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;G  ESTIMATES 


A:::CCUX 


ctept. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ANDREW 

SMITH 

HALLlDIft 


. 


ENGINEERING  ESTIMATES, 

COSTS,  AND  ACCOUNTS 


A  GUIDE  TO  COMMERCIAL  ENGINEERING 


WITH  NUMEROUS  EXAMPLES    OF  ESTIMATES  AND   COSTS  OF 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,   MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS, 

STEAM  ENGINES,  AND  STEAM  BOILERS ;  AND 

A  SECTION  ON  THE  PREPARATION  OF 

COSTS   ACCOUNTS 


BY 


A    GENERAL    MANAGER 


etrtttcm. 


LONDON 
CROSBY     LOCKWOOD    AND     SON 

7.  STATIONERS'    HALL   COURT,    LUDGATE    HILL 
1896 

[All  rights  reserved] 


3 


Engineering 
Library 


PREFACE. 


So  far  as  the  author  of  this  work  is  aware,  there  is  no 
previous  publication  which  attempts  either  to  cover  the 
ground  which  is  here  traversed,  or  to  attain  the  object 
he  has  in  view. 

Briefly,  the  ground  covered  is  represented  by  that  part 
(by  far  the  most  important)  of  the  commercial  work  of 
an  engineering  establishment  which  centres  in  the 
preparation  of  estimates.  The  object  in  view,  primarily, 
is  to  place  a  general  acquaintance,  at  least,  with  com- 
mercