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By 

IJcut. -Colonel 
D.  C.  PHILLOl  V 


/ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/enghindvocabularOOphiluoft 


AN 

ENG.-HIND.  VOCABULARY 

OF  3000  WORDS  . 
FOR  HIGHER  STANDARD  AND  PROFICIENCY  CANDIDATES 

OR 
"THE    RIGHT   WORD   IN    THE   RIGHT   PLACE/' 


BY 


LiEUT.-CoLONBL  D.  C.  PHILLOTT,  F.A.S.B., 

Secretary  and  Member,  Board  of  Examiners;  Fellow  of  the  CalcvMa 

University;  Author  of  Hindustani  Manual,  Hindustani 

Stumbling-Blocks,  etc.,  etc. 


CALCUTTA: 

PRINTED   AT   THE    BAPTIST   MISSION    PRESS. 
1911. 

AU  rights  reserved. 


Price,  Rs.  3-8-0. 


TO 
THE    40TH   (SECOND    SOMERSETSHIRE)   REGIMENT, 
NOW   THE    2ND   BATTALION    SOUTH   LANCASHIRE 
BBQIMBNT,    THIS   LITTLE   BOOK 
IS   AFFECTIONATELY 
DEDICATED. 


PREFACE 

In  this  little  vocabulary,  5184  English  words  are  represented  by  lees 
than  3000  Hindustani  colloquial  ones.  With  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
useful  technical  terms,  the  list  contains  only  the  common  words  of  the 
everyday  speech  of  the  illiterate. 

These  words  have  not  been  merely  selected  from  the  dictionaries. 
Each  word  has  been  subjected  to  many  tests  ;  and  an  attempt,  which 
it  is  hoped  will  be  considered  successful,  has  been  made  to  give  the  exact 
meaning  or  apphcation  of  each  word,  and  to  show  how  its  common 
synonyms  differ  in  their  shades  of  meaning.  It  is  believed  that  a  careful 
study  of  this  vocabulary  will  materially  help  the  student  to  use  the  right 
word  in  the  right  place. 

Considerations  of  expense  required  the  employment  of  the  Roman 
character  alone.     This,  however,  should  prove  no  stumbling-block. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Shams-ul-'Ulama*MawlavI  Muhammad  Yilsuf 
Ja'farl,  Kb^n  Bahadur,  for  continuous  help  in  the  preparation  of  the 
vocabulary,  and  also  to  Muhammad  Ka^im  ShIrazI  who  assisted  in  the 
correction  of  the  proofs. 

D.  C.  P. 

Calcutta : 
August,  1911. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  English  language  is  certainly  the  most  neglected  and  the  most 
carelessly  spoken  and  written  language  in  Europe. 

If  candidates  for  the  Lower  Standard  and  Higher  Standard  in  Hindu- 
stani knew  English  better,  failures  in  the  exercise  (i.e.  the  translation  from 
English  into  Hindustani)  would  be  proportionately  less.  The  following 
remarks  may  at  first  appear  to  deal  only  with  the  English  language,  but 
they  apply  in  reality  to  all  languages ;  and  most  examinees,  and  not  a  few 
of  their  teachers,  will  benefit  by  a  careful  study  of  them. 

Nearly  every  word  acquires  many  secondary  meanings  in  addition  to 
its  primary  meaning.  'Charge'  is  derived  from  a  Latin  word  meaning  a 
car,  and  to  its  primary  meaning  of,  to  burden  (connected  also  with  carry, 
cargo,  and  caricature),  it  adds  secondary  meanings  of,  to  fill;  to  occupy; 
impute  or  register  as  a  debt ;  to  fix  the  price  of ;  to  accuse ;  to  intrust ; 
to  commission  ;  to  command  ;  to  exhort ;  to  give  directions  to  (a  jury) ; 
to  make  an  onset.  '  Entertain  '  means  to  support  ;  to  receive  into  the 
home  and  treat  with  hospitality  ;  to  engage  the  attention  of  agreeably,  to 
amuse  ;  to  take  into  consideration  ;  to  maintain  in  the  mind  with  favour  ; 
to  harbour;  to  cherish  (sentiments);  to  accept  (a  petition)  ;  to  listen  (to 
a  suit).  '  Apprehend  '  means  to  arrest  a  person  ;  to  take  hold  of  by  the 
mind,  to  understand  ;  to  entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of  ;  to  conceive ;  to 
believe  or  be  of  opinion,  etc.  Comedy  is  derived  from  kOmos  a  banquet 
(at  which  the  guests  luy  doum)  and  Odos  a  song ;  and  comedy  signified  at 
first  songs  sung  at  banquets  :  comedy  and  cemetery  have  really  the  same 
root.' 

The  meanings  of  words  change  because  the  life  of  the  people  changes. 
Great  inventions,  great  industrial  improvements,  cause  great  changes  in 
language.  Great  social  and  political  events  do  the  same :  the  French 
Revolution  had  a  direct  influence  on  language.  The  superficially  educated, 
too,  not  only  alter  the  forms  of  words,  but  also  adapt  them  to  homely 
meanings.  '  Policy  '  once  meant  only  the  art  of  ruling  men :  to-day  every 
small  tradesman  speaks  of  his  policy  in  business.  Imagination  and  meta- 
phor (a  Greek  word  meaning  transportation)  play  an  important  part  in 
the  development,  and  consequently  in  the  change  of  meaning,  in  words: 
in  fact  language  develops   chiefly   by   the  metaphorical  process,  i.e.,  by 

1   Vide  Abbott's  "  English  Lessons,'*  etc.,  etc. 


VIU  INTRODUCTION. 

applying  to  one  thing  a  word  that  strictly  belongs  to  another  ;  words  first 
applied  to  material  things  are  transported  to  things  that  are  not  material 
at  all.  The  epithets  '  polished  '  or  '  brilliant '  applied  to  the  style  of  a 
writer  are  to-day  hardly  regarded  as  metaphorical.  Even  the  commonest 
and  now  everyday  words  have  undergone  this  metaphorical  change. 
Cormected  with  this  metaphorical  process  in  the  growth  of  language  is  the 
use  of  *  slang.' 

Indians  are  proverbially  litigious.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a 
villager  who  owned  even  half  an  acre  of  land,  who  had  not,  at  some  time 
or  other,  been  engaged  in  a  law-suit.  There  is  on  record  a  case  where 
one  villager  sued  another  for  driving  off  his  cattle,  and  produced  a  horde 
of  witnesses.  The  defendant  admitted  the  charge,  but  urged  that  the 
cattle  were  feeding  on  his  crops :  he  produced  an  even  greater  number  of 
witnesses.  At  length  it  was  discovered  that  the  plaintiff  owned  no  cattle 
and  the  defendant  no  crops.  Litigation  has  had  its  effect  on  the  language, 
and  even  the  most  illiterate  will  use  glib  corruptions  of  high-sounding  law- 
terms.  Words  like  tarafayn  (Arabic  dual)  "  the  two  parties  "  and  fariq-i 
sdn%  "  the  other  party,"  etc.,  etc.,  are  used  by  even  the  most  vulgar,  as 
also  the  Arabic  broken  plurals  fuqard'',  umaraf',  mandfi'  '  and  some  others. 

Now  from  what  has  been  said  previously,  it  is  obvious  that  the 
changes  in  meaning  of  a  word  in  one  language,  will  not  exactly  correspond 
with  the  changes  in  meaning  in  another.  Consequently  it  is  impossible  to 
render  exactly  any  one  word  in  a  language,  by  any  one  word  in  another. 
Before  a  word  can  be  translated,  its  exact  meaning  or  application  in  the 
context  must  be  grasped.  Strange  to  say,  candidates  oftener  make  mis- 
takes in  common  nouns  than  in  verbs.  *  Peace  '  means  tranquillity  of 
mind  as  well  as  a  cessation  of  hostilities,  and  it  is  in  the  former  meaning 
that  the  word  is  used  in  the  Muslim  salutation  As-saldm"'alay-kum  (Arabic) 
"  the  Peace  be  on  you."  That  candidates  should  have  translated  this  by 
ium  par  sulh  ho  ^  J^'*>ji  /♦■'  may  be  understandable,  but  what  was  sur- 
prising was  that  a  Muhammadan  munshi  could  have  been  found  bold 
enough  to  maintain  that  because  in  the  dictionary  sulh  was  the  first  word 
given  under  '  Peace,'  therefore  the  translation  just  given  was  a  right 
one.  At  any  rate  the  case  of  a  candidate  who  translated  "  Sepoy  Ram 
Singh  was  no  match  for  him  ' '  by  Sipdhi  Ram  Singh  us  kl  diwd-sald,l  na 
ihd  must  be  considered  hopeless  ;  he  should  be  awarded  an  old-age  pension. 
A  teacher  assumes  that  his  pupil  has  some  education  and  some  intelligence. 
In,  "  He  looked  up  to  Heaven  and  said — ,"  the  word  '  heaven  '  must  be 
rendered  by  dsmdn,  sky,  and  not  by  bihisht,  which  means  Paradise.     The 


1  Pronounced  by  the  vulgar  manafa\     Muluk,  malaHh  and  a  few  more  are  in 
common  colloquial  use  amongst  the  educated. 


INTRODUCTION.  IZ 

critioism  that  the  sentence  "Examine  them  singly"  un  ae  ek  ek  karke 
puchho  is  misleading,  because  a  pupil  used  this  phrase  for  the  examination 
of  saddles,  is,  if  one  might  say  so,  hypercritical.  Pucfihnd  means  to  ask, 
enquire,  and  it  ought  to  be  evident,  even  to  a  beginner,  that  this  verb 
cannot  be  applied  to  saddles  or  horses. 

Speaking  exactly,  languages  that  have  developed  have  no  exact 
synonyms  ;  but  in  the  unsteady  languages  of  the  lowest  tribes,  whose 
whole  vocabulary  may  perhaps  change  during  a  single  man's  lifetime,  this 
is  not  the  case. 

Even  when  two  words  are  identical  in  meaning,  there  is,  in  language, 
a  constant  tendency  to  differentiate  their  meanings.  Occasionally  the 
difference  in  use  is  one  of  construction  only,  as  commence  and  begin,  or  end 
and  finish. 

Shakl,  sural,  and  munh  may  all  mean  and  be  translated  '  visage '  or 
'  face,'  but  the  first  properly  means  form,  the  second  appearance,  and  the 
third  face.     It  is  correct  to  say  munh  dho-lo,  but  not  shakl  or  sural  dho-lo. 

A  certain  Hindustani  translation  was  returned  by  a  military  officer 
with  the  criticism  that  the  word  *  ignorance  '  should  not  have  been  rendered 
by  Id-'ilmt  ^♦1*51,  the  word  being  high-flown  and  unintelligible  to  sepoys, 
but  by  the  commoner  word  na-ddnl  (^ild^J.  It  was  stated  that  the  opinions 
of  experienced  officers  had  been  taken.  Now  this  objection  alone  proves 
the  danger  of  trusting  blindly  to  a  dictionary.  The  English  word  '  igno- 
rance '  must  be  rendered  by  at  least  three  Hindustani  words  according  to 
its  meaning.  Na-dani  ^^lolJ  means  ignorance  as  opposed  to  '  wisdom  '  ; 
jaftalal  ^^l^  means  ignorance  as  opposed  to  '  enlightenment '  ;  while  Id-'ilml 
^*-l*il)  means  ignorance  of  a  matter,  being  uninformed  or  unacquainted 
with  an  occurrence.  Be-khabarl  cs;-?^  C5^  ^^^  also,  incorrectly,  the  same 
meaning  as  la-'ilmi,  but  properly  it  means  "  unguardedness  or  careless- 
ness." All  four  words  are  intelligible  to  uneducated  Muslims  and  even 
to  most  Hindu  chaprasis.  In  the  translation  in  question  na-dani  would 
have  been  a  grave  error. 

Ilhterate  Indians  have  a  far  wider  vocabulary  than  is  generally 
supposed. 

Bozjfj  Pers.  means  a  day,  i.e.  a  space  of  24  hours.  Din  c>^  Hindi 
means  either  a  space  of  24  hours,  or  else  the  hours  of  dayUght,  and 
hence  metaphorically  sun.  Therefore  din  ke  tvaqld,o  must  be  said  and  not 
roz  ke  toaqt  a,o. 

Mistakes  are  commonly  made  in  translating  the  verb  '  wk.'  Mdngnd 
tJ^U  is  to  ' ask  for  ' ;  while  puchhnd  ^^^  is  to  "enquire."  To  ask  for 
pardon  must  therefore  be  expressed  by  — mangnd  and  not  — puchhrm.  ' '  He 
asked  his  master ' '  is  — se  'arz  ki  (or  — darkhwdst  k%).  For,  ' '  ask  my  friend 
to  do  this,"  kahnd  must  be  used. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

A  pitfall  for  interpreters  at  Courts  Martial  is  the  word  "repeat." 
Bat  duhrand  means  to  repeat  the  same  thing  a  second  time,  or  to 
repeat  a  thing  to  a  third  person.  ' '  Repeat  after  me ' '  should  be 
rendered  by  jo  main  kahtd  ja,un  turn  bhl  duhrdte-jd,o  (or  kahte-jd,o) 
(^^  c*t^  or  ^  ^^  L!^A.i  (^«j  /v>  i:;^'^  ^J^'  i:^*'*  ^^.  Do  not  say  hamdre  pichhe 
bolo,  nor  hamdre  pichhe  duhrd,o. 

Not  only  do  Muslims  and  Hindus  often  use  different  words  for  the 
same  common  concrete  object  as  for  instance  'key,'  '  but  often  there  is  a 
sUs^ht  difference  implied  in  the  meaning,  thus  nadi  in  Hindi  is  the  equiva- 
lent of  daryd  in  Persian ;  but  in  Urdu  nadi  always  means  a  stream  or  a 
small  river  :  chiri-mdr  "a  bird-catcher"  means  a  Hindu  bird-catcher 
while  mir-shikdr  always  means  a  Muslim  one. 

Occasionally  the  infinitive  of  a  verb  has  to  supply  the  place  of  a 
missing  noun  ;  thus  fath  ^i»  means  '  capture  '  as  well  as  '  victory  '  and 
can  be  used  for  the  capture  of  a  town  ;  but  for  the  capture  of,  say 
elephants,  the  infinitive  phasdnd  'Jl-^^J  must  be  substituted. 

Of  some  words  in  this  vocabulary  it  will  be  found  that  the  root  at 
least  is  already  known,  thus  from  the  Persian  khdna  A^Lk  "house"  (in 
Urdu  chiefly  used  in  compounds)  is  formed  the  adjective  and  substantive 
khJdnagi  ^J^'^  meaning  "domestic"  and  also  a  "low  prostitute";  and 
from  the  Hindi  gf^arjr-s^  "  house  "  is  formed  the  adjective  gharelu  ^.jS 
"domestic"  (of  animals  only). 

It  will  be  found  that  many  of  the  Hindustani  equivalents  of  seemingly 
difficult  English  words  are  already  known,  as  for  '  disclaim,'  da'wq  se 
hath  uthdnd  LJ^jf  A«J'U  <i*  ^^d. 

Sometimes  the  simple  word  only  is  given,  as  for  circumlocution,  pher 
ki  bat  oIj  ,^ j^,  the  proper  word  tor  circumlocution  being  too  literary. 
So  too  with  '  Imprudent '  ;  age  kd  sock  nahln  i^)i  r-^  ^  ^-»  ^  Si  is  given 
instead  of  the  better  but  high-flown  nd-'dqibat-andesh  (_r'd'^t  v.i-f»l*^'. 

Do  not  be  contented  with  looking  up  a  word  and  accepting  the  first 
equivalent  without  understanding  exactly  its  meaning.  For  instance 
drdmrtalab  .-Ah  ^\ji  and  ' aysh-pasand  <^^,  ij^o  may  both  mean  "  luxuri- 
ous," but  the  former  means  "loving-ease"  and  the  latter  "loving- 
pleasure."  Again,  though  pdyddr  )\>^\i  and  der-pd  b^JA  both  mean 
'  lasting,'  there  is  a  great  difference ;  for  the  former  applied  to  things 
means  "permanent  "  (i.e.  lasting  for  many  years  as  buildings,  etc.),  while 
the  latter  means  "  lasting  for  some  little  time  "  (as  cloth,  shoes,  etc.). 

Much  urmecessary  labour  will  be  saved  if  the  chapter  on  intensive 
compound  verbs  in  my  "  Hindustani  Manual"    (p.   80)  is  mastered,  as 


I  Hindus  say  chabl,  H.,  while  Muslims  usually  use  kunjl,  H.     Kaltd  Pers.  is,  in 
Urdu,  used  only  metaphorically. 


INTRODUCTION.  « 

may  be  seen  by  Studying  the  words  for    "abolish"    (Utha-dena      Iv^  Utjf  , 
and  '*  |)ostpone  "  (uthd-rakhnd  li«/j  ^■%}'i  ). 

Hindustani  is  a  dramatic  language ;  therefore  use  dramatic  tenses 
and  dramatic  compounds  whenever  you  can.  Not  to  do  so,  is  to  be 
uuidiomatic. 

Let  me  again  remind  candidates  that  translating  is  expressing  the 
thought  and  idiom  of  one  language  in  the  thought  and  idiom  of  another. 
To  '  cast  pearls  before  swine'  is  in  Hindustani  '  to  play  a  lute  before  a 
bufifalc'  ' 

Some  '  practical  men '  who  style  those  that  disagree  with  them 
purists  and  pedants,  have  suggested,  that  as  sepoys  use  vulgar  and 
incorrect  forms,  these  incorrect  forms  only  should  be  inserted  in  a 
vocabulary  for  military  officers.  Let  me  here  point  out  to  these  critics, 
that  if  a  word  has  more  than  one  form,  it  is  as  well  to  learn  the 
correct  form  ;  there  is  generally  only  one  correct  form,  while  the  corrupt 
forms  vary  with  the  district.  I  should,  too,  like  to  ask  these  critics 
whether,  if  they  were  compiling  an  elementary  English  Vocabulary  for 
the  use  of  foreign  officers  attached  to  a  British  Regiment,  they  would 
insert  such  forms  as  'ot  and  acrost  instead  of  hot  and  across.  It  is  not 
for  a  moment  insinuated  that  vulgar  or  archaic  forms  are  uninteresting 
or  valueless,  but  it  is  maintained  that  they  are  out  of  place  in  a  beginner's 
vocabulary, 

A  staff  officer  much  interested  in  Hindustani  suggested  that  a  collo- 
quial dictionary  should  be  compiled  in  which  each  English  word  should 
be  rendered  by  one  Hindustani  word  and  one  only,  and  that  too  some 
word  understood  from  Cape  Comorin  to  Peshawar.  I  tliink  I  have  given 
sufficient  examples  to  show  why  any  one  word  in  a  language  can  seldom 
be  correctly  rendered  by  any  one  word  in  another  ;  but  I  leave  it  to  the 
propagandists  of  Esperanto  to  reply  to  the  second  part  of  the  suggestion. 
I  was  once  requested  by  a  staff  officer  to  translate  a  pamphlet 
into  Hindustani ;  and,  that  it  might  be  intelligible  to  sepoys,  I  was 
directed  to  use  no  Persian  or  Arabic  words.  Now  the  commonest  words 
are  often  Arabic  or  Persian.  Kitah  a  book  is  Arabic  and  is  used  by 
Muslims  and  Hindus  ahke,  while  the  Hindi  pothl  amongst  Hindus 
means  '  book '  but  amongst  Muslims  the  Hindu  scriptures  :  the  San« 
skrit  pustak  is  uninteUigible  to  Muslims.  The  Persian  mard  and  the 
Arabic  admi  *  are  commoner  than  the  Sanskrit  manush  or  the  Hindi  wiawu*. 
The  Arabic  word  'aurat,^  which  in   Urdu  means   'woman,'    is   certainly 


1  BhaiAs  he  5ge  bin  bajSnS. 

2  i.e.  derived  from  the  Arabic  Adam  the  Sr-^t  man. 

8  The  Arabic  root  signifies  'to  be  blind  '  ;  xhence  in  AraSic  'awrat  signifies  those 
parts  which  it  is  abominable  to  expose,  the  pudenda. 


XU  INTRODUCTION. 

commoner  than  the  Sanskrit  istri.  The  omitting  from  Hindustani  of  all 
Arabic  and  Persian  words,  may  be  compared  to  the  omitting  from  English 
of  all  words  of  Latin  and  Greek  origin. 

Every  sense  has  a  memory.  As  many  senses  as  possible  should  be 
brought  to  bear  on  the  learning  of  a  word  or  phrase.  When  the  sound  of 
a  word  has  been  learnt  by  the  ear  and  has  been  practised  by  the  tongue, 
it  should  further  be  committed  to  memory  by  noting  its  appearance  in 
print  and  in  writing.  Ear,  tongue,  eye,  hand,  and  "  the  memory  inside 
your  tummy"  are  thus  all  exercised.  Even  the  senses  of  taste  and  smell 
can  be  pressed  into  this  service.  You  are  not  likely  to  forget  that  king  ' 
means  asafoetida,  if  you  taste  and  smell  the  substance  when  first  learning 
its  name.     This  is,  of  course,  an  extension  only,  of  the  '  direct  method.' 

When  looking  out  a  word,  the  student  must  not  take  the  first  equi- 
valent he  meets :  he  should  not  only  read  through  all  the  equivalents 
given  for  one  English  word,  but  also  all  those  given  under  English  words 
from  the  same  root.  He  should,  further,  refer  to  any  reference  that  may 
be  given  to  another  word. 

The  system  of  transliteration  employed  is  the  Hunterian.*  To 
transliterate  correctly,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  every  letter  in  the 
Persian  and  Arabic  alphabets  is  a  consonant  and  that  the  weak  consonants 
alif,  waw,  and  yd  become  vowels  only  when  they  are  letters  of  prolonga- 
tion, i.e.  only  when  the  letter  preceding  them  is  pointed  with  a  short 
analogous  vowel.  There  are  properly  speaking  no  diphthongs,  except  in 
Hindi. ^  The  word  maulavi  for  instance  should  be  transhterated  mawlavl  * 
and  'aib  should  be  transliterated  'ayh.  Candidates  generally  misunder- 
stand the  consonant '  ayn  (  c  )  :  they  think  it  is  a  vowel  and  to  be  trans- 
literated by  'a.     This  is  a  very  great  error.     The  sign  for  e  is  an  inverted 

comma  only.     Note  the  way  the  word  c:*jIxc  is    transliterated.     First  the 

consonant  e  is  represented  by  an  in  verted  comma  ;  then  the  kasra  or  zer 
by  i ;  then  the  ^i^  by  ri ;  then  the  fathah  or  zahar  over  the  nun  by  a  ;  and 
then,  as  the  alif  prolongs  this  sound  of  a,  a  long  accent  is  added  over  it, 
thus  a  ;  next  the  alif  (here  a  vowel)  is  '  silent,'  i.e.  it  is  not  followed  by  a 
short  vowel ;  next  the  consonant  ^  is  represented  by  y ;  the  fathah  over 

i  Hing  qa,l  magar  xia  hi  hu  naga,l  is  a  proverb. 

'2  It  should  be  noted  that  the  final  a  of  Hindi  masculine  nouns  often  becomes 
in  Urdu  a,  thus  raja  becomes  raja. 

3  Thus  it  is  better  to   transliterate  ^    by  hai  than  by  hay,  which  latter  is  not 

the    correct   pronunciation,   than   by   the  Urdu  (^*-     To  get  over   a   difficulty  the 

word  is  usually  written  ^ ,  which  however  should  be  pronounced  he.  Hence  in 
some  modern  Urdu  books  half  a  c5"  is  adopted  to  express  the  (final)  ai  diphthong  of 
the  Hindi. 

*  In  Hindi,  however,  it  is  correct  to  write  au. 


INTBODUOTIOM.  XUi 

the  c/  by  a  ;  and  the  o  by  < :  'indyat.     Similarly  with  ^J%,  hi :  first  comee  h; 

then   short   i   (the   kasra) ,   which  is  then  prolonged  into  »  by  the  y.     A  j 

f 
also  prolongs  the  sound  of  _f_,  thus  y   in.     The   o  '  sound  is  pecuUar  to 

Hindi  (or  old  Persian)  as  in  y  to.     This  o  is  a   Hindi   sound  and   has   no 

corresponding   letter   in  the  Arabic  alphabet.     A  ^  not  preceded  by  any 

short  vowel  has   been  adopted  for  the  sound.     A  similar  rule  holds  good 

with  regard  to  the  e  sound  of  ^^. 

Hamza  is  generally  represented  by  a  comma  on  the  line.  It  is  not 
a  bad  plan  to  give  its  Arabic  form  in  the  Romanized  word,  thus  fd^ida.  If 
a  whole  tome  has  been  written  on  the  Greek  particle  d€,  several  tomes  could 
be  written  on  the  Arabic  Imrnza.  In  Arabic,  the  sign  hamza  (but  not  the 
sound)  is  an  additional  letter  of  the  alphabet.  In  Urdu  it  may  be 
regarded  simply  as  a  hyphen,  to  be  used  when  one  syllable  ends  in  what 
we  consider  a  vowel,  and  the  next  begins  with  one.  Thus  \^  **  became  " 
is  huiod,  but  1^  (the  Punjabi  form)  is  hu,d.     There  is  no  hamza  in  Hindi. 

The  greater  number  of  words  in  Hisdustani  are  masculine 

Most  Hindi  concrete  nouns  in  d  are  masculine,  as  kuUd  "  dog,"  Rdjd 
(or  Rdja). 

Most  Arabic  and  Persian  nouns  of  three  letters,  and  ending  in  a,  are 
feminine,  as  hawd  Ar.   (|>*  )    *'  wind,"  sazd  Pers.  (Ij-o)  "  punishment." 

Hindi  diminutives  in  yd  are  feminine,  as  chiryd,  any  "  small  bird," 
dibyd  ' '  a  small  box. ' ' 

Most  Hindi  abstract  nouns  in  d  are  feminine,  as  pujd  "  Hindu  wor- 
ship," dayd  "kindness."  (No  feminine  word  in  a,  whether  Arabic, 
Persian,  or  Hindi,  is  inflected  in  the  oblique  cases  singular). 

All  nouns  ending  in  pan  are  masculine. 

Nouns  ending  in  silent  j?  (a)  are  usually  masculine,  as  shuhra  {ij^) 
' '  fame. ' '  Such  words  as  malika  ' '  queen  ' '  and  sdhiba  are  of  course  femi- 
nine. This  final  »,  silent  in  Urdu  and  Persian  but  not  silent  in  Arabic,  is  in 
Arabic  a  feminine  termination,  and  before  a  vowel  is  in  Arabic  pronounced 
t :  hence  in  Urdu  it  is  often  changed  into  o,  and  in  this  case  the  word  is 
feminine  in  Urdu,  as  shuhrat  f.  "  fame  "  (identical  with  shuhra  m.).  Tauha 
repentance,  sura  "  a  chapter  of  the  Quran,"  and  fdtiha  are  feminine. 

Most  nouns  ending  in  i,  in  t  not  a  radical  letter  ^  (Arabic),  or  in  t 
preceded  by  a  short  vowel,  are  feminine,  as  roil  f.  ^  "  bread,"  daidcU  f. 
*'  wealth,  fortune  ;  the  state,"  hat  f.  "  obstinacy." 


1  The  o  and  e  sounds  were  called   "  unknown  "  by  the  Arabs  when  they  con- 
quered Persia  as  these  vowel  sounds  are   not   found  amongst   the    Arabs.     They   eire 
also  not  found  in  modem  Persian  though  retained  in  Indian  and  Afghan  Persian. 
'2  In  ma%tt  m.  Ar. ,  the  t  is  radical.  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

s  Some  exceptions  are  panl  m.  "  water  '  *  ;  mott  m.  "  pearl  ' '  ;  dahx  m.  "  curds  *    ; 
yh*  m.  ;  7»  ' '  life,  soul.' '     Such  noiuis  as  dhobi  "  washerman  ' '  are  of  course  masculine. 


XIV  INTRODUCTION. 

Nouns  ending  in  t  preceded  by  a  long  alif  are  generally  masculine,  as 
hat  m.  market  place  (for  weekly  or  bi-weekly  market). 

Most  Hindi  Verbal  nouns  obtained  by  dropping  the  infinitive  termina- 
tion are  feminine,  as  mar  f.  "  beating."  Hence  Persian  verbals  are  all 
feminine,  as  zad  "  beating." 

Hindi  verbals  in  o  and  w  are  masculine,  as  charhd,o  m.  "ascent," 
chalan  m.  "  gait,  character." 

Most  nouns,  abstract  or  concrete,  in  d,o  are  masculine,  as  ghd,o,  pild,o, 
ald,o"  bon-fire,"  etc. ;  but  nd,o  "  ship  "  is  feminine  and  chd,o"  affection." 
Persian  verftafe  in    sh  are  feminine,   as  ddnish   "wisdom,"    koshish 
"  endeavour." 

The  gender  of  an  Arabic,  Persian,  or  English  word  is,  in  Hindustani, 
often  determined  by  the  gender  of  the  Hindi  Synonym  :  fahm  Ar.  is 
feminine  on  account  of  the  Hindi  samajh  ;  chashm  Pers.  is  feminine  on 
account  of  the  Hindi  dnkh ;  and  la,in  Eng.  is  feminine  on  account  of 
laklr.  This  rule  does  not  generally  apply  if  the  word  has  a  masculine 
form.     Kamdn  "  command  "  is  feminine  because  kamdn  "bow"  is,' 

Arabic  words  of  the  form  or  measure  tJ-^f^  are  feminine,  a,s  ta' Urn. 
(^1*5)  '<  teaching,  instruction,"  but  c^.^  an  amulet  is  masculine. 

Arabic  words  in  Hindustani  of  other  forms  or  measures  are  masculine 
or  feminine  according  to  their  measure,  but  their  gender  in  Urdu  has  no 
connection  with  their  gender  in  Arabic.  Detailed  rules  will  be  found  in 
the  grammars. 

Many  words  fall  under  no  rule.  Some  few  words  vary  in  gender 
according  to  their  meaning,  so  that  the  gender  alone  indicates  their  mean- 
ing. 

Many  words  are  of  common  gender  as  dushman,  dost,  madad-gdr 
etc. 

The  following  Persian  verbals  are  common  in  compounds  used  in 
colloquial :  sdz  "  making  "  from  the  Persian  verb  "  to  make,"  a,s  ghari-sdz 
"  watchmaker." 

Bdz  "playing"  as  batte-bdz  "a  juggler"  (lit.  player  with  small 
round  boxes). 

Khwdr  or  khor  "  eating,  "  as  Nash^a-khwdr  "  one  that  takes  intoxi- 
cants ' '  ;  haldl-khor  a  euphemism  for  a  Muslim  sweeper. 

Ddr  "  holding,  having,"  as  zarmn-ddr  "landowner  or  land-holder"  ; 
'par-ddr  ' '  winged. ' ' 

Bar-ddr  "  carrying,  "  as  huqqorbarddr  'pipe-bearer  "  (a  servant  who 
prepares  the  huqqa  and  carries  it  on  a  journey,  etc.). 


,"-'  1  It  is  not  clear  why  6otoZ,  Eng.,  "  bottle  "  is  feminine. 

2  Arabic  words  of  five  letters,  the  first  being  t,  and  the  last  but  one  y,  are  of  this 
form,  and  the  remaining  tliree  letters  are  the  root  of  the  word. 

/J 


^  /A^>3t   h^C^rrpcrediJi^    er^L/^    )Uru^  ^e    fen^ru.^.  ,    ej.,  ScO^^ 


/ir ''      ^    ■ '■       '  6*f^^  dei^U/  it    ct>e<xaAt.   a^  ^ajyl^ 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

Band  "fastening,  tying,  etc.,"  as  na'l-band  •' a  shoeing-sraith "  ; 
izdr-band  "  trouser-band." 

Parwar  "cherishing,"  as  (fAarib-partoar  "cherisher  of  the  poor." 

Bakhsh  "giving,"  as  Khtida-hakhsh. 

Go  "saying,"  as  ziyada-go  *'a  babbler,  one  that  babbles  too  much." 

Nishtn  "sitting,"  as  aadr-nishin  "  sitting  in  the  mdr  or  presidential 
seat,  chairman." 

Bin  * '  seeing,' '  as  dur-bin  ' '  far-seeing ;  also  a  telescope  or  binoculars  *' ; 
zarra-bin  "atom-seeing,"  i.e.  "  a  miscroscope." 

Oir'*  taking,  seizing,"  a.a '  dlam-gtr  ivabd"  a  widely-spread  pestilence." 
'  Alam-glr  is  also  an  epithet  for  an  Emperor. 

Kan  "  digging,"  as  gor-kan  "  grave-digger,"  also  "  a  badger  "  ;  muhr 
lean  ' '  a  seal-c  utter. ' ' 

Bdf  "  weaving,"  as  qdlin-bdf  "  carpet- weaver." 

Shinds  "  knowing,"  as  Khudd-shinds  "  pious." 

Nawdz  "soothing"  (also  playing  on  a  musical  instrument),  as 
6ancto-wou;az  =  treating  kindly. 

Farosh  "  selling,"  as  mewa  farosh  "  fruit-seller." 

Posh  "  wearing,"  as  pd-posh  "  shoes  "  ;  sar-poah  "  lid,  cover.'* 

Ydb  "  obtaining,"  as  kam-ydb  "  rare." 

Others,  not  so  common  are  also  in  use. 

The  Persian  past  participle  also  occurs  in  common  colloquial,  as  ydjta 
"having  obtained,"  in  ta'lim-ydfta  "educated,"  pinshan-ydfta  "pen- 
sioned." 

Certain  letters  are  peculiar  to  Hindi,  or  to  Persian,  or  to  Arabic 
words :  vide  "  Hind.  Man,"  p.  xvi.  A  munshi  whose  name  is  Ahmad  can- 
not be  a  Hindu,  while  Jaganndth  cannot  be  a  Muslim. 

D.  C.  P. 


English  =  Hindustani    Vocabulary. 


Abandon,  chhor-dend ,  gen. :  dil  se  dur  kama  (of  ideas). 

Abate,  kam  kama ;  ghatnd,  intr.,  and  ghatana,  tr. 

Abduct,  k-bhdgnd,  gen.  (of  people  or  things);  Ururnd,  met. 
(ditto)  vide  Elope. 

Abet,  madad  dend ;  pushti  kama:  vide  Incite. 

Ability,  liyaqat:  qdhillyat. 

Able,  qdhil;  ld,iq,  adj. 

Ablution,  ivuzH  (k.)  (relig.):  munh  hath  dkond :  ghusl  kama,  gen.  to  bathe. 

Abnormal,  ma'mul  ke  khildf ;  or  ma'miil  se  ziydda  or  kam. 

Aholish ,  uthd-de7id ;  maiiquf  kamd  (ei\so=^ to  dismiss,  stop,  adjourn):  vide 
Cancel . 

Abominable,  nihdyat  makruh  {i.e.,  very  objectionable). 

Abortion,  pet  or  haml  girdnd,  cause  an . 

Abound,  kasrat  se  hond. 

About,  idhar  udhar,  here  and  there:  ird  gird  or  chdron  taraf,  on  all  sides  : 
qarib  qanh  or  ko,%,  nearly,  q.v. ;  -ke  bdre  men  or  -H  hdbat  (concerning). 

Above,  -ke  Upar :  sab  se  paMe,  above  all:  mazkur  (above)  mentioned. 

Abroad,  bdJiar,  adv.  and  prep. :  pardes,  subs.,  foreign  country. 

Abrogate,  vide  Cancel  and  Abolish. 

Abscond,  bhdgnd ;  firdr  hond :  rafu  ehakkar  hond  (disappear  suddenly). 

Absconder,  firdri. 

Absence   (jhayr-hdziri.  , 

Absent,  (jkayrkdzir. 

Absolute,  mutlaq:  mukhtdr-i-kull. 

Abstain,  kisH  chiz  se  bdz  rahnd,  to  abstain  from  doing  or  committing  (but — 
bdz  and  to  desist  from) :  — se  parhez  kamd,  gen. 

Abundant,  kasrat  se. 

Abuse,  gdU  dend  (prop,  filthy,  but  not  of  harsh  words)  :  fuhsh  gdli sundnd 

(filthy) :  gdli  galauj  {mutual  filthy  abuse) :  hurd  bhald  kahnd  (ordinary 

abuse  or  harsh  words). 

Abusive ,  ganda-zabdn ;  munh-chhut. 
Accent,  lahja  (in  language) :  zor  (stress). 
Acceptable,  pasand;  pasand  ke  ld,iq. 

Acceptance,  qabul  {h.  and  k.),  gen.,  (of  prayer,  or  anything):  vide  Ap- 
proval,  etc. 


ACC  2  ACT 

Accessory,  vide  Partner. 

Accommodation,  jagah,  f. :  gnnjayish,  f. ;  sama,l,  f.  (also  access). 

Access,  sama,i,  f,  (met.,  to  places);  rasa,i,  f.,  and  pahunch,  f.  (to  persons 
and  places) ;  pahunchnd  (to  have  access  to). 

Accident,  hadisa;  '  vide'  Event:  ittifdq,  chance. 

Accompany,  sdth  jdnd  ( — him  or  them ;  to  go  with) ;  sdth  chalnd  (to  start 
with  me) ;  sdth  ho-lend  (to  come  along  with). 

Accomplice,  vide  Partner,  Companion. 

Accomplish,  purd  kamd. 

Accomplished,  kdmil  (of  people  ;  lit.  perfect). 

Accomplishment,  hunar  {jdnnd)  gen. ,  (mental or  other) ;  kamdl  rakhnd,  gen., 
(ditto). 

According  to  ,  — ke  mutdhiq  ;  — ke  muwdfiq. 

Accordingly,  chundnchi. 

Accost,  toknd  {also  to  challenge  of  sentries;  find  fault  with,  check). 

Account,  hisdb,  m.  (likhnd)  (of  money) :  ftay aw,  m.  (narration) :  kisi  tarah 
nahln  (on  no  account) :  hiadh  chukdnd  or  he-bdq  kamd  (to  settle 
accounts). 

Account-book,  hisdh-bahi. 

Accountable,  jawdb-dih  (responsible). 

Accoutrements,  kil-kdntd,  n.,  mil. (in  eludes  arms ;  also  met.  =  ' various 
belongings  '). 

Accumulate,  jama'  k.  (or  h.). 

Accuracy,  sihhat,  f.  (also  good  health) :  durust  or  sack  hond. 
Accurate,  thik  ;  durust;  sahih. 

Accusation,  ilzdm,  m.,  gen.,  {lagdnd) :  tuhmat,  f.  (lagdnd)  (false  charge). 
Accused,  mulzam :  'vide'  Prisoner, 
Accuser,  ndlishi  or  faryddl  (complainant). 
Accustom,  'ddat  ddlnd. 
Ache,  vide  Pain. 

Acid,  khattd,  adj. :  tezdb,  m.  (for  burning)  :  khaid,i,  subs,  (acidity). 
Acknowledge,  iqrdr  or  qabul  kamd  (a  fault)  :  mdnnd  (a  fault,  a  king,  a 
saint). 
50  Acme,  bhondd-pan  us  par  khatm  hai,  he  is  the  acme  of  ugliness. 

Acquaintance,    muldqdtl ;    dshnd  ;  jdn  pahchdn  kd  ddmi  ;  or  saldm  'alayki 
(Panj.)  (all  =  the  person) :  vide  Information,  Elnowledge. 

Acquire,  hdsil  kamd. 

Acquit,  barl  kamd  ;  be-gundh  thahrdnd. 

Acquittal,  khaldsi  or  chutkdrd  (or  release). 

Acrobat,  nat,  m.  and  natni,  f.  (prop,  a  caste). 

Across,  — ke  pdr,  prep. :  drd-tirchhd,  adj.  and  adv. 

Act,  to,  — ki  sdng  bharnd,  to  play  the  part  of :  'amal  kamd  (of  action). 


ACT  3  ADO 

Act,  qdnun,  and  ikat  (law)  :  khudd  k\  hat  or  khudd^i  kdr-khdna,  act  of 
God.  " 

Action,  kiyd ;  'amal,  m.  ;  fi'l,  m.  (also  =  verb):  harakat  (spec,  bad  ac- 
tion; also  in  a  general  sense  =  movement). 

Active,  chust ;  chust  o  ckdldk ;  [chdldk  alone  generaUy  means  cunning* 
sharp]:  phuriild  (also  smart):  chusti  and  phurti,  subs.,  activity: 
c/iaZoH  activity  (a?5o  =  sharpness,  trickery). 

Actual,  haqiqi ;  asti. 

Actually,  haqiqat  men. 

Acute,  tez-fahm  (in  intellect) :  shadxd  (violent,  intense,  severe). 

Acuteness,  tez-fahmi  (of  understanding)  :  shiddcU  (of  pain,  severity,  inten- 
sity, violence). 

Add,         ■\  jornd  (also  =  to  mend) :  jama'  karnd  (also  =  to  collect) :  kushdda 
Addition,  J      karnd,  lit.  to  widen  (to  add  to  a  house,  garden,  etc.) :  [jama' 
siibs.,  f.  addition]. 

Address,  nishdn  (also  =  sign;  signal;  mark;  trace;  banner;  ni8hdna  = 
target):  ndm  o  nishdn:  paid  (also  =  trace)  :  thikdnd  (also  =  resting- 
place  ;  limit)  :  paid,  thikdnd. 

Address,  to,  kisi  ko  mukhdtab  karnd,  to  speak  to. 

Adhere,  r.hipaknd  or  satnd  (as  of  a  stamp)  :  bdt  par  arnd  or  jamnd  (to  ad- 
here to  one's  opinions)  :  lagd-Uptd  rahnd  ( — to  a  person  or  to  opin- 
ions). 

Adherence,  pairavi  (relig.) ;  Idg  lapet,  f. 

Adherent,  pairau  (follower  of)  :  Idgu  ;  taraf-ddr. 

Adhesive,  chipakne-wdld. 

Adieu,  to  bid,  — se  ruhhsat  hond  :  Khudd  Hdfiz  kahnd  (to  say  '  God  be  thy 
guardian  ')  :  uridd'  karnd. 

Adjacent,  ds  pas  kd  (all  around)  :  haghal  kd. 

Adjoin,  us  kd  ghar  mere  ghar  se  mila  hu,d  hai  his  house  adjoins  mine  = 
bayjial  m,en. 

Adjourn,  to,  uthd-rakhnd ;  (but  uthd-dend  to  abolish). 

Adjournment,  "  posmdn,^'  Eur.  (of  cases). 

Administer,  intizdm,  m. 

Admire,  waq'at  ki  nigdh  se  dekhnd,  vide  Approve  and  Praise. 

Admit,  dne  dend  (a  person)  :  mdn-lend  or  qahul  karnd  allow. 

Admonish,  samjhdnd  :  nasihat  karnd. 

Adopt,  god  men  lend  (a  child ;  lit.  to  take  into  the  lap ) :  ikhtiydr  karnd 
(a  measure,  idea). 

Adopted,  pdlak  an  adopted  child. 

Adore,  — ki  Hbddat  karnd  (of  God) :  vide  Worship:  md,n  apne  bete  par  jdn 
deti  hai  the  mother  adores  her  son ;  vide  Dote  and  Devoted. 

Adorn,  drdsta  karnd  ;  drd,ish  d. 

Adorned,  drdsta  ;  band,o  singdr  kiye  hu,e  (for  woman) ;  ban  than-ke  (tricked 
out ;  too  smartly  dressed  ;  of  prostitutes  or  fops). 


ADU  4  AGR 

Adult,  haligh  :  siyana  (also  =  cunning)  ;  nau-jawdn  (from  17  to  25  about). 
AH  If      f-  H    [  ^^^^  milana  ;  {khota  opposed  to  khard  pure). 

.Adultery,  zind,  f.  (k.)  ;  zind-kdrl  {k.)  (also  =  fornication). 

Advance,  age  barhnd,  intr.  :  age  dend  (of  money) :  vide  Promote  and  Inter- 
est :  peshgl,  f.  an  advance  of  pay. 

Advantage,  fd,ida  (uthdnd)  ;  nafa'  :  nafa'  nuqsdn  profit  and  loss,  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages  :  [bdt  ki  unch  riich  pros  and  cons]. 

Advantageous,  fd  yida-mand  ;  mufid. 
Adventure,  sar-guzasht,  f. 

Adventurous  jdn  jokhon,  adj.  (risky  to  life) :  dil-chald. 
Adversary,  hanf  (in  war  or  in   games) :  muqdbil  (opponent,  gen.) :  raqib 
(rival). 

Adversity,  vide  Misfortune  and  Poverty. 

.  ,       , .    '       ,    I  ishtihdr  dend. 
Advertisement,  \ 

Advice  saldh,  f.  {d.) :  mashwara  [d.)  [but  rrmshwara  karnd  to  consult]. 

Affair,  bdt,  f.  ;  kdm,  f.  amr ;  mu'dmala. 

Affection,  mahabbat :  andhi  maliabbat,  blind,  or  doting  affection,  vide  Dote  : 

[mahabbati  affectionate]. 
Affix,  lagdnd. 

Affliction,  vide  Grief,  Pain,  Misfortune. 
100  Afford,  de-saknd  ;  maqdur  rakhnd. 
Affray,  dangd  fasdd  ;  mdr-pit,  f. 
Aforesaid,  mazkur. 
Afresh,  na,e  sir  se, 

f.r^^^       ,     \  ba'd  ;  pichhe  ;  dkhir  (after  all). 

Afternoon,  Hard  pahar,  m. :  si-pahar,  f. 

Again,  phir  ;  do-bdra ;  har  dam  or  bdrbdr  again  and  again. 

Against,  Miildf  or  bar  khildf. 

Age,  'tbmr,  f. ;  sinn,  m. ;  burhdpd  old  age  ;  za'ifi  {not  weakness,  which  is 
zu'f)  :  nd-bdligh,  adj.  under  age  :  zamdna  or  muddat  (a  long  time) :  bdl 
paknd  (to  age,  grow  grey). 

Aged,  sinn-ddr. 

Agent,  ajant  Eng.  :  wakil ;  gumdshia. 

Aggressor,  pahal  karnd  (to  be  the ). 

Agile,  phurttld  (also  smart  in  movements);  phurtild-pan  agility. 

Agitate,  vide  Shake  :  josh  men  lEnd  (excite  people) :  ghabrdhat  men  ddlnd  (to 
alarm). 

Agitator,  mufsid  (seditious). 

Agree,  qabul  karnd  ;  rdzi  hond  ;  mdn-lend. 

Agreeable,  dil-pasand  (of  things)  :  maza-ddr  (of  food,  gen.) 


AGR  6  ALM 

Agreement,  »7/»7ag'(al80  =  harmony,  concord)  ;  mel  (concord) :  qarar  or  band 

u  bast  (oral;  promise):  girmit,  Eng.  =  iqrdr-ndma   (written ): 

razinama  (deed  of  reconciliation). 

Agriculture,  khetl  (k.)  ;  zamin-dari  (k). 

Agriculturist,  zamiw-rfar  (landholder)  :  knshUkar :  mrfe  Subject. 

Ague,  jara,  m.  (also  cold  and  winter)  :  larza  (also  trembling). 

Aide-de-Camp,  musahib  (lit.  a  companion  to  a  great  person). 

Ail,  to,  unih  bad  maza  hai  or  tabVat  bad-maza  hai  :  bad-mazagi,  subs. 

Aim,  shist  or  nishdn  bdndhnd  :  vide  Object. 

Air,  hawd,  f.  ;  vide  Fume  :  JchiydU  pild,o  pakdnd  to  build  castles  in  the  air. 

Air,  to,  haivd  khildnd  ;  dhup  dhikhdnd  :  hawd  khdnd  to  take  the  air  :  apne 
ko  dur  kMnchtd  hai  (he  gives  himself  airs  ;  but  — apne  ko  dur  rakhnd 
he  holds  himself  aloof). 

Airy,  hawd-ddr. 

Alarm,  dac^dagha  (fear  combined  with  doubt) :  shor  machdnd  to  give  the 
alarm;  lit.  to  make  a  noise);  halld  k.  (also  =  to  create  an  uproar) : 
hall^  (jhulld  machdnd,  lit.  to  sound  the  alarm. 

Alarming,  dardond  (of  appearance)  :  loahshai-ndk  (of  news). 

Alarum,  jagauni  ( clock). 

Alert,  hoshydr  (also  =  sober,  not  drunk;  in  one's  proper  senses,  after  a 
faint;  clever,  i.e.,  full  of  hosh  or  senses);  chaukas ;  chaukanrid  {lit. 
four-eared) :  beddr  macjhz  (of  Governors  or  Officers,  etc.) ;  vide  Shout. 

Alienate,  judd  karnd  :  dil  ko  judd  k.  ( the  affections  of). 

Alight  at, — far  utarnd,  but  jagah  men  utarnd. 

Alike,  ek  tarah  kd  :  yak-sdn  (much  alike) :  bil-kvM  yaksdn  (identical) :  unkx 
shaklen  miltt  julti  hain  (or  ek  dusrt  se  rniUl  hain). 

Alive,  jitd  ;  zlnda ;  jitd  jdgtd  alive  and  kicking. 

All,  sab  ;  sab  ke  sab  one  and  all:  sdrd,  adj.  :  mutlaq — na  (not  at  all)  : 
kuchh  bhi  nahin  nothing  at  all :  jo  kuchh  mujh  se  ho-saktd  hai  yih  hai 
ki — all  that  I  can  do  for  you  is' . 

Allay,  dur  karnd  (of  grief)  :  bujhdnd  (of  thirst ;  lit.  extinguish)  :  vide  Alle- 
viate. 

Alleviate,  vide  Lessen. 

Alliance,  dosti  :  'ahd  o  paimdn. 

Alligator,  magar,  m.  (snub-nosed)  ;  ghafiydl  (long-nosed  crocodile). 

Allow,  dend  (preceded  by  a  verb  in  the  infinitive)  ;  ijdzat   dend  to  give 

permission :  vide  Admit. 
Allowable,  jd,iz. 
Allowance,   bhattd,  m.   traveUing  allowance   (from  bhdt,   m.  boiled  rice)  : 

kharch  :  jeb-kharch  (pocket-money)  :  — kd  lihaz  karnd   to  make  allow 

ances  for  : 
Allude,  ishdra  karnd  :  uskd  ishdra  meri  taraf  thd  he  alluded  to  me  :  is  lafs 

se  uskd  matlab  bdwarcht  thd  by  this  term  he  meant  the  cook. 

Almanack,  jantn,  f. 


ALM  6  AMO 

Almond,  bdddm:  bdddmi,  adj.  almond-coloured,  i.e.,  tan;  also  almond- 
shaped. 

Almost,  qanb  qarib. 

Alms,  khairat,  f.,  sing,  (Muslim) :  dan,  f.  or  dan-pun,  m.  (Hindu). 

Alone,  akela;  ianhd ;  tan-i-tanhd  all  alone;  \ta.n  P.  =  body]  ;  chhornd  or 
—  se  hath  uthdnd  to  let  alone. 

Along-sided,  — ke  baghal  men  ;  — ke  pahlu  men. 

Aloud,  zor  se  :  unchi  dwdz  se  ;  chilld-kar  having  cried  out. 

150  Alphabet,  alif  be,  f. 

Alter,  badalnd ;  tabdil  karnd ;  badal  sadal,  k.  (where  there  is  a  question  of 
several  changes) ;  vide  Correct. 

Altercation,  takrdr,  f.  (k,) ;  jhagrd,  m.  {k.)  :  gdli  galauj,  f.  (k.)  interchange 
of  filthy  abuse,  mutual  abuse. 

Alternate,     )  ^-^-  ^-^-  ^^  ^^  turns  :  ek  din  chhorke  on  alternate  days. 

Alternative,  chdra,  m.  remedy  :  tadblr,  f.  plan. 

Although,  agarchi :  itnd  bard  admi  ho-kar  wuh  c^harur  nahln  kartd  although 
he  is  such  a  great  man,  he  shows  no  pride. 

Altitude,  vide  Height. 

Altogether,  sab  milke  all  combining  together :  sdre  kd  sdrd  hhardb  it  is 
altogether  bad  :  umh  purd  bad-ma' ash  hai. 

Alum,  phitkiri,  f. 

Amass,  vide  Collect. 

Amateur,  wuh  shauqlya  gdtd  hai,  he  is  an  amateur  singer. 

Amazed,  dang  (k.).  (astounded) ;  hakka  bakka  (confounded,  surprised). 

Amazement,  hairdni  bewilderment ;  being  confounded  or  perplexed. 

Ambassador,  elchl. 

Ambiguous,  muhham  :  pechida  confused,  entangled  :  do-ma' nq,  vulg.  (with 
two  meanings). 

Ambition,  hausala,  m.  (lit.  crop)  ;  himmat,  f.  (also  =  courage  and  persever- 
ance). 

Ambitious,  'all  himmat;  'dli  hausala;  hausalamand  (of  noble  ambition): 
vide  Courage  :  dunyd-talab  (ambitious  in  a  bad  sense). 

Amble,  ruhMl  or  rahwdr  chalnd  (of  an  easy  artificial  amble). 

Ambuscade,  kisl  kl  ghdt  m£,n  baithnd  or  rahnd :  ghat  or  kamin-gdh,  f. 
(place ). 

Ameliorate,  — H  hdlat  bihtar  karnd  :  chdra-sdzz,  k.  (also  to  cure). 

Amend,  sudhdrnd  ;  hdlat  ko  sudhdrnd  (to  mend  one's  ways). 

Amends,  badld  {d.)  '  vide  '  Revenge  :  mukdfdt  {k). 

Amiable  khush-mizdj. 

Amicable,  dostdna,  adj.  and  adv. 

Amidst,  — ke  bich  [men)  :  — ke  dar  miydn. 

Ammunition,  goli  bdrut,  m. 

Amnesty,  'dmm  mu'dfi,  (general  pardon). 

Among,  vide  Amidst. 


AMO  7  ANT 

Amount,  pahuhchnd  (to  amount  to)  :  mahla<jh.  (sum). 

Amputate,  kdtna  ;  kdt-ddlnd :  qalam  karnd  to  sever  at  one  blow. 

Amulet,  ta'mz,  m. 

Amuse,  dil  hnhldnd  amuse  oneself ;   but   kisi  kd  dil  bahldnd  to  amuse 
another. 

Amusement,  tamdshd,  m.  ;  ^Au^^ occupation  ;  inashtjjiidiyat  Aitto  :  diUlagl 
ki  bat  (also  joke). 

Amusing,  maza-ddr  (of  people  or  books  ;  lit.  '  tasty,'  of  food). 

Anarchy,  andher,  f,  {machi  hu,i  hai). 

Ancestors,  hap  ddde,  pi. 

Ancestry,  na^l,  f. ;  khdnddn. 

Anchor,  laiigar  (ddlnd  and  uthdnd). 

Anchorage,  langar-gah,  f. 

Ancient,  qadim  :  ogle  zamdne  ke  log  the  ancients. 

Anecdote,  vide  Story. 

Angel,  firishta. 

Angelic,  firishta-sifat  (in  disposition)  :  firishta  -kd  sd  (angel-like,  might 
refer  to  appearance). 

Anger,  (jhuasa  {k.  and  h.),  subs,  and  adj. ;  khafd  (k.  and  h.)  :  Jdiafgx,  f. 
Angle,  koTM,  ra.  corner. 
Angry,  vide  Anger. 
Animal,  jdmvar ;  haiwdn. 
Animosity,  kina. 
Ankle,  takhna,  m. 

Annihilate,  nest  o  nd-bud  karnd  ;  '  vide  '  Exterminate. 
Anniversary,  sdl-girah,  f.  (also  birthday). 
Announce,  khabar  dend  :  vide  Cry. 

Announcement,  ittild,  f.  (d.)  inform:  wc^e  Advertisement :  i'ldn,  m.  (public). 
Annoy,  diqq  karnd  :  saidnid  {lit.  to  oppress) :  bigarnd  to  be  annoyed  (also  to 
go  bad,  be  spoilt)  :  vide  Tease. 

Annual,  sdldna. 

Anoint,  chuparnd  grease.  200 

Anonymous,  gum-ndm. 

Another,  ek  aur ;  dmrd  a  second  :  pardyd,  adj.  another's,  not  one's  own 
property. 

Answer,  jawdb  dend  (also  =  to  dismiss  a  servant)  :  is  se  merd  kdm  chalegd 
this  will  answer  my  purpose  :  vide  Curt. 

Ant,  chuntl,  f.  (small)  :  chuntd,  m.  (large) :  dxmak,  f.  (white-ant). 

Antagonist,  /o/"  (in  wrestling)  :  vide  Adversary. 

Antagonism,  mukhdlafat. 

Antelope,  haran  or  hiran,  m.,  and  ?iarn%,  f.,  the  Indian  Antelope  or  Black- 
buck. 

Antecedents,  qahl  kd  hdl. 


ANX  8  ARM 

Anxiety,  \andesha,  m. ;  fikr,  f.  anxious  thought :    soch,  f.  ditto. :  fikr- 
Anxious,  J      mand  anxious. 

Any,  kisi  na  kisl  tarah  anyhow  :  kahln  anywhere  :  [kahin — na  nowhere]. 

Apart,  jvdd  ;  alag  ;  'alqhida. 

Aperient,  jullab. 

Apologize,  mu^dfi  mdngnd  or  chdhnd. 

Apology,  'uzr,  m.  (k). 

Apparatus,  sdmdn. 

A  ti      r.?^^*V  (also  clear);  zaMr-an  or  eieMwewew  (apparently). 

Appeal,  '  a'pil '  karnd,  leg. :  main  dp  kl  duhd,%  detd  hun  I  appeal  to  you. 

Appear,  maHum  hond  ;  zdhir  hoim  ;   dikha,%  dend  :  vakil  hond  to  appear 
for . 

Appearance,  sural,  f.  ;  shakl,  f.  form,  shape  :  vide  Face, 

Appease,  thandd  karnd  ;  mandnd  (anger). 

Appellant,  vide  Plaintiff. 

Appertain,  — se  'ildqa  or  ta'allvq  rakhnd. 

Appetite,  bhukh,  f.  hunger  :  ishtihd,  f. 

Apple,  seb  :  sharifa  or  sitd-phal  (custard- apple). 

Applicant,  darkhivdst-kame-wdld  :  '  vide  '  Candidate. 

Appoint,  muqarrar  karnd  ;  thahrdnd. 

Appointment,  naukarl :  'uhda,  m.  rank. 

Apprehend,  girifldr  karnd  ;  pakarnd  ;  vide  Arrest ;  giriftdri,  subs. 

Apprentice,  shdgrid  (also  =  pupil). 

Appropriate,   to,  apndnd  to  make  one's  own  :  makhsus  karnd  to  make 
special ;  vide  Fitting,  Right. 

Apricot,  zarddlu,  m.  (acid)  :   khuhdnl,  f.  (fresh  or  dried  ;  sweet). 

Aptitude,  mundsabat,  f. ,  facility. 

Aqueduct,  kdrez,  P.,  f.  (under-ground ;  perhaps  peculiar  to  the  North). 

Arabic,  'Arabi  or  'Arabi  zabdn. 

Arbiter,         '\sdlis    (Ar.,  lil.    "third"):  panch,   m.,  gen.,  vide  Umpire: 
Arbitration,  J      sa^is*  (^.)  arbitration. 

Arch,  mihrdb,  f.  ;  mihrdb-ddr ,  adj.  arched.  ' 

Arena,  akhdrd,  m.  (sp.  for  wrestling). 

Argue,  bahs,  f.  {k.)  :  dalil,  f.  (lil.  proof)  (k.)  (but  dalil  land  to  cite  a  proof) 

Arid,  be-db. 

Arise,  uthnd  (to  get  up) :  paidd  hond  ( — happen,  etc.). 

Arithmetic,  hisdb. 

Arm,  bdzu   (prop,   upper  arm):  hdth  hand,  fore-arm;  fore-leg  in  horses  : 
shdhh  (of  river;  lit.  branch). 

Armed,  hathydr-band  (k.) :  musallah  (k.). 

Arms,  hathydr ;  asliha. 

Armistice,  vide  Respite. 


ARM  0  ASP 

Armourer,  sildh-gar  (who  makes  weapons)  :  saiqalgar  (polisher). 

Armoury,  silah-khana. 

Arm-pit,  ba^fAal,  m.  the  oxter  {also  side,  half  of  the  breast  of  a  bird). 

Army,  fauj,  f.  ;  Ioshkar,  m. 

Around,  — ke  gird  :  charon  taraf,  or  gird-d-gird,  or  ird-gird  (all  around). 

Arouse,  jagdna  ;  uthdnd  to  make  to  get  up  :  vide  Awake ;  chamkdnd  arouse 
with  suddenness. 

Arrange,  thik  thdk  karnd  ;  durust  kamd  (also  to'  mend)  :  sajdnd  to  put  in    260 
proper  order,  arrange  things  (as  a  room  or  table). 

Arrangement,  band  o  bast,  m.  (k.)  ;  intizdm,  m.  (k.)  to  plan,  q.v.;  in'cte  also 

Administration. 
Arrears,  bdqi,  m. ;  charhd  hu,d  rupiya. 
Arrest,  to,  nazar  band,  k.  (open   arrest,    mil.;  also   of   a  State  prisoner): 

vide  Apprehend ;  nazar-bdndt,  subs. 

Arrival,  dmad,  f. 

Arrive,  d-pahunchnd  :  tashrtf  Idnd  (for  big  people). 

Arrow,  tir  :  tir-partdb  the  distance  of  a  bowshot. 

Arsenal,  vide  Armoury. 

Arsenic,  sankhiyd,  f,  (white ). 

Art,  fann,  m.  (also  skill ;  also  sometimes  artifice,  trick) ;  hunar,  i.  (also 

skill). 
Artful,  chdliyd  ;  chdl-bdz  cunning  :  chdldk  :  makkdr. 
Artifice,  hila,  m. ;  chdl,  f. ;  vide  Trick. 
Artificer,  kdri-gar. 
Artificial,  bandwati : 
Artillery,  top-khdna,  m. 

Ascend,  i  ^^^^^^^  .  charhd.i  or  charhd,o,  m.  ascent. 
Ascent,  ) 

Ascertain,  ma'lum  karnd  :  tahqiq,  k.  investigate  ;  darydft  karnd  to  find  out 
(also  to  ask). 

>mansub  (karnd). 
Ashamed  (to  be),  sharminda  {hond)  :  *  vide^  Shy. 
Ashes,  rdkh,  f.  :  [rdkli-ddn  ash-tray]. 
Aside,  alag  apart :  ek  taraf  or  kindre :  apne  dp  se  or  dhista  (in   a  stage 

whisper). 
Ask,  puchhnd  (with  se  to  ask,  but  with  ko  to  ask  after  or  to  care  about)  : 

mdngnn  to  ask  for  :  sawdl  k.  (also  =  to  beg)  :  kisi  kd  hal  darydft  karnd 

(to  ask  after  a  person)  :  vide  Enquire  and  Question. 
Aslant,  tirchJm   (lit.  crooked):  drd,  adj.,   across,  crossways  :  dhdlu   (also 

sloping  ground,  subs.). 
Asleep,  ntnd  men  in  sleep :  soyd  hu,d  or  sotd  hu,d. 
Aspire,  drzu  {rakhnd)  .  hausala  k.  (in  a  high  sense;  vide  Ambition) 
Aspirant,  ummeduxir  :  '  vide  '  Candidate,  Applicant. 


Ascribe, 
Ascribed 


ASS  10  ATT 

Ass,  gadha,  m.  (also  a  fool)  ;  gadhi,  f.  :  gadha  bojh  (colloquial),  an  ass-load. 

Assailant,  us  ne  pahal  H  he  was  the  assailant,  the  first  to  attack  :    hamla- 
dwar,  adj.  attacking  or  charging. 

Assault,  vide  Attack  and  Attray  :  mdr-pit,  t  (in  law). 

Assemble,  jama'  k.  and  h.  :  ikatthd,  k.  and  h.  :  '  vide'  Collect. 

Assembly,  majUs,  f.  .•  shihli,  Eng.  (bajdnd)  mil. 

Assent,  hdn  karnd  :  '  vide  '  Agree. 

Assert,  zor  dekar  kahnd  ;  tdkid  karke  kahnd. 

Assess,  hand  o  hast,  k.  (of  land)  :  [hand  o  hast-wdld  assessor]. 

Assessment,  mdl-guzdri  (land  tax)  :  lagan,  m.  (of  land,  a  zamindari  term). 


ASduou;,}'^^^^'  ^- '  ^^^^•'  *dj- 


Assignation,  chon  chupe  kt  muldqdt  (any  secret  meeting). 

Assist,  kisl  ki  madad  karnd  or  kisl  ko  madad  dend  :  [madad-gdr  assistant]. 

Associate,  milnd-julnd  :  kisl  ke  sdth  uthnd  haiihnd  or  hond. 

Assure,  yaqin  dildnd.  y 

.         .  ,  .'        yta'ajjub  men  ddlnd ;  ta'ajjub  kt  bat  an  astonishing  matter. 

Astonished,  muta'ajjih:  hairdn  (bewildered). 

Astray,  rah  se  hhatak-jdnd. 

Astrologer,  nujumi :  jotishi. 

Asylum,  pandh  ki  jagah  (refuge)  :  pdgal-khdna  (lunatic ). 

Athlete,  pahlawdn  (in  wrestling  and  sword-stick,  etc.):  kasratlya,  gen. 

Atom,  zarra,  m. 

Atone,  kaffdra,  m.  (d.) 

Attachment,  vide  Affection. 

Attack,  hamla,  m.   (k.) ;  charhd,i,  f.  {k.)  :    shah-khun,  m.    [k.)    (a   night- 
attack,  i.e.,  ni^t- slaughter) :  vide  Raid. 

Attainable,  muyassar. 

Attainment,  husul,  m.  (in  intr.  sense,  the  being  obtained)  and  tahsll,  f.  (in 
tr.  sense,  the  obtaining). 

300  Attempt,  qasd,  m.  {k.)  (also  intention)  :  koshish,  f.  (k.)  (to  try  to ). 

Attend,  — ko  dil  dend  ;  — ko  kdn  dharnd  :  — taraf  tawajjuh  k.  (people  or 
things) :  khidmat,  k.  ( upon) ;  — ki  hlmdr-ddri,  k.  (on  a  sick  person). 

Attendance,  lidziri  (being  present ;  at  school,  etc.)  :  khidmat,  f.  service. 

Attendant,  khidmatgdr  ;  naukar-chdkar  attendants. 

Attention,  dhiydn,  m.  ;  tawajjuh,  f . :  lihdz,  m. 

Attentive,  mutawajjih  :  yih  naukar  ji  se  kdm  kartd  hai  (attentive,  of  a  ser- 
vant). 

Attest,  qawdhi  dend  ;  sachdnd. 

Attract,  khinchnd :  or  — ko  kashish  k. 

Attraction,  kashish,  f.  (physical)  :  dil-kashi  or  luhhd,o  (charm). 

Attribute,  to,  vide  Ascribe 


AUC  11  BAF 

Auction,  nilnm,  m.  {k.)  :  [boH  bolnd  bid  at  an  auction]. 

Audience,  majlis-itxile,  tarmaha-hin,  etc.  ;  no  general  term,  except  hds^irin  : 

Audit,  hisdb  jdnchnd. 

Auspicious,  mubdrak. 

Author,  mmannif  (of  book)  :  bdni  (founder). 

Authoritative,  hdkirmna  (of  tone  of  voice). 

Authorise,  mukhtdr  kamd  :  ikhtiydr  dend. 

Authority,  sanad,  f. :  mde  Order  or  Power. 

Avarice, 
Avaricious, 


>hirs'  f. :  harts,  adj. 
5,  J-     •'  •' 


Avaunt,  dur  ho  ! 

Avenge,  vide  Revenge. 

Average,  aitsat,  subs,  and  adj.  {lit.  adj.  middle) ;  ausat  darje  kd,  or  bxch  kd 

(moderate)  :  ausat  nikdlnd  (to  strike  an  average). 
Avert,  tdlnd  ;  roknd  ;  dafa'-dafa'kamd  (repulse,  before  or  after  occurrence). 
Avidity,  shauq  (desire,  eagerness)  :  ji  (mind). 

Avoid,  pnrhez  kamd  (of  things)  ;  muldqdt  se,  etc.,  parhez  karnd  (of  people) : 
kindra  k.  (people  or  things)  :  katrd-jdnd  (to  avoid  meeting  by  turning 
aside,  etc.)  :  dnd-kdni  kamd  to  cut,  to  pretend  not  to  see. 

Avow,  sdf  iqrdr  karnd ;  danke  ki  chot  iqrdr  karnd  {lit.  avow  by  beat  of 
drum). 

Await,  vide  Wait. 

Awake,  beddr,  adj.  {k.  and  h.) :  vide  Arouse. 

Aware,  — se  dgdh,  or  lodqif,  hond. 

Awe,  ru'b,  m.  ;  haibat,  f.  •  vide  Fear. 

Awful,  haibat-ndk. 

Awkward,  bhaddd  (in  shape,  slow  and   awkward  in   movement) :   andri 

(half-taught). 
Awning,  chdndni  for  bed  in  summer:  sd^e-bdn,  m.  :  shdmydna  (very  large 

and  on  poles). 

Axe,  kulhdri. 
Azure,  nsmdni. 

B 

Babe,  shlr-khwdra  bachcha. 

Bachelor,  bin-biydhd  ;  kunwdrd ;  muflis. 

Back,  jnih  f .  ;  pith  phernd  to  turn  the  back :  mere  ptchhe  behind  my  back  : 

wnpas,  adv. 
Ba-ckhite,  g^ibat  karnd  :  'vide'  Tales. 

Bad,  burd  ;  khardb  ;  bad  :  subs,  are  burd,i,  khardbi,  and  badi. 
Badge,  nishdn  and  'cddmat  (gen.),  sign,  mark,  indication:  billd  mil.  :  chap- 

rds  (for  a  chaprdsi). 
Baffle,  vide  Bewilder. 


BAG  12  BAR 

Bag,  thaila,  m.  (large) ;  thaill,  f .  (small)  :  '  vide '  Purse  and  Sack  and 
Knapsack. 

Baggage,  samdn,  m.  ;  asbdb,  m. ;  hdrbarddn  (of  troops). 

Bail,  zamdnat,  f.  (security  of  any  kind) ;  zamdnat  par  chhomd  (to  release 
on  bail ;  personal  or  otherwise) :  zdmin  the  person  who  goes  bail  or 
stands  security. 

Bait,  ddna,  m.  {lit.  grain  ;  for  a  snare)  :  chard  (for  fishing). 

Bake,  tanur  men  pakdnd  {lit.  to  cook  in  an  oven). 

Baker,  roti-wdld ;  ndn-hd,t. 

Balance,  vide  Scales :  baqiya,  m.  (of  account;  lit.  remainder)  :  wazn  bardbar 
rakhnd  (in  scale  or  on  a  tight- rope) :  tul-baithnd,  intr.  (in  a  carriage 
or  a  kajdwa)  :  ghabrdnd,  or  apne  ko  na-sambhdl  saknd  to  lose  one's 
balance. 

Balcony,  bdld-khdna. 

Bald,  chandld^  i.e.,  having  no  hair  on  the  cMwrft  or  crown  of  the  head;' 
ganjd  (from  disease  scald-headed) :  phlkd  {lit.  insipid ;  of  literary 
style). 

Ball,  gold,  m.  (large)  ;  goU^  f.  (small;  also  a  pill):  gend,  f. 
Bamboo,  bdns,  m.  :  bambu  (gen.  opium  pipe ;  also  penis). 
Banana,  kelu,  m. 

Band,  baind-bdjd  (of  music)  :  toll ;  guroh^  m.  :  jamd'at,  f.  (of  people). 
Bandage,  pattt,  f. 

Bandolier,  partald  (now  also  a  Sam  Browne  belt,  or  a  sword-belt  with  a 
shoulder-strap). 

Bandy-legged,  kamdn-pd. 

Bangle,  churi,  i.  (a  thin  bangle). 

Banish,  des-nikdld  karnd  ;  or  jald  watan  karnd  (from  country) :  vide  Exile 
and  Deport :  subs,  and  adj.  des-nikdld,  and  subs,  jald-watant. 

Bank,  kindra,  m.  (of  river;  also  edge  of  lake,  or  fountain,  etc. ;  also  edge, 
border)  :  bank-ghar,  Eur. 

Banker,  sdhukdr  or  mahdjan  (Hindu):  sarrdf  ("shroff";  prop,  money- 
changer) :  bank-wdld  (European). 

Banknote,  not,  m. ;  lot,  vulg. 

Bankrupt,  ")  diwdliyd,  adj. :  diwdld  nikdlnd  ;  or  tdt  ulatnd  (to  go  bank- 
Bankruptcy,  )  rupt ;  to  close  the  business  :  shopmen  sit  on  a  tdt). 

Banner,  vide  Flag. 

Banquet,  ziydjat  (k.) ;  da'wat  {k.  or  d.)  (any  invitation). 

Banyan-tree,  bar  or  bar,  m. 

Bar,  berd  (goes  right  across  the  door  ;  also  =  a  raft) :  billi  or  killi,  i.  (a  small 
bar  in  the  centre  of  door  ;  also  a  ' '  button  "  on  a  small  door) . 

Barbarian,  mleksha,  vulg.  malechh  (by  Hindus  ;  originally  meant  those 
that  did  not  know  Sanskrit ;  now  =  unclean)  :  wahshl ;  jangli. 

Barbarity,  jangli-pan  :  vide  Cruelty. 

Barber,  nd,i  (Hindu) ;  khaltfa  (Mushm) :  hajjdm  gen. 

1  Indians  say  that  being  chandXa  is  a  sign  that  a  man  is  igbial-mcmd. 


BAR  13  BAZ 

Bare,  nahga,  naked  :  barahna,  ditto. 

Barely,  ha-mushkil :  main  gkar  se  hahar  niknlne  mt-paya  tha  ki — (  =  I  had 
not  quite  got  out  of  the  house  when — ;  but  mera  bdhar  qadam  rakhnd 
hi  tha  =  l  had  just  got  out  when  — . 

Bargain,  saiidd,  ra.  (k.)  (buying,  marketing) :  saudd  chuk-gayd  (the  bargain 
was  closed)  :  kauriyon  ke  mol,  adv.  (to  get  as  a  bargain,  i.e.,  dirt- 
clieap)  :  ghatd,o  barhd,o  karnd  (to  bargain  ;  not  in  a  bad  sense  as  to 
haggle,  q.v.) 

Bark,  chhdl,  f.  (of  tree):  hhaunknd  (to — ;  of  dogs). 

Barley,  jau,  m.,  sing. 

Barracks,  bdrik,  f.,  Eur, 

Barrel,  nali  or  ndVi,  f.  (of  gun;  also  =  a  drain ;  nali  also  a  marrow  bone  and 
spec,  the  cannon-bone  of  horses)  :  fipd  (cask). 

Barren,  be-phal  (of  trees)  :  bdnjh  (of  woman)  :  bahld  (of  animals)  :  iisar  or 
banjar  (of  land). 

Barricade,  rok,  i.  {lagdnd) :  kucha-bandi  karnd  (to  barricade  streets). 

Barrow,  theld  (any  push-cart  or  trolly). 

Barter,  adal  badal  karnd,  gen.,  (exchange). 

Base,  adj.,  kamina  (of  no  family,  etc.)  :  pdji  (in  character)  :  pdjiyflna  (of 
actions). 

Base,  subs.,  kursi  (of  pillar  ;  also  plinth  :  lit.  chair)  ;  vide  Foundation  and 
Founder. 

Bashful,  sharmild ;  sharmd,u. 

Basin,  bdsan,  m.  ;  bol,  m.,  Eur.  ;  lagany  m. 

Bask,  dhup  khdnd  (in  sun)  :  garmdnd,  gen. :  dg  tdpnd,  tr. 

Basket,  tokrd,  m.  (large)  ;  tokrt,  f.  (small). 

Bass,  bam. 

Bastard,  Jiardmrzdda. 

Bastion,  burj  (also  a  tower  or  turret). 

Bat,  chamgddaf,  etc.,  f. :  bddur  (flying-fox)  :  thdpi,  f.  (cricket-bat), 

Bath,  (jhiisl  kd  "  tap  "  :  hammJdm,  Turkish  bath. 

Bathroom,  g^usl-khdna. 

Bathe,  to,  (^usl  karnd  &nd  nakdnd  (int.  sense)  :  nahldnd,  tr.:  gJi.usl  dend 
(to  wash  corpses,  etc.);  vide  Ablutions. 

Battalion,  batdliyan,  f.  (Eur.) 

Battery,  bdtrx  (Art.) 

Battle,  lard, I ;  jang  :  jang  kd  maiddn^  battle-field. 

Bawdy-house,  chakld,  m. 

Bawl,  dapatnd,  intr.,  to  bawl  or  shout  at  a  person  (also  tr.,  to  gallop  a 

horse). 

Bay,  kumait  (of  horse) :  tdiyd  kumait  (dark  bay ;  as  though  it  had  oil 
rubbed  over  it). 

Bayonet,  [kisiko)  sangin,  f.  {mdrnd). 

Bazar,  bdzdr,  m. ;  Afff,  m. 


BE  14  BEG 

Be,  to,  hona  :  rahne  do  (let  it  be)  :  jane  do  (=  never  mind). 

Bead,  ddna  (of  rosary,  etc. ;  lit.  grain)  :  pot,  m.  (glass  bead) :  vide  to  Skewer. 

Beak,  chonch,  f.  (of  bird). 
400  Beam,  shahtir,  m.  (large):  balli,  f,  (small  cross  beams;  also  a  pole). 

Bean,  sem,  f. ;  lobiya,  m. ;  and  bdqild  (all  different  kinds). 

Bear,  bhdlu,^  m.  ;  richh,  m. 

Beard,  ddrhl,  f.  ;  risk,  f. 

Bearded,  ddrhl-wdld  or  darhiyal;  rlsh-ddr,  darhiydld  (contemp.,  of  a  hypo- 
crite Muslim). 

Beardless,  amrad  (young  and ). 

Beast,  jdnioar ;  haiwdn  (animal)  :  darinda  {lit.  tearing,  rending;  any  beast 
of  prey)  :  jangll  jdnwar  (any  wild  animal). 

Beat,  mdrnd  (also  =  to  kill) :  pitnd  :  herpher  kl  hdten  karnd,  to  beat  about 
the  bush  :  bajdnd  (beat  a  drum):  main  hdr-gayd —  V  va.  dead  beat,  I 
give  in. 

Beautiful,  hasln  (spec,  of  humans)  ;  khub-surat,  gen. ;  namkln,  good-looking; 
sdnwld  (good-looking  as  well  as  dark). 

Beauty,  husn,  m,  (spec,  of  humans  and  abstract  ideas) :  jamdl,  m.  (of  hu- 
mans but  derived  from  jamal,  a  camel) :  maldhat,  m.  (good-lookingness). 
Beckon,  hath  se  ishdra  karnd  or  ishdre  se  buldnd  :  '  vide '  Wink. 
Becoming,  zeb  dene-wdld  libds^  becoming  dress  :  vide  Suit. 

Bed,  palang,  m.,  or  chdr-pd,l,  i.,  bedstead:  bistar,  m.,  and  bichhdivan  or 
bichhaund,  m.,  bedding  (from  bichhdnd,  to  spread.) 

Bee,  shahd  kl  makkhi  or  madh-makkhi :  ndk  ki  sidh  men  (In  a  bee-line, 

following  one's  nose). 
Beef,  gd,e  kd  gosht :  "  bif'^  Eur. 
Beer,  "bir"  shardb,  f.  :  p^pd  "  6tr,"  f.,  draught  beer. 
Beetroot   chuqandar,  m. 
Before,  dge  (of  time  or  place):  sdmne,  in  front  of :  m^zkur,  mentioned, 

before-mentioned ,  above-mentioned. 
Beforehand,  pahle  se  ;  dge  se. 
Befriend, — kd  sdth  dend  (also  =  to  accompany). 

Beg,  bhikh  mdngnd;  sawdl  karnd  (also  =  to  ask)  :  hdth  pasdrnd  or  phaildnd 

{lit.  to  hold  out  the  hand  ;  i.e.,  beg  for  alms) :  vide  Entreat. 
Beggar,  bhikh-mangd,  gen. ;  bhikdri,  gen.  :  faqir  {lit.  poor). 
Beggary,  muflisi  {men  parnd) :  kangdll  {us  par  a,?). 

Begin,  lagnd  (preceded  by  inflec.  infin.  =to  begin  and  to  continue) :  shuru* 
shuru' karnd  (preceded  by  uninflected  Infinitive,  to  begin  only  ;  em- 
phasizes the  commencement  of  an  act ;  vide  ' '  Hindustani  Stumbling- 
Blocks"). 

Beginning,  shuru*,  m.  :  ibtidd,  f. :  sird,  m.  (head,  end,  of  material  things). 
Beginner,  mubtadl ;  nau-sikh. 
Begone,  dur  ho  ! 

1  But,  halu,  f.,  sand. 


BEH  15  BIB 

Behalf,  rneri  taraf  or  rneri  zabnni  (from  or  on  behalf  of  me)  :  meri  khdtir  or 
mere  kagq  men  (for  me). 

Behave,  shayistaqx  se  rahna  (of  children)  :  vide  Treat. 

Behaviour,  dliang,  m.  ;  or  bartd,o,  m.  :  [chaUchalan,  character]. 

Behead,  kist  ka  sir  kntna  or  UYana  :  — H  gardan  mdrnd. 

Behind,  Behindhand,  plchhe  ;  ptth-pichhe :  phisaddt,  adv.  and  adj.  {lit.  the 
last  in  any  race  or  game) :  main  is  kam  wen  pichhwd-gayd,  T  am 
behind-hand  with  this. 

Belie,  jhuihldnd. 

Believe,  mdnnd  ;  bdtvur  karnd  :  Iman  Idnd  (of  convert  to  Islam) :  i'tigdd, 
m.  (relig.  opinion)  vide  Faith,  Trust,  Reliance,  Opinion ;  Jinnon  kn 
mu'taqid  nahin  hun,  I  don't  believe  in  Jinns. 

Bell,  ghantd,  m.  (large) ;  ghantl,  f .  (small). 

Belly,  pet,  m. ;  shikam,  m.  :   '  vide'  Womb  :  pei-bhar,  adv.,  belly-full. 

Beloved,  ma'shug:  ['dshig,  lover]. 

Below,  niche  (prep,  and  adv.) ;  tale  (prep.)  :  vide  Less. 

Belt,  peti:  partald,  m, ,  sword-belt  or  bandolier,  q.v.  :  datodl,  f. 

Bend,  jhuknd,  intr.,  and  jhukdnd,  tr.,  to  bend  down,  stoop,  etc.  :  mornd,  to 
give  a  turn  or  twist  to  :  vide  Crooked. 

Beneath,  vide  Below  :  wen  sha^n  ke  Id'iq  nahin  ki — ,  it's  beneath  my  dig- 
nity to — . 

Benefactor,  muhsin. 

Beneficent,  fayydz  {very  generous,  from  faiz,  munificence). 

Beneficial,  my, fid  :  sud-mand  ;  fd,ida-mand. 

Benefit,  to,  fd,ida  karnd  (of  medicine) :  fd,ida  pahunchdnd  (of  persons) : 

— se  fd,ida  uthdnd  (to  be  benefited  by)  :  vide  Favour. 
Benevolence,  khair-khwdhi  (also  loyalty). 
Benevolent,  vide  Benefactor. 

Benign,  mihrbdn  (gen.,  kind  ;  also  of  kings  =  benign). 
Benumbed,  sun  {k.  and  h.). 
Bequeath,  de-mumd  or  chhor-mamd. 
Beseech,  minnat  karnd ;  iltimds  karnd  ;  girgird-kar  mdngnd. 

Beside,   backed  {men) :  vide   Near  :  matlab   se  bdhar  hai,   this  is  beside  the    460 
question  :  dpe  se  bdhar  hond,  to  be  beside  oneself  (with  anger  or  joy). 

Besides,  is  ke  'aldtoa  added  to  this ;  is  ke  siiod,  except  this. 
Besiege,  ghernd  (to  surround) :  qil'a-band  karnd. 
Bespeak,  kah-rakhnd. 
Best,  achchhe  se  achchhd  ;  bhale  se  bhald. 

Between,  — ke  dar  miydn  or  — ke  bich  (wcw)  ("  between"  or  "  amongst"). 
Beverage,  -pine  ki  chiz. 

Bewilder,  ghabrdnd  ;  hairdn  karnd  (also  to  astound). 

Beyond,  — se  pare,  prep. :  parli  taraf,  adv.  and  prep.,  yih  men  tdqat  ae 
bdhar  hai,  this  is  beyond  my  power. 

Bible,  Taurdt  aur  Injil  '  vide '  Testament. 


BID  16  BLO 

Bid,  boll  bolna  (at  an  auction,  q.v.  ) :  vide  Invite  and  Order. 
Bigoted,  muta'asaib  :  ta'assub,  bigotry. 
Bill,  bil,  Eng.  ;  hisab :  '  vide  '  Beak. 

Bind,   bandhna  :  kasna,   to   tighten;  jild  bandhnd,  to  bind  books:    vide 
Compel. 

Binder,  jild-gar. 

Binoculars,  dur-bln,  gen.,  also  telescope  :  do-nali  or  do-ankhi,  adj.,  binocular. 

Bird,  chirya,  f.  (gen.  small)  [chirl  sparrow] :  panchhi  or  paranda  (prop,  any 
flying  animal). 

Birth,  paidd,ish,  f.  ;  janam,  i.,  Hindi. 

Birthday,  janam-din,  m.,  H. ;  sdl-girah,  f.,  P. 

Biscuit,  biskut,  m. :  '  vide  '  Brittle. 

Bison,  amd. 

Bit,  dahdna,  m.  (curb)  :  qaza^'l,  f.  (snaffle) :  vide  Morsel,  Piece. 

Bitch,  kuttl ;  kutyd. 

Bite,  kdtnd  or  kdi-khdnd  (of  animals) ;  ddnt  kdtnd  (of  men). 

Biter,  kattar  (of  horse,  or  any  animal  except  dogs,  and  met.  of   man)  : 
munh  mdrtd  or  chaldtd  hai  (of  horses). 

|t  er,  ka/rwd  ;  tcUkh:  subs.,  karwd-pan,  m.,  and  talkhi,  f. 

Bitterly,  jalkar  kahnd,  to  speak  bitterly. 

Black,  kdld  (k.);  or  siydh  (k.)  ;  kdld  sti/aA  =  jet-black:  kdld-sd,  blackish. 

Blackguard,  bad-mu'dsh ;  luchckd ;  shuhdd. 

Blacking,  jutl  ki  siydhl  (si«/aAt  =  blackness,  ink,  and  blacking). 

Blacksmith,  lohdr. 

Bladder,   phoknd   (of   animals   only)  :    masdna,   gen.,    med.  :  zahra,  gall- 
bladder. 

Blame,   ilzdm  lagdnd  :   uskd  qusur  hai  or  vmh  qusur-wdr  hai,   he  is  to 
blame  :  vide  Reproach. 

Blameless,  be-qusur  or  be-khatd  (without  fault). 

Blanket,  kammal  (gen.  coarse) :  lo,i  (fine). 

Blarney,  chikni  chupfi  bdten  (k.) :  lallo  patto  karnd. 

Blaze,  dg  kd  bharaknd. 

Bleak,  be-dr  (exposed). 

Blemish,  'aib  :  ddgh  (also  =  spot,  scar,  etc.). 

Blessing,  du'd,  f .  (dend)  ;  [du'd  karnd  or  mdngnd,  is  to  pray,  or  pray  for,  in 

the  Christian  sense  ;  the  Muslim  namdz  being  a  kind  of  Liturgy]. 
Blind,  andhd,  gen.  :  kdnd,  of  one  eye  :  'aql  kd  andhd  (intellectually  — ). 
Blister,  chhdld ;  ( — par-jdnd  or — uthnd)'. 

Blood,  loha,  m.  :  khun,  m.  :  achchi  nasi  kd  or  asll  ghord  (a  blood  horse). 
Blood-thirsty,  khun  kd  piydsd. 
Bloody,  lohu-lohdn,  blood-stained. 
Blooming,  phald  phiild  (and  met.  prosperous). 


BLO  17  BOR 

Blossom,  kali  or  ahigufa  (bud)  :  phul  or  khila  hu,a  phul  (open  blossom)  ; 
maur,  mango-blossom. 

Blot,  dag/t,  any  spot  or  blemish  :  dhabba  (wet  blot)  :  vide  Disgrace  and 
Erase. 

Blow,  chot,  f.  (lagana)  and  zarb,  f,  (Icufand)  gen. :  war,  f.  (cut  of  sword,  or 
blow  or  point  of  any  weapon). 

Blow,  to,  phuiikna  (witli  mouth)  :  bajana  (mus.  instrument)  :  chalna  or 
bahna,  intr.  (of  wind)  and  ura-lejdna,  tr.,  to  blow  away. 

Blue,  nild  (dark-blue) :  dsmdni  rang  (sky-blue)  :  dbi,  light-blue  ;  firoza^i,    600 
turquoise  blue. 

Blue-bottle,  niakkhd. 

Blunt,  kund. 

Blurt  out,  kah-baithnd  (inadvertently ;  of  a  secret). 

Board,  takhta,  m.  (large) ;  takhti,  f.  (small). 

Boast,  to,  shekht  mdrnd  ;  ding  k.  or  m. 

Boat,  kishti  and  nd,o,  I.,  gen.  ;  dengi,  open  row-boat. 

Boatman,  mdnjhi  (spec.  Hindu;  a  caste)  :  malldk  (Muslim). 

Body,  badan,  m.  (spec,  those  parts  that  in  decency  should  be  covered) : 
tan  ;  jism. 

Bogey,  hawivd,  f. ;  bu,i  ;  bichd  (to  frighten  children). 

Boil,  phord  :  hdUtor  (produced  by  the  breaking  of  a  hair) :  vide  Band  and 

Corpse. 
Boil,  to,  ubalnd,  intr.,  and  ubdlnd,  tr. ;  josh  khdnd,  intr.,  and  josh  dend,  tr. 
Boiling,  phutd  or  khaultd  pdni,  boiling  water. 
Bold,  diler  ;  '  vido'  Brave,  Dare,  Impudent. 
Bolt,  chitkani  (lagdnd)  (of  door) :  vide  Bar. 
Bombshell,  bam  kd  gold. 

Bombardment,  top-anddzi  or  gol-anddzi  karnd. 
Bond,  tamassuk  (spec,  of  money)  :  iqrdr-ndma  (of  agreement). 
Bondage,  vide  Slavery  ;  Imprisonment,  etc. 
Bone,  h^iddi  :  jhagre  ki  jar  ( =  bone  of  contention). 
Boneless,  niJiaddd  (of  meat). 

Book,  kitdb,  f.  ; — ndma  (in  comp.) :  bahi,  any  register:  kitdb  kt  almdri, 
book-case:  vide  Binder.*  A;m<%6- /aro*^,  book-seller. 

Bookworm,  kitdb  kd  klrd  (lit.  and  met.):  machhli  (the  '  fish-insect  '). 

Boot,  jiUd,  gen,:  but,  m.  (pahinnd)  (Eng.  pattern);  moza,  m.  (charhdnd) 
{\on%  boots  or  stockings). 

Booty,  lut  kd  mdl. 

Border,  vide  Edge,  Boundary  and  Skirt. 

Bore,  surdkh  karnd ;  chhednd ;  barmdnd  (with  a  barmd  or  auger) :  ma^z 
(or  sar)  khdnd  (to  weary  or  bore  to  death). 

Born,  paidd  hand,  to  be  born  :  mdn-pet  kd  andhd,  born  blind  :  in  com- 
pounds — zdda,  "  born,"  past  partic.  of  the  Persian  verb). 

3 


BOR  18  BRE 

Borrow,  udhar  or  qarz  lend  (with  dend  =  to  lend)  (of  money  only)  :  'driyat 
lend  (of  things  for  use) ;  mangm  lend. 

Bosom,  vide  Breast :  pet  ki  hdten,  bosom  secrets  :  dill  dost  (sincere  friend) ; 
ddnt  hdti  rotl-khdne-wdld  dost  (bosom  friend). 

Both,  donon;  har  do  :  '  vide'  Also. 

Bottle,  botat,  f . ;  shlsha,  m.  :  pakaure  si  ndk-wdld,  bottle-nosed  {lit.  with  a 
nose  like  a  pakaufd  or  a  kind  of  small  pease  pudding). 

Bottom,   tah,   f.    (of  well,  river,   etc.);    chutar,  f.,  (fundament):   pendi, 

bottom  or  underside  of  anything,  and  slang  the  fundament). 

Bottomless,  be  thdh. 

Bountiful,  daryd-dil,  and  fayydz. 

Bounty,  fazl  or  karam,  m.  (of  God) :  daryd-dill  or  fayydzi  (of  men). 

Bow,  kamdn  (for  arrows)  :  kamdncha  (for  violins)  ;  gJiulel,  a  pellet  bow : 

vide  Salute. 
Bowels,  dnten,  f.  pi. ;  antriydn,  f.  pi.  (guts,  entrails). 

Bowl,  piydla  (also  =  cup):  bol,  m.  Eng.  :  gend  lurhkdnd  (with  a  ball  along 
the  ground  ;  lit.  to  make  the  ball  roll) ;  hut  gend  mdrnd  or  phenknd 
(bowl  at  cricket). 

Bowstring,  vide  Cat-gut. 

Box,  petl  or  sanduq  (large  ;  spec,  wooden  chest) :  sanduqcha  (smaller ;  also 
=  desk)  :  sanduqcM  (still  smaller;  a  wooden  casket)  :  dihiyd,  f.  (very 
small,  as  snuff  box,  etc.). 

Box,  ghunsd-bdzl  karnd  :  ghunsd-bdz,  boxer. 

Boy,   larkd :   chhokrd  (=  a  mere  boy):    laundd  (contemptuous  as  bdzdr 

laundd  '*  bazaar  brat ' '). 
Boyish,  larkon  kd  sd  mizdj  (in  a  good  sense). 
Braces,  gdlis,  f.  (Scotch  "  gallowses"). 
Brackish,  kfidri-sd  (of  water)  :  khdrl-pan,  subs. 

Brain,  bhejd,  m. ;  maghz,  m. ;  sir  kd  gud  :  dimdgJ^,  m.  (also  understanding 
q.v.)  :  Idthl  mdr  mdr-kar  uskd  bhejd  nikdld  (I  brained  him  with  my 
Idthx). 

Bran,  chokar,  m.  (of  wheat)  :  bhusi  (of  other  grain) :  [bhUsd  chopped 
straw]. 

Branch,  shdhh  (of  tree,  river,  railway):  tahni,  f.  (twig). 

Brand,  ddgh  Idgdnd  (with  hot  iron) ,"  dhabbd  lagdnd  (with  something  wet ; 
vide  Blot) :  ndm  men  ddgh  or  dhabbd  lagayd  (of  stigma). 

Brandy,  brdndi,  Eng. 

Brass,  pital,  m. 

Brave,  bahddur :  diler  (bold):  jawdn-mard  [aX^o  gQUQvons) :  sher-mard  and 
sher-dil  (  =  lion-hearted). 

550  Breach,  rakhna  (k.)  mil. :  sendh,  d.  (of  thieves). 

Bread,  roti,  gen.:  dabcd  roti,  English  bread  only:  ek  roti,  one  loaf:  {roti 
also  =  food  in  general) :  rozl,  daily  bread  (from  God). 

Breadth,  chaurd,% :  pdt  (spec,  of  river) ;  'arz  (spec,  of  cloth). 

Break,  tornd  (to  snap) :  phornd  (break  a  hole)  :  tor  tar  k.  (of  many  things) : 
tor  phor  k.   (ditto,   but  varied  kinds  of  breaking):    chaknd  churk. 


BRE  19  BRO 

(break  into  bits) :  phutnd  (to  break  forth,  to  burst)  :  sendh  d.  (of 
thieves,  vide  Breach)  :  takkar  khdna  (break,  dash  against ;  of  waves) 
nikalnd  (to  break  in  a  horse,  educate  it)  :  roza  kholnd  (to  break  one's 
relig.  fast  properly  ;  but  roza  tornd,  to  break  it  improperly)  :  qavX  at 
phimd  (or  mulcamd,  to  deny)  to  break  a  promise  ;  hdr-jdnd  (break 
down)  :  torke  kholnd  (break  open)  :  hdth  churdkar  bhdgnd  (break  away, 
as  a  thief)  :  kisi  se  'ddat  churdnd  (to  break  a  person  of  a  habit)  ;  haiod 
chhornd  (to  break  wind,  accidentally  or  otherwise). 

Breakfast,  hdziri  or  din  kd  khdnd  ;  [rdt  kd  khdnd  =  dinner] :  chhoti  hd^iri, 
liglit  breakfast  at  sunrise. 

Breast,  pistdn  or  chhdtl  or  sind  (of  woman)  ;  vide  Chest :  sina  (of  bird). 

Breastplate,  sina-band,  of  horse. 

Breastwork,  sangar,  m.  (of  loose  stones). 

Breath,   )  dam,  m. ;  sdha,  m.  and  f. :  {adna  lend,  to  breathe,  but  dam  lend. 
Breathe,  )      to  take  rest]. 

Breed,   bachcha   dend   (of  animals)  :  jannd  without  we,  of  woman)  : — se 
bachcha  lend  (to  raise  a  breed) :  pdlnd  (to  rear). 

Brethren,  bhd,i-band. 

Brevity,  ikhtisdr  :  [mukhtasar  brief]. 

Brew,  to,  shardb  khlnchnd. 

Bribe,  ghuns,  f .  ;  rishwat,  f .  {dend  or  khildnd,  tr.  ;  but  with  khdnd  and  lend, 

intr.) 
Brick,  %nt,  f.  (burnt  or  unburnt). 
Bricklayer,  rdj. 
Bride,  dulhan. 

Bridegroom,  dulhd ;  nau-sha. 
Bridge,  pul,  m.  {bdndhnd). 
Bridle,  lagdm,  f.  {dend  or  charhdnd)  :  zabdn  ko  lagdm  dend  (to  bridle  the 

tongue) :  be-lagdm  ddmi  (he  has  no  reticence). 

Brief,  vide  Brevity  :  khuldsa,  subs,  and  adj. ;  khuldsd  yih  hai  ki —  briefly — . 

Brigade,  briged,  f.  :  fauj-bandl  kamd,  to  brigade. 

Bright,  chamak-ddr  {k.) ;  chamkild  {k.)  (shining) :  raushan  (clear  ;  of  day,  or 
face;  also  well-lighted  =  w^'aZa)  .•  sdf  (of  sky). 

Brilliancy,  chamak,  f,  or  jot,  f.  (of  gems)  :  chamak  (of  stars). 

Brims,  lab,  m.,  gen.  {lit.  lip). 

Brine,  namkln  pdni,  gen.  (of  ocean,  or  pickle). 

Brink,  kindra :  rname  kindre,  adv.  (on  the  brink  of  death). 

Bring,  Idn^  or  le-dnd  or  lele-dnd,  gen. :  uthd-ldnd  (bring  in  the  hand). 

Brittle,  ndzuk  (fragile  or  delicate)  :  shisha-sd  ndzuk  (fragile  as  glass)  :  kardrd 
{crisp  and  brittle);  pdpaf  kd  hukm  rakhtd  hai  {  =  br%ttie  as  a  pdpar 
biscuit). 

Broad,  chaurd  ;  chakld  :  chaurd  chakld,  very  broad. 

Broadcloth,  bdndt,  f. 

Broken-winded,  sher-dam,  adj.;  and  sher-dami,  subs. 

Broker,  dalldl  (any  go-between)  :  kabdri  (sells  old  furniture,  etc.). 


BRO  20  -  BUR 

Broody,  kuruk  (of  hens  only). 

Brook,  chashma  (the  source  of  a  stream).-' 

Broom,  jharu  :  jharu  pherna,  to  make  a  clean  sweep  of  (of  robbers,  a 
spendthrift  wife,  etc.),  vide  Brush. 

Broth,  shorhd,  shorwa,  shirwd. 

Brothel,  chakld. 

Brother,  hhd,l ;  birddar  (also  relation) :  saga  hhai  (own-brother,  having 
same  father  and  mother) :  sauteld  bhd,i  (half-brother). 

Brotherhood,  hirddarl ;  zdt-birddan  ;  apndyit,  f.,  subs,  and  adj. 

Brotherly,  birddardna. 

Brown,  bhurd  :  baddvii  (tan,  of  leather  ;  lit.  of  the  colour  of  almond  peel) : 

naswdri  rang  (snuff-coloured,  vide  Snuff). 
Browse,  vide  Graze. 

Brush,  burush  or  bursh,  ra.,  Eng.  :  bdl  kd  qalam  (paint-brush) :  jhdru  dend, 
to  brush  ;  [but  jharu  mdrnd,  to  beat  with  a  jhdru,  to  birch],  vide 
Broom. 

Bubo,  bdghi,  f.  (hond)  (venereal  only) :  gilti  [uchhalnd]  (of  plague,  etc.). 

Buck,  harnd,  m.,  black-buck,  vide  Deer  :  kandht  mdrnd,  to  buck  (of  a  horse). 

Bucket,  bdlti,  a  stable-bucket. 

Buckle,  baksu,d,  m.,  Eng.  (lagdnd) :  su.i  (the  tongue  of  the  buckle;  lit, 
needle). 

Buff,  shutun  rang,  lit.  camel-coloured;  vide  Fawn  and  Brown. 

Buffalo,  bhains,  f.  (generic) :  bhainsd  (bull-buffalo). 

Bug,  khatmal,  va.  :  gandhl,  i.,  that  which  flies  at  night. 

600  Bugle,  bigul,  m.,  Eng.  (bajdnd). 

Build,  bandnd ;  uthdnd. 

Building,  makdn,  gen.  :  'imdrat,  f.  (of  large  buildings  only). 

Bull,  sdnd  (also  stallion). 

Bullet,  banduq  ki  goll. 

Bullock,  \bail :  bail-gdrl  (ordinary  baggage  bullock-cart) :  baildi, 

Bullock-cart,  etc.,  J      one  who  leads  laden  bullocks. 

Bull's-eye,  gulzari,  Eng.  :  chdnd  {lit.  moon). 

Bully,  Tlsmdr  Khdn,  a  blustering  bully  (a  man  once  killed  thirty  mosqui- 
toes and  assumed  the  title  of  Tis-mdr  Khdn). 

Bundle,  gathri  :  bandU,  f.  (Eur.) :  gatthd,  m.  (of  grass). 

Bunch,  guehchhd,  m.  (of  grapes,  flowers,  keys,  etc.) :  MosAa  (of  grapes ; 
also  an  ear  of  corn). 

Burden,  bojh,  m. ;  bdr,  m. ;  Idd,  f. 

Burdened,  bojhal  (heavy,  hindered). 

Burial,  vide  Funeral. 

Burn,  jalnd,  intr.  and  jaldnd,  tr.  :  jaldkar  khdk  kar-dend,  to  burn  to  ashes  : 
jcUke  chhed  ho-jdnd,  to  be  burnt  through  :  dg  se  phunknd,  gen. ,  to  burn 
up  :  dg  lagdnd,  gen.,  to  set  fire  to  :  dg  dend  (of  corpses). 

Burst,  phatnd  (when  a  crack  forms) ;  phutnd  (when  a  hole  forms). 


BUR  21  CAL 

Bury,  gdrnd,  tr.,  gen.  (to  cover  with  earth)  :  mitti  dend  or  dafn  kamd  (of 
corpse) :.  gare  murde  ko  ukhernd  {lit.  to  root  up  a  corpse  =  to  revive  for- 
gotten quarrels). 

Bush,  jhdr,  m.  or  jhdri,  i.  :  jhdr-ddr,  adj. 

Busy,  kdm  men  lagd  hu,d  hai  he's  busy  =  Aram  men  mashghul  hai ;  kdmi 
(hard-working,  of  big  officials)  :  kdm  kdju  (of  servants). 

Butcher,  qasd'-i  (spec,  of  kine) :  qassdh,  gen.  :  qasd*t-pan  (butchery, 
cruelty). 

Butt,  kunda  (of  rifle  or  Idthl) :  sing  mdrnd  (to  butt  with  one  horn) :  dhuna 

mdrnd  (to  dash  with  the  head  as  fighting- rams,  a  rhinocerus,  etc.) 
Butter,  makkhan,  m.  [chwparnd). 
Butterfly,  titli  or  titr%. 
Buttermilk,  chhdch  :  last,  Panj. 

Button,  butdm  or  batam,  m.,  Eng. ;  billi  (a  wooden  latch  ;  vide  Bar). 
Button-hole,  kdj,m. 
Buttress,  pushta,  m.  (bdndhnd). 
Buy,  mol-lend  ;  khartdnd. 

Buyer,  gdhak  ;  khariddr  ;  lene-wdld  :  '  vide  '  Customer. 
Buzz,  bhinbhindnd  (of  fly,  wasp). 
By  and  by,  thakar-ke. 
Byre,  gd,o-sdld. 


Cabbage,  gobl ;  phul-gobi  (cauliflower). 

Cable,  rassd. 

Cactus,  stj  (the  flat  kind) ;  muthiyd  sij  (the  round  kind). 

Cage,  pinjrd. 

Cajole,  phusldnd  (in  good  and  bad  sense) :  lallo  potto  kamd  (blarney,  spec, 
of  women) :  vide  Deceit,  Flattery. 

Cake,  kulcha  (small  round  and  flat ;  sweet  or  salt). 
Calamity,  bald,  f.  (spec,  public):  dfat,  gen.:  vide  Misfortune. 
Calculate,  hisdb  kamd  :  ginti  or  shumdr  kamd  (also  =  to  count). 
Calf,  bachhrd  or  bdchhd,  m. ;  and  bachhri  or  bachhiyd,  f.  (of  cow) :  parwd,  m. 
and  pariyd  f .  (of  buffalo) :  (pindlx  kl)  machhli  (of  leg) :  '  vide '   Biceps. 

Calico,  chJiint,  f.  or  dares,  f.,  Eng.  (chintz):  Un-kildty  m.,  Eng.  (long-cloth) : 
nain-sukh  (a  soft  calico). 

Call,  vide  Name  and  Summon  :  pukdrnd  (to  call  out) :  vide  also  Shout, 
Shriek,  Cry  :  dhandhord  pxtnd  (by  a  public  crier  with  drum)  :  munddi 
(proclaim  by  crier  in  any  way) :  nam  leke  pukdrna  (to  call  by  name) : 
Khudd  kd  ndm  lend  (to  call  on  God) :  milne  ko  (or  muldqdt  ko)  jdnd 
(call  at  a  person's  house)  :  ndm  ba-ndm  pukdrnd  (to  call  over  the 
names  =  hdzirt  lend) :  bdz-purs  kamd  or  jaivdb  taldb  kam,d  (to  call  to 
account). 

Calm,  thir  (of  water) :  diUjama*  (of  mind) :  vide  Silent. 


CAL  22  CAP 

Calm,  dhima  or  tkandd  karna  and  bithana  (anger) :  bujhdna  (thirst  ;  also 
put  out  fire) :  halkd  or  kam  karnd  (to  lighten  or  lessen  pain) :  dhlmd 
hond  (of  anger,  storm  :  intrans). 

Calmness,  third^l ;  dhtmd-pan  :  diUjama^l,  f.  or  itmlndn,  m,  (of  mind  ;  opp. 
to  ghahrdhat). 

Calumniate,  tuhmat  lagdnd  ;  buhtdn  I.  or  bdndhnd. 

P  ...      ^,      'V  hhush-nams  :  hhush'navist  or  khush-khattt.  Calligraphy, 

Camel,  tint,  m. }  untni,  i.,  H. :  shutur,  P. :  sdndhnt  (female  riding-camel) : 
mdrl  (in  Punjab  ;  female  riding-camel) :  nakel,  f.  and  mahdr,  f.  (nose 
string,  etc.)- 

Camel-driver,  etc.,  sdr-bdn  ov  shutur-bdn  :  sdndhnl-sawdr  and  shutur-sawdr 

(messenger  mounted  on  a  camell. 
Cambric,  kimrik,  f.,  Eng. 
650  Camp,  pard,o,  m.  and  kamp  or  kampu,  m.  (camping-ground,  mil.) :  dera, 
m.,  gen.  (mil.  or  private  ;  lit.  tent) :  dera  lagdnd  or  ddlnd  (to  camp). 

Camphor,  kdfur,  m.  (often  the  name  of  negro  slaves) :  \kdfurl  is  used  for 
anything  very  white  ;  kdfurl  shama'  wax  candle  :  kdfur  ho-jdnd,  to 
disappear  suddenly,  i.e.,  run  away]. 

Canal,  nahr,  f.  (also  a  stream). 

Cancel,  kdtnd  (of  names) : — par  qalam  phernd  (an  order) :  uthdnd  or 
mansukh  k.  (a  law) :  uthd-dend  or  mitdnd  (abolish  a  custom). 

Candidate,  ummed-wdr  (in  exam,  or  for  a  post) :  imtihdn  dene-wdld  (at  an- 
exam.). 

Candle,  mom  batti  ;  shama' ,  f. 

Candle-stick,  shama'-ddn. 

Candour,  sdf-go,i  (in  speech) :  khard-pan  (straightforwardness  of  speech  or 

dealings). 
Candy,  kuza  misri  (sugar-candy). 
Cane,  bed,   bet,  or  bent,  f.   {mdrnd  or  lagdnd)  tr.,  and  bent  khdnd  or  — par 

parndy  intr.):  ukhovlkh  (thin  sugarcane):   gannd  (gen.  term,  sugar- 

cane). 
Cannibal,  ddam-khor :  ghul  (a  ghoul) :  rdkas  (for  Hindi  rdshds,  a  cannibal 

demon) ;  wuh  bard  rdkas  hai  =  he  will  eat  anything) :   aghorl  or  aghor- 

panthl  (a  caste  that  eats  corpses). 

Cannon,  top,  f.  {chaldnd). 

Canopy,  sdyaA>dn,  gen. :  shamiydna  (a  very  large  tent  without  walls  and 
with  a  flat  roof). 

Cantankerous,  takrdri;  hujjatt. 

Cantonment,  chha,om  :  Bdzdr  Kaptdn  (Cant-  Magistrate). 

Canvas,  kirmich  :  tdt  (gunny  or  sacking). 

Cap,  topi,  gen.  (cap  or  hat ;  also  cap  of  gun)  :  halkt  topi  (cap). 

Capable,  qdbil. 

Capacious,  jis  men  gunjd,i8h  bahut  hai. 

Capacity,  gunjd,ish,  f.;  samd,i,  f . ;  pet,  m.  (lit.  belly). 


CAP  23  CAR 

Caper,  to,  hakar-kud  (£.)  k.  (spec,  of  goats):  uchhal-kud  (f.)  k.  (to  skip  ;  of 
animals  or  children  or  men  :  vide  Jump,  Spring) :  hakar-kud  nachand 
(to  make  to  run  about ;  expresses  contempt  or  annoyance). 

Capital,  puiiji,  f. ;  mul ;  asl ;  aar-mdya,  ra.  (money  or  stock  in  trade) :  jm^ 
tajcht  (of  a  country  ;  where  the  throne  is) :  ddr"^  's-salianat  (may  be  of 
a  province). 

Capitulate,  sharton  par  hathydr  ddl-dend  or  rakh-dend :  qil'a  hawdla  k.  (to 
hand  over  the  fort). 

Capon,  khassi  (or  hadhya)  mur^,  '  vide  '  Gelding). 

Captivate,  moh-lend  or  lubhdnd  or  farefta  k. 

Captivating,  dil-fareh,  gen. :  mohni  (of  women) :  dil-dvez  (of  things). 

Captive,  asir  (in  war) :  giriftar  k.  (to  take  captive,  arrest ;  vide  Capture). 

Captivity,  asiri  (of  war.) :  giriftdrl,  gen.  (capture);  qaid  (imprisonment). 

Captor,  giriftar  karne-wdld. 

Capture,  giriftdrl  (of  persons)  :  pkasdnd,  verb,  (of  animals  ;  lit.  to  en- 
tangle) ;  pakafnd  (to  catch) :  le-lena  or  falah  {k.)  (of  a  town). 

ravan,  \kdravdn,  m. ;  qdfila,  m.  :  kdravdnsard,  f.,  caravansary. 

Carbine,  qardbtn,  f.  ;  Fr. 

Carcass,  loth,  f. 

P     .  C  tdsh,  ra.  {khelna)  (playing) :  kdrad  or  kdt,  m. ,  Eng.  (post-card) : 

C    dh  a  d    ]      kh^b  cM/  chalnd  (to  play  one's  cards  well) :  kut,  m.  (card- 

'^  '  (  board). 
Cardamoms,  ild,echi,  f. 
Care,  — ki  khabar  lend  or  khabar-ddri  karnd  (to   look   after) ;    khabar-giri 

karnd  (to   look  after  a  sick  person)  :    khabar-ddr,  interj.  (beware !)  : 

mujhe  zarra  bht  parwd  nahln  (I  don't  care  in  the  least) :    fikr,  f.  or 

chinta,  f.  (anxiety,  q.v.) :    inde  Charge,  Custody. 
Careful,  hoshydr  (also  clever  ;  alert ;  sober). 
Careless,  (jkdfil  (negligent) :  be-parwd  (not  caring  a  bit). 
Carelessness,  ghaftat,  f . :  be-parwd, %, 
Caress,    pydr  k.   (also  to  love) :    duldr  pydr  k.  (with   actions  only ;   vide 

Stroke) :  chummd  chat  k.  (kissing  and  caressing). 

Cargo,  bojk,  m. ;  and  bdr,  m.  (  =  load). 

Caricature,  khdka  urdnd  (by  oral  description  or  by  drawing). 

Carnivorous,  gosht-khivdr. 

Carpenter,  barhdS  :  mistri  (also  blacksmith). 

Carpet,  qdlln  (large) :  qdlicha  or  (jAnltcha  (small  ;  a  rug) :  dart  (without 
pile) :  shatranji  (finer  than  a  dari  ;  lit.  for  playing  shatranj  or  chess) : 
sher-i  qdlin  (a  carpet  knight ;  also  a  boaster,  etc.). 

Carriage,  gdn,  gen. :  baggi :  tam-tam,  f.  ;  fitan,  f.  (phaetonj ;_  dfis-jdn,  f. 
(various  patterns) :  thekd  gdfi  (hackney-carriage) :  sawdri  (anything 
for  riding  or  driving  ;  includes  elephants  and  dulis,  etc. ;  aawdn  is  also 
a  modern  and  polite  term  for  wife,  as  wives  travel  in  conveyances). 

Carrier,  harkdrd  (postal ;  also  a  peon) :  qdsid  kabHtar  (homing-pigeon). 


CAR  24  CAT 

Carrion,  murddr  (stinking  carrion  ;  also  anything  fresh  but  not  slaughtered 
according  to  the  Muslim  rite  ;  also  a  term  of  abuse  amongst  women)  : 
murddr-khwar  (carrion-eater  \  also  a  vulture). 

Carrot,  gdjar,  m. 

Carry  le-jdnd  and  le-chalnd  (without  we) :  uthdle-chalnd  (to  carry  away) : 
dhond  (to  carry  a  load,  to  bear  on  the  head,  back,  or  shoulder) :  le- 
urnd  (to  run  away  with  a  woman):  le-bhdgnd  {to  csbrry  oQ) :  ta'mil 
karnd  or  ha-jd  Idnd  or  'amal  men  land  (to  carry  into  effect) :  jdrl 
rakhnd  or  chaldnd  (to  manage  affairs) :  anjdm  dend  or  purd  karnd  (to 
carry  out,  fulfil :  vide  Convey. 

Cart,  gdri,  gen.,  vide  Carriage:  chhakrd  (bullock-cart). 

Cartage,  hojhd,l  (the  act  or  the  hire). 

Cartridge,  kdrtus,  m.  :  tontd. 

Carve,  khodnd  (in  wood,  stone,  or  metal). 

Case,  gkildf  (of  cloth)  :  khdna  (if  not  soft :  also  a  compartment)  :  vide 
Scabbard  :  in  compounds  dan  as  qdlam-ddn :  is  hdlat  men  or  is  sural 
men  (in  this  case) :  maqaddama,  m.  (law-suit)  :  vide  Question,  Matter, 
Affair. 

700  Cash,  naqd,  subs.,  m.  or  naqdi,  f.,  subs,  or  adj. :  rokar-hisdb  (cash-account) ; 
rokar  hahl  (cash-book)  :  taJivll  (disbursement). 

Cash,  to,  hhundnd  or  bhanjdnd  or  tordnd  (cheque,  coin,  etc.). 

Cashier,  tuhvll-ddr. 

Ca.sk,  pipd. 

Casket,  dihyd,  f.  (any  small  box,  q.  v.). 

Cast,  phenknd  or  mdrnd  or  phenkmdrnd  (with  force)  :  ddlnd  (to  let  drop  or 
cast  without  force) :  vide  Shed  :  dhdlnd  ( — in  a  mould,  found) :  garhnd 
(ditto  of  jewelry)  :  langar  d.  (to  cast  anchor)  :  phenk-dend  (throw 
away)  :  chhor-dend  (cast  off)  :  nikdl-dend  (cast  out)  :  vide  Lots  :  ihsdn 
jatdnd  (to  cast  in  one's  teeth,  remind  of  kindnesses  ;  but  ta'na  dend 
of  other  things). 

Caste,  jdt,  f.,  gen  ,  prop,  zdt :  baran,  m.  (of  Hindus  only  :  nlch  zdt,  adj  : 
(low-caste) :  unch-zdt  (high-caste) :  zdt-barddari  se  nikdlnd  (to  out- 
caste)  :  chaudhri  (head  of  any  caste)  :  zdt  khond  (to  lose  one's  caste)  ; 
zdt  bdhar  hond  (ditto). 

Castor-oil,  arandi  kd  tel. 

*      Castrate,  khassi  k.  (spec,  of  goats  and  cocks)  :  badhiyd  k.  (spec,  of  bulls) : 
dkhhta  k.  (spec,  of  horses). 

Cat,  billl :  billd  (tom-cat) :  ban-billd  (wild-cat)  :  vide  Secret. 

Cataract,  motiyd-bind  (of  eye)  :  vide  Waterfall. 

Catarrh,  sardi  ;  zukdm,  m.  :  kandr  (of  horses). 

Catastrophe,  vide  Accident,  Calamity. 

Catch,  pakarnd ;  pakar-lend  :  vide  Arrest  and  Snare  :  pd-lend  or  jd-milnd 
(overtake,  catch  up) :  sone  k%  chiryd  (a  prize,  a  catch):  vide  Eye. 

Catgut,  tdnt,  m.  (made  from  sinews). 

Catspaw,  agu,d  {i.e.,  one  shoved  in  front). 

Cattle,  gd,e  hail ;  dangar  (in  Panjab). 


CAU  26  CHA 

Cauliflower,  j)hul-gobt. 

Cause,  sabab,  m.  (pi.  a.96a6  =  causes,  but  as  a  singular  =  baggage) :  tmjk, 
f. ;  bd'is  ;  '  vide  '  Reason,  Motive. 

Cauterize,  jalana  ;  dacjJi  dend  ;  '  vide  '  Brand. 

Caution,  hoshydri ;  khdbar-ddrl. 

Cautious,  dekh  bkdl  kar  kdm  kamd  ;  dd,en  bd,en  dekh-kar. 

Cavalcade,  sawdri. 

Cavalry,  risdla  (not  necess.  Native  Cavalry)  :  sawdr^  pi. 

Cavern,  f^^dr,  m. 

Ceaselessly,  vide  Continuously. 

Ceiling,  chhat,  f.  (roof  or  ceiling)  :  chhat-parda  (the  ceiling-cloth  under 
thatch). 

Celebrate,  mandnd  (of  any  joyous  festival ;  khushi  mandnd,  to  make  merry) 
but  bydk  or  shddi  rachdnd  (of  a  marriage). 

Celebrated,  mashhur ;  mashhur  o  ma'ruf  ;  ndmi  or  ndm-war  (famous). 

Celebration,  vide  Occasion  and  Celebrate :  ahddi  kl  dhum  dhdni  ke  waqt 
ndgdh  ek  sawdr  d-pahunchd  (during  the  marriage  celebration,  a  trooper 
suddenly  arrived). 

Celestial,  dsmdni. 

Cellar,  tah-khdna. 

Cemeiit,  vildyatl  mitti,  or  simini,  f.  (Portland) :  gach,  f.  (Indian)  :  vide 
Mortar. 

Cemetery,  vide  Graveyard. 

Centre,  markaz,  m. :  bichon  blch  men  (exactly  in  the ). 

Ceremonious,  lakallufi  ;   pur-takalluf. 

Ceremony,  rit,  f.,  and  rasm,  f. 

Certain,  yaqini ;  pakkd ;  thtk  (sure)  :  vide  Determine  :  ko,l  or  ek  (pronoun). 

Certainly,  be-shakk  (without  doubt) :  albatta ;  aur  kyd  (what  else,  of  course). 

Certainty,  yaqm,  m. 

Certificate,  sdrtifikat,  m.  and  f. ;  chitihi,  f .  :  sanad,  f. 

Certify,  to,  sanad  dend. 

Chafe,  malnd  or  mdlish  kamd  (rub,  to  groom,  etc.) :  ragarnd,  tr.  and  ragar. 

jdnd  or  khdnd,  intr.  (to  rub,  gale). 
Chaff,  bhusa  (chopped  straw)  :  bhusi  (what  is  blown  away  by  the  wind). 
Chain,  zanjir,  f.,  gen.:   zanjird  (large,  as  in  ships):  zan^m  (curb-chain) : 

chen,  {.,  Eng.  (of  watch). 
Chair,   kursi  :    chauki   (prop,   a  kind   of   low  table  for  sitting  on  ;  also  a 

police  post,  and  the  act  of  patrolling). 

Chalk,  kharyd  mitii. 

Challenge,  lalkdrnd  (—to  fight ;  also  to  shout  out  at,  to  make  alert)  :    rok 

tok  kamd  (of  sentries)  :    kham  thokke  khard  ho-jdnd  (to   accept    the 

challenge). 
Chamber,  kothl  (of  gun)  :  vide  Room  :  pat,  m.,  Eng.  (chamber-pot). 
Champ,  chahdnd  or  chdbnd  (lit.  to  chew). 


CHA  26  CHA 

Chance,  ittifaq,  m.  ;  ittifdq''^\  adv.  (by  chance) :  vide  Opportunity  and 
Likelihood. 

Change,  subs.,  tabdili,  f. :  rezgari  or  rezgl  (small  money) :  do-annl,  chau-anm 
(in  silver  bits)  :  paisd  (in  copper)  :  phirtd  (change  received  after 
making  a  purchase). 

Change,  to,  phir-jdnd  (of  season  or  circumstances)  :  badalnd,  tr.  and  intr. 
(to  change  one's  clothes,  goods  at  a  shop)  :  badli  karnd  (to  put  in  the 
place  of;  of  sentries,  regiments,  horses  in  a  relay):  badal-jdnd,  intr., 
and  badal-dend,  tr.  (to  be  changed,  and  to  be  changed  for  by  mistake) : 
adll-badli  k.  (to  exchange) :  tordnd  (of  money) ;  but  tornd  (to  give  back 
in  change  ;  of  the  sarrdf). 

Changeable,  kabhl  kuchh  kabhi  kuchh  ;  ghari  men  told  ghafi  mm  mdsha  (in 
temper,  or  in  constitution). 

Channel,  ndld,  m.  (large)  (bandnd  or  kdtnd)  ;  nail  (small ;  also  a  tube)  : 
rah  :  '  vide  '  Stream  and  Drain. 

Chapter,  bob  :  sura  (of  Quran). 

Character,  chdl-chalan,  m. :  bad-chalan,  adj.  (of  bad  character). 

Characteristic,  khdsm,  m.  or  khdssiyat,  f. 

Charcoal,  lakn  kd  ko,eld. 

Charge,  supurdagi  m,en  dend ;  hawdla  karnd ;  kdm  sonpnd  ;  "  chdrij  "  dend 
or  samjhdnd  (all  =  to  give  over  charge):  kdm  apne  zimme  lend  or 
"  chdrij  "  Una  (to  take  over  charge) ;  vide  Custody,  Care  :  Idgat  (total 
actual  cost) :  kharch  (expenditure). 

Charge,  hamla  or  halla  (k.)  (attack  of  Cav.  or  Inf.)  :  jhapat,  f.  (parnd)  (to 
pounce  on  ;  met.  of  Attack,  q.v.)  :  ilzdm  (gen.  ;  of  crime) ;  tuhmat,  f. 
(false  charge)  ;  vide  Accusation  :  vide  Loud  and  Injunction. 

Charger,  parett  ghord. 

Charitable,  khair  khairdt  karne-wdld  (Muslim) :  ddn-pun  karnz-wdld  (Hindu)  r 
khairdti  (got  in  charity) ;  khairdti  haspitdl,  m.  (charitable  hospital) : 
hhairdt-khdna  (a  charitable  institution). 

Charity,  vide  Alms. 

Charm,  kisl  par  jddu  karnd;  or  jddii  chaldnd  or  phenknd  (by  magic); 
mohnd  ;  lubhdnd  ;  farefta  karnd  ;  dil  lend  (to  fascinate). 

Charmer,  mantrl,  One  who  repeats  spells  :  jddu-gar,  m.  and  jddu-garm,  f. 
(magician,  of  black  magic):  'dmil  (of  white  magic):  dil-rubd  or  dil- 
ddr  or  dil-bar  (of  a  woman  ;  '  vide  '  Beloved . 

Charming,  dil-fareb  (gen.;  persons  or  things);  dil-chasp  (also  =  interesting  * 
of  things) :  dil-kash  (of  things). 

Chartered,  sanad-ydfta. 
Chase,  vide  Pursue  and  Hunt. 

Chaste,  Hsmat-ddr  or  pdk-ddman  (spec,  of  women) :  pdk  (gen. ;  of  look,, 
thought,  and  of  people) :  fasih  (in  rhetoric). 

Chatter,  to,  gap  hdnknd  (of  idle  or  false  chatter) :  bak  bak  (f.)  or  bakvds  (f.> 
karnd  (talking  too  much)  :  chichydna  (of  monkeys  and  met.  of 
women) :  bolnd  (of  birds) .  ten  ten  karnd  (of  parrots  ;  also  of  the  cry 
of  falcons  when  annoyed). 

Chattering,  ddnt  bajnd  intr.  (of  teeth). 


CHA  27  CHI 

Chatty,  batuni  (pleasantly  chatty). 

Cheap,  aasta  ;  msUmol ;  kain-mol  or  — dam  :  arzan  :  kaufiyon  ke  mol,  adv., 
dirt-cheap. 

Cheapen,  dam  or  mol  ghatdnd  :  '  vide  '  Bargain  and  Haggle. 

Cheat, /Aoy,  subs. :  thagt,  cheating:  ihagnd  and  thag  dend,  tr.,  to  dieat : 
vide  Deceive. 

Check,  vide  Stop,  Hinder,  Remove,  Challenge,  Examine,  Compare. 

Cheek,  gal,  m. ;  rukhsdra,  m.  ;  kalla,  m.  (in  Urdu,  cheek  and  jaw;  in 
Persian,  head). 

Cheer,  to,  dil  bahldnd  (to  amuse  ;  of  persons) :  dil  khuah  karnd  ;  '  vide  ' 
Cbmfort,  Console  :  jl  mat  hdro  or  chhoro,  or  be-dil  mut  ho  (cheer  up, 
don't  be  disheartened):  "  chiyars  '"'  dend  (a  newspaper  term  for 
applause). 

Cheerful,  magan  (in  mind)  :  bashjshdsh  (of  face) :  hashshdsk  bashskdsh  (in 
face  and  mind) ;  Aa?i5-mMM  (of  laughing  countenance). 

Cheerless,  udds  (sad  ;    of  persons  or  places) :  be-raunaq  (of  faces  or  places). 

Cheese,  pamr,  m. 

Cherish,  Alldh  dmin  se  pdlnd  (of  a  favourite  child) :  dnkhon  kt  puUi  banana 
(of  children). 

Cherry,  dlu  bdlu  :  gilds  (Pers.,  and  in  Kashmir). 

Chesnut,  surang  (the  colour):  mMhu,d^  surang  or  teliyd-surang  (liver- 
chesnut).' 

Chess,  shatranj,  m.  (khelnd) :  bisdt,  f.  (the  chess-board  or  chess-cloth  ;  lit. 
anything  spread  out) :  shatranj-bdz  (chess-player). 

Chest,   sanduq,   m.    (gen. ;    vide   Box)  ;    peti  (of  any  material   but  big)  : 
"  dardz  ",  m.  (of  drawers)  :  sina,  m.  or  chhdti,  f.  (the  breast)  :  chhdtt- 
and  (chest-foundered  ;  of  a  horse). 

Chew,  chabdnd,  gen.  :  chdbnd  (of  things  not  swallowed,  as  sugarcane)  : 
vide  Champ. 

Chick       (  ^^^^^  (®^  domestic  fowl ;  vide  Eyess)  :    patthd  (a  poulet ;  also  a 
Chicken         squab   of  a  pigeon,  or  a  young  wrestler)  :  murgjid,  cock  ;  and 

'  (      murghi,  hen:  vide  Chiq. 
Chief,         )sarddr,   m.  (leader),  and   sarddran,  sarddrin,  or  sarddmi,  f.  : 
Chieftain,  j      khdssa  (special):  sarddrl  (chiefship). 

Child,  bachcha,  m.  (boy  or  girl)  :  vide  Children  :  vide  Boy  and  Girl ;  ummed 
se  hond,  to  be  with  child. 

Childish,  larkon  kd  sd  ;  larak-pan,  etc.,  kd 

Childless,  be-auldd,  gen.  :  Id-ioalad  (who  has  never  had  a  child). 

Children,   larke  bdle  ;    kachche  bachche  (of  many  children)  :  auldd,  f.  sing., 

and  bdl-bachche,  m.  pi.  (offspring)  :  vide  Child  and  Descendants. 
Chili,  Idl  mirch,  f. 
Chimney,  chimnl,  f.,  Eng.  (spec,  of  oil-lamps)  :  dud^kash  or  bambd  (of  fire- 

place). 


1  i.e.,  of  the  colour  of  the  blossom  of  the  well-known  inahil,a  or  mahuwa  tree, 
the  fruit  of  which  is  so  attractive  to  bears.  TeUya  aa  though  oil  had  been  rubbed  oa 
it :  teliya  kumet,  dark  bay. 


CHI  28  CIT 

Chin,  thuddl. 

China,  cMm  ke  bartan,  etc.  (the  ware)  :    GMn  (the  country)  :  chlm,  adj. 
(Chinese). 

Chink,  jhanjhandhat,  f.  (of  coins). 

Chintz,  chhmt,  f.  {lit.  a  small  spot). 

Chip,  chhiptt,  f.  (urand). 

Chiq,  cMq,  f.,  T. 

Chiropodist,  (no  word  ;  performed  by  hajjdm). 

Chisel,  rnkhdni,  chhenl. 

Chock,  dr,  m.  (anything  inserted  behind  a  wheel,  on  a  hilly  road). 

Choice,  pasand,  m.  :  ikhtiydr,  m.  (will). 

Choke,  gala  ghoind,  tr.  :  narett  dabdnd :  dam  ghutne  la^d  (in  eating). 

Cholera,  haiza,  m. ;  fasli  hinidri  ;  dasUqai,  m.  {lit.,  diarrhoea  and  vomiting) : 

haiza  karke  mar-gayd  (he  died  of  cholera). 
Chop,  *'  chdp,"  m.,  Eng.  (of  meat)  :  urd-dend  (to  chop  off  a  head). 
Chopper,  hughdd  (butcher's). 
Christ,  Masih. 
Christian,    'Isd^i,  gen.  :  Kristdn  (native  Christian) :    Kirdni  (a  half-caste 

Christian  ;  also  any  clerk) :  vide  Eurasian  and  Half-Caste. 

Christmas,  Bard  din  ;  Kishmish. 

Chronic,  purdm  hlmdrl. 

Church,  girjd,  m.  (from  Port.  Igreja)  :  girje  kd  qahiristdn  (churchyard). 

Cinnamon,  ddr-chmt. 

Cipher,  sifr,  m.  :  ramz  (a  secret) :  hech,  Per.  adj.-pron.  (  =  a  mere  cipher). 

Circle,  dd,ira,  m.  ;  gherd,  m.  :  chakkar  (anything  round  or  circular) :  chak- 

kar  lagdnd  (to  turn  or  go  round  and   round   voluntarily)  :  chakkar 

khdnd  (ditto  involuntarily) :  vide  Surround. 

Circuit,  daura  (of  judge  ;  also  '  tour  '  of  an  official). 

Circuitous,  ckakkar-ddr ;  pher  kd ;  [but  pher  phdr  kdr zig-zag]. 

Circular,  chakkar-ddr  (of  road,  etc.,  but  gol-chakkar  of  complete  circle): 
chakkar-chdl  (of  motion). 

Circumcision,  musalmdni  {k.);  sunnat  {k.). 

Circulate,  ghumna,  intr.  (of  people)  :  chalnd  (of  money)  :  chaldnd  and  jdri 
karnd  :  daurdn  karnd  (of  blood)  ;  vide  Publish. 

Circumlocution,  pher  ki  hdt. 

Circumference,  gherd,  m.,  gen. 

Circumstance,  hdt,  f.  ;  hal,  m. ;  kaiflyat,  f.  ;  vide  Affair,  State:  khush-haU 

(in  easy  circumstances ;  opp.  to  iang-hdU)  :  yih  hdldt  par  mauquf  hai 

(this  depends  on  circumstances). 
Cistern,  pdnl  kd  khazdna  :  hatiz,  m.   (a  cemented  bath  in   mosques  ;  any 

pakkd  artificial  tank  or  swimming  bath,  etc.). 
Citizen,  shahri,  subs,  and  adj.  (dweller  in  a  city) :  vide  Subject. 
Citron,  khattd. 
City,  shahr,  m.  :  nagar,  m.  :  — rjlyrlfl  and  — pur  (in  compounds). 


CIV  29  CLO 

Civil,  mulln  (as  opposed  to  jangi) :  dtwdnt  (as  opposed  to  faujdart  or  orimi> 
nal)  :  khanajangi  (civil  war):  tn'de  Polite. 

Civility,  a,o  bhagat,  f.  (se  pesh  ana)  (of  equals)  :  ikhldq,  m.  (gen.  ;  of  shop- 
keeper, friend,  etc.  ;  but  akhldq,  pi.  ,  =  morals). 

Civilize,    |  ndmi  or  inaan  banana  :  muhazzab,  civilized ;  \wvJi  bafd  insdn 
Civilized,  )      adnii  hat  —  he  is  very  humane]. 

Claim,  to,  da*wn  k. 

Claimant,  da^m-ddr  ;  mudda'l  (in  Court). 

Clamorous,  g^au(jha,t  (of  birds,  etc.,  or  men  ;  also  =  obstreperous). 

Clandestine,  chon  chhupe,  adv. ; kd,  adj. 

Clap,  tali  bajdnd. 

Clash,  jhankdrnd  (of  arms,  metals,  rupees,  etc.):  lapm  (of  dates,  interests). 

Class,  darja,  m.  (of  people ;    Ry.  carriages)  :  jamd'at,  f.  (at  school) :  vide 

Caste. 
Claw,  ndkhun  (nails  of  birds,  animals,  humans) ;  changul  or  panja,  lit.  and 

met.  (the  whole  foot). 

Clay,  chiknt  mittt  :  '  vide  '  Mud. 

Clean,  sdf  (k.)  :  suthrd  (k.)  :  pdk,  (gen.  relig.). 

Cleanliness,  safari ;  suthrd, i. 

Clear,  shaffdf  (lit.  transparent) :  mf  shaffdf  :  '  vide  '  Manifest,  Evident. 

Clear  (away)  hatdnd  or  dur  karnd  (obstacles) ;  vide  Solve  and  Acquit  : — 
se  sdf  taptid  (in  a  jump) :  dsmdn  khul-jdnd  (of  the  weather). 

Clerk,  kaldrak,  Eng.  :  munshl  and  bdhu  (mod.  usages)  :  muharrir  (now  gene- 
rally applied  to  a  vernacular  writer) :  mdl-munshi  (goods- clerk)  :  vide 
Christian  and  Half-Caste. 

Clever,  vide  Able  :  hoshydr,  gen.,  (intelligent)  :  chaturd  (gen.  in  a  bad  sense): 
sydnd  (in  Hindustan  gen.  in  a  bad  sense,  but  not  so  in  the  Punjab  ; 
also  =  arrived  at  years  of  discretion)  :  chdldk  (often  in  a  bad  sense, 
"  cunning"  ;  also  "  active  "  q.v.) 

Cleverness,  hoshydri  ;  chaturd, l ;  sydnd-pan  ;  chuldki. 

Client,  dsdml  (this  word  has  many  meanings ;  vide  Diet.) ;  muvxikkal  (law- 
yer's client). 

Cliff,  (no  good  word)  :  pahdf  (or  samundar)  kd  khard  bdzu. 

Climate,  fiawd,  f.  ;  db  o  hawd. 

Climb,  — par  charhnd. 

Cling,  to,  — se  chimat-jdnd :  lipatnd  (entwine;  also  to  cling  to). 

Clip,  to,  chhdntnd  (slightly ;  also  to  thin  out)  :  katarnd :  (to  cut  with 
scissors) ,  vide  Cut. 

Cloak,  labddd,  gen.  :  bdrdni  or  bdrdn-kot  (waterproof)  :  choijhd  (a  sort  of 
dressing  gown  ;  gen.  of  Kashmir  or  Kabul  pattern) :  pardaddlnd  (gen. 
to  conceal  a  fault  of  another  ;   =parda-poshi  k.) :  vide  Conceal. 

Clock,  dharm-g?ian  (any  clock) :  gJiari-sdz  (clock  or  watchmaker) :  gJiantd 
qhar  (clocktower). 

Clod,  dheld  (of  earth) :  vide  Villager  :  gobar-ganesh  (a  dirty  clodhopper) : 

Close,  bhepid  (set  ajar,  of  doors) :  band  k.  (shut) :  hisdb  band  karnd  (close 
an  account ;  either  temporarily  or  permanently). 


CLO  30  COH 

Closet,  Jchilwat,  f.,  or  khilivat-khana,  m.  (a  private  room) :  kisl  kesdth  khil- 
loat  karna  (to  have  a  private  interview  with). 

Clot,  dala  and  doll  (of  blood,  milk  ;  a  lump  of  sugar ;  a  clod  of  earth)  : 
vide  Clod. 

Cloth,  kapra. 

Clothe,  kapra  'dena  (the  poor)  :  kapfa  pahndna  :  rotl  kapfd  dend  (to  feed 
and  clothe). 

Clothes,  kapre,  pi.  :  libds,  m.  (raiment) :  poshdk,  f.  (wearing  apparel). 

Cloud,  hddal,  m. ;  badE,  f. ;  abr,  m.  (all  gen.)  :  ghatd,  f.  (thick  cloud)  : 
bddal  chhdyd  hu,d  (cloudy)  :  sdf  or  khuld  (cloudless). 

Clove,  laung,  f. 

Clover,  tirpatyd  ("three- leafed")  :  shaftal. 

Club,  lath,  m.  and  Idthi,  f.  (a  heavy  stick,  long  and  often  bound  with  brass): 
kalab,  m.  and  kalab-ghar,  m.,  Eng.  (social  club). 

Clue,  paid,  m.  (also  =  address)  {milnd,  pdnd;  lagdnd)  :  surdgh,  m. 

Clumsy,  bhaddd  (ungainly,  i.e.,  awkward-looking  and  slow  in  movement) : 
p^wAar  (in  actions ;  also  of  women  =  a  bad  and  slovenly  housewife): 
uzbak  (clumsy,  awkward  and  ignorant;  lit.  Uzbeg)  :  andri^  (inexpert, 
raw  in  his  work)  :  be-dhangd. 

Cluster,  ghuncha  (bandhnd)  (of  flowers,  etc;  a  bunch  of  grapes,  keys,  stars) : 
khosha  (a  bunch  of  grapes,  or  an  ear  of  corn). 

Clutch,  kisi  ke  panje  men  parnd  (to  fall  into  the  clutches  of). 
Coagulate,  jamnd^  intr.  and  jamdnd,  tr.  (to  clot,  curdle,  congeal). 
Coal,  patthar  kd   ko,eld :  angdrd  (a  live  coal,   ember):    kdld-ko,eld  (coal- 
black). 
Coarse,    ma^  (not  fine ;    also  fat) :    vide  Unrefined :  moid-pan  or  mxitd.l 
(coarseness ;  also  fatness). 

Coast,  samundar  kd  kindra. 

Coat,  kot,  m.  (Eng.  pattern)  :  kurtd,  kurtl  (gen.). 

Coax,  phusldnd  ;  '  vide  *  Cajole. 

Cobbler,  chamdr  (a  caste) :  mochi  (one  that  makes  boots). 

Cobweb,  makn  kd  jdld. 

Cock,  murghd :  asil-murgh  (game-cock)  :  apnl  gall  men  kuttd  bhl  sher  hai 

(  =  every  cock  is  proud  on  his  own  dung-hill)  :  ghord  (cock  of  a  gun) : 

chirye  ke  bolte  (  =  cock-crow). 

Cock-fighting  S  ^^^"^'^^^  •'  '^'^^gJi.-bdzi  (cock-fighting). 
Cocoa-nut,  ndriyal,  m.,  gen.  :  khoprd  (ripe). 

Coffee,  qahwa,  m.  :  kdfi,  f.  (Eng.) :  bnn  (the  berry) :  qahwa-khdna  (coffee- 
house) :  qahwa-ddn  (coffee-pot). 

Coffin,  tdbut,  m.  (also  means  bier ;  Muslims  seldom  bury  in  cofl&ns,  which 
however  are  used  to  transport  corpses  to  a  distance) :  sanduq. 

Cognizance,  sund,i  {horid) :  '  vide  '  Power. 

Cohabit,  suhbat  karnd  ;  ham-bistar  hond. 

i  Anarl  Magistret,  Honorary  Magistrate  ;  a  jibe. 


COH  31  COM 

Coherence,  mel,  m. ;  lagd,o,  in. ;  jof.  in. 

Coin,  aikkOf  m.  (dhalna  or  banana)  :  khoia  or  ja'll  aikka  (false  — ) :  chaltd 
nikka  (current )  :  khard  aikka  (good — ). 

Coincide,  mutahiq  hond  or  ek  sdth  hand  :  thlk  baithnd. 

Cold,  ihandd  (also  passionless);  sard:  thandd  paid  (very  cold,  of  any- 
thing) :  ihand,  f.  and  sardly  f.  :  jdrd  (of  weather;  also  feeling  cold  and 
ague)  :  jdre,  pi.  the  cold  season)  :  sardA,,  f.  or  zul^m,  m.  (the  dis- 
ease) :  vide  Shivering. 

Colic,  qulinj  (gen.)  :  kurkuri  (of  horses  only)  :  vide  Gripes. 

Collar,  pattd  or  paid  (of  dog,  etc.)  :  halqa  (horse-collar)  :  kdlar,  m.  (Eng. ; 
of  linen) :  girebdn  (of  coat,  etc.) :  girebdn  pakapid  or  girebdn  men  hath 
ddlnd  (to  collar)  : 

Collect,  ikatihd  or  jama'  kamd:  apne  ta'in  sanbhdlnd  (to  collect  oneself). 

Collector,  kalaUar,  vulg.,  and  kalaktar  (of  a  district)  :  sdhib-i'zila'  (Deputy 
Commissioner). 

College,  kdlij,  m.  :  m/idrasa,  (also  a  school). 

Collegian,  iMib-i-Hlm. 

Collide,  iakrdTM  ;  takkar  (f.)  khdnd  ;  larnd. 

Colloquial,  bdt  chit  kd  or  roymarra  kd,  adj. 

Colonel,  karnel. 

Colocynth,  tumma,  m. 

Colonize,  dbdd  karnd  ;  ba^dnd. 

Colony,  nau-dbddi. 

Colour,  rang,  m. ;  qahrd  rang  (deep  — ) ;  halkd  raiig  (light  — ) :  maddhayn  rang 
(medium  — )  :  nishdn,  m.  or  jhandi  (colours  of  a  regiment)  :  rangnd, 
tr.,  gen.,  (to  colour) :  rang  bharnd  (of  paintings  only)  :  rang  charhdnd 
(to  make  a  thing  look  better  than  it  is)  :  us  kd  rang  be-rang  hu,d 
(he  changed  colour). 

Coloured,  rangin. 

Colt,  vide  Filly. 

Comb,  kanghi,  f.  (karnd)  :  tdj,  m.  (of  cock ;  lit.  crown)  :  wen  bibi  merd  sar 
mund-ddlegl  =  ra.y  wife  will  comb  my  hair  for  me  (fig.). 

Combination,  mel,  m. ;  ittifdq,  m.  :  at  sat  (k.)  (for  ill  purposes). 

Combined,  muttafiq. 

Comer,  die  jdte  =  dne-jdne-wdle  (comers  and  goers). 

Comet,  dumddr  siidra  :  jhdfu  tdrd. 

Comfort,  to,  samjhdrid;  tasallidend  :  dildsd  dend  (also  to  encourage;  quiet  a 
restive  horse) :  tasalU  pdnd  to  be  comforted. 

Command,  hukm  (order  and  word  of  command),  pi.  ahkdm,  m. :  'vide' 
Authority,  Control,  Order. 

Commander,     (]  kamdnir,   Eng. :  qiVa-ddr  (of  a  fort)  :    jangi  Idt  or   si'pah 

Commandant,  ^      sdldr  (C.-in-C.) :  kumedMn,  Eng.  (Commandant). 

Commemoration,  ydd-gdrl. 

Commence,  shuru'  k.  ('vide'  Begin) :  nddhnd,  Tr.  (to  begin  a  work)  :  kisi 
kdm  men  hdth  lagdnd  :  pahal  kis  neki  (who  commenced  the  fight  ?  who 
was  the  aggressor  ?)  :  vide  Begin  and  Start:  mvqaddama  khaj-d  kama 
(to  commence  a  lawsuit).     Vide  "  Stumbling-Blocks,"  XXII.  p.  30. 


COM  32  COM 

Commencement,  shuru' ,  m. ;  ibtida,  f. ;  pahal,  i.  (to  do  a  thing  first). 

Commend,  'vide*  Entrust,  Recommend,  Praise. 

Comment,  ray  zdhir  karna  (orally),  and  ray  likhna  :  '  vide '  Annotate. 

Commerce,  vide  Trade  and  Intercourse. 

Commercial,  tijarati ;  saudagari  ka :  bazar  ka  dastur  (commercial  usage'; 
mahdjam  sdkh,  or  —  i'tihdr  (commercial  credit). 

Commingle,  mil-jul-jdnd :  '  vide  '  Mingle. 

Commission,  dasturi  or  dalldli  (brokerage)  :  sanad,  f.  (warrant ;  mil.  com- 
mission):  kdm  (a  friendly  act):  kamishan,  m.,  Eng.  (money  com- 
mission ;  also  =  mission) . 

Commit,  vide  Entrust  and  Imprison :  daura  sipurd  [karnd  and  hond)  (for 
trial). 

Committee,  kamitl,  f.  :  panchdyat,  f. 

Commodity,  jins,  f.  gen.,  pi.  ajnds,  f . ;  mdl,  m.  gen.  ;  saudagari  kd  mdl. 
(rherchandise) ;  saudd,  m.  (things  purchased  in  the  market). 

Common,  'dmm  (vulgar,  public  ;  also  belonging  to  several)  :  sdjhe  kd  (be- 
longing to  several) :  ma'muU  (ordinary) :  '  vide  '  Abundant  :  sah  k't 
marzi  or  rdy  se  (by  common  consent)  :  bdzdrl  log  or  'dmm  log  (the 
common  people)  :  'dmm  dastur  or  ma'mul  (common  practice) :  moH 
samajh  (common  sense)  :  shdmildt  (common  ground,  of  a  community, 
not  of  the  public). 

Commonly,  aksar :  bahut  karke,  vulg.  :  'umum-an  :  'urf,  m.  (adv.  =  com- 
monly called  ;  not  a  nickname). 

Commotion,  hal-chal  (agitation  or  excitement  in  streets) ;  khal-ball  (ditto 
in  mind)  :  vide  Tumult  and  Confusion. 

Communication,  vide  Information,  etc. :  rasta,  darwdza  (passage)  :  dmad  o 
raft,  f.  (k.)  (coming  and  going,  between  people)  :  bol  chdl,  f.  (k.)  (of 
speech)  :  chittht  chapdtl,  f.  {k.)  =  khatt  khitdbat  {k.)  (by  writing). 

Community,  jamhur,  and  adj.  jamhuri  (the  public)  :  musalmdnon  ki  jama- 
'at  (the  Muslim  Community). 

Compact,  adj.,  gathd  hu,d  (natural  or  artificial):  vide  Condition,  Promise. 

Companion,  sdthi  or  sangati   (companion)  :  rafiq  (comrade)  :  musdhib  (of 

great  people;  an  A.D.C.) 
Compare,  to,  mildnd  or  mildkar  dekhnd  ;  muqdbala  k.  ;  farq  nikdlnd. 
Compass,  kampds,  m.,  Eng.  (any  compass) :  qutub-numd  (mariner's) :  parkdr, 

f.  (a  pair  of  — )  :  vide  Ability,  Boundary,  Extent,  Competent. 
Compassion,  vide  Pity. 

Compassionate,     \rahim  (of  God):  rahm-dil  {oi  men) :  lars^  khdkar  (com - 
Compassionately,  J      passionately). 
Compass,  to,  kar-chhornd  or  karke  chhornd  or  karke  rahnd  (to  intend  and 

succeed  in  ;  vide  Hind.  Man.,  p.  87  (e). 
Compatriot,  desi  bhd,i ;  ham-watan. 
Compel,  expressed  by  (1)  zabardastl  se  or  jdbr-an  and  a  causal  verb,  (2)  a 

causal  verb  prefixed  to  chhornd  ('  vide  '  also  Compass),  (3)  — par  majbur 

or  nd-chdr  karnd. 

1  Tars,  vulg.,  taraa,  m.,  H.  "  pity,  etc."  ;  but  tarSf  vulg.,  tarae,  m.,  P.  "  fear, 
alarm," 


COM  33  CON 

Compensate,  badla  or  'iwaz  dena  :  talafi  karna  :  kasr  (t.)  nikalna  :  aur  men 
tamam  din  H  mihnat  thikane  (or  hm(q)  lagl  (  —  and  all  my  day's  labour 
was  compensated  by  this). 

Competent,  ld,iq ;  qdbil :  us  kl  samajk  (or  liydqai)  se  bdhar  hai  (he  is  not 
competent  to  — ). 

Competition,  \nmqdbala  (k.):  muqdbale  kd  imtihdn  (competitive  examina- 

Competitive,  )      tion)  :  vide  Confront,  Oppose. 

Compete,  bardban  k.  (said  of  an  inferior  who  vies  with  a  superior.) 

Complain,  jarydd  or  ndlish  k.  {se  of  pei-son  and  kt  of  thing  ;  before  a  supe- 
rior):  gila  or  shikwa  k.  (of  persona)  :  shikdyat  k.,  gen.,  (of  persons  or 
diseases,  etc.) 

Complainant,  faryddi  or  ndlishi,  (before  a  superior) :  ddd-khwdh  (ditto)  ; 
mudda'l,  leg. 

Complete,    )purd  {k.)  :  iamdm   {k.)  :   khatm  karnd   (to  end):    anjdm  ko 

Completed,  j      pahunchdnd :  mukammal  (k.)  (completed)  :  taiydr  (ready). 

Complex,  vide  Intricate. 

Complexion,  rangy  m.  (colour)  : 

Complication,  vide  Entanglement,  Intricacy. 

Complicity,  shirkat,  f. 

Compliment,  vide  Praise  and  Salute. 

Comply,  mdnnd ;  qabul  k.  :  taslim  k.  ;  manzur  k. 

Component,  juz,  subs,  m.,  ajzid,  m.,  pi.  (component  parts). 

Compose,   kahnd  (poetry)  :  tasnlf  k.  or  likhnd  (of  an  author) :  dil  thikdne 

k.  or  havdss  jama'  k.  (to  compose  oneself). 
Composed  of,  —  kd  band  hu,d  ;  —  se  murakkab. 
Compromise,  chukautd,  m.   (gen.)  :    rdzt-ndmd  {likhtmnd)  (written)  :    itne 

rupai  par  sulh  ho-ga,i  (it  was  compromised  for — ). 
Compulsion,  \dabd^o,  m.  (pressure) :  zor,  m.  (force)  :  jabr,  m.  (tyranny)  : 
Compulsory,  J      zabar-dasti  kd,  or  jabrt  (compulsory). 

Computation,  \i^i5a6,  m.  (k.)  :  shumdr,  m.  (k.) ;  ginti,  i.  {k.)  ;  anddza,  m. 
Compute,        J      (k.)  (estimate) :  vide  Count. 

Comrade,  rajiq :  ham-dam  (that  always  lives  with  one);  mWe  Companion 
and  Friend. 

Conceit,  khvd-pasand,  adj.  and  khud-pasandi,  subs.:  akarfun,  f.  {k.)  (spec. 

of  good  looks) :  apni  'ilmiyat  ki  [?J  letdhai  (he  is  very  conceited  about 

his  learning). 
Conceive,  ko  pet  rahnd  (in  the  womb)  :  vide  Imagine. 
Concentrate,  vide  Collect :  khiydl  jamdnd  (to  concentrate  one's  attention). 
Concerning,  ke  bdre  men  ;  —  ki  nisbat. 

Concession,  ridyat,  f.  (privilege,  q.v.) :  ri'dyait    tikat,   m.    (a  conoession 

railway  ticket). 
Conch,  sahkh,  m. 

Conciliate,  khush  or  rdzi  karnd  :  mandnd  (of  an  angry  person). 
Concisely,  thoji  'ibdrat  men. 
Conclave,  gup  chup  kd  jaUa  (secret). 
Conclude,  vide  Settle,  Finish,  End:  naiija  or  ma'nl  nikdlnd,  and  mwrarf  960 

lenu  (infer,  q.v.) :  khuldsa  yih  Juii  (  =  "  now  to  conclude — "). 
5 


CON  34  CON 

Conclusive,  vide  Decisive. 

Concoction,  pachmel,  m.  :  vide  Story. 

Concur,  kisl  kl  hat  (or  ray)  se  itiifctq  k.  :  vide  Agree  and  Consent. 

Concussion,  takkar,  f . ;  vide  Shock. 

Condemn,  kisl  par  'aib  lagdna,  or  qusurwar  thahrdnd  (to  fix  the  blame  on) : 

mujrim  thahrdnd  (legal) :  vnaut  kd  hukm  sundnd :  ndqis  or  nikamma 

thahrdnd  ( —  as  unfit  for  further  use). 
Condemnation,  sazd  kd  hukm. 
Condescend,  wuh  mujh  se  bolnd  gaiodrd  na-karegd  (he  won't  condescend  to 

speak  to  me)  :  mere  waste  itni  taklif  gawdrd  kljiye  (condescend  to  do 

this  for  me). 
Condition,  hM,   m.  or  hdlat,  f. ;  ahwdl,   m.  sing,  (but  pi.  in  Ar.)  :  surat,  f. 

(also  appearance) :  sharp,   f.   (stipulation ;  with  karnd  or  lagdnd,  but 

with  latter  verb  also  =  to  bet)  :  sharti,  adj.  (conditional)  :   vide  Rank. 
Condole,  ham-dardl  zdhir  karnd,  gen.  (to  sympathize)  :  mdtam-pursl  k.  or 

pursd  dend  (on  death). 
Conduct,  fi'l,  m.  (on  a  particular  occasion)  :  ravish,  f.  or  raviya,  m.  (gen.)  : 

vide  Character:    vide  Arrange,  Manage:  rdh-numd,i  k.   to  show  the 

way. 

Conductor,  kandaktar,  Eng.  (in  trams  ;  also  in  Commissariat). 

Confectioner,  halwd,i  (sells  sweets  and  cakes  ;  native  only)  :  mit?td,l-wdld 
(gen.  ;  Eur.  or  Ind.). 

Confederate,  sharik  (partner). 

Conference,  mashwara  kl  majlis  :  kdnfarans ,  m.  or  f.,  Eng. 

Confess,       \  —kd  iqrdr  k.  :    —kd-  iqbdl  k.  {iqbdl  also  =  good  fortune)  :  purd 

Confession,  j      iqrdr  {k.)  (a  full  confession). 

Confidant,  bhedu,  adj.  and  subs.  :  rdzddr  :  mahram. 

Confide,  —  par  hharosd  k.  (or  rakhnd,  according  to  sense)  ;  —  pari'tibdr  k. 
(rely  on  ;  a  person  or  thing)  :  kid  ko  hhed  (or  rdz)  hatdnd  (a  secret  to 
anyone). 

Confidently,  yaqln  ke  sdth. 

Confirm,  pakkd  k.  (vulg.)  and  mustaqil  k.  (of  an  appointment). 

Confiscate,  zaht  k. :  qurq  k. 

Conflicting,  ws  kl  dalilen  ek  dusrl  se  lartl  hain  (his  statements  are  conflict- 
ing). 

Confront,  to,  — kd  sdmnd  k.  (on  purpose) :  muqdbala  k.  :  do  chdr  hond  (acci- 
dentally): datnd  (to  stand  one's  ground,  not  to  retreat). 

Confound,  gar  bar  or  gad  mad  k.  (of  things,  words)  :  hakkd  bakkd  k.  (to 
dumbfounder  =  g'Aa6m^a^  men  ddlnd) :  vide  Dismay  and  Ruin. 

Confuse,  uljhdnd  (of  things;  lit.  entangle):  uljhd,o  men  ddlnd  =  ghabrdhat 

men  ddlnd)  :  hosh  khond  (make  another  confused). 
Confused,   to   be,   ghabrdnd  or  ghabrd-jdnd ;  hosh  jdtd-rahna  :  hosh  khoyd- 

jdnd. 
Confusion,  gar  bar,  m.   (gen.)  :  uljhan,  i.  (of  thought)  and  uljhd,o  (gen.) : 

pareshdnl  =  ghabrdhat :  vide  Tumult. 

Confute,  vide  Repute. 

Congeal,  jamnd,  intr. ;  and  jamdrtu,  tr. 


COM  36  CON 

Congenial,  tabi'at  ke  munasib. 

ConKratulation   J  ^ubdrak-bdd  kakna  ;  mubarak-bdd{i) ,  f. 

Congratulatory,  mubarak-bdd  ka. 

Congregation,  majma' ,  m.  (gen.). 

Conjecture,  qiyds  k.  ;  khiyal  k.  (imagine) :  atkal  k.  (guess) :  gumdn  k.  (think 
also  =  to  doubt). 

Conjectural,  qiydsi. 

Conjure,  ^luda  ki  qasam  dend :  jddu  or  mantar  ke  zor  se  buldnd,  or  paidd 

karnd,  (of  magician). 
Conjurer,  batia-bdz  ;  or  shu'bada-bdz  (profess,  juggler). 
Connection,  diir   ke  rishte  men  or  barddan  men:  — 8e  ta'aUuq  {or  Hldqa) 

rakhnd  (gen. ;  also  carnal). 
Connive,  chashm-poshi,  k.  (simply  to  wink  at) :  dndkdnl  d,  (to  turn  the 

eyes  from,  to  connive). 
Connoisseur,  us  ko  fuldni  chiz  ki  ban  parakh  hat. 

Conquer,   )^fath  (f.)  k.  (a  country,  or  a  fort) :  zer  k.  (a  people) :  — par  yjidlib 

Conquest,  j      hond  (overcome) :  — men  or  ko  jitnd  (win). 

Conscience,  zamir,  m. :  ImMn,  m.  (vulg. ;  lit.  faith). 

Conscious,  mujhe  ydd  nahln  ;  mujhe  khabar  na-th%. 

Consciousness,  hosh  men  and  (to  regain ). 

Consecrate,  khudd  ki  rdh  men  dend:  vaqf  k.  (gen.,  but  spec,  of  property). 

Consecutive,  silsila-wdr. 

Consent,  rdzi  h.  (with  par  of  things  and  se  of  persons ;  also  =  to  be  pleased 
with) :  manzur  k.  (approve) :  razd-mandi,  f . ;  manzuri ;  marzi ;  khusht. 

Consequence,  naiija  m..  or  hdsil  (result):  phal,  m.  {lit.^  fruit) :  anjdm  {lit., 
end)  :  khair  kuckh  bat  nahln  =  kuch  haraj  (or  muzdyaqa)  nahln  (it  is  of 
no  consequence). 

Consider,  sochnd  or  bichdrnd  (ponder)  :  cfhaur  k.  (ponder  deeply) :  vide 
Think. 

Considerable,  bahut  kuchh. 

Considerate,  har  ek  bdi  par  naukaroh  kd  lihdz  karid  hai  (he  is  very  consi- 
derate to  his  servants). 

Consideration,  soch  or  bicJidr  (pondering,  q.v.)  :  mde  Think  :  yih  bat  zer-i 
tajmz  hai  (this  matter  is  under  consideration) :  tere  bap  kd  lihdTi 
karke — (out  of  consideration  to  your  father)  :  vide  Influence. 

Consignment,  chdldn,  f.  (of  goods). 

Consist,  — is  men  hai  ki — ;  fuVdn  fuldn  '  chlz  se  band  hu,d  hai  (is  made  of). 

Consistence,  gdrhd-pan  (thickness  of  fluids). 

Console,  tasalli  or  taskin  karnd  and  dend :  dildsd  dend  (also  to  quiet  a 
restless  horse,  etc.)  :  dil-jam  I  karnd  :  dnsu  pohchhnd,  met. 

Consolatory,  tasalll-bakhsh. 

Conspicuous,  jahdh  sab  ki  nazar  pafe  :  'dmm  guzar-gdh  (a  publio  passing 
place) :  vide  Famous. 

Conspire,  sdzish  karnd;  bandish  bdndhnd  (also  to  make  restrictions). 

■  In  Urdu  if  the  A  is  not  made  netsal,  the  word  {fulan,  vulg.  falan)  means  *aurat 
ki  farj. 


1000 


CON  36  CON 

Constancy   (  ^^^  Faithful,  Fidelity,  Resolute,  Continuous,  Frequent. 

Consternation,  dil  Jd  ghabrahat :  hairam  ;  hakka  bakka  hona  (also  a  verb). 

Constipation,  qabz,  m. 

Constitution,  quwa,  m.  pi.  (Ar.  pi.  of  quwwat;  lit.  powers). 

Constrained,   but  H  tarah  (=in  a  constrained  position;    and  also  to  sit 

silent  as  an  image). 
Construction,    banavat,   f.    (of   things)  :    sakht   (of   cloth   or   things)   vide 

Meaning. 
Consult,  )  salah  (karna — together,  or  se  lena  another) ;  mashwara  k. 

Consultation,  (      ( — together) :  kisi  ki  ray  lena  :  kisi  ki  marzi  ka  pas  (or 

lihaz)  karna.  (to  consult  the  wishes  oE) :  vide  Ignore. 
Consumption,   Jcharch,   m. ;    sarf,   m,   (expenditure);  vide  Waste:  sill,  m. 

(according  to  hakims  the  second  stage  of  diqq  or  lasting  fever). 
Contagion,    \  chhut   ki  bimari  (contagious   disease) :  waba,i  binidri  (infec- 
Contagious,  )      tious  disease  ;  the  atmosphere  has  become  pestilentious). 
Contain,  \aina,  intr.   (gen.)  :  samana,  intr.  (to  be  contained  or  to 

Contained,  to  be,  J      go  through  an  aperture  ;  of  one  body) :  is  bakas  men 

bahut  gunjd,ish  nahin  (this  box  won't  hold  much) :  dil  ko  qdbii  men 

nahin  rakh-sakd  (I  could  not  contain  myself  ;  from  joy  or  anger) :  main 

ghusse  ko  rok  nahin-sakd  :  apne  ta,in  (or  ghusse  ko,  etc.,)  zabt  karrui. 
Contaminate,  dluda  k.  (things)  :  nd-pdk  k.  (of  persons  or  things). 
Contemplate,     \vide   Consider   and   Intend :     gydn,    m.    [k.)    (relig.  ;     of 
Contemplation, J      Hindus):    murdqaba   {k.   or   — men   hona)    (relig.;    of 

Muslims). 
Contempt,  hiqdral,  f.  :  haqir  (or  zalil)  samajhnd  (verb  and  subs.). 
Contemptible,  zalil  (mean  or  low  by  actions) :  kamina  (by  birth  or  actions) : 

haqir  (for  actions)  :  pdji  (scoundrel). 
Contemptuous,  jo  hiqdrat  se  auron  ko  dekhtd  hai. 
Contend,  vide  Argue  and  Fight. 
Content,  razi ;  — se  khush  hai  :  wuh  har  hdl  men  khush  hai  (he  is  always 

contented)  :  vide  Contentment. 
Contentious,  jhagrdlu  (  =  quarrelsome)  :  hujjati  (objector,   always  argues). 
Contentment,  qand'at,  f.  :  seri  (=  having  all  one  wants  ;  also  satietj^). 
Contents,  chiz,  f.  :  mazmun  (purport  of  a  letter,  etc.). 
Contest,  muqdbala  {k  )  (gen.) :  vide  Argue,  Fight,  Dispute,  Struggle,  etc. 
Context,  g'orma  (also  =  indication  ;  likelihood). 
Contiguous,  lagd  hu,d  :  satd  hu,d  (also  stuck  together). 

Continence,  )  vide  Chaste  and  Chastity  :   'auraton  se  parhez  hai :  shddi  us 
Continent,     f      shakhs  ke  liye  mundsib  hai  jo  shahwat  ko  qdbu  men  nahin 

rakh  saktd ;  langot-band  (has  no  sexual  intercourse  ;    of  celibates)   : 

parhez-gdr  (one  that  avoids  bad  deeds). 

Contingent,"^' )  t^^i'/ag' ;  ittifdq  ki  bat :  ittifdqi,  adj. 

Continual,  bar  bar  kd  :  d,e  din  ka  (of  every  day)  :  [also  expressed  by  jdnd 
with  a  present  participle  prefixed]:  vide  Always,  Daily. 

Continuance,   qiydm    (of   a   custom,  a   building)  :  bar  qardri  (of  abstract 
thingsj :  vide  Perseverance. 


CON  '  37  CON 

Continue,  ra/nui ;  jari  rahna:  iisi  tarah  (or  uxiim  hi)  khush  raha  (he  conti- 
nued happy). 

Continuous,     |  lagdldr,  aclj.  and  adv.  :    harahar  ka  :    [also   expressed   by 

Continuously,  \  yana  with  an  inflected  past  partic,  as  parhe-gayd  or  by 
rahnd  with  uninflected  past  partic,  as  din  hhar  pard-rahd. 

Contraband,  nd-jd,iz  mdl. 

Contract,  ihekd,  ni.  (I.  and  d.) :  ijdra  {I.  or  d.)  :  dast-dwez  (f.)  likhnd  (gen.  ; 
to  write  a  bond) :  tamassuk  (m.)  likhnd  (to  write  a  money-bond) : 
igrdr-ndrna  (any  deed  of  contract)  :  vide  Compact  and  Bargain  :  8U- 
kapm,  intr.  (to  shrink,  of  persons  or  things ;  sukej-nd,  tr.  :  tang  k. 

Contractor,  Iheka-ddr. 

Contradict,  bat  kdtnd  (also  =  to  interrupt),  and  jhutldnd  :  bar  khildf  hond  (of 
things). 

Contrary,  {bar)  khildf  ( —  to)  :  idle  and  ultd,  adv.  (on  the  contrary). 

Contrast,  vide  Compare  :  zidd  (of  colours)  :  zamin  dsmdn  kd  farq  (of  great 
difference). 

Contribution,  madad  (no  pi.)  (dend). 

Contrivance,  hikmat,  f.  (of  a  thing)  :  tadblr,  f.  (plan). 

Contrive,  tadbir  (with  karnd, gen.,  but  with  pakdnd  -  —for  some  time) :  hik- 
mat se  or  tadbir  karke  bhdg-gayd  (I  contrived  to  escape) ;  [also  ex- 
pressed by  a  compound  with  chhornd  or  rahnd  'vide'  "Hind. 
Man.,"  p.  86-7.]. 

Control,  qabU  or  ikhtiydr  or  hdth  men  rakhnd :  kahne  men  rakhnd:  vmh 
mujh  se  nahih  dabtd  (I  cannot  control  liim)  :  vide  Stop  :  rok,  m. ;  qahza 
(grasp);  qaid,  f.  (imprisonment  and  restriction):  (ia6a,o  (also  =  pres- 
sure) ;  vide  Power. 

Controversy,  jawdb  sawdl :  bahs,  f.  or  mubdhasa,  m.  (or  both  together) 
(discussion,  friendly  or  otherwise)  :  hujjat  o  takrdr  (unfriendly  con- 
tention). 

Controvert,  jhutldnd  :  radd  k. 

Convalescent,  ifdqe  se  or  ru  ba-ifdqa. 

Convene,  vide  Collect  :  buld-bhejnd  and  kilab-karnd  (summon  ;  q.v.). 

Convenience,  vide  Ease,  Comfort  and  Leisure  :  subhetd,  m.  :  etc. 

Convenient,     "^subhete  kd  waql  batld,iye  (fix  a  convenient  time)  :  subhete 

Conveniently,  J      se  (conveniently). 

Convergent,  jo  ek  nuqte  men  milen. 

Conversant,  — se  wdqif  :  — se  mdhir  (expert  in). 

Conversation,  )  6af  chit,  f.   {k.)  ;  guft  o  gu  f.  {k.)  :  (talking  together) :  bol 

Converse,  )  chdl,  f.  (k.)  :  jawdb  sawdl,  m.  {k.)  (dialogue  ;  vide  also 
Match)  :  idhar  udhar  ki  bdten  (chatting  on  various  subjects)  :  gap 
shap,  f.  {k.)  (idle  gossip  or  pleasant  talk). 

Convert,  pdni  ko  barf  bandnd  (convert  water  into  ice)  :  us  ko  'Isd,i  kiyd 
(he  converted  him  to  Christianity) ;  fuldn  mazhab  men  land  :  cJield  k. 
(to  make  a  disciple)  :  ruiu-muslim,  etc. ,  :  nayd  chela  (a  new  disciple) : 
Kristdn  (a  native  Christian). 

Convex,  mdhi-pusht  (also  =  '  roach-backed,'  of  a  horse). 

Convey,  dhond,  gen.,  (carry  on  the  back  or  shoulder  or  in  a  cart) :  le-jdnd 
(also  to  take  away) :  pahuhchdnd  (to  take  to)  :  le-chalnd  (start  and 
carry  with  one)  :  uthd-lejiina  (to  carry  away). 


CON  38  COR 

Conveyance,  sawarl,  gen  ,  (any  beast  or  carriage,  etc,  etc.,  ;  also  a  '  fare ' 
— the  person)  :  vide  Deed. 

Convict,  gunah-gar,  etc.,  etc.,  thahrdna  {vide  Guilty) :  sdbit  k.,  etc.  (to 
prove ;  of  guilt)  :  main  ne  usko  uski  ghalatt  par  qd,il  kar-chkord  (I 
convicted  him  of  his  error  ;  in  argument,  etc.). 

Convict,  qaidt  (prisoner) :  jald-watan  qaidi  (transported  — ). 

Convince,  yaqln  dildnd  ;  manwdnd  :  qd,il  k. 

Cook,  bdivarcM,  m.,  gen.;  hdwarchan,  f.  :  Idngri  Panj.:  paknd^  intr.  and 
pakdnd  tr.  .•  raso,i  handnd  (of  Hindus  only). 

Cookery,  bdivarchi-gari  (art  or  profession  of). 

Cool,  khunuk  :  thandd  sd. 

Coolie,  quli :  mazdur. 

Co-operate,  milkar  kdm  karnd. 

Co-operation,  ittijdq. 

Cope,  vide  Confront.  / 

Copious,  wdflr  ;  vide  Abundant. 

Copier,  kdtih  ;  naqUnavis :  vide  Caligrapliist  :  vide  Imitate. 

Copper,  i^nbd  :  paisd  (coin). 

Coppersmith,  thatherd. 

Copulate,  juft  k.  or  jufii  khdnB  (of  animals)  :  suhbal  k. 

Copy,  naql  (transcript) :  musawwada  (rough  draught) :  misdl ;  namuna  (ex- 
emplar) :  nusMia  (one  volume  of  a  work;  also -a  prescription  or  a 
recipe. 

Coquetry,  ndz  o  nakhra  {k.) 

Coral,  mungd. 

Cord,  dor,  f.  gen.  :  dort,  f.  (of  liemp)  :  rassi  se  bdndhud  (to  cord). 

Cordiality,  tapdk ;  garm-josht. 

Cordon,  saniriyon  kd  halqa  :  jel  ki  ndka-bandt  ki  (he  placed  sentries  all 
round  the  jail). 

Coriander,  dhaniyd  (the  seed). 

Cork,  kdk  or  kdg,  i.  :  dat  (a  plug,  or  stopper). 

Corkscrew,  pech-kash,  m. 

Corn,  vide  Grain  and  Wheat,  etc.  :  ju,ar  or  makd,i  (Indian  Corn)  and 
bhuttd  (fresh  heads  of  Indian  Corn). 

Corner,  kond,  m.  ;  gosha,  m.  :  vide  Angle. 

Coronation,   tdj-poshi  (of  ruling  sovereigns)  :    takht-nishini  (ascending  the 

throne). 
Coronet,  bhauii  f.  (of  hoof ;  also  eyebrow). 
Corpse,  murda,  m.,  and  lash,  f.  (of  humans) ;  vide  Carcase. 
Corpulent,  tan  o  tosh  kd. 

Correct,  sahih  or  durust  or  thtk  k,  ;  isldh  dend :  sudhdrnd  (mend  the  character, 
the  manners). 

Correction,  tashih,  f. ;  isldh,  f. ;  durusti. 

Correctness,  durusti:  sihhat  f.  (also  health'. 

Correspond,  milnd  or  mutdbiq  hond  (of  dates,  etc.):  vide  Suit,  Communi- 
cation, and  Write. 


COR  39  COU 

Correspondent,  nama-niyar  (of  newspaper) :  vide  Agent. 

Corrode,  kfin-lend ;  galmia. 

Corrugated,  noll-ddr  lolid  ( — iron). 

Corrupt,  higartia,  tr.,  or  kharab  k.  (vitiate) ;  vide  Putrify  ;  bigafd  hu,a,  adj., 
vide  Bad  and  Bribe. 

Cost,  is  par  kihm  kharck  hu,a  or  kitna  kharcha  lagd  or  baithd{how  much  did 
tliis  cost?);  <^«w  lagnd;  sarf  hond;  vide  Suffer:  lekin  bahvt  nuqsdn 
uthdnd  pafd  =  bahut  kuchh  khone  paryih  chiz  hath  iaf/»  =  itoost  me  dear: 
Idgat,  i.  ^actunl  cost) :  qlmat  (price) :  vide  Loss  :  main  ne  kho-ke  aikhd  (I 
know  it  to  my  cost :  ddm  ke  ddm  or  Idgat  ke  ddm  or  asH  qlmat  par,  adv. 
(at  cost  price) ;  kharcha,  leg.  (costs). 

Costiveness,  qabz,  m. 

Costly,  qimati;  bahut  ddm  kd. 

Costume,  Hbds,  m. ;  poshdk,  f. ;  vide  Uniform.  • 

Cottage,  bangaliyd,  f.  (a  small  bungalow)  :  vide  Hut. 

Cotton,  ru,i,  f.  (raw)  :  sutl  kaprd :  sut,  m.  (for  sewing)  ;  kapds,  m.  (growing).  1100 

Couch,  koch.  m.,  Eng. ;  vide  Sofa. 

Cough,  khdhsnd  :  dhdnsnd  (of  a  hard  dry  cough)  :  khdhsi  and  dhdnsi,  subs. 

Council,  kaunsal,  (.,  Eng.  ;  majlis,  f. ;  sabhd,  f. 

Counsel,  inde  Advice,  Advocate,  CDusultation ;  apnd  bhed  chhupdnd  (to 
keep  one's  own  counsel). 

Count,  ginnd  ;  ginti  k.  ;  shum,dr  k. ;  hisdb  k.  (of  numbers):  samajhnd,  jdnnd, 
ginnd  and  shumdr  men  Idnd  (consider,  esteem). 

Countenance,  riip,  m.  :  siirat,  f.  {lit.  appearance) ;  shakl,  f.  {lit.  form^  (face 
q  V.)  :  chihra  na-badalnd  (to  keep  one's  countenance). 

Counteract,  asar  roknd  or  kdtnd  :  ulld  asar  ddlnd. 

Counterfeit,  6awau"a/t ;  ja'lt;  naqlt :  virfe  False  and  Forged. 

Countermand,  hukm  pher-lend :  vide  Cancel. 

Countermine,  surang  ke  niche  surang  lagdnd;  surang  dar  surahg  lagdnd. 

Countless,  an-ginat ;  be-ginli;  be- shumdr ;  be-hisdb. 

Country,  des,  m.  ;  mvlk,  m. ;  vildyat,  f.  :  zamin,  f.  (land)  :  dihdl  (as  opposed 
to  town) ;  desi,  adj.  (as  opp.  to  foreign)  :  dihdli,  adj.  (as  opp.  to  town). 

Countryman,   desl-bhd,i    or  ham-watan  (fellow )  :    vide     Rustic,    Rude, 

Villager. 

Couple,  jord,  m.,  or  juft  (male  and  female)  :  ^cn  (two,  as  horses  in  a  carriage ; 
irrespective  of  sex). 

Couplet,  ek  shi'r,  m.,  or  bait,  f . ;  dohd,  m.,  Hindi. 

Courage,  bahdduri  ^marddnagi :  dileri  a,nd  jur,at,  f.  (also  =  boldness)  ;  himmat 
(lieart,  i  e.,  courage,  perseverance,  magnanimity,  enterprise)  ;  dilavaru 

Courageous,  bahddur ;  dildixir  :  himmat  ivdld  :  jawdn-mard  (full  of  manly 
qualities,  i.e.,  brave,  generous,  uobly  eLvahitious  =  hausale-ivdld)  :  dil- 
chald  (adventurous) :  vide  Hero. 

Course,  vide  Way,  Path,  Race-course  :  raftdr,  f. ;  chdl,  f. :  bahd.o,  m.  (of  a 
river)  :  tartqa  or  dhang  ikhtiydr  karnd  (piocedure  to  adopt)  :  albatta 
(certainly,  of  course):  aur  kyd  (what  else;  of  course):  hdh  (but  of 
course  ;  stay)  :  puchhne  ki  kyd  hdjat  (  =  of  course) :  tdzi  ko  khargosh  par 
daufdnd  ( — with  greyhounds)  :  vide  Menses. 


COU  40  CRA 

Court, 'pddshah  ka  darhar  (royaH)  :  rdj-darbdr  (of  a  Raja):  kachahn,i.  (of 
law)  :  'addlat,  f.  (of  justice  :  darhdri  kaprd  (Court-dress). 

Court,  to,  lard,l  mol-lend  (court  a  quarrel)  :  maut  ki  taldsh  men  rahnd  (to 
court  death)  :  a'pne  pd,on  men  dp  kulhdri  marnd  =  apni  jar  dp  khodnd 
(court  disaster)  :  vide  Seek  and  Woo  :  darbdr-ddrl  karnd  (to  court  big 
officials,  to  lobby). 

Courteous,    hare  akhldq  kd  (civil,  spec,  of  high  people)  :  d,o-bhagat  kd. 

Courtesy,  vide  Favour,  Kindness. 

Courtier,  darhdr-wdld :  vide  Flatterer. 

Courtyard,  dngan,  m.  ;  sahn,  m. 

Cousin,  chacherd-hhd,t,  m.,  and  chachert  bahan  (children  of  brothers),  and 
khalerd  bha'i,  etc.  (children  of  sisters) :  [there  are  many  words  for 
children  of  father's  sister,  mother's  brother,  etc.,  etc.]. 

Covenant,  qaul  qardr,  m.  (k.)  and  'ahd  paimdn,  m.  (k.)  (mutual ;  written  or 
oral) :  likhd  parhi,  f,  (k,)  (written)  :  vide  Promise. 

Cover,  dhdnknd  and  dhdnpnd  (with  either  cloth  or  solid  cover) :  urhdnd,  tr. 
(with  a  sheet ;  for  persons  or  a  statue) :  vide  Roof,  Thatch,  Spread  (of 
clouds) :  topi  pahannd,  pagri  bdndhnd  or  sir  dhdnpnd  (of  the  head)  : 
charhnd  intr.  and  chafhdnd  caus.  (of  animals)  and  sdnd  chhornd  (of 
horses,  oxen,  camels) ;  lend  jurnd  (of  dogs)  :  vide  Conceal  and  Overlay. 

Cover,  dhaknd  (gen. ;  also  a  lid  of  a  box  ;  may  be  a  fixture)  :  chapni^  f.  (for 
eartlien  pots;  not  a  fixture)  ;  sar-posh  (gen.  but  not  a  fixture) :  dr,  f. 
(shelter  from  fire  or  cover  from  view);  bachd,o,  m.  and  pandh,  f.,  and 
rok,  f.  (shelter) :  Mfdzat,  f.  (shelter,  protection)  ;  vide  Screen  :  jild^  f. 
and  dafti,  f.  (of  a  book) :  (jkildj,  m.  (for  boxes,  pillows  ;  sheath  of  a 
sword). 

Coverlet,  razd,i,  i.  (stuffed  with  cotton  wool ;    can  also  be  worn)  :  liMf,  m. 

(ditto,  but  heavier  and  for  bed  only  =  bdJd-posh) :  orkne   ki  chddar    (a 

sheet  used  as  a  covering  for  the  body). 
Covet, -kd  Idlachk. :  and  tama'  (f.)  k.  (the  goods  of  another)  :  havas  (f.) 

or  Mrs  (f.)  k.  (to  desire  more):  Compare  Envy  and  Greed. 

Covetous,  Idlachl;  hirst. 

Covey,  jhund  fbig  or  small),  and  gol,  m.  (gen.  of  a  large  number  of  beasts, 

birds,  or  men). 
Cow,   gd,e:  gobar,  m.  [cow-dung)  and  upld,  m.  (dried  for  burning):  ahir 

and  gwdld  (Hindu  cowherds) :  giijar  (Muslim  ditto  in  Panjab) :  gau-sdld 

cowhouse. 

Coward,  (iar-pofc  .•  buz-dil  (goat-hearted):  nd-mard  (also  =  impotent) :  thur- 
dild  :  bhagord  (a  runaway) :  kam-himmat  (of  no  heart ;  vide  Courage). 

ZovjaLtdxcQ,  dar-pok-pan  ;  buz-dili ;  nd-mardi ;  thur-dild-pan  ;  kam-himmatt : 
bhagord-pan  (habit  of  running  away). 

Cower,  vide  Crouch. 

Coxcomb,  vide  Cock  and  Comb  and  Fop  :  Akarfun  Khdn  (a  conceited  fel- 
low). 

Crab,  kekrd :  sarf^n ,  Ar.  (also  Cancer  the  disease,  and  the  sign  of  the  Zodiac). 

Crabbed,  klra  makaurd  likhnd  (of  writing). 

Crack,  bdl,  m.  (in  glass):  darz,  m.  (in  a  wall):  shigdf,  ra.  (ditto;  also  =  a 
cut). 


CRA  41  CRE 

Crack,  to.  phopia  (a  nut) :  — men  bal  dalna,  tr.  (of  glass,  etc.),  and  intr. 
— men  bal  paf-jana  or  a-jdnd:  ahaqq  k.  and  h.(ol  wall)  :  kofd  chatkliana 
(to  crack  a  whip) :  hijlx  kaj-akna,  intr.  (of  thunder) ;  [dp  mujhi  par 
kafakle  kyun  Aaiw  =  why  are  you  roaring  at  me  ?]. 

Cracked,  bdl  pajrd  hu,d  (of  glass) :  phuld  (of  a  coin). 

Cradle,  jhuld  (also  =  swing) :  poind  (suspetided ). 

Craft,  "^kdm   m.;  hirfa  (manual,  hut  hir  fat  "cunning"):  hunar  (a,rt 

Craftiness,  J  and  craft):  pesha  (profession)  dhandhd  (ditto);  rubdh-bdzi 
(foxiness) ;  chdl-bdzi  (trickery) ;  vide  Deceit,  Fraud,  Cunning. 

Craftsman,  kdn-gar  ;  hunar-mand;  ustdd. 

Crafty,  hirfati ;  rubdh-bdz;  chdl-bdz  (tricky)  :  vid«  Cunning. 

Cram,  thunsnd  (to  cram  into)  :  galiydnd  (to  feed  by  hand;  as  horses, 
fowls) :  — dimdffh  men  thunsnd  (of  knowledge,  by  force)  :  thuhsd-thun- 
sdkar  khiIdnd  =  ndkoh  men  bharnd  (to  cram  small  children  with  food,  or 
to  press  food  on  a  guest) :  ser  karnd  (to  feed  to  satisfaction ,  not  to 
surfeit). 

Cramp,  chingur,  f .  (spasm  with  pain) :  ainthan  (without  pain ;  from  want  of 
room). 

Cramped,  chingufd  hu,d  (distorted  by  pain)  :  ainthd  hu  d  :  jagah  kl  tangi  se 
merd  badan  akar-gayd  or  ainihd-gayd. 

Crane,  kulang  (the  Common  Crane):  A:un/ (ditto  in  Panjab)  :  qarqard 
(Demoiselle)  :  sdras  (the  Sarus) :  manjaniq  (the  instrument). 

Crash,  dhardkd  (of  a  falling  building). 

Crave,  vide  Implore  :  mu'dfi  ki  iltijd  karnd  (crave  pardon). 

Craven,  pityal  murgk  (lit.  beaten  Cock  ;  also  met.). 

Crawl,  rengnd  (of  snakes  or  humans) :  ghutnon  chalnd=:hdthpd,onse  chalnd 
(on  all  fours) .'  vide  Creep. 

Crazy,  bd,old  (of  people)  :  siri  (sp.  from  old  age). 

Creak,  mach  mack  karnd  (of  carts,  etc.). 

Cream,  mala, I,  in  Lucknow  bdld,i :  z^ardfat  kd  lutj  (the  cream  of  the  jest) : 
nuqra,  ghord  (a  cream-coloured  or  albino  horse;  a  "  pink"  horse). 

Crease,  ?7io/,  f.  (baggines);  silvat,  f.  (in  cloth):  shikan,  f.  (in  cloth  or  in 
the  skin). 

Create,  paidd  k.  gen.  :  hhalq  k.  (of  God  only) :  Ijdd  k.  (of  inanimate 
things  ;  also  to  invent). 

Created,  makMuq  (also  subs.,  f.  =  people) ;  pi.  makhluqdt  =  &\l  created  things. 

Creation,  khilqat,  f.  (also  the  act  of) :  vide  Created. 

Creator,  paidd  karne-imld :  khMliq. 

Creature,  vide  Animal,  Man,  etc.,  and  Created:  banda  khuda  kd  (prop,  of 
man  only,  but  y\i\g.  =  makMuq) :  A;a<-pM//»  (servile  creature  of,  "  wooden 
doW") -.'pichh-lagd  (ditto;  also  a 'platter-licker  of):  khdya-bos  vulg. 
(Stronger  than  either  of  the  former  ;  =  bum-sucker,  one  ready  to  do  any 
duty  work  ;  =  ?«<»  ki  khdk  jhdrne-uvld) :  khhush-dmadi  tattu  (a  mean  crea- 
ture, a  general  flatterer). 

Credible,  qdbil-i  i'tibdr  (of  belief) :  mu'tabar  (trustworthy,  of  man,  or  clock, 
etc.) :  mu'tabar  zarl'a  se  (from  a  credible  source  of  information). 


CRE  42  CRO 

Credit,  vide  Belief  and  Trust  :  sakh,  f.  (mercantile)  :  iHihar,  m.  (gen.  of 
people ;  vide  Honour  and  Reputation :  vide  Reliance :  udhdr,  adv. 
(on  credit) :  qarz,  m.  (loan)  :  ivuh  apnl  sakh  kho-haiiha  (lie  has  lost  his 
mercantile  credit)  ;  vide  Commercial :  hisab  men  jama'  k.  (to  credit, 
in  an  account)  :  vide  Ascribe  to. 

Creditable,  qabil-i  ta'nf  ;  sarahne  ke  qabil. 

Creditor,  qarz-khipah ;  len-ddr  F&nj. 

Credits,  lend,  m. 

Credulous,  bhold  (simple,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense)  :  zud-bdwar :  kan-patld  or 
kdn  kd  kachchd  ( as  regards  complaints  and  tales) :   dhul-mul-yaqtn. 

Creed,  kalima  (the  Muslim  profession  of  faith):  'aqlda,    m.    (tenet):  vide 

Religion. 
Creep,  vide  Crawl :  Aare  ji  chalnd  (move  unwillingly)  :  chunii  ki  chdl  chalnd 

(to  move  slowly) :  khisak-jdnd  (steal  away). 

Crescent,  hildl  (moon) :  hildli  jhandd,  etc.  (ensign  of  the  Turks) :  saltb  aur 
Midi  (cross  and  crescent). 

Crest,  kalghl  (on  bird's  head ;  tuft  or  head  dress) :  choii  (of  birds ;  top- 
knot ;  crest  of  hill) :  kal^i  etc.  ddr  (crested). 

Crest-fallen,  sir  jhukd,e  (hu,e)  ;  dum-dabd,e  (hii,e)  ;  himmat  hard  hu,d. 

Crew,  jahdzi,  pi. 

Cricket,  jhingur,  m.  (the  insect)  :  ghu,dn,  m.  (mole-cricket)  :  kirkit,  f.  (the 

game). 
Crier,  dhandoryd  (municipal)  :  mu^azzin   (paid,  in  a  mosque)  :  azdn  dene- 

wdld  (gen.  ;  anyone  summoning  to  prayer). 

Crime,  jurm,  m.,  (k). 

Criminal,  vide  Guilty,  Prisoner  :  mujrimdna  (of  acts)  :  fauj-ddrl  kd,  leg.  (as 
opposed  to  diwdnl  kd) ;  faujddrl  'addlai  (Criminal  Court). 

Crimson,  qirmizi:  surkh  or  Idl  (gen.  term  for  reds). 

Cringe,  farrdshi  saldm  k.  (not  necessarily  in  a  bad  sense  ;  Lucknow  people 

always  make  this   saldm)  :  pa, on  parnd  (of    men)  :  pd,on  men   lotnd 

(Spec,  of  dogs). 
Cripple,    )  langrd  (lame)  :  ek-iangd,  adj.  (lame  in  one  leg) :   lunjd  adj.  and 
Crippled,  >      subs,  (in  legs  ;  but  also  of  whole  body) :  luld,  adj.  and  subs,  (in 

liand  or  arm) :  hdth  pd,oh  se  ma' zur  ipolxte  for  apdhaj,  subs,  and  adj. : 

(crippled  in  the  whole  body). 

Crisp,  churchurd  [ov  kurkurd)  (of  eatables);  pdparkdsd:  [compare  Brittle]. 
Crisis,  ndzuk  waqt ;  jokhon  kd  waqt. 

Criticize,  'aib  nikdlnd  or  batdnd  (of  persons  or  things;  in  a  bad  sense): 
girijt  k.  (of  things  only). 

Croaker,  burd  mandne-wdld  (always  predicting  evil)  :  kal-jibbhd,  adj.  (one 
whose  evil  predictions  generally  happen). 

Crocodile,  magar  or  magar-machh  (long-nosed)  :  ghariydl,  (small-noaed). 

Crooked,  terhd :  bdnkd  (also  =  dandy)  :  kaj  :  kham-ddr;  bal-ddr  (of  flexible 
things) :  terht  berhi  gall  (long  crooked  lane  or  narrow  street) :  terhd  jawdb 
—  terh%  berhi  bdten. 

Crop,  fasl,  f. ;  aimj  or  ndj,  m.  (lit.  grain) :  rabt'  (Spring  crop)  Man/ (Autumn 
):  khan  kheti  (standing  crop) :  hausala,  m.,  and  potd,  m.  (of  bird). 


CRO  43  cue 

Crop-eared,  kan-katn. 

Cross,  mllb  (not  nee.  relig.) :  chalipd  (ditto) :  qainchi,  subs.,  and  qaihchiya^ 
adj.  and  adv.  scissors-like  cross:  afa,  adj.  (oblique  or  transverse): 
(ifd-iirch/id  (of  two  things) :  talkh-mizdj or  kapvd-mizdj ;  (in  temper) :  — se 
chirnd  or  chiihd  hu,d  hond  (to  be  cross  with). 

Cross-examination,  jirh,  f.,  leg. :  her  pher-ke  puchhnd or  pher  phdr-ke  puchhnd. 

Cross-fire,  an  tirchhi  gola-anddzi :  donon  taraf  se  sawdldt  ki  bauchhdr  (  — of 
questions). 

Cross-legged,  chdr-zdnu  (baithnd). 

Crossway,  chau-rasta,  in.  or  ckau-rdhd. 

Crouch,  sutuk-kar  baithnd. 

Crow,  kawivd  (the  common  Indian  Crow) :  bang  dend  or  dzdn  dend  (of  cock). 

Crowbar,  sdbal,  m. 

Crowd,  bhir:  thdth  (dense  crowd):  logon  kd  hujum:  vide  Populace. 

Crowded,  bdzdr  men  bhir  lagi  thi:  log  khacham-khach  bhare  hu,e  the  (densely 
crowded). 

Crown,  td}  {pahndnd)  (a  sovereign). 

Crucify,  suli  or  saltb  par  charhdnd. 

Crude,  vide  Raw,  Unripe  :  be-dhungd  (of  opinions). 

Cruel,  sang  dil  and  be-rahm  (of  people);  videTyv&nt :  sdng-diftkd  and  66- 
rahml  kd  (of  actions,  etc.). 

Cruelly,  be-rahmdna;  be-rahmi  se. 

Cruelty,  3ang-dili;  be-rahmi:  vide  Tyranny. 

Cruet,  sirka-ddn. 

Crumb,  roii  kd  gudd  (as  opp.  to  crust) :  vide  Piece,  Bit. 

Crupper,  dum-chi. 

Crusade,  salibi-jang :  jihdd  (relig.  war  of  Muslims  against  non-Muslims). 

Crusader,  din  ke  liye  larne-wdld  gen  :  mujdhidin,  pi.,  and  jhdzi  (of  Muslims, 
latter  word  is  now  often  used  for  fanatic). 

Crush,  dhakkd-pel,  m.  (of  a  crowd):  dabnd^  intr.,  and  dabdnd,  tr. :  masalnd 
(to  crush  with  the  heel  or  rub  between  the  palms;  also  to  tread  wine, 
dates,  etc  ) :  vide  Pound. 

Crust,  chhilkd  (of  bread). 

Crutch,  Idthi  iek-kar  chaltd  hui  ( =  he  walks  with  a  crutch). 

Cry,  chilld,nd  gen.,  chikhnd,  (of  persons;  inarticulate):  bobm  or  diodz  dend 
or  pukdmd  (to  call  aloud)  :  dhdr  mdrkar  rond  (weep  aloud) ;  rote 
rote  andha  hond  (any  one's  eyes  out);  vide  Weep,  Lament,  Shout  : 
hank  mdrnd  or  lagdnd  (of  hawkers  or  beggars) :  sadd  dend  (of  begtrars 
at  doors) :  pukdrke  bechnd  (of  hawker)  vide  Proclamation  :  dufia,i  dend 
(to  cry  for  help) :  duhd,i  tihd.i  dend  (to  cry  repeatedly  for  help) :  vide 
Yell:  subs,  are  chikh:  chilldhat ;  dwdz,  pukdr;  hdhk,  sadd  (all  fem.), 
and  kuk,  f.  (the  sound  of  lamentation). 

Crystal,  biUaur  or  billur,  m.  (also  thick  cut  g'ass). 

Cubit,  hdth. 

Cuckold,  dayyus  (a  complaisant  cuckold). 


cue  44  CUR 

Cucumber,  kakrl  (large) :  khira  (small). 

Cud,  jugall  k.  or  pagur  k.  (chew ). 

Cudgel,  sonta  bajdna  or  marna;  lathiydna  :  mayhz  mdrnd  ( one's  brains). 

Cuff,  kaf,  m.  and  f.,  Eng.  (of  coat  or  shirt)  :  vide  Blow. 

Cul-de-sac,  hand  gall. 

Cull,  chunnd. 

Culprit,  qusur-wdr. 

Cultivate,    jotnd  bond  ;  kheti  karnd  ;  kdsht  karnd  :    vide  Till  and  Sow  :   wuh 

dlu  hold   hai  (he  cultivates  potatoes)  :  wuh  angur  ki  paiddwdr  kd  kdm 

kartd  hai  (he  cultivates  grapes). 

Cultivated,  jott  ho,i  or  dhdd  zaniin. 

Cultivation,  kheti ;  kdsht,  f . ;  dbddi  (prop,  population) ;  halvdhi  (vulg.) : 
kisht  or  kdsht -kdrl  (k.)  (act  of ) :  paiddwdr,  i.  (produce):  w(?e  Im- 
provement. 

Cultivator,  kdsht-kdr;  kisdn;  dsdml;  ra'iyat,  ra.  (but  f.  =  subject):  zaniin- 
ddr  (land-owner  and  head  cultivator). 

Culture,  tarhiyat,  f.  (also  training). 

Cumbersome,  \6o/7ia/  (heavy):    atal  (immovable):  ajgar  vv\g.   (large  and 
Cumbrous,      J      cumbersome,   lit.    a   python) ;    hhdri  laddhar  (large   and 
cumbrous). 

Cumulative,  sazd  dar  sazd  ( punishment) :  sud  dar  sud  ( interest). 

Cunning,  chdldk  (in  deed  or  thought):  shdtir  (of  deed):  siydna  (also  = 
having  reached  years  of  discretion  ;  in  Punjab  also  clever)  :  apne  kdm 
men  hoshydr :  chatur  ;  rohdh-hdz  (foxy)  •.  makkdr  (deceitful  and  tricky) ; 
vide  Artful,  Cunning  and  Deceitful:  subs,  are  chdldkl ;  shdtiri;  siydn- 
pan  ;  chaturd,t ;  rohdhhdzi,  makkdrl. 

Cup,  piydla  and  piydli,  gen. :  katord  and  katori  (of  metal) :  kdsa  (of  metal 
and  shaped  like  a  tumbler). 

Cupboard,  almdri  For.  (also  =  bookcase  and  wardrobe):  ni'mat-khdna. 

Cupola,  quhba  ;  vide  Dome. 

Curds,  dahi  (jamdnd). 

Curb,  vide  Bridle  and  Restrain  and  Bit. 

Cure,  fuldn  ke  'ildj  se  achchd  hond  (of  doctor) ;  but  shifd  dend  or  changd 
karnd  (of  God)  :  'ildj  k.  (to  treat) :  maslhd,i^  k.  (to  make  a  marvellous 
cure ;  of  doctor) :  chdra,  m.  and  tadbir,  f .  (remedy  for  ill  other  than 
disease)  :  khot  or  'aib  dur  k.  (to  cure  a  defect  of  character) :  vide  Treat. 

Curious,  anHthd  and  anokhd,  (peculiar ;  also  rare)  :  nirdld  (strange,  singu- 
lar ;  also  pure) ;  vide  Wonderful. 

Curiosity,  vide  Rarity  :  puchh  pdchhi.  (questioning):  rdz-jo,t;  bhed  lend  v. 

Curl,  ghunghar,  m.  (one  curl)  :  zulf  (the  locks) :  kdkul  (curled  hair). 

Curly,  ghunghar  wdle  bdl  or  pech-ddr  bdl. 

Currants,  karan,  Eng. 

Current,  dhnr,  f.  and  dhdrd,  m.  (of  a  river) :  bahd,o  (flowing) ;  chaltd,  adj.  (of 
money) :  jdri  adj.  (of  money  or  a  custom) :  mdh-i  hdl  or ramdn  (the 


i  The  Messiah  (Maslh)  raised  from  the  dead. 


CUR  46  CYC 

current  month):  is  bat  ka  charcM  hai  or  zaban-zad  hai  (of  story, 
rumour) :  roz-marre  ka  hhharch  (current  or  daily  expenses) :  bazar bha,o 
or  bazar  ka  nirkh  (price-current). 

Currier,  vide  Tanner. 

Curry,  karl  bhat,  subs. ;  cJiamfe  ki  dabagJaat  kama,  or  chamfeko  dabayJial  derm 
(leather) :  kharera  k.  (of  a  horse). 

Curry-comb,  kharera. 

Curse,  kosd  or  kosnd,  m.  (dend) :  bad-du'd,  f.  (d.);  phitkdr  or  la'nat,  f.  (with 
dead  or  bhejnd  of  man  ;  but  with  karnd  of  God) ;  us  par  la'nat  or  phit- 
kdr ho  (  =  God's  curse  on  him)  :  zindagi  mujh  par  wabdl  hai  (life  is  a 
curse,  a  plague,  to  me) :  vide  AflSiction  and  Calamity. 

Cursed,  mardud  (rejected)  and  maVun  (cursed)  (by  God  ;  of  people) :  la'nati 
(ditto  of  men  or  of  actions)  :  kam-bakht  (wretched ;  of  people  or 
places):  manhus  (ill-omened,  detestible;  of  places  or  actions  or 
things) :  makruh  (objectionable ;  of  things  or  actions)  :  dozakhi  or 
jahannami  (of  men,  etc.  =  he  will  go  to  hell  or  is  in  hell). 

Cursory,  sarsarl  nazar  ( view).  1250 

Curt,  akhar  jawdb  (a  rough  answer)  :  iakd  sd  (or  rukhd)  jawdb  (a  plain,  un- 
sympathetic answer)  :  do  iuk  j.  (a  plain  yes  or  no)  :  danddn  shikan  j. 
(curt  and  to  which  there  is  no  reply)  :  vide  Refusal. 

Curtail,  mukhiasar  k.  (of  speech,  etc.)  :  vide  Shorten. 

Curtain,  parda  (a  hanging)  :  masahri   (mosquito )  vide  Screen  and  Chiq. 

Custodian,  rakhwdld ;  nigdh-hdn  ;  muhdfiz  :  vide  Keeper. 

Custom,  dasiur,  m. ;  riwdj,  m.  ;  rit,  f.  ;  rasm,  f. ;  qd'ida,  m. ;  ma^mul  m. ; 
tariqa;  chalan ;  raviya :  'ddai  (habit):  vide  Fashion,  Buying,  and 
Griffin. 

Customer,  khanddr  and  gdhak  (buyer). 

Custom-house,  parmit-ghar ,  m. 

Customs,  mahsul,  m.  ;  chungi  (octroi). 

Cut,  kdind,  tr.  and  katnd,  intr.  (sp.  with  knife) :  katarnd,  tr.  (clip  with 
scissors)  :  qatu''  k.  (for  clothes)  :  qalam  k.  (to  cut  off  with  one  blow  ;  to 
clip  hedges ;  make  cuttings) :  iardshnd  (slice ;  with  knife  or  scissors)  : 
chhdnind  (clip  beard,  trees,  hedges  ;  also  to  select ')  :  kdind  or  kdt-lend 
(as  a  fine) :  mujhse  usse  sahib  saJdmai  lark  hai  (we  are  dead  cuts) :  iukfe 
iukre  k.  (cut  or  break  in  pieces):  tumturdq  dikhdnd  (cut  a  dash): 
lash  tardshnd  (cut  cards)  :  ddnt  nikalnd,  intr.  (cut  teeth)  :  cJiampat  huji 
or  chal  champat  hu,d  (cut  and  run,  disappear  =  cAa7<a  hu,d,^  chaltd  being 
here  an  adjective)  :  vide  Avoid  :  kdt,  sub.  (of  clothes  or  sword);  zarb. 
f.  {lagdnd)  (a  cut  or  blow  with  a  weapon)  :  vide  Slit;  chhoid  rdsta  (a 
short  cut) :  kufarnd  to  gnaw. 

Cut-purse,  jeb-katrd  ;  girih-kat. 

Cut-throat,  gald-kat. 

Cutting,  diUkhardsh  (sarcastic,  etc.)  :   jali  kaii  bdten  (cutting  words). 

Cycle,  jug,  m.  (age) ;  qaran,  m. 


1  Chkaifit'dena  "  to  select  for  rejection,  to  reject  "  ;  but  chhaM-hna  "  to  select 
and  approve." 

•  For  chalta  hv,a  hv,a. 


CYL  46 

Cylinder,  chonga ;  nal. 

Cylindrical,  belan-sa  (like  a  rolling-pin  or  a  roller). 

Cymbal,  jhunjh,  m. 

Cypher,  sifr;  sunnar  H. 

Cypress,  sarv. 

D 

Dagger,  khanjar,  m.  (curved)  :  chhura,  m.  (a  straight  knife). 

Dacoit,  daku  :  daka  or  dakaiti,  dacoity. 

Dainty,  nazakat-pasand  (fastidious,  q.v.)  ;  ni'maten  or  maze  maze  ka  khdna , 
dainties . 

Dam,  band,  m.  {handhim). 

Damage,  nuqsan,  m.  (k.)  ;  nuqsan  uthand  (to  suffer  loss  or  damage) :  zarar, 
m.  {pahunchdna  tT.) :  harjdna  (legal  damages):  vide  hoss:  ddmis  mal, 
Eng.  corr.  (damaged  goods  in  a  shop). 

Damp,  rutubat,  f.;  sil,  f. ;  naml,  f.  :  martub  or  sild  or  nam,  adj.  (k). 

Dance,  ndchnd,  v.,  general :  ndch,  m. ;  bdl,  Eng.  (ball). 

Dandy,  bdnhd  (also  =  fop)  :  ranglld,  effeminately  foppish. 

Danger,  khatra  :  jdn  ka  andesha  (danger  to,  fear  of,  one's  life)  :  vide  Risk 
and  Fear  :  khatar-ndk,  dangerous  :  muhlik  (destructive  to  life)  :  jdn 
jokhon  subs.  ( — to  life  ;  vide  Risky). 

Dappled,  gul-ddr. 

Dare,  to,  jur^at  k. ;  dileri  k. 

Dark,  andherd,  adj.  and  sub.,  (k.) ;  tdrlk.  adj.  (k.)  :  gahrd,  or  siydhi  md,il 

(of  colours);  tdriki,  subs,  (darkness) :  vide  Dim. 
Darling,  IMM,  m.  and  Idill,  f  ,  subs,  or  adj. :  Iddo  /.  (to  wife  or  mistress) : 

dnlchoh  kl  putll,  gen.,  (lit. pupil  of  the  eyes)  :  meri  jdn  !  (in  address; 

lit.  my  life!). 
Dart,   to,   jhapatnd   (as  a  snake ;  also  to  pounce  upon  as  a  kite  ;  spring 

upon  as  a  tiger  ;  rush  at  as  in  a  charge). 
Dash,  pataknd  (on  to  the  ground)  :  de-mdrnd,  gen.  (to  dash  against  anything, 

or  on  to  the  ground);  us  H  ummeden  khdk  men  mil-ga,in,  his  hopes 

were  dashed  to  the  ground  :  ba^air  ku,d '  klia,!,  dekhe-bhdle,  andhddhund 

chald-gayd,  he  dashed  madly  along :  usmen  phurtl  aur   dileri   nahih, 

"  he  has  no  dash." 

Date,  tdrlkh,  f.  (charhdim)  :  tdrtkh-iudr,  adv.,  arranged  according  to  dates  : 
dihudrd^  (dried)  ;  khurmd  or  khajur,  gen. 

Daub,  chopnd  or  thopnd  (of  any  thick  stuff)  :  chhdpd  dend  (ink  or  blood)  : 
lesna,  tr.,  to  smear  smoothly  with  the  hand  :  lathernd,  tr.  (or  latharnd 
intr.)  to  smear  irregularly  :  lipnd,  to  smooth  with  water,  or  thin  colour, 
or  liquid  mud,  but  in  the  Panjab  =  kah-gil  karnd. 

Daughter,  beti:  vide  Girl. 

Dawdle,  vaqt  ganwdim  or  bar-bad  karnd  (to  waste  time). 

Dawn,  pau  phatnd,  v.  :  pau-phate,  adv.  (at  dawn). 


DAY  47  DEC 

Day,_rfm  (of  daylight;  also  twenty- four  hours)  :  roz  (twenty.four  hours)  : 
athoh  pa?mr  (eight  watches,  i.e.  twenty-four  hours)  :  rat  din  (day  and 
night)  :  khiydll  pild,o  (pakana)  =  day-dream  or  castle-in-the-air. 

Dead,  murda  (a  corpse,  q.v. ;  also  past  partic.) :  be-jdn  (without  life  =  us 
men  dnm  nahin) :  gayd  guzrd  ( =  dead  and  gone) :  murda  zahdn  (a  dead 
language). 

Deadly,  jdn-levd  (of  enemy  or  poison) :  fixirt  (of  wound  ;  effective) :  muhlik 
(of  disease). 

Deaf,  bahra  (k)  :  bahrd-pan,  m.  (deafness)  :  gungd-bahrd,  a  deaf-mute. 

Deal,  — kd  kdr  o  bar  k.  (deal  in)  :  — se  mu'dmala  k.  or  len  den  k.  (to  have 

trading  transactions  with)  :   mujhe  us  se  sar  o  kdr  nahtn,  I  have  no 

dealings  with  him  :  do-rangi,  double-dealing. 

Dear,  mnnhgd  or  mahngd  ;  giran  (high-priced)  :  pydrd ;  '  aziz  (beloved)  : 
'az%z  rakhnd  (to  hold  dear)  :  mahhgl  (dearaess),  and  manhgd,i  (com- 
pensation for  dearness)  :  girdnt  (dearnes.s)  :  dg  ke  moZ,adv.  (very  dear). 

Dearly,  khoke  sikhi  hu,i  bat,  dearly-bought  experience. 

Death,  maut,  f.  ;  marg,  f.;  wafdt  (completion  of  days)  :  intiqdl  (passing  ;  of 
personages). 

Debar,  mdhrum  k.  ;  vide  Disappoint. 

Debauchee,  'ayydsh  :  luchchd  (of  common  people  only)  ;  randt-bdz,  woman- 
izer; luchchdpan,  randi'bdzi,  sviba. 
Debris,  malbd. 

Debt,  qarz,  m.  ;  vdm,  ra.  ;  pdnd  or  pd,ond  (debts  due  to,  outstanding  debts; 
us  kd  mer",  hdn  pd,ond  hai^  I  have  to  pay  him)  :  qarz  men  dubd  hu  .d 
(over  head  and  ears  in  debt)  :  qarz  add  k.  or  chukdnd  (pay  off  debts). 

Debtor,  qarz-ddr,  subs,  and  adj. 

Decadence,  vide  Decline. 

Decamp,  to,  chupke  se  bhdg-jdnd. 

Decapitate,  vide  Behead. 

Decay,  bosida  hond,  gen.  :  galnd,  to  melt  (of  corpses,  meat;  soft  fruits, 
etc.)  :  bigarnd,  gen.,  to  spoil :  vide  Decline. 

Deceased,  vide  Late  :  fault,  Panj. 

Deceitful,  chul-bdz  or  cJtdliyd  :  ja'liyd  (a  forger  of  documents  or  oral  char- 
ges) ;  farebt :  thag  (professional  cheat)  :  Jiila-bdz  (artful). 

Deceive,  dhokhd  '  dend,  gen.  (a  mild  term)  :  thagnd  (to  cheat)  :  datn  dend  (to 
promise  and  not  perform)  :  fareb  dend ;  sabz  bdgk  dikhdnd  (to  deceive 
by  specious  promises)  :  dhokhe  men  parnd,  to  deceive  oneself. 

Decency,  shdyistagi  (good  behaviour)  :  vide  Modesty. 

Decide,  faisala  k.  (judgment) :  vide  Umpire  :  kdmil  decided  (of  victory , 
etc.)  ;  vide  Decided. 

Decided,    |   hdr  jit  ki  lard.i  (decisive  battle)  :  qata'i  (of  answer,  opinion)  : 
Decisive,  )      kdmil  perfect ;  vide  Decide. 

Declaration,  i'ldn,  m.  (k)  (proclamation):  —  hd  izhdr  k.;  vide  Statement. 

Decline,  dhalnd  (of  sun  or  day) :  sard-bdzdrt  (of  trade) ;  kami  (of  fever) : 
tanazzul  or  zawdl  (of  a  nation) :  vide  Refuse. 

1  Dhokha  m.  deceit,  delusion,  disappointment ;  a  false  appearance,  a  soare-crow. 


DEC  48  DEF 

Decorate,  drdsta  k.  (gen.;  of  people  or  things):  zinat  dend  (decorate  with 
— ;  of  things) :  sajdnd  (to  set  in  order). 

Decoy,  videCoa,x  and  Ensnare ;  ghat  men  land  ( — into  an  ambnsh) :  — kd  Idlach 
dend  or  dikhdnd  (by  exciting  greed) :  Idwd  (decoy-bird)  ;  huldrd  (call- 
birds)  . 

Decrease,  kam  k.  or  h.  ;  ghatnd  and  ghatdnd  :  kanii,  ghati  subs. 

Decree,  vide  Order,  Regulation,  Law :  digri,  Eng.  (pdnd)  leg.  :  digrl  jdrl  k., 
enforce  a  decree  of  Court :  digri-ddr,  decree-holder. 

Decry,  hurd  kalnm,  'aib  lagdnd  (to  decry):  'aib-girl  k.  (point  out  faults; 

criticize   unfavourably):  kam-qadar  k.  (lessen  the  value,  of  persons): 

vide  Defame. 

Deduce,  natija  nikdlnd. 

Deduct,  vide  Cut  and  Subtract. 

Deed,  kdr  ;  kdm  ;  kiyd ;  kartut  (gen.  of  bad  deeds)  vide  Action. 

Deep,  (ya^m  (A:.)  (of  water;  wells;  colours;  thoughts;  sleep):  dungd  (k.)  (oi 
water;  wells):  duhd,o  (deeper  than  one's  stature;  of  water  only)  : 
dur  kd  (of  people  or  thoughts) :  nicJm  (low,  of  valley) :  hlwH  (of  voice  : 
also  of  cold  in  the  voice):  Iambi  chauri  tadbiren  =  chhipi  hu.i  tad- 
bzren  (deep-laid  plans):  jar  pakard  hu  ,a  (deeply  rooted). 

Deer,  hiran  or  hamd,  m.  and  hirni.,  f.  (Black- buck  or  Indian  Antelope): 
pdrJid  (hog-deer)  :  cHtoZ,  axis  deer :  bdrah-singhd,  and  sdmbhar  (large 
stags) :  gond  (swamp-deer) :  chikdra  (gazelle) . 

Defame,  bad-ndm  k.  ;  vide  Calumny. 

Defaulter,  bdqi-dar,  in  money  matters  (gen. ;  not  bad  sense). 

Defeat,  hardnd  (cause  to  lose):  bhagdnd  (cause  to  run  awavj :  Jmr,  f.  or 
shikast,L  (dend):  zak  f.  {dend)  (a  reverse). 

Defect,  'aib,  m.  :  naqs  (spec,  original):  nuqsdn  (injury,  acquired  imperfec- 
tion) :  vide  Fault  and  Deficit. 

Defective,  ndqis  (gen.  =  unserviceable,  spoilt) :  nd-tamdm  (not  complete,  or 
not  completed  to  the  end). 

Defence,  bachu,o  (k.)  mil.  and  leg.  :  apm  jdn  bachdne  ke  liye  (in  self- 
defence)  . 

Defenceless,  be-hathydr  (without  arras  or  defence)  :  be-pandh  (without  a 
defender) . 

Defend,  himdyat  k.  (by  words;  also  to  back  up):  muqdbala  k.  (oppose,  in 
fight)  :  vide  Protect. 

Defensive,  daf'karnd  or  rok  karnd  (to  act  on  the  defensive) . 

Deference,  lihdz_  k. 

Deficient,  kam  hond  (to"  be  — ) :  ivuh  'aql  men  kam  (or  ndqis)  hai  =  wuh  'aql 

kd  kadichd  hai. 
Defile,  darra,  P. :  ghdti  Hindi. 
Defile,  to,  palid  k.  gen.;  nd-pdk  k.  (spec,  relig.). 
Deformed,  'aib-ddr  :  —  men  'aib  hai. 

Defraud,  dabd-rakhnd  (of  rights  or  money) :  haqq  mdrnd  (of  rights). 
Defy,  anguthn  dikhdnd,  coll.  (to  a  person's  face)  •  '  tum  kis  khet  kl  mult  ho'/  ' 

kahnd  :  vide  Disobey,  Despise:   muqdbale  ko  khard  hond  (to  get  ready 

to  fight). 


DEG  49  DEN 

Degrade,  darje  se  utarnd  or  girdna  (in  rank):  zcUtl  k.  (dishonour  q.v.): 
/w.q«r  meii  chotd  horn  (to  be  degraded). 

Degree,  darja  (of  thermometer,  Earth,  etc. ;  cdso  a  step,  rank)  :  digrl, 
Eng.  (thermometer  ;  university ;  also  legal  decree). 

Deign ,  us  ne  jaivdb  dend  apni  shdn  se  bdhar  samjhd  (he  did  not  deign  to 
answer  me). 

Delay,  der  katnd  or  lagdnd  :  dhll  k.  or  d.  to  be  remiss. 

Delicacy,  tvdzuki  or  nazidkat,  gen,,  (of  constitution,  material,  face,  mode  of 
expression,  voice,  limbs):  ni'mat,  f.  (for  the  table;  also  a  blessing 
such  as  hawd,  etc.). 

Delegate,  vakil  bandnd  :  apnd  ikhtiydr  dusre  ko  dend. 

Deliberately,  soch  bicfidr-ke. 

Delicate,  mzuk. 

Delicious,  lazlz  ;  maze-ddr, 

Delight,  — ■  se  haz^z  uthdnd  or  lend  ;  bdgh  bdgh  hond  (to  be  delighted) . 

Delightful,  diUkash  (of  poems,  etc.,  people,  places,  small  animals). 

Delinquent,  qusur-wdr. 

Deliver,  chhutkdrd  dend  (to  free,  q.v.) :  vide  Intrust :  Commit,  Give :  'ispich^ 
(f .)  or  likchar  (m.)  derm  '  (of  speech  or  lecture)  :  janna,  tr.  and  intr., 
but  without  ke  or  ko  (give  birth  to). 

Delivery,  supurdagl,  hawdlagl  (surrender,  entrusting)  :  bolne  kl  add  (manner  1350 
of  speaking)  :  taqsim  (of  letters,  etc.). 

Delirious,  bakid  hai. 

Deluge,  Nuh  kd  tufdn  (Noah's — )  :  vide  Flood. 

Delusion,  dhokd,  gen.  :  shikdr  (or  dhoke)  ki  taiili^i.  fig.)  anything  assumed, 
as  a  long  beard,  to  trick  or  delude  people. 

Demand,  mdngna  (ask  for)  :  talab  k.  (require;) :  mutalaba  k.  (demand,  of  a 
claim) :  dxi^wa  k.  (claim)  :  vide  Dun :  mdng,  f,  (of  an  article  of  com- 
merce, sale). 

Demean,  main  us  se  bolkar  apnd  rutba  kam  nahlh  karnd  chdhtd  (I  don't 
want  to  demean  myself  by  talking  to  him). 

Demeanour,  —  kl  anddz  se,  m. ;  waza' ,  f. 

Demerit,  'aib  o  hunar,  merits  and  demerits;  haqq  yd  nd-haqq  (of  a  claim). 

Demolish,  girdnd,  gen.  (to  knock  down)  :  dlidnd  (to  knock  down  buildings). 

Demoralization,  atwdr  kd  bigdf  (of  character). 

Demur,  (is  ke  sojdk  mdnne  men  mujhe)  ta'ammul  hai. 

Den,  (fhdr,  m.  (any  cave)  :  rndnd,  m.  (of  large  beasts)  :  akJidf-d  (of  black- 
guards, in  a  city  or  highway  ;  lit.  wrestling-place  arena) :  baithak,  f. 
(any  sitting  place)  :  thdn,  f.  (a  horse-stall  or  standing  ;  also  a  lurking 
place  of  ghosts  or  of  evil  people). 

Dense,  glmim  (of  jungle,  forest,  hair,  population,  etc.). 
Deny,  inkdr,  m.  (k.)  ;  nahin,  f.  {k)  :  nd-manzur,  k.  (a  request) :  ;'»  ko  immd 
(to  deny  oneself  in  small  matters). 

1   Vide  Supplement,  "  Stumbling-Blocks,"  XIX. 


DEP  50  DES 

Depart,  chala-jand ;  tashrif  le-jdnd  (polite) :  —  ko  chhorna  :  '  vide  '  Start, 
Adieu,  Die  :  —  se  munh  mornd  or  phernu  (to  deviate  from). 

Department,  mahkama,  m. ;  for  Education  generally  sar-rishta. 

Depend,  —  par  hharosa  (or  iHibdr)  karnd  or  rakhnd  (on  people  or  tilings)  : 
merd  jand  tumhdre  sdih  chalne  par  mauquf  hai  (my  going  depends  on 
your  accompanying,  etc.,  [mauquf,  also  =  adjourned  ;  abolished;  dis- 
missed; stopped). 

Dependent,  mere  sir  bahut  se  log  Jiain  (many  are  dependent  on  me  for  a  liv- 
ing) :  —ka  muhtdj  hond  (not  to  be  able  to  do  without ;  vide  Destitute). 

Deplore,  —  par  afsos  karnd  :  '  vide  '  Weep. 

Deport,  shahr  hadar  karrvd  (for  a  city)  :  — se  nikdlnd. 

Deposit,  arndnat,  f.  (rakhnd)  :  jama'  karnd,  to  deposit  money  in  a  bank. 

Depreciation,  vide,  Decry. 

Depredation,  lut-rmr,  f.  [k.)  :  lut  khasot,  f. 

Deprive,  haqq  lerid  or  chhlnnd,  gen.  (justly  or  unjustly)  ;  hdqq  murnd  or  da- 

bdnd  or  be-haqq  karnd  (unjustly)  ;  vide  Defraud  :  jdn  lend  ( —  of  life)  : 

mahrum  k.  (of  an  expectation). 

Deputation,  deputeshan,  m.  Eng. 
Depute,  mukhtdr  bandnd. 
Depth,  gahrdfl :  vide  Deep. 
Deputy,  dipti ;  nidyib. 

Derange,  abtar  zabtar  karnd  (upset,  confuse). 
Derail,  patrl  se  utdrnd,  ;  [patrl,  is  a  dim.  form  of  patti,  a  strip]. 
Deride,  —  ki  hansl  urdnd  (persons  or  things)  ;  kist  par  hansnd. 
Derision,  —  ki  jag-hansd,l  Jiona  or  karnd   (public  derision) :   —  bans  par 
charMrm  (to  hold  up  to  derision). 

Derogatory,  merl  shd^n  ke  khildf  hai  ki  —  (it  is  derogatory  to  my  dignity  to 
—  ;    =  is  men  be-waqari  hai  ki  —  ) :  vide  Ridicule. 

Descend,  utarnd  ;  niche  dnd  (to  come  down)  :   virdsat  or  tarke  men  milnd 

(as  an  inheritance). 
Descent,  utdr,  utard,i  (any  declivity  ;  opposed  to  charha^i). 
Describe,  hM  likhnd  ;  baydn  karnd  :  — H  shakl  khinchna  (a  figure). 
Deserts,  registdn  (sandy)  :  sahrd  ;  virdn  mulk  (desolate  country)  but  sahrd,i 

mulk  (desert  country)  :  biydbdn  (wilderness). 
Desert,  v.,  bhdgnd;  firdr  hond  (for  firdrl  hond) ;  flrdr  karnd :  '  vide'  Abscond. 
Deserter,  bhagord  ;  firdrt. 

Deserve,  —  kd  mustahiqq  hond  (gen,  in  a  good  sense)  : 
Design,  naqsha  khmchnd  (draw  the  plan)  :   kM,ka  (rough  sketch)  :  matlab 

or  maqsad  (object,  intention  q.v.). 
Designation,  laqah  (also  title). 
Desire,  khtvdhish  k.,  vide  Long  and  Wish. 

Desist,  —  se  bdz  dnd  :  [but  —  se  bdz  rahrm  =  to  forbear  from  — ]. 
Despair,  yds,  f.  or  ma^yusi  ,  f.  :  —  se  ma^yus  hond,  or  — se  yds  ho-jdnd  : 

vide  Disappointment. 
Desolate,  virdn  ;  ujdr. 


DES  61  Die 

Despatch,  daurdnd  (of  people,  and  met.  of  things)  :  vide  Kill. 

Despise,  liaqtr  or  na-chlz  samajhtia  ;  hiqarat  kt  na^ar  se  dekhnd. 

Despot,  j^ir  ;  '  vide  '  Tyrant. 

Destitute,  muhtdj :  vide  Dependent. 

Destroy,  barbdd  k.  (ruin)  :  vide  Demolish  :  mitti  men  mild-dend  (of  money, 
armies,  liopes,  plans). 

Detach,  alag  or  jvdd  k. :  '  vide '  Select.  1400 

Detachment,  dasta  (body)  :  ta'ytrmtt,  subs,  and  adj. 

Detail,  tafsll,  f. :  'vide'  Relate:  tafsil-ivdr ,  adv.,  or  mujaasal,  adj.  and 
adv.  (in  detail). 

Detain,  rok-rakhnd,  tr.  and  ruk-rahnd,  intr.  (spec,  for  a  short  time). 

Detect,  dekh-pdtid  (to  see  in  the  act)  :  vide  Trace. 

Detection,  hdl  zdhir  hond. 

Detective,  tiktiki-iodld,  Eng.,  vulg. :  khufya  polls. 

Deter,  bdz  rakhnd  :  vide  Stop  and  Forbid. 

Deteriorate,  khardb  hond  (go  bad)  :  —  kd  asar  kam  hond  (of  drugs,  etc). 

Determination,  pakkd  irdda  (k.)  :  tajvlz,  f.  (k.)  (to  plan). 

Determined,  umh  jdne  par  tula  hu,d  hai  kisi  ke  roke  [se]  ruk  nahih  saktd 
(he's  determined  to  go,  none  can  stop  him). 

Dethrone,  takht  se  utdrnd :  [gaddi  se  utdrnd,  of  Rajah]. 

Devastate,  virdn  k. 

Deviate,  —  se  phirnd. 

Device,  hikmat,  f.  (contrivance)  :  dhokd  (trick,  etc.,  q.v.)  :  vide  Plan. 

Devil,  Shaytdn  (any  evil  devil ;  also  Satan)  :  Shaytun  ke  kdn  kdtnd  (to  sur- 
pass the  Devil) :  Shaytdm  m^chdnd  (to  play  the  devil,  act  ill)  : 
qiydmat  bar  pd  k.  (to  make  the  devil  of  a  noise  or  fuss,  lit.  or  met.)  : 
shaytBn  kl  dnt  (lit  the  Devil's  guts,  i.e.  anything  interminably  long  or 
wearisome). 

Devolve,  to,  yih  mere  sir  pafegd,  this  will  devolve  on  me. 

Devote,  lagdnd  (of  time)  ;  vide  Busy  :  mdn  apne  bachche  par  fidd  liai  or 
nisdr  hai  (the  mother  is  devoted  to  her  child)  :  Khudd  Jci  rdh  men 
dend,  ro  vagf  k.  (bequeath  or  devote  for  religious  purposes ;  and 
met.  of  time,  money,  energy). 

Devour,  hafap  kar-jdnd,  lit.  or  met.  :  phdr-khdnd  (of  wild  beasts  only). 

Devourer,  khd,u  (also  embezzler). 

Devout,  fiamdzi  (Muslim)  :  dharrni  (Hindu). 

Dew,  OS,  f. ;  shab-nam,  f.  (parnd). 

Dexterity,  tezdasti  or  dast-chaldki  :  vide  Activity,  Skill  and  Expertness. 

Dialect,  bhdkhd,  f. 

Dialogue,  guft  o  gu  :  suwdl  jawdb. 

Diamond,  hird,  ra. ;  almas,  m.  :  hire  kl  anguthl  (diamond  ring). 

Diarrhoea,  dust,  m.  {and). 

Dice,  pdsd,  sing.,  and  pdse,  pi. ;  there  are  generally  three. 


Die  52  DIS 

Dictate,  main  parhta  (or  batata)  jdta  hun  turn  likhte  ja,o  (I'll  dictate  to 
you) :  vide  Order. 

Dictionary,  lughat,  f.  (but  masc.  =  a  word). 

Die,  vide  Dice:  chhdp,  f.  or  naqsh,  m.  (with  device  for  stamping):  mar. 
jdnd,  V.  gen. :  sidhdrnd  or  guzarnd  (polite)  :  wafdt  pdnd  (of  superiors)  : 
dnkh  band  k.  (lit.  to  close  the  eyes)  :  dam  nikal-jdnd  (expire):  jdn  dend 
(gi  ve  up  life)  :  sukh-jdnd  (of  trees  or  plants)  :  jawdni  maut  marnd  (die 
prematurely)  :  vide  Death  :  —  kd  khdtima  hond  (die  out). 

Diet,  gkizd,  f.  :  parhezl  khdnd  khdnd,  to  be  on  a  diet :  khurdki,  (diet- 
money). 

Difference,  rdt  din  kd  farq  =  zamin  o  dsmdn  kd  farq  :  unnls  bis  kd  farq 
(slight  — )  :  tafdwut,  f.  :  nd-ittifdqi  (of  opinion  ;  discord  in  family,  etc.). 

Different,  juddjudd  {h.)  ;  alag  alag  :  be-mel  (don't  match)  :  yih  aur  hai,  aur 
wuh  aur  =  yih  judd  hai,  wuh  judd  hai,  (quite  unlike) :  vide  Various  : 
ek  dusre  se  na-milnd  (to  be  — ). 

Difficult,  mushkil,  also  subs.  f.  :  sakht  (hard)  :  bhdrt  (important)  :  vide 
Straits:  mar-mar-kar  (with  the  greatest  difficulty)  :  Allah  Alldh  karke, 
gen.  (with  the  greatest  difficulty).  ^  ^ 

Diffuse,  phaildnd  :  phaild,o,  subs. 

Dig,  khodnd  :  khodkar  nikdlnd  (dig  out) :  khodkar  rasta  nikdlnd  (to  dig 
through) :  munshi  se  khod  khod  ke  matlab  nikdlnd  (to  dig  information 
out  of  a  munshi). 

Digest,  hazm  karnd  and  pachdnd,  lit.  and  met. :  hdzima,  digestion. 

Digger,  bel-ddr,  prof,  (one  who  uses  a  bel  or  spade ;  for  bel,  the  word 
phdjOrd  is  used):  gor-kan  (grave-digger) :  vide  Badger. 

Dignity,  merl  shdn  (or  rutbe  ' '  rank  " )  A;e  khildf  hai  ki —  it  is  infra  dig  for 
me  to  —  :  vaqdr,  m.  (of  appearance). 

Dilapidated,  raddl  hdlat  men  (of  persons  or  things)  :  boslda  (of  buildings  ; 
vide  Decayed) :  yih  makdn  harm  men  doltd  hai. 

Diligent,  mihnatt. 

Dim,  maddham  (k.)    (for  light :  vide  Colour)  :  dhundhld  or   maddham  jalnd 

(of  lamp  ;  dhundhld  also  used  of  sight,  or  of  glass). 
Dine,  khdnd  khdnd  (or  causal  — khildnd). 
Dinner,  rdt  kd  khdnd. 

Direct,  vide  Straight  and  Exact :  ek  dam  se,  or  bald  bdld  (without  interven- 
tion ;  in  submitting  petitions). 

Dirt,  7nail,  m.  :  gandagl  filth  :  maild^  adj. ;  gandd,  adj. 

1450   Disabled,  nikammd  {hond,  karnd)  lit.  useless. 

Disadvantage,  naf  nuqsdn  —  burd,i  bhald,i,  advantages  and  disadvan- 
tages ;  vide  Defect. 

Disaffected,  —  se  badrdil  {h.  or  k.). 

Disagree,  mizdj  ke  muwdfiq  nahin  (of  food)  :  main  tumhdri  rdy  se  muwdflq 
nahin  hun  or  —  rdy  se  ittifdq  nxihin  kartd  hun,  vide  Discord. 

Disallow,  jd,iz  or  rawd  na-rakhnd  (of  a  Pay  Examiner  cutting  your  pay). 
Disappear,  ghd,ib  hond,  gen. :  nazar  se  jdtd  rahnd — from  sight  :  kdfur  ho- 
jdnd,  to  disappear  suddenly  (of  persons  or  things). 


DIS  53  DIS 

Disappoint,  na-ummed  karnd,  to  deprive  of  expectation :  as  tofna  (more 
forcible) :  apnd-sa  munh  lekar  chald-jdnd  (or  baithd-rahnd,  to  be  dis- 
appointed ;  with  an  idea  of  being  shame-faced)  :  main  dp  ki  muldqdt 
ko  dyd  thd  lekin  mahrum  phir-gayd,  1  came  to  see  you,  but  returned 
disappointed  (lit.  excluded). 

Disapprove,  iid-pasand  karnd. 

Disaster,  vide  Calamity  :  musibat-angez,  (disastrous). 

Disband,  tornd. 

Disburden,  dil  kd  hojh  halkd  karnd  =  dil  se  bojh  utdrnd  (of  the  mind)  :  — se 
»ubiik-dosh  k.  (of  a  duty)  :  vide  Relieve. 

Discharge,  chhofnd  (of  firearms,  arrows)  :  vide  Dismiss  :  chukdnd,  add 
karnd,  or  be-bdq  karnd  (debts)  :  vide  Perform  and  Pour  ;  naukarl  chhor- 
nd  or  jawdb  lend  (to  obtain  discharge,  of  a  servant). 

Discipline,  ta'lim,  f.  (instruction)  :  intizdm,  m.  (arrangement)  :  vide  Drill. 

Disclaim,  da'wq  se  hdih  uthdnd. 

Discomfort,  takltf,  f.  ;  dukh,  m. 

Discontent,  nd-rdzi ;  bad-dill  ;  apni  qismat  se  khush  nahih  (discontented  by 
nature)  ;  naukarl-se  bad-dil  (doesn't  like  his  job). 

Discord,  nd-ittifdqi  or  an-ban  (want  of  concord) ;  phut,  m.  (a  general  split, 
of  a  number)  ;  bigdf,  m.  (disagreement  between  two,  or  more). 

.Discourage,  dil  tornd  (dishearten) ;  be-dil  k.  or  past-himmat  k.  (discourage, 
slightly  dishearten) ; — kd  rawd-ddr  na-hond,  or  — kd  rdzl  na-hond  ( — 
acts)  :  vide  Disheartened. 

Discover,  darydft  kar-lend  (for  abstract  things ;  but  darydft  karnd,  to  in- 
quire) :  patd  or  surdgh  lagdnd,  gen. 

Discreet,  pet  kd  bhdri  (does  not  repeat  things  ;  opp.  to  pet  kd  halkd). 

Discuss,  — par  bahs  (f .)  karnd. 

Disease,  blmdrl ;  marz,  m.  ;  muhlik  bimdri  (deadly  — )  jdn  jokhon  In 
bimdrl  (a  critical  illness)  :  chhut  ki  bimdri  (contagious  — ). 

Disgrace,  be-'izzat  karnd;  apnl  'izzat  khond  ( —  oneself);  ruswd^l,  L,be- 
'izzatl,  f.,  bad-ndml,  f. 

Disgraceful,  sharm  kl  bdt ;  ma'yub.     Vide  Bad,  Mean. 

Disguised,  bhes  badalkar :  faqlron  ke  bhes  men  =  faqlr  banke  (disguised  as  a 
faqir). 

Disgust,  ghin,  f.  {dnd  and  lagnd)  (at  filth  of  concrete  things) ;  ghind,ond 
adj.,  gen.  (causing  disgust).  dish). 

Dish,  rikdbl,  gen.,  (a  largish  plate)  ;  bartan,  gen.,  (utensil)  :  qdb  m.  (a  big 

Disheartened,  dil  chotd  hond  :  vide  Discourage. 

Dishonest,  be-lmdn  (also  =  be-dln)  ;  bad-diydnat ;  bad-nlyat  (in  intention)  : 
hdthrchdldk  (of  petty  thefts,  of  servants)  ;  khd,u  (but  petu  glutton) 
stronger  than  previous ;  embezzler  etc. :  mu'dmale  kd  khotd  (in  tran- 
sactions). 

Dislike,  — se  chifnd  (great)  :  gawdrd  na-karnd  or  hond  (of  abstract  tilings). 

Disloyal,  bad-khwdh  or  sar-kash  (of  subjects). 

Dismayed,  satsatJdvJd,  to  be  confounded,  q.v. :  vide  Fear. 

Dismiss,  jawdb  dend  =  naukarl  se  nikdlnd ;  mauquf  k.  (of  respectable 
people  ;  also  to  adjourn  and  aboUsh) :  bar  taraf  k. 


DIS  54  DOC 

Disobedient,  na-farman,  adj.;  nd-farmdni,  subs. 

Disorder,  ulat  pulat  (k.)  (all  upside  down) :  gad-mad,  adj.  {k.)  (in  confusion 
all  mixed)  :  had-intizdmi  or  be-tartibi  (no  system  or  management). 

Disparage,  — H  be-qadarl  karnd  (to  run  down  by  words). 

Dispensary,  dawd-khdna ;  [kampaundaf ,  Eng. ,  a  dispenser  of  English  medi- 
cine]. 

Disperse,  tittar  hittar  k.  (an  army,  etc.) ;  tin  terdh  nau  atihdra  hond  (as 
members  of  a  family). 

Display,  amlrl  jatldnd  (show  off  wealth,  be  ostentatious)  :  — kd  dikhdvd  k.  ; 
{dikhdvd  also  means  hypocrisy,  false  pretence). 

Displease,  nd-rdz  karnd  ;  ranjida  karnd. 

Disprove,  jhutd  karnd ;  (jhalat  thahrdnd. 

Disqualify,  nd-qdbil  thahrdnd. 

Dissension,  vide  Discord,  Quarrel,  Disturbance. 

Dissipate,  urd-ddlnd  ;  khdk  or  miitt  men  mildnd  (also  to  destroy) ;  tin  terah 
karnd  (spend  foolishly). 

Dissuade,  samjhdnd  (also  to  jjersuade,  remonstrate,  console)  ;  — phernd. 
Vide  Forbid,  Stop. 

Distance,  duri ;  fdsila  ;  pichhe  chhofnd,  to  distance. 

Distant,  dur  kd  (but  dur  without  a  noun). 

Distinguish,  farq  pahchdnnd  or  nikdlnd  or  batdnd  ;  tamiz  k.  (discriminate) ; 
mumtdz  k.  (to  honour  q.v.).     Vide  Famous  and  Notorious. 

District,  Hldqa  (of  undefined  limits). 

Disturbance,  rauld  {machdnd)  (commotion  with  noise) ;  khalbali  (confu- 
sion in  a  city  or  house)  ;  dangd  fasdd  (of  two  or  more  ;  broil). 

Ditch,  khd.i,  f.  ;  khandaq,  m. 

Dive,  ghota  mdrnd  or  lagdnd  (also  purposely  to  duck  oneself)  ;  ghota  khdnd 
(of  unintentional  duckings)  :  dubki  mdrnd  or  lagdnd  (to  duck  oneself, 
or  to  dive  of  water-birds,  but  not  to  dive  from  a  height). 

Divert,  Diversion,  dil  bahldnd ;  dil-lagi  (k.)  (also  =  a  joke)  ;  khel  (game, 
play) :  bahldvd  (sp.  for  children).     Vide  Please,  Delight. 

Diverting,  iamdshe  kd. 

Divide,  bdntnd ;  taqsTm  karnd.  Vide  Separate;  nifdq  or  phut  ddlnd,  to 
cause  dissension,  q.v. 

Divulge,  kholnd ;  fash  karnd  (a  secret) :  bat  ugalnd  {vide  Vomit). 

"Dizzy y  sir  men  chakkar  and,  or  sir  ghumrm  ;  sir  phirnd  (gen.  metaphori- 
cally, as  tumhuri  bdt5n  se  merd  sir  phir-gayd). 

Do,  karnn  ;  'vide'  Perform,  Work,  Finish,  etc.,  etc.  ;  is  par  guzdrd  kar- 
saktd  hun  (I  can  do  with  this) ;  us  se  mujhe  sar  o  kar  nahin  =  us  se 
mujhe  ta'alluq  nahin  (I  have  nothing  to  do  with  it,  or  him) ;  is  ke 
ba-ghair  merd  kdm  chal-jd,egd  (I'll  do  without  it). 

Docile,  gharib. 

Doctor,  ddktar  (of  Eng,  medicine) ;  hakim,  generally  Muslim,  (of  Greek 
medicine) ;  baid,  Hindi!  (of  Hindu  medicine). 

Doctrine,  ta'lim,  f.  (the  act  of  teaching);  'aqida,  m.  (what  is  taught;  also 
tenet). 


DOD  55  DOZ 

Dodge,  to,  khdR  (lend  (a  blow,  etc.) ;  katrd-kar  nikcU-jdnd  (to  evade  by  dodg- 
ing and  hiding) ;  idhar  se  vdhar  uchaktd  phimd  (to  dodge  about  from 
place  to  place) ;  [uchaknd,  to  leap  up  in  the  air]. 

Dog,  kuttd,  m. ;  and  kutti  or  kutiyd  (bitch) ;  a/pn%  gait  men  kuttd  hhl  aher 
hai — Prov. ;  dur  ho  kuttd  kahln  kd  (get  out  you  dog) ;  makkhi  k%  mnd 
(=  dog-sleep) ;  kutte  kl  dml  (dog- trot ) :  kutte  ki  maut  marnd  (to  die  a 
dog's  death) :  unt  ki  pakar  (  =  a  grip  like  a  bull-dog). 

Doleful,  ront  surat  (of  appearance)  =  is  H  muharraml  paidd,i8h  ma'lum 
hot%  hai ;  wahshat-ndk  (of  tunes). 

Dome,  gumbaz  (large)  :  vide  Cupola. 

Domestic,  ^lanagt  (also  subs.  =  a  common  low  whore)  :  gharelu  (of  animals). 

Domiciled,  gJiar  bandkar  rahnd. 

Donation,  cJmndd,  m.,  vulg.  in  this  sense;  prop,  subscription  q.v. :  ma- 
dad,  f. 

Donkey,  gadhd,  lit.  and  met. 

Doom,  vide  Sentence  ;  qismxit  kd  faisala  k.  (sealed  his  doom)  :  uski  qismat 
m£n  likhd  thd  (doomed). 

Door,  darwdza,  gen.,  (or  doorway  ;  also  gateway  and  gate  of  a  city)  ;  dar, 
m.  ;  kiwdr,  m.,  the  door  itself:  chiil,  f.,  the  pivot  {q.v.)  of  a  door  that 
acts  as  a  hinge:  ghar  men,  in-doors  :  haghal  ke  mukdn  men,  next 
door  =  merd  ghar  us  ke  ghar  se  lagd  hu  ,d  hai. 

Dote,  satydnd  (to  be  past  sixty  and  so  to  dote)  :  kist  ki  muhabbat  men 
andhJd  hond  (to  be  foolishly  fond  of ;  andhi  muhabbat,  doting  affec- 
tion). 

Double,  duna  or  dugnd  (k.)  ;  do  chand  (k.)  ;  do  itnd  (k.) — all  gen.  :  dabal, 
Eng.,  twice  the  size  as,  dabal  rod,  dabal  kuch,  etc.  :  dohd  {k.)  (twice 
folded ;  also  of  abstract  things  =  double)  :  dohrdnd  (to  double  ;  also 
to  repeat) :  du-ranga,  or  du-bhesiyd  {&ece\ii\x\). 

Double-barrelled,  do-nali  or  do-ndli. 

Double-dealing,  do-bhesiyd-pan  ;  do-rangi. 

Double- entendre,  do-ma' niyd,  adj. 

Double-tongued,  us  ke  munh  men  do  zabdn — . 

Doubt,  shakk,  m.  {k.)  ;  shubha,  m.  (k.) ;  dge  piclihe  k.  (to  vacillate)  :  shakk 
zdhir  karke  (doubtingly)  :  vide  Delay  :  Demer,  Hesitate. 

Doubtful,  mashkuk  (also  ambiguous)  :  us  ke  dne  men  shakk  hai,  his  coming 

is  doubtful :  us  ke  dne  kd  kuchh  thik  nahin  (liis  coming  is  doubtful ; 

also   =  date  of  coming  not  settled).      Vide  Suspicious,   Hazardous, 

Ambiguous. 
Doubtless,  be  shakk  ;  be  shubha. 

Dough,  gundhd  hu,d  did  (unleavened)  ;  hhamir  (leavened). 
Down,  niche,  adv.  and  prep.  :  tale,  prep,  only:  upar  niche,  up  and  down; 

sard  o  garm,  the  ups  and  downs  of  life  =  charhd,o  utdr,  m. 
Downfall,   zaiodl,  m.   (also  decline;  of  an  empire,   etc.,  not  of   people): 

tabdhi  or  barhddJi,  gen.  (ruin). 

Downright,  sdf-go  (of  persons) :  safed  jhuth  (  —  lie). 
Dozen,  darjan,  m.,  Eng. 


DRA  56  DRU 

Drag,  gJiasittM  (on  the  ground)  :  ghasit  le-jdnd  (drag  away)  Ichinchnd  (of  a 
carriage  ;  also  to  pull  a  punkah,  draw  a  sword)  :  pa, on  ghasithir 
chalnd  (of  a  weary  persons). 

Dragoman,  tarjumdn. 

Drain,  tmli  hhod-ke  pdm  nikdlnd;  mori  bandkar  pdrii  nikdlnd ;  'vide' 
Dry  and  Empty  :  badar-rau,  f.  (outlet)  :  mori. 

Draught,  musawwada  {k.)  rough  draft  (of  anything) :  ek  ghunt  men  at  one 
draught :  Mughal  Pathdn  (a  game). 

Drama,  ndtak,  m. 

Draw,  khmchnd  (a  sword ;  vide  Drag) :  pdni  bharnd  draw  water : — charhJdnd 
draw  on  boots:  gap  hdnknd,  draw  the  long  bow;  burd  (drawn  game 
=  bardbar  ki  lard,i). 

Drawing,  naqsha  also  a  map,  a  blank  form,  a  design,  features,  etc. 

Dread,  sahm  (and) :  haibat-ndk  dreadful ;  bhaydnak. 

Dream,  sapnd  or  khivdb  dekhnd  to  dream :  mere  khivdb  khiydl  men  bhi  yih 
bat  na-thl  (I  never  even  dreamed  of  such  a  thing) :  [sukh  nind  dream- 
less sleep,  and  also  met.  death]. 

Dress,  libds,  m.,  poshdk,  f. :  — pahindnd  (to  clothe) :  zakhm  par  marham  pattl 
lagdnd  ( —  a  wound) :  saff  sidhi  karnd,  mil. 

Drill,  qdwd'id  '  k.  mil.,  (intr.,  f.)  —  lend  or  kardnd  (tr.) :  su,^  se  chhednd 
or  surdkh  karnd  (to  drill  a  hole). 

Drink,  plim  tr.  and  pildnd,  cans. ;  (if  the  object  is  omitted  "  wine  "  is  under- 
stood) :  nosh  karnd  (polite). 

Drinker,  samandar-sokh,  gen.  (a  great  drinker) ;  vide  Drunkard. 

Drip,  to,  tapaknd ;  chund  (to  leak  ;  a  word  avoided  by  the  polite  as  chutt  = 
gdndu). 

Drive,  to,  {gdn,  gkord,  hdthi,  etc.)  hdnknd;  chaldnd,  gen.:  {gdri  men)  le- 
jdnd  to  drive  a  person  to)  :  gdri  men  hawd  khdnd  (to  go  for  a  drive)  : 
hdnknd  (beat  for  game)  :  bhagdrm  drive  away  :  bithdnd  drive  in  (of 
something  slightly  projecting)  ;  vide  Hammer. 

Droop,  kumldnd,  (also  met.  of  the  human  face,  from  grief,  heat,  etc.). 

Dross,  mail,  f.,  (dirt). 

Drop,  bund,  f . ;  bundi  {small  drops  of  rain):  qatra :  tapkdnd  or  chu,dnd 
(pour  in  drops) ;  [tapaknd  —  to  leak] :  girdnd  (to  let  fall,  drop  from 
the  hand). 

Dropsy,  jdlandhar,  m.  :  istisqd,  m. 

Drought,  khushk-sdli  :  vide  Famine. 

Drown,  dubnd^  intr.  (also  to  sink)  ;  dubond  (to  cause  to  sink  or  drown)  : 
dubke  marnd,  intr.,  to  drown  unintentionally,  but  dub-marnd  to  drown 
on  purpose,  commit  suicide  by  drowning. 

Drudged,  tahaltod  (from  tahalnd  to  walk  about) ; ;  tahal  karnd  (verb). 

Drudgery,  quli  kd  kdm. 

Drug,  to,  dawd,l  pildkar  be-hosh  karnd. 


1   Qawa'id  in  the  sense  of  "  drill  "  is  sing,  fem.,  but  in  the  sense  of  ' '  grammar  ' ' 
it  is  pi.  masc. ;  it  is  the  Arabic  plural  of  qa'ida  "rule,  regulation,"  etc. 


DRU  67  DYE 

Drum,  dhol  (beaten  by  hand  on  botli  sides  ;  used  at  marriages)  ;  dholak 
(smaller) ;  dholld  (still  smaller) ;  dankd  (larger  than  dhol  and  beaten 
by  a  stick  on  one  side  and  by  the  hand  on  the  other ;  used  in  pro- 
clamations, wrestling  places,  etc.)  :  us  ki  *ilm  ka  dankd  bajtd,  hat  (  = 
he  is  a  famous  scholar). 

Drunk,  mat-wdld ,  piye  hu,e;  mast:  bad-mast  =  nashe  men  chur  hond,  to  be 
dead  drunk  ;  (chur  —  smashed). 

Drunkard,  bard  shardbl ;  baj-d  jn7ie-tvdld :  vide  Drinker. 

Dry,  sukhd  {k.) ;  Bmshk  {k.) ;  be-maza  or  berlutf  (of  a  look) :  sukhdnd  = 
vulg.  sukhd  karnd :  rukhd  (of  bread,  without  relish  ;  also  rough,  of  an 
answer,  but  sukhd  dry,  of  answer). 

Duck,  bat  or  battakh,  f.,  gen.,  (duck  or  goose) ;  bafi  battakh,  a  goose  =  hans, 
the  latter  often  wrongly  applied  to  an  Aylesbury  duck,  etc.) :  Chiniyd 
battakh  duck  'Chinese) :  murgiflhi  (water-fowl ;  wild  duck). 

Due,  haqq,  m.  (right) :  jmnd  or  lend,  m.  (due  to,  in  money  ;  merd  uspar 
pdnd  hat  =  he  has  to  give  me  ;  but  uskd  mujh  par  pdnd  hai  ' '  I  have 
to  give  him  "):  fiag?  (balance  due):  rel  ab  dne-unli  hai  (the  train  is 
just  due)  :  vide   Necessary,  Proper,  Cause. 

Dull,  sust  (out  of  sorts) :  bdzdr  sust  (or  sard  or  manda  hai)  (the  market  is 
dull). 

Dumb,  gfMwgra .•  vide  Silent:  tumlvdri  bolti  kyun  mart  ga,i  are  you  dumb, 
can't  you  answer  ?  be-zabdn  jdnwar,  dumb  animal. 

Dumb-bells,  mugdar. 

Dumbfounded,  hakkd  bakkd  (from  astonishment.) 

Dung,  lid,  f.  (k.)  (of  horses  or  elephants)  :  gobar,  m.  (of  cattle) :  mengni 
(k.)  (goats,  sheep,  deer,  camels) :  guh  or  guh  (hagnd)  gen.  (of  men, 
animals,  birds) :  bit,  f.  (of  birds) :  paikhdnd^  m.  (phirna)  (of  humans). 

Dupe,  shikdr:  jdl  men  phasdnd,  to  dupe,  vide  Deceive. 

Durable,  pdy-ddr^  lasting  a  long  time  (of  buildings,  friendship,  etc.).*  yih 

jutd  bahut  tikegd  or  thahregd  ' :  vide  Lasting. 
Dusk,  munh  andhere  {kd  waqt)  (twilight,  sp.  of  morning) :  jhut  putd  ivaqt. 
Dust,  gard,  f . :    jhdpid,  to  dust:  jhdfan,  f.,  duster:   jh^r  ponchh  karnd, 

tr.  [ponchhnd  to  wipe]. 
Duster,  jhdfan,  f. 

Duty, /arz  {add  k.),  obligation  (gen.  with  religious  sense):  farzi  mansabi 
official  duty  (modern  term)  :  roz-marra  kd  kdm  daily  duty  :  diyuti  Eng.  : 
dj  meri  naukart  hai,  mil.,  I  am  on  duty  to-day. 

Dwarf,  bd,ond:  sauxi-bilishtl  {lit.  one  and  a  quarter  span's  high;  gen.  in 
tales). 

Dwell,  rahnd,  or  rahnd  sahnd  (permanently) :  basnd,  to  settle  in  :  thaharnd 
or  tikim,^  sojourn. 

Dye,  rang  (colour) :  rangnd,  to  dye  (but  rang  dend,  to  give  more  colour  to) : 
vide  Colour  :  rang  cImfhdnJd,  to  paint  on,  apply  colour  ;  (also  met.  to 
colour  a  fact) ;  rang-rez,  dyer. 


1  ^ikna  is  used  of  concrete  things  only  :  thaharnd  of  either  oonorete  or  abstract. 
Vide  Supplement,  "  Stumbling- Blocks. " 


DYS  58  EDU 

Dysentery,  pechishy  f.  (colic  gripes  of  any  kind) :  us  ko  peckish  ho-ga,i,  he 
has  dysentery. 

Dyspeptic,  uska  mi' da  (or  pet)  kamzor  hai. 


Each,  har ;  har  ek ;  fl  so  do  paisa  mdhsul  hai  (there  is  a  tax  of  two  pice  on 

each  seer)  :  vide  Head. 
Eager,  sar-garm  :  ban  chah  (or  cha,o)  se,  adv.,  eagerly  :  vide  Desirous  of. 

Ear,  ka7i,  m.,  vide  Attention  :  kan  bharnd  =  kdn  men  phunknd  (to  poison 
a  person's  ears,  poison  the  mind  of  a  person  against  another)  :  kdn 
men  ungli  dend  or  kdn  par  hEth  dharnd  (to  turn  a  deaf  ear  to) :  Imnd- 
phunsi  karnd  (to  whisper  in  the  ear). 

Early,  sawere  {lit.  early  in  the  morning,  but  also  =  in  time,  or  before  the 
time)  :  vide  Dawn. 

Earn,  kamdnu  ;  kamd,i  karnd  (by  labour)  :  [kamd,i  earnings] :  vide  Acquire 
and  Deserve. 

Earnest,  sar-garm  (in  belief,  etc.)  :  haqiqat  as  opposed  to  dillagi  joke,  jest : 
sach  much  kahte  ho  yd  dil-lagi  karte  ho  are  you  in  earnest  or  joking  ? 

Earnest  money,  bay'dna. 

Earth,  dunyd  :  jahdn  (the  world)  :  zarnm,  land,  the  earth  ;  mitti,  soil ;  mitti 
kd,  earthen  ;  dunyavi,  earthly,  of  this  world. 

Earthquake,  bhun-chdl,  f . ,  Hindi  :  zalzala. 

Ease,  chain,  m. ;  sukh,  m.  (opp.  to  dukh)  ;  dram,  m.  :  tasalU  dend  or  khatir^ 
jama'  karnd,  to  set  another's  mind  at  ease  :  dil  men  thandak  parnd  = 
khatir-jama'  hond  :  dard  ghatdnd  (lessen  pain)  :  narm  karnE  (ease  any- 
thing stifif). 

East,  purab,  m.,  Hindi :  mashriq,  m.  :  dahind  hdth  (vulg.,  Panj.) 

Easy,  dsdn  ;  sahl ;  salis  (of  language  or  style)  :  hhush-Jml  in  easy  circum- 
stances :  wuh  hibi  izdr-band  kl  dhili  hai  (that  lady  is  of  easy  virtue  ; 
lit.  she  is  loose  about  the  trouser-band)  :  drdm  chauki  easy-chair. 

Eat,  khEnd  ;  nosh  karnd  (polite  ;  also  =  to  drink)  :  khd-jdnd  eat  up  :  hardm 
kl  rotiydn  khdne-wdld  (of  idle  servants ;  eating  the  bread  of  idle- 
ness). 

Eaves-dropping,  kanrsu,iydn  lend ;  chori  se  sunnd. 

Ebony,  dbnus,  m. 

Eccentric,  tamdshe  kd  ddmi  (of  one  who  does  odd  or  unusual  things). 

Echo,  gunj.  f . ;  gunjnd,  to  echo. 

Eclipse,  gahan,  for  grahan,  m.  :  suraj-grahan  and  chandar-gahan  :  gahndnE 
intr.  (lit.  and  met.) 

Economy,  kam-kharchi  (frugality  in  spending)  ;  hfmna-dEri  (household 
management)  :  kharch  men  kifdyat  karnd  (to  be — )  :  sarfa  karnd  Pan- 
jabi  (but  in  Urdu  =  to  spend). 

Edge,  dhdr,  f.  (of  instruments):  kirmra,  m.  (margin)  :  dhnr  ke  bal  and  kindre 
ke  bal  (edgewise). 


EFF  59  ELU 

Educate,  la'Hm  aur  tarhiyat  rf€7i«  (to  instruct  and  educate)  :  t'trfe  Teach, 
Instruct  :  pafham  likJidnd :  [jxirha,t  likha^l  =  ta'Um,  f.]  ta'Um-yafta, 
educated. 

Efface,  miiam^  gen.  {hi.  and  met.)  :  dur  karna,  remove. 

Effect,  asar,  m. ;  '  vide  '  Consequence :  ta^fiir,  f.  (spec,  of  medicines, 
charms) :  ba-jd  Imui  =  '  amal  men  land  (to  carry  into  effect). 

Efficacious,  kdr-gar  =  mufid  (of  plans,  medicines) :  is  dawa  men  asar  nahtn 
this  medicine  is  not  efficacious. 

Efficacy,  ta^sxr,  f.  (effects)  :  fdSda,  m.  (benefit)  :  muftd  hond. 

Efficient,  vide  Able. 

Effort,  6a't,  f.  (k.)  ;  sakht  koshish,  f.  (k.)  ;  zor  lagdnd  or  mdrnd  :  hath  pd,on 
mdrna  :  jdn  lafund,  to  make  desperate  efforts  :  vide  Exert. 

Egg,  atuld  (dend) :  chhilkd,  m.,  shell  (prop,  peel,  skin  of  fruit)  :  safedi,  white 
of —  :  zarcU  yolk  :  hachcha  nikalnd,  to  hatch  eggs  :  jaist  man  ivaisi  heil^ 
jaisd  sut  waist  phentl,  prov.  =  as  the  crow  so  the  egg ;  phentt  = 
"  skein." 

Egress,  nikds  (place  of — ). 

Ejaculate,    kar-uthnd   (of   inarticulate   sounds)  ;    kah-uthnd  (of   articulate 

sounds):  vide  Exclaim  :  jharnd,  vulg.,  in  med.  sense  ;  {lit.  to   fall,  of 

leaves  ;  to  moult,  of  birds). 
Eject,    nikdl  bdhar   karim  :  zdt   bdhar  karnd  ( — from  caste)  :  vide  Banish, 

Expel  :  [nikal  ddlnd  is  to  take  out  completely,  of  concrete  or  abstract 

things,  empty  a  box  of,  etc.]. 

Elapse,  hitiM;  guzarnd  (pass  away). 

Elastic,  Idsttk  or  rabar,  m.  Eng.  :  lachild  (returning  to  original  form  after 
bending)  :  lachak-ddr  (springy,  yielding,  as  carriage  springs,  a  sweet- 
heart's waist). 

Elbow,  kuhm  (of  horse  or  man)  :  sdye  Id  tarah  sdth  sdih  hond,  to  be  always 
at  the  elbow  of  :  phate  halon  hond,  to  be  out  of  elbows. 

Electric,  Electricity,  bijE,  f.  {lit.  lightning)  :  tdr-barqi,  electric  telegraph  : 
bijE  kd  or  barqi,  adj.  :  bijU  ki  raushnl,  electric  light. 

Elder,  — se  bard  or  '  umr  men  ziydda  (of  age)  :  buzurg   (of  tribe,    village, 

family;  also  a  saint,  an  ancestor)  :  bafd  buflvd. 
Elephantiasis,  ftl-pd  [but  jtl-pdya,  a  column  or  large  pillar  of  a  bridge,  etc.]. 

Electroplate,  Electroplated,  gilti,  subs,  (silver-gilt  or  gold- gilt)  :  gilat  kiyd 
hu,d  adj. 

Elementary,  ibtidd,t. 

Elephant,  hdthl,  m.  ;  Itdthnl,  f. 

Eligible,  vide  Fit,  Deserving. 

Elicit,  hdt  nikdl-chfiornd  or  bdl  nikdUkar  rahnd  '  (information). 

Eliminate,  chJidnt-ddlnd . 

Elope,  le-bhdgnd  or  ufd-lejdnd,  gen.,  to  elope  with  (with  persons  or  things). 

Eloquent,  khush-baydn. 

1  For   the   force    of   chhorna,    etc.,   in    forming  compound  verbs,  vide  Phillott's 
"  Hindustani  Manual,"  pp.  86  and  87. 


EMB  60 


ENC 


Elude,  hile  se  hhag-nikalna  or  dhoka  dekar  nikal-hhagna,  to  escape  by 
stratagem :  ankh  bachakar  nikal-jana^  to  elude  the  vigilance  of  and  escape. 

Embark,  jdhEz  par  sawar  kona. 

Emaciated,  sukha  hu,d :  sirf  haddl  chamrd  rah-gayd  ;  maryal  (broken  down, 
of  horses  or  bullocks). 

Emasculate,  vide  Eunuch  and  Geld. 

Embankment,  hdndh,  m.,  H.,  and  hand,  m.,  P.,  gen.,  (also  a  dam). 

Embarrass,  mushkil  men  pJiasdnd  or  ddl-dend  :  vide  Perplexity. 

Embassy,  si f drat,  f.  :  sifdrat-hhdna  (the  building). 

Embed,  bithldnd ;  jar-dend :  baithd  hu,d,  embedded  (naturally). 

Embers,  angdrd,  m. ;  bhubal,  t,  hot  ashes. 

Embezzle,  mdl  mdrnd,  gen. :  rupiya  khd-jdnd  or  pacJm-jdnd  :  [dabd-baithnd 
to  keep  back  by  force,  or  to  usurp]. 

Embezzler,  Ma, w  ;  gdo  ghap. 

Emblem,  'aldmat  (also  sign,  token,  flag). 

Embolden,  jur^at  dend  or  dildna. 

Embrace,  kisi  se  gale  milvM  (of  equals,  friends)  :  —  ko  gale  se  (or  chhati  se) 

lagdnd  (of  children,  mistresses,  etc.). 
Embrocation,  mdlish  ki  dawd,l. 

Embroil,  jhagre  men  ulajhnd  (or  uljhdnd)  (to  be  entangled,  complicated, 
in  the  quarrel). 

Emerald,  zumurrvd:  [zumurrudi  rang,  emerald  green]. 

Emergency,  zarurat  kd  waqt :  '  vide  '  Crisis. 

Emigrate,  des  chhornd :  dusre  des  men  jd-basnd. 

Emissary,  vide  Messenger,  Spy. 

Emetic,  qay  M  dawd,l. 

Empress'  }  ^"*?*'"'  ™-  (Caesar) :  Qaisara,  f. 
Empower,  ihhtiydr  dend  :  mukhtdr  banana  or  karnd. 

Empty,  khdli  (k.) ;  Tchdli  hath,  empty-handed ;  khdU  dikhdvd,  emptj^  show  : 
khdli  (of  liouse)  :  sund,  desolate,  deserted:  us  ke  dimMgJi  men  gud 
nahm,  empty-headed  {lit.  gud  or  gudd  =  marrow,  pith,  brain,  crumb 
of  loaf,  flesh  or  soft  part  of  fruits). 

Emulate,  uski  bardbari  kl  himmat  (or  hausala)  karo,  try  to  emulate  him. 

Emulation,  barhdwd :  raqdbat  (also  =  rivalry). 

Enable,  dp  ki  bakhshish  se  main  is  qdbil  hungd  ki  — . 

Enamel,  mind-kdrl. 

Encamp,  derd  ddlnd  or  lagdnd. 

1650  Encampment,  pdrd,o,    mil.  (place  of  — ;  camping   ground):    derd,  gen.; 
kheme,  pi.  {lit.  tents). 

Enclose,  ihdta-karnd  or  ihdta-bandl  karnd  (of  making  an  enclosure)  :  lifdfe 
men  band  karnd  (of  a  document). 

Enchant,  —  par  jddu  karnd  {lit.  and  met.). 


ENC  61  ENR 

Encounter,   —se  do  char  hona,  gen.,    (suddenly)  :  —  ae  muth  bher  hand 

(come  hand  to  hand  with)  :  — ka  muqahala  karnd,  gen.,  (to  confront). 
Encourage,  dil  bar f ulna ;  himmat  bafhana. 

Encouragement,  harhava  (giving  hope) :  vide  Incite  and  Console. 
Encroach,  hath  j)d,on  bafha-kar. 

Encumbered,  qarz  ke  bojh  se  daba  hu,a  —  by  debt  :  yih  darakht  be  fa,ida 
jagah  ghere  hu,e^  Jiai. 

End,  vide  Edge,  Extremity,  Boundary;  sira,  end  or  head  ot  a  thing: 
akhir,  opposed  to  aivwal  and  shuru' :  anjdm,  m.  (conclusion) :  khatima 
(finishing):  vjtie  Finish;  Destruction;  Object. 

Endanger,  jokhoh  or  khatre  men  ddlnd ;  vide  Risk  and  Dangerous. 

Endear,  is  sabab  se  logon  kl  nazar  men  *azlz  (or  chdhltd)  band  hu,d  hat. 

Endless,  be^hadd  (lit.  without  boundary) ;  be-intihd  ;  '  vide'  Countless. 

Endow,  —  ke  Uye  kist  chiz  ko  vaqj  kar-dend  (of  charities  or  for  one's 
children)  ;  vaqf  ke  rupai  and  vaqf  kl  jd,eddden,  endowments. 

Endure,  sahnd  (to  bear  up  under)  ;  uthdnd,  to  suffer  (willingly  or  unwill- 
ingly): rahnd  or  thahamd,  to  last,  q.v.  :  vide  Durable  and  Strong. 

Enema,  pichkdri  (dend)  (also  syringe). 

Enemy,  dushman,  gen.;  jdnl  dushman  =  khun  kd  piydsd  dushman  =  jdiv- 
levd  dushman,  deadly  enemy. 

Energetic,  )  chust  o  chdldk  =  phurtUd,  active:  m,ihnati,  hard-working  :  /a'm- 
Energy,      )      mat,  f. ;  chustl  chdldki  and  phurtild-pan  subs. 

Enervating,  susti  paidd  karti  hai  (of  climate)  ;  vide  Weaken. 

Enforce,  cJialdnd  (of  an  order)  :  'amal  men  land. 

Engage,  naukar  rakhnd  (a  servant)  :  ~~ko  rokwd-rakhnd  or  —  ke  Uye  kah- 
rakhnd  (of  a  seat  in  a  tonga,  etc.)  :  apne  upar  lend  =  apne  zimme 
men  lend,  '  vide  '  Promise,  Undertake. 

Engine,  injan,  m.,  gen.  (any  engine)  :  kal,  f.,  machinery,  mechanism,  or  a 
portion  of  a  mechanism;  kal  kd,  (mechanical,  automaton). 

Engrave,  khodnd  ;  kanda  karnd. 

Engraver,  kanda-kdr :  muhr-kan  (of  seals). 

Enjoin,  ta^kid  karnd:  'vide'  Order. 

Enjoy,  kisl  chiz  se  maza  lend  :  — se  lutf  utJidnd  ,  deliglit  in. 

Enjoyment,  lazzat,  f. :  lutf,  m. 

Enlightened,  raushan  khaydl. 

Enlist,  hhartl  karnd. 

Enormous,  deo-zdd  (of  Uving  things). 

Enough,  bos,  adv.;  kdfi,  adj.:  '  vide  '  Sufficient  and  Fully. 

Enrage,  bhafkand,  gen.  {also  to  stir  up ;  to  fan  a  fiame). 

Enraged,  to  be,     jhalldnd  (to  get  in  a  rage) ;  jhunjhldnd  (to  be  irritable, 
cross)  taish  men  and  (to  get  in  a  passion) :  vide  Anger. 

1  Note  this  use  of  the  participle  and  the  verb  •  to  be.'  The  participle  indicates 
•  is  in  a  state  of  encumbering  '  :  vide  "  Hind.  Man.,"  p.  1967  ;  "  Stumbling-Blocks," 
p.  78. 


ENQ  62  ESC 

Enquire,  tahqiq  or  daryajt  karna :  puchhna  [with  se  to  enquire  and  with 

ko  to  enquire  after]. 
Enquiry,  tahqiqat  (k.),  investigation. 

Entangle,  ulajhnd,  intr.,  and  uljhdnd,  tr.  ;  phasna,  intr.,  and  phasdnd,  tr., 
to  be  noosed,  embroiled. 

Enter,  bhitar  or  andar  jdrm,  gen.  ;  ghusnd  (suddenly,  or  violently,  or  with 
difficulty)  :  charMnd  =  likhnd  (of  items  in  a  book)  :  paithnd  (to  pene- 
trate and  stick  in). 

Enterprise,     |  hausala,  subs.,  hausala-mand,  adj.  (=  ambitions)  and  maw- 
Enterprising,  )      chald-pan,  subs,  (in  business,  etc.). 

Entertain,  mihmdm  k. ;  khUarm  pildnd  (as  host) :  mihmdn  rakhnd  (for  a 
period)  :  dinmgh  men  jagah  dend  (of  a  proposal). 

Entertainment,  tamdsJid  ;  khel ;  '  vide  '  Feast. 

Entertaining,  dil-lagi  kd  (also  amusing) :  dil-haMd ,o ,  subs,  and  adj. 

Enthusiasm,  josh,  m.  ;  sar-garrm  :  pur- josh  and  joshild,  adjec.,  enthusiast. 

Enthusiastic,  hard  shauqin. 

Entice,  phuslund  :  [phusldhat,  f.,  sub.]. 

Entire,  samuchd,  whole,  q.v. ;  vide  Complete  :  dndu  (of  horse  or  any  male 
animal  =  possessed  of  dnd  or  dnr). 

Entitle,  to,  kd  mustahaqq  horm  ;  kd  haqq-ddr  hond  :  [yih  merd  haqq  hai]. 

Entrails,  atriydn  or  dnten,  pi. 

Entreat,  —  se  iltimds  karnd  (polite  for  to  ask)  :  se  minnat  karnd,  gen. 

Envelope,  lifdfa  (of  letter)  :  vide  Surround,  Spread. 

Envy,  )  hdsid  (h.)  ;  jalnE  to  be  — ;  wuh  sab  ki  nazaron  men  kdn- 

Envious,  to  be,  i  td  hai,  all  bear  him  envy  and  malice :  hasad,  m.  f .  (k.)  ; 
jalan,  f.  (k.)  :  rashk,  m.  (k.)  jealousy ;  also  envy  in  a  friendly  sense. 

1700  Ephemeral,  do-roza. 

Epidemic,  hlmdri  ki  hawd,  f. 

Epilepsy,  mirgl. 

Equality,  hardhari  k.  (vie  with). 

Equilibrium,  mizdn  kd  thik  rakhnd ;  \mizdn,  f.,  scales]. 

Equip,  sd»  o  sdmdn  se  durust  karnd  :  vide  Armed. 

Equipage,  jilo,  m.  :  vide  Retinue. 

Eradicate,  jar  se  ukhdrnd  :  '  vide  '  Annihilate  and  Destroy. 

Erase,  chhil-dend  (prop,  to  peel)  :  khuruch-dend  (scratch,  scrape)  :  vide 
Efface. 

Erect,  khard  karnd,  '  vide  '  Build. 

Err,  chuknd  ;  ghalatl  k.  :  bhul  chuk  insdn  ki  khamlr  men  hai,  it  is  man's 
nature  to  err  {khamir  lit.  dough  ;  also  nature). 

Escapade,  dlwdna-pan  kl  harakat. 

Escape,  nikal-jdnd  :  nikal-bhdgnd  :  hdth  se  jdtd  rahnd  (to  be  lost)  ;  bachnd 
(from  a  threatened  '  evil)  :  dnkh  bachdnd,  to  escape  observation. 

1  For   difference   between   bachna    and  chhutna,  vide  "  Hindustani  Stumbling- 
Blocks,"  p.  27. 


ESC  63  EXA 

Escort,  badraqa,  mil. 

Especial,  khdss  ;  mahhaua  :  khaas-kar  or  khuaus'*'*,  adv.,  especially. 

Espionage,  mere  pichhe  jams  laga,e  M,e  hain  ;  mukhbiri,  f. 

Essence,  jauhar ;  ml. 

Essentially,  dar  ad ;  '  vide  '  Necessary  and  Real. 

Establish,  qd,im  kamd  (make  stable) ;  vide  Found,  Build. 

Estate,  vide  Condition  :  milklyat  (land)  :  jdgtr,  f.  (land  given  as  a  reward 
for  services  or  in  pension)  :  jd,e-ddd,  gen.  (any  estate,  landed  or 
otherwise). 

Esteem,  qadar,  f. 

Estimate,  takhmlna  (karna)  ;  vide  Guess,  Opinion. 

Estrangement,    glaairiyat,   gen.  ;  be-gdnagl   (between    friends)  :  vide  Sepa- 
ration. 
Etiquette,  vide  Custom,  Rule. 
Eunuch,  hijrd ;  kkoja. 

Eurasian,  tem,  Por.  :  dogld  (half-breed  ;  of  anything)  :  vide  Half-caste. 
Evacuate,  khdll  kamd  ;  chhofnd :  '  vide  '  Void. 

Evade,  vide  Escape  :  jamdb  dene  se  gurez  kartid  (evade  answering)  :  did 
bdld  batdnd  (evasion,  shuffling  ;  lit.  to  make  false  excuses)  :  kdm  se  ji 
churdnd  (evade  work). 

Evaporate,  ur-jdnd. 

Eve,  shab  (with  the  Pers.  izdfat  construction) :  main  ah  jdne  hi  ko  hun  (I 
am  on  the  eve  of  departure)  :  Mdmd  Hdwwd,  Mother  Eve. 

Even,  juft  (of  numbers ;  opp.  to  idq,  odd) :  mde  Level :  m,ain  mar  tak 
jdyiingd,  I  will  even  die  for  you. 

Event,  lodqi'a;  wuqu' :  hddisa  or  rmriddt  (accident,  or  unpleasant  oc- 
currence) :    vide  Adventure, 

Evergreen,  sadd-bahnr. 

Ever-young,  sadd-jatodn. 

Evidence,  gawdhl  (dend)  :  svbut,  m.  (proof). 

Evident,  mhir ;  '  vide  '  Manifest. 

Evil,  bad  kdr,  evil-doer  (gen.  =  adulterer  or  fornicator) :  bad  nai^ar,  evil- 
eyed  (either  as  regards  looking  at  women  or  possessed  of  the  evil 
eye) :  siydh  dil  "  black-hearted  "  :  vide  Bad,  111. 

Evoke,  buldkar  hdzir  karnd. 

Evolve,  sochkar  nikdlnd:  '  vide  '  Unravel. 

Exact,  thlk:  thik  thlk  (exactly);  vide  Like:  'ain  toaqt  par  (at  the  exact 
time) :  jabr"'  nmsul  karna  (to  extort) :  ainthnd  (to  extort ;  lit.  to  twist) : 
main  kaufi  kauri  umsul  karungd  I  will  exact  the  uttermost  fact. 

Exaggerate,  bafhdke  kahnd  (of  speech) :  mubdlagbp,  karnd,  gen^  (to  overdo 
anything) :  bilU  ko  sher  kar-dikhdnd  -  rd,i  ko  parbat  kamd. 

Examine,  imtihdn  lend  and  dend  (of  any  test) :  muWia^  karnd  =  *  ikzdmin  ' 
karnd  (inspection,  as  medical  — ) :  puchhpdchh  karnd  (cross-examine)  : 
imtihdn  'pas'  kamd  ;  imtihdn  men  purd  viarnd  (to  pass  an  examination). 

Examiner,  mumtahin. 


EXA  64  EXE 

Example,  namuna,  (pattern ;  also  sample) :  misal,  f.  (in  grammar,  etc.) ; 
mash"'  adv.,  for  example  :  —  ta  ki  dusron  ko  Hhrat  ho  =  to  make  an 
example  of  :  vide  Precedent. 

Exasperate,  sahr  kl  tab  baqi  norrakhnd. 

Excavate,  khodke  nikalna. 

Exceedingly,  hahut  hi:  nihayat  (lit.  =  intiha  darje  ka). 

Excellent,  'wnda,  adj.;  'umdagi,  sub. 

Except,  (prep.),  chhorkar  :  — ke  siwa,e. 

Exception,  qaHda  se  hahar  (an  exception  to  a  rule). 

Excess,  ifrat,  f . :  [kasral,  abundance.] 

1750  Excessive,  saMit  (before  an  adjective  or  noun;  means  more  than,  6a Aw^  : 
be-kadd  (boundless) :  anddte  se  bdhar  (beyond  prudence,  propriety, 
good  taste,  etc.,  etc.). 

Exchange,  adal  badal  karnd :  adli  badli  karnd  (exchanging  places  or 
appointments;  of  two  people)  :  yih  badli  men  mild,  I  got  this  in 
exchange  (change) :  vide  Change. 

Excise,  chungi  (octroi ;  not  on  liquors). 

Exciseman,  ddrogha-e  dbkdri  (inspector  of  dbkdri  or  the  manufacture  of 
spirituous  liquors). 

Excite,  josh  men  land :  uksdnd,  to  goad  {lit.  with  a  sharp  instrument) : 
bharkdnd  (fan  into  a  flame) :  vide  Incite. 

EKcitement,  josh,  m.,  gen.  (boiUng,  in  mind,  ebullition  of  people) :  halchal, 

f.  (unrest,  being  upset) :  josh  dildne-ivdli  Jchahar,  exciting  news. 
Exclaim,  zor  se  bol-uthnd  or  chilld-uthnd  :  vide  Ejaculate. 
Exclamation,  farydd,  f.,  loud  cry  (also  complaint). 
Exclude,  wrfe  Forbidden:  mahrum  karnd:  mahrumi,  exclusion. 
Excommunicate,  jamd,'at  or  zdt  se  nikdlnd:  vide  Outcaste. 
Excoriated,  to  be,  chamrd  cHhilnd,  intr. 

Excrement,  fuzla,  gen.  {lit.  residue,  refuse) :  maild,  vulg. :  guh  (gen.  but 
spec,  human  ordure)  ;  hit,  f.  (of  birds) :  vide  Dung. 

Excruciating ,  jdn-  kdh . 

Exculpate,  ban  karnd  (from  blame). 

Excursion,  sair  o  safar. 

Excuse,  mu'df  karnd  (from  an  act  committed)  and  mu'df  rakhnd  (from  an 
act  contemplated) :  mu'dfl  chdhvM  or  mdngnd  (to  ask  for  psfrdon,  or  to 
be  excused) :  Mia  hawdla  karnd,  to  make  shuffling  excuses  (to  evade 
doing  something)  :  'uzr,  m.,  gen.,  a  plea  ;  langrd  *uzr,  a  lame  excuse. 

Execute,  vide  Pretence,  Pretext. 

Execrate,  kid  ke  nam  par  la'nat  bhejnd  (of  living  or  dead). 

Execute,  vide  Complete  :  ba-jd  land  or  'amal  men  Idnd^  to  carry  into  effect. 
Vide  Hang,  Behead. 

Executive,  intizdmi ;  [from  intizdm,  arrangement,  administration,  dis- 
cipline]. 

Exempt,  mu'df  karnd  (of  the  thing  not  of  the  person;  as,  us  par  tiks 
mu'df  hai) :  mu'dfi,  subs. 


EXE  66  EYE 

Exercise,  warzish,  f.  {k.)  and  kasrat,  f.  (k.)  (of  bodily  exercises;  vide 
Practice) :  maahq,  f .  {k.)  a  task :  vide  Copy  and  Drill. 

Exert,  zor  marna;  hath  pa,oh  marna;  koshish  karnd:  'vide'  Attempt, 
Effort,  Try,  Strive.  [Incite. 

Exhort,   nasihat   dena   (admonish) :  himmat  dildnd  :  dil  hdfhdnd  :  *  vide  ' 
Exile,  des  se  nikdlnd  :  vide  Banish,  Deport :  des-niknld,  subs.,  m.  {milnn). 
Exonerate,  vide  Exculpate. 
Exorbitant,  ag  ke  mol  [men]  adv. 
Exorcist,  'dmil,  '  vide  '  Soothsayer. 

Expect,  tawaqqu',  f  (k.)  (of  something  looked  for  or  naturally  expected,  aw 
friendship  from  a  certain  person)  :  vide  Fear,  Hope,  Danger,  and 
Wait :  ah  dyd  hi  cJiuhta  hai,  he's  expected  at  once. 

Expedient,  mundsib,  adj.  :  '  vide  '  Plan,  Means, 

Expedition,  muhimm,  f.,  any  important  enterprise  :  lam,  f.,  mil.  expedition. 

Expel,  nikdlnd :  nikdl  hdhar  karnd  ;  — se  bdhar  karnd  :  '  vide  '  Banish, 
Outcaste. 

Expend,         \rupiya  uthdnd   (of  great  sums)  :   kharch   {karnd)  :   Idgat,  f. 
Expenditure,  J      (actual  cost)  :  vide  Co.st,  Price. 

Expensive,  qimali  (costly)  :  besh-kharch :  vide  Valuable. 
Experience,    tajriba,   m.     {k.):    'vide'    Examine,  Test:    khoke  stkhnd,  = 
dear-bought  experience. 

Experiment,  vide  Examine,  Test. 

p'^*^     '  ?  vstud;  midhir,  adj. :  ustddi  and  mahdrat,  f.,  subs. 

Explain,  samjhdnd  ;  batldnd  (show)  :  baydn  karnd  (narrate). 

Explicitly,  sdf  sdf. 

Exportation,  raftani,  f. 

Expressly,  ta^Jdd  se  :  vide  Injunction  and  Especially. 

Exquisite,  nihdyat  nafis. 

Extend,  lambd  karnd  (hold  out)  :  vide  Spread  and  Increase. 

Extensive,  wasl'. 

Exterminate,  — ki  jar  (or  — ko  jar  se)  kdUddlnd  :  vide  Uproot. 

Extinguish,  bujhdnd,  gen.  :  gul  karnd  (of  lamps). 

Extraordinary,   gJmir-ma'muli ;   be-dastur   (not  usual)  :   nirdld   (strange  or 

unique)  or  anokhd  (peculiar,  odd). 
Extravagance,  fuzul  kharchi. 

Extravagant,  kharrdch  (a  new  word)  :  ufd^u,  and  luid,u,  spendthrift. 
Exude,  pastjnd  :  '  vide  '  Drip  and  Ooze. 
Eye,  dnkh :  putli,  pupil  of — :  nazar,  f.  {lagnd)  (the  evil  eye)  :  mdda  huk, 

(for  hook  ;  lit.  female  hook  ;  the  hook  is  called  ruir  huk). 
Eyebrow,  bhaun,  f.  (also  coronet  of  horse's  hoof). 
Eyelid,  palak,  f.  :  (also  =  a  moment)  :  papotd,  m. 
Eyesight,  nazar  :  roshni,  f.  (lit.  light). 
Eyesore,  dnkh  kd  kdntd. 
Eye-witness,  dnkhon  dekhl  [bdt]  kahtd  hai—. 
9 


FAB  66  FAR 


Fable,  kahanl,  any  fictitious  story:  vide  Story. 

Fabricate,  qissa  garhna  ( —  a  story). 

Fabulous,  qissa  TcahEni  kd  — . 

Face,  chihra  :  munh  (also  =  mouth) ;  vide  Appearance  :  sdmnd  karnd,  to 
face,  vide  Confront:  main  kyd  munh  leke  un  ke  sdmne  jd,un,  "how 
can  I  face  him  (I'm  ashamed)  ?  "  :  munh  ke  hal  ^  gird  "  (I)  fell  on  my 
face ' ' :  vide  Grimace. 

Facilitate,  dsdn  karnd  ;  suhultyat  derm  :  sahl  kdrnd. 

Facilities,  —  ki  dram  hai,  coll. 

Factj  haqiqat  (truth ,  reality)  :  wdqi'a  (a  thing  that  has  happened)  :  asl  bdt 
yih  hai,  "  the  fact  is ." 

Fail,  to,  '  fel '  horM  (in  examination  or  business)  :  kam  hond  (be  deficient) . 
karne  se  chuknd,  to  fail  to  do :  vide  Deficient,  Bankrupt. 

Faint,  be-hosh  hond  =  —  ko  gkash  dnd  (become  senseless)  :  kam-zor  dil  kd, 
faint  in  heart,  (also  without  moral  courage)  :  kam-himmat,  faint- 
hearted :  phikd  \a,Gkmg  distinctness  (also  insipid). 

Fair,  gord,  of  complexion,  (also  a  private  soldier  or  a  seaman) :  munsif- 

mizdj  (in  nature,  umpiring,  etc.)  :  khard,  of  shopkeepers  in  dealing 

(lit.  good,  of  coin) :  wdjihi  moderate  :  meZa,  subs. 
Faith,  vide  Religion,  Reliance. 
Faithful,   namak-haldl,  of  dependents;  wafd-ddr,  gen.  of  lovers,  servants, 

dogs. 
Falcon,  hdz,  prop,  the  female  goshawk  :  siydh-chashm  (lit.  black-eyed). 
Fall,  parnd  (also  =  to  lie),  to  fall  gently  or  metaphorically  :  girnd,  to  fall 

with  suddenness  or  force.* 
False,  jhvM,  gen.  ;  kho^  or  ja^ll,  not  genuine  :  gJyilat,  erroneous. 
Fame,  — hd  hard  nam  hond,  of  people:  shuhrat,  f.,  or  shuhra,  m.,  fame  or 

notoriety. 
Famous,  mushhur  ;  mashhur  ma'rHf  :■  ndmi  :  ndmwar. 
Family,  ahl  o  'aydl,  m.,  pL,  wife  and  children  =  joru  bachche :  khdnddn, 

lineage  :  ghar  kl  lafd,l,  family  quarrel :  us  kd  pd,on  bhdrt  hai,  she's  in 

the  family  way — a  woman's  colloquialism  :  vide  Lineage. 

Famine,  k^l,  m. :  qaht,  m.  or  qaht-sdli,  f. 
Fan,  {hdth  kd,  or  dasti)  pankhd  (jhalnd). 

Far,  dur,  (without  a  noun)  ;  dur  hd  (with  a  noun) :  us  taraf  or  parll  taraf, 
the  far  side. 

Farewell,  KhudJd  hd/iz  1cfhl),nd.  to  bid  —  (Muslim)  :  —  se  ruhhsai  hond,  to 
take  one's  leave  of  :  — i)e,milnd  (to  see,  to  see  for  the  last  or  first  time). 

Fare,  kirdya  or  bhdrd,  hire,  rent',  f?re. 

Farrier,  na'hband,  shoeing-smith  :  bUotri,  H.,  an  Indian  veterinary  sur- 
geon. 


1  Bal  always  gives  the  idea  of  movement  or  exertion. 

2  Vide  "  S tumbling-Blocks,"  Supplement. 


FAS  67  FIN 

Fast,  kasd  hu,a,  drawn  tight  :  ma:}but,  firm  :  tez,  in  movement  :  roza  {rakh 
m)  any  religious  fast  :  fdqa  karnd,  voluntary,  and — se  hond,  involun- 
tary, remaining  hungry  (not  religious). 

Fat,  charbi,  subs.:  moid,  adj.  (also  thick,  and  ooarse)  :  farbih :  taiydr,  of 
animals  only. 

Fatal,  qaza  kd  (deadly) :  [in  Urdu  qazd  means  time  of  death.] 

Fate,  tfiqdir,  f.  ;  muqaddar,  ra. ;  qismat,  f. ;  qazd  f.  death  :  vide  Luok. 

Father,  bdp :  bdbd  or  abbd  (in  address)  :  vodlid. 

Fatigue,  thakan,  f.  ;  thakdioat,  f.  :  mdndagi. 

Fault,  qmur,  m.  (k.)  :  bhuUchuk,  f.  =  (jhalat*,  error:  khatd  f.  (k.)  (also  to 
miss  a  mark). 

Fear,  dar,  m.  khauf,  m.  (khdnd) :  — ko  dar  lagnd  or  dnd,  and  darnd,  to  fear. 

Feast,  teohdr,  gen.  festival :  parab  m. :  da'ioat,  f.,  invitation  to  anything  : 
ziydfat,  party  :  vide  Occasion. 

Feature,  ndk  naqsha. 

Feeble,  kam-zor,  gen.  :  nd-tBqat,  of  living  things  only. 

Feed,  khildnd;  khildnd  pildnd. 

Feel,  mujhe  sardi  lagti  or  ma'lum  hotl  hai,  I  feel  cold :  chhund  to  touch : 
mujhe  sharm  dt%  hai  or  lagt%  hai  or  ma^lum  hotl  hai,  I  feel  ashamed: 
taplnd,  to  grope  or  feel,  sp.  in  the  dark :  nabz  dekhrm,  to  feel  the  pulse. 

Feeling,  hiss,  f.,  (sense  of  feeling) :  dili  jazba  (emotion). 

Felt,  namdd,  m. 

Female,  mdda  or  mddtn. 

Fertile,  a6ad  (of  country  or  of  land) :  zar-khez  (of  land). 

Fever,  bukhdr,  m.  :  tap,  f. 

Few,  thore  se  ;    thord  ek  ;  chand  ;  vide  Some,  Several. 

Field,  khet  (also  a  breeding  district  for  horses)  :  maiddn,  of  battle. 

Fierce,  khun-khwdr  (lit.  blood-drinking  ;  of  tyrants,  etc. :  khun-rez  (bloody  ; 
of  battle)  •  sakhi. 

Fife,  bdnsi  or  bdnsri:  (but  bansi,  a  flute;  a  fishing-rod;  a  fishing-hook). 
Fi^,  anjir,  f. 

Fight,  larnd,  gen.,  quarrel,  fight,  etc.  :  bhirnd,  come  hand  to  hand  with  : 
mdr-pit  karnd,  with  blows,  etc.,  of  two  people  or  more. 

Figure,  surat,  f. ;  shakl,  i.  :  hindasa,  m.  (in  arithmetic)  :  vide  Face. 

Filch,  to,  uchaknd :  uchakkd,  filcher. 

File,  reil  (of  iron) :  fail,  Eng.  (office). 

Fill,  bhamd:  pet-bhar,  adv.  (  =  "  one's  fill"). 

Filth   ghif'dzat,  f.  (also  adjective). 

Filthy,  ganda ;  gb/iliz  :  '  vide  '  Disgusting. 

Fin,  machhlt  kd  par. 

Final,  dkhiri :  *  vide  '  Decisive. 

Find,  kisi  chiz  ko  pdnd;  mujhe  kitdb  miU.  I  found  the  book  (vide  Meet)  : 

paidd  karnd,  find  out  or  produce  :  tajwlz,  f.  {k.)  (of  Court ;  also  proposal). 
Fine,  kisi  par  jurtndna  lagdnd  or  kisi  ko  jurmdna  karnd;  mahin,  adj.  gen  : 

bdrik,  gen.  (fine,  also  minute). 


FIN  68  FLY 

Finger,  ungll  (also  a  toe)  :  [anguthu,  the  thumb  or  the  big-toe]. 

Finish,  tamam  karna;  khatm  h. ;  anjam  ko  pahunchdna  :  nibtana  con- 
sume, use  up  :  vide  Perfect. 

Fire,  ag,  f .  :  dtash-zadagl  (conflagration;  now  used  in  general  sense): 
— men  ag  lagdnd,  set  on  fire  :  handuq  chaldnd  or  chhornd  or  fair  karnd  or 
ddgknd,  to  fire  a  gun,  etc. 

Firework,  dtash-hazi  {chhornd). 

First,  pahld,  adj.  :  pahle,  adv^. :  pahle-pahal,  adv.,  the  first  time. 

Fish,  machhli,  f.  (also  =  the  fish-insect ;  the  biceps  ;  the  calf  of  the  leg)  : 
machhll  kd  shikdr  karnd,  to  fish. 

Fisherman,  machhu,d  (also  the  name  of  a  boat). 

Fist,  mutthi,  the  closed  fist. 

Fit,  qdbil ;  ld,iq  adj. .'  vide  Proper,  Fitting  :  daura  (of  disease  ;  lit.  turn). 

Fixed,  jard  hu,d  (of  fixtures). 

Flag,  jhandd  (large)  and  jhandi  (small). 

Flame,  lau,  f.  ;  shu'la,  m.  :  bharak-uthnd ,  to  burst  into  flames  ;  also  to  flare 
up,  of  dying  embers  :  [bharaknd  also  means  to  shy,  of  a  horse]. 

Flank,  kokh,  m.  (of  animals  or  humans) :  bdzu  or  pahlu  (of  army). 

Flash,  kaund,  f.  (of  lightning) :  chamak,  f.,  gen. 

Flat,  chipid :  '  vide  '  Level  and  Prostrate  :  chiptd-pan,  subs. 

Flatter,  kisi  ki  khushdmad  or  chnplusl  karnd :  jutt  kl  hhdk  chdtnd  or  jhdrrid 
(met.  to  lick  a  person's  boots). 

Flaw,  ^aib,  m. ;  nuqs,  m. 

Flea,  pissu,  m. 

Flee,  hhJdgrm:  chal-dend  (disappear  suddenly)  :  vide  Run  and  Escape. 

Flesh,  gosht. 

Flexible,  lachila  :  lachak-ddr  (springy) . 

Flight,  firdr,  m. :  bhdgar  (stampede  of  a  number). 

Flinch,  jhijhaknd. 

Flint,  chaqmdq,  m. 

Float,  pdni  ke  upar  bahnd:  fitna,  m.  (fishing). 

Flock,  galla  or  rewar,  m.  (of  sheep  or  goats). 

Flog,  kord  mdrnd. 

Flood,  saildb  :  [but  serdb  (k.),  m.,  irrigation]  :  tugtiydni    {men  and)  (being 

in  flood,  of  rivers  ;  also  being  rough,  of  the  sea). 
Floor,  tajchta-bandi ,  of  wood  :  zamin,  gen. 
Flourish,  raunaq  kl  hdlat  men  kai  (of  cities). 
Flower,  phul,  m  :  butd  (on  cloth). 
Fluctuate,  ghatnd  barhnd. 

Fluent,  farfar  bolnd  :  tardre  se  bolnd,  '  vide'  Glib. 
Flute,  bdnsrl  '  vide  '  Fife  (but  bans^  fishing-rod). 
Flutter,  tara/prm.  (when  the  throat  is  cut ;  also  of  fish  out  of  water  ;  also 

met.  =  to  yearn  q.v.). 
Fly,  urnd  :  ur-jdnd,  to  fly  away  :  urd-le-jdnd,  fly  away  with  (lit  and  met.)  : 

makkhi,  f.,  subs,  (a  small  fly) ;  and  makkhd,  m.  (a  blue-bottle). 


FLY  69  FOR 

Fly-blown,  syahi  haithrga,%. 

Foal,  bachhefd,  ra. ;  and  hachhefi^  i.  (filly),  gen. 

Fodder,  chard,  m.  :  (also  bait  for  fish) :  vide  Forage. 

Fog,  kohrd,  m.,  or  kohdsd  (mist). 

Fold,  dohrdnd  (to  double))  :  tah  k.  (of  paper,  clothes)  :  vide  Wrap  :  lah,  f. 

Follower,  pairau,  gen.  :  hahif,  f.,  camp-followers;  in  Panj.  kamlna-log. 

Fondness,  shauq,  gen. :  raghbat  (liking,  spec,  for  eatables). 

Food,  kimrw, :  khurdk,  f.  :  ghizd,  f.,  diet. 

Fool,  ahmaq;  be-wuquf :  bail;  ullu ;  kdth  kd  ullu  utter  fool,';  maakhara 
(professional). 

Foot,  pd,on  ;  panja  (also  =  hand)  :  paidal  or  piydda  or  pd-piydda,  adv.,  on 

foot  :   pag,  f.,  a  footprint :  pd,on  ki  dliat,  foot-fall. 
Fop,  bdnkd,  a  dandy  ;  rangild  (effeminate  fop). 
Forage,  ddna  g^s  :  vide  Fodder. 

Forbid,  — se  mana'  k. :  kisi  ko  kisi  cMz  ki  mumdna'at  k. :  Khudd  na-kare 
God  forbid :  vide  Stop. 

Force,  zor  :  vide  Power  and  Tyranny  and  Violence  ;  jabr  or  zar  se  kardnd 
(to  force  to  do  :  vide  Compel) :  be-gdr,  forced  labour  ;  begdrl,  forced 
labourer  :  be-kdrt  se  begdrl  bhali — Prov.' 

Ford,         )  pdydb  pant ;  [pdydb  is   an  adjective  only  ;   in   speaking   pdnl 
Fordable,  )      thofd  hai  —  a  ford] :  vide  Wade. 

Forehead,  mdthd,  m. ;  peshdnt. 

Foreign,  pardesi  or  ^air  mulkl,  gen. 

Foreigner,  bidesi  or  ajnabi  (of  humans  only). 

Foresight,  pesh-bmi  or  dur-andeshl. 

Foreskin,  topi:  gMldj,  m. 

Forest,  jangaX,  m  ,•  ban,  m. 

Forged,  ja'U  {k.)  (of  writings,  coins). 

Forgery,  ja'l-sdzt. 

Forget,  bhulnd  (without  we) :  fardmosh  k. 

Forgetful,  bhulakkar  :  '  vide  '  Careless. 

Forgive,  chhofnd  (let  off,  let  go)  :  mu'df  k.  :  bakhshrw,. 

Fork,  kdnta  :  do-shdkha  hond,  to  fork  (as  a  river). 

Form,  datd,   ra. ;  shakl,   f.  :  vide  Shape,   Face,   Appearance;    waza\    f., 

mode  :  vide  System. 
Fornicate,  vide  Adultery. 

Fort,  qil'a,  m.  :  garh,  m.  (large)  and  gafht,  f.  (small). 
Fortifications,  "I  7iZ*a-6awd»  k. :  mustahkam  kamd,  gen.  (to  make  strong  ;  of 
Fortify,  J      any  place). 

Fortress,  vide  Fort. 

Fortunate,  l^iLsh-qismat  or  — rtasib  :  qismat  kd  sand,  a  very  lucky  person. 


1  Even  an  owl  may  have  some  sense,  but  a  wooden  owl- 


FOR  70  FUL 

Fortune-teller,  nujurni  (astrologer)  :  rammdl  (properly  one  who  tells  for- 
tunes by  sand  ;  rami,  Ar.  sand)  :  vide  Soothsayer. 

Forward,  to,  vide  Send. 

Foster,   dudh-bha,^     (foster-brother)  :    dudh-pild,i    ( —  mother) :    dudh-bdp 
(foster-father). 

Foundation,  hunydd,  f.   (ht.  and  met.)  :  neo,  f.  (lit.  only)  :    jar,  f.,  or  asl, 
f.  (basis  ;  lit.  root). 

Founder,  hdni. 

Foundling,  la-waris  bachcha  ( —  without  owner). 

Fountain,  fawwdrd,  m.   (artificial  jet)  :  chashma,  m.,   spring   or  fountain- 
head  of  a  stream,  etc. 

Fowl,  murghl  (hen) :  murglid  (cock)  :  chuza  (a  chicken) :  vide  Bird. 

Fowler,  chin-mdr,  Hindu;  mir-shikdr,  Muslim. 

Fox,  lomn,  f. 

Fragile,  vide  Brittle  and  Crisp. 

Frame,  dhdnch  or  dhdncha  (the  outline  or  frame  of  anything) :  chaukathd 
(picture  — ). 

Fraud,  vide  Deceive  and  Cheat  and  Cunning. 

Free,  dzdd  ;  bachd-rahnd,  to  keep  free  from. 

Freeze,  jamnd,  intr.,  and  jamdnd,  tr. 

Freight,  vide  Hire. 

Fresh,  tdza,  gen.  ;  tar  o  tdza  (of  fruit  or  vegetables ,  of  faces)  :  hard  (fresh, 
of  green  things  ;  lit.  green)  ;  tdza-dam  (of  people  ;  refreshed). 

Fretful,  chirchird  (of  children,  sick  or  old  people). 

Friction,  ragar,  f. 

Friday,  juma' :  suk  or  sukr. 

Friend,  dost  ;  ydr  ;  '  vide  '  Comrade. 

Frontier,  sar-hadd,  f. 

Frost,  paid,  m.  (parrm)  ;  pdld-mdrd,  frost-bitten. 

Froth,  jhdg,  m. ;  phen,  m.,  or  kaf,  m.  (also  =  foam). 

Frown,  ndk  bhaun  charhdnd. 

Frozen,  jamd  hu,d. 

Fruit,  mewa,  m.  ;  phal,  m. 

Fruiterer,  kunjrd  (Muslim)  ;  mewa^jarosh  (spec,  seller  of  Kabul  fruits). 

Fruitful,  phal-ddr  or  mewa-ddr  (of  trees) ;  vide  Fertile. 

Fry,  ialnd. 

Frying-pan,  "  fri-pdn,"  m.,  Eng.  pattern. 

Fugitive,  bhagord  ;  firdri ;  bhaggu  (a  turn-tail,  one  that  always  runs  away, 
of  a  cock,  or  a  man,  etc.). 

Fulcrum,  tek,  f. 

Fulfil,  purd  karnd. 

Full,  bhard  hu,d ;  lab-d-lab  (full  up  to  the  brim) ;  vide  Complete :  [haqiqt  or 
sagd  bhd,i,  full  brother,  vide  Brother]. 


FUM  71  GEN 

Fumigate,  dhunl  dena. 

Fun,  tamdshd ;  kisi  ko  ullu  banana,  to  make  fun  of. 

Funeral,  ja^mze  ka  jdna. 

Fur,  pashm,  gen.  (vide  Hair  and  Wool) :  roioan,  m.  (of  fine  fur  only). 

Furious,  ghcizah-nidk,  gen. 

Furnace,  bhatti,  f.  (under  a  boiler). 

Furniture,  asbab,  in.,  Eng 

Fuss,  to,  (  dhutn  dharakka  m.,  {machdnd)  rd,t  se  parbai  hond  (fuss  about 
Fussy,      >      nothing;  exaggerate,  q. v.). 

Future,  dyamle  ke  Uye,  "for  future  use  or  time  as  regards  the  future," 
but  dyanda,  "  in  future  "  :  dyande  kd  hdl,  the  Future. 

Fye,  chhi ;  tauba  chhl,  (mild). 

G 

Gain,  vide  Advantage. 

Gain,  to,  vide  Obtain  and  Acquire;  also  Win,  Succeed  and  Reach. 

Gait,  chdl,  f 

Gale,  dndhl  (spec,  with  dust);  tufdn,  gen.,  (storm,  flood,  etc.):    jhakkaf 
(of  wind  only). 

Gallant,  diuigrd,  (contemp. ;  paramour  of  married  or  unmarried  woman) ; 
dshnd  (ditto,  polite). 

Gallery,  galydrd  (any  long  narrow  room;  also  a  narrow  passage  between 
low  houses;  connected  with  gali). 

Gallows,  tikil ;  phdnsl  kd  takhta. 

Gamble,  ju,d  khelnd,  gen. 

Gambler,  ju,dri,  gen. 

Game,  khel,  gen. :  bdzl,  a  single  match ;  shikar  (quarry,  etc.)  :  ullu  bandnd 
(to  make  game  of). 

Gaol,  jel-khdna  or  qaid-khdna. 

Garden,  bdgr^,  gen.  (a  garden,  a  park,  etc.)  .  bdglticha  (small) :  phultvdri, 
flower-garden. 

Gardener,  mdli,  m. ,  and  mdlin,  f . ;  bdyh,-bdn. 

Garlic,  lahsan,  m. 

Garrulous,  bakbakiyd. 

Gate,  phdtak,  m. :  darwdza,  gen.  (also  =  door  and  doorway). 

Gather,  vide  Collect :  ugdhnd  (of  taxes  or  subscriptions ;  of  money  only, 

but  not  by  force)  :  vide  Infer  :  paknd  (of  a  sore). 
Gelding,  dkhta  {k.) :  khasst  (k.)  (spec,  of  goats  and  cocks). 
Gender,  jins,  f.  (lit.  kind,  species  ;  also  goods,  stuff). 
General,  'dmm:  kulliya  qd'ida  (a  general  rule) :  Jamd,  mil. 

Generally,  'umum"",  or  'dmm,  taur  par:  [aksar.  adv.  means  often  and  adj. 

most]. 

Generation,  nasi  (also  =  race,  family,  breed). 
Generosity,  sakhdwat,  f . ;  daryd-dill  (beneficence). 


GEN  72  GLI 

Generous,  sakhl ;  darya-dil,  very  generous  :  vide  Beneficent  and  Benevolent. 
Genius,  'aql  ka  puild  (  =  tabbd'  in  high  Urdu). 

Gentle,  shartf,  gen.  (lit.  noble,  well-born,  etc.)  :  cjharib  or  sidka  (qxiiet ,  of 
animals  or  men)  :  vide  Harmless. 

Gentleman,  hhala-manus  (lit.  good  man) ;  sharlf  :  safed-posh. 
Genuine,  asli. 

Gesture,  bhd,o,  m.  (of  actors  or  nach  girls;  not  natural)  :  add,  f.  (manner, 

not  gesture)  :  harakat  (also  action). 
Get,  vide  Procure,  Obtain. 
Ghost,  bhut,  gen. 
Ghoul,  ffhul. 

Giant,  dev :  dev-zdd  ddml  (of  a  big  man). 
Gibberish,  bar,  f.,  {hdnknd  or  mdrnd). 
Gibbon,  huluq  (from  its  cry). 
Gibe,  vide  Taunt. 
Giddy,  merd  sir  ghumtd  hai  or  mere  sir  men  chakkar  hai,  I  feel  giddy. 

Gift,  hadiya  (from  friends)  :  nazar  from  an  inferior  :  in'dm  or  bakhshish 
(to  inferior). 

Gigantic,  'afrit-surat  or  dev-surat,  of  men  or  animals :    vide  Giant  :    jhdr- 

pahdr,  a,d].,  oi  trees. 
Giggle,  vide  Titter. 
2000  Gild,  gilf  k.  or  gilat  k. 

Gin,  sher-dahdn ;  kurki  :  jm  shardb  (the  spirit). 

Ginger,  adrak,  f.  (green)  ;  sonth,  f.  (dried). 

Giraffe,  zirdfa. 

Girl,  larki :  chhokri  (a  mere  girl ;  vide  Boy). 

Girth,  tang,  m.  (of  saddle)  : 

Gist,  khuldsa  matldb. 

Give,  dend:  'afu  or  'indyat  karnd  (to  bestow) :  de-dend  or  de-ddl7id,  to  give 

away  :  hur-jdnd,  to  give  in  or  give  up,  be  defeated  :  hdr  mdnnd,  to  say 

'  I  give  in,'  to  acknowledge  defeat ;  chhor-baithnd ,  to  give  up  (service), 

improperly  or  out  of  time. 

Gizzard,  pathri. 

Glad,  mangan  (joyous)  :  khush  (pleased)  :  bdgh  bdgh  (delighted). 

Gladly,  khushi  Mushi  [se]. 

Glance,  ek  nazar  (a  short  sight  of)  :  sarsari  nazar  (a  superficial,  careless 
glancing  at)  :  kankhi  (a  stealthy  glance)  :  ttr  diwdr  par  se  phisalkar 
us  ko  jd-lagd,  the  arrow  glanced  off  the  wall  and  hit  him  :  vide  Rebound 
and  Ricochet. 

Glare,  raushni  ki  tezi. 

Glass,  shisha  :  kdnch  (common  glass) :  vide  Tumbler. 

Glib,  safd,i  se  (or  tardre  se)  jhuth  boltd  hai  {—  glib  liar). 

Glimmer,  tiw,timdnd  (burn  dimly) :  jhilmildnd  (flicker,  in  wind ;  also  of  stars). 

Glimpse,  kisi  ki  jhalak  derm,  to  catch  a  glimpse  (lit.  gHttering)  of  anyone. 


GLO  73  GRA 

Glossary,  farfiang,  f . 

Glove,  daslana,  m. 

Glowworm,  jugnu,  f. 

Glue,  saresh,  m.  ;  sareah  se  jofm  or  lagdnd  (to  glue). 

Glutton,  petu  ;  kha,u,  gen.  met.  =  Embezzler,  etc. 

Gnaw,  hutarm  (of  rodents)  :  chabdna  (lit.  to  chew  ;  of  dog  with  a  bone). 

Go,  jdim  ;  chald-jdnd  (to  go  away  or  go  along  with)  :  chale-jdnd,  to  con- 
tinue to  go  :  vide  Start,  Depart,  Walk  :  chcUnd,  to  come  into  motion. 

Goad,  dnkus,  m.  (of  elephant;  and  met.  an  overseer  that  makes  people 
work)  :  chhor,  m.  (for  ox)  :  ara*"!,  k.,  lit.  :  uksdnd,  prop,  of  elephants, 
but  met.  for  people. 

Goal,  gol,  Eng.  (in  polo  or  football) ;  darimza  (ditto)  ;  bdzt  (one  game)  : 
maq-  sad  (of  ambition) :  manzil-i-maqsud  (destination). 

Goat,  bakri  f . :  bakrd,  he-goat. 

Goatee,  bakre  kl  ddrht. 

Gobble,  dhakosnd :  vide  Voracious. 

God,  Khudd  (terra  used  both  by  MusUms  and  Hindus) :  AlWi  (of  Muslims)  : 
Parmeshar  or  Bhagwdn  (of  Hindus)  :  de,otd,  a  Hindu  God. 

Gold,      >  sond,  subs.  m. :  sunahri,  golden  in  colour,  or  gilt,  q.v.  :  sone  kd. 
Golden, )      made  of  gold. 

Gonorrhoea,  suzdk,  f. 

Good,  achchJid ;  bhald ;  khub ;  vide  Pious,  Real  :  ydr-bdsh,  a  good  fellow 
(but  of  women  has  an  unflattering  sense  =  immodest) :  totd  purd  k., 
make  good  a  loss:  bhald, i  or  nekl,  subs.,  good  (as  opposed  to  evil)  : 
vide  Benefit  and  Harmless. 

Goose,  hans  :  rdjhans  ,  bafi  bat. 

Goshawk,  bdz  (female)  :  jurra  (male). 

Gossip,  gap  shap^  f .  (k.)  (of  more  than  one) ;  shahr-khabrd  m.  and  khabri 
f.  (a  person). 

Gourd,  kadu,  m.,  gen.  (a  pumpkin,  etc.;  also  vulg.  the  penis) :  lauki  = 
kddu. 

Gourmand,  vide  Glutton. 

Gout,  niqris,  m. 

Govern,  hukumat  karnd  :  qdbu  men  rakhnd  (control). 

Governor,  Hdkim. 

Grace,  jazl,  m.  (of  God)  :  albeld-pan   (of  movement ;  of  humans   only) : 

vide  Naive. 
Gradually,  rafta  rafta  :  dhista  dhista  (also  =  slowly). 

Q^t^' ^  \  paiwand  {lagdnd) :  paiwandi,  adj.,  grafted. 

Grain,   andj   or  gAatta    (edible) :   ddna,   any  grain   or  seed   for  men   or 

animals. 
Gram,  cliand,  m. 

Grandfather,  dddd  (paternal)  and  nana  (maternal). 
Grandson,  potd  (son's  son)  and  naiodsd  (daughter's  son). 


GRA  74  GRO 

Grant,  to,  vide  Allow,  Give. 

Grape,  angur,  m. :  \angur  bharna  is  to  granulate,  of  a  wound]. 

Grapple, — sebhir-jdna  (to  come  hand  to  hand  with,  also  used  met.)  :  guthnd 

(to  close,  of  wrestlers). 
Grasp,  zor  se  pakarnd  or  thdmnd. 

Grass,  ghds,  f.  :  dub,  f.,  "  doob-grass,"  in  the  Panjab  khabal. 
Grateful,  — kd  ahukr-guzdr  or  mamnun  or  ihsdn-mand. 

C    tu>         \-wiuft  {men) :  muft  kd,  adj.,  gratuitous. 

Grave,  qabr,  f.  ;  gor,  f.  :  qabristdn,  m.  (graveyard)  :  bhdrt  serious,  im- 
portant, q.v. 

Gravel,  kankar,  m. ;  rorl,  f.,  crushed  stone  :  pathrt,  med.  (in  bladder). 

Gravy,  yakhm. 

Gray,  sabza  (of  horses  only)  :  bhurd,  brown,  is  also  applied  to  grey  :  safed 
(of  hair). 

Graze,  charnd. 

P  '  ydiiknd,  adj.  and  chiknd,t,  subs. 

Greedy,  us  ko  bard  haukha  hai,  gen.  (never  satisfied)  ;  hirst  [but  harts 
avaricious] :  Idlcht,  covetous. 

Green,  hard  or  sabz,  adj.;  'vide'  Fresh:  kachchd,  raw,  q.v  ;  vide 
Immature  and  Inexperienced  :  hard-pan,  subs.,  bsing  green  (abstract 
idea)  :  sabzt,  gen.  (abstract  and  concrete  ;  also  vegetables  q.v.). 

Green-grocer,  sabzt-farosh,  gen.  :  kunjrd  (Muslim)  vide  Fruitseller. 

Greenhorn,  bhuch. 

Greet,  to,  salam  karnd,  gen.  (by  word  or  sign). 

Gregarious,  jhund  men  rakne-wdld. 

Greyhound,  tdzi  kuttd  (lit.  Arabian)  :  jahdzi  (sometimes  used  for  English 
imported  greyhound). 

Gridiron,  giriUddn,  m.  {par  pakdnd). 

Grief,  cjham  (k.)  :  ranj,  gen.  (also  =  pain,  displeasure)  :  alam. 

Grill,  vide  Gridiron. 

Grimace,  kisl  kd  munh  chirdnd  (to  make  faces  at). 

Grin,  ddnt  kisornd  (foolishly ;  of  shy  people,  madmen  ;  but  not  used  of 
pain). 

Grind,  pisnd  (to  powder)  :  dalnd  (to  grind  coarsely;  split  peas,  etc.). 

Gripes,  mar  or,  m. 

Gristle,  kurkuri  haddi  or  simply  kurri. 

Grizzled,  khichari  bdl  or  khichart  ddi<il^^,  etc.  (lit.  — like  rice  and  ddl). 

Groan,  kardhnd. 

Grocer,  pansdri  (also  a  drug-seller). 

Groom,  sa,is. 

Groove,  ndlt  (lit.  drain,  small  water-course). 

Ground,  zarnm  :  vide  Cause,  Foundation,  Proof. 

Groundless,  be-bunydd. 


GRO  76  HAI 

Grow,  barhnd,  gen.  (increase  in  size,  etc  ):  ugnd,  spring  up  from  the  ground 
(of  plants)  :  '  vide  '  Increase,  Improve. 

Growl,  (jAurrdnd. 

Grudge,  kina  irakhnd)  (also  malice,  rancour,  spite). 

Grumble,  hufbufdnd  (with  discontent)  :  vide  Complaint. 

Guarantee,  vide  Security. 

Guard,  to,  — H  hi/dT^at  or  nigah-bdni  karnd  ;  — kd  pahra  karnd  or  dend,  mil. 
or  police ;  — kt  pdsbdrii  karnd,  mil. :  — ki  chaukiddri  karnd  (usually  of 
police):  vide  Sentry,  Keeper:  gdrad,  f.,  Eng.,  mil.  : — sehoshydrov 
cliaukaa  rahnd  (to  be  on  one's  guard  against). 

Guardian,  rakh-wdl,  keeper,  custodian,  q.v. 

Guess,  atkal,  m.  {k.)  :  qiyds,  m.  [k.)  (also  =  analogy) ;  atkal  se  (at  a  guess)  : 
vide  Conjecture,  Estimate,  Opinion. 

Guest,  mihmdn. 

Guide,  rah  batdnd  or  dikhdnd  :  — ki  rdh-namd.t  karnd  :  rahbar,  m.,  gen. 

Guilt,  vide  Fault,  Crime. 

Guiltless,  be-qusur ;  be-jurm. 

Guilty,  mujrim  or  qusur-wdr. 

Guinea-fowl,  chiniya  murghi  or  vildyati  titar. 

Guitar,  sitdr  (lit.  three  strings). 

Gulf,  khdrl ;  khallj. 

Gulp  down,  to,  ghuntnd  (of  liquids,  anger). 

p""^'    Vmamrhd  or  masufd,  m.  (the  gums)  :  gond,  f.  (gum  Arabic). 

Gun,   banduq,   f.    (small-arm  ;  vide  Rifle) :    lop,   f .    (big    gun  ;   cannon)  : 

charkhi-ivdli  top  (maxim). 
Gunner,  topchl :  gandar,  Eng. 
Gunpowder,  bdrud  or  bdrut. 
Gush,  phuUnikalnd. 

Gust,  jhokd  or  jhakoln  (sudden  ;  of  wind). 
Gut,  tdnt,  f. 
Gutter,  vide  Drain. 
Gymnasium,  akhdrd  (a  wrestling-arena,  or  a  place  for  gymnastic  exercises). 


H 

Habit,  'ddaty  f. :  lat  or  dhai,  i.,  a  bad  habit :  tariqa,  m.,  custom  q.v. 
Habitation,  baati  (a  collection  of  habitations)  :  vide  House. 
Hackney,  kirdye  kd,  adj. :  theke  kd  (in  Calcutta). 
Hag,  dhaddo,  f.  (an  old  thin  woman)  :  vide  Witch. 
Haggle,  mol-jol  karnd. 
Haggler,  bakheriyd  (also  quarrelsome). 
Hail,  old  (parnd) :  pcUthar  (stones). 

Hair,  bdl,  m. :  rotodn  or  rUngtd,  the  fine  hair  on  the  body  of  man  or  beast : 
bdl  H  khdl  khinchnd  =  to  split  hairs. 


HAI  76  HAS 

Hair-spring,  bal-Jcamani. 

Half,  ddfm,  adj.  and  snbs.  masc. :  adha  ddha,  half-and-half. 

Half-caste,  do^ld  or  do-nasla,  adj.,  gen.  (any  half-breed)  :  Andru  Pldro 
(contemptuous  term  in  Calcutta  ;  a  reflection  on  Scotch  missionaries 
and  Jesuit  priests) :  us  ki  nasi  men  phent  hai :  vide  Eurasian. 

Hall,  ddldn,  m. :  hdl-kamrd,  Eng. 

Halo,  hdla,  m.  (of  moon,  or  round  heads  of  saints). 

Halt,  muqdm  karnd,  (on  a  march) :  tiknd  (to  tarry) :  muqdm  or  tikd,o, 
subs.  m. 

Halve,  ddhon  ddh  karnd. 

Hammer,  mdrtol,  m.  (ordinary);  hathori,  f.  (goldsmith's)  :  hathaurd  (very 
large,  for  pegs). 

Hamper,  vide  Impede  :  qdnun  se  mere  hdth  pd,on  jhakare  hu,e  hain  (  =  I  am 
hampered — "fettered  " —  by  regulations). 

Hand,  hdth,  m.  (also  the  arm ;  the  fore- leg  of  a  horse ;  the  foot  of  a  hawk  : 
also  =  a  cubit) :  hand-breadth  =  chdr-ungal,  adv 

Handcuff,  hath-kan,  f. 

Handful,  mutthl-{bhar),  adv. 

Handkerchief,  ru-mdl,  m. 

Handle,  dasta,  m. :  vide  Touch:  mal-dal  karnd,  to  handle,  rub  (of  things 
or  small  animals,  etc. ;  also  to  squeeze  a  mistress;  maid  dald=  "  not 
fresh  goods,"  of  a  girl  that  has  been  often  engaged,  etc.,  etc.). 

Handsome,  shakil  (of  animate  things  only)  :  shdn-ddr  (of  houses,  furniture, 
and  also  of  animate  things). 

Hang,  tdngnd  (from  a  height,  above);  latkdnd,  gen.  tr.,  to  suspend;  tdngnd 
and  lataknd,  intr. :  phdnsi  dend  (by  execution). 

Hanger-on,  pichh-laggu  ;  vide  Creature  and  Parasite. 

Happen,  hond ;  wdqi^  hond:  ho-parnd  or  d-parnd,  to  befall  (i.e.,  suddenly). 

Happy,  khush  o  khurram :  phald  phuld,  prosperous. 

Harass,  tang  karnd;  diqq  karnd;  satdnd,  gen. 

Harbour,  langar-gdh :  '  vide  '  Shelter. 

Hard,  sahht ;  kard ;  '  vide  '  Difficult. 

Hare,  khar-gosh. 

Harem,  zandna  or  zandna  makdn,  gen. :  haram-sard  (of  rulers). 

Harm,  nuqsdn  or  zarar  pahunchdnd :  kisl  kd  bigarnd  :  vide  Loss. 

Harmful,  mun  (of  animals  or  men). 

Harmless,  sudhd  or  be-dzdr  (of  animals) :  nek-bakht  (of  animals,   people  ; 

good,  of  a  child)  :  be-zarar  (of  drugs,  food,  persons). 
Harness,    sdz,    m.    (lagdnd    or    charhdnd) :    jotnd,   to   harness   (horse   or 

bullocks  in  plough) ;  [jot,  i.,  trace]. 

Harsh,  khurdurd  (rough  to  the  touch):  vide  Hard. 

Harvest,  kdtm  kd  waqt ;  fasl  kd  toaqt. 

Hasten,  jaldi  karnd. 

Hasty,  jald-bdz  (no   in  good  sense). 


HAT  77  HE  A 

Hat,  topi,  gon. 

Hatch,  ande  se  nlkdlna,  tr. 

Hatchet,  kulhdri. 

Hate,  kisi  se  nafratrakhnd,  gen.  (to  dislike):  lit.  — dili  nafral,  gen.  (aversion 
to) :  kisi  se  bu(jAz  rakhnd  (to  hate ;  of  people  only) :  kisi  se  dushmani 
rakhnd. 

Haughtiness,  )dimdj^-ddr:  dimd^,  subs.,  haughtiness  (lit.  brain,  the  cause 
Haughty,        J      of  haughtiness)  :  vide  Proud. 

Haul,  us  tijdrat  men  bakut  rupiya  pit-liyd  =  he  made  a  great  haul ;  mde 
Lucrative. 

Haunted,  bhuthd,  adj.,  coll. :  bhut-wdld. 

Have,  vide  Keep :  no«one  word ;  expressed  by  ke  pas  hond,  or  the  genitive 
with  hond,  etc.,  etc.  ;  vide  "  Phillott's  Hindustani  Manual,"  p.  75. 

Hawk,  bdz,  ra.,  used  in  a  general  sense  (but  properly  the  female  goshawk, 
q.v.) :  bdz  se  shikdr  khelnd  verb  :  pheri  karke  bechnd,  tr.  (of  mer- 
chandise.) 

Hawker,  pheri-iodld,  gen. :  bakas-wdld,  peddler. 

Hazard  jokhon  men  ddlnd,  to  hazard:  jokhon  kd  or  khatre  kd,  hazardous. 

Head,  sir,  H. ;  sar,  P.  (of  living  things) :  sird  (gen.,  of  inanimate  things) : 
vide  Leader  and  Source :  sarddr  hond,  to  be  at  the  head  of,  in  a  good 
cause  ;  and  sar-gjiana,  ditto  in  a  bad  cause :  sir  kd  dard,  headache. 

Headlong,  sir  ke  bal. 

Headquarters,  sadr,  m.  (also  the  chief  seat  in  an  assembly,  and  the  chief 
bazar  in  a  Cantonment)  ;  for  sadr  maqdm. 

Headstall,  sir-duwdli,  of  bridle:  nuktd,  halter. 
Headstrong,  sar-kash,  gen. 

Heal,  shifd  dend  (of  God) :  fuldn  ddktar  ke  'ildj  se  achchhd  hu,d  (lit.  he 
got  well  by  So-and-So's  treatment). 

Health,  tandurustl  or  sihhat  {good  health) :   now   in   Urdu   sihhat  is  used 

generally  for  health  good  or  bad :  othei-wise  mizdj  or  tabVat. 
Heap,  dher,  m. :  toda,  m. 

Hear,  sunnd :  [the  tr.  sundnd,  to  read  aloud  to,  to  tell]:  vide  Attend  to, 
Listen. 

Hearsay,  suni-sund,i  bdt. 

Heart,  dil :  ji,  mind;  kalejd,  liver,  (is  used  for  heart  metaphorically,  as : 
kalejd  munh  ko  dyd,  my  heart  came  into  my  mouth  ;  from  fear,  grief) ; 
shahr  ki  ndf,  the  heart  of  the  city  (lit.  navel)  :  vide  Centre,  Courage, 
bar  zabdn  ydd  karnd,  to  learn  by  heart  =  az  bar '  kamd  :  dil  dahalna 
(to  beat,  of  the  heart,  from  fear) :  dil  se,  heartily. 

Heat,  garrm  ;  and  hardrat  (spec,  of  body)  gen.  :  tapish  (of  sun  only)  jalan, 
m,  burning:  khun  ki  hardrat,  blood-heat:  garm  karnd,  to  heat; 
vide  Warm. 

Heaven,  Bihisht  and  Jannat,  Paradise,  i.e.  either  Heaven  or  the  Garden  of 
Eden)  :  dsmdn,  sky. 

1  J.Z,  V.  •'  from,"  and  bar,  P.  "  breast,"  and  also  prep,  "on  ":  bar-a-har,  bora- 
bar  =  level,  etc. 


HEA  78  HIS 

Heavy,  bhdrl :  hojhal  (cumbrous,  of  people  or  animals). 

Heel,  en,  f . 

Height,  hulandi ;  uncha,i. 

Heir,  lodris,  m.  :  wdrisa,  f. 

H^ir  h    \  ?^^^''^^^^>  ™-  >  dozakh,  m. ;  jahannaml  and  dozakhi,  hellish. 

Helmet,  khod,  m. 

Help,  vide  Assist :  kisl  kl  mushkil  dsdn  karnd  ;  kisi  kd  dukh  dur  kamd  : 
kiye  haghfiir  nahm  rah-saktd,  he  cant  help  doing  it ;  vide  Stop. 

Helpless,  nikammd,  useless  ;  Id-chdr,  without  alternative ;  destitute  ;  dis- 
abled ;  without  an  excuse  ;  at  a  loss. 

Hemorrhoids,  khuni  hawdsir. 

Hemp,  bhang  or  bhdng,  or  coll.  sabzi  (the  old  leaf,  etc.) ;  gdnja  (the  young 
tops  and  flowers)  ;  charas  (the  resin). 

Hen,  murci^t,  '  vide '  Cock  and  Chicken. 

Hen-pecked,  jo,ru  kd  c^uldm  :  vide  Uxorious. 

Herald,  naqlb. 

Herb,  jan  buti,  (medicinal). 

Herd,  galla  or  rewar,  m.,  of  cattle,  or  sheep  and  goats. 

Herdsman,  charwdhd,  gen.  (Ut.  grazier)  :  vide  Shepherd. 

Hereditary,  maurusi. 

Hero ,  surmd  :  Rustam. 

Hesitate,  dhuk  chuk  karnd  ;  and  dgd  'pichhd  karnM  :  vide  Delay,  Doubt, 
Vacillate. 

Hesitation,  dhuk  chukdhat,  f. :  dubdhd  (also  doubt) :  vide  Reflection. 

Hiccough,  hickki  (lend)  (also  =  sobbing). 

Hide,  c  hhupdnd  :  poshtda  karnd  :  parda  rakhnd,  conceal,  q.v. :  charsd,  m. 

Hideous,  dard,ond  ;  muhib  (lit.  terrifying). 

High,  unchd ;  dsmdn  khonchd,  lofty,  (lit.  sky-prodder) :  dsmdn  se  bdten 
kartd  :  buland,  tall  (and  also  very  high). 

High-mettled,  jdn-dnr,  (of  horse  or  man). 

Hill,  pahdr,  m.  (or  mountain) ;  pahdri,  f.,  small  hill. 

Hinder,  rukdwat  ddlnd  :  khalal  ddlnd  (interrupt  or  hinder). 

Hinge,  qabza,  m.  :  vide  Pivot. 

Hint,  ishdra  ae  kahnd :  [ishdra  karnd,  to  signal,  to  point,  with  finger  or 
eye  ;  ishdra  dend,  to  signal  with  flag,  etc.]. 

Hip,  kula  or  kulhd.  \ 

Hippopotamus,  daryd,i  ghor a  {lit.  water-horse,  also  =  walrus);  jal-hdihi 
(ditto). 

Hire,  kirdya,  m.  (also  rent)  {—par  lend  ov  derm) :  ujrat,t,  of  labourers, 

vide  Wage. 
Hireling,  bhdre  kd  tattu,  lit.  and  met. 
History ,_  tawdrtkh,  f.,  sing.,  gen.  (prop.  Ar.  pi.  of  tdrikh,  date):  tdrikh  kl 

kitab,  history-book. 


HIT  79  HOS 

Hit,  lagna,  intr.  (of  pellet,  etc.)  :  vide  Strike. 

Hive,  muhnl,  m. 

Hoarse,  (iwaz  hhan  ho-'}ana,  or  gcUla  haith-jana. 

Hock,  kunch,  f. 

Hold,  vide  Seize,  Keep,  Maintain,  Contain  :  girift,  f.  (grasp).  2200 

Hole,  chhed,  m. ;  surdkh,  m.  :  ghar  (in  strap). 

Holiday,  taUtl,  f .  :  '  vide  '  Festival. 

Holloe,  aji  o  jane-wdld  !  or  — miyan  !  (or  some  such  phrase ;  to  one  at  a 
distance) ;  hain  or  ain  or  oho  (for  astonishment). 

Hollow,  kkokhld,  adj. ;  pold,  adj.  (also  of  cotton-soil,  dangerous  to  ride 
over) : — dhast  hu,i  dnkhen,  hollow  or  sunken  eyes  {dhasnd,  to  sink  in 
mud,  etc.). 

Holy,  pdk :  muqaddas. 

Homage,  itd'at  qabul  karnd  (to  offer  or  accept  obedience  to). 

Home,  vide  House. 

Honest,  diydnat-ddr  (of  servants)  ;  Imdn-ddr  or  rdst-bdz  (of  shopkeepers). 

Honey,  shahd,  m. ;  madh,  m.  :  shahd  Id  makkht  or  madh-makkhi,  honey- 
bee :  chhattd,  m.  (the  comb). 

Honour,  to'gim,  f.  {k.)  gen.  (of  parents,  God  or  equals) :  sar-fardz  k.  (of 
king  to  subject)  :  dhru,  f. ;  'izzat,  f. 

Honorary,  anareri,  Eng. 
Hood,  topi  (of  cloak). 

Hoof,  sum,  ra.  (uncloven):  khur,  m.  (cloven). 

Hook,  huk,  gen.  m.,  Eng.:  kundd,  m.,  gen.:  kantd,  (fishing-hook):  nar 
o  mdda  huk,  hooks  and  e yes:  tote  H  si  ndk-wala  (hook-nosed). 

Hoop,  chakkar :  '  vide  '  Circle. 

Hop,  to,  ek  pa, on  par  chalnd  (of  men) :  phudaknd  (of  birds  and   met.  of 

small  children). 
Hope,  ummed,  f. :  dsrd,  m. :  in  shd^  Allah  =  I  hope  ;  by  MusUms) ;  Bhag- 

wdn  ki  ichchhd  (Hindus).     '  Vide'  Expect. 

Horizon,  matla' ,  At.  (lit.  place  of  rising). 

Horn,  singh,  m. :  'vide'    Antler:    nar-singhd  (musical):    singh-ddr,    adj., 

"horned." 
Hornet,  hhifnd,  m. :  '  vide '  Wasp. 
Horoscope,  janam-patr,  m. 
Horrible,  vide  Frightful. 
Horror,  dahshat  aur  nafrat. 
Horse,  ghord,  m.:   ghon,  f.  (also  a  saddle  stand):    kotal  kd  ghord,  a  led 

horse. 
Horse-breaker,  chdhuk-aawdr ,  gen.  (also  rough-rider). 
Horsemanship,  shdh-sawdri ;  —  kdkartab  (feats  of  —  ). 
Horse-race,  ghur-dauf. 
Hospitable,  mihmdn-naiodz. 
Hospital,  shifd-khdnd  {shifd,  f.  =  cure):  haapitdl,  m.,  Eng. 


HOS  80  HYS 

Host,  mezban  :  tiddt-dal  lashkar  (great  army). 

Hostile,  —  ke  mukhdlif. 

Hot,  tattd,  adj.  :  garm  gen. 

Hotchpotch,  khichri,  met.  (Ht.  a  dish  of  rice  and  dal). 

Hough,  mde  Hock. 

Hound,  hu-ddr  kuttd. 

Hour,  ghantd  (also  a  bell,  a  gong):  ghan  ghan,  hourly  fig. ,  but  grAawic 
ghante,  lit.  (as  of  medicine  to  be  taken). 

Houri,  hur,  f.,  Eng.  (in  Ar.  a  pi.). 

House, g'^ar,  m. :  makdn :  khdna  (in  compounds,  or  of  fowl  or  pigeon-houses; 
also  a  case  or  division). 

House-breaker,  naqah-zan  or  sendh-mdr  (by  digging  through  ;  vide  Break). 

House-maid,  farrdsh  (a  man  who  dusts,  looks  after  bedding,  etc.,  etc.). 

Hover,  mandldnd,  intr.,  lit.  and  fig. 

Howl,  hu,d  hu,d  karnd  (of  jackals). 

Hubbub,  hap-gap,  f. 

Hug,  dabochna,  gen. 

Hum,  vide  Buzz. 

Humble,  munkasir  (opp.  to  magkrur) :  wuh  sab  se  jhukke  miltd  hai  (in  a 
good  sense) . 

Humbug,  to,  dam  jhdnsd  dend. 

Humiliation,  zillat,  f . ;  '  vide'  Disgrace. 

Humour,  to,  ki  ndz-barddrl  karnd. 

Hunchbacked,  kubrd. 

Hunger,  bhukh,i.  (lagnd) :  'vide'  Appetite. 

Hungry,  bhukhd. 

Hunt,  shikdr  karnd :  '  vide  '  Search. 

Hurdle,  tatti,  f. 
2250   Hurry,  vide  Hasten:  mujhe  is  waqt  harban  hai  (I  *m  in  a  hurry) :  vide  Pre- 
cipitation. 

Hurt,  chot,  f.,  gen. :  vide  Wound;  badan  kd  nuqsdn. 

Hurtful,  muzirr  (of  eatables,  advice,  companions,  etc.). 

Husband,  shauhar :  miydn;  Jchasam,  vulg. 

Hush-money,  munh-bhard,i. 

Husk,  vide  Peel. 

Hut,  jhonprd,  m. :  jhonpri,  f. 

Hybrid,  vide  Half-caslje. 

Hyena,  lakar  bagghd:  charkh  (also  =  the  Saker  Falcon). 

Hypocrisy,  riyd  /.  (gen.  religious). 

Hypocrite,  mundfiq,  m.,  gen. 

Hysterical,  mirdqi,  gen. :  [hysteria  in  a  woman  is  by  the  vulgar  called  dseb 
or  sdya,  i.e.,  it  is  a  disease  to  be  cured  by  an  'dmil  and  not  by  a 
hakim]. 


ICE  81  IMP 

I 

Ice,  harf,  f.  (properly  snow). 

Ichneumon,  ne,old,  m.  ;  ne,oli,  f. 

Idea,    khayal,    m.,    vulg.    khiydl:    hhayal-i   khdm   (ridiculous — ):    'vide' 
Thought,  Believe,  Opinion. 

Idiom,  muhdwara,  m. :  {dj  kal  kt  muhdware  men  nahtn  hai  =  obsolete). 

Idiot,  bawlhd,  lit :  miydn  huddhu  hai  fig.  (sarcastic). 

Idle,  susl  (also  =  lazy,  slow,  dull  in  health),  nikhattu,  idle   parasite,   vide 
Worthless  :  kdm-chor,  a  skrirashanker,  q.v. 

Idol,  but,  m.;  murat,  f. 

, .  J  ^^'  t  but-parast :  but-parastl  (idolatry). 

Idolize,  — par  fidd  hond,  '  vide  '  Affection. 
Ignite,  suiagnd,  intr.  [sulgdnd  tr.). 

Ignorance,  ndddni  (opp.  to  ddnd,%) :  jahdlat,  f.  (opposed  to  enlightenment) : 
Id-'ilmi  (opposed  to  jdnte  men  ;  but  be-'ilml  lack  of  science). 

Ignorant,  nd-ddn  ;  jdhil ;  Id-Hlm. 

Illegal,  khildf-i  qdnun  :  khildf-i  shara'  (contrary  to  Muslim  religious  law)  : 
nd-jd,iz,  gen.,  improper,  etc.  q.v. 

Illegitimate,  hardm  kd,  adj.,  and  hardm-zdda,  subs,  (of  birth)  =  hardml,  adj. : 
hardmi  pi  lid  (contemp.). 

Ill-mannered,  bad-tamiz. 

Ill-natured,  bad-mizdj  (bad-tempered,  and  also  of  a  bad  disposition) :  bad- 
Mulq  (disobliging). 

Ill-timed,  be-mnuqa'  ;  be-mahall  (inopportune). 

Illuminations,  chirdghdn  karnd. 

Illusion,  dhokd. 

Imagine,  khayal  bdndhnd  (not  much  used  in  trans,  except  in  the  sense  of, 
to  picture  to  oneself)  :  (but  khayal  karnd,  to  think,  suppose) :  khay'il 
bdndho  ki  tum  is  waqt  Landan  ho,  now  imagine,  or  picture  to  yourself, 
that  you  are  in  London). 

Imitate, — ki  naql  karnd  (in  mockery) :  pairavl  karnd  (to  follow  an  example)  : 
vide  Forge,  Counterfeit  and  Mimic. 

Immediately,   faur-an ;  ahht ;  jliat  pat ;  vide  Directly. 

Immortalize,  to,  kisl  kd  nam  zinda  rakhnd. 

Immovable,  atal,  gen.  (of  people  or  things,  abstract  or  concrete). 

Impartial,  be-taraf-ddr. 

Impassable,  jdne  ke  qdbil  nahtn  ;  band. 

Impatient,  be-sabr,  adj   :  be-sabrt,  subs. 

Impediment,  rukdwat  f.  :  sadd-i  rdh. 

Imperfect,  nd-tamdm  (also  unfinished) :  ndqis  (but  vulgarly  useless,  spoilt)  : 
nd-l^mil. 

Imperfection    nuqs,  m. 

Imperious,  haikri-bdz  :  Jiaikfl,  iinperiousness  :  hukumat  jatdnd  (to  be  im- 
perious) :  sdhibiyat  dikhd^id  (ditto). 

11 


IMP  82  INC 

Imperiously,  hakimana. 

Impersonate,  kid  ka  rup  bharna. 

Impertinent,  shokh  (also  cheeky) ;  gustdkh  (uncivil,  rude). 

Implicated,  vide  Partner  and  Entangled. 

Implore,  minnat  kartd  hun  ki —  or  minnat  karke  kahtd  hun  ki —  ;  main  'ajizi 

ke  sdth  darkhwdst  kattd  hun  ki —  =  main  hdth  jorke  kahtd  hun  ki — . 
Important,  zarun  :  bhdrt,  aerious,  q.v. 

Importunate,  cham-chichchar ,  adj.  (lit.  to  stick  to  the  skin  like  a  tick). 
Impose,  sir  [far]  thopnd,  met.  ;  {thopnd  is  to  clap  on  or  cast  on   as  dough 
into  a  pan,  mortar  on  a  wall,  or  cowdung-cakes — apld — on  to  a  wall). 
Impossible,  nd-mumkin  :  muhdl. 

Impotent,  nd-mard,  adj.  (not  virile  :  nd-mardi,  subs. 
Impression,  chhdp,  m.  (of  seal)  :  asr,  m.  (on  mind). 
Imprisonment,  qaid,  f. 
Improper,  be-jd  ;  nd-mundsib. 

Improve,  sudharnd,  intr.,  and  sudhdrnd,  tr. :  taragg^,  f.,  advancement. 
2300  Imprudent,  age  ki  soch  nahm.  ly 

Impudent,  vide  Impertinent. 
Impute,  vide  Ascribe. 

Inadvertently,  gjyiflat  se  (also  =  carelessly). 

Inattentive,  kam-tavajjuh  :  chanchal  (restless  and  inattentive  by  nature). 
Inauspicious,  nd-mubdrak ;  manhus  (unlucky,  ill-omened). 
Inborn,  zdti ;  Milqi. 
Incapacity,  be-liydqatl. 

Incarnation,  dutdr,  m.  (spec.  Hindu)  :  umh  zulm  kd  putld   hai    (he    is    the 
incarnation  of  tyranny  ;  lit.  doll  of — ). 

Incessant,  lagdtdr,  continuous. 
Incident,  wdqi'a. 

Incite,   vide  Goad  :  tahrik   k.   gen.  (for  good  or  bad  things) :  ighwd  k.  (to 
seduce) :  ishti'dl  k. 

Inclined,  to,  — kt  taraf  mdyil. 

Included,  sJmmil  (k.). 

Incoherent,  be-jor  or  be-mel  {bdten). 

Income,  dmadani. 

Incompetence,  vide  Incapacity. 

Incomplete,  vide  Imperfect. 

Incomprehensible,  samajh  se  bdhar. 

Incongruous,  be-jor  ;  an-mil  be-jor. 

Inconspicuous,  be-namud. 

Inconstant,  mutaldwwin  mizdj  ;  [lit.  many-coloured  in  disposition]. 

Incontestibly,  Id-kaldm. 

Inconvenient,  svbhete,  kd  nahm. 

Increase,  bafhnd,  intr.,  and  barhdnd,  tr. 


INC  83  INH 

Incredible,  *aql  se  bdhar. 

Incubate,  ande  send,  tr. 

Inculcate,  dil-nishm  kamd. 

Incurable,  Id'ildj  (of  disease  or  person). 

Indebted,  maqruz:  dain-ddr :  '  vide  '  Obliged. 

Indecent,  fuhsh,  adj.,  gen.  (also  subs.,  m.  =  abuse). 

Indefatigable,  a-thak,  gen.  (of  persons  or  endeavours). 

Indefinite,  ffhair  mitqarrar  (not  settled). 

Indelible,  a-mii  (gen  in  metaphorical  sense) :  patthar  kl  laklr ^  met. 

Independent,  khud-mukhtdr :  khvd-sar. 

Index,  vide  List. 

Indicate,  daldlat  k. 

Indifference,  ( — taraf  ae)  be-panod,i. 

Indignity,  tnde  Disgrace,  Slight,  Humiliation. 

Indigent,  muhtdj. 

Indigestible,  sa^l  (also  uncouth  in  sound  or  difl&cult  to  pronounce  as  double 
letters,  etc.  ;  in  Ar.  lit.  heavy)  :  pachtd  nahin. 

Indigo,  nil,  f.  :  [ritld,  adj.,  dark — or  indigo  blue]. 

Indisposition,  bad-mazagi,  ailment  (also  slight  ill-feeling  between  friends). 

Indistinct,  dhundhld,  dim  :  adf  nahin. 

Indolent,  dlkasi  (in  work  or  duty)  :  drdm-Uilab  or  sukh-wdr  (loving  ease  ;  by 
nature). 

Induce,  targiib  dend. 
Inducement,  targ3b  ki  chiz. 
Indulge,  shardb  kd  'ddi  hat,  he  indulges  in  wine. 
Indulgence,  ri'dyat  ki  bdt  (i.e.  haqq  nahin  hai). 
Industrious,  mihnati  ;  mihnat-kash. 
Inevitable,  hone-wdld  :  vide  Unavoidable. 

Inexperienced,  kachchd  and  khdm  (lit.  "  raw  ") :  nd-tajriborkdr. 
Inexpert,  andfi. 

Inexpressible,  baydn  se  bdhar.  [bachcha. 

Infant,   shir-khipdra   bachcha,   or  dudh  pitd   bachcha    (suckling)  :    god   kd 
Infanticide,  bachcha-kushi . 

Infer,  natija  nikdlnd.  2350 

Infidel,  kdfir  (by  Muslims) :  malechh  (by  Hindus  ;  also  =  unclean  :  origin- 
ally '  one  that  did  not  know  Sanskrit '). 
Infidelity,  kufr ;   be-dini  (not  having  any  religion)  :    vide  Adultery. 
Inflammation,  aozish,  f.  :  jalan,  m. 

Information,  ittild' ,  f.  {dend  or  kamd) :  khabar,  f.  (dend  or  kamd). 
Ingenious,  hikmati  (of  persons). 
Ingratitude,  nd-shukri. 

Inhabit,  rahnd  (of  house)  :  jd-basyw,  (to  go  and  settle  in). 
Inhabitant,  rahne-wdld  ;  bdshinda. 


INH  84  INT 

Inheritance,  miras,  m. 

Inhuman,  yih  admi  nahm,  or  is  men  admiyat  nahln  hai. 

Initiate,  halqe  men  land  (lit.  to  bring  into  the  circle). 

Inject,  pichkdri  se  dawd  bharnd. 

Injunction,  ta^kld  f.  {k):  vide  Expressly. 

Injure,  zarar  or  nuqsdn  pahunchdnd  :  '  vide  '  Damage. 

Injustice,  be-insdfi  :  '  vide  '  Tyranny. 

Ink,  raushnd,l  [lit.  raushni,  light]  ;  siydhi  (also  blacking  and  blackness)  : 
dawdt,  f.,  ink-stand. 

Inn,  sard,  f.  or  sard,l,  £.  (a  private  or  Government  '  serae ')  :  musdfir- 
khdna  (kept  up  by  charity)  :  dak  bangla,  m.  (a  Government  staging 
bungalow)  :  bhatydrd,  m.,  inn-keeper  and  bhatydrin  or  bhatydri,  f . 
(looked  down  on,  as  they  usually  hire  out  their  daughters  with  their 
rooms,  and  are  brawlers:  kyd  tum  ne  is  makdn  ko  bhatydr-khdna 
band-diyd  hai  is  said  to  a  loud  quarrelsome  person). 

Innocent,  be-gundh  ;  '  vide  '  Faultless  and  Sinless  and  Harmless. 

Innuendo,  kindya.  ,y 

Innumerable,  be-ginii ;  be-shumdr  ;  '  vide  '  Countless. 

Inoculate,  tika  dend  :  vide  Vaccinate. 

Inoffensive,  vide  Harmless. 

Inopportune,  vide  Ill-timed. 

Inquire,  vide  Ask  and  Enquire. 

Insane,  vide  Mad. 

Insect,  kird,  m.  :  kire  makore,  pi. 

Insensible,  be-Mss  (without  feeling)  :  be-hosk  (in  a  faint). 

Insipid,  phikd  :  be-maza. 

Insist,  zor  deke  kahnd  :  hat  or  zidd  kar-ke —  (obstinately  insist). 

Inspection,  muldhaza,  m.  {karnd)  :  '  vide  '  Superintendent. 

Instalment,  gist,  f.  (of  money). 

Instance,  vide  Example. 

Instant,  pal,  m. ;  dn,  f.  ;  lamha  ;  mdh-i  hot,  the  current  month. 

Instead, — ke  badle  men  ; — ke  ba-jd,e  ; — ke  Hwaz  men. 

Instep,  pusht-i-pd. 

Instigate,  vide  Incite,  and  Goad. 

Instinct,  haiwdni  'aql. 

Instinctively,  hhwdh  ma-khtudh  (also  involuntarily). 

Instruct,  vide  Teach. 

Instrument,  hathydr,  m.,  vulg.,  (prop,  arms)  :  dla,  m.  :  auzdr,  m.,  tools,  im- 
plements (in  Ar.,  pi. ;  in  Urdu,  sing,  or  pi.). 

Insubordinate,  vide  Disobedient,  Headstrong. 

Insult,  men  hatak  ki  =  he  insulted  me  :   '  vide '  Disgrace. 

Insure,  to,  bima,  m.  (karnd). 

Intense,  shiddat  kd  :  shadld. 

Intention,  irdda  :  gasd  :  '  vide  *  Object  and  Desire. 


INT  86  INT 

Intercede,  aijariah  kama  {also  to  recommend) ;  sha/a'al  karna  (gen.,  but  by 
the  uneducated  used  in  a  relig.  sense  only)  ;  kah  sunkar  Sahib  se  mera 
qusur  mu'af  kard-dijiye  —  intercede  with  the  Sahib  for  me,  get  him  to 
forgive  me. 

Intercept,  rah  men  pakarna  :  raste  men  gher-lena  (of  one  or  more  people ) : 
vide  Waylay. 

Intercommunion,  ^rah  o  roam  :  mhhat  (sexual  intercourse  ;  also  companion- 
Intercourse,  J      ship). 

Interest,  aud,  m.,  and  hiyaj,  m.  (on  money)  :  '  vide'  Advantage,  Benefit: 
waaila  (influence  in  high  quarters)  :  Jdiud-gifiirzi,  self-interest  or  selfish- 
ness; apne  nafa'  nuqsan  kd  khiydl  rakhnd  chdhiye,  1  must  look  after 
my  own  interests. 

Interested,  ahl-i  gharaz  men  ae  hat  =  interested  party. 

Interesting,  dil-chaap  or  diUkaah. 

Interfere,  dakhl  dend,  gen. :  hich  men  d-kudnd  (to  intrude;  vide  Interpose) : 
lafnd  (to  clash,  of  duty,  etc). 

Interloper,  vide  Interfere. 

Interlude,  vide  Interval. 

Intermingle,  )  ek  duare  ae  mil-jul-jdnd  [but  milnd  julnd,  to  resemble  closely, 
Intermix,        ]      etc.]. 

Internal,  andaruni. 

Interpose,    )  bich  men  rakhnd  :  hlch  men  parnd,  or  hich  hichd,o  karnd  (in 
Intervene,    )       adjustment  of  quarrel)  :  vide  Mediate. 
Interpret,  tarjumdn  kd  kdm  karnd  ;  '  vide  '  Translate  :  khwdb  kt  ta'bir  kar- 
nd, kahnd,  or  lagdnd  (of  dream). 

Interrogate,  vide  Examine. 

Interrupt,  khalal  ddlnd  or  paidd  kdmd  (interrupt  or  hinder) :  vide  Stop, 
Hinder,  Delay.  j-^als)- 

Interval,  fdaila  (distance)  :  vaqfa  (pause,  interlude)  :  rah  rah-kar  (at  inter- 

fntervene,  vide  Interpose. 

Interview,  aharf-i  muldzamat  kd  mauqa'  dend  :  muldqdt  ki  ijdzat  dend. 

Intestate,  be-vaslyat.  [Comrade,  Friend). 

Intimate,  gdrhM  ydr  (lit.  thick   friend);    langotiyd  ydr ;  ydr-ghar  ('vide' 

Intolerable,  — jia  ki  bar-ddaht  nahln  ho-aaktt. 

Intoxicant,  nashe  ki  chlz. 

Intrench,  khd,%  or  khandaq  khodnd  (of  trench)  :  morcha-bandi  karnd,  gen. 

Intrepid,  nidar  (in  good  or  bad  sense). 

Intricate,  pechida. 

Intrigue,  vide  Plot :  laggd-adzt  {k.)  (love) ;  laggd  lagdnd  (to  have  a  love- 
intrigue)  :  at  aat  {k.)  (also  =  combination  against)  :  jdl  phdna  (k.) 
(not  love). 

Introduce,  jdn  pahchdn  kardnd  (make  acquainted),  jdrik.  gen.  (money,  or 
law,  custom,  etc.  ;  also  to  enforce,  carry  out) :  riwaj  derui  (a  custom). 

Intrude,  khwdh  ma-khtvdh  bich  men  kud-pafud,  '  vido'  Interfere,  Interloper. 

Intrust,  aofipna  ;  kiai  ke  hawdle  k. ;  aupurd  k. 

Intuitively,  mujh  par  yih  bat  khul-ga,i  ki — ,  or  mere  dil  ne  gdwdhi  di  ki — . 


INV  86  JEE 

Invade,  —  par  charha,i  karna  or  charJm,t  karke  and. 

Invalid,  kdm  se  ma'zur  :  vide  Sick. 

Invent,  ijdd  karnd. 

Investigation,  tahqtqdt,  f.,  sing. 

Invincible,  ajit  (also  =  impregnable). 

Invisible,  nazar  se  ghd^ih  ;  {ghd^ih,  alone  =  absent]. 

Invite,  huldnd ;  da'wdt  karnd  :  ne,otd  (m.)  dend  (by  Hindus). 

Invoke,  ndm  lekar  madad  mdngnd  (of  one  absent)  :  kisi  ki  duhd,i  dend  (of 
one  present  or  absent). 

Involuntarily,  be-ikhtiydr  :  hhwdh  ma-khivdh  (also  instinctively). 

Irksome,  diqqat  kl  hat :  vide  Wearisome. 

Iron,  lohd ;  dhani,  adj.,  made  of  dhan  or  iron. 

Irony,  tanz,  m.,  subs.  :  hoU  tholi. 

Irrecoverable,  gayd  guzrd. 

Irregular,  he-tartib  (not  in  order) ;  hhildf-i  dastur  (contrary  to  custom)  :  be- 
zdbita  (of  troops,  vide  Levy)  :  be-qd'ida  (in  grammar). 

Irrelevant,  be  ta'alluq. 

Irreligious,  be-din. 

Irremediable,  ld-H1Ej. 

Irresponsible ,  ghair-jawdb-dih. 

Irritable,  tunak-mizdj  :  chirchird  (peevish). 

Irritate,  vide  Tease. 

Island,  jazira,  m.  ;  tdpu,  m. 

Issue,  to,  jdrt  karnd  (an  order). 

Itch,  khujU  (the  sensation,  also  the  disease);  Mam^^  (ditto  ;  in  Panjab 
also  prickly  heat). 

Item,  mad,  m.  and  f. 

Itinerary,  safar-ndma. 

Ivory,  hdthi  kd  ddnt.     " 

J 

Jackal,  gidar,  m. :  siydr,  m. 

Jacket,  jdkat,  f.,  Eng. 

Jail,  jel-khdna;  qdid-hhdna ;  he-kirdye  kd  ghar  or  susrdl  (jocose). 

Jam,  murabbd,  m.  (also  dried  preserve):  jdm,  m.,  Eng. 

Jar,  mdt,  m. ;  matkd,  m.;  matki,  f.  (different  sizes  of  porous  vessels): 
martabdn,  m.  (of  glazed  earthenware)  :  buydm,  m.  (of  china  or  stone)  : 
achdrl,  f.  (a  pickle  glass). 

Jasmine,  chanbell. 

Jaunt,  matar-gasht,  f.  (k.)  (excursion). 

Jaw,  jabrd,  m. :  kalla,  jaw  and  cheek  (properly  head). 

Jealous,  vide  Envious  and  Suspicious. 

Jealousy,  rashk  {k.)  m.,  gen. :  vide  Envy. 

Jeer,  dwdza  kasnd  (also  to  speak  ai  a  person)  :  vide  Grimace  and  Mortify. 


JES  87  KEE 

Jessamine,  vide  Jasmine. 

Jerk,  jhatka  dena  (also  to  jog). 

Jester,  inaskhara  (professional)  :  vide  Joke. 

Jew,  Yahudi,  in. ;    Yahudin,  f. :  ['ibrdnt,  the  Hebrew  language]. 

Jewel,  jaioahir,  in. ;  pi.  jawdhirdt,  m. :  '  vide  '  Ornament. 

Jib,  ar-jdnd  :  aryal,  adj.,  jibber. 

Jockey,  jdki,  Eng. 

Jog,  thokar  (f.)  dend  (with  less  force  than  jhatka,  *  vide  '  Jerk). 

Join,   jornd,    tr.    and   jurnd,   intr. :    mil-jdnd :    'vide'    Collect,    Adjoin,  2450 
Encounter:  jain  ho-jdnd,  mil.  (join  the  ranks,  of  a  recruit)  :  hath  men 
hath  mildnd  or  dend  (to  join  hands). 

Joint,  jor,  m.,  gen. :  gdnth,  m.  (of  body;  also  a  knot) :  band,  m.  (of  body). 

Jointly,  milkar. 

Joke,  thatthd,  m.  (karnd ;   but  —  mdrnd,  to  laugh  loudly):   diUlaril   {k.) ; 

mazdq,  m.  (k)  (  =  pleasantry) :  haiif^  se,  in  joke. 
Jolly,  khush  (from  wine). 
Jolt,  hiehkold  {dend). 

Journal,  roz-ndmcha  [but  roz-ndma,  a  daily  newspaper]. 
Journey,  safar,  m.  (k,) :  sair  o  safar  [k.)  (travelling  for  pleasure). 

Joy,       )  MwsAt,  gen. :  khurrami:  shddmdni   (gladness):  khush  o  khurram 

Joyful,  i      (joyful). 

Judge,  jaj,  Eng.:  qdzt  (Muslim  judge). 

Judge,  to,  faisala  sundnd  (to  issue  sentence  or  decree,  q.v.)  :  vide  Opinion. 

Judgment-day,  ro2-msa/,-  roz-i  qiydmat. 

Juggler,  baUe-hdz;  maddn :  '  vide  '  Conjurer. 

Jugular,  rag-i  jdn  (  —  vein). 

Juice,  ras,  m. ;  'arq,  m.  (also  =  sweat  and  essence) :  shira  (sweat,  juice,  or 
syrup)  :  pdni. 

Juicy,  rasild ;  ras-ddr. 

Jumble  up,  to,  gad  mad  karnd. 

Jump,  kudnd,  intr.,  gen.,  and  kvddnd,  tr.  (also  to  skip);  tichhalnd,  intr., 
to  jump  up  onto  (also  =  to  bound  and  to  rebound  ;  tr.,  uchhdind,  to 
toss  up) :  phaldngnd  (prop,  of  wide-jumping) ;  phdndnd  (prop,  of  high 
jumping) :  kudd,t  subs. 

Jurisdiction,  ikhliydr. 

Just,  munsij  mizdj  :  *  vide  '  True,  Correct,  Proper,  Exact. 

Justice,  insdf,  m.  (connected  with  nisf,  m.  half)  :  ddd-diht  or  ddd-rasii 
giving  justice  ;  and  ddd-khwdhi,  asking  for  justice. 

Justly,  vide  Correct. 

K 

Keen,  shauqtn  :  '  vide  '  Eager,  Desirous,  Sharp. 

Keep,  rakhnd  :  qabze  meii  rakhnd  (to  keep  in  possession). 


KEE  88  KNO 

"  Keep, ' '  ddshta  or  rakhni,  a  kept- woman. 

Keeper,  rakh-wal,  gen. :  muhdfiz  or  nigdh-hdn. 

Keepsake,  ydd-gdr  (also  =  memorial  and  monument). 

Kettle,  ketli,  Eng. 

Kettle-drum,  naqqdra,  m. :  khurdak  (very  small). 

Key,  kunjl :  chdbt ;  chor-kunji  (false-key). 

Kick,  Idt  mdrnd,  gen.  (but  spec,  with  one  leg) :  du-laiti  {mdrnd  or  chaldnd)  = 
pushtak  mdrnd  or  chaldnd  (to  let  fly  with  both  legs) :  pd,on  se  thokar 
dend,  to  kick  a  ball,  etc. 

Kid,  hakrl  kd  bachcha  (but  halwdn  kd  gosht). 

Kidnap,  vide  Elope  with. 

Kidney,  gurda. 

Kill,  mdr-ddlnd,  gen.  :  qatl  k.  (to  put  to  death  ;  of  human  beings) :  zibh 
k.,  to  cut  the  throat,  of  man  or  animals,  and  hence  to  slaughter, 
Muslim  fashion  :  i^a/a^  A-. ,  colloq. ,  to  slaughter  for  food,  Muslim,  {lit. 
to  make  lawful)  :  jdn  lend. 

Kiln,  bhaitd  (but  bhatti,  washerman's  furnace,  q.v.). 

Kind,  vide  Race,  Sort:  mihrbdn,  gen.  :  mush fiq  (tender;  used  of  friends, 
or  a  mother) :  vide  Generous,  etc.  :  mihrbdni,  subs. 

Kindred,  bhd,t  band :  '  vide  '  Relative. 

King,  pddshdh,  gen.,  with  the  exception  of  Hindus:  rdjd  or  mahd-rdjd  (of 
Hindus) :  sultan  (of  Muslims). 

Kingdom,  pddshdhat,  f . ;  saltanat  (gen.,  though  sultan  is  special) :  rdj,  m. 
(prop,  of  Hindus  only). 

Kiss,  chumnd ;  bosa  lend:  chumd-chdti  (k.),  mutual  kissing. 

Kitchen,  bdwarchi-khdna. 

Klick,  titkdrnd  (to  horses;  also  to  express  'I  don't  care  a  d — n;  in  the 
Pan  jab  a  chck  of  the  tongue  means  dissent,  "  no  "). 

Knapsack,  jhold  (large) ;  jholt  (little). 
Knave,  vide  Blackguard  :  ghuldm,  (at  cards). 
Knead,  gundhnd  (also  =  to  plait). 
Knee,  ghutnd,  m. :  zdnu. 
Kneel,  ghtithnon  ke  bal  baithnd. 

Knife,  chhurd  (large,  vide  Dagger):  chhun,  t  (small):  chdqH,  m.,  pen- 
knife =  qalam-tardsh,  m. 

Knit,  bunnd  (also  to  weave). 
2500  Knob,  mutthd,  m. ;  lattu,  m.  (a  knob  '  shaped  like  a  top,'  on  the  top  of 

anything,   as    on   iron   bedsteads)  :    ghundi,   a    '  button  '   {lit.    a  silk 

or  thread  button)  :  vide  Lump. 
Knobby,  girih-ddr. 
Knock,  khatkhatdnd  (Indians  knock  with  the  open  hand,    not   with   the 

knuckles) :  vide  Hammer  :  zdnjlr  hildna  (in  old-fashioned  houses  there 

is  a  chain  on  the  door  which  is  rattled,  etc.) :  gird-dend,  knock  down. 
Knot,  gdnth,  f.  :  girih,  f . :  [gathnd  =  to  be  compact  and  hence  to  be  hard 

of  the  body]. 


KNO  89  LAS 

Know,  jannd :  '  vide  '  Aware. 
Knowingly,  jdn  hujhkar  :  vide  Purposely. 
Knowledge,  'ihn,  m. 

L 

Label,  chit,  f. 

Labour,  mihnat,  i. ;  rnasluzqqat,  f.  :  dimagAi  mihnat,  intellectual  labour. 

Labourer, mazdiir (one who  labours  for  others,  on  hire);  kamera  (a  labourer, 
one  that  works  liard)  :  mazdurl,  wages  of  a  mazdur. 

Laborious,  qull  kd  Icdm. 

Lack,  to ,  fuldn  chit  ki  kami  hai. 

Ladder,  sifhl  (also  steps  or  stairs,  q.v.). 

Ladle,  do,i :  jis  ke  hath  men  do,i  uskd  aah  kdi  —  Prov.  =  all  are  friends  to 
the  cook. 

Lady,  sharij  'aurat  (woman  of  gentle  birth)  :  mem  sdhiha  (Mrs.  — )  :  leM 
sdhiba  (Lady  — ). 

Lake,  tdldb,  m.  ;  tdld,o,  vulg.  (also  a  tank  or  reservoir)  :  tdl,  m.  (  =  lake 
only):  jhil,  f.,  a  marsh  or  marshy  lake. 

Lamb,  bhef  kd  bachcha. 

Lame,  langrd  :  \luld,  crippled  in  the  hands  or  arms]. 

Lament,  ydd  knrke  ndla  karnd,  or  — ke  gAam  men  ndla  karnd  :  ndla  o  zdri 
k.,  to  lament  and  weep  :  wd  waild  karnd,  to  lament  or  complain  of. 

Lamp,  chirdgih,  m.  (native  pattern ;  also  =  light) :  lamp,  m.  (English  lamp) : 
diyd,  m.  (native  pattern)  :  battl  vulg.  for  any  hght  (prop.  =  wick). 

Lance,  neza,  m.  ;  bedlam,  m. ;  harchhd  (large  spear) ;  barchhi  (small spear  9. v.). 

Lancet,  nashtar,  m.  {dend  or  lagdnd  or  chubhond). 

Land,  zamin,  f.  :  '  vide  '  Earth  :  khushki,  land  as  opposed  to  tan,  water: 
kindre  par  utarnd,  intr.  (from  a  ship). 

Landlord,  zamin-ddr   (a  landholder   or  owner  of  land)  :  mdlik-i  makdn,  of 
house :  vide  Inn. 

Landslip,  pahdr  gir-gayd. 

Lane,  gall  or  kucha,  any  narrow  street  or  lane  :  galiydrd,  alley. 

Language,  zabdn,  f . ;  bol% ;  bMkhd,  f . :  'ibdrat,  f.  (in  writing;  style)  :  roz- 

marra  (colloquial). 
Lantern,  Idltain,  f.  :  chor  Idliain  (dark  lantern) :  jddu  H  Idltain,  f.  (magic 

— ) :   fdnus  f.  (a  Chinese  lantern ;  also  the  old-fashioned  cloth  shade 

placed  over  the  chirdgh,)- 
Lap,  god,  i.,  or  godl :  ddman,  m.,  skirt  of  garment  :  godi-bhar,  lapful. 
Larder,  mod^-khidna,  larder  and  store-room. 

Last,    'y^dkhiri  or  akhir,  adj. :  pichhld  :  par  sdl,  last  year  :  tiknd  (endure, 
Lastly,  J      remain  ;  also  to  tarry,  inde  Dwell  and  Halt) :  dkhir  men,  Itistly. 

Lasting,  pdy-ddr. 


LAT  90  LEA 

Late,  der  mm  or  der  karke :  ah  der  ho-ga,l  jane  ka  waqt  na-rahd,  it's  too 
late  to  go  there  now :  turn  nd-waqt  d,e,  you  came  late  (with  a  verb 
in  the  past)  :  dj  gdri  '  let '  hai,  the  train  is  late :  mutawaffq,  m  ',  gen., 
deceased:  marhum,^  m.  (lit.  pitied;  i.e.,  gone  to  Heaven;  prop,  of 
Muslims  only,  by  Mushms,  but  sometimes  also  applied  to  Christians 
but  not  to  Hindus). 

Lathe,  khardd  :  [kharddnd,  tr.,  to  turn]. 

Latrine,  pd,e-khdna  {jdnd)  :  bam-puEs,  Eng.  (a  public  latrine;  a  corrup. 
either  of  '  bum  place  '  or  else  of  the  term  applied  in  derision  to  the 
latrine-pohce,  Provost-Marshall's  assistants,  etc.,  at  a  camp)  :  tattl 
{jdnd)  (lit.  screen  ;  hurdle,  etc.). 

Lattice,  jhinjhrl  (lattice  work  of  metal)  :  jhinjhn-ddr ,  latticed  :   jdli  gen. 
ja'fari  (of  bamboo,  etc.). 

Laugh,  hansnd,  gen.  :  khilkhildnd,  (giggle  q.v.)  :  thatthd  mdrnd  =  qdh  qdh 
mdrnd,  to  laugh  out  loud  :  [in  reports,  of  trials,  etc.,  qdh  qdh  qdh  = 
"  Laughter  "]  :    hanst  men  urdnd,  to  pass  off  with  a  laugh. 

Law,  qdnun  :  dharm-shdstar  [HinAxx  religious  law)  :  shara' ,  m.,  or  shan'at, 
f.  (Muslim  religious  law). 

Lawful,  shar'l  (enjoined  in  Muslim-  law) ;  haldl,  gen.  (relig.  or  morally 
lawful)  :  '  vide '   Legal. 

Lawsuit,  muqaddama,  m. 

Lawyer,  bdristar  or  kaunsili,  barrister :  sdlisiiar,  solicitor :  vakil,  pleader. 

Lay,  vide  Place,  Spread,  etc. 

Layer,  tah,  f.  (lit.  fold). 

Lazy,  sust ;  kdhil. 

Lead,  sisd,  m. 

Lead,  to,  le-chalnd  ;  dge  dge  chalnd,  to  keep  just  ahead,  lead  the  way  :  fatij 
kd  sardar  hond  or  fauj  ki  sarddrl  karrid,  lead  an  army  :  sar  ba-rdhl 
karnd  gen.  :  vide  Guide. 

Leaf,  pattd  (large) ;  pattt  (small)  :  waraq,  m.  (of  book)  :  palla,  m.  or  pat,  or 
kiwdr  m.  (of  door)  [pdt  also  means  the  breadth  of  a  river  ;  the  stone 
of  a  handmill]. 

Leak,  tapaknd  (also  to  drip)  :  risnd  (exude  from  porous  things):  videOoze, 
Exude. 

Lean,  dubld  ;  Idghar,  adj. 

Lean,  to,  jhuknd  (out  of  the  perpendicular)  :  — par  tek-jdnd,  intr.,  to  lean 
on ;  wuh  Idthi  tek-kar  chaltd  hai  =  he  walks  with  the  aid  of  a  stick  : 
tekdend  or  tikdnd,  tr.  (to  lean  or  rest  a  thing  against). 

Leap,  vide  Jump. 

Learn,  sikhnd,  to  learn  how  to  do  :  parhnd  (by  studying  book). 

Learned,  'dlim ,  fdzil  (more  than  'dlim) :  '  vide  '  Expert. 

Lease,  theka  (lit.  contract). 

Leather,  chamrd,  m.  :  gen.  (also  =  skin)  :  khdl  f.  (fresh  hide). 

Leave,  rukhsat  f.  (also  =  dismissal)  and  chhuttl  (also  =  dismissal,  leisure, 
and  vacation) :  vide  Permit. 

1  Feminine  mutawaffaya,  and  marhuma. 


LEA  91  LIE 

Leaven,  khamir,  m.  2550 

Led-horse,  vide  Horse. 

Leech,  jonk,  f. 

Leek,  gandna,  m. 

Left,  bay  an  :  bain-hatthd,  adj.,  left-handed. 

Leg,  tang,  f. ;  pair,  m.  (also  =  the  thigh,  q.v.) :  pdya  (of  furniture). 

Legal,  qanuu-an  ja,iz. 

Legend,  qissa,  story. 

Legitimate,  haldl  kd  (of  children  ;  also  of  kamd,%)  :  vide  Lawful. 

Leisure,  fursat,  f. ;  chhutti,  f. :  '  vide  '  Respite. 

Lemon,  Itmu ;  nibu ;  lemun,  m.,  etc.,  etc.:    kd^azi  mmbu  (a   good    kind, 

small,  green,  round  and  with  a  thin  skin  —  '  like  paper'). 
Lend,  qarz    (in.)  (par)  dend  (of  money) :  'driyat  dend  or  mdnge-dend,  to 

lend  things. 
Lender,  md-khwdr,  usurer. 

Length,  lambd,t,  f. :  tul,  m.  (spec,  of  cloth  or  a  room). 
Leopard,  tenduwd :  cMtd,  hunting-leopard  or  cheetah. 

Leper,     '\korh,  m.  (black  — ) :  juzdm  m.  (ditto):  baras,  m.  (white)  :  korhl, 
Leprosy,  J      leper:  juzdml  (ditto,  but  politer  term). 

Less,  kam  :  yih  usse  thord  hat. 

Lessee,  theke-ddr  (or  contractor)  :  [thekd-dene-ivdld  lessor]. 

Lesson,  sabaq,  m. 

Lest,  ait<id  norho  ki :  kahin  na — . 

Lethargic,  isiLst:  bojhal  (after  eating  ;  prop,  heavily  laden). 

Letter,  khatt,  m. ;  chittM,  f. :  harf,  m.  (of  alphabet). 

Lettuce,  saldt  or  saldd,  m.,  Eng. 

Level,  hamwdr  {k.) :  bardbdr  (k.) :  vide  Flat. 

Lever,  tekan,  m. ;  uthangan  :  or  uthgan. 

Levity,  subukt. 

Levy,  levi,  f.  (troops). 

Liable,  —  kd  mustahiqq. 

Liar,  jhutd. 

Libel,  hatak-i  'izzat,  f.  {k.)  leg. 

Liberal,  vide  Generous:  dzdd  khiydl  (opposite  to  muta'assib  or  bigoted). 

Liberty,  dzddi. 

Library,  kutub-khdna  m. 

License    laisans,   m.,   Eng.    (document):   chhut  khelnd  (to  hskve  too  <*rea,t 

freedom;  substantive  not  in  use). 
Lick,  chdtnd. 

Lid,  dhaknd  :  palak,  f.,  ej-^elid  (also  =  an  eye-twinkling)  :  papotd,  m. 
Lie,  jhut,  m.  (bolnd)  (falsehood)  :  letnd,  intr.,  to  lie  down,  and  litdnd,  tr. , 

to  make  to  lie  down :  parnd,  intr.,  to  be  in  a  fallen  state,  to  be  lying  : 

chhupd  rahnd,  to  lie  hidden. 


LIE  92  LIT 

Lieutenant,  Lafkint. 

Life,  jan,  f .  ;  zindagi  or  zindaganl :  haydt  maut  ko  kaun  jdnta  hai  (saying) 
"  wlio  knows  aught  of  life  or  death  ?  " 

Lifeless,  be-jdn;  'vide'  Dead:  us  men  jdn  nahm,  he's  a  lifeless  person, 
without  animation  (also  =  this  stuff  won't  last  long). 

Lift,  {upar  ko)  uthdnd. 

Light,  raushan,  adj.,  and  ujdld,  adj  and  subs,  (well-lit, etc.) :  raushrii, subs. ; 
nur,  Ar.,  m.  (in  Urdu  used  only  in  a  religious  sense):  halkd  (not 
heavy  ;  also  met.  slight,  as  a  fault)  ;  subuk  (not  heavy,  also  fine  or 
neatly  made,  of  things). 

Light,  to,  raushan  karnd  or  jaldnd  (of  lamps) :  sulgdnd  (to  kindle  a  fire  ; 
in  Bombay  of  lamps  also)  :  —  men  dg  dend,  to  set  fire  to. 

Lighten,  hijli  chamaktl  hai. 

Lightness,  halkd-pan;  svJbukl. 

Lightning,  hijli. 

Like,  to,  pasavd  karnd  :  '  vide '  Manner  and  Resemble. 

Lily,  vide  Lotus. 

Limb,  'uzv,  m.  (vulg.  aju) ;  pi.  a'zd. 

Lime,  chund,  m.  (quick-Ume) :  '  vide  '  Lemon:  Idsd,  m.,  bird-lime. 

Line,  lakir,  f.  (drawn):  khatt,  m.  (also  handwriting,  and  in  Urdu  also_a 
letter) :  satar,  f.  (in  a  book) :  vide  Rope. :  saff  (f.)  or  lain  (f.)  handJina, 
Eng.,  intr.  (to  form  line,  draw  up  in  line  side  by  side)  :  qatar,  f. 
(line,  string,  one  behind  the  other;  as  camels). 

Lineage,  nasi  (of  men  or  animals) ;  nasab  (humans  only) ;  vide  Family. 
Lining,  astar,  m.  (as  opposed  to  abra,  m  ,  the  outside). 
2600  Link,  karl  (also  any  round  ring). 

Linseed,  alsi  or  iisi ;  [not  til  which  is  sesamum]. 

Lion,  babr  or  babr-sker,  [in  Persia  babr  is  a  tiger] :  sherm  (lioness). 

Lip,  honth,  m.  :  lab,  m.  (also  brim,  edge). 

Lisp,  tutldnd  (of  Jews  or  small  children). 

List,  fihrist,  f. 

Listen,  sunnd  ;  kdn  dend  ;  kdn  lagd-kar  sunnd,  to  listen  attentively. 

Literal,  lafzi  (of  translation  as  opposed  to   a   bd  muhdwara  translation)  : 

is  lafz  ke  lughvi  '  ma'nq  kyd  hain,  what  is  the  hteral  meaning  of  this 

word  ? 
Litigious,  muqaddama-bdz  :  '  vide  '  Quarrelsome. 
Litter,  jhol,  m.  (of  pups,  etc.) :  lid,  f.  (lit.  horse-dung,  q.v.) :  bichdli  (straw, 

etc.,  bedding  for  horses) ;  kurd  karkat,  m.  (rubbish)  :  vide  Bedding. 
Little,  chhotd  (of  size) :  nannhd,  tiny :  thora-sd  (of  quantity) :  ^ara  sd  (prop. 

of    quantity  ;  but  sometimes  for  chhotd  sa) :  thora  thora  kar-ke,  Uttle 

byhttle. 

i  Lm^w  is  from  iu^a<  "  dictionary  ;  diction;  word." 


LIV  93  LOR 

Live,  jina,  to  be  alive  :  jt-uthnd,  to  come  to  life  :  murda  men  jdn  ddlnd, 
to  bring  to  life  :  *umr  katnd  (to  pass  one's  life)  :  zindaql  bO'Sar  karnd, 
to  pass  one's  life  or  pass  one's  time  :  guzrdn  karnd,  pass  one's  time 
temporarily,  as  amlrdna  guzrdn  kartd  ha,i  or  amtrdna  zindagi  ba-sar 
kartd  hai  =  "lie  lives  like  a  prince  "  ;  kisl  k%  rotiydh  par  pafnJd  (to 
live  upon,  sponge  upon)  :  vide  Dwell,  Stay. 

Liver,  kalejd  (of  humans  ;  and  met.  =  heart,  q.v.)  :  kaleji  (of  animals)  : 
jigar,  m  ,  gen.  (spec,  in  connection  witli  disease). 

Livery,  band,  m.  ;  '  vide  '  Uniform.  :  argafd  ( — stable  ;  also  riding-school 
and  cab-stand). 

Living,  vide  Alive  :  ma'dsh,  f.,  means  of  livelihood  (also  in  mod.  coll.  = 
zamin-ddri) ;  rozi,  daily  bread  :  roz-gdr,  employment. 

Load,  bojh,  m.  (Iddnd)  :  bar,  m.  (karnd)  :  vide  Weight. 

Loaf,  pd,o  rof  (of  English  bread)  ;  ek  roil,  gen.  ipafd-phirnd,  to  loaf 
about  in  dififerent  people's  houses,  sponging  on  tliem  :  vide  Wander. 

Loafer,  nikhattu,  a  sponger  or  one  that  ivon^t  work  (not  of  servants)  but 
with  no  idea  of  wandering. 

Loan,  vide  Lend. 

Loathsome,  ghind,ond  also  disgusting,  q.v. 

Lock,  tdld.  m.  or  qufl,  m.  (also  padlock). 

Lockjaw,  kalld  or  jabrd  baith-jdnd,  to  have  lockjaw  :  ddnt  par  dant  baith-jdnd 
(ditto) :  [kalld  uthtd  nahin,  my  jaws  won't  open]. 

Locust,  tiddl,  f. ;  malakh,  m.  ;  mor  malakh  ddmi  =  tiddidal  fauj,  a  host,  q.v. 

Log,  kundd  (short  and  roundish  ;  also  =  butt,  q.v.). 

.      •  '  11      ymantiq  :  mantiq  ke  ru  se,  logically  speaking. 

Loins,  vide  Waist. 

Loneliness,  tanhdj  (of  humans)  :  sund-pan  (of  places). 

Long,  lambd  (of  things)  :  bahut  muddat  (a  long  time ;  weeks  or  more)  ; 
bahut  der  (less  than  a  day) :  tarasnd,  to  long  for :  vide  Wish,  etc. 

Long-lived,  barl  'umr  kd. 

Long-winded,  dur-dam. 

Look,  — kt  taraf  nigdh  or  nazar  karnd :  nazflr  dawdnd  (look  all  round) : 
'  vide '  Inspection :  kist  k%  taraf  (or  ko)  dekhnd  (to  look  and  to  see) : 
— par  nazar  ddlnd,  to  look  through  (a  letter,  etc.)  :  vide  Watch, 
Observe,  Seem  :  lo  !  or  dekho  !  interj . 

Loop,  halqa. 

Loose,  dhild  (also  slack,  lit.  and  met.) :  khuld  (open,  untied). 

Lopsided,  vide  Weight. 

bdtuni  (talkative ;  gen.  in  a  good  sense) :  bakki  or  fuzuUgo 

.  \      (loquacious  and  tiresome) :    gapp%  (gossiping) :    labbdk    (a 

Loquacious,         "  bak-stick,"  i.e.  talks  a  great  deal  and  exaggerates  his 

oquaci  y,     k      deeds) :    substantives  are  bdlunl-pan,  m. ;    bakwds,   f.   or 

bak,  f.  and  fuzuUgo,l:  labbdki. 

Lordly,  hdkimdna  :  vide  Imperious. 


LOS  94  LYN 

Lose,  khona,  tr.,  and  kho-jdna,  intr.  :  gum  k.  and  h.  (the  trans,  signifies 
that  one  has  lost  a  thing  on  purpose  or  through  culpable  neglect ;  I 
have  lost  my  purse,  men  ihaili  kho-ga,%  or  gum  ho-ga,i)  i  nuqsan  hond 
(of  a  limb):  jdtd-rahnd,  intr.  (of  limbs,  property,  relations  by  death): 
hdrnd  (suffer,  defeat,  q.v.). 

Loss,  nuqsdn,  m. ,  gen. :  ghd^  or  totd  (in  trade,  of  money) :  zarar,  m.,  harm. 

Lot,    I  qismat;  taqdlr :   'vide'  Fate:   Idt,  m.  (in  an  auction):   chittht   or 
Lots,  )      qur'a  ddlnd  (to  cast  lots). 

Lotus,  kanwal,  m.,  any  large  white  water-lily :  nilufar,  m.,  the  small  white 
water-lily:  padam,  gen.,  any  water-lily. 

Lottery,  ldp,n,  f. 

Loud,  zor  kd — . 

Louse,  jun,  f.,  gen.  (also  in  some  parts  the  head-louse  only):  chtlar,  f., 
the  body-louse. 

Love,  'ishq,  m.,  great  love  or  passion  (as  between  lovers,  or  of  Jacob  for 
Joseph) :  muhabbat,  gen.  (also  affection)  :  pydr,  m.,  Hindi. 

Lover,  'dshiq  (also  —  par  'dskiq  hond,  in  love  with). 

Low,  nichd  :  '  vide  '  Mean. 

Loyal,  namak-haldl  (of  persons):  khhair-khivdh  (well-wisher):  'vide' 
Faithful. 

Lozenge,  lauz,  f . :  lauz  ktshakl  men,  lozenge-shaped. 

Luck,  vide  Fate  and  Lot :  qismat,  f .  (fate ;  also  luck  in  a  lottery) :  bhng 
(fate) :  dekhiye  kyd  nasib  hogd  (let  me  see  what  my  luck  will  bring  me). 

Lucky,  mubdrak  (auspicious) :  qismat-wdld  or  naslb-wdld. 

Lucrative,  is  tijdrat  men  hun  barastd  hai  (lit.  rains  '  pagodas  '  ')  :  vide  Haul. 

Luggage,  asbdb,  m.,  sing.;  sdmdn,  m. 

Lukewarm,  shlr-garm:  ku-garm,  Panj.  (well-warm). 

Lull,        )  Ion:  lori  dekar  suldnd,  to  lull  to  sleep  by  a  lullaby  :  thapak-kar 
Lullaby,  J      sulana,  to  lull  by  patting. 

Lump,  dheld  (clod  of  earth)  :  dald,  gen. ;  yak  mushi  rupiya  dend,  to  pay 
in  a  lump  sum. 

Lurk,  ghat  men  rahnd  ;  (but  —  baithnd,  to  sit  in  one  place  in  ambush). 

Lunch,  tifin  or  tifan  m. 

Luscious,  mithd  rasddr:  '  vide  '  Sweet  and  Juicy. 

Lust,  shahwat,  f. 

Lusty,  vide  Sturdy. 

Luxuriance,  vide  Abundant. 

Luxurious,  |  sukhwdr ;  drdm-talab  ; '  aish-pasand :  substantives  are  sukhwdrl 
Luxury,       )      dram^talabi ;  '  aish-pasandi. 

Lynx,  siydh-gosh  m.  (lit.  black-ear). 


'  Pagoda  '  a  gold  coin  of  Southern  India. 


MAC  95  MAN 

M 

Mace,  jaioatri,  f,  (the  spice) :  'asa,  m.  (the  stick). 

Machine,  miahin,  f.  Eng.  ;  kal,  i.,  (also  =  machinery;  kal  ka,  mechanical). 

Mad,  pdgal  (crazy)  :  diimna  or  majnun  (mad,  insane)  :  dtwanc/h  k%  tarah 
(madly). 

Magazine,  magzin,  f.,  Eng.  (for  powder,  =  bdrut-khdnd,  m.) ;  riaala  (also 
pamphlet). 

Magic,  jadu,  m. 

Magician,  jddu-gar,  m.,  and  jddu-gami,  f. :  vide  Witch. 

Magistrate,  magistaret,  Eng. 

Magnanimous,  *dU  himmai,  (also  =  of  high  ambition). 

Magnet,  magnatts,  f. 

Magniloquent,  ^arahl  fdrsi  chhdntne-wald. 

Maiden,  kunwarl  (unmarried). 

Mail,  dak,  f.  :  "me^,"  m.,  f.,  Eng. 

Maintain,  nibdhnd,  to  keep  up  (as  one's  position)  :  man  bap  Id  kifdla 
kamd  (to  maintain  one's  parents ;  kifdlat  k.,  also  used  for  wife) :  poind 
or  parwarish  k.  (of  children  or  the  poor) :  kisi  kd  kharch  uthdnd. 

Maintenance,  rotl  kapfd,  or  khdnd  kaprd  (dend) :  ndn  o  nafaqa  :  khur  o  posh. 

Maize,  makkd  or  inaka,i. 

Make,  handnd ;  '  vide'  Forged,  Execute,  Compel. 

Makeweight,  pd-sang. 

Malcontent,  sarkdr  kd  bad-khwdh :  vide  Discontent. 

Male,  nar  (of  animals). 

Malice,  khubs,  m.  or  Tchubdsat,  f.  ;  Idna  (rancour,  the  bearing  of  malice)  ; 
shutur-kinagt  (ditto  but  more  so). 

Mallet,  mugrd  or  mugn  (for  gongs). 

Man,  )  insdn  (human  being)  :  ddml  (ditto  ;  also  vulg.  =  servant ;  also 

Mankind,  i  vulg.  =  mard  husband;  more  vulgarly  still,  wife) :  mard  (as 
opposed  to  'aural)  :  jawdn,  a  young  man  ;  ndam-zdd,  mankind. 

Manage,  — kd  intizdm  karnd,  to  administer  :  vide  Control. 

Manager,  manejar  (of  Eng.  firm) :  kdr-parddz  (of  zamtn-ddri,  etc.). 

Mane,  ydl,  f.  (of  horses,  etc.,  or  lion). 

Manger,  horses  are  generally  fed  in  a  ndnd,  m.,  i.e.  a  large  shallow  porous 
earthen  vessel. 

Mango,  dm,  m. 

M     'f^\i     I  «?^^*^'  *  ^^®  '  Evident :  sdhir-an,  adv. 

Manna,  mann-salvq  (still  found  in  certain  deserts  ;  met.  =  ni'mat). 

Manner,  taur,  m. ;  tarah,  f.  ;  tariqa,  m.  ;  dhang,  m. ;  ivaz*,  f. 

Manoeuvre,  ddon  (or  ddnw)  ghdt  (k.),  gen.  (mil.,  or  of  a  single  person,  or  of 
an  animal). 

Mansion,  liaveli. 


MAN  96  MAS 

Manufacture,  [is  mulk  men  kya  kya  chizen  banti  hain\. 

Manure,  kJmd,  f.  (ddlna). 

Manuscript,  qalami  kitab ;  hath  ki  likhl  hu,i  kitab  :  navishta,  MS.  not  in 
the  form  of  a  book. 

Many,  bahut;  bahuterd:  dher  se,  pi.,  or  dher  sdre,  or  bahut  sdre,  very  many. 

Map,  naqsha,  m.  {khmchnd  or  banana)  :  khdkd  (khinchnd)  (any  outlined 
or  rougli  plan;  but  khdkd  urdnd,  to  caricature,  of  a  drawing  or  des- 
cription). 

Marble,  sang-i  marmar,  m.  :  sang-i  marmar  kd  —  adj. 

March,  kuch  karnd. 

Mare,  ghori ;  mddiydn  :  tatuwdnl,  pony-mare  :  hdthi  kd  andd,  a  mare's 
nest. 

Margin,  hdshiya  '  (of  book  or  garment ;  also  a  marginal  note,  and  now  a 
foot-note)  ;  vide  Edge. 

Marigold,  gendd. 

Marine,  bahri,  gen.  (also  the  female  of  the  Peregrine  Falcon). 

Mark,  nishdn,  m. ;  'aldmat  (sign)  :  vide  Track  :  nambar,  m.  (in  an  exam.). 

2700  Market,  hdt,  m.  (lagnd)  (spec,  a  weekly  market);  markit,  m.,  a  market- 
place, English:  mandi,  a  'quarter'  where  any  one  special  kind  of 
goods  is  sold :  painth.  m.  market-day  in  a  village  :  bdzdr  bhd,o,  market 
price ;  nirkh,  ditto. 

Marksman,  nishdna-bdz:  markaz-mer,  Eng.,  mil. 

-_      .         Cshddi  {k.)   (also    in  some  parts  shddl  is   used  for  any  joyous 
arn  ge,  )      celebration) :  bydh   [k.)  gen.  :    nikdh  (k.)    (according   to    the 
^'       (      Muslim  nikdh,  ceremony. 

Marrow,  gud,  m.  (also  =  brain,  pith,  crumb  of  bread,  pulp  of  fruit) :  maghz 
(also  =  brain  or  kernel  of  nuts). 

Marsh,  jhil    f . :  pdnkd  (bog;  also  black  stinking  mud)  :  daldal  (a,  deadly 

quick-sand). 
Martingale,  zer-band,  m. 
Martyr,  shahid^ 

Martyrdom,  shaMdat,  f.  (also  =  testifying,  giving  evidence). 
Masculine,  muzakkar,  in  grammar:  marddna  (of  women). 
Mash,   bhurtd  {bandnd)  (of  potatoes,  etc.):    maheld  {for  horses;   spec,   of 

moth) . 
Mason,  rdj  (brick-layer)  :  sang-tardsh  (stone-cutter). 

Massacre,  khun-rezi  (slaughter,  bloodshed)  :  qaU-i  'dmm,  a  general  massacre. 
Mast,  mastul,  m. 
Master,  miydn;  dqd:  mdlik  (owner  and  vulg.  master):  wrfe  Chief ,  Ruler, 

Teacher,  Expert:  sdhib-i  khdna  :  '  vide  '  Control. 

Masterless,  Id-wdris  (without  owner ;  of  property  or  animals). 

1  Hashiya  charhana,  to  make  a  marginal  note  and  also  to  '  embroider  '  a  story. 

^  Properly  one  who  dies  for  the  Faith;  also  anyone  slain  in  a  religious  war,  or 
killed  unjustly,  or  anyone  dying  from  plague,  etc.,  if  he  docs  not  flee  from  it,  or  any 
one  dying  a  pitiful  death  as  by  fire  or  flood. 


MAS  97  MEE 

Masturbation,  jalaq,  m.  {mdrnd :  muth  {mdrnd). 
Match,  diyd-8ald,i ' ;  fattla  (for  guns,  etc. ;  prop.  wick). 

Match,  to,  is  ke  jof  fed  nahin  =  this  doesn't  match:  is  ke  jof  kd  kharido, 
match  this  for  me  at  a  shop :  sawdl  o  jawdb  hond  (of  pictures,  panels, 
windows,  doors,  etc.;  i.e.  matching  in  size  and  position,  etc.) :  jof 
laqdnd  (in  competitions). 

Matchless,  Id-sdrii ;  he-naj^lr  :  he-mial. 

Matchlock,  iofe-ddr  banduq :  jamHl  (the  long  Afghan  flint-lock). 

Mate,  jord :  —  kd  jofd  lagnd,  intr.,  to  mate. 

Mathematics,  {Hlm-i)  riydzl. 

Matter,  jnpji.  (pus);  mawddd,  m.,  sing,  (pus,  etc.):  mddda,  m.  (matter 
as  opposed  to  'aql  or  ruh) :  '  vide'  Affair:  ko,%mu^yaqa  nahtn  =  jane 
do  (it  is  of  no  consequence,  important,  q.v.). 

Matting,  chatd,i,  gen. :  horiyd,  m.  (also  applied  to  the  mat  of  faqlrs,  'dbids , 
etc.)  [boriydbistar  =  bag  and  baggage]  :  sital  pdtl  (cool ;  for  sleeping  on). 

Mattress,  toshak,  f. 

Mature,  bdlig]k  (of  youths) :  jawdn  (of  humans  or  animals) :  vide  Ripe  and 
Young. 

Maturity,  bulU§^,  m. :  jawdnl. 

Mausoleum,  maqbara,  m.  (also  a  cemetery) :  mazdr,  f.  m.  (prop,  a  place  of 
pilgrimage) . 

Maxim,  maqula. 

Maximum,  intihd,%  darje  kd  (opp.  to  ibUdd,%  darje  kd). 

Mean,  riich,  gen.  (of  people  or  things)  :  also  chhotd  ham  (a  mean  action)  : 
'pdji  (also  rascally)  :  vide  Medium. 

Meaning,  ma'na  or  ma'nl,  masc. ,  pi.;  matlab:  'vide'  Object. 

Meanness,  kamina-pan ;  pdji-pan. 

Means,  wasxla:  zarVa,  m. :  'vide'  Income,  Plan. 

Meanwhile,  itne  men;  is  'arse  men. 

Measure,  ndpnd,  tr.  (of  length)  .•  paimdnd  (of  length,  but  spec,  of  quantity): 
vide  Estimate:  qadd  aur  sina  ndpnd  (of  recruits):  ndp,  f.,  subs.: 
paimdyish,  f.  (of  land  ;  also  =  survey) :  napnd  or  paimdnd  m.  (a  vessel 
to  measure  quantity). 

Meat,  gosht,  m. :  '  vide'  Food :  ddna  pdni  =  meat  and  drink. 

Mechanical,  kal  kd :  '  vide '  Machine. 

Medal,  tam^a;  tacj^m^. 

Meddle,  vide  Interfere. 

Mediate,  bich  bichd,o  k.  ;  bich  men  pafnd  ;  '  vide '  Intervene  :  shaft'  media- 
tor, religiously. 

Medicine,  daiod,  t. ;  dawd  ddru,  f. ;  dawd,i,  vulg. 

Mediocre,  i  wdjibi  (fair) :  ma' mult  (ordinary)  or  aisd  waisd  (indifferent,  not 

Medium,    )      up  to  average),  ausat  darje  kd  ;  bich  kd  (average) :  manjhold 

(of  size). 
Meek,  miskin  or  gkarlb^  (both  =  poor) :  vide  Gentle,  Humble. 


I  Diya  or  diwa  m.  is  the  Hindi  for  ehiragh,  and  «a^,i  is  a  bodlzin,  a  oollyrium- 
needle,  a  probe,  etc.  '^  Qkarib  in  Arabic  means  stranger,  extraordinary. 

13 


MEE  98  MET 

Meet,  wuh  raste  men  mujh  ko  mila,  I  met  him  on  the  road  accidentally ; 

but  wuh  mujh  se  mila,  he  met  me  by  appointment :  vide  Encounter, 

Assemble. 
Meeting,  vide  Assembly  :  mulaqat,  f.  (of  two  parties). 
Melancholy,  malikhuUya,  m.  (the  disease). 
Melody,  ahang,  m. 
Melon,  tarbuz  (water-melon) :  kharhuza  (musk-melon) :    sarda  (the   Kabul 

melon). 

Melt,  pigalna  (by  heat):  ghulnd  (be  dissolved):  pdnl  hona  (of  ice;  also 
— -  pigalna  and  improperly  ghulna) :  galna,  to  become  soft  and  go  to 
pieces  (of  meat,  etc.;  by  putrefaction,  digestion;  or  cooking). 

2750  Member,  vide  Limb :  mimbar  (of  a  community  or  club,  but  not  of  a  family). 

Membrane,  jhilll;  parda. 

Memorial,  vide  Monument. 

Memory,  hdfim  and  chetd,  m.  (the  faculty) ;  men  ydd  men  (within  my 
memory  ;  also  men  hosh  men). 

Mend,  marammat  karnd  :  banana  (incorrect). 

Menses,  haiz  {se  hond),  m.  :  kapre ;  kapfon  se  hond  (to  have  menses). 

Mention,  —  hd  zikr  ^  k.  :  — kd  nam  lend  (by  name)  :  zabdn  par  land  :  qdbil-i 
zikr,  worth  mentioning. 

Mercantile,  tijdratl. 

Merchant,  tdjir,  pi.  tujjdr  :  saudd-gar. 

Merciful,  bard  rahm-dil  (of  man)  :  bard-rahmr-wdld  or  rahim  (of  God  only)  : 

vide  Compassionate. 
Mercury,  pdrd. 
Mercy,  rahm,  m.,  gen. ;  (of  God  or  man)  :  Khudd  ke  fazl  se,  by  the  mercy 

or  grace  of  God. 
Merit,  vide  Ability  :  unch  nich,  or  achchhd  burd   (the  merits  and  demerits 

of  a  case)  :  hunar,  m.  (good  quality). 
Merry-making,  ndch  rang  (k.)  ;  rang-raliydn,  sing.  (k.). 
Mesh,  khdna  (of  a  net). 
Message,  paig^m  or  paydm,  m. 
Messenger,  qdsid. 
Metal,  dhdt,  f. 
Metamorphose,   sural  badalnd,    tr.    and   — badal-jdnd,    intr.  :   — ki   kdyd 

palatnd,  tr.  and  intr. ,  or  —  ki  kdyd  palat  hond  or  karnd  (to  change 

completely;  of  persons,  things,  places,  etc.). 

Method,  tariqa  ;  *  vide  '  Arrangement. 
Metaphor,  majdz,  m.  :  majdz-an  (metaphorically). 

Metempsychosis,  dvd-gavan,  Hindi  (lit.  coming  and  going)  ;  [tandsuk^,  m., 
in  high  Urdu]. 

1  zikr  is  also  a  kind  of  religious  gymnastic  exercise  in  which  the  word  Allah,  or 
one  Attribute,  is  repeated  with  various  contortions  and  by  different  muscles  of  the 
throat  and  stomach,  etc.,  etc. 


MID  99  MIS 

Mid-day,  do-pahr,  f. 

Middle,  uxisat,  m. ;  bich,  m.  :  waaatt  and  bich  led,  adj. 

Middling,  darmiydna  (also  intermediate) :  vide  Mediocre. 

Midnight,  ddhx-rdt. 

Midwife,  dd,\  (also  nurse)  :  dd,%  jand,i. 

Might,  vide  Power. 

Milch,  dudhdr. 

Mild,  narm  (of  men),  vide  also  Kind,  Merciful,  Temperate. 

Mile,  m%l :  ddh  kos  (roughly  equals  a  mile). 

Milk,  duhnd,  tr.  (to  milk)  :  dudh,  m.,  subs.  :  lassl  and  chhdchh,  m.  (butter- 
milk) :  shir-garm,  milk- warm,  vide  Lukewarm. 

Milkman,  gwdld  (the  caste)) :  dUdh-wdld  (if  not  of  the  gwdld  caste) :  gtodlin, 
f.,  milkwoman. 

Mill,  chakki,  gen.,  but  spec,  handmill :   pan-chakki  (water-mill). 

Millet,  kangnl  (small  ;  for  avadavats,  etc.)  :  jawdr  and  bdjrd  (large  kinds 
of  millet). 

Million,        )  das  lakh  :  lakh-pait  (owner  of  a  lakh)  and  karor-pati  (owner 
Millionaire,  )       of  a  karor)  =  millionaire. 

Mimic,  naqqdl  (also  a  professional  story-teller)  : — ki  naql  bandnd  (but  naql 
karnd,  to  copy)  :  naqqdli  k.,  gen.  (either  of  professionals  or  of  chil- 
dren etc.)  :  munh  chirdnd  (to  make  faces  at ;  also  to  ape  foolishly  as 
of  a  semi-Europeanized  Indian;  vide  Mortify,  Jeer,  and  Grimace.) 

Mince,  qtma  karnd. 

Mind,  ji ;  dil :  '  vide  '  Opinion,  etc.  ;  merd  lihdz  nahin  kartd  (he  doesn't 
mind  me)  :  jdne-do,  never  mind ;  [but  kuchh  yarwd  nahln  =  I  don't 
care ;  vide  Matter]. 

Mine,  khdn,  f.  or  kdn,  f.  (of  metal,  etc.)  :  surang,  f.  (lagdnd)  mil.  ;  {aurang 
is  also  a  subterraneous  passage). 

Minaret,  mandr,  m.  (vulg.  mindr). 

Mint,  tak-sdl  (the  place)  :  podina,  m.  (the  herb). 

Minute,  minat,  m.  (of  time)  :  bdrtk,  minute  (also  =  fine)  :  garorsd  (atom- 
like) :  nannhd-sd  (tiny). 

Minutiae,  juziydf,  f.,  pi.  (opp.  to  kulliydt). 

Miracle,  mu'jiza,  m.  (by  a  Prophet)  :  kardmat,  f.  (by  a  Saint)  :  but  Khudd 
ne  apni  qudrat  dikhla,i. 

Mirror,  d^ma,  m. 

Miscarriage,  vide  Abortion. 

Mischief,         )  shardrdt  (also  wickedness) :  sharlr,  adj. :  fitna  (strife,  quarrel- 
Mischievous,  i      ling,  sedition) ;  fasdd  (ditto)  :  fitna-bdz  and  fasddi,  adj. 

Misdeliver,  vide  Misrelate. 

Misdirect,  gJaalai  rasta  batldnd. 

Miser,  bakhil ;  kanjus :  makkhl-chus,  mean  (one  that  would  eat  a  fly  if  it 

fall  into  his  food)  =  guh  se  kauri  nikdlneiodld  :  ahum.  At.  or  sum,  H. 

=  bakhil. 

Miserable,  tabdh  hdlat  men  [but  tabdh  ruined] :  iHde  Unfortunate ;  Uitpdr- 
khasta  ;  [but  khipdr  alone  also  means  disgraced  and  also  mean]. 

Misery,  khivdri  ,*  khardbi. 


MIS  100  MON 

Misfortune,  (kisl  par)  muslbctt  parnd :  '  vide  '  Calamity,  Ruin. 

2800  Misgovern,  bad-'amall  k. 

Misjudge,  uski  nishat  merd  Tchiydl  g^alat  nikld :  ghcikit  faisala  kamd,  in 
law,  etc. 

Mismanage,  vide  Spoil. 

Misplace,  be-jagah  rakhnd  (to  put  in  the  wrong  place). 

Mispronounce,  gjialat  talaffuz  kamd. 

Misrelate,  mera  'paighdm  kuchh  kd  kuchh  pahunchd-diyd  (he  raisdelivered 
my  message)  :  ghalat  salat  baydn  k. ,  or  kuchh  kd  kuchh  baydn  kamd  (of 
a  story). 

Mislay,  rakh-ke  bhul-jdnd. 

MisSj  wdr  khdll  jdnd  (of  a  blow)  :  nishdna  khdll  jdnd  (of  gun,  bow,  etc.,  to 
miss  the  mark)  :  Maifa  k.  (ditto,  of  the  firer)  :  na-milnd  (of  a  person 
or  thing,  or  a  train)  :  "let  "-hond  (to  be  late  for ;  main  '  let '  ho-gayd, 
garl  jd-chuki  tht,  I  missed  the  train  ;  gdrl  mujhe  milte  milte  rah-ga,i). 

Missionary,  mishnari,  Eng. 

Misstate,  ghfiUit  baydn  kamd. 

Mist,  vide  Fog. 

Mistake,  gtolatl ;  bhul,  f.,  vulg.  :  kuchh  kd  kuchh  samajhnd,  to  be  mis- 
taken :  dkokhe  men  parnd. 

Mistress,  ustdni  (of  school  j  fem.  of  ustdd)  :  bl-bl  (of  the  house)  :  ma'shuqa 
(loved  one). 

Misunderstanding,  ghalat-fahmt  (error  in  understanding). 

Mix,  mildnd,  tr. ,  and  mil- jdnd,  intr. :  mil- jul- jdnd ,  to  commingle  thoroughly. 

Moan,  kuknd,  intr.  (in  grief  only) :  vide  Groan. 

Mock,  munh  chirdnd  (to  imitate  in  derision,  of  words  or  deeds  :  also  to 
imitate  badly  ;  also  to  make  faces)  ;  thatthd  k.  (to  ridicule,  deride  ;  also 
to  joke)  :  vide  Mortify,  Mimic,  Jeer,  Grimace. 

Model,  vide  Pattern. 

Moderate,  vide  Temperate,  Mediocre,  Middling. 

Modern,  thore  dinon  kd  :  '  vide  '  New  :  pichhle  zamdne  kd  [but  ogle  zamdne 
kd,  ancient,  of  former  times]. 

Modest,  hayd-ddr  (of  women). 

Moist,  nam,  adj.  and  naml,  subs. 

Moisture,  rutubat,  f  (of  climate,  ground  ;  also  one  of  the  four  tempera- 
ments of  the  body). 

Mole,  khdl  m.  ;  til  m. 

Monastery,  math,  m.  (Hindu). 

Monday,  Plr,  m. ;  Somwdr,  m.  Hindi. 

Money,  rupiya ;  zar  (lit.  gold):  paisd ;  'vide'   Wealth:  mani-beg,   Eng. 
-    (money-bag;  gen.  a  leather  bag). 

Monk,  dandi  (Hindu)  :  langot-band  faqir  (a  celibate  faqir). 

Monkey,  bandar,  m. ;  bandariya,  f. 

Monotheist,  muvafihid. 


MON  101  MOU 

Monotony,  yak-rangi,  (also  means  not  changing  in  friendship). 

Month,  mahina  :  mdh-wdr,  adv.,  monthly. 

Monument,  ydd-gar. 

Moon,  chdnd,  m.,  gen.,  but  spec,  new  moon:   chandhwin  rat   kd  chdnd 
(full  moon)  :  cfidndm  (moonhght,  also  tetanus  in  horses). 

Morals,  akhldq,  m.,  pi.  (also  manners;  but  ildildq  civility). 

More,  ziydda,  adv. :  aur,  adj. 

Morning,  subh,  f.  :  vide  Dawn,  Early. 

Morsel,  niwdld  (of  food)  ;  luqma. 

Mortal,  jam,  (opp.  to  hdql) :  vide  Fatal,  Deadly. 

Mortar,  hdwan  dasta  (mortar  and  pestle) :  masdld,  m.  (for  bricks);  gdfd,  m. 
(of  mud). 

Mortgage,  to,  rahn  k.  :  '  vide  '  Pawn. 

Mortification,  najs-kushi  (k).  (by  relig.  discipline) :  riydzat  k.  (austerities). 

Mortify,  khisyd-jdnd,  intr.  and  khisydnd,  intr.  :  khijdnd  or  khisiyd-dend  tr. 
(also  to  make  jeering  faces  at)  :  vide  Grimace. 

Mosque,  masjid,  f. 

Mosquito,  machchhar,  m. 

Most,  ziydda  se  ziydda,  or  hahut  bahut,  at  the  most :  vide  Generally. 

Moth,  parwdna  or  patanga  (that  gets  into  the  candle) :  kapre  kd  klfd,  (in 
cloth). 

Mother,  man,  f. :    maiyd,  vulg.,  in  address:    ammd  (in  address):  vjdlida 

(polite) :  sds  (mother-in-law). 
Motion,  harakat,  f.,  gen.  (also  movement)  :  jumbish,  f. 
Motive,  gJs,araz,  '  vide  '  Object. 

Mould,  sdnchd  (hollow)  (men  dhdlnd)  ;  qdlib  (also  a  form  on  which  a  tJimg 
is  moulded  ;  — par  charhdnd). 

Mouldy,  phaphund  lagd  hu,d  or  phaphund^  lagx  hu^l. 

Moult,  kuriz  (khdnd  or  karnd)  :  par  jhdfnd. 

Mound,  iuda  (heap):  mitthi  kd  dher,  m.  (heap  of  earth  ;  also  of  quantity)  : 
tekfa  (of  ruined  villages). 

Mount,  — par  charhnd ;  sawdri  k.  (to  ride):  — par   charfi-baithnd  ;  saivdr  2^0 
hond  (on  or  in  anything) :  — ko  sawdr  kqrnd  or  charhdnd,  tr. 

Mountain,       \pahdr,  m.  (large);  pahdrt,  mount  (small;  also  adj.  =  moun- 
Mountainous,  J      tainous. 

Mourn,  — kd  mdtam  karnd  (ceremoniously  at  death)  ;  kujrhnd  (in  the  heart) : 
vide  Grief,  Weep. 

Mourner,  nauha-gar  (professional). 

Mouse,  chuhi  or  chuhyd :   [chuhd,  rat] :  ehuhe-ddn  (rat-trap) ;  and  chv^e- 
ddni  (mouse-trap). 

Mouth,  munh,  m.  (also  face). 

Mouthful,  vide  Morsel. 


MOV  102  MUT 

Move,  jumbish  dend  or  hildnd,  tr.  ;  jumhish  karnd  or  Mind,  intr.  :  tahrlk  k. 

(to  move — an  Indian  Official)  :  vide  Shift ;  dil  bhar-dnd  or  dil  umand- 

nd,  (to  be  moved  nearly  to  tears  ;  also  to  be  moved  to  compassion) : 

dil  pigalnd  (of  melting  of  the  heart). 
Mow,  dardnti  (or  ddtri)  se  kdtnd  (to  cut  with  a  sickle) 
Much,  bahvi  :  bahuterd  (many). 
Mucus,  rent  m.  (from  nose) ;  dnw,  m.   (in  dysentery)  :  balgham,  m.  (from 

throat). 
Mud,  Jachar,  m.  :  pdnk,  m.,  boggy  black  mud  ;  deep  mire  :  kwhar  se  bhard 

hu,d,  adj.,  muddy. 
Mulberry,  tut,  m. ;  shdhtut,  m.  (a  good  kind). 
Mule,  khachckar,  m. ;  khachrl,  f. 
Multiply,  chhe  ko  chdr  men  zarb  do  (multiply  6  by  4). 
Multitude,  vide  Crowd,  Host. 
Municipality,  mmusipalti,  Eng. 

Munificence,  daryd-dili ;  faiyydzi,  '  vide'  Generous,  Beneficent. 
Murder,  —  kd  khun  k.  ^^ 

Murdered,  maqtul  (lit.  killed  ;  of  persons  only). 
Murderer,  khiinl,  subs. :  qdtil  (lit.  killer). 

Murderous,  khuni  (of  appearance,  glance,  etc.  ;  of  a  weapon  used  in  a 
murder  :  also  =  bloody. 

Murmur,  burburdnd  (in  discontent) :  vide  Grumble  and  Mutter. 

Muscle,  gosht  (lit.  meat):  vide  Sinew. 

Mushroom,  sdnp  kl  topi,  and  mendak  kd  chhdtd. 

Music,  rdg-bdjd  ;  gdnd  bajdnd. 

Musician,  mlrdsi,  m.,  and  mirdsin,  f.  (Muslim,  profess. ;  a  caste)  :  gawaiyd, 

m.,  and  gd,in,  f.,  gen.  (singer)  :  Dom,  m.,  and  Domni,  f.  (a  Hindu 

low  caste). 

Musk,  mushk,  m.  :  kasturi,  (the  musk-deer). 

Musky,  mushkin,  adj.  =  musk-coloured  (i.e.,  jet-black  of  horses);  and  also 
smelUng  of  musk,  of  a  mistress'  tresses,  etc. 

Musk-rat,  chhuchhundar ,  m. 

Muslin,  malmal,  f.,  gen.  :  shab-nam,  f.  (lit.  dew)  and  db-i  rawdn,  m.  (lit. 
running-water)  (names  of  two  very  fine  kinds). 

Musquito,  vide  Mosquito. 
Mustache,  muchh,  f.  (also  used  in  pi.). 

Mustard,  rdJ  (edible)  :  sarson  (smaller  than  following)  ;  tdrdmird  (black 
mustard  from  which  oil  is  made). 

Muster,  hdzin  lend,  to  — ;  gintt,  subs.,  f.,  mil.  : 

Musty,  gamsd  or  gamsd  hu,d  (of  flour  or  any  food) :  gamsl  hu,l  bu  dnd,  to 
smell  musty  (of  a  room,  books,  etc.). 

Mutineer,  bdghi,  gen.  (one  who  revolts). 

Mutiny,  to,  ^adr  karnd,  mil. ;  haghdvat  k.,  gen.  (to  revolt). 

Mutter,  munh  men  bolnd  (to  speak  too  low)  :  bar  mdrnd  (disconnected  mut- 
tering) :  vide  Murmur  and  Grumble. 


MUZ  105  NEA 

Muzzle,  ihothnx  (snout  of  an  animal)  :  chhtnka  (lagdna)  (for  animals  ;  prop, 
a  net  suspended  from  the  roof  and  used  as  a  meat-  or  food-safe , '  etc.). 

Mystery,  '  vide '  Secret :  mu'ammd,  m.  (enigma). 

Mystickl,}'^^^'  ^^^®  ^^^^  •  ^^fiy^""^'  ^i- 

Mythology,  Piirdn,  m,  (the  Books  dealing  with  the  Hindu  gods). 


N 

Nail,  wdkhun,  m.  (of  finger)  :  mekh,  f.  (also  a  peg)  :  preg,  f.  {thoknd  or 
jafnd)  (of  iron)  :  kil,  f.,  gen. 

Naive,  albeld  (also  =  graceful  in  movement  or  shape,  of  humans  only  ;  or 
of  deer,  which  by  poets  are  compared  to  a  mistress). 

Naked,  nangd  :  mddar-zdd  nangd,  stark  naked  :  nangd  mungd  (emphatic  ; 
also  bare,  of  trees). 

Name,  nam,  m.  {rakhnd)  (also  reputation;  fame,  q.v,). 

Named,  musammd,  m.  :  musammdt,  f.  (also  =  a  woman;  also  a  prefix  to 
the  name  of  any  woman,  married  or  unmarried). 

Nap,  jhapki  lend  (to  take  a  nap) ;  ungnd  (also  to  nod)  :  usko  ungte  pdyd  = 
tisko  (jkdfil  pdyd,  "  he  caught  him  napping." 

Nape,  guddi,  f. 

Neircissus,  nargis. 

Narcotic,  khwdb-dwar,  producing  sleep  :  naahlla  (prop,  intoxicant). 

Narrate,  vide  Relate. 

Narrow,     \tang :    kam-chaurd    (not  broad  enough) :    gJiaur  se,  narrowly, 

Narrowly,  J      closely,  with  attention:  mushkil  se,  hardly,  nearly,  q.v. 

Nasty,  bad-maza  ( — to  taste)  :  wdhiydt  (nasty  to  taste ;  but  properly  rot, 

rubbish,  of  words,  books,  etc.)  :  vide  Dirt  and  Indecent. 
Native,  deal ;  mulki  :  dea  or  watan,  m.  (one's  native  land). 
Natural,  qudrati  (opp.  to  masnu't  or  artificial)  :  tabi't  (natural  to  tempera- 

raent) :  khudd-dad  (as  husn-i  khudd-ddd  ko  zewar  ki  zarurat  nahln). 
Nature,  Qudrat,  f. 

Naughty,  naUkhat ;  shanr  (mischievous,  wicked). 

Nauseate,     \is  dawd  se  mujhe  matli  dti  hai  —  is  dawd  se  merd  ji  matldtd 
Nauseating,  J     hai. 
Naval,  mde  Navy. 

Navel,  ndf,  f. ;  {shahr  kt  ndf  men  =  in  the  centre  of  the  city). 
Navigable,  kishti  ke  guzar  ke  qdbil. 

Navy,  quwaUi  bahri ;  hahn,  adj.,  naval  (also  the  female  Peregrine). 
Near,  nazdik ;  pas ;  qarib  ;  juzras  (rather  stingy). 
Nearly,  girte  girle  bach-gayd  he  nearly  fell :  vide  Almost. 


1  Billi  kl  bhag  ae  chhiAka  tuta—Frov.  =  '«  by  the  cat's  Sfood  luck  the  meat-safe 
broke  (and  fell  on  the  floor)." 


NEA  104  NIC 

Neat,  safd,l-pasand. 

Necessaries,  ^earwr,  adj.  and  adv.,  but  before  a  noun,  zarurl :  {zaruriyat  or 
Necessary,    J     lawazimdt,  necessaries,  necessary  things). 

Necessity,  zarurat,  f. :  hdjat,  f.  (need). 

Neck,  gardan,  f.  ;  gala,  m.  (prop,  throat). 

Necklace,  hdr,  m.  (of  jewels  ;  also  garland) ;  mold,  m.,  gen.  (of  beads,  etc., 
or  anything). 

Nectar,  amrit  or  amrit  pdni,^  ambrosia  (the  diink  of  the  Hindu  gods,  con- 
ferring immortality)  :  db-i  haydt  (the  water  of  life). 

Need,  hdjat  (pressing  need):  vide  Necessity,  Poverty:  darkdr  kond ,  to  he 
in  need  of  (vulgarly  only  is  darkdr,  a  substantive). 

Needle,  su,i  (also  =  kdntd,  hand  of  watch  or  clock) :  su,d  (large,  as  sail- 
maker's  or  cobbler's  needle). 

Neglect,        "i — se  glidfil  rahnd  (to  be  negligent  of)  :  ghaflat  k.  (on  a  parti- 
Negligence,  J      cular  occasion)  :  vide  Carelesa. 

Negotiation,  sulh  kd  ndma  o  paydm  (k.)  (of  peace)  :  band  o  bast,  m.  (k.), 
gen.  :  '  vide  '  Trade. 

Negress    f'^^^'^^*'  ™-  ^^^  hahshan,  f.  (properly  Abyssinian). 
Neigh,  hinhindnd. 

Neighbour,  parost ;  ham-sdya :  paros,  m.,  and  ham-sdyagi,  f.  (neighbour- 
hood) :  ds-pds,  m.,  vicinity  (pi.  idea). 

Neither,  na  —  na,  or  na  to  —  na  :  na  yih  na  wuh  (of  two  things)  :  km  bhi 
nahin,  none  (of  two  or  a  number). 

Nephew,  bhatijd,  m.  [bhatijt,  f.]  (brother's  son) :  bhdnjd,  m.  [and  bhdnp,]  f. 
(sister's  son). 

Nest,  ghonsld,  m.  :  Idna  :  (Idna  ujdrnd,  to  harry  a  nest)  :  choronkd  akhdrd  or 
adda,  met.  (=  a  nest  of  thieves)  ;  bdsd,  gen.  (lodging  or  settling-place). 
Het,  jdl ;  jdli ,  net-work ;  vide  Sna,re. 

Nettle,  bichhutZ  (formerly  used  in  Bengal  for  whipping  small  boys,  on  the 
thighs  ;  the  plants  were  first  dipped  in  water  to  make  them  more 
virulent). 

New,  nayd  :  tdza,  fresh,  q.v.  :  '  vide  '  Strange  and  Singular. 

News,  khabar,  f.  :  gap,  f.  (bazar  news  or  gossip). 

Newsmonger,  shahr-khabra. 

Newspaper,  akhbdr,  m.,  sing.  :  parcha,  m.,  gen.  (any  newspaper  or  maga- 
zine ;  also  '  issue  '  of  a  paper). 

Next  dusrd  (second) :  bagjial  kd  :  dyanda  (of  time ;  month,  week,  year). 

Nib,  nib,  f.,  Eng. 

Nibble,  kutar  kutar-ke  khdnd,  '  vide  '  Gnaw. 

Nice,  khush-maza ;  maze-ddr  (also  met.  of  words  =  amusing). 

Niche,  tdq,  m.  (a  recess  in  a  wall). 

Nickel,  nikalf  m.,  Eng. 


1  Concealed  in  utter  darkness.     Alexander  (the  Great  ?)  sought  for  it  but  failed  to 
find  it. 


NIC  106  NOT 

Nickname,  'urf,  m.  (a  pet-name  which  often  sticks  through  life) ;  laqab,  no. 

(in  a  good  sense  ;  also  title). 
Niece,  vide  Nephew. 
Niggardly,  vide  Near. 

Night,  rat,  f. :  shah,  I.  :  rat  din,  or  ahab  o  roz.  night  and  day  :  pakdf  sijat 
(a  long  and  wearisome  night) :  chandni  rat  (opp.  to  andheri  rat)  : 
shah-khun  (night-surprise,  with  slaughter) :  rat  led  chhdpd  (night  attack) : 
dj  rat  ko  (to-night) ;  wuh  rdt  dyd  =  he  came  la^i  night  but  wuh  rat  ko 
dyd,  "  he  came  at  night." 
Nightingale,  hazdr-ddstdn,  (brought  from  Kabul,  Persia,  etc.);  bulhul,  m.  (a 

gen.  term  applied  in  Persia  to  the  nightingale  and  to  the  bulbuls). 
Nightmare,  kdbus,  m.  {hond).  [form)- 

Nil,  tM-ddrad  (used  only   in  speech ;  the  plus  sign  +  indicates  nil,  in  a 
Nip,  noch-lend,  tr. ,  to  nip  off :  chutki  lend  (to  pinch,  also  met.  to  make  a  snub- 
bing remark) :  dab-jdnd,  intr.  (lit.  to  be  pressed,  etc.,  by  a  door,  lid  of  a 
box,  or  compression  between  two  surfaces) ;  dahkar  kuchal-jdnd  (ditto). 

Nipple,  bhiint,  f.  (of  man  or  woman). 

Nitre,  qalaml  shora  (i.e.,  shora,  in  crystals). 

Nobility,  shardjat,  i. ,  gen.  (of  nature  or  family) :  'dll  khdnddni  (of  family); 
umard^^  nobles  (pi.  of  amir ')  and  ru^sd  (pi.  of  ra^s). 

Noble,  sharif,  gen.  (pi.  shurafd)  :    ra^s  (pi.  ru^asd)  one  of  the  nobility; 

amir'Zdda  (ditto). 
Nobly,  sharifdna. 
Nod,  sar  hildnd  :  unghnd  (in  sleep  ;  also  to  have  a  nap,  q.v.). 

Noise,  dwdz,  f.  (sound  or  voice) ;  shor,  m.,  or  gAul,  m.,  or  shot  ocjhul,  or  ghul 
ghapdfd  (noise,  clamour)  ;  huhd,  m.  (shouting) :  hullaf,  m.  (of  people 
in  excitement;  uproar). 

Noisome,  vide  Harmful  and  Stench. 

Nolens  Volens,  khwdh  ma-khwdh  (also  =  perforce,  positively). 

Nomad,  khdna  ha-dosh  (lit.  house  on  the  shoulder). 

Nominal,  bard,e  nam. 

Nominate,  ndm-zad  karnd  (also  to  register  another's  name).  2950 

Nonentity,  puch  or  muhmal  ddmi  (of  a  person  ;  muhmal  means,  "  meaning" 
less  "). 

Nonsense,  wdhiydt,  f .  pi.   (also  =  nasty   q.v.) :  zaUd  (also  indecent ;  zatcd 

qdfiya  =  doggerel  or  nonsensical  rhyme). 
Noon,  do-pahar^  f. 

Noose,  phd,%  ;  phandd,  m.,  phdns.  f. 
North,  uttar,  m.   shimdl,  m. 

Nose,  ndk,  f. ;  tobfd,  m.  (nose-bag);  nds-band,  or  nakord,  Panj.  (nose-band). 
Nostril,  nathnd,  m. 

Note,  not,  m.,  or  vulg.  lot  (currency  note). 
Noteworthy,  qdbil-i  gikr. 

I  Amir,  in  Urdu,  primarily  means,  a  rich  man. 


NOT  .  106  OBL 

Notice,  main  ne  dekha  hogd  magar  main  ne  khiydl  nahin  kiyd  (I  must  have 
seen  it  but  I  didn't  notice  it) :  vide  Observe  :  notis,  i.,  Eng.  (a  public 
notice  =  ittild' ,  f. ;  vide  Advertisement,  Declaration). 

Notorious,  angusht-numd  (lit.  pointed  at  by  the  finger)  :  bad-ndm  (also  = 
defamed  without  cause):  bad,  a^hchhd ;  bad-ndm,  burd — Prov.  "a 
wicked  man  better  than  a  defamed  man "  :  az  ShaiiRn  ziydda 
mash,hur :  vide  Celebrated. 

Notwithstanding,  —  ke  bd-wujud  ;  is  par  bhi  ( — this). 

Nourish,  parwarish  karnd  (of  a  mother,  of  her  children  ;  of  poor  people) : 

pdlnd,  gen.  (ditto,  but  also  to  rear  animals). 
Novel,  ndvil,  m.,  Eng.  (the  book) :  vide  New. 

Now,  ab  (contrasted  with  past  time)  but  ahhl  (contrasted  with  future  time).^ 
Nowhere,  kahln  nahm. 
Noxious,  vide  Harmful. 
Null,  bdtil  (k). 
Niimb,  sun. 
Number,  hindsa  (a  figure  in  arithmetic)  ;  namhar  (of  an  ordinal  number  ; 

of  houses,  of  regiments  or  sepoys  :  vide  Count :  'adad,  m.  (a  number 

of):  ta'ddd,  f.  (enumeration). 

Nun,  Maryam-sifat  ^aurat  (i.e.,  woman  like  the  Virgin), 

Nurse,  dd,i,  gen,  (also  midwife)  :  dudh  pild,i,  subs,  and  adj.  (wet-nurse)  t 
timdr-ddr  (of  the  sick)  :  n^rs  sdhiba  (of  an  English  woman- nurse). 

Nursery,  zakhira  (of  plants  ;  lit.  any  store). 

Nut,  funduq  or  fundaq,  m.  (filbert)  :  akhrot,  m.  (walnut) ;  pista  (pistachio). 

Nutmeg,  jd,e-phal,  m. 

Nutriment,  quvvat,  f.  (lit.  strength,  power). 

Nux  Vomica,  kuchld,  m. 

N3rmphomania,  chul  kl  blmdri. 

O 

Oar,  ddnd,  m. :  chappu,  m. 

Oat,  ja,i,  f. 

Oath,  qasam,  f.  (khdnd) ;  saugand,  f.  (khdnd). 

Obedience,  tdbi'-ddri  (vulg.) :  farmdn-barddrl. 

Obey,  — kd  hukm  mdnnd :  — kl  farmdn-barddrl  karnd. 

Object,  gharaz,  f.  {khud-ffkarazi,  selfishness):  maqsad,  m.  or  maqsud,  m. 
(thing  aimed  at):  murdd,  f.  (heart's  desire):  matlab,  m.  (meaning): 
i'tirdz  (m.)  karnd  (to  object  to) ;  mujhe  is  men  'uzr  (m.)  hai  (I  object 
to  do  this). 

Objection  'uzr,  m.  (excuse)  i'tirdz,  m.  {k.)  (take  exception  to):  kaldm,  m. 
(lit.  speech). 

Objectionable,  makruh  (but  in  a  rehg.  sense  only,  without  a  strong  mean- 
ing) .•  qdbll-i  i'tirdz  (objection  may  be  taken  to  it). 

Oblige,  — par  majbur  karnd  or  expressed  by  causal  verb  compounded  with 
chhopid  :  vide  Compel,  Force. 

1   Vide  Phillott's  "  Hind.  Man,"  p.  182. 


OBL  107  OFF 

Obliged,  majhur  (forced) :  — kd  mamnun  or  ihadn-mand  (under  obligation  to). 

Obliterate,  vide  Eflface. 

Oblivion,  dil  se  bhuldnd,  or  —par  khak  ddlna  (to  bury  in  oblivion). 

Obscene,  fuksh,  adj.;  also  subs.,  m. 

Obscure,  vide  Dark  and  Ambiguous :  sdf  nahlh  (of  style). 

Obsequies,  kirya  karm,  m.  (of  Hindus):  kafn  dafn,  m.,  or  mittl  manzil,  f. 
(of  Muslims). 

Observe,  gjiaur,  f .  (or  dhydn,  m.)  karke  dekhnd :  *  vide '  Remark  and  Perform. 

Obsolete,  matruk. 

Obstacle,  rok,  m. ;  rukdwat,  f. 

Obstinate,  ztddi ;  hatti  or  hatild :  magrd  (won't  listen). 

Obstreperous,  (f^u^d,i  (also  the  name  of  a  noisy  bird,  the  Large  Grey 
Babbler). 

Obstruct,  roknd ;  haraj  ddlnd :  vide  Hinder. 

Obstruction,  sadd,  f.,  gen.  ;  rukdwat,  i. :  svdda  (obstruction  in  the  bowels). 

Obtain,  hdsil  kamd. 

Obviate,  hatdnd ;  dur  karnd  ;  tdlnd. 

Obvious,  vide  Evident.  3000 

Occasion,  mavqa' ,  m.,  gen. :  taqrib,  f.  (any  joyous  occasion  or  festival,  etc.). 

Occiput,  gvddi. 

Occurrence,  vmqi'a. 

Ocean,  vide  Sea. 

Octroi,  chungl 

Ocular,  dnkhon  dekhi  hat. 

Odd,  tdq  (not  even) ;  phut  (ditto) ;  upari,  queer :  agram  bagram  chizen, 
odds  and  ends  :  vide  Teculiax ,  Singular. 

Odour,  bit,  f.  (spec.  bad). 

Offal,  chhtchhrd,  m. 

Offence,  — kd  burd  indnnd  (to  take  offence  at)  :  vide  Displeasure. 

Offensive,  chher,  f.  or  pahal,  f.,  kamd,  to  be  the  aggressor  :  hanUa  (attack 
as  opposed  daf'a) :  munh-'phat,  adj.  (in  speech). 

