Abraham Lincoln in i860, pledged against
the admission of any more slave States, was
seized upon as a declaration of hostility to
tli>' institution itself. Educated by the leading
of the South in the doctrine of the par-
amount rights of the States and fired by a
of injustice, the people of the '"Cotton
States' el up an independent
ederacy. Such was the political relig-
imbibed through years of
self-indrest and education by their leaders.
They had been taught, too, that belief in the
same doctrii It the South.
Northern agitators had denounced the Consti-
tution of the United State a- " \n agreement
with death and a covenant with hell." had
been willing to '•Let the Union slide," and
referred in song 1 , the Union flag as "\
flaunting lie." The general of the army had
noted as willing . . h
ing States: "Wayward sisters, depart in
peace." And there was an undercurrent of
belief that if the South showed herself to be
in full earnest as to separation, there might
be a show of compulsion on the part of the
remaining States, but nothing more.
The secession of South Carolina in Decem-
ber i860, with the attendant enthusiasm
throughout the cotton and sugar States, pro-
duced intense excitement and apprehension in
the rest of the country. Our own State and
city were filled with consternation. Missouri,
with but few slaves, could not but feel her iso-
lation, surrounded as she was on three sides
by free States, and feeling a certainty that the
United States Government would never give
up the control of the Mississippi river. The
Union sentiment largely predominated, but
there was a prevailing opposition to war or
coercion, the belief being general that some
method of amicable settlement would present
itself to prevent the impending disasters. A
State convention was elected to meet at Jef-
ferson City in February of 1861. In April 1861
President Lincoln made his requisition
upon Governor Jackson for Missouri's quota
of the 75,000 volunteers ordered to the field.
To this the Governor responded with an em-
phatic negative. The demand and the re-
sponse engendered intense feeling, the con-
servatives holding that in the embarrassing
position of the border States the call might
have been made on the country at large with-
out reference to State lines. The loyalty of
Missouri had been shown at the State election,
held in the midst of the political excitement,
wherein Bell received 58,370; Douglas, 58,-
800; Lincoln, 17,000. and Breckinridge, the
avowed secession candidate, 31.317 votes: and
it further evidence of the Union feeling were
necessary, it could be pointed out that of the
sionist, although three-fourths of them were
born in slave States. This convention at once
showed it was a conservative body by the se-
lection as its presiding officer of ex-Governor
Sterling Price, a pronounced Unionist, who
had done all in his power to keep the State
from joining the secession column. Were it
not for the unfortunate events that subse-
quently transpired, his influence in the same
direction would undoubtedly have prevented
many a painful episode of the war. General
Price was a man of commanding and dignified
presence, his personal character was imbued
with purity and uprightness, and his mind
with lofty and generous impulses. He had the
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2429
confidence of thousands of his fellow citizens-
who received the intelligence of his election
to preside over the convention with unfeigned
satisfaction. On March 4, this body re-as-
sembled in St. Louis, on the day of the inaug-
uration of President Lincoln. It was com-
posed of the foremost men in the State. The
chairmanship of the committee on Federal
Relations was awarded to Hamilton R. Gam-
ble, an old and highly respected citizen of
St. Louis, who afterwards was elected Pro-
visional Governor. His committee soon re-
ported for adoption resolutions taking strong
grounds against secession, as set forth in the
following language :
"That while Missouri cannot leave the Un-
ion to join the Southern States, we will do all
in our power to induce them to again take
their places with us in the family from which
they have attempted to separate themselves.
For this purpose we will not only recommend
a compromise, with which they ought to be
satisfied, but we will endeavor to procure an
assembly of the whole family of States in or-
der that in a general convention such amend-
ments to the Constitution may be agreed upon
as shall permanently restore harmony to the
whole nation." They would entreat the Fed-
eral Government not to employ force against
the seceding States, and the latter not to as-
sail the government whilst this proposition is
under consideration.
The first military steps taken in St. Louis
by the government was early in January, 1861,
when Jefferson Earracks was reinforced by-
regulars from Newport, Kentucky, and a few
days afterward, the Custom House and Sub-
Treasury were taken possession of by a squad
of soldiers, the government funds being re-
moved. The excitement caused by these and
similar acts was such that it was deemed nec-
essary to call a public meeting for the pur-
pose of considering the issues then before
the country. This was held on January 12,
1861, and the most patriotic resolutions were
adopted with enthusiasm. They declared
first the loyalty of the State to the Union, and
secondly that it was the belief of the people
that an adjustment of the differences between
the States could be arrived at by the adoption
of the "Crittenden Compromise." which re-
quired Congress to enforce the law for the re-
turn of fugitive slaves to their owners, pro-
tect the institution where it existed, and ex-
clude it forever from the territorv north of
36 degrees, 30 minutes, adopted as the line in
the Missouri Compromise. This meeting
was not participated in by the unconditional
Union men, who at first joined in the call
made for the assemblage, they having had an
inkling of the character of the resolutions that
would be presented, and which they knew
they had not the power to defeat, resolutions
that merely favored giving to fifteen States
of the Union all of their constitutional rights.
Following this meeting came the call for the
Union Convention and election of delegates
spoken of before, that assembled first at Jef-
ferson City and afterwards in St. Louis.
On April 13, the announcement of the firing
on Fort Sumpter by the Confederates further
intensified the excitement in the city, and in
three days afterward a demand made by Pres-
ident Lincoln upon the Governor for four
equipped regiments of men, to which a reply
was sent that Missouri would not furnish a
single man to subjugate the South. This
positive answer was in keeping at the time
with the peaceful feelings of the people, on
every occasion expressed in resolutions adopt-
ed at public meetings.
During the political campaign of the sum-
mer and fall of i860, the Republicans of the
city had organizations called "Wide-
Awakes," and the Democrats ''Broom Rang-
ers." These were the torch bearers and shout-
ers that paraded through the streets of the city
making "nights hideous." The election over
and the political excitement continuing, the
campaign clubs were disbanded, and military
companies formed into which the members
were enrolled — the Republicans into "Black-
Jaegers" and "Home Guards," and the Seces-
sionists into "Minute Men."
An attempt was made by the members of
the State Legislature, who sympathized with
the movement of the South, to pass a meas-
r.se for arming the State Militia, for the pur-
pose, it was said, of enabling Missouri to
maintain order, protect her people and their
property, and make her influence among other
States felt in their advocacy of peace. The
measure was taken up and discussed on March
4. and was defeated, for the alleged r<
that the Assembly being conservative di
wish to arm the citizens nor give the Govern-
or, who was an outspoken Southern sympa-
thizer, the power to involve the State in strife.
Prior to this time, Henry Boernstein and oth-
er prominent Germans commenced the forma-
2430
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
tion of Military Companies and soon had a
dozen or more equipped. Of the German
population of the city in those days, many
were unnaturalized and for the most part ig-
norant of the language spoken by the majority
of the people, and still more so of the forma-
tion i if the government, the relationship of the
disturbed States, or how the right of property
in slaves was instituted. They were strangers,
recently arrived from a foreign country, with-
out relationship, kindred or friends in the re-
volting States. Through the means of emigra-
tion, many had escaped a short time previous-
ly from the rigors of enforced military serv-
ice ami oppression in their native land, and
having in some degree a knowledge and
or military life and the power it gave,
they embraced the opportunity presented by
enrolling themselves as soldiers. It was not
long before the peace and tranquilty of the
whole city was disturbed by the haughty
tramp of armed men in the streets. Ir-
ritation, friction and collisions followed
between people of different views, to
such an extent as to force many spir-
ited men to leave their homes and business
to become soldiers themselves to resist the
oppression, which, as they thought, was being
heaped upon the city.
Frank P. Blair was the moving spirit in this
early military preparation to carry out the
will of the part}- in power. He eagerly seized
upon the opportunity to form an army, and
proved to be a powerful factor in directing
the movements of the unconditional Union
men in this city. Being in close touch with
the authorities at Washington, he understood
their wishes, and carried out with ability all
orders emanating therefrom. He was a man
of gifted speech and understanding, attrac-
tive, impetuous, generous, forgiving, and a
born leader of men. His conduct when the
war was ended cannot be forgotten, in his ef-
forts to have restored to the disfranchised
citizen- of the States the rights and liberties
they were- restrained from enjoying bv bigot-
ted politicians. Having formed the nucleus of
a military command, he kept on recruiting
and adding to this force until several regi-
ments were formed and made ready for ac-
tive measures.
In February, r86i, tin ed upon the
scene Captain Nathaniel Lyon, an officer in
the regular army, who was ordered from Kan-
sas with his company, and on his arrival in
the city was quartered at the Arsenal. He
was born in Connecticut in 1819 and gradu-
ated at West Point in 1841. His experience
in military matters was varied and extensive.
He served in the Seminole War and the Mexi-
can War, and also against the Indians in Cal-
ifornia and Oregon. The education received
at the National Academy had a tendency to di-
vert the attention of the students from the poli-
tical problems and affiliations of the time, but
he, unlike the old officers of his early days,
was attracted by matters outside of military
affairs. He found pleasure in contemplating
the condition of the African slave and what
was being done and agitated in the North for
the amelioration of his condition ; so that he
became an abolitionist, in fact, fanatical on
the subject. He must not, however, be mis-
judged, but regarded as a man urged onward
by what he thought to be patriotic and worthy
motives, for there was no one on either side
of the conflict that proved more than he the
courage of his convictions. He very soon
gained the confidence of Blair and his assoc-
iates, by his activity in strengthening the de-
fences of the Arsenal and in organizing bat-
tallions and regiments from the raw recruits
he found upon his arrival. His individuality
and hatred of the South were instilled into his
subordinates and he thereby created a parti-
son soldiery for the enforcement of any meas-
ure deemed necessary to crush the peaceful
and independent spirit of the people of the
city and State, and force them to take sides
one way or the other in the impending con-
flict.
The Department of Missouri was at this
time under the command of General William
S. Harney. It became soon apparent to Lyon
and the other political soldiers that a man of
Harney's mould, with such moderation and
sense of justice, in all things, was a stumb-
ling block in the way towards the accomplish-
ment of their designs. His removal conse-
quently was sought for and in a very short
time accomplished. President Lincoln, know-
ing the loyalty and discretion of that distin-
guished soldier, seemed apprehensive of the
result of such a change, and it was only after
much hesitation upon his part that the orders
were issued whereby Lyon and his friends
became possessed of the power they yearned
For, and which they put in execution without
delay.
The nightmare, whether real or feigned.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2 4 31
which disturbed the military dreams of the
unconditional Union men, was the tear that
an attack upon the Arsenal was contemplated
by the secessionists of the city. Lyon on his
arrival was told of these apprehensions, and
he straightway saw the opportunity it offered
for ousting' the conservative commandant of
that post. He was thoroughly informed upon
the status of the city by his spies and detec-
tives. The name and movements of every se-
cessionist in the city were known to him. and if
asked to do so, he could not have picked from
his list the names of a sufficient number of
men with the necessary determination and
willingness to attack the arsenal; in fact, they
did not exist at that time in this city or vic-
inity. The secessionists upon the streets could
not attempt it; the immature organization
called "Minute Man," undrilled and unarmed,
certainly would not do so when with' >ut a
chance of success before them. Anxious as
the secessionists may have been to become
possessed of the arms and ammunition at the
Arsenal, they certainly made no attempt to
get together an adequate force for their cap-
ture. All this was apparent to the Major in
command of the Arsenal, who told Lyi m when
addressed by him on the subject that nothing
up to that time had occurred in the city which
could make an attempt of the kind possible .
still, Blair and Lyon would have it that some
unseen and mysterious foe was ready to at-
tempt the task.
In 1858, a law was passed by the State Leg-
islature authorizing the formation of a militia
and the mustering and encamping of the
same in each military district, annually, fur a
few days ; but no provision was made in the
way of appropriations to meet the necessary
expenses. This drawback was met in St.
Louis by subscriptions. In i860 enough mon-
ey was obtained to purchase the necessary
equipment for a cam]), and one was
formed in the grounds of the Fair Associa-
tion, where accommodation was furnished in
tents for the few military companies that then
existed in the city. It was named Camp Lew-
is, after the explorer. The military companies
had in their ranks some of the city's best and
most prominent young men ; they had their
private armories wherein they drilled. These
organizations had no other object in view than
mutual enjoyment and companionship. On
public davs they appeared upon tin- streets in
militarv arrav with hand- of music, banners
and bright uniforms, and where as dashing a
-<t oi ;i ddicrs as ever won the smile of beauty.
I hat period was peaceful and patriotic. The
memory of Washington was revered and
his birthda) celebrated by our citizen soldiery
in a bei oming manner, so unlike these degen-
erate times, that have either forgotten the
event, or displaced it with the wi irship of mi ire
mi idem hi n >i -.
1 "amp Lewis pn ived to be a 110 It af-
forded a great deal of pleasure to the num-
erous visitors, who witnessed the daily drill
and parade, and was a revelation to man) who
never had the opportunity of seeing an en-
campment oi soldiers or the maneuvers ol so
many uniformed men. In the succeeding
twelve months, several new companies were
added to the militia, and in May of the follow
ing year, [861, a reception 'if the encamp-
ment wa.s ordered, and a site selected in what
was known at that time as Lindell Grove. It
was a delightful camping ground, having
many large foresl trees affording grateful
shade that was enjoyed by both officers and
men after the fatiguing exercises of the drill.
The grounds were also of eas} access from
the business center ami reached by a street
railway that terminated a short distance away.
It was named < 'amp Jackson, after the Gov-
ernor of the State. It was bounded north by
( Hive, south by Laclede, east by Compton and
west by Grand Avenues. At this day, the
whole area is completely built up, and no one
could realize the change that has taken place
in the features of that historic ground, hut
those who have witnessed the marvelous
growth of our city, and few of this day reflect
on the events that occurred there and their
consequences, it was there that war in Mis-
souri began. It was there the blood of inno-
cent men and women was shed by Lyon's
troops without real cause. A month prior
to this occurrence the country was horrified
at the action of a mob at Baltimore in assemb-
ling and killing soldiers from Massachusetts,
who were sjmplv passing through that city.
But no "tie dreamed that the next bl 1 to
mkle a street would he that of our own
peai 1 I .n"1 shed by men in tl
of [ nited States soldier-. I
■ -her parts of the
1 ,,i :.■ : antipathies grew tt
( in Ma> 3, r86i, I'1'
begt
the militarv lines
24S.
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
established, tents pitched and everything pro-
vided for the comfort of the men. For the
headquarters of the General there was r»>ched
a large marquee in front of which flc xi the
stars and stripes, and the State flag. The
camp became for the short time it was allowed
to exist the resort of the fashionable people
of the city, and all classes found agreeable rec-
reation in witnessing the military exercises
that took place each day. Upon May 6, the
Brigade assembled on Washington Avenue
and marched to the camp ground. The fol-
lowing names are those of commanding of-
ficers and staff, regimental Commanders and
officers of companies.
Brigadier Gen. D. M. Frost, Commanding:
Major Robert Voorhis, Judge Advocate and
Assistant Adjutant General, Major John L.
Anderson, P. M., Major Jos. F. Scott Sur-
geon, Major M. D. Wood, Aide-de-Camp,
Major Henry W. Williams, O. M., Major
Nich. Wall, Commissary.
First Regiment. — Lieut. -Col., John Knapp,
Commanding; Capt. W. C. Buchanan Adju-
tant, Capt. A. J. P. Garesche, Judge Advocate,
Capt. L. S. Flatch Commissary and Acting O.
M., Capt. Louis Pirn Surgeon, Capt. John
Drew 1'. M.
Company A. "St. Louis Greys" Martin
Burke, Captain, S. O. Coleman, 1st Lieuten-
ant. H. B. Belt, 2d Lieutenant. R. V. Leonori,
3d Lieutenant and $~ men.
Company B. "Sarsfield Guards.'* Charles
L. Rogers Captain, Thomas Curley 1st Lieut.,
Hugh McDermott 2d Lieutenant and 47 men.
Company C, "Washington Guards." Pat-
rick Gorman Captain, Robert Tucker 1st
Lieutenant, Thomas Mozlaw 2d Lieutenant.
' ornelius Hefifernan 3d Lieutenant and "$
men.
Company IX, Emmet Guards. Philip Coyne
( aptain, Edw. < >'Byrne 1st Lieutenant. Mar-
tin Parks 2d Lieutenant, Joseph Shields 3d
Lieutenant and 71 > men.
1 'ompany E., "V\ a \\w\\> m Blues." Jo-
seph Kelh ' a itain, F. M. Furbar 1st Lieut.
John R. Drew 2d Lieutenant, Daniel Woods
3d Lieutenant and 4_> men.
Company F., "Laclede Guards." W. H. Fra-
aptain, Stephen McBride 1st Lieutenant.
John Thomas 2d Lieutenant. John Henderson
3d Lieutenant and 43 men.
Companv G., "Missouri Guards." George
W. West ("aptain. Sol Scott, Jr. 1st Lieuten-
ant. A. Bernoudy 2d Lieutenant, F. W. Rob-
erts 3d Lieutenant and 48 men.
Company H., "Jackson Guards." I. W.
Wachter Captain, John W. Hennessy 1st
Lieutenant, John M. Mooney 2d Lieutenant,
John Bullock 3d Lieutenant and 42 men.
Company I.. "Grimsley Guards." B. New-
ton Hart Captain, Thomas Keith 1st Lieuten-
ant, Robert Finney 2d Lieutenant. John
3d Lieutenant and 47 men.
Company K., "Davis Guards." Emile
Longuemare Captain, Louis T. Kretchmar 1st
Lieutenant, A. FI. Hopton 2d Lieutenant,
Jules J. Leduc 3d Lieutenant and 54 men.
Second Regiment. Colonel John S. Bowen
Commanding. Lieut-Col. Early A. Stein Maj.,
James A. Shaler Captain, Thos. Floyd Smith
Adjutant. Captain J. B. Cates P. M.. Cap. A.
I. McGinnis A. M. Capt. C. N. Hawes Sur-
geon, Captain James Quinlan Commissary.
Engineer Corps. — -"National Guards." W.
B. Hasteline Capt. W. H. Finney 1st Lieuten-
ant, Charles Perrine 2d Lieutenant. John M.
< iilkerson 3d Lieutenant and 65 men.
Company A., "Independent Guards." C.
H. Frederick Captain, R. B. Clark 1st Lieut..
< . McDonnell 2d Lieutenant, O. A. Collins 3d
Lieutenant and 40 men.
Company B., O. W. Barrett Captain, L. H.
Lvennerly 1st Lieutenant. Edward Blennerhas-
sett 2d Lieutenant. T. S. Russell 3d Lieuten-
ant and 53 men.
Compay C, "Missouri Videttes." B. W.
Duke Captain. J. M. Douglass 1st Lieutenant.
A. C. Howard 2d Lieutenant. J. V. Smith 3d
Lieutenant and 44 men.
Company D., "McLaren Guards." J. W.
Sanford Captain, Sam'l Farrington 1st Lieut-
Henry Jenkins 2d Lieutenant, R. W. Duffy 3d
Lieutenant and 70 men.
' 'ompany E., Colton Green Captain. Chas.
Throckmorton 1st Lieutenant, R. H. Harring-
ton 21I Lieutenant. Alton Long. Jr. 3d Lieut,
and 45 men.
Company F.. "Jackson Grays." Hugh A.
Garland Captain. I. "Rock" Champion 1st
Lieutenant. W. C. P. Carrington 2. Lieuten-
ant. W. C. Potter 3d Lieutenant and 62 men.
Company G. G. Campbell Captain, R. R.
Hutchinson 1st Lieutenant, W. M. Maginnis
2d Lieutenant. A. Julius Ham 3d Lieutenant
and 53 men.
1 ompany H., "Southern Guards." I. J.
Shackelford Captain. J. L. Buskitt 1st Lieu-
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 2433
lenant, J. S. Dean 2d Lieutenant. D. T. Sam- failing to pass appropriation bills for the arm-
uels.3d Lieutenant and 62 men. ing the militia. General Frost, who command-
Company I., "Carondelet Guards." James ed the camp and was the "Brigadier" for this
M. Longborough Captain, David Walker 1st milit, . .district, appointed by the Governor,
Lieutenant, Edward Haren 2d Lieutenant, E. was not regarded at thai tin sionist,
C. Pitcher 3d Lieutenant and 40 men. although a strong southern sympathizer, nor
On May 7 the battalion from the south- known to be in such political affiliation with
west expedition arrived in St. Louis and his Excellency; but subsequent events made
marched direct to the Camp, composed as it quite apparent that they fully und
follows : one another. If, however, either of them sup-
Cavalry W., Clark Kennerly, Major. posed that the troops at i!' add be
Troop A., Captain Staples and Lieutenant used to carry the >n, thev
Fairbanks. :oned without their ho First
Troop B., Lieutenant A. McFarland. Regiment at least three-fourths of the men
Troop C, Captain Emmet McDonald, Thos. were in camp for pleasure only, and of the
Curlev First Lieutenant, Thomas McCarthy Second Regiment many were unarmed and
2d Lieutenant. through their inexperience wholly unreliable.
Artillery. Captain Henry Guibor, \Y. P. On Wednesday night. May 8, a steamboat,
Barlow 1st Lieutenant, Rudolph Weber 2d the "J. C. Swon," landed at the levi
Lieutenant. ing on board arms and ammunition that had
In all Numbering rank and file as follows: been taken and shipped from tin-
Staff 7 States Arsenal at Baton Rouge. The 1 len-
First Regiment 581 eral, on being notified of the arrival, had that
Second Regiment 582 part of the cargo convex ed h 1 * amp Jackson
Southwest Battalion 68 and it remained there unpacked up to the time
■ of the surrender. It can be safely said there
Total enrolled i-.iS were not two hundred men in the camp who
knew where the packages came from, what
There were not more than 650 rank and they were, or anything about them. It ap-
file in the camp when it was taken; the rest pears the Governor, seeing the futility of mak-
were away on leave, for the most part attend- ing an attempt upon the Arsenal without an
ing to their private affairs and business. The adequately equipped force, and being without
First Regiment, commanded by Colonel John funds to purchase, made a requisition on the
Knapp, had comparatively few members who Confederate government for military supplies.
were at all tinctured with secession senti- and what arrived on the Steann r Swon was in
ments; the companies, together with that of response to it. Had it been delayed for four
the National Guard or Engineer Company, days the encampment would have been over,
were for the most part, the old organizations and Lyon deprived thereb use to
that had for a long time existed in the city show his power. He saw his opportunity and
and had participated the year previous in embraced it. It exhibited very little practi-
Camp Lewis. cal sense or knowledge of the situation, and
The Second Regiment, commanded by 1 !ol. was a grave mistake to bring within the con-
Jno. S. Bowen, were mostly so-called "Minute fines of the Camp property that had been
men" enrolled from the marching clubs of captured from the Government by the Con
the political campaign of the, previous fall federates and by them forwarded to this city,
consisting chiefly of immature young men. From the disaster that followed its arrival, it
with no fixed political opinions, who joined might be termed the 'fatal shipment," and why
the command for nothing more than the its delivery was not made at Jeffi r
good time it might afford them. The Col- the Governor in person is a questi
onel and many of his officers were heart and cannot be answefed.
soul secessionists and organized the regiment The indiscretion of rec< :
with the view of assisting in carrying out the riel at the camp was the
views and policy of Governor Jackson, who sorrow to many in thi
never screened his Southern proclivities; but at large; it was instruim
their hands.were tied bv the General Assembly enemies ■ if the iv <n-c 'mph
2434
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
oi forcing people to declare their affiliations,
either to leave their homes and take up arms,
or if disqualified by age for service, to be put
in jail, banished or assessed at the will of any
provost marshal, who wished to avenge some
old personal grievance, or with contemptible
arrogance show his power. The receiving of
tn> se contraband goods gave Lyon and Blair
the opportunity to proclaim an overt act had
been committed against the government, and
the flying of the United States flag over the
encampment was a sham and deceit. With
this conception of affairs, it was very easy
to denounce the camp as a treasonable one,
and form a plan for its immediate seizure.
When this act was proposed to the "Commit-
tee of Safety," composed as it was of citizens
distinguished for their uprightness in private
life, it met with opposition, which was easily
overcome by asserting that all Southern sym-
:ers should be made to acknowledge the
Federal authority. The property of the Gov-
ernment should be retaken, and as General
Harney, who had been in Washington for
some time, away from his military district,
was on his way back to St. Louis to resume
his command, it was necessary to act at
while Lyon had authority, and not wait for the
arrival of the < leneral, who might take a dif-
ferent view of affairs and interfere with their
plans. Consequently the attacking furce was
put in motion on the afternoon of May 10,
anil their designs accomplished.
Gem ral Frosl became aware of the resolu-
tion formed by the authorities at the Ar
i the morning of May to, he addressed
a note to Captain Lyon, which was carried to
him by Colonel J. S. Bowen, inquiring wheth-
ei there was any truth in the rumor then in
ion. Hi set forth the lawfulness of the
camp, thai no hostility was intended towards
die I lilted States, anil said he was at a loss
ation could be offered
for an attack "ii citizens in performing a
dut; 'lving upon them. Captain
Lyon absoh ed to receive the com-
munication and Colonel Bowen returned with
it unopened, lie reported the preparations
he saw in progress, ami had no doubt' of
Lyon's resolution to march upon the camp
that dav. General Frost, after a consulta-
tion with his officers, cami to the conclusion
that with i inly a handful of men in the camp
equipped for war. and with only a few
1 - i if ammunitii >n, m i siii — nil 1 1]
tion could be made against the superior forces
under the command of Captain Lyon. There
was nothing to be done, therefore, but await
results. That afternoon, Captain Lyon ap-
proached the camp with a large force of in-
fantry and artillery, Colonel Blair's regiment
by the way of Laclede Avenue; Boernstein*s
up Pine Street ; Schuttner's up Market Street ;
Sigel's up Olive Street ; Brown's up Morgan ;
and McNeil's up Ciark Avenue. Captain Lyon
himself marched at the head of a battalion of
regulars. Artillery was placed on adjoining ele-
vatii ms and the various regiments being timed
arrived at their several destinations and had the
camp surrounded simultaneously. There as-
sembled an immense crowd of people who
wen attracted by news of the contemplated
capture, stationing themselves in the vicinity
at what they regarded a safe distance and out
of harm's way. When the cordon was com-
plete, Capt. Lyon sent a note to General Fn ist
demanding the unconditional surrender of the
Camp, setting forth that Frost was in
munication with the Southern Confederacy,
and receiving war material therefrom that
was the property of the United State- Gov-
ernment, "having in direct view hostilities to
thi general government and co-operation with
its enemies." Half an hour was given him
to make up his mind. Frost therefore, after
a hurried consultation with his officers, came
to the unwilling conclusion that there was
nothing left for him to do but surrender his
command, in view of the fact that he was sur-
ded by at least five thousand thoroughly
equipped organized men, fully determined up-
on the capture and humiliation of himself and
under him. His own command num-
bered at the time not more than 050 men poor-
ly armed and not by any means in a war con-
dition, and consequently it would have been
.1 piece of reckless cruelty and folly to
hi- men to have attempted resistance. Before
the expiration of the time allotted to him,
he addressed a note to Capt. Lyon prol
1 the unconstitutional demand made
upon him, and being "wholly unprepared to
defend, his command from the unwarranted at-
tack. In was forced to comply." The militia,
came prisoners of war. An offer
was made to release at once all those who
d take an oath to support the Constitu-
tion 'if the United States, and swear not to
is against the government. These
ii ed b> less than a di izen, the
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2435
others declining to take the prescribed oath,
on the grounds that as they had already sworn
allegiance to the government, repeating it
would be only an admission that they were its
enemies, and as they never occupied such
a position it would be anomalous and absurd
to do so.
The regulars took possession of the Camp
and all it contained, and after the militia had
stacked their arms they were marched out as
prisoners, upon the Olive Street Road, as it
was called at that time. Lyon's command was
drawn up facing the prisoners in line of bat-
tle extending east and west. After marching
but a short distance a halt was ordered, and
without any apparent reason both the troops
and prisoners were kept standing for two
or three hours before the march was resumed.
In the meantime, crowds of men, women and
children kept accumulating and gathering as
near as they could get to the prisoners. The
whole city was intensely excited and the long
halt enabled the crowd to give vent to insult-
ing remarks and criticism directed against the
Germans, and as the excitement grew, it is
said a pistol was fired and dirt and stones
thrown at them. This treatment exasperate.]
those raw and undisciplined men to such a
pitch that they in retaliation began firing at
the people and as the crowd tied poured vol-
ley after volley at them, which resulted in the
blood of about ninety persons being shed,
fifteen of whom lay dead upon the ground, in-
cluding a babe in its mother's arms. Of the
wounded many afterwards died. It was a
dreadful act and unworthy of the men wearing
the insignia of the government. Had the
whole range of foul language of both the En-
glish and German tongues been heaped upon
them, it could not be offered or accepted as
an excuse for shedding the blood of women
and children.
It becoming evident that further delay of
the march would result in more bloodshed, the
column was again put in motion, the position
of the prisoners being between two continu-
ous lines of infantry. They were marched to
the arsenal and next day released on parole. In
speaking of the derision heaped upon the heads
of the soldiers by the promiscuous crowd in
the vicinity of the camp, it may be also said
that the language used could hardly have
equalled the vileness and intensity of abuse
received by the prisoners from the tongues
of the people living on the line of march to
the Aim nal. On the ioth of .May. two squads
of men under command respectively, of Basil
Duke and Rock Champion, avoided capture
by being ordered to proceed by that morn-
ing's Missouri Pacific train to the I iasconade
and Osage bridges for the purpose of guard-
ing them. When the news of the capture of
the camp reached Jefferson City, orders were
at once given for the destruction of the Osage
bridge, which effectually cut off the a>
of troops by rail on the State Capital.
On the day following the capture, a large
body of Lyon's troops moved from the Arsen-
al north to the center of the city in a so
triumphal march, with what objeel
known unless it was to overawe the cil
At Walnut and Fifth Streets, and again at
Seventh, near Olive, they were jeered by a
lot of boys or reckless men, and firearms were
discharged, which were responded to by vol-
leys from the muskets of some of th
diery without orders. More blood was shed,
several citizens being severely wounded. The
incident seemed to add fresh fuel to the flame
i -itement. At night, a mob was again or-
ganized with the avowed purpose of A •
ing the "'Democrat" office, and a movement
was made to secure arms from a gun store on
Main Street, which, however, was frus i
by Mayor Taylor and Chief McDi n
a force of policemen. The following day. Sun-
was a. most memorable one. Citizens
who could get out of town employed every
kind of vehicles and departed in terror. Wo-
men were hysterical ami children were panic
en. The exodus continued all day midst
the wildest rumors of what the "Clack Jae-
intending, and was only stayed
when it became known that General Harney
had taken command of the soldiery and pro-
claimed his purpose of protecting the city
against riot and lawlessness. The return of
this officer from Washington em the day after
the capture of Camp Jackson, so quieting an
event to the community, was a gr
pointment to Lyon and his advocates. They
.it once used all their influence at Washin
to have him permanently retired, and in a
week received from the War Departrnen
necessan orders, with a letter
the President to General Blai
doubt of the propriety of th<
recting that it be withheld in
sitv demandi
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
was issued on May 16, and withheld unti
31, when it was delivered.
nd stirring e\ ents did 1
to ch; the people a
than anything that could have
hitherto
1
mstrations bitrary
iiile.
In
distant t< >wns and hamlets, drilling co :
I
m the ion: n army sufficient in
strengl very same troops,
meet them in battle and defeat them with great
loss. This occurred on August 10, 1861, at
Wilson's Creek. The tight was a terrific one
and Gen. Lyon was killed while leading his
men into action. Like the fearless soldier that
he was career in battle with his
the enemy.
The conservative citizens of the city and
State became thoroughly alarmed at the prep-
arations living made for war, both here and
at the < Capital/but believing" that somethin
me to prevent a conflict and main-
tain the neutrality of the state. Gen. Harney
invited Gen. Price to St. Louis to talk over
the situation and endeavor to agree upon
some plan for the preservation of peace and
crder. Gen. Price had been appointed by the
:ral of the State Militia,
lav 2i, these two liberal-minded men
met in this city and entered into an agreement
that pi order would be maintained in
the State in "subordination to the laws of the
\ ernments," and if this
lared there would
;- military movements in the
I : . ' iratii iii
1
nld against the tribula-
1 in thi 0 mtrary,
1 L 11, and or
3] tin-re was deli1 to G meral Harney the
:i ding to the
ci immand as Bri 1 irder for l:;-
motii 11 ,1" same day
as the one remo • neral Har-
ney, being a o wdt1 ' dig-
nity tn his farm ■ ing no
discomfiture or disappointment, but with
ably a happy feeliri n complica-
il contn •! or ppro' Thus
i tided, the peace measures from which the
State expected so much.
< Jen. Harney was in all things an ideal sol-
dier, a noble type of manhood, warm-hearted,
unselfish and brave to the last degree. He
served his country for over forty years in every
military position, from Lieutenant to Major
General, and in all that time his conduct was
marked by courage, wisdom and ability. He
indulged in intemperance of any kind,
in that trait was remarkable among men
liich may be attributed
mgevity. He was six feet three inches
tall and retained to the last the soldierly erect-
of his figure. He died in 1889, having
attained the remarkable age of eighty-nine
years. His ashes rest in Bellefontaine.
There was great excitement in the cil
State when the news of the removal of < len.
Harney was received, with the installation of
Gen. Lyon in his stead. Still Gen. Price
hoped that so far as Missouri was concerned,
some specific solution of her position could be
arrived at. It was quite apparent that what-
ever could be done to that end had to be
accomplished without delay, and with this
in view, both the Governor and Gen. Price
sought a conference with Gen. Lyon, which
irranged by friends and took place on
June 11, at the Planters' House, in this city,
Thos< present; overnor
Jackson, Gen. Sterling Price and Col. Th. >
L. Sneed on one side, and Gen. Lyon,
Blair and Major H. 1. Conant on the other.
It was proposed by the governor that for the
purpose of peace and the tranquility of the
State, both the State and Federal Militia or-
ganizations be disbanded — that is, the Home I
Guards and State Militia. Hi Tat no
munitions of war should be brought into the
State : that he would protect all citizens equal-
ly in their rights regardless of political opin-
ions; suppress all insurrectionary movements;
preserve a strict, neutrality and maintain the
peace and order of the inhabitants, thereby j
averting the desolating consequences of civil
war within the State. The discussion of these
matters lasted several hours, and was abruptly
teminated by Gen. Lyon. who. rising from
his chair, and with his finger pointed in turn
at the State's representative, said that sooner
than conci de to the State for a single instant
the right to dictate to his government he would
ind you, and you, and every man.
" 1 nan and child in the State dead and buried ;
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
243
and this means war." The conference ended
at once, and the Governor and staff returned
to the Capital as speedily as possible. The
governor issued a proclamation and war sure
enough followed. From that time on, the life
of the secessionist or southern sympathizer
who remained in this city was a hard one.
Gratiot Street prison or banishment surely
awaited those who could not restrain their
tongues, and if pos wealth the a
ment of their property.
The historian, Lecky. has said of the A
can Revolution that "'it was the work of an
energetic minority who succeeded in com-
mitting an undecided and fluctuating ma
to causes for which they had little love, and
leading them step by step to a pos
which it was impossible to recede." This re-
mark holds good in regard to the conserva-
tives on both sides in the Civil War, who were
neither coercionists nor secessionists at heart,
who were lovers of the Union, who con-
demned fraternal strife, but who were finally
forced by surrounding circumstances into po-
sitions abhorrent or distasteful.
Many of the officers and soldiers of the dis-
persed Camp Jackson, who espoused the
Southern cause from their personal inclina-
tion, as well as those who by the actions of
the Federal authorities were turned against
the government and forced to take sides, soon"
left the city singly and in small squads, either
to join the forces then being organized under
the call of the Governor or to go directly to
Confederate lines. Notwithstanding the vigi-
lance of the Federals and their threatening
proclamations, a company was enrolled and
formed in St. Louis for service in the South
by voting men living in Carondelet and vicin-
ity. It was quietly organized at Georgetown,
now changed to Sappington, on the Gravois
Road, a short distance from the old farm of
Gen Grant. John G. Kelly was elected Cap-
tain ; James Peterson First Lieutenant : and
Joseph Pitkin Second Lieutenant. It is be-
lieved that this was the only attempt made
to recruit a company for the South in. or very
near, the city. To successfully carry out the
ri<=k^ undertaking when the feeling of the peo-
ple was at so high a pitch, and the military so
vigilant, great secrecy had to be maintained
to avoid a sojourn in Gratiot Street Prison.
It was found when the company was organized
that some of the members had no horses.
Consequently.they were left behind to provide
themselves, which they soon did and followed
the main body to Xew .Madrid. The first move
of the company was made by night to
River, where it bivouaced under the tree-; in
a secluded part of the farm of Mose \\ '
able sympathizer. S - were
he arrival h<
a. Meriwether Lewis Clark, as by prior
arrangement the company was to be I
. Clark had been apo< >ii
command of this milit; by Gov.
>n, when < .
i ity, under the circums
minal in tl
r.selessness of his staying there, he (
Irew from it on a dark and rainy night
in a carriage accompanied by his kins
Maj. W. Clark Kennedy, and fir. Bryan.
When he reach< i, lie admini
the oath necessary to enroll the company in
;uard. It had been reported that
Gen. Hardee was moving north into Missouri
way of Doniphan with a small army; to
meet him was the purpose of Gen. Clark and
the march was directed to that end. At Don-
iphan, it was found that Gen. Flard-
reached that place, but had been ordered
back to Eowling Green, Kentucky, where a
large army was being concentrated. It was a
great disappointment to all, and the only
course left for Gen. Clark to pursue was to
follow him, at least to New Madrid. A dreary
inarch was made through the swamps of
southern Missouri to that place. After some
consideration. Gen. Clark decided to go on to
Richmond. Virginia, direct, and secure a
commission in the regular Confederate army.
Captain J. G. Kell; iv then joined the
f Gen. Jeff. Thompson. ( !ol. John
icated himself at Memphis
! to raise a regiment. Many
of his men from the Camp Jackson regiment
I him, and in about two months' time
he had enlisted a thousand men a
the i irganization of a full regiment of ten com-
panies, which was named the First Regiment
of Missouri Infantry, C. S. A. T!
was constantly drilled in the tactics of Har-
dee, and received thorough
the field officers who were We<
also from some of the other
of them were gradi
-
243S
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
always regarded as the crack regiment of the
ci immand, a dearly bought distinction in times
of active and aggressive service, for it is well
understood that any regiment bearing it. must
hold itself in readiness for the performance of
arduous dutv requiring pluck and fortitude.
From the disasters that befell that noted reg-
iment in the loss of so many of its brave men
in battle, it is easy to perceive that promotions
were frequent and followed every engagement
:t participated in. As an example of this,
when it emerged from the bloody battle at
Franklin, Tennessee it was shattered and
wrecked. Col. Hugh A. Garland was killed
and but three officers were left for duty, a
captain and two lieutenants ; the loss in non-
commissioned officers and men was in pro-
portion. If the changes of officers and the
promotions in the regiment are not followed
up and given here, it will be a satisfaction to
preserve the names of the first set of gallant
officers by inserting them in this history of
the city, as many of them will be recognized
St. Louisians. They were as follows:
John S. Bowen, Colonel; Lucius L. Rich,
Lieutenant. -Colonel ; Charles C. Campbell.
r; Louis II. Kennedy, Adjutant; Wil-
liam F. Haines, Quartermaster; James M.
Guinlau, Commissary; Carey X. Hawes. Sur-
, Joseph Reynolds Assistant Surgeon.
V. Captain J. Kemp Sprague,
nants Walsh, [oseph Bass and Dudlev
Compam B., Captain Robert J. Duffy,
Lieutenants William McArthur, Gregory
Byrne and Gus G< ilbaugh.
Cap i [irsch, Lieuten-
David Walker and Gay
Smith.
Company D., Captain Martin Burke, Lieu-
tenants Louis 11. Kennedy, W. C. P. Caving-
Joseph 1 '•■
i aptain < >lin F. Rice. Lieu-
tenants James Pritchard, Joseph Dean and L.
\. 1 I a;, nes.
Company F., Captain Hugh A. Garland,
Lieutenants John Douglass, Randolph R.
Hutchinson and Smith X. Hawes.
Company G., I aptain Philips, Lieutenants
A. < '. Reilly, Wash I >awson and Joseph Har-
gatte.
Company II.. Captain Gordon, Lieutenants
' iordon, James McFarland and Yerger.
Company I. Captain Mogan. Lieutei
Bradford Keith. Noah Stewart and Sam Ken-
nedy.
Company K. Captain Avery. Lieutenants
Charles L. Edmondson, Knight and James
Dougherty.
Colonel Bowen was promoted to Brigidier
I leneral immediately after the organization of
the regiment. The battle of Shiloh was the
first fight it engaged in and it lost in killed 4S,
and in wounded and missing, 159. Among
the officers killed was its Colonel, Rich. Cap-
tain Sprague. Lieutenant Hargatte. James
I >■ lugherty and Jos. Dean, and those wounded
Maj. Campbell. Captain Ouinlan, Captain
Duffy, Lieutenant Lewis H. Kennedy. Lieu-
tenant Carrington. Lieutenant Hawes and
Lieutenant Joseph Boyce. Among the priv-
ates wounded was Joseph T. Donovan, a name
familiarly and favorably known.
Besides Shiloh the regiment participated in
the first and second fights at Corinth. Grand
Gulf, Port Gibson, Champion Hills. Big
Black, Siege of Vickburg, Rome. Kenesaw
Mountain, Marietta. Atlanta. Altoona, and in
the bloody fight at Franklin, Tennessee. It
finally surrendered at Fort Blakelv near Mo-
bile April 9, [865. Were it not for the fore-
sight of the historian of the regiment. Captain
Boyce, in talcing full notes of events, and in
preserving them, the facts regarding tlii- n gi-
ment and its exploits could not be r< I
even to the limited extent here given.
General Bowen. when promoted, appointed
a staff composed of Captain R. R. Hutchin-
son, Assistant Adjutant General : Capt. W . A.
Percy Assistant Inspector General: Capt. W.
F. Haynes Quartermaster : Capt. Tames <
lin 1 'ommissary ami Capt. Frank Carter Aide-
de-Camp.
Major General Bowen was a Georgian by
birth and a West Point graduate. Sometime
before the war he resigned his commission in
the regular arm}- and took up his residence
in this city as an architect. During the siege
of Vicksburg he was a very sick man and
died soon after the surrender of the place.
Fortunately, he was consoled and comforted
by the presence of his devoted and faithful
wife, wdio nursed him with the utmost care
until the end came. He was a gallant officer
ai'd. had he lived, would without doubt have
added many laurels to those he had already
Wl '11.
Henry Guibor and W. P. Barlow remained
in St. Louis after the ('amp Jackson affair,
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
undecided as to their future movements, but
desired to remain with their families if it was
possible for them to do so without being- dis-
turbed. They, however, were not kept long
in doubt, as it soon came to their ears they
were to be arrested on some pretext by the
Federals. Without further hesitation, they
left the city very quietly and by an overland
march joined Gov. Jackson's army on the re-
treat from Boonville, and at once organized
what was known in the war as Guibor's Bat-
tery, which became distinguished. Its first
officers were Captain Henry Guibor, First
Lieutenant W. P. Barlow, Second Lieutenant
William Corcory. At Springfield, Captain
Guibor received authority to go direct to
Memphis for the purpose of getting a fully
equipped battery from the Confederate Gov-
ernment, and he proceeded to that place,
where he met Gen. D. M. Frost who had ar-
rived from St. Louis with about eighty of the
Cam]) Jackson men. The capture of ( leneral
Mulligan and his command at Lexington by
Gen. Price enabled an exchange to be made
for the Camp Jackson prisoners, and conse-
quently all who were paroled at the Arsenal
were by these circumstances released. Capt.
Guibor's new battery partly manned by these
new arrivals marched overland to Gen. Price,
and at the battle of Elkhorn it ascended the
first step on the ladder of fame. At one time
during this fight, its position became hazard-
ous by a flank movement of the enemy's in-
fantry and was only saved from probable cap-
ture by the daring deed of Captain Rock
Champion and his company of cavalry, in
charging the enemy and cutting through their
line and back again, which threw them into
confusion and they retreated. Captain Cham-
pion lost two killed and seven wounded. It
was a brilliant event, and no one but a dash-
ing, daring soldier would have attempted it.
Rock Champion and Sam Farrington were
remarkable for their disregard of danger and
its consequences, and few if any in the army
of General Price displayed or felt such roman-
tic enjoyment as they did in being where the
rattle and din of battle was the fiercest. Sol-
diers usually are impelled forward, kept in
position by a sense of duty, but not so with
the heroes named. They, from the very love
of it, dashed into the fray, seemingly with no
apprehension of any result but victory.
After the battle of Shiloh, General Price re-
ceived orders to reenforce the armv of Gen.
Albert Sidney Johnston, and moved his com-
mand down White river to Memphis and
thence to Corinth. Guibor's Batter) was then
attached to General Little's division and par-
ticipated in the engagement of Iuka and ( !or-
mth. Afterward, the Battery was assigned to
Gen. Rowen's division and did gallant service
at i .rand Gulf and in all the fights an
1 i sburg, as also in the defense of that place.
Wade's Batten was organized at Memphis
!■;> 'apt. William Wade, of this city. His
first lieutenant was Sam Farringti in : Second
Lieutenant Richard Walsh; and Third 1
tenant, James Barron. He received his guns
and equipment from the Confederate govern-
ment and marched across the country to join
Gen. Price at Springfield. He was a partici-
pant in all the engagements that followed in
Missouri and accompanied Price to Corinth,
where his Battery was assigned to Little's
1 livision, and did gallant service at Iuka and
Corinth, also with General Bowen at Grand
(.tilt and tin- other battles preceding the in-
vestment of Vicksburg. J >uring the pr<
ed siege, his men and animals, like the rest,
suffered from constant vigils and insufficient
Barrett's Battery, the Tenth Missouri,
may be regarded also as a St. Louis contribu-
tion to the Confederacy. Many Camp Jack-
si m men joined it at Memphis, where it was
organized. Its captain was Overton W. Bar-
rett, a brother of Richard Barrett, known as
"Missouri Dick," who at the breaking o
the war. represented this district in Cone
First Lieutenant, Edward Blennerhas
father was a distinguished membi
the bar of this city ; Second Lieutenant. I
ner and Third Lieutenant, William
Brown.
The name of General Henry Little is irre-
vocably bound up and associated with the sol-
diers of Missouri. He was a captain in the
old armv and well remembered as an i
with a promising future in the early days of
Tefferson Barracks, when Grant. Plancock
and other officers who afterwards distin-
guished themselves were quartered there,
in the city he was a guest at all the -
events of the time. After war had
clared in the state by Gen. Lyon, '
his commission and joined Gen. Pri
Jackson for the pur] -
the organization of the Missoi
His military knowledge was of the gr
e, and he -
244
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
gidier from Richmond, and after the
General Price crossed over the Mis-
: side, he was given the com-
in of four brigades. He was
Maryland, his father having rep-
ted that state in Congress. He entered
my when quite young and served in it
riod of eighteen years. Gen. Little
and modest man, was a thor-
soldier, with innate bravery. He had
acquired the knowledge and accomplishments
of his profession by study and long service,
industrious commander, devoting
- to the education of his officers,
the men. and the general welfare
imfort of his command. His staff was
composed as follows: Captain Wright
Schaumburg Assistant Adjutant General ;
John G. Kelly Assistant Inspector Gen-
eral ; Capt. Frank Von Phul Aide-de-Camp ;
Major John S. Mellon Commissary, and Capt.
Brinker Quartermaster.
There was another gentleman connected
with headquarters who can never be forgot-
This was the Rev. Father John Bannon,
who, to extend his field of usefulness, left a
ortable living and prosperous parish in
>r the privations and discomforts
army life. He joined Gen. Price's com-
mand at Springfield, accompanied by Judge
R. A. Bakewell and Bauduy Garessche. He
e chaplain of 'Wade and Guibor's bat-
. and in fact served in that capacity for
:e's army that was of
-ompanied the army to
■t side of the Mississippi, and by the in-
vitation of ' !en. Little was quartered with his
staff and as member of the mess. Capt. Von
Phul was the only officer of the staff that be-
1 to his faith and church. Yet it can
nee, in a religious sense, was
ted with him. and his
sed the rude
\'ot that he obj
id mirthful pleasure, for he had the
genial nature, but
he ah\ - ildiers' unre-
strained expi ests. Pie was
ally large, handsome, dignified, refined
and cultured. While ' i me of
is bravery in the
in attending thi I and dying
in very exposed pla -as both a
al n n linister-
ing angel wherewr broken and bruised hu-
manitv needed help and consolation.
( >n September 21, 1862, the battle of Iuka
was fought between the forces of Gen. Price
and ( ien. Rosecrans. It occurred in the after-
of that day and continued after it be-
dark. It was a bloody affair and a vic-
for the Confederates, who had poss>
entire battle-field. General Little here
lis life while directing the engagement.
orehead was pierced by a minuti
and he dropped, a lifeless body, from his horse
he arms of an attendant. It is said sol-
-ometimes have a premonition of death
ittle begins, and it is believed that
! an apprehension of that kind at Iuka.
On the morning of the fight, he rebuked a
Mississippi Colonel, who was standing near
him, for some blasphemous expression, and
did so in a manner unusual to him and notice-
able. Soon after this occurrence he entered
a deserted log cabin on the Boonville Road
iblish his field headquarters, but left it
at once upon seeing blood upon the floor, and
it was observed at least by one person who
accompanied him for the greater part of that
day, that he was seemingly melancholy and
unusually reticent, and when his death came
so suddenly these matters with others were
remembered at once. But it must be under-
stood that when the moment came for action,
be dashed up the slope of the hill then in pos-
session of the Federals and drove them from
it. the last act in the drama of his life. That
night he was buried by torch light in the gar-
den of a friend in the town of Iuka. General
Price and other General officers, with sad
1, carts stood around the grave and witnessed
the burial of their fellow soldier. Father Ban-
non made the oration and in a feeling man-
ner spoke of the character and virtues of the
lead I ieneral, not, as he said, in the capacity
of a priest, for he was not of his church, but
as a warm admirer and friend. The intense
darkness of the night, the dim flame of the
torches, the bowed and uncovered heads of
the distinguished group of officers, and the
touching words of the speaker, made an im-
l ressive ami weird scene, that will remain
in the memory of those who witnessed it.
Upon the death of General Little the com-
mand of the division devolved upon the rank-
rigadier who was Gen. Louis Herbert.
1 ais'ana. He assumed it at once and at-
1 'apt. 1. G. Kelly to his staff. Captains
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
J441
Schaumburg and Von Phul reported to Gen.
Price. The position of Iuka was untenable
and Gen. Price retreated in good order to
Baldwin, with only one attempt at molestation,
which was effectually resisted. After remain-
ing at Baldwin a short time, the army was
moved to Corinth, Generals Price and Van
Dorn joining their forces for a big event at
that place. The battle occurred there on the
3d and 4th days of October, 1862. The army
approached the place by forced marches and
on the first day, Gen. Price and his troops at-
tacked and carried the first line or outer works.
It was here that the gallant Lieut. Sam Far-
rington ,of Wade's Battery, was killed by a
grape-shot fired from a Parrott gun called the
''Lady Richardson/' which was captured in a
few moments afterward in the charge on the
works. He was carried from the field by the
ever vigilant and faithful Father Bannon, who
selected a spot for the temporary interment
of his remains. They were afterward removed
by his relatives and placed in Bellfontaine.
On October 4, the attack on the second or in-
ner line of entrenchments was made. These
works were fully manned by infantry, and in
Ft. Robinot and the numerous redoubts along
the line were placed heavy armaments of artil-
lery. The ground in front of the works for
a wide space was protected and covered by
an abatis of forest trees felled in such a way
that their sharpened limbs, with wire stretched
between them in many places, would offer the
greatest obstacle to an attacking force. At an
early hour, the signal of attack was given by
the opening roar of the Batteries of Landis,
Guibor, and others. The troops had been ly-
ing on their arms all night in the expectation
of the morrow, a condition more trying to the
anxious soldier than battle itself. They ad-
vanced quickly for the assault, and over and
through the exasperating abatis, in the teeth
of that unmerciful rain of grape and minie
balls with unflinching valor upon the works,
captured them and drove out the Federals, a
fleeing mass into the town of Corinth, follow-
ing them as far as the Tishamingo Hotel. The
Confederate line was so broken and wrecked
in the charge that its condition was soon dis-
covered by the enemy, who had re-formed
on the rising ground beyond and without de-
lay returned with their reserves in solid line
and drove those who were a few moments
before their conquerors over the captured
works in full retreat. It was then, in passing
hack- over the abatis, that the havoc and fear-
ful carnage was observed which had taken
place during the time of the grand charge —
a spectacle unnoticed before in the exciting
rush to carry the works. Dead men were
seen in reaps, having fallen across one an-
other at places where the}- were detained in
struggling through the obstructions of the
fallen timber. It had been a previous arrange-
ment between the commanding Generals that
Lovell's Division of Van Dorn's command
should be held in readiness to support the
troops making the attack and hold the ground
taken until the broken lines were re-formed.
Lovell failed to act the part assigned to him.
His division was inactive during the fight and
the battle was lost through his negligence
or incompetency. His military career was
soon after ended by a court martial that tried
him. He was relieved of his command and
retired to the obscurity he deserved, being un-
able to offer a tangible excuse for the crime
he had committed.
The Brigade of our Gen. John S. Bowen be-
longed to Lovell's Division and therefore had
no opportunity to distinguish itself during
the fight, but upon the retreat it acted splen-
didly in covering the rear. The position of
the vanquished army was very critical, with
a superior force making attacks upon the
rear, and in front upon the line of retreat a
formidable force in possession of an important
bridge. The appearance of Gen. Price at the
stand made at the Hatchie Bridge is well re-
memberd. Mounted on a large sorrel horse
and dressed in a hunting shirt, with his
bronzed and determined face shaded by a
slouch hat, he made a picture of undaunted
courage fit for the pencil of any artist. Col-
onels Sneed and Loughborough, his aide-de-
camps, Col. Dick Morrison, and other mem-
bers of his staff were with him. It looked as
if Gen. Hurlburt had effectually barred any
further retreat, as he held the bridge. It was,
however, continued after a bitter fight, which
gave time for the repairs of another bridge
down stream, over which the army passed in
safety.
The fight at Corinth was fearfully disas-
trous to the Missouri troops, as evidenc
tire long list of killed, wounded and missing.
The gallantry shown by them in making the
assault on so formidable a fortification has
never been excelled on any field. They un-
flinching- accomplished the task given them
>442
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
in the fight and were deprived of their victory
onlv bv the incompetency and criminal blund-
er- i if i >ther.s.
The army retreated to Abbeville and rested
thence to Water Valley and finally to
ada. Here it re-organized and was re-
newed by fefrerson Davis. ex-Governor
Trusten Polk, Gens. 1 'rice, Johnston, Pember-
ton, Luring, Dr. Blackburn, of Kentucky, and
others. The Brigade of Gen. Hebert was or-
dered from Grenada on December 25, to take
position on the right wing of Vickburg at
Elaine's Bluff. Gen. Bowen's Division was
ordered to Port < iibson and Grand Gulf. Gen.
Price had solicited and received orders from
Richmond to take command of the Trans-
Mississippi Department. He bade farewell at
Grenada to the old soldiers he loved so well
and re-crossed the Mississippi to the West,
where he naturally belonged. The Brigade
of Gen. Parsons had preceded him some time
before 1 lo. Col. James M. Lough-
borough of his staff, remained and took posi-
tion "ii the staff of Gen. Moore, the Texan,
and afterward with Gen. Frank M. Cockrell.
Gen. ' Grant's base of supplies at Holly
Springs was captured with its vast stores by
Gen, Van Dorn in a raid made from Grenada
with a large mounted force composed of the
most daring spirits of the army. All distinc-
tion in rank was discarded and laid aside for
the time being. Every man recognized that
the expedition had but one guiding spirit, one
commander to whom they were subservient.
It was a brilliantly conceived and well execut-
ed event that was wholly unlooked for by the
Federals and cost their government millions
of dollars. The plan of attack on Vicksburg
in the rear was by that movement o f Van
Dorn changed. Gen. Grant was forced to
to take the river route for his advance on
that place. He endeavored to turn the
righl wing of Gen. Pemberton's army at
Haine's Bluff and Chickasaw Bayou with a
force 1 1 10 1 of gunboats on the Yazoo riv-
er and a land force under Gen. Sherman, in
which Gen. Frank P. ! '.lair and Gov. Thos. C.
Fletcher played a part, the latter being captur-
ed at Chickasaw Bayou. The portion of the
ground here 1 up with the tortuous
course of the Bayou il al the force under Sher-
man could nol de| ly. and hence was
brought into action in. .re in column than in
line of battle. The fi n ! ii n. Stephen
D. Lee, who defended tin place, occupied
a position at the base of the bluffs in a ditch
on the roadside that had been washed out by
the rains. Jn that natural entrenchment,
about eight hundred men were placed, whose
line of lire on the open space in front actually
swept the ground, mowing the willows in the
bayou as if cut with the scythe. That, together
with the fire of the field batteries from the top
oi tin bluff, forced the Federals to retire per-
manently to their transports, after many vain,
but gallant, attempts to make a lodgement.
While the loss to the Confederates was m it
twenty in number, the Federals must have
had in killed and wounded several hundreds.
The feint at Haine's Bluff was merely to di-
vert attention from the real place of attack
upon the Bayou. Gen. Grant's next move
against Vicksburg was an attempt to change
the channel of the Mississippi by digging a
canal opposite the place. His efforts to han-
dle the "Father of Waters" proved so futile
and insignificant that he had to abandon it
after prodigious labor had been expended.
I [e llun ran the gauntlet by night, of the bat-
teries commanding the river front of \ icks-
burg with his gunboats and transports, and
marched his army down to Waterproof. He
sent Admiral Porter with a fleet of gunboats to
silence the batteries at Grand Gulf, so that he
could cross the river and make a landing at
that place. Porter after a furious bombard-
ment and concentrated fire of six hours' dura-
tion, was unable to make an impression upon
the works or silence its batteries, and had to
withdraw and abandon the attempt. Wade's
Battery and three siege guns defended the
place, together with a portion of Gen. Bowen's
Division. Admiral Porter, in his official re-
port of this attack, called attention to the de-
fense of Grand Gulf by saying that the batter-
ies were fought and the place defended with
;< gallantry rarely witnessed. Capt. William
Wade, the brave commander of the artillery,
1. 1st his life before the close of the engagement.
Ids head being torn off by a shot from a gun-
boat. He was a gallant and genial soldier,
for whose death deep regret was felt and ex-
1 ressed in the army and by his friends in St.
I .. mis when the news of the sad event reached
the city. Gen. Grant subsequently crossed his
army at Bruinburg and fought the battles of
Port Gibson. Champion Hills and Big Black.
meeting at these points only portions of the
Confederate army under Gen. Pemberton,
who, in place of opposing the Federal \rmy
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2443
with his full force when it arrived on the east
hank of the river, fought it with insufficient
numbers, was, as a consequence, defeated in
detail and driven into Yicksburg. The en-
trenchments there were poorly constructed,
the parapets in the most cases being- not more
than waist-high. Consequently, the soldiers
from the very start of the siege had to keep
digging deeper for protection and build trans-
verses to shield them from the enfilading fire
of the enemy. The works extended too far
and covered a larger territory than nec<
— a great detriment, as it took all of what
was left of Pemberton's army to occupy and
defend them. During the whole of the forty-
five '.lavs that the siege lasted, the half-starved
soldiers were never relieved from their p isi-
tion in the works, but lay there in the broiling
summer sun, ready to resist attack at any
time. Xot only were the fortifications imper-
fect, h>ut also the necessary provision for the
subsistence of the arm}- had been overL
and neglected. During the siege, the com-
missary stores were wholly inadequate to meet
the wants of the troops. A large portion of
the time, only quarter rations were issued and
those were of a poor character.
The ability of Pemberton as a general and
the strategy he displayed has often been dis-
cussed, and the pertinent question frequently
asked why he allowed himself to be driven into
Yicksburg and diverted from joining Gen. Joe
Johnston with the remnant of his army, when
he saw the drift of events following the de-
feats he sustained east of the Black river, and
the knowledge he must have had of the inade-
quate supplies of all kinds stored in Yicksburg
for a protracted siege. After the battle of
Champion Hills. General Loring. with his
division, severed himself from Pemberton and
joiner Johnson at Jackson. The force under
Gen. Louis Hebert should have done the
same thing by way of the Yazoo Valley from
its station at Haine's Bluff but received orders
on May 17 to march for the defense of Yicks-
burg. Gen. Johnston sent Pemberton this
message of advice: "Better lose Yicksburg
and save vour army," but it did not reach him
until it was too late and the investment of the
place had begun. For the space of forty-five
days, all attempts of Gen. Grant to subdue the
place were ineffectual. He made two assaults
upon the works which were repulsed with
great loss, and during the entire time of the
investmen£*while advancing his parallels, he
rained upon the beleagured city almost a con-
stant shower if missiles from siege guns, mor-
tars and small arm-.
To those in command of the defense it be-
came evident, on the forty-second day of the
siege that a crisis had arrived and the condi-
tion of things that then existed could not last
much longer. A council 1 if < renerals was called
to consider the matter, resulting in the d< ter-
mination to surrender the place upon i1
terms that could be had before the arrival of
the national holiday, the Fourth of Jul}-. It
was considered that, if general on-
slaught of the works would In- made on that
day, which tin- enfeebled garrison could not
effectually withstand or resist, and in which
would occur the unnecessary sacrifice of the
lives of the 1 v::\ d< in . The 1 'ni< <n Ar-
my had gradually worked tin their approaches
;o near that only a few feet separated the re-
spective lines at the advanced salient an
Consequently, a column of reserved men
would have had an easv tax].- to 1 harge 01
tli- '-'- places .mil flank the line, right and left,
particularly so if made on July 4, with the
wild enthusiasm it would engender. The
slaughter that was sure t" follow that move-
ment was happily averted by the goo
sense of the commanding generals, "ne of
whom was our own General Bowen, who,
when the preliminaries for the surrender took
place, on July 3, was selected to accompany
General Pemberton ami ride with him to
meet ; ieneral Grant, who awaited him near
the Jackson road, a short distance beyond the
works. On July 4, the Federal troops
marched in and took possession of Yicks-
burg. Their entry was made in the most un-
ostentatious manner and without the least
show of triumph. The defenders of the place
were treated with great consideration by Gen-
eral Grant and liberally supplied with pro-
visions, while waiting to be paroled. By the
terms of the surrender, officers were allowed
to retain their side arms ami their horses al-
so. Two places were designated as parole
camps for the several commands — Dem
lis. Alabama, and Enterprise, Mississippi —
which they reached after weary 1
remain until exchanged. As
been pro-* ided for the anim;
during the siege, there v
left ai the surrender. ] 11
1 for wan.. 0
other ridden or led ft
±444
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
*ere nothing mure than animated skei-
< tons, with tightly drawn bides covering their
; hat they had any vitality to move
at all was wonderful. During the whole
and until the arrival of the
11 v had nothing to eat but the bark
( if trees and small patches of cane that grew in
the valleys, which, with the grasses on the
hills were eaten, and being trampled over by
the tread of moving feet, quickly disappeared
alt' -ether A very entertaining book rela-
tive to this siege was written by a St. Louis
lady, Mrs. lames M. Loughborough, called
"Cave Life in Vicksburg." She herself with
her baby, occupied a cave in the hills during
the whole siege.
The defense i Vicksburg will take rank
with any of the memorable sieges in which
the armies <>f the world in times past were
engaged. Plevna, probably the most remark-
able of any, considering the numbers engaged
and loss of life, lasted forty-eight days — three
days longer than that of Vicksburg. The
opinion of General Grant regarding the de-
fense of that place can but be shown by the
following extract from a letter written by him
in reply to Pemberton's note requesting an
armistice to arrange terms of surrender. Both
communications were delivered and received
flag of truce by our General Bowen.
"The useless effusion of blood you propose
stopping by this course car. be ended al
time you may choose by an unconditional
surrender of the city and garrrison. Men
who have shown so much endurance and cour-
age as those now in Vicksburg will always
challenge the n spect of an adversary, and I
can assure you will be treated with all the re-
spect due to prisoners of war." This reply
is taken from Charles A. Dana's "Reminis-
of the Siege." In it he also mentions
the fan thai their was no foundation for the
ension felt m; federates that an
: upon the works would be made on
July 4th. Genet ant deeming it unne-
cessary to vvast< hun * accomplish.
an event that w; ; < to transpire in a
-i' 'it tin* Ei ircity of food and
exhausti' »n < if the garrison.
In the relating of some of the events from
the surrender of Camp Jackson to the surren-
der of Vicksburg, the purpose was to refer
only to tl c mmands in which soldiers from
this city were identified, and beyond what has
been said, no attempt will be made to follow
them further to their final surrender. After
remaining in the camps of Enterprise and
1 i( mi 'polis for some time, the army was re-
leased from parole, and reorganized, and sent
to the support of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston,
who made a campaign in front of General
Sherman's march on Atlanta that will be
handed down and live in history as one of the
most able and masterly military efforts that
was ever performed by an army. Before leav-
ing Dcmopolis, a re-organization of the artill-
ery also became imperative, and from the re-
mains of Guibor's, Wade's, and Landis' Bat-
teries one was formed which retained the
name of Guibor, as he was appointed Captain.
The Lieutenants were: first. Richard Walsh,
second, Edward McBride : third. A. W. Har-
ris. With six Napoleon guns it was attached
to Cockrell's Brigade, Polk's Division of
Johnston's Army. At Kenesaw Mountain,
Lawrence Murphy was elected first lieutenant
and Samuel M. Kennard, second lieutenant
of the Battery, in consequence of the death of
i me and the wounding of two officers under
the concentrated fire of forty pieces of Sher-
man's artillery. Besides the loss of life already
mentioned in Bowen's old regiment at the bat-
tle of Franklin, the death of three St.
Louisians is remembered. Capt. Cunniff. and
Lieutenants Marnell and Crow, of the Fifth
Missouri, who were members of Capt. Joe
Kelly's original company, were killed in the
same fight and fell within twenty feet of each
other.
It would be a great pleasure, if space al-
lowed it, to follow the fortunes of the gallant
men who left their homes in this city and
State at large to fight for State rights in which
they had been educated to believe as a doc-
trine of government. Many perished in the
strife and many were spared to return into the
localities they had left, to begin over again
civil life, and by their industry and intelligence
repair their own shattered fortunes, and also
aid in building up a prosperous future for the
i ity and State.
Maior-General Sterling Price returned to
this city broken in health and died in 1S67 at
the age of 59 years. His chief of staff. Colo-
nel Thos. L. Snead, came back also to St.
Louis, but finally made his home in Xew
York. He was a lawyer by profession, and
was a gallant and faithful officer, who under-
stood the duties of his position and was a
great acnuisition to the armv. He had all the
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
2445
qualities and polished manners of a gentle-
man. He was most companionable and had
a large fund of both knowledge and anecdote
at his disposal to draw on, when occasion re-
quired it, to enliven his comrades and turn
many a moment that otherwise would have
been gloomy into one of pleasure. He wrote
a book, which he called "The Fight for Mis-
souri," a most impartial relation of facts con-
nected with the stirring events of that time.
To the future historian this work will be a val-
uable one, written as it is without prejudice.
He died suddenly in New York and his re-
mains were brought here and interred in
Eellefontaine. Col. James M. Loughborough
returned here and became identified with the
Iron Mountain Railroad, then owned by the
late Thomas Allen, to whom he was a great
acquisition in the management of the Land
Department. He was accidentally killed at
Little Rock by the explosion of his shot-gun.
General D. M. Frost also returned to his old
home in this city. He was born near Schen-
ectady, New York, in 1823, and is now, at
the age of seventy-five, a well-preserved, sold-
ierly looking man.
The following list contains many, but not
all of the names of the Southern Veterans who
returned to this city, with other names of
soldiers who fought for the South and made
their homes here and became identified with
the material interests of the city after the war.
R. P. Annan, Patrick Ahearn. Ben Adler,
Dr. R. C. Atkinson, Lewis D. Allen, Jr.,
James W. Allen, Alexander G. Anderson,
William Bull, Tames Bannerman, F. P. Bro-
naugh. N. R. "Black. C. P. Bavse. Wallace
Butler, C. W. Branch, Dr. J. P. Bryson. M,
Bernheimer, Thomas B. Blake. Joseph Boyce,
W. P. Barlow. John Bull. R. A. Bakewell,
O. W. Barrett, W. G. Blakey, Howard Broth-
ers, Martin Burke, W. H. Biggs, William
Barnett, Given Campbell. W. H. Clopton. Da-
vid W. Caruth, W. L. Cassidy, Ed Cunning-
ham, Jr.. E. P. Creecy. Seth W. Cobb. George
J. Chapman. Philip Chew, N. V. Cameron,
D. N. Currie, Luther H. Conn. John J. Cork-
ery, Frank Carter, Ward Childs, Frank Cur-
tis, John Cumminskey. J. R. Daugherty, Jo-
seph T. Donovan, Dr. H. C. Dalton. John
N. Drunimond. Tames N. Douglas, Eugene
Donnelly. J. White Edwards. C. P. Ellerbe,
J. F. Fortune, D. M. Frost. Henry Guibor,
Frank Gaiennie, Samuel Gordon. P. B. Gar-
esche, Michael Griffin. George H. Goddard.
Edward Haren, James B. Hill, J. D. Holliday,
Jerome Hill, R. R. Hutchinson, Ewing Hill,
S. D. Hardaway, W. 1'.. Harrison, G. A. Hay-
ward, William F. Haines, Warwick Hough,
B. Newton Hart, W. S. Havens. Claiborne B.
Hunt, C. O. Hitchcock, Walter D. Jones,
Lorraine F. Jones, F. N. Johnson, John G.
Kelley, Samuel M. Kennnrd.L. D. Kingsland,
W. Clark Kennedy, Joseph Kelly,
James Kelly, Louis T. Kretschmar,
C. Leslie Kretschmar, White Kennett, Dr.
J. A. Leavy, James M. Loughborough, F. X.
LaBruyere, John A. Ladd, Robert McCul-
loch, Patrick Mulcahey, R. J. Medley, Gov.
John S. Marmaduke, Dr. E. C. Michel, Ed-
gar Miller, George J. Mook, Dr. J. J. Miller,
J. R. Moseby, Dr. W. M. McPheeters, James
H. McNam'ara, R. T. Morrison, A. W.
Moise, John S. Mellon, Dr. S. Gratz Moses,
Michael McMahon, John Meehan, Minor
Meriwether, Dr. S. P. Nidelet, Dr. J. C. Xid-
elet. Frank Noel, Tohn K. Newman, Dennis
O'Brien, S. M. Phelan, W. M. Price. R. A.
Pendleton, Celsus Price, James Peterson, R.
M. Powell, Joseph C. Piggott, J. R. Purvis,
E. C. Robbins, C. C. Rainwater, Dr. P. G.
Robinson, Rev. P. G. Robert, Russell Riley,
William Robinson, A. W. Stewart.A. C. Stew-
art, George H. Small, Dr. H. N. Spencer, E.
H. Sublette, Dr. I. G. W. Steedman, Edgar
Skinner, Robert H. Stockton, R. R. South-
ard, George W. Sale, Peter Saugrain, Thomas
L. Sneed, Wright Schaumburg, Alonzo W.
Slaybach, E. J. Styles, Peyton Skipworth,
William Smizer, Ben Von Phul. Frank Yon
Phul, L. B. Yalliant, Dr. Charles Yastine,
Tohn Waddell. S. D. Winter. John Y". Wray,
Dr. William Webb, H, W. Williams, W. H.
Weller, Hunt P. Wilson, Thos. H. West.
Thomas Warren, and T. M. Wright.
It is sad to think of those who never did re-
turn, but died like men in righting for and up-
holding a cause that was to them a sacred one.
Among those gallant and chosen spirits were:
Tohn S. Bowen, Emmet McDonald, John M.
Wimer, William Chapped, Sam Farrington,
William Wade. Early Stein. Rock Champion,
Churchill Clark. Wailace Hartley. Tame- Fan-
ning, Hugh A. Garland, Thoma<
Tames George, Ed Blennerhass
Carringtori S. O. Coleman. 1 led-
gers. ; I'Flaherty, Sai warth,
Joseph Dean. Samuel Kennedy, F.dward
Murrav, \. T. Bvrne. ward. Wil-
liam Crow. A. B. Barnett, Peter L, Fitzwil-
2446
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.— WARE.
, Edward Pagan, Lewis B. Beakey, Ser-
1 'arker, \\ illiam Dunnica, Thomas
Shelley, and Girard A. Foote.
The foregoing statement of events must be
ded and taken as the Confederate view of
affairs in general, recording the effect of pre-
judices and animosities existing in this city at
die opening of the civil war and afterward.
Since then, the softening influence of time has
wed both passion and prejudice, and at
this day a rational view can be taken of the
motives and methods used in solving the po-
litical problems which disturbed the country
ipon the contending hosts can be be-
sti i\\ : '1 the merit and praise due them for their
valor anil devotion to the cause they espoused
and the principles that directed them. Proba-
bh there never has been a rebellion or revolu-
tion of the magnitude of our own. which left
behind it as little bitterness of feeling between
combatants. Whatever may be said of the
politicians during the reconstruction days
in which the "blody shirt" was waved, one
assertion can be repeated without successful
contradiction, that between the soldiers on
both sides who went into the army and fought
tor their principles, there never has been any-
thing but mutual regard arid respect: and in
i Mr city, the Germans who were once thought
so aggressive are now our intimate associates
and friends, and few names hold a higher
place in our regard as soldiers than those of
Siegel, < tsterhaus, and others of the same na-
tionality, equally meritorious. To illustrate
and put into practical operation the good fel-
lowship and fraternity of the old soldiers of
our city, a society has been formed of the
"\ eterans of the Blue and the Gray," whose
annual meeting takes place on February 12th
of each year, Lincoln's birthday. The pre-
amble to their constitution contains these
words : " riie war lias been over for a genera-
tion of men. 'i In issues which arose from it
have been settled by tin- slow and sure pro-
of political, commercial and industrial
evolution. Standing shoulder to shoulder,
or front to fronl in those times which trier]
American manhood, we gained the respect for
each other's integrity ami valor. We have
formed many ties and fought many
peaceful battles togethei . binding us el- -
friends. Whatever our differences then, we
are now all American patriots, with an abid-
ing faith in the destiny of our country and a
fervent love for her flag. Dead issues belong
to impartial histories. To be true
we must stand for liberty, law and so
our beloved country may fulfill her mis-
sion in the world."
SAMUEL M. KEXXARD.
JOHN G. KELLY,
Ware, Martha E., who has
with many public interests in St.
since 1863, was born in New England, daugh-
ter of Joseph B. Young, and a descendant of
Scotch and French ancestors. One branch of
the family to which she belongs, has however
1 een indentified with the history of New
Hampshire for two hundred years, while the
representatives of another branch of the fami-
ly were numbered among the earliest Massa-
chusetts Bay colonists. In her early child-
hood. Mrs. Ware entered a school in !
and she was graduated in the first class which
went out from the Roxburv High S
After that, she pursued a course of study at
the Massachusetts State Normal School, and
in [859, became, first, assistant principal in a
grammar sell 10I in New Haven. Connecti-
cut, and later assistant principal in the
West End school of Boston. Afterward, she
was for two and a half years a teacher in the
Massachusetts State Normal School, coming,
at the end of that time, to St. Louis, where,
for four years thereafter, she occupied a
proi linerit position in the Normal School of
this city, doing much to advance its standing
among educational institutions of this city.
in 1870 she founded a club of Mary Institute
graduates for special study, and this club,
which continued in existence for seven years.
proved an incentive to the formation of other
clubs of the same character which prosecuted
their researches under the leadership of va-
riotis professors in St. Louis. She was a char-
ter member of the Wednesday Club and was
its first treasurer, ami for the first four years
of its existence was chief manager of the
Fresh Air Mission, funds for the maintainance
of which were furnished by a committee of
gentlemen. During the organization
association which built the Martha Parsons
Hospital and while that institution was in pro-
cess of erection. Mrs. Ware was president of
the Board of Trustees which had chars
the work of building up this institution, then
as the Augusta Free Hospital for Chil-
dren. She also enjoys the distinction of hav-
ing been the first lady Sunday-school
WAR WITH SPAIN.
tendent in the West, she having served in that
capacity for two terms — the first of which be-
gan in 1878 — in the Sunday-school connected
with the Church of the Messiah. In 1897 she
was nominated as a candidate for member of
the Hoard of Education of St. Louis on the
"Reform ticket" of that year, but on ace nun
of intended absence in Europe, she declined
the nomination, although assurances of sup-
port came to her from various political organi-
zations and from many professional and busi-
ness men who recognized her capacity for re-
formatory work and her ability to advance
the educational interests of the city. A mem-
ber of the old Philharmonic Singing Society
of St. Louis when it was under the able man-
agement of Prof. Sobolewski, she was an ar-
dent lover of music and did much to promote
musical culture in the city until other affairs
absorbed so large a share of her time and at-
tention that she was compelled to forego, in
3 measure, her labors in this field. In the va-
rious movements set on foot for the higher
education of women in this city which has so
long been her home, she has been recognized
as a capable and efficient leader, and her ef-
forts and influence have been prolific of good
results. It was at her home that a small num-
ber of people, mostly teachers, met in 1879
with an inclination in the direction of serious
reading and the study of philosophic ques-
tions, and formed an organization which spent
one afternoon of each week in discussing a
chapter in some masterpiece of speculative
philosophy. This little club continued in exis-
tence for sixteen or seventeen years and not
only broadened the intellectuality and added
to the accomplishments of its members, but
stimulated the formation of several similar
clubs in the city, all of which have served an
excellent purpose as educators. In the organ-
ization of the Missouri State Federation of
Women's Clubs, Airs. Ware took a prominent
part, having served as a member of the origi-
nal committee which proposed and consum-
mated the Federation. She married William
E. Ware in 1867.
War with Spain.— The war of 1898 be-
tween the United States and Spain grew out
of the effort of the people of Cuba to throw
off the Spanish yoke. They had made this ef-
fort repeately. ah\a\s with increasing
sympathy "from the people of the United
States, and when, in 1808. their struggle
si Spanish autlu irity, pn itract d tl
three years, had brought aboul the devasta-
tion of a large portion oi the island, and was
Spaniards ith a policy pit-
iless and unsparing the popular feeling in this
country began to demand .-111 overt espousal
of the Cuban cause, and a strong sentiment in
' , ■ d war. In the midst 1 >i this
condition of things, the L'nited States B;
ship ".Maine," while lying at anchor in the
harbor of Havana, whither she had been sent
on a mission of international courtesy and
good will, was, on the 15th of February,
blown up by a t >rp< do, 561 of her crew per-
ishing in the catastbrophe. This brought mat-
ters to a crisis,fi ir .there wasan almost universal
conviction in this country that the destruction
of the ship was the work, direct or indirect,
of the Spanish authorities, and it was clearly
seen that war was inevitable. On the oth of
March, Congress, by a unanimous vote, in
both houses, appropriated $50,000,000 "for
the national defense and for each and even-
purpose connected therewith, to be expended
at the discretion of the President." ' »n the
19th of April. G mgress passed, b) a vo
42 to 35 in the Senate, and 311 to o in the
House, a joint resolution, declaring that "the
people of the Island of Cuba are and of right
ought to be free and independent." and that
"the Government of the United States does
hereby demand of the government of Spain
to at once relinquish its authority and gov-
ernment in the Island of Cuba and withdraw
its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cu-
ban waters." The Spanish minister at Wash-
ington at once demanded hi- passports, and
the Spanish. Government at Madrid
broke off all relations with our minister.
General Woodford. On the 22nd of April,
the President proclaimed a blockade of the
Northern coast of Cuba and 0,1 the 25th, Con
o-ri 5s declared the existence of a state -
with Spain from and including the 21st da) of
April. On the 23rd the President .ailed for
1 25,000 volunteers. On May est, < '01
dore l ieorge Dewey, with the Pacific C
tacked and destroyed the Spanish
Bay of Manilla, in the Philippine Isl
the ?d of June, at night, Lieu
with' seven volunteers, sunk
Cina. " in the channel al
tiago harbi ir, under a -'
shore 1 latterie-. On tl
am 1 if 1 air invad
2448
WAR WITH SPAIN.
Shatter, landed at Daiquiri, fifteen miles east
of Santiago, and the movement against that
place was begun. There was severe righting
on the 24th and on the 1st of July, and, on
the 2nd of July, El Caney and San Juan were
captured after desperate engagements — and
this completed the investment of the city. On
the 3rd. Admiral Cervera's fleet which had
been lying in Santiago harbor lor more than
two months attempted to escape in the pres-
ence of our blockading squadron, and after a
running- tight of twenty miles, was utterly des-
I by the tire of our ships, the Spanish
Admiral and over 1300 men taken prisoners,
1 - Spaniards perishing. This disaster to
the Spanish arms was followed on the 15th of
July by the capitulation of Santiago and the
eastern end of Cuba, with the surrender of
22,000 prisoners. Then followed the invas-
sion of Porto Rico, and by the 12th of August
our army had possession of a large part of
tiie Island without encountering serious re-
sistance. The last scene of the war was
enacted at Manilla on the 15th of August,
when, after a brief assault, that city fell into
our hands. This was the end of overt hostili-
ties. The war began on May 1. in the Bay of
Manilla, and ended there on the 15th of Au-
gust. Our losses were: officers killed. 23;
enlisted men killed 2^j; total 280. Officers
wounded, 113; enlisted men wounded, 1464;
total 1577; of the navy, killed 17; wounded
67: died as the result of wounds, 18: invalided
from service 6; total 91. The deaths from
disease from May 1. to December 31. 1898,
were officers in ; men 4854.
On the 25th of April the Governor of Mis-
souri was informed by the War Department
Missouri's quota under the call for 125.
ilunteers, was one light battery of artil-
lery and five regiments of infantry, to serve
o years, unless ner discharged. The
Secretan of YVar expressed the desire that
as far as practicable the National Guard be
given the preference. Jefferson Barracks was
made tin- rendezvous. < >n the 27th of April
\djiii.: ,' M. F. I'- -11 of Missouri is-
sued an order granting authority for the or-
ganization of the Fifth Regiment of First Bii-
National Guard of Missouri. On the
28th, commanding officers of the First. Sec-
ond, Fourth and Fifth regiments of
infantry, and Battery "A" National Guard of
Missouri were directed to issue orders for the
election of officers to fill vacancies: and on
May, 2nd, permission was given to such of-
ficers and men of the National Guard of Mis-
souri as desired, to volunteer into the service
of the United States. The troops began to ar-
rive at Jefferson Barracks on the 1st of May.
Light Battery "A" being the first to be mus-
tered in and equipped for field service, was or-
dered to Chicamauga. It was recruited and
enrolled in St. Louis, its officers being Cap-
tain. Frank M. Rumbold; First Lieutenants,
John F. Weber; Edward Bates Eno; Second
Lieutenant, William J. Murray; with 174
men. The battery was at Chicamauga from
.May 19 to July 24, when it started for Porto
Rico. It was in Porto Rico from August 4th
to September 8th when, the war being over,
il was ordered home, reaching Jefferson Bar-
racks on the 22nd of September, and, after
sixty days furlough, mustered out on the 30th
cf November. The First Regiment Missouri
Volunteer Infantry was mustered into the
United States service at Jefferson Barracks.
May. 13, by Lieutenant Letcher Hardeman.
Tenth Cavalry, United States Army, the com-
panies composing it being recruited and en-
lolled in. St. Louis. The regiment was not
in active service, and, during the period from
the date of mustering in. Ma}' 13, to muster-
ing out at St. Louis, October 31, by Lieut-
enant Ralph Flarrison, Second United States
Cavalry, and Major Second Missouri Volun-
teer Infantry, it had its camp at Chickamau-
ga, from May 21st to September 4th: at Jeff-
erson Barracks, from September 6th to Octo-
ber 1 8th; and at the Armory in St. Louis,
from October iS to October 31. The offi-
cers of the First Regiment were Col. Edwin
Batdorf, Lieutenant-Colonel John S. Caven-
der, Major Alfred O. Kennett, Major Clar-
ence A. Sinclair. The Second regiment Mis-
si iuri Volunteer Infantry, composed of com-
panies from Carthage, Butler. Lamar. Seda-
lia, Pierce City. Clinton, Joplin. Nevada,
Springfield and Jefferson City, had for its offi-
cers Col. William K. Caffee, Lieutenant Col.
Ilarrv C. De Muth, Maj. Harrison Mitchell,
Maj. Franklin F. Williams. Maj. Ralph Har-
rison. It was mustered into the United States-
service May 12. and was encamped in Ken-
tucky, ami at Chickamauga, until November,
when it was mustered out. The Third Regi-
ment Missouri Volunteer Infantry had for its
officer:- Col. George P. Gross. Lieut-Col.
Charles F. Wagar, Maj. Sidney E. Kelsey,
Maj. Fred W. Fleming. Mai. Thomas W. Sla-
WAR WITH THE SEMINOLES.
2449
vens. It was mustered in at Jefferson Bar-
racks, May 14, and mustered out November,
7, at Kansas City. The regiment was recruit-
ed at Kansas City, with the exception of one
company which was recruited at Indepen-
dence. From May 14 to November 7 it was
stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Camp Alger,
Virginia ; Camp Meade, Pennsylvania ; and
Kansas City. The Fourth Regiment Missou-
ri Volunteer Infantry, Col. Joseph A. Cor-
by, Lieut-Col. William P. Burnham, Maj.
William E. Stringfellow, Maj. Wilson S. Hen-
drick, Maj. Clay C. McDonald, was recruited
four companies at St. Joseph, and the others
at Carrollton, Mound City, Bethany, Mary-
ville, Hannibal, Chillicothe. Warrensburg,
and Fulton. It was mustered in at Jefferson
Barracks, May 16. The Fifth Regiment Mis-
souri Volunteer Infantry was mustered in at
Jefferson Baracks, May 18, and mustered out
at Kansas City, November 9, its officers being
Col. Milton Moore, Lieut. -Col. Charles Mor-
gan, Maj. William M. Abernathy. Maj. Wil-
liam T. Stark, Maj. George D. Moore. Five
of the companies composing it were recruited
at Kansas City, and the others at Harrison-
ville, Carthage, Jefferson Barracks, Columbia,
Higginsville, Mexico, and Excelsior Springs.'
It was stationed at Chicamauga and Lexing-
ton. The Sixth Regiment Missouri Volun-
teer Infantry raised under the President's
second call for 75,000 volunteers, of May 25.
was mustered in at Jefferson Barracks July 20
to 23, the companies composing it being from
Brookfield, California, Carondelet, Bloom-
field, Doniphan, Willow Springs, St. Charles,
Lutesville, Kennett, St. Louis and De Soto.
Its officers were Col. Letcher Hardeman,
Lieut. -Col. Harvey Clark, Maj. Orlando F.
Guthrie, Maj. Jacob J. Dickinson. It was
the last one to take the field, but it saw a more
extended service than any other Missouri
regiment. It was part of the army under Gen.
Lee that went to Cuba and took possession of
Havana upon the evacuation of that city by
the Spanish troops. Col. Letcher Hardeman
of the regular arm}- who mustered in all the
Missouri troops into the United States service
brought it to a high condition of discipline;
it was called the best regiment of troops in
Gen. Lee*s army. After being on duty for
some time in the vicinity of Havana, it re-
turned to Georgia and was mustered out at
Savannah. May 10, and the men returned to
St. Louis on the 12th. The regiment present-
ed a beautiful saber to Col. Hardeman. The
Third Regiment of United States Volunteer
Engineers which was organized and mustered
in at Jefferson Barracks between July 25 and
August 20, contained a Missouri contingent
of 227 men, 131 of them from St. Louis." On
the 20th of September, 1898, the regiment
moved to Lexington, Kentucky, and became
part of the hirst Army Corps under General
Breckinridge. On the 13th of November, it
reached Macon. Georgia, and in December
went to Cuba where it performed a great deal
of constructive work in the vicinity of Matan-
?as and Cienfuegos. In April the battalions
were returned to the United State-, the First
and Third being brought to Savannah. 1
gia, and mustered out on the 17th at Fort Mc-
pherson. The Missouri contingent arrived
at St. Louis on the 18th and were received
with honors by a committee of citizens with
Mayor Ziegenhein. an interesting pari of the
ceremony being the presentation to each sol-
dier of a medal made from metal taken fp >m
the ill-fated battle-ship "Maine." Missouri
furnished altogether 7,893 Infantry and 177
Artillery, a total of 8,109 soldiers and "in no
instance," says Adjutant Bell in his n
' were any of the men or officers of our Mis-
souri troops reported for any serious infrac-
tion of military discipline."
War With The Seniinolos. Missouri
troops were participants in the war with the
Seminole Indians in Florida, which lasted
seven years and cost the government of the
I nited States more than thirty millions of dol-
lars. Being deprived of their lands in pur-
suance of the general policy of removing all
the Indians west of the Mississippi, the Semi-
noles inaugurated, in 1835, a war which baf-
fled the efforts of some of the ablest generals
in the United States Army and of troops who
!iai! distinguished themselves for their spendid
fighting qualities. In 1837, President Van
Buren, through the Secretary of War, issued a
requisition on the Governor of Missouri for
two regiments of mounted volunT'
ticipate in a campaign against the :
In response to this call.
lonel Richard Gentry,
in Bi one and adjoining counti
tnent, under command of Col
Coin her 6, 1837.
marched his troops to St. Louis and at Jef-
ferson Barracks thev v
2450
WARS WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
ites military service by General
Henry Atkinson. On the eve of their de-
[or the - :< ne of action, they were ad-
1 by Senator Thomas II. Benton, who
bad advised the P to call on Missouri
for troops for this service, assuring him that
sourians would go wherever their serv-
ices were needed." Embarking on the Miss-
ississppi, they proceeded to New Orleans and
thence to Tampa Bay. disembarking on the
Florida coast November 15. They were at
once ordered by General Zachary Taylor to
march with a body of regulars against the
Indians, and met the enemy near Okeechobee
Lake. After a hard fight, the Indians were
vanquished, but Colonel Gentry and more
than one hundred of his brave Missourians
were killed in the battle. The regiment re-
turned to Missouri and was mustered out of
the service early in 1838. The remains of
Colonel Gentry were brought back to St.
Louis and buried at Jefferson Barracks, and
( -entry county was named in his honor.
Wars with Great Britain.— The history
of Missouri as an integral part of the territory
1 if the United States does not date back to the
f. unding of the Republic and it cannot be said
therefore, that the inhabitants of this region
had any participation in the first war with
( .reat Britain. The Declaration of Independ-
ence awoke no responsive echoes on the
rn bank of the [Mississippi. Xo blood
of Revolutionary patriots was shed on Miss-
- iiiri si iil, and pn ibably the 1 >nly incident of the
struggle for independence which caused a
thrill of excitement in the French settlement
of St. Louis was the conquest of the Illinois
country by George Rogers Clark. Many of
Lhe inhabitants of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and
in the 1 ither Illinois b >wns which capitulated to
Clark, were 'kinsmen of the settlers in St.
I : their language was the same, and
the\ were cngagi d in business pursuits which
threw them much together. Although they
were subjects of another government ami
probably felt thai they had nothing to fear
from the oiliiniMs who were warring against
the British, the\ could nol have viewed with
indiffei ence the 0 mquesl 1 if a vasl regii >n ■ if
country lying at their doors and a transfer of
allegiance b\ those who were their neighbors
and friends. They hated the English and
doubtless sympathized to some extent with
the American colonists, but in no wav were
Irawn into the conflict, nor is it probable
that they were even remotely affected by the
war. It is barely possible that the massacre
of a few St. Louis settlers by Indians in 1780
■ — noted elsewhere — resulted from British ma-
chinations which incited the Indians of the
northwest to invade the Illinois country, and
51 'ine earl) historians have taken this view. It
is not improbable that the St. Louis colonists,
like their contemporaries in Illinois, inclined
to the belief that the British were responsible
for the murderous foray of the savages; but
careful historical research does not reveal any
basis of fact for the statement that the acts of
this band of marauding Indians had any con-
nection with England's military movements
in America. In this connection, it may be
stated also that the region about the mouth
of the Missouri suffered comparatively little
from Indian depredations during the era of its
settlement by the whites and few thrilling
tales of Indian warfare have been handed
down to their descendants by the pioneers 1 >f
St. Louis. Peaceably the abroigines yielded
to the inevitable and gave way to advancing
civilization, practically without a struggle and
almost without a protest. Although St. Louis
had been in existence fifty-eight years when
the government of the United States declared
war against Great Britain, in 1812, it appears
that a war spirit was first aroused in the vil-
lage by that declaration. The President's war
proclamation was received here early in July
of the year above mentioned and on the nth
of that month a town meeting was held, at
which the following pre-amble and resolu-
te ms were adi ipted :
"With sensations of profound satisfaction
in the conduct of the constituted authorities of
our country, with feelings in perfect unision
with those of our brethren throughout the
United States, we, the citizens of the town
and district of St. Louis, hail the tidings an-
nounced from the seat of the general govern-
ment on the 19th of the last month. The
grand, the all-important crisis has at length
arrived — a crisis invoked by the anient ex-
pectation, the longing wishes of an injured
people, hallowed by the voice of patriotism
and the pledges of honor. We are at war
with the most powerful nation on earth, yet
we rejoice! Posterity will consider as fabu- '
Ions, contemporary powers will call it infatu-
ation and insanity that a people should hail
with acclamation and joy that event which
WARS WITH GREAT BRITAIN.
2451
is in general considered as the scourge of nat-
ions and the curse of God. In the history of
our intercourse with England, however, we
find the solution of this moral enigma, the
analysis of this strange sensation. From
British outrage and wrongs, deep, damning,
and discrediting, we derive motives for our
acquiescence, reasons for our exultation.
The proffered cup of reconciliation has been
indignantly dashed to the earth. The voice
of honest expostulation, nay, that of whining
entreaty has been contemptuously spurned.
Under circumstances of continued offense and
degradation, aggravated by every refinement
of cruelty and treachery, beset by artifice
which it was impossible to evade, charged
with an ambition that was never indulged,
and with practices that were never counten-
anced, having our institutions belittled by de-
rision and menaced by destruction, the gaunt-
let of warfare has been thrown down and we
rejoice that our government has taken it up.
The sacred citadel of our nation's honor has
been violated, the unwarrantable breach must
be repaired, the foul stain must be wiped away
ere our indignation ceases, or our vengance
slumbers. The past wrongs of England from
this day cease to recount. Against her fu-
ture we hurl haughty defiance."
"In the spirit of this declaration, we con-
sider that we owe it our beloved country ti i
meet the dangers which menace its existence ;
that we owe it to the government of our
choice and approbation to furnish our pro-
portion of that support which may enable it to
meet every emergency and chastise every in-
sult : that we owe it to the shades of our mur-
dered and to the sufferings of our imprisoned
fellow-citizens to avenge their deaths and their
wrongs; that we owe it to ourselves and our
children to preserve inviolate the charter of
our liberties and to transmit it as unsullied,
as unimpaired to posterity."
"Resolved, therefore, unanimously. That
we warmly participate in the feelings and
highly approve of the proceedings of our
government on this awful and important occa-
sion. That we repose entire confidence in
the executive magistrate of this Union. That,
elevated as he is to the most enviable station
of the world, enjoying and supported by the
voice of a free and high-minded people, we
entertain no doubt that he will terminate that
gloriously which he has commenced so
auspiciously."
'"Resolved, unanimously, That, since the
appeal has been made to war. we do hereb)
offer whatever sacrifice may be required of us,
of blood and treasure, to heal the wounded
honor and regain the ravished rights of our
injured country."
"Resolved, further, unanimously, That the
thanks of this meeting and of this Territory
are due to our enlightened, patriotic and just-
ly popular magistrate, Governor Howard.
That we gladly recognize in him the capacity
to discern and the zeal to execute his duty;
and that we consider that it is to his jud
circumspection and vigilant forecast we are
indebted for our security from the merciless
savages hovering on our frontiers. That our
confidence in his future plans of protection
and defense is complete, and that our co-oper-
ation will be prompt, and we trust it will be
successful."
"Resolved, unanimously, That, as one ob-
ject of this meeting was to devise some plan
of protection and to procure some munitions
of war for the defense of the town, and hav-
ing understood from the Brigade Quartermas-
ter that our faithful and alert chief magistrate
had himself taken the subject into considera-
tion and was maturing a plan for that pur-
pose, our further attention to this subject is
at present unnecessary, and that we would
hold ourselves in readiness to execute what-
ever he may project, to perform whatever he
may recommend."
"Resolved, unanimously, That having
learned that several companies of volunteers
1 idonging to the State of Kentucky have gen-
erously offered their services to the governor
for the protection of this Territory, the thanks
of this meeting be offered to the said volun-
teers. The evils of our exposed situation are
alleviated by the assurance that we have in
our neighborhood hearts to feel our pos
sufferings and hands to relieve them."
"Resolved, unanimously, That the proceed-
ing- of this meeting be published in the paper
of this place and in one of the gazettes of
Lexington, Kentucky, that a copy of them be
transmitted by the chairman to the President
of the United States."
This declaration evidences the 5]
people of St. Louis and their loyalty I
nment to which they had b<
ject only a few years earlier,
from the theatre of war. hov were
not called upon to make g i
WARNER.
fense of their principles. A number of mili-
tary companies were formed for the defense
of the town, and the forces operating against
the Indians under General Harrison were aug-
mented to some extent by volunteers from St.
Louis. Governor Benjamin Howard left St.
Louis to participate in the war, with a brig-
adier-general's commission, and Col. John
< I'Fallon, Major Robert Lucas, and Capt.
Lewis Bissell were St. Louis men who dis-
tinguished themselves in the war. At differ-
ent times, threatened attacks of the Indians
on St. Louis and neighboring settlements oc-
casioned uneasiness, and the interruption of
trade on the Mississippi river by Indian out-
breaks caused considerable loss to the mer-
chants and traders, but the British emmisar-
ies sent among the Missouri tribes to incite
general uprising failed to accomplish their
purpose, and there were no regular invasions
of Missouri settlements by the savages. That
tlie Indians were held in check was largely
due to the fact that they had long been on
friendly terms with the St. Louis traders, and
only the renegades of the different tribes
could be induced to commit depredations
against those whom they had been accustomed
- friends. Here and there, murders
committed by the Indians, and in July
of [813, Capt. David Musick's company of
United States rangers bad a skirmish with a
party of Winnebagoes "near Fort Mason on
ippi," in which a soldier named
John M. Duff was fatally wounded, and some
days afterward he was buried with military
honors in St. Louis. In the immediate vicin-
ity of St. Louis 110 organized movement
lsI the whites was made by the Indians.
and toward the close of 1813 apprehensions of
danger from thai source practically disap
I. At the beginning of the war, how-
ever, this pi: ought to be in eminent
such men as Governor William
■ 5, William Christ)',
Chai li \ ere acti\ e in for-
1 1 Tn May of
1813, ! ; about sixty
[red and forty vol-
unteers, left St. Louis fi ir P du < bien,
undi 1 ■ ' ■ 1 !lark, and in the
fall of the ear, < reneral Howard
marched against the Illinois rndiansfron
c and the expeditions
of General Harrison were 1!' portant
expeditions 1 of [812 in which St.
Louis soldiers were participants. General
Howard guarded the Mississippi at and above
the Illinois and co-operated with Governor
Xinian Edwards, of Illinois Territory, in pro-
tecting the left flank of General Harrison in
his operations on the lakes. An important
action of the people of St. Louis was the or-
ganization of a force of five hundred mounted
scouts and the building of twenty-two
stations, or block-houses, between Fort Belle-
fontaine and the Kaskaskia river. This line
was patrolled daily by the scouts, and hostile
Indians were thus kept from breaking through
the line. This cordon was afterward extended
to the Illinois, the Saline, and the mouth of
the Ohio. It was Missouri and Illinois troops
that captured and burned Chief Como's town
at Peoria and the town of the Sauks at Quincy,
and they also picketted the Mississippi river
and expelled the Indian canoes. The stock-
ades at Boone's Lick were frequently assaulted
by the Indians and as frequently defended suc-
cessfully by the settlers in that neighborhood,
and at Cote Sans Dessein, Baptiste Louis Roi
heroically resisted the attack of a large body
■ if Indians on his cabin. Intrenched in his
primitive "castle.'' he fired on the savages
with unerring aim, as often as they aproached,
the women of his household keeping his rifles
loaded and at his hand. He killed fourteen
Indians before they withdrew, and it is not
improbable that this was the bloodiest en-
gagement of the war in this region. News of
ral Jackson's victory at Xew Orleans
was received here February 18, 18 15. and the
firing of a national salute and a general illum-
ination of houses attested the joy of the people
over the result of that memorable battle. On
the 2d of March following, a formal and im-
ive celebration of the victory at Xew
Orleans took place in the Catholic church.
News of the conclusion of the treaty of peace
with Great Britain was announced in St. I
March ! 1, 1815.
Warner, Charles Guille, vic<
ssouri Pacific Railroad ■
d 1 tie of the emim 1
I was born December 26, 1844, in
Zanesvilie. Ohio. His parents were Daniel
;'•-,<' [uli H. < B11 1 Warner, the fa-
ther of Xew England birth and parentage, and
■ native of Virginia. From the
time I nough to attend school until
f :urteen years of age, he attended the
WARXKR.
-'453
public schools in Ohio, and after that, he at-
tended Washington Academy, of Washington,
Kentucky, one term. At fifteen, he came
West and his earliest training for business pur-
suits was received at Alton, Illinois, where he
clerked for a time in a dry goods store. In
1862, when barely eighteen years old, he en-
tered the Union Army, enlisting as a private
soldier in the Thirty-second Regiment of
Missouri Volunteer Infantry, commanded by
Col. F. M. Manter, of St. Louis. With this
regiment he served to the close of the Civil
War, winning successive promotions by his
gallantry and his faithful and efficient discharge
of duty, being mustered out with the rank of
Captain. When the war ended, he returned
to Missouri and for three years thereafter de-
voted himself to agricultural pursuits in Jef-
ferson county. Not rinding this occupation
entirely satisfactory, he abandoned it and be-
gan serving an apprenticeship to the bu
in which he has since gained such well merited
distinction, as a delivery clerk in the employ
of the Grest Western Dispatch, operating- on
the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. In 1869. he
quit this service and entered the employ of the
Missouri Pacific Railway Company as a clerk
in one of the St. Louis ofrices. He has been
identified with this great corporatoin ever snee
and is now rounding out thirty years of serv-
ice in various capacities. His is a record of
continuous advancement from one position of
trust and responsibility to another — as results
of proven efficiency until at the present time
he is the second officer of one of the greatest
of American railway corporations, having
charge of all its affairs in the West, with an
army of subordinates acting under his direc-
tion. After passing, by successive steps
through the traffic and accounting depart-
ments of the Missouri Pacific general offices,
he was made General Auditor of the consoli-
dated lines of the company in 1877 and filled
that position until 1893. While acting in this
official capacity, he audited and passed upon
accounts amounting to more than four hun-
dred millions of dollars, and the duties inci-
dent to this vast financial responsibility
discharged by him with such strict integrity
as to win for him the warmest commendation
of the Missouri Pacific Railway manag
In 1881, he was charged with the responsibili-
ty of consolidating the Southwest Railway
System, composed of the Missouri Pacific, the
Iron Mountain, the Texas & Pacific, the In-
ternational & Great Northern, the Galveston,
Houstcn & Henderson, the Missouri, Kansas
& Texas, and the central branch of the Mis-
souri Pacific lines, and perfected a system
which was operated until 1887-88, when the
Missouri, Kansas&Texas, the International &
Great Northern, and the Galveston, Houston
& Henderson lines were separated from the
Missouri Pacific system. Among the railroad
men of the country, Captain \\ arner has long
been noted for the remarkable accurao of Ids
transactions, records, accounts, and ■
coming under his supervision. Any desired
information pertaining to the affairs under his
control is available at a moment's notice, and
there is in existence no mi 1
than that which he has inaugurated, in the
management of railway inn rest-. Perfect
candor and directness, almost to the poinl of
bluntness, in speech, are among his distill-
ing characteristics, and throughout his
life his motto has been: "< ibtain the c
dence of those with whom \ 1 hi deal, audi |
worthy of it." He was made vice-president of
the Missouri Pacific Railway Company in
[893 and still retains that position. Besides
being one of the chief representatives of great
railway interests which center in St. Louis, he
i1; identified with the banking interests of the
city as vice-president of the St. Louis National
Pan!;, lie is a member of the Military ' >r
der of the Loyal Legion, the Grand Army of
the Republic, the St. Louis and Noonda\
Clubs, and the Ohio Society of St. Louis, and
is a Presbyterian churchman. He married
Miss Anna Cecilia Rodcn, and their family
consists of three accomplished daughters.
Misses Clara Anna. Juliet Lara and Eli
Roden Warner.
Waterman, Alfred Morgan, mer-
chant, was born in Ha
was born in Hartford, Connecticut, Decem-
ber 26, [826, son of Henry and Lydia (Mor-
rman. I [e was educ; t<
ing hi turned his a1
cantile pursuits. < r< ling t< • \Tew
he entered the employ 0
[i rcantile hi ■
remained there until 184s.
came to St. Louis and embai I
sale grocery bnsii
Waterman & Ryan, which c - i"1?1"-
chandi | ''-'ions on >
2454
WARNER.
tween Vine Street and Washington Avenue.
He was in business in St. Louis there-
after until 1862, when he removed to
Warsaw, Illinois, becoming head of the
firm of Waterman ec Wagley, which
fed in the operation of a distillery
at that place. Shortly afterward he purchased
In- partner's interest in this enterprise and
conducted it alone until 1864, when failing-
health compelled him to retire from active
business. Moving then to New York City,
he resided there until 1867. in which year he
again came to St. Louis and lived in the noted
old Kingsbury place, on Union Avenue. In
[885, he removed to $i,2~ Pine Street and
died there December 10, of that year. Mr.
Waterman was a warm-hearted, kindly and
generous man, who had many friends because
of his admirable social qualities, and was
greatly beloved in his own home because of
his kindness to and consideration for those
who made up his family circle. He was a
member of Christ Episcopal Church and be-
longed to the board of vestrymen which
called Rev. Dr. Schuyler to the rectorship of
that church. He married Miss Adele Louise
Kingsbury, daughter of Captain James Wil-
kinson Kingsbury, of St. Louis, who was a
graduate of West Point Military Academy.
Mrs. Waterman died May 6, 1898. Their sur-
viving children are Julia C Grace J.. Clarence
and Mary Virginia Waterman.
Watson, Ringrose John, was born
January 30, 1819, in Limerick, Ireland, and
died in St. Louis September 6, 1896. He was
the son of Ringrose D. anil Frances (McMa-
lion) Watson, and his father was the owner of
a large estate in Ireland prior to his coming
to this counti'\-. In 1819, he was numbered
among the earl} Irish immigrants who settled
in St. Louis, and thereafter for a number of
he was a wholesale and retail dealer in
and importer of glass and queensware, doing
business on Market street, between Second
and Third streets. The son, Ringrose J. Wat-
sou, was educated under private tutorship and
after taking .1 1 ommercial course at St. Louis
University, entered his father's employ as a
clerk. In the inieresi of his father's wholesale
business, he made numerous trips throughout
Missouri and into Arkansas, Kentucky, Illi-
nois, [owa and Wisconsin, such trips being
generally fi >r the pur] >ose 1 if making ci '1 -
le< Lions. All were made before the era of rail-
roads, hi horseback, bj stage, or by steam-
boat. In 1848, the elder Watson died, leaving
what was looked upon at that time as a large
fortune. Two years before this, the son had
been commissioned a lieutenant in Powell's
Battalion, with which he served through the
Mexican War, and having a high estimate of
the value of the territory acquired from Mexi-
co as a result of this war, he went to Sacra-
mento. California, in 1849, and engaged there-
in the merchandising business, dealing also
in real estate, until 1855. His operations in
California were by no means disappointing to
him in their results, as he returned to St. Louis
in the year last named with eighty thousand
dollars in gold in his possession. His health
having become seriously impaired, he did not
engage in business for several years thereafter,
and between the years 1865 and 1868, he lived
abroad. The financial panic of 1873 and the
years of business depression which followed
swept away the comfortable fortune which he
had enjoyed prior to that time, and in 1877 he
engaged in real estate operations, hoping to
recoup his losses. In this he was successful,
and besides contributing much to the improve-
ment of the city through enterprises which he
originated and negotiations which he con-
ducted, he again accumulated a comfortable
fortune before his death. He was a large-
brained, large-hearted, generous man, who
delighted in making those about him happy,
and whose domestic tastes and love of family
endeared him especially to those of his own
household. He officiated in semi-public ca-
pacities as director of the Missouri Pacific
Railway Company, bank director, and a trus-
tee of various other corporations and public
institutions, lie married, first, in 1843, Marie
Antoinette Chouteau, daughter of Auguste
Chouteau. The first Mrs. Watson died in
[858, leaving one daughter, who is now Mrs.
Frank J. Capatain of Los Angeles, California.
In 1869, he married Miss Katherinc A. Ryan,
daughter of Patrick Ryan, of Milwaukee. Wis-
consin, who survives her husband.
Warner, Edward S., was born Janu-
ary 7. T847, in Dorchester, Massachusetts,
[j father, Elias S. Warner, was born in the
Green Mountain district of New Hampshire,
and came West to California in the year 185 1,
where he died in the same year. His mother's
en name was Jane B, Adams, daughter
of Ira W. Adams, who was a man of promin-
WARNER.
>455
ence in Dorchester some years prior to his
death. After finishing his education in the
public schools of Boston, Edward S. Warner
obtained employment in the grocery house of
J. H. Upham & Co., of Dorchester, which po-
sition he left three years later, to come to St.
Louis, where he entered the real estate office
of E. G. Obear. This business relationship
continued ten years, at the end of which time
Mr. Warner embarked in the real estate busi-
ness on his own account, and has since con-
tinued it. An active and energetic man, he
has had to do with various important enter-
prises and has been conspicuous for his re-
sourcefulness and public spirit. He was a
pioneer among the real estate men of the city
in interesting capital in the erection of busi-
ness blocks and office buildings in this city,
and several of this kind are monuments to his
sagacity. Of these are the Laclede building,
at the southwest corner of Fourth and Olive
streets, and the Commercial Building, at the
southeast corner of Sixth and Olive streets,
which he helped to plan and push to comple-
tion. The erection of these buildings were fol-
lowed by others of a similar character, and the
movement which Mr. Warner helped to inaug-
urate has been prolific of good results to the
city. Thoroughly progressive in everything,
his quick perceptions caused him to see the
necessity for buildings of this character in the
down-town district, and he has belonged to
that class of men who contribute most to the
upbuilding of a city. He is a member of the
Lindell Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church
and of its official board ; was one of the organ-
izers and officers of the Mercantile Club and
of Victoria Council of the Legion of Honi >r,
and is a member of the Royal Arcanum and
of various other organizations. May 16, i$j2,
he was married to Miss Annie F. Cummins,
daughter of Stephen D. Cummins, one of St.
Louis' most respected citizens. A son and a
daughter were born of this union, of whom
the former, Edward S. Warner, Jr.. only sur-
vives, he being a resident of St. Louis.
Wait, Walter John, physician, was
born in Franklin count)'. Missouri, in [859,
son of Dr. John M. and Catherine (Taltie)
Wait. The derivation of the name Wait is
from the old high German "Watchten," mean-
ing "to keep watch." and the family to which
Dr. Wait belongs is one whose history can be
traced back" to a remote period. In the year
1075, William the Conqueror gave the earl-
dom, citj and castle of Norwich, in England,
to Ralph 1 )( \\ aiet, and in the year [315,
Richardus Le Wayte, of the I iounty Warwick,
was escheator for the English counties of
Wih-, ( ixford, Berkshire, Bedford and Bucks.
Thomas Wayte was a member of Parliament
in [648 and one of the judges who signed the
death warrant of King Charles 1. Through va-
rious well authenticated records, the English
history of this family is trai ed down the cen-
turies, from the Eleventh to the Seventeenth,
t'> Richard Waite, who founded the American
branch of the family. This Richard Waite
was marshal of the colony of Boston in 1634
and became a proprietor of Watertown, Mas-
sachusetts, by purchasing all the land- and
rights of one of the original grantees of that
town in 1(137. For more than a hundred
years thereafter, his descendants continued to
r< side in Massachusetts and nearly all of them
lived in the vicinity of Watertown. Some of
his earliest descendants achieved distinction
in New England and among the most famous
of these was Benjamin Waite, who. in 1755,
enlisted in the British army to serve in the war
against the French and Indians, lie became
a member of Major Robert Rogers' famous
corps known as the "Roger- Ranger-." and
.his hardihood, skill and daring caused him to
be included among those selected for the most
hazardous undertakings, lie was captured
b) the French in 1756 and started for France
as a prisoner of war, but was recaptured by the
English and returned to America, where he re-
joined his company and became a participant
in numerous desperate encounters with the
enemy, lie was with > leneral Sir Jeffrey Am-
herst in 1758 at the capture of I.ewisburg
and had command of the troop- crossing the
St. Lawrence river in bateaux under the fire
of the enemy. He was with Roger- in the
celebrated expedition againsl the St. Francis
Indian.- in 1750 and was with the troop- -em.
>, 1 1 (etroit in [760 to take possession 1
tn 'i' and other \\ estern pOStS ceiled b
! rench to the English after the fall of Quebec.
In 1767 he removed to Vermont and
lime later was conspicuously identified with
the "< ireen Mountain Bo} -" in tl
tions with the New Y> irk o >1< mi '
he was commissioned captai ol the
ranging companies organized under Major
I [oisington to pr 1 rn frontiers
and guard the Crown Poii
?456
WARREN.
the Connecticut river and Canada. On the
death of Colonel Hoisington, he succeeded to
the command and in 1781 was appointed colo-
nel of Colonial troops. Acting in that capaci-
ty, he built a fort at Corwith, Vermont, at
which a garrison was maintained for several
years. As high sheriff and also as colonel of
; hird Regiment of Vermont militia, he
aided in the suppression of Shays' rebellion,
later became brigadier-general, and still
later major-general, of Vermont militia.
In process of time, the Waits, of Xew Eng-
lang, gravitated Westward, and Dr. John M.
Wait was born and reared in Ohio. From
there he removed in his young manhood I
Wisconsin, where he was married and began
the practice of his profession. He continued
-i.le in that State until 185S, when he
came to Missouri and settled in Franklin
count)", where he was engaged in the prac-
tice of medicine until his death, which oc-
curred soon after the civil war. His son. Dr.
Walter J. Wait, was educated in the public
schi 11 'Is of St. Li litis and then pursued a course
dy at Jones' Commercial College. Soon
afterward he began the study of medicine and
was graduated from St. Louis Medical Col-
lege in the class of 1880, having had among
his preceptors at that institution such emin-
- ill physicians and educators as Dr. John T.
I lodgen and Dr. John McDowell. After com-
pleting his studies, he began the practice of
his profession in Pike county. Illinois, and
continued his labors in that county for five
years. At the end of that time, he returned
to St. Louis and turned his attention to city
dozen years of practice in this
city have given him well deserved prominence
I his contemporaries of the medical pro-
n, and as a public official, he has be-
well known on account of valu-
able services rendered to the city. lie served
four yi "ember of the City Council
four yi 0 the t ity School
Hoard and while acting in thai capacity, was
chairman of the High School building com-
mittee L" nder h chairman 1 if
thai 0 immittee, the Si Louis I [igh School
building — which has since been the pride of
the city — was erccl as also the largesl
building for colored pupils, known as
"La l Overture" building, the corner-stone of
which bears his name. He was elected Cor-
oner of St. 1 He was married in
1882 to Miss Emily Browne, who was born in
I'ike county, Illinois.
Warren, Isaac Shelby, physician, was
born near Danville, Kentucky. November 25,
1818, and died in St. Louis. June 7. 1889. His
father was John Warren, a wealthy Kentucky
Planter, and the son was born and reared in
the midst of rural environments. After being
fitted for college at Danville, he entered
Transylvania University, from which he was
graduated, and in the medical department of
which he completed his preparation for profes-
sional work. Shortly after leaving college,
he came to Missouri and located at Dover,
in Lafayette county, and began the practice
of medicine. His cordial affable manners and
quick sympathies, soon made him a popular
physician with a good practice, and, his learn-
ing, skill and habits of careful study and 1
vation enabled him to maintain it to the end
of his professional career in Lafayette county.
He was a man of enterprising spirit, quick
and clear perception, and active habits, and.
while living at Dover, found time to engage
in, and carry on merchandising, lumbering
and manufacturing operations and superintend
his farm besides. His life was as prosperous
as it was busy until the begining of the civil
war in 1861, when everything was thrown
into disorder, in that part of Missouri. Dr.
Warren, though an ardent southern sympa-
thiser, found it necessary either to abandon
his field of practice or approve, and participate
in the domineering and high handed proceed-
ings of the Secessionists — and he chose the
former. He removed to St. Louis, but did
not resume the practice of his profession. His
quick conscientiousness and prompt sympathy
with suffering- had told on him, in the course
of a period of assiduous and devoted practice
a family physician in a rural community,
where the family practitioner is also the per-
sonal friend and advisor, and he found his
health so much impaired as to call for a
change. Accordingly he turned to business
pursuits, and became a member of the com-
n firm of Howard & Warren. The new
enterprise proved both agreeable and success-
ful, and in a little while, the personal qualities
that gave Dr. Warren easy eminence in all
relations, marked him as a conspicuous figure
among the business men of St. Louis. Upon
the death of his partner. Mr. Howard, he be-
came the head of the firm about the year 1864,
JjjUa
WASHINGTON.
-'457
and the name was changed to Warren, Tal-
bott & Co. The new firm maintained and
largely increased the business of the old one
and after a period of almost uninterrupted
success, Dr. Warren decided to retire from
business. This he did, "but after a time, found
that the repose of a life entirely withdrawn
from schemes and enterprises with which he
had been so long associated and for which he
was so well fitted, did not suit his active
nature: and upon being solicited 1>\ three
young men, whose qualities and capabilities, he
had learned to admire, to put his name, and
a share of his means into business with them,
he promptly consented, and the new firm was
called Warren, Jones & Gratz continuing to
this day. and recognized throughout the
south and in Xew York, and even in British
India, as one of the staunchest and foremost
business houses in St. Louis. Dr. Warren
furnished the chief capital, but contented him-
self with being the advising member, leaving
the active conduct of the business to the young
men who had been trained to it under his own
own supervisions; and in whose discernment-
and abilities he had perfect confidence. Dur-
ing his active biisiness career. Dr. Warren's
clear correct judgment was recognized in busi-
ness circles in St. Louis and his co-operation
sought for in various commendable enter-
prises. He was one of the founders of the
St. Louis Commercial Bank, and served as
one of the directors during his life. He was
a man of sterling integrity and high sense of
honor, with the cordial sincere manners that
inspire confidence, and the personal magnet-
ism that attracts and attaches friends. He
was popular without any effort to make him-
self so, but simply by virtue of the fine bear-
ing of the well bred Kentucky gentleman and
the careful consideration for others which con-
stantly characterized him. He never sought
political honors and position, and did not de-
sire them as his tastes and inclinations im-
pelled him to another field of action ; but his
popular manner and knowledge of public af-
fairs caused him to be sought by his fellow-
citizens of Lafayette count}', during his resi-
dence there, and he was chosen to the Legis-
lature, where he served a term, with honor to
himself and satisfaction to his constituents. In
his early life he was a devoted admirer and
follower of Henry Clay, and cast his first votes
for the old Whig Party. At a later day he
was associated with the Democratic Party,
but always exercised the personal right of vot-
ing independently, fur nun ami measures ac-
cording to his convictions of duty, ami regard
for the public welfare. His church affilia
were Presbyterian. Dr. Warren was twice
married, first in [839, to Miss Frances War-
ren of Lexington, Kentucky, who died in
185S, and again in 1859 to Miss Annie E.
Warren of Dover, Missouri. The living chil-
dren hi the union, are Annelie, wife of W.
Robins Powe of St. Louis and Guy S. and
Thomas B. Warren. The elder brother Guy
educated in St. Louis and finished at
Princeton College. After leaving college, both
showed a passion for trawl, which they in-
dulged, until the>- had visited nearly every
country on lie- Globe, Both (lie young men
took part in the war wirii Spain, Guy going
as a member of Light Battery A, Missouri
Volunteers, and Thomas a bugler in the same
battery. Both were at the front and served
gallantly in engagements in Porto Rico.
Washington. — This was the name of a
ti iwn laid out on the Illinois side of the river
opposite St. Louis not long after Piggott's
fern was established in 1707. It was close to
the river and soon washed away.
Washington's Birthday Celebration,
■ — The first observance of Washington's birth-
da}- in St. Louis was on February 22, 1817
at which time a public dinner was given at T.
Kibby's "new boarding house" at the south-
west corner of Main and Pine Streets. Gov-
ernor William Clark acted as master of cere-
lm Miies and toasts were responded to by H. S.
Gever. X. Moore, Lilburn W. Boggs and
others.
Washington Square. I" its entirety,
this square contained six acres of ground,
bounded by Thirteenth and Market Streets,
ami Twelfth Street and Clark Avenue. It was
originally a part of the Chouteau Mill tract.
The ground was purchased by the city on the
of November, 1840. at a cost of $2=
The understanding was that it should be
public park forever." Up to the end of
the fiscal year 1805-96, the city had
in improvements and maintenance $78,41
After the erection of the new City Hall, on the
site of the square, and its occupancy for uther
purpose.-, it was at first the
cit\ authorities t< • aban : >unds as a
2458
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
i Park Commissioner, in his pub-
■ 1 Ex-
change Square, •Missouri Park and Washing-
ton Square to be "things of the past." But, to
protect the rights of the city to ownership,
against an adverse claim of abandonment in
violation ol the > iriginal agreement, it has been
determined to di voti one-third of tin- Square
al">m two acres remaining unoccupied — to
pari, purpi ises. This design will Ik- carried out
b) the Park ( !ommissioner with the necessary
ornamentation and planting of shrubbery and
flowers. The total amount — for purchase, im-
provements and maintenance — expended on
Washington Square by the city lias been
$103,401.92.
Washington University. — 1" the winter
of 1852-53 Mr. Way man Cr&w, a St. Louis
merchant, was a member of the Missouri Sen-
ate. \t his instance a charter was granted
t" an institution of learning to be located in
the city of St. Louis and to lie known as the
Eliot Seminar)'. This institution was to be-
come the well-known Washington Universit)
of our own day. At the first meeting of the
Board of Directors the name Eliot Seminary
was changed to Washington Institute, at the
request of the Rev. William (I. Eliot, in whose
honoi the first name had been given, and a
little later to Washington University, as the
plans for its development broadened. The
charter was granted on the twenty-second of
February, [853, and the first meeting of the
directors happened to be held on the same
day a year later: hence the name "Washing-
t< in." finally settled upon.
Of this important act Mr. (Vow spoke as
follows at the celebration of the twenty-fifth
anniversary of the inauguration of the Uni-
versity in 1882: "Almost thirty years ago,
near the close of my last senatorial term of
office, without consultation with others. I
drew up and introduced into the Senate the
charter of this institution" To Wavman
''row. then gs the honor of found-
ing this important institution of learning.
'I he charter wa md generous 1 >n<
By its provisions the Seminary and all of its
property of any sort which it might at am
time acquin 1 free from State,
County or City taxation, fn the eighth article
onstitution was inserted the following
elans, ; "No instruction either sectarian in
shall be allowed
in any department of the University; and no
an or ] >artisan test shall be used in the
,11 of professors or teachers, or other of-
ficers of the University; nor shall an)
ti -• ever be used in said University for any
purpose whatever. This article shall be un-
derst I as the fundamental condition ,on
which all endowments of whatever kind are
received." This clause was incorporated in
the charter in 1857. Thus the- University was
made secure, b) both constitution and char-
ier from the dangers of theological or politi-
cal dissensions.
The list of incorporators and first board of
directors is as follows: Christopher Rhodes,
Samuel Treat, John M. Krum. John Caven-
der, George Partridge, Phocion R. McCreery,
John How. William Glasgow, Jr., George Pe-
gram, X. J. Eaton, James Smith. Seth A. Ran-
lett, Mann Butler, William G. Eliot. Hudson
E. Bridge, Samuel Russell and Wayman
1 'row. ( if this board the Hon. Samuel Treat
is now the only survivor.
The first work under the chatter of the Uni-
versity was in an evening school which was
opened in the old Benton school house on
Sixth Street. This school was named the
1 ('Fallon Polytechnic Institute, in honor of
Col. John O'Fallon. Mr. Nathan 1). Tirrell
was in charge of this school which numbered
two hundred and twenty. This school was
continued for a number of years, supported
at first wholly by the University. Then the
expense was shared with the board of public
schools, and finally the entire burden of the
evening' schools was assumed by the public
school board. The first building erected by
the University was the present south wing 011
Seventeenth Street, near Washington Avenue,
where a school was opened in 1856, the ances-
tor of the present Smith Academy. The
teachers were James 1). Low and Nathan D.
Tirrell, and during the first year one hundred
and eight scholars were entered.
fhe formal inauguration of the University
took place in Mercantile Library Hall on the
twenty-third of April, 1857. lion. E.dward
Everett delivered the oration, and addresses
wi re made by the President of th,- Hoard, the
Rev. William i 1. Eliot, Janus I). Low. the
Principal of the Academy, Hon. John How,
President of the board of managers of the
t f Fallon Polytechnic Institute. Hon. Samuel
Treat, on.- of the directors, and the Pew Tru-
man M. Post.
WASHINGTON UN I VE RSI T Y
This same year. 1857. saw also the erection
of a building for a chemical laboratory, and
Professor Abram Litton was appointed to the
chair of chemistry, which position he held un-
til 1892. The chair of mechanics and engi-
neering was filled by the appointment of Pro-
fessor J. J. Reynolds, afterwards Brevet-Major
General in the United States army. In 1858
the erection of a building for the O'Fallon
Polytechnic Institute was begun on the cor-
ner of Chestnut and Seventh Streets. For
many reasons the work made very slow pro-
gress and nine years elapsed before the build-
ing was ready for use. It was then found that
this fine building was not at all suited to the
wants of the University, and it was sold to
the board of public schools, which agreed to
maintain the evening schools.
During this period a college building was
erected on the corner of Washington Avenue
and Seventeenth Street, and on the seventeenth
of December, 1858, Professor Joseph G.
Hoyt, then Professor of Mathematics in Phill-
ips Academy, Exter. X. H.. was elected chan-
cellor. He entered upon his duties in a few
weeks and was formally inaugurated in Feb-
ruary, 1859, and served until his untimely-
death in November, 1862.
Professor William Chauvenet succeeded
Chancellor Hoyt and served until his death in
December, 1870. He was followed by Rev.
William G. Eliot, who also continued in of-
fice until his removal by death in January,
1887. The duties of the Chancellor were per-
formed by the Dean of the College, Professor
Marshall S. Snow until October, 1891, when
they were assumed by the newly-elected Chan-
cellor, Professor Winfield Scott Chaplin, the
present incumbent.
Washington University now comprehends
the following departments:
1. The Undergraduate Department.
2. Henry Shaw School of Botany.
3. St. Louis School of Fine Art.
4. St. Louis Law School.
5. St. Louis Medical College.
6. Missouri Dental College.
Besides these are the following secondary
schools organized under the charter of the
University :
1. Smith Academy.
2. Mary Institute.
3. Manual Training School.
The Undergraduate Department includes :
1. The College.
_'. Tin/ School 1 1 ring.
'1 li<' < 'ollege has a broad elei .
giving to students the 1 lor of
Arts ait.r the satisfactorj completion of thirty-
eight courses of study, which are expected to
occupy four years. The standard is high and is
kept fully up to the demands made in tin
institutions of the sort in the country. The
effort of the Faculty is, both by a proper ar-
ment of the courses of stud) and bv di-
recting the student's inclination.
broad and liberal education in the b< 51 modern
sense of the word; to lay the foundation upon
which high literary and professional scholar-
ship may be reared. The College is
the. special charge of the I )ean, 1 'n ifessi >r .Mar-
shall S. Snow.
The School of Engineering offer- courses
in civil engineering, mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering and chemistry. Its
courses are carefully laid out and the work is
done thoroughly. Professional courses 1
study in this school were first adopted in [869
and the first professional degrees were con-
ferred in 1S71. The School of Engineer
under the immediate supervision of the I
Professor Edmund A. Engler.
The Undergraduate Department occi
the building at the corner of Washington aven-
ue and 17th street, the eastern wing of which
was erected in 1857, and the western portion
in 1871. during which year upwards of two
hundred and fifty thousand dollars were given
for buildings, apparatus, and endowment-. It
abo uses the south wing, which was the first
building erected in 1854, the chemical building
which dates from the year 1857. and a gym-
nasium in the rear of the main building, erect-
ed i.t 1881. In many of their studies and in
,d! 1 if the laboratory work the classes of the
( 'ollege and The School of Engineering are
combined, and in the student's societies and
in the social life of the institution no dis
tion is known. Both sexes are admit!
equal term.- to this department, as well
the Law Schi >ol.
The I [enry Shaw School of I' >i
Henri Shair School its foui
of Boianv. 1 [enry Shaw.
In June. 1885. Mr. ! !
Louis, auth'
versity to place before tl
-
■ I
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
That he proposed, with the concurrence of
ors, to endow a School of Botany as a
department of Washington University, by do-
nation of improved real estate, yielding over
$5,000 n venue, and to place it in such rela-
tion with the largely endowed Missouri Bo-
tanical ( larden and Arboretum, as would prac-
tically secure their best uses, for scientific
study and investigation to the professor and
students of the said School of Botany, in all
time to ci ime.
At the meeting of the Board of Directors
[une 8, 1885, the following resolutions
where, offered, in grateful accept-
ance of Mr. Shaw's proposal:
1. That a School of Botany be established
as a special department of Washington Uni-
versity, to be known as the Henry Shaw
of i li itany.
2. That a professorship of Botany be there-
in established, to be known as the Engelmann
Professorship.
3. That Professor Wm. Trelease, of the
University of Wisconsin, be invited to fill the
same; his duties to begin at the commence-
ment of the next academic year, September
17-
4. That said School of Botany be placed
under the special care and direction of an ad-
visory Committee, to consist of five members,
of whom two shall be members of this Board,
and two shall be selected outside of the Board
— the Chancellor of the University being a
member ex efficio.
This report was accepted and the resolu-
tions unanimously adopted. The record of
such action was then submitted to Mr. Shaw
and approved by him.
On this foundation, the School of Botany
was opened in the autumn of 1885. In his
will, admitted to probate in 1880, Mr. Shaw
further provided for the maintenance of the
income of the School up to a certain limit,
and too calculated to secure the pro-
posed close co-operation between the School
of Botany and the Botanical Garden.
The laboratory of the School of Botany is
temporarily loca 724 \\ ashington
avenue, and a small library containing- the
usual laboratory manuals and class book;..
which is kept at the laboratory for reference.
is added to as new hooks, needed for class
work, appear. In addition to alcoholic and
imbedded material, a small herbarium is be-
ing formed, which is intended to contain rep-
resentatives of the local flora. Advanced stu-
dent^ some of whose work is done at the Gar-
den, also have the privilege of consulting, un-
der necessary restrictions. the excellent herbar-
ium and library maintained there, and now
comprising about 250,000 sheets of specimens,
something over 20,000 books and pamphlets,
and a large collection of wood veneers and
sections ; and no effort is spared to make the
Garden equipment as complete as possible in
any line of work taken up by competent in-
\ estimators.
The close connection of the School with
the Missouri Botanical Garden popularly
known as "Shaw's Garden," gives it great ad-
vantages and opportunities as a place for the
systematic and scientific study of botany un-
surpassed in the United States. The School is
in charge of Professor William Trelease. the
Director of the Garden, who is assisted by a
competent corps of instructors.
Thi- Law School was established in i860,
but the Civil War delayed
Lair School. its opening until October,
1867, when its organiza-
tion was completed and its first classes
entered. It had its rooms for some years and
its lectures were given in the Polytechnic
Building, Seventh and Chestnut Streets. In
1872 the completion of the new west wing of
the University building afforded better accom-
modations and there the school remained until
the growth of the Undergraduate Department
and the need of room for the rapidly growing
Paw School made a change necessary. Mary
Institute, the school for girls, removed in
1878 trom its old building, No. 1417 Lucas
Place, and the building was then set apart for
t'e Law School. On account of the high
standard of its Faculty and the high standard
required for graduation, the school is regard-
ed as among the first of its kind in the coun-
try. A diploma from this school entitles the
holder to practice in the courts of the State
and the United States upon simple motion.
At the organization of the Law School in
1867 Henry Hitchcock, Esq. was made dean,
and held that office until October, 1870, when
he resigned in consequence of ill health.
George M. Stewart, Esq. was then made dean
and remained such until 1878. Mr. Hitch-
cock, however, having recovered his health,
was reappointed member of the faculty in De-
cember, 1871, and was also made Provost,
and as such assumed the executive manage-
WASHI N ( ;T( ) X UNIVERSIT Y
2461
ment of the school and remained in charge
until May 1878. At that time the entire facul-
ty resigned and a reorganization took place,
Mr. Hitchcock being made Dean. In June
1881, he resigned and William G. Hammond,
L. L. D., was appointed in his place. He
served until his death in 1894. William S.
Curtis, Esq. was then chosen Dean, a gradu-
ate of the College and of the Law School, who
is still in service. To Henry Hitchcock more
than to any other man must be given the cred-
it of the successful establishment of the school.
He was as we have seen for several years the
Dean, then Provost, and Dean again, and until
a few years since held an important chair in
the Faculty.
The establishment of an Art School upon
a broad and permanent
flrl School, foundation has always been
part of the plan of Wash-
ington University. For nearly twenty-
Eve years Art instruction has been embodied
in the course of study. In 1875, special stu-
dents were admitted to the Drawing Depart-
ment, and class and public lectures were given
on Art History. The same year an evening
school was opened.
On May 22, 1879, the Directors of the Uni-
versity adopted an ordinance establishing a
Department of Art in Washington University,
from which the following extracts are taken :
'A Department of Art is hereby established
as a special Department of Washington Uni-
versity, to be known as The St. Louis School
of Fine Arts.
"The objects of said Department shall be :
Instruction in the Fine Arts: the collection
and exhibition of pictures, statuary and other
works of art, and of whatever else may be of
artistic interest and appropriate for a Public
Gallery or Art Museum; and. in general, the
promotion by all proper means of aesthetic or
artistic education."
Professor Halsey C. Ives has been Director
since its organization.
The Museum of the school contains a
fully-selected collection of
museum of about five hundred casts
Tine. fins. from antique and mediaeval
sculpture, and several mar-
bles and works in bronze; also collections of
examples of art work in porcelain, glass, metal
and wood (originals and reproductions), and
of fictile ivories and laces.
The Picture Galleries contain a collection "i
paintings, rare engravings and etchings. Ex-
amples are added, when possible, with a view
to affording the student the best possible op-
portunity for pursuing the study of art history
fiy such subjects.
Students are free to visit the galleries "f
the Museum at all times when open. Every
possible advantage will be afforded them for
work.
The collections for the use of students com
prise : Several hundred autotype reproduc-
tions, from sketches, studies and paintings by
celebrated masters from the fifteenth 1 n
tury to the present time ; a set of carbon prints
(numbering 1,041) illustrating the historical
development of art made from various collec-
tions of the British Museum. The latter is
divided into six parts: 1. Prehistoric and
Ethnographical Series ; 2. Egyptian S<
3. Assyrian Series ; 4. Grecian Series ; 5.
Etruscan and Roman Series; 6. Mediaeval
Series.
A Reference Library is being formed for
the use of students. More than five hundred
volumes have already been purchased 1 ir given
for this purpose.
The Museum of Fine Arts has a valuable
permanent collection of statuary, paintings,
pottery, carvings, etc.. which affords the pub-
lic, as well as students, an indespensable aid
to the study of art. And in order that oppor-
tunity may be given for studying the methods
oi the different schools of painting and the
works of the celebrated artists, arrangements
have been made for a series of fine exhibitions
of oil and water color paintings, architectural
drawings and engravings.
Any one desiring to become a membi
the Museum of Fine Arts may do so by the
annual payment of $10.00. This membership
entitles him, with his family and non-resident
guests, to the privilege of visiting the Museum
at all times when open to the public, and to
all lectures, receptions, and special exhibitions
given under the auspices of the Foard of Con-
trol.
The real founder of the School of Fin
was the Hon. Wayman Crow, who has all
been mentioned as the person who secured the
charter of the University in 1853. In 1878
Mr. Crow lost by death his onl '" the
following summer, with the cordial approval
of hi; family, he determined to erect a m
ial art museum and building for the content-
246;
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY.
iol of fine arts. In 1881 a beauti-
ful and commodious building was formally
ronveyed by dud to Washington University.
otal cost of the ground and building was
about one hundred and thirty thousand dol-
St. Louis Medical College was founded
in 1842 as the Medical De-
5, ij.,,15 partment of St. Louis Uni-
mcdical College. versity. Incorporated by
special charter in 1855, its
annual courses of instruction were continued
by the same Faculty, which, under an or-
dinance enacted April 14, 1891, was cre-
ated the Medical Faculty of Washington Uni-
versity. In October, [892, the College
i. in its new building, its fifty-first con-
secutive annual sessii m.
The regular graded course of study cover-
ing three college years, has been carefully
elaborated, from year to year, as riper experi-
1 nee has dictated and always in the direction
ol higher standards and broader teaching.
The annual sessions are of seven calendar
months, and ample opportunities for clinical
are afforded throughout the entire year.
To students fitted by adequate preliminary
training to profit by a comprehensive and
thorough course of medical study this college
offers exceptional advantages.
A distinctive feature of the St. Louis Medi-
cal College is the requirement of and full pre-
vision for extended laboratory work, by every
student, in all the fundamental subjects of
medical study. The extent and scope of the
re mired practical work in Anatomy and in
Chemistry have been greatly enlarged, and full
laboratory courses are given in Histology, in
Medical Chemistry, in Pathological Anatomy
and Histology, and in Bacteriology. In ex-
tent and completeness of laboratory equip-
ment, the St. Louis Medical College ranks
with the best and most progressive education-
al institutions of this country; in the compre-
hensiveness and thoroughness of its laboratory
instruction ii is now among the most ad-
vanced of the Medical Schools in the West.
In the construction and furnishing of its
new College building in 1802, at a cost of
$160,000.00, the Faculty availed itself to the
utmost of its previous 1 1 in develop-
ing new and better methods < if medical instruc-
tion. Five Lecture halls, three of which are
of theater arangement, three Chemical labor-
i 633 square feel 1 if fL ior), two Phy-
siological laboratories (3.000 square feet),
Practical Anatomy rooms 12.330 square i< et),
a laboratory of Microscopy (2.330 square feet I,
a fully equipped Bacteriological laboratory,
and a spacious reading room, afford ample
and convenient accommodation without
crowding in any department. The different
laboratories are abundantly provided with the
best appliances for individual work, as well
as for special demonstration and research.
1 1 ictor Henry H. Mudd is the Dean of the
Medical School, and the Faculty is mad. up
1 if si irae of the best known and the ablest phj -
sicians in St. Louis.
The Missouri Dental College was made a
department of Washington University in [892.
It occupies the new "Medical School Building
and has every facility for work.
A portion of the lectures to dental stu-
dent, is given in the St. Louis Medical Col-
lege, in connection with the medical classes
furnishing a rare oppor-
tunity for the dental stu-
missourl Dental College. denttQ acquin, &t ,,,.,
prehensive knowledge of
the science of medicine, so indispensable to
the successful practice of any specialty.
The Museum, Anatomical Rooms and
Chemical Laboratory of the St. Louis Medi-
cal Colege are as free to the dental as to the
medical student. The arrangement with this
institution is such, that by taking additional
branches in connection with the work of the
three dental terms, the dental student may
qualify himself for admission to the Senior
Class in the Medical College, and may, then
become a candidate for the degre of Doctor
of Medicine at the close of the term in the fol-
lowing April.
Dr. Flenry H. Mudd is also Dean of the
Dental School.
Connected with the University in general
management and control are three secondary
schools from which the Unuiversity draws its
students for the higher departments, and
which also prepare their students for active
life if they do not wish to continue their stud-
ies further. ■ z
Smith Academy was really the beginning
nf the University. The first school opened by
the University, as has already been said,
was the evening school
Smith Academy, in the old Benton school-
house. This was followed
hool in the first building of the Univer-
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY.
1463
sity on Seventeenth near Washington Ave-
nue in 1856, under the charge of Messrs. Li i\v
and Tirrel, In 1S62 this school passed from
the hands of these gentlemen into ihe care of
Prof. George B. Stone. He was a man of
great energy and a successful teaciier and the
school grew and prospered. Mr. Stone re-
signed in 1874, and Professor Den!, am Arn-
old was appointed his successor. The school
was alwavs known as the Academy until ihe
year 1879 when a new building was erected b >r
its use on the corner of Washington Aveuu :
and Nineteenth Streen from funds left with
Chancellor Eliot for that purpose by Mr.
James Smith, always a firm friend of Wash-
ington University. The new outfit cost about
seventy-five thousand dollars, and the school
was then named Smith Academy. Mr. Arn-
old resigned in 1890 and was succeeded by
Prof. Joseph W. Fairbanks, who held the
principalship until 1896. His resignation was
followed by the appointment of Prof. Charles
P. Curd, the present Principal.
He is assisted by a corps of teachers aide to
do the work of a first-class fitting school for
any college or technical school or to prepare
for business life.
Mary Institute, a school for girls, was es-
tablished in 1859 with Prof. Edwin D. San-
born as Principal. In 1862 he was succeeded
by Prof. Calvin S. Penned who remained in
that position for twenty-five years. The first
building was on Lucas Place, No. 14 17. In
1878 this became made-
IHarv Institute. quate for the purposes of
the school, and it was
turned over to the Law School. A new
building was then erected on Locust
and Twenty-steenth Streets, where the
school has ever since had its home. In
1887 Mr. Pennel resigned and his place was
filled by the appointment of Prof. James H.
Dillard. Under his care the school grew and
prospered. He resigned, however, in 1891,
and his successor was Prof. Edmund H.
Sears, the present incumbent. Every oppor-
tunity is given here for a first-class education,
whether the girls wish to prepare for college
or desire to receive a general education. Mary
Institute has always enjoyed a well-de-
served reputation for the thoroughness with
which its work is done and the amirable spir-
it which pervades the whole school.
P)anuj| training School.
Tin- Manual Training School was organized
in the year 1880. Its object is instruction in
mathematics, '1 r a w 1 11 g,
and the English brai
of a high school course,
and instruction and prac-
tice in tin- use of tools. The original
building was paid for by Edwin Harrison,
■ ■lie of the directors of the University, and
the endowment fund and furnishings were
provided by Samuel Cupples, another direct-
or, ami Gottlieb Conzelman, with contribu-
tions from other public-spirited citizens. Du-
immer of 1882, the original build-
ing ha\ ing beo ime ti >' 1 small f< ir the ; 1
conduct of tlie school, .'in addition was
made, chiefly through the liberality of Ralph
Selle.w and Mr. Conzelman ■ .Vashing-
ton Avenue front, doubling the capacity of tin:
sell- 11 1] :
The Manual Training School is a -
dan or preparatory school between the Dis-
trict or Grammar School on the one hand,
and the Engineering, or Polytechnic School
on the other. It was organized to effei 1 sev-
eral ends :
1. To furnish a broader and more appro-
priate foundation for higher technical educa-
tion.
2. To serve as a developing school where
pupils could discover their inborn capacities
and aptitudes, whether in the direction of lit-
erature, science, or the practical arts, while-
securing a liberal elementary training. Its
usefullness is by no means limited to those
who have a fondness for mechanics. Its
training is of general educational value.
3. To furnish those who look forward to
industrial life opportunity to become familiar
with tools. materials, drafting, and the
methods of construction, as well as with
ordinary English branches.
Professor Calvin M. Woodward has been
the director of the school since its foundation.
Washington University had had many gen-
erous friends during all these years of its his-
tory. It would not be possible, nor would it
be proper, to name all the contributors to the
buildings and funds of the University. Much
has been given, often in large sum ;, .
mediate needs required, an
city. Those who from time t<
members of the Board of Dire
5 been ready with
the earlv benefact
>464
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
conspicuously the names of Wayman Crow,
John O'Fallon, Hudson E. Bridge. James
Smith, George Partridge, and John T. Da-
vis, all of whom have gone to their reward;
men recognized .'is leaders in their time in
all that concerned the interests of St. Louis.
Their names and those of many others who
were as generous according to their means
will ever be held in grateful remembrance.
The rapid changes in residence and business
centers which St. Louis has undergone dur-
ing the last decade made it clearly apparent
some years ago that if the University were to
continue to grow and prosper a new home
must be had away from increasing noise and
dirt. In the year 1895-96, therefore, a most
eligible and commanding site of about one
hundred acres, northwest of Forest Park, was
selected, and was purchased with funds con-
tributed by about seventy-five citizens of St.
Louis. To this tract has been added more
recently fifty more acres adjoining it on the
South. In the spring of 1899 the sum of
$650,000 was pledged for buildings and a
further sum of $500,000 was subscribed by
about one hundred and forty persons as an ad-
dition to the endowment fund of the Under-
graduate Department. These generous gifts
place the University upon a new foundation,
and insure it- position among the important
institutions of the West. To the new site it
is the purpose to remove the college and the
School of Engineering in the near future,
with a campus and athletic field and
dormitories, as well as with modern buildings
fully equipped with all that the needs of the
higher education now demand, a most at-
tractive and appropriate home will be provid-
ed for this department of Washington Univer-
sity.
The future of Washington University, with
its various departments offering a solid edu-
cation in many different directions, is full of
great possibilities, and under the manage-
ment of tlf energetic President and of its
board of directors that future seems assured,
The following gentlemen, all well known
citizens of St. Louis, constituted the board of
directors in tSpi 1 :
President. Robert S. Brookings; Vice-Pres-
ident. Henry Hitchcock; Secretarv, George
M. Bartlett; Directors, Henry Hitchcock,
James E, Yeatman, George P. Leighton, Ed-
win Harrison, Henry W. Eliot, Samuel Cup-
pies, Georg* V Vladill, William L. Huse,
Robert S. Brookings, Charles Nagel, George
O. Carpenter, Jr., Isaac H. Lionberger, Al-
fred 1.. Shapleigh. Isaac W. Morton. Adol-
phus Busch, David R. Francis.
PROF. MARSHALL S. SNOW.
Washington UniversityAlumnae As-
sociation. — An association composed of
the women graduates of the collegiate, scien-
tific and law departments of the University.
It was organized April 25th. 1896, with a
membership of thirteen. The objects of the
Association, as set forth in the constitution,
are : "To promote college spirit, and en-
courage social intercourse between the
Alumnae." In addition to these objects the
Association aims to further the interests of
the women students of the University. There
have been but two presidents. Mrs. Fannie L.
Lachmund, of '84. for years 1896-98. and
Miss Jennie R. Lippman of '83, who is still
serving. The office of secretary and treasurer
has been held during the same period by Miss
Cora V. Ileltzell and Miss Anna L. Branch.
The business meetings are held in May and
October of each year, at the University. The
social re-union has, so far, taken the form
of a reception given each year at the home
of one of the members, to the Alumnae, the
en students at the University and Law
School, and the wives of the faculty of the
University. There are now between forty and
fiftv members, of the Association.
MAP I U \ S. K \YSFK.
Washington University Athletic As-
sociation.—An association of students of the
University organized about 1882, for the pur-
pose of promoting athletic sports, recreation
and physical improvement. It cultivates track
exercise, jumping, running and bicycle rac-
ing. The field day is the second week in May.
They have contests for medals, there being
seventeen prizes in each of the three cl;
The average membership is about one hun-
dred. The association holds meetings quar-
Washington University Co-opera-
tive Ass'n. — An association organized in
1883. for the purpose of purchasing books
from publishers at cost and to sell them to the
students at a slight advance. The shares ar
'! r . and when a student leaves the
institution he is paid back four dollars and
J - t i^ < <c C>-^ rr^Q^CZ-
WATERHi »USE.
2465
seventy-five cents: that is, his share less
twenty-live cents for postage and other slight
expenses.
Washington University Silver .Ju-
bilee. — The friends of Washington Univer-
sity celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the founding of that institution on the even-
ing of March 18, 1882. At that time a grand
meeting was held in Memorial Hall, which
was addressed by Rev. Dr. William G. Eliot,
then 1 hancellor of the University.
Wash, Robert., one of the most emi-
nent of Missouri jurists, was born in Virginia,
November 29, 1790, and died in St. Louis.
November 30. 1856. He graduated from col-
lege when he was eighteen years of age. qual-
ified himself for the practice of law by ex-
tensive legal study and came to St. Louis
shortly after the war of 1812. During Presi-
dent Monroe's administration, he was United
States District Attorney at St. Louis and
shortly after the State Government of Mis-
souri was organized he was made a Judge of
the Supreme Court. He distinguished him-
self by his services on the Supreme Bench
from which he resigned in 1837. Judicious
real estate investments in this city made him
a large fortune and Wash street was named
in Iiis honor. He was twice married, his first
wife having been a daughter of Major \\ ill-
iam Christy. His second wife was a daughter
of Colonel Taylor.
Water Commissioner.— This officer has
special charge of the pumping machinery,
reservoirs and water-pipes and other property
connected with the water works, and super-
intendence over the enlarging of the works,
and the laying of water-pipes, and exercises a
general supervision over the entire water
works department, excepting the collection of
water rates. He is appointed by the Mayor
and holds office tor four years. The first Water
Commissioner was Thomas J. Whitman, ap-
pointed in 1881.
Waterhouse, Sylvester., was born in
Barrington, New Hampshire. September 15.
1830. He is of English ancestry, the Water-
house lineage being traced as far back as the
reign of Henry the Third in 1250. The Amer-
ican branch of this ancient family came over
in the earlv colonial times, when the foun-
dations of a new civilization and a coming
nation v 1 re In in« laid by a sturdj and gran-
itic stock. To these and to tin se of a kindred.
type is owing the superstructure that, in the
nineteenth century, prefigures the hi;
ideals of freedom, civilization,
such was the Waterhouse family, who, for -a
series of gi have held on to the
antique virtues oi their ancestry, and in in-
tegrity and honor hav
ei 'ii untarnished, fn tin
we have, among others, Dr. Benjamin Water-
house, an eminent professor in Harvard Uni-
versity; Wilham Waterhouse, a leading phy-
sician, and William E. Waterhouse, a prom-
inent public man, in Barrington, New Hamp-
shii ■. Sylvester Waterhouse. the subject of
this notice, and sou of Samuel II. Water-
house and Dolla Kingman, was the last born
of nine children. In his early years, he showed
a disposition for the mechanical arts. He had
the deft hand and the ingenuity that show
strong mechanical tastes. This was not un-
noticed by his parents, who observing his nat-
ural aptitude, proposed to fit him for the
congenial profession of an architect or civil
engineer. This plan, however, was frustrated
bv an accident which, caused the loss of his
right leg. This occurred in 1840. and prac-
tically changed the trend and purpose of his
future career. The hand that shapes the desti-
nies of man marked out a different field of
usefulness. He was bodily disqualified for
any calling involving physical strain or ac-
tivity, and his path lay now in the direction
of scholarship and a mental equipment that
11 fit him for literary duties. So hi
to work preparing himself for college al
Philli] '>>' demy. Here he gradu-
ated with honor in 1850. While at this insti
union, he was elected president of "The Goli -
en Branch" and. at the close oi his academic
course, was chosen the "orator" of this de
iety at its annual public exhibition.
1 in March 7. 1851, he entered Dartmouth Col-
remaining there until the close of the
college year. In the fall of the sam
was admitted to Harvard University wi
Here he took a prize for •
pp ,. 1 >n and graduated nth
tinction in 1853. Two 1
his professional >1
d shortly aft
of the Latin
2466
WATERHi IUSE.
1857, Professor Waterhouse accepted a posi-
tion in \\ ashington University, St. Louis, and
has held tlic Professorship of Greek ever
since. This covers a period "i more than forty
years, exceeds the average length of human
life, and represents a vast amount of patient
toil, steady loyalty to duty, and an honorable
eminence in public service. Xo other profes-
sor has been so long a member of the faculty
of Washington University. With the excep-
tion of a few months he has been connected
with this institution throughout its whole
life.
As an educator, he has made his mark in
his dav and generation, not in an effusive or
p retentions fashion, but in his loyalty to duty,
and the vigor and conscience put into his
work. Nor have lus mind and energy been
simplv horizoned by his professional duties.
The citizen has not been submerged
in the scholar, nor the patriot in
the teacher. Mis power as a writer
and his logii as a thinker have made his
I ii itedm — 0 mspicuous and forceful.
All kinds of problems, social, industrial or
11 rcial, have been handled with an abil-
ity, energy, and breadth of treatment that
have '.von a national recognition of his serv-
ices. Hi: pen did activ< work during the Civil
War, opposing disruption ■ if the Union, arous-
ing patriotic sentiments, and defending the
national cause with characteristic vigor and
unswerving loyalty. The same singleness and
earnestness ol purpose have been carried into
the discussion 1 1 industrial ouestions and en-
terprisi -. In tin 1 are included the extension
tern railroads, the improvement of tin
=ippi river, the establishment of local
iron works, tin naturalization of jute and
■ 0 the resi mrces or
es of skilled labor.
1 ican industries, and
the nation navj and 1 if the con
struction oi the Nicaragua ('anal. None of
these ai five or incidental charac-
ter. .Man' 1 permanent form for
reference and at; have been and
are being reproduced in this and other coun-
■ ■ 1 1 'ii an appri iximate list 1 if the
writings of Professor Waterhouse would ex-
Lhe alii ated limits of thi sketch. The
number of his articles reaches into the hun-
dreds. We note but a few of the many: " Ad-
dress before the Mississippi River Improve-
mcnl G mvi m ii m," "'I he Resi mrces 1 if Mis-
souri," "The Advantages of Educated Labor.''
"The Culture of Jute in the United States,"
(twice published by the Department of Ag-
riculture!; "A Memorial to Congress for the
Improvement of the' Mississippi River." "The
Culture of Max in the United States,"' "The
Industrial Revival in Mexico," translated into
Spanish; "The Relations of Capital and La-
bor." translated into French; "The West-
ward Movement of Capital," "The Influence
of ( 'r.r Northern Forests on the Mississippi,"
"The Benefits of the Nicaragua Canal."
"Government Control of the Nicaragua
(anal." "The Importance of Ramie to the
Agricultural Prosperity of the Gulf States,"
translated into German and Spanish; "Postal
Savings Banks and the Application of their
Deposits to the Construction of Good Roads."
"The Benefits of the Omaha Exposition,"
"The Industrial Suggestions of the Trans-
Mississippi Fair," "A World's Fair and the
Establishment of a Museum the most Useful
Form of Commemorating the < hie Hun-
dredth Anniversary of the Louisiana Pur-
chase," "The Best Methods of Teaching
( ireek," etc., etc. Many of these papers had a
circulation that ran up into the hundreds of
thousands, the indorsement of their practical
value being, in some cases, expressed by pub-
lic votes of thanks from organized, bodies in
foreign countries. From this selection of sub-
jects, it will be sCen that his writings cover
a wide field of thought and endeavor, and
revi la versatility that is as rare as it is ef-
fective. As their titles show, the writing
Prof. Waterhouse are largely of a material
and practical character. There is littli
for pathos or fervor in the treatment of ques-
tions thai Meal chiefly with statistics. Ac-
f statement, thoroughness of knowl-
edge, and calm, unprejudiced judgment, with
a perspective that goes below the dip of the
■i! are 'he literary and intellectual traits
which characterize the writings of the Pro
te sor. 'i'lie two subjects which have spe-
cially engaged his attention are the Xicara-
1 anal and ramie culture in the United
Man 5. Besid -s contributing to the press nu-
merous articles on the necessity and benefits
of a trans-isthmian waterway, he has by ap-
pointment delivered six addresses on this
theme before public conventions. While
traveling in China in 1872. he observed the
nee and usefulness of ramie. An in-
• uatii 11 "f the conditions of growth led
WATERHOUSE.
2467
him to believe that this valuable textile could
be raised in our Gulf States. For more than
a quarter of a century, he has strenuously
urged the domestic cultivation of this plant.
There is no man in the United States who has
advocated the new industry so long and per-
sistently as Professor Waterhouse has. Ap
oarently, the culture of the new staple will
soon be a successful American industry. The
gratification of having been largely instru-
mental in the introduction of a new and
fruitful source of textile wealth is the only
reward which Professor Waterhouse will ac
cept for his arduous and disinterested labors.
It is not always that public appreciation is
extended to men of sterling value, but in this
instance, the man not seeking honors has had
honors seek him. The State Board of Im-
migration sought and secured his co-opera-
tion. He has been a member of several Mis-
sissippi River Improvement Conventions, and
lias been tendered the office of Assistant Su-
perintendent of the Public Schools of Mis-
souri. In 1871, he was appointed a member of
the State "Bureau of Geology and Mines,"
and in the following year was elected secre-
tary of the St. Louis Board of Trade. In
1872-73, he made a tour around the world,
spending about eighteen months in this pil-
grimage. In the course of his travels, cover-
ing some 40,000 miles, he enriched his mind
by a careful study of foreign countries. < mi
his return, recruited in health and re-infi
in knowledge, he was the better able to n
spond to such new responsibilities as wer<
put upon him. In 1875, he served as a member
of the National Railroad Convention held in
St. Louis, and in the Mississippi River Im-
provement Convention held in St. Paul in
1877. He was entrusted by the latter body to
prepare a Memorial to Congress, the influ-
ence of which did much to enlarge the ti >< 1
scanty appropriation for the necessary river
improvements. In 1878, Professor Water-
house was appointed United States Commis-
sioner both to the Paris Exposition and to
the World's Fair, which it was proposed to
hold in New York in 1883. He was appointed
delegate, in 1883. to the National Cotton
Planters' Convention at Yicksburg. Mississ-
ippi; and in 1884 he was an honorary com-
missioner to the World's Fair in New Orleans.
In 1885, he was appointed Commissioner from
Missouri to the American Exposition which
was held in London in 1887. In 1886. he was
elected secretary of the National American
Tariff League fur tin- Slate of Missouri. In
[892, lie was chosen by the St. Louis Mer-
chants' Exchange a delegate to the Nicaragua
Canal Convention held in this city, ami also
to that which was held in New 1 »rleans in
November of the same year, lie was ap-
pointed h\ the President of the Merchants'
Exchange a delegate both to the Trans-Mis-
sissippi Commercial Congress held al 1 Imaha,
November _■;. 1895, and to the National As-
sociation ill American Manufacturers, held
at Chicago January 21, 1896. At the former
Convention, he delivered an address on Ramie,
and at the latter an address on the Nic-
aragua Canal. Both addresses were trans-
lated into German. In 1899, he was appoint-
ed by both the Mayor of St. Louis and the
President of the Merchants' Exchange a del-
egate to the Trans-Mississippi Commercial
Congress that was held at Wichita. Kansas,
May 31, 1899. At this Convention, he deliv-
ered addresses on "Ancient and Modern < 'an-
als," "The St. Louis World's Fair," and
ential Trade." In 1807, he was appointed
both by the Mayor of the city and the
dent of the Merchants' Exchange t<
the municipal and mercantile interests
Louis at the Trans-Mississippi Comttl
ress, held at Salt Lake City. July 14-17,
1897. In [898, he was honored bj appoint-
ment by the Governor of Missouri as Com-
missioner to the Trans-Mississippi Exposi-
tion, held at Omaha, Neb. In 1898 he v a
pointed by the May >r of St. Li mis a di
to the Good Roads l onvention held in St.
Louis November 21-23, [898. It is evident,
from the wide range of duties included in this
incomplete list of services rendered to the
community, that versatility is 01 : tl
tributes of Professor Waterhouse. It is not
often that it falls to the lot of a man engagi d
ir: scholarly and educational pursuits to so en-
public attention in industrial matters as
lire such honors. Me is certainly not of
the cloist< red type, to whom the seclusioi
study is a happy escape from the tune
the outside world. Nor has Professor V\
house in his public-spiritedness be.
his duties as an educator. This ha
ognized by honors that were justl;
in [883, he received the degree of 1
from the State University of Mis-
the degree of Ph. D. from I
I o-e, \s an ■ ' rofess ir V
246
WATER SUPPLY <>F THE PIONEETS.
1 1 < . . - - , is an ideal type and a master of his
profession. ' "utsifl-e of public honors, he i-
■ cherished remembrance by many who
have had the advantages of his tutelage and
•\hc have imbibed his spirit of directness and
energy, not only in their studies, but in their
,i.n; public duties. Washington L'ru-
versih has been honored and enriched by vol-
untary endowments, testifying in no uncertain
torn- to the high place it holds in public
a. i >ne is specially worthy of note as
having a direct hearing on the work done b\
Professor Waterhouse in building up the in-
terests of Washington University. In 1868,
John P., William D., Maurice D., and Thos.
F. Collier donated $25,000 to the University,
the mcoiiK to be applied, subject to the dis-
cretion of the Directors, to the University
Professorship of Greek, "in greatful recogni-
tion by his former pupils of the fidelity, learn-
ing and ability with which Professor Water-
house has for vears discharged his duties."
Honor to whom honor is due, and in this case
the chaplet was placed where it rightfully be-
longed. Few incumbents of University pro-
fessorships have had so marked and practical
a tribute paid to their ability, or to their
loyal and faithful services. Both as an edu-
cator and as a man of public affairs. Professor
Waterhouse has shown signal ability and al-
most phenomenal industry. In the services
which he has rendered to the community and
the commonwealth, he has never shirked the
exacting obligations of his calling-. In the
capacit\ for doing, we have sometimes the
secret of what is done. In 1867, Professor
Waterhouse ivas thrown from a carriage.
Sinci that accident, he has never been free
front pain. \11 mental exertion increases his
suffering. Few men under such conditions
attempt any self-imposed labor, and
esocciallv that for winch no compensation
was sought or received. The mind, however,
holds the mastery of the body and high ideals
of dut\ are not lowered by physical distress.
Professor Waterhouse bears unceasing pain
with unfailing chcerfnllness. A man with such
a will can be a martyr without a groan. To
this kind of silent heroism must be added
the purely disinterested and unselfish char-
acter of the public services rendered by Pro-
Fessor Waterhouse. With the exception of
such government work as he has been called
upon to do, he has, apart from his salary,
leclined ."11 compensation. Where others
might have .amassed wealth, or secured hand-
some emoluments, he has been content with
simply doing his duty. He has never con-
yi rted a profession into a trade. It is m this
rare attribute of self-denial that Professor
Waterhouse shows the nobility of a disinter-
ested character. In public service as in pri-
vate life, the same rare virtue is dominant,
irs have not elated him, nor have excep-
tional abilities disturbed the simplicity of an
honest, earnest, and unassuming man. What
he has done in an unpretentious fashion in
the world of thought and action, in industrial
development, in the discussion of economic
issues, in projects and enterprises of national
and inter-national importance has Deen wide
and diversified, but in it all, from a local iron
works to a Nicaragua Canal, and from road-
making to the building up of an American
merchant marine, and from the cultivation of
ramie to the study of the classics. Professor
Waterhouse has made his mark.
Water Supply of the Pioneers.—
The founders of St. Louis built their rude
homes near the edge of the bluff which bor-
dered the Mississippi. One reason for the
selection of this locality was the convenience
of water. At first, only river water was used.
It was years after the date of settlement be-
fore any wells were dug. The machinery ot
the original water works was not a Corliss
engine. It was a man with Chinese attach-
ments. The water was borne in buckets fas-
tened by strips of wood to a yoke, which
rested on the shoulders. Sometimes the water
was brought up to the village on a rude
sledge drawn bv ponies. Also two long poles
we're connected by cross bars. The front ends
were used as shafts, and the rear rested on the
ground. On this primitive "drag" barrels of
water were hauled up for the use of the in-
habitants. In the course of time-, a few wells
were dug on Second and Third streets. The
cost was so great that only a rich man could
afford the luxury of a well. The expense of
sinking a well through the thick bed of lime-
stone was sometimes $1,000. In those days,
such a sum was a moderate fortune. But the
effort to obtain well water was not always
successful. Col. Chouteau sunk two wells on
his grounds. One of them was over a hun-
dred feel deep, but both of these costly experi-
ments failed to reach water. The river water
was healthful and agreeable to the taste, but
WATER WORKS.
2469
in the heat of the summer it was too warm to
be palatable. As ice-houses were then un-
known, wells were the only sources of cool
water.
Water Works, City. --In the year 1829
the city of St. Louis contracted with Messrs.
John C. Wilson and Abraham Fox for the
building- and operating of a water works to
supply "clarified" water for a term of twenty-
five years; the works to belong to the City
at the expiration of the contract.
This contract gave the contractors the ex-
clusive right to supply water for public and
private purposes; the charges being limited to
S20 per year for families and $100 per year
for hotels and manufactories. The city fur-
ther conceded a bonus of $3,000 cash on the
completion of the works; a lot of ground 40
feet by 125 feet on the river bank and a half
acre of ground for a reservoir site.
In 1830 the city purchased of William H.
Ashlev a lot of ground 170 feet by 160 feet
on the '"little mound" located at the corner of
Ashley and Collins streets for a reservoir site,
and a lot 250 feet by 250 feet from the United
States Government for a pumping site.
The contractors were to supply, free of
charge, water to twelve fire hydrants, the
hospital of the Sisters of Charity and a foun-
tain on the grounds of William Ashley. The
water was to be distributed through cast-iron
pipes laid not less than three and one-half
feet under ground. Water was to be delivered
to the reservoir in one year and to the hy-
drants in eighteen months.
But little progress was made under this
contract, notwithstanding the fact that the
then Mayor, Daniel D. Page, gave his pri-
vate note to secure payment for water pipe or-
dered of Yanleer & Company. The contract-
ors were forced by want of capital to suspend
work, and the city was forced into a new
contract, dated April 2, 1831, with Mr. Fox,
in which he was released from all the condi-
tions of the first contract except the foun-
tain for Mr. Ashley; this fountain being a
part of the consideration in the purchase of
the reservoir site. In this contract the city
agreed to assume three-fourths of all ex-
penses and take charge of and complete the
works.
The city borrowed $25,000 in 183 1 in order
to proceed with the works. The supply of
water was* in all probability begun in the
fall 01 [831. ( >kl reports refer to tin- date,
but positive statements of water supph do
ii"' appear until the summer of [832.
The early management was under the rare
of a committee of the City Council, and it
al the work was carefully con-
ducted. Until 1847 plumbing and all w'orl
nected with the supply of private housi
conducted solely by the city, which n
factured its own lead pipe and fixtures.
In July, 1835, tiie city purchase d the in-
terest of Mr. Fox 111 the works, paying $18,-
000 thr
The total cost of the works to this time-
was about $54,000, nut including interest-
bearing notes given in pay for pipe. Thr cit)
then became sole owner of its water works.
The first pumping engine was built fir the
works by Francis Pratt, of Pittsburg. The
steam cylinder was 10 inches in diameter by-
four feet stroke. The pump was double-acting,
and the piston was 6 inches in diameter and of
4 feet stroke. This engine proved to he a
failure and was replaced by two rotarv pumps
which the city had purchased for fire en-
gines. These rotaries were se^t up in a small
building at the foot of Smith street. The water
was delivered into a reservoir at the corner of
Bates and Collins streets. This was the first
reservoir used by this city. The reservoir was
62 feet by 55 feet, with a depth of 15 feet. The
flow line was 90 feet above the city directrix.
The wallswere of masonry, lined with brick,
and the bottom was paved with brick 1 m a
tight plank floor.
These facilities supplied sufficient water for
ordinary uses, but failed to give an adequate
fire supply on account of the smallness 1 if the
distribution pipes. Although a settling basin
was constructed near the engine house it does
not appear to have been used, all evidence
going to show that water was pumped direct
to the city reservoir without settling.
In [836 a new pump main to-iii. in diame-
ter was laid, and in 1839 a new engini
started. It was direct acting. The steam cylin-
der was thirteen inches and the water
der was thirteen inches in diameter
if six feet stri ike.
In 1838 a new pump main
diameter v. is laid and a new reservoii
cided upon, but the pri
In 1845 a new rcser . >i
site of the old one. !i
2470
WATER WORKS.
The walls of the old reservoir were used as a
snppi irt for the middle part of the bottom, and
a drv stone wall was laid up to carry the
ot the tank. The tank rested on these
walls and on intermediate posts. It was built
, framed and spiked, and the seams were
caulked with oakum.
The use of both reservoirs was continued,
the upper one being used for supplying the
higher districts. It seems that the city was at
one time didvided into two districts.
After a few years' use of the double sys-
tem, the old, or lower level, reservoir was
abandoned and the distribution was thrown
onto the upper reservoir. By the year 1849
frequent repairs to the wooden tank became
ni ci ssary, and in 1852 it was abandoned.
In 1846 the superintendent of the works
first suggested that the supply of water for
the city be drawn from the Meramec River.
The discussion on this question continued un-
til [854 when the then superintendent re-
pi rted against the scheme.
In 1X41 1 the third pumping engine was
ed. The machine was of the crank and
fly-wheel type. The steam cylinder was 20
inches in diameter In seven and one-hall ieet
ike, the pump was double-acting, iTTteen
inches diameter and of the same stroke as
the steam engine. The engine gave trouble
iml ol bad foundation, and in 1847 it
"laid down" and was rebuilt. In 1852 the
fourth engine, costing twenty-five thousand
dollars, was erected; steam cylinder, twenty-
six inches diameter by ten feet stroke; pump,
double-acting, piston, twenty-two inches di-
ameter b) I i >ke. It was originally
started as a condensing engine, but the con-
• was abandi med in 1852.
In [847 the third reservoir was begun. This
was the old Benton Street Reservoir. It was
250 feet squan with a working depth of fif-
teen 1 ni if flow line, 115 1-2 feet
above datum, cost $74,000 (approximate).
The pump main [01 this reservoir was a
twent} inch east iron pipe and was laid up
Mullanphy Street Mi. reservoir was finished
in 1840. \\ was provided with a sloping bot-
and a system "!' flushing sewers for the
purpi ise ' 11 remi iving sediment, but the scheme
was a failure.
In iN=| th( I ■ i h reservoir was begun,
the claim being that the flow through a large
reservoir would be at a low velocity, and
that thi sedimentation would 1" correspond-
ingly good. This reservoir had a bottom
laid out in the shape of a nest of very flat in-
verted pyramids, the bottoms being divided
with valves, and a system of flushing sewers.
The reservoir was ?2j feet by 2$j feet, with
a depth of 471- feet. The cost was about
$200,000.00 and water was first pumped into
it in 1855. This reservoir gave the city a
great deal of trouble; the cleaning scheme •
proved a failure, and the walls required con-
stant repair and careful watching. The water
line was carried 138 feet above datum. This
reservoir, after many vicissitudes, was finally
abandoned and removed, and the site divided
up. part being retained for public purposes
and the remainder sold.
During the building of the new works, or
from 1867 to 1872. a temporary reservoir on
Gamble Street near Garrison Avenue was
built and was used in conjunction with the
old reservoir. In 1867 the sediment in the
old reservoir was twenty feet deep.
The fifth pumping engine, with steam cyl-
inder thirty inches diameter, stroke ten feet,
pump double-acting, piston twenty-two inches
diameter, stroke ten feet was put in to keep
up with the demand for water. In 1858 a new
pump main 30 inches diameter was laid up
Wenue.and the 20-inch main was turned
in on the distribution system. The old pump-
ing engines, Nos. 2 and 3. were sold for scrap
in 1857. and the Benton Street reservo
abandi med in 1855.
At the old pumping station an engine with
steam cylinder 34 1-2 inches diameter
feet stroke, and double-acting pump 28 [-2
inches by ten feet stroke, was put in to keep
up the suppb during the building of the new-
works (i865-'72). This old station, with its
pumps and piping, was operated until 1871,
at which time the Bissell's Point works st irt-
\ break-down at this High Service Sta-
tion necessitated starting the Bates Street en-
gines again, but on June 19, 1871, they were
shut down foi the last time.
This station was wrecked and the machin-
erv sold at auction, and after its removal the
li icatii hi was used 1 >r a pipe yard. The prop-
■ rt\ was subsequently turned over to the Har-
1 ■ :- I »epartment for wharf purposes.
This is briefly the history of the St. Louis
water works from the time of their inception
up to 1867, for the old works; and up to 1X71
for such temporary work in connection with
WATER WORKS.
-'4 71
the old works as was necessary during the
building of the new works.
The new water works date from [863, when
the General Assembly of this State passed an
act entitled "An Act to enable the City of St.
Louis to extend the Water Works thereof
and for other purposes.'' This act authorized
the city to construct works to take water from
any point on the Mississippi River and con-
duct it to the city. It also created a board
of four commissioners to be elected by the
Common Council of the City, to carry out the
provisions of the act. It further provided
for an issue of bonds for the purpose of con-
structing the new works, limiting the amount
to $3,000,000.00.
The City Council, at its May session. 1864,
passed Ordinance \o. 5339, establishing and
regulating the Board of Water Commission-
ers, in conformity with the general act of
18(13. But, owing to general dissatisfaction
no action was taken under this ordinance,
and, in January 1865, the General Assemblj
amended the Act of 1863, placing the appoint-
ment of tlie Commissioners with the Gover-
nor of the State, who appointed Messrs.
Dwight Durkee, Dr. Philip Weigel, X. C.
Chapman and Stephen D. Barlow.
This Board organized on March 18th, 1865,
and. on the 27th, submitted to the City I oun-
cil the appointment of James P. Kirkwood as
Chief Engineer, which was approved..
On May nth, 1S65, the Board directed the
Chief Engineer to proceed with the surveys
and plans for a system of water works. The
plans and estimates were submitted on August
29th, 1865, adopted by the Board, October
6th and forwarded to the City Council for its
action on October 12th. 1865.
This scheme contemplated the location 1 if
the Low Service works at the Chain of Ro
the work to consist of a pumping station.
settling basins and filter bed,-: the filtered
water to be conducted by gravity fii >w in a
conduit to Baden, and there pumped by the
High Service Plant to a reservoir to be built
at Rinkels with a high water line 204 feet
above datum; an auxiliary reservoir to be
built on Compton Hill to furnish full supply
for the southern part of the city. The works
were designed for an ultimate capacity 1 if
forty million U. S. gallon- per day. This
scheme was rejected by the City Council in
March. 1866. The Council recommended,
after report* by sub-committee, that the filter
beds be abandoned and the works located at
Bissell's I 'oint.
During the consideration of this report by
the Council, Mr. Kirkwood was sent to Eu-
rope lo examine and report upon methods,
there in use for filtering water.
In April, 1866, the first Hoard of Commis-
sioners resigned ami a second board \va
pointed. I hi board organized in Au
[866, with l ieo i\. Budd as pr< ikl nl and C.
S. Si ilomon as secretary.
In N'ovi mbi 1 of the same year it subi
to the Council plans for extending the old
worl s, prepared by Freeman J. Homer, City
Engineer. 1,1 December, [866, another plan
was submitted, prepared b\ Mr. Kirkwood in
accordance with the folllowing:
Resolved, That the Engim t 1 e din cted
to prepare a general plan of works, founded
on the following basis, to wit ;
That the water lie taken from the Missis
sippi River, in the neighborhood 1 1 Bissell'
Point.
That settling basins be established there
without the accompaniment of filtering works.
That a small storage reservoir be con-
structed on tin ■ Conn 1 ms.
And that the whole be arranged, 51 far as
practicable, so as to admit hereafter of the
.convenient addition of whatever further
works may then become expedient or n
sarv, and I 1 : ace; 1 ie instructed fr >
report the estimated a >st • if the \v< irks in
ii in.
The plan reported by Mr. Kirkwood, in
answer to the above res ilutions, is sul
the 1 me upi m which the new ■■ 1
a Led.
In February, 1867, an ordinam
to the eniarg ■ 'Id works and
thorizing tl 0 $275, in 1
was pa March, 1867, the Bi iard of
Water I !i immi ;si< mers made a demand 1 >n the
Comptroller for the bonds, appointed Mr.
Homer superintendent, and instructed him t •
pri ici ed to carry out the plan propi '-
him in November, [866. This •
through and no work was done. The n
and plan were printed in th -
< a" the ] Water <
1 In March, 15th. 1867." th 1
bly passed an Act authorizi
bonds to the ami Hint of S3 ' d ap-
points
.'4 7,
WATERWORTH.
This 1, after it got int > working
shape, consisted oi < ieo. K. Budd, Alexander
r and I [enry LTad, ami under this board
irl s wire built.
The Commission organized March 22nd,
[867. and on the 23rd the former board turned
over to them the old records belonging to the
department.
1 In the 26th Mr. Kirkwood was requested
1 r. sume the duties of Chief Engineer from
which he had been relieved by the former
1 m .March iSth.
Mr. Kirkwood declined further service as
Chief Engineer, and recommended Mr.
Thomas J. Whitman for that position. Mr.
Whitman reported for duty May 7th, 1867.
Mr. Whitman was in favor of the Chain
of Rocks location for the low service works,
adding his opinion to that of Mr. Kirkwood
and all other engineers who had examined
the situation carefully. He found, however,
that the exigencies of the supply and the liini-
tatii m of the law left but one thing to do, viz.,
to go ahead with the work on the Bissell's
Point plan. The works, thus built, with
which mi 'St people are familiar, consist of
an inlet tower, or intake, on the river bank
at Bisseii's Point; a low service pumping
plant; settling basins; a high service plant; a
stand pipe ; large extensions of the old pipe
system; and a storage reservoir on Compton
Hill. These works, extended up to 1872 by
the addition of two pumping engines, had a
working capacity of about thirty-two million
U. S. gallons per twenty-four hours.
In must he borne in mind that all water fur-
nish) 1 to the city is pumped twice; first, from
the river into settling basins by the low serv-
ice plant; and second, from the basins into
thi iistnbution system and reservoir by the
1 . : Tit .
In 1S76, the cit\ of Si. Louis adopted a
charter and changed its system of local gov-
ernment; tin wat r works, with the exception
"i thi 0 llection of the revenue, being placed
in the hands of tiie Water Commissioner, who
acts as Chief Engineer and executive head of
the department.
Additions in the high service pumping
plant were begun in [88t, and continued up
i" 1894. A new pumping station, complete,
with, pump mains and stand pipe being com-
pleted, making the total high service capacit)
from sixty to sixty-five million U. S. gallons
per day 1 twenty -four hi
To keep up the suppl) of water to the high
service plant, a temporal") low service plant
was put in, having a capacity of thirty million
gallons per day. This plant, built on an in-
clined, way, moved on wheels up and down
the incline according to the stage of water in
the river. The general scheme of this plan
lias been followed by the city of Cincinnati
in afford temporary pumping facilities.
After several ineffectual attempts to secure
the necessary legislation authorizing the ex-
n of the low service works, the City
Council passed Ordinance Xo. 14212. ap-
proved Sept. 7th, 1887, establishing a low
service station at the Chain of Rocks. This '
station consisted of an intake tower, an in-
take tunnel, a pumping plant and a system
of settling basins.
The works were designed for a capacity of
one hundred million U. S. gallons of settled
water per day. This work was put into
operation dining 1804.
On December 26th. 1893, Ordinance Xo.
r7339 was approved authorizing the further
extension of the High Service Pumping
Plant. This work is located at Baden and is
now nearing completion. When put into
operation it will supply water to the high dis-
tricts of the city that are at an elevation be-
vond the reach of the Bissell's Point works.
M. L. HOLMAX.
Waterworth, James Alexander,
was born in the County Down, Ireland, near
the City of Belfast, in the year 1846. He is
of English descent, his ancestors having emi-
grated fiom Yorkshire, England, to the north
of Ireland about the middle of the eighteenth
century, where they have been engaged for
the most part in agricultural pursuits. His
father John Waterworth, was a highly re-
spected citizen whose memory and virtues
his feiiow townsmen have commemorated by
a mural tablet erected in the Presbyterian
church, Downpatrick, of which he was for
fifty years a venerated elder. His son, the
subject of this sketch, received a good educa-
tion qualifying him for professional life; but
having a strong liking for business he entered
a mercantile house, where he served a three
years apprenticeship. At the close of his
apprenticeship his ambition led him to seek
the wider and more remunerative field of em-
ployment offered by the United States, and
he came direct to St. Louis in November
WAY
2473
1867. After various temporar) employments
he was appointed in 1868 to a clerkship in
the United States Insurance Company of
which the late John J. Rue was president,
where his industry and business ability gained
him speedy promotion. In a few years lie
became assistant secretary and a director in
the company. In 1871 he entered the insu-
rance firm of H. I. Bodley & Co. as a partner,
and from that date began to take a prom
inent pait in local insurance affairs. He was
married January 21st 1875 to ^fiss Eliza I.
Brooks, daughter of the late Edward Brooks
of St. Louis, and has two sons the issue of
that marriage. In 18S1 fire insurance in St.
Louis having fallen into a demoralized con-
dition the most influential men in the business
brought about a union between the board
and non-board agencies and Mr. Waterworth
was selected as the person most likely to unify
the discordant interests and inspire confi-
dence. He was elected president of the re-
organized board December nth, 1881. and
his administration proved so acceptable that
he has been annually re-elected and is at this
date, 1898, its president. His policy has been
one of inclusion; finding room in the organi-
zation for every agent of a respectable com-
pany who is willing to conduct his business re
spectably. Under his presidency the St.
Louis Board of Fire Underwriters has be-
come an institution of recognized usefulness
and influence.
Mr. Waterworth's pen has contributed
many articles on fire insurance which have
attracted attention throughout the United
States and exercised considerable influence
on the policy of the companies and in secur-
ing local reforms. While deeply interested
as a citizen in every question pertaining to
the welfare of St. Louis, and in state and na-
tional poiitics. he has never evinced any de-
sire for office; the only public office ever held
by him being the presidency of the Board of
Charity Commissioners during Mayor Fran-
cis' administration. His sympathies have
drawn him rather towards the advancement
of education and. practical benevolence as
more congenial fields for ins social activities.
He is Secretary of the Chapter of Christ
Church Cathedral, which parish he has served
for fifteen years; he has been a director of
the Mercantile Library for many years and
its president for two years; and in various
works of organized beneficence he has been
1 nt but earnest worker. I 1 1- standing in
business affairs is recognized by membi 1
in the Commercial < hib. Mr. \
enjoi - the respi cl and 1 onfi lenco of his fellow
citizens in a high degree, and is recognized
as a good type 1 if those citizens
birth \vl >se solid endowments oi chai
and :-apacit\ hav< 1 ontributi cl in no small
degree Li 1 the building up .if the \n, 1
comm< mwealth.
Way. James ('lark. -In one of the most
beautiful spots of the old Keystone Man
called by the India,'-. Sewickley, mi tin 1
River, twelve miles from Pittsburg — was burn
James Clark Way, December r8, 1S07.
^est sun ut John Way and Mary Clark.
John \\ ay was a wealth) farmer and magis-
trate of Sewickley village, and built the first
brick house on the old Heaver Road between
Pittsburg ami Beaver Falls. The ancestors
on both sidles were English, and in the moth
country were connected with the Lues and
Chesters with whom they divide their coat
of arms. The earliest representatives of both
families in America were Quaker-;, and the
immigrant ancestor in the paternal line was
une of Perm's colonists. Hie \Ya\ who
came over with William Penn had his home
.in the rich valid ' fiesta county, and
old Quaker founder of the family, Caleb Way,
sleeps in the "Friends" burial ground at
Calm, not far from Philadelphia. Closely re-
lated tu Mr. Way's family was the family to
which Bayard Taylor belonged, an'
"iter and traveler was a - mi
cousin of the subject of this sketch.
his father's death in [830, James Clark Way
had smite experience in the mercantile busi-
ness in Pittsburg with his eldest brothi r, bul
soon he decided to travel in order to ■
South and West, which were so alluring to
tin yo f that day. He visited N'ev;
1 the (lull States, and in 1833
to St. Louis, where his Pittsburg connections
in business and on the rivers gave him the
"entree" to the hot business and social cir-
cles ot tlie city. Connecting himself with the
wholes ile commissi >n housi 1 if I
Gunnigle. he subsequently bei
member of the firm of Md -
succe sor to Hill &M< '
was v- id ■ favorabb 1 1
1 184 j met
with ••■ and
.'474
WAY
after this, he went to Potosi, Missouri, where
he was connected with the mining enterprises
of Mr. John Perry for four years. Returning
to Si Louis, be connected himself with the
old "Bank of the State of Missouri'-, in which
he held a position of trust and responsibility
for fifteen years thereafter, discharging his
duties with strict fidelity and integrity. After
leaving the hank., he was connected with the
American Fur Co. until he retired perma-
nently from business. He was always warmly
devoted to liie interects and welfare of his
adopted city and watched its marvelou
growth witli pride and pleasure. He helped
to build its public buildings and to found its
libraries and churches, and firmly believed
that it was destined to become one of the
V'eat cities of the world. Throughout hi-
nd active life, notwithstanding the fact
that he hud many commercial and financial
id n 5] onsibilities, he was a lover of
musu and art and helped to foster their de-
velopUT nt in St. Louis. He was also a stu-
dent of ( oth English and French literature
and i man of broad general culture and intel
ligence. With the growth of his church
in St. Louis he was identified from the begin-
ning, and he aided Rev. Dr. William G. Eliot
— of whom he was a warm friend and admirer
— in building the first Utilitarian Church
erected, in St. Louis, and later assisted also in
building the second Unitarian Church. In
politics, he was always a Democrat of the old
Jeffersonian school. He died September 10,
1884, at the age of seventv-seven years and
at t'ne end of more than half a century's resi-
dence in St. Louis. In January of 1839, he
married the beautiful and brilliant Miss Mary
Ann Ellis, adopted daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
John Perry. Their marriage, which was one
of the notable social events of the time in St.
Louis, took place at Mr. Ferry's city residence,
which occupied the square on which the
Equitable Building has since been built, at
tin- corner of Sixth and Locust streets. Six
children were born of their union, of whom
Eliza Pern Wa\ married Orrel M. Harrison,
of Glasgow, Mi-.,, i'd. ai:,i died August 10.
[897; Ann M. Way, tin- second child, died
when eleven years old; James Clark Way
married Mi-- Fannii Glover, daughter of
Samuel T. Glover, a celebrated lawyer of St.
Louis; Ada Way married Charles L. Caldwell,
of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Ellis John Way
married Mis- Melissa Ward, of Louisiana;
and Carrie Rebecca Way married Julius j.
Livingston, of New York.
Watson, Howard, who has been very
prominentlv identified with the lumber trade
of St. Louis, was born May 13, 1855. in Mt.
Vernon, Jefferson Countv. Illinois. His par-
ents were Joel F. and Sarah Watson His
father, who was in many respects a remark-
able man. was also a native of Illinois, bom
in Mt. Vernon. The elder Watson was six
feel two inches in height and although he suf-
fered from his youth up. from a paralytic af-
fliction, his immense will power made him
one of the most active and useful men in the
community in which he passed his entire life.
In boyhood, he was a diligent student and
largely through self teaching became a man
of very superior educational attainments. In
his young manhood, he taught school for sev-
eral years and then established a merchan-
dising house which f, ,r many years was one of
the largest ot it- kind in Southern Illinois and
which is well remembered by the older whole-
sale houses of St. Louis. lie reared and
educated a large family and accumulated .1
very handsome fortune. Howard Wratson. the
son, attended the public schools of Mt. Ver-
non, Illinois, until he was sixteen years of
age. Being inclined to mechanical pursuits,
he then entered the employ of a builder and
contractor and served a full term of appren-
ticeship to the carpenters trade. Notwith-
standing the fact that lie had become a good
mechanic, the mercantile genius which he had
inherited from his father shaped the course
of his later Iff'-, and he abandoned his trade
to engage in the lumber business at the town
of Belle Rive, Illinois. This venture proved
unfortunate as he was associated with a part-
ner ivho at the end of six months business
absconded, carrying away with him all the
available funds of the concern. Quitting the
lumber business for the time being, Mr. \\ at-
son then obtained employment in a dry goods
store at Mt. Vernon and was a clerk in that
-t, ire and in another dry goods store at Rush-
ville, Illinois, until 1880. He then return,,!
to the lumber business as book-keeper for a
firm at Alt. Vernon. While holding this po-
sition and making his home in Mt. Vernon,
he ran as an Independent candidate for Tax
Collect ir of the town and was elected by a
very large majority. This office he held for
one vear and tilled it so satisfactorily that he
- ' ^ ' ■ ■'■• • / , , ,
WAY
was pressed to accept a second term but de-
clined to stand again as a candidate for elec-
tion, in 18S1, he came to St. Louis and en-
tered the employ of Col. J. P. Richardson.
This association lasted four years and until
the year 1885 when he embarked in the
wholesale lumber and commission business,
establishing his offices in the McLean Build-
ing. A rapidly increasing business soon made
it necessary for him to secure better accomo-
dations and he removed to 405 Walnut Street
and later to the Temple Building. Dealing
principally in hardwood lumber, he vastlv in-
creased the sale of this kind of lumber not
only in St. Louis but throughout the territory
tributory to this City. At a later date, he
organized the Watson-Carothers Lumber
Company and he has since been one of the
prime movers in bringing about the organiza-
tion of the St. Louis Lumber Exchange which
came into existence in 1880 and was incor-
porated under the laws of Missouri, June 2j,
1891. At the organization of the Exchange,
he was made a member of it-- Board of D
tors and in January of 1892, lie was made its
Treasurer. Still a young man. he has led
an exceedingly active lite and has been espe-
cially prominent in developing a branch of
trade which was practically unknown in St.
Louis not many years since. In various por-
tions of Missouri and in adjoining States,
there are vast forests of hardwood timber. In
recent years, these woods have come to be
largely used in the manufacture of all kinds
of furniture and in the finishing of the better
class of dwellings and business houses. In
years gone by. the lands covered by these for-
ests were deemed practically worthless until
denuded of trees and brought under cultiva-
tion. Xow the forests themselves are be-
coming a source of great wealth and vast
sums of monev are realized every year from
the. timber, cut and sent into the markets 1 if
the country. Because of its proximity to
these hardwood forests and the numerous
railroad lines which radiate from the City in
every direction. St. Louis has become a na-
tural centre of the hardwood lumber trade
and its commerce has been vastly increased
as a result. To men like Mr. Watson and
his associates, who early had the good judg-
ment to note the advantages which the City
possi ssed in this respect and who had also the
enterprise to inaugurate the hardwood lum-
ber business, St. Louis i- largely in :
i"i- it- trade progress in this direction. New
railroads are nei ded -nil to connect large
bodies of these forest land- with the markets
but these will doubtless be built at no very
distant date .md St. Louis will then become
mi ire impi 'riant Eacti ir in tin- hardwoi id
lumber market. Most of the dealers in this
commodity are. like Mr. Watson men <<i ripe
judgment and experience, with broad knowl-
edge of all the conditions which tiffed the
trade an.! which will make for its betterment,
and they can lie relied upon to maintain the
pr< stige and prominence of the City in this
tin. Mr. Watson married Mrs. Fan-
nie Fisk of St. Louis and resides in Cabanne,
one of the most beautiful residence portions
of the- 1
Way, Mary Ann Ellis, of the
late James Clark Way, was born in Georgia.
Her father. Dr. Erasmus Ellis, was a physi-
cian of '.\ide reputation and a descendant of
the French Huguenot-. Her mother was
Miss Mary Rodney of Maryland. Being left
an orphan at an earl) age. she was ado
bv her Aunt, wife of John Perry of St. Louis,
who owned and operate.! extensive Lead
mine- and several farms in and around Po-
tosi. Missouri. Their adopted daughter, the
subject of tin- -ketch, was educated in St.
Louis, and received the benefit of all that
wealth could bestow in the line of accom-
plishments' and travel. They took many
trips down the Mississippi on the floating pal-
ace- of those days, visiting New Orleans and
Mobile. The trip from New Orleans
the Southern States they made by -'
(there being no railroads in those days) lei-
surely traveling with time to observe the
country and the people. On one of their
journeys the\ wen warned of an uprising of
the Seminole Indians in Alabama, but stead-
ily pursued their way, depending upon South-
ern hospitality for accomodation by night,
nothing daunted, although they learned in
the massacre of an 1 1
family with whom they had stopped but
nights previously. Although the obstacles to
travel were very great. Mr. Perry, who
I 1 :';;;:;: 1 ■
,urgh, Washingtoi
lisposal of tin- or idn
alwavs accompanied b) his
Thus tlie '
2476
WEAR.
quainted with all the greal cities of the coun-
try.
She is well rememhered by the guests of the
i Hd While Sulphur Springs of Virginia dur-
ing President Van Buren's administration,
when he and his sons were entertained at the
Perry Cottage. And there are many distin-
guished nun and women of the day who
vividly recall her presence as a guest of Mrs.
< len. Ashley, one memorable winter in Wash-
ington City when James Buchanan was one
of the social lions. All the old residents re-
member the li\ ish hospitality in the old Perry
homestead on the present site of the Equita-
ble Building. There she made many friends
and admirers, and there in January 1839 her
marriage to James C. Way, a then prosperous
wholesale merchant, was celebrated as one
of the most notable, social events of the time.
In later years she exemplified, as wife and
mother, all that could be expected of any wo-
man, and when Mrs. Perry, then a widow,
came to make her home at her adopted
daughter's house, her declining years were
comforted by all the loving care and ten ler-
ness that any daughter could bestow. Al-
ways composed, always affable and dignified,
always interested in works of charity and
benevolence. Mrs. Way represents a type
of character if singular strength and sweet-
ni ss.
Wear. David Walker, lawyer and leg-
islator, was born in < Uterville, Missouri, Ma\
31, 1843. and died in Boonville, Missouri,
October 20. [896. His parents were William
G. and Amanda Wear, more extended men-
tion of whom, and' also of his more remote
ancestors, will be found in the sketch of his
elder brother, James Hutchinson Wcar.which
appears in this connection. He was educated
for the bar and, after completing his studies
in the law offices of William Douglas and
Judge George W. Miller, prominent anions;'
the lawyers of Missouri a generation since,
was admitted to practice before he had at-
tained his majority, lb espoused the Union
can-.'' when the Civil War began, enlisting as
a private soldier, bul was promoted rapidly
until h najor of volunteers and
ed to dut\ on tin staff of General
Thomas I.. Crawford, who, prior to his enter-
ing the military service, was a resident of Jef-
ferson City. After serving some time on Gen-
eral Crawford's ?tnff, he was promoted to
colonel of the F'orty-fifth Regiment of Mis-
souri Volunteer Infantry, attaining that rank
when he was only twenty-two years of age.
lie was a participant in some oi the earliest
1 ments of the war under General Lyon,
and later was in command of the garrison
stationed at Boonville and Jefferson City.
lie was then ordered South and
Army of the Cumberland under Genera!
George H. Thomas, with whom he served
until the close of the war. Returning then to
Missouri, he began xhe practice of his pro-
fession and, (or some years, was prominent
as a member of the bar at Boonville. He
then came to St. Louis and continued the
practice of law in this city, holding at one
time the position of assistant attorney of the
Miss >uri Pacific Railroad Company, and
later giving attention largely to the legal bus-
iness of the Wear-Boogher Dry Goods Com-
pany. In 1881 , he was elected to the St ite
Senate of Missouri and served two terms
member of that body, representing the
wealthy and intelligent constituency of the
West End of St. Louis. In 1885 he wa
pointed superintendent of Yellowstone Park-
by Judge L. O. C. Lamar, then Secretary < f
the [nterior, and held that position until the
custodianship of the Park was transferr
the military department of the government.
He was then made chief of the Southern I >i-
vision of the Bureau of Pensions at V
ington and served in that capacity until the
close of President Cleveland's admin
tion. Returning to St. Louis, he was identi-
fied with various movements for the advance-
men; of the city's interests, prominent among
them being that which sought to bring to
this city the World's Columbian Exposition.
He was chosen a member of the delegation
which visited Washington and labored with
Congress to attain this object, and his large
intance with public men and legislative
methods made him a most useful member
of a committee which, although it failed to
accomplish its purpose, was nevertheless en-
titled to great credit for its able presentation
of the claims and advantages of St Louis
as a site for the Exposition. He soon after-
ward returned to Boonville and, resuming
the practice of law there, was a member ol
the bar of that city at the time of his death.
He was prominent in the politics of Missouri
as a member of the Democratic party and
participated in an important official capacity
■2^^
WI-Ak
.'477
in the Democratic National Convention held
in Chicago in 1896. His religious affiliations
were with the Episcopal Church, into which
he was baptized in Christ Church, of Boon-
ville, by Rt.Rev. Thomas H. Vail, Bishop of
Kansas. He married, in 1S70. Miss Laura
Frances Beaty. of Boonville. The only child
born of their union was one son, David
Walker Wear.
Wear, James Hutchinson, merchant,
was born near Otterville, Missouri, Septem-
ber 30, 1838, and died in St. Louis September
14, 1893. His parents were William Gault
Wear, born in Knoxville. Tennessee, in 1S17;
and Vtnanda Wear, who was born in Glas-
gow, Kentucky, in iSiq. His great-grandfa-
ther was Jonathan Wear, who. with four
brothers, served with the Colonial forces in
the Revolutionary War. all of them having
been participants in the battle of King's
Mountain, where the British suffered a crush-
ing defeat. One of his father's brothers, who
was a 'so named Jonathan Wear, fought under
General Jackson at the battle 1 if Xew Orleans
in the war of 1812, and in the military, as
well as in the civil, history of the country.
members of his family have achieved honor-
able distinction. William G. Wear, the father
of Tames H. Wear, came to Missouri in his
youth and grew up among the pioneer settlers
of the State. He purchased the land on which
the town of Otterville was afterward laid out
in 1840 and lived at that place until 1881. His
son, Tames H.. obtained his early education in
the public schools in the neighborhood of his
home and was then trained to engage in
mercantile pursuits at Jones' Commercial Col-
lege, of St. Louis. When he was seventeen
years old. he began business with his father,
who was a successful merchant, and soon
made it apparent that he had a genius for
trade, comprehending so readily its various
phases and evincing such rare judgment and
discretion in the conduct of affairs committed
to his charge that he was sent East to pur-
chase a stock of goo, Is for the Western trade
before he was eighteen years of age. His con-
nection with the mercantile interests of St.
Louis began in 1863, when he came to this
city and engaged first in the boot and shoe
trade. Later, he embarked in the wholesale
drv goods business, as head of the firm of
Wear & Hickman, which established its store
at 319 North Main Street Still later he was
senior member of the firm of J. H. Wear &
Company and then organized the Wear-
Boogher I >r\ G001 C01 ipany, a o irpi >ra-
iion of i\ Inch he was 1 res idem fr< mi ii
cepti m until his death He was a su rcessful
merchant in the broad significance of that
term, successful in building up trade, success
ful in retaining it and in the accumtilati
a fori i'ii' a 1 his o immercial trans-
actions, and successful also in building up a
mercantile institution of high character, which
perpetuates his memory and a name honored
in the business :ircles of St. Louis and
throughout the region tributary to this city
in a commei . For many years hi
was a member of the directorate of the 51
Louis National Bank, and as an investor, he
was identified from time 1,1 time with various
other enterprises, occupying important re-
lationships b 1 the busini ss interests ■ if the city.
The Mercantile Club numbered him among
its leading members, and social and commer-
cial organizations seeking to further the in-
terests ■ 1 si Louis, were always sure of lis
1 operation in their undertakings. He
had no i.aste for public life, never sought of-
fice and kept aloof from politics as a rule,
although during the Civil War period he was
a staunch Unionist and a firm supporter of
.the war and reconstruction measures of the
Republican party. During the later -.cars of
his life his views were in harmony with
the principles of the Democratic party, as
expressed in its platforms and legislative en-
actments, on economic question- and. in con-
ei ence thereof, he became a mender of
that party. He was a ruling elder of the
Grand Avenue Presbyterian Church, a mem-
ber of the Board of Managers of the Bethel
Mission and of the Protestant Hospital, and
a liberal friend and benefactor of \ 1
h and charitable institutions. In 1866,
Mr. Wear married Miss Nannie E. Holliday,
and seven children were bom of their union.
Those now living are John I Wear,
Mildred Wear Kotany, Lucretia Wear Jo-
Walker Wear, James Hutchinson Wear
and Arthur Yancey Wi
iam Wear, is dead. John Holliday Weai
stockholder and employe of
Boogher I )ry G iod
r Wear and James 1 1 Wear
are now attending Yal<
thur Yancey expected
1898.
>A78
WEATHER BUREAU.
Weather Bureau, i >n February 9, 1870,
rcss b\ joint resolution authorized the
Secretan of War to provide for taking me-
igical observations with a view to giv-
ing n itire b\ telegraph and signals of the
ach and force of storms, and the or-
ganization of a meteorological bureau for
carrying int 1 effect the provisions of the
joint resolution was intrusted to the Chief
Signal < ifficei of the Army, General Albert
]. JVIver, the new division in his office being
designated as the "Division of telegrams and
reports For the benefit of Commerce ami \g
riculture." The work actually commenced on
November 1. 1^70. with 24 stations, including
of course. St. Louis, and at first a very limited
area was covered by the weather predictions.
1 Mi June 10. 1872, Congress charged the
Signal Service with the duty of providing such
stations, signals ami reports as might lie'
found necessary for extending its research in
the interests ot agriculture, and "ii March
3. 1873, it also authorized the establishment
■ if Signal Service stations at the light houses
and life saving stations on the lakes and sea
coast, and made provision for connecting the
same with telegraph lines and cables to he con-
structed, maintained and worked under the
direction of the Chief Signal Officer of the
Army, or the Secretary of War, and the Sec
retary of the Treasury.
Urdu- General Myer's regime continued
improvements were made, both in increase in
the number of stations, the personnel and
equipment of the Service, and the extension
of its held of usefulness. That the work was
appreciated may be gathered from the re-
marks of Chief Justice Daly, then president
of the American Geographical Society, that
"nothing in the nature of scientific investiga-
tion by the National Government has proved
so acceptable to the people, or has been pro-
ductive :u so short a time of such important
result- as the establishment of the Signal
Service Bureau."
< >n Septen ber _'. 1880, General Myer died.
and on December 16 of the same year Gen-
eral \\ 13 Hazen was appointed his success-
al Hi en died 1 m January t6, 1887,
after having si en the Signal Service steadily
Ldvance in scope and usefulness. General A.
\Y. ( in eh 1 .:' \rd ii ■ i .■■ eded him on
March 4 of the same year, and under his ad-
ministration progress toward greater effici
\\ .a- st< adib maintaii
During the administrations of
1 la/en and Greeh effort was made each year
arate the regular Weather Bureau work
from the distinctively military work of the
Signal Service, but without success until
< ictober 1. 1890. when Congress divorced the
two, and assigned the Weather Bureau to the
Agricultural Department as a civilian bureau,
the Signal Service remaining under the War
rtment as a military organization. The
transfer took place on July 1. 1891. and Pro-
fess* ir Mark W. Harrington was appointed the
iirs: ( hid of the new Weather Bureau. Pro-
Harrington was succeeded in 1805 by
Professor Willis L. Moore, who took charge
on July 4. of that year, and who is now the
head of the Bureau. Professor Moore had
been in the ranks, had steadily worked his
way to the front, and thoroughly underst 1
the methods and needs 'if the Service. Conse-
quently his administration has been marked
h\ continued improvements along all lines.
and he is constantly seeking new fields of
usefulness within the proper scope of the
Bureau.
The work of the Bureau in general cora-
] rises the daily fi recasting of the weather con-
ditions for 36 hours in advance, the warning
■ if coming storms of all descriptions, flood,
frost and cold wave warnings, and the scien-
tific investigation of meteorological problems.
< >n June 30. 18156. there were in operation
148 regular and about 2.500 voluntary sta-
tions, the observers at the latter taking lim-
ited observations dailv. making monthly re-
ports, and serving without pay.
In addition there were the regular com-
pensated wind signal, cotton belt, corn and
wheal region, river, and rainfall observers,
numbering several hundred in all. who either
hoist signals when ordered, or take limited
observations daily during the whole or a part
of each year.
The Station at St. Louis was established on
November t. 1870. the first office having been
located at Xo. 210 OHv< Street. I in Febru-
ary 23, [S73, the office was removed to the
Equitable Building on the northwest corner
oi Sixth and Locust Streets, where it re-
mained until September 16, 1883, when it was
removed to it; present location in the United
Suites Government Building at Eighth and
dn e Streets.
When the Weather Bureau was transferred
from tie- War to the Agricultural ' i
WEATHER SERVICE— WEDNESDAY CLUB.
inent, Mr. W. H. Hammon was in charge of
the St, Louis office. He was transferred to
San Francisco on June i, 1894, anil was suc-
ceeded by Dr. II. G. Frankenfield, who was
succeeded ]j\ Dr. Roberl I. Hyatt in 1898.
JI. C. FRANKENFIELD.
Weather Service, State. — This service
was organized on a volunteer basis by Prof.
Francis E. Nipher, of Washington Univer-
sity, in November, 1877. and observations
were begun early in the following month. The
number of observers at the outset was about
forty. Their investigations chiefly related to
the rainfall. At that time, State service work
was discouraged by the United States Signal
Service, but when General Hazen took
charge, a more liberal policy was manifested
and the Stale Weather Service fully recog-
nized. It bore the same relation to the Na-
tional Service that the State bears to the gen-
eral government, but admitted of a more lo-
calized application, with particular reference
to drouths, crops, etc. For years, Prof. Nipher
carried on this work from funds raised pri-
vately, but in 189] it was discontinued,
partly because of lack of support by the
State, and partly because the government
service materiallv increased its own range. I 0
Prof. Nipher this improvement is largely due,
and to him belongs great credit fur his val-
uable scientific labors.
Webster, Daniel, Visit of — The re-
nowned statesman. Daniel Webster, then at
the zenith of his fame, made a visit to St.
Louis in June of 1837. Accompanied by his
family, he made a journey through the West-
ern States in the summer of that year and
was everywhere received with an enthusiasm
which demonstrated that the Western people
had unbounded admiration for his great gen-
ius and commanding ability. !n St. Louis he
was received with due ceremony and for sev-
eral days was the guest of the city. Webster
came up the river aboard the "Robert Mor-
ris," and before the boat reached the city,
it w-as boarded by a delegation of leading cit-
izens of St. Louis, win 1 had gone out to meet
him aboard the steamer "II. L. Kenney." The
two steamers landed together at the foot of
Market Street, and the distinguished states-
man and his friends were escorted to the
National Hotel, where thev were entertained
during their sta\ in the city. Jut
attended an old-fashioned "barbecue . ' in a
grove on the site oi the Lucas Mark, t . ,i a
later day, and 1 m thai 1 » casion madi a ureal
speech t. 1 an audieno ol ;,ooo pe< iplc. When
he leil St Louis, he was 1 scorted b) a 0 im
mittec from tins citj to Uton, where the next
d< monstratii m in his In nan- took place.
Webster Groves. —Known generally as
v\ ebster, ■ me 1 a the largest and mosl beau
t if ill of the surburban towns near St. Louis
It is in St. Louis county, ten miles from the
city. The Missouri Pacific Railroad runs
through it and so do two ele< trie stre a rail
ways, and the "Frisco" Railroad runs a mile
south of it. The place has a population oi
!,5oo, with five large ston< churches and a
large school building, it abounds in beautiful
well kept c< luntry seats, the hi imes 1 if St. I .< mis
business men. and its population enjoys
utatioti for intelligence, public spirit and hos-
pitality.
Wednesday Club of St. Louis. —
Earl) 111 the winter of iNSo'o". Mrs. E. C.
Sterling invited a company of earnest women
to join in the study of Shelley. They at once
organized and formed the Shelley Club with
a membership of about fifty. Mrs. Sterling
was unanimously chosen president. The Club
met on alternate Wednesdays, in the parlors
. if its meml
On April 23, [890, the question of perma-
nent organization was considered, and a com-
mittee was appointed to draft a « onstitution
and By-Laws. A special meeting to hear the
report of the committee was called April 30,
1890. when the Constitution and By-Laws
were adi ipted.
The question of name was considered at the
meeting of May 14, 1890, where it was de
cided the new organization should be called
"The Wednesday Club." The following
named ladies ware the founders of the club:
: '■ Mien, Mrs. ( iustave I'.aum-
garten. Miss Susan V. Beeson, Mrs. Anthom
II. Blaisdell, Mr-. CharlesE. Briggs, Mr-.
[olm i. Cole. Mi- Sarah E. Col
P. i (anion, Mrs. Edwin A. DeVi
i Ynthia I". I "ozier. Mrs. I Lure W.
I .liver R i die) . Mi- ' .
( .nan A Fisher, Mrs. .'
Miss Vmelia 1 1 n
fohn Greet ! far-
I
WEDNESDAY CLUB.
rison, Mrs. John VV. Harrison, Airs. Edward
S. Holden, Mrs. William L. Huse, Miss Jen-
nie M. A Jones, Mrs. Hugh McKittrick, Mrs.
Rufus J. Lackland, Mrs. Mary C. McCulloch,
Mrs. John < '. < >rrick, -Mr-. George H. Plant,
Airs. E. C. Rice, Airs. William Schuyler, Airs.
D. PL Smith, Airs. Edward C. Sterling, Mrs.
Virginia Stevenson, Airs. Henry A. Sfimson,
Mrs. Charles R. Suter, Mrs. John K. Tiffany,
Mrs. Daniel S. Turtle, Airs. William E. Ware,
Airs. Thomas Yeatman.
Thns the Shelley Club became the nucleus
of the corporate body now called the Wed-
nesday ' lub — which Club sunn became pre-
eminently the Woman's organization of St.
LOUIS.
The object of the Club as stated in the
Articles > 'i Incorporation, is as follows: "The
of i his Association, shall be to create
and maintain an organized center of thought
and action among the women of St. Louis,
and to aid in the promotion of their mutual
interests, in the advancement of science, edu-
cation, phiianthrophy, literature and art, and
to provide a place of meeting for the comfort
and convenience of its members."
The officers of the new" organization elected
to serve one years were: President. Airs. Ed-
ward C. Sterling ; First Vice-President. Airs.
John W. Harrison: Second Vice-president.
Air1;. Beverly Allen: Secretary. Airs. Anthom
H. Blaisdell: Treasurer. Airs. William E.
Ware: Directors, Mrs. Rufus J. Lackland.
Airs. John Green. Airs. W. E. Fischel, Aliss
Amelia C. Fruchte.
The Club was limited to a membership of
one hundred for the first year, which mem-
bership list was soon filled. Regular meetings
were and are still held every alternate Wed-
nesdaj during the Club year, from the mid-
■' i >ctober to the middle of May.
literary work was for the most part
assigned to the members by a committee ap-
pointed, to make out a program for the year,
the essayist having the privilege of inviting
other oi the Club, to discuss cer-
Lain phases • >f In r subject.
At the close of its first Club year. May,
1801. feeling the necessity of fellowship and
communion with other clubs, realizing that
growth ;s possible only by measuring one's
strength with and by tin- results attained by
others, the Wednesday Club became a part
of the central organization by joining the
General Federation of Women's Clubs. That
it soon made itself felt as a strong and in-
terested member of the General Federation,
is evidenced by the fact that in less than a
vcar one of its members. Airs. E. C. Sterling,
\\ as placed on the Advisory Board of the Gen-
eral Federation. The paper on "Higher Edu-
cation."to be read at the first Biennial Con-
vention of the General Federation of Wo-
men's Clubs, held at Chicago in Alay. 1892,
was assigned to Airs. P. X. Aloore. a member
of the Wednesday Club.
The need of Club quarters was strongly
felt and a committee was appointed at the
first annual meeting of the Club, Alay 13,
[891, io secure a place of meeting. Suitable
rooms were fitted up in the Studio Building,
corner Tefferson and Washington Avenues,
v.iure for five years the Club had its home.
As the Club grew in membership, the limit
having been removed at the Alay meeting, it
was found necessary to increase the Director}',
and six Direct' irs were elected to serve for
one year, in place of four elected the previous
year.
In January, 1802. it followed the Depart-
mental plan of work and organized itself into
six (6) sections: Art. Current Topics. Educa-
tion, 1 list or v ami Literature. Science and So-
cial Economics. This division into sections en-
larged the field of work and the results at-
tained have been better and more satisfactory
in every way. Each section elects its 1 >wu
chairman, secretary and treasurer; makes out
its own program of work for the year, selects
its essayist and assigns the subject of the
essay to be presented to the general club; the
Executive Board assigning the day on the
Club urogram only.
In tiie spring of 1892. the Citizens' Smoke
Abatement Association requested the \\ ed-
nesday Club to co-operate with them in the
abatement of the smoke nuisance. The Club
appointed a committee to insure such co-
operation, joined the Association as a body,
and gave material aid to the work in hand.
At the close of the years 1891-92, applica-
nt! was made for Articles of Incorporation,
which were granted to the Wednesdaw Club
on June 23. 1892. The limit of membership
was extended to one hundred and seventy-
five, and remained that until Alay, [893, when
it was again extended to two hundred.
The character of the literary work of the
Club is. perhaps, best shown by the line of
stttdv followed bv each Section, and bv the
WEDNESDAY CLUB.
subjects of the essays presented to the Club
at the regular meetings of the year 1896-97.
Art Section — Subject for study: Teutonic
Art; subject of essay. "The Real Value of the
Study of Art."
Current Topics Section — Subject of es-
say: "The St. Louis Charter and Proposed
Amendments." The Section meets twice a
month when Current Topics arc discussed.
Education Section — Subject for study:
Modern Aspects of Education; subject of es
say: "The Educational Value of Art in the
Public Schools."
History and Literature Section — Subject
for stud}- : The History and Literature of the
Eighteenth Century in England, France and
Germany; subject of essay: "Reaction against
Puritanism."
Science Section — Subject for study: Anth-
ropology: sub topic. Sociology: subject of es-
say: "Social Dynamics."
Social Economic Section — Subject for
study: Studies in Economics — English Fic-
tion and Social Reforms ; subject of essay :
"Fiction and Social Reform."
The year 1896-97 was specially character-
ized by the introduction of the open day meet
ings of which there were six — one of each
of these meetings being assigned to each sec-
tion. The object of these meetings was to
create and. develop greater spontaneity of ex-
pression in the form of extemporaneous
speaking. There were no prepared papers but
each section che.se its own topic for discus-
sion. The subjects discussed at these meetings
were as follows :
Open Day — Art Section. Subject for dis-
cussion: "German Art." Illustrated.
Open Day — Current Topics Section. Sub-
ject for discussion: "Purposive Fiction."
Open Day — Education Section. Subject for
discussion: "Morai Education."
Open Day — History and Literature Sec-
tion. Subject for discussion: "The Function of
the Critic."
Open Day — Science Section. Subject for
discussion: "Conservatism versus Innova-
tion."
Open Day — Social Economic Section. Sub-
ject for discussion. "The Economic Uses oi
Wealth."
The crowth of the Club in this direction
is manifested in the fact that for the coming
year a special program committee has been
elected to .take charge of the Open Day
Meetings, the subject for discussion 1- be an-
nounced only two weeks in advance.
Of the practical work undertaken by the
Club, in tlie years [892-93, the petition sent
to the Legislature must he mentioned. This
petition asked that the ape at which children
may enter the Public Schools be reduced from
six to four years
Faithfully and lave th< members
labored to have this bill passed delegates
have at various time- been sent to Jefferson
City, and alsn to Kan-: Cil , to advance the
. and after renewed efforts tin
secured the passage of a "Resolution" by the
•em - ily, known as the "Scln " 1]
Bill," to submil -.lie qn . nction
of the 11 fn mi six to to the
vote 1 a' the people at 1 on in
1, which, la 1- 1 :: pre-
1 to the people at tin said ele<
to earn.
1 11 January i if thai same yi
vas organized under tin oi the Wed-
nesday Club, a Free Kindei g 1
Bethel Mission, for poor children under legal
il age. I 'in 1 if tin- enterprise has £
the Isabel Crow Kindergarten Ass iciation.
Toward the close of the y 1 [libit
of work was sent by the Club to the World's
Fair held at Chicago, in 1893. This cons
of a manual in which was contained, a short
history of the Club; programs of the work
for the Association years 1890-91, [891-92,
1892-03; list of officers and active members,
short articles on the "Aims and Purposes of
a Woman's Club," b) several of the (dub
members and an essay by Mrs. John C.
Learned, subject: "The Divina Commedia —
Its Pbilosophv and Symbolism."
Delegates were sent by the Club to the
Woman's Congress held at Chicago, that
•ear .Mrs. Anthony II. Blaidsdell,
11 sday 1 'lull, appi .inted
p. mdent for Miss* >uri of th< '
presented her report,
following years 1893-94, when our
whole country was suffering from financial
depression, and St. Louis, like many 0
cities, ■ If suddenh
vast anm. < a" Linemployed, o n
men and v imen, tin '.'
ganized the "Woman's Erin
1 mbers of the Club, in\ rs to
ioin with them, carried on tl
i mild. Sewing root
1 4 IS 2
WEDNESDAY CLUB.
work was given to unemployed women — su-
perintendents were engaged and the furnish-
ings "i the rooms and materials for work
were supplied by members of the- Club. Em-
ployment was found for many men as well
as women, and families were supplied with
food, clothing and shelter. The citizens, by
their generous contributions furthering and
helping to make possible the work of the
Association.
In Mav, 1894, the Second Biennial of (lie
General Federation of Women's Clubs, was
held at Philadelphia, and again the Wednes-
day Club was honored by having one of its
delegates, Airs. Philip X. Moore, elected to
the office of Corresponding Secretary of the
General Federation who was re-elected in
1896. In the fall of 1894. the Advisory Board
of the General Federation met in St. Louis
and were the guests of members of the Wed-
nesday Club. The Council elected as chairman
of the Committee on Social Economics for the
General Federation. Mrs. W. E. Fischel, a
member of the Wednesday Club.
A new line of practical work was inaugu-
rated in October, 1804; namely the placing of
boxes at the Union Station for the collection
of literature, particularly papers and period-
ical— -these were distributed among the hos-
pitnls and other city institutions. Books and
magazines were contributed and solicited by
members, ami sent by the Distributing Com-
mittee, to the far West, to the destitute re-
if tin H nnessee Mi iuntains, t' 1 the
Ni gro Schools and wherever there seemed to
lie the greatest need and desire for such lit-
erature. Uooks ind magazines were also sent
to some of the larger mercantile houses for
lh ns< '■! the employes during the noon hour;
this work resulted in the foundation of a
"1 isrrent Topic Club" in one of the large dry
gi mkIs establishment -.
< In April 18, 1805, a plan was conceived to
ereel a table! ol bronze to commemorate the
founding of Civil Liberty in Upper Louisiana.
Mr. Robert Bringhurst, was commissioned to
execute and erect a Tablet on Alain Street be-
tween Marke! and Walnut Streets, with this
inscription :
i )n this site,
January 21, 1 766, in
the House of
Maxent, Laclede & Co..
Civil Government was first
established in St. Louis
by
Captain St. Ange de Bellerive
Died 1774.
.Military Commandant and Acting
Governor of LTpper Louisiana.
This tablet was put in place October 17,
1S95. In the spring of this year (1894-95) the
chairman of State Correspondence for Mis-
souri of the General Federation of Women's
Clubs, requested the Wednesday Club to co-
1 iperate with the other federated Clubs of
Missouri, in forming a State Federation of
Women's Clubs. The Wednesday Club at
mice appointed a committee to confer with
the chairman of State Correspondence. Noth-
ing came of this however. In October, 1895,
the Wednesday Club decided to take the mat-
ter in hand. A committee was appointed and
arranged for a convention of Women's Clubs
of Missouri, to be held in St. Louis, January
21 and 22, 1S96. The Convention was held and
a Siate Federation formed. Mrs. John A. Al-
len, a member of the Wednesday Club, was
elected President of the new organization.
That same spring, the Club with the aid
of Mr. Ives, director of the Museum of Fine
Arts, wa.s instrumental in bringing to St.
Louis, for exhibition a rare collection of
Etchings, Engravings, and Autotypes of
Rembrandt's masterpieces and one original
1" irtrait be this master.
During the years '895-96, one phase of
practical work accomplished was the organiza-
tion of the Art League of the Wednesday
(lub. Its object ; to encourage a love of really
g 1 ait and to elevate the taste of the peo-
plc by making the children of the Public
Schools and (itv Institutions, familiar with
reproductions of the best work of all time.
The plan of worl< (made possible by permis-
sion of the School Board and City Authori-
ties 1. is to place a collection of photographs in
the various schools, where it remains for a
period of ten weeks, when it is removed and
a fresh collection is shown. The League now
owns about 150 large pictures and hopes next
) eat to have the collection greatly increased.
Further practical work undertaken :n
■ -' < 96, was the effort made to sccife clean-
WEDNESDAY CLUB
2483
er streets and greater cleanliness in street
cars. Permission was obtained and twelve (12)
boxes for waste paper were purchased by the
Club and placed in different parts of the city.
At the time of the Convention of Women's
Clubs, an open meeting- of the Wednesday
Club was held, to which all the delegates were
invited. Tlie subject for the day was "Club
Life," members and guests taking part in the
discussion. As a result of this meeting, feel-
ing- the danger of separating our Chili life
from home life, a Children's Day was ar-
lauged for. The near approach of Washing-
ton's Birthday suggested that this holiday
be u^ed for the occasion, and the entertain-
ment devised for the gratification of the chil-
dren was at once patriotic, interesting- and
amusing.
A suggestion made by the General Federa-
tion, as a matter of special interest to women,
was the question of the possibility of holding
an International Peace Convention in 1900.
'J his suggestion coming as it did when the air
was full of the Question of Arbitration, re-
sulted in the arrangement for a special meet-
ing on May 6. 1806. for a thorough discus-
sion of the subject. Invitations were sent to
the various Women's Clubs of the city, and to
women interested in the vital issues of the
day. Papers were read by members ot the
Club and Colonel George E. Leighton, a del-
egate from St. Louis, to the meeting of the
Arbitration Committee, held at Washington,
D. C, for the purpose of discussing the ques-
tion of International Arbitration, gave a most
interesting account of said meeting.
At die close of the association year 1895-96,
in view of the fact that the Club had outgrown
its quarters, spacious and comfortable rooms
were furnished in the new Y. M. C. A. Build-
ing, corner of Grand and Franklin Avenues.
The membership list was increased to 225
members, and at the mid-winter meeting in
December, 1896. the limit of membership was
txtended to 250.
The first meeting of the Club in its new
home was held October 21. 1896. Early in the
winter of 1896-07. the Bureau of Reciprocity
of the Missouri State Federation of Women's
Clubs, requested each federated Club to con
tribute to the "Bureau," oik- paper from its
year's work — from the various papers sent,
the Bureau stated one would be selected which
would be read at the Annual Convention of
the State Federation, to be held in January.
1 lie \\ ednesday < Hub, thn nigh its ,-, immit-
tcc appointed for that purpose, selected the
' presented to the Club by Miss Jennie
R. Lippman. on "Literary Idealism," which
paper was in turn selected by the Bureau ot
Reciprocity, and was read at the annual Con-
vent:* .11
The practical results attained by the Club
in the years 1896-97, have been the sending of
: hire to such Women's Clubs of our own
Stal as have signified a desire to receive
same The literature collected at the Union
Station was sent to the City Hospital. Pa-
pers and periodicals were distributed among
the Hospitals. District Nurses, Working
Girls' Home and other institutions, and the
current literature which supplied the reading
table of the Club, at the close of the vear
was sent where most needed.
Early in October, 1896, the educational
work was extended in various directions. A
100m was offered to the Club at 1223 North
Broadway. Making this a basis of operations.
a series of activities were organized which
have most satisfactorily supplemented the
work of the Isabel Crow Kindergarten As-
sociation in that neighborhood including- a
.'.nls' Saturday Morning Club — a Sewing
£1 I'ool — a Boys' Club and a Reading Room,
open three evenings in the week, estab-
lished there- in connection with the Public Li-
braty. Rooms over the Kindergarten have
been rented.and the nucleus of a social settle-
ment established.
Representatives were elected by the Club to
the ( ongress of Women's Clubs held at Xash
ville, Tennessee, < )ctober, 1X07. and delegates
Fourth Biennial of the General Feder-
ation of Women's Clubs held at Denver in
[898, were also elected in order that they
might inform themselves upon matters per-
taining to the welfare of the General Federa-
tion, and upon questions under considera-
tion SO as to be able to east an intelligent
vi >to in the ci invention.
'The work of the Social Settlement of the
Wednesday Club a; [223 North Broadway,
has been extended to include a Domestic
e and 1 a ioking Sela ,,,1. Moth rs' meet-
meetings of men and women to di
! Pri iblems and a - iday-
. oh >ol. The settlement is fi u 1
a non-salaried res-dent worl
The \\ ednesday Club, was the first Wo-
hle the
2484
WKHKIXG
i. this year of the Missouri State
1 ecieration of Women's Clubs, having- taken
the initial steps toward establishing State
; avehng Libtar-.es, wmch work is now fair-
ly inaugurated. In addition to the six regu-
lar sections of the Club, there has been or-
ganized this year (1897-98) the first study
class — thi> class is known as the Parliamen-
tary Drill Class, and as its name implies is
organized for the study of Parliamentary
Caw. It is 1 .pen to all members of the Club
re willing to assist in the required work
mual dues. It is hoped that
udy Class being now fairly inaugurated,
1 1] er such classes may be organized in the
near future.
The W ednesday Club, lias again been hon-
') having one of its members, Mrs. Fran-
\ Lee, elected as vice-president of the
uri State Federation of Women's Clubs;
Mrs. J. A. Allen, another member was elected
: Bi lard of I and Mrs. ( lei irge
H. Shields, was appointed chairman of the
■i ol Reciprocity. Mrs. W. W. Boyd
appoi ited M.\ the General Federation),
as State ( hairman of G rrespondence to fill
1 111. Mrs. Jc ihn C. Learned,
and will occupy one of the
r pulpits, Sunday morning at the time
the i < itirth Biennial of the Federation of
1 Hubs met in said city next June.
and Mrs. P. X. Moore, will have charge of
if the evening meetings of the Biennial —
an evi ted to "Folk songs of
ica."
dc the regular meetings of the Club,
I ''(lures, Fnformal Addresses, and Recep-
havi been given to the members and
their friends M in\ distinguished visitors both
■ 1 mien, have been brought to the
citv b 1 the Club.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.
VVehkingr, Charles H. ('.. who. at the
■ the oldest of St.
I-01 1 in iii Tottenhausen, in
■ ! m rmany, July
■ 1a (Shoene-
d on 2 farm
teh good education
ivate sell' 1 '1 in the neighborhood of his
\t [1 mi teei , age, he was
ticed to the brick mason's trade and
- 1 iccupatii 'ii two years.came
L'nited Slates in 1852. Me landed al
New Orleans and from there came up the
liver to St. Louis, which was his place of
residence continuously, except during two
years thereafter until his death, which oc-
curred February 11. 1898. Soon after coming
to St Louis, he entered the employ of John
Rohlfing, in his day a well-known contractor
and builder, and learned the carpenter's trade,
thus gaining a practical knowledge of
working as well as of masonry, lie 0 intinued
in the employ of Mr. Rohlfing until ;he be-
ginning of the Civil War. acting a part of the
time as his foreman. When the war began, he
proved his devotion to his adopted country by
enlisting in Company M, of the Seventh Reg-
iment of Illinois Volunteer Cavalry and
served three years and three months in tin
Union army, acting during nearly all that
time as orderly sergeant of his company. At
the close of the war, he formed a partnership
with his old employer, Mr. Rohlfing, becom-
ing junior member of the building and con-
tracting firm of Rohlfing & Wehking. They
opeiated together until 1871. when Rohifing
ic tiled, and Mr. Wehking succeei
business of the firm. He continued building
operations on a large scale on his own ac-
count thereafter until 1885, when he retire'!
and removed to a farm in the interior of the
State. After devoting himself to agricultuial
1 irMiits for two years, he tired of country
l.fe and. returning to St. Louis, resurrc '. his
old business. This he continued until 1896.
he retired, with a well earned compet-
ency . turning over to his eldest son. Charles
I!. C. Wehking, Jr.. the business which he
' stablished and built up. Many public
buildings and other attractive structures in St.
Louis are monuments to his mechanical skill.
prominent among which are Concordia Sem-
inal v the' Lyon School building, two eleva-
rected for the Anheuser-Busch Brewing
Company, the '"Tuny Faust,, Building, and
others. At the time of his death, he was
serving as superintendent of construction
and repairs for the Board of Education, a
>n to which he had been called by pub-
lic officials who had implicit confidence not
only in his ability and good judgment, but
in his integrity and faithful guardianship of
iblic interests in this connection. lie
.. successful man in a business w.i;
accumulated a comfortable fortune .and en-
tile esteem of all who knew him. After
his arrival in Xew ( Orleans, with only fort}
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— WELDON.
248:
cents in his pocket, he ros>e from poverty to
affluence by the exertion of his own energy,
and he was a self-made man. in the fullest
acceptation of the term. At the time of his
death, he was president of the Evangelical
Lutheran Cemetery Association, and was a
director of the German-American Insurance
Association, and also of the Benton Park
Swimming School Association. His political
affiliations were with the Republican party,
and he was a member of the German-Evangi 1-
ical Trinity Church. January 21, 1S64. he
married Miss Mary Lessmg, of St. Louis,
and was survived by his widow anil -
children Charles II. C, Jr., — who has suc-
ceeded his father as superintendent of Con-
struction for the Board of Education — Will-
iam, Alwine — wife of Henry Beckmeier, of
Norborne. Missouri, Gustav. John, Mary, and
Ella Wehking.
Weights and Measures. —By the act
of the Legislature of April 7, 1893. a bushel
shall contain pounds as follows : wheat, beans,
cL iver seed. Irish potatoes, peas and split peas,
60; imshelled corn, 70: rye, shelled corn,
sweet potatoes, unshelied green peas and
beans, flax-seed, 56; apples, peaches, pears,
cucumbers, barley, Hungarian grass-seed. 4S;
oats, 32; mineral coai, 80; corn meal and mil-
let, 50.
Weinheiiiier, Jacob, manufacturer, was
born January 24, 1837. in St. Louis, son of
John and Magdalena (Hoster) Weinheimer.
His father was a native of Bavaria, who came
to St. Louis in 1S32 and was one of the first
furniture manufacturers to establish himself
LTJ business in this city. \ftcr obtaining a
good education in a private German school,
Jacob Weinheimer served an apprenticeship
to the saddler's trade with Colonel Thornton
Grimsley. in his da}' one of the leading citizens
of St. Louis. In 1853. he went to California,
sailing from New Orleans and proceeding to
the Pacific coast by way of Greytown and the
Nicaragua route. He arrived in San Fran-
cisco on the 20th of April. 1853, and some
time later went to Comptonville, in Northern
California, where he was engaged in hydrau-
lic mining in the Trinity river country and re-
mained there two years. In 1857, he aband-
oned gold mining and for five years thereafter
vvns engaged in the freighting business. In
1861, he conducted a train of pack-mules
through Northern California and ( Iregon to
Walla Walla, in Washington Territory, and
thereafter was engaged in freighting also to
Elk City and Lewistun. Idaho. He entered
the Boise basin when gold was first discover-
ed there and delivered the first goods sent into
the mining camps of that region. !!
mained there three years and in 1S00 went on
a prospecting tri] On
urth day of July of that year, he arrived
1 Benton and. having been absent from
at that time fourteen years, he con-
d to return to St. Louis. He c;
the Missi una river on th luid-
ar.d remained here until the spring of 1868.
Fie then made a second, trip to California
mining 1 iperatii 11
liver when be received news of tl
uu n It' ime. Since then, !.■
; - in this cil ' 0 mtim .■
; ad since 1S73 has been either dit - cth
ly identified with the tobaco 1 trade. [n
1873, he began die manufacture of
. and in 1S8] b importer of
Havana tobaccos audi a wholesale dealer in
see'! leal t< >b: CCOS. I !" O mdllCti
the firm nai
J. Weinheimer & Co. until the close of the
year 1807. when advancing years and tin
session of an ample fortune caused hit
shift the bur
management *■ 1 1 tlders. i l<
long been a prominent men
sonic < Irder, affiliating with Meridian 1
and with th< ' ry of
Knights Templar, and he ;-
of the Ancient < >rder of 1 mited
He married, in 1874, M
'audi, and has tl
Weinheimer.
Weldon, George Samarious,
also been promin
1 'ii ids falb
lin, I:
hood, with bis 1
Louis. 1 lis mother's maid, n nam'
T Mc
>486
WELLE
family. Mr. Weldon's early education was
obtained in the public schools of St. Louis
i ■ . and while still a youth, he was offered
the position of successor to his old school
master as teacher of the school which he had
attended last. Declining this offer, however,
he completed his education at the St. Louis
I 'niversity, and then embarked in the busi-
ness of Merchandising in the town of Bridge-
: hi, near his old home. There he was junior
member of the firm of Peery & Weldon and
they did a prosperous business for two years.
He then sold out to his partner and went to
Kansas City, in 1885.
The rapidly growing Western city offered
at that time great inducements as a field for
real estate operations and Mr. Weldon con-
ducted a successful real estate agency there
until 1887. He then returned to St. Louis
and for some years past, has been engaged in
business in this City as manager of the Aetna
Brokerage Company. In this connection, he
has engaged extensively, in the purchase of
bonds and stocks and has evinced unusual
sagacitv in this enterprise and shown a
thorough knowledge of values of all kind of
securities of this character. He has retained
his residence ill St. Louis county and for sev-
eral years has been conspicously identified
with polities and political campaigns in the
county and State. On numerous occasions
he has presided over conventions of the Dem-
ocratic parly, with which he formerly affiliated
and represented his county in various State
is of that party.
In 1892 he was nominated on the Democra-
tic ticket for member of the State Legislature,
but the district being strongly Republican he
was defeated, although he had the satisfaction
ol reducing the normal Republican majority.
The position taken by the Democratic party
at its National Convention, held in Chicago
in 1896, concerning the free coinage of silver,
was one thai he could not conscientiously
endorse and as a consequence he refused to
support the ticket there nominated. With
many of the leading Democrats of Missouri,
he favored the calling of an Independent
01 ratic Convention which should indorse
the Cardinal principles of Democracy and de-
• 'arc in favor of the maintenance of the gold
standard. When this Convention was called
at Indianopolis, Indiana, he was elected a
delegate to the same from the tenth Missouri
Congressional district and sat in that memora-
ble bod) composed of men who refused to
sacrifice their convictions to party interest.
In the campaign which followed, he ably and
1 ivally supported Palmer and Buckner, the
i andidates of that Convention, but since then,
believing that currency reform must come
through the Republican party, he has acted
with that great political organization and is a
staunch supporter of President McKinley's
Administration. As a political organizer he
has shown marked ability and promises to be-
come prominent in the counsels of the Repub-
lican party.
April 21st, 1896. Mr. Weldon married in
Florissant. Miss Eliza R. Pohlman, and one
child. Mary T. Weldon, has been born to
them.
Welle, Albert F. manufacturer, was
born near Osnabrueck, in the Province of
Hanover, Germany, and died in St. Louis
August 8th. 1893. After receiving a fair edu-
cation and serving an apprenticeship in a
commercial house of Bielefield, he left his na-
tive land when about nineteen years of age
and came to the United States, joining in St.
Louis his brother-in-law, Adolph Boettler,
who had preceded to this country, coming
thither in 1865. Mr. Boettler had established
himself in the bakery business, and when Mr.
Welle arrived here he engaged in wholesaling
Hour to bakers and retailers, and soon built
up a flourishing trade in this line. He was
brought, however, into a close relationhip
with the bakers of the city and before long
had gained a very considerable knowledge
1 >i that business. As a consequence, he de-
termined to establish a wholesale bakery, and
with this object in view, he purchased, in
7874. a plant then located at Twenty-second
and Biddle streets. Here he inaugurated
his new enterprise and very soon had a pros-
perous and growing trade. In 1870. he re-
in- ived the business to a more eligible location
on Morgan street, between Seventh and
Eighth streets, a move which proved highly
advantageous. The same year, Adolph
Boettler and H. Ruhe became associated with
him as partners in this enterprise, under the
name of A. F. Welle & Co. They were able
and ambitions co-laborers, and by making use
of the most improved methods and appliance
they established an enviable reputation for
their products and were rewarded with
abundant patronage. In 1884. the business
-^z^ 2^^t^t^<£&
^t^s^o
WELLESLEY CLUB.— WELLS.
>487
which they had built up was incorporated
with a paid up capital of $35,000, and since
Mr. Welles death it has continued to expand
under the management and direction of his
successors.
Wellesley Club. — A St. Louis Club com-
posed of those who have been students of
Wellesley College, not necessarily graduates.
On the occasion of the visit to St. Louis, early
in 1891, of Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, for-
merly president of Wellesley College, a din •
ner was given in her honor by the young
women of St. Louis who had attended Welles-
ley. Mrs. Palmer expressed her regret at
the lack of a college organization, and it was
immediately decided by those present to form
a Wellesley Club, and a chairman and secre-
tary pro tern, were then and there appointed.
The object was social intercourse and to keep
in touch with Wellesley. The meetings were
held monthly at the homes of members. A
literary program was maintained for some
time, but was dropped later, and the Welles-
ley Club has for some time past centered its
energies on raising and increasing a fund for
the purpose of sending and keeping a pupil
at Wellesley. This annual scholarship is given
as a prize, awarded through competitive exa-
mination. The first pupil for the year 1898-
'99 passed examination on questions sent
from Wellesley upon special application, and
the St. Louis organization is the first Welles-
ley Association to undertake the maintenance
of a student. The fund is raised from yearh
clues and the proceeds of entertainments. Miss
Fuller, Miss Adelaide Denis, Miss Hannah
Case, Miss Allen, Miss Anna Vieths, Miss
Louise McNair, and Mrs. Frank Henderson
have successively presided over the Wellesley
Chub, which numbers thirty members.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Wells and Pumps. — The portable
water of St. Louis was not always the mixture-
drawn from the Mississippi and Missouri riv-
ers. Many a limpid spring coursed underneath
what is now the great city, and many a well
was sunk that supplied neighborhoods with
pure and clear water. In almost every quar-
ter there were pumps resorted to even long
after the reservoir was built on the big mi iund.
One of the most frequented of these a half
century ago was that at the corner of Franklir-
Avenue and Sixteenth street, in front of the
'( l!.> Limits House," and numerous wen; the
places on the most traveled thoroughfares,
generally in front <>i saloons, when- farmers
stopped with their Irani, to refresh man and
beast. A few wells remain, but the Board of
Health has gradually condemned these an
ci( nl institutions as th< sewerage system ad-
vanced, and as disease manifested itself in the
localities where they were. Yet, for a time,
great opposition was shown to the filling up
of the wills, a* thereby city wain- license bi
came c< impulsory.
Wells, Robert VV., lawyer and jurist,
was born in Winchester, Virginia, in 1795 and
died in Bowling Green, Kentucky, in 1865.
I te had few advantages in early life but by a
process of self education, he became a good
classical scholar. He then studied law and
in 1818, began the practice of his profession
in St. Charles, Missouri. In [821, he was
elected Prosecuting Attorney for the curcuit
of which St. Charles County funned a part
and filled that office while Judge Rufus Petti-
bone, a distinguished jurist was occupying the
bench of trie same Circuit. Later, he became
a judge of the United States District Court
and held that office until his death. He was
held in high esteem not only by the bar of
St. Louis but by the entire Par of the State.
That this was true, is evidenced by the fact
;ii the meeting of the Si Louis Bar, held to
take action on his death, Hon. Thomas T.
Gantt who presided over the meeting said of
him: "Judge Wells illustrated and adorned
the judgment seat. He has done more than
inv other judge, living or dead, for the eluci-
dation and correct exposition of the United
States statutes on which land titles in Mis-
souri depend. TheState is impoverished b\
1 lis death." This was the eloquent tribute of
one of the great lawyer- of Missouri to our
of the eminently capable, pure and upright
jurists of the Federal Courts. In polities
Y\ ells was a Democrat and prior to the
the war, a gradual emancipationist. During
the war lie supported the general government
in the suppression of the secession movement.
1 [e was twice married, first to a Miss Barcroft
and after her death to a Miss Covington of
Kentucky. Five children survived him at his
Wells,Erastus,who represented the First
District of Missouri in the Forty-first, Forty-
2488
WELLS.
second, Forty-third and Forty-fourth and
Forty-sixth Congresses and who was, in
many respects, one of the most remarkable
and interesting; men who have left their im-
press on the history of St. Louis, was born
ii i bcr 2, [822, in Jefferson county. New
York, and died at Wellston, his country home,
: Louis, < ictober 2. 1893. He was the
.1.11 of < Mis Wells and a descendant of
Weill a native of Essex, England,
who was "ii!- of the early colonists of Weth-
ersfield, Connecticut, and died there in
1645. Through his grandmother, Ethelinda
o .11-1 Wells, hi' was a descendant also of
itis, of Hingham, England, who. with
other colonists, founded the town of Hing-
ham. .Massachusetts, in 1635. This John Otis
fi mnded one of the most famous of New Eng-
land families, from which sprang in later years
such illustrious men as James Otis, the ablest
American lawyer of his day and one of the
formulators of that public sentiment which
ultimately divorced the American colonies
from (heal Britain; Harrison Gray Otis, re-
nowned as statesman and orator; Samuel A.
( His, one of the framers of the constitution of
Massachusetts; and George Otis, famous as
clergyman and author. From this ancestry,
doubtless Erastus Wells inherited a share of
the rich intellectual endowment and physical
vigor which constituted his only capital when
he began life for himself. His father, who
had been a small New York farmer, died
when the son was but fourteen years of age
and the latter was thrown upon his own re-
51 iurces before he had passed beyond the rudi-
mentary stage of his education. At sixteen,
he was a clerk in a store at Watertown, New
York, at a salary of eight dollars a month,
and later he was employed in a similar capac-
it) al Lockport, New York, with a compara-
' increase of salary. He. however,
coupl with industry and notwith-
- of his remuneration,
had si ipproximating one
hundred at al the end of four
1 A had ; ' great West, with
for young men
and ined his majority,
in tl:< ) St. Louis. 1 [e
arrived hen- without sufficient means to en-
in an bush own account, but
he had a keeness of perception and resource-
fulness whii li was worth more than cash capi-
'lt brought with him a letter of intro-
duction to Calvin Case, then a prosperous
business man in St. Louis, and very soon after
he came here he had interested Mr. Case in
the inauguration of a new enterprise which
proved highly advantageous to both of them.
St. Louis, which was then a city of between
thirty and forty thousand people, was without
an omnibus line, and Mr. Wells quickly
reached the conclusion that an omnibus could
be profitably operated between what was
known as the upper ferry landing." at North
Market street, and the business portion of the
city. Forming a partnership with Mr. Case,
they built an omnibus, which he operated for
a time himself, and thus established the first
omnibus line west of the Mississippi river.
Gradually, this method of transporting pas-
sengers from one part of the city to another
grew in favor, the vehicles belonging to the
line multiplied and. after a few years, Mr.
Wells sold out his interests for a considerable
sum of money. After that, he employed his
energif - fi >r a time in the operation, first, of a
lead factor,', and then of a saw-mill,
ter became a partner again with Calvin
! 1 'ther gentlemen in the omnibus
my which controlled all the business in
that line in the city. The business grew to
large proportions with the city"s rapid in-
crease in population and proved exceedingly
remunerative, being terminated finally by the
death of Mr. Case and the consequent dis-
solution of the partnership in 1855. Four
years later, Mr. Wells became the author of
another transportation scheme, procuring, in
the year 1859, the charter for the first street
railway ci unpany organized in St. Louis and
building, as president of the Missouri Railway
Company, the first street railway operated
west of the Mississippi river. This company
laid its line ot railway on Olive street and as
11- projector, Mr. Wells may be said to have
been the father of the street railway system
city. ITe continued to act as president
of the company until 1883, when he disposed
"i his interests and ceased to be connected
with the intra-mural transportation business
of St. Louis. In the meantime, many other
inter] irises vastly beneficial to St. Louis had
felt the stimulating effects of his genius, his
indomitable energy and public-spirited action.
I 'e was one of the promoters of the Narrow-
1 ruage Railway connecting Florissant with St.
Louis, and became president of the corpora-
tion operating that line. For some years, he
uuu^Aa
■ I
WELLS.
2489
was a director of the Ohio & Mississippi Rail-
road and was President also of the Accomo-
dation Bank, vice-president and director of
the Commercial Bank, and president of the
Laclede Gas Light Company. As a business
man, he was remarkable for his sagacity, his
shrewd forecasts of the future, his original
and progressive ideas, his prompt and vigor-
ous action, and his boundless faith in the rapid
and continuous growth of St. Louis. His
range of vision was broad and, taking in the
vast territory tributary to this city, noted with
accuracy its resources and the possibilities of
its development He calculated, with ad-
mirable precision, the effect which this rural
development would have in building up St.
Louis, the chief commercial centre of this
region, and the large fortune which he accum-
ulated was the result of enterprises planned
and inaugurated in pursuance of these cal-
culations. His official life began in 1848.
when he was chosen a member of the City
Council of St. Louis. In 1854. after an inter-
val of a few years, he was again made a mem-
ber of that body, serving in it continuously
until 1869. As a city legislator, he was the
originator and champion of many measures
which conferred lasting benefits upon the
municipality. Me was especially interested
always in improving the sanitary conditions
of St. Louis and to this end was one of the
earliest advocates of an improved water sup-
ply system, and one of the most prominent
among the men whose continued agitation of
the subject finally brought about the estab-
lishment of the present system. He was also
one of the originators of the legislation which
gave the city a metropolitan police force and
aided in the inauguration of many other re-
forms, by no means unimportant, but which
attracted to a less degree the general attention
of the public. Elected to Congress in 1868,
he took his scat in that body in 1869 and for
eight years thereafter, served with distinction
as a national legislator, ably and faithfully
representing his immediate constituents and
wielding at all times an important influence
in the National Legislature. Although he
was a staunch Democrat, his friendships were
never bounded by party lines and, although
his party was in the minority while he was in
Congress, he obtained his full share of favors
from that body for his constituents. The first
appropriation for the St. Louis Custom House
was made at his instance and he also secured
the first substantial appropriation for the im-
provement of the Mississippi river. Believ-
ing fully in the wisdom and justice of asking
overnment to undertake the improve-
ment of this great national waterway, he
rendered to Captain James B, Eads material
assistance in securing the legislation which
resulted in the construction of the jetties at
the mouth of the river and the consequent
improvement of navigation. Although op-
d to him politically, he was a personal
and confidential friend of General Grant, then
President, during his entire term of service in
Congress. It was he who first proposed the
opening of the Oklahoma country to settle-
ment and the original bill making provision
therefor was introduced by him in the Forty-
fourth Congress. His liberal views, unques-
tioned honesty, simplicity of character and
rugged common sense gave him great in-
fluence in governmental circles at Washing-
ton, and Missouri has had few Congressmen
whi ' were able to render equally valuable serv-
ices to the State. After his retirement from
Congress, failing health kept him from partic-
ipating actively in business enterprises or the
conduct of public affairs, and the remaining
years of his life were devoted to travel and
to the quiet enjoyment of his fortune at his
itry home. Mr. Wells was twice mar-
ried: first, in 185(1. '•" vi,-s fsabella B. Henry,
daughter of Captain John F. Henry, of Jack-
sonville. Illii er her death, he married
[Vs. Eleanor P. Bell, of St. Louis.
Wells. Kolla. manufacturer, and a lead-
ing 1 ', of that class of busi-
ness men in St. Louis who have worthily
shoulders by men of the last generation,
the city and of fortunes
f01 themselves, was born in St. Louis in (856,
whose illusl
-wed in the fore-
:h. He grew to manhood in this
d at Washington Univ
rained to business purs
the : ■■ the elder Wells, practi
hing himself and a believer in the 1
ndition of life should e\
kind from labor.
■ ay corporation of which his father
president, he spent some time famu-
li
1'...
WENNEKER.
tion, and after evidencing liis capacity to till
the position, was made assistant superintend-
mpan] , which was then tinder the
general management of Alfred W. Henry,
nized at that time as one of the most
thoroughly competent and accomplished
streel railway men in the West. After the
death of Mr. Henry, in 1879, Mr. Wells suc-
him as general manager of the road,
then, as now, commonly called "the Olive
streel line" Hi retained 'his position until
1883, greatly improving the carrying facili-
ties of the road and making it one of the
best pieces of street railway property in St.
Louis. lie retired from the management
when the controlling interest in the line,
which his father and himself had previously
represented, passed by purchase to a new
corporation, and shortly afterward became in-
terested in the manufacture of cotton-seed
and lineseed oil and in various other enter-
prises. The failing health of his father also
madi it necessary, about this time, for him to
assume a very considerable share of the re-
sponsibility incident to the rare and manage-
ment of the hitter's large business andproperty
interests. In the course of time, he became
the active representative of all these interests
and, after his father's death in 1893, he was
made administrator of the estate. For forty
years, the eldi r Wells had been known to the
people of St. Louis as a man of constructive
genius, an originator of new enterprises and a
pioneer in certain fields of development. Self-
educated and self-trained, he had developed
capabilities which gave him national prom-
inenci and bad established business connec-
tions which had many ramifications in St.
Louii and elsewhere. Upon the younger
\\ ells devolved the responsibility of conserv-
ing these interests, making a wise use of the
means at his command and utilizing the im-
portant influences which he controlled to
promote the public welfare. The responsi-
bilities which have rested upon him have dif-
fered materially from those borne by his dis-
tinguished father in the earlier years of bis
manhood, but have required the exercise of
the same sound judgment and demand-
ed the same broad administrative and
executive ability. In a broad field of
;"i's be lias proven himself mas-
ter -I the situation and the worthy successor
of a worthy lather. Successful as a man of
affairs, he is at the same time an interested
. er of public affairs and from tit
time has been a prominent participant in
political campaigns. He was one of the
recognized leaders of the Democratic party in
St. Louis prior to the declaration of the party
in favor of the free coinage of silver at the
3go convention of 1896. Declining to
e that action of the party, he partici-
pated in the National Democratic Convention
'eld later in the same year at Indianapolis as
a delegate from the Twelfth Congressional
District of Missouri, and after that convention
had placed candidates for President and Vice
1 'resident in the field, he became president of
the National Democratic Club of St. Louis.
Like his father, he has marked rural tastes
and a fondness for the country and agricult-
t-ral pursuits. Interested in stock-raising, a
natural consequence of this inclination has
been his zealous devotion to the welfare of
the St. Louis Fair Association and Jockey
Club, both of which organizations he has
served in the capacity of president, during
three successive terms. Popular and influ-
ential in both business and social circles, his
name is one of the most familiar of the names
of men of the present day to the people of St.
Louis He married, in 1878, Miss Jennie
II. 1'ir'. ei". of this city, and has a family of
live children.
Weimeker, Chas. F., who has achieved
well deserved distinction in St. Louis both as
a busines man and a public ofifLial, was born
in this city October 10, 1854, son of Clemens
and Henrietta (Blanke) Wenneker. He was
■•eared in St. Louis and received his scholas-
tic training in the public schools, later taking
a commercial course at Bryant & Stratton's
' 'ollege. After quitting school, he became
connected with the business of manufactur-
ing candy, in which his maternal relatives
have bein largely interested in St. Louis for
many years. In 1890. he became president
of the corporation known as the Wenneker-
VI 1 rris Candy Company, which has since op-
erated one of the most noted confectioner)
manufacturing establishments -n the West, a
wide area of territory being covered by its
'ravelling salesmen and wholesale trade. \n
active business man and one who has been
eminently successful in his undertakings, he
lias not belonged to that class of merchants
and manufacturers who have no time for pub-
lic duties. His belief has been that, if our
WEST BREMEN.
government is to be "a government of the
people, and for the people," the people must
inform themselves concerning matters of pub-
lic policy and governmental problems and
lake an active interest in the conduct of pub-
lic affairs. His views concerning economic
questions and the capacity of partisan organ-
izations of the present day to administer good
government have made him a Republican in
politics and, believing in the wisdom of the
policies of that party, he has at all times ex-
erted himself to promote the thorough organi-
zation of the political forces which it controls
and to contribute to its success at the polls.
Having become prominent in the councils of
his part}- and having demonstrated in the
practical business of life his fitness for an of-
ficial position requiring of its incumbent su-
perior executive and financial ability, he was
in 18S9 appointed by President Harrison
United States Collector of Internal Revenue
for the District of St. Louis, the third largest
in the United States. He served in that ca-
pacity four years and two months, handling
during his official term thirty-two millions of
dollars, his accounts balancing to a cent when
he gave way to a successor appointed by
President Cleveland. He was regarded as an
ideal revenue officer and. in 1897, after an in-
terval of four years which he devoted entirely
to business pursuits, he was elected City Col-
lector of St. Louis by a majority of 24,000
votes. Baptized into the Methodist Church as
a child, Mr. Wenneker has adhered to that
faith in his religious affiliations and he is now
a trustee of Eden Methodist Episcopal
Church. He is a member of numerous fra-
ternal organizations, affiliating with the An-
cient Order of United Workmen, the Legion
of Honor, the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows, and the Masonic Order, being a
Knight Templar of the Order last named. He
married in 1875, Miss Johanna Heidbreder,
and four children have been born of this
union, of whom only a daughter survives.
West Bremen. — An addition to St. Louis
made by William C. and A. R. Taylor.October
12, 1853 It became a part of the city De-
cember 5, 1855, and extends from west Six-
teenth Street to Grand Avenue on both sides
of Bremen Avenue.
"West End". —A popular name for that
part of St. Louis which lies west of the busi-
n :ss district ami which includes many of the
handsomest residence district- of the city.
Wertheimer, .Jacob •)., merchanl
manufacturer, was burn June u. TX52, in
Ttoy. Ohio, son of Joseph and Jeanm
Wertheimer. His father, who was one of the
earliest settlers of Troy, saw it grow fro
village of 300 people, in 1850. to a town of
pie at the lime of his death. I or
thirty years, the elder Wertheimer was en-
1 in merchandising at Troy, and, inter-
ested there in all public movements, was a
thoroughly public-spirited citizen, as well as
a successful business man and high-minded
gentleman. Jacob J. Wertheimer obtained his
earlier education in the schools of Tioy and
was graduated from the High School of that
city He then went to Dartmouth College and
was a student at that institution until he
re; ehed the junior year of the college course.
Although his intention was, at the time, to
enter upon a commercial career when he
si ould turn his attention to the real business
of life, he pursued a classical course and lias
always felt that this course of study wa
incalculable indirect benefit to him. Soon af-
t ;r leaving college, he came to St. Louis to
embark in trade. Here he was at first con
nected with the Harter Machine Company,
.of which he became general manager, serving
in that capacity twelve years. At the end of
that time, he disposed of his interest in this
concern and, in 1881. engaged in business a
a manufacturer and wholesaler of shoes. This
business he started in a modest way, but has
gradually developed the enterprise which he
thus inaugurated until his establish!
has come to be known as one of the gi 1
institutions of its kind in the West. This be-;
ness is now carried on by what is known as
the Werthemier-Swarts Shoe < ompany, and
an idea of its magnitude will be conveyed b\
the statement that its sales in 1808 will am. .in-
to be over two and a half millions of di ■
During his twenty-six years' residence in St.
Louis, Mr. Werthemier has been a tireless
worker and may be said to have thoroughly
1 and merited the great success which
be lias achieved. With a natural j
merchandising, he has coupled unremittii
fort and, as a result, he is to-day recognized
as one of the leading merchants ol
one whose position and inflti com-
mercial world has been attai t any
2492
WESTEN— WESTERN ACADEMY OF ART.
adventitious aids and by thoroughly honest
and upright methods. He is at present a di-
rector of the Merchants-Laclede National
Bank, and is known as a man who takes an
active and spirited interest in everything
which tends to advance the commercial pros-
perity i if the city, as well as in public affairs in
general.
Westen, Edward, merchant was born
August 3, 1850. in the town of Lautsch. Mor-
avia, Austria, son of Antone and Eva Wes-
ten. his father being one of a long line of mer-
chants, his ancestors having been for many
generations "free of their guild" — as the ex-
pression there goes. Those who are familiar
with history need not be told of the important
part played by the brave German burghers in
maintaining civic liberty in central Eur< ipe
against powerful Baron, Prince and even Em-
pen ir, at a time when such resistance required
not only shrewd heads but also stout hearts
and even read} swords. What liberty Mora-
via owns to-day is largely due to the tena-
acious purpose of its sturdy burghers, whose
deeds are permanently enshrined in the pages
of history, and which the world will never
permit to die. teaching as the} do, lessons of
civic worth fur all ages. Of this stout and
right worthy stock, tempered by long years of
struggle against federal oppressors — honest,
sober, upright and straight in all the trans-
actions 1 if life— came the subject of this sketch.
Young Edward Westen received at home the
usual education which has for its object the
placing of a healthy mind in a healthy body —
a combination which is irresistable in the
struggle of life. At die early age of sixteen,
young Westen engaged in the tea and 1
-s in his native town. It was an uphill
struggle and the fates were against him. In-
stead 1 ) ielding to despair, as one
with I oTance and energy would
have done, Edward Westen wisely determined
to change the field of his activity. Accord-
ingly, he came to this country and proceeded
at once to this city. That was in the year
1884, he being then quite a young man. Thor-
oughly familiar wtili the tea and coffee busi-
ness to which he had been traind from his
early boyhood in his father's store in Moravia,
he opriied in that line with John Rettenina\ er
in a small retail way at 1214 Franklin Avenue;
organizing under the name of The Great
n Tea i\- Coffee Co. Bv a combination
of shrewd judgment and close personal ap-
plication to all the details of the business for-
tune was wooed and won. In 1885 the in-
crease of business necessitated a move
to more extensive premises, which were
secured at 11 11 and 11 15 Franklin Ave-
nue. In 1893 Mr. Westen withdrew from
The Great Eastern Tea & Coffee Co., and or-
ganized the Edward W'esten Tea & Spice Co.,
with a paid up capital of $50,000, opening at
Washington Avenue and Second Street. Since
then Mr. Westen has confined himself strictly
to the wholesale business. Success was in-
stant and most gratifying, so that more spa-
cious premises became in time an absolute
necessity. These were secured in the Cupplcs
Block, at the corner of Clark Avenue and
Tenth Street, in the heart of the wholesale dis-
trict. This change was affected Junte 1, 189S,
when the capital of the Company was in -
creased to $200,000. The Edward Westen
Tea & Spice Co., in its new quarters, is one
of the best equipped tea and spice houses 'to
be found anywhere in the United States, their
trade exceeding the million dollar mark, an-
nually. Mr. Westen is President of the corpo-
ration and to his untiring energy and ability
the success of the concern is largely due. He is
1 me of the best tea and coffee experts in the
country and his knowledge of the spice busi-
ness is very thorough. Mr. Westen has been
the architect of his own fortune. He labored.
as we have seen, under not a few disadvant
ages, but these he vanquished, by force of will,
enacity of purpose, and constant attention
iness. Mr. Westen is a Republican in
politics and a member of the Catholic Church ,
but he is a broad guaged man in all such mat-
ters, holding that in a free land everyone is
entitled to follow his own opinion. As a citi-
zen he casts his vote when election time comes
around, but he is too busy a man to take any
active part in politics. Mr. Westen married
Miss Marie Rottman, of St. Louis, the union
being blessed with three children — Adolph,
Adele and Reinhold. In 1898 he erected for
his family a beautiful home on Wabada Ave-
nue.
Western Academy of Art. — A school
of art established in St. Louis in i860 largely
through the instrumentality of Hon. Henry 7.
I !li iw. This institution purchased a representa-
tive collection of casts from the antique and
contemplated the establishment of a School of
WESTERN SANITARY COMMISSION.
Design, but the Civil War prevented its prog-
ress and its collection ultimately passed into
the possession of the St. Louis School of
Fine Arts.
Western Academy of Science. — Sec
Academy of Science, St. Louis."
Western Commercial Travelers'
Ass'n. -This body was incorporated July 15,
1878, and is composed of traveling salesmen,
clerks in wholesale or manufacturing houses
in St. Louis, buyers for proprietors, co-part-
ners or corporations engaged in a legitimate
wholesale or manufacturing business ;" and
its chief object is to collect and maintain a
death loss fund for the relief and aid of fam-
ilies, widows and orphans and other depend-
ents of its deceased members, and for the bene-
fit of those of its members who meet with acci-
dents.
Western Company.-The Western Com-
pany— Compagnie d' Occident — was the name
given to the corporation chartered by John
Law for the colonization and development of
Louisiana. It was also known as the "West
India Company" and the "Mississippi Com-
pany," and after the collapse of the enterprise,
passed into history as the "Mississippi Bub-
ble." (Which see.)
Western Female Guardian Society.
A Society organized in St. Louis in 1866, the
object of which was to protect homeless
women to save the erring and assist those de-
pendent upon themselves to obtain an honest
livelihood. The society was made up of ladies
interested in charitable and philanthropic
work, and as a result of their labors what was
known as the Weimar Mansion, fronting on
Brooklyn street, near Twelfth, was opened in
June of 1866, as a home for those taken under
the protection of the society.
Western Rowing' Club. -This club
was organized December 12, 1870. at the foot
of Dorcas Street, Leo Rassieur taking the lead-
ing part in the enterprise, its object being rec-
reation and cultivation of the art of rowing,
with social enjoyment. The club has four
hundred and thirtv-four members on its rolls,
and possesses seventeen shells and skiffs. It
is famed for its success in rowing contests. Tt
won the four-oared shell contest at Philadel-
phia in 1898 against man; competitors, cap-
turing the Intermediati Cup; it won the
i Cup in different races for the champion-
ship of St. Louis for barge races ; and in O
ber, 1898 in the race at Cairo for (he cham-
pionship of barges, it won the cup.
I
Western Sanitary Commission.— A
Commission formed in St. Louis in the sum-
mer of 1861, the purposi 1 I ivhich was set
forth in the following order issued by General
Ji hn ( '. Fremont :
"Its general object shall be to carr) out, un
der the properly constituted military authori-
ties, and in compliance with their orders, such
sanitary regulations and reforms as the well-
being of the soldiers demand.
"This commission shall have authority, un-
der the direction of the medical
-elect, fit up and furnish suitable buildings for
army and brigade hospitals in such places and
in such manner as circumstances require. It
will attend to the selection and appointment of
women nurses, under the authority and by the
direction of Miss D. L. Dix. general superin-
tendent of the nurses of military hospitals in
the United State-. It will co-operate with
the surgeons of the several hospitals in
viding male nurses and in whatever mannei
.practicable, and by their consent. It shah
have authority to visit the different < amps 1 1
consult with the commanding officers a' 1
colonels and other officers of the s>
ments with regard to the sanitar;
eral condition of the troops and aid them in
providing proper means for the preservatii 'ii
of health and prevention of sickness by supply
of wholesome and well-cooked food, le ■.
svstems of drainage, and other practicable
methods. It will obtain from the community
at large such additional means of increasing
the comfort and promoting the moral and so
cial welfare of the men in camp and ho
.is may be needed and cannot be furnish
government regulations. It will,
to time, report directly to the command'
chief of the department of tin
camps and hospital, with sue!
can properly be made '
This commission is n
to interefere with the medic:
officers of the army, but to co-operate with
them and aid them in the di their
present arduous and extraordinary duties. It
will be treated bv all offi both
2494
WESTLAKE.
regular and volunteer, in this department with
tin- respect due to the humane and patriotic
es of (lie members and to the authority
of the commander-in-chief.
The first members of the Commission, who
were appointed by General Fremont, were
James E. Yeatmann, Carlos S. Greeley, Dr.
J. B. Johnson, George Partridge and Rev. Dr.
William Eliot, These gentlemen at once be-
gan their labors in connection with the medi-
cal department of the Federal Army, first fit-
in-" up a new hospital with accommodations
for five hundred patients, in a five-story build-
ing at the corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets.
In tins building the Commission received the
sanitary stores contributed by Northern, East-
id Western States and forwarded them
to hospitals in the neighborhood of St. Louis
and in the interior of the State. As the num-
ber of sick and wounded soldiers to be cared
fur increased, the number ot hospitals was
multiplied and the work of the Commission
was extended. In March of 1862 the Commis-
sion established in St. Louis a Soldiers' Home
for discharged ami furloughed soldiers pass-
in- through the city. The Commission also
gave constant attention to the military prisons
"i St. Funis and sanitary stores were issued to
them, in all cases of urgent need, upon the
requisitions of the surgeons in charge. The
Lhnion refugees, who flocked to the city in
great numbers, were cared for and their wants
relieved by the Sanitary Commission also,
I'- resources were made up of voluntary con-
tributions from the people of the loyal States;
an appropriation of $50,000 by the Convention
of Missouri; an appropriation of $25,000 bv
the Missouri Legislature and appropriations
by the County Court of St. Louis County.
' iver five hundred and fifty thousand dollars
was turned into the treasury of the Commis-
also as proceeds of the Mississippi Val-
1< ■'. Sanitary Pair. The Soldiers' Orphans'
Home, which was opened near Webster Sta-
tion, ten miles west of the city, in 1865, came
into existence as a result of the labors of the
Western Sanitary Commission and a Freed-
men's Orphans' Home was also established
under its auspices. During the war the Com-
mission received for sanitary purposes $770,
998.55 in money and stores valued at $3,500,
' K M I, making a total of $4,270,998.55.
Westlake, .lames Vanclall, merchant,
was born in Favette Com March
14, 1822, and died in St. Louis November 17,
1883. His parents were James and Mary
1 Vandal!) Westlake, both of whom were na-
tives of Virginia and both came of families
well known in the "Old Dominion." Reared
in Virginia, Mr. Westlake received a good
English education in the schools of that State,
and, after coming West, supplemented his
scholastic training by a course of study in
Jones' Business College, of St. Louis. Hav-
ing a natural fondness for mathematics, he
became especially proficient in that science,
and after graduating from Jones' College was
tendered and accepted the professorship of
mathematics in that institution. This posi-
tion he filled until 1854, when he abandoned
teaching as a profession and turned his at-
tention to business pursuits. He first con-
nected himself with the firm of Stone, Boom-
er & Company, bridge builders, of this city,
and continued in their employ until 1856. In
that year, in company with another gentle-
man, he purchased the business of Linnus
Jackson & Company.dealers in steamboat sup-
plies, and became head of the firm of West-
lake & Button. For twenty-seven years
thereafter, the existence of this firm continued
and Mr. Westlake was at the head of the es-
tablishment at the time of his death. He was
well known to the river trade, a successful
and honorable business man, and in all re-
spects a worthy citizen of St. Louis. For
many years he was engaged, to a considerable
extent, in bridge building, and is said to have
constructed the first iron bridge placed in
position in the West. He was personally pop-
ular in business circles in St. Louis and en-
joyed the esteem of an unusually large num-
ber of business and social acquaintances in
other cities. Firm in his convictions, he was
also a man of high courage and was ready at
all times to meet any threatened danger rather
than do violence to his principles and his sense
of right. This phase of his character was il-
lustrated during the Civil War, when he was
outspoken in his opposition to the policy of
the general government in dealing with the
Southern States, a policy under which they
were coerced into remaining in the Union.
by force of arms. His openly-expressed sym-
pathy with the cause of secession caused him
to be arrested by the Federal authorities, and
he was incarcerated for a hundred days in the
prison at Alton, a punishment which he en-
dured bravelv for "conscience sake.'' He was
WHARF.
2495
a Democrat of a very pronounced type, acting
with the Southern wing of the party prior to
the war, and after the war, with the reunited
party to the end of his life. Religiously, he
was a firm believer in Methodism and was a
staunch churchman of the Methodist Episco
pal Church South. Ho was long a member of
the Masonic Order and well-known among
Masons of high degree as a Knight Templar.
In 1869 he married Miss Lizzie R. Palmer, oi
St. Louis County, who was born on the same
farm that her father was born an dreared on
and within a few hundred yards of the early
homestead of the family. The children 1 if Mr.
and Mrs. Westlake are Mabel Prouhet West-
lake, James L. Westlake, Elizabeth I'. West-
lake and Blanche P. Westlake.
West St. Louis Lieilerkrauz. — A musi-
cal society organized in 1871 by Anton 1 tuber,
Frank Wieser, August Gruenewald, LouL
Schaefer and others and which had its meeting
place near the intersects in of Spring and Fas-
ton avenues. The first president of the so-
ciety was Henry Pohlmann, and the first mus-
ical director was Herr Haar.
Wharf, St. Louis.— A wharf is defined to
be a perpendicular bank or mound of timber, or
a perpendicular bank or mound of timber, or
stone and earth, raised on the shore of a har-
bor, river or canal for the convenience of load-
ing and unloading vessels. In the Eastern
cities, a projecting wharf or landing place is
called a pier, and the space between two piers
is called a slip, where boats slip in to load up
and unload, or for safety against storms or
the varying tides. St. Louis boatmen and
the city authorities especially have given a
wider meaning to the term wharf, embracing
in the idea nearly the whole extent of the
levee, landing, pavement and all. The history
of the wharf system, as developed by the vari-
ous acts of the City Council are briefly as fol-
lows : An ordinance approved March 29,
1824, provided for a street seventy-five feet
wide along the river, between the north and
south boundaries of the town of St. Louis, and
prohibited any buildings from being erected
between there and the river, which space was
intended "as a landing and a place for
wharves." In several city ordinances, 1
prior to 1847, the space of the present city
blocks and west of the wharf is designated b;
the terms "Front streets" and "wharf ;" and an
ordinance passed February 6, 1846, declared
Fronl street to be part and portion of the
wharf, which name lias been retained in offi-
cial documents up to the present time. From
time t<> time between 18 8 and 1847 landings
were extended, widened and repaired between
Franklin avenue and Spruce street, and in
[842 the grade and slope of Front street, be
twecn Franklin avenue and Plum street was
established and contracts lei for revetting and
paving the wharf. In [865 contracts v,
for making a longitudinal dyke along the es
tablished east line of the wharf — now from
210 to 300 feet in width and comprising two
planes — the eastern or wharf plane, and the
western or street plane. These two plam an
generalh included in the popular idea of what
is termed the levee. \n ordinance passed in
[866 provided for condemning the river front
fn>m the north to the southern extension oi
the wharf for wharf purposes. Under this
act, between five and six hundred pieces oi
property were condemned and benefits as-
sessed against four or five thousand owners oi
propert) north and south. Some owners re-
fused to accept the valuation put upon their
property and the matter is still in litigation,
having been in court for upwards of thirty
years. The city thus came into possession of
nearly the entire water-front within its limits.
Under the same enabling act the entire
river front of Carondelet — now a part
of St. Louis — was placed under con-
trol of the city through a decision of the
courts rendered in 1897. The entire wharf
is now from 135 to 150 blocks long. The
gross income from wharf privileges is about
$75,000 yearly. The repaving of the wharf
between Biddle and Rutger Streets with gran
ite, begun in 1869 by the late Charles Pfeifer,
is still in progress and it will require several
years yet to complete the work. Between
1828 and [898 about $2,000,000 was expended
on the improvement and maintenance of the
wharf The total length of the river front be
twecn the River Des Peres and the northern
city limits is Jo. 15 miles, of which 3.68 miles
is improved wharf, although the business por-
tion is really 5.66 miles in length. The im-
provements are between Louisa Street, on the
south, and Bremen Avenue, on the north. At
the foot of Krauss Street, in Carondeli
temporarv wharf erected by the city, witl
feel front' by 200 feet in width. Tin- prin
ci intinuous imnr 1
2496
WHIPPING POST.
Street, on the south, to Biddle Street, on the
north. Unimproved portions of the wharf are
leased to private individuals and corporations
by the city, for purposes incidental to river
traffic, and the use of the wharf is governed by
a strict code of rules.
WMtaker, Edwards, financier, was born
April 29, 1848, in St. Louis, son of William
A. and Letitia (Edwards) Whitaker. When
he was five years of age his father died, and
he was reared under the care and guidance of
his mother, who was a woman of superior in-
tellectual attainments and marked force of
character. He was educated in the public
schools of St. Louis, leaving the High School
at the age of sixteen to take a position undei
Col. L. S. Metcalfe, in the Quartermaster's
Department of the United States Army. He
entered this department of the government
service as a shipping clerk in the last year of
the Civil War and gained his first knowledge
of the practical conduct of business in that
connection. One year later, he quit the Quar-
termaster's Department, broadened by his ex-
perience and having — as a result of the disci-
pline to which he had been subjected — formed
the habit of doing everything with military
precision, which has since been one of his
marked characteristics. When he left this
branch of the government sen-ice it was to
enter the United States Sub-Treasury at St.
Louis as clerk. General Albert G. Edwards
being at that time the assistant United States
Treasurer in charge. He served the Treasury
Department faithfully and efficiently for som:
time thereafter, and then became identified
with the private banking and brokerage firm
of Messrs. Edwards and Mathews, of which
General Edwards had become the head.
Through this association his capacity was
more fully developed and his genius for the
conduct of financial affairs was made apparent.
Advancing steadily both in the acquisition of
knowledge of the business in which he was
engaged and of financial affairs in genera'.
his usefulness to his employers increased, and
in 1874 when General Edwards retired from
the firm Mr. Whittaker accepted an invitation
to become junior member of the firm of Math-
ews & Whittaker, which succeeded to the
business of the old house. The firm thus con-
stituted continued its operations for fourteen
years, and when .Mr. Mathews in turn retired,
on account of his advancing age, Mr. Whit-
aker succeeded to the business, and, associat-
ing himself with Charles Hodgman, became
head of the firm of Whitaker & Hodgman.
now one of the most widely-known institu-
tions of its kind in the West. Meantime, he
became .identified officially and as a stock
holder with various other important financial
institutions and corporate enterprises, in di-
recting and controlling the affairs of all of
which he is a potential factor. He is now —
1897 — president of the Lindell Railway Com-
pany, vice-president of the Boatmen's Bank,
and a director of the Bell Telephone Com-
pany and of the Missouri Electric Light Com-
pany. He conducted the negotiations which
secured for the Chicago, Burlington & Quin-
cy Railroad Company its terminal property in
this city, and many financial transactions of
similar consequence and magnitude have en-
gaged his attention. Brought into contact, as
he has been during all the later years of his
life, with strong, capable and sagacious men
of affairs, he has moved among them, the peer
of any in capacity, force of character and abil-
ity to accomplish desired results. He belongs
to that class of men who seem to succeed in
their undertakings from force of habit and
whose associates come to regard as practically
accomplished the things which they have un-
dertaken to do. The word "failure"' has had
no place in the lexicon of his business career,
and as new responsibilities have been thrust
upon him his resourcefulness and reserve force
have made him equal in every instance to
these demands, whatever their character. A
man of positive convictions and vigorous ac-
tion, his judgments of men and affairs have
been remarkable for their accuracy, and to the
combination of these qualities has been due the
large measure of success which he has
achieved as a business man. He married, in
1874, Miss Sophia Taylor, daughter of Thom-
as M. Taylor, of St. Louis.
WhippingPost. — The whipping post as
an agent of punishment for crime was once an
institution in Missouri, as it was in many other
States, and was not abolished until 1826. It
was simply a stout post planted firmly in the
ground, the prisoner being tied with his face
to it and his arms embracing it. He was
stripped to the waist and the sheriff with his
own coat removed and his sleeves rolled up
administered the castigation with a rawhide
whip. It was intended to be severe, and as a
WHISKY RING.
2497
precaution against pity on the part of the
sheriff, he was made to take oath that the
lashes "will be by him openly and publiclv
well and truly laid on without favor or affec-
tion.'" The number of stripes was grad
cording to the offense, rarely exceeding- thir-
ty-nine. The crimes punished in this man-
ner were larceny, forgery and embezzlement.
Ha es were flogged for being out after nine
o'clock at night without a pass, and other mis-
demeanors. The practice was first introduci d
at an early day during the Spanish rule, fur, w e
find in 1794, Don Luis Lorimer, commandant
at the post of Cape Girardeau, condemning
Robert Pulliam, charged with larceny,
ceive thirty lashes on his bare back and to pay
the expense of his prosecution and return the
alticles stolen, also to leave the district without
delay, on pain of receiving 500 lashes. Af-
ter the cession of Louisiana Territory to the
United States, the Spanish laws and institu-
tions prevailed until modified, and in October,
1804, Governor Harrison, of Indiana Terri-
tory, who became Governor of the District of
Louisiana, made an order for the punishment
of slaves by whipping for various offenses, car-
rying a gun, or club, or having pi iwder or shot
in their possession. At first, women as we'll
as men were subject to the discipline of the
whipping post, but by an act of 1825 the court
had discretion of changing the punishment of
a female to imprisonment. The whipping,
post had two companions, the pillory and the
stocks — the former for confining a prisoner
by the neck and hands, and the latter for con-
fining him by his ankles — and these three in-
stitutions were usually found side by side. In
1820 they stood on the corner of Mam and
Market Streets in St. Louis, but at a later date
were removed to the square on which th ■
Court House now stands, the exact site 1
pied by them being the angle of the north and
west wings of the present building, where the
were in the perpetual presence of the public,
and where their victims could be seen by all
who desired to look at them. The whipping-
post was abolished forever by an act of the
Legislature, approved December 30. 1826,
and the pillory and stocks went with it.
Whisky Ring.— The "Whisky Ring" of
1875 was a great conspiracy to defraud the
government in the tax on distilled spirits. The
hearquarters were in St. Louis, and it was here
that its operations were conducted with the
greatest loss to the Government and greatest
profit 1 1 those implicated in the scherm .
were two methods in which the frauds
perpetrated. I fnder the rev< nnc I;
rectifier made a pnrcha.se of whisky, say 100
barrels, tax paid, I containing
gallons, In- would file with the collector the
scriptive m
and ask 1'... of rectifier's stamps to
tour thousand ga on - spirits after
would be
the g;
possible at tin- process ; but,
der the working
dnner. the gauger would reporl
sand gallons in four hundred packages of ten
11s each, when, in fact, there were four
hundred pa>
that, of the four hundi
fifty were used to cover the "straiglu .spirits,"
while the remaining 350 were mad
28,000 gallons of illicit spirits. 'I I
method chiefh used h the ring. \m ithi r
was, when a distiller sen; a number of barrels
of whisky on which the tax had been paid
rectifying house, for the -anger to report the
stamps destroyed, when, in fact, the_\ were
not— and then, either the packages with the
stamps uncanceled would be returned to the
.distiller and. refilled, or the stamps would 1'
■1 jilac. d by the distiller • m other
barrels on which no tax had been paid.
course, the -conspiracy could not b<
without the co-operation of - of th ■
revenue officials, and it was this feature that
d ini-
- o great an ! rials. Ru
mors of the of the conspiracy had
ime and attracted the
attention 1 if the S<
mdinthes]
an org
ti 1 wan-ant him in takin ;
depart 1
in St. Loui
follow ' >: shortl; afterward b\
convict nment 1 if a
rged with -
j VI i 1 wi
ii izures undei
2498
WHITE.
officials were inplicated and the commissioner
of internal revenue estimated that the trauds
amounted to at least 84,000,000.
White Cross Home. — See "Women's
( Christian Association."
White, Florence I>., journalist, was born
October 4. 1861, in St. Louis, Missouri, son
of Thomas and Elizabeth White. He was
reared and educated in this city and was grad-
uated from the Christian Brothers' College
with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the
class of 1878. Soon after his graduation he
was appointed to the local staff of the St. Louis
Evening Post, founded by John A. Dillon, in
1878. After the purchase of the Evening Dis-
patch by Joseph Pulitzer and the consolidation
of the "Post" and "Dispatch," he became first,
political reporter on the Post-Dispatch, was
promoted to city editor and later became man-
aging editor of that paper. In iSq6 he was
called to Xew York by Mr. Pulitzer and as-
sumed managerial positions in the editorial
and business departments of the "Xew York
World," which had become Mr. Pulitzer's
propi n- . In July of 1897 he returned t< 1 St.
Louis to become the editor of the Post-Dis-
patch, and remained here until March of 1898,
when he was again called to Xew York to
bee. line manager of the "Sunday World." B
fore tl this year, however, he came
back to St. Louis to assume the genera! man-
nt of the Post-Dispatch, and this posi-
tion he still holds. He is widely known to the
newspaper profession of the United States as
an able and vigorous writer and a newspapi r
manager of broad capacity.
White, Porter, one of the represent:
business men of St. L uis, is the architect of
his own fortune and deserves the competence
which his industry, ingenuity and enterprise
have earned him. He is of North of Ireland
parentage and was born on March 27, [829
in the < 'ounty of Tyrone, Ireland. His father
combined 1 ing and farming as 3
business. His mother was one of the cele-
brated Weir family of Scotland, in whose
honor the Weir Penny was called, and whose
name was further honon d by being bestowed
on the great Weir bridge.
Porter, the youngest of nine brothers, seven
of whom have gone to their final rest, was
educated in the National schools at his birth-
place. \\ hen seventeen years of age he land-
ed in Philadelphia with 20 sovereigns in his
pocket. With that good business judgment
that has characterized him through life, he
inv -ted his earnings in learning the trade of
carpet-weaving, which he followed success-
fully until 1849, when he came to St. Louis.
While sizing up the situation before per-
manently locating in the Western metropolis,
Mr. White helped to grade Twelfth Street, be-
tween Market and Olive Streets. Having
satisfied himself on that point, he concluded
to perfect himself in plain and ornamental plas-
tering and became an apprentice. Within six-
teen months he was an adept at a business
which requires as a rule constant service for
five years from the average man. In less than
a year and a half Mr. White had made such
progress that he was able to earn five dollars
. a day at that trade in Xew Orleans. Deciding'
to go to Xew York from Xew Orleans, he
arranged his passage from the latter city to
the metropolis in a schooner, which was
wrecked en route, but happily the passengers
and crew were saved and reached their desti-
nation in January. 1851, Mr. White, with
rare generosity and philanthropy, dividi
savings with his less fortunate companions,
and was without means when he arrived in
Xew York. Chancing to meet an acquaint-
ance, he accepted an offer of aid on reaching
Philadelphia, in which city he went ti
at his old trade of carpet-weaving until 1852.
when he again took up plastering.
Returning to St. Louis in 1854. he became
a journeyman plasterer, but on the opening
of the first great St. Louis Fair, having
1 > — a small fortune in thise days — he
embarked in business as a contractor. His
first pretentious job was on the Clement man-
sion at Eighteenth Street and Cass Avenue.
His success soon made him a reputation that
his rivals envied. He was the successful bid-
der for the plastering and marble and English
ic tile floors in the Court House, and
the excellence of his workmanship is attested
by the permanency of those floors, which arc
as solid as on the day when they were laid.
On February 15. 1859. he married Miss
Susan Gaffrey. The result of this happy union
was eight children, three of whom are dead.
Lizzie, his eldest daughter, was united in mar-
riage eleven years ago to George Munson,
the well-known newspaper man of St. Louis,
and two children. Porter White and Daisv,
WIIITK.
were born of the happy union. They reside in
St. Louis. Porter J. White, the eldest son, is
the distinguished actor who has won well-
merited histrionic honors through his master-
ly presentation of "Faust," which he is to-dav
presenting in the leading cities of America
with marked success. He inherits the genius,
aptitude and indominable qualities of success-
ful operation in any undertaking, which has
characterized his father's brilliant career. He
also is happily married and lives with his wife
and child in Detroit. Miss Katherine White,
the youngest daughter, is a young lady of
many accomplishments, is a social favorite.
and has an excellent musical education. Mans-
field White, the second son, is in business with
his father. He is well-versed in the plastic
art, and is making rapid strides in his pro-
fession. Oliver White, the youngest son is
completing his education at the Culver Mili-
tary Academy, Culver, Indiana, and is consid-
ered one of the brightest and most talented
students at this college. He has shown
marked literary predelictions, and some of his
writings have attracted considerable attention.
Mr. White is the inventor of two labor-sav-
ing machines used for mixing plastering and
concrete, and he was the first contrail
employ a mortar mixer. These labor-saving
devices have been employed by him in plaster-
ing and fire-proofing such magnificent build-
ings as the Southern. Planters'. Lindell, Ter-
minal and Beers' Hotels, the Union Station,
the Union Trust, the Wainwright, Boatman s
Bank, Mercantile Club, Commercial and La-
clede Buildings, including the entire contract
for finishing and decorating the Council cham-
ber and House of Delegates in the new City
Hall — his last contract of more than ordinary
proportions.
The splendid success of Mr. White gained
for him prominence in the building trade and
commercial life.
On March 30, 1SS1. Porter White gave a
complimentary banquet to the journeymen
who had under his supervision made the new
Southern Hotel a thing of beauty in the per-
fection of their art. Three tables, each two
hundred feet in length, were loaded down with
a feast fit for the gods. They were nec< ssar
for the accommodation of the guests, who, in
addition to the employes of Porter White, in-
cluded the leading divines, judges, journalists,
capitalists, architects and other prominent
men of the, dav.
After 1 leorge Knapp, the founder of the St.
Louis Republic, proposed the "health of Por-
ter White,'' "The champion mechanic of the
United States," the host, in response to re-
peated calls, made suitable acknowledgment
in a short speech, in which he outlined the
enormity of the undertaking which he had ac-
complished with such highly satisfactory re
suits, modestly subordinating the important
part he had played to the enterprise of Mr.
Thomas Allen, the chief owner of the South
ern, in rebuilding the Southern Hotel, and
the genius displayed by the architects, Har-
nett & Taylor. Mr. Allen paid fitting tribul i
to Mr. White, whom lie pronounced not only
a mechanic, but a genius, an artist, chemist
and manufacturer, and cited man} insta
in the construction of the building in fortifica-
tion of his magnificent tribute to Mr. W hi'
professionally and socially.
Mr. James B. Eads, the world-famous de
signer, engineer and builder of the Eads
bridge, likewise paid graceful tribute to the
grandeur of Mr. White's character as
fessional man and to his great inventive
ins.
Mr. G. I. Barnett, the chief architect, in-
dorsed all that Mr. Allen had said in pra
the superiority of the work Mr. Whit<
done, and gave it as his professional opinion
•founded on a life-time experience in the erec
if buildings that no fire-proofing 01
tering had ever been up to the stand;
that in the new Southern Hotel. Skilled work-
men as Mr. White's journeymen were, the
, ,rit; of the fire pn » if A >< >rs was in
great measure due to the perfect machinen
which was the product of their employer'
brain and an evidence of the progressive spirit
which had marked his business career. In
conclusion Mr. Barnett said: "Such men as
Mr. White are a credit to their class and the
, hich they adorn."
( mi behalf of his fellow plasterers. Mr. John
P. Scarrett expressed the high regard the
or Mr. White, as a mechanic and
plover, and challenged the world to dup
such artistic and durable plastering as
the new Southern. After a letter of regr<
his enforced absence from Nathai ■
Mayor of the city. Hon. Samuel Treat, Judge
of the United States Court, spoke i
datorv terms of the grand results
plishe'd by Mr. White and his fello
t< >rs. The exercises of the evening
-
WHITE LEAD MANUFACTURE.
with the reading of ;r poem, entitled "The
Plaster r-' ■ posed expressly for the
ion. All the S . I ouis and many of the
leading papers of the c amtry gave this ban-
quet fitting notice, anil the New York Herald
1 m it at length, among other
ig: ''When a man wants to give
dinner in celebration of some practical
he usually selects his guests from the
that dines so much and exercises so lit—
. fastidious to heartily
such parts of a repast as are not served in bot-
ver, Porter \V1
well-known St. Louis contractor, signalized
the completion of his work upon a very large
building by giving a dinner to all the men
whom he employed. There was a great deal
iod feeling around the board. Capital
and labor ought to become better acquainted,
and the best place to do it is around a well--
o ivered table."
Mo such company ever gathered around a
festal board. The rich and the poor sat down
her on an equal footing. How appro-
priate the inscription on the banner stretched
across the hotel rotunda: "Capital and labor,
guided by intelligence, the bedrock of prog-
ress." And Porter White has illustrated in
his long and honorable career the truth of this
pretty and striking sentiment.
Mr. White has the credit of designing
building the first three-quarter house in St.
Louis, in his beautiful residence. 3201 Locust
Street, which he sold shortly after the death
of his wife to Adam Roth, the wholesale gro-
cer. It was regarded as the handsomest house
Mine of its erection of any such mansion
I .< aiis. This superb) style of architecture
aind many followers, and "Sir. White's
as and sense of beauty are
idreds of residences in and
St. 1 ,1 iuis.
Mr. W'lii. : n a consistent and
since the inception of
the Repi arty, and the Union found
no str rent than his distinguished
self. Hi atcdl; declined to become a
honors, though often
night by thousands of friends to accept
such emoluments. He is a Presbyterian in
011s belief, and is a prominent member
of the late Dr. Brooke's church He is strictly
a home man. and lives in Ins cozy home with
r and son.
White Lead Manufacture. —The man-
ufacture of white lead is one of the early in-
dustries of St. Louis, and it has been one of
the most profitable, easily surviving the mon-
etary panics and industrial depressions that
have prostrated other manufacturing voca-
tions, and exhibiting a steadily increasing vig-
or, year by year. It was suggested by the
abundance of lead within easy reach of the
city, and, also, by the almost boundless mar-
ket which the building interest in the West
would insure. When the first white lead facto-
ry was set up in St. Louis in the "thirties" the
States of Missouri and Illinois were being rap-
idly settled, and so, also, were the States of
Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louis-
iana, and the factory had all it could do to
meet the demand for its product ; and the sub-
sequent settlement of other States within easy
reach by water kept up the demand and forced
the factory to enlarge its output, year after
year, to supply it. The pig lead trade of the
city was very large, as there were rich mines
around Galena, in Northern Illinois, to draw
from, and the equally rich mines of Washing-
ton and Franklin Counties, in Missouri, to
draw from also ; and, what with an abundant
supply of raw material right at the door, and
a great and greedy market for the manufac-
turned product all aroundfi the industr\ could
not fail to be prosperous. The making of
paints and linseed oil usually go together, be-
cause they are dependent upon one another,
and are sometimes classed as a single interest
— and for this reason, the oil business has be-
come a very important St. Louis interest also.
There are other materials for making paints
besides white lead, such as sulphate of baryta,
or tiff, and other mineral earths ; but these are
all inferior to white lead, and are used for the
making of cheaper products. St. Louis white
lead goes into all the Western and Southern
States, and frequently into some of the Eas-
tern, because it is ranked among the very
best in the world. The high reputation it has
long enjoyed is due to the choice materials
of which it is made, and the care with which
the various processes in the manufacture of it
have been conducted.
The great value of white lead for painting
consists in its quality of being spread thinly,
evenly and smoothly over the surface, its ca-
pacity to resist the action of the weather, and
its adherence to the surface on which it is
spread. The manfuacture of it is a mixed
WHOLESALE GROCERS' ASSOCIATION.
2501
chemical and mechanical process. The works
in St. Lonis use Missouri lead chiefly, on ac-
count of its superior coroding qualities,
though harder lead from other places is em-
ployed for certain purposes. White lead is
ceruse, or carbonate. The first step in the
manufacture of it is to melt the pig lead into
"buckles" or "grates" circular in form, with
cross-bars, for the purpose of securing the
largest possible surface in proportion to the
weight. These are placed on the top of ear-
then pots, six inches in diameter, one-third
filled with strong vinegar. The pots are set
on a floor of boards placed over a bed, two
feet thick, of fresh stable manure, or spent
tan bark, and on top of them is placed another
floor of boards, spread with a layer of manure
or bark, and so on, in tiers, to a height of ten
feet. The result of this arrangement is a slow
fermentation which gradually vaporizes the
vinegar in the pots, the vapor attacking the
leaden castings and converting them into car-
bonate, or white lead. The fermentation is
allowed to go on for eight or nine weeks,
when it is exhausted, and the pack becomes
cold. On being taken down carefully, the
pots are found empty, the vinegar having been
vaporized, and the raw lead castings convert-
ed into thick forms of white crust, considera-
bly increased in bulk. These are washed in
clear water to get rid of the dirt adhering to
them, and the crust removed. If the carbon-
ization is complete and the buckles, or grates,
entirely converted, there will be no residue
of blue lead left when they are broken ; if there
should be such a residue, it is thrown aside to
be melted over again. The broken crust_ of
carbonate or white lead is next ground to
powder in water and the ceruse collected by
elutriation and deposition, and dried. It is
now clean, dry, perfect white lead, and this is
the form in which it is put on the market in
some countries of Europe; but in this country
the custom is to mix it into a soft mass with
linseed oil and pack it into strong oaken kegs.
The making of linseed oil consists of two parts
— grinding the seed and pressing the meal.
The latter process is effected by first filling the
meal into woolen bags, which are then sub-
jected to heavy pressure by hydraulic
power which forces the oil out and
leaves the meal in form of a hard.
flat cake within the sack. The sack is stripped
off and the cake is then either packed into
strong shifJping sacks and shipped to England
or ground into "cake meal" and fed to cows.
It is considered choice food, and has the ef-
fect of increasing the flow and improving the
quality of the milk. The supply of flax seed
used in the St. Louis factories is brought in
chiefly from the West and Southwest. In
1802 die receipts were 775.000 bush
which 260,91 '■' i'"
Pacific Rail came by the
St. Louis & San Francisco, 177.1 150 bushels
came by the Keokuk & St. L<mis. and 1 i!
bushels by the Wabash 1 West I. in [8
capital invested in the manufacture of paints
in St. L'iui> was $1,688,350; die nui iu
hands employed was 536; the wages paid,
$250,532 ; and the value of the product was
$2,571 '■<SI" '■ ,!l pital invested had
increased to $3,583,000; the number of hands
to 597 ; the wages paid to $344,508 ; and the
value of products to $3,238,317. In the lin-
seed oil manufacture in 1890 there was $1,018,
563 capital invested; 174 persons employed;
$166,666 paid out in wages ; and a product
turned out of the value of 81,438,201— the ag-
gregate value of paint and linseed oil manu-
factured being $4,676,518.
" D, M. GRISSOM.
Wholesale and Retail Feed Dealers'
Ass'n. — Organized in St. Louis Febru-
ary, 1 1. [896, with H. W. Beck, for president,
C. H. Meyer, for vice-president, and W. * >.
Andrews for secretary. Its objects and pur-
poses, as stated in its constitution and by-laws,
are "to secure and promote friendship, unity
and fraternal relations amongst its members,
to elevate die wholesale and retail feed busi-
ness to a fair, proper and honest basis, and
to secure and maintain for it a sound commer-
cial standard, and to cultivate and strem
its members in all things and methods that
tend to prevent imposition and fraud in rela-
tion to the said feed business."
Wholesale Grocers' Association.—
An Association c >f all the la
wholesale grocery houses in the city, number-
in. in 1898. thirty-seven firms
ized February 14. 1883. with
as president, J. R. Holmes, vice-pr
William E. Schweppe, secretai
It has no fixed davs for but is sub-
ject to the call of the presidei er any
matter of concern requii
WICKHAM— WIGGIX.
ship and cordial feeling among the members,
and take such action, from time to time, for
the protection and benefit of the common in-
terest as occasion may suggest.
Wickham, John, lawyer and jurist, was
born April 28, 1825, in Richmond, Virginia,
and died at "Montrose,'" his country home, in
St. Louis County, October 13, 1892. His
father. Edmund Fanning Wickham, was the
son of John Wickham, who was the
Founder of this branch of the Wickham
family in America. John Wickham, the first
of the family to reach this country, was one of
the most eminent members of the Richmond
Virginia bar, which was famed especially in
its early history for its great learning, elo-
quence, and high professional standards. The
mother of Judge John Wickham, of St. Louis,
was Lucy Carter before her marriage, and
through her he was related to the famous Lee
family of the "Old Dominion." and to General
Robert E. Lee, the great chieftain of the
Southern Confederacy. Judge Wickham was
educated in the high schools of his native
State and at the University of Virginia, from
which great seat of learning he was graduated
as a bachelor of laws in June of the year 1846.
Immediately afterward he concluded to seek
his fortune in the then distant West, and in
December of 1846 he settled in St. Louis.
February 5 following, he was admitted to the
St Louis bar and soon established himself in
an active and lucrative practice, in which he
continued to be engaged up to January 1,1875.
During these years he was known as one of
the most accomplished lawyers in the State
of Misouri. In 1874 he was nominated by
the Democratic party for the office of Judge
of the Circuit Court of St. Louis, and at the
ensuing election he was chosen to that office.
He entered upon the discharge of his judicial
duties January 1. 1865, and served with dis-
tinction during the six year term for which
he had ben elected. At the end of that time he
returned to the practice of his profession and
continued it up to the time of his death. Im-
mediately after his demise a memorial was
adopted by the St. Louis bar, of which he had
so long been a member, which testified in ap-
propriate terms to the high esteem in which he
he was held by his cotemporaries, to his worth
as a lawyer and a citizen, and expressed deep
-< im iw for the loss which the community sus-
tained in his death. I Hiring his professional
career, Judge Wickham appeared as counsel
in many of the most important cases tried be-
fore the courts of St. Louis, the Federal
Courts, and the higher courts of the State. He
was an able and zealous lawyer, and a just,
impartial judge. Affiliating with the Demo-
cratic party in politics, .he was a strong ad-
herent to the State's Rights doctrine and be-
longed to the old school of Democracy. Oc-
tober 17, 1850 he married Miss Fannie L.
Graham,, of "Montrose," St. Louis County,
and left four sons and four daughters.
Wide Awakes. — In the presidential cam-
paign of i860, numerous clubs of young Re-
publicans, were organized, which undertook
to conduct the parades and torch-light proces-
sions of the campaign in a systematic and
disciplined way, then quite new. These com-
panies, which were simply uniformed, in glaz-
ed cloth caps and capes, took the name of
"Wide Awakes." At the outset of that polit-
ical campaign, the Republican meetings in St.
Louis were frequently interrupted and those
in attendance pelted with stones by gangs of
rowdies, and in order to afford protection, the
celebrated club of the "St. Louis Wide
Awakes" was organized. The club usually
marched in procession from their headquar-
ters, on Seventh and Chestnut, to the Repub-
lican gatherings, each man carrying a torch
on a heavy stick. Arrived at the meeting-
place they stationed themselves outside the as-
sembled crowd, acting as sentries while the
meeting was in progress. Disturbers were
roughly handled on several occasions, and the
"Wide Awakes" of St. Louis rendered valua-
ble services to their party. The club had a
membership of about five hundred men. many
of whom were among the first to respond to
President Lincoln's call for volunteers the
following year.
Wifjgin, Lucy A., known to the peo-
ple of St. Louis both as educator and philan- ,
thropist, was born in Tennessee, daughter of
George W. Mitchell, of Jackson, Tennessee,
a man of broad views and liberal mind. Pre- ,
vious to the civil war Mr. Mitchell was a
forceful anti-slavery writer and speaker living
in tin- midst of it. He was fearless in ex-
pressing his convictions in the midst of dan-
ger. He lived to see the cause he loved
triumph. She came to St. Louis with her par-
ents when a child, was educated in the public
(', t
WII.I.ARI).
turn of the Business Men's League of St.
Louis, in 1894, he was made Vice-President
of that organization, and is now its President
A sagacious, capable and enterprising mer-
chant, he has unbounded faith in the future of
St. Louis and is unfaltering in his devotion to
its interests. In spite of the fact that he has
been a very busy man. he has always found
time t< ' take part in public movements for the
gi 'I H ! ' if the city. When the Autumnal Festiv-
ities Association, was formed, in 1891, he was
prominent in the work of organization and
was chairman of the "Illuminations Commit-
tei ." for three ears. During this period, the
gas and electric illuminations, were pro-
nounced by visitors from all states and coun-
tries, iii be the finest the world had ever seen
and no attempt has ever been made to even
imitate them, on a large scale. Mr. Wilkin-
son, was also a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of this organization, and had specia
charge of the "Legislative" and "Transporta-
I )epartments. As has already been stated,
when the Business Men's League of St. Louis
was formed in [894, he was elected a Vice-
President. 1 [e was also made chairma.i of the
( hi mittee on legislation and achieved marked
success in this work. In January of 1898, he
v.as unanimously elected president of the
League, ami his administration, was a signally
successful one. He increased both the mem-
bership ami the revenues of the League re-
(iuced tlii- expenditures and made the organi-
zatior a power, both at home and abroad. He
waged a hitter war. against the foreign corpo-
ration tax !aw>, passed by several States and
succeeded in saving to the mercantile interests
"i St. Louis, many thousands of dollars, by
having these laws declared unconstitutional,
01 inoperative. lie also secured the aid of
' ongress in several important matters and
1. . t hi- influence toward the holding of a
\\ or Id's Fair in St. Louis, to celebrate the one
hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Pur-
chase. When a Committee of Arrangements
w.-e- appointed. f<>r the convention of repre-
sentatives of the States and Territories com-
e, he was unanimously
made Chairman of that < iommittee. When the
Convention met at the Southern Hotel, on the
;oth . i January. [899, he opened the Conven-
tion a- Chairman and subsequently was made
a member of the < lommittee appointed to
make the preliminary arrangements for hold-
ing the Fair. While he has never been an
active politician, he has 1» en known as a
sia nich Democrat. In 1896. however, he
acted with the Cold Standard wing of that
part\ and is a warm admirer of President
McKinley, a- well as of his predecessor, Ex-
1 resident Cleveland. His religious affiliations
are with the Methodist Episcopal Church and
he is earnestly devoted to the advancement
of its interests. In 1877 Mr. Wilkinson mar-
ried Miss Margaret Ewing, daughter of Judge
Ephraim L'. Ewing of the Supreme Court of
Missouri. One of Airs. Wilkinson's sisters
was the deceased wife of United States Sena-
tor Cockrell, another is Mrs. John R. Walker,
wife of the United State District Attorney, of
Kansas City and another is Mrs. Thomas 1 I.
lowles, of Jefferson City, Missouri. Mr. and
.Mrs. Wilkinson have six children and the fam-
ily circle which gathers about their hearth-
stone, in their beautiful suburban home, is an
ideal one.
Willard, George Washington, who,
in the early part of his career in St. Louis,
was identified with the manufacturing inter-
ests 1 f the ( ity and later with the river inter-
ests, was horn January 18, 1813, at Marble-
i:..id M::rs;ichusetts ard died in the City 1 1
Centralia, Illinois. February 26. 1872. In the
paternal line., he was a descendant of Simon
Willard, who came from England to this c. mn-
try, in May of the year 1634 and from 1636 un-
til his death, in 1676. served the Colonial
< rovernment of Massachusetts in various civil
and military capacities. The grandfather of
George Willard was Benjamin Willard and
h's father was Jacob Willard, who w"as horn in
1786 and for many years was a member of the
Boston Bar. Jacob Willard was married in
1810 to Elizabeth Pittman of Providence,
Rhode Island, by Rev. Stephen Gano and
through his mother, George Willard was de-
scended from another early colonist of New
England. His grandfather. Rev. John Pitt-
man, served in the Continental army during
the Revolutionary War and afterward, be-
came pastor of the Seconeek Baptist Church. in
Massachusetts. His uncle. Judge John Pitt-
n an, after graduating at Brown University,
when but fourteen years of age, became a
member of the Bar and achieved distinction
in his profession. From 1834 to 1864. he
was United States Judge for the district of
Rhode Island. For six years. Judge Pittman
was a trustee of Brown University and for
Ox
WILLARD.
thirty years, he was a fellow of that institu-
tion. After completing his education at Am-
herst College, George W. Willard came west,
at an early age and established a trading-post
near where the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
has since grown up. That region was then in
a condition of primitive wildness and there
was net a white woman in the territory now
included in Milwaukee county. Some time
later, he went from there to Cincinnati and
in i $37 established himself in the pork-pack-
ing business in that city. In 1X43. he went
to Peoria, Illinois and engaged in the dry
goods business at that place. A year before
his removal to Peoria, he had purchased the
steamboat known as "The ( >hio Valley" and
in 1848, he came to St. Louis to give closet
attention to his river interests. lor a year
after coming here, he was interested to some
extent, in the manufacture of lard oil in this
city, hut in 1849 ne gave up this business and
devoted his entire attention to steamboating,
until 1863. He purchased some steamboats,
built and became part owner of others and
within a period of fourteen years, was inter-
ested in as many as forty-nine boats — some of
them the largest and finest that came to the
St. Louis Levee. The "Hiawatha," "Sun-
shine," "Albert Pearce" and "Dew Drop"
were of the number — all famous boats in their
day. Captain Willard's steamboating enter-
prise extended far and wide and his boats ran
up and down the Missisippi. the Missouri, the
Illinois and the Ohio rivers. It was the palmy
period of steamboating, when the rivers were
alive with steamers laden to the guards and
crowded with passengers and when all the
business of St. Louis was done on the Levee
with boats arriving and departing every hour.
In those days, Captain Willard was wideh
known and well earned the reputation of a
high-minded, courageous and honorable com-
mander. During the Civil War, he was a de-
termined and consistent Union man. with
strong personal sympathies for his friends in
the south and in his boating expeditions he
was sometimes forced to serve one side as well
as the other. In iS6t. on his last trip up the
Missouri river, with the "Sunshine," < ieneral
Price took possession of the boat and com-
pelled him to carry a cargo of powder from
Jefferson City to Boonville ami afterward to
carrv recruits to other points on the river.
On his return down the river from Council
Bluffs, his" lioat was taken bv ("ieneral Lyon
and was used for his purposes in turn. When
released, General Lyon gave him dispatches
o; great importance with orders to deliver
them in person to General Fremont, which
he did; thus rendering a -real service to the
State oi Missouri. These experiences were
nol agreeable to i 'aptain Willard. who had
accustomed to command, rather than
to be commanded and in [863, he dispi ised
01 In- steamboat interests ami purchased a
large farm near ( Vntralia. Illinois. I le passed
the remainder of his life there and took an
ai tive interest in the development 1
country, assisting to open valuable coal
and to erect gas works at Centralia, where in
connection with others, he also built a Baptist
' hurch, rhese enterprises identified him
with the community and he is still remem
as one of the most useful and estimable citi
zens of Centralia. lie was baptised in the
Xinth Street Baptist 1 hurch, of t incinnati,
1 »hio, in 1837 by Rev. Dr. Lynd. 1 1- joined
the Second Baptist Church of St. Louis, in
[848 and in 1850, he and his wife were a
those who organized the Third Baptist
Church, of this city. I lis w ife, w hi 1 is still liv-
ing at eighty years of age, is the only on, 0
tli'- original members of the church, now liv-
ing. Mrs. Willard's maiden name was Sarah
Ann Trevor and she was married to .Mr. Wil-
lard. at Cincinnati. Ohio, February 11, 1840.
She was horn in Connellsville, Pennsylvania,
May 4, 1819, daughter of Caleb and Ann
(McCarer) Trevor. Her father was horn in
Worcestershire, England, Max -'4- L79] and
came to this country in 1703. with his father
Samuel Trevor, who afterwards served in the
Pennsylvania Legislature. Her mother was
also born in England and came with her par-
ents to this country on the same vessel with
Judge Mathew Randall. Both the parents of
Ann McCarer died suddenly in Philadelphia,
of yellow fever and she was adopted and
reared as was also her brother by Judge Kan
dall. Mrs. Willard's brother, William Tre-
vor served with distinction as a soldier in the
t ivil War. commanding a compan
ry. Mrs. Willard, like her husband, joim
-1 ( hurch in Cincinati and both
in ( 'hurch work wherever I
After leaving St. Louis, they formed the First
Baptis 1 h of G ntralia ;
,\ still a member of that ( 'hun
wife had four daught.
2508
WILLIAMS.
Barnhurst, a former dry goods merchant of
this city, both no ■ deceased. Their second
child, Mary, married John Warren Teasdale,
a wholesale merchant .of St. Louis. Their
third child, Lizzie, married Col. -eo. L. Pit-
tenger, of Centralia, Illinois. ' ^eir fourth
daughter and their son died in infancy.
Williams, Eugene E., merchant and
manufacturer, was born April 6, 185 1, in
Lowndes county, Mississippi, son of Benja-
min F. and Mary (Garner) Williams. The
early years of his life were passed on a farm
and his education was obtained in the village
school of Siloam, Mississippi. Inclined to
commercial, rather than agricultural, pursuits,
he left the farm when he was sixteen years old
and went to Savannah, Tennessee, where he
obtained a clerkship in a store, a position
which he retained for one year thereafter, his
compensation for the year being fifty dollars.
At the end of that year, he accepted a more
remunerative position in a West Point, Mis-
sissippi, dry g-oods house, with which he con-
tinued to be connected for four years. He
had by this time demonstrated that he was
well adapted to commercial business and had
become recognized by those with whom he
came into contract as a clever and enterpris-
ing salesman, well fitted to enter a broader
sphere of action than that in which he had
previously labored. Coming to St. Louis in
1N72, he connected himself with the boot and
house of Hamilton & Brown, then a
young institution, but one which had back of
it brains and energy and gave promise of a
brilliant and successful career. He entered
the employ of this house as a traveling sales-
man, and his tactfulness, his uniform courtesy,
and his splendid business capacity soon added
largely to thi trade 1 if the house which he rep-
resented and advanced him to a leading posi-
tion among the commercial travelers of the
Y\ est. As a result of his success in this branch
of commerce, he was admitted to a partner-
ship in in [876, at which time the
1 firm was changed to Hamilton,
" & Co. lb- continued to represent the
of which he thus became part owner on
oad for sjx years, thereafter, and then
mi one of the managers of the business
Louis. In [883, when this enterprise,
which had by that time become one of the
leading commercial and industrial institutions
is. was incorporated, Mr. Williams
was made Vice-President of the compam and
continued to hold that position until 1898,
when he sold his interest in the establishment
for more than half a million dollars and retired
■rora business on account of ill health. Since
ne established his home in St. Louis. Mr. Wil-
liams has been one of the moving spirits in
the commercial circles of the city, and while
building up a handsome private fortune, has
contributed, in no small degree, to the general
prosperity of the city. While Vice-President
of the Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company, he
was also Vice-President of the National Bank
of the Republic, of St. Louis, and a director
in several other corporations, among them be-
ing the M., K. & E. Railway Company
and the Pitchfork Land & Cattle Company.
He is also a member of the Commercial Club
of St. Louis, has been a director of the Mer-
cantile Club, is a member of the Jockey Club
and of the Western Commercial Travelers'
Association. December 22. 1880. he married
Miss Georgia O'Neal, daughter of ex-Govern-
or E. A. O'Neal, of Alabama. Their children
are Eugene F. and John Gates Williams.
Williams, Samuel, was born in Paris,
Bourbon County, Kentucky, July 15, 1S31,
and in 1855-56 had his first experience in jour-
nal ism, editing the Kentucky State Flag.'' the
local Democratic paper. His tastes ran to
farming, and he engaged in that vocation, but
business reverses forced him to abandon it,
and he reverted to his original vocation and
became connected with the "Louisville Cour-
ier,'' in 1866. maintaining the connection for
three years In 1869 he was made principal
of the Eighth Ward School in Louisville, and
held the position until December. 1871, keep-
ing up his writing for the "Courier-Journal"
all the time. Afterward, he was connected
with the "Ledger." of Louisville for a year.
In [872, he came to St. Louis, and became
connected with the "Missouri Republican."
remaining with it for two years. In June.
1.874, he went on the "Kansas City Times."
and retained his connection with that
paper until 1878, when he took charge of the
"Kansas City Mail." and ran it through the
Crisp fight of that year and 1880. In 1881, he
came to St. Louis and became connected with
the "Post-Dispatch" and continued with it
until 1807. when he retired from active life to
his country home near Glendale Station in
St. Li mis counts-. Mr. Williams' work in
\\ ILLS— WILSON.
1 5< »9
Kansas Lit)- and St. Louis was editorial, and
marked him as one of the most spirited politi-
cal writers of the times.
Wills, — "In the simple and pious com-
munity of old St. Louis, it was as much a re-
lig'ious duty as a civil precaution for a man to
make his will as soon as he fancied that death
was approaching- him. A man who died with-
out a final testament was like one who neg-
lected to make the last confession and pro-
cure absolution of sins — he was in danger of
not being able to procure burial in consecrated
ground with full ceremonial. It did not mat-
ter whether he had much to leave, or little, or
nothing at all : there were his parents and
friends to remember in some shape or form,
and his soal to commend to his Maker. The
wills were very precise and formal. Labus-
ciere. the notary who drew them, was a pre-
cisian and formalist himself, and probably
was responsible for a good deal of the techni-
cality observable in the early St. Louis docu-
ments. The forms were nearly all the same :
"Before the royal notary in the Illinois,
province of Louisiana, in presence of the here-
inafter— named witnesses, was personally
present Mr. John B. Yalleau. a senior sur-
geon of his Catholic Majesty in the Illinois,
being now at the post of St. Louis, in the
French part of the Illinois, lying sick in bed,
in the house of Desnoyers, but si >und < if mind,
memory and understanding, as appears to the
undersigned notary and witnesses, who, con-
sidering that there is nothing more certain
than death, and nothing so uncertain as its
hour, fearing to be overtaken by it without
having disposed of the few goods which God
has given him, the said John B. Yalleau has
made and dictated to the notary, in the pres-
ence of the undersigned witnesses, his last
will and testament in the following manner :
"First, as a Christian and a Catholic, he
commends his soul to God the Father, Son and
Holy Ghost, beseeching His divine bounty, by
the merits of His passion, and the intercession
of the Holy Virgin, of holy St. John, his
guardian, and of all the spirits of the celestial
court, to receive it among the bl
'The said testator wishes and ordains that
his debts should be paid, and the injuries occa-
sioned by him. if their be any. shall be relieved
by his executor hereinafter named.
'He declares, wishes, and ordains that Dur-
alde, employed in the Spanish service, resid-
ing in this post of St. Louis, whom In- app
his executor, shall take p< session oi all his
-■fleets situated in this Sony of the Illinois
tnd at New Orleans, itheT personal or real
property, g Is, effects, money, "r anything
belonging t the said testator at the day of
his death, in whatever part of this colony they
may lie situated, without any reservation, ap-
pointing the said Duralde as the executor of
this will, and praying him to undertake the
charge as a last proof of friendship.
'The said Duralde shall make a good and
exact inventor}' of the property belonging to
said testator, shall make the sale thereof to
the money arising therefrom shall be sent to
Madame Yalleau. or to her children, resid-
ing at La Rochelle, in the house of Madame
Chotet, Main street, revoking all other wills
and codicils which 1 might have made before
this present will, to which I adhere as being
my last will.
'Thus made, dictated, and declared by the
said testator, by the said notary and witnesses,
and to him read, and re-read, he declaring to
have well understood it, and wishing the said
last will to be executed according to its tenor.
'Done in the room in which the said testa-
or keeps his bed, the year one thousand
seven hundred and sixty-eight, the 23d of
November, about six o'clock, p. m.. in the
presence of De Rive, civil and military 1 't iv-
ernor of the Missouri post, being at present
in this post of St. Louis, and of Joseph Papin,
trader, of this place, witnesses summoned for
the purpose, and who have, with the 1
and the testator, signed these presents after
the same was read conformable to the ordi-
nance. VALLE
'Francisco Rive. ' Labusciere, Votary.
'Joseph Papin.
The earliest wills ever exe-
cuted in St. Louis, is the type of all that suc-
ime after the cession of
United Sta intro-
ductory part has something of the sl< iw, -
movement and solemn -
it proves what was said above, that
an execution of a will was
ius act."
tory of St. T
Wilson. Oscar Blackwood,
urer.
ton. > •
■ 17. The family to whi
2510
\\ [LSON.
belonged was closely allied to many of the
noted families of the Old Dominion,
and among his distinguished relatives were
Dr. Henn Wilson, one of the most famous
Virginia phyiscians of his day; and Rev. Dr.
Hogc, celebrated throughout Virginia and
Kentucky as a Presbyterian divine. Reared
in the town in which he was born. Mr. Wil-
obtained a good English education an 1 had
prepared himself to engage in commecial pur-
suits when the civil war temporarily changed
the course of his life. With chivalrous devo-
tion to the welfare of his native State, he
joined the Virginia troops who were mustered
int.. tin ( onfederate army in 1861, although
he was at the time but eighteen years of age,
enlisting as a private soldier. During" the
memorable e<>nllict which ensued, he served
under Generals "Stonewall" Jackson and
Robert E. Lev. participating in many of the
bloodiest battles of the war. He took part
in the battle at Fredericksburg, Virginia,
fought in December of 1862; served under
Jackson at the battle of Chancellorsville,
where the distinguished Confederate general
received his death-wound ; and fought under
Longstreet at Gettysburg, participating in
Pickett's great charge, which has become his-
torically famous as the most brilliant feat of
arms performed by Confederates on any bat-
tle-field. His gallant conduct as a soldier won
for him, by successive promotions, the rank
of major, and he enjoyed also the personal
friendship of General Lee, who presented him.
■ hi one occasion, with his photograph and
autograph as a mark of his esteem. At the
close of the war. Major Wilson came to St.
Louis and entered the employ of the Shap-
leigh Hardware Company, with which he was
connected for seven years thereafter as a trav-
eling salesman. He severed his connection
with this house in 1873 to engage in business
as owner and manager of the Moore Bell
Factory, one ol the pioneer manufacturing in-
stitutions of the West, which was located at
Collinsville, Illinois, and had then been in
operation fifty-one years. Under the name of
the < ). 1',. Wilson Manufacturing Company,
he continued the business of this establish-
ment, largely extending its line of manufac-
tures and greatly increasing its trade. He
■ !'■ this manufacturing interest his unre-
mitting attention until 1895, and his opera-
tons were atended with a large measure of
success, lb- was tlic inventor of numerous
machines and appliances, which he utilized in
this industry, and was a mechanical genius,
as well as a business man of superior ability.
Failing health retired him from the active
management < if his business in 1895 and he
was an invalid much of the time thereafter un-
til his death. Although Collinsville had been
his place of residence for some years, he had
Rppt in close touch with the business and
social circles of St. Louis and, after his death,
his remains were brought to this city and in-
: rred in Bellefontaine Cemetery. He was a
prominent member of the Masonic fraternity
ami tn the end of his life took an active in-
terest in the affairs of the Western Commer-
cial Travelers' Association, of which he was
:>. member. Adhering to the religious faith to
which generations of his ancestors had been
devoted, he was a devout Presbyterian church-
man, and politically, he affiliated with the
JT'emocratic party. Mr. Wilson married in
1878, Miss Grace Augusta Logan, daughter
of Floyd Franklin Logan, of Newport. Ken-
tucky. When her husband's health failed.
Mrs. Wilson took charge of his business af-
fairs and has since continuel the operation of
the large manufacturing establishment which
he built up, and has also become largely in-
terested in Southern Illinois coal-lands and
the Madison Railway Company. Evidencing
remarkable ability as a practical woman of
affairs, she is equally conspicuous in social
circles as a refined and cultivated lady .and is
noted for her artistic and musical tastes. Two
children born of her union with Mr. Wilson
survive their father, the elder of whom, Enola
Augusta Wilson, graduated from Hosmer
Hall, of St. Louis, in 1897. while the younger.
Lucille Logan Wilson, is now — 1898 — a pupil
at that institution.
Wilson, Robert Monroe, was born
i:i Xew York City. July 8. 1833, son of Robert
and Mary (McGuffy) Wilson. Both his par-
ents were born in Scotland and, coming to
this country in early life, were married in Xew
Yi >rk City. Robert Wilson was engaged for a
time in the hardware and saddlery trade in
Xew York, removing later to Cincinnati, and
from there to St. Louis. When the family res-
idence was established in this city, Robert M.
Wilson, the son. was but four years of age
and he grew up here, obtaining his early edu-
cation in the first public school taught in St.
Louis, with David H. Armstrong, in later
£ fa. /fc&
<?z^
\VII.S< IX.
years a United States Senator, as his precep
tar. He completed his education at what wa
known as Wyman's Institute, of which Ed-
ward Wyman, noted locally as an educator,
was principal. When he finished his course
at tin's school, Mr. Wyman gave him a letter
commending him in the highest terms to
those with whom he might be brought into
contact in the search for employment, and
armed with this letter, he sought an oppor-
tunity to begin the active business of life.
His father died while the son was still a
youth, and the care of his mother and sisters
devolving upon him in a measure, he prove d
himself a devoted son and brother, and man-
sully bore the responsibilities resting upon
him. Soon after leaving school, he entered
the wholesale grocery house of L. Levering &
Company, in St. Louis, and as an employe oi
that establishment, rendered such faithful and
efficient services that, within a few years, he
was given an interst in the business. Some
time later he formed a partnership with other
gentlemen and became a member of the
wholesale grocery firm of Barclay, Shields &
Wilson, which later became Barclay & Wil-
son. This association continued until he be-
came head of the wholesale grocery house of
Wilson & Keach, succeeded by Wilson &
Johnson, and later by the Wilson-Obear
Grocery Company. Under the name last men-
tioned, the business was carried on by an in-
corporated company, of which Mr. \\ ilson
was president. His entire business life was
devoted to the wholesale grocery trade, and
as a merchant he occupied a prominent place
in the commercial circles of St. Louis. He
was widely known as the head of a large mer-
cantile establishment for many years, and
wherever he was known, he was esteemed as a
high-minded, honorable merchant. In the
social and business circles in which he moved,
he endeared himself alike to those brought
into contract with him by his many admirable
qualites and his warm and disinterested friend
ships. While he was a busy man, he was al-
ways much of a student and had a special
fi .ndness for literature. His nature was poetic
and he not infrequently expressed himself in
rhyme for the delectation of his more intViatc
friends and associates. At a Win ' - '• ' '
cers' bfnquet, held :•' St. Louis in rS8.i., nl
which he responded to a toast, he set the o mi
pany in a roar by reading an ingeniously wri
ten poem, in which the names of the different
members oi the aso iati* in
• upon, Inn on i-
blii permitted to km i\\ am tl
poetic tali m. His kindness of In at I
tleness • >i manner were evinced in a
way in his relations with the large numl
persi nis in his employ during
of his life. The welfare of those about him
was always an object of his solicitude, and
w hen misfi irtune overt* >< ik ai
was the first to give them aid and a
A single instance, showing his kirn
eration for his employes will serve to illustrate
the spirit of his dealings with them and brings
out in strong relief the kindly and
ic nature of the man. A young man win
be i in his employ sickened and gradual!?
sank into a decline, which was |
man\' months before death came to hi
lief. During all this time. Mr. Wilson
tinned the young man's salary, visited him at
regular intervals and cared tor him until he
died. Many similar instances might he men-
tioned, hut not all the acts of a good man
can he chronicled and not all need to be
icled to show how well he lived. As a busi
ness man, Mr. Wilson was held in the hi
esteem b\ those who were brought in:
most intimate relationship with him ami at a
.meeting of the Wholesale Grocers' \
tio. held immediately after his death, formal
resolutions were adopted, testifying to the
deep sorrow of that Association at his demise.
His death occurred Septembr 9, [885, a
that time expressions of sorrow wet
every hand because of the death of one who
had been a most useful and valuable citizen.
In church circles, no less than in business cir
cles, was this loss felt. Reared a Presbyterian.
he became an Episcopal churchman in his
voung manhood ami to the end of his hie was
active in church work and in connection with
vari' HIS charitable movements incidental there-
to, lb- was first a member of Christ Church
and later helped to establish the parish ,
Hoi} ( ommunion. I fe was a men
first vestry of that parish and for
. erved as senior warden. \i the
death he was a member of St
and was president of the bo;
that parish. He was a memb
ing C !
mber of the Merchau
WIMKR— WIXKELMAIER.
Provident Association. In his young man-
hood he was a member of the St. Louis
National Guard, a famous military company
then commanded by Captain Ben E. Walker
and, in the years immediately preceding the
war, the pride of the city. This company was
organized in 1852 and took rank among the
leading volunteer military companies of the
country. He was married in 1873 to -^iss
Mary Robertson, of Peekskill-on-the-Hudson,
a sister of Rt. Rev. Charles F. Robertson,
Bishop of Missouri, and it was at Mrs. Wil-
son's old home in New York that he passed
the last days of his life. The children born of
their union were Robert M. Wilson, Jr., Gen-
evieve Wilson, and Charles Robertson Wil-
son. The youngest son died a year before
his father and the surviving members of Mr.
Wilson's family are Mrs. Wilson, one son and
laughter.
Wimer, Carl, eminent as a painter of
Indians and buffaloes, was born in Sichburg,
Germany. February 20, 1828. He came to
St. Louis in 1842. and was apprenticed to
Leon De Pomarade until 1845. I" l&5°' ne.
went to Europe and studied painting in Dus-
seldorf under Prof. Lentze until 1855, when
he returned to St. Louis and located here as
an artist. Thereafter, he made regular trips
every summer to the wild Rocky Mountain
regions until tS6o, making a study of Indian
life and of the herds of buffalo which then
roved over the Western plains. As a result.
hi soon became pre-eminently a painter of
out-door life. Scenes and incidents in the
wilds of the far West were his principal
themes, and though his remarkable abilities
were versatile, he was best known by his pic-
tures of Indians and buffaloes, and on these
lines he excelled in the vigorous conception
and tinr- artistic treatment of his subjects A
number of his well known works are now in
the St. L- mis Mtiseum of Fine Arts, and
among his last efforts an- a series of historical
pictures in the rotunda of the St. Louis
Court Housi Wimer was a man of striking
persona] appearance, of quiet, dignified bear-
in-, and with a kindly and gentle manner in
In the spring of i86t. he
married Miss \nna Von Senden, adopted
daughter of Mr-. Pulty. Of Ibis union, one
child, a daughter, who was named Winona,
was bnrn June 18. 1862, and died December
3, 1864. Mr. Wimer died November 28. 1^62.
His widow is still a resident of St. Louis.
Wimer, John 31., was born in Am-
herst County, Virginia, May 8, 1810 and was
killed while serving in the Confederate army
■ luring the Civil War, January 11, 1863, at
Hartsville, Missouri. He came to St. Louis
in 1828 and during the early years of his life
worked at his trade as a blacksmith. He was
one of the founders of the old Liberty Fire
Co., of the Volunteer Fire Department, later
took an active part in politics and was suc-
cessively elected to the offices of Constable,
Superintendent of Water Works, Alderman
and Mayor of St. Louis, the last named of
which offices he held for two terms. He also
served the City as Postmaster by appointment
of President Polk and was at different times
Sheriff and County Judge of St. Louis county.
Prospering in a business way, he aided early
railway and other enterprises and was at one
time President of the Missouri Pacific Co.,
and also of the Commercial Insurance Co. He
was a man of marked individuality and his
commanding mien and manner carried him to
the front on all occasions. When the Civil
War began, bis allegiance to his native State
caused him to espouse the southern cause and
1:1 the spring of 1862, he was incarcerated in
the Gratiot Street Military Prison. In Au-
gust of that year, he was transferred to the
Alton Penitentiary from which he made his
escape in December following. Passing
through the Union Military lines, he then suc-
ceeded in reaching Southwestern Missouri
where he joined the command of Gen. Emmet
McDonald with which he served until he was
Killed at Hartsville.
Winkelinaier. Louis, civil engineer
and manufacturer, was born October 11, 181 1,
111 Heilbronn, Kingdom of Wurtemberg, Ger-
many, and died in St. Louis April 12, 1872.
topher and Catherine Winkelmaier were
his parents, the slight change in the spelling
• if the name having been made by Mr. Winkel-
maier after his coming to America. He was
carefully educated in the German schools and
was graduated a civil engineer before his com-
ing to this country. He arrived in the Unite 1
States and came to St. Louis in the year 1840,
and was first employed as a draughtsman at
the United States Arsenal, then under the
superintendency of Mayor Henry Bell. With-
in a few years, he had become well known in
WINKELMAN.
the city as a thoroughly competent engineer,
and this led to his being appointed Assistant
City Engineer of St. Louis, a position which
he held for eight years. He was then appoint-
ed City Engineer by Mayor Krum and served
in that capacity until 1852, when he quit the
public service and engaged in iron manufact-
uring as one of the owners and operators of a
foundry located at the corner of Tenth and
Chestnut streets. The firm of which ae was
junior member was McMurray & Winkel-
maier. succeeded later by McMurray, Winkel-
maier & Smith, which continued in existence
until lc-oS, engaged in the manufacture of
architectural iron-work and, during the war,
to a considerable extent in the making ol
cannon balls. In 1S6S, Mr. Winkelmaier sold
his interests in this foundry and from that
time until his death, he was not actively en-
gaged in business. While serving the city as
engineer, lie rendered to the public various
important services, among which was the sur-
veying a;tu laying out of some of the princi-
pal parks of St. Louis. At an earlier period,
he had the interesting experince of having
helped to make a survey of St. Louis harbor
under the direction of Captain — afterward
General — Robert E. Lee, Personally, he was
one of the most interesting of the earlier Ger-
man residents of St. Louis. An accomplished
and scholarly nian, he was of striking figure,
having served in the German army as a lieu-
tenant and carrying with him through lite the
manner and bearing of a soldier. In 185S, he
was elected to the State Legislature of Mis-
souri and served one term as a member of that
body. He was always a Democrat in his poli-
tical affiliations, and during the civil war was
numbered among those who cast the weight
of their influence and efforts in behalf of the
preservation of the Union and the establish-
ment of National supremacy. In 1837, Mr.
Winkelmaier married, in Paris, France. Miss
Eliza Gilbert, daughter of Joseph and Har-
riet Gilbert, of that city. Six children were
born of their union of whom four were living
in 1898. These were : Mrs. Julia Flinn, Louis
Wnikelmaier. Mrs. Ernestine Hannegan, and
Julius C. Winkelmaier.
Winkelman, Bernhard, merchant was
born October 18, 1842, in Oppenwede, King-
dom of Prussia, German)-, son of .John and
Henrietta (Klasing-) Winkelman. His father,
who was a stonemason by occupation, was a
prosperous man of affairs, and the .sun en-
joyed as a youth good educational advantages
and received also that careful industrial train-
ing which is conducive to the formation of
good character and correct habits. After leav-
ing school, he worked for a time on his fa-
ther's farm and then came to this country,
landing at tin- end of a six week's voyage in
New York City. Prom there, he came direct
to this city, and a little later, went to Wash
ington county, Illinois, where he remained
some months visiting relatives who had pre-
ceded him to this country. At the end of this
visit, he returned to St. Louis and began work
for the firm of Hilmer & Hen e and
commission merchants, located at X_u North
Third street, in the cellar of a building of
which Air. Winkelman is now the owner,
compensation which he received, to begin
with, was one dollar a week, but although this
was far from being remunerative employment,
he stuck to it for two years, and at the end
of that time was receiving a salary of eighteen
dollars per month. In 1859, he began work-
ing for C. L. Buschmann Bros. & Co., whol(
sale grocery and commission merchants, lo-
cated at 824 North Third street. There he
acted as man of all work, sweeping out the
store, building fires, and making himself gen
erally useful, at a compensation of thirty dol-
lars a month. He remained five years in the
employ of this firm and was advanced from
one position to another, as his merits were
recognized and rewarded, until he had reached
the position of head salesman and was in re-
ceipt of a salary of one hundred and tv.
five dollars per month. .Meantime, he had
carefully hoarded his wages and his sa
and interest earnings amounted, in [864, I >
about $5,000. In that year, John J".
Worstman, who had prior to that been junior
member of the firm by which Mr. Winkelman
was employed, succeeded to the business
which they had established and Mr. Winkel-
man became associated with him as :
member of the firm of John B. Worstman
This firm continued in exi
til 1871 >. when Mr. Worstn
business on account of ill ]
Buschmann again became hi firm,
with Mr. Winkelman as his ;.-
uer. For seven years t;
men did a prosper' >us '
at the end of that tim
crest in the est;
2514
WINKELMEYER.
later, he engaged in business on his own ac-
count as a wholesale grocery and commission
n erchanl at 826 North Third street, and con-
tinued to be prominentliy identified with that
trade until 1X114. He then retired from busi-
ness with a fortune earned through his own
efforts, a successful, self-made man. Since
then, lie has devoted his entire time and atten-
tion to looking after his real estate and finan-
cial interests, ami to the enjoyment of the
abundant means with which his labors have
been rewarded. He has never forgotten the.
struggles '>f his early life and has always man-
ifested a generous sympathy for those bat-
tling against adversity and manfully strug-
gling to establish themselves in life. Young
men contending with difficulties such as he had
to contend with have always received from
him substantial aid and encouragement, and
he has been in all respects a liberal and pub-
lic-spirited citizen, contributing freely to the
support and maintenance of numerous chari-
table, religious and educational institutions.
Mr. Winkelman came to this country upon the
eve of the civil war, and when the struggle
began he manifested his sympathy with the es-
tablished form of govenment and his interest
in the preservation of the Union by becom-
ing a member of Company B of the St. Louis
Union Guards, in which he served in all about
two years. When he first became a voter, he
cast his vote and influence in favor of the
principles and policies of the Republican party,
and has ever since been a member of that po-
litical organization. I lis religious affiliations
are with the German Evangelical Lutheran
< ihurch. lie is a member of the Order of Odd
Fellows and also of the Turners, and other
German societies. Mr. Winkelman was mar-
ried first in r868 to Miss Mary Meskendorf.
ami tin children born of this union were
1 1 mens Winkelman, Delia, now the wife of
( ". Warner, of St. Louis; Stella, and Robert
Winkelman. In 1893, Mis? Amelia Evans,
of St. Louis, became his second wife, and
two children have been born of this union, of
whom one, Bernhard Winkelman. Jr., is now
living.
Winkelmeyer, Julius, manufacturer
was born Ma\ 26th, [816, in Heilbronn, one
of the chief manufacturing cities of the King-
dom of Wurtemberg, Germany, and died in
St. Louis January 23, 1867. His parents were
Christopher and Catherine Winkelmeyer,
both of whom were born, lived and died in |
Heilbronn. The elder Winkelmeyer was a j
nail manufacturer by occupation and in com-
fortable circumstances, and reared a family
of four sons, all of whom came to St. Louis
(Charles in 1837. Louis in 1840, Julius in 1842,
Ernest in 1844), and one daughter, Mrs.
Louise Fingerle, who followed her brothers to
St. Louis after the death of her husband; all
of them received a good education and be- j
came worthy citizens of St. Louis.
Julius Winkelmeyer learned the trade of
nail maker in his father's establishment and
came with very modest means to St. Louis,
where he made the acquaintance of Frederick
Stifel, who was a practical brewer, and who
later become his brother-in-law. The result
of this acquaintance was that in 1843 he and
Mr. Stifel established themselves in a small
way in the brewing business, on Second street,
between Convent and Rutger streets'. The .
partnership between these two young men
proved to be one admirably adapted to the I
advancement of the business in which they
engaged. Mr. Stifel, as already stated, was a
practical brewer, and Mr. Winkelmeyer had
a genius for the conduct of commercial af-
fairs. He made friends wherever he went,
was far-seeing as well as industrious, and
planned for the future as well as to meet the
demands of that time. The result of their
indicious conduct of the brewing business was
that their trade increased rapidly, and in 1847
they built a new brewery on the north shore
oi Chouteau's Pond, on Market street, be-
tween Seventeenth and Eighteenth streets,
which enabled them to meet the increased de-
mand for their product. In 1849 both Mr.
Stifel and his wife fell victims to the cholera
in the fearful epidemic of that year, both dy-
ing on the same day. Thereafter Mr. Winkel-
meyer continued the business alone, success !
crowning his every effort, until his business
as a pioneer brewer had become the largest
in St. Louis, and one of the largest in the
United States. The capacious cellars con-
nected with this brewery attracted at the time
much attention. After his death in 1867 the
business which had grown to such large pro-
portions under his management was con-
tinued by his widow, first under the manage-
ment of her brother, Christopher A. Stifel,
and later under the direction of her sons,
< "hristopher and Julius L. Winkelmeyer, and
her son-in-law. August W. Straub. Under
?„,.?
• A- s^y AVy/// « -^ <?£
WISE— WISLIZENUS.
2515
ihe supervision of these capable and energetic
business men it continued to grow until 1889,
when the plant, which had by that time, be-
come one of great value, was sold to the St.
Louis Brewing Association, by which cor-
poration it is still operated, being now one of
i.he most valuable brewing properties in the
West. In addition to caring for his manufac-
turing interests, Julius Winkelmeyer was con-
nected with various other enterprises during
the later years of his life. He was always a
staunch Democrat of the old school, and his
religious affiiliations were with the Evangeli-
cal Church.
Mr. Winkelmeyer was married January 24,
1847, to Miss Christiana Stifel, who was born
in 1824 at Neuffen in the Kingdom of Wur-
temberg, Germany. Mrs. Winkelmeyer's fa-
ther was Frederick Stifel, who was the pro-
prietor of a small brewery in the town in
which she was born. She immigrated to this
country in 1840, going first to Wheeling, W.
Ya., in which city five of her brothers and a
sister who had preceded her to this country
were then living. In 1847 she joined her
brother. Frederick Stifel, then a partner of Mr.
Winkelmeyer, in St. Louis, and thus became
acquainted with her future husband.
Two years later her brothers. Charles G.,
Jacob and Christopher A. Stifel. also came to
St. Louis, while her brothers Louis and Elias
Stifel and her sister remained in Wheeling,
"A'. Va. The children born to Mr. and Mrs.
Julius Winkelmeyer were : Frederick, de-
ceased : Julia S., now Mrs. A. W. Straub ;
Christopher, who married Miss Emelie
Sprenger ; Charles, deceased ; William F., de-
ceased : Julius L.. Adolph E. and Ida. All
the children now living reside in St. Louis.
1
Wise, William, civil engineer, was born
February 24, 1829. in what is now South Wil-
liamsport, Lycoming County. Pennsylvania.
He obtained his education in the common
and private schools, and at Dickinson Semi-
nar}-, of Williamsport, engaged in land sur-
veying and teaching school from 1848 to 1850,
and came to St. Louis in November of the
latter year. He entered the engineer corps of
the Missouri Pacific Railroad in March of
1851, when James P. Kirkwood was chief en-
gineer and had charge of the first subdivision
of that road from St. Louis westwardly. dur-
ing the last year of its construction, after
which he continued on the same road farther
West until 1854. He then engaged on the
surveys of the Warsaw & Rockford Railroad
in Illinois, which mad has since been absorbed
by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and
ether lines. In 1855 he returned to St. Louis
ds principal Assistant City Engineer under J.
!'. Moulton, City Engineer, during the ad-
ministration of Mayor Washington King. In
1856 he became chief engineer of the \\ arsaw
X: Rockford Railroad, and continued to hold
that position until [859, after which he was
engaged on several railroad surveys in the
northern and western parts of Missouri until
1S60. In that year he came again to St.
Louis and engaged as Superintendent of Sew-
ers under T. J. Homer, City Engineer, and
continued as such until the adoption of the
Scheme and Charter in 1877. when the super
vision of public works passed to the Commis-
sioners constituting the Board of Public Im-
provements, and he was made Assistant Sewer
Commissioner under Robert Moore, Sewer
Commissioner. In 1881. upon the resignation
of Mr. Moore, he succeeded to the office of
Sewer Commissioner, which he held until
1883. when he again resumed the office of
Assistant Sewer Commissioner under Mr. R.
L. McMath, Sewer Commissioner, which of-
fice he has continuel to hold up to the preseni
lime. He is a member of Occidental Lodge,
" No. 163, of Ancient Free and Accepted Ma-
sons, and is also a member of the Engine
Club of St. Louis. October 15. 1857. he mar-
ried Anne Augusta Clift, of Schuyler County,
Illinois. Their children are Clift Wise, 1 >f Chi-
cago, Illinois; Homer Wise, of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and Mrs. Frank C. Case, of St.
[.. iuis.
Wislizenus. Adolph, was born in
Schwartzburg-Rtidolstadt. Germany,
m of a Protestant clergyman. 1 luring his
medical studies he participated in an attempl
to overthrow the despotism which had fol-
! iwed Napoleon's downfall, and was om
band of students who seized Frankfort, the
capital of the German empire, for a few
in 1833. He escaped from the city 11
and finished his medical studies in Swit-
tnd and Paris. In the fall of 1834 he
came to New York to practii
In the fall of 1836 he moved b 1 Si
tv, Illinois. In 1830 he joined an
of a St. Louis fui
,n being the moti 'ril»- He
2516
VVISSER.
reached Fort Hall, Oregon, then British ter-
litory, but was compelled to abandon the
pan to reach the Pacific for lack of guide or
companion. His published account of his trip
was of scientific interest in that day. On his
return he settled in St. Louis and resumed the
practice of his profession. In 1846 he started
new expedition, this time toward Mexico.
1 Le accompanied a caravan along the Santa
j-'e trail. At Chihuahua the party entrenched
Itself for defense against a mob excited by the
anticipation of the coming war. Dr. Wisli-
;ui 1 his companions surrendered to the
iti< - on terms, and were sent to a dis-
tant village in the mountains, in the neighbor-
of which they remained under parole
imtil Col. Doniphan"s regiment liberated
them. He attached himself as volunteer sur-
to that regiment and remained with it
:■!! the close of the war. On this trip he had
determined the longitude and elevation of nu-
merous ] 'laces, gathered valuable statistics, as
well as anthropological, botanical and other
- : jntific material in a region at that time little
known. His report of the trip appeared as a
rnment publication at the instance of Sen-
Benton. Humboldt, in his "Cosmos,"
alludes to the work and its value. The botani-
illections made by Dr. Wislizenus had
I interest added to them by the fact that
I T. Engelmann critical!)' examined them, and
was the scientific sponsor of new species. He
married in 1850 in Constantinople in the home
irge P. Alarsh, then American ambassa-
dor, the sister-in-law of the latter, Miss Lucy
Crane, whom he had followed from Washing-
ton v here he first met her.
fi' r the Mexican trip he lived in St. Louis,
aged in the practice of his profes-
sii n and in scientific pursuits. He was a char-
• of the Academy of Sciences and
lanl while physically able to
1 its meetings. His contributions
lings were numerous.
a wide range, his
to atmospheric
1 if years he made
the results, to-
xom, as published
di ny, were of
lii in their line. He died
1 ■ lis in 1889.
Wissensehaftlieher Verein deut-
scherAerzte. This trans-
lated into English is "The Scientific Associa-
tion of German Physicians." was organized in
1881. At the meetings, a paper is read, fol-
lowed by discussions, the exhibition of patho-
logical specimens and reports of cases. Each
member in alphabetical order presents a pa-
per. There is no permanent Presdient. one
being chosen for each meeting. The Secre-
tary is Dr. Charles Richter; Treasurer, Dr.
Joseph Spigelhalter ; Librarian, Dr. A. Alt.
Wisser. Philip, manufacturer, was born
in Rohrbaeh, Germany, July 16, 1815, and died
Rohrbach, Germany, July 16, 1815, and died
in St. Louis November 7, 1897. After obtain-
ing a fairly good education in the schools of
his native land he served an apprenticeship at
tin- cooper's trade, and then became an em-
ploye and general manager of the bust]
one of his uncles, who was extensively en-
gaged in the distilling of liquors and also in
thi cooperage trade. In 1837 he came to this
country, landing at New Orleans and proceed-
ing from there to Cincinnati, Ohio, in which
city he worked for some years thereafter as a
journeyman cooper. In 1840 he came to this
city and continued working at his trade four
jears longer. Having practiced the frugality
and economy characteristic of the German
e, he had by this time accumulated a
1 capital and. purchasing from the late
Henry G. Soulard a piece of ground at 1721
South Second street, he erected thereon a
1 age establishment and engaged in busi-
ness on his own account. For several wears
thereafter he continued to carry on a profit-
able manufacturing industry at the location
above designated, employing a considerable
number of men. In i860, having acquired a
comfortable fortune, he retired from business.
giving his entire time and attention thereafter
to the care and improvement of his property.
He was a pronounced Unionist during the
wai and. for some time, conducted a supply
Store, which was designed to furnish subsis-
tence to the families of volunteer soldiers while
the) were fighting the battles of their coun-
try. He enjoyed local celebrity, also, as a
member of the noted old-time volunteer fire
department, and at the time of his death he
: robably the oldest member of that or-
ganization, which made much interesting hi—
iiid of which many men still living cher-
ish most pleasant recollections. Politically.
Mr. Wisser was an ardent Republican and lie
WITHNELL— WITHROW.
2517
was an equally staunch churchman of the Lu-
theran faith, having been president of the con-
gregation of St. Marcus' Evangelical Lutheran
CI lurch for a period of twenty years. He was
two years more than four score years old
when he died, and a singular coincidence at-
tracted at the time the attention of the press
and general public. At the hour and minute
of his death, the clock which had stood in his
room for twenty-five years and by which he
regulated his coming and going during all
that time, ceased to tick and its hands still
].oint to the time of his demise. Mr. Wisscr
married, in 1842, Miss Barbara Weber, at the
time a resident of St. Louis, but a native of
Capellan, Germany. Mrs. Wisser died July
6, 1885. Their surviving children are Mrs.
Caroline Engel, Mrs. Louisa Wetzel and Lieu-
tenant John P. Wesser, of the First Regiment
of Artillery, LJnited States Army.
Witlmell, John, one of the old-time master
builders and contractors of St. Louis, known
in his day to almost everybody in the city and
esteemed by all who knew him, was born
March 19, 1806, at Chorley, Lancashire, Eng-
land, and died in St. Louis December 24, 1880.
Has parents were John and Ellen (Spencer)
Withnell, and his father was a prosperous
lumber merchant, so situated that he was able
to give his son good educational, as well as in-
dustrial, training. After completing his
schooling in Chorley, he went to Liverpool,
England, where he served a long apprentice-
ship and thoroughly mastered the stonema-
son's trade. In 1829 he came to the United
States, and for two years thereafter worked
at his trade in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Leav-
ing there in 1831, he came to St. Louis and
cmi. arked in business here as a contractor and
builder, a business with which he continued to
be identified for many years thereafter, and in
which he acquired unusual prominence, be-
ing known throughout the city and State as
the builder of many historic structures. He
erected the Catholic Cathedral, on 'Walnut
street, and the County Jail, located at Sixth
and Chestnut streets, the building last named
taking the place of the pioneer institution of
its kind in St. Louis and being erected in 1841 .
He alio built the State Capitol at Jefferson
City, and at different times erected many
buildings of note in the region adjacent to St.
Louis, as w,ell as in the city. His operations
in this field of enterprise were successful in a
business way, and while gathering his share of
fortune s favors lu- also gained the respect and
kindly legard of the people with whom he was
bicught into contact in the affairs of daily life.
He was in all respects a manly man, generous
in his impulses, considerate of the feelings and
Hyhls ot other-, liberal in his gifts to the poor
and ;n his contributions to religious and char-
itable purposes. Having had wide and varied
experiences in life ami having seen much of
tiie woilri. he was always an entertaining con-
versationalist and had a large circle of friends
in St. Louis who thoroughly appreciated his
many good qualities and were warmly at-
tacked to him. In the days when the lire de-
partment of St. Louis was composed of volun-
teers who came from every walk of life, he
was a member of the Phoenix Volunteer Fire
Company, and to the end of his life was a
member of the organization formed t. > perpet-
uate the memory of the volunteer firemen and
their valuable services to the city, lie was
one of the incorporators of the St. Louis Agri-
cultural and Mechanical Fair Association, and
in the early years of its existence materially
assisted in establishing the Fair ujnn a firm
footing. Tie was elected a niemb'r of the
Hoard of Alderman of St. Louis in 18.43 an''
s' rved creditably in that body 6 iring the
-two years following. In religion, 'ie was a
Catholic, and his political affiliatit tis were
wi'h the Democratic part}. lie 17 arried, in
1833, Miss' Martha Graves YV iinwright,
daughter of Joseph Wainwright, vho was
reared in Lawrenceville, now a pai* of Pitts-
burg, Pennsylvania. < hie son. Will am Wain-
right Withnell, born of this union, s irvices his
father end is a resident of St. Lou ■.
Withrow, James Edgar, lawyer and jur-
ist, was born May 22 [843, in Rushville,
Schuyler Co., 111., son of William E. and Ilar-
was born May 22. 1843. in Rushville, Schuyler
County, Illinois, son of William E and llar-
riet-Chase-Withrow. He passed his early
bovliood in Rushville and obtained his rudi-
mentary education in the public sell ids of
that place. At a later date his parent
moved to Macomb, Illinois, wrier
tinned iris education in the
ments. He enlisted, in Septemb r 1 f 862, in
the Seventy-Eighth b
leer Infantry, for sen :■ nion
Army during the war of the ! '
after until the close of the wa 11 ac-
2518
WITT.
tivc dutj , participating in the battles of Frank-
lin, Duck Hill, Chickamauga, Altoona, Re-
sa-i, Dalton, Zslill Creek Gap, Kenesaw Moun-
tain, Atlanta. Jonesborough and the siege of
Savannah and the engagements at Bentonville
and Raleigh. He marched with Sherman's
army from Nashville to Savannah and at the
close of the war to Washington, D. C, where
he participated in the final grand review of
the federal army. He was wounded several
times while in the service of his country, and
his record was that of a gallant soldier who
discharged every duty assigned to him. He
was mastered out of the service at Chicago,
Illinois, in June, 1S65, and soon afterwards
came to St. Louis, which has ever since been
his home. Having limited means when he
came to this city, and feeling that it was neces-
sary that he should husband his resources, he
clerked during the years 1865 and 1866 in a
large dry goods house, while fitting himself
for adnrssion to the bar by reviewing and
supplementing the law studies which he had
begun before he entered the army. In Janu-
ary of 1S6S he was admitted to the bar, and
soon afterwards entered regularly upon the
practice of his chosen profession. In 1877 he
was appointed Asistant City Counselor of St.
Louis and served in that capacity until 1879.
From tS/7 until 1883 he was Secretary of the
Bar Association of St. Louis and occupied
the same position in the Missouri State Bar
Associai-'on during the years 1883, 1884 and
1885. in 1888 he was elected Judge of the
St. Louis Circuit Court and re-elected to that
office in '.S94. At the present time, 1899, he is
rounding out a dozen years' of service on the
bench, which have earned for him the reputa-
tion of being- one of the worthiest and most
useful members of the State Judiciary. Dur-
ing all this time he has been noted for his
patient investigation of causes, his painstak-
ing tesearch, his fairness and courtesy and his
practical methods of dealing with the affairs
which have occupiel his attention as a Judge.
liis well balance. 1 judgment and a tempera-
ment eminently judicial, coupled with habit-
ual studiousness and clear perceptions of the
bearings of the law on cases at bar, have
caused his decisions to pass well the reviews
of higher courts, and his services upon the
bench have earned for him a well-merited po-
sition among the leading jurists of Missouri.
Cherishing a warm regard for those who, like
hii'scif, faced the perils and endured the hard-
ships of the Civil War in their country's de-
fense, he has taken an active interest in the
veteran military organizations, and is a mem-
ber of Ransom Post of the Grand Army of
tiie Republic. April 25, 1872, Judge Withrow
married Miss Addie S. Partridge and he has
one son, Edgar P. Withrow.
Witt, Thomas Dudley, merchant, was
born in 1833, m the town of Albion, Orleans
County, New York, son of Thomas and Elec-
tice-Cole-Witt. His father was born in Mas-
sachusetts, and his grandfather, Abner Witt,
served in the Continental Army with the Mas-
sachusetts troops in the Revolutionary War
from 1776 to 17S0. In his early childhood
his parents came West and settled at Rush-
villc, Illinois, where he attended school until
fourteen years of age. In 1849 ne came to
St. Louis and began serving an apprenticeship
to L:.e watchmakers' and jewelers' trade with
the firm of S. C. and J. S. Jett, which then did
business on Main street, in this city. After]
thoroughly mastering his trade he began bus-
iness for himself in 1857 as junior member of I
the firm of Prouhet & Witt, watchmakers and
jewelers. On the first of February, 1862, he
sold his interest in this business to his part-
ner and joined the Union Army, having been
commissioned second lieutenant of "K" Bat- '
tery of the First Regiment of Missouri Light
Artillery, commanded by Col. (afterward Maj.
Gen.) Frank P. Blair. During the march
from Helena, Arkansas, to Little Rock, Ar-
kansas, in 1863, he was detached from his
battery and placed in charge of the ordnance
of the expedition, and upon the capture of
Little Rock by the Union forces he was made
ordnance officer for the department of Ar-
kansas on the staff of Major-General Fred
Steel. He was continued in the same posi-
tion by Major-General J. J. Reynolds until,
in 1865, he was ordered to proceed with his
battery to St. Louis to be mustered out of the
military service. In 1864 he was promoted to
fust Lieutenant. After three and one-half
years of continuous military service, during
which he participated in the battles of Fort
Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, the capture of
Corinth, the battle of Corinth, the battle of
Helena and the capture of Little Rock, he
was mustered out with his battery August 4,
1865. In the fall of that year he took employ-
ment with his old partner, H. Prouhet, and re-
mained with him until 1872, when he con-
lj - {/■ J) f'< ' n ( }
WOERNER.
il9
nected himself with the house of Eugene Tac-
card. This noted house was founded in 1829
by Louis Jaccard, of St. Croix, Switzerland,
and in 1835 became the firm of Eugene Jac-
card & Co., continuing under this name until
it was incorporated as the E. Jaccard Jewelry
Co., in 1S80. Eugene Jaccard died Septem-
ber 4, 1871, and his nephew. E. J. Cuendet,
succeeded him, when the business was incor-
porated, Mr. Eugene J. Cuendet being then
sole proprietor. Air. Witt was elected secre-
tary to the corporation. In 1883 he was elect-
ed vice-president, and in 1894, after the death
of Air. Cuendet, he was elected president, a
position which he still occupies. By the pro-
visions of Mr. Cuendet's will, Mr. Witt was
made executor of his estate, without bond.
This estate is still in his hands, but as soon
as settlement can be made it is Mr. Witt's pur-
pose to turn the property over to the heir,
Eugene R. Cuendet, and retire from business.
His career, which has been an honorable and
successful one., has made him well-known to
the people of St. Louis, and his character as
a business man has gained for him the esteem
of the general public. His first presidential
vote was cast for Millard Fillmore, who was
the candidate of the American party, in 1856.
Since then he has been a member of the Re-
publican party. He is a member of the Grand
Army of the Republic, of the Military Order
of the Loval Legion and of the Benevolent
Order of Elks.
Woerner, J. Gabriel, who has achieved
distinction as public official, author and pub-
licist, was born April 28, 1826, in Wurtem-
burg, Germany, and came with his parents to
this country when he was seven years of age.
After residing four years in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, the family came, in 1837. to St.
Louis, where the father, J. Gabriel Woerner,
a carpenter by occupation, died in 1849. Ga-
briel received but a scant school education,
but with that earnestness and zeal which have
been characteristic of him throughout his life,
he improved every opportunity to obtain
knowledge, and, by his own effort, developed
the splendid intellect with which nature had
endowed him. From the time he was
fifteen until he was eighteen years of
age he clerked in country stores
Springfield and Waynesville, then small towns
bevond the Ozark Mountains, in the interior
of Missouri. A lover of nature in boyhood,
in this experience m the backwoods may be
traced, perhaps, the aroma of the w
fields that so charmingly asserts itself here
and there in the works of fiction written bv
him in later life. There, also, he received
those first impressions • >i" polities which are so
realistically portrayed in Ins story of "Love,
Politics and War," written more than fifty
years later. Having determined t<> become
a printer, he. on returning to St. Louis, en-
tered the office of the German "Tribune" as
pi inter's devil, and in rapid succession rose to
pressman, compositor, foreman, editor and
proprietor, gathering during this period ;i
vast store of practical information, which was
o; great value to him in his subsequent career.
Meanwhile, sympathizing with the German
revolutionists of 1848, he had gone abroad in-
tending to participate in that struggle for
the establishment of liberal government, but
upon his arrival in the fatherland he did no*
find his views in entire accord witli those of
the insurgents. During the two succeeding
years he contributed, as war correspondent of
the New York "Herald" and the St. Louis
"Tribune," many articles of value and interest
from the seat of war. On his return he pur-
chased the "Tribune," changed its politics in
accordance with his own convictions, from
Whig to Democratic, and staunchly cham-
pioned the cause of the great Missouri states-
man, Thomas H. Benton, whose disciple he
was. In 1852 he severed his connection with.
this paper and, entering upon the study of
the law, was admitted to the bar in 1S55. As
a lawyer, his personal popularity, as well as
his absolute fidelity to the interests of his
clients, and his great ability in conducting
their litigation to a successful issue, gathered
about him an extensive clientage. During the
Civil War, following the lead of the great Ben-
ton, he was a strong Union, or War, Demo-
crat, and for a time he was in the government
military service. Though he had always an
intense aversion to the tricks of politics, was
fearless at all times in announcing his views,
and never sought office, it is a significant
■■ cognition of his sterling worth that he was
early in life called to the pub service, with
which he was connected thereafter, in one
capacitv or another, for an almost unbroken
period "i more than forty rears, and from
which lie retired with an absolutely unsullied
d and enjoying the confidence am
of members Be-
2^2"
\\'< >ERNER.
ginning in 1853 with the clerkshi f the Re
corder's Court, then being elect clerk of
the Board of Alderman, he was continued in
through successive elections by the peo-
ple, lie was twice City Attorney, twice a
member of the City Council, over which he
presided during his second term, and twice a
member of the Missouri Senate, in which
body, although one of a minority consisting
of only six Democrats, he was looked upon as
a leader. In 1870, much to his own surprise.
he was nominated and subsequently elected
Judge of the Probate Court. His services in
this capacity gave such universal satisfaction
to the public that he was kept in this office
through six successive terms, covering a per-
iod of twenty-four years. On the bench of
tlte "People's Court," Judge Woerncr exhib-
ited a kindness and courtesy to those who ap-
peared before him, of all classes and condi-
tions of life, which endeared him to the hearts
of the people. Modest, simple and unassum-
ing, he was ever ready to help the widow and
the orphan, and those having their interests
in charge, saving to needy ones, many dollars
which would otherwise have gone for costs and
lawyers' fees. Though the fees of this office
were his compensation, yet he was the prime
mover of much legislation that cheapened the
o 1st 1 if administration, and. wherever he could.
he cut down the costs of administering upon
estates with an unselfishness that deserved and
won for him the gratitude of litigants in the
Probate Court. Throughout his active life,
Judge Woerner has been a profound student
of literature, as well as of politics and public
All the time which could he spared
from the exacting duties of his every-day life
may be said to have been profitably employed
in this field. It is as impossible for his active
mind to find rest in idleness as it is for the
sun to cease giving forth its rays. He de-
in the occult philosophical works of
Hegel and Goethe, but at the same time his
■ and comprehensive intellect has en-
abled him to cull with satisfaction the lighter
gems 1 iginal thinker with a
1 ell as of logic in his
nnture, innumerable short contributions from
his pen most of them anonymous — have
from tii 1 pages of
pe -iodicals and ni in the 1 ier-
and Englis lie has also
n a drama entitled "Pie Sklavin." which
k; r. high rank in the dramatic world and
has been produced in both German and En-
at theaters in most of the larger cities of
the cou.iiry scores of times. In its main fea-
tures it has been imitate I, in 'ater years, by
professional playwrights in "The White Slave"
and similar plays. A more rece'U drama. "Die
Rebellin," the joint production of Judge
Woerner and his son-in-law, Charles Gilde-
baus, has been received with great enthusiasm
by the patrons of the German drama. Dur-
ing his long career as Probate Judge, he per-
fected a legal work on "The American Law of
Administration," which involved a vast
amount of labor and which exhibited an in-
sight into the underlying princi-jles of juris-
prudence such as to at once cause it to be-
come the standard authority on that subject
in the legal profession and in all the courts
of the Union. This was followed by a comple-
mentary work entitled "The American Law
of Guardianship," and these two works ta-
gether cover the whole field of probate law.
In the realm of fiction he has also achieved
distinction, and his romance entitled 'The
Rebel's Daughter." "A Story of Love. Poli-
tics and War," is destined to take its place
among the classic novels of literature, it is
written in a refreshing style, peculiar to the
author, the story being couched in charming
language and constituting, as a whole, a word
picture which brings out with such life-like
distinctness the delicate lights and shadows of
the genuine American spirit as to cause one
to feel that the writer is not only complete
master of his subject, but has been himself .1
part of it. As a literary critic, Judge Woeiner
is keen and incisive, and few men are better
judges of literary merit. There is in him a
combination of powerful intellect and tnie
nobility on the one hand, and a modesty and
gentleness on the either that is rarely met
with, and which is nowhere more apparent
than in his domestic and private 'ife. Though
his mind is large, his heart is larger. His in-
sight into human nature is quick and his sym-
pathetic nature as quick to respond where
help or kindly offices are needed.. His sensi-
tive nature abhors ostentation, and his charity-
is ol the kind that does good by stealth —
much more and in many more ways than will
ever he known. Judge Woerner married, in
1852, Miss Emilie Plass. and has three daugh-
ters— all of whom are married — and one son.
\\ illiam . Woerner, with whom, though he
is now in his seventv-third vear, he is still ac-
WOLFF.
2521
lively engaged in the practice of law. .Mrs.
Woerner. who was a most estimable lady ami
one greatly beloved by all who knew her, died
December 28. 1898.
Wolff, Christian Doerner. pioneer.
soldier and public official, was born Tune 30.
1822. in Elbesheim. llavaria. Germany, ami
died May 21. 1800. in Clayton. Missouri. He
came to this country in childhood with his
parents, who settled near the site of the pres-
ent City of Affton, in Carondelet Township
of St. Louis County. There he grew up. and
in his young manhood attested the fact that
he was a lover of America and American in-
stitutions by enlisting' in CompanvB of the
Third Missouri Regiment for service in the
Mexican 'War. He went into the field under
the command of Colonel — afterward General
— Sterling Price., marched across the plains
from Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, to Santa Fe,
Xew Mexico, participating in one of the
memorable marches ever made by American
soldiers, occupying more than fifty days. He
took part in the suppression of the insurrec-
tion of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians in Xew
Mexico, and then proceeded with
command to Chihuahua, participating later in
the battle of Santa Cruz. At the close of the
war he returned to St. Louis, enriched by In-
experience and honored for his patriotism.
Soon after his return from the war he was
married, and for some time thereafter en° ig
in agricultural pursuits in Carondelet Town-
ship, where he was a leader in many move-
ments designed to advance the interests of the
farmers and gardeners of the count}-. After-
ward he removed to St. Louis, and for se1
eral years prior to the Civil War he was a
Justice of the Peace in the old Second Ward,
and later Police Recorder. When the v. .
gan he was one of the first men in St. L
to shoulder a gun in defense oi the Union.
He helped to form the Fifth Missouri Regi
merit and was made captain of Company R,
at its organization. Later, he was pr< >•
to Lieutenant-Colonel, and still later be-
came Colonel of this Regiment. and
after commanding it for a time, was
Brigadier-General of the Missouri State Mil:
tia by Acting-Governor Wilard P. Hall,
was in command of the troi ps s1
Jefferson E-arraeks when General Price, li
nam in the Mexican War. made lrn
tamous 1 into Missouri in [864. and on that
>ok prompt and effective measures
to check the advance >>i the Confederate
ps. In November of 1804. he was mus-
;ere.l out of the military service by General
Rosecrans, having made an enviable record
aving from the first occupied a leading
the ( ierman-Americans who
were chiefly instrumental in keeping Missouri
from joining the seceding states. In 1805, he
• ippoii je of the St. I 0 -
ection, and was elected by the
people in 1866, he being tl iipanc
.! office after the creation of the Court.
lie occupied the bench of the Criminal Courl
from [865 t" [870, and thereafter devoted
;elf to agricultural pursuits until after the
ation of St. Louis from v' 1 iuis ccunt\.
1 ie was then — in 1877 — made Public Adminis-
trator of the County, and being re-elected at
tie en - rst term., held that office until
^82. He was next mad 1 F the Circuit
' an.', held that office for - being
succeeded by hi- soi ' rgi W. Wolff, no\v
St. Louis I "ount\ . 1 lis of-
career was an honorable one throughout
civil as well as in military life, he earned
highest regard and esteem of his fellow-
In ever} sphei 1 >n in which
,as a participant, he merited the com-
lis fellow-men, and as a soldier.
public official and private citizen, he aided the
1 ivilizatii mi and c< >mr:
The
.. and artistic element in his nature were
-- fully devel. 'iied. than the manly quali-
:' courage and patriotism, Exceedingly
usic, he was a most active and valu-
the Mount < Hive Saengerbund
ng the cus-
the land of his nativi-
mnd and build up num.
char-
ier.', ise. Whenever the commun-
which he lived for many yeai
nccessarv 1 hscription for charitable
id the musi
. r ' neri-
-
if his influ '
ments. He
WOMAN'S BRYAN LEAGUE.
lie and held many offices of honor and trust
in this organization. He was one of the or-
ganizers of the St. Louis County Farmers' In-
surance Company and retained the position of
Secretary of that company to the end of his
life. He was also a stock holder in the St.
Louis County Fair Association and was one
of the warmest friends and supporters of the
Fair. Numbered among the early settlers of
St. Louis County in which he resided for
sixty-six years, he was an honored member
of the pioneer organization known as the Old
Settlers' Association of St. Louis County. Ho
lived during the later years of his life quietly
in one of the most picturesque and beautiful
of the county homes of Clayton. In 1897, he
celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday, at which
tune a loving family circle composed of his
children and eleven grand-children gathered
around him. The members of his family pres-
ent "ii that occasion were Leonora C, wife of
II. P. Wolff, of Clayton ; Geo. W. Wolff Judge
of the Probate Court of St. Louis County;
Christian C. Wolff, Clerk of the St. Louis
County Probate Court; Airs. Bertha Horst,
wife of Thomas H. Horst, of St. Louis: Air.'..
Lmilie Spahn, wife of Charles F. Spahn, of
Clavton and the Misses Antoinette W. and
Flsie T. Wolff.
Wolff, George P., who has been con-
spicuously identified with the real estate inter-
ests of St. Louis from the beginning of his
business career, was born in this city Decem-
ber 8. 1853. His father was Marcus A. Wolff,
who was born in Franklin, Kentucky, in 183 r .
was for many years prominent as a business
man in St. Louis, and died in this city in 1891.
1 lis mother's maiden name was Fliza J. Curtis
and she also was born in Franklin. Kentucky,
hter of William II. Curtis, of that place.
Mr. Wolff's paternal grandfather, Abraham
\\ olff, who was a native of Manchester, Eng.,
ettled in St. Louis at an early date, hav-
ing previously lived in Kentucky. The wiF-
braham Wolff, whose maiden name was
Susan Franklin, was a descendant of Benja-
min Franklin. ( leorge 1 '. Wolff was educated
at St. Louis University and, upon his gradua-
tion from that institution in 1871. entered his
father's real esates office as a clerk. After-
ward, he served an apprenticeship to the
plumbing and gas-titling business and. for a
time, was in partnership with Thomas J. Hen-
Hessy in St. Louis. Later he was ensrag-ed
in the same business in Baltimore, where he
remained until 1870, when he returned to his
native city and became an employe of the
Second National Bank of St. Louis. After this
banking house went into liquidation, he held
a position in the Third National Bank, until
he resigned it to accept the office of govern-
ment bookkeeper with the St. Louis Distilling
Company. In 1880, he again entered his fa-
ther's real estate office as a salesman and in
1887 was admitted to a partnership in the
business. At the death of his father, he and
his brother. E. B. Wolff, became successors
1 t the elder Wolff in the conduct and manage-
ment of a real estate business which had grown
to large proportions. He has ever since beer:
one of the leading representatives of this in-
terest in St. Louis, a capable and sagacious man
of affairs and one who has contributed mate-
rially to the growth of the city by his public-
spirited liberality and enterprise. He is a
member of the Masonic Order and of the Le-
gion of Honor, and a communicant of the
Methodist Church. May 16, 1883, he mar-
ried Miss Alice E. Eaton, daughter of Dr. M.
M. Eaton, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Woman's Bryan League. — A woman's
political club, organized in July, 1896, with
thirteen charter members. Officers elected
on that date were Mrs. Diza Rothchild, pres-
ident; Mrs. G. L. Werth, vice-president; Mrs.
Tabor, temporary secretary ; Mrs. Bevillc.
honorary president. After the second meet-
ing, Mrs. Rothchild resigned, and Mrs. Werth
was elected to the chair and Mrs. Mary Waldo
Calkins secretary. The membership rapidly
increased to over one hundred. The imme-
diate object of the League was to assist in the
election of William J. Bryan to the Presidency
• )pen meetings were held at the Jefferson
Club during the campaign, where addresses
were made by prominent men of the Demo-
cratic party. One of the club members, Mrs.
Alice C. Mulkey, made effective speeches at
the Oriental Theatre and elsewhere. A Glee
Club was formed, which, toward the close of
the campaign, participated, by request, in
many of the political meetings. The League
joined both the National and Missouri Asso-
ciations of Democratic clubs on the same basis
1 if representation as the men's clubs, and Mrs
Werth was elected delegate, and Mrs. Calkins
alternate to the National Convention of Dem-
ocratic Clubs held at St. Louis, October 3,
WOMAN'S CUT. OF ST. LOUIS.
2523
1896. Airs. Worth addressed the conven-
tion, asking the delegates to organize women's
clubs. The Missouri State organization elect-
ed Mrs. Werth vice-president for the Twelfth
Congressional District, and Mrs. Calkins Ser-
geant-at-Arms. Several women's clubs were
organized in Missouri, Illinois, and other
States, under the influence of the League, and
did effective work. The League disbanded
and re-organized December 5, 1896. Offi-
cers : Mrs. G. L. Werth, president ; Mrs. Alice
C. Mulkey and Miss belle Norman, vice-pres-
idents; Mrs. M. W. Calkins, recording secre-
tary; Mrs. M. K. Bowen, corresponding sec-
retary; Mrs. Nannie B. Conkling, treasurer;
executive board, Mrs. Addie M. Johnson,
Mrs. M. A. Thomas, Mrs. Anna Hewitt, Mrs
Grace Marion and Mrs. F. C. Blackweli. The;
new object of the League is the education of
women in political economy, that they may
use their united influence for the benefit oi
humanity; and to acquire a full knowledge
of the essential principles of pure government
and to preserve, defend and advance then:
The League sent one of its members to the
Missouri State Assembly to plead for the pas-
sage of a law making women eligible for sen -
ice on school boards. A bill to that effect
passed the House March 16. 1897, but the
Assembly adjourned soon afterward and be-
fore the bill could obtain attention in the Sen
ate, it was lost. Through the sole efforts of
the League, Belle Norman was, in 1897, ;i
candidate on the Democratic School Board
ticket, it being the first time in the history
of Missouri that a woman was placed on any
ticket for election. The members of the
League worked diligently for their candidate
a number of them visiting the polls, and,
though not elected. Miss Norman received 10,-
463 votes. MARTHA S. KAVSER.
Woman's Club of St. Louis. — This
pioneer of Women's Clubs in St. Louis mod-
eled on lines as broad as the most advanced
clubs of to-day, was organized in 1872. Its
records present no features surprising to the
readers of to-day. but at that time, there had
never been any association of women in St.
Louis, which was not narrowed to some spe-
cial sectarian, partisan or charitable interest.
and the mere adoption of the name of "Club"
was regarded as revolutionary, exciting oppo-
sition and necessitating defense. The Wo-
man's Club of St. Louis was organized on the
following basis: "Recognizing the value of
frequent interchange of thought and -
rience among women, we assoi iat< ourselves
f< ir mutual improvement and a mi ire tho
study of all questions vital to the interests or
women." The first meeting was held at the
residence of .Mrs. Wenzel Holy, and its work
began with the reading of articles on co-opera-
tive housekeeping. For the first two years,
such topics were discussed as members from
time to time suggested : and. at first, these top-
ics were presented without special prepara-
tion, but gradually, the necessity for less su
perficial discussion was realized and views
were formulated in written essays. In the
third year, there was a demand for still more
systematic work, and four special departments
of study were provided for: Literature and
Art. Education, Science, and Philanthrophy
Each of these departments was dividi d into
groups, and each group had its chairman
and followed a special course of study, meet-
ing weekly for that purpose. The whole Club
was kept in touch with the work of the vd
rious departments through reports, synopses
and essays. The regular club meetings, whii 1)
were held mi the first and third Wednesday
afternoons of each month, were devoted prin-
cipally to tlie study of the living and \ital
problems of social science, [ndependei
thought and speech were encouraged; th'/
rules of parliamentary decorum and order were
strictly adherred to. and the habit of read'
speaking "on one's feet" was strenuously cul-
tivated. The Woman's Club was designed to
lie a preparaton school where strength and
discipline shrould he acquired for any special
work the members as individuals might un-
dertake outside the Club, whether in b :nevo-
lenl organizations, in the school, home, or in
any of the various reform movements ol th.
daw and this result was achieved. There are
ladies who are to-daj self-possessed
leaders in prominent ami influential
ties in ill's and other cities who ac-
knowledge their indebtedness to the dis-
1 ipline, - '.\ell as the inspiration, of the
Woman's Club, a discipline which at that
time was regarded by some a- h rami
twenty-five years ar/o, few St. Louis \
had ever had the opportunil
al sensitiveness and tii
were hurt by opposition in di .real,
difficulty was experienced in training individ-
Iress their - chair.
2524
WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION.
But after a few months of persistent effort
on the part of the leaders, habits were formed
which are now as much matter of course in
assemblages of women as of men. "Coining
back to St. Louis after an absence of two
years, I find women, who then could not have
expressed two sentences before a room full of
listening people without embarrassment, now
talking concisely, clearly, and to the point.
They have studied, read and thought. They
have learned how to talk and when to stop
talking," wrote Miss Calista Halsey, in a
newspaper report of a meeting of this Club
in 1878, in which the subject under discussion
was the exertion of the influence of women,
and especially mothers, in hastening the time
when war should be supplanted by arbitration.
Among other subjects discussed were "Mar-
ried women in the public schools." and the
appointment of matrons and women guards
in asylums and prisons. Committees were
appointed to visit and report upon city insti-
tutions, and resolutions were adopted pledg-
ing the efforts of the members toward needed
reforms. At one of the evening meetings, Mr.
Isaac Hedges read a paper on the fitting of
boys for grades. Several gentlemen connected
with Washington University were present
and mentioned the projected Manual Training
School, and the Club, by invitation, attended,
in a body, the meeting a few weeks later, in
which the plan of this world-famous school was
presented to the general public. A further
illustration of the advancement of this Society
along present lines of thought and work is the
fact that one of the study groups in the Science
Department took up the study of the chemis-
try of foods, in connection with which lessons
in cooking were given. The evening meet-
ings were held once a month, and friends of
the Club, men and women, were invited to
participate. A paper was read, followed by
general discussion ; refreshments were then
served, and the rest of the evening was spent
in social converse, though the interest in the
subjects presented was usually so great that
the conversation would resolve itself back into
discussion. These meetings were always at-
tended by many of the 111.1st intellectual peo-
ple in St. Louis. Among the essayists were
Dr. William T. Harris, Rev. T. C. Learned,
Prof. William M. Bryant, Prof" II. C. Ives. A.
J. Conant, William M. Tracy. Rev. John Sny-
der, Miss Alice Fletcher, president of the New
York S.irosis, and Mrs. Tracy Cutler. The
proceedings of the Club were reported in the
leading papers, and the essays often published
in full. The officers on several occasions
went by invitation to assist in organizing vil-
lage clubs. This energetic career was con-
tinued for eight years, until 1889, when the
Club was dissolved. Many of the most active
workers had removed from St. Louis, the
club idea was no longer an innovation, nu- :
merous new organizations had been formed,
some for culture and others for active work in
which members of the Woman's Club were
absorbed and in which many of them played
leading and important parts. Among the
presidents were Mrs. Wenzel Holy, Mrs. L.
Sharman. Airs. William Patrick and Mrs. Ed-
win F. Thampson. Mrs. Holy, Mrs. J. B.
Case, Mrs. Sharman and Mrs. Ellen True
were the organizers of the Club and exerted a
powerful influence, both in the general and the
class work and have left an indelible impress
in the minds of many. Among the other work-
ers were Miss Whiting, now of Boston, and
Mrs. Helen Starrett, now of Chicago, both
prominent in literary and journalistic circles :
Mrs. True, distinguished in Club work in Chi-
cago; Mrs. Morris Lippman, Mrs. Lucy A.
W iggin. founder of the Working Girl's Free
Library and of the St. Louis Social Settle-
ment; Miss Calista Halsey, journalist and
pioneer teacher of wood-carving at Washing-
ton University : Mrs. C. M. Guibert. Miss El-
len Dare. Airs. L. A. Dickinson. Mrs. George
Simpkins, Mrs. Julia Townsend, Mrs. F.
Schlegel, Airs. Isaac Hedges, Airs. Amanda
E. Dickinson, Airs. L. B. Gow, Airs. William
Horner, Airs. J. Jacobs, Airs. H. Ruckert,
Miss Martha Kavser, and Aliss Laura rlinch-
nian. MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Woman's Christian Temperance
Union. — The World's Woman's Christian
Temperance Union, known in nearly 40 differ,
cut countries, and National Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union, organized in all the
States and Territories of this Nation, repre-
sent a following of more than half a million
of women, devoted to the uplifting of human-
ity. The pledge of the organization is as fol-
lows : I hereby solemnly promise, God help-
ing me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented
and malt liquors, including wine, beer and
cider, and to employ all proper means to dis-
courage the use of and traffic in the same.
The St. Louis Woman's Christian Temper-
WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION.
ance Union was organized in the First Meth-
odist Church in 1879, with the following offi-
cers: Mrs. W. P. Babcock, president; Mrs.
F. F. Moore ,vice president; Miss E. B. Buck-
ley (now Mrs. F. H. Ingalls), secretary, and
Mrs. Flesher, treasurer. In 1880 Mrs. H. II.
Wagoner was elected president and Mrs. Wal-
lace Hardy secretary. Mrs. Wagoner was
succeeded in 1883 by Mrs. Thomas Fletcher.
The State minutes of 1883 contain this report:
"The St. Louis Woman's Christian Temper-
ance Union became auxiliary to the State in
1883. It has a membership of forty and holds
regtdar meetings every Saturday in the library
of the Christian Home. A temperance col-
umn is maintained in several of the local pa-
pers, and temperance hooks and papers sent
to reading rooms. More than 3,000 signa-
tures were obtained to a petition, submitting
a constitutional amendment to the people."
At this time the St. Louis Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union was a part of the
tenth district. At the convention held in Se-
dalia in 1884, Mrs. Belle P. Robert presented
a petition asking that St. Louis be organized
into a new district, to include all within the
limits of the city of St. Louis, to be known as
the St. Louis Woman's Christian Temperance
Union District ; that the president and officers
of the St. Louis Union be the president and
officers of the St. Louis District. Later the
Congressional lines were dropped, and the
State organized into W. C. T. U. districts, St.
Louis being number 17. The petition present-
ed by Mrs. Robert was granted, thus making
the officers of the St. Louis District Mrs.
Thomas Fletcher, president; Mrs. H. H.
Wagoner, vice president: Mrs. A. ( 1. Peter-
son, corresponding secretary; Mrs. A. S.
Cairns, recording secretary: Mrs. G. S. Gro-
ver, treasurer. As more unions were to be
organized, the St. Louis Union took the name
of the Central Woman's Christian Temperance
Union, which has been always the strongest
union in the State. Later in the year Mr--.
A. C. Cairns was elected president of the 1 >is-
trict. She resigned in 1886. and Mrs. Robert
served as president until 1890, when Mrs. F.
H. Lngalls was elected to fill the office.
The work of the Woman's Christian Tem-
perance Union is carried on by departments,
the World's Union appointing superinten-
dents of departments, the National, State. Dis-
trict and Local organizations following the
plan of the World's W. C. T. I*. Each su-
perintendent receives her instructions from
ami reports to the officer next higher in grad i
than herself. Thus the smallest, weakest
union is in touch with tin- World's superin-
tendent. This is considered a great chain of
workers. The Woman's Christian Temper-
ance Union is divided in the following man-
ner: Organization, Evangelistic, Preventive,
Educational, Social and Legal. The subdivi-
sions are the following departments: Under
the division of Organization is the branch of
National Lecturers. Young Woman's and
Loyal Temperance Legion branches, Work
among Foreign-speaking and Colored People.
The Preventive division is made up of tin- De-
partments of Health and Heredity, and Non-
Alcoholic Medication. Under the Educa-
tional division are the departments of Scienti-
fic Temperance Instruction, Physical Culture,
Sunday School Work, Temperance Litera-
ture, Presenting the Cause to Influential Bod
ies, Temperance and Labor, W. C. T. U.
Schools and Methods and Parliamentary
Usage, The Press, Anti-Narcotics. School
Savings Banks, and Kindergarten. I he
Evangelistic division embraces Unfermented
Wine, Proportionate and Systematic Giving,
Penal and Reformatory Work. Including Po-
lice Station Work: Work in Almshouses,
Work Among Railroad Employes, Soldiers
and Sailors. Lumbermen and Miners; Sabbath
< observance, Mercy, Purity, and Purity in
Literature and Art. Under the Social division
are the departments of Flower Mission, Parlor
Meetings, State and County Fairs. Under
the legal division are the departments of Leg-
islation and Enforcement of Law. Franchise,
Peace and Arbitration and Christian Citizen-
ship. The Affiliated interests are The Wom-
an's Temperance Publishing Association, Na-
tional Temperance Hospital and Training
School for Nurses, and The Temple.
The following important petitions have
been circulated: ( ine to the governments of
the world, asking for the abolishment of the
liquor and opium traffic : this petition o mtains
millions of names. Another to Congress
ing that the manufacture of cigarettes I>
bidden, and the interstate commerce petition,
also to Congress, asking that the States be
permitted to forbid the manufacture, sale and
importation of the cigarette. Impi
that has been done is petitioning Legislatures
to raise the "age of cons* nt." This has
accomplished in many Stat - uring
WOMAN'S EXCHANGE.
scientific temperance education in the public
schools by law has been accomplished in all
the States and Territories except three. Laws
forbidding the sale of tobacco or cigarettes to
minors have been passed in forty-two States
and the District of Columbia. Hundreds of
thousands of children have been pledged
against alcohol and tobacco.
The membership fee is one dollar a year.
To secure money to carry on the work enter-
tainments are given and money solicited.
The organization has red-letter days, which
are generally observed. January 18, birthday
of Mrs. Clara Hoffman, president of the Mis-
souri Woman's Christian Temperance Union
and recording secretary of the national organ-
ization, observed by the free-will offering
meetings. Anniversary Day, the birthday of
each local union. April 3, Sabbath Observ-
ance Day, observed by public services in the
interest of the American Sabbath. April 17
to 23, Self-denial week : each member is asked
to deny herself something not necessary that
its cost may go into the work. June 9, Flower
Mission Day, birthday of Jennie Cassidy. na-
tional superintendent of Flower Mission work;
observed by sending flowers with text cards
to prisons, hospitals and almshouses, and to
the poor and sick everywhere. July 4. birth-
day of Mrs. Mary II. Hunt, national superin-
tendent of Scientific Instruction. August 24.
birthday of Mrs. Fliza J. Thompson, the lead-
er of the crusade from which sprang the Wo-
man's Christian Temperance Union. Septem-
ber 28. Membership Crusade Day, birthday of
Frances E. Willard. long president of the
World's and National Woman's Christian
Temperance Unions, the woman of whom Jo-
seph Cook truthfully said. "The best-loved
woman in the world." October 31. day of
irk and workers and for the
unity of spirit in the National Convention.
December 18, Peace Day: observed in the
inten and national and individual
arbitration. 1 r 23, Crusade Day; the
anni\: ng forth of the crusad-
ers at Hillsl [873. Noon-tide
Hour of Player. Pr; e work -and
workers, all lands. It belts the
world with : of God
and liv.rii.-i-
The St. Louis, th District.
comprises the city of St. Louis. The officers
are: Mrs. F. II. Ing '.cut; Mrs.
: Miss
Katherine Gundelfinger, corresponding sec-
retary ; Mrs. Abbie Frankel, treasurer. The
following are the local organizations in the
St. Louis District and their presidents : Cen-
tral Union, Mrs. W. E. Ingalls ; Lafayette
Union. Miss Belle Dunlap; Carondelet Union,
Mrs. J. F. Robeson ; West End Union, Mrs.
H. II. Wagoner; St. Louis Y, Miss Minnie
Cameron ; Willard Y, Miss Sadie Jessup ; Rob-
ert Y, Miss Kathryn Price ; Harper Union
icolored), Miss L. S. Carter.
The St. Louis Woman's Christian Temper-
ance Union is an organization of brave wom-
en, working for the utter annihilation of the
saloon, for the suppression of the liquor traf-
fic and to abolish the use of tobacco and all
narcotics. They are working for purer man-
ners, better laws and wage a peaceful warfare
for "< iod and Home and Everv Land."
MRS. F. H. IXGALLS.
Woman's Emergency Guild. — See
"Wednesday Club."
Woman's Exchange. — The Woman's
Exchange of St. Louis was organized in the
Spring of 18S3 by three or four ladies who
withdrew from the Industrial and Sewing
Committee of the Training School, for the
purpose of establishing an exchange for wo-
man's work on broader lines and a more ex-
tended basis than was possible as a branch of
any other association. The first gathering
for this purpose was composed of only three
ladies, viz.. Mrs. J. D. Lawnin. Mrs. A. A.
Gilliam and Mrs. Robert Gholson. From the
beginning the work has been an arduous and
up-hill one in St. Louis, especially as they had
to build up anew on the groundwork of a for-
mer failure not many years previous. Still,
the founders were not women to be easily dis-
heartened, but had in a marked degree both
courage and forethought. To the first board
of managers and their far-seeing policy under
the leadership of Mrs. J. D. Lawnin we are in-
d to-day for the existence of the Ex-
change. With but Si. 000 in hand, they
1 the Exchange, and less than two years
after boldly ventured on the purchase of a
$15,000 piece of property: and with a tenacity
born of an undying devotion they have strug-
gled on ever since, to realize the full value of
that investment, so as to secure an endow-
ment that would make permanent the
work so dear to their hearts. The
WOMAN'S HUMANE SOCIETY.
day is not far distant when this
devotion will be rewarded, and the friends
and well-wishers of the Exchange will see it
placed on a sure footing, with an endowment
which if not all we could wish, will make its
future in St. Louis secure. The assertion has
been well sustained that no institution in the
city has received so little aid from its citizens
or such untiring effort and devotion from its
managers.
The knowledge of the help and relief it has
afforded to many deserving and needy families
has been the sole reward reaped by its found-
ers. The managers point with pride to the
fact that during the hard years of 1894-95-96-
97 they paid to industrial women the sum of
$19,491.92: and in its existence of fifteen
years the sum of $86,000 has been paid through
its various branches to industrial women,
many of whom would have become unwilling
burdens on the charitable institutions of the
city, but for the help of the Woman's Ex-
change, instead of self-respecting and self-sup-
porting women. The motto of the Exchange
— "Helping Women to Help Themselves" —
has been its aim and object, and it feels it can
appeal to its record to show that it has lived
up to its motto.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Woman's Humane Society. —Seeing
the necessity for concerted action, against the
wrongs heaped upon the helpless and weak,
seven earnest women met together January
7, 1897, to organize a society for the preven-
tion of cruelty to children and animals, and
thus The Woman's Humane Society had its
birth, with a power for good that has <\
an influence in all directions, and mad.
felt everywhere on the street and in the home ;
an educator teaching people to think as well
as to feel, to act as well as protest, a self-sus-
taining organization, fearless in its endeavors
to alleviate and indefatigable in its efforts for
justice.
Its original officers were Mrs. Albert Todd.
President: Mrs. T. Brooks. Secretary, and
Mrs. T. < .. Comstock Treasurer, receivii
charter July. 1888 and the following are some
of its charter members : Mrs. Charles Bailey,
Mrs. E. Lingenfelder. Mrs. C. M. Cavan. Mrs.
Frank Aglar and Mrs. G. A. Butterfield. The
Society in the commencement met 011 the first
Tuesday each month, when reports of the work
were made, articles on humane subjects
and ways discussed for the advancement of the
work.
I >n January 7, i888,a Board of seven Direc-
tors was elected, the names being Mrs. E. Lin-
Urs. T. Brooks, Mrs. T. G. C01
. Miss Bell Anders, ,n. Mrs. T. !. Connor.
Mrs. T. H. Morgan and Mrs. G. A IHitter-
field. Mrs. Comstock was elected President,
Mrs. Brooks. Secretary and Miss Anderson,
Treasurer. Then the Society for the first time
employed an agent, in the person of Mr. X.
T. Wililams, who prosecuted the work witii
great zeal and faithfulness, bringing the So-
ciety before the public and making for it
many friends. The lirst year under hint sh< 1
two thousand two hundred and twenty-three
cases investigated with eighty-four prosei u-
tions and eighty-two convictions. Many in-
teresting cases of children were brought to the
notice of the Society, whereb; ifancy
was greatly benefited and good homes :
for those who were homeless. The Attorney.
Mr. Gist Blair has always. shown much inter-
est in the work and together with Mr. Font-
leroy. has rendered the Society much valuable
assistance and advice. Through the com
of the management of the Lindell Hotel, the
Society, with the exception of one year
held its meetings in one of the Parlors on
Monday of each week, as it was decided a
more frequent meeting than monthly, greatly
advanced the cause. A cordial welcome was
always extended to those interested in hu-
mane work. One men.' society, Mrs.
Ida M. Holt, a woman of great earnestness of
purpose, organized a Band of Mercy or Chil-
dren's Humane Society in St. Louis as early
as 1886 and has accomplished most wonderful
work, keeping the children together year after
vear, teaching and g them in ways of
kindness, thereby advancing the work mate-
. feeling that by commencing with the
the evils of later life may be
avoid'
membership fee is one dollar per
the treasury being maintained
tainments and contributions.
The Society has a numb
Members being, Mrs. Cleveland, Mrs. Harri-
■■- President Polk, Madame
jeska and others. Mrs. Comstock
been' President of ty for nine
her earnest work ami wonderful executive
ty, rendering her
J 528
WOMAN'S NOONDAY CLUB.
sired to retire- from its leadership, a vote of
overwhelming number in her favor, has com-
pelled her to remain. The Board of Officers
of the last year. 1898, are Mrs. T. G. Corn-
stock, President; Mrs. Geo. H. Lucas, Vice-
President; Mrs. A. II. Brady, Secretary, Mrs.
T. L Connor, Treasurer. Directors. Mrs. G.
A. Butterfield, Mrs. R. E. Clark, Mrs. M. L.
Osgood. Mrs. T. G. Comstock, Mrs. George
H. Lucas, Mrs. M. S. Reed and Mrs. M.
Rutherford.
FLORENCE GRISWOLD CONNOR.
Woman's Medical College. — Two dif-
ferent institutions are known under this title.
Tn [889, was opened in St. Louis, the Rachel
< Ibstetrical School, under the direction of Wil-
liam If. Mayfield. M. D., and Garland Hunt,
M I 1. Out of this was developed the Wo-
man's Medical College, organized in 1 Sw< <.
with ( r. W. Broome, M. D., as the active head.
It languished, and closed its doors in 1892. In
[893, the Woman's Medical College and Hos
pital Association was incorporated by a large
number of physicians of excellent professional
and social standing, among them the greater
number of those who has been identified with
the institution preceding it. The old St. Louis
University building, at the corner of Sixteenth
and Pine Streets, was leased for College pur-
poses, a full faculty was chosen, and classes
were formed. The project was a failure finan-
cially, proving a serious drain upon the priv-
ate means of the gentlemen interested, anil
the doors were closed in 1896. Twenty-five
females were graduated during the existence
of the College, nearly all of whom are now
engaged actively in practice, or occupv respon-
sible positions in hospitals in different sec-
tions of the country. The Woman's Medical
1 ollege was a potent factor in opening the
doors of other medical schools to women, and
in affording female physicians recognition in
practice and in hospital service. The hospital
which was conducted in connection with the
College is yet in existence.
Woman's Noonday Club.— Organized
December 2. i8q6, with the following officers:
Mrs. Diza M. Rothchild, President: Mis. Jes-
sie P.. Young, \ "ice-President ; Miss Jennie E.
Bowles, Secretary and Manager; and Miss
Julia C. Reith, Treasurer. The object of its
promoters was to establish a club in the city
oi St. Louis where business and professional
women might be associated together for mut-
ual aid and benefit ; and to establish a library,
reading-room, parlor and dining-room, to be
conducted for the convenience and comfort of
its members. That a great need for such 1
club existed is proved by its membership roll
of three hundred after an existence of only six
months. The dining-room, which was opened
January 2, 1897. is available with commutation
rates, to all business women, regardless of
membership, and the daily attendance at din-
ner has averaged over 400. Breakfast and sup-
per are also provided for the few who desire
these meals. The Woman's Noonday Club
is located temporarily at 416 North Sixth
Street. The dining-room is a large, handsome
and finely lighted hall, which was formerly the
auditorium of a Jewish synagogue. One cor-
ner is fitted up as a parlor, suitably furnished
and decorated, and brightened and enlivened
with flowers, canaries and an aquarium ot
gold-fish. It contains also a piano, the book-
cases of the circulating library, and tables cov-
ered with periodicals. An unusual feature of
this organization is that no initiation fee or
dues are required and it is unencumbered
with rules. Large amounts of money are
handled by the officers, and the books are al-
ways open to inspection, but there is no "red
tape" in the institution. The revenue is de-
rived entirely from the dining-room and from
entertainments, and the President, Mrs. Roth-
child, affirms that: "The success of the Club
is a sufficient evidence that the idea of co-oper-
ative restaurants for women is perfectly feasi-
hle." The advantages of enrollment are in
having a voice in the management, in obtain-
ing the discounts on purchases allowed to
members by leading merchants; and in the
privilege of forming study classes, under com-
petent paid instructors at the nominal rate of
one dollar for ten weekly lessons. These stu-
dies are in literature, languages, physical cul-
ture, any subject, in short, in which a suffi-
cient number are interested to form a class.
Free lectures are given from time to time. In
order to become a member, it is only necessary
for any woman employe, in some profession
or business, to present an application endorsed
by two members. There is no discrimination
against any useful employment. The majority
of the members are stenographers and book-
keepers ; a considerable number are sales-
women ; teachers, literary women and physi-
cians are represented, and one lawyer is en-
WOMAN'S RELIEF CORPS.
rolled. The broadening- influence of the com-
ing together of such numbers of practical
workers in different avocations for purposes ot
mutual help and co-operation has already In-
come manifest.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Woman's Relief Corps. — This organi
zation is a charitable and patriotic body de-
vested to the interests of old Union soldiers
and their families to relieve their distress, find
homes and employment, to keep the memory
of their heroic deeds green and fresh in the
minds of present generations, and to inculcate
lessons of patriotism in the community in
which they are instituted. The Woman's Re-
lief Corps was organized in 1883 at Denver,
Colo., and is the only auxiliary recognized 1>>
the Grand Army of the Republic. There are
three divisions: the local corps which reports
to the Department officers, the Depart-
ment which reports to the National officers
and controls the local corps, and the National
which legislates at each annual Convention
for the entire organization. Every year an
annual Convention is held by both National
and Departments, the latter being compose 1
of Corps officers and delegates and the for-
mer of Department Officers and delegates,
elected for that purpose. In every Stan 0
the Union there is a Department, except in
the Southern States which have only detached
corps, nearly all colored. The Department oi
Missouri was organized in 1885 by Mrs. Lizzie
Anderson, and Mrs. II. Stiesmeier, was its
first president. Its present membership has
reached nearly 3.000 and during their four-
teen years of life have expended nearly $14,-
000 for relief; besides acquiring a home in
1895, for the soldiers and their wives at St.
James, Phelps County. This home was orig-
inated and established with the assistance of
the citizens of Phelps County, by Mrs. Hol-
len E. Day, at that time president of the
Woman's Relief Corps Soldiers Home Assoc-
iation.which was incorporated by her. The
home is now the property of the State. The
Headquarters of Department of Missouri is
always located at the home of the Depart-
ment President, said office being changed each
year. The Corps are required to meet twice
a month. None but members in good stand-
ing are given the password, which is neces -
sary to gain admittance. Their business con-
sists of relief work, planning ways and means
tor funds and devising methods
m, especially in the publi
spread pa-
in in!-. \.)
politics or religion are allowed discussion. St
Louis claims ten turps, which takes their re-
spective names from the Post to which each
is auxiliary and arc as follows ; frank P. Blair,
Ransom; Col. Hassendeubel, Gen. N'athaniel
P. Lyon, Harry P. Harding. Gen. Madison
Miller: John \. Logan, Col. Neumann, Chas.
I >ening and ( !ol. Shaw (colored). During
Spanish-American war by approval of the
Sixteenth National Convention an Emergi
fund was created to provide aid ami o mforl
fur all volunteers and to assist their families;
many hundreds of dollars were raised fur the
purpose. The Woman's Relief Corps of
America were instrumental in placing the flag
mi our public schools and introducing the
salute tn tile (lag to lie made a pari 1 if the
opening exercises, viz: "We give our heads,
our hearts and our hands to God and our
county — One country, one language and one
flag!" The following preamble found in their
Constitution embodies the principal work of
the Woman's Relief Corps. We. the mother-.
wives, (laughters and sisters of Union soldiers,
sailors and marines who aided in putting
down the Rebellion, do with our loyal women,
unite to establish a permanent associatio
the object of specially aiding and assisting the
Grand Army of the Republic and perpetuate
the memory of their heroic dead. To assisi
such Union Veterans as need our help and
protection and to extend needful aid to their
widows and orphans. To find them homes
and employment and to assure them of sym-
pathy and friends. To cherish and emulate
the deeds of our army nurses and of all loyal
women who rendered loving services ti
country in her hour of peril, also to maintain
true allegiance to the United States of Amer-
ica, to inculcate lessons of patriotism and lo\
ountry among our children in the com-
munities in which we live, and encouragi
spread of universal liberie and equal rigl
all. H< iLLEN I'-. DAY.
Woman - Suffrage Association of
Missouri. — This Association came intoi
ence May 8, 1867. and was the first organi-
zation in the world having for its so], .
the political enfranchisement of women, since
othersocieties working; for this end included
it among other reforms for which the
striving. In England, in t!
W< (MAN-SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION.
a purel) suffrage association was formed
bearing the same name, and also one in New
England. The first meeting was held in the
directors' room of the Mercantile Library
Hall. Mrs. Alfred Clapp was called to the
chair, and Mrs. G. D. Hall acted as Secretary.
The following resolutions were adopted:
"Whereas, The subject of universal suffrage
is now attracting the attention of the leading
minds of this nation, causing revision of Con-
stitutions both of the general and State gov-
ernments; and Whereas, We believe that the
true idea of a Republic is achieved only where
the elective franchise is impartially be-
stowed ; and Whereas, Women are subject to
taxation, and are made amenable to the laws ;
Therefore, Resolved : That we will make all
suitable exertions to obtain such an amend-
ment to our State Constitutions as shall confer
the right of suffrage on women. Resolved,
That for this purpose we will organize our-
selves into an Association to be called the
Woman Suffrage Asociation of Missouri."
The following permanent officers were then
elected : President, Mrs. Francis Minor :
Vice-President, Mrs. Beverly Allen ; Corre-
sponding Secretary. Mrs. R. N. Hazard ; Re-
cording Secretary, Mrs. George D. Hall ; and
Treasurer. Mrs. G. W. Banker. Mrs. Banker
immediately resigned ; she was succeeded by
Mrs. Nathan Stevens. At the next meeting,
on May 18, a constitution was adopted. As
the membership grew, larger rooms were en-
gaged in the Pickwick Theatre and the work
was earnestly pushed. Committees were sent
to the Legislature at every session,
and though woman suffrage has not
yet been granted in this State, the influence of
the petitioners has led to such modification
of the laws that Missouri now has one of the
most liberal codes, as regards the interests of
women, of any State in the Union. In 1867,
a woman's property, whether inherited or ac-
quired, belonged entirely to her husband, and
he could take the dollar she had earned with
her needle or at the wash-tub and spend it at
the next saloon; and he could take the child
from her arms and give it to whom he pleased.
That such responsible power was not more
frequently abused was due to the fact that men
are better than their theories, and not to the
just and equal protection of the laws. The
women who, nearly thirty years ago, conse-
crated themselves to the cause of liberty and
justice, met opposition, prejudice, ridicule and
social ostracism. In man}- instances, family
ties and long-standing friendships were
severed. But strong in the conviction of the
righteousness of their cause and with the
martyr spirit, they worked on; and though
unsuccessful thus far in the realization of the
specific object of their association, they have
seen the fulfillment of their purposes in many
ways. It was through his personal acquaint-
ance with the circle of women wdio afterward
became members of this Asociation that J. A.
Campbell, during a winter spent in St. Louis,
became an earnest advocate of woman suff-
rage, and when Governor of Wyoming, it was
his signature to a bill passed half in jest,
that gave to Wyoming the distinction of being
the first to confer the full rights of citizen-
ship upon women. He wrote frequently to
members of the Association, with congratula-
tion on the progress of the movement in other
parts of the United States, and of the constant
opening to women of larger opportunities and
new fields of usefulness and honor. Miss
Lemma Barkeloo, from Brooklyn, New York,
a member of the Woman Suffrage Associa-
tion, was the first woman lawyer to practice
in St. Louis. She was graduated from the
Law School of Washington University, and
Mr. Lucien Eaton, at the requcnt of Mrs. R.
N. Hazard, took her in his office. Her prom-
ising career was soon ended, and at her death
in 1870, the members of the bar held a meet-
ing, presided over by Mr. Albert Todd, and
passed resolutions of respect to her memory.
It was also at the petition of this Association
that the Homeopathic College opened its
doors to women. Help has also been extend-
ed to the woman suffrage movement in other
States. Five hundred dollars was sent to
Michigan to circulate literature during a cam-
paign, three hundred dollars to Colorado, and
considerable amounts to Nebraska and other
States. The original members of the Missouri
Woman Suffrage Association were: Mrs.
Francis Minor, Mrs. Rebecca N. Hazard, Mrs.
Beverly Allen and her three daughters, Mrs.
tsaac II. Sturgeon, Mrs. George D. Hall, and
Miss Penelope Allen, now Mrs. John C. Or-
rick : Mrs. G. W. Banker, Mrs. Nathan Stev-
ens. Mrs. Alfred Clapp and her daughter, Mrs.
Frank Fletcher; Mrs. James B. Roberts, Mrs.
V ( >. Grubb, Mrs. Stephen Ridgeley, Mrs.
George Simpkins, Mrs. William Patrick, Miss
Arethusa Forbes, and Mrs. John B. Hender-
son. The office of president was filled by
WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
>531
Mrs. Francis Minor, Mrs. Beverly Allen, Mrs.
John B, Henderson, Mrs. R. N. Hazard, Mrs.
George D. Hall, Mrs. J. P. Fuller, Mrs. Char-
lotte E. Cleveland, and Mrs. Amanda E.
Dickinson, a number of the presidents holding
office for several terms. The membership be-
came large, embracing many of the most in-
fluential men and women in St. Louis. Ac-
tively working among these were Dr. William
G. Eliot, James E. Yeatman, Mrs. Hannah
Stagg, Wayman Crow, Francis Minor, Isaac
H. Sturgeon, Lucien Eaton, Albert Todd, Col.
and Mrs. R. J. Rombauer, Mr. and Mrs. J. B.
Case, Mrs. Lucretia Yeatman, Edmund T.
Allen, Mrs. George H. Rea, Miss Phoebe
Couzins, Rose Tittman, Mrs. Dr. Pollack,
Rosa Sonneschein, John Dutro, Gen. John B.
Henderson, Judge G. A. Finkelnburg and
wife, Dr. William T. Harris, Prof. Thomas
Davidson, Anna Brackett, Mary Beedy, Mrs.
Wenzel Holy, Berenice Morrison, Rev. John
C. Learned, Mrs. John W. Noble, James B.
Roberts, Mrs. Edwin F. Thompson, Mrs.
George Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Ernst W.
Decker, and Lina Hilderbrandt. Miss Beedy,
through the influence of the wives of Mr. Mc-
Laren, of Edinburg, and Peter Taylor, mem-
bers of Parliament, subsequently went to En-
gland and entered into active service, making
speeches for the British Woman Suffrage As-
sociation. Among the later members who
were able workers were : Col. and Mrs. Minor
Meriwether, Mrs. E. P. Johnson, Nancy M.
Leavell, and Henrietta Noe. Miss Leavell
was the first regular woman physician to prac-
tice in St. Louis. Many prominent citizens
ably advocated the extension of the franchise.
Hon. B. Gratz Brown, in 1867, made a speech
on the floor of the Senate in hehalf of this ob-
ject ; Gen. John B. Henderson was the first
to introduce in this State a bill giving women
improved property rights ; Hon. John C. Or-
rick was instrumental in passing laws favor-
ably to women; Mr. Thomas Noel, of South-
west Missouri, made an able speech in Con-
gress in this cause and helped with money and
influence in the State. Rev. Mr. Dunlap, of
the Episcopal Church, afterward Bishop of
New Mexico and Arizona, departed from the
custom of his Church and made a speech ai
one of the meetings of the Association.
Bishop Bowman, of the Methodist Church,
attended the meetings regularly and often
spoke, and Father Dougherty, of the Catholic
Church, openly advocated the work of the
Association. Rev. John Snyder and Dr. John
T. Hogden also lent able support.
At the call of the St. Louis Association, a
national mass convention was held in St.
Louis at Mercantile Library Hall in 1869,
which was largely attended. Mrs. Julia \\ ard
Howe presided, and among the speakers were
Susan B. Anthony, Mary A. Livermore, Judge
John M. Krum, Hon. Ernst Decker, and Carl
Lucdeking. In 1870, the St. Louis Woman
Suffrage Association became auxiliary to the
American Woman Suffrage Association, which
was organized in 1869 with Rev. Henry Ward
Beecher for the first president. The National
Convention of the American Association met
in St. Louis, at the Temple, November 21,
1872. Lucy Stone presided, the meetings were
well attended, and a fine impression was made
on the public. At the National Convention
held at Indianapolis in 1878. Mrs. Rebecca N.
Hazard was elected president for the ensuing
year and presided at the Convention which
was held at Cincinnati November 5, 1879. The
Missouri Woman Suffrage Association ceased
its meetings in 1886, adjoining subject to
call of the executive committee. Its work as
an educator had been to a great extent ac-
complished,and the advocacy of Woman Suff-
rage had been taken up by the temperance
societies and other organizations throughout
the State. Thousands upon thousands of
names lengthened, at each successive session
of the Legislature, the lists affixed to petitions
for enfranchisement of women, and it was
thought best to work through other organiza-
tions. Mrs. Hazard afterward became super-
intendent of the franchise department for the
State and local Unions of the Woman's Chris-
tian Temperance Union, and a number of the
members work with the newer suffrage, polit-
ical and other organizations of women in St.
Louis and in the State.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Women's Christian Association.— A 1
association of philanthropic Christian women,
embracing under its corporate control, eight
distinct branches of charitable work. It was
organized in November 1868; articles of in-
corporation were filled with Secretary of State
December, 1869, and the certificate was issued
January, 1870; re-incorporated under amend-
ed constitution, 1882. Like most important en-
terprises, this influential association rose from
a very small beginning. In 1868, Mrs. C. R.
2532
WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
Springer found the effort to obtain board for
two self-supporting young girls at the cost
to each of them, of three dollars and fifty
cents a week, so difficult a task that her atten-
tion became absorbed in the duty presented
to Christian women of providing a safe and
pleasant home for young women thrown on
their own resources for maintenance. The
need was first presented at a meeting of a Dor-
cas society and met with no immediate re-
sponse, but Mrs. Springer's earnest appeal
succeeded in awakening enthusiastic interest
and plans were suggested which though not
immediately successful, served to awaken
thought and prepare the way for future
achievement. The Civil War, then recently
ended, had deprived many women of then-
natural protectors and thrown them upon the
world without experience or preparation : and
this fact perhaps, more than any other sup-
plied the moral stimulus which brought to-
gether almost simultaneously the Christian
women of large cities for the purpose of help-
ing their needy sisters. Patterning somewhat
after the Young Men's Christian Association,
these unions took the name of Women";
Christian Associations, antedating by several
years all other organizations of Christian wo-
men for philanthropise work'. Though begin-
ning with few in number in each locality, life
and growth have been so fostered through
State and National Councils that they now
number more than 20,000 women, who wield
a vast influence and control a great amount of
property, demonstrating women's capacity for
managing large financial interests as well as
for carrying to a successful issue their philan-
thropic purposes. Among the most important
■ if these is the St. Louis Association. In No-
vember, 1S68, at the close of the Y. M. C. A.
convention, the ladies of St. Louis were in-
vited tn meet the Secretary, Mr. H. Thane
Miller, of Cincinnati, to consider the need of
Christain efforts among young working-
women. Vbout seventy-five responded to this
call ; among them, those previously mentioned,
who wen- already working toward the same
end. The meeting was one of great interest,
and an organization was immediately effected
with an enrollment of thirty members. At a
subsequent meeting a constitution was draft-
ed and by-laws adopted. The inexperience
of the women of thirty years ago, made it diffi-
cult to find those, willing to assume direction,
and create interest in so responsible an
undertaking. In the words of Mrs. Springer,
"It needed wise leadership to prevent the de-
struction of so frail a craft; starting out on
a mission of mercy, over untried seas, but their
trust was in the Pilot who knows the true
channel."
The charter members were Mrs. J. A. Al-
len, President ; Airs. T. B. Edgar, Mrs. Clinton
P.. Fisk, Mrs.W. R. Babcock, Mrs. J. B.
Leonard, Mrs. James Merriman, Mrs. Nathan
Cole, Yice-Presidents ; Mrs. C. R. Springer,
Recording Secretary ; Mrs. A. H. Burlingham,
Corresponding Secretary ; Mrs. M. Stevens,
Treasurer ; Airs. Shepard Wells, Superintend-
ent of Home ; Mesdames G. K. Budd, Wm.
Dickinson, J. E. Anable, J. A. Randall, N.
W. Perkins, J. Douglass, H. Moore, E. Clark,
Wm. Page, Cox Symonds, Card, Cheever, j
Gardiner and Miss Glover. These ladies were
all actively interested in the work, serving on
committees and working actively to promote
the purposes of the Association. There were
also many patrons and friends, who attended
the meetings and paid the annual dues, fixed
then as now, at two dollars a year. From
the first meeting there was definiteness and
unanimity of purpose. A committee was at
once appointed to find a suitable place for a
boarding home for industrial women. They
found a building entirely new at the south-
west corner of Fifth and Poplar streets, hav-
ing thirty rooms, at an annual rental of two
thousand dollars. To raise this money and
furnish the house required heroic courage and
supreme confidence in the generosity of the
citizens of St. Louis. The City was districted
and canvassed with liberal response. The
building was leased and an appeal was made
to churches and indivduals for aid in furnish-
ing the rooms. The parlor was furnished by
the Church of the Messiah, the office by Christ
Church and one or more sleeping rooms by
Union Methodist, St. John's Methodist, First
Presbyterian, Centenary, First Congregation-
al, North Presbyterian, Second Baptist, Third
Baptist, Eighth Street Methodist, Beaumont
Street Baptist, St. George's, Second Presby-
terian, Miss Lee, Mrs. Menze, Mrs. Forbes
and one room by the Association. In one
month the Women's Christian Home was
ready for occupancy. It was not designed
primarily, as a charity, but all the reports of
the secretaries for the first ten years speak
of the difficulty experienced by many of the
working-women in naving board regularlv-
WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
253 3
owing to the small wages received and their
ofttimes inability to find work, at any price,
and to those the Home extended its protection
in many instances. The first report covering
a period of eight months shows that ioq per-
sons were received as boarders, representing
fourteen avocations ; receipts for board $2,-
645.39, current expenses, $4,63;. 10. This de-
ficit was made up by the generous gifts of
the people of the city, in the form of member-
ships and donations, amounting to $6,668.74.
The Association at this time labored under
the difficulty of having no legal existance. It
could not hold property or receive bequests in
its own name, or even lease the building occu-
pied by the Home. To overcome this ob-
stacle to their work it was necssary to secure
an act of incorporation. To this end in the
early part of the year 1869, the following
named persons appeared before the Circuit
Court of St. Louis County and filed their ar-
ticles of association, viz. — Jane E. Allen,
Mary E. Edgar, Anna C. Moore, Julia C.
Leonard, Lucy C. Babcock, Rebecca C. Cole,
Clarace C. Partridge, E. S. Burlingham, S.
O. Perkins, Emily R. Stevens, Evelina C.
Dickinson, E. E. Massey, J. E. Anable, C. R.
Springer. The Certificate of Incorporation
was granted, and bears date of January 5,
1869. Prom this date the legal existence of
the Association began. April 1, 1870, the As-
sociation assumed charge of the Industrial Aid
office, established by the "Female Guardian
Home" located at 1209 Olive Street. This
branch of work proved very helpful to those
seeking employment. The first report cov-
ering a period of eight months, shows that
693 women found employment through this
agency, at a cost of S829.70, including some
charity work. The constant draft upon the
income of the Home, led to its cessation after
a year. Illness had overtaken the Secretary,
and she was obliged to relinquish her task for
a time. Others also found cause for the with-
drawal of active effort, but slill the work went
bravely forward.
In 1873 an Advisory Board was appointed,
consisting of the following named gentlemen :
Messrs. William McPherson, George Par-
tridge, James E. Yeatman, Samuel Cupples,
Clinton B. Fisk.
The years 1873-4 proved very trying years.
The President of the Association was obliged
to be much of the time out of the city. Mrs.
Shepard Wells, who had been the efficient
superintendent of the J tome for three years, re-
signed in tin- early pan of the 'sun
Though her place was well tilled by her wor-
thy successor, Mrs. Griswolcl, the horizon of
the Association was dark and lowering,
workers were few and the treasury was empty!
Mrs. Stevens the faithful treasurer, desperate-
ly in earnest, sought for workers to till the
vacant places. Mrs. Springer, with health par-
tially restored, was warinb urged to attend
the next meeting. ( Inly four women were in
atendance, Mrs. C. C. Rainwater, Mrs. Spi
er, Mrs. Stevens, M,-.. I.e.mard. Mrs.
Springer was made president pro tern. The
treasurer's report showed a debt of three hun-
dred dollars and there was a months rent due,
bringing the deficit up to live hundred dol
lars. It was a dark hour, a life or death, strug
gle, and these four women decided thai the
Association must live; $500 was borrowed
from the Western Sanitary Commission,
which later on was made a donation. A
booth was secured at the Fair < irounds where
meals were served during hair week with the
net financial result of $678.99. I >ther help
came and there was a revival of enthusiast!
and in March, 1871.. plans were laid for erect
ing a building for the use of the Home thus
saving the recurrence of rent bills. Ten thou-
sand dollars was offered by the Western San
itary Commission provided the ladies would
obtain the rest of the sum needed. A grand
entertainment, called. "The Exposition of
Authors," was projected and an appeal made
to the public to which many individuals and
twenty-nine churches responded. The entei
tainment was given in November, and was a
brilliant event socially and financially,
netting the handsome sum of $13,139.13.
Land was secured and plans for the
building approved, and fifteen ladies wen a
pointed as a building committee. There wi 1
many difficulties to be encountered '<
the contract could lie let. but one by
one the} were overcome and lie ob
stacles removed until at last the building, 1N1 .,
Washington Avenue, was erected at a 1
$30,000. Possession was given October 14.
[876, with only $700 of cost remaining to
be paid. This amount was provided for by the
Western Sanitary Commission who gave
$500.00 to be paid by boarding wards of the
nission, the remainder being subscribed
by friends of the institution. The building-
accommodates about one hundred hoarders.
2534
WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
with admirable arrangements for the comfort
of body and mind. Many Churches respond-
ed to the call for help in the furnishing and
a pleasant tasteful home was the result of their
generosity. It was publicly dedicated in No-
vember, 1876 with an address by Mr. H.
Thane Miller. At the Animal meeting of the
Association in December, 1874, Mrs. Spring-
er was elected president, and has served con-
tinuously ever since, and to her untiring ener-
gy much of the success of the Association
work is doubtless due. That she might give
her attention to other enterprises of the As-
sociation and to secure greater efficiency in
the execution of the work of the Home, a
distinct board of managers for the Home was
created, with Mrs. T. C. Fletcher, as the first
president, in which office she was succeeded
by Mrs. C. C. Rainwater, and finally by Mrs.
Dr. Kuhn, who still remains in that office. In
the earlier years of the Home only self-sup-
porting women who could show a certificate
of good character were received. At the pres-
ent time transient guests are received, who
pay a trifle more than the schedule rates.
These receipts help to swell the charity fund,
thus affording to aid to less fortunate women.
Besides the house and furnishings, the Assoc-
iation holds in trust an endowment fund of
$16,000.00, the interest of which is for the
benefit of the work of the Home and is used
for charity work.
In the year 1878. personal experience again
inspired the heart of the
memorial Home. president of the Associa-
tion. Mrs. C. R. Springer,
withadesire tofound a new
charity, this being a home for aged persons.
She presented her enterprise to the Women's
Christian Association and her appeal met
with an immediate response. Ten of the la-
dies volunteered to solicit aid for this new
work, subscription bo< >k-. were prepared, and
were carried b) the ladies constantly for more
than two years, though they were n< >t enriched
by a -ingle dollar. "It was one of God's testing
times." A few were discouraged and gave no
tile project. June 8. 1880. a public meeting was
held under the auspices of the Second Bap-'
tist Church, Rev. W. W. Boyd, Pastor, then
worshipping in the Jewish Synagogue, cor-
ner of 17th and Tine Streets. The building
was well fdled, the music was fine and ad-
dresses were eloquent, but there was no definite
plan of work, and no apparent results. On
the following morning June 9th, Mr. George
Partridge prof erred a gift of ten acres of land
tor the projected Home. Subsequently, be-
lieving that a gift of money would better
>erve the purpose, he gave a pledge of two
thousand dollars. This, the first contribu-
tion was followed by other pledges, $500,
Si, 000, $2,000. The Trustees of the Soldiers
< )rphans' Home previously known as the
Western Sanitary Commission, offered a gift
of Si 0,000, provided the ladies would raise
820,000 on or before the first of January, 1882,
and make it a home for aged men and their
wives. These conditions were accepted. A
property known as the "Beauvois Place" was
inspected and pronounced desirable for the
purpose ; the price was $21,500, $11,500 down ;
86,000 had been pledged but not one dollar of
it was available. The Soldiers' Orphans'
Home Board was prevailed upon to buy the
property and hold it in trust until the ladies
could fulfill their obligations. They began
their work with entertainments, which gave
handsome returns so that by March 20, 1882,
the conditions were complied with, and at the
request of the ladies, the property passed into
the hands of the present Board of Trustees,
who hold all the properties of the Associa-
tion, viz. — Mr. James E. Yeatman, Mr. Geo.
P.artlett, Mr. Samuel Cupples, Mr. E. C. El-
liott, Mr. Henry Hitchcock, Dr. J. B. John-
son. In 1882, the Memorial Home was
thrown open to the public and formally dedi-
cated to God and to the use of those for whom
it was designed. The name ''Memorial
Home," suggested by Mrs. X. M. Bowker,
has in many ways proved a memorial of the
departed. In the early part of the year 1884,
Mr. Ralph Sellew died leaving a generous
bequest of $5,000. An addition being
needed, the bequest was used for that pur-
pose, and the new building called the Sel-
lew Addition. The contract for this work
was given to Mr. Louis Bulkley, whose serv-
ices as architect and overseer were given gra-
tuitously. The building was completed Novem-
ber, 1885. with laundry, kitchen, store-room,
dining-room and twenty single rooms, for
old men. Each room was furnished as a me-
morial to some friend or relative, by friends
of the institution. In the same year was re-
ceived the generous gift of $10,000, from Mrs.
WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCATION.
John O'Fallon, Sr., whose sympathy and
benevolence was greatly appreciated. January,
1893 another addition was dedicated ; this was
made possible by the generous gift of $10,-
000 in negotiable bonds, from Dr. Bradford.
Another addition is now (1898) in progress
of erection but the means of its completion
has not yet been secured. All the rooms are
now full and there are many waiting for a
place to be made for them. The entrance fee
$100.00 expected to be raised by the frienda
of the applicant. One hundred and sixty-two
have been admitted since the Home was first
opened. The entire cost of the buildings and
current expenses amount to 8153,000. The
Association holds in trust an Endowment fund
contributed by various individuals the interest
of which is used for the Homes and applied
as the Boards may determine.
To the progressive minds of the philan-
thropic women of the W.
Women's C. A. new methods by
Training School. which they might help
their suffering or needy
sisters, seemed to find a ready welcome and
co-operation. With a view of establishing a
training school for the better fitting of those
who must be self-supporting, for their diffi-
cult task, Miss Juliet Corson was engaged by
the Association to give a course of lectures
on cooking. As a financial venture it was a
pronounced success, adding a net profit of
$1,256.30, and at the same time arousing pub-
lic sentiment on the general subject of good
cooking and the advantage of special train-
ing for it. This seed took root but its grovrth
was slow. In January, 1882. the Association
appointed as committee to consider a plan for
organizing a training-school, the following
named ladies: Mrs. John Hodgen, Mrs. J.
H. Louderman, Mrs. C. C. Rainwater, Mrs.
Arnold, and the president of the association.
Mrs. C. R. Springer. The first meeting of
the committee was held February 16, 1882;
the plan of work was discussed, officers were
elected and Board of Managers nominated.
It was not, however, until October 5., that
the committee was ready to begin the real
work of the school. Then a house at [80 ]
Olive street, was rented. It was plainly but
substantially furnished, by the efforts of the
committee; and a cooking school was opened,
November 1, with Mrs. Allen as a volunteer
teacher, for one month, giving daily lessons.
Mrs. C. CV Rainwater took a class of young
girls, giving weekly lessons for three months.
The paid teacher could not then be employed,
and all the departments were under the in-
structions of volunteer teachers. In [884 the
Association extended its work, and began
serving for business women a noonday lunch.
To more satisfactorily accomplish this, the
training school was removed to 807 X. Fourth
street. The first lunch was served February
7, 1884. This new department wa
from the start, as it was just what the business
women needed, a place where they could
lunch, rest and feel at home. The patronage
increased from less than 100 to between three
and four hundred daily.
In the meantime the school work went on.
and the cooking class room was enlarged t*
accommodate the growing classes. A night
school was soon inaugurated. Stenography.
Typewriting, Bookkeeping, Arithmetic, Spel-
ling and Telegraphy, were among the branches
taught and a free circulating library was es
tablished. The sewing classes continued a
feature of the work and paid teachers were
employed to instruct and supervise the work
of the various departments. The Board of
Managers soon finding their quarters entirely
inadequate for the work undertaken rented a
dilapidated building adjoining that already oc-
cupied and made it habitable, providing an
assembly hall for entertaiments.
In 1887, the school was again moved, to 3
building known as the St. Nicholas Hotel, 813
Xortli Fourth Street, containing over thirty
rooms. In these quarters there were 1
for the department of boarding and temporary
lodging, and an employment Bureau. A lease
of this building was taken for rive years
here the school remained, doing a very useful
work. Before the lease expired changes in
the locality made it no longer a desirable sit-
uation. The managers aware that the n
sity for maintaining a lunch room tor bit
ness women no longer existed, determin
locate west and confine the work to its <
tional departments, and the school moved the
last week in May, 1S97 to the present qua ■
1728 Locust Street.
Through this school the Associa io 1
to help solve the problem of -! twice :
cooks from families n
girls are prepared for ho and
home-making, skilled teach
various departments: classes are arranged for
dav or evening, to
2536 WOMEN'S CHRISTI
applicants. Since the opening of the school
years ago 3,340 pupils have received
instructions in the various departments. The
increase has been gradual, from thirty the first
\ ear to 234 in 1897.
A new work came into existence in I 885. its
purpose being to work for
Auxiliary to the advancement of the in-
Craininij School. terests 1 if the training
school. The members
have been very helpful in their special work,
the care of the free library and the free enter-
tainments, and have also raised $6,000, which
was used in defraying the current expenses
of the school.
In extending the work of the Association
it became necessary to amend the constitution.
This was done with great care and deliber-
ation, so that it might be inclusive enough
to cover all the needs likely to arise through
the further broadening of the work. In [882
the present constitution was adopted, and cm
the 20th of the same month, Mrs. C. R.
Springer, President; Mrs. Q. Drake, Secre-
tary, A. W. Litton, Treasurer, filed the amend-
ed articles of agreement in the Circuit Court
nf St. Louis County, and in due time received
the certificate of re-incorporation bearing
date of December 22, 1882. Under this new
charter, there were created separate Boards of
Managers for each of the departments of the
work, so far organized, each department be-
ing responsible for the financial interests of
it*- work, subject to the approval of the As-
sociation, which is custodian of all moneys
donated to any department of the work. In
[891 Dr. II. C. Bradford gave to the Associa-
tion $40,000 in negotiable bonds, which was
equally divided among the four branches.
As a result of the work in the sewing room
of the Training School, the Women's Ex-
change was evolved, as a means of disposing
of tlie garments or other needle work made
b) the pupils of the school. The locality of
the Training School not being favorable for
the work of the Exchange, a building on
Sixth Street near Olive was secured to which
the Exchange, under a separate Board of
Managers was removed, opening a lunch room
and library. Soon after its establishment the
Exchange asked permission to withdraw
from the Association. This request was
granted and it has since worked on independ-
( ntlw
AX ASSOCIATION.
In 1884 the Blind Girls' Industrial Band,
which had i t s origin
Blind among the students of the
Girls Homo. Missouri School for the
Blind, applied to the W. C.
Association for their protection and care.
Accordingly a committee from the Associa-
tion was appointed to meet a committee from
the Band with Mr. James E. Yeatman, their
trustee, to consider the conditions of adop-
tion. After careful discussion, the committee
of the Association accepted the charge and
Mr. Yeatman officially turned over to the
committee a statement of the monies, entrust-
ed to his care and his disposition of the same,
and a written account of his investments. A
Board of Managers was nominated and sub-
sequently elected, Mrs. Branch serving con-
tinuously as president until 1891, when after
an interval of rest on account of failing health,
she was re-elected. The first home of this
Band was at 1731 North Twelfth Street, given
rent free by the generosity of the Soldiers
Orphans' Home Board. This enabled the man-
agers to gather a building fund, so that the
Blind Girls Home Board was the first to come
into the family of the Association with an en-
dowment, and thus far the last. This endow-
ment fund has been obtained as the result of
entertainments, and donations. In 1887, the
Home was moved to 1828 Wash Street, re-
maining there for nearly four years. In i8gi
the Home was again moved, this time to its
1 iwn house, containing 28 rooms, and an in -
firmary entirely isolated and beautifully fur-
nished, the entire cost being $16,075.00. This
Home, which is free from debt and has an
endowment of $16,000, is beautifull located on
( iarrison Avenue, with spacious grounds and
abundance of shade trees, and little Gamble
I'ark on the east. The number of inmates va
ries with the passing years. There were five
when the Association took charge and the
present number is eleven. The entire
expenditure for this branch of W. C.
A, work has been about $18,000. Ef-
forts have been made by the Boaru
of Managers to make it possible for the in-
mates of this home to help in their own sup-
port as far as their infirmity would permit.
Those whose sight permitted have been taught
needlework, and other house work. The en-
terprise has been quite as successful as could
be expected. Some of the members of the
family have become entirely self-supporting,
through the instructions thus received.
WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
The Travelers' Aid was projected, at a quar-
terly meeting of the Wo-
Travclcrs i)ih. men's Christian Associa-
tion in July, [890. Mrs.
Springer, the president, told of the need
of placing a motherly woman at the Union
Railway Depot to meet the incoming trains
and look after the lonely and unprotected
young women who were in danger from the
many evil-disposed persons who were con-
stantly laying snares for the unwary, as she
had learned from an experience brought to
her notice. To promptly put the work in the
way of execution a committee was appointed
to consider ways and means of gaining the
money needed for this most necessary enter-
prise. The Association pledged the salary for
the first month, confident that means would
be found to continue it after the experiment
had once been made, and at the end of this
month of trial, a permanent Board of Mana-
gers was elected and the work became one
of the interests of the Association. Young
women are the first care of the Travelers Aid
agent, but all conditions of misfortune are con-
sidered. During the existence of the Travel-
ers Aid, a surprisingly large number of un-
fortunate persons have received the attention
and sympathy their cases demanded.
The one feature of the work of the Wo-
men's Christian Associa-
Young Women's tion which distinguishes it
Christian Association, from all other philan-
thropic organizations is its
distinctively religious work. They seek not
only the welfare of the body, but the
welfare of the soul also, and that is
never lost sight of. Religious exercises arc
held in all the Homes under their care. Fam-
ily worship and grace before meals, are the
regular order, and in furtherance of this phase
of the work, special meetings for praise and
prayer are held weekly. In the belief that
young people could better reach the hearts of
the young than those more advanced in year.;,
to whom their religion might seem to be
the natural order, as the pleasures of the world
are esteemed the natural order of youth, a
Young Women's Christian Association was
organized January J. 1892, at the Women's
Christian Home, with Miss Joey Curby as it.
president. She was a young woman of sweet
spiritandvaried gifts, and her unusual capacity
for making friends, was a great aid in the
work undertaken. Under her guidance with
the aid and pi ration ol tin old< r a 0
tion and Mr-. I '. R. Springer, who was the
firs) to suggest the work of the young peo-
ple, and has remained their steadfast friend, a
house- was rented at ijz^ \\ ashington Avenue.
The high purpose of the association was an-
nounced to be "to substantiall) benefit the
social, spiritual, mental and moral welfare 0;
the women and girls of St. Louis." 1 .
were started in any branch of stud} an) of
the members might desire. Rooms were
rented in the large house to young girls who
were alone in the city; the only condition re-
quired of any of the guests, was that they
should be "self-respecting." Religion- meet-
ings were held on Thursday evenings, the
Bible was not forgotten as a text-book in
the organizing of classes, anil was at all times
a special study. Mis- Curby continued as
president until failing health compelled her
withdrawal. Miss Eugenia Williamson suc-
ceeded her and still remains as president.
.Much good has resulted from this association
of young people at a comparatively small cost.
There are now 50 active members, paying an
annual fee of one dollar, which admit- to all
privileges of the Association, seventeen sus-
taining members who pay $5.00 annually and
ten life members who have paid $25.
In February, [888, a few- earnest Christian
women met at the home 1 il
lUhitt Cross Heme. Mrs. E. 1'. Johnson to
ci insider the questii m 1 >i
aiding young women who have been misled
in the wavs of evil, and might be glad oi
the opportunity to retrace their step-,
and regain their self-respect. Alter sev
eral meetings and unlimited discussion,
it was decided to open a house for this
of persons, where the) could receive
the care and counsel their cases demanded.
The property located at 1731 North Twelfth
Street known as the John C. Winan residence
was secured rent free from the 'A\ estern San-
itary Commission," and put in order with
suitable furnishings and, read) for occupancy
February _'->. about two week- a:''
meeting. It was called "Guardian H
Five hundred persons have been re
it began its life, man;, of thes
young girls. I »f th< - - >v occupy
places of responsibility, som< mar-
ried, and others engaged ii sery-
The watchful care of tie- women in
charge of this work follow- tin- girl when she
2538
WOMEN'S CLUBS, FEDERATION OF.
goes from the home and such help as is need-
ed is given in securing work. The policy of
the managers has been not to receive one after
a second offence.
In 1893 the Association purchased the
house and lot, 1335 Garrison Avenue, and
through the generosity of Mrs. W. W. Culver,
the ladies were able to put it in proper condi-
tion. The results are regarded as very en-
couraging. It is supported entirely by the
contributions of cheerful givers, and such help
as the girls themselves can give.
In September, 1897, the White Cross Home
Association made application for admission
to the Women's Christian Association as a
department of their work, and were cordially
received as co-workers. Officers for 1898 are,
President, Mrs. II. H. Wagoner; Vice-Pres-
ident, Mrs. W. W. Culver ; Vice-President,
Mrs. T. H. Hagerty, Treasurer, Mrs. J. P.
Moon ; Secretary, Mrs. G. A. Scheirholz.
Sumer Rest, the last, but not least of the
instrumentalities for good to be noticed under
the care of the Association, is the Summer
Rest under the management of the Christian
Home Board. That there are very many self-
supporting women who feel the need of a fjew
weeks' rest during the summer heat yet cannot
pay the price paid at the summer resort hotels
or boarding houses had long been known to
the earnest women who have so long been
working to make life easier for those who must
toil early and late, for too small a wage to
take an expensive vacation. For this class
therefore, the Summer Rest was provided, in
1895. A furnished hotel at Nashville, Illinois,
52 miles from St. Louis was rented. The
building is located in a beatiful park of twenty-
three acres with fine mineral springs. The
hotel was put under competent management:,
and summer board was offered at $3.00 per
week. One hundred ami fifty women availed
themselves of its advantages during the first
themselves of its advantages during the first
season, and the success of the enterprise has
placed it among tin- permanent departments
of tin Assi 11 tation.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.'
Women's Christian Home.
Women's Christian Association."
See
Women's Clubs, Federation of. — The
State Federation 1 *f W mien's Clubs in Miss, >uri
was organized in a convention held in St.
Louis January, 1896. The initial steps were
taken by the St. Louis Wednesday Club by ap-
pointing a Federation Committee to arrange
details for the meeting and entertainment of
the guests. The convention was large and
enthusiastic and forty clubs were enrolled as
charter members of the Federation, a con-
stitution having been adopted and a full corps
of officers elected, with Mrs. John A. Allen, of
St. Louis, as president, and Ada Eliot, corre-
sponding secretary. The other officers were
chosen from towns in other parts of the State.
The Federation now numbers seventv clubs.
The aims of the Federation are the promotion
of better acquaintance, mutual helpfulness and
higher intellectual, social and moral conditions
among the women of the State ; and in addition
to self-culture and in common with other Fed-
erations of Women's Clubs, the Misouri Fed-
eration is considering every vital question that
concerns humanity, and, in common with
them, is working, by the use of all the knowl-
edge at command, for better schoo's, better
laws and better enforcement of laws, and bet-
ter sanitarv conditions.
MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Women's Presbyterian Board of For-
eign Missions of the Southwest. — This
body was organized in the old First Presby-
terian Church corner 14th and Locust Streets,
April 20, 1877. the object being to "promote
an active intelligent interest in missionary
work among the women and young people of
the Presbyterian Churches, and to secure sys-
tematic contributions for the prosecution of
foreign misssionai y work in co-operation with
the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presby-
terian Church in the United States". It in-
cludes auxiliary societies, individual, presby-
terial and svnodical. The first officers were
Mrs. J. II. Brookes, President; Mrs. J. W. Mc-
Intyre, Vice-president; Miss. V. C. Breckin-
ridge, Recording Secretary; Mrs. L. Boggs.
Foreign Secretary; Mrs. j. W. Allen. Home
Secretary; Mr.-. Robert Irwin, Miscellaneous
Secretary. Mrs. Thomas E. Tutt. Treasurer.
In 1880, it became auxiliary to the Women's
Executive Committee of New York, the
Southwest Board itself in that year embracing
fifty-five auxiliary societies. The first mis-
sionary it sent out was Miss Dunbar, to Fort
Wrangle, in Alaska, in 1877, an<l tne same
year Miss Edna Cole to Siam and Miss Mary
Irwin to Tallahasse, Indian Territory. In
WOMEN'S TRAINING SCHOOL.— WOOD.
i88i,Miss Lila Morton was sent as teacher
to Parowan, Utah, and Miss M. C. Wade as
missionary to the < >maha Indian Agency and
more than thirty other teachers and mission-
aries in the ten years that followed.
Christian Association."
Womens's Training: School. — See
'Women's Christian Association".
Wooden and Willow WareTrade.The
trade in wooden and willow ware has been a
large and important one in St. Louis for more
than forty years, and in 1897 it had assumed
such proportions as to warrant the claim that
St. Louis was the receiving and distributing
point for a greater amount of the ware than
any other city in the country. There are eight
large houses devoted to the business, all of
them prosperous, and one of them, the Samuel
Cupples Woodenware Company, the most
conspicuous house of the kind in the world,
whose" long career of prosperity has resulted
in that group of massive structures, known as
Cupples Station, on Seventh street, between
Spruce and Poplar, where so many of the gre it
grocery houses are congregated. St. Louis
is not a large manufacturing point for this
ware, and much the larger portion of it sold
here is brought from other places; but the '
outside factories are, in some cases, owned
by St. Louis capitalists. Wooden and wil-
low goods are sent to five-sixths of the States
of the Union and the business has been uni-
formly prosperous for more than two score
years.
Wood, Horatio D., lawyer and jurist,
was born October 8, 1841. in Columbus. Ohio,
son of Horatio and Cornelia (Ferris) Wood.
The earliest representative in this country of
that branch of the Wood family to which he
belongs settled on Long Island, New York, in
1630. In i6_|-|. Jonas Wood removed to
Huntington, Long Island — then called Hemp-
sted— and lived there until his death. That
part of Long Island was then claimed by the
Dutch, but as they were unable to protect the
settlers, Jonas Wood was designated by the
townspeople of Hempsted to act as a com-
missioner in forming a compact with the col-
onies of Connecticut providing that the Long
Island settlement should be taken under their
protection. He succeeded in making a satis-
factory arrangement to this effect, took up
large tracts of land at Hempsted. and was a
J.S.VJ
man of influence and prominence among the
colonists of that region until his death, which
occurred in t66o. I ine of his descendants
was Joseph Wood, — brother to the great-
grandfather of Judge Horatio 1 >. W 1 who
graduated at i'ale College in [801, was ad-
mitted to the bar and removed to New York
City in 1833. This Joseph Wood married
Frances Ellsworth, second daughter of Hon.
Oliver Ellsworth, first Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of the [Jnited States. Rep-
resentatives 01 the Wood family and ancestoi -
of Judge Wood were participants in the war
of the Revolution, as were also his ancestors
in the maternal line. Lis father was born
at Greenwich, Connecticut, in [S02, and his
mother at Ferrisburg, Vermont, in 1807. The
elder Wood was educated at Yale and l fnion
Colleges, being graduated from the last nam-
ed institution. In later years, lie practiced
law for a time, removed to St. Louis, ami in
1865 was United States Pension \gnit in
this city. lie was greatly esteemed for his
learning ..ntcgrnw and ability b\ the people
of St. Louis, among whom he lived thereafter
until his death, which occurred in 186S.
Horatio D. Wood was graduated from the
St. Louis High School in i860, and in [86l
as a private in the Union Army for service in
the civil war. Arriving with his company
in St. Louis on the night of the capture of
('amp Jackson, he was in continuous serv-
ice thereafter in Missouri, Arkansas. Missis-
sippi. Alabama, T> nn< ■ and elsewhere, un
li! September of 1S65, when he was mustered
out with the rank of Captain, by special order
of the War Department. President Johnson
made him a brevet major of volunteers for
meritorious services in the field, and his c ireer
as a soldier was a brilliant and honorable ■ m
After tiie war. he returned to Si. Louis and
completed the law studies which he had
vioush begun, taking his diploma from the
!,iv Department of Harvard University in
tS66. 'I he same year, In was admitted 0
the bar in St. Louis and entered upon a high
!v successful professional career in this city.
He has sim e practiced in the State ai d Fed-
eral 1 Courts of Missouri. Rails is,
ansas, Illinois. Iowa. Mississippi, Indiana. Mas-
sachusetts, and other States, and has had a
inge of experience in a broad and varied
field of practic :. Lis fitm - I r the dis-
charge of public duties was n ! '"any
sine- when he ' ' ' t,K>
Circuit Court of the U. S. Chief Supervisor
2540
WOODMEN OF THE WORLD— WOODSON.
of Elections lor Liu Eastern District of Mis-
souri. In 1876. he \\.i- nominated for Circuit
Judge of St. Louis, but being the candidate of
til minorih party, he was defeated at that
cime and again in 1890, when he was a can-
didate for tin same office. In. 1896, he was
elected to the Circuit Judgeship and has
-1 own himseil an able and accomplished jur-
ist. Politically, he has always been a Repub-
lican, having inherited this predilection from
his father, who stood with General Frank P.
Blair, Edward Rates, and others, in the fight
against slavery in Missouri. Patriotism is a
dominant element in Ids nature, and lie is a
member oi the Grand Army of the Republic,
the Military < )rder of the Loyal Legion, Vet-
erans of the Blue and Gray, and the Society
o! Sons of the Revolution. June 20. 1872.
Judge Wood married Eliabeth A. Sumner
a cousin of Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts.
Their children arc Elizabeth ?., Caroline S.,
and Adelaide M. S. Wood.
Woodmen of the World. — The
wood-chopper's ax resounding in the forest
rmd the operations of woodcraft are themes
thai grace with pleasing effect the pages of
the pastoral poets. The woodman is the first
among pioneers to chop down the trees and
open up the wilderness to the advance of civ-
ilized man in the settlement and establish-
ment of rural homes for himself and those
who conic alter him. It is not surprising,
therefore, thai th< appellation of "Woodman"
should lie adopted by two beneficiary orders
winch are asserting their claims ami spreading
their camps throughout the country. One of
these « (rders, though not the first in origin,
is that known as Woodmen of the World.
Tiiis Order was instituted at Omaha, Ne-
braska, June d. 1800, b\ a convention called
by Joseph C. Root and F. A. Falkenberg.
Thereupon. Camps were instituted almost
simultaneously al Omaha, Nebraska, Daven-
port, Lyons, and Sioux City, Iowa, which
were the first Camps of the 1 irder. The < irder
is governed by a hoard of directors, com-
posed of thirteen members, elected by dele-
gates selected by district conventions. A pecu-
liar feature of the Woodmen of the World
is the obligation to place a our hundred dol-
lar monument at the grave of every de-
1 1 ,i ;ed member. It has accumulated an emerg-
ency fund to be drawn on to meet death
;, should ten assessments during any cal-
endar year prove inadequat - a contingency
which is not expected for at least fifteen or
twenty-five years, at which time the estimated
accumulation will be upwards of one million
dollars. The first Camp in St. Louis, Xo. 5,
was established in 1891 bv AL Powers, an or-
ganizing deputy from Springfield, Illinois. In
[897, the Order had sixteen Camps in the
city, with an aggregate membership of about
1 .300. The whole number of Camps in ex-
istence at the same date was as follow-s:
Southern jurisdiction. headquarters at
( )maha, 1.957 Camps, with a membership of
85,787; Pacific jurisdiction, headquarters at
Denver — a fraternal jurisdiction of the Sov-
ereign Camp — t,}J Camps, membership 28,-
060 ; Canadian ( )rder, Woodmen of the
World, chartered bv a special act of the Do-
minion Parliament in 1893, 117 Camps, mem-
bership 5.691. The Order had then paid over
two millions of dollars in losses and had erect-
ed twelve hundred monuments at the graves
oi its deceased members.
WILLIAM FAYEL.
Woodson, John McDowell, lawyer,
was born June 5, 1834, near Xicholasville,
Jessamine county, Kentucky, son of Hon.
David M. and Lucy Nash (McDowell)
Wodson. Both families from which he sprang
are numbered among the old families of Ken-
tucky and both are noticed at length in the
interesting volume published under the title:
"Historic Families of Kentucky," by Thos.
M. Green, of that State. "Woodson," says
Mr. Green in this work, "is a good old Vir-
ginia name." Col. John Woodson of Gooch-
land. Virginia, married the daughter of [sham
Randolph, of Dungeness, who was a sister of
President Jefferson's mother. Samuel Hughes
Woodson, the grandfather of John McDowell
Woodson, came from Albemarle county. Vir-
ginia, to Jessamine county, Kentucky, where
he became prominent as a lawyer; he repre-
sented that county in the Kentucky Legis-
lature as early as 1819, and from 1820 to
1S23 was a Representative in the Congress of
the United States. His wife was a daughter of
Col. David Meade and a member of the rep-
utable Meade family of Virginia. David
Meade Woodson, the father of John Mc-
Dowell Woodson, represented Jessamine
county in the Kentucky Legislature in 1833,
while his brother. Tucker Woodson, repre-
sented the senatorial district of which that
county formed a part, for several years. In
[834, David Meade Woodson removed to
WOODWARD
2541
Carrollton, Greene county, Illinois, where lie
held many important positions thereafter,
filling at different times the offices of State's
Attorney, Probate Judge, member of the
Legislature, member of the convention which
framed the Illinois Constitution of 1847, and
Judge of the Circuit Court, the last named
office being one which he held for twenty
years. His son, John McDowell Woodson,
was educated at Centre College, Danville,
Kentucky, from which institution he was
graduated in the class of 1853. His inclina-
tion was to adopt civil engineering as his
profession, and immediately after leaving col-
lege, he joined an engineering corps at that
time engaged in surveying and locating the
St. Louis & Iron .Mountain Railroad. In ;:
little time, however, he became convinced
that he was not physically strong enough to
endure the hard work and exposure incident
to engineering, and turned his attention to the
study of law. He read law under the direc-
tion of his father ami was admitted to prac-
tice in all the courts of Illinois in 1S57. His
fitness for this profession was soon made ap-
parent, and his career as a lawyer was bril-
liant ami eminently successful. He began
practice at Carrollton, Illinois, in 1857. and al
once entered upon important profession, d
business. He removed from Carrollton to
Carlinville, Macoupin county, Illinois, in 1862,
and practiced his profession there until 1869,
in which year he became a member of the
St. Louis bar. Taking an active interest in
public affairs while living in Illinois, he sat
as a delegate from Greene county in the Illi-
nois Constitutional Convention of 18(11 -(u,
and was a member of the State Senate of Illi-
nois during the sessions of [867 and 1869, rep-
resenting the Seventh Senatorial 1 Hstrict
composed of the rich and, important coun-
ties of Macoupin, Montgomery, Christian and
Shelby. As a member of the Legislature, his
urbanitv of manner, courtesy of demean.';-,
and his integrity of character, coupled with
intellectual ability and sound statesmanship,
gave him a commanding position anion- the
State law-makers and. he retired from the
Senate with the respect and esteem of every
member and officer of that body. After his
removal to St. Lotus, he held for several
years the position of managing attorney for
the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern
Railroad Company, and later devoted his
time to corporation law practice, becoming
local attorney at St. Louis for the Chicago &
Alton Railroad ( ompam, the Indianapolis &
St. Louis Railroad Company, the St. Louis,
Alton \ ferre Haute Railroad Company, tin
I .im St. Louis Transfer Company, the Madi-
son • ounty Ferry Company, and other cor-
porations. Failing health and the demands of
private business caused him to retire from
active practice in [878, but before his retire-
ment he had gained a position of well de-
served prominence at the bars of Illinois and.
Missouri. Mr. Woodson is now — [898 — liv-
ing in quiet and comfortable retirement with
his wife and onl\ daughter in St. Louis, giv-
ing attention to his own piivate interests. He
has an only son living on a farm in Illinois.
Woodward, Calvin 31., educator, was
born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, in [837.
After completing a high school course in his
native town he entered Harvard College and
was graduated from that institution in the
class of i860. Chosing the vocation of teacher
— to which he has since proven himself - - . ■
mirably adapted— he became principal of the
Classical High School at Xewburypori
Massachusetts, and filled that position from
t86o to 1865. except during one year, while
he was serving his countn as a s ilclier in the
union army. In [865, lie came to St. Louis
and began, what has been a continuous con
nection with Washington University, as As-
sistant Principal in the Academic Depart-
ment. In due course of time, he was made a
member of the Facult\ of the L'niversil
for more than a quarter of a century, he ha
been Thaver Professor of Mathematics and
Applied Mechanics in that institution. He
sisted in the organization of the Polytechnic
Department, and for twent; -five years he was
he press 01 other duties forced
him to resign the deanship in [896.
Very earh in his c ireei as an educator, he
began interesting himself in systematic and
intelligent manual training and mainly
through his earnest efforts, the present fa-
mous Manual Training School was 1
lished in connection with Washington 1 1
site. Year after year, not only in St. I
but throughoi 1 the L'ni
bond to promote this phase of pr
cation and hi has lived I > s< e his
adopted and his plans follov ed ;-
city and in man;
L'niti d States ' ' '
2 542
WOODWARD & TIERNAN RELIEF SOCIETY.
the public sciiool system of many cities and
he has the lienor of being known throughout
the country, as the father of this feature of
present day educatii >n.
While he has been one of the builders of
Washington University and has contributed
his full share toward making it the leading
educational institution of Missouri, he has de-
voted much time and labor to the public
schools and the cause of popular education.
With other leading citizens of St. Louis, he
interested himself in the early part of the
year 1897, in bringing about a re-organization
of the St. Louis School Board, which has re-
sulted in a vastly improved condition of the
Public Schools of the city. After the necessary
legislation had been obtained, it was deemed
a matter of the highest importance, that the
reforms to be inaugurated, should be intro-
duced by a non-partisan School Board, and
Professor Wodward was named as a candi-
date for membership in that Board. He and
his associates on the Reform Ticket, were
elected bv the largest majorities, ever given
to candidates, for municipal offices, in this city
and they have fully justified the expectations
of the people.
In addition to numerous books, pamphlets
and essays on education, Dr. Woodward
wrote during the years 1877-1880. "The His-
tory of the St. Louis Bridge," a magnificent
technical work which was characterized by the
leading bridge engineer of the land as: "The
most important American contribution to En-
gineering literature." In recognition of his
services as author, teacher and director,
Washington University gave him the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy, in 1883.
Professor Woodward has been in all re-
spects, a useful citizen, but he has achieved
his greatest distinction as Director of the
Manual Training School and as a lecturer and
writer upon the subje 1 of Manual Training.
St. Lotii> takes pardonable pride in the fact
that she numbers among her citizens a man
who has 11., peer in this field of educational ef-
fort.
Woodward & Tiernan Relief So-
ciety. — '1 his Society is composed of em-
of the W Iward & Tiernan Printing
Co., and was organized February 1. 1875. It
was instituted as a means of protection against
om, in case of illness, of taking up col-
lections, anil as a mode oi securine assist-
ance as a right, in sickness and death among
its members. For the first few years but one
officer was chosen, namely, Secretary, which
office was ably filled by Mr. Charles W.
L'lankenmeister, superintendent of the ticket
department, who both received and disbursed
the moneys, and banked for the society such
portion of its funds as was not needed for im-
mediate use. In January 1882, after a suspen-
sion of a few weeks, the society was reorgan-
ized, and from that time a more lively inter-
est was taken in its work. Up to the close
of 1887, the membership was composed ex-
clusively of male employes of the establish-
ment, but the question of the admission of
those of the gentler sex being presented, it
met with favor; and the year 1888 was ushered
in with the addition of several of the female
employes as members, and their number has
increased each succeeding year. All male em-
ployes of the company eighteen years of age
and females sixteen years of age are eligible
10 membership. The fee for membership is
fifty cents. The dues are five and ten cents
per week, according to wages. In case of the
sickness of a member the benefits per week
are two dollars and fifty cents, or five dol-
lars, according to dues paid; and in case of the
death of a member, one hundred dollars or
fifty dollars, according to dues, is paid to the
person designated to receive it. In each of
the several departments of the house the so-
ciety has a trustee to keep up the interest of
the association among the members therein.
For the purpose of enjoyment and sociabil-
ity, a ball is given each winter, and through
the kindness of the firm a day's outing in
summer. A few days previous to Christmas
oV each year, if the condition of the treasury
will warrant, a dividend is declared which at
s-.ich time comes as a blessing to many of the
members. No portion of the funds can be
loaned to any person or persons, including
p.embers of the society. Since the reorganiza-
tion, nine members have been called to the
office of the President, some serving two and
three terms, while Miss Maggie Hines the ef-
ficient secretary, is now officiating in that of-
fice for the eighth, year. In late years much of
the credit for the success of the society is due
to Mr. Robert Morris who has served as sec-
retary for two years: as President for three
years, and is at present — 1899 — its treasurer;
but whether in or out of office, his interest
in the success of the society is unabated.
crp-z7fcr-?LJ-i
W( )( IDWARD.
Since 1887, the society has paid to its sick
members and for special relief, four thousand
four hundred and sixty-one dollars, and for
the loss of ten members by death one thou-
sand dollars. The present membership is three
hundred The officers at the present time —
1899 — are Mr. E. H. Schmidt, president;
Miss M. Hogan, vice-president; Miss M.
Hines, secretary, and Mr. Robert Morris,
treasurer.
Woodward, William Henry, printer
and publisher, was born December 11, 1834,
in Hereford, England, son of Rev. Willaim
Hawkeri and Elizabeth Hill Woodward. His
father served an apprenticeship to the watch-
making trade at Coventry, in early life, but
later graduated from Highbury College and
entered the Congregational ministry. He was
pastor of a church in Hereford when Bishop
Doane of New Jersey, visited England in
1841, at which time a controversy upon cer-
tain theological subjects took place between
the Bishop, Mr. Woodward and other dissent-
ing clergymen. The result of this controversy
was, that the Rev William H. Woodward
■came to America, was ordained in the Epis-
copal Church by Bishop Doane at Burlington,
New Jersey, and took charge of St. Mary's
parish in West Philadelphia. He was after-
wards rector of Zion Church Pontiac, Mich.,
and Grace Church at Madison, Wis., until
1851, when he came to St. Louis and took
charge of Grace Church in North St. Louis.
This rectorship he retained until his death,
which occurred in 1858, when he was fifty-
four years of age. Mr. Woodward was a re-
markable man in many respects; he was pos-
sessed of a liberal education, and his tastes
ran largely in pursuit of scientific subjects.
He was especially- fond of natural sciences and
mechanics. He lectured on these subjects in
several institutions of learning among which
were Professor Wyman's Institute for Boys,
the Missouri Blind Asylum and the High
School at Alton. He made all his own scien-
tific apparatus. He was also an accomplished
musician, and was quite proficient in the use
of several different instruments.
William H. Woodward was one of a large
family of children and was eight years of age
when he came with his parents to this coun-
try, in 184--. He received a public school edu-
cation and started at the foot of the ladder
when he began life for himself. In 1840 he
iticed to the print
ison, W'i . in the offii e of Col. ] 'avid Atwood
of the "Wisconsin Statesman," in his day one
of the most widely known newspaper publish-
ers and editors in the \\ est. \\ hen the \\
ward family removed i" St. Louis in 1852.
he entered the emplo\ of 1 lhambers & Knapp,
proprietors of the "Missouri Republican," the
leading daily newspaper of the Mississippi
\ alley. Beginning as an apprentice in tb
department of the paper, his industn and
ability gained for him propi r p cognition and
he continued in the service of the Republi-
can in all, thirteen years. In the fall of [864,
he embarked in the printing business for him-
self having purchased the plant of George 1 I.
Hanson, who had operated a small printing
office on Main Street, opposite the old State
Bank. The outcome of this modest beginning
is the immense plant of the Woodward &
Tiernan Printing Company at 309 to 325
North Third Street, one of the largest es-
tablishments of its kind in this country. From
the start, the superiority of the work done b>
Mr. Woodward's firm coupled with fine ex-
ecutive ability on his part attracted the most
desirable patronage and necessitated, from
time to time, the enlargement of its facilities
for doing business. The first removal was
affected in tS68. when the style of the firm
was changed to Woodward & Tiernan and the
location of the business to the Northeast cor-
ner of Third, and Pine Streets. Mr. James
Tiernan was at this time admitted as a part-
ner and the united and well directed efforts
of Mr. Woodward and Mr. Tiernan soon
made a very acceptable impression on the
right side of the profit and loss account, and
during the continuance of this partnership,
which iastcd several years, the firm made
phenomenal strides forward. In 1872. Mr. \\ .
I-:. Hale acquired an interest in the firm,
which became Woodward Tiernan & (
and removed its business to the corner of
ond and Locust Streets. Mr. Hale retired from
the company in 1882, and the name aj
became Woodward & Tiernan. The increase
, f th< : making it necessary to have
still larger accommodations, in the early part
1 :' 1886 an agreement was entered into with
Gerard B. Allen, under which that gentleman
erected for the occupancy of W lwai
•nan. a suitable building on 1'- property
9 to 315 North Third Street. Befi 1
fi undations of this building were completed,
2544
WOODWARD.
Mr. Tiernan died suddenly on the 16th of
September, [886. Mr. Woodward immedi-
ately afterward, purchased the interest of Mr.
Tiernan's estate and formed a stock company
which was incorporated as the Woodward &
Tiernan Printing Company, with W. H.
Woodward as president and treasurer. The
business outgrew the Allen building, and an
annex was erected by Capt. John Scudder in
1889. In 1898, the property adjoining- the
Scudder building was purchased by the
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company,
and a building covering 64x107 feet was ad-
e'ed, giving to the plant in all. one hundred
and thirty-three thousand superficial feet ot
space. This immense establishment, employ-
ing 600 persons, is under the personal super-
vision of Mr. Woodward, assisted by his three
sons. Edgar I'... Walter B., and Louis B.
Woodward and a corps of skillful and compe-
tent foremen. The present officers are:
President and treasurer, W. II. Wood-
ward; vice-president, J. H. Hawes; secre-
tary, Robert Buchanan; business manager,
Walter II. Woodward; superintendent. Edgar
P. Woodward. There are few men in the
West, who enjoy the good will and confidence
ol their fellow men in a more eminent degree
than does Mr. Woodward, whose close atten-
tion to his business only, has precluded his
being repeatedly honored with public office.
During the Civil War. Mr. Woodward was a
member of the Missouri Home Guard and was
ordered into active service as Third Ser-
geant of Company K, First Regiment, which
took tlie field under ( icneral E. C. Pike to aid
in repelling the invasion of General Sterling
Price in 1S04. I lis term of service lasted six
weeks, at the end of which time, Genera!
i rice having retreated into Arkansas, the
brigade to which Air. Wodvvard belonged was
ordered home. In 1876, Mr. Woodward was
elected a member of the City Council from the
old Eleventh Ward and served two years in
that body. This was during the exciting period
of tin- Overstolz-Britton, Mayoralty contest.
His firs; vote was cast for James Buchanan,
Democratic candidate for the Presidency in
1S50 and he has been a Democrat all his life.
In religion, he is an Episcopalian and he has
been a communicant of Grace Episcopal
Church since his coming to St. Louis with
his father in 1852. Eor many years, he has
been one of the vestrymen of his parish. He
has always taken a lively interest in all pub-
lic issues and no movement tending to in-
crease the material prosperity of St. Louis
has ever failed to receive his heartv and lib-
eral support. He has been associated with
various fraternal organizations but most
closely with the Independent ( )rder of Odd
Fellows. He became a member of this order
in 1858 and has since filled many important
offices in the order, including those of Grand
Master and Grand Patriarch of Missouri. For
the past three years, he has been president of
the ( )dd Fellows' Home at Liberty, Mo. He
is a member also of Aurora Lodge of Master
Masons Missouri Chapter of Royal Arch Ma-
sons, Ascalon Commandery of Knights Tem-
plar and Moolah Temple of the Mystic Shrine.
He was active in the organization of the St.
Louis Typothetae, an association of Master
Printers and was recently elected its president
for the third time. This organization extends
all over the United States and Canada, and at
its session in Toronto, in 1892, Mr. Wood-
ward was elected president of the Interna-
tional body, and presided over its meeting at
the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893. He has
been actively connected with various organ-
izations devoted to the advancement of the
city's welfare, among them being the Mer-
chants' Exchange. Business Men's League,
the Manufacturers' Association, the Spanish-
American Club, the Office Men's Club. St.
Louis Fair Club, and the Mercantile Club.
He is a member of the Committee of Two
Hundred having charge of the preparations
for the World's Fair which is to be held in
St. Louis in 1903 to celebrate the One Hun-
dredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase,
and as chairman of one of the committees he
has been actively engaged in raising funds
from the printers and kindred lines of busi-
ness to forward this enterprise. In December
of 1859 Mr. Woodward married Miss Maria
K. Knight, daughter of Richard and Ann
Knight. To them were born thirteen children,
rive of whom died in infancy. Their eldest
daughter, who became Mrs. Annie Wood-
ward Brook, died August 20th, 1889. The
surviving children are Edgar B. Woodward,
Walter l'.. Woodward, Mrs. Alary Woodward,
Ernst, Louis B. Woodward, Grace Wood-
ward, Julius W. Woodward and Sarah H.
Woodward. Airs. Woodward, who was
prominent in church and charitable work, and
who had served twenty-five consecutive years
on the Board of the Episcopal ( >rphans'
WOOI, AXI) FUR ASSOCIATION— WORKHOUSE.
Home, died January 16th, 1898. February 8,
1899, he married Miss Laura .Maria Bingham
of Indianapolis, Indiana, daughter of Joseph
J. and Sophie B. Bingham, and grand
daughter of George Upfold I). 1). LL. I1.,
first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of In-
diana.
Wool and Fur Association. —An
organization once existing in St. Lnuis com-
posed of the dealers in wool, furs and peltries,
formed for the purpose of establishing and
maintaining rules to govern the trade, increase
the trade by inviting and encouraging ship-
ments of these articles to St. Louis, and to
promote unity of interest and uniformity of
action among dealers. The Association, after
maintaining a languid existence for nearly
twenty years, fell to pieces through neglect of
meetings and failure to elect officers, although
the trade in wool, furs and peltries had very
largely increased.
Wool Trade.— He wi.nl trade of St.
Louis consists simply in the receipt and ship-
ment of wool, as there is little of this import-
ant product consumed here as raw material in
the manufacture of goods. The supplies come
from the sheep-raising States and Territories
of the West and Southwest, and are shipped
to the wool markets of the East for the use
of the woolen mills of that section. The wool
interest is greatly affected by the tariff ami is
prompt to respond to changes in the tariff, as
the statistics of sheep raising and wool prices
demonstrate. The period between 1870 and
1896 was one of almost continual discussion
of the tariff, both in the public press and in
Congress, and it was, therefore, a period in
which the sheep industry showed gr< al
changes. In 1871, the whole number of sheep
in the country was 31,851,000, valued at $74r
°35>837- In 1884. the number of sheep had
increased to $50,026,626, valued at $119,902,-
706. But in 1896, twelve years later, the num-
ber had shrunk to 38,298,783, valued at $65,-
.'67,735, showing that the sheep in the country
were not worth as much, by $9,868,102, in
1896. as they were twenty-five years before, in
.1871. Of course, the wool crop fell off in the
same proportion, and so did the prices. I he
price of medium washed clothing ( )hio fleece
wool in the Eastern markets fell off from 40
cents a pound in 1870 to 20 cents a pound in
1895, and the sheep industry was in a de-
1 ;' ed 1 ondition. Tin . it St.
from
iV''M '" L896, having been 24.861,455 pounds
|» |S,M and only 15,139,840 pounds m [896.
This was not a loss of its wool tra
city, as the receipts of wool at other points
showed a similar falling off : il was the result
oi a greal decrease- a decrease of sixtv
million pounds' in th " lip of the country.
The wool tradi of St. Louis has never attr;
much attention, nor made any noise in the
world- and yet, it is a very important feature
m the general business of the city, and it
exhibited a steady growth in the years when
sheep raising was prosperous and the prices
of wool remunerative, in [865, the receipts
were 10,500 packages, and the shipments
9394 packages. In [880, the receipts
12. 387,0s., pounds, and the shipments 10,492,-
524 pounds. In 1892, the receipts and ship
ments both reached their highest mark, the
former having been 25,850,690 pounds, and
the latter 27.450.37.) pounds. In the following
year, the receipts fell off to [5,024,436 pounds,
and the shipments to 15.720. 105 pounds; the
next year there was an increase in receipts to
24, So 1. 455 pounds, and in shipments to 24,-
430.071 pounds; and in 1896, the receipts
were [5,139,840 pounds, and the shipments
IS-939>579 pounds. The annual value of the
trade may be estimated at from $1,500, 00 to
$0,000,000.—] >. M. ( ;riss< >.\l.
Workhouse.- -The Workhouse in St.
Louis is a penal institution to which persons
are sent who have been "convicted of a viola-
lion of am ordinance of the City for which a
fine or forfeiture is imposed and who shall re-
fuse, neglect or be unable to pa\ said line, or
forfeitun and costs." The) arc kept in
institution until the penalty is worked out at
the rate of fifty cents a day less twenty cents
a day for hoard. 'I he present \\ orkhous.
built in 1853 on what was then the 1 it)
m being m w . .11 Br. .adway
and Merarnec street. It comprises fifty
1 .; vr< .unci on which are erect.,! suitable b
r tin ace imodation 1 f the prisoners and
officials, two large barra. ks, one for men, the
other '
ent, and other building? f. .r vari. uis
The gr. mnd in 'i bui I upon
and yields a sufficient supply of vcgetabl.
1 1 1898, then
441 prisoners. 555 men and 86 women, the
2546
WORKING GIRLS' FREE LIBRARY.
i! en being mostly employed in breaking rock.
The predecessor of the present institution
u.is a sort of Workhouse on the Southeast
corner of Park and Second Carondelet
Avenues, where prisoners were confined at
labor. In 1841, an ordinance was passed pro-
viding for the erection of a workhouse on
Block No. 3 of the City Commons, and a
cheap temporary structure was put up and
the "rounds enclosed by a picket of cedar
posts set upright in the ground. The male
prisoners were put at work on Park Avenue,
and a- the grades were established, they were
employed in the construction of other streets
and avenues in that part of the City. In 1842,
Blocks No 46 and 47 in the City Commons
were set apart ior a City Workhouse, and
prisoners were to be kept at some useful work-
provided they were not compelled to labor
on the Sabbath day nor "after the down go-
ing of the sun in the evening nor before sun
up in the morning". In 1872, the City En-
gineer was directed to submit plans and speci-
fications for an enlargement of the accommo-
dations of the institution, and five thousand
dollars was appropriated for the work. There
are usually employed, two engineers, a clerk,
a blacksmith and thirty-one guards. The in-
thitution is under the direct control of a
Superintendent.— WILLIAM FAYEL.
Workhouse Mutiny. — A formidable
uprising of prisoners in the City Workhouse,
ti 11 ik place on the 15th of April, 1S96. Assert -
ing that their tasks were too heavy and that
they were not being fairly treated by those in
authority, these offenders against the peace
and dignity of the City threw down their tools,
refused to perform their tasks in the work-
house quarry and defied the guards. For a
time the situation was critical but the coolness
ami determination of the guards quelled the
disturbance without loss of life.
Working- Girls* Free Library. —
On Novembi r 9, [886, Mrs. Lucy A. Wiggin
opened, alone, a free evening school with an
enrollment of thirty pupils, all of whom were
young girls earning their living in the fac-
tories. For this purpose she had obtained
use of one room in the Clinton Public School
for three evenings in a week, she bearing the
expenses for heat, light and damage to furni-
ture. After a slmrt time. Miss Emma Myers
ioined her in the work of teaching, and the
Library was begun with some books from the
Public School Library and from Mrs. Wig-
gin's private collection, ami a book-case was
]. resented by Mr. X. O. Nelson. It was at
that time the only free library in St. Louis.
Mrs. Wiggin also received during the first
vear three cash donations, amounting to
twenty-five doliars. The second year, the
school was transferred to the Carroll School
budding, and Miss Evelyn Lissell now added
her assistance, which was continued for four
\ears. The school was still open three
evenings in a week, and these two devoted
philanthropists, both teachers in the Public
Schools, returned to their homes in Benton
afler their arduous dav's labor and came back
1 11 tin- seven o'clock train in the evening — that
was before the day of electric car lines — to
teach these girls until time to take the late
train home. But to Mrs. Wiggin the fact that
voting girls left school at tender years and
entered the grind of long days of factory work,
and that, in her own words, "Learning is for-
ever barred from these, unless some outside
influence is brought to bear", was sufficient to
inspire her to unceasing effort to bring
brightness and hope into their lives, as well as
1o awaken their own sense of mutual re-
sponsibility. The ready response and the
steady growth and development of the enter-
prise proved the great need for it that existed.
In 1880, a house was leased at 1510 Lafayette
Avenue, and the work broadened and pro-
gressed. The rooms were prettily furnished
and decorated. There were always fresh
flowers in the vases, and piano music and
singing, in which the girls joined heartily, was
always the first exercise of every evening.
The volumes in the library had accumulated
by donation and purchase into over two
thousand; and teachers for every evening
volunteered their services. There was no age
limit to the student, as in the public evening
schools, and regular graded classes in all the
common branches of education were con-
ducted. Some of the girls so educated, fol-
lowing industries taught here, became helpers.
Practicing physicians lectured on Monday
evenings on the care of the health. Regular
industrial instruction in cooking and sewing
was given, and in time, the girls formed a
Good Will Society — of which Mrs. Rose E.
Fanning was secretary — and made garments
for tlie needy, adding small contributions of
money. A Friendly Aid department was or-
y
rua
WORKING GIRL'S IK >MH— W'KICHT
2547
ganized under Mrs. VVig.gin's supervision,
which relieved disaster, provided employment,
and arranged concerts, lectures, excursions
and entertainments. A Band of Mercy met
every Sunday afternoon for many years, with
Miss Cate Hackstaff in charge. The Library
was open every Sunday afternoon as a
reading-room, and many of the books from it
were donated for the use of young girls in
factories, the circulation being about 2500 an-
nually. The work was entirely non-sectarian
and co-operative under fostering leadership.
The beautiful spirit of freedom, courtesy and
good will was very marked, and the constant
expansion of the enterprise carried it, after
nine years, into a larger field where men and
boys are equally sharers in its advantages. In
September, 1895, the Working Girls' Free
Library was transformed into the St. Louis
Social Settlement, established on Second and
Victor streets, where it continues to be. day
and evening, a centre of beneficent activity, a
day nursery being one of its practical benefits.
—MARTHA S. KAYSER.
Working1 Girl's Home The. — This
institution was organized in 1891 and incor-
porated in 1897 for the purpose of providing
a safe and economical home for working
girls and women. This Home is especially ■
designed for those earning but two, three and
four dollars a week and in no case is a boarder
allowed to pay more than she is able to afford.
Here for a very moderate sum comfort, con-
venience and rest are obtained with the pro-
tection of a respectable home. The boarder is
given a comfortably furnished bed-room, with
use of parlor and sitting-room, gas and bath-
room; the privilege of doing her own cooking
in a kitchen equipped with coal and gas ran-
ges, cooking and dining room conveniences
and individual cupboards; also the use of a
complete laundry ; and the total charge is
only $1.00 a week in summer and $1.15 in
winter. At an early date, the Advisory Board
will inaugurate some special plans for the
benefit of those resident in the Home and
other working girls and women sufficiently
interested to attend. These will include: In-
struction along educational lines — such as
reading, lectures, social entertainments, etc.;
lectures on health and hygiene and instruc-
tion in cooking, housekeeping and practical
dressmaking. The officers and directors in
1898 were Hon. A. H. Frederick, President;
Mr. P. M. Hanson, Vice-President; Mr. Geo.
Lubke, Jr., Secretary; Air. W. H. McClain,
Treasurer; Rev. J. M. Spencer, Dr. J. M.
Newell, Mr?. C. M. Thornburg and Miss
Frankie McCarron. The Home is situated at
j 4.34 Washington Avenue and has accomoda-
tion for about thirty inmates.
Worthy Womans' Aid. — A home in-
stitution which was conducted for some years
at \~\2 North Tenth Street as a temporary
abiding place for women out of employment,
by Mrs. Hariot.
Wright, Frank Louis, manufactuer,
was born July 18. 1854, in St. Louis,
second son of James A. and Louisa (Potter)
Wright, lie has passed all the years of his
life in St. Louis and, during all the years of
his business career he has been connected with
the great carriage manufacturing establish-
ment founded by his father, contributing his
full share to the building up of that industry.
Entering St. Louis University at an early age,
he was graduated from that institution in the
class of 1870. when he was but sixteen years
old. Immediately afterward he went to work
in his father's carriage factory and was trained
to the business which he has since followed,
under the wise guidance of the elder Wright.
In 1876. when he was twenty-two years old.
he wa* admitted to a partnership with his
father and" brother in the firm of James A.
Wright & Sons, of which he continued to be
a member until 1883. After the death of the
senior member of this firm, the brothers in-
corporated the business as the James
A. Wright & Son- Carriage Company, and of
this corporation Frank L. Wright became
secretary and treasurer. He has since held
that position, co-operating with his elder
brother in the conduct and management 1 if a
business which has grown to very large pro-
portions and which has made the name of its
founder and his successors well known
throughout the Western country. In the
management of this enterprise, the brothers
have supplemented each other's efforts in such
a way as to produce a strong combination • if
tact, energ) and business sagacity, and the re-
sult has been an expansion of trade and
constantly increasing prestige for its manufac-
tures. Mr. Wright is a member of the Mer-
chants' Exchange, of the Mercantile Club,
and of the St. Louis Fair Association. Politic-
2548
WRTGHT.
ally, lie is identified with the gold standard
wing of the Democratic party. He has no
church connections, but is known as a friend
of all Churches and a gentleman of charitable:
disposition. Like his elder brother, men-
tioned elsewhere in this connection, he is un-
married.
Wright, Henry Clay, who achieved
distinction dining the civil war and has since
been prominent in St. Louis as a public .oft'eial
and a business man, was burn January 4, 182).
in Alexandria. Virginia, son of Daniel and
Harriet Lowndes (Mar) Wright, the first
named a native of Loudoun County, Virginia,
and the last named burn in Prince George
county, Marx land. His ancestors were Eng-
lish and Scotch, and his mother was the only
surviving daughter of Henry Mar, of Scot-
land, who is supposed to have been the last
lineal descendant of the famous Earls of Mar.
In the venerated family Bible, the history of
i he family has been, to some extent, preserved.,
and it is known that when Henrv Mar, the
great-grandfther of Colonel Wright, was a
boy of fifteen years of age. he was placed by
Ids guardian in the High School of New
Castle-on-the-Tyne. He ran away from this
.school and jointd the army of the "Pretender"
in 1745 and fought under Bradlebane at Pres-
ton and Colloden. Erom Scottland, he came
to America, settled in Bladensburg — then in
the Colony of Maryland— and married Esther
( I'Farrell, who came of an old Maryland fami-
ly. Vbout the year [833, the guardians of
Ids estate ad\ ertised f< >r him or his descendants
through the British Embassy at Washington,
but nothing of the fortune was ever realized
for the family. This Scotch family and the
English famih oi Wright were united by the
marriage of 1 >aniel Wright and Harriet Lown-
des .Mar in 1798. Anthony Wright, the father
of Daniel Wright, came to this country, a
young Englishman oi attractive person and
manners, and being without means, accept ■!
employment as a gardener in the Meade
family, which founded the town of Meadville,
Pennsylvania. 1 >ne oi the daughters of this
wealthy ami aristocratic family fell in love with
the young gardener, married him and went
with him to Loudoun county, Virginia, where
their son, Daniel, was born. Daniel Wright
was one of the distinguished Free Masons
of his day. ami it is of interest to note in this
connection the fact that he and George Wash-
ington were contemporary members of the
same Lodge. Lie died at Alexandria, Vir-
ginia, June 26, 1830, and his widow at Bla-
densburg in 184c), and both are buried in the
cemetery attached to the Scotch Presyterian
! hurch of Hunting Creek, near Alexandria,
Virginia. Colonel Wright was the youngest
' if their twelve children, and at the present
time — 1898 — is the only survivor. He was
first sent to school at Mechanics' Hall, at
Alexandria, Virginia, and later attended the
renowned Quaker Hallowed Academy, from
which he was graduated in 1840. He
then followed mercantile pursuits in com-
pany with his brother at Bladensburg,
and at the same time read law under
the preceptorship of Nicholas Stephens, a not-
ed counsellor of that day. He was, however,
of a somewdiat adventurous disposition in
•jarlv life and instead of beginning the practice
of the profession for which he had fitted him-
self, he went with the gold hunters to Cali-
fornia in 1S49. He took with him to the Pa-
cific coast about four hundred dollars and re-
turned with two bags of gold dust, which,
when minted in New Orleans in 1850, yielded
him fifteen thousand dollars. Some time later,
he married, in Lamar county, Texas, and then
came to Missouri. Here he purchased a
farm — formerly the property of Mayor Alfred
Sanford in Carondelet Township of St.
Louis county. In connection with his farm-
ing operations, he established a saw and grist
mill, and one of the regular patrons of his
mill in those days was his near neighbor and
iriend, Captain U. S. Grant. Colonel Wright
was the owner at that time of a considerable
number of slaves and carried on his farming
eiperations with slave labor until the negroes
were made freemen as a result of the civil
war. Notwithstanding the fact that he had
been reared in the South and was a slave own-
ei. Colonel Wright was an ardent LJnionist
end. in the second year of the war. he was ap-
pointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second
Missouri Regiment of Enrolled Militia, his
appointment coming from Governor H. R.
1 '.amide and bearing date of September 25,
1862. While in command of this regiment
in the absence of its Colonel, he was, on the
10th day of May, 1864, appointed Provost
Marshal of Volunteers of the Second Misouri
District, with the rank of Captain of Cavalry.
Thereafter, until April of 1865, he also acted
successively as Quartermaster and Provost
f^i^i^ei ' -^ <xO'' y^y
WRIT.HT
549
Marshal of the First District, with head quar-
ters at St. Louis, St. Charles, Ironton, Spring-
field, and Jefferson City, in closing up the
military affairs of these various districts. ( )n
the 31st of December, 1S65, he was discharged
from the government military service and on
the 15th day of March following, he was ap-
pointed chief clerk of the Internal Revenue
office of St. Louis by Dr. 'William Taussig,
who was then Collector of the Internal Reve-
nue. Soon afterward. General Francis P. Blair
was nominated for Collector by President
Johnson, but the Senate refused to confirm the
appointment, and Captain Barton Able being
installed in the office, Col. Wright remained
with him until his term expired. lie retired
from the government service when Captain
Charles Ford took charge of the Revenue
Collectorship, and was not connected with it
thereafter until 1874, when he was appointed
Appraiser of the Port of St. Louis by Presi-
dent Grant. He served in that capacity four
and a half years, and since that time has lived
in quiet retirement at his country home on the
banks of the Mississippi, near Jefferson Bar-
racks. His only daughter married, some
years since. Mr. A. W. Lamoreaux, and the
later years of his life have been passed in the
family circle composed of this daughter and
son-in-law, and his little grandchild. Colonel
Wright is now in his seventy-sixth year, but
is still a fine specimen of physical manhood,
and it may be said of him that he has earned
and enjoys a green old age and the kind regard
of all who know him.
Wonderly, Peter Thomas, was born
October 22, 1820, in Frederick county, Mary-
land, son of Joseph Wonderly. The elder
Wonderly was a native of Switzerland and
was educated in a Jesuit college for the priest-
hood. In his voting manhood, however, he
came to this country, settling first in Penn-
sylvania, where he married, and removing
later to Frederick county. Maryland, where
he purchased a farm on which he lived until
his death and on which his son grew to man-
hood. Peter T. Wonderly obtained a limited
education at a country school near his home
in Maryland. Left an orphan at an early age
by the death of both parents, he then went to
the city of Frederick. Maryland, where he
learned the coppersmith's trade. In 1837, he
came to St Louis and worked at his trade un-
til 1842, when he engaged in the business
which he had learned, on his own account, first
on Washington Avenue, and later at the cor-
ner of Mam and Cherry streets. Thereafter
until 1858, he conducted the largest business
of the kin,'; in St. Louis, but in that year closed
out his interests in this line and. assoi
himself with David L. Anderson and Edward
Haydei, he went to Collinsville, Illinois and
engaged in the operation of a flouring-mi'l
and distillery. This firm, which was known
as Wonderly. Haydei & Co., later opened and
operated the first coal mines in Madison
county, Illinois, and, at the same time, con-
ducted, in St. Louis, a commission house
which handled the products of their mines,
flouring-mill and distillery. After operating
together for some years, Mr. Wonderly sold
his interest in the flouring-mill to his partners
and purchased Font them the distillery and
mining property, conducting these branches
of the business thereafter under his own name
for a number of years. He then sold these
interests and. returning to St. Louis, enga
in the wholesale and retail coal business here
as head of the firm of P. T. Wonderly & < 'o.
This business he has continued up to the pres-
ent time and has had a long and honorable
career as a man of affairs. While a resident
of Collinsville, he served as president of the
Board of Trustee? of that village for four
'years, but, with this exception, has held no
public office. He has, however, interested
himself to some extent in politics at different
times, acting always with the Democratic
part}'. He is a member of the Catholic church
and, while living at Collinsville. he was the
leading spirit in building St. Peters Catholic
church at that place, contributing liberally
oi both Mine aiel money in aid of the enter-
prise. I' or thirty years, he has been a mem-
ber of the St. Vincent de Paul Society and has
been a liberal contributor to various institu-
tions conducted under Catholic church aus-
spices. fanuary 12, 1841, he married Miss
Sarah F. Goodwin, of Jefferson City. Mis-
souri. Tlie first Mr,-. Wooderly died January
1. 1866, and November 26, 1867. he married
"Mrs. Mar\ E. Thomas, of Maryland.
Wright, James Anthony, manufacturer,
was born in \ irginia, February 18, 1819, son
oi Joseph and Cynthia Wright. Of English
origin, the Wright family came to the United
States at an early date and the parents of
fames A. Wright removed from Virginia to
M
2550
WRIGHT.
Missouri in the year 1821. Coming to St.
Louis, they settled on a farm adjoining the
farm of Colonel Frederick Dent, the father-in-
law of General U. S. Grant, and on this farm
their son lived during the earlier years of his
life. He was educated at St. Louis Univer-
sity and then served an apprenticeship to the
business of carriage building with the old-time
carriage manufacturing firm of Carter & Pow-
ers, who occupied a factory located at the cor-
ner of Broadway and Locust street, on the
site of the present Mercantile Library Build-
ing. In 1845 he engaged in the manufacture
of carriages on his own account, associating
himself at that time with Wesley Fallon in the
firm of Fallon & Wright, which established its
factory at the corner of Second street and
Washington Avenue. Their buildings at that
location were destroyed by fire after a time
and thev re-opened a new factory at the cor-
ner of Broadway and St. Charles street. At
that location Mr. Fallon and Mr. Wright con-
tinued to be associated together in business
until the year 1861. Mr. Wright then with-
drew from the firm and established a carriage
factory of his own at the corner of Broadway
and Morgan streets, where he continued to
do business until his death, which occurred
June 29, 1877, and resulted from injuries re-
ceived by being thrown from a carriage in a
runaway accident. The manufacturing busi-
ness which he built up was not only one of
large proportions, but one which made his
name well known throughout the entire
Western country by reason of the excellence
of the products sent out from his factory and
bearing his name. This business it still car-
ried on by his sons under the name of the
James A. Wright & Sons Carriage Company,
the present location of their factory and sales-
rooms being at the corner of Washington
Avenue and Nineteenth street. As a manu-
facturer and business man, Mr. Wright was
widely known, but in this sense only was he a
public man. While he was always a pro-
nounced Democrat in political affiliation, he
declined to take any active part in the con-
duct of political campaigns, to stand as a
candidate for or to fill any public office. He
had a marked fondness for music, and in early
life was for some years a member of the choir
of the Methodist church located at the cor-
ner of Fourth street and Washington \vcnuc
and had something to do with church work
in this connection, although he was not iden-
tified with any church organization as a mem-
ber. The charitable work of church and other
organizations, however, appealed to him
strongly and found in him a warm friend and
liberal donor. He married, in 1851, Miss
Louisa II. Potter, who survives her husband.
The father of Airs. Wright was Colonel John
C. Potter, who came to St. Louis from Boston
during the war of 1812, and in the maternal
fine, she is descended from Emilien Yosti,
who came to this country with the Spanish
army of occupation, which took possession
of the Province of Louisiana when France
ceded it to Spain. Yosti married Theodiste
Durand, whose parents, John B. Durand and
Josepha Marcheteau, where the tenth couple
wedded in St. Lotiis.
Mr. Wright left three sons and one daugh-
ter of whom Joseph P., Frank L. and Cora E.
— the last named being now wife of Charles
W. Nugent are living; the other son, John B.,
died in September, 1896.
Whittaker, Francis, a distinguished
representative of the early pork-packing in-
terests of St. Louis and a citizen of many vir-
tues, was born at the Manor Hamilton, coun-
ty Leitrim, Ireland, in 1810, and died in St
Louis June 14, 1871. He came of a good
family, his fatherjohn Whittaker, having been
high sheriff of the County Leitrim, and his
mother — whose maiden name was Margaret
Henderson — a lady of high social station.
After receiving a good education. Francis
Wittaker was apprenticed as a youth to the
business in which he was afterward so singu-
larly successful in St. Louis and elsewhere,
entering the employ of Andrew Britton, who
was a packer and provision merchant of Sligo,
and an officer of the Sligo branch of the Bank
of Ireland. Mr, Whittaker was in his employ
several years, first at Sligo and later in the
south of Ireland, and when this term of serv-
ice ended, he became a resident of Dublin.
wlure he engaged in business as a paper
manufacturer. There, he married Miss Annie
Motherwell, daughter of John Motherwell, a
retired officer of the Queen's Army — a lady
uf singularly lovable character, who exercised
a marked influence over her husband and con-
tributed in 11.1 small degree to his success in
life. In 1S48, he immigrated with his family
to the United States and upon his arrival in
New York City, received a cordial welcome
from his brother. Dr. John IT. Whittaker,
WRIGHT.
2551
who had preceded him to this country and
who was then president of the New York Med-
ical College. He first established his home
in Brooklyn, New York, but soon afterward
came West, with letters of introduction to
leading business men of Louisville, Ken-
tucky, and St. Louis, and later he accepted
the position of manager of the pork-packing
establishment of John Sigerson, of this city.
]n the fall of 1849, he removed his family to
St. Louis and engaged in the business of pork-
packing, in which John J. Roe afterward be-
came associated with him. Although estab-
lished in a comparatively small way, their
business grew to very considerable propor-
tions in a few years, and Mr. Whittaker and
Mr. Roe continued to be associated together
until about the close of the civil war. After
the war, the firm became Francis Whittaker
&Sons, and branch houses were established
in New York and New Orleans, from which,
however, Air. Whittaker withdrew some time
prior to his death. His enterprise proved ex-
ceedingly profitable and at his death, he left
a large estate and a business which had made,
him wudely known throughout the West. He
was one of the pioneers in the direct shipment
of St. Louis pork products to Europe and may
be said to have inaugurated a foreign trade
which has since become an important feature
of the commerce of the city. He was an early
advocate of the barge system of transportation
on the Mississippi river and helped to inaug-
urate a movement looking to the establish-
ment of this system, which is now recognized
as a matter of great importance to St. Louis.
The Bank of Commerce of St. Louis was es-
tablished mainly through his efforts and he
was a director also in the old Merchants'
Bank and in the old St. Louis Insurance Com-
pany. In private life, in the family and in the
church, Mr. Whittaker left a legacy of pre-
cious recollection. He and his wife were
reared in the Church of England, but before
leaving Ireland, embraced the faith of the
Dissenters, who find their closest affiliations
in America among the Congregationalists. In
St. Louis, therefore, Mr. Whittaker and his
family became members of the First Congre-
gational church, under the pastorate of Rev.
Dr. Post, and were thereafter devout commu-
nicants and efficient workers in that church.
Mr. Whittaker was one of the founders of the
Good Samaritan Hospital and at his death
left it a handsome bequest, which, together
with other legacies of a similar character,
amounted to $60,000. He was a philanthrop-
ist by nature and his gifts to churches, organ-
ized charities and the poor who appealed to
him were of a most liberal character, bestowed
without regard to church or creed. He was
an ardent lover of America and American in-
stitutions, and during the civil war, he was one
of the wealthy citizens of St. Louis who loan-
ed their credit to the government and placed
their resources at the command of the Federal
authorities. His "love of country and his love
of home may be said to have been predom-
inant elements in his nature, and his memory
have hastened his own death. He passed
lingers like a benediction with those who
gathered in their youth around his family
hearth-stone. His youngest son and name-
sake died suddenly in 1869, and the grief of
the father over this bereavement is said to
have hastened his own death. He passed
away, mourned by all who had known him,
leaving upon the history of the city the im-
press of his high character as a business man
and his good citizenship in all that the term
implies. At his death, the surviving members
of his family were two sons and three daugh-
ters, and the survivor of the two sons, John
Whittaker, is now head of the old house of
-Francis Whittaker & Sons.
Wishart, Dempster, oneof theforemost
railroad men of St. Louis and an example of
the success that waits upon the young man
of good talents and habits who has the dis-
cernment at the outset, to recognize the power
of modern agencies and adapt himself to them.
Mr. Wishart was born at Ancarter, Ontario,
Canada, October 30, 1848. His father, Dun-
can Wishart, a manufacturer of cooperage,
hotel proprietor and farmer, successively died
in 1894, at the ripe age of seventy years, and
his mother, Mary Ferguson Wishart, was
still living in 1899. He received a good com-
mon school education in Canada and added to
it a course of instruction in telegraphy which
determined the course and character of his
life — for, when he came to St. Louis in 1869,
only twenty-one years of age but thoroughly
qualified for telegraph service, he found no
difficulty in procuring a position on the South
Pacific Railway as telegraph operator and
clerk in the general office — and this was the
beginning that led on step by step, from one
promotion to another, until he became em-
WRIGHT.
inent in the West for his thorough knowledge
of the railroad transportation business. In
1871, two wars alter his arrival in the City
he was appointed Ticket Agent in St. Louis
fi >r the Missouri Pacific and Atlantic & Pacific
Roads; and in 1876 he was appointed General
Freight and Pasenger Agent for the Atlantic
& Pacific Railway: and in 1878, he was made
General Passeger Agent for the St. Louis &
San Francisco Railway — and this last named
position he holds in 1890, together with that
of Secretary of the St. Louis Local Passenger
Board and that of General Manager of the
Electric Third-Rail Signal Company to which
he was appointed in 1897. Mr. Wishart's long
connection with a road that has grown into
one of the leading systems centering in St.
Louis has made him familiar with the com-
plexities of the railroad pioblem, particularly
the passenger phase of it and it would be no
easy thing, to ask him a practical question on
the subject, the answer to which he would not
have on his tongues end or in some pigeon-
holed paper, within reach of his hand. His
ideas are modern and progressive, and he has
the habit of bringing to the solution of busi-
m ss problems the demand of the future rather
than the absolute past. lie is in the prime of
his powers with the promise of continued use-
fulness before him. Mr. Wishart was mar-
ried March 24. 1882, to Effie A. Maddox, only
daughter of Asa Maddox, a retired capitalist
and estimable citizen of Kansas City. Mis-
s mi. They have no children.
Wright, Joseph Potter, manufacturer,
was born October 28, 1852, in St. Louis and
educated at St. Louis University, from which
institution he was graduated in the class of
1869. The following year he became con-
nected wirh the carriage building establish-
ment operated by his father, that eminently
practical-minded man of affairs, first placing
him in a position which made it necessary for
him to become thoroughly familiar with the
workings of the mechanical departments of
the big manufactory. Alter going through
this course of training, he took charge of the
office affairs of the factory and in 1S76 became
a member of the firm, which then became
James A. Wright & Sons. The factory was
then located on Broadway, between Morgan
streel and. Franklin Avenue, and continued its
business there until 1882, when a new building
ecled by the firm at the corner of Wash-
ington Avenue and Nineteenth street. Remov-
ing to this admirably arranged and equipped
factory immediately after its completion, this
widely known carriage manufacturing estab-
lishment has since conducted its business at
that location. In 18S3. the enterprise was
incorporated and Joseph P. Wright became
president of the company, a position which he
still retains. In the conduct of this import-
ant industry he has shown superior executive
ability and business capacity, and has earned
a well deserved position of pn nninence among
men of affairs in St. Louis. Mr. Wright is a
member of the Merchant's Exchange and
keeps in close touch with the general business
interests of the city. He has been a member
of the Democratic party since he attained his
majority, but has never felt that his fealty to
the regular party organization should dictate
action not in harmony with his honest con-
victions. As a consequence of this independ-
ent proclivity, he acted with the gold standard
wing of his party in the presidential campaign
of 1896. He is an independent thinker also
in religious matters, but is generous in his
contributions to charitable and other enter-
prises which have for their object the better-
ment of the community in which he lives and
the relief of the poor and needy. He is un-
married.
Wright, Thomas, merchant, was born
January 27, 1841, in New York, son of Robert
and Martha (Richards) Wright. Both his
parents were natives of England, but came to
this country in early life, the mother when she
was only five years of age. Thomas Wright
was reared in New York and obtained a good
business education in the public schools of
that city. He came West to St. Louis in the
spring of i860, and in April of that year, open-
ed a cigar store at the corner of Third and
< (live streets, at which he began selling at re-
tail the finer brands of cigars. This little
store soon became a place of resort for the
older and wealthier citizens of St. Louis and
it is still a kind of landmark in the neighbor-
hood in which it is located. Mr. Wright's
business prospered, and some years later he
leased a block of ground at the corner of
Eighth and Olive streets, and following the
trend of trade westward, established his prin-
cipal place of business at that location, retain-
ing the old stand as a branch store. He con-
tinued to be actively engaged in this branch
C/^U
Us&n
WRIGHT.
of trade until 1896, in which year he shifted
the care and responsibility of managing the
house to the shoulders of his brother, fohn
Wright, and his two suns, who now conduct
the business under the firm name of T. Wright
& Co. In 1891, Mr. Wright purchased a tract
of land on Union Avenue, running westward
some two thousand feet, to the improvement
of which lie devoted much time and money
during- the years 1801 and 1895. His good
taste and liberal expenditure of money in the
ornamentation and improvement of this piece
of ground has made it one of the handsomest
suburbs of St. Louis, and many wealthy citi-
zens have shown their appreciation of his fore-
sight and enterprise by building palatial
homes in the addition which he thus made to
the city. Becoming a resident of St. Louis
just after the civil war and in his young man-
hood, he may be said to have passed his entire
business life in this city, and he has been wit-
ness to its greatest growth and development,
contributing his full share to the results which
have been achieved. During the war, he serv-
ed in the Union Army and achieved well
merited distinction in the service of his coun-
try. Enlisting as a private in the Forty-sec-
ond Regiment of Volunteer Infantry, he won
promotion from time to time until, when he
was finally mustered out of the service, he held
the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel. March
3, 1868, he married, in New York, Miss Enii-
lie Garrique, daughter of a prominent New
York financier, wdio, at the time of his death,
was president of the Germania Insurance
Company, of that city.
Wright, Uriel, in his day, one of the most
eminent of western criminal lawyers, was born
in Virginia, in 1805 and died in Winchester,
Virginia, in 1869. The family to which
Wright belonged was closely allied to the
Johnson and Barbour families which were
among the most distinguished in the "( (Id
Dominion". His early education was obtain-
ed under the private tutorage, and he was then
sent to the United States Military Academy at
West Point. He was a cadet at the Militan
Academy until Iris father's death after which
he left that institution and began the stud
of law with Judge Barbour of Orange County,
Virginia. This training for the legal profes-
sion was supplemented by a course of study
at the law school of Winchester, Virginia. I '
married in 1833. and immediately afterward
came west, settling in Marion County, in
northeast Missouri. There he engagi
speculation in one of the promising town-sites
■if that region, with the result that he- losl all
the patrimony which he had brought with him
to this stair. He then entered more actively
upon the practice of the profession for which
lie had fitted himself ami also took an interest
in politics and public affairs. Elected to the
State Legislature of Missouri from Marion
County, he acquired while serving in that
body, a celebrit) as an orator which extended
throughout the State. At the end of his term
of serviie as a legislator, he removed to Si.
Louis and soon became one of the most re-
nowned advocates in practice at the Bar of
this City. He had a natural fondness for the
criminal practice and was almost immediately
retained in a number of rases in which he car-
vied away judges, juries and audiences alike,
by his ardent eloquence. in his "Bench and
Bar of Missouri'' ruclge Bav says of him:
"Wright's oratory was sui generis: His
words flowed from his lips like a placid
stream: his voice was '.dear and musical, his
invective scathing." Another writer
1 llis eloquence, the beauty of his diction and
the keenness of his logic were universally
acknowledged. As a. criminal lawyer, he
prabably never had a superior at our Bar."
The greatest genius is, however, sometimes
allied with the saddest weeknesses. Wright,
lacked will' force, mora! power and moral bal-
ance. On the heel? of a denunciation of
gambling, so fierce and vet so pathetic that
men trembled and wept as they listened to it,
he might be seen at a card table. 1 lis passl >r.
lor gambling impaired his professional use-
fullness and blighted to some extent, wdiat
should have been an exceptionally brilliant
career. By members of the old Bar, he w; s
frequently alluded to as the "Prentiss of Mis-
souri" and his marvelous eloquence and won-
derful powers as an advocate seem to have jus-
tified the appellation. He was reared in the
oid Whig school of politics and was an ardent
and active member of that party up to the time
of its dissolution. When the secessii n issu
vvai raised by the Southern States, he
itrong ground againsl it and allied himself
with the unconditional Union men of St.
Lends. tie was elei ti da ' the
State Convention of r86i b\ a very large
majority and continued to 1
imion until the capture of (/amp Jack-
2554
WRISBERG.
son by the forces under command of General
Lvon, in May of 1801. This action, which
he thought altogether uncalled for and which
resulted according to his view in the unneces-
sary shedding" of blood, aroused his indigna-
tion. He condemned it in the strongest
terms and in a speech made from the steps of
the Planters' House, he declared that "if
Unionism meant such atrocious deeds as has
been witnessed in St. Louis, he was no longer
a Union man." Like General Sterling Price
and many others in Missouri who had hoped
that a conflict might be avoided, he then
reached the conclusion that there was but one
course open to him and that to cast his for-
tunes with the South. He accordingly enter-
ed the Confederate army and served through-
out the war as a staff officer. When the war
closed, he returned to St. Louis and resumed
his practice in this city. The changed condi-
tions, however, caused him to grow restless
and dissatisfied and he removed to Winches-
ter, Virginia, where the closing years of his
life were passed. He continued to be held
in kindly remembrance by the members of the
St. Louis Bar and the action which they took
immediately after his death evidenced their
esteem for him personally and their admira-
tion of his ability. In the series of resolutions
adopted on that occasion, glowing tributes
were paid to his genius as a lawyer and also
to his literary culture. For some years, he
was2 a regular contributor the the "Knicker-
bocker Magazine", and he was a polished and
attractive writer as well as an orator of re-
nown. \\ ith the beauties of Shakespeare, he
was perfectly familiar, so much so indeed that
he often unconsciously spoke in the language
of that great author as if lie were speaking
in his own copious diction. Some of his
speeches also evidenced his familiarity with
the Greek poems of Sophocles and Euripides.
In conversation he had the same unique com-
bination of w;t. talent, and soliditv which
made his forensic efforts to successful.