Offer,  pesh  kamd  or  sdmne  rakhnd  :  the  Imperfect  tense  of  dend  =  to  offer 
or  the  Inf.  of  derw,  with  lagnd:  chafhdnd  (to  idols  by  Hindus,  or  on 
shrines,  etc.,  by  Muslims)  :  vide  Sacrifice. 

Offering,  charhdwd,  gen. :  bhent,  f.  (anything  offered  to  idols  that  joes  to 
the  priest;  not  bribe  except  metaphorically) :  nazr,  m.,  or  niydz,  f.  (at 
a  Muslim  shrine) :  pujd,  f.  (of  flowers  or  leaves  to  an  idol;  also  wor- 
ship, prayer  to  an  idol) :  qurbdni,  sacrifice  (of  an  animal) :  baliddn,  m. 
(sacrifice  by  Hindus). 

Office,  daftar,  m.  (also  record,  volume) ;   djls,  m.,  Eng. 
Officer,  afsar,  Eng. 

Officials,  'amala,  pi.  (native  oflicials)  ;  'uhd^i-ddr  (European). 

Officiate,  to,  —  kiai  ke  Hwaz  men  kdm  kamd :  kiai  hi  qdyim  maqdml  kamd  : 
qdyim-maqdm  (officiating). 


OFT  108  ORD 

Often,  aksar  ;  bar-ha. 

'  Oil,  tel,    m.   [malna) :  raughan,  m.   (also  =  butter,  ointment,  dubbing)  : 
khalli  (oil-cake)  :  tell,  oilman  by  caste. 

Ointment,  marham,  m. 

Old,  burhd,  adj.  (of  living  things) :  buddhd,  subs,  an  old  man  (also  incor- 
rectly an  adj.,  of  people,  animals),  fern.  buMhi  ov  burhyd  :  purdnd  : 
chdr  baras  Jed  =  chdr-sdla,  "  four  years  old  "  :  burhdpd  —  za'iji^  (old 


Old-fashioned,  purdne  wata'  kd  or  purdne  "  fishan''  kd. 
Olive,  zaitun,  m. 

Omen,  fdl,  m.,  gen. ;  shugun,  m.  gen. 

Once,  ek  bar,  f.  (one  time) :  kisi  zamdne  men  (once  upon  a  time ;  formerly) : 
jhat ,   isi  waqt ;  jaur-an  (immediately). 

Onion,  pydz,  m. 

Only,  faqdt;  sirf ;  khdli  (vulg.) :  vide  Alone  :  eklautd  beta  (only  son). 

Onyx,  sang-i  sulemdnl. 

Ooze,  pasijhar  nikalnd  (of  what  oozes  out  in  many  places)  :  pasijnd  (to 
sweat  in  many  places;  of  things  only,  but  vide  Sweat):  rasnd  (of 
what  oozes  out ;  of  many  places)  :  nikalnd  (of  one  or  many  places). 

Opaque,  gihair-shaffdf  (lit.  not  transparent). 

Open,  khuld,  adj. :  kholnd,  tr.  and  khulnd,  intr.  :  khilnd,  intr.  (for  buds) : 
khule  maiddn  men  (in  open  air  but  without  men  =  publicly). 

Openly,  khullam  kJiuldj  bar  maid ;  sar-i  bazar  ;  danke  ki  chot  \se\  (all  =  pub- 
licly) :  sdf  sdf  (w  ithout  reserve)  :  sarih-an  (clearly,  plainly). 

Opthalmia,  dnkh  and  (to  have ). 

Opinion,  rdy,  f. 

Opium,  afyun,  f. ;  aflm,  f.  (vulg.)  :  afiml  (one  who  smokes  or  eats  opium  ; 

also  used  of  one  who  works  very  slowly). 
Opponent,  muqdbil  (in  games;  without  enmity)  :  muhhdlif  (with  enmity). 
Opportunity,  mauqa' ,  m,  {pdnd). 

Oppose,        Imuqdbalak.,  mil.  :  mukhdlafat  k.  (in  meetings,  debates;  not 
Opposition,  )      necessarily  inimical). 
Opposite,  — ke  muqdbil  or  sdmne  :  dmne  sdmne  (right  opposite  each  other : 

of  two  things)  :  achchhe  kd  ultd  (or  better  zidd)  burd  hai  (the  opposite 

of  good  is  bad). 
Oppress,  satdnd  {aho  =  to  tease) :  '  vide  '  Tyranny  :  mazlum  (oppressed). 
Option,  ikhtiydr,  m.  :  ikhtiydrl  bdt  (optional). 
Oral,  zabdni,  adj.,  and  fern  prep. :  taqrlrl  imtihdn  (oral  exam,  as  opposed 

to  tahrln). 

Orange,  ndrangi  (with  close  skin) :  santara  or  sangtard  (with  loose  skin). 
Order,   tartib  f<;  'vide'  Method,   Condition:  hukm,  m,  (command) :  vide 

Rank,  Class  :  sajdnd^  to  put  in  order,  vide  Arrange. 
Orderly,  ardali,  m.,  mil.  :  vide  Regular,  Peaceable. 
Ordinary,  ma^muli. 

1  But  zu^f,  weakness. 


ORD  109  PAC 

Ordure,  vide  Dung. 

Origin,  aal,  f. :  '  vide  '  Beginning. 

Ornament,  zebd,ish,  f.  (dena) :  '  vide  *  Adorn. 

Orphan,  yatim  (prop,  without  father) :  be-bdp,  be  man  bap,  etc. 

Orthodox,  khitsh-i'  tiqdd  :  pakkd  muaalmdn. 

Ostensible,  ^dhiri. 

Ostentation,  dikhdvd,  m.,  gen. :  riyd^  f.  (in  religion  ;  hypocrisy). 

Ostrich,  shutur-murgh,,  m.  (lit.  camel-bird).  3050 

Outbid,  — se  boll  barkd-dend  (at  an  auction). 

Outhouse,  bhindt-khdna :  shdgird-pesha ,  m.  (the  servants'  quarters). 

Outpost,  chauki  (police  or  mil.) :  bikat,  f.  (picquet). 

Outrage,  — ki  be-hurmati  k.  (women). 

Outstrip,  dge  nikal-jdnd. 

Oval,  baizdm. 

Oven,  tanur,  m. 

Overcome,  — par  ghalib  dnd :  '  vide '  Defeat  and  Conquer. 

Overflow,  tughydni  men  dnd  (of  a  river) :  vbalkar  girnd  (lit.  to  boil  over). 

Overhear,  sun-pdnd  :  vide  Eaves-dropping. 

Overload,  bojhal  karnd. 

Overlook,  qil'a  mushrif  ba-ahahr  hai  (the  fort  overlooks  the  city  =  qil'a 
shahr  he  rukh  par  hai) :  — se  chashm-poshl  k.  (a  fault;  also  to  connive 
at). 

Overseer,  varsir,  Eng. 

Overshadow,  gahndnd,  tr.  (to  eclipse;  used  met.  and  lit.). 

Overtake,  warn  usko  jd-liyd  or  louh  mujhe  d-liyd. ' 

Overturn,  aundhd  k.  or  aundhdnd  (reverse,  on  purpose) :  ulat-dend  (upset 
completely  or  partially,  by  accident  or  on  purpose). 

Owe,  vide  Debt, 

Owl,  ullii,  m.,  gen.  (also  a  fool) :  kdth  kd  uUu  (a  wooden  owl,  i.e.  more 
foolish  even  than  a  live  owl). 

)~      '      f  is  kd  mdlik  kaun  hai. 
Owner,  ) 

Ox,  bail  (castrated) :   badhyd  (lit.  castrated,  but  in  the  U.P.  a  bullock) : 

vide  Cattle. 

Oyster,  kasturd,  m.  (also  a  hill  black-bird). 


Pace,  qadam,  m.  (a  step) :  vide  Amble  :  qaiam  ba-qadam  hond  (to  keep  pace 
with,  lit.  and  met.  ;  also  to  follow  in  the  footsteps,  of  a  son  or  a  suc- 
cessor only  ;  but  naqsh-i  qadam  par  chalnd,  of  disciples). 

Pacify,  ghussa  thdndd  karnd. 

I  Lena   when   thus  compounded  with  an  intrans.  verb  does  not  take  ne.    Vide 
«•  Stumbling-Blocks. " 


PAC  110  PAR 

Pack,  band  karna :  sanduq  men  kitaben  kasl  hu,i  hain  (the  books  are 
packed  very  tight)  :  vide  Bundle  :  d(ista  (of  cards) :  thunana,  tr.  (to 
thrust  in,  press  tight). 

Packet,  pulanda,  m.  (of  books,  letters,  etc.). 

Pack-horse,  laddu  ghofd. 

Pack-saddle,  paldn,  m.  :  ckha  J  sund  [ior  sundkd  ?]  (the  pattern  used  on 
grass-cutters'  ponies  of  Native  Cavalry). 

Pad,  gaddl  (of  cloth) :  phdyd,  m.  (very  small,  of  cotton,  wool). 

Padlock,  vide  Lock. 

Page,  safha,  m.  :  ivaraq,  m.  (leaf). 

Pain,  dard,  m.  :  '  vide  '  Punishment,  Grief. 

Painful,  dard  kartd  hai  or  dukhtd  hui. 

Paint,  rang,  m.  (charhdnd). 

Painter,  rang-sdz  (of  wood,  etc.)  :  naqqdsh  or  musawm'r  (of  pictures). 

Pair,  jord,  m.  or  juft,  f.,  male  and  female  (also  of  shoes,  etc. ;  also  a  suit  of 
clothes)  :  jon  (two) :  jof  lagnd  (of  birds) ;  but  jufti  khdnd  (to  copulate, 
of  animals  and  birds). 

Palace,  mahall,  m. 

Palankeen,  pdlkl,  f. 

Palate,  tdlu,  m. 

Pale,  pild  or  zard  (Ut.  yellow ;  from  sickness) :  rang  ufm  or  jaq  ho-jdnd 
(from  fear). 

Palm,  hatheli  (of  hand)  :  vide  Date  and  Cocoanut. 

Palsy,  ra'sha,  m. 

Paltry,  ek  kike  H  chlz  (prop,  for  things). 

Pamphlet,  risdla,  m. 

Pang,  jdn-kani  (pangs  of  death). 

Panic-stricken,  be-sabab  khauf  se  andhd-dhund  bhdgnd  (to  flee  panic- 
stricken). 

Pant,  hdnpnd. 

Pantomine,  gungd  sdng. 

Paper,  kdghfiz,  m. :  takhta  (a  single  sheet  of — ;  not  a  folded  sheet :  siydhi- 
sokh  (blotting — )  :  '  bldting,'  m.,  Eng. 

Parade,  qawd'id,  i.,  sing,  (drill) :  paret,  f. :  vide  Show. 

Paradise,  Fridaus,  m.  (also  the  Garden  of  Eden)  :  *  vide  '  Heaven. 

Parallel,  mutawdzi :  bardbar  bardbar. 

Paralysis,  laqwa,  m.  (of  half  the  face)  :  fdlij,  m. 

3100  Paramour,  dhagrd  (contempt,  term)  :  ydr  or  dshnd. 

Parapet,  slna-pandh,  f. 

Parasite,  muft-khar  ;  or  tufaiU  (people). 

Parcel,  pdrsal,  m.,  Eng.  :  vide  Packet. 

Parch,  bhunnd  (also  to  broil). 

Pardon,  mu'df  karnd  ;  mu'dfi  dend  :  baldish-dend  (spec,  by  God). 


PAR  111  PAT 

Pare,  chJiilnd. 

Parents,  man  bap ;  or  walidain,*  pi.,  masc. 

Parley,  ivaqfa  (any  cessation  of  hostilities  or  anything  else). 

Parrot,  tola,  m.  and  toti  f.  :  rattu,  adj.  (repeating  like  a  parrot  or  without 

understanding). 
Parsimonious,   juz-ras ;   kaufi   kaufi  kd  khiyal-karne-wdld ;  '  vide  '  Near, 

Miser. 
Part,  hissa,  m.  (a  portion) ;  juz,  m.  (opp.  %o  kidl,  the  whole) :  *  vide '  Share  : 

shank  hond  or  shdmil  hond  (to  take  part  in). 

Partake,  vide  Share. 
Partial,  tkofd ;  kisi-qadar. 
Partiality,  taraf-ddri. 

Particular,  vide  Special :  sdrd  hdl,  m.  or  hdldt,  m.,  pi.  (the  particulars) :  vide 
Details:  khass-karke,  adv.,  particularly. 

Partition,  vide  Division. 

Partner,  shank  ;  hissa-ddr  ;  sdjhi. 

Partnership,  shardkat  or  shirkai. 

Partridge,  i^ta/r,  m.,  tltri,  f.  (the  grey  partridge) :  durrdj  (the  black  par- 
tridge) ;  chakor,'^  m.  (the  chakor  or  red-legged  partridge)  :  si-si  or 
su-aii  (the  see-see,  a  desert  species  like  a  small  chakor). 

Party,  fariq,  m.,  or  jamd'at,  f.,  or  guroh,  f.  (faction)  :  flrqa,  m.  (sect)  :  pdrti, 
f.,  Eng.  =  da'tuat,  f. :  fariqain  or  jdnibain  (Ar.  dual ;  the  two  parties  ; 
in  a  lawsuit,  etc.,  etc.). 

Pass  [ke  pds  se)  guzamd  (to  pass  by) :  guzar-jdnd  (pass  away ;  elapse)  :  vide 
Happen:  "pds^'  k.  or  h.  (of  exam.):  '^pds,^^  m.,  Eng.  (a  pass  or 
passport)  :  darra,  m.,  or  juAdti  (a  defile,  q.v.,  or  mountain  pass) :  vide 
Thrust. 

Passage,  surang,  f.  (underground  passage). 

Passenger, ")  musdfir  (also  =  traveller)  :  rdh-gir  (a  passer-by) :  musdfir  gdfi 
Passer,        )      (passenger  train  as  opposed  to  mail). 

Passion,  jhalldnd  (to  fly  into  a  foolish  passion ;  of  children,  etc.,  or  animals) ; 
vide  Rage. 

Passionless,  pittd  mard  hu,d. 

Passport,  *'  pds,"  m.,  Eng. ;  pdsporat,  m.  ;  rdh-ddri  kd  partvdna. 

Past,  guzashta,  adj.  :  guzrd  hu,d  zamdna  (the  past). 

Paste,  lehi  or  le,i,  f.  {se  sdtnd). 

Pastern,  gdmchi. 

Pasturage,  \chard,i,  vl.  noun  :   chard-gdh,  f.  (the  place). 
Pasture,      J 

Pat,  thdpthapdnd  (hghtly)  :  thdpi  mdrnd  (with  some  force)  :  vide  Slap. 

Patch,     '\paiiuand  lagdnd  ;  '  vide  '   Repair  :  paiwand-ddr  (patched)  [but 

Patched,  J      paiuxincR,  grafted]. 


I  Prop,  an  Arabic  dual. 

*  RSm-chcikor  the  snow- cock. 


PAT  112  PED 

Patented,  rigistiri  shuda.  ^ 

Path,  rah,  f. :  rasta  or  rdsta,  m.  :  pag-dandi  (a  narrow  foot- track). 

Pathetic,  dard-nak  ;  jdn-guddz  (tragic). 

Patience,  sabr,  m.  (also  self-restraint  and  resignation). 

Patient,  himdr  or  niarlz. 

Patriarch,  hard  hurhd  (the  head  of  a  family  or  a  village) :  sarddr  (in  a  flock 
of  animals). 

Patriotism,  huhb-i  watan,  f. 

Patrol,  to,  gasht  (f.)  karnd  (also  to  go  the  rounds). 

Patten,  khard,un,  m.  (much  used  by  Brahmins). 

Pattern,  namuna,  m.  .•  bdngl,  f.  (sample  ;  spec,  of  grain). 

Paucity,  kami,  f.  ;  qillat,  f. 

Pave,  sang-farsh  karnd  ;  patthar  bickhdnd. 

Paw,  panja  :  (also  a  foot  or  hand;  "  a  bunch  of  fives  "). 

Pawn,  giraw  (m.)  rakhnd  or  bandhah  (m.)  rakhnd  :  piydda,  m.  (at  chess)  : 
mahdjan  (=  pawn-broker). 

Pay,  tankhwdh  (dend),  f. ;  talab,  f.  (d.)  ;  mushdhara,  m.  {d.)  ;  vide  Compen- 
sate :  chukdnd  (to  pay  off) ;  qarz  ddd  karnd  (to  pay  off  debts). 

Paymaster,  bakhshi. 

Peace,  sulh,  f.  (k.)  (between  two  parties);  chain,  m.,  or  drdm,  m.  (tranquil- 
lity) ;  aman,  m.,  or  amdn,  f.  (state  of  peace  as  opposed  to  war ;  also 
safety)  :  as-saldm  'alay-kum  (the  Muslim  salutation  "the  Peace  be  on 
you  "  ;  the  reply  is,  wa' alay-kum  as-saldm  "  and  on  you  the  Peace  "). 

3150  Peaceable,  sulh-pasand  :  sulh-i  kull,  adj.  =  lives  at  peace  with  all  creeds. 
Peace-maker,  sulh-kdr. 

Peach,  dru,  m.  ;  shaftdlu,  m. ;  nokl,  f.  (a  flat  kind). 
Peacock,  mor,  m. ;  mornl,  f. 

Peak,  chotl  (tip  of  anything;  also  a  pig-tail,  and  the  crest  of  a  bird). 
Pear,  ndshpdti. 
Pea,  matar,  m. 
Pearl,  moil,  m. 

Pebble,  kankar,  m.  (small)  :  patthar  kd  chashma,  (for  spectacles). 
Peck,  chonch  mdrnd. 

Peculation,  ghaban,  m.  [k.)  :  '  vide'  Embezzle. 

Peculiar,  anokhd  odd  (also  rare) :  '  vide  '  Special ;  nij  kd  or  zdti  (private). 
Pedagogue,  miydn-ji  (often  contemptuous ;  lit.  a  primary  schoolmaster). 
Pedant,  Hlmlyat  jatdne-wdld. 

P  ddl  '    \  ^(^^(^-^^^^  >  pheri-wdld. 

Pedestrian,  piydda  (as  opposed  to  sawdr  ;  also  a  peon). 

Pedigree,  shajara  (the  tree  itself)  :  silsila  pahuhchdnd,  (to  trace  one's  — ). 


1  Shuda  the  past  partic.  of  the  Persian  verb  shudan  to  become. 


PEE  113  PER 

Peel,  chhilka,  m.  {utdrm)  :  '  vide  '  Skin. 

Peep,  jhdhkna. 

Peevish,  chifchira. 

Peg,  mekh,  f.  (also  nail)  :  khuntd  (large)  and  khunti  (small)  (of  wood). 

Pen,  qalam,  m.,  f.  (also  a  cutting  or  anything  shaped  like  a  pen). 

Penance,  vide  Atone. 

Pencil,  pinsil,  f. ;  '  vide'  Brush. 

Pendulum,  langar,  m.  (also  anchor) ;  tik-tikl.  [remain). 

Penetrate,   ghusTid   ('  vide  '    Enter) :   paithnd  (to   penetrate   forcibly   and 

Penknife,  chdqu,  m. ;  qalam-tardsh,  ra. 

Penman,  khtush-navis  (calligraphist). 

Pension,"  ptTw/taw,"    m.,  and  vulg.,    pinia  and  pinsil;  wa^tfa  ;  wa?,%fa- 

khwdr  or  pinshan-ydfta  (pensioner). 
Pentateuch,  taurdt,  f. 

People,  log,  pi.  (folk  ;  genitive,  logon  kd) :  khilqcU  f.,  (people  in  mass) ;  dbdd 
k.  or  basdnd  (to  people). 

Pepper,  mirch,  f .  ;  kdli  mirch  (black  — )  :  gol  mirch  (pepper  corns) ;  Idl 
mirch  (red  chillies). 

Peppermint,  "  piparmint,  f.,  Eng. 

Perch,  a4dd,  m. 

Peregrine,  bahri,  f.  (the  falcon). 

Peremptory,  ta^kidi  hukm  ( —  order) ;  or  (in  a  bad  sense)  Nddir-Shdhl  hukm. 

Peremptorily,  hdkimdna  taur  par :  sdhibi  k.  (to  act — ;  of  people  of  low  rank). 

Perennial,  bdrah-mdsd  ;  bdrah  mahine  kd. 

Perfect,  kdmil ;  purd ;  '  vide  '  Complete,  Faultless,  ej;c. 

Perfection,  kamdl,  m.  (also  excellence). 

Perfidy,  vide  Treason. 

Perform,  mcfe  Accomplish  :  ba-jd  land:  add  k.  (of  ceremonies;  to  discharge). 

Perfume,    khush-bu,  f . ;    basdnd  or  bdsnd,   tr. :    khush-bu    se    basd    hu,d 

(thoroughly  perfumed  with) :  mahaknd,  intr.,  to  emit  perfume. 

Perfunctory,  begdri  ke  taur  par. 

Perhaps,  shdyad  :  ho-saktd  hai  ki  — . 

Period,  zamdna:  'area  (a  space  of  time  between  two  occurrences ;  interval : 
also  =  a  long  time)  :  muddat,  f.  (ditto)  :  'arm  hu,d  ki  khattna-dyd  (  = 
it  is  some  time,  a  month  or  two,  since  I  heard  from  him) ;  but  muddat 
hu,i  ki — *•  it  is  an  age,  a  year  or  two  since  — )." 

Perish,  fialdk  hand  ;  nest  o  nd-bud  ho7id:  vide  Ruin. 

Perjury,  jhuti  qasam  {khdnd)  :  darogh  halafi  {karnd)  leg. 

Permanent,  mustaqil :  '  vide  '  Lasting. 

Permissible,  jdHz. 

Permit,  ijdzai  dend  :  dend,  preceded  by  an  inflected  infinitive  ;  vide  Allow. 

Perpendicular,  'amudi  (from  Ar.  *amud,  a  pillar). 

Perpetual,  dd,im%;  davdmx ;   Jtamesha  kd :  jdgir-i  davdm,  (estate  given  in 
perpetuity). 
15 


PER  114  PIG 

Perplex,  pareshdn  k. 

Perquisite,  jdida  (a  term  used  by  servants) :  dasturl  (on  purchases)  :  U'prl 
paidd  (vulg.)  :  bdld,l  dmadani. 

„  ^  '    s  Izd  dend  :  mazlum  hond. 

Persecuted,  )    ~ 

Perseverance,  istiqldl,  m.  ;  himmat,  f.  (vulg,  in  this  sense). 

Persist,  kisi  chiz  par  isrdr,  (m.)  karnd. 

Persistent,  ziddi,  vide  Obstinate. 

Person,  shakhs,  m.  :  asdlat-an  (in  person;  opp.  to  vakdlat-an) . 

Personal,  zdti ;  shakhsi. 

Perspiration,  vide  Sweat. 

Persuade,  kah  sunkar  rdzi  karnd ;  md,il  karnd  (incline) :  samjhdnd. 

Perturbation,  ghabrdhat,  f.  :  iztirdh,  m. 

Perverse,  vide  Obstinate. 

Pervert,  gumrdh  karnd,  bahkdnd  (of  people  only) :  ma'nq  higdrn  (of  words). 

Pest,  vide  Calamity  :  jdn  kd  wabdl,  fig. 

Pestilence,  loahdy  f.  (especially  cholera). 

Pestle,  musal^  m.  (big) ;  '  vide  '  Mortar. 

Pet,  pdld  hu  ,d  ,  paltu ,  adj . 

Petition,  'am,  f.  (d.)  (written)  ;  'arz,  m.  (k.)  (oral). 

Petrify,  pathardnd. 

Petticoat,  ghdgrd,  m.  (a  woman's  skirt  or  dress ;  hence  ghdgrd  paltan,  a 
kilted  regiment). 

Philosopher,  falsafi,  Gr.  :  hakim  (also  an  eastern  physician,  Muslim). 

Philosophy,  falsafa,  m.,  Gr. ;  hikmat,  f. 

Photograph,  foto,  m..  Eng. :  'aksi  tdsmr  {'aks,  m.,  reflection). 

Physician,  hakim  (Muslim)  :  haid  (Hindu)  :  vide  Doctor. 

Pick,  vide  Cull,  Pluck :  chunnd  (to  pick  off;  but  chhurdnd,  of  sticky  things 

like  burrs) :  khildl  karnd  ( —  the  teeth) :  vide  Select :  chvgnd  (pick  up 

grain  ;  of  birds)  ;  gainti  (the  tool). 

Picket,  vide  Peg. 

Pickle,  dchdr,  m. 

Picture,  tasmr,i.  (khenchnd)  (spec,  of  living  things  ;  also  a  statue) :  naqsha, 
m.  (spec,  of  lifeless  things  ;  also  a  map,  design). 

Piebald,  ablaq  or  kdld  ablaq ;  (but  Idl  ablaq,  shewbald). 

Piece,   tukrd:  '  vide  '  Part,  Morsel  :  purza  (a  small  piece  of  paper  ;  also  a 
small  bit  of  machinery). 

Pierce,  chhednd,  tr.  (make  a  hole  through) :  vide  Penetrate  and  Prick. 

Piety,  parhezgdrl :  Khudd-tarsi ,  (God-fearingness) . 

Pig,  suwar,  m. ;  suwarnl,  f.  (many  people  won't  mention  these  words  espe- 
cially after  nightfall ;  wa-2Jaifc /ariwar,  etc.,  is  used  instead). 

Pigeon,  kabutar,  m. ;  kabutri,  f. 

Pigmy,  sawd-bdlishll,  adj.  subs. :   '  vide  '  Dwarf. 


PIG  116  PIT 

Pigtail,  vide  Peak. 

Pile,  vide  Heap :  chita,  f.  (for  corpse). 

Piles,  bawasir,  f.,  sing. :  kkuni  haimair  (bleeding ). 

Pilgrim,  hnjl,  pi.  hujjdj  (to  Mekkah  ;  properly  one  who  has  performed  the 
journey  to  Mekkah)  :  zd^ir  (to  any  shrine  or  sacred  place  ;  Muslim) : 
tirathl  or  jdtrt  (to  any  Hindu  temple). 

Pilgrimage,  hajj,  ra.  (to  Mekka) ;  ziydrat,  f.  (also  for  ziydrat-gdh  a  shrine) : 
jdtrd    or  tiratk,  m. 

Pill,  goli  (also  a  small  ball). 

Pillage,  lutnd,  tr. ;  ghdrat  k.  (also  fig.  to  spoil  anything) :  lut  mdr,  f .  or  lut 
khasot,  f.  (vl.  noun). 

Pillager,  lutne-wdld  (pillager  ;  but  luterd,  robber). 

Pillar,  sutun,  m.  .*  /af,  f.  (column)  ;  mandr,  m.  (as  monument) ;  khambd,  m. 
(spec,  of  wood)  :  flUpdya  (of  bridges  or  great  buildings). 

Pillow,  takya,  m.  (any  cushion) :  takye  kd  gM^f  (pillow-case). 

Pimp,   bharuwd  (spec,  to  his  own  relations) :  randiyon  kd  dalldl. 

Pin,  alpin.  f.  (lagdnd)  (Port.,  alfinete) :  belan,  m.  (rolling-pin,  a  roller): 
sii,t  ki  gaddi  (pin-cushion). 

Pincers,  chimtd  (also  tongs,  q.v.). 

Pinch,  vide  Nip. 

Pine,  deoddr,  m.  ;  diydr :  ghulnd  (to  pine  away)  :  vide  Melt. 

Pine-apple,  anannds,  m.  (Port.). 

Pinion,  mushken  kaand  (bind  the  arms  behind  the  back). 

Pink,  guldbl  rang^  adj.  (the  colour). 

Pinnacle,  vide  Summit  and  Minaret. 

Pious,  parhezgdr ;  Khudd-parast :  mazhabl  (gen.  for  other  than  Muslims) : 
dln-ddr  (spec,  of  Muslims). 

Pipe,  paip,  Eng.,  m.  (for  smoking,  or  for  water):  nal,  m.  (for  water) ; 
huqqa  (the  whole  huqqa;  but  properly  the  water-bowl)  :  for  pipe- 
clay vide  Chalk. 

Pipkin,  hdruR. 

Piquette,  bikat,  m.  3250 

Pirate,  daryd  kd  (idku. 

Piss,  ptshdb  karnd :  mutnd  (indecent)  :  vide  Urine. 

Piss-pot,  ydt,  m. 

Pistol,  pistaul,  m.  or  tamancha,  m.  {mdrnd  or  chhornd). 

Pit,  garhd,  m. :  '  vide'  Well :  pdli,  f.  (a  cock-pit) :  vide  Pit-fall. 

Pitch,  qir,  m. :  khafd  karnd  or  ddlnd  (to  pitch  a  tent)  and  gird-dend  (strike 
a  tent). 

Pitcher,  kuza,  m. 

Piteous,  dard-ndk. 

Pit-fall,  ckor-garhd,  ra. 

Pith,  gud,  ra. ;  '  vide  '  Marrow. 


PIT  116  PLO 

Pity,  rahm,  m.  (karna) :  taras,  m.,  H.  (khand) :  afsos  hai  ki it  is  a  pity 

that . 

Pivot,  chul,  f.  (any  dovetail;  hence  the  pivot  of  a  native  door). 

Place,  jagah,  f. :  muqdm,  m. :  rakhnd  or  dharnd  (to  place,  put :  vide  Post. 

Plagiarism,  sarqa,  Ar.  (lit.  theft). 

Plague,  td'un,  m.  {the  plague) :  '  vide'  Pestilence. 

Plain,   maiddn,   m. :  '  vide '    Evident :    sdda  '    (simple   not    ornamented) : 
jang  kd  maiddn  (battle-field) :  khard-mu' dmala  (plain-dealing). 

Plainly,  sdf  sdf. 

Plain-speaking,  sdf-go,  adj. :  and  sdf-go,i  subs. 

Plaintive,  dard-angez. 

Plait,  gundnd,  tr.  (also  =  to  knead  dough). 

Plan,  tddbir  or  tajmz,  f .  {kamd  or  sochnd) :  mansuba,  m.  [karnd  or  bdndhnd) : 
vide  Device. 

Plane,  randa,  m.  (k.)  (carpenter's  — ). 

Plank,  takhia,  m. 

Plant,  paudd^  m.  [lagdnd). 

Plantain,  keld,  m. 

Plaster,  kdh-gil,  f.  (k.)  (of  mud,  etc.) :  gach,  f.  (of  a  pakkd  building ;  vide 
Cement) :  pldstar,  m.,  med. 

Plate,  rikdhi:  [bartan,  m.,  is  a  utensil]. 

Platform,  chabutard,  m. :  machdn,  m.  (a  bird-scarer's,  etc.,  for  shooting 
from  etc.) :   palaitfdrm,  m.  (railway). 

Play,  khel,  m. :  khelnd,  tr.  (to  sport) :  bajdnd  (of  music)  :  chhutnd,  intr. 
(of  fountains  or  fire- works). 

p.  ^r  \   ikhildrx  (oi  a  game  or  sport) ;  hwtkhelwdr  ovkhildr,iond  of  play. 

Playfellow,  hatn-joU. 

Pleader,  vakil. 

Pleasant,  khush-gawdr  (of  climate,  or  of  things  to  the  taste) :  mar^ub 
(ditto). 

Please,  khush  karnd :  —  se  rdzi  hond  (be  pleased  with) :  mihrbdnl  karke  — 
or  zara  —  (witli  Infinitive  or  Respectful  Future  Imperative) :  in  shd 
Alldh  (if  God  please). 

Pleasure,  khusM  {hdsil  hond) :  maza  {lend)  (to  derive  pleasure) :  hazz,  m. 
{uthdnd) :  Ap  kl  marzi  kyd  hai  (what  is  your  pleasure,  will  ?) 

Pledge,  vide  Pawn,  Promise,  Mortgage. 

Plentiful,  kasrat  se  or  bahutdyat  se :  if  rat  se  (lit.  with  excess) :  dmon  kl  rel 
pel  hai  (there  are  great  quantities  of  mangoes). 

Pliable,  lachak-ddr. 

Plight,  gat,  f.  (bad  state) :  vide  Condition. 

Plot,  sdzish  {k.) :  vide  Combination. 

J  In  CsJcutta  sada  means  white. 


PLO  117  POO 

Plough,  to,    Czamhi  par  Jial  (m.)  jotna,  or  zamtn  ho  jotnd:  hcUwaha  or  hal' 
Ploughman, \      jotya  (a  ploughman). 

Pluck,  tofna,  tr. 

Plug,  rfrt/,  f.  (lagand)  (is  any  small  plug  for  inaertion  in  a  hole). 

Plum,  dluchd,  m. :  ber,  ni.  (in  the  Panjab  the  wild  ber). 

Plump,  qudaz  (  with  chihra  or  badan  ;  of  children  or  grown-ups). 

Plunder,  lutnd,  tr. ;  lut  machdni  (of  a  general  plundering) :  lut,  f.,  or  lut  kd 
mdl,  subs. 

Pocket,  jeb,  f.  :  pdkat,  f.,   Eng.  (of  big  coat-pockets;  not    of   waist-coat 
pockets). 

Pocket-book,  jebi-kildb ;  pdkaUbuk,  f .,  Eng. 

Pocket-money,  jeb-kharch.  m.  3300 

Pock-marked,  chechak-ru. 

Poem,  nazm,  t. :  shi'r,  m.  (a  couplet ;  and  also  poetry). 

Poet,  shd'ir,  m.,  and  shd'ira,  f. 

Poetry,  vide  Poem. 

Point,  nok,  f .  :  bat  (quality)  :  — ki  taraf  ishdra  karnd  ;  ungli  se  batldnd  or 
— dikhldnd  :  '  vide  '  Aim  and  Thrust. 

Poise,  tolnd,  tr.  (of  a  weapon  ;  also  =  to  weigh). 

Poison,  zahr,  m. :  bis,  m.  :  zahr-i  haldhil  (deadly — ). 

Poisonous,  zahrild.. 

Poke,  khohchd  mdrnd  (thrust,  q.v. ;  poke)  :  ghusernd,  tr.  (to  thrust  or  poke 

in). 
Polar-star,  Qutub-tdrd,  m. 
Pole,  balR :  chob,  m.  (of  tent). 
Police,  pidis  (if  fem.  =  the  body  of  puUs ;  if  masc.  a  policeman)  :  kdns- 

tibil,  m.,  Eng.  (a  constable). 
Policy,  pdlisi,  f.  (of  Govt,  etc.),  Eng.  :  tadbir,  f.  (plan). 
Polish,  saiqal  karnd  (of  metal  or  glass)  :  jild  k.  (to  make  bright  ;  of  metal 

or  glass) :  ghotnd  (paper,  leather) :  pdlish  karnd  (of  wood   or   boots)  : 

shdyistagt  (refinement). 
Polite,  khaliq  :  ikhldq  kd. 

Pollute,  ganda  k.  (of  water)  :  chalan  bigdrnd,  tr.  (morally) :  nd-pdk  or  najis 
karnd  (relig.). 

Polytheist,  mushrik. 

Pomegranate,  andr,  m. 

Pommel,  harnd,  m.  (of  saddle). 

Pomp,  tumtardq,  f.  (also  pomposity)  ;  dhum  dhdm,  f.  ;  ahdn  o  skaukat,  f. 

Pompous,  tumtardq-wdld. 

Pond,  tdld,o,  m.  (tank) :  ddbar,  m.  (a  small  pond)  :  kund  (larger  than  former). 

Ponder,  — par  ghq,ur  k.  ;  sochnd. 

Pony,   tattu,   m. ;  tattu,dni,   f . ;  ydbu  (a   Kabull   pony  of  coarse  breed)  :- 
tdngan,  m.  (a  Burmese  pony). 

Pool,  vide  Pond. 


POO  118  POU 

Poor,  glaarib  ;  miskin  :  tang-dast  (hard  up)  :  vide  Destitute  :  be-chdra  (poor 

creature,  poor  thing) ;  kam-haMit  (unfortunate  ;  often  a  term  of  abuse). 
Poppy,  khash  khdsh,  m.  (the  seed) ;  ddne  kl  roil  (chapati  with  poppy-seed)  : 

post,  m.  (the  head)  :  Idla,  m.  (the  flower,  red  poppy  '). 
Popular,  har  dil  'aziz  (liked;  of  people)  ;  'amm-pasand  (of  things)  :  'dmm 

(common). 
Population,  dbddi  (of  people  ;  also  =  cultivation). 
Populous,  dbdd. 

Porch,  barsdtt  (also  a  waterproof;  a  disease  in  horses). 
Porcupine,  sdhi,  f. 
Porous,  db-khora  (of  earthenware). 
Porpoise,  sus,  m. 

Porridge,  dcUyd,  m.  (properly  made  of  ddl). 
Portable,  uthd-lejdne  he  qdbil. 
Portion,  vide  Part. 

Portmanteau,  potmantu,  m.,  Eng.  [(military). 

Position,    vide    State,    Rank:    wa^' ,   f.    (posture):    pozishan,  m.,   Eng. 
Possess,  vide  Have. 
Possession,  qil'a  par  qdbza  kar-lend,  to  take  possession  of  the  fort :  yih  mere 

qabze  men  nahin  (it  is  not  in  my  possession) . 

Possible,  mumkin. 

Post,  dak  ke  zarl'a  se  safar  karnd,  (to  travel  post) :  chitthi  dak  men  ddlnd 
(to  post  a  letter)  :  ddk-khdna  (post-office)  :  ddkyd  (postman)  ;  ddk- 
piydda  (ditto  in  Behar)  :  chitthl-rasdn  (in  Panjab)  :  tappdl  (Bombay)  : 
vide  Pillar:  asdmi,  f.  (situation,  also  peasantry,  client,  culprit,  wit- 
ness, etc.). 

Postage,  mahml,  m. 

Posterity,  dyanda  nasi,  f. 

Postpone,  multdm  karnd ;  — par  uthd  rakhnd :  pos-mdn  karnd  or  hond,  Eng., 
leg.  only. 

Posture,  vide  Position. 

Pot,  bartan,  m;  utensil;  lota,  m.,  a  water-pot  (of  anything)  :  ghard,  m. 
(large  globular  earthen  vessel). 

Potato,  dlu,  m. :  shakar-qand,  m.  (sweet-potato  ;  vide  Yam). 

Pot-bellied,  tondal. 

Pot-luck,  ddl-dalyd,  m.,  or  sag  sattu,  m.  (humble  food)  {khdnd). 

Potsherd,  thtkrd  (large) :  thikrt  (small;  also  a  scab). 

Potter,  kumhdr,  m. ;  kumhdrin,  f.  (also  the  name  of  a  carpenter  fly). 

Poultice,  poltis^  f.,  Eng. 

Pounce,  — par  jhapatnd  (also  to  rush  at) ; 

Pound,  kuind,  tr.  (to  pound  fine) :  jau-kob  karnd  (to  pound  roughly) :  ku- 
chalnd,  tr.  (to  bruise,  or  to  pound  into  bits) :  kdni  —  ,  or  kdnji-haus, 
m.  (for  impounding). 

1  Always  translated  tulip.     Why  ? 


POU  119  PRE 

Pour,  uiiddna,  tr ;  gen.  (to  pour  out  of  a  vessel):  dhalnd,  tr.  (ditto  of 
liquids  only  ;  also  to  cast  metals) ;  hahdna,  tr.  (to  wash  away  by  pour- 
ing, etc.). 

Pout,  muhh  phuldud  (the  cheeks) :  munh  thuOidnd  ( —  the  lips) :  hohth  or 
inuhh  latkdnd  (ditto)  ;  honth  latkdnd  is  also  used  of  a  man  sticking 
out  his  lip  when  working,  writing,  etc. :  vide  Sulky. 

Poverty,  muflisi ;  (jAarlbi ;  tang-dasti,  (being  hard  up)  :  'vide*  Indigent, 
Destitute. 

Powder,  sufuf,  Ar.,  m.,  gen.  (k.)  and  buknl,  H.,  gen.  (buknd,  verb),  (pfiakkl,    3360 
med.) :  bdrut  or  bdrud,  f.  (gunpowder) ;  ddru,i.  (in  N.  of  India)  :  '  vide ' 
Grind, 

Power,  vide  Strength :  ikhtiydr,  m,  (authority) :  ineri  kyd  tnajdl  ki  aisd 
karun  (what  power  have  I  to  do  this?)  :  mtikhtdr-ndrna  (power  of 
attorney). 

Powerful,  zor-dwar  (Ut.  or  met.);  tdqat-ivar  (gen.  met,);  zabar-dast  (met.) 
(also  tyrannical) :  shdhzor  (of  bodily  strength) :  vide  Strong. 

Pox,  chechak,  f,  (small-pox) :  dtisJiak,  f.  ;  and  gannl  (syphilis). 

Practice,  isti'mdl,  m.  (k.)  (use);  mashq,  f.  [k.):  kaorat,  f.  (k.)  (gymnastic 
or  bodily  practice) :  mashq,  f.  {k.)  gen. :  karte  karte  d-jd,egd  =  mashq  se 
d-jd,egd :  tibdbat,  f.  (of  a  doctor) :  vakdlat,  f.  (of  a  lawyer). 

Praise,  ta'nf,  f.  (k.)  (prop,  specification  and  also  definition ;  but  collo- 
quially '  praise  ') :  sardhnd,  tr.  verb. :  hamd.  m.  (k.)  (of  God). 

Praise- worthy,  qdbil-i  ta'rif. 

Prawn,  jhingd  '  machhU  ;  [but  jhlngur,  m.,  a  cricket]. 

Prayer,  namdz,  f.  (jxifhnd)  (of  the  stated  liturgical  Muslim  prayers) :  du'd,  f. 

(mdngnd  or  kamd)  (in  the  Christian  sense  ;  but  du'd  dsnd,  to  bless) : 

vide  Entreat. 
Preach,  uxi'z,  (m.)  kahrvd  or  karnd  (sermon) :  chup  raho  uxi'z  na-kaho  (shut 

up,  don't  preach). 
Preacher,  wd  iz. 

Precarious,  mnshkuk  (of  a  sick  person)  :  be-sabdt  guzrdn  ( —  livelihood). 
Precaution,  ihtiydi,  I.  (k.)  :  vide  Cautious  and  Prevent, 
Precedent,  nazlr,  f.  (authoritative  example). 
Precept,  yvasxhat,  f.  (admonition  generally) :  pand  m.   (precepts  given  by 

sages  or  superior  people). 
Precipitancy,  jald-bdzl  kd  kdm. 
Precipitation,  Jutrbafi  (too  much  hurry):  harbafiyd,  one  who  always  acts 

with  precipitation;  halbaldnd  or  harbardnd,  verb:  vide  Hurry 
Predestined,  jis  ki  qismat  men  likhd  thd  ki  — . 
Prefer,  {ek  ko  dusre  par)  tarjih  (/.)  dend. 

Pregnant,  hdmila ;  and  pet  se  (of  women)  :  gabhin  or  gdbhin  (of  animals). 
Preliminary,  ibtiddfi. 

Premature,  be-ioaqt  maut  ( —  death,  q.v.)  :  irnqt  se  pahle  :  '  vide  '  Ill-timed. 
Preparation,  taiydri,  f,  (k.) ;  {band  o  bast  {k.)  m.  :  '  vide  '  Arrangement. 
Prepare,  taiydr  karnd  (food,  etc.  ;  requires  an  object).      Vide  Ready. 
Prepuce,  {kd)  g[Aildf,  m. ;  (H)  fop»,  f. :  vide  Foreskin. 

I   All  the  names  of  fishes  are  feminine  because  machhli  is  feminine. 


PRE  120  PRI 

Prescience,  ghaib-dam. 

Prescription,  nushha  (also  one  '  copy '  of  a  book) . 

Presence,  hdzin  or  maujudi  (as  opposed  to  absence) :  mere  ru-ba-ru  (in  my 

presence) :  huzur,  m.  (the  presence  ;  of  kings) ;  namud,  f .  (demeanour) ; 

mere  ausan  hhata  ho-ga,e  or  hosh  jdte  rahe  (I  lost  my  presence  of  mind). 

Present,  hdzir  or  maujud  (as  opposed  to  absent ;  vide  Hind.  Man.,  p.  36  (a) 
for  distinction)  :  maujuda  wd,isrd,i  (the  present  Viceroy) ;  hdl  kd  za- 
TYhdna  (the  present  time) :  nazr,  f.  (k.  or  'pesh  k.)  (gift  to  superiors) ; 
tuhja  [dend)  (to  equals)  :  'am  guzrdnnd  (to  present  a  petition). 

Presentiment,  men  dil  par  yih  bdt  khul-ga,l  thi  ki  ('to  have  anticipation 
of  ') :  merd  dil  kaktd  hai  ki  —  (ditto). 

Preserve,  hifdzat  se  rakhnd  (to  keep  safe)  :  murahbd  banana  or  ddlnd  (of 
fruits). 

Press,  chhdpd-khdna  (printing-press) :  kolhu ,  m.  (for  oil  or  sugar-cane  ;  also 
formerly  an  instrument  of  death) :  vide  Wardrobe  ;  pelnd,  tr.  (extract 
juice) :  nichornd,  tr.  (to  squeeze  out  or  wring  out  water) ;  dabdnd,  tr. 
and  dabnd,  int.  (exert  pressure  from  top):  vide  Incite,  Urge  :  dahd,o  (or 
zor)  ddlnd  (exert  influence)  :  iaqdzd  m.  [k.)  gen.  ;  dunning. 

Pressure,  dabd,o  (of  any  weight;  also  met.  for  using  influence) :  fcamow  A^ 
kasral  se  (owing  to  pressure  of  business). 

Pretence,  bahdna  (k.) :  with  bahrd  ban-gayd  or  bahre-pan  kd  sdng  Idyd  (he 
pretended  to  be  deaf)  :  us  ne  hakim  kd  rup  bhard  (he  pretended  to 
be  a  physician;  i.e.,  get  himself  up  as  one). 

Pretty,  khUb-siirat,  gen.  (also  handsome) ;    khusJi-numd  (of  lifeless  things 

only). 
Prevail,  —  par  giElib  hond :  '  vide '  Persuade. 

Prevaricate,  did  bald  batdnd  (also  wrongly  to  put  off,  of  false  excuses). 
Prevent,  pahle  se  rok  ihdm  karnd  (take  precautions  for)  .•  vide  Stop,  Hinder. 
Previous,  pahld ;  agld ;  sdbiq  (former,  q.v.). 
Prey,  shikdr :  '  vide '  Booty. 

Price,  qimat,  f. ;  dam,  m.  /  mol,  m.  (the  first  top  price  asked  by  a  shop- 
keeper ;  turn  qimat  kahte  ho  yd  mx>l  karte  ho  ?) :  mol  or  qlmat  lagdnd  (to 
price  a  thing). 

Priceless,  be-bahd  (of  great  value) ;  [be-ddm  =  without  being  bought  as 
be-ddm  ghuldm] :  [beqtmat  =  of  no  value]. 

Prick,  chubhond,  tr.  (lightly;  also  of  lancet;  is  men  chdqu,  etc,  chubho- 
do) :  khard  karnd  ( —  the  ears). 

Prickly-heat,  ghumauri,  f. ;  phit,  f.  (in  Panjab). 

Pride,  gkurur,  gen.  (k.)  (of  possessions  and  things,  etc.)  :  takabbur,  m. 
(arrogance) :  fakhr  or  ndz  (k).  (to  pride  oneself  on  a  thing,  etc.;  in  a 
good  sense) ;  vide  Conceit. 

rince,      ;  Shdh-zdda,  m.;  and  Shdh-zddl,  f.  (princess). 

Print,  chhdpnd ,  tr.  (also  to  impress) ;  chhdp    dend  or  lagdnd  (to  make  an 

impression  with  a  seal  or  die). 
Prison,  qaid-khJdna ;  jeUkhdna;  'vide'  Gaol. 
Prisoner,  asir  (of  war)  :  qai(U  (in  arrest). 


PRI  121  PRO 

Private,  khdsa;  nij  ka ;  zad :  lanhd,i  men  (in  private;   but  khilwat  men,  in 
ft  private  room). 

Privilege,  ri'ayat,  f. ;  ri'dyati  rukhsal,  privilege  leave.  [a  screen). 

Privy,  pd,e-khdna,  m.  {jdnd) ;  jd-e  zarur,  f.  (jdnd) ;  taiti,  f.  (jdnd)  vulg.  (lit.  3400 
Prize,    in' dm,   m.    (also   reward):   vide  Booty:   tuhfa,  m.  (a  rare  thirig) ; 

chttthi  kia  ke  imm  par  nikld  (who  drew  the  prize  ?)  ;  'aztz  rakhnd,  v. 
Probably,  ^dlib  hai  ki  — 

Probe,  sald.x  (also  antimony-bodkin  ;  also  one  match):  tnas^cUa  (hall  k.)  (a 
point,  question,  dogma,  etc.). 

Problem,  gutthi,  f,  [suljhdnd)  (lit.  an  entangled  skein). 

Proboscis,  sund,  f.  (of  flies,  etc  ;  also  trunk  of  elephant). 

Procession,  julus,  m.  (this  is  a  peculiar  Urdu  use  of  the  word). 

Proclamation    f  *'^^'  ^-  (^•)  '  ^wworft  k.  (by  crier  q.v.)  :  vide  Advertise. 

Procrastinate,  dj  kal  karnd  (to  procrastinate,  also  to  put  another  off  by 
repeated  promises) :  tdl  matol  karnd  (to  put  off  another  by  promises). 

Procurable,  muyassar  {k.) ;  dastydh  [h.) 

Procure,  baham  pahunchdnd  :  hdsil  k.  (obtain,  q.v.). 

Procuress,  dalldla ;  '  vide  '  Pimp. 

Produce,  paidd-wdr  m.  (of  cultivation) :  inde  Bring,  Manufacture. 

Productive,  zar-khez  (fertile)  :  hachcha-kash  (of  animals,  and  slightingly  of 
women). 

p    r     -1^    >Khudd  ki  sJidn  men  be-adabi  karnd  ;  kufr  baknd. 

Profess,  izhdr  karnd. 
Profession,  pesha,  m. 
Professor,  purofesar,  Eng. 
Proficient,  ld,iq:  mdhir  (expert). 
Profit,  vide  Advantage. 

Profligate,  bad-kdr,  gen.  (of  men  or  women)  ;  'ayydsh. 
Progress,  taraqqi  {k.)  (also  promotion). 
Prolific,  vide  Productive. 

Prolong,  till  dend  (of  an  argument,  a  line  of  rail). 

Prominent,  sar  bar-dwiirda  (of  people):  nikld  hu,d  or  ubhrd  hu,d  (protru- 
berant) :  vide  Conspicuous. 

Promise,  loa'da,  m.  (k.) ;  bachan,  m.  {dend)  ;  zabdn,  f.  {d.)  ;  qatU,  m.  {k.) 

(but  qaul   karnd,  to   make  a  faithful  promise)  ;  — purd  k.  (to  fulfil)  ; 

tornd  (to  break  —  ;  =  iva'da-khildfi  karnd). 
Promote,  taraqqi  dend. 
Prone,  munh  ke  bal  [gimd  ;  with  a  verb  of  motion  or  exertion) ;  but  aundhd 

or    pat  pajd  hond. 
Pronounce,  talaffuz  karnd  :  yih  lafT^  meri  zabdn  par  nahin  charkld  (I  can't 

pronounce  this  word). 
Proof,  daW,  f.  {Idnd,  dend,  or  peak  karnd)  (in  argument)  :  sabut,  m.  {dend 

or  pesh  karnd)  :  vide  Test  and  Witness. 

16 


PRO  122  PUL 

Prop,  tek,  m. 

Proper,  mundsib  :  thlk  (right) ;  vide  Special . 

Property,  mdl,  m.  ;  mdl  ashdb,  m. ;  jdy-ddd,  f.  (estate  ;  especially  landed)  : 

khdssiyat  (peculiar  quality). 
Prophecy,  pesMn-go,t  {k.)  (seldom  used). 
Prophet,  nabi  ;  rasul  (lit.  an  apostle) ;  paigiambar  :  peshm-go  (of  ordinary 

people). 
Propitiate,  mandnd. 
Proportion,  Hinduon  kl  ta'ddd  ko  Musalmdnon  ki  ta'ddd  se  kyd  nishat  hai 

(what  proportion  do  the  Hindus  bear  to  the  MusUms  ?). 

Prose,  nasr,  f. 

Prosecute,  us  par  muqaddama  chaldyd  jd,egd  ( — he  will  be   prosecuted)  t 

kartd  rahnd  or  jdri  rakhnd  (continue). 
Prosper,  phulnd  phalnd,  lit.  or  met.  :  tumhen  faldh  nahin  hogi  (you  won't 

prosper). 
Prosperous,  phald  phuld,  gen.  :  gulzdr  (of  cities)  :  raunaq-ddr  (of  places). 
Prostitute,  randi ;  kasbl ;  qahha  (lit.  coughing)   (all  professional) :  fdhishct 

or  chhindl  (immoral ;  not  necessarily  a  professional). 

Protect,       "^vide   Guard,    Save  :    pandh    (f.)    dend  (to  give  protection   or 
Protection,  J      shelter  to). 

Protract,  tul  dend:  vide  Prolong. 

Protrude,  vbharnd  (to  be  prominent ;  also  to  emerge)  :  nikalnd  (to  stick 
out ;  of  things  usually  concealed). 

Proud,  maghrur  :  mutakabbir  (arrogant),  but  vide  Pride  :  bad-goskt  (proud- 
flesh). 

Proudly,  fakhr  se  or  fakhrlya  (in  a  good  sense) :  ghurur  se  (in  a  bad  sense). 

Prove,  sdbit  karnd ;  '  vide  '  Proof  :  vide  Test,  Examine. 

Proverb,  masal,  f.  {kahnd  or  baydn  karnd)  ;  kahdwat,  f. 

Provide,  vide  Supply. 

Province,  suba,  m. 

Provision,  vide  Preparation  :  khdne  pine  ki  chlzen  ;  '  vide  '  Food  :  rasad,  f . , 
rations  or  provisions  for  an  army. 

Provocation,  f  chher,  f.  (k.)  (lit.  teasing) :  chhernd,  to  provoke  :  vide  Excite^ 
Provoke,        \      Annoy . 

Proxy,  vakdlat-an  :  '  vide  '  Person. 

Prune,  chhdntnd,  to  clip. 

Pry,  to,  jhdnk  tdk  karnd  {jhdnknd  to  peep). 

Publicly,  sar-i  bdzdr  ;  bar  maid :  vide  Openly. 

Publish,  shdyi'  karnd  (books,  etc.  ;  also  news,  etc.) :  vide  Proclaim. 

Pudenda,  sharm-gdh,  f. 

Pull,  khinchnd. 

Pulley,  girni  (also  a  kind  of  top  spun  by  the  hand). 

Pulpit,  mimbar,  m. 

Pulse,  nabz,  f.  (dekhnd). 


PUM  123  QUA 

Pump,  pani  ka  hamba,  gen.  (a  water-post  with  tap ;  bambd  =  also  a  pillar- 
box  for  letters  ;  also  the  chimney  of  an  engine  or  a  mill). 
Pumpkin,  kadu,  m. 
Pun,  jugat,  f.  {k.). 

Punch,  Oiddbo  Shitdbo  (two  kath-putlis  or  puppets  ;  one  is  married  and  the 
other  ought  to  be ;  they  act  in  dialogue,  and  correspond  to  the 
English  Punch  and  Judy)  :  "  Panch,'*  Eng.  (all  comic  newspapers). 

Punctual,  waqt  kd  pd-band  (of  people)  :  ivaqt  par  dnd. 

Punish,  \aazd  dend  :  mawi  H  saza  (capital  punishment):  qardr-wdqvi 

Punishment,  J      sazd  (condign  punishment). 

Pup,  pill^,  ra.  and  pilll,  i. 

Pupil,  shdgird  :  putli  (of  eye). 

Puppet,  kaih-putll. 

Purchase,   vide   Buy   and   Obtain  ;  aavdd,  m.  (things  bought ;  spec,  daily 

purchases,  marketings). 
Pure,  khdlis  or  niraIR — (not  adulterated  ;  did,  ra.,  =  alloy)  :  vide  Clear. 
Purge,  jidldb,  m.  (dend). 
Purify,  sdf  karnd. 

Purple,  baingni,  (from  the  brinjal)  :  and  udd,  different  shades  of. 
Purpose,  ghfiraz  ;  '  vide  '  Object. 
Purposely,  jdn  bujh  kar  ;  qasd-an. 
Purr,  ghur-gkurdnd,  intr. 

Purse,  hamydni  (for  money  only)  :  thaiR  (any  bag)  :  batu,d,  m.  (a  small 
bag  closing  with  a  string) :  girah,  f.  met.  (lit.  knot). 

Pursue,  pichhd  karnd. 

Pus,  pip,  f.  ;  and  rim,  f.  :  mawdd;  sing.,  masc.  (blood  and  pus,  etc.,  etc. 
in  a  wound). 

Push,  dhakelnd,  tr  (push  from  one.  forwards);  dhakkd  dend,  gen.  (in  any 
direction)  :  dhakkam  dhakkd  karke  chald  jdnd  (to  push  one's  way 
through  a  crowd  ;  vide  Elbow). 

Puss      ) 

p      *    Sphvs  phiLS  (puss  pus)  :  phusl  (pussy). 

Put,  rakhnd  ;  dharnd  ;  ddlnd. 

Putty,  putin,  f.,  Eng.  (1)  (lagdnd). 

Pygmy,  aawi-bdliahti  ddmi  .  '  vide  '  Dwarf. 

Pyre,  chitd,  f.  (of  Hindus). 

Python,  azhdahd,  m.  (also  =  a  dragon). 


Quack,  nini-hakim,  lit  :   nim-mulld  (quack  in  learning). 
Quadruped,  ohdr-pdya  or  chau-pdya. 

Quail,  bater,  m.  ;  and  l/iwd,  m.  (different  species)  :   bater-bdz%  {k.)   (quail- 
fighting). 


QUA  124  RAC 

Qualification,  liyaqat  or  qahiliyat,  £. 

Quality,  hat  f. :  vide  Property  :  Defect,  etc.,  Merit,  etc. 

Quantity,  miqddr,  m.  (amount,  q.v.). 

Quarantine,  qarantlna,  m.,  Eng.  (?). 

Quarrel,  lara,i  {k.) ;  jhagrd  {k.) ;  qaziya  {k.)  m.  :  vide  Enmity  :  tu  tu  ^  main 
main,  f.  {k.)  (in  words). 

Quarrelsome,  jhagrdlu  (in  words) ;  lafdhH  gen. 

Quarry,  said,  f.  ;  mar,  f.,  Panj. 

Quart,  ek  ser  (in  rough  measurement). 

Quarter,  chauthd,i,  f . :  paune  =  J  or  a  |  minus :  sawd  =  a  quarter  +  : 
mahalla,  m.  (of  a  town) :  amdn,  f.  (also  interjection),  amdn  dend.  and 
mdngnd,  (to  give  or  ask  for  quarter  in  a  fight) :  muthbher,  (f.)  hond  (to 
come  to  close  quarters,  and  also  to  confront  suddenly)  :  sadr,  m.  (vulg. 
sadar)  (head-quarters). 

Queen,  malika:  rdni. 

Quench,  bujhdnd,  tr.  (fire  or  thirst) :  thandd  k.  (fire) :  tel  se  dg  nahin  hujhti — 
Prov.  (  =  fire  is  not  quenched  by  tow) :  os  se  pyds  nahin  hujhti,  Prov. 

Question,  suwdl  [k.)  (also  begging) :  vide  Ask. 

Quibble,  hlla ;  hlla-e  qdnunl  (legal — ) :  hila-e  shar'i  (relig. — ). 

Quick,  tez;  jald-hdz  (hasty) :  vide  Active  and  Alive. 

Quickly,  jald ;  jaldl  se. 

Quicksand,  chor-hdlu,  f. 

Quicksilver,  'pdrd,  m. 

Quiet,    khdmosh   or   kam-sukhan    (silent) :  gjifirib   or   miskin  or   sudhd  (of 

animals):  vide   Harmless:  sanndtd,    m.,  also  adj.  or  sunsdn-pan,  m. 

(quietude,  silence). 
Quietly,  chup-chdp ;  dhista  (also  slowly  and  in  a  low  voice) :  chain  se. 
Quill,  par  ki  qalam. 
Quilt,   razd,t,   f.    (light,  for   day-wear  also):  lihdf,  m,  (heavy;  for  night 

only). 
Quince,  hihi. 
Quinsy,  khundq,  m. 
Quire,  dasta  (24  sheets). 
Quit,  vide  Abandon,  Depart. 
Quite,  bilkull :  purd :  sardsar. 
Quiver,    to,    tharthardnd  (continuous — ) :    tharrd-jdnd   (for   a   moment  = 

kdnp-uthnd) :  tarkash,  m.  (for  arrows). 


Race,  daur,  i.  gen  :  ghur-daur,  f.  :  'vide'  Family:  ghur-daur  kd  maiddn 
(the  whole  race-course) ;  ghur-daur  kd  chakkar  (the  track) :  ghur-daur 
kd  ghord  (race-horse). 

1  i.e.  tu  tu  instead  of  respectful  Ap. 


RAC  125  RAS 

Rack,  ahikanja  (a  book-binder's  press  and  also  an  instrument  of  torture) ; 

main  shikanje  men  kas-gayd,  ("I'm  squashed,"  said  by  a  passenger  on 

an  overcrowded  railway  seat). 
Radish,  mull :  {turn  kis  khet  ki  mvli  ho  kahna  =  to  defy). 
Raffle,  chitthi  dalnd. 
Raft,  bera,  m. 
Rag,  chithrd,  ra. ;  gudfi,  rags  and  tatters  (of  beggars,  etc.). 

Rage,  taish  men  ana,  or  dg  babuld  hond :  jhalldnd  (to  fall  into  a  passion 
q.v.)  :  '  vide'  Anger  and  Wrath. 

Ragged,  phate  hdl  (m^n),  adj. 

Raid,  chhdpd,  m.  (mdrnd)  (by  night  '). 

Railing,  katahrd,  m.  :  jangld,  m. 

Railroad,  rel  ki  safak. 

Raiment,  libds,  m. ;  poshdk,  f.  ;  mde  Clothes. 

Rain,  menh  {hond  or  paj-nd),  m.  ;  bdrish,  f.  (hond)  ;  pdni,  m.  {pafnd  or 
barasnd)  :  barsdt,  f.,  Eng.,  the  Rains. 

Rainbow,  kamdn,  f.  (any  bow) :  dhanak,  m. 

Raise,  uthdnd  :  khafd  karnd  (to  make  to  stand) :  awdz  unchi  or  baland 
karnd :  ugdnJd  (to  cause  to  grow)  :  pdlnd,  tr.  (of  cattle,  etc.)  :  d/iwdr 
uthdnd,  tr.  ( —  a  wall) :  murda  zinda  karnd  or  uihdnJd  (to  raise  the  dead). 

Raisin,  kishmish,  f.  (Sultana) :  munaqqa,  m.  (big  and  black). 
Rally,  vide  Collect. 

Ram,  mendlhd  (male  of  sheep) :  gaz  se  thosnd  v.  ('  vide'  Cram). 
Ramble,  sair  kartd  phirnd. 

Rampart,  ja^sll,  f.  (an  outer  wall  round  a  city  or  fort). 
Ramrod,   gaz,  m.  (also  yard  in  length). 
Rancid,  umas-gayd. 

Random,  be  tluzur  thikdne,  adv.  :  mdrd  phirtd  hai,  he  wanders  at  random  ; 
atkal  pachchu  (at  a  venture). 

Range,  mar,  f. ;  zad,  f.  (of  a  gun) ;  tappd,  m.  (ditto). 

Rank,  darja,  m. ;  *uhda,  m. :  '  vide  '  Line. 

Rankle,  khalish  k.  (of  a  speech,  etc.). 

Ransack,  vide  Plunder  :  sab  chizon  ko  ulat  pulat  karke  dakhnd. 

Ransom,  fidya,  m.  :  khun-bahd,  m. 

Rap,  khut  kfmtdnd. 

Rapid,  tez  (bahnd)  (of  a  stream). 

Rapture,  be-khitS  ;  xvajd  men  and. 

Rare,  nadir  ;  kain-ydb  ;  nd-ydb. 

Rascal,  vide  Blackguard,  Scoundrel,  Mean,  etc. 

R^  h  \vide  Hasty  :  mutahawir,  adj.  {tdhavvur,  subs.) 

Rasp,  re/»,  f. ;  retnd^  tr.  verb. 

I  The  Pera.  and  T.  chapaw  and  chapu  do  not  give  the  idea  of  a  night  raid  only. 


RAT  126  REC 

Rat,  chuhd,  m. ;  [and  chuhl,  mouse]. 

Rate,  bhd,o,  m. ;  nirkh,  m.  (bazar  rate)  :  turn  kaprd  kyd  hisdb  ld,e  (at  what 
rate  did  you  buy  the  cloth  ?) 

Rather,   vide  Prefer  :    mama  qahul  hai  lekin  bhlkh  mdngnd  qabul  nahin  (I 
would  rather  die  than  beg). 

Ratify,  tasdiq  k.  (confirm). 

Rations,  rasad,  f . ;  rdshan,  f.,  Eng. 

Rattle,  karkardnd,  intr. 

Ravage,  virdn  k. ;  '  vide  '  Plunder,  etc. 

Rave,  dlwdnon  ki  tarah  bar  mdrnd. 

Raw,  kachchd ;  khdm. 

Raze,  dhukar  int  se  mt  bajdrid :  mismdr  karnd. 

Razor,  usturd .  m. 

Reach,  pahunchnd  (arrive)  :  vide  Attainment,  Gain:  pasdrnd,  tr.  (extend 
the  hand) :  meri  pahunch  se  bdhar  Jtai  (it  is  beyond  my  reach). 

Read,  parhnd  (to  oneself;  also  to  study,  learn);  parhkar  sundnd,  or  sund- 

nd  (to  read  aloud). 
Ready,  taiydr  (of  things  or  people) ;  hdzir :  hdzir-jawdb  (ready  in  answer) : 

musta'id  (of  persons  only) :  kamar-basta  or  dmdda  (  of  people). 

Real,  aali  or  asl. 

Reality,  haqiqat,  f. 

Reap,  kdind,  tr. 

Reaping-hook,  drdnti  or  dardti. 

Rear,  alif  hond  (of  a  horse) :  pdlnd,  tr.  and  — Id  or  ko  parwarish  karnd  (to 

bring   up):  Alldh  drnin  se  pdlnd    (to   bring   up  carefully;  lit.  with 

prayers) :  vide  Train :  pichhvdrd,  m.  (of  a  house) :  pichhd,  ra.,  gen.  (as 

opp.  to  dgd). 
Reason,  vide  Cause  :  idrdk  or  'aql-i  insdm    (opp.    to    'aql-i   haiwdnl) :  sam- 

jhdnd  (to  reason  with) ;  vide  Persuade. 
Reasonable,  ma'qul;  subs.  ma'quUyat,  f. 
Rebel,   bdgdl   (also   a   mutineer) :  sar-kash    (rebellious,    disobedient)  :  bar- 

gashta,  or  bigrd  hu,d,  or  phird  hu,d  (disaffected,  seditious). 
Rebellion,    baghdwat,  f.   (also   incorrectly  mutiny)  :  (jh,adr,  m.    (mutiny)  : 

balwd,  m.  (riot).  [diet). 

Rebound,  palatrvd  or  paXtd  khdnd  gen.  .•  uchatnd  (prop,  to  glance  off,  ricco- 
Rebuff,  jhirkl,  f.  {dend),  or  jhiraknd. 
Rebuke,  maldmat  karna,  gen.  ('  vide  '  Reproach). 
Receipt,    rasid,   f.,    P.    {likhnd   or   dend)  :  nuskha,  m.  (also  prescription)  ; 

tarklb,  i.  (recipe). 
Receive,  milnd  (in  a  visiting  sense)  :  vide  Acceptance,  Suffer  :  mihmdn    kd 

istiqhdl  karnd  (to  receive  guests). 
Receiver,  thdngi,  m.  ( — of  stolen  goods) :  rasivar  Eng.  leg.  (in  bankruptcy). 

R^riitl     l'^^^  ^  ■'  ^^  ^^^^^  (recently)  :  vide  Fresh. 

Reciprocal,  bdharm  ;  and  do-tar  fa  ;  tarafdin  kd  (mutual)  ;  ek  dusre  ko  chdhte 
hain  (they  love  each  other). 


«EC  127  REG 

Recite,  sunaiui. 

Reckless,  he-parwd. 

Reckon,  vide  Count,  Estimate. 

Recluse,  gosha-niahin,  gen.  ;  kkilioal-niahln  (relig.). 

Recognize,  pahchannd  :  shindkht  kamd. 

Recoil,  pichhe  ata  rahna  but  pickhe  jdtd  rahnd  (to  recoil  away  for  one). 

Recollect,  inde  Remember. 

Recommend,  km  lei,  kisi  ae,  sifdriah  karnd  ;  '  vide  '  Commit  and  Advice. 

Recompense,  Uildfi  [k.)  ;  vide  Compensate. 

Reconcile,  mil-jdnd,  or  — ke  dpaa  men  mildp  ko-jdnd  (to  be  reconciled)  : 
qiamat  par  adbir  o  ahdkir  hond  (to  be  reconciled  to  one's  lot  =  qiamat 
ae  rdzi  hond). 

Record,  dafdtir,  pi.  of  daftar  (records)  :  — td  ki  aanad  rahe  (  — so  that  there 

may  be  a  record  of  it) :  qalam  hand  karnd  (put  down  in  writing). 
Recovery,  ahifd,  f.  (pdnd)  :  mizdj  kd  ba-hdl  hond. 
Recreation,  tafrih,  f. 

Recruit,  rangrut,  m.,  Eng.  (mil.)  :  vide  Enlist. 
Rectify,  vide  Correct. 

Red,  Idl,  H.  and  surkh,  P.  :  Idl-angdrd  (red-hot ;  lit.  a  burning  ember). 
Redeem,  chhurdnd  (from  pawn). 
Reduction,  takhfif,  f.  (k.). 
Reed,  kandd,  m.  (very  high). 

Reel,  talmaldnd  gen.  (reel  or  stagger) :  dagmagdiid  (to  totter :  of  animate 
or  inanimate  things). 

Reference,  hawdla  dend  (in  correspondence,  etc.)  :  vide  Advice. 

Refined,  shdyistd  (in  manners). 

Reflection,  'aks,  m.  (in  mirror,  etc.)  :  ta'ammul,  m.  (k.)  (a  little —  ;  vide 
Demur)  :  gkokur,  m.  {k.)  (deep  reflection). 

Reform,  ialdh,  I.  {k.). 

Refrain,  —se  bdz  rahtid  ;  — se  parhez  karnd. 

Refuge,  pandh,  f.  :  '  vide  '  Shelter. 

Refugee,  pandh-guzin. 

Refusal,  inkdr,  m.  {k.). 

Refuse,  fuzla,  m  ;  raddi,  adj.  (waste):  chhdhian,  m.  (what  is  left  after 
sorting  and  selection). 

Refute,  jhuthd  sdbit  karnd  :  radd  karnd. 

Regard,  vide  Respect,  Esteem,  Attention,  Look  :  —  kd  lihdz  karnd. 

Regimen,  parhez,  m.  (med.) 

Regiment,  paltan,  f.  (of  foot)  :  riadJa,  m.  (cavalry,  spec,  native) :  rigmint, 
f.  (Brit.  Cavalry). 

Register,  rigiatar,  m. ,  bahi,  f . ;  '  vide  '  List :  rigiatri  kardnd  (to  register  a 
letter) . 


REG  128  REM 

Regret,  pachtawa,  m.  or  pashemdni  (for  something  done)  ;  hasrat,  f.  (for 
something  that  did  not  take  place) ;  nadamat,  f.  (remorse  or  repen- 
tance for  something  done)  :  afsos,  m.  :  in  the  Panjab  armdn,  m.,  is^ 
incorrectly  used  in  this  sense,  vide  Repent. 

Regular,  bd  qdHda,  gen. ;  pakkd  chor  hai  (he  is  a  regular  thief). 

Regulate,  vide  Govern. 

Regulation,  qd'ida :  fauji  d,%n,  m.  (mil.  — ). 

Reign,  'amal-ddri  (k.) ;  hukumat,  f.  (k.). 

Reins,  rds,  f. ;  bdg,  f. 

Reinstate,  ba-hdl  karnd. 

Reject,  nd-manzw  karnd. 

Rejoice,  khushl  mandnd  :  '  vide  '  Glad,  etc. 

Relate,  baydn  karnd  :  riwdyat  (f.)  k.  (in  a  relig.  sense). 

Relative,  rishta-ddr,  subs. ,  bha,t  band,  sing,  or  pi. ;  qardbatl. 

Relaxation,  vide  Recreation. 

Release,  rihdk.  ;  riTm,id.  ;  chhorim  axid  chhurdrm,  tr. ,  '  vide  '  Deliver,  Free. 

Relent,  vide  Pity,  etc. 

Reliable,  mu'tabar  :  '  vide  '  Confidence. 

Reliance,  iHibdr,  m.  ;  bharosd,  m.  :  tawakhul,  m.  (upon  God)  :  vide  Confi- 
dence, [etc.). 
Relic,  tabarruk,  m.  (also  sacred  things  brought  from  Mecca,  Kerbela,  etc.^ 
Relief,  vide  Ease :  chhutkard  (from  duty)  :  badM  (of  Regiments). 

Relieve,  dil  hd  bukkdr  nikdlnd  (to  relieve  one's  mind,  of  anger,  grief,  re- 
venge) . 

Religion,  mazAafe,  m.  [also  =  sect ;  dm,  m.,  gen. :  dharam,  m.  (for  Hindus)]  ; 
but  d^n  aur  dharam  =  Islam  and  Hinduism. 

Religious,  din-ddr  (of  Muslim):  dini  (of  acts,  etc.,  etc.):  mazhabl  (of  any 

religion) :  dharrm  (only  for  Hindus)  :  namdzi  (always  at  his  namdz). 
Relinquish,  vide  Abandon. 

Relish,  sa/aw,  gen.  (any  thing  eaten  with  bread) :  vide  Enjoy. 
Reluctant,  is  Jcdm  karne  ko  merd  jl  ruktd  hai  :  ard  hu,d  (jibbing). 
Remain,  vide  Stay,  Dwell;  bachnd  or  bdqi  raAna  (to  be  left  over) :  plchhe 

rah-jdnd  (remain  or  be  left  behind) ;  but  chhut-jdnd  (to  be  left  behind,. 

involuntarily). 
Remainder,  bdqi. 

Remedy,  'ildj,  m.  (k.) ;  chdra,  m.  ;  dawd,  f.  ;  vide  Reparation. 
Remember,  ydd,  (f.),  k.   (to  recall  to  mind)  :  ydd  rakhnd  (keep  in  mind)  : 

mujhe  ydd  hai  (I  remember). 
Remembrance,  ydd-gdr,  m.  (token) ;  nishdni^  f.  (ditto). 
Remonstrance,  i'tiraz  (k.) ;  '  vide  '  Objection. 
Remiss,  vide  Delay. 
Remorse,  nadamat,  f. 
Remote,  dur  dardz  kd.^ 

1  Bahut  dur  hai,  but  dur  ka  mulk :  dur  is  used  as  an  adjective  when  there  is  no. 
noun,  otherwise  the  adjective  is  dur  ka. 


REM  129  RES 

Remove,  uthkar  chala-jdm  (to  another  house) :  vide  Take  away  and  Shoe. 

Rend,  phdrnd  or  chdk  karnd  (to  tear  or  split,  either  by  hand  or  by  an  instru- 
ment) :  chimd  (to  saw  or  split  with  an  instrument)  :  pimrkar  khann 
(of  a  wild  beewt). 

Rendezvous,  addd  or  akhdrd  (gen.  for  bad  characters)  :  vide  Perch,  Arena. 
Renegade,  murtadd  (from  Islam):    giAadddr  (traitor;  also  one  that  fights 

against  his  own  people)  :  namak-hardm  sipdhi  :  '  vide  '  Deserter. 
Renew,  na,e  sire  ae  karnd :  '  vide '  Repair,  Begin  again. 

Renounce,  chhor-dend ;  tark  karnd  ;  —  se  hath  uthdnd,  '  vide  '  Abandon  : 
da'ivq  uthd-lend  ( —  a  claim). 

Rent,  chdk,  m.  (in  cloth  or  paper) ;  vide  Split:  kirdya  (of  house  or  land)  : 
kirdye  {par)  lend  (but  —  dend,  to  let). 

Repair,  —  ki  marammat  karnd.  — ko  durust  kartid. 

Repairable,  qdbil-i  marammat. 

Reparation,  taldfl,  f.,  gen.  :  tdtvdn,  m.  (in  money)  :  dand,  m.  (reparation  in 
money  ;  also  a  penalty;  in  both  cases  fixed  by  a  community). 

Repartee,  hdzir-jaivdbt,  subs.  :  hdzir-jaivdb ,  adj. 

Repeal,  mansuMi,  k.  ;  '  vide  '  Cancel. 

Repeat,  phir  kahnd  (to  say  the  same  thing  again)  ;  but  "  repeat  this  after 
me  "  '  is  jaisd  main  kahun  tum  hhi  kaho,  or  jaisd  main  kaJitd  jd,un  turn 
bhl  kahle  jd,o :  duhrdnd  (to  say  a  second  time  ;  also  to  repeat  some- 
thing to  a  third  person) :  ratnd  (say  over  and  over  again,  as  a  lesson) : 
vide  Parrot. 

Repeatedly,  bdr  bdr  (f.)  gen.  :  bdr-hd  (of  past  time)  ;  mukarrar  (a  second 
time). 

Repent,  tauba  karnd  (of  sin) :  also  main  ne  tauba  Id  —  1  won't  do  this  again 
(of  sin  or  any  ordinary  act)  :  hdth  malnd  (to  regret,  q.v.). 

Repine,  —  par  jhumd,  or — ko  dekh-kar  jhumd  (pine,  wither):    tnde  Com- 3650 
plain. 

Report,  vide  Information;  r apart  karnd:  '  vide'  Rumour,  Sound,  State- 
ment. 

Reprieve,  vide  Respite.  [i»g)- 

Reprimand,  jhiraknd  (scold,  in  words  only) ;  'itdb  (m)  k.  (in  words  or  writ- 
Reproach,  shikdyat  k.   (of  superior)  ;  maldmat  k.  (of  intimate,  equals,  or 
inferiors ;  vide  Rebuke). 

Republic,  jamhun  mltanat. 

Repudiate,  vide  Renounce  :  qarz  add  karne  se  sdf  inkdr  karrm  (to  refuse  to 

pay  one's  debts  ;  but  qarz  se  inkdr  k.,  to  deny  a  debt). 
Resemblance,  mushabahat,  f. 
Resemble,  mushdhih  hond  :  tvuh  ek  dusre  se  milte  julte  hain  (they  resemble 

each  other). 
Resent,  — kd  burd  mdnnd. 
Resentment,  ranj  o  ghussa. 
Reserve,   rakh-chhofnd   (to  put   aside)  :  rok-rakhnd  =  ' '  rizarv  ' '   karnd  = 

khdss  karnd. 


1  As  in  making  a  witness  take  an  oath. 
17 


RES  130  REV 

Reservoir,  {panl  ka)  khazdna. 
Residence,  sukunat,  f.  (place  of). 
Resident,  sdkin  ;  rahne-mdld :  bdshinda. 
Resign,  isti'fd,  (m.)  dend ;  naukari  chhornd. 
Resignation,  sabr,  m.  (in  trouble). 
Resin,  rdl,  f. 

Resistknce  'l^^Mpalafat  (k.) 
Resolute,  mustaqil  mizdj. 

Resolve,  tajwlz,  (f.)  (finding  of  a  Committee  or  a  Court)  :  vide  Decide  and 
Determination. 

Resound,  gunjnd  (echo). 

Resources,  doulat  aur  saltanat  ke  sdmdn . 

Respect,  adab,  m.  (k.) ;  ta'zim,  f.  (k.) :  Hzzat,  f.  (k) ;  vide  Honour  :  har  tarah 
se  (in  every  respect) :  — ke  bare  men  (with  respect  to). 

Respectable,  zi-'izzat ;  mu'azzaz. 

Respectful,  bd-adab. 

Respite,  muhlat,  f. 

Responsible,  jawdb-dih,  or  zimma-wdr. 

Rest,  chain,  m.,  or  dram,  m.  (also  comfort)  :  qardr,  m.  (as  opp.  to  motion)  : 
vide  Remainder  and  Stay,  Sojourn,  etc.  :  dam  lend  (to  rest  for  a  few 
minutes). 

Restless,  be-qardr  (in  mind  only)  :  be-chain  (of  mind  or  movement)  :  chan- 

chal  (in  movement ;  inattentive). 
Restrain,  roknd,  tr.  (anger,  etc.;  also  stop):  vide  Stop,  Confine  :  gkussa 

dabdnd  or  ghontnd  or  pl-jdnd  (to  restrain  anger). 

Restrict,  qaid  lagdnd. 

Resurrection,  hashr,  m. ;  roz-i  qiydmat,  m. 

Retail,      )  khurda-faroshi  k.  (as  opp.  to  thok-faroshi  k.) ;    khurda-farosh  (re- 
Retailer,  \      tailer). 
Retire,  pichhe  hatnd  (recede)  :  naukari  se  kindra-kash  hond  ;  pinshan  lend  ; 

dunyd  se  kindre-kash  hond  (to  retire  from  the  world), 
Retired,  pinshani,  vulg. ;  pinshan-ydfta  :  \oazifa-1chwdr  (pensioner). 

Return,  phirnd  intr.  and  phernd  tr. ;  p'alatnd  intr.  (and  tr.)  ;  wdpas  jdnd 
and  hond  ;  lautnd  (tr.  lautdnd) ;  laut-jand  a  ad  —  and  :  wdpasi  kirdya 
(return  hire). 

Reveal,  {kisl  par)  kholnd,  tr.  and  khulnd,  intr. ;  ghaib  se  khulnd. 

Revel,  maza  lutnd  (without  an  object;  enjoy  to  the  full,  in  the  company 
of  persons  only) :  hhub  maza  lend,  gen.  (revel  in  :  requires  an  object 
with  se)  :  maza  urdnd  (to  enjoy  oneself  thoroughly ;  with  or  without 

an  object). 
Revenge,  badld,  (m.)  lend;  intiqdm  (m.),  lend. 
Revengeful,  shutur-kina  ;  kina-parwar :  kapti  (lit.  deceitful). 
Revenue,  mdl-guzdri  (on  land)  :  dmadani  (total  income  or  revenue  ;  also 

=  imports). 


REV  131  RIS 

Revere,  buzurg  jdnna:  ta'^im  k.  (in  mind  and  in  actions) :  manna  {in  mind). 

Reverse,  ulat-dena  \  zak,  f.  (uthdna)  (mil.). 

Review,  retHw,  m. ,  Eng.  (on  books). 

Revile,  bum  kahnd :  badi  ke  sdth  ydd  karnd. 

Revise,  — par  na^r-i  aanx  k. :  dmokhta  pafhnd  (an  old  lesson). 

Revive,  hosh  men  dnd  :  pMr  tdza  hand  (of  flowers)  ;  but  tdza-dam  hond  (of 
persons). 

Revoke,  pher  lend,  (of  a  promise)  :  vide  Cancel. 

Reward,  in'dm,  m.  (dend)  :  jazd,  f.  [milnd)  (gen. ;  in  good  or  bad   sense)  : 

ajar,  m.  (of  God  only)  :  sawdb,  m.  (in  the  next  world). 
Rheumatism,  gathyd,  f.  ;  bd,t,  f. 
Rhinoceros,  gendd,  m.  ;  gendi,  f. 
Rhyme,  tuk,  f.,  H.  :  qdfiya,  m. 
Rhymster,  iuk-bandl  karne-iodld. 

Ribbon'  1  ^^''''*^*  ft^  ■'  ^hajji  (any  strip  of  cloth). 

Rice,  chanioal,  m.  (without  husk)  :  dhdn,  m.  (with  husk)  :  bJmt,  m.  (cooked 
rice)  :  pitch,  f.  (rice-water). 

Ricochet,  goli  tappa  khd-ga,i :  vide  Rebound.  3700 

Rich,  amir ;  nvdUddr  ;  daulat-mand  (wealthy)  :  bJuig'Wdn  (by  Hindus  ;  lit. 
fortunate)  :  vide  Fertile. 

Riddle,  paheli,  lit. ;  mu'ammd,  m.,  (enigma)  lit.  and  fig. 

Ride,  satodr  hond  ;  charhd  hu,d  hond  :  muin  sawdr  gayd  (I  rode  there). 

Ridicule,  fcm  par  hansnd,  or  kisl  par  tdliydn  bajdnd:  kisi  ki  hahsi  urdnd. 

Ridiculous,  is  khiydl  par  hansi  dtl  hai  =  khiydUi  hhdm. 

Rifle,  rafal,  f.,  Eng. 

Rig,  ek-andiyd  (of  horse). 

Right,  sidhd  (also  straight)  ;  thtk  ;  durust :  '  vide  '  Correct,  Fit :  haqq,  m. 
(claim). 

Righteous,  Khudd-tars  (God-fearing)  :  vide  Religious. 

Rigid,  kasd  hit, a:  sahht  or  akrd  hu,d  (of  a  corpse):  kdth  ho-gayd  (from 
fear)  :  sakht  (in  principles) :  [also  expressed  by  a  paraphrase]. 

Ring,  chhalld,  m  (of  metal)  .  halqa  (any  loop  or  circle) :  chakkar,  m.  (am'- 
thing  circuitous) ;  anguthx  (with  a  na^  or  signet  in  it) ;  ghantd  bajdnd 
(to  ring  a  bell  or  strike  a  gong). 

Ringworm,  ddd,  f. 

Rinse,  kulli  karnd  (  — of  the  mouth). 

Riot,  balwd,  m. 

Ripe,  pakkd  or  pukhtd  (also  cooked). 

Ripple,  lahr,  f. 

Rise,   uthnd :  uth   khafd   hond   (to   stand   up)  :  baland  or  unchd  hond   or 

chafhnd  (of  a  kite  or  a  bird) :  phutkar  nikalnd  (or  a  river  at  its  source) ; 

vide  Flood  :   nikalnd    or    tulu'  hond  (of  sun)  :  vide  Originate  :  — kd 

ddm  chafhnd  (rise  in  price  ;  vide  Dear). 


RIS  132  ROT 

Risk,  khatra  :  jokhon  or  jokhim  (f.)  {men  parnd) ;  '  vide  '  Danger. 

Rites,  rtt  rasm,  f. 

Rival,      ■)  raqih  ;  donon  men  lag  dant  hai  (  =  riqdbat  (.,  lag  opposition  and 

Rivalry,  )      ddnt  chiding). 

River,  nadl  or  naddl  (in  Hindi  a  stream  or  river,  but  in  Urdu  a   stream)  : 

daryd,  m.  (river). 
Rivet,  tdnknd  or  i^inkd  lagdnd  (with  wire)  :  '  ribit '  karnd.  [Street- 

Road,   sarak,  f.    (big   public  way)  :  rasta  or  rdsta,  gen.  (any  way)  :  vide 

Roan,  garrd,  red  roan  :  chmi  or  china,  any  colour  with  white  flecks  or 
specks  in  it :  chamhd  having  splashes  of  white  :  garrd  chamhd,  a  red 
roan  splashed  with  white. 

Roar,  dakdrnd  (of  tiger ;  of  men  in  anger)  :  sher-darrii  karnd  (of  a  horse) : 
thatthd  mdrnli  (to  roar  with  laughter) ;  ghurrdnd,  intr.  (to  growl ;  lit. 
and  met.). 

Roast,  kahdb  k.  (of  meat  only ;  over  a  fire)  :  bhunnd,  tr.  and  bhunnd,  intr. 
(to  roast,  to  fry,  and  to  parch  ;  to  roast  coffee). 

Rob,  lutnd.  tr.  (by  force)  :  chorl  karnd  (by  stealth)  :  vide  Dacoit,  etc.,  and 
Break  througn. 

Robber,  ddkii ;  baUmdr  (highway  man)  :  luteru  (plunderer). 

Robe,  qabd,  f.  (of  no  special  pattern)  :  khil'at,  m.  (a  '  robe  of  honour,' 
which  may  consist  of  only  a  handkerchief). 

Robust,  hattd  kattd  (sound  and  well,  spec,  of  young  men)  :  moid  taza  (of 
young  or  old) :  qavi  tawdnd,  gen.  (ditto) :  vide  Sturdy  and  Alive. 

Rock,  chatdn,i.,  gen.:  bard  patthar :  pahdr,  m.  (in  sea)  :  dagmag  karnd,^ 
intr.  (also  to  hesitate)  and  hildnd,  tr. 

Rocket,  hawdyi,  f.,  or  dsmdn-tdrd,  m. 

Rod,  chharl :  '  vide'  Stick,  Whip,  Mace  :  bansl  (fishing-rod  ;  also  locally  a 
fish-hook.) 

Rogue,  vide  Blackguard,  Scoundrel. 

Roll,  lurhkdnd,  tr.,  and  lurhaknd,  intr. :  belnd  or  belan  pkernd  (of  dough)  : 
rolar  phernd  (of  roads)  :  vide  Wrap. 

Roof,      )  chJiat,  f.  (ddlnd)  :  '  vide  '  Palate  :  pdtnd  (to  roof) ;  patdhu,d,  adj. 
Roofed,  j      (roofed). 

Room,  kamrd,  m.  :  kothri  (a  small  room  or  a  cell  ;  kdli  kothrl  the  "  Black 
Hole  ")  :  jagah,  f.  (space). 

Roomy,  kushdda. 

Root,  jar,  f. ;  bekh,  f.  :  (jar  se)  ukhdrnd  (to  root  up,  eradicate);  bekh-kani 
k.  (ditto  but  met.  only). 

Rope,  rassd,  m.,  and  rassi :  dor,  f. ,  and  dorl :  kamand,  m.  (a  rope  ladder). 

Rope-dancer,  nat  (a  Hindu  caste) :  nat-bdzl  (rope- dancing). 

Rosary,  tasbth,  f.  (Muslim  or  Christian)  :  mdld,  m.  (Hindu  ;  also  a  necklace). 

Rose,  guldb,  m.  (also  rose-water)  ;  guldbl,  adj.  (the  colour). 

Rossette,  phul,  m.  (lit.  flower). 

Rot,  aar-jdrtJd  ;  gal-jdnd  (prop,  to  go  to  pieces  in  cooking). 

1  But  dagmagand,  to  totter  and  also  to  hesitate. 


ROT  133  RUM 

Rotten,  sara  ;  gala  ;  bosula  {hona). 

Rottenness,  saftin,  f.  ;  boaidagi. 

Rough,  khunlura  (to  the  touch) :  vide  Uneven  :  rukhd  (not  polite;  also  of 
an  answer)  :  moid  (of  kam)  :  sarsari  iakhmlna  (a  rough  estimate). 

Round,  f/ol :  '  vide  '  Oval,  CyHndrical,  Around,  Circle. 

Roundabout,    peck    kd ;   pech-ddr  :    pher  pJiar  kd  (indirect):  cfmron  taraf, 

adv.  (on  all  sides,  encircling). 
Roundness,  gold,i. 

Rouse,  jagdnd  or  uthdnd,  tr.  3750 

Rover,  aivdra  (gen.  in  bad  sense) :  khdna  ba-dosh. 

Row,  vide  Line  :  vide  Noise,  Tumult:  khend,  tr.,  gen.  (make  a  boat  go)  : 
fjdnd  marnd,  tr.  (to  row  English  fashion). 

Royal,  shdhi  or  bddsftdhi,  adj.  :  shdhdna,  adj.  and  adv.  {like  kings). 

Rub,  malnd,  tr.  ;  masalnd,  tr.  (to  rub  with  force  with  the  hand,  or  crush 
with  tlie  hand)  :  mdlish  karnd  (with  an  oil  or  embrocation)  :  ghis-jdnd^ 
intr.  (and  ghisnd,  tr.)  (to  be  worn):  ragarnd,  tr.,  and  ragar  khdnd, 
intr. ,  to  abrade,  excoriate  ;  also  to  grate). 

Rubber,  rabar,  m.  (India  rubber). 

Rubbish,  knrd  or  kurd  kurkat,  m.  (sweepings  and  rubbish)  :  malbd,  m. 
(debris  of  a  building,  etc.)  :  vide  Nonsense. 

Ruby,  /«7,  m.  :  ydqut,  m. 

Rudder,  jxitwdr,  m.  ;  sukkdn,  m. 

Rude,  be-hangdm  (primitive,  etc;  of  people)  :  rukhd  a,nd  khushk  (of  man- 
ners) ;  vide  Uncivil  and  Ill-mannered. 

Rudeness,  gustdkhl  (impertinence)  :  shokht  (sauciness)  :  dhithd,i  (boldness 
and  rudeness):  bad-akhldqi  or  rukhd-pan  (opp.  to  civility). 

Rudiments,  usul,  gen.,  sing.,  masc;  qd'ide  pi. 

Rug,  qdllcha  (a  small  carpet) ;  jd,e-ndmdz  (prayer-carpet  or  mat,  etc.) ; 
(7//m,m.  (without  pile) :  namda  {ieM) :  rf«n  (of  cotton)  :  shatranjt  {orig. 
for  playing  chess  on). 

Ruin,  khardbi ;  tabdhi ;  bar-bddi :  satydtmsi  (utter  destruction):  pd,e-mdli 
(lit.  being  trodden  under  foot) :  zaivdl,  m.  (decline) :  khdiia-khardbi  (of 
a  family) ;  khandardt,  m.,  pi.,  or  khundar,  m.,8ing.  (of  buildings,  etc.)  : 
virdna  (a  ruin  and  also  a  desolate  place). 

Ruin,  to,  khardb,  etc.  k. ;  tnismdr  k.  (level  to  the  ground)  ;  vide  Destroy  and 
Raze. 

Ruinous,  tubdh  Ml ;  tabdh-hdlat  men  :  bar-bddi  or  iabdhx  Idne-wdld  (of  ex- 
pense, etc.). 

Rule,  qd'ida  {bdndknd  or  muqarrar  k.)  (regulation,  q.v.)  :  qdnun,  m.  (law, 
q.v.)  :  tarlqa  (custom,  q.v.);  vide  Govern:  nil,  m.,  Eng.  (a  ruler  for 
lines)  ;  rul  dend 

Ruler,  hdkim ;  '  vide  '  Govern  and  Rule. 

Rum,  ram  shardb,  f. 

Rumble,  gur  gur  (or  qur  qur,  k.  (of  stomach)  ;  qardqur  k.  (ditto)  :  qhar- 
ghardhaf,  f.  (of  heavy  vehicles;  of  distant  thunder). 

Ruminate,  vide  Cud. 


RUM  134  SAI 

Rumour,  aftoah,  f. ;  urtl  khabar,  f, :  bad  hawa,i  khabaren  urand  =  khabaren 
garhnd,  tr.  (false  rumours) ;  charcM,  m.  {k.)  (general  talk  of)  :  bdzdn 
gap,  f.  (bazar  gossip). 

Run,  daurnd,  intr.,  and  daurdnd,  tr.  :  bhdgnd  (run  away;  vide  Flee)  :  vide 
Abscond.  Disappear  ;  vide  Melt,  Pursue. 

Runaway,  bha^ord  (from  fight) :  ftrdn  (absconder) :  bhaggu  (habitual  run- 
away). 

Rung,  danddy  m.  (of  ladder;  any  thick  stick). 

Running,  bardbar  or  kigdtar  (in  succession) :  db-i  rawdn  (running  water)  : 

khalt-i  shikasta  (a  running  hand  =  ghasit,  f.). 
Rupture,  phut,  f. :  fitq,  m.  (the  injury). 
Ruse,  dd,on  ghdt. 

Rush,  jhapatnd,  intr.  (also  to  pounce  upon):  pilnd,  intr.;  dhas-parnd 
(prop,  to  sink  into  mud) :  ghus-parnd  (to  rush  into) :  relkar-jdnd  {relnd, 
intr.,  is  to  butt  with  the  head). 

Rust,  zang,  m.  ;  morcha,  m.  :  phuphundl  (mildew). 

Rusty,  zang-lagd  hu,d;  morcha  khdyd  hu,d. 


Sabre,  talwdr,  f.  {mdrnd;  but  with  chaldnd  to  aim  a  blow  with  a  sabre). 

Sack,  bora,  m. ;  g^rat  karnd,  v.  :  vide  Plunder. 

Sacred,  pdk ;  muqaddas.    . 

Sacrifice,  qurbdnl  k.  (animal),  but  qurbdn  k.  gen.  (living  or  dead)  :  baliddn 
k.  (living) :  bal  dena  (to  bury  an  animal  or  human  being  alive  in  the 
foundations  of  a  building  to  make  it  durable)  ^ :  vide  Victim. 

Sad,  udds ;  dil-gir :  '  vide'  Sorrowful. 

Saddle,  kdihl  /.  or  zin,  m.  (bdndhnd  or  kasnd). 

Saddle-backed,  zln-pusht;  kachchi  (i.e.  from  Cutch). 

Saddle-bags,  khurjtn,  m. 

Saddler,  zin-sdz  (gen.) :  mocht,  m.  (the  caste  that  works  in  leather). 

Safe ,  saldmat :  sahth  saldmat. 

Safety,  saldmati :  '  vide  '  Protection. 

Safe-conduct,  badraqa. 

Saffron,  za'fardn,  m.;  kesar,  m. 

Sage,  hakim  (philosopher) :  vide  Wise. 

Sail,  bdd-bdn  or  pal,  m. ;  (  — kholnd  to  set  sail) :  jahdz  men  safar  karnd,  v.  ; 
kishtl  men  duryd  kl  sair  karnd  (for  pleasure). 

Sailor,  khaldsl  (a  native  sailor  ;  also  a  tent  pitcher) :  a  European  sailor  is 
usually  called  jahdzi  gord. 

Saint,  buzurg  (gen.) :  pir  or  wait  (a  Muslim  saint) :  darvesk  (a  dervish)  : 
rishi  or  muni  (Hindu) ;  sddhu,  jogi,  sanydsi,  and  bairdgl  are  classes  of 
Hindu  ascetics. 

1  It  is  still  commonly  believed  that  the  English  bury  Indians  alive  under  the 
pillars  of  any  new  bridge. 


SAL  136  SCA 

Sale,  bikri,  f. ;  farokhl,  f. 

Salient,  bahar  kd  kona  (vulg.  ;  oppos.  to  andar  ha  kona  re-entrant  angle). 

Salt,     \jiamak,  m.,  or  Ion,  m.  :  namak-ddn  (salt-cellar) :  samandar  kd  klrd 
Salted,  J      (  =an  old  salt) :  khdri  or  ahor,  adj.  (of  water  or  land)  ;  namkin 
(salted)  and  namkin  k.  (to  salt,  to  pickle). 

Salutation,  saldm,  m.,  or  taslim,  f.,  gen.  {karnd ;  but  with  kahnd  =  present 
my  compliments  to)  :  bandagl  (k.)  (to  superiors  of  any  sect  ;  not  used 
by  strict  Muslims)  :  Ram  Ram  (kahnd)  (to  equals)  and  parndm  (k.)  (to 
gurus  and  pandits)  are  common  Hindu  forms  :  saldmi  (with  guns). 

Salvation,  najdt,  f.  :  mukti  jauj  (Salvation  Army).  3800 

Salve,  marham,  m. 

Same,  tvuhi :  '  vide  '  Hind.  Man.,  page  22,  line  12. 

Sample,  namuna,  m.,  gen.  :  bdngi  (of  grain)  :  vide  Pattern. 

Sanction,  manzuri,  f. 

Sand,  reg  or  ret  or  bdtu,  m. :  reUd,  adj.  (sandy). 

Sandal,  sandal,  ra. ;  chandan,  m.  ;  ret-ghari  or  bdlu-ghari  (sand-glass). 

Sand-grouse,  bhaUtltar  or  barr-titar. 

Sarcasm,  vide  Taunt. 

Sash,  jdl,  m.,  mil.  :  rumM,  m.  (any  ornamental  piece  of  silk   worn  on   the 

shoulder,  etc.) 

Satan,  Shaitdn ;  Iblis. 

Satiate  ) 

Saf  tv'  (^^^  f^arnd  (to  feed  to  satisfaction)  :  seri,  sabs.  :  vide  Tired. 

Satin,  atlas,  m.  ;  sdtan,  m.,  Eng. 

Satire,  hajv,  i.  (k.). 

Satisfaction,  taskln,  f.  or  tasalli  (properly  consolation)  :  itmindn,  m.,  or 
diljama'%  :  'vide'  Compensation  and  Damages. 

SaSfactodly,}^**'"-^^'^^  (-^"^^  ?^^)- 

Satisfied,  merd  itmlndn  hogayd:  '  vide'  Sufficient. 

Saturday,  sanichar,  m.,  gen.  :  hafta,  m.  (Muslim). 

Sauce,  'SOS,'  m.,  Eng.:  cJuitnl  (chutney). 

Saucy,  shokh. 

Saucer,  pinch,  f.  (for  tea;  with  cup) :  tashtarl  (without  cup). 

Saunter,  vide  Ramble. 

Savage,  wahsht  or  jangU :  kattar  (biter  ;  of  horse) :  khun-khivdr  (of  lion  and 
of  blood-thirsty  people)  :  vide  Vicious. 

Save,  bachdnd,  tr.  ;  '  vide'  Salvation  and  Release:  pas-anddz  k.  or  hachd- 
rakhnd  (lay  up  or  lay  by)  ;  jama'  k.  (ditto). 

Saw,  dra,  m.  {chcUdnd)  :  burdda  (saw-dust;  also  filings). 

Say,  kxihnd  (kisi  se  ;  but  with  fco  =  to  order  ;  also  to  compose  poetry  ; 
always  of  articulate  speech  ;  vide  Hind.  Man.,  pp.  43  and  94),  bohid, 
(gen.  of  inarticulate  speech;  i>ide  Hind.  Man.) :  vide  Order,  Repeat. 

Scab,  khurand,  f.  ;  ihikari,  (in  Panjab ;  Ut.  a  potsherd). 


SCA  136  SCR 

Scabbard,  miyan,  m.  (of  sword). 

Scaffold,  machan,  m.  {vide  Platform)  ;  par,  m.  (bandhna). 
Scald,  jalnd,  intr.,  and  jaMna,  tr,  (lit.  to  burn,  etc.). 
Scald-headed,  ganja. 

Scale     }       — 

^    J  '    '>tarazu,  ra.  ;  palla  (one  side):  chhilkd,  m.  (of  fish). 

Scandal,  bad-go,i,  {k.)  (spec,  by  women). 

Scar,  dd§(k,  m. 

Scarce,  kam-ydb  :  '  vide  '  Rare. 

Scarcely,  expressed  with  na  and  pand,  but  uirfe  Hind.  Man.,  p.  181  (a). 

Scarcity,  girdnl  (a  year  of  scarcity)  ;  kdl  or  g'afef,  m.,  lit.  or  met.  ;    vide 

Famine, 

Scarlet,  qirmizi,  adj. 

Scatter,  chhtntnd  (of  seed)  :  /*tor  bitar  k.  or  <m  <era^  k.  (disperse)  :  phaildnd 
(spread  out) ;  bikhernd  (ditto  ;  opposite  to  sametnd). 

Scene,  samJdn,  m.  :  parda  (in  theatre)  :   vide  Sight.  ^ 

Scenery,  man:ar,  m.  (of  a  country). 

Scent,  bu  or  mahak,  f , ;  bu  bds,  f.  :  vide  Perfume  :  bu  pdnd  (to  smell;  of 

wild  animals). 
Scented,  Jchush-bu-ddr  ;  mu' attar. 
Sceptic,  shakkl ;  waswdst. 
Sceptre,    asd,  m. ;  sontd,  m.  (also  club). 

Schemer,  tadbiriya,  adj.  (gen.  in  bad  sense)  :  mudabbir  (in  good  sense). 
Scholar,  'dlim ;  fdzil  (more  than  'dlim)  :  '  vide '  Pupil. 

School,  maktah,  m.  (primary) :  madrasa  (a  high  school  or  a  college)  :  iskul, 
m.,  Eng.  (an  Enghsh-teaching  school)  :  pdth-shdld,  f.  (primary  Hindu)  : 
ustdd,  gen.  (schoolmaster ;  vide  Teacher) :  Mdstar  (Eng.  Master) :  mi- 
ydnjl  (in  a  mahtah)  :  maulavl  (teacher  of  Ar.  and  Per.) :  Pandit  (of 
Hindi,  Sanskrit  or  Bengali)  :  ustdni  (a  school-mistress) :  dtu  (governess). 

Schoolboy,  iskull  larkd. 

School- fellow,  ham-maktab. 

3850  Science,  'Urn,  m.  (knowledge)  :  '  sd,ins,^  m.,  Eng.  (=  science). 

Scissors,  qainchi,  f.,  T.  ;  miqrdz,  f.,  Ar. 

Scold,  duntnd  (with  noise) :  ddntnd  dapatnd  (to  scold  much  and  loudly). 

Scorch,  jhulasnd,  tr.,  and  jhulas-jdrm,  intr. 

Score,  bisi  or  korl. 

Scorn,  vide  Contempt. 

Scorpion,  bichchhu,  m. 

Scoundrel,  badma'dsh,  gen. ;  luchchd,  gundd,  and  shuhdd  (professional) ;  bad- 
loaza'  or  bad-chalan  (of  bad  character;  a  mild  term). 

Scout,  iskaut,  m.,  Eng. 

Scramble,  rupiya,  etc.,  lutand,  tr.  (to  throw  to  be  scrambled  for) ;  — lutnd, 
tr.  (to  scramble  for). 

Scrape,  khurachna. 


SCR  137  SEE 

Scratch,  chhllnd,  tr.  ;  chhilna,  intr.  ;  kharash,  f.  {dena  and  Inqnh). 

Scrawl,  vide  Crabbed. 

Scream,  cJiinghapid,  intr.  (of  elephants  ;  from  fear)  but  chinghar  nmrnn  (of 
humans  or  other  animals)  :  chtkh  mama  (from  fear  or  sorrow,  but 
not  from  anger  ;  not  so  forcible  as  previous)  ;  chikhna,  intr.  (gen.  ;  to 
call  out,  make  a  noise,  to  shrill,  etc.,  etc.  ;  of  anger,  sorrow,  fear,  etc.). 

Screen,  tatii  (hurdle,  etc.  ;  outside  screens) :  ot,  f.  gen. :  parda  (a  hanging) : 
vide  Chiq  :  and  Cover. 

Screw,  pech,  m.  (se  band  karna)  ;  pech  lagand  (to  put  in  a  screw)  :  pech 
kasnd  (screw  up). 

Scribble,  dhar-ghasitivd  or  ghasit-ddlnd  (to  scribble  off). 

Scrotum,  khusiye  ki  thaill. 

Scuffle,  hdihd  pd.i  (k.)  (slight)  :  dhlngd  mushti  (k)  :  vide  Struggle. 

Scum,  phen,  or  jhug,  m.  (also  foam  of  the  sea). 

Scurf,  rust. 

Scurvy,  masurhe  H  bimdrt  (amongst  sepoys  ;  lit,  disease  of  the  gums). 

Sea,  samnndar,  m.  ;  —  kd  kindra  ( — shore). 

Seal,  muhr,  f.  {Iagd7id  or  karnd). 

Seam,  darz,  f.  (of  cloth  or  boards). 

Search,  taldsh  (f.),  k.  ;  just  o  ju  (f.),  k.  ;  dhundhnd,  tr. ;  '  vide  '  Examine, 
Enquire  ;  kisi  ki  taldshi  lend  (to  search  a  person),  khdna-kddshi  k. 
(to  search  a  house). 

Season,  tnausim,  m.  ;  rut.,  f.  ;  fasl,  i.  (for  fruits  or  crops). 

Seat,  dsan,  m.  (on  horse-back  ;  also  place  of  sitting  ;  also  any  one  of  the 
thirty-two  Hindu  postures  in  copulation)  :  bithdnd  (to  make  to  sit ;  to 
drive  in). 

Second,  ta.id  k.  (a  motion). 

Second-hand,  tnasraft  or  isti'mdli. 

Second-sight,  cfJaaib-dnn,  adj.  and  ghfiib-didni,  subs. 

Secret,  bhed  or  rdz,  m. :  (^aib,  adj.  (what  is  hidden). 

Secretion,  badan  kt  rutubat  (lit.  dampness  of  the  body). 

Sect,  firqa,  m. :  guroh,  m.  (also  a  body) ;  jamd'at,  f.  (also  party). 

Secure,  vide  Safe,  Careless,  Certain  and  Possession. 

Security,  uiie  Protection :  amdnalA.  (surety,    in   kind);  and   zidmin    (the 

person). 
Sediment,  til-chhat,  f.  gen,  (orig.  of  oil  only). 
Sedition,  fasdd,  subs.,  m.  :  vide  Mutiny  and  Disaffected. 
Seditious,  fasddi  (of  people)  ;  bdg^iydna  (of  an  article,  a  speech). 
Seduce,  vide.  Incite  :  bahkdnd.,  tr.  (lead  from  the  right  course) :  bigdrnd,  tr. 

(of  a  virgin  ;  lit.  to  spoil). 
See,  dekhnd,  tr. ;  '  vide  '  Look,  Meet,  Visit. 

Seed,  bij,  ra.  or  tukhm,  m,  (of  plants) ;  nutfa,  m,  (human;  vide  also  Semen). 
Seek,  dhundnd,  tr. ;  taldsh  k. :  khojnd,  tr.  (also  to  track) :  vide  Ask  for. 
Seem,  ma'lum   hond  ;  zdhir  hond   (but  sa/ zoAir  Aona  to  be  evident) :  w/ek 

Appear. 
18 


SEI  138  SET 

Seize,  vide  Apprehend,  Catch  ;  -par  jhapatnd  (to  pounce  on  ;  also  to  rush)  : 

chhlnlend,  tr.  (take  by  force) :  vide  Confiscate. 
Seldom,  ittifaq  se  ;  Team. 

Select,  chunnd,  tr.  ;  intihhdh  k.  ;  chhdnt-lend  :  pasand  kar-lend. 
Selfish,         )  khud- §[haraz ;  ghfirzl ;  khud-matlab  ;  gharaz  kd  banda  (a  slave 
Selfishness,  I      to  self) :  khud- ghfiirazi ;  khud-matlabi ,  subs. 

Sell,  bechnd,  tr.  and  bikrid,  intr. ;  farokht  k. 

Semen,  mani,  f. ;  dhJdt,  f.,  H. ;  pdni,  m.,  vulg. :  vide  Seed. 

3900  Send,  rawdna  k. ;  bhejnd,  tr. ;  pahunchwdnd  :  buld-bhejnd,  tr.  (to  send  for  a 
person  ;  vide  Summon)  ;  mangd-bhejnd ,  tr.  (to  send  for  articles). 

Senior,  'umr  (f.),  etc.  men  bard. 

Sense,  hiss,  f.,  pi.  hawdss,  m.  (the  senses) ;  tna'muli  samajh,  f.  (common 
sense;  a  modern  term). 

Senseless,  be-hosh  (in  a  stupor) :  be-hiss  (numb,  q.v. ;  lit.  and  fig.). 

Sensual,  nafs-parast,  gen.  :  shahwati  (spec,  of  lust). 

Sentence,  hukm,  m.  (of  Judge)  :  tajwlz,  f.  (of  Court,  etc.) :  jumla  (in  book). 

Sentry,  santari,  m. ;  pahra-wdla ;  '  vide  '  Watchman  and  Patroh 

Separate,  judd  k. ;  alag  k. ;  'alahada  k. ;  '  vide  '  Interpose. 

Separation,  judd, I ;  'alqhadagt. 

Series,  silsila  (lit.  chain ;  also  range  of  mountains). 

Serious,  vide  Important  :  ahamm  kdm  (a  serious  affair)  :  vide  Earnest  : 
sanjlda  (in  manner). 

Sermon,  wa'z,  m.  {karnd  or  kahnd)  (any  sermon)  :  khutba  {kahnd  or  parhnd}. 
(a  part  of  the  Friday  service  or  the  marriage  service). 

Servant,  naukar :  naukar  chdkar,  pi.  :  khddim  (by  the  vulg.  used  only 
metaphorically)  :  khidmat-gdr  (a  body  servant) :  muldzim  (of  rank, 
such  as  an  official ;  sarkdri  muldzim,  a  Government  servant) :  vide 
Slave  :  Khudd  kd  banda  (servant  of  God  ;  also  creature  of  God). 

Serve,  khidmat  k.  gen.  (also  to  look  after)  :  naukrl  k.  (work  for,  on  hire). 

Service,  naukrl :  muldzamat,  f. :  khidmat,  f.  (attendance). 

Serviceable,  kdm  ke  ld,iq :  '  vide  '  Useful. 

Session,  seshan,  m.,  Eng.  (of  Court) :   ijlds,  m.  (ditto). 

Set,  lagdnd  (to  attach)  :  vide  Place ;  jarnd^  tr.  (of  jewels ;  vide  Imbed)  : 
;/amwa,  intr.,  and  jamdnd,  tr.  (curdle,  etc.):  pakkd  hond  (to  become 
hard  ;  of  cement) ;  vide  Appoint  :  jornd,  tr.,  and  jurnd,  intr.  (of  broken 
hono)  •,bithdrM,tv.  (of  dislocation):  set,  m.,  Eng.  (of  buttons,  tea- 
things,  etc.,  etc.) ;  for  set  out  :  vide  Start. 

Settle,  t'irfe  Fix,  Place,  Determine:  faisala  k.  (adjust  or  decide  a  dispute, 
etc.)-  basnd,  intr.,  gen.  =  ghar  karnd  (to  take  up  one's  abode  perma- 
nently) ;  dbdd  hoim  (ditto,  of  a  number  only)  :  mulk  men  aman  chain 
ho-jdnd  (after  an  insurrection,  etc.)  :  baithnd  (settle  gradually,  of 
earth;  also  become  clear,  of  liquids) :  chukdnd,  tr.,  or  add  k.  (of  debts). 

Settlement,  band  o  bast,  m.  (of  revenue)  :  mahr,  m.  (on  a  wife) :  nau-dbddv 
(qdyim  k.  or  h.)  (colony):  tasflya  {k.)  (of  a  dispute):  chukdnd  or 
chukautd,  m.  (k.),  or  dddkdri  (of  debts). 

Settler,  basne-wdld. 


SEV  139  SHE 

Several,  chand ;  ka,%,  or  ka,l  ek  ;  ha':^  or  6a*?» ;  do  char :  *  vide  '  Few  and 
Various. 

Severe  sakht,  gen.)  :  tez  or  shadid  (of  abstract  things)  :  tund  (of  wind  or 
temperament). 

Severity,  sakhtt ;  shiddat,  f. 

Sew,  stna,  tr. 

Sewing.  3Ua,% :  sild,l  ki  kal  (sewing  machine).  [sex). 

Sex,  jins,  f.  (also  =  species  ;  and  stuff,  goods)  :  'aural  {k%)  zdt  (the  female 

Sexual,  mard  'aurat  se  muta'alliq  :  suhbat,  f.,  or  harn-bistari  ( —  intercourse) . 

Shade,  chhdnw  or  chhd,on,  f.  (ddlna)  :  sdya  {ddlnd) :  (also  shadow, iq. v.)  : 
mde  Screen. 

Shadow,  parchhd,in,  f.  :   sdya  (also  =  shade). 

Shady,  sdya-ddr. 

Shaft,  6am,  m.  (of  carriage). 

Shake,  Mind,  intr.,  and  hildnd  :  dagmagdnd,  intr. ,  and  dagmagd-dend,  tr.  (to 
totter  q.v.,  or  rock)  :  vide  Tremble  :  hdth  mildnd,  tr.  (shake  hands)  : 
jhdrtm,  tr.  (to  remove  dust ;  also  =  to  brush). 

Shallow,  uthld  (of  dishes  or  the  container  ')  :  ihofd  pdni  hai  =  ddml  pdydb 
jd-saktd  hai,  or  dvbd,o  pdni  nahin  hai,  (of  water  ;  vide  Ford). 

Sham,  naqli  (opp.  to  asli). 

Shame,li.«^arw,  f.  (also  shynpss,  q.v.)  :  Idj,  f. ,  and  hayd,  f.  (also  =  a  sense 
of  honour)  :  nang,  m.  (honour,  a  sense  of  shame  ;  also  =  disgrace)  : 
khijdlat  or  aharmindagi  (feeling  shame)  :  sharmdnd  (intr.  to  feel  shy, 
but  tr.  to  make  ashamed)  ;  sharminda  k.  :  '  vide'  Disgrace. 

Shamefaced,  sharminda-ru  (from  wrong  doing). 

Shameful,  sharm  ki  bdt. 

Shameless,  be-sharm  ;  be  hayd  :  be-gh.airat  (without  a  sense  of  honour). 

Shampoo,  pd,on  dabdnd,  tr.  (a  kind  of  massage) :  mukkl  lagdnd,  tr.  (by  pom- 
meling) :  badan  tipnd  (by  pressing)  :  malnd,  tr.  (rub). 

Shape,  shakl,  f.  (also  =  face) ;  daul,  f. :  vids  Appearance  and  Mould. 

Shapely,  tarah-ddr  (spec,  for  humans  ;  also  of  buildings,  but  not  of  ani- 
mals) ;  khush-ivaza' ,  gen. 

Share,  hissa,  m. ;  bdnt,  f .  :  vide  Divide  ;  hissa-ddr  (shareholder). 
Sharp,  tez:    nulnld  (pointed)  :    tez-nigdh   (sharp-sighted)  :    tez-fahm  (sharp- 
witted). 

Shave,  mundnd,  tr.  ;  '  vide  '  Peel. 

Sheath,  miydn,  m.  (for  sword)  :  ghildf,  m.  (of  horse). 

Shed,  sdya-bdn,  m. 

Sheep,  bher,  f.  gen. ;  bhen,  f.    (ewe) ;  bhefd  or   metidhd  (ram)  :  dumha,   ra. 

(fat-tailed  sheep)  ;  dumbi,  f. 
Sheet,  chddar,  f.  ;  takhta  (of  paper  ;  lit.  plank). 
Sheldrake,  chakivd,  m.,  and  chakm,  f.  ;  surkhdb,  m.,  Panj. 
Shelf,  birdkit,  m.,  Eng.  (prop,  a  bracket)  ;  taq,  ra.  (a  niche  in  a  wall). 


I   Not  of  the  contained  :  is  da  y5  ki  tah  lUhll  hat  (not  daryS  utkll  hai). 


SHE  140  SHO 

3950  Shell,  sip,  f.  (oyster  shell)  :  ghonga,  m.  (shells  not  fiat ;  shaped  like  a 
whelk)  ;  ghonga  sip,  m.,  gen.  :  kauri  (cowrie)  :  sankh,  m.  (conch)  : 
ckhilka,  m.  (of  walnut,  etc.;  vide  Peel). 

Shelter,  pamh,  f.  (safety)  :  ar,  f.  (from  view,  sun,  ram  bullets)  :  bachd,o, 
m.  (defence) :  sdya  (shade,  shadow,  protection  of  human  beings). 

Shepherd,  gadaryd. 

Shield,  dhdl,  f.  ;  sipar,  f. 

Shift,  saraknd,  intr.  (leave  its  place):    vide  Mov^e,  Change:  guzdrd  k.  (to 

make  shift  with). 
Shilly-shally,  agar  magar  karnd  :  '  vide '  Hesitate. 
Shin,  pindli. 

Shine,  chamaknd,  gen.,  intr.  ;  raushan  h. ;  jhaldjhal  k.  (to  glitter)  :  jhalaknd. 
(of  bright  metal). 

Ship,  jahdz,   m. :  dg-bot,  m.  (steamer)  ;  dud-kash,^  m.  (a  launch)  :  jahdz  kl 

tahdhi  (ship- wreck). 
Shirk,  kdm  se  ji  churdnd  :  kdm-chor  (a  shirker). 
Shirt,  qamis,  m.  :  kurtd,  m.  (nowadays  also  used  for  coat). 
Shiver,   tharthardnd   or  kdrnpnd,  intr.  (from  cold,  fever,  or  fear) ;  tharrdnd, 

intr.  (to  tremble  from  fear). 
Shock,  sadma  :  '  vide  '  Collide. 
Shoe,   gurgdbi   (native   shoe):  silpaf,  f.    (slipper):  jutd  or  jutl,  gen..'  vide 

Boot;  naH,   m.   (bdndhnd)   (horse-shoe):  khol-bandi  (^.),  (to  pare  and 

reshoe  with  old  shoes  ) :  vide  Cobbler  and  Slipper. 
Shoeless,  nange-pd,on. 
Shoot,  goli,  etc.,  chaldnd,  tr.,  gen.  :  golt,  etc.,  se  rndrnd  (to  shoot  and  kill)  :  is 

chiz  ko  goli  mdro  ( =  put  the  etc. — etc.,  thing  out  of  your  mind ;  let  it 

slide)  :  vide  Fire  :  ugnd,  intr.   (germinate) :  banduq  kd  shikdr  k.    (of 

sport). 

Shop,  dukdn,  f.  :  dukdn  barhdnd  (to  close  the  shop  at  night  ;  but  dukdn 
band  k.  on  Sunday  or  holidays,  etc.) ;  uthd,i-g%rd  (a  shop-lifter)  : 
dukdn-ddr  (shop-keeper) . 

Shore,  samandar  kd  kindra. 

Short,  chhotd  (also  small)  :  ndtd  (in  stature) :  vide  Brevity. 

Short-lived,  kam-haydt. 

Short-sighted,  kotdh-nazar  (lit.  and  met). 

Shot,  charrd,  m. 

Shoulder,  kandhd,  m. ;  mondhd,  m.  (point  of  shoulder) :  dfuikkam  dhakkd 
karke  jdnd  =  rel  pel  kar  jdnd  (to  shoulder  one's  way  through  a  crowd) : 
vide  Push  and  Shore, 

Shout,  vide  Challenge  :  dwdz  dend :  chilldkar  bolnd. 

Shove,  dhakelnd,  tr.;  dhakkd  dend  (to  push  anyhow,  jostle,  elbow):  vide 
Shoulder  and  Push. 

Shovel,  belcha. 

Show,  dikhdnd  or  dikhldnd,  tr.  :  nishdn  dend  (point  out)) :  zdhir  k.  (bring 
to  light):  batldnd,  tr.  (explain;  vulg.  shew):  vide  Appear,  Inform, 
Guide,  Prove  :  dikhdiud,  m.  (outward  show). 

1  In  Persian  a  chimney. 


SHO  141  SIM 

Shower,  jhafi  (for  many  hours) :  buchhaf,  f.  (short). 

Shriek,  vide  Scream. 

Shrill,  tez. 

Shrine,  ziyarat-gdh,  f. ;  mazdr,  m. ;  dar-gdJi,  f.  :  maqhara  (any  fine  tomb). 

Shrink,  sukaftid,  intr.  (of  people  or  cloth). 

Shrivel,  jhurri  parnd  (of  the  skin) :  murjhdnd,  intr.  (of  flowers). 

Shroud,  kafan,  m.  {dend  or  pahndnd). 

Shrug,  kandhe  chafhdnd.  [Prevaricate. 

Shuffle,  phehtnd,  tr.  (cards;  beat  up  an  egg,  etc.):    bdten  banana;    vide 

Shun,  -se  kindra  kamd;  parhez  k.  ;  — se  bachnd ;  dur  or  bdzrahnd:  vide  Avoid. 

Shunt,  '  sJiant  '  kamd. 

Shut;  band  k.  :  mutthi  bdndhnd  (close  the  first) :  vide  Close  and  Shop. 

Shutter,  kiiodr,  m. :  jhilmili  (Venetian  shutter;  from  jhilmilldxixi,  of  light). 

Shy,  8harind,o,  or  sJiarmtld. 

Sick,  bimdr  ;  marlz  (patient) :  jl  matldnd,  intr.  (to  feel  inclined  to  vomit) ; 
vide  Vomit:  rogr*  (one  who  is  always  sick  from  one  disease,  or  from 
many ;  not  hale). 

Sickle,  dardnti. 

Side,  taraf,  f.  or  jdnib,  f.  (direction)  :  jxihlu  or  bagMl  (m.)  meri  (by  the  side 
of)  :  bdzu  (m.)  mildkar  or  bdzu  ba-bdzu  khare  ho  (stand  side  by  side) 

Siege,  qil'a-band  k.  ;  muhdsara  {k.)  :  '  vide  '  Besiege. 

Sieve,  chhalni. 

Sift,  chhdnnd,  tr. 

Sigh,  dh  (f.)  {karnn\  ;  sans  (f.)  bharnd :  kurhnd,  intr.  (to  fret). 

Sight,  na^r,  f.  ;  nigdh,  f.  (of  the  eyes) :  nazdra,  m.  (view  and  spectacle)  : 
tanidslta,  m.  (spectacle) :  darshani,  adj.  (at  sight,  of  a  bill). 

Sign,   aldmat,  f. ;  nisfidn,  m. :  vide  Proof,  Effect,  Signal :  vide  Signature. 

Signal,  ishdra,   m.   {k.) :  shikast-i  fash    (a  signal  defeat) :  numdydn    fath 

(  — victor}')- 
Signalize,  mashhur  kamd.  4000 

Signature,  dast-khatt,  m.,  pi.  (k.)  :  sahih,  f.  (k.)  vulg. 
Signet,  muhr  ki  anguthi. 
Significant,  pur-matlab. 

Signify,  ma'nl  rakhna  (mean)  :  kuchli  nahin  (it  does  not  signify). 
Silence,    khdmoshi ;   sukut,    m. :   chup,    f.,  subs,  and  adj.;  kam-sukhani  {oi 

little  speech). 

Silent,  chup ;  khdmosh  ;  chupkd  =  kam-sukhan  ;  gup-chup  (reserved). 

Silently,  chup-chdp  :  dabe  pdfin  {se)  (with  silent  foot-fall). 

Silk,  resham,  m.,  subs.,  and  reshami,  adj. ;  res^m^aHm (silkworm) :  tasafy 

m.  (Tussore  silk). 
Silly,  ndqis-ul-'aql  (spec,  of  woman  as  a  class). 
Silver,  cJidndi  :  silvar  (Germsui  silver) :  sundjr  (silver  or  goldsmith). 


o!    ..    '.       ?  vide  Alike,  Likeness. 


]  Bui  qil'orbandi  fortifying. 


SIM  142  SKI 

Simile,  lashhih,  f. 

Simmer,  khadaknd,  intr. 

Simple,  soda  (plain) ;  mufrad  (opp.  to  murakkab  compound) :  sldhd  sada  (of 

people  ;  also  bhold  hhnla) . 
Simplicity,  sada- pan ;  albeld-pan  (charming  simplicity  of  a  young  girl). 
Simultaneously,  ek  hi  waqt  men. 
Since,  jah  se  (of  time) :  ba'd  (afterwards). 

Sin,  gunah,  m. ;  pap,  m.,  H.  :  gunah  ka  kaffdra  (sin  offering,  or  charity  to 
remove  sin,  etc.). 

Sincere,  sachchd  ;  mukhlis  ;  sddiq. 

Sinew,  patthd,  m. 

Sinful,  gundh-gdr ;  pdpi. 

Sing,  gdnd,  tr.  (cog.  obj.  as  git  or  ghazal ;  but  gdkar  namdz  parhte  Jiain  they 
sing  their  prayers). 

Singer,  gawaiyd,  m. 

Singe,  jhulasnd,  intr.,  and  jhulsdnd,  tr.  (also  to  scorch). 

Single,  ekahrd  (opp.  to  dohrd)  :  '  vide '  Bachelor  and  Simple. 

Singly,  ek  ek  kdrke  ;  fard-an  fard-an. 

Singular,  wahid  (number)  :  anokhd  (rare  and  odd,  peculiar) :  nirdld  (pecu- 
liar; also  pure;  unique).  [Decline. 

Sink,  dhasnd,  intr.  (in  mud)  :  dubnd,  intr.   (in  water ;  vide  Drown)  :    vide 

Sinless,  ma:  sum  (of  certain  Prophets  ;  also  =  an  infant) . 

Sinner,  vide  Sinful. 

Sister,  hahan,  f.  :  ham^shira,  f. 

Sit,  haitkna,  intr,  ;  khdne  par  haiihnd  (to  sit  at  a  meal)  :  uth-haithnd  {to  sXt  up 
from  a  recumbent  position)  ;  tashrlf  raknd,  tr.  (polite) ;  send,  tr.  (on 
eggs) :  vide  Squat. 

Site,  maqdm,  m. 

Situated,  wdqi' . 

Situation,  jagah,  f.  or  naukrl  (of  service)  :  yih  makdn  achchhe  mauqa'  par 
hai  (the  situation  of  this  house  is  good). 

Size,  qadd,  m.  (stature) :  lambd,i  chaurd,l,  etc.  (of  a  room)  ;  paimdna,  m. 
(of  a  room  or  box  or  parcel). 

Skeleton,  thathrt,  f.  ;  pinjrd^  m. 

Skewer,  silch,  f. 

Skilful,  vide  Skilled. 

Skill,  hunar,  m, ;  ustddi,  f.  :  vide  Expertness. 

Skilled,  hunar-mand ;  ustdd. 

Skim,  phen,  m.,  etc.,  nikdlnd. 

Skin,  chamrd,  m.  gen.  (also  leather) :  khdl,  f.  (a  whole  skin  or  hide). 

Skin-flint,  makkhi-chus  (one  who  would  suck  a  fly  that  falls  into  his  dish). 

Skip,  uchhal  kud  (f.)  karnd,  gen.  :  kulelen  k.  (to  skip  about  like  a  deer;  be 

frisky) :  bakar-kud  (f.)  k.  (in  a  contemp.  sense). 
Skirmish,  lard,l  bhird,t. 


SKI  143  SMA 

Skirt,  daman,  in.  ;  god,  m.  (lap). 

Skittish,  chanchal  (of  foal,  boys,  etc.). 

Skulk,  dahka-'phirna. 

Sky,  dsmdn. 

Slack,   dhila   (loose   of   things ;    also   slack   of   people) :    8U8t   (lazy ;  also  4050 
'  feeling  slack ')  :  vide  Careless. 

Slake,  piyds  hujhand,  tr.  [Libel. 

Slander,  buhtdn,  m.  (on  one  innocent):  tuhmat,  f.  (any  false  charge):  vide 

Slang,  bdzdri  hoU. 

Slanting,  salami. 

Slap,  tamdncha  k.  or  thappaf  (m.)  {mdrnd)  (on  face):  chapat,  f.,  or  tari,  f, 
(on  head). 

Slate,  silet,  f.,  Eng.  (for  writing  on). 

Slaughter,  zibh  k.  (cut  the  throat,  spec,  for  food). 

ci       '      {  (/A'tddm :  gjiuldml  (slavery). 

Sleek,  chiknd  chamak-ddr. 

Sleep,  nhid,  f. ;  sond  (to  go  to  sleep) ;  be-khabar  sond  (to  sleep  soundly)  : 
nind  dnd  or  dnkh  lagnd  (to  fall  asleep) :  so-jdnd  (to  fall  asleep,  in- 
voluntarily) :  so-rahnd  (go  to  sleep  purposely)  :  merd  pd,on  bhar-gayd 
—  mere  pd,on  men,  jhinjhini  hai  (my  foot  has  gone  to  sleep). 

Sleepy,  ntnddsd  (of  people)  :  nind  dtl  hai :  nind  kd  mdtd  {mdid  =  matwdld) ; 
'  vide '  Soporific. 

Sleet,  menh  aur  don  la  buchhdr. 

Sleeve,  dstin,  f. 

Sleight,  dast-chdldki. 

Slender,  vide  Fine  and  Slim. 

Slice,  qdsh,  f. ;  phdnk,  f.  (of  broad  or  fruit). 

Slight,  khafif  or  halkd  :  khiffat,  f.  (affront). 

Slim,  ndzuk  (of  women) :  chharaird  (of  men  or  animals). 

Slink,  dum  dabdkar  kd-jdnd  :  khiaak-jdnd. 

Slip,  phisalnd,  intr.  vide  Shift. 

Slipper,  silipar  or  vulg.  silpat,  f.  :  chati  or  zer-pd,i. 

Slippery,  phislahd. 

Slit,  chdk,  m.  (or  rent,  etc.) 

Slope,  dhJalvJin  zamin. 

Sloping,  dhdlu  or  dhdliodn. 

Sloven,  uljalul,  adj.,  gen.  :  bad-saliqa  (untidy  in  method,  not  in  dress). 

Slow,  aust-rajidr :  '  vide  '  Slack. 

Slowness,  sust-raftdri. 

Slur,  ddjiA  or  dhabbd,  m.  (stain). 

Small,  chhotd  :  *  vide  '  Short  and  Tiny. 

Small-pox,  checJiak,  f.  :  siUd,  f. 


SMA  144  SOF 

Smart,   sajlld   (smart-looking)  ;  nukila   sajtld  jawdn    (nice-looking    smart 

young  man). 
Smartly,  chat  se  (in  Punjab  chatak  se) :  phurtl  se. 
Smash,  tukre  tukre  k. 
Smattering,  katar  matar  jdnnd. 
Smear,  chuparnd,  tr.  and  intr. 
Smell,  sunghna,  tr. ;  mahahnd,  intr.,  gen.,  but  hu  dend,  intr.  (of  bad  smell) ; 

bu  pdnd,  tr.  (to  get  the  scent  of ,  as  a  dog). 
Smile,  muskurdnd,  intr. ;  muskurdhat,  f. 

Smoke,  dhudn,  m.  {dend,)  (vulg.  also  fog) :  huqqa  or  tamhdku,  etc.  pind  (to 

smoke). 
Smooth,  chiknd  (opp.  of  khurdurd). 
Smother,  express  by  a  paraphrase. 
Smuggle,  g'^a^man  k.  :  {ghat-mdr,  smuggler). 
Snaffle,  qaza,l. 
Snake,  sdnp,  m. 

Snap,  cJiat  se  tornd,  tr.  .•  karkardnd,  intr. :  munh  lapkdnd,  tr.  (to  snap  at  but 
miss). 

Snare,  ddm,  m.,  gen. :  pd-ddm  (noose  for  feet) :  phandd,  m.,  gen.  (noose) : 
vide  Net,  Noose,,  and  Gin. 

Snatch,  chhin-lend  (by  force)  :  jhapat-lend  or  uchat-lend  (to  pounce  on  or 
carry  off). 

Sneer,  ndk  charhdkar  kahnd:  '  vide  '  Taunt. 

Sneeze,  chhinknd,  intr. 

Snipe,  chdhd,  m. 

Snore,  khar  khar-kamd. 

Snot,  rent,  f. 

4100  Snout,  thuthnd  or  thuthnl. 

Snow,  barf,  f.  (and  also  ice). 

Snuff,  nds,  f.  [lend):  suraknd,  tr.  (snuff  up). 

Snuffle,  ndk  se  bolnd  or  ninniydnd  (to  speak  through  the  nose). 

Soak.,  bhigomi ,  tr. ;  bhlgnd,  intr.  (also  to  get  wet):  jazb  hond  (to  soak 
into,  in  any  direction):  tel  tumhdre  badan  men  sukh-gayd,  ynlg.  (the 
oil  has  soaked  into  your  body;  for  jazb  hu,d). 

Soap,  sdbun,  m.  {lagdnd  ov  malnd) :  besan,  m.  (gram  flour;  used  as  soap). 

Soar,  hawd  men  chakkar  lagdnd. 

Sob,  siskl  {bharnd)  =  subkiydn  lend. 

Sober,  hoshydr. 

Sociable,  milansdr. 

Society,  sosd,itl,  Eng. 

Sock,  moza  (originally  of  leather  ;  also  =  children's  soft  boot). 

Sodomite,  lull  (from  Lot) :  launde-bdz  (active)  ;  gdndu  (pathic). 

Sodomy,  launde-bdzl ;  gdndu-pan. 

Soft,  narm ;  muld,im. 


SOI  145  SPA 

Soil,     \  he-raunaq  hond ;  mald-dala  (of  goods  or  women) :  mittl  or  zamin 
Soiled, )      (earth). 

Solder,  (men)  fiiad  pildnd. 

Soldier,  sipdhi. 

Soldierlike,  aipdhiydna. 

Sole,  ialivd,  m.  (of  foot) :  talu,  m.  (of  boot). 

Solid,  thos  (not  hollow). 

Soliloquize,  dp  hi  dp  bdten  kamd. 

Solitude,  tanhd,% ;  akeld,  subs,  and  adj. ;  sanndtd  (loneliness). 

Solve,  bujhnd,  tr.  (riddle):  hcUl  k.  (a  difficulty). 

Some,  kuchh  ;  ba'ze  ;  ko,% ;  kisl  na  kisl  ivaqt  (some  time  or  other). 

Somehow,  kisl  tarah  ;  jistarah  ho-sake  ;  jun  tun  kar  ke  (  — with  difficulty). 

Sometimes,  kabht  kabhi. 

Somewhere,  kahtn. 

Son,   beta  ;  farzand   (polite) :  sdhib-zdda  (more  polite) ;  gjyxnb-zdda  (polite 
for  one's  own  son) :  ddrndd  (son-in-law). 

Song,  gtt,  m.  :  ckahchahdh,  m.  (of  birds). 

Soon,  jald  (or  jcUdi,  vulg.) :  chand  roz  men ;  'an-qarib. 

Soot,  kdjcd,  m.  (lamp-black  for  colly rium) ;  kajli  (dirt  of  a  lamp). 

Soothe,  tasktn  k.  (of  pain) :  kam  karnd  (lessen  q.v.). 

Soothsayer,  'dmil  (exorcist):  fdl-kholne-vxUd  (diviner):  rammdl  (geomancer, 
who  tells  fortune  from  rami) :  nujuml  (astrologer) :  vide  Wise. 

Soporific,  khtvdb-divar. 

Sorcerer,  vide  Magician. 

Sore,  zakhm,  m.  (also  wound). 

Sorrow,  vide  Grief. 

Sorrowful,  ^amgin  :  '  vide  '  Sad. 

Sorry,  vide  Regret. 

Sort,  qism,  f.  (kind) :  qism  qiam  judd  karnd  (to  sort). 

So-so,  aisd  ivaisd. 

Soul,  ruh,  f. 

Sound,  dwdz,  f.  ;  vide  Noise  :  bsr'aib,  or  hath  yd  fin  durusi  (of  horaes). 

Soup,  shorbd,  m.  (thick) :  yakhnl  (clear). 

Sour,  khattd ;  turush. 

Source,    chashma   (source   or  spring  of  river ;  also  the  stream  from  some 
distance  from  its  source) :  jaf,  f.  (origin) :  vide  Founder,  Head. 

South,  dakhan,  m.  subs.,  junub,  m.,  subs. 

Sovereignty,  bddshdhat,  f.  ;  saltanat,  f . ;  hukumat^  f.  (governing). 

Sow,    suioarnl   (animal):  bond,  tr. ;  tukhm-pdshl  k.:  lagd,%  bujhd,l  k.  (to 

sow  dissension ;  idea  taken  from  fire ;  applying  fire  and  then  putting 

it  out). 
Space,  ivasa't,  f. ;  fdsila  (distance).  4180 

Spacious,  tvasi'. 
19 


SPA  146  SPL 

Spade,  pharwd,  m. 
Span,  bdlisht,  f. 
Spaniel,  panlr  kuttd,  Eng. 
Spare, /ate,  adj. :  vide  Thin:  and  Forgive. 
Sparingly,  kifdyat  se. 
Spark,  chingdrt. 

Sparkle,  daniaknd  (of  jewels) :  jagmagdnd  (scintillate). 
Sparrow,  chiri  and  chird. 

Sparrow-hawk,  bdsha,  fem.  and  bdshin,  male  (the  EngUsh  sparrow-hawk) : 
shikra,  fem.,  and  chipak  m.  (the  Indian  sparrow-hawk).  ^ 

Sparse,  birld. 

Spatter,  — chhmt  parnd ;  '  vide  '  Splash. 

Spavin,  haddd  (bone-spavin)  :  moihrd  (bog-spavin). 

Speak,    bolnd   (utter   sounds):  kahnd   (say):'^  bdt  A;,  (speak) :  wtZe  Relate, 
Narrate.  [bhdld,  m. 

Spear,  neza,  gen.:  ballam    m.  (lance);  barchhd,  large  and   barchhi,   small : 

Special,  khdss. 

Species,  jins,  f. 

Spectator,  tamdshd,i,  gen.;  tamdshd-bm  (also  =  one  that  visits  the  chaklds). 

Speech,   zdbdn,   f.    (tongue,   language):  vide   Conversation:  taqnr,   f.,   or 

'ispich  \  i.  {k.). 
Speed,  jaldi.  [words). 

Spell,  mantar,  m.  (Hindu)    (paThnd) ;  du'd,   f.    (Muslim) :  hijje   karnd   (of 
Spend,  kharch-karnd ;  sarf  k.  :  kdtnd  or  ba-sar  karnd  (of  time). 
Spice,  masdlih,  m.,  vulg.  masdld. 
Spider,  makrl  (small)  and  makrd  (big). 
Spike,  meJch,  f.  (also  nail,  peg,  q.v.). 
Spill,  girdnd,  tr. :  dhalnd,  intr.  to  be  spilt  (also  to  decline  of  the  sun,  etc. ; 

to  overflow  of  tears  dnsu  dhal-gayd) :  [but  tr.  dhdlnd  to  pour  ;  to  cast 

metal ;  to  drink  too  much  wine]. 
Spin,  kdtiMb  (make  thread). 
Spine,  rirh. 

Spire,  mindr,  m.  and  burji  (of  church). 

Spirit,  vide  Soul,  Ghost:  'araq,  m.  and  jauhar,  m.,  f.  (intoxicating). 
Spirited,  jdn-ddr. 

Spiritual,  rilkdm.  [Skewer. 

Spit,   thuknd,  tr. :  ugalnd,  tr.  (to  spit  out  of  the  mouth  voluntarily) :  vide 
Spite,  ktna ;  '  vide  '  Malice  and  Hate. 
Spittle,  thuk,  m.  (cast  from  the  mouth) :  pik,  f.  (after  chewing  pan) :  rdl, 

f.  (natural  saliva). 
Splash,  kichar  se  bhar-dend. 
Spleen,  tiUi,  gen. :  UMl,  f.  (human  only). 


1  Poets  and  dictionaries  err  in  the  genders  of  these  words. 

2  For  difference  between  bolna  and  kahna  '  vide  '  Hind.  Man.,  p.  43. 


SPL  147  STA 

Splendour,  jah  o  jaldl :  '  vide  '  Pomp. 

Splint,  bel-haddl  (in  horse). 

Splinter,  kirich,  f.  (also  a  straight  sword) ;  pfidna,  m. 

Split,  cliirna,  tr.  (cleave  slowly  or  with  saw) :  phafna,  tr.  (to  tear  and  to 

cleave,  q.v.). 
Spoil,  hignrna,  tr.,  and  biqafiid,  intr. ;  khardb  k.  and  h.  :  aatyands  k.  (ruin 

utterly) :  vide  Rob,  Plunder. 

Spoilt  (child),  Wd  duldr  se  kharah  ho-gayd. 

Spoke,  drd,  m.  (of  wheel). 

Sponge  on,  to,  vide  Live. 

Spoon,  chamcha  :  chamcha  bhar  (spoonful). 

Sport,  khel,  m.  (play) :  shikar,  m.  (kamd  or  khelnd)  (every  kind  of  hunting, 

shooting,  fishing,  bird-catching,  etc.):  vide  Joke. 
Sportive,  chidbuld. 

Sportsman,  shikdrl :  khildrl  (playful,  and  also  player). 
Spot,  dhabbd,  m.  (large  blot):  ddgth,  m. ,  gen.:  chhint,  f.  (small). 
Spotted,  ddgA-ddr :  gul-ddr  (of  animal's  coat). 
Spout,  lontl  (of  tea-pot,  etc  ) :  — kd  fawwdra  chhutnd  (to  spout  out). 

Sprain,  moch,   f.    (dnd)  :  lachak,   f.    {d-jdnd) :  pay  bhar-jdnd   (filling  of  a  4200 
horse's  leg). 

Spread,  bichhdnd,  tr.  (of  cloths;  place  chairs,  tables,  etc.):  phaildnd,  tr., 
and  phailnd,  intr.  (spread  out,  spread  abroad). 

Spring,  vide  Jump  :  bahdr,  f .  (the  season) :  kamdnt  (of  steel). 

Sprinkle,  chhiraknd,  tr. 

Sprout,  ugnd,  intr. 

Spur,  kdntd,  m.  {mdrnd) :  mahmez,  f. 

Spurious,  ja^li :  jhutd. 

Spurn,  hiqdrai  se  dekhnd  or  radd  karnd,  etc. :  — par  Idt  mama. 

Spy,  jdsus :  go,inda  (informer,  q.v.). 

Squab,  paifhd,  ni.  (also  a  chick,  a  young  wrestler). 

Squander,  urdnd,  tr. ;  lutdnd,  tr.  .•  phunk-dend :  '  vide  '  Waste. 

Square,  murabba' ,  adj.  and  subs.  •  chaukond,  adj.  and  subs. 

Squash,  chiir  karnd  (also  to  smash,  q.v.) :  pichkdna,  tr.  (to  flatten). 

Squat,  ukfun  baithnd  (to  sit  on  the  heels,  of  men ;  to  sit  up). 

Squeak,  chil  chil  k. 

Squeeze,  nichornd,  tr.  (also  to  wring) :  dabdnd,  tr.  (press). 

Squib,  patdkhd. 

Squint-eyed,  bhengd  (of  the  ej^e  or  of  the  person). 

Squirm,  rehgnd,  intr.,  lit.  only. 

Squirrel,  gilahri  (the  small  palm-squirrel). 

Stab,  khanjar  mdrnd:  {chhuri,  etc.),  bhonknd,  tr.  (pierce  with  force). 

Stable,  astabal,  m.;  taivela,  m.  (for  horses) :  vide  Stall:  vide  Strong. 

Staff,  *asd,  m.  (also  =  sceptre). 


STA  148  STE 

Stag,  bdrah-singhd ,  m.  ;  sdmbhar,  m. 

Stage,  manzll,  f. ;  'paTd,o,  m.  (prop,  camping-ground) :  istej,  m.  (in  theatre). 
Stagger,  dagmagdnd^  intr.  (to  totter) :  larkhardnd,  intr.  (stagger). 
Stagnant,  khard  pdril. 

Stain,  ddgtA,  m.  :  dhabbd,  m. ;  '  vide  '  Spot. 

Stair,  zina  (also  flight  of  steps) ;  ek  zina  (one  step) :  sirhi  (prop,  ladder). 
Stake,  vide  Peg:  ddnw  or  dd.on,  m.  (lagdnd). 
Stale,  &asJ  (left  over  from  previous  night) :  tibdsi  (of  two  days). 
Stalk,  to,  sdras  chdl  chalnd  (of  gait)  .•  ddbe  dabe  jdnd  (game) :  vide  Strut. 
Stall,  than,  m. 

Stallion,  sdnd  (horse,  bull,  donkey,  for  breeding) :  nar-ghord  (not  castrated). 
Stammer,  hikldnd,  intr. 
Stammerer,  hikld. 

Stamp,  <pd,on  pataknd,  tr.  (with  feet  in  anger,  etc.):  muhr,  f.  {karnd  or 
lagdnd;  with  a  die) :  tikat,  m. 

Stampede,  bhdgaf,  f. 

Stand,  to,  khafd  k.  or  h.;  qd,im  k.  or  h. :  datnd,  intr.  (stand  one's  ground). 
Standard,  jhandd,  m. ;  niskdn,  m.  ;  'alam,  m. 
Star,  sitdra  or  tdrd,  m. 
Starch,  kalap  or  ^aia/,  f. 

Stare,  ghurnd,  tr.  :  /i7iA;*  lagdkar  (or  bdndhkar)  dekhnd  (to  gaze  fixedly  at). 
Start,  chaunk-parnd  (move  spasmodically)  :  rawdna  hond  (set  out) ;  chalnd 
(also  to  walk,  move,  get  in  motion)  ;  sidhdrnd,  intr. 

Startle,  chaunkd-dend ,  tr. 

Starvation,  \  bhukon  (or  bhukh  se)  marnd  =  /aq'ow  se  mama  (to  die  of  starva- 

Starve,         \      tion). 

State,  kaiftyat,  f .  ;  /iaZa<,  pi.  hdldt,  f . ;  '  vide  '  Circumstance :  Daulat,  Riyd- 

sat  (a  Native  State). 
Stately,  'dl%  shdn  (of  buildings). 
Statement,  baydn,  m. :  izhdr,  m.,  leg. 
Statesman,  mudahbir ;  tadbir-i  mulk  men  mdhir. 
Stay,  thaharnd:  rahnd:  tiknd  (tarry;  vide  'Hindustani  Stumbling-Blocks  ') : 

vide  Wait. 
4250  Steal,   chori  k.   (need   not  have  an  object) :  churdnd,  tr.  (always  requires 

an  object) :  khisak-jdnd  =  chorl  se  chald-jdnd. 

Stealthily,  chorl  se. 

Steam,  bhdp.  f. :  bukhdr,  m.  (also  vapour,  and  fever). 

Steamer,  vide  Ship. 

Steel,  fauld,d,  m. 

Steep,  khard  (of  hill)  :  is  hi  charhd,%  bahut  khan  hai. 

Steeple,  vide  Spire. 

Stench,  sardndh,  f.  (of  carcases) :  gandt  bu  :  '  vide  '  Smell. 

Step,  qadam,  f. :  vide  Stair. 


STE  149  STR 

Sterile,  vide  Barren. 

Stew,  istu,  m.  Eng.  [ing). 

Stick,    ch/iari   (for  walking,  for  beating  boys;  vide  C&ne) :  lakfi  (for  burn- 

Stickey,  cliatchata  (of  hands,  things). 

Stiff,  ahfa  hujd. 

Stiffness,  akar,  f. 

Stifle,  sans  hand  k  :  vide  Strangle. 

Still,  abhi  tak ;  phir  bhl :  td  ham,  nevertheless. 

Sting,  dank,  m.  {marnd). 

Stingy,  kanjus. 

Stink,  vide  Stench, 

Stipulation,  shart,  f. 

Stir,  vide  Move,  Agitate,  Excite:  bharkdnd,  tr.  (a  fire):  ghontnd,  tr.  (for 
some  time) :  — se  chaldnd  (for  a  short  time) :  hal  chal  (as  in  a  station) . 

Stirrup,  rikdb,  f.  (the  iron) :  dutvdl,  f.  (the  leather). 

Stitch,  tankd  {dend  or  lagdnd). 

Stockade,  [use  a  paraphrase]. 

Stocking,  pdy-tdba,  m. :  jurrdb,  f. 

Stomach,  pet,  m.,  gen.:  mi'da  (the  inside). 

Stone,   patthar,  m. :  pathri  (in  bladder) :  sangsdr  k.  (stone  to  death) :  sang- 

tardsh  (stone-cutter). 
Stony,  pathrild.  [low). 

Stool,  mohdhd,  m.  (of  cane) :  tipd,t  (also  a  small  table) :  jnrhd,  m.  (very 

Stoop,  jhuknd,  intr.,  and  jhukdnd,  tr.  (to  bend):  jhukke  phirnd  (as  of  old 
people). 

Stop,    roknd,   tr.,  and   ruknd,   intr.;  band   k.    (also  to  shut):    bdz  rakhnd 
(prevent) :  vide  Abolish  ;  tvaqfa  or  thahrd,o  (halt). 

Stores  [  zakhtra;  khazdna. 

Store-room,  go-ddm,  m. 

Storey,  manzil,  f.  (of  house) :  do-manzila,  adj.  (two-storied). 

Storm,  tufdn,  m. ;  dndhl :  jhakkar,  f   (a  gust  of  wind  or  a  squall) :  jhonkd  (a 
gust  of  wind). 

Story,  kahdni ;  qissa. 

Stove,  chulhd,  m.  (also  a  native  cooking  place  of  bricks,  on  the  ground). 

Straddle,  pair  phaildke  chalnd. 

Straight,  sxdkd  (also  simple) ;  rdst  (also  true,  straightforward). 

Strain,  kapaf-chhdn  k.  (through  cloth) :  vide  Sift,  Sprain :  kdnkhnd,  intr.  (at 

stool). 
Straits,  mushkildt,  f.  [men  pafnd)  or  diqqaton  men  phasnd. 
Strange, 'a/i6  (wonderful) ;  vide  Singular:  begdna   (not    belonging    to   the 

liouse) ;  vide  Foreign. 
Stranger,  afnabl  (foreigner) :  bdhar  kd  ddrni  or  begdna  ddm%  (outsider)  ;  mde 

Guest. 


STR  160  SUB 

Strangle,  tentwd  dabdnd  (throttle  by  hand) :  phdnsi  dend  (now  also  =  to 

hang) :  gald  ghonfrm,  gen. 
Strap,  taama. 

Stratagem,  da,,on  ghat,  f. :  vide  Subterfuge. 
Straw,  pu,dl  or  pydl,  f. 

Stray,  hhataknd,  intr.  (lose  the  way) :  gum-rdh  k.  and  h.  (relig.). 
Stream,  dhdrd,  f.  (volume  of) :  chashma  ('  vide  '  Source) :  nahr,  i.  (artificial 

canal):  nadi,  (but  in  Hindi  a  river).  [road). 

Street,  gall  or  kucha  (a  narrow  side  street  or  lane) :  sarak,  f .  (a  street  or 
Strength,  zor,  m. ;  hal,  m. ;  taqat,  f. ;  quwwal,  f. 

Stretch,  pasdrnd  or  phaildnd,  tr.  (out  the  hand) :  Umrm,  intr.  (a  rope). 
Strict,  sakht. 

Stride,  phaldng,  (f.)  mdrkar  chalnd. 
4300  Strike,  mdrnd:  '  vide '  Beat:  hartdl  karnd  (to  refuse  to  work,  of  a  number). 
String,  dori,  gen. :  sutli  (of  hemp). 
Stringent,  sakht;  ta^kidt. 

Strip,  nangd  karnd,  tr. ;  kapre  utdrnd,  tr. ;  dfiajjl,  subs,  (of  cloth  ;  of  land). 
Stripe,  dhdrl  (along  the  length  of  the  body) ;  gandd  (across  the  body). 
Strive,  vide  Effort. 

Stroll,  sair  (k.)  gen. :  chihil  qadaml  (k.). 
Strong,    zordwar   (of   living   things) :  mazbut,  gen. :  tund  (of  wind) :  tez  or 

karwd  (of  tea) :  tez  (of  wine,  medicine) :  vide,  Fortify,  Powerful. 

Struggle,  hdtkd-pd,l  (k.)  (a  slight  struggle) :  vide  Scuffle. 

Strut,  murgiAe  ki  tarah  sina  phuldkar  clvalrm :  vide  Stalls. 

Student,  tdlib-i  'ilm  '  vide  '  Pupil. 

Studious,  mihnatl,  gen.  (hard-working). 

Stumble,  — se  thokar  khdnd. 

Stun,  chakrd-jdnd,  intr.  ;  chakrd-deim,  tr. 

Stupid,  hodd,  (dense) :  vide  Fool,  etc. 

Stupor,  vid£  Insensible. 

Sturdy,  mastandd  (spec,  of  beggars ;  also  lusty) :  khingd  (ditto). 

Stutter,  vide  Stammer. 

Stye,  anjani  (on  eyelid). 

Subdue,    mutl'    k.  and  h. ;  tabi'-ddr  banana:  sar  karwd:  '  vide  '  Suppress, 
Conquer  and  Obedience.  [Liable. 

Subject,  ra'iyat,  f. ;  parjd  f. ;  mazmun,  m.  (contents  of  a  letter,  etc.) :  vid^- 

Subjection,  tabi^-ddrl. 

Subjugation,  vide  Conquer  and  Subdue. 

Submerge,  dubo-derm ;  tah-i  db  k. 

Submission,  itd'at,  f. ;  '  vide  '  Obedience. 

Subordinate,  mid  taht ;  zer-i  hukm. 

c  u      •  y        \  chandd  {uthdnd  and  dend  to  raise  and  give — ). 


SUB  161  SUP 

Subside,  baiihna  (of  lees,  a  building). 

Subsist,  guzrdn  k. ;  ba-sar  k. 

Substitute,  ■  iwazl :  badli,  vulg. 

Subterfuge,  Inla  :  vide  Stratagem. 

Subtract,  minliia  k. ;  nikalna. 

Suburb,  haivali-e  sliahr. 

Subversive,  ulaUdeiie-wala. 

Succeed,  kamyah  horn  (be  successful) ;  also  expressed  by  an  intensive  verb 
with  chhofnd,  or  a  Conj.  Part,  witli  rahtm  ('  vide  '  P.'s  Hindtistani 
Manual) :  ja-nishhi  h.  (of  kings,  saints,  governors). 

Succumb,  — A:a  shikar  hond. 

Suck,  chusm,  tr.,  gen.  (also  to  suck  up):  pind,  tr.  (suck  up);  ditdh  plnd  (of 
infants). 

Suckle,  dudh  pildnd. 

Suckling,  dudh  pita  bach(^ia  ;  shlr-khwdra. 

Sudden,  im-gdhdn  (of  calamities) :  vide  Suddenly. 

Suddenly,  ndgdhdn  (of  calamities) :  daf'at-an  or  yak-d-yak,  gen. 

Sue,  — par  ndlish  k. 

Suffer,  jliebm,  tr. ;  uthdnd ;  khainchtm  (to  undergo)  :  bar-ddsht  k.  (put  up 
with,  endure). 

Suffering,  dard,  m. ;  dvJch,  m. 

Sufficient,  kdfl :  '  vide  '  Enough. 

Sufficiently,  jaiad  ehdhiye. 

Suffocate,  sdns  rok-dem,  tr.  ;  sans  ruknd  or  dam  band  hond  or  dam  ghutrta, 

intr.  :  vide  Strangle,  Smother,  Throttle,  Hang. 
Sugar,  sliakar,  f,  (good  brown)  :  m.  chini  (a  common  term)  :  qand,  f.   (loaf 

sugar  and  also  sugar-candy) :    misri  (sugar-candy)  :    kJidnd,  f.  (sandy 

brown  sugar)  :  guf,  m.  (unrefined). 

Suggestion,  vide  Hint,  Say. 

Suicide,    khud-ktisht  (k.) 

Suit,  muqadamma  (in  law). 

Suite,  ld,o  lashkar,  m.  (lit.  army  and  followers) :  sawdrt  (includes  the  big 
man). 

Sulk,  munh  phuldnd. 

Sulphur,  gandhak,  f. 

Sultriness,  umas,  f.,  or  umsi  hu,t  garmi. 

Summer,  garmi  yon  kd  mausim  or  garml. 

Summit,  chotl  (also  crest,  etc.). 

Summon,  talab  k.  ;  buld-bhej7vd :  '  vide  '  Call. 

Summons,  samman,  m. ,  Eng  ,  leg. 

Sun,  dftdb,  m.  ;  sUraj  m.  :  dhup,  f.  (sunshine)  :  suraj  uthte  loaqt  (sunrise)  : 

suraj  dubte  waqi  (sunset). 
Sunstroke,  lu  se  rnarnd  :  {lu  is  a  hot  wind). 
Superintend,  nigdh-bdni  k.  :  dekh  bhdl  k.  :  nigrdvi  k. 


SUP  152  SWE 

Superstition,  wahm,  m,  (also  =  silly  fancy). 

Supervise,  vide  Superintend.  * 

Supine,  chit,  adj.  :  chEron  shane  chit,  adv.  (in  wrestling,  etc.). 

Supplant,  chal  se  jagah  lend. 

Supple,  muld,im. 

Supply,  pahunchdnd,  tr.  ;  muhaiyd  k. 

Support,    thdmnd,   tr.    (to   hold,    hold  up)  :  khabargln  k.  (by  money)  :  vide 
Suffer  :  roti  kaprd  dend  (poor  people)  :  rok,  f.  (prop.,  q.v,). 

Suppose,  farz  (m.),  k.  :  khiydl  (m.),  k. :  qiyds  k.  (also  to  guess)  ;  qiyds,  m., 

also  =  analogy. 
Suppress,  dabdnd  :  '  vide  '  Subdue  and  Stop. 
Suppurate,  paknd,  intr. 
Sure,  yaqinl. 
Surety,  vide  Security. 
Surface,  satah  f . 

Surfeit,  ser  h.  or  k.  (to  eat  to  satisfaction)  :  ndkoh  ndk  bharke  khdnd  (to  be 
surfeited). 

Surgeon,  jarrdh. 

Surpass,  mdt  k.  (of  people  or  things  ;  lit.  to  checkmate)  :  kisl  ke  kdn  kdtnd 
(of  bad  people  only). 

Surprise,  yahd-yak  d-parnd,  mil.  (to  attack  unawares)  ;  ta'ajjub  m. 

Surrender,  hathydr  ddl-dend  :  qiVa  ko  hawdle  k.  ;  vide  Give  up.  Yield. 

Surreptitiously,  chori  se. 

Surround,  chdron.  taraf  gher-lend  :  ihdta  k. 

Surveillance,  nazar  (f.),  men  rahnd  (or  rakhnd)  (to  be  under — ). 

Survey,  paimd.jish.  (f.),  k.  (land ;  lit.  to  measure)  :  vide  Examine. 

Suspect,  — par  shvhha  k. ;  — par  gumdn  (m),  hond. 

Suspend,  vide  Hang  :  mu'attal  k.  (from  office). 

Suspicious,  shakki ;  bad-gumdn. 

Sustain,  vide  Suffer. 

Swagger,  akarkar,  or  ainthkar,  chalnd  (as  a  sepoy)  :  vide  Stalk,  Strut. 

Swallow,  abdbil  f. 

Swamp,  vide  Marsh. 

Swan,  ghu  or  qu  T.  (rare)  :  rdj-hdns,  m. 

Swarm,  dal,  m.  (of  locusts)  :  jhund,  m.,  gen.  (of  bees  or  anything)^ 

Swear,  qasam  (f.),  khdnd,  intr.  and  — khildnd,  tr.  (to  administer  an  oath)  : 
qasam  derid  (to  adjure)  ;  Qurdn  uthdnd  (to  take  an  oath)  :  jo  munh 
men  dye  baknd  (to  curse  and  swear). 

Sweat,  pasmd  (dud)  (of  people  or  animals)  :  paslne  men  duhd  hu,d  (covered 
with  sweat)  :  pasljnd,  intr.  (sweat  slightly  ;  also  to  ooze  out  ;  also  of 
moisture  collecting  on  a  vessel ;  and  met.  of  people  to  become  soft- 
hearted, as  main  hazdr  royd  lekin  wuh  hargiz  na-pasijd). 

Sweep,  — men  jhdru  dend  (but  —  men  jhdru  phernd  to  make  a  clean  sweep 
of). 


SWE 


153 


TAK 


Sweeper,    mihtar   or  hhangl  (the    Lal-Begl   Caste ;  followers  of  Lai  Beg)  ; 
haliil  khor  (Muslim)  ;  muaallt  (ditto,  in  the  Punjab). 

■Sweet,   triitM,   adj.,    and   mitha,t,   subs.:    Mi*«A    (pleasant):    pyara    (lit- 
lovable). 

Sweetness,  mithds,  f ;  ahlrlm. 

Swell,  phulna,  intr.,  gen.  :  sujna,  intr.  (with  inflammation). 

Swelling,  sujan,  f.,  or  waram,  m. 

Swerve,  digna,  intr.  (to  lose  one's  foothold  and  hence  in  the  Panjab  to  fall ; 
met.  to  swerve  from,  waver  in). 

Swift,  iez  :  tez-raftar,  or  tez-qadam,  or  tez-rau. 

Swim,  idirna,  intr. ;  pairnd,  intr.  ;   '  vide  '  Float. 

Swimmer,  pairak. 

Swing,  jhulna,  intr.,  and  jhuland,  tr.  :  jhuld,  m 

Swivel,  bhahiuar-kalt. 

Swoon,  vide  Faint. 

Swoop,  vide  Pounce. 

Sword,  talwdr,  f.  (curved)  :  kirich,  f.  (straight) 
scimetar)  :  vide  Belt  and  Bandolier. 

Sword-stick,  guptl  (from  gupt  H.  "  secret  "). 
Sycophant,  kh%ya  bardar  or  khdya-mdl  (vulg.) 
Symmetrical,  mutawisih. 

Sympathy,  hamdardi ;   dard,  m.  (lit.  pain) :  main  tumhdre  ghfim  men  (or  kd) 
sharik  hun  (I  sympathise  with  you). 

Symptom,  'aldmM,  f . ;  '  vide  '  Sign,  etc. 

Syntax,  zabdn  kd  qd'  ida. 

Syphilis,  dtashak,  f.  ;  garmi. 

Syringe,  pichkdri. 

System,  qd'ida,  m. ;  usul,  m.  ;  nizfl.m  or  intizdm,  m. 


subs,  (also  cradle). 


sJiam9her,  f.  (corrup.  into 

[server. 
vide  Flatterer  and  Time- 


Table,  mez,  f. 

Tablecloth,  dastar-khipdn,  m. ;  mez  H  chddar. 
Tablet,  lauh,  ra.  ;  takhli. 
Taciturn,  vide  Silent. 

Tacitly,  khdmoshl  nlm  razd  (  =  silence  gives  consent). 
Tack,  birinji,  .subs.  :  kachchi  sild,i  k.  (sew). 
Tactics,  chdl,  f.  (lit.  movements) :  hihnat,  f.  (device). 
Tail,  dum,  f.  ;  punch ,  f. 
Tailor,  darzt. 

Tainted,  bigaf-chalnd  (of  meat)  ;  vide  Hind.  Man.,  p.  139  (2). 
Take,  lem  :  le-jdnd,  intr.  (take  away;  vide  Carry)  :  vide  Capture,  Conquer. 
20 


TAL  154  TEA 

Tale,  vide  Story. 

Tale-bearing,  chuyihli  (khand) :  jo  kuchh  suntd  hai  jd-kar  lagd-detd  hai  ( =  he 
carries  tales). 

Talisman,  tilism,  m. 

Talk,   gujt  o  gu,   f.   {k.) ;  bat  chit,  f.  (k.):  bdten  {k.)  :  charchd,  m.  (common 
talk,  gossip  of) :  vide  Converse. 

Talkative,  baton  kd  dhani  ;  vide  Loquacious. 

Tall,  lambd. 

Tallow,  vide  Fat. 

Talon,  ndkhun,  changul,  m.  .*  vide  Paw  and  Claw. 

Tamarind,  imll. 

Tamarisk,  jhd,u,  m. ;  gaz,  m. 

Tambourine,  tambura,  m. 

Tame,  pdldhu,d;  hildhu,d;  ma^nus ;  gharelu  (domestic,   q.v.). 

Tank,  iRldb  or  tdld,o,  m.;  '  vide'  Pond,  Bath. 

Tantalize,  dahkdnd,  tr. ;  tarsdnd,  tr.  (to  make  to  long). 

Tap,  kal  f .  (also  any  machinery)  .•  bambd  (post  with  tap  for  water ;  also  a 
pillar-box). 

Tape,  flta  (also  ribbon) :  niwdr,  f.  (for  bedsteads). 

Tapering,  gd,o-dum. 

Tar,  alkatra. 

Target,  nishdna:  takhta  (iron). 

Tariff,  nirkh  m. ;  nirkh-ndma. 

Tarnish,  ddgh  lag-jdnd,  intr.,  lit.  and  met. 

Tarpaulin,  tirpdl,  m.,  Eng. 

Tassel,  phundnd,  m.  (small) :  jhabbd,  m.  (large,  as  in  a  fez). 

Taste,  maza  (flavour)  :  chakhnd,  tr. :  munh  jhutldnd  (just  to   taste,  not    to 
eat) :  vide  Experience  :  saliqa  (good  taste,  of  people). 

Tasteful,  to6»'a^(^r  or  khush-mazdq  (of  people). 

Tasteless,  be-maza ;  phlkd  : 

Tasty,  maza-ddr. 

Tattoo,  godnd,  tr.,  verb:  tattu-tdp,  subs.,  mil. 

Tauntingly,  ta'na  se  or  ta'na  mdrkar :  tanz-an  (sneeringly). 

Taunt,  ta'na,  m.  {marnd  or  d&nd) :  tanz,  m.  (sneer). 

Taut,  vide  Tight. 

Tax,  mahsul,  m.-  tekls,  m.,  Eng. ;  mdl-guzdrl  (land-tax). 

Tea,  chd,e,  f. 

Tesich,  sikhldnd ;  ta'llm  dend  ;  hatdnd ;  parhdnd. 

Teacher,  ustdd. 

Teak,  sdgwdn,  m. 

Tear,  phdrnd,  tr.  (rend)  ;  purza  k.  (into  pieces) :  dnsu,  m.  (of  eye  ;  gen.  pi.). 

Tearful,  db-dida. 


TEA  165  THA 

Tease,  diqq  k.  (also  to  worry) :  aatand,  tr.  (also  to  oppress). 

Teat,  Uian^  m.  (udder)  :  chuchl  (breast  of  woman)  :  bhatnl  (nipple). 

Technical,  istUahi. 

Teeth,  ilant,  m. ,  gen. 

Telegraph,  tar  bhpjna,  or  (lend,  or  karnd. 

Telescope,  dur-hln  f. 

Temper,  \  rnizdj,  m.  ;  tablat,  f . :  jauhar,  m.  (of  steel;  also  =  essence 

Temperament,  )      and  good  quality). 

Temperate,  mu'tadil  (of  climate) :  i'tiddl  se  pita  (or  khdid)  hat  (of  drinking 
or  eating). 

Temple,  nmndar,  m  :  shiwdld,  m. 

Temporary,  chand-roza. 

Tempt,  lalckdnd,    tr. ,    gen.:  warghaMnnd,  tr.  (of  Satan  or  the  passions) : 
dzmdjsh  (f.),  k.  (in  Lord's  prayer). 

Tenaciously,  chimat-kar. 

Tenacious,  sakhl-jdn  (—of  life) .  us  H  gtdaf  kl  jdn  hai  =  its  ki  hilU  H  jdn 
hai  (ditto). 

Tenant,  ra'iyat,  f.  (of  a  house  or  land;  also  subject) ;  kirdya-ddr  (spec,  of 
house). 

Tender,  narm:  '  vide'  Delicate,  Affectionate. 

Tendon,  vide  Sinew. 

Tenet,  'aqida,  pi.  'aqd,id:  '  vide  '  Doctrine. 

Tent,  dera,  m. ;  tambu,  m. ;  khema,  m. :  jM,  m.  (small,  tente  d'abris;  also 
a  sail). 

Tentatively,  imtihdn-an. 

Tepid,   shlr-garm   (lit.  milk- warm)  or   nhn-garm:  ku-garm,  Panj.  (lit.  well- 
warm  ;  water  freshly  drawn  from  the  well  has  the  chill  off  it). 

Terrace,  vide  Platform  :  ztna  (ht.  steps). 

Terrible,  bald  kd ;  cjhazab  kd ;  khaufmk  :  '  vide  '  Fearful  and  Horrible. 
Terrier,  sdkib  log  kd  kuttd  (fox-terrier). 
Terrifying,  daraund,  adj. 
Terror,  dahshat,  f. 
Terse,  shusta  (lit.  washed). 
Test,  dzind,iih,  f.  {karnd) ;  imtihdn,  m.  {lend). 

Testament,  InjU,  f.  (New—):  Tauret,  f.  (Old—):  vide  Will  and  Bequeath. 
Testicle,  khusya,  m. ;  foia  (prop,  scrotum). 
Testify,  shahddat  dend. 

Testimonial,  nek-ndmi  ki  chitthl ;  sdrtifikat,  m.,  Eng. 
Text,  matan,  m. :  darsi  kitdb  (text-book). 
Texture,  bandwat,  f.  ;  sdkht,  f. 

Thank,  shukr  (m.)  k.  (God):  shukriya  add  k.  (of  men). 
Thanks,  taslim  f. ;  Hndyat,  f . ;  dp  ki   mihrbdni  or  nawdzish  (for  ordinary 
things)  i  a  saldm  often  expresses  "  thanks." 


THA  166  THR 

Thankful,  shukr-guzdr:  vide  Obliged. 