Wrisberg, William Charles, who has
long been prominently identified with mining
interests and who is one of the self made busi-
ness men of St. Louis, was born November 25,
1848, in the town of Ehringhausen, in the
landgraviate of Hessen, Germany. His par-
ents were George E. and Anna Christina —
Mueller — Wrisberg who came to the United
States in 1854 landing at New Orleans and
arriving at St. Louis on the 25th of Novem-
ber of that year. Mr. Wrisberg comes of
a distinguished German family, his great
grand father having been Heinrich August
Wrisberg, the celebrated German anatomist
and one of the founders of the University of
Goettingen in the province of Hannover, Ger-
many. Mr. Wrisberg was six years old when
his parents established their home in St. Louis
and he grew up in the City. What education
he obtained -was gotten in the public schools
of St. Louis but on account of his father's
death, he was compelled to leave school at the
age of twelve years to contribute to the sup-
port of his mother and sister. He sold news-
papers and other literature in St. Louis until
the beginning of the Civil war and through-
out the war was engaged in the same business,
following the Union armies. That he took
good care of his earnings is evidenced by t he-
fact that when the war closed he had accumu-
lated capital enough to enable him to establish
himself in the mercantile business in St. Louis.
He was thus engaged until 1884 when he dis-
posed of this business to give his time to other
interests. As early as 1876, he became iden-
tified with mining enterprises, operating first
a coal mine on the southern border of what
is now Forest Park. In 1881, he interested
himself in the mining of fire clay at Chelten-
ham and was connected with this industry un-
til 1890. In 1S91, he engaged in gold and sil-
ver mining in Colorado and is still largely in-
terested in that field of enterprise. Since 1890,
he lias also been interested in the lead and zinc
mining industry of Southwest Missouri. At
the present time, he is President of the Ameri-
can Gold Mining Company, of Ouray, Colo-
rado ; the Merchants' Gold Mining Co., of the
same place; and the San Sebastian Min-
ing and Milling Company, of Las Cliar-
cas, Mexico. Besides being at the head
of these several corporations, lie is a Director
of the Hope Mutual Fire Insurance Co., of
St. Louis and a Director also of the Scantic
Gold Mining and Milling Co., of Colorado.
The town of Wrisberg located on Sierra Blan-
ca Mountain, Colorado, was named after him.
This town at which a part of the property of
tiie Scantic Mining & Milling Company, is
located has an altitude of 11,150 feet and is
one of the highest towns in the United State-.
Although he has never been in any sense a
politician, .Mr. Wrisberg is a staunch Repub-
lican in politics. His religious affiliations
/z^y?
WUERPEL.
arc with the Evangelical church. May 15,
1873, he married Miss Katheriue \V. Rehm,
of St. Louis. Their surviving children are
William E., Charles G., Edward F., Albert F.,
Minnie K., Clara C, George O., Robert A.,
and Arthur P. Wrisberg.
Wuerpel, Edmund Henry, artist and
art instructor, was born May 13, 1866, in St.
Louis, son of Edmund M. and Mina (Taussig)
Wuerpel. His father, who was born in Ger-
many, came to this country when he was
seventeen years of age and during the Civil
war served in the Federal army and com-
manded a company of Home Guards. Hi-*
mother was a native of Austria and a sister
of the well known musician, Moritz Taussig
and Dr. William Taussig' of this City, tlis
paternal grandfather, Moritz Wuerpel came of
an old Dutch family and there is still a branch
of the family in Antwerp, Holland. A love
of music has been a prominent characteristic
of both the Wuerpel and Taussig families and
several members of each have achieved dis-
tinction in this branch of art. Mr. Wuerpel's
earliest studies were pursued under the guid-
ance of his eldest sister on his father's Ranch
in Mexico Later he attended a Spanish
school in Mexico and after coming to St.
Louis was for a year a pupil at Toensfeldt's
Educational Institute. He then took the
manual training course at Washington Uni-
versity and was graduated from that depart-
ment with the highest honors being awarded
the first "Seliew Medal". He afterwards en ■
tered the undergraduate department of Wash-
ington University with the intention of fitting
himself for a Civil Engineer but was compel-
led to give up his studies, in his sophomore
year, on account of ill health. After an inter-
val of some years, he entered the St. Louis
School of Fine Arts and from there went
abroad and studied in the Julian Academy and
the Ecole des Beaux Arts, in Paris under
Bouguereau, Fleury, Ferrier, Constant, Aman
Jean and others. He has also studied inde-
pendently in the galleries of France. England.
Germany, Holland, Belgium and Spain. In
1890, Mr. A. A. Anderson an American artist,
residing in Paris conceived the idea of estab-
lishing an American Students Association, in
Paris which had for 'its object the establish-
ment of a club or a home life for American
students in that City. Mr. Wuerpel was con-
nected with this institution from the start and
as long as he stayed abroad was more or less
intimately connected with the enterprise. He
was successively. Treasurer, Secretary, Vice-
President and acting President of the Asso-
ciation and had occasion to meet many prom-
inent and distinguished men of the day,
among whom were both foreign and native
painters, sculptors, statesmen, musicians, ac-
tors, writers and educators of all nations and
spheres. He was selected by Professor llal-
sey C. Ives to Jill the position of secretarv to
the Paris Advisory Board of the Department
of Fine Arts of the World's Columbian Ex-
position, held at Chicago, in 1893. He ac-
companied Mr. Ives on many of his expedi-
tions in behalf of his department and saw in
this connection something of foreign courts,
in Italy, Spain. Holland, Belgium and Eng-
land and also pictures and works of art not
usually seen by a student. During this time, he
did much writing, contributing to magazines
and newspapers on a variety of subjects.
While abroad, he became acquainted with
James McXeil Whistler, the famous artis!.
who has since been his intimate friend and
who no doubt, greatly influenced him in his
work as a painter and teacher. After his con-
nection with the World's Fair ceased, he was
induced by Professor Ives to accept the posi-
■ tion of instructor of the "Life Classes" of the
St. Louis School of Fine Arts, and he has
since retained this connection witli the Art
School. He has been president of the St.
Louis Association of Painters and Sculptors,
treasurer of the St. Louis Art Students' Asso-
ciation and 1 'elegate to ami chairman
of the St. Louis branch of the S01
ol \\ estern Artists, lie has ever been willing
to give his best services to the cause of an,
as writer, teacher and lecturer and has de-
livered addresses before the Self-culture Club,
the Wage-earners' Club, the Novel Club and
tin' Wednesday Club of St. Louis anil has also
aided in the successful conducl of the I
Arts Department of the St. Louis Exposition.
1 1 ne 25, [895, Professor Wuerpel married
Miss Minnie Clay Johnson, daughter of
Stephen Johnson and niece of Henr) '
1 ien i' of St. Louis. Airs. Wuerpel was a stu-
dent at the St. Louis School of Fine Arts in
1889, when she became acquainted with her
future husband.
pro
Wolff, Edward B., one of the most
minent of the active business men of St.
WYMAN.
Louis, was born September 6. 1856, in St.
Louis, son of Marcus A. and Eliza J.
Wolff, the first named of whom was born May
14, [831. and died July 14, 1891. The mother,
who was born February 8. 1836, is still living
in St. Louis. Mr. Wolff obtained his academic
education in the public schools and at Wash-
ington University, of St. Louis, and then
matriculated in St. Louis Law School, from
which institution he was grauated in 1880. I f.e
was admitted to the bar February 20, 1880,
but after practicing for a time, turned his at-
tention to the real estate business, with which
he has been prominently identified since 1SS5.
] luring the years which have elapsed since
that time, he has engaged in many important
real .'state transactions, and the M. A Wolff
Keal Estate Company, of which he was
president, was erne of the most widely known
institutions of us kind in the West. Person-
ally, Mr. Wolff has wielded a large influence
in real estate circles, and that he has enjoyed
the high esteem of his contemporaries in that
held of enterprise is evidenced by the fact that
ir [897 he was honored with the presidency
of the Real Estate Exchange of St. Louis. He
is also identified with the manufacturing hi-
ts of the cib as a large stockholder in
tin Padfield Wood and Iron Nut Lock Com-
pany, and as president of that corporation. An
active member of the Mercantile and Jock
Club'-, he was secretary of the first named
Club during 1896 and 1897, and is now a
member of its board of directors; and during
the year 1896 he was chairman of the House
Committee of the Jockey (dub. In politics, he
is a I lemocrat, and his religious affiliations are
with the Methodist Church. He is connected
with fraternal organizations as a member of
the Legion of Honor and the Benevolent and
Protective 1 >rder of Elks. October to. 188;.
he man ied Mis 1 ,ail Y< mrtee. 1 if Cinncinnati,
( ihio, and has 1 me daughter living.
Wyman, Edward, I,. L. I). — No edu-
cator was so well known in bis lifetime or left
such an indellible imprint upon the lives of a
large number of the present — as well as the
previous generatioi ol business men of St.
Louis as the subject of this sketch. For
fifty-two years be never relaxed his intense
interest in the cause of popular education, dur-
ing which time he was chiefly and deservedly
known as the leading spirit in the cultivation
and training of youth, not onlv in the citv ot
St. Lotus, but in the State of Missouri. There
were two periods in the life of Professor Wy-
man, hi a few years each, when, under the
advice of his physician, he rested from his
professional labors — which will be mentioned
later — and sought avocations less sedentary.
But during such interims he still gave his
services to the cause of education by accepting
election as a member of the Board of Direc-
tors of the St. Louis Public Schools, serving
as such in 1849, I8SO] 1851, 1852, 1858, 1860-
61, 1861-62, occupying the position of presi-
dent of the board in 1850 and from i860 to
1862, inclusive. To his untiring energy dur-
ing these periods, in the practical manage-
ment « if the public schools of St. Louis, is the
jua scut perfected system more indebted than
t.i any other cause. Professor Wyman was
also appointed and served as curator of the
University of the State of Missouri at Colum-
bia, and was as equally active and devoted to
the educational interests of the State as to
those of the schools of St. Louis. In recogni-
tion of such services and of his abilities as an
educator, the University conferred upon him
the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was also
a member of the Board of Trustees of Shurt-
leff College, situated in Upper Alton, Illinois
— in the development and success of which in-
stitution he also took an interested part. But
his chief claim to fame as a Preceptor was in
connection with the three institutions founded
by him and operated under his own immediate
supervision. They were as follows : English
and Classical High School, founded in 1843;
City University, founded in 1861 ; Wyman In-
stitute, founded in 1879.
Edward Wyman was born in Charlestown,
Massachusetts. April 24, 1815, his ancestors
— paternal and maternal — being among the
earliest settlers of the State, and of Colonial
and Revolutionary fame. He was educated in
the public schools of his native town and was
graduated from Amherst College in 1835. His
immediate appointment to service in the Bos-
ton Public Schools followed. Therein his suc-
cess was s,i marked that he was placed in
charge of the Mayhew School of that city, and
although flattering inducements were offered
him to remain in that service, he yielded to a
desire for the West, and was, in 1836, instru-
mental in the founding of the Hillsboro — Illi-
nois— Academy, which be conducted for seven
years. In 1843 he came to St. Louis and es-
tablished mi Fourth Street, near the corner of
^V5i^ /////^^^
' A r
WYMAN.
Olive, "E. Wyman's English and Classical
High School." His success in this, as in all
similar undertakings, was phenomenal. Rap-
idly outgrowing the space employed — now
covered by the Continental Bank Building — ■
he removed to more spacious quarters, occu-
pying the upper Moors of the southeast corner
of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. From thence
he was again obliged to move on account of
growing numbers, and in 1S49 he removed
into a building erected by him for the pur-
pose. This building was named the "Odeon."
but was more popularly known as "Wyman's
Hall," and was situated on Market Street,
midway between Fourth and Fifth Streets on
the south side. The upper floors of this build-
ing were designed for and comprehended a
complete equipment for Professor Wyman's
"English and Classical High School." The
second floor was arranged as a place for pub-
lic entertainments. For many years this
"Hall" was the only popular resort for tran-
sient exhibitions. Jenny Lind sang there.
"Tom Thumb" was first exhibited there by P.
T. Barnum. Kossuth lectured in the hall.
Every concert-troupe, panorama, lecturer or
other respectable novelty that came to St.
Louis used "Wyman's Hall." The school, oc-
cupying the floors above, had at this time an
enrollment of between four hundred and five
hundred pupils — and at this date — 1899 —
there are a number of these living who
will recall the various "treats" Professor Wy-
man arranged for his school. He never losr
an opportunity to afford pleasure for his pu-
pils— and those opportunities were very fre-
quent. Jenny Lind sang for the school, and
in response the school sang for her. Tom
Thumb walked through the aisles of the large
assemblv room, shaking hands with the boys
and otherwise amusing them. In such man-
ner and otherwise Professor Wyman constant-
ly kept in touch with the hearts of his pupils.
A characteristic feature of this school was
the order maintained during sessions by its
principal. The deportment and habits in-
stilled in the school room identified Profess. >r
Wyman's pupils on the street and at home.
His discipline was strict, but not necessarily
severe. "Order" and "obedience" were his
watchwords. Hence some wayward youths
who could or would not be restrained by par-
ental oversight were sent to his school to be
trained and correctly guided by him. In-
tuitively he read a boy's disposition from the
start, and with a faculty seldom if ever equaled,
heat once inspired the wayward youth with a
love of truth and knowledge and to a genuine
development of ambition and manliness. Oc-
casionally with some his discipline was neces-
sarily severe — but as it was administered with
uniformly correct judgment, with firmness yet
will] kindness, its subject seldom harbored
feelings other than of respect, and ultimate ap-
proval and love. The "esprit de corps" of
this school was therefore very marked. To
the mental development of Professor Wy-
man's scholars was his principal attention
given, to which end the very best of instruc-
tors were employed, and thoroughness exact-
ed of all. This school was conducted until
1853, when by reason of ill-health, as already
stated, Professor YVyman retired to commer-
cial life. Education, however, was a passion
with Edward Wyman. and in i86r he could
not resist renewing his experience which had
before been so successful. He accordingly
opened the "City University," situated on the
northeast corner of Pine and Sixteenth
Streets. All the features of Professor Wy-
man's "English ami Classical High School"
were to be found in his "City University" with
this addition — the entire enrollment of pupils
were uniformed, thoroughly instructed in mil-
-itary marching and evolutions and to a limited
extent in the manual or arms. Three ("3)
complete companies, each having a full quota
of officers, "elected by its own members, ac-
cording to United States Army Regulations,
appeared frequently in parade upon the streets
of St. Louis. The) were preceded by a drum
and fife corps, and bore the University ban-
ner upon which was inscribed the University
motto, "Palma non sine Pulvere." This was
in the early days of the Civil War. Amongst
the members of this military corps were doz-
ens of young men who were by reason of birth
deeply attached in sentiment to the cause of
the Confederacy. Professor Wyman was him-
self a strong Unionist, yet allowed no political
or sectional discussions amongst his scholars.
\s the City University Corps never appeared
bearing the Federal flag, the press of the city,
through some malicious instigation, attacked
the organization as disloyal. It was declared
in the "press the °"TS would not march under
the stars and stripes. To those only who are
able to appreciate the intense feeling of the
young men of the South during those days
and who ran recall the violent antipathy of
(HI)
J 558
WYMAX.
such to the stars and stripes — to those only
will the significance of their action on this oc-
casion be understood. The loyalty of their
school was questioned — this involved the
lovaltv of the principal, who was by all known
to be a strong Unionist. Without hesitation
they unanimously volunteered to present
themselves and parade in public under the
"Stars and Stripes" — although it was due, as
afterwards explained, only to the loyalty to
and love of Professor Wyman. Many of these
voung men afterward took an active part with
their friends in the war Professor Wyman
maintained this University until 1867, in which
year the enrollment reached over six hundred
scholars, and he was again forced to a less
sedentary life.
It was twelve years later, 1879, when Pro-
fessor Wyman again determined to return to
his chosen profession. In that year he found-
ed what he always spoke of as his crowning
success — the "Wyman Institute," at Upper
Alton, Illinois. This was a home school for
boys. The accommodations were limited to
about fifty, and as the demand for admission
was largely in excess of numbers desired, Pro-
fessor Wyman accepted only such young men
as already bore good characters. There thev
led an ideal home-school life upon an estate
of fifty acres, with every facility provided for
their comfort, enjoyment and improvement.
Professor Wyman's desire, frequently ex-
pressed, that he might "die in the harness'-
was fulfilled April 30, 1888. For a number
of years before the close of Edward Wyman's
life he was in receipt of many letters and
visits from former pupils, which in themselves
were ample rewards for his labors in their
behalf. The entire enrollment of his scholars
numbered thousands, in some cases including
two and even three generations. He possessed
the happy faculty of remembering every one
of these in after life and at sight calling them
instantly by name. At the time of his death
a reunion of these men — "Edward Wyman's
Boys" they called themselves — was being
planned, to which he looked forward with
great pleasure. An impromptu gathering af-
ter his death was held, at which resolutions
were passed which included the following:
"His efforts in the noble work of past and
coining generations have left an indellible im-
press throughout the West."
"His energy, geniality anil good cheer were
a perpetual inspiration to his pupils, and they
regarded him quite as much as a friend, fa-
ther and companion as an instructor."
Wyman, Henry Purkitt, was born in
Ilillsboro, Montgomery County, Illinois, Oc-
tober 25, 1841, son of Edward and Elizabeth
Frances (Hadley) Wyman, the father a na-
tive of Charlestown. Massachusetts and the
mother of P>oston. Mr. Wyman was brought
to St. Louis by his parents when he was two
vears old and his home has ever since been
in this city. His father, Edward Wyman.
was a life-long and conspicuously successful
educator of boys and young men, establishing
and maintaining in St. Louis for nearly fortv
years "Wyman's English and Classical High
School," the fame and usefulness of which far
eclipsed that of all other similar schools in the
West. Its graduates have numbered thou-
sands of young men whose training and tute-
lage have made their mark upon the progress
and enlightenment of the Mississippi Valley.
Henry P. Wyman completed a High School
course of study at sixteen years of age and
then began his business career in a prominent
wholesale grocery and commission house,
where he was employed until the beginning
of the Civil War. He then entered the service
of the Federal Government, acting as chief
clerk in the Transportation, Quartermaster's
department throughout the war and showing
marked ability in the conduct of transporta-
tion affairs. In 1867 he was appointed spe-
cial Deputy Collector of Customs under Col-
lector Samuel M. Breckinridge, and his effi-
ciency and faithfulness in that responsible
position caused him to be retained in it during
the successive administrations of Collectors
Breckinridge, Coste, Fox, Long and St. Gem.
His services in the Custom House covered a
period of fourteen years, during which his
management of its affairs made it a recognized
model for efficiency and accuracy. He was
the originator and chief promoter of the "Di-
rect Importation Law," which, in 1870. inaug-
urated the facilities of direct importation to
inland cities. In 1880 he resigned from the
Customs service and was elected secretary and
treasurer of the St. Louis & New Orleans
Transportation Co., a strong corporation
formed for the purpose of carrying grain in
bulk from St. Louis to Europe by way of the
river and New Orleans. The directory and
stockholders of this corporation comprised
leading merchants of St. Louis and capitalists
WYMAN.
.'559
of New York, of whom were Jay Gould, Rus-
sell Sage and Seligmann & Co. The com-
pany was phenomenally successful and rapid-
ly increased the number of its steamers, barges
and other carrying craft until at the close of
1881 it merged its business with that of the
Mississippi Valley Transportation Co., the
new corporation taking the name "St. Louis
& Mississippi Valley Transportation Co., and
having a paid-up capital of $2,000,000. This
corporation, of which Mr. Wyman has always
been the energetic and efficient secretary, has
been the chief factor in making St. Louis an
export grain market, and contributes largely
to the prosperity and renown of the city.
Mr. Wyman has been intimately connected
with the educational progress of the city since
1888, succeeding his father, Professor Edward
Wyman, in the general management of the
Wyman Institute — now widely known as the
Western Military Academy — at Upper Alton,
Illinois, and being part proprietor of this
model school at the present time. He is also
secretary and treasurer of the Lindenwood
Female College at St. Charles, Missouri, one
of the oldest and best institutions of its kind
in the State. His church relations have al-
ways been with the Presbyterian denomina-
tion, and for many years he has been a ruling
elder in the First Presbyterian Church of St.
Louis, the oldest Protestant Church organiza-
tion west of the Mississippi River. He takes
special pride in the patriotic and historical so-
cieties of the day and is a charter member and
treasurer of both the "Society of Colonial
Wars" and the "Society of Sons of the Revo-
lution," his eligibility to membership in both
these societies being clear by right of the ser-
vices of quite a number of his paternal and
maternal ancestors, which are duly recorded
in the Massachusetts archives of the New
England Colonial Wars and the War of the
Revolution. He traces his ancestry to Saxon
origin as remote as the ninth century, the
family being native to Leicestershire and later
to County Herts, England. The first of the
family of record in America were Francis and
John Wyman, brothers, whose names are
signed to the "town orders" of Woburn, Mas-
sachusetts, bearing date of 1640. The elder
brother. Francis, was the progenitor of the
branch of the family to which Henry P. Wy-
man belongs. This immigrant ancestor was
a prosperous tanner with a town-house in Wo-
burn and a country house five miles distant,
the last named building having been erected
about the year 1642, It remained in posses-
sion of the family until about sixty years ago
and was famous for having sheltered John
Hancock and Samuel Adams, the Revolution-
ary patriots, in their flight from Concord in
1775. This house is standing at tin- present
time — 1899 — and its frame appears as sound
as when erected, more than two hundred and
fifty years ago. The gravestone which mark,
the last resting-place of Francis Wyman is
still to be seen in Woburn Graveyard with its
quaint carvings and inscriptions, dated 1699.
Henry P. Wyman married in 1863 Miss
Annie E. Leigh, daughter of Professor Edwin
Leigh (a noted scholar and scientist), and
three sons and one daughter have been born
< if their union.
Wyman, Walter, physician and surgeon-
genera! of the Marine! tospital Service, of the
United States, was born in St. Louis,
August 17, 1S48, and is of New England de-
scent, the son of Professor Edward Wyman
who was prominently known in the West as
an educator. He was graduated from the City
University of St. Louis in 1866, and from
Amherst College. Massachusetts, in 1870, re-
ceiving the degree of A. B., and later the de-
gree of A. M. He graduated from the St.
Louis Medical College in 1873. In 1897 he
was granted the degree of LL. IX, by the
Western University of Pennsylvania.
Immediately after graduating in medicine
from the St. Louis Medical College he served
as assistant physician of the City Hospitals of
St. Louis for two years, was engaged in priv-
ate practice one year, and then entered the
Marine-Hospital Service in [876 as assistant
surgeon am! was placed in charge of the St.
Louis Marine Hospital. While here he paid
special attention to the diseases incident to the
exposure of the deck hands and firemen on
the river steamers and wrote reports upon
the same which were published in the annual
reports of the Marine-Hospital Service.
! in being transferred to the charge of the
Marine-Hospital Service at Cincinnati in 1879
hi continued his interest in the welfare of the
boatmen and prepared an exhaustive report
1 m the hardships of the deck hands on western
rivers, which was read before the Cincinnati
1 iterary Club of which he was a member. This
article attracted wide notice at the time, bin
not until after he became surgeon-general of
WYMAN.
the Marine-Hospital Service was he able to
bring about any amelioration of their condi-
tion. This lie finally accomplished by causing
a law to be passed by Congress, requiring all
western steamboats to provide quarters, prop-
erly sheltered from the wind and heated, for
the protection of the deck hands from the
weather, having first demonstrated through
reports from officers and from his own ob-
servations the numerous cases of preventable
disease which were due to unnecessary ex-
posure.
In 1881 he was surgeon of the Revenue
Cutter "S. P. Chase." the cadet ship, on her
annual cruise to Spain and the Azores.
From Cincinnati he was trasferred to the
charge of the service in Baltimore, where he
remained on duty a period of three years, at
the close of which he spent several months
abroad in study, principally in Vienna. While
in Baltimore he called attention to the horrible
cruelties imposed upon the seamen employed
upon the schooners engaged in the oyster
trade, and later caused to be established a
hospital ship for their relief and subsequently
opened several stations on Chesapeake Bay to
meet their immediate necessities.
At the close of his term of service in Balti-
more he was transferred in 1885 to New York
and placed in charge of the largest hospital
in the service, located on Staten Island. Be-
sides the professional care of the patients he
gave special attention to the administrative
features of a marine hospital and contributed.
a valuable report thereon which has been the
basis of subsequent regulations pertaining to
Marine Hospital administration.
In 1888 he was ordered to Washington as
Medical Purveyor and Chief of the Quaran-
tine- Division of the service and later took
charge of the publication of the weekly ab-
stracts of sanitary reports now entitled the
Public Health Reports. In his official capa-
city he made a number of inspections of the
quarantine stations on the Atlantic and Gulf
t oasts, and also visited Habana to familiarize
himself with the local conditions of this per-
ennial menace to the health of the United
States.
lie was appointed Supervising Surgeon-
General of the 1'niied States Marine-Hospi-
tal Service b\ President Harrison on June 1.
1S91, succeeding the late Dr. 1. 1'.. Hamilton
who resigned.
Soon after I >r. Wyman was appointed Sur-
geon-General the epidemic of cholera in
Europe caused great uneasiness in the United
States, particularly when, in the fall of 1892,
immigrant vessels infected with Cholera were
being forwarded with reckless indifference
ftom the cholera infected port of Hamburg to
New York. Some means of stopping this pro-
cedure without the formal proclamation of the
1 'resident suspending immigration became
necessary. The National Quarantine laws at
the time gave but little direct power but Dr.
Wyman conceived a plan to utilize the quaran-
tine act of 1878, which authorizes the Govern-
ment to assist State and Local quarantines.
by assisting them to the extent of detaining all
vessels bringing immigrants for a period of
twenty days at the port of arrival, it being
found that all the State laws permitted this
excessive detention, which, it was hoped,
would for the time check, if not entirely pre-
vent immigration altogether. The situation
was so critical that President Harrison, who
was on vacation, came to Washington espe-
cially to meet it, and promptly issued a cir-
cular which had been prepared by Surgeon-
General Wyman. The effect was all that w-as
desired. The steamship companies ceased to
bring Cholera iaden vessels to the United
States, and the danger of having New York
harbor filled with floating pest houses was
averted. The following year Congress passed
the National Quarantine Law wisely extend-
ing the scope and powers of the Marine- Hos-
pital Service and giving- to the Surgeon-Gen-
eral the execution of the quarantine laws and
regulations. Special apprehension was felt be-
cause heretofore every epidemic of Cholera
in Europe had been followed in due course
of time by its extension to the United States,
and an epidemic in the United States in 1893
would have caused the failure of the World's
Columbian Exposition.
As soon as the law was passed the regula-
tions under it were quickly formulated. Under
Dr. W\ man's supervision a new feature of
quarantine, providing for the detail of Med-
ical < Ifficers to foreign ports to serve in the
offices of the consuls and to enforce neces-
sary sanitan measures abroad, w*as promptly
inaugurated, and uniform regulations for all
ports of the United States, which heretofore
had been impossible, were promulgated, and
as a result the threatened epidemic was
•.yarded off.
fc.S, x^^Wc ^Z^r^ZZ* Ckr
i£r-2srcc
WYMAN.
:
During the Spanish-American war the
quarantine measures necessary to prevent the
introduction of contagious disease with the
returning' troops from Cuba and Porto Rico
were all suggested and put in force by Sur-
geon-General Wyman, acting under authority
of the Secretary of War. lie quickly estab-
lished at Montauk Point a most complete
maritime quarantine establishment and Ins
plans were effectively and quickly carried out.
By direction of the President and under or-
ders of the War Department the maritime
quarantine of the Marine-Hospital Service
has also been extended to all ports of Cuba
and Porto Rico and the quarantine officers of
the Marine- Hospital Service have complete
quarantine control of vessels and passengers
leaving those islands for the United States as
well as the measure necessary to prevent the
introduction of disease into the islands.
In his official capacity Surgeon-General
Wyman has been called upon to suppress a
number of outbreaks of epidemic disease, and
the efforts of himself and the officers acting
under him have lieen markedly successful.
The methods to be employed he has reduced
to a practical scientific specialty, requiring
carefully prepared plans and attention to de-
tails involving the most arduous executive
labor. One of his greatest aims, as shown
in numerous reports, addresses, and contribu-
tions to magazines, is to bring about a t< ital
elimination of yellow fever from the seaports
of the West Indies and South America by de-
manding proper sanitation on the part of the
several governments in control of these ports.
his demand being that inasmuch as the great
scourge of vellow fever is always imported.,
the United States should require of its neigh-
bors such measures as will cause it to disap-
pear from their ports.
The Marine-Hospital Service, which, un-
til Congress shall further legislate, is prac-
tically the successor to the National Board of
Health, has control of twenty large Marine
Hospitals, and one hundred and twenty re-
lief stations where patients are treated in spe-
cial hospitals: fifty thousand sailors are
treated annually: it has fourteen United
States Quarantine Stations; gives relief nc!
onl\ to sailors of the United States merchant
marine but to the Life-Saving Service. Light
house Service, and the vessels of the Engineer
Department of the \nnv; examines all pil I
lor color blindness; treats the officers and
crews oi the Revenue-Cutter Service: has
charge of the medical inspection of all im-
migrants arriving in the United States; pub
lishes weekh a pamphlet entitled "Public
J lealth Reports." containing sanitary informa-
tion from all parts of the world; conducts a
well equipped laboratory for the scientific in-
vestigation of disease; and in many other
ways serves as a guardian of the public
health. Among the most recent additions to
its duties is an investigation authorized by
Congress with regard to Leprosy in the
United States: the scientific investigation of
the true nature of yellow fever by a com
mission of its officers detailed by the Presi-
dent for a continuous study of this disease in
llabana: and the establishment of a sani
tarium for the treatment of consumptives at
Port Stanton. Xew -Mexico, an abandoned
military reservation, containing sixteen square
miles, where, under the most favorable clim-
atic conditions the most recent scientific
methods of the treatment of this disease will
be prosecuted among the patients of the
Marine-Hospital Service removed from the
various hospitals of the service to this sani-
tarium.
The service is a bureau of the Treasury I >c-
partmenl, but in times of war receives into its
hospitals bv direction of the President the sick
and wounded oi the Army and Navy.
Surgeon-General Wyman has been a fre-
quent contributor to the .Medical Press and
magazines upon the subjects relating to his
field of duty. He is a member of the Society of
Colonial Wars and the Society of the Sons of
the Revolution, is identified with the principal
medical associations of the United States, and
has membership in a number of scientific and
social clubs, such as the Cosmos, Metropolitan,
Academy of Science--. National Geographical
Society and othet associations in the city oi
Washington.
YACHT CLUB— YARNALL.
Y
Yacht Club. — The St. Louis Yacht Club
was organized in 1S93, and incorporated Oc-
tober 30, 1894, for the purpose of "promoting
yachting on the Mississippi River and its trib-
utaries, encouraging the study of the science
of naval architecture, providing for and con-
ducting yacht races and regattas and other
aquatic amusements, contests and exhibi-
tions." The first officers were J. B. Hickman,
Commodore; H. H. Culver, Rear Commo-
dore; W. C. Mason, Secretary; C. F. Mulkey,
Treasurer. The boat house with the Secre-
tary's office was located at the foot of Keokuk
Street. The club usually had from fifteen to
twenty-five boats or more, at a time, the prop-
erty of the Club or its members. Among them
were the Diana, a steam stern-wheeler, the
Vanguard, a sloop, which was crushed by the
ice, the Myrtle, a sloop, the Modoc and the
Owl, both sloops, the Owl being transformed
into the Three Friends, the Itasca, a gasoline
launch, the Joe, a sloop, the Dreadnaught.
sunk by the ice, the Tomboy, and a twin
screw launch, which was wrecked by the high
water at Cairn. The Club had its principal
contests with the Illini Yacht Club at Illini
Island, five miles above Alton. These races
excited a good deal of interest, and a high
spirit prevailed among the members of the
St. Louis ('lull until the cyclone of May, 1896
destroyed its boats. It was disbanded shortly
after the disaster.
Yarnall, Mordecai, physician, was born
September 19, 1K42. in Wheeling, West Vir-
ginia, son of John J. and Susan E. Yarnall.
He is of English extraction in both the pater-
nal and maternal lines, and his ancestors on
both sides were among the colonists who set-
tled in America prior to the war of the Revo-
lution. His immigrant ancestor in the pater-
nal line was Francis Yarnall. a Quaker, who
came from the village of Claines, Worcester-
shire, England, in 1684, and settled in Phil-
adelphia, Pennsylvania. Mordecai Yarnall,
one of the sons of this immigrant ancestor,
removed to Winchester, Virginia, and his son,
John J. Yarnall, one of the heroes who helped
to win Perry's famous victory on Lake Erie,
settled in Wheeling, West Virginia, where Dr.
Yarnall was born. When Commodore Perry
sent his report of the battle and the victory
on Erie's waters to the Secretary of the navy,
he wrote as follows : "When I went aboard
the "Niagara," I left the "Lawrence" in
charge of Lieutenant John J. Yarnall, who,
I was convinced, from the bravery already
displayed by him, would do what would com-
port with the honor of the flag." History
records that this young naval officer did not
disappoint his commander, but manned his
own guns after every man in his command
had been either killed or disabled. For this
unusual display of heroism the State of New
York awarded him a massive gold medal, im-
pressively inscribed ; Pennsylvania presented
him with a silver medal commending his
bravery ; and Virginia, his native State, pre-
sented him with a sword, bearing this in-
scription: "In testimony of the undaunted
gallantry of Lieutenant John J. Yarnall, of
the United States Ship "Lawrence," under
Commodore Perry, in the capture of the En-
glish fleet, the State of Virginia bestows this
sword." The father of Dr. Yarnall, also
named John J. Yarnall, received a military
education at West Point, but being a man
of wealth, did not enter the army. After his
marriage, he resided at Wheeling, and there
Dr. Yarnall was reared and educated. At
the begining of the civil war, he entered the
Confederate military service as a private sol-
dier in Company G., of the Twenty-seventh
Regiment of Virginia Volunteer Infantry,
which became a part of the famous "Stone-
wall Brigade." Later, he was promoted to
the captaincy of a company of skirmishers
and sharp-shooters, which he commanded for
two years. When the war ended, he came
to St. Louis and began the study of medicine,
which he completed in 1867, receiving his doc-
tor's degree from St. Louis Medical College.
He then began the practice of his profession
and for nearly twenty years was associated in
a professional partnership with the late Dr.
T. L. Papin, of this city. He has been in con-
tinuous practice in the city for more than
thirty years and has earned a prominent place
among his contemporaries by his successful
professional labor.
YEAMAN— YEATMAN.
2563
/Teaman, William Pope. — Anything
like a fair and full sketch of Baptist affairs in
St. Louis and Missouri would be incomplete
without frequent mention of Rev. W. Pope
Yeaman, D. D. This distinguished divine was
born in Kentucky in 1832. Early in life he
chose the profession of law and pursued his
studies for that calling in the office of his
uncle, Rev. John L. Helm. At the age of
nineteen, he was admitted to the bar and in a
career of nine years gained for himself an hon-
ored reputation and a lucrative practice.
Prompted by highest convictions of duty he
sacrificed his brilliant prospects in a secular
career and entered the pulpit. His services
as a preacher were eagerly called for at Cov-
ington and other prominent places, until his
eloquence attracted attention from a distance,
In 1867 he accepted a call to the Central Bap-
tist Church of New York City, where he took
high rank as an orator and platform speaker.
Though tempted by flattering offers to re-
main in the East, he pined for the larger
freedom and the stimulating activity of the
West, from whose energy his ambitious spiri:
had caught its rapid gait. At the call of the
Third Baptist Church, of this City, he came
west in 1870 and became a prominent factor
in the affairs of his denomination, not only in
the city itself, but throughout the State and
the West. Under his eloquent ministry the
church, then located at Fourteenth and Clark
Avenue, grew rapidly in strength and promin-
ence. For six years he continued in this pul-
pit and resigned it at length only because
he felt himself under obligation to engage
in wider activities. Meantime he became for
a while editor and owner of the Central Bap-
tist, the denominational organ of the state, and
later he served for three years as chancellor
of William Jewell College. While still in
St. Louis he organized the Garrison Avenue,
now the Delmar Avenue Baptist Church,
which is coming to be one of the strongest
churches in the city. He seized in advance
the growing opportunities of the West End
and joined in a movement which doubled its
strength by reason of its timliness. In 1877
he was chosen as presiding officer of the Mis-
souri Baptist General Association, and for
twenty years he presided with marked abilitv
and fairness over that large body. At the
end of twenty years, a tenure unparalleled
in that office, he declined re-election and re-
tired with the highest esteem of every mem-
ber of the body. Commonly there was no
opposition candidate for the office and he
hardly ever failed of receiving every vote cast.
He is still a member of the Board of State
Missions, and was for several years super-
intendent of State Missions. He is now living
quietly on a farm near Columbia, giving him-
self to literary work and enjoying his well
earned "otium cum dignitatc."
Dr. Yeaman is a man of remarkable natural
ability. His presence on the platform is com-
manding. With stalwart body, massive head
and deliberate eye, he invites the attention and
confidence of an audience before he has spoken
a word. His mind is pre-eminently logical
and philosophical. He revels in the dissection
of abstruse problems of civil and divine law,and
few men can grasp more readily the gist and
bearings of a general proposition. His thought
moves steadily and directly forward with a
full command of both flanks in its progess.
One is impressed with the rapidity and cor-
rectness with which he thinks on the platform.
The graces of his oratory are natural. There
is no artifice or betrayal of special training
in his manner. He is doubly powerful because
perfectly at case. His ministry in this city re-
sulted in the laving of broad foundations and
in drawing to him as his helpers a body of
men who became deeply rooted and grounded
in the faith and purposes which he preached.
Yeatinan, James E., banker and philan-
thopist, was born August 27, 1818, in Bedford
County, Tennessee. He came of good family,
enjoyed excellent educational advantages,
and began life a young man of fine attain-
ments and superior business capacity. After
having been connected for some time with an
iron foundry at Cumberland, Tennessee, he
came to St. Louis in 1842 and established
here a branch of what was at that time a
widely-known and prosperous Nashville iron
house. In 1850 he embarked in the commis-
sion business in this city, and the same year
became identified with the banking business
as one of the founders of the Merchants' Bank,
which subsequently became the Merchants'
National Bank. In i860 he retired from the
commission business to become president of
the bank he had helped to establish. For
thirty-five years thereafter he was closely iden-
tified with the growth and development of
this great banking hi .use, in later years shift-
ing a portion of his responsibility to other
56-1
YLATMAN.
shoulders and accepting the vice-presidency
of the hank. Throughout his business career
he lias enjoyed the highest esteem of those
with whom he lias been brought into contact,
and his recognized public probity and integ-
rity have caused him to be regarded as an
ideal man of affairs. During all the years that
lie has ben a resident of St. Louis lie has been
known as a large-minded, philanthropic gen-
tleman, lie was first president of the Mer-
cantile Library Association, helped to estab-
lish Bellefontaine Cemetery, and was first
president of the Board of Trustees of the Asy-
lum for the Blind. Washington University,
the chief educational institution of St. Louis,
has been, from the start, an object of his solici-
tude, and he is entitled to a large share of the
credit for the building up of this institution.
He was the ardent friend of the earliest rail-
road enterprises projected in St. Louis, and
the Ohio & Mississippi Railway Company
was especially indebted to him for valuable
services of various kinds. Not only has he
rendered to the city services which entitle him
to the lasting gratitude of the people of St.
Louis, but his usefulness has made itself felt
in a broader held, and the whole country is his
debtor for services rendered during the Civil
War. Writing of his labors in this connec-
tion, a local historian says: "Throughout the
trying period preceding and during the Civil
War, Mr. Ycatnian was a strenuous supporter
of the Union, hut labored earnestly for peace
and reconciliation. His mother's second hus-
band was John Bell, of Tennessee, the candi-
date for President of the United States on the
Union ticket in 1S60, and Mr. Yeatman be-
longed t<> the Union school in politics. When
war could no longer be avoided, he strove to
avert its horrors from Missouri, and was de-
puted by some of the most loyal and honored
citizens of St. Louis to accompany Hon. H.
R. Gamble to Washington to lay the situation
in Missouri before I 'resident Lincoln. General
Harney was then in command of the Depart-
ment of the West, and his policy was the sub-
ject of much contention before the 1 'resident.
Messrs. Yeatman and Gamble were firmly per-
suaded that it was the only one that would
lead to a peaceful solution of the problem, but
they faile.l to impress Mr. Lincoln with this
view, and General Harney was SOon removed
and the vigorous counsels of Frank I'. Blair's
pain adopted b\ the Government. Mr. Gam-
I'le, subsequently as Provincial Governor,
served the State and the country through a
period of unexampled difficulties with great
ability, while Mr. Yeatman performed the
most arduous and self-sacrificing labor in con-
nection with the Western Sanitary Commis-
sion, which was called into existence by Gen-
eral Fremont in September, 1861, in order to
mitigate the horrors of the war then actually
in progress in Msisouri, as well as in the more
Southern States. As previously stated, Mr.
Yeatman was president of the Commission,
and is universally conceded to have been its
guiding spirit throughout the war. Indeed,
from the very moment of his acceptance of
this delicate and sacred trust he put business
and home and friends behind him and con-
secrated himself, in the true sacrificial spirit,
entirely to the noble work of relieving dis-
tress and misery. His task was dual in its
character, for he was called upon to systema-
tize the impulsive, disorderly and uninformed
sympathies and efforts of the loyal people of
the West, and then to make effective, with the
least waste of time, labor and money, the
agencies employed for the relief and care ot
sick and wounded soldiers. In this great
emergency Mr. Yeatman exhibited capacity
and aptitude for organization on a large scale
scarcely equaled, and certainly never excelled,
in the history of the country. His duties led
him all over the war-stricken regions of the
Southwest, wherever men were suffering or
likely to suffer and to need relief. Like How-
ard, he must look with his own eyes on the
misery he was charged to relieve; and it has
been well said that 'the hostile armies were
filled with a new being — that of tenderness —
as they beheld his unselfish efforts.' The Com-
mission established hospital steamers, founded
soldiers' homes and homes for their children,
and took the earliest steps to relieve the freed-
mcn, whom they promptly recognized as the
'wards of the Nation.' They sent them teach-
ers, nurses and physicians, and the labors of
the Commission in connection with the freed-
men during 1864-65 were quite as arduous to
Mr. Yeatman and his associates as were those
during some of the periods in which the great
battles of the war had been fought. The
Freedmen's Bureau was organized on the plan
devised by Mr. Yeatman, who, once a holder
of slaves, now became a benefactor of the ne-
gro race. His report to the Western Sanitary
Commission favoring the leasing of abandoned
plantations to freedmen was declared by the
YEATMAN'S ROW— YOAKUM.
2565
"North American Review" i April. [864), to
contain in a single page 'the final and absolute
solution of the cotton and negro questions.
Mr. Yeatman's report was so favorable that he
was sent to Washington to lay his views be-
fore the Government. The President was
greatlv impressed and urged him to accom-
panv a Government officer to Yicksburg to
put them into effect. This Mr. Yeatman did,
although he declined an official appointment
in that connection. When the Freedmen's
Bureau was instituted, President Lincoln of-
fered him the Commissionership, but he de-
clined, disliking, possibly, the semi-military
features of the establishment. Its main fea-
tures, however, he most heartily approved.
The Sanitary Commission disbursed seven
hundred and seventy-one thousand dollars,
and distributed over three and a half million
dollars' worth of goods. It was brought into
very close relations with the military authori-
ties, yet its affairs were managed so discreetly
that all the generals in the field — Grant, Sher-
man, Fremont, Halleck, Curtis, Schofield and
Rosecrans — were on the most friendly and
confidential terms with its agents, and did
their utmost, by means of military orders and
the exercise of their personal influence, to
advance the humane work. When it is con-
sidered that the history of war afforded no
precedent for sanitary work among the sol-
diers on so large a scale, the magnitude of the
labor of the Commission and the splendor of
its success are the more conspicuous." In lat-
er years there is hardly an institution in St.
Louis which has not been blessed by his bene-
factions. All the good deeds which he has
performed will never be fully known, as his
work has been so quiet and unostentatious
as not to be apparent to the outside world.
"His long and stainless life has been illum-
inated with an active benevolence that is al-
most unmatched in the history of St. Louis,
and his charities throw a golden luster on the
city of his adoption."
Yeatman's Row.— "Yeatman's Row" has
long since disappeared, though it is remem-
bered by old citizens as having been at one
time the architectural pride of the city. One
of the morning dailies of September 2, 1847,
states: "The new row of elegant dwellings
on the south side of Olive Street, running
west from "Eleventh, has been commenced.
This block will present in front the appear-
ance of one imposing structure. The centre
building, erecting by Mr. Yeatman, forty-five
feet front, will be elevated above the others,
and five dwellings on each side will form the
wings. A yard of eleven feet will run through
the centre of each win-. The entire front,
299 feet, will be finished in the Corinthian
style, the plans of which have been drawn by
Messrs. Peck & Barnelt. The owners are
Messrs. Yeatman, Franklin, Mead, Lucas,
Cook, Garland, Sellick, Crinion, Mayger and
one building is owned by a stock company."
Yoakum, Benjamin F., railroad mana-
ger, was born in Landstone County, Texas,
in 1856. 1 1 is father was Dr. F. I.. Yoakum,
a noted physician and educator who remove. 1
from Tennessee to Texas, in company with his
In-other. Colonel Henderson Yoakum, who
gained distinction as a lawyer and historian.
The Yoakums were among the early settlers
of Texas, were nun of strong character and
fine attainments, and left a marked impress on
the history of the State Dr. Yoakum, the
father of Benjamin F. Yoakum, was president
of Cumberland Presbyterian College at Laris-
sa. at the beginning of the Civil War. This
institution was closed as a result of the con-
flict between the States, but was afterward re-
' opened as Trinity University, at Tehuacana,
Texas, where it is now conducted. After the
war Dr. Yoakum practiced his profession and
at the same time engaged in farming and hor-
ticultural pursuits. His son, Benjamin F.
Yoakum, grew up 0.1 a farm, received a prac-
tical education and began bis career as a rail-
road man in connection with construction
work. He was first employed on the Interna-
tional e\; Great Northern Railroad when it was
being built from Troupe to Palestine under
the management of II. M. Hoxie and Captain
P. R. Hayes, then the leading spirits in for-
warding railroad enterprises in Texas. When
this road was completed Mr. Yoakum became
connected with the passenger department and
gained his first acquaintance with the peopl'
of St. Louis while in charge of an exhibit 01
- products at the St. Bonis Exposition.
Later lie took charge of the passenger busi-
ness of the International & Great Northern
Raihvav Companv, in the Southeast, with
[u'arters at Atlanta, Georgia. He was
next made division freighl a: Inter-
national & Great Northern Rai
while holding this positi -1 w is stationed at
2566
YOSTI— YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
San Antonio, Texas. Soon after the construc-
tion of the San Antonio & Aransas Pass
Railroad was commenced he was placed in
charge of the traffic of that road and rapidly
rose to the positions of assistant general man-
ager and manager of all its affairs. When
the road went into the hands of the courts he
was appointed its receiver, and held that posi-
tion until 1893, when he was made general
manager of the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe
Railroad Co. At the first meeting of the di-
rectors of this company held after his election,
he was made third vice-president of the com-
pany, which position he retained until July
15, 1896, when he was elected vice-president
and general manager of the St. Louis & San
Francisco Railroad Co.. which position he now
holds. A product of 'Western railroad develop-
ment, he lias gained distinction by virtue of his
attainments, and in recognition of his broad
capacity for the conduct 1 >f railway affairs. Mr.
Yoakum married in 1883 Mrs. Porter, daugh-
ter of W. A. Bennett, Esq., who removed from
Missouri to San Antonio, Texas, and became
prominently identified with the banking busi-
ness of that city. Their children are Kather-
ine Bennett and Bessie Frank Yoakum.
Yosti, Emilien, owner of the building in
which "the Court of Quarter Sessions" held
its first meeting in St. Louis, December 18,
1804. The building was situated at the cor-
ner of Main and Locust Streets, and was the
residence of the owner, serving also the pur-
pose of a tavern. Yosti was an Italian, who
came with his parents to St. Louis in 1777-
He served on the first grand jury, which sat
in St. Louis, and was somewhat prominent
in the organization of the civil government,
being a business partner of and near kinsman
to Francis Vigo, who rendered important ser-
vices to General William Henry Harrison in
this connection, as an interpreter.
Young Girls' Home, Sisters of Mercy.
— This home for the protection of respectable
young girls was opened in December, 1856,
at Morgan and Twenty-second Streets, by .the
Sisters of St. Joseph's Convent of Mercy, in
St. Louis. It has since been enlarged and
graded into five departments. In that of St.
Michael's Private Accommodation, board is
furnished at three dollars and fifty cents per
week ; St. Catherine's at two dollars and fifty
cents and at St. Xavier's at one dollar a week.
St. Xavier's was opened in January, 1899, to
benefit young girls commencing to support
themselves, earning very small wages and
without homes or so circumstanced as to re-
quire other shelter. For one dollar they ob-
tain three substantial meals, gas, water, heat
and use of laundry, remaining here until their
wages enable them to remove to one of the
other departments. Deserving young girls
out of employment are received in the Fourth
Department, working in the Institution for
their board until situations are procured for
them. The Fifth Department consists of an
Industrial School for little girls needing
homes, who are here cared for and trained for
situations. A refuge called St. Joseph's Night
Hospitality is also conducted for homeless
women, who are received at night and dis-
missed in the morning, but this is entirely sep-
arate from the other departments. A seventh
department is a free employment office for
young girls.
Young- Men's Christian Association.
—The first Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion was formed in London, England, on June
6, 1844, as a result of the efforts of a young
man named George Williams, then a clerk in
a large retail dry goods establishment in St.
Paul's Churchyard, who became impressed
with the need of a society for the moral and
religious welfare of his fellow clerks, and
started a meeting which resulted in the or-
ganization of the Association. From that
humble beginning the Association has grown
until to-day it is found in nearly every coun-
try on the globe, and there are now in exist-
ence nearly 5,800 Associations with a total
membership of over 500,000. Over 1,400 of
these Associations are in the United States,
where the work has had its largest growth,
and where it is carried on not only in the
cities and towns, but among college students,
railroad men, colored young men, Indian
young men and foreign-speaking young men.
The American Associations alone own real
property valued at over seventeen millions cf
dollars.
Mr. Williams, the young man who started
the Association, is now the head of the firm
whose empl< >v he entered over half a century
ago, and when the World's Jubilee Conference
of Young Men's Christian Associations was
held in London in 1804, Her Majesty, Queen
Victoria, knighted him in recognition of his
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
2567
services to humanity in organizing the Asso-
ciation, and the Lord Mayor of London be-
stowed the freedom of the city upon him,
while the Corporation of the City of London
appropriated $5,000 for the entertainment of
the delegates, of whom there were over two
thousand in attendance, representing all civi-
lized lands ; and the Queen further showed her
appreciation of the work by according the
delegates privileges on their visit to Windsor
Castle, which had never been enjoyed even
by the British public.
There have been three organizations of the
Young Men's Christian Association in St.
Louis, as documents and reports now in the
archives of the Association show, the first of
which was organized in 1853, and did an effec-
tive work for several years, some of the men
who were active in it being among the most
liberal supporters of the work at the present
day. That Association, of which Henry
Hitchcock and Samuel Cupples were officers,
disbanded during the war, owing to the unset-
tled condition of society, and was succeeded a
few years, later by a second organization, of
which Rev. Shepard Wells was president, and
in which the late General Clinton B. Fisk was
a moving spirit. After a brief existence
this Association shared the fate of its
predecessor, and it was not until 1875
that the work was organized on what
has proven to be a permanent basis. On No-
vember 4 of that year twelve young men met
in the pastor's study of Union Methodist Epis-
copal Church, corner of Eleventh and Locust
Streets, and organized the St. Louis Young
Men's Christian Association, and at a subse-
quent meeting held in the Belvidere Flats on
December 16 officers were elected as follows:
Major H. C. Wright, president; Frank L.
Johnston and Dr. L. H. Laidley, vice-presi-
dents; Charles C. Nicholls, recording secre-
tary, and General E. Anson More, treasurer.
The Association rented a room in the Belvi-
dere Flats, where it continued to meet until
April, 1876, when it removed to a room in the
Singer Building, now the American Central
Building, corner of Broadway and Locust
Street, and in September of the same war it
removed to 620 Locust Street. Here it re-
mained until January, 1878, when it took pos-
session of rooms in the Benoist Block, south-
west corner of Olive and Seventh Streets,
which it was occupying when Dwight L.
Moody, the evangelist, began evangelistic
work in St. Louis in the fall of 1879. In that
w< irk the Association took a prominent part,
and Mr. Moody became greatly interested in
the organization. He was especially impressed
with the need of a permanent place of abode
to avoid the oft-recurring removals which had
characterized its history up to that time, ami
lie determined to attempt the raising of funds
suffiicent to erect or purchase a building for
the use of the Association. In this effort he
was successful, some $40,000 being subscribed,
the largest contributors being the late Stephen
M Edgell, Carlos S. Greeley and the late John
R. Lionberger. About that time Union Meth-
odist Episcopal Church determined to remove
to the corner of Garrison and Lucas Avenues
and its property, corner of Elevneth and Lo-
cust Streets, was offered to the Association
for 837,500, which was accepted, and on May
4, 1880, the purchase price was paid to the
trustees of the church, and the property deed-
ed to a Board of Trustees, consisting of Ste-
phen M. Edgell, John R. Lionberger, Joseph
Franklin, Henry Hitchcock, George A. Bal 1
Stephen A. Bemis, John W. Kauffman, Carlos
5. Greeley and Frank L. Johnston, to be held
in trust and leased to the Association at a
nominal rental. Thus in less than five years
the Association came into possession of the
building in which it was organized. It had
in the meantime, on November 30, 1877. been
incorporated by E. Anson More, Henry
Hitchcock and' H. M. Blossom. For several
years the Association maintained a vigorous
work in its new location, but the growth of
the city caused a complete change in it- en-
vironment, and led to its removal in the fail
of 1885 to the northeast corner of Pine and
Twenty-ninth Streets, where it leased and fur-
nished the former residence of John D. Perry,
and added to it a gymnasium. The formal
opening took place Monday evening, Febru-
ary 1. 1886. the exercises being held in the
new gymnasium, a very large audience, in-
cluding a great many prominent citizens, lie-
in., present. Mr. T. S. McPheeters, then as
now, the honored president 1 <i the Associate m,
presided, and addresses on "The City's Inter-
n the Association," and "The Church s
Interest in the Association," were delivered
by Hon. D. R. Francis, then Mayor of the
citv and the Rev. John Fulton, D. D., then
rector of St. George's Protestant Epi
Church.
>568
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
The wisdom of the move was immediately
patent, as over one thousand young men
joined the Association during the succeeding
three months. Workers were enlisted by the
score, and the work continuel to grow year by
year until the directors and members were
forced to the conclusion that a larger and
permanent building was needed, hence in De-
cember. [892, the Trustees disposed of the
property corner of Eleventh and Locust
Streets for $125,000, and in July, 1894, pur-
chased for $51,250 a lot on the northeast cor-
ner of Grand and Franklin Avenues, and in
the fall of 1894 contracted for a building,
which, when completed, cost, together with
the ground. $250,000.
The Association has grown until now there
arc five branches in different sections of the
city and among different classes of young
men. \'iz : The Central Branch, or parent
organization, northeast corner of Pine and
Twenty-ninth Streets: North Side German
Branch, 1907 and 1909 St. Louis Avenue;
South Side Branch, 1S00 South Eighteen tn
Street; the East St. Louis Railroad Branch,
adjoining the Relay Depot, and the Union
Station Railroad Branch, 19 and 21 Twentieth
Street.
The St. Louis Association has had a pecu-
liar experience in that two of its branches
have been permanently housed, while the par-
ent Association has been occupying tented
quarters. The North Side German Branch
erected a building in the fall of [889 on St
Louis Avenue near Nineteenth Street at a
"ost, including ground, of nearly $33,000. The
success attained in this building was mi great
that it led t<> a demand fur a similar work in
South St. Louis, and a year later the South
Side Branch was organized, rented quarters
being secured on the corner of Geyer and
Mississippi Avenues. These were speedily
outgrown and in the summer of 1891 the
branch purchased For Si 6.000 the handsome
stone-front mansion at [800 South Eighteenth
Street, with lot 100x271 feet. A gvmnasium
was ad. led a! a cost of $10,000 and here, as in
North St. Louis, the work has met with great
success.
Two branches are maintained for railroad
men. one in Easl St. Louis, where the Asso-
ciation owned a building valued at $5,000.
which was destroyed by the cyclone of Ma
27, 1896, and which has been replaced by a
temporary building costing about $2,000. The
Union Station Railroad Branch is at present
occupying rented quarters, but in the imme-
diate future the railroad companies propose
to erect a building for this branch on the
Union Station grounds to cost $75,000.
I "or a considerable period down-town and
colored branches were maintained, but were
discontinued after a few years, as they did
not meet with success.
The St. Louis Association has also had an
unusual experience in the length of service of
its general secretaries, having had but two
since its organization, viz : Mr. Walter C.
Douglas, who resigned in the spring of 1885
and who is now the general secretary of the
Philadelphia Association, and Mr. George T.
Coxhead. the present incumbent, who sue- •
ceeded Mr. Douglas. The Association has
been for some years working under what is
known as the metropolitan plan of organiza-
tion, according to which the Association is
composed of all the branches and is managed
by one Board of Directors and one set of offi-
cers, each branch, however, having its own
Committee of Management, which reports to
the Board monthly. By this plan much con-
fusion is avoided and greater efficiency and
economy in the management of the work is
secured. The officers and directors at the
present ( 18117) time are as follows:
T. S. McPheeters, President.
Byron Nugent, Vice-President.
W. ( ). Andrews. Recording Secretary.
E. P. V. Litter, Treasurer.
Geo. T. Coxhead, General Secretary.
DIRECTORS:
Frederick B. Browned,
D. C. Ball,
1 iei irge W. Brown,
1. H. Roblee,
E. 1'. V. Ritter,
( '. G. Knox,
T. S. McPheeters.
Selden P. Spencer,
James H. Allen,
Hobart Brinsmade,
Walker Mill.
Byri Hi Nugent.
W. ( ). Andrews.
ADVISORY DIRECTORS:
D. R. Wolfe,
Isaac M. Masi m,
A. D. Brown,
Chas. W. Barsti iw.
YOUNG— ZACHRITZ.
2569
TRUSTEES:
Carlos S. Greeley, Chairman.
George A. Baker, Treasurer.
Henry Hitchcock,
Joseph Franklin,
Stephen A. Bemis,
George W. Brown,
John W. Kauffman,
James H. Allen,
Thomas S. McPheeters.
cessfully and evidencing superior executive
ability in the conduct of its affairs. A Demo-
crat in his political affiliations, he has from
time to time interested himself in politics,
taking an important part in various political
campaigns. His religious connections are
with the Catholic Church. May 6, 1884, he
married Miss Mary Helmbacher, of St. Louis.
Their children are Leo, [Catherine, Nicola and
Roman P. Young'.
YoungMen's Shakespeare Club. — See
"Ethical Society of St. Louis."
Y'oung', Paul, Jr., prominent among thp
younger business men of St. Louis, was born
in this city July 6, i860, son of Paul and Caro-
line (Sicking) Young. He attended the pub-
lic schools of St. Louis until he was sixteen
years of age and then, after taking a course
at Jones' Commercial College, engaged in
business with his father, who had an extensive
ice trade in this city. Later, he was assistant
bookkeeper of the Helmbacher Rolling Mill
Company, and still later became connected
with the City Assessor's office, holding a posi-
tion in that department of the city govern-
ment for eight years, terminating in 18113.
From 1893 to 1897 he was chief deputy in the
office of the Excise Commissioner of St. Louis
and then became manager of the Bremen
Brewery. The last named position he has
still retained, managing a large business suc-
Young People's Humane Soeiery.—
An institution founded in St. Louis in 1885,
and which is said to be the oldest societv of
its kind in this country. The society was
formed October 26 of the year above men-
tioned at the old Christian Church, located at
the corner of Seventeenth and Olive Streets,
and had at the beginning a membership of
sixteen children from live to twelve years of
age. Mrs. Ida Holt was first president of the
society and has continuel to hold that office
up to the present time. In 1898 the member-
ship was over eighteen hundred. The societv
teaches its members to be humane toward all
living creatures, and it also gathers in poor
young people, helps to clothe them and to
have them sent to the public schools and to
Sunday school.
Youiij
ciation.
tlon."
Women's Christian Asso-
See "Women's Christian Associa-
Zachritz, William, lawyer and judge,
was born August 28, 1859, in St. Louis, son
of Frederick William and Elizabeth (Strauss)
Zachritz, both of whom were natives of Ba-
varia, Germany. Reared in St. Louis, he was
graduated from the Central High School in
1878 and from the St. Louis Law School in
1881. In 1884 he began the active practice
of his profession in partnership with Hon.
Rudolph Herzel, now judge of the Circuit
Court, in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit of
Missouri. In 1885 he was appointed Assistant
City Attorney of St. Louis, and in 1888 was
elected Assistant Circuit Attorney. In 1892
he was elected Circuit Attorney, and while
serving in that capacity conducted the prose-
cution of the Duestrow murder case, and was
prosecutor also in other noted cases. His
ability as a lawyer, his fidelity to duty and his
personal popularity caused him to be made
1 mi' ' if the candidates of his party for judge of
the Circuit Court of St. Louis in 1896, and he
was chosen to that office at the ensuing elec-
tion. Judge Zachritz donned the ermine at
the end of something more a dozen years of
active practice, in the course of which he had
proven himself a sound lawyer, of studious
habits, expansive mind and well-balanced
judgment. His physical and intellectual vigot
have contributed alike to the expedition of
the business of the court over which he has
presided, and although one of the youngest
members of the State Judiciary, he has graced
the bench and done credit to himself. A mem-
ZEPP— ZIEGENHEIN.
ber of the Republican party, he was an ac-
tive participant in political campaigns prior
to taking his place upon the bench, and al-
though he has since felt that political activity
was incompatible with his official duties, he
has not ceased to take a warm interest in pub-
lic affairs and in the settlement of political
controversies. He is a Congregational
churchman and a communicant of Compton
Hill Church of that faith. The Legion of
Honor and the Royal Arcanum are fraternal
organizations with which he is connected, and
he is also a member of the South St. Louis
Turnverein, the Merchants' League Club and
the Western Rowing Club. Judge Zachritz
married in 1885 Miss Emma Hinzpeter, of
St. Louis. Their children are William O.,
Edgar F. and Walter Zachritz.
Zepp, Jacob, was born in Sipenfeld, Ger-
many, and died in St. Louis October 29, 1897.
His parents were John and Katherine (Hock-
heimer) Zepp, worthy German people, who
came to this country and settled in St. Louis
in 1836, when the son was two years of age.
After obtaining a fair English education in
the public schools of this city, Jacob Zepp was
apprenticed to the cooper's trade, and, after
completing his apprenticeship, entered the em-
ploy of John J. Roe, at that time prominently
engaged in the business of pork-packing in
St. Louis, and to the end of his life a leading
citizen. For many years Mr. Zepp continued
to be connected with the cooperage branch of
Mr. Roe's business and later was connected
with the firm of Heitzleman & Flochtmeyer
until 1896, when he retired from business with
a competency which he bad acquired by his
industry and frugality, coupled with judicious
investments. He was a protestant church-
man in his religious beliefs and a Democrat
in politics, an honest man and a worthy citi-
zen in all the relations of life. He married
Miss Maggie Wemlel. a resident of St. Louis
at the time of their marriage, but, like him-
self, a native of Germany. Five children born
of their union were living in 1807. They were
Mrs. Louise llertel. Emma Zepp. Mrs. Anna
Eschermann, Julius Zepp and Mrs. Lena Zin-
sinmeier.
Ziegenhein, Henry, Mayor of St. Louis,
was born on a farm in Bonhomme Township.
St. Louis County, Missouri, in 1845. His
parents, who were among the earliest of the
German immigrants to settle in St. Louis
County, came to this country from Cassel, in
the South of Germany, and his father was
descended from one of the noted families of
that place, a fortress, bearing the family name
and which dates back to baronial days, being
still in existence there. The elder Ziegenhein,
who lived to the remarkable age of one hun-
dred and six years, was an honest, upright
and worthy man, and transmitted to his son
a sturdy character, as well as a sturdy phy-
sique. In his youth, Henry Ziegenhein had
the usual experiences of a farmer's boy. From
the time he was old enough to make himself
useful on the farm there were few days of
idleness for him, industry being regarded as a
cardinal virtue in the household in which he
was brought up. Until he was thirteen years
of age he attended, in season, a country school
in the neighborhood of his home, and at this
school laid the foundation for the self-educa-
tion which has made him a successful business
man and an honored public official. When
he was thirteen years old, a strong, healthy,
well-developed lad, he came to St. Louis and
began serving an apprenticeship to the car-
penter's trade. He was seventeen years old
and had made good progress in the acquisition
of mechanical knowledge and skill when the
Civil War carried him away from peaceful
pursuits and made him, boy as he was, one of
the defenders of the Union. At the close of
the war, in which he discharged faithfully and
efficiently every duty incumbent upon him as
a soldier, he returned to St. Louis and em-
barked in business as a contractor and builder,
a business in which he soon became a con-
spicuous figure and with which he continued
to be identified until he had accumulated a
comfortable fortune and until the duties and
responsibilities thrust upon him by his fellow
citizens demanded his entire time and atten-
tion. In later years he became one of the
leading spirits in controlling and directing
the affairs of the Lafayette Bank, a financial
institution in which he is one of the largest
shareholders and which ranks among the first
banking houses of St. Louis. He attained his
majority when the Republican party was the
chief representative of the doctrine of national
sovereignty, a doctrine which he had helped
to promulgate by force of arms, and it fol-
lowed as a natural consequence that he should
have cast his vote and his influence with that
party. It has never been in his nature to do
ZIMMERMANN.
2571
anything by halves. 'What he has believed in,
he has supported with zeal and earnestness ;
and believing in the principles of the Republi-
can party, he became a worker for its success.
Courage, tact, intense energy and a peculiar
graciousness of manner combined to make
him a leader of men, and he long since became
one of the leaders of his party in St. Louis.
After serving with credit in the City Council
and State Legislature, he was nominated in
1885 for the City Collectorship, one of the
most important offices in the gift of the people
of St. Louis, but was a victim of the generai
disaster which overtook his party in that year
and suffered defeat. In 1889, however, he
was again nominated for that office and was
elected by a tremendous majority. At the
end of his first term he was renominated and
re-elected, serving eight years in all and col-
lecting within that time $70,000,000, approxi-
mately, of public revenue. This office was one
which brought him into an intimate relation-
ship with the masses of the people, and the
better they came to know him the more popu-
lar he seemed to become. His kindliness and
a certain fatherliness of manner caused him to
become known as "Uncle Henry," and, not-
withstanding the rancor and bitterness of poli-
tics, a large majority of the people of St. Louis
still entertain for him that fond regard which
finds expression in the nickname by which he
is often called. In 1897, while still holding
the office of Collector, he was made the nomi-
nee for Mayor and was elected by the largest
majority ever given to a candidate for that
office in St. Louis. He was opposed by three
candidates, each of whom had elements of
strength peculiar to himself, and at the elec-
tion surprised both his political adversaries
and his allies by polling more votes than all
other candidates combined. Entering upon
the duties of his office as Mayor of St. Louis,
he at once inaugurated a practical, business-
like administration which has commended it-
self to all classes of citizens without regard to
their political affiliations. His superior exe-
cutive ability has been made manifest in a mul-
titude of ways, and few men have ever held
office in St. Louis who have kept in such close
touch with the people, who have so readily
comprehended their wants, and who, under-
standing their needs, have so promptly en-
deavored to bring about desired results. His
forcefulness has been evidenced in a variety
if wavs, but' in none more strongly than in his
pushing to completion the new City Hall.
Financial difficulties of a serious nature stood
in the way of the advancement of this enter-
prise, but Mayor Ziegenhein's resourcefulness
enabled him to surmount these obstacles, and
in 1898 formal possession was taken by the
city officials of the quarters designed for their
use. Vigorous and aggressive in forwarding
all measures designed to benefit the general
public of St. Louis, he is at the same time
careful and conservative in his guardianship
of the financial interests of the city, conform-
ing to the strict letter of the law in all his offi-
cial transactions. In his intercourse with the
public he is thoroughly democratic, his office
being open to all comers and the city's chief
executive always ready to give audience to
the humblest citizen. Regarding himself as in
the fullest sense the servant of the people, he
is ready to respond to their demands on all
occasions. Under all circumstances he is a
man of the people, wielding an influence such
as few men possess in Missouri to-day, and
the most perfect type of the commoner now
prominent in the politics of the State. He
married, in 1869, Miss Catherine Henkle, a
woman in every way fitted to become his wife
and who has contributed her full share to his
success in life. His home life is an ideal one.
.and his household is the abode of contentment
and good cheer. Nine children have been
born to the Mayor and his estimable wife,- the
eldest of whom, Adam J. Ziegenhein, was, up
to the time of his death in 1898, the Mayor's
private secretary. The others are Katharine,
Fred L., Eugene, Adele, Henry Ziegenhein,
Jr., Emma, Anna and Clara Ziegenhein.
Zimmermaim, Theodore, F. W., mag-
istrate, was born March 7, 1843, in Branden-
burg, a province of Prussia, son of Gottfried
and Caroline Zimmermann. Coming to this
country in childhood with his parents, he at-
tended the schools of Sheboygan, Wisconsin.
until 1850, when he came to St. Louis and
entered Concordia College, from which insti-
tution he was graduated in 1863. Immediate-
ly afterward he went to Indiana, and later
taught school at Terre Haute, in that
until 1804. when he returned to this citj .
after his arrival here he was made
the House of Refuge and filled that position
until 1866. He then went to
studied law under the preo
Ham Williams, one of the [1
ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN.
that State, and was admitted to the bar there.
Coming again to St. Louis, he was in the pub-
lic service of the city until 1878, and for sev-
eral years after that was engaged in commer-
cial pursuits. In 1881 he was appointed jus-
tice of the peace by Hon. W. L. Ewing, then
Mayor of St. Louis, and in 1882 he was elected
to that office for a full term. Since then by
successive elections he has continuel to hold
this office and is one of the best-known and
most popular magistrates of the city. In
[896 Mayor C. P. Walbridge appointed him
one of the police judges of the city, and he is
still serving in that capacity. His first Presi-
dential vote was cast for Abraham Lincoln,
and he has since been a conscientious and en-
thusiastic member of the Republican party,
lie is a member of various German societies,
has been president and is now treasurer of
the St. Louis Sharpshooters' Association, is
a member of the Central Sharpshooters' As-
sociation and was originator and has been
president of the St. Louis Liedertafel. He is
also a member of Meridian Lodge, Xo. 2, A.
F. and A. M., of Missouri Chapter Xo. 1 of
Royal Arch Masons and of Lafayette Council
of the Legion of Honor. Judge Zimmermann
married Miss Elizabeth Ameiss, daughter of
David and Elizabeth Amiess, German pioneers
who settled in the southern part of St. Louis
in 1833. Their children are Theodore, Arthur
and Agues Zimmermann.
Zoological Garden. — This institution
was established in connection with the St.
Louis Lair in 187(1, and until 189 1 occupied
space in the Fair Grounds. The originator of
the idea and principal promoter of the enter-
prise was Julius S. ^Yalsh, then president of
the Fair Association. An excellent collection
of animals was made to begin with, and for
several years the Zoological Garden was one
of the chief attractions of St. Louis. It was
transferred to the city authorities in 1891 and
the animals were removed to Forest Park. —
(See also "St. Louis Fair.")
1951
I
>
I i I I
."•■....