Thatch,  chhappar,  m.  (a  thatched  roof)  :  phus,  m.  (thatch). 

Theft,  chorl. 

Theory,  masa^la  (lit.  point  or  question  in  dispute  ;  virfe  Problem)  :  Hlmo 
'amal,  m.  (theory  and  practice). 

Thick,  gdrhd  (of  liquids) :  gunjdn  or  ghand  (dense,  of  jungle) :  gadld  {muddy , 
not  clear):  thos  (stupid;  lit.  solid):  moid  (not  thin):  gdrhi  dostl 
(thick  friendship,  intimacy)  :  dpas  men  shir  o  shakar  hain  (they  are 
very  thick,  intimate). 

Thickness,  gdrhd- pan :  ghand-pdn  ;  m^td,i. 

Thickset,  gathlld  (of  men)  :  gaf  (of  cloth). 

Thief,  chor,  gen. :  chot^  (pilferer) :  uchakkd  (street  thief,  shop-lifter)  :  jeb- 

katrd  (pickpocket) :  haih-lapak  (light-fingered). 
Thigh,  ran,  f . ;  jdngh,  f. 
Thimble,  angushtdna. 

Thin,  paUd,  gen.:  mahin  (fine):  hdrik  (slender):  ndzuk  (deUcate  ;  not 
strong) :  duhld  or  Idc^ar  lean :  vide  Slender  and  Fine. 

Thing,  chiz,  f . ;  sha,e,  f. 

Think,  sochnd,  tr.  or  intr.  (cogitate  and  ponder) :  samajhnd,  tr.  or  intr. 
(fancy,  believe):  §[haur  k.  (think  deeply  on,  deliberate) :  bahut  socho 
thord  holo  (think  much,  say  little). 

Thirst,  pyds,  f. 

Thirsty,  pydsd. 

Thorn,  kdnijd,ra..  (also  spur,  fork;  fish-bone,  and  met.  an  obstacle  in  the 
way  ;  meri  rdh  men  kdntd  hai). 

Thorough-bred,  asU  :  nasli  (of  good  breed). 
4500  Thought,  flkr,  f.  (anxious  thought  and  anxiety)  :  ghaur,  m.  (meditation ; 
vide  Think) ;  khiydl,  m.  (imagination,  opinion,  conception). 
Thoughtful,  soch  men :  fikrmand  (anxious) :  vide  Considerate. 
Thoughtless,  be-parwd  (negligent). 
Thread,  tdgd,  m. ;  gen. :  sui,  m.  (not  kachchd) :  ek  tar,  m.  (a  single  thread). 

Threat,  dhamki  {dend)  :  dardnd,  tr.  (frighten) :  ghurki  (d.)  (accompanied 
by  angry  looks). 

Threshold,  deorhi  (of  big  people) :  chaukhat,  f.  (gen.). 

Throat,  gold,  m.  (the  whole  throat) ;  halaq,  m.  (the  inside)  naretl  (wind- 
pipe). 

Throb,  tls  mdrnd  (to  shoot,  of  a  pain)  :  tap  tup  k.  (to  throb,  of  a  wound). 

Throne,  takht,  m. ;  gaddi  (of  Rajas). 

Throttle,  gald  ghontnd :  '  vide  '  Strangle. 

Through,  ek  sire  se  dusre  sire  tak  (from  end  to  end) :  tardzu  ho-jdnd  (to 
pierce  half  through,  after  hitting  the  exact  spot;  of  an  arrow). 

Throw,  phenknd  ;  phenk-dend  (to  throw,  and  also  to  throw  away) :  uchhdlnd 
(toss  up) :  vide  Cast. 

Thrush,  mdld-gir  (the  Dusky  Ground-thrush  ?) :  sum  men  ras  utarnd  (in  a 
horse's  hoof). 


THR  157  TOA 

Thrust,  ghuserna,  tr.  ( — in) :  dhakd-dend  (to  push  into) :  khonchd  mama 
(thrust,  or  poin_t  with  anything  and  draw  it  back;  to  poke  at);  kisi 
kl  rah  (or  ke  kdm)  men  khonchd  mdrnd  =  to  put  a  spoke  in  a  person's 
wheel). 

Thumb,  anguthd,  m.  (also  big  toe). 

Thump,  dhamdkd,  m.  (also  the  noise  of  a  thump,  etc.) 

Thunder,   (bddal)   garajnd  or   karaknd,  intr.  ;  garaj,  f.,  or  kafak,  f.  :  bijH 

igirm)  (lit.  lightning,  also  =  thunder-bolt). 
Tick,  kilni,  f. 

Ticket,  likat,  m.,  Eng. 

Tickle       ) 

-,.  ... '      \gudguddm,  tr. ;  gudgudi  hond  or  lagnd,  intr. 

Tidy,  sdf  sitihrd  (in  appearnce)  :  vide  Neat. 

Tie,  ga^band,  ra.  (neck-tie) :  band,  m.  (fastening)  :  vide  Knot. 

Tiff,  shakar  ranji  (also  a  coolness  between  friends)  :  dpaa  men  do  do  bdten 
ho-ga,m. 

Tiger,  sher,  m.,  P.  '  and  sherni,  f.;  bdgh,  m.,  H.,  and  baghni,  f. 

Tight,  kasd  (tied  tightly) :  tan^  (also  narrow,  q.v.)  :  kihchd  hu,d  or  tand  hu,d 
(taut). 

Tighten,  kasiid,  tr. 

Tightly,  kaskar  (tr.) ;  khmchkar  (tr.). 

Tile,  khaprd,  m.  (for  roofs). 

Till,  kheti  karnd:  '  vide  '  Plough. 

Time,  loaqt,  m.  or  samd,  m.,  H.,  gen.:  zamdna,  P.  (and  samd,  H.)  (time, 
the  ages) :  zamdn  o  mxikdn  (time  and  space) :  vide  Age,  Opportunity, 
Leisure,  Respite,  Space. 

Timely,  waqt  par,  adv. ;  bar  mahall,  adj.  and  adv. 

Time-server,  zamdna-sdz :  vide  Flatterer,  Sycophant. 

Timid,  dar-pok  (also  cowardly). 

Tin,  qaJ,a,i  (for  coating  copper- vessels) :  rdng,  m.  (tin  ?) :  tin,  ra.,  Eng. 

Tinsel,  jhutd  gotd  kindri. 

Tiny,  nannhJd. 

Tip,  vide  Point,  End. 

Tiptoe,  anguihon  par  —  dabe  pd,on. 

Tire,  tJiak-jdnd,  intr.,  and  thakdnd,  tr. :  —se  uktand  =  — se  ji  bhar-jdnd  (to 
be  sick  or  tired  of,  "to  be  fed  up  with  "). 

Tired,  thakd  {hu,d);  mdnda;  thakd  mdnda  (very  tired). 

Tit  for  tat,  adle  kd  hadld. 

Title,  khitdb,  m.  (by  Government):  laqah,  m.  (an  inherited  title  or  a  self- 
assumed  title) :  'urj,  m.  (a  pet  name,  or  popular  name):  'unwdn,  m. 
(heading). 

Titter,  muhh  dabd  kar  hat'isnd  =  khilkhildnd :  vide  Laugh. 

Toast,  senknd,  tr.  (also  to  foment,  wet  or  dry) :  tos  {k.),  m.,  Eng. 

•  In  India  «Aer  •' tiger  "  and  babar  "lion."     In  Persia  »Air '•  lion  "  and  &<i6ar 
••  tiger." 


TOB  158  TOY 

Tobacco,  tambaku,  m.,  gen. 

Toe,  pa,on  H  ungli :  anguthd  (big-toe;  also  thumb). 

Together,  ek  makdn  men,  ek-jagah,  eA;- /a  (in  the  same  place) :  sab  milkar 
(unitedly) :  mil-jul-kar  (ditto  with  reciprocity) :  ek  hi  waqt  men  (at  the 
same  time). 

Toilet-table,  singar  mez. 

Toilsome,  taklif-dih  (of  work). 

Token,  'aldmat,  f. :  '  vide  '  Sign. 

Toll,  mahsul,  m. 

Tomb,  maqbara :  '  vide  '  Shrine  and  Grave. 

Tongs,  chimtd,  m.  or  dast-pandh,  m.  or  coll.  daspana. 

Tongue,  jibh,  f. :  zabdn,  f.  (also  language) :  zabdn  roke  rahnd  or  sambhdle- 
rahnd  (to  hold  the  tongue). 

To-night,  dj  rat. 

Tool,  hathydr,  m.  (also  arms) :  auzdr,  m. ;  dla  pi.  dldt,  m. 

Tooth,  vide  Teeth  :  manjan,  m.  (tooth-powder) :  miswdk,  f.  (stick  for  clean- 
ing the  teeth) ;  vide  Teeth. 

Toothed,  danddna-ddr.  ■  [tops). 

Top,  vide  Summit,  Head  :  kothe  chaj-hke  pukdrnd  (proclaim  from  the  house 

Topsy-turvy,  ulat  pidat ;  gar  bar,  darham  barham. 

Torch,  mash'al,  m. 

Torment,  'azdb,  m.  (dend) :  'aqubat,  f.  {karnd). 

Tortoise,  kachhwd  m.  (or  turtle). 

Torture,  vide  Torment. 

Toss,  tichhulnd,  tr.  (toss  up) :  vide  Throw:  charhd-jdnd  (toss  ofiE  a  glass). 

Total,  kull  jama' ,  f. ;  mimn,  f. 

Totter,  vtds  Shake. 

Touch,  chhund,M- :  ^idth  lagdnd  '  vide  '  Interfere  :  dil  par  asar  hond  =  narm 

karnd:  chhui,  f,  (contact). 
Touching,  pur-asar. 
Touchstone,  kasauti,  f.  .•  mahak,  f. 
Tough,  sakht  or  kard  (hard) :  chimrd  (flexible  but  tough ;  as  cold   chapdti, 

a  bank-note ;  of  man  thin  and   strong  ;  grips  well ;  in  latter  case  also 

chimri  haddi  kd). 
Tour,  daura  (circuit,  q.v.) :  siyahat,  f.  k.  (travel  for  pleasure  =  sair  o  safar, 

m.  (k.). 

Tout,  dalldl. 

Tow,  vide  Hemp. 

Towel,  tauliyd,  m.,  Eng. 

Tower,  burj,  m.  (also  bastion) :  mlndr,  m.  (column,  also   minaret) :  Idt,  f. 

(column). 
Town,  qasba:  shahr,  m. 
Town-talk,  charchd,  m. ;  '  vide  '  Rumour. 
Toy,  khilond,  m. 


TRA  159  TRE 

Traceable,  pata  nahln  lagta  (not  traceable). 

Trace,  )pata,     m. ;  nishdn,  in.;  khoj  in.,  (track,  foot- print)  :  suraejh,  in. 
Track,  )      (clue). 

Trade,  iijdrat,  f. 

Tradition,  kadis,  f.  (of  Prophet) :  riwdyai,  f,,  gen. 

Traffic,  dmad  o  raft,  f. 

Train,  ta'llm  (f.)  dend ;  sadhdnd,  tr. ;  nikdlnd,  tr.  (break  in  horses) :  bd,oli 
(a  bagged  bird  or  hare,  etc.,  given  to  a  hawk  or  dog  as  a  '  train  'j : 
rel-gdrt  (ry.). 

Trait,  khususiyat,  f. 

Traitor,  ghadddr,  i  :  toatan-dushman  (  — to  his  country). 

Trample,  raundhnd,  tr.  (to  trample  and  go  on) :  khundalnd,  tr.  (to  trample 

and  keep  stamping  on) :  pd,e-indl  k.,  gen. 
Trance,  saktd,  m. 

Transaction,  mu'dmala:  kdr  o  bar,  m.  (pi.). 
Transfer,  badli  karnd. 
Transfix,  war  par  karnd. 
Transform,  shakl  badaUderm :  band-dend. 

Transient,  nd-pd,eddr ;  be-sabdt;  chand-roza:  fdnl  (perishable;  opp,  to 
bd<^). 

Translate,      )  tarjuma   k.    (but   tarjumdnl   k.   to  interpret) :  Za/s»  tarjuma 
Translation,  ^      (literal  translation). 

Transmigration,  tandsukh,  m.  ( — of  souls). 
Transparent,  shaffdf. 

Transport,  khachchar  khdna  (mule) :  barbarddrl  ke  jdntvar. 
Transportation,  kdld  pdni:  [umh  kald  'pdni  bJiejd-gayd]. 
Trap,  vide  Snare  and  Gin. 
Trap-door,  chor-darwdza  (any  secret  door). 
Trash,  fuzul  chlz. 
Travail,  janne  kd  dard. 

TT&yel,safar  {m.),k. :  sair{i.),  osafar  k.  (forpleasure) ;  siydhat  (f.),  k.  (ditto). 
Traveller,  musdfir :  rdhi  (one  on  the  road). 
Traverse,  7nanzU,  f.  (or  safar)  (m.)  tay  karnd. 
Tray,  kishtt :  l^wdn,  m.  (big) :  khwdncha,  m. 

Treacherous,  gihadddr  (traitor);  fte-m/a  (faithless) :  be-imdn :  'vide'  Trea- 
son. 
Treachery,  vide  Treason. 
Treacle,  trikal,  m. ,  Eng. 

Tread,  — par  pd,on   rakhnd   (tread   on)  ;  qadam  dhamd :  '  vide  '  Trample. 
Treason,  ghadddrl. 

Treasure,  )  khazdna  (also  revenue  and  treasury) :    ganj,  m.  (a  pile) :  daflna 
Treasury,  1      (treasure  trove,  or  buried  treasure). 

Treasurer,  khazdnchl :  bakhahl  (pay-master). 


TRE  160  TRU 

Treat,  )  kisi  se  {mihrbanl  ke  sath,  etc.)  pesh  and;  kist  se  {achchhd,  etc.) 

Treatment,  1      suluk  k.  or  hartd,o  k. :  mu'dmala  rakhnd  (treat  with)  :  marz- 
or  manz  kd  'ildj  k.  (of  disease ;  vide  Cure,  Heal). 

Treaty,  'ahd  o  paimdn  (m),  k.  [kisi  ke  sdth):  sulh-ndma  (of  peace)* 

Trellis,  jdli. 

Tree,  per,  m.;  darakht,  m.  .*  zln  ki  hdthi  (saddle-tree). 

Tremble,  vide  Shiver. 

Trial,  peshl,  leg.  :  vide  Examine,  Test. 

Triangular,  ti-konyd. 

Tribe,  qaum,  f. :  khel,  m. 

Trick,  dhokd,  m.  (deception,  etc.,  q.v.)  :  hila  (artifice,  stratagem). 

Trickle,  to,  bah-chalnd. 

Trident,  triaul,  m. 

Trifle,  chhoti  chlz. 

Trifling,  zara  sd ;  kuchh  hhi  nahin. 

Trigger,  lablahi. 

Trim,  to,  chhdntnd,  tr.  ;  tardshnd,  tr. :  '  vide'  Clip. 

Trinity,  tasEs,  f . 

Trip,  thokar  khdnd  :  '  vide  '   Stumble :  da, on  or  pech  k.  and  langi  mdrnci 

(in  wrestling). 
Triumph,  fatah  Id  khushi  k. :  jit  kd  naqqdra  bajwdnd. 
Trivial,  vide  Trifling. 
Trooper,  sawdr. 
Trope,  majdz,  m.  (rhet.). 
Trot,  dulkl  chalnd  :  kutte-chdl  chalnd. 
Trouble,    vide.   Misfortune:   takUf,   i.,   gen.:   dukh,    m.    (great   trouble): 

diqqat,  i.  (worry);  dard-i  sar,  m.  (lit.  headache):  koshish,  f.  (effort): 

mihnat,  f.  (labour,  trouble). 
Troublesome,  takltf-dih  (of  things) :  takllf  detd  hai  (of  living  things). 
Trough,  vide  Watering  trough. 

TroviserSy patlun,i.  (Eng.  pattern):  pd,e-jdma,  m.  gen.  (also  loose  drawers). 
Truant,  bhagord,  sub.  and  adj. 

True,  sack  (of  statements) :  sachchd  (of  persons,  things  ;  and  of  statements 
emphatic,  as  sachchi  bdt  to  yih  hai  ki — )  .•  bdt  led  sachchd  (true  to  his 
word):  vide  Exact,  Faithful:  asll  (genuine;  also  sachchd):  pakkd 
(regular,  real;  pakkd  thag  a  regular  swindler;  pakke  sahib  (a  real 
English  gentleman). 

Trumpet,  trum  or  trump,  m.,  Eng.,  mil.  :  chihghdrnd,  intr.  (of  elephants; 
vide  Yell). 

Trunk,  tana,  m.  (of  tree)  :  dhar,  m>  (of  animals,  men)  :  sii,nd,  m.  (of 
elephant)  :  vide  Box. 

Trust,  vide  Confide,  Credit. 

Trustworthy,  mu'tabar,  gen.  :  qdbil-i  i'tibdr. 

Truth,       )  haqiqat,  f.  (reahty) :  sachd,i  (truthfulness  ;  veracity)  :  sach  much 

Truthful,  I      (really,  a  fact ;  opp.  to  jhiith  muth). 


TRY  161  TYR 

Try,  vide  Test,  Touchstone,  Experience:  koshish  {{.),  k. :  c^^na  preceded 
by  uninflected  infinitive;  ('vide'  Hindustani  Manual):  'vide' 
Attempt ,  Effort :  pahanJce  dekhna  (try  on  clothes) :  yih  dhkhon  kd  tel 
nikdltd  hai  (this  tries  the  eyes). 

Tube,  nal,  f. 

Tuft,  vide  Crest. 

Tug  of  War,  rassd  khainchrid :  khainchd  khaincKi  (tugging  opposite  ways). 

Tumbler,  lotanyd,  or  lotan  kabutar,  m.  (ground  tumbler)  :  girih-bdz,  m.; 
adj.  (pigeon)  :  gilds,  m.  (for  drinking). 

Tumour,  giltl  (bubo)  :  rasavM  (tumour  ;  also  applied  to  capped  elbow,  etc. 
in  horses). 

Tumult,  hullar,  m.  or  hangdma  :  shorish,  f.  (agitation)  :  halchal,  f.  gen. 
(excitement)  :  khalbali  (stir,  commotion))  :  balwa  (any  rising). 

Turban,  pagfi  or  dastdr,  f.  gen.  :  'ammdma  (spec,  for  Muslims). 

Turbulent,  fasddl :  '  vide  '  Rebellion. 

Turk,  Turk. 

Turkey,  peru,  m.  (the  bird) :  Rum,  m.  (the  country,  but  by  the  Arabs  this 
name  was  given  to  the  Byzantian  Empire  and  by  the  Turks  it  is  given 
to  Greece). 

Turmeric,  haldl. 

Turn,  6art,  f. ;  naubat,  f. 

Turn,  pkirnd,  intr.,  and  phirdnd  or  phemd,  tr.,  gen.  :  ghumnd,  intr.,  and 
ghumdnd,  tr,  (revolve,  turn  round) ;  chakkar  d.  :  '  vide  '  Deviate  : 
khardt  k.  (in  a  lathe) :  ulat-dend  (turn  down) :  pher-dend,  tr.  (turn  aside 
and  also  to  give  back  and  turn  back) :  vide  Expel :  nikalnd,  intr.  (turn 
out,  prove) :  pith  phemd,  tr.  (turn  the  back  on)  :  us  kd  sir  phir-gayd 
(his  head  is  turned  =  dimdgh  chal-gayd)  :  ghumte-jdnd  (turn  round  and 
round,  vide  Spin). 

Turnip,  shalgi^m,  m. 
Turns  crew,  pech-kash,  m. 

Turpentine,  tdrpin,  m.  4650 

Turquoise,  firoza,  m. 
Turtle,  kachhvxi,  m.  (also  tortoise). 
Twaddle,  vmh  bak-rahd. 
Tweezers,  mochnd,  m. 

Twilight,  munh  andhere  kd  uxiqt  (spec,  of  morning) :  shafaq,  f.  (the  red- 
ness in  the  sky  at  sun-up  or  sun-down). 

_^!"'    \tau,dmbachche ;  jopvdn. 

Twine,  lipatnd,  intr. 

Twinkle,  jhalmaldnd,  intr.  (of  stars  or  a  distant  light). 
Twist,  marofnd  tr. 

Tyranny,  zufm,  m.;  sitam,  m. ;  jabr,  m.  (violence,  and  sometimes  tyranny). 
Tyrant,  zdlim. 
21 


UDD  162  UND 

u 

Udder,  than,  m.  (of  cows,  goats,  sheep,  camels,  mares,  etc.). 

Ugly,  bad-surat  or  bad-shakl,  gen. :  hhonda  (hideous). 

Ultimate,  dkhirl :  '  vide  '  Lastly. 

Umbrage,  hurd  mdnnd  (to  take  umbrage). 

Umbrella,  chhatrl  or  chhdtd  ;  (in  Lucknow  the  latter  word  is  not  used  as  it 
has  the  appearance  of  being  the  masculine  of  chhdti  "  breast  "). 

Umpire,  sdlis,  Ar.  (lit.  "  third  ") :  munsif. 

Unalterable,  atal,  fig.,  of  abstract  things  (lit.  immovable,  of  concrete 
things) :  jis  men  tabdil  nahln  ho-sakil. 

Unanimous,  yahzahdn. 

Unanimity,  ittifdq,  m. 

Unanswerable,  Id-jawdb  (also  =  peerless). 

Unarmed,  khdU  hdth  (also  =  without  money) :  nihattd  :  be  hathydr  (without 
arms). 

Unavoidable,  Id-buddl :  '  vide  '  Inevitable. 

Unaware,  Id-'ilm  ;  be-khabar  (also  =  negligent). 

Unbiased,  be-ghxiraz  (without  self-interest)  :  vide  Impartial. 

Unblemished,  be-'aib  ;  be-ddgh- 

Unburden,  dil  ko  halkd  k.  (the  mind). 

Unceremonious,  be  takalluf . 

Uncharitable,  bad-gumdn  (of  thoughts,  speeches,  as  bad-gumdni  ki  bdt)' 

Uncivil,  bad-khulq  (of  people)  :  khushk  (of  people  or  answers)  :  bad-khulql 
kt  harakat  ( — action):  nd-muld ,im  (of  words). 

Uncivilized,  wahshi  (lit.  wild,  of  animals,  etc.) ;  jangll  (ditto)  :  ^atV 
muhazzab  (also  =  very  rude,  ill-mannered). 

Uncle,  chachd  (paternal)  :  mdmun  (maternal). 

Unclean,  maild  (dirty,  of  concrete  things)  :  gandd  (foul,  filthy,  of  concrete 
or  a.bstract  things) ;  ghxllz  (ditto,  of  concrete  things  ;  also  vulg.  subs. 
=  guh) :  nd-'pdk  (spec,  religious,  but  also  secular)  and  palid  (secular) 
(of  concrete  or  abstract  things)  :  malichh  (by  Hindus  of  non-Hindus  ; 
properly  one  that  does  not  know  Sanskrit). 

Uncomfortable,  taklif-dih  (of  chair,  ekka,  etc.). 

Uncommon,  kam-ydb  (  =  nddir) :  anokhd  (singular,  peculiar) :  nirdld 
(singular,  unique). 

Uncompleted,  nd-tamdm  ;  adhurd. 

Uncouth,  be-dhangd  (in  manners,  etc.,  of  men  or  animals  ;  hnt  be-dhangl 
shakl  of  uncouth  appearance)  :  bhaddd  (awkward  to  look  at  and 
unactive). 

Uncover,  kholnd,  tr.,  gen.  :  parda,  etc,  uthdnd. 

Uncultivated  gAair-dbdd  :  bin-jutd. 

Undecided,  tay  nahin  hu,t  (not  settled) :  vide  vacillate. 

Undeniably,  Id-kaldm. 


UND  163  UNI 

Under,  vide  Below,  Less. 

Undergo,  vide  Suffer. 

Understand,  samajhnd,  intr,  ;  aamjhdnd,  tr.    (to   explain ;  to   console ;  to 
remonstrate  with)  :  vide  Comprehend. 

Undertake,    ikhtiydr  k.  : — kd   zimma  lend  or  — ko  zimme  [men]  lend  :  bifd 
uthdnd  (for  great  undertakings)  :  apne  upar  lend. 

Undertaking,  muhimm,  f.  (also  expedition). 

Undisciplined,  j^air  ta'lim  ydfta  (also  uninstructed,  uneducated). 

Undo,  kiyd  kardyd  bar  hdd  k.  (or  miUi  men  mildnd)  :  vide  Destroy. 

Undress,    kapre   utdmd,   tr.    and   caus.    (but  — utarivdnd  to  order  a  third 
person  to  — ,  or  a  second  person  to  — ). 

Undutiful,  kuput,  adj.  (of  children)  :  nd-khalaf  (of  children  or  pupils). 

Undying,  amar  (of  concrete  things). 

Uneasiness,   be-chainl   (also    restlessness     of   children)  :  be-qardri  (ditto)  : 
be-kali  ;  be-tdbi  (of  mind)  :  [be-drdmi,  restlessness  ;  not  uneasiness]. 

Uneducated,  g^ifiir  ta'ltm-ydfta  :  an-parh  ;  umml  (illiterate). 

Unequal,  chhotd  bafd  :  '  vide  '  Irregular. 

Uneven,  nd-hamwdr :  uncha  nlchd :  '  vide  '  Rough. 

Unexampled,   bcrnazlr   (without   precedent)  :  Id-sdnl   (without  a  second) : 
be-misdl  (without  example)  :  Id-jatvdb :  vide  Unique. 

Unfaithful,  be-wafd,  gen.  (of  lover,  or  husband). 

Unfashionable,  waz'-ddr  nahih  (of  people  or  clothes). 

Unfavourable,   nd-muwdflq   (of   weather,    climate)  :  kisi  ke  khilaf  riport  k. 
(of  an  unfavourable  report). 

Unfit,  — ke  nd-qdbil:  [im-ld,iq,  adj.,  an  unworthy]. 

Unfitness,  nd-qabillyat ,  f.  (inefficiency). 

Unfortunate,  bad-nasib ;  bad-qismat ;  bad-bakht  [hut  katn-bakht  "wretched," 

in  abuse]. 
Unfortunately,  merl  bad-qismatt  se —  .•  afsos  ki — . 
Unfounded,  be-bunydd ;  be-asl. 
Unfruitful,  uaar  (barren  of  land):  banjar,  (uncultivated,  jangll  of  land): 

be-phal  (barren,  of  trees). 
Unfurnished,  be  sdz  o  sdmdm,  gen.  [deeds). 

Ungenerous,  be-himmat  (in  money  matters) :  paaUhimmnt  (in  thoughts  or 
Ungentlemanly,  bhal-mansdhat  (or  shardfat)  ke  khilaf. 
Ungovernable,  — jo  uske  qdbu  men  nahin  :  be-lagdm. 
Ungrateful,  nd-shukrd. 

Ungrudgingly,  be-dare^;  dil  se,  or  khule  dil  se. 
Unguarded,  be-hifd^at:  be-ihtiydti  kd  (incautious). 
Unhappy,  nd-shdd  (not  gladsome) :  vide  Grief. 
Uniform,  wardl,  mil. :  vide  Livery. 
Uninhabited,  ghair-dbdd  or  be-dbdd  (of  places  ;  also  uncultivated) :  khdli  (of 

houses). 
Uninteresting,  be-luif  (of  books)  ;  dil-chasp  nahln :  iskd  mazmun  phikd  hai. 


UNI  16  i  UNS 

Uninvited,  he-hulaya. 

Unique,  yaktd  :  nirala  :  '  vide  '  Unexampled. 

Universe,  ha,inat,  f.  (all  that  is;  also    contemptuously   or   depreciatingly 

all  that  one  possesses). 
Unjust,  be-insaf  (of  people)  ;  he-insafi  of  things) ;  nd-haqq,  adv. 
Unkind,  nd-mihrhdn  ;  nd-mihrhdni ,  subs. 
Unknowable,  {Khudd  kl  zdt)  samajh  se  hdhir  hai. 
Unlawful,   hardm   (prohibited   by   rehgion ;    illegitimate)  :    kkildf-i    shar' 

(contrary  to  Muslim  law)  :  khildf-i  qdnun  (contrary  to  secular  law). 

Unlimited,  be-hadd :  '  vide  '  Endless. 

Unload,  bojh  utdrnd,  tr. 

Unlucky,  bad-nasib,  etc.,  vide  Unfortunate. 

Unmarried,  be-biydhd  ;  kunwdrd ;  '  vide '  Bachelor. 

Unmentionable,  — jo  bay  an  karne  ke  ld,iq  nahin. 

Unmercifully,  be-rahml  se  ;  be-dard^  se. 

Unmindful,  c[hdfll ;  be-khabar  :  — par  khiydl  na-karke. 

Unnecessary,  ghair-zaruri . 

Unoccupied,  khall  (of  houses)  :  be-hdr  (out  of  work). 

Unopposed,  be  rok-tok  (also  unchallenged). 

Unorthodox,  bad-i'liqdd,  or  sust-i'tiqdd. 

Unperceived,  ankhen  bachdkar  (  =  purposely  avoiding). 

Unpolished,  angarh  (of  metals,  words,  people). 

Unpopular,  ko,i  is  se  hhush  nahin  ;  sab  is  ki  shikdyat  karte  hain 

Unravel,  suJ^jhnd,  intr.,suljhdnd,  tr.  :    udhernd,  tr.  (undo   stitches;    also 
met.  to  disclose  the  defects  of  persons  or  things). 

Unreasonable,  nd-ma'qul :  '  vide  '  Improper. 
Unreliable,  ghair — (or  nd — ) — mu'tabar. 
4760  Unripe,  kachchd. 

Unruly,  sar-kash,  gen.  (disobedient)  :  munh-zor  (hard-mouthed,   of   horses 
and  met.  of  children  and  servants) :  shor-pusht,  gen. 

Unsafe,  be-aman  (of  a  country)  :  khatar-ndk  (of  roads;  of  a  bridge,  etc.). 

Unsatisfactory,  dil-khwdh  nahin. 

Unseasonable,  be-waqt  kd  (of  weather). 

Unseemly,  nd-shdyista. 

Unselfish,   us   ko   apni   zdt   ki  parwd  nahin  (by  nature)  :  be-gharaz  (on  a 
particular  matter). 

Unsheltered,  ko,i  pandh  ki  jagah  nahin  hai. 

Unsightly,  bad-numd. 

Unskilful,  andri  :  ustdd  ndhin. 

Unsociable,  milansdr  nahin. 

Unsound,  'aib-ddr  .    '  vide  '  Defective. 

Unsuccessful,  nd-kdm  (also  disappointed)  :  nd-murdd  (ditto). 


UNT  166  VAC 

Untidy,  bc-sallqa  (in  habits,  not  in  dress  ;  also  =  without  good  taste). 

Untimely,  be-toaqt. 

Unusual,  (jhfiir-ma'mull :  '  vide  '  Rare. 

Unventilated,  charon  taraf  se  hand  :  is  men  hawa  kd  mala  nahlh  :  hawoUddr 
nahih  (not  airy). 

Unwarlike,  in  men  jang  kd  mddda  nahin. 

Unwelcome,  bdr-i  l^dtir  (of  a  guest) :   nd-gatmr. 

Unwieldy,  laddaf  (too  heavy). 

Upbreiid,  la'nat  maldmxit  k.  :  *  vide  '  Blame,  Reprimand. 

Uphold,  vide  Maintain,  Support. 

Upright,  vide  Perpendicular,  Honest. 

Uproot,  jaj-  ae  ukhdfnd  (or  ukhernd) ,  tr. 

Upset,  gird-dend  :  '  vide  '  Spill. 

Upside-down,  tdatnd,  infcr.  (and  tr.),  and  ulat-jdnd,  intr.  (gen.  to  quite  or 
nearly  turn)':  aundhdnd  (to  place  on  the  face). 

Upstart,  kal  kd  banyd  dj  seth  :  naudaulai  ('  nouveau  riche  ')  :  nayd  rdjd  : 
nayd  rdj  dhab  dhab  bdj  (a  new  kingdom  and  beat  of  drum,  i.e.,  an 
upstart  shows  ofiE)  :  chuchundar  ke  sir  men  chameli  kd  tel  =  beggar  on 
horseback. 

Urge,  uksdnd,  tr.  (to  goad) :  vide  Incite  :  taqdzak.  (to  dun) ;  and  diqq  k,  or 
tang  k.  (to  press) :  dhamd  dend  (to  sit  obstinately  at  a  doorstep). 

Urgent,  zarUri  :  tdkidi  (of  a  letter). 

Urine,  peshdb,  m.  :  mut,  m.  (vulg.  piss)  :  iatinjd  k.  (to  make  — ;  polite). 

Usage,  vide  Treatment  and  Custom. 

Use,  to,  hxim  men  land ;  isti'mdl  k.  :  '  vide  '  Spend,  Accustom  ;  khapdnd 
(use  up,  consume  ;  apne  ko  khapdnd,  to  wear  oneself  out;  also  annihi- 
late ;  is  katran  ko  kahdn  khapd,un,  how  can  I  use  up  this  remnant  ? 
is  nd-ld,iq  lafke  ko  kahdn  khapd,un,  where  can  I  find  a  place  for,  get 
rid  of,  this  useless  boy  ?). 

Useful,  fd,ida-mand ;  kdm  kd. 

Useless,  be-kdr  (also  =  without  employment)  :  nikammd  ;  be-masraf. 
Usual,  vide  Custom,  etc.,  and  Ordinary. 
Usually,  aksar,  adv.  (but  as  adj.  =  most). 
Usurer,  sud-khor  or  biydj-kfj^or  (in  a  bad  sense), 
surp,  1  ^^gfj^^  jj^  ^^^  .  dabd-baithnd. 

Utmost,  maqdur  bhar. 

Utterly,  bi-'l-kiUl :  '  vide  '  Complete. 

Uxorious,  zan-mund  {'  vide  '  Henpecked). 

V 

Vac  te'  t     1  ^*'^^  Empty,  Unoccupied,  Desolate,  etc. 
Vacation,  ta'tll,  f.  (holiday)  :  chhutti  (also  leave  off). 


VAC  166  VEN 

Vaccinate,  tika  dend  or  lagdnd  ;   [tikd  lit.  is  the  sect-mark  on  the  forehead 
of  Hindus]. 

Vacillate,  dhuk  chuk  k.  :  '  vide  '  Hesitate. 

Vagabond,  khdna  ba-dosh  (not  used  in  a  bad  sense) ;  dwdra,  adj.  and  adv. 
(in  bad  sense). 

Vain,     )  kist.  chiz  par  gharra  karnd  (to  plume  oneself  on)  :  be-kdr,  Id-hdsil, 
Vainly,  j"      be-fd,ida  (fruitlessly)  :  muft  (without  return  ;  also  gratis). 

4800  Valet,  berd  or  bahrd  or  baird,  Eng.  (?). 

Valid,  kdm  d-saknd  or  chal-saknd  (of  return  ticket). 

Valley,  wddl,  f.  (a  broad  valley  ;  also  the  country  on  the  bank  of  a  river)  : 
darra  or  ghdtl  (a  defile,  a  narrow  valley  or  pass). 

Valuable,  besh-qimat  (or  costly)  :  qimati  (costly). 

Value,  ddm  lagdnd  (fix  the  price,  or  estimate  the  price  of)  :  'aziz  rakhnd  or 
— kl  qadr  karnd  (to  hold  dear  or  in  respect). 

Valueless,  be-qtmat  (but  be-bahd  priceless)  :  do  kauri  kd. 

Vanish,  ci}j,d,ib  ho-jdnd  :  kdfur  ho-jdnd  (disappear,  or  run  away) ;  jdtd-rahnd 
(also  to  be  lost). 

Vanities,  muzakhrafdt. ,  f . 

Vanquish,  Id-jawdb  k.  (in  argument)  :  vide  Conquer. 

Vapours,  bukhdrdt^  m.,  pi.  (in  sing.  =fever). 

Variation,  kaml  beshi  or  ghat-barh,  f . 

Variety,  qism,  f. ,  (kind,  q.v.). 

Various,  qism  qism  kd  (of  different  kinds)  :  mukhtalif  (conflicting,  diverse). 

Varnish,  bdrnish,  f.  {k.) ;  raughan  phernd. 

Vast,  Inqq  o  daqq  maiddn  (or  jangal)  (vast  plain,  forest,  etc.) :  vide  Count- 
less, etc. 

Vault,  vide  Dome,  Cellar. 

Vaulted,  gumbaz-ddr. 

Veer,  rukh  badalnd,  tr.  (also  of  Time). 

Vegetable,   sdg   pdt,  m.  (for  table)  :  saftzi  (anything  green  ;  verdure;  also 

uncooked  edible  vegetables) :  tarkdri  (cooked  vegetables ;  also  vulgarly 

relish  and  hence  meat). 

Vehemently,  shiddat  se  :  zor  se. 

Vehicle,  sawdri,  gen.  (any  conveyance,  wheeled  or  otherwise,  horse,  camel, 

etc.,  etc.  ;  also  a  fare,  the  person;  and  hence  wife;  also  money  for 

fare  ;  also  riding). 
Veil,  burqa'a,  m   (Muslim,  over  whole  body)  :  niqdb,  m.  or  f.  (ddlnd)  (over 

face)  :  parda  (covering,  curtain). 

Vein,  rag,  f.  (or  artery). 

Vellum,  charml  kdghaz,  m. 

Velvet,  m.,  malchmal,  m. 

Venerate,  pdk  jdnnd. 

Venetian,  jhilmili  (blind  or  shutter  ;  from  jhilmil  k.,  to  flicker). 

Vengeance,  vide  Revenge. 


VEN  167  VIC 

Venomous,  zahrild. 

Ventilate,  hawa-dar  banana  (of  construction ;  otherwise  darwdza,  etc. 
kholna). 

Venture,  qismat-dzmd,i  k.  (to  try  one's  luck)  :  be  aoche  aamjfie,  adv.  (at  a 
venture)  :  sir/  ummed  par  jokhon  {mm]  parnd  or  ddlnd  :  '  vide  ' 
Hazard. 

Venturesome,  dil-chald  (adventurous). 

Veracity,  sachchd,i. 

Verandah,  bardmada  (on  any  floor)  :  sdya-hdn,  tn.  (a)so  a  shed  ;  also  an 
awning). 

Verb,  flH,  m. 

Verbal,  zabdnl  (oral). 

Verbatim,  lafz  ba-lafz. 

Verdant,  hard  hard  (note  that  the  repetition  gives  the  idea  of  '  pleasantly 
green  '  ;  vide  Supplement  "  Stumbling-Blocks  "). 

Verdigris,  zangdr,  m.  (also  sulphate  of  copper). 
Verdure,  harydwal ',  f.  ;  sar-sabzl. 

Verge,  vide  Edge,  Brink  :  main  karne  hi  ko  thd  ki — I  was  on  the  verge  of 
doing  it  when — . 

Verification,  )  .      ,-      ,    ,,  > 
Verify,  ']mdxq,t  (k.). 

Versatile,  har  fann  mauld. 

Verse,  dyat,  f.  (of  Quran  or  Injil)  :  bait,  f.  (or  a  couplet):  shi'r,  m.  (a 
couplet,  and  also  poetry). 

Versed,  bahut  kuchh  dakhl  rakhnd  :  nmhir  (expert  in). 

Very,  bahut  hi :  intihd  darje  kd,  or  nihJdyat  (extremely) :  thik  usi  waqt  (at 
that  very  moment)  :  in  colours  expressed  by  a  Hindi  and  a  Persian 
synonym,  as  kdld-siydh  very  black,  ujld-safed,  Idt-aurkh,  pild-zard;  and 
Imrd-sabz  (rare). 

Vessel,  bartan,  m.,  or  bdsan,  m.,  gen.  term  (utensil). 

Vest,  sadri  (without  sleeves)  :  wtwa  (with  half-sleeves)  :  wdskat,  f.  (waist- 
coat). 

Vestige,  pata  (trace). 

Vex,  ranj  dend  :  khafd  k.  (to  annoy) :  '  vide  '  Annoy  and  Tease.  4860 

Vexatious,  bakhefd,  m.,  any  vexatious  business,  a  difficulty,  hitch  :  bakherd 
k.  to  dispute  the  price  of,  or  make  a  fuss  about. 

Viaduct,  pul,  m.  (no  special  word). 

Vibrate,  tharfhardnd  (also  to  shiver ;  but  tharrdnd  to  tremble  from  fear  *). 

Vice,  badi ;  buri  sifat :  shikanja  (a  book-binder's  press  ;  hence  shikanje 
men  kasnd.  to  torture,  lit.  and  met.). 

Viceroy,  Bare  Ldt  Sdhib  ;   Vdysrde. 

Vicinity,  qurb  o  jaivdr,  m. 


>  But  haryal.  in.,  the  green  pigeon. 

<  But  kSApna.  gen.,  to  shiver  or  to  tremble. 


VIC  168  VOC 

Vicious,  kattar  (lit.  biting) :  had-zat :  mun  (injurious) . 

Victim,  qurhani  (in  sacrifice)  :  shikar,  m.  (as  a  victim  to  cannibals,  plague, 
etc.)  :  jharap  men  and  or  parnd  (to  fall  a  victim  to  wrath). 

Victory,  fath,  f.  (k.)  :  jU,  f.  :  vide  Conquer. 

View,  nazzdra  (of  scenery). 

Vigil,  rat-jagd,  m.  [k.). 

Vigilance,  chaukasi ;  hoshydrl. 

Vigour,  quwwat,  f.  or  zor,  m.  (also  =  power,  etc.). 

Vigorous,  qawi ;  tdqat-war. 

Vile,  qabih. 

Village,  gd,on,  m.  or  mauza',  m.  (small;  spec,  zamlndari  viW&ge) :  bastt 
(large  or  small). 

Villager,  gd,on-iodld :  ganwdr  (also  a  boor)  :  dihdti  (country-man). 

Vindicate,  qdyim  rakhnd  (maintain). 

Vine,  angur  ki  bel. 

Vinegar,  sirka. 

Vineyard,  angur  kd  hdgji,. 

Violate,  vide  Injure,  Break  :  rmmus  khardb  k.  (women). 

Violence,  zabardasti  (force):  jabr,  m.  (also  tyranny,  q.v.):  tundl  or  zor  (of 
storm). 

Violent,  jdbirdna  (of  acts) :  sakht,  tez,  shadid  (severe  ;  of  storm,  rage) :  zor 
kd  (storm)  :  baW,  kd  or  ghfizab  kd  (  =  the  devil  of  a —  ;  used  of  good 
things  as  well  as  bad). 

Violet,  banafsha,  m. 

Violin,  sdrangl  and  beld  (different  patterns). 

y.  ^.  !,     [  kunwdri  (virgin) :  kunwdr-pan  (virginity). 

Virile,  jawdn-mard  (also  manly,  brave,  generous,  etc.). 

Virility,  mardl  =  quxvwat-i  bdh. 

Virtue,  nekt ;  'umda  si  fat. 

Virtuous,  pdk-ddman  (speo.  for  women) :  pdrsd,  gen.  (of  men  or  women) : 
'ismat-ddr  (chaste  ;  of  women). 

Viscid,  laslasd  (like  Idsd  or  bird-lime). 

Visible,  to  be,  dik7id,l  dend,  or  nazar  dnd. 

Visit,  to,  — se  milne  ko  (or  muldqdt  ko)  jdnd  (people)  •  dekhnd  (places)  : 
darshan  (m.),  k.  (used  bj'  Hindus  for  visits  to  idols,  or  to  holy  places, 
or  to  great  persons). 

Visitor,  muldqdti  (caller). 

Vital,  ndzuk  jagah  (lit.  delicate  spot ;  no  word  for  vital). 

Vivacious,  zinda-dil. 

Viva  voce,  zabdnl,  adj.  and  adv.  ;  taqrlri,  adj. 

Vivid,  shokh  (of  colours ;  lit.  saucy). 

Vocabulary,  farhang,  f. 


VOC  169  WAI 

Vociferous,  ^au'jjia,%,  adj.  (also  as  subs,  the  Large  Grey  Babbler). 

Voice,  auxizt  f.  (dend)  (also  sound) :  us  ne  ffia^ab  kd  gala  payd  hai  (she  has 
an  exquisite  voice). 

Void,  bdtil  (null  and  void) :  vide  Empty. 

Volatile,  uf-jdne-iodld . 

Volcano,  jwdld-mukhi,  f. 

Volley,  barh,  f . :  salak,  (.,  vulg.  for  sfialq,  f.,  T.  ;  {shilkt  kdrtuah  =  blank 
cartridge). 

Voluble,  tarrdr  (also  glib). 

Volume,  jild,  f.  (also  cover  of  a  book). 

Voluntarily,  khushi-dil  se  :  dp  se,  or  khud  ba-khud  (of  its  own  accord) :  a/pnl 
marzl  se  :  '  vide  '  Purposely. 

Volunteer,  vdlantiyar,  Eng.  4900 

Vomit,  qay  karnd  :  radd  kamd  (lit.  to  return,  refute)  :  ugalnd,  tr.  (to  bring 

up  from    the   stomach  purposely;   as  pigeons,  cows,  etc. ;  also  =  to 

spit  out). 

Voracioner,  kdl  kd  tutd,  adj.  :  tan-kar  khdnd  (to  eat  till  the  stomach 
stretches):  charhd-jdnd  (spec,  of  over-drinking  wine;  "to  put 
away  ' ')  :  gidh  kt  tarah  khdnd :  '  vide  '  Gobble. 

Vote,  to,  rde  (f.)  dend  :  vol  (m.)  dem,. 

Votive,  bhent,  m.  (ofiferings  to  idols  that  go  to  the  priests)  :  pujd,  f .  (flowers 
or  leaves  oifered  to  idols) :  nazr  o  niydz,  f .  (ofiferings  at  Muslim  shrines). 

Vow,  mannit,  f.  (mdnnd)  or  nazr,  f.  (mdnnd)  (to  make  a  vow)  :  — purd  k. 

(fulfil  a  vow)  :  — nihdhnd,  tr.  (maintain  a  vow). 
Voyage,  samundar,  m.  (or  daryd)  kd  safar :  daryd  kd  sair  o  safar  (f.)  k.  (of 

pleasure  voyages). 
Vulgar,   bdzdrl  log   (vulgar  people)  :  ganwdru  (of  words)  :  be-tamizi  kd  (of 

actions). 

Vulgarity,  ganwdr-pan  (vulgar  actions). 

Vulture,  gidh,  m. 

Vulva,  furj,  f .  (for  jarj) :  chut,  f .  (obscene  word) :  jaldn,  i.  (a  contemptuous 
term). 

W 

Wabble,  to,  dagmag  k.  (also  of  drunken  people,  old  people,  and  fig.  of 
opinions  as  wuh  dagmag  kartd  hai,  or  uski  rd,e  dagmag  karti  hai). 

Wade,  — men  helnd  :  '  vide  '  Ford. 

Wafer,   tunkl,   {.,  or   pdpar,  m.  (the  thin  crisp  wafer  eaten  with  curry  ; 

"  pompadom  ") :  [pdpar  kd  sd  =  brittle,  q.v.]. 
Waft,  u^d-ldnd  or  ufd-lejdnd. 

Wager,  bdzi  lagdnd,  tr.  :  shart  lagdnd  or  bdndhnd,  tr. 
Wages,  talab,  f.  (in  Urdu  monthly  wages) :  tankhwdh,  f.  (ditto) :  maxduri 

(of  daily  hire)  :  ujrat,  f.  (remuneration). 

Waggon,  gdri,  gen.  (also  carriage,  etc.) :  mdl-gdfi  (goods'  van). 
Wail,  ufdwayld  karnd. 
22 


WAI  170  WAR 

Waist,  Tcamar,  f.  (also  the  loins). 

Waist-band,  kamar-hand,  m.  (outside) :  izdr-band,  m.  (for  drawers  ;  louh 
'aurat  izdr-band  ki  dhlli  hai  =  she's  of  easy  virtue). 

Waistcoat,  vide  Vest. 

Wait,  thaharnd  ',  intr.  :  sahr  k.,  tr.  (lit.  to  have  patience) :  — ki  rah  dekhnd 
(to  wait  for,  expect  =  — kd  intizdr  karnd  or  khlnchnd  :  '  vide  '  Delay 
and  Ambuscade:  khidmatgdri  k.  (at  table). 

Waiter,  khidmafgdr. 

Wake,    '^jdgnd,  intr.  (to  be  awake  or  to  wake  up)  and  jagdnd,  tr.  :  so-kar 
Waken,  j      uthnd  (to  get  up) :  hedRr  rahnd  :  rat-jagd  k.  (to  keep  awake  on 
purpose  ;  originally  as  a  vow) :  rdt  dnkhon  men   kdtnd    (to   lie   awake 
all  night;  uthdnd  or  jagdnd  (to  rouse)  :  vide  Arouse,  Revive. 

Walk,  chalnd  :  phirnd :  tahalnd  (to  walk  to  and  fro  ;  also  to  go  for  a  short 
walk  =  chihil-qadami  k.  :  qadam  qadam  jdnd  (walk  as  opposed  to  a 
faster  pace) :  vide  Go. 

Walking-stick,  chhari  :  '  vide  '  Stick  and  Club. 

Wall,  diivdr,  i.  :  fasil,  f.  (of  town  or  fort)  :  qandt,  f.  (of  tent)  :  dlwdr  se 
ghernd,  verb  :  chdr-diwdri ,  f.  (enclosure- wall). 

Wall-eye,  sulaimdnl-ankh  (from  sulaimdnl  onyx)  :  tfiqi,  adj.  (of  horse, 
etc.  ;  from  taq  odd,  not  even). 

Wallow,  kichar  men  lotnd. 

Walnut,  akhrot,  m. 

Wamble,  merd  j%  matldtd  hai  =  mujhi  matll  dti  hai  "  I  have  a  feeling  of 
nausea. ' ' 

Wander,  mdrd  mdrd  phirnd,  or  khdk  chhdntd  phirnd  (in  distress  or  uselessly)  : 
zamin  ndpnd,  tr.  (ditto) :  awdra  phirnd  (without  purpose  or  for  a  bad 
purpose)  :  ghumtd  phirnd  (of  a  traveller). 

«r     J    •   '       khdna  ba-dosh  (of  gypsies,  etc.). 

Wane,  ghatnd,  v.  (decrease) :  chdnd  kd  ghatd,o,  subs. 
Want,  vide  Lack,  Need,  Wish,  Ask. 
Wanton,  vide  Sportive,  Playful. 

War,  jang,  f.  and  lard,i,  f,  (also  =  battle) :  jihdd,  m.  (Muslim  holy  war) : 
khdna-jangt  (civil  war;  also  a  family  or  tribal  quarrel) :  sipdh-gari  kd 
fann  (the  art  of  war). 

Warble,  rez  k.  (of  birds) ;  chahchahdnd,  intr.  (to  sing  out  loud,  of  songsters). 

Wardrobe,  kapron  k%  alrmri. 

Warehouse,  mdUkhdna  or  mdl-guddm,  m. :  kothl. 

Warm,  garm  (also  hot)  :  tatid  (very  hot) :  garml  and  toMd-pan,  subs. ;  vide 
Heat. 

Warn,  vide  Inform,  Caution  and  Order. 

Warp,  ainth-jdnd,  intr. ,  vide  Extort :  bal  or  kham  d-jdnd, 

Warrant,  mdrant,  m.  (for  arrest) :  vide  Authority. 


1  For  meanintrs  of,  and  differences  between,  thaharha  and  tikna  '  vide  '  "  Hindu- 
stani Stumbling-Blocks." 


WAR  171  WAY 

Wart,  massd  or  maaa,  m. 

Wary,  chaukas ;  hoshyar. 

Wash,  dhona,  tr. ,  gen.  :  saf  k.  (cleanse) :  vide  Bathe  and  Ablution  :  dkula,t, 
subs,  (the  act.  also  money  for  washing). 

Washerman,       )dhobi,  ra.,  and  dhobin,  i.  :    murda-ahu,  ra.  (washer  of   the  4950 
Washerwoman,  /     dead)  ;  murda-shoni ,  f. 

Wasp,  hhif,  f. ,  and  bhifnl  (different  kinds) :  hhirnd,  m.  (hornet). 

Waste,  ganivdnd, tr.  ;  bafbddk.  ;  '  vide'  Destroy,  Squander,  Extravagance: 
banjar  zamin  (waste  land) :  raddl,  adj.  (of  no  use)  :  ghidnd,  intr. 
(waste  away  from  sickness  or  grief  ;  prop,  to  dissolve,  melt,  q.v.). 

Watch,  — k%  nigdh-bdni  k.  or  —ki  khabarddri  k.  :  '  vide  '  Awake,  Wake, 
Wait,  Guard  :  tdk  men  hond  (or  — lagd  rahnd)  (to  watch  for)  :  vide 
Observe  :  ghafi,  subs. ,  gen. ,  (also  for  dJuiram-gharl  a  clock)  :  jebghafi 
(watch)  :  rat  kd  ek  pahar  (one  watch  of  the  night). 

Watchful,  vide  Wary,  Alert. 

Watchmaker,  ghafi-sdz. 

Watchman,  chauki-ddr  ;  pahra-ddr :  '  vide  '  Sentry. 

Water,  pant,  m. :  db,  m.,  P.  (in  compounds  ;  dh  also  =  lustre;  also  the  water 
on  a  steel  blade)  :  tari  se  (by  water  :  as  opposed  to  khushki)  :  peshdb 
k.  (to  make  water  ;  =  mutnd,  vulg.  and  ialinjd  k.  polite)  :  panl  dend  or 
serdb  k.  (irrigate)  ;  sichnd,  tr.  (ditto)  :  pdni  pildnd  (water  horses)  :  rdl 
tapaknd,  intr.  (  =  the  mouth  waters ;  Ut.  and  met.). 

Water-course,  ndld  (large) ;  nalyd  or  ndlt,  f.  (small)  :  mori  (drain). 

Waterfall,  jharnd,  m.  (also  a  spring)  :  db-shdr  m.  f. 

Water-fowl,  murghdbi  (wild  duck) :  jal-kukkar,  m.  (  =  '  moor-hen'). 

Wateringplace,  pan-ghat,  m.  (anywhere). 

Water-trough,  khet,  m.  (for  horses). 

Water-lily,  kahwal,  m.,  H.,  gen.  :  nilufar,  m.,  P.  (large  white) :  tnde  Lotus. 

Waterman,  vide  Boatman  and  Sailor. 

Watermelon,  tarbuz,  m. 

Water  mill,  pan-chakki. 

Watery,  panild ;  patld. 

Wave,  mauj,  f. :  lahr,  f.  (ripple) :  hildnd,  tr.,  gen.  (and  also  to  shake)  and 
■  lahrdnd,  tr.  (of  a  handkerchief,  etc.). 

Waver,  vide  Swerve. 

Wax,  mom,  m. :  Idk,  m.  (lagdnd)  (sealing-wax) :  kdn  kd  mail  (of  the  ears): 
momkd  =  moml,  adj. :  mom  ki  ndk  =  a  person  easily  led. 

Wax-candle,  momrbatti. 

Wax- cloth,  mom- jama. 

Wax-works,  momi-tasvlr,  f. 

Way,  rah,  f. ;  rasta  orrdsta,  m. :  guzar-gdh,  f.  (passage  or  place  of  passing) : 
wrfe  Road,  Path:  Uiur,  m.  (manner):  pata  raata  (covered  way,  in  a 
fort) :  chor-rasta  (secret  way) :  ddheraste  wen,  adv.  (half-way) :  kas-ma- 
purs  jagah  (out-of-the-way  place). 

Wayfarer,  rdhi:  rdhi  musdfir  (wayfarers,  passers  along). 


WAY  172  WEI 

Waylay,  rah  kdtna  (of  a  person) :  vide  Ambuscade. 

Weak,  kam-zor,  gen.  (of  people  etc.,  or  things) :  na-^ag-af  (feeble,  of  the 
old  or  sick) :  be-tdqat  (as  of  a  conquered  race) :  bodd  (feeble,  of  mate- 
rials, not  to  be  relied  on  for  strength):  za't/ (feeble,  of  the  old) : 
halkd,  gen.  (of  wines,  tea,  etc  ) :  kam-rang  (ditto) :  kam-zor  dil  kd 
(weak,  easily  led) :  mom  kl  ndk  (very  easily  led). 

Wealth,  daulat,  f.  (also  =  fortune):  mdl,  m.  (riches). 

Wealthy,  daulat-mand :  mdl-ddr  (rich) :  amiri  or  imdrat  and  mdl-ddri  (the 
being  wealthy). 

Wean,  dudh  barhdnd  (or  chhurdnd):   'ddat  chhurdnd  (from  a  fault). 

Weapon,  hathydr,  m.;  sildh,  i:  '  vide  '  Armed. 

Weaponless,  vide  Unarmed. 

Wear,  pahinnd,  tr.  (carry  on  the  body ;  of  cut  clothes,  hats,  boots,  or  or- 
naments):  orhnd,  tr.  (of  a  loose  uncut  garment;  also  to  cover  oneself 
with  a  sheet) :  gliisnd,  tr.  and  intr.  (wear  out,  rub  away  by  friction) : 
ragarnd,  tr.  (to  rub,  of  friction  ;  but  ragar  khdnd  to  graze) :  ghisd  aur 
ragar,  subs.,  m.  (hard  wear  and  tear)  :  apne  ko  khapdnd,  tr.  (wear  out 
oneself) :  vide  Use. 

Wearisome,  ihakd-dene-wdld  (kdm)  (of  things  only ;  not  of  persons) :  maghz- 
khdne-wdld  (of  people) ;  jdn-khd,u  or  jdn-khdne-wdld  (ditto). 

Weary,  thakd-nmnda  or  khasta  or  chur  (very  tired,  q.v.). 

Weather,  no  regular  word;  m^ausim,  m.,  season  is  sometimes  used  for  wea- 
ther :  dndhi  pdni  ke  din  foul  weather. 

Weather-beaten,  tufdn-zada. 

Weather-cock,  bdd-numd :  thdll  kd  baingan,  fig.  (lit.  wobbling  about  like 
a  birinjal  on  a  brass  plate). 

Weave,  bunnd,  or  bintid. 

Weaver,  juldhd  (Muslim);  tdntl  (Hindu):  qdlin-bdf  (weaver  of  carpets): 
bayd,  m.  (the  weaver-bird). 

Web,  makrt  kd  jdld  (cob- web). 

Wedding,  nikdh,  m.  (marriage) ;  shddl  (wedding). 

Wedge,  mekh,  f.  (lit.  nail  or  peg)  :  pachchar,  m.  (anything  wedged  in  to 
tighten). 

Wee,  nannhd  (tiny  and  nice). 

Weed,  gMs  pdt,  m. 

Week,     1  hafta:  athwdrd:  kafta-wdr,  adj.  and  adv.  (weekly) ;   hafta  hafta, 
Weekly, )      adv. 

Weep,  rand,  intr. ;  dnsu  bahdnd,  tr.  (shed  tears) :  zdr  zdr  rond  (to  weep 
bitterly) :  phut  phut-kar  rond  (weep  unrestrainedly) :  ddrhen  markar 
rond  (to  blubber  out  loud:  contemptuous  term) :  vide  Whimper. 

Weigh,  tolnd,  tr.,  and  tulnd,  intr.  [vide  Poise):  wazan  karnd  a,nd  hond : 
langar  uthdnd  (weigh  anchor) :  sochnd  samajhnd  (ponder  on  and 
consider). 


WEI  173      •  WHA 

Weight,  tmzan,  m.  or  tol,  ra.  (weight) :  bojh,  m.  or  bar,  m.  (load,  burden) :  6000 
uski  bat  kd  wazan  nahih  (liia  words  carry  no  weight) :  meribatuske  age 
nahin  chaH  (my  words  have  no  weight  with  him) :  age  dab  lag-gayd,  or 
ghofe  par  dab  ho-gayd  (the  weight  is  all  in  front  of  the  cart,  on  the 
shafts) :  ekkd  (pichhe)  uldr  •  Jiai  (the  weight  is  all  behind  the  ekka,  the 
shafts  are  in  the  air) :  bojh  ek-tarfa  ho-gayd  (the  load  is  to  one  side,* 
lop-sided). 

Weightiness,  bojhal-pan  (heaviness). 

Welcome,  kisi  ki  d,o  bhagat  karnd  (to  receive  heartily) :  khub  d,e 
(welcome  !) :  jahdn  jdtd  hai  uski  d,o  bhagat  hoti  hai  =  jahdn  jdtd  hai 
log  uskosar  dnkhon  par  bithute  hain  (wherever  he  goes  he  is  a  welcome 
guest). 

Welfare,  khairiyat  or  khair  o  'dfiyat,  f.  {puchhnd)  (spec,  as  regards  health)  : 
Uiushhdli  (doing  well). 

Well,  ku,dn  or  ku,d,  m.,  gen.  :  bd,oli  (large  masonry  well,  often  with  steps): 
ubalnd,  intr.,  to  well  up  (also  to  boil) :  achchhd,  changd,  or  bhuld  changd 
=  tan  durust  (in  good  health)  :  khairiyat  se  hand  (to  be  well,  in  good 
health) :  vide  Right :  bahut  achchhd,  gen  ;  or  to  superiors  bahut  khub 
or  j%  achchhd,^  adv.  (very  good) :  khair,  adv. ;  khair  jdne  do  well,  let  it 
alone  =  achchhd,  -na-sahi :  khasa  hai  (it  is  well  enough  ;  pretty  good)  : 
l^air,  phir  well  then  ? 

Well-behaved,  tarmz-ddr  (of  behaviour). 

Well-bred,  shdyista  (of  manners,  etc.) :  asll,  or  achchhe  nasi  kd  (of  animals). 

Well  done,  shidhbdah  !  :  kyd  bat  !  :  kyd  kahnd  ! 

Well-dressed,  khush-libds. 

Well-formed,  sudaul  (of  things,  or  of  the  body  ;  not  of  persons) :  jar-band 
kd  durust  (of  men  or  horses):  khush-waz'  gen.  (outward  siiape  good). 

Well-informed,  bd  khabar. 

Well-known,  mashhur  :  mashhur  o  ma'ruf  :  ndmt :  '  vide  '  Famous. 

Well-made,  khush-qit'  of  clothes;  well-designed,  of  houses):  vide  Well- 
formed. 

Well-meaning,  nek-myai  (in  a  good  sense  only). 

Well-to-do,  khushrhdl  =  ddl  rott  se  khush  =  ghar  kd  dsuda. 

Well-wisher,  khair-khwdh. 

Wencher,  randl-bdz. 

West,  pachchhim,  m.  :  ma^rib,  m.  :  bd,en  hdth  (vulg.  and  local). 

Wet,  tar:  tar  ba-tar  or  shor-bor  (wringing  wet):  bhigd :  gild  (damp)  :  ton 

and  gilan,  subs. 
Wet-nurse,  dd,i  or  dudh-pild,i  :  [dd,i  is  often  used  for  da,»  jand,i  midwife]. 
Wharf,  ghat,  m.  (also  =  any  landing-  or  watering-place,  or  ferry,  or  bath- 

ing  place) :  dak,  m.,  Eng.  (docks). 


1  UtSr,  subs.,  is  that  pan  of  the  scales  that  being  less  weighted  goes  up. 

2  Panjabi  camel-men  and  muleteers  have  some   such  word  as  oM.tr  parna  to 
express  this.  ,      -  , 

3  In  the  Panjab  achchha  j%  but  in  "  Hindustan    '  this  latter  indicates  fretfulnese 
or  irritation. 


WHE  174  WID 

Wheat,  gehun,  m.,  sing,  or  pi. 

Wheedle,  lallo  patto  karke  nikalnd  or  le-lena  (to  wheedle  and  flatter  out  of)  ; 

vide  Coax,  Blarney,  Flatter). 
Wheel,  pahiya,  m. :  chakkar,  m. 

Whet,  \san  dend   or  dhamd  or  lagdnd  (on  wheel ;  of  instruments) : 

Whetstone,  J      silli  par  pajdnd,  tr   (on  stone)  :  — ki  piyds  hharkdnd,  tr.  (to 

whet  figuratively). 
Whey,  pdm,  m. 
Whimper,  hun  hun  k.  (also  to  say  yes),  or  thunuknd,  intr.  (of  children;  also 

of  a  mistress  when  trying  to  get  her  own  way). 
Whip,    chdbuk,    m.  (mdrnd)  (light  whip  or  stick) :  kord,  m.  (mdrnd)  (heavy 

thonged) :  tdziydna  lagdnd,  leg.  (to  flog  as  a  punishment). 

Whirlpool,  bhantvar,  m. 

Whirlwind,  baguld,  m.  (from  bd,o  wind  and  gold). 

Whisper,  kdn  men  kahnd  (  — to) :  kdndphusl  k.    or    (to   whisper   amongst 
themselves) :  phusphusdnd,  intr.,  gen. 

Whistle,  slti  (bajana). 

White,         )  safed,  P. :  ujld,  H. :  chittd   (very    white  =  ujld   safed) :  safed 

Whiteness,  )      rang   (the   colour) :  safedl   (of   an   egg ;  also  whiteness  and 

whitewash):  g^ora  A;a^a  (Europeans  and  Indians;  black  and  white;  a 

contemptuous  term). 
Whitewash,  vide  White. 
Whitlow,  ungal  berhd,  m.  (under  a  nail). 
Whole,  vide  All :  samuchd,  adj.,  entire  (q.v.)  =  sdbit  and  musallam ;  murgh-i 

musallam   (a  cock  cooked   whole   and  not  cut    up)  :    vide    Sound : 

— bhar,  as  din  bhar,  etc.,  etc.,  adv.  (the  whole  day). 

Wholesale,  thok-farosh  (  — dealer) :  thok-faroshl  {k.)  (  — dealing). 

Wholesome,  sihhat-balchsh  (of  air,  climate):  mufld  (lit.  beneficial,  of  food): 
nirogi  H.  (of  food). 

Wholly,  yak  qalam. 

Whooping-cough,  habbd  dabbd,  m.  :  kukar-khdnsi,  f. 

Whore,  mdl-zddl  (lit.  born  of  money)  :  vide  Prostitute.  "• 

Whoremonger,  vide  Wencher. 

Whore-son,  randi  bachcha :  '  vide  '  Illegitimate. 

Wick,  battl  (also  =  light). 

Wicked,  bad:  burd  :  '  vide  '  Sinful ;  Mischievous. 

Wide,  chaurd  :  'ariz  (in  common  use  of  cloth  only) :  bare  pahne  kd  (of 
cloth):  lamba  chaurd  (of  expanse,  as  a  plain;  also  of  a  very  big 
man). 

Widewake,  chaukas  (alert,  q.v.). 

Widow,   bewa;  rdnd  (but  in  Bengal  =  randi,  prostitute). 

Widower,  randwd  (rare). 

Widowhood,  randdpd,  m.  ;  bewagi. 

Width,  chaurd,l :  pahnd,  m.  (of  cloth) :  'arz,  m.  (commonly  of  cloth) : 
pat,  m.  (of  a  river) ;  do  pdt  H  chddar  a  chddar  of  double  width. 


WIF  176  WIN 

Wife,  btbt ;  joru,  vulg. :  adm\,m.  (very  vulgar):  awrat  (prop,  woman): 
zaxvja  (spouse,  fera.)  :  ghar  ke  log,  m.  coll.  (a  polite  colloquialism) : 
hawell  (of  rich  man). 

Wig,  jhuihd  bdl. 

Wild,  wahshi ;  jangli :  'vide'  Uncultivated,  Uninhabited:  khud-ro  (of 
plants,  etc.). 

Wilderness,  sahrd,  m.  (also  =  desert) :  baydbdn,  m. 

Wile,  tiriyd-charitar ,  m  (for  Hindi  triyd-charitr)  (women's  wiles)  :  hlla,  m. 

Wilful,  khud-sar  (taking  his  own  line) :  vide  Obstinate. 

Will,  wasiyat-ndma,  leg.,  written. 

Willing,  rdzx  (also  =  contented) :  be  'uzr  ddmi  hat,  he  is  a  willing  man. 

Willingly,  khiishi  se. ;  sar  dnkhoh  se;  dil  o  jdn  se,  shauq  se  (also  =  by  all 
means  do  so). 

Willingness,  razd-mandi ;  khushl. 

Willow,  bed,  f.  (and  hence  bent,  f.,  cane). 

Win,  jltrid,  gen.  :  bazl  le-jdnd  or  mar-lend  (in  a  game  only). 

Wince,  vide  Flinch. 

Wind,  haiud,  tr.  f.  (prop,  air) :  bdd,  f.  (in  Urdu  seldom  used  alone) :  riydh, 
f. ,  sing,  (in  the  stomach) :  goz,  f.  (k)  =  haiod  chhomd,  or  coarsely  padna 
(to  break  wind  :  goz-i-shtUur  =  anything  insignificant). 

Wind,  kuknd,  tr.  (a  clock,  etc.  ;  also  to  tune  a  musical  instrument) :  chdbi  or 
kunji  derm:  lapetnd,  tr.  (wind  up,  of  string,  etc.)  ;  hawd  ke  rukh  chalnd, 
to  go  down- wind,  go  with  the  wind  :  haivd  ko  kdt-kar  chalnd,  to  go  up 
wind,  against  the  wind,  [hawd  bachdke  jdrvd  "to  cheat  the  wind," 
might  mean  to  stalk  at  right  angles  to  the  wind]. 

Wind-broken,  sher-dam,  adj.  (of  horses) :  sher-daml,  subs. 

Windfall,  tapkd,  m.  (of  fruit) :  bin  mange  murdd  :  billi  ke  bhdgon  chhihkd  tuta 
Prov.  [by  the  good  luck  of  the  cat  the  (string  of  the)  meat-safe  broke 
and  fell ;  of  something  that  comes  as  a  windfall  but  has  long  been 
desired]. 

Wind-gall,  baiza,  m.,  Ar.  (lit.  an  egg,  and  by  country  people  and  in  Bombay 
used  in  this  sense  in  Urdu;  amongst  horse-dealers  =  wind-gall). 

Winding-sheet,  kafan,  m. 

Wind-mill,  pavan-chakkl,  f.  {paixin,  H.,  wind). 

Window,  khirkl;  jharokhd,  m.  (a  small  window  in  an  upper  storey  ;  spec. 
in  a  palace  to  obtain  a  view). 

Windward,  vide  Wind. 

Windy,  hawd  jhakliar  kd  din  ( —  day). 

Wine,  shardb,  f.  ;  ddru,  f  (amongst  Hindus  :  prop,  medicine;  also  gun- 
powder in  some  parts).  [(of  insect). 

Wing,  bdzu,  m.,  gen.  (of  bird,  building,  army,  chair  ;  al8o=  the  arm)  ;  par 

Winged,  par-ddr,  gen. 

Wink,  chashmak  k.  (as  a  signal)  :  kan-ankhiyoh  se  ishdra  k.  (by  a  side 
wink)  :  [but  kan-ankhiyoh  se  dekhnd  to  make  sheep's  eyes  at] :  dnkh 
jhupaknd  (to  flinch  involuntarily  ;  q.v. ;  also  to  have  a  short  sleep). 

Winnow,  phataknd,  tr.,  to  throw  up  a  wind:  usdiui,  tr.  (by  fanning) :  vide 
Sift. 


WIN  176  WON 

Winter,  jam  or  in  inflected  cases  gen.  pi. ;  sardi  kd  mausim :  jdrd  kdtnd,  to 
winter  :  [jdrd  dnd  =  to  have  ague;  jdrd  lagnd,  to  feel  cold]. 

Wipe,  ponchhna :  [mujhe  khdne  ko  hdndi  kd  ponchhan  miltd  hai,  I  get 
nothing  to  eat  except  the  wipings  of  the  pot]. 

Wire,  tdr,  m. :  tdr  se  bdndhnd,  to  wire  :  tdr  kd  jdl,  wire  gauze. 
Wiry,  vide  Tough. 

Wisdom,  ddnd,l,  gen. ;  'aql-mandl :  hikmat  klhdten  (words  of  wisdom  ;  hik- 
mat,  f.  =  philosophy  and  in  India  "  daktdri  "  ;  also  a  dodge,  device). 

Wise,  ddnd;  'dqil  or  'aql-mand  :  mulld,  T.  (prop,  a  learned  man,  an  imam 
in  a  mosque,  a  teacher  in  a  village  school ;  also  a  soothsayer  or  wise 
man  and  exorcist  ;  mulld  ruhi,  a  muUa  who  reads  the  Quran  after 
death  for  forty  days  and  so  expels  the  dead  person's  soul). 

Wish,  chdhnd  (Uke,  love  ;  want)  :  khwdhish  k.  :  drzu  k.  (desire  ;  more  than 
previous)  :  tarasnd  to  long  for,  q.v.  :  vide  Desire. 

Wishwash,  yih  ddl  nahm  yih  dhovan  hai  "  this  is  not  ddl  but  wishwash  " 
[dhovan,  m.,  is  the  water  in   which  something  has  been  washed]. 

Wisp,  murrhl  (prop,  any  kink  or  twist  in  wire,  thread,  etc.)  :  kuchl 
[nidrrid)  (prop,  a  small  brush  for  whitewash). 

Wits,  hawdss-hdkkta  =  ghabrdkar  (losing  one's  wits,  losing  one's  head). 

Witch,  jddu-garni:  ddin  (spec,  one  possessed  of  the  evil  eye):  churail  (a 
kind  of  ghost  that  lives  in  trees  ;  churail  ki  st  is  appUed  to  a  dirty 
old  hag)  :  vide  Magician. 

Wither,      ^kumldnd,  intr.  (fade,  lose  freshness)  ;  murjhdnd,  intr.  (dry  up)  : 
Withered,  J      vide  Die.  :  kumldyd,  murjhdyd,  adj. 

Withers,  maddu  or  madau  or  mandau. 

Withhold,  hdz  rakhnd  (restrain  a  person,  q.v.):  rok-rakhnd  (keep  back;  a 

person  or  thing) ;  dabd-rakhnd  (by  force). 
Withstand,  sdmne  qadam  jarmnd  (or  jamm)  :  '  vide '  Encounter,  Oppose. 
Witness,  gawdh  or  shdhid  (the  person):  gawdhl  or  shahddat  (f.),  dend  {ta 

give  evidence,  attest). 

Witicism,  bhondd  mazdq. 
5100  Witty,  zartf. 

Wizard,  vide  Magician. 

Woe-begone,  ronl  sural  bandkar  {dnd) ;  '  vide  '  Doleful. 
Wolf,    bheryd,   m.  :   mltht   chhurl   (a  wolf    in    sheep's  clothing) ;    gurba-e 
miskm  (ditto;  lit.  "  a  poor  cat.") 

Woman,  'aurat. 

Womanish,  zandna  (effeminate;  also  impotent;  also  the  women's  apart- 
ments) :  zankhd  (effeminate) :  zan-sifat  (feminine,  with  feminine  qua- 
lities). 

Womb,  bachcha-ddn,  vulg.  m.  :  rihm,  m.,  med. 

Wonder,  ta'ajjub,  m.  {k.) :  achamhd  {hond) :  'ajib  chiz  (a  wonder) ;  but 
'ajib  o  gharlb  (a  real  marvel)  :  shubha  hai  ki  wuh  d,e  yd  na-d,e  (I 
wonder  if  he'll  come). 

Wonderful,  'ajib  ;  achambe  kd ;  '  vide'  Strange  and  Miracle. 


woo  177  WOR 

Wood,  jangal  or  ban,  m.  (also  any  wild  place) ;  lakfi  (timber,  in  its  natural 
state)  :  katk,  m.  (cut  timber) ;  jaldvan,  f.  (or  lakri)  (for  burning ;  vide 
Fuel)  :  [lakfi  also  =  stick]. 

Woodcutter,  lakaf-liara,  m.;  lakaf-hdrin,  i. 

Wooded,  jangal  se  bhard  hu,d  (of  a  country). 

Wooden,  kdth  kd  (of  polished,  etc.,  wood)  :  lakft  kd  (of  natural  wood). 

Wool,  un,  m.  :  pashm,  m.  (also  soft  fur,  as  of  cat,  etc.  ;  also  the  hair  of  the 
pubes :  pashm  bardbar  parwd  nahm,  a  common  indecent  expression  for 
"  I  don't  care  a  fig  "  :  mere  pashm  se  indecent  for  bald  se  "  hang  it  ") : 
vide  Hair,  Fur. :  uni  and  pashmi,  adj.,  woollen. 

Word,  Za/g,  ra.  (a  single  word):  bat,  f.  (ditto;  also  speech,  thing,  matter, 
betrothal ;  sahib  ne  mujhe  bdi  kahi,  (the  sahib  spoke  angrily  to  me)  : 
jali  bhuni  bdten,  bitter  words:  jali  kati  bdten,  hasty  words  spoken  in 
anger :  zabdn  kd  pds  rakhnd  or  karnd,  to  keep  one's  word  :  bol,  m.,  pro- 
mise, q.v. :  khabar  bhejnd,  to  send  word:  vide  News,  Information, 
Message,  Command;  lafzon  men  tasvtr  khmchnd  (of  a  word  picture)  : 
lafz  lajz  karke  (word  by  word) ;  lafz  ba-lafz  (ditto,  and  also  literally). 

Wordy,  laffdz  (of  people) :  Hbdrai  men  laffdzi  hai  (of  style,  etc.) 

Work,  kdm,  m.  (k);  kdm  kdj,  m.  {k.)  (various  sorts  of  work,  business)  : 
vide  Labour,  Effort,  Try,  etc.  :  chalnd  (of  a  machine,  a  system)  : 
asar  k.  (to  be  effective)  :  8u,%  kd  kdm  k.  (embroider,  q.v.)  :  tasnlf,  f. 
{k.)  (literary  work) :  kdr-guzdrl  {k.)  (good  work ;  such  as  deserves 
promotion). 

Worker,  kamerd  (a  hard  worker)  :  kamd,u  (the  bread-winner)  :  vide 
Labourer  ;  kdrlgar,  a  skilled  worker. 

Workmanship,  kdm,  m. ;  bandwat,  f. :  kdri-gari  (skilled  workmanship). 

Workshop,  kdr-khdna,  m. 

World,  dunyd,  f.  (prop,  the  earth;  also  people):  jahJdn,  m.  (prop,  the 
universe) :  'dlam,  m.  (prop,  the  universe  ;  also  a  great  concourse  of 
people;  a  strange  state). 

Worm,  kifd,  m.  (any  insect  or  small  crawling  thing)  :  kenchu,d,  m.  (earth- 
worm) ;  kaddu-ddna  (tape-worm  ;  from  its  resemblance  to  pumpkin 
seeds). 

Worried,  7  diqq  hond  (and  karn^)  (to  get  worried,  initated)  :  tang  hond  or 
Worry,     )      karnd : 

Worse,  bad-tar;  bad-tar  se  bad-tar  (the  worst). 

Worship,  pujnd,  tr.  gen. :  mdnnd,  tr.  (to  beheve  in) :   piijd  k.  (of  idols  only) : 

Khudd  k%  'ibadat  k.  (of  MusUms,  Christians,  Jews;  i.e.  of  ahl-i  kitdb 

only;  not  of  Hindus) :  — ki  parastish  k.,  gen.  (also  met.  of  people). 
Worshipper,    pujdrl    Hindu   (also   an   officiating  Brahmin) :   pUjne-ivdld  : 

'ibddat  karne-tvdld. 
Worst,  virfe  Worse. 
Worth,  qadr,   f.:  vide  Value,  Excellent:  das  rupiya  kd,  worth  ten  rupees: 

vide  Deserve. 
Worthless,  nd-kdra  or  nikammd  (also  useless ;  of  people  or  things) :  wdhiydt,  f . 

pi.  (of  concrete  things;  also  of  opinions,  ideas,  etc.  :  also  =  nonsense). 

Worthy,  vide  Deserve. 
23 


WOU      ,  178  YEA 

Wound,  zakhm,  m.,  wound  or  sore,  gen.  ;  but  spec,  wound  (lagdna  or 
pahunchana) :  gha,o,  m.  gen.  (wound  or  sore  but  specially  latter)  :  dil 
dukhana  (wound  the  feelings) . 

Would,  hhwah  ma-khivdh  kiya  (he  would  do  it)  :  leash  or  kashki  (oh  would 
that !)  :  also  expressed  by  the  Future  Indie. 

Wounded,  zakhml  (k.)  :  ghayil  (k.). 

Wrangle,  chahh  chahh  k. 

Wrap  up,  lapetna,  tr.  (also  tuck  in  bed-clothes). 

Wrath,  cihazab,  m 

Wreak,  inliqam  leke  dil  ka  huhkdr  nikdlna  (  — one's  vengeance). 

Wreck,  tdbah  hona  (lit.  to  be  ruined) :  tabahl,  subs,  [men  ana). 

Wrestle,  kushtl  larna  or  karna. 

Wretch,  kam-bahht. 

Wretched,  vide  Miserable. 

Wriggle,  kulhuldnd  or  chulbulana  (of  a  worm,  or  of  small  children) ;  [hence 
kil  bil  a  sing.,  masc,  collec.  noun  =  small  children]. 

Wring,  nichorna,  tr.  (wring  out  water ;  squeeze  out  juice) :  ainthnd,  tr. 
and  intr.  (extort  by  force,  wring  out) :  marorna,  tr.  twist  round. 

Wrinkle,  jhurrt  (from  old  age) :  shikan,  f.  (in  cloth,  or  of  a  frown,  etc.) : 
chin,  f. :  silwat,  f.  (a  pucker  in  a  badly- woven  carpet  or  a  badly  cut 
garment). 

Wrinkled,  gale  men  jhurriyan  pari  hitj  kain  (a  wrinkled  neck). 

Wrist,  kala,i. 

Writ,  hukm-nama,  m.  (any  written  order). 

Write,  likhna,  tr. ;  tahrir  k.  :  darj  k.  =  qalam-band  k.  (to  record,  set  down 
in  writing). 

Writer,  muharrir  (in  an  office;  spec,  in  Court) :  munshl  (ditto) :  musannif, 
author,  q.v. 

5150  Writhe,  ainthnd,  tr.  and  intr. :  maror  (f.)  khdnd  or  pech  o  tab  (m.)  khdnd  : 
vide  Wring. 

Writing,  khaU,  m.,  or  Ukhd,l  (but  latter  also  =  money  paid  for  writing)  : 
likhdwat,  f. :  tahrir,  f.  (also  the  Court- fees  for  writing). 

Wrong,  ghalat  =  sahlh  nafiin :  '  vide  '  Injustice,  Unjust,  Err,  Tyranny. 

Wrongfully,  nd-haqq,  adv. 

Wrongheaded,  kaj-fahm  :  ultl  samajh  ka. 


Yam,  zamln-qand,  m.  gen.     shakar-qand,  m.  (a  sweet  variety). 
Yard,  gaz,  m.  (the  measure)  :  ihdta,  m.  (any  enclosure)  :  vide  Courtyard. 
Yawn,  jamd,l  (lend) :  angrd,i  (lend)  (to  stretch  oneself). 
Yea,  hdn  aur  nd,  subs.,  f.  (yea  and  nay) :  iqrdr  o  inkdr,  m.  (ditto). 
Year,   baras,   m.  :  sal,  m.  :  san,  ra.  (of  era,  as  san  'isam  1911)  :  sambat  (of 
Hindu  era) :  har  sdl  or  sal  sal  (every  year). 


YEA  179  ZOO 

Yearly,  salana,  adj.  and  adv. 

Yearn,  tarapjui,  intr.  (of  mental  uneasiness  and  longing). 

Yeast,  khamir,  m. 

Yell,  chinghdr,  f.  {mdrnd)  (but  chinghdrnd,  intr.,  trumpet,  of  elephants) : 
chikh,  f.  {marnd)  (has  a  more  general  sense ;  to  bawl,  cry  out). 

Yellow,         \zard   or   ptld,    adj.:  zardi,  subs,   (also  yolk  of  an  egg) :  pild- 
Yellowness,  J      pan,  subs. 

Yesternight,  rat,  adv. 

Yet,  vide  Besides,  Still. 

Yield,  har  manna,  tr. :  '  vide'  Produce,  Surrender,  Give  up:  sir  jhukdtia 
(to  give  way  to  a  person) :  paidd-tvar,  ra.  (of  a  tree,  field,  country). 

Yoke,  ju,d,  m.  (for  oxen) :  ju,e  men  jotnd  or  lagdnd. 

Yolk,  {ande  kl)  zardA. 

Yonder,  wuh  sdmne:  wuh  pare. 

Young,  jatmn  (from  about  25  to  40) :  navrjawdn  or  nau  'umr  (about  18  or 
20) :  kam-sinn  or  kam-'umr  (of  small  age)  :  vide  Inexperienced,  Raw: 
bachcha  (the  young  of  anything) :  patthd  (of  any  birds ;  but  especially 
pigeons  and  cocks;  vide  Squab;  also  a  young  wrestler) :  pdtkd  {ma}e 
of  deer,  goats,  elephants). 

Youth,  jaivdnt  (the  state  of) :  gabhru  (a  handsome  lad). 

Youthful,  vide  Young :  wuh  mem  aaal  haras  H  hai  magar  ah  tak  jawdn-mizdj 
hai  (she  is  eighty  but  still  youthful) :  jawdn-dil  (  — in  feelings). 


Zeal,  sar-garml,  gen.  (in   work,  etc.) :  josh,  m.  or  joshtld-pan  (of  reformer, 
missionary,  etc.) :  mazMbl  hardrat,  f.  (  =  religious  zeal). 

Zealous,  aar-garm ;  pur- josh  or  joshild. 

Zebra,  zihrd,  m. :  gor-khar  (wild  ass). 

Zenith,  auj,  m.,  gen. 

Zero,  sifar,  m.  .•  sunnd,  m.  H. :  hindi,  H.  (a  dot  and  hence  also  zero). 

Zest,  maza  le  le-kar  khdnd  (to  eat  with  zest). 

Zig-zag,  laheriyd,  adv.  and  adj.  (prop,  the  name  of  a  coloured  stuff  with 
zig-zag  stripes) :  mof  tor  kd,  or  kajo  pech  (crooked,  with  many  bends). 

Zinc,  jast,  f. 

Zodiac,  bdrah  hurj,  m.  ;  {burj  =  tower;  bastion). 

Zoo,  chifyd-khdna,  m. ;  vulg. ;  *ajd'ih  khdna-e  haitodndt  (in  newspapers). 


The  End. 


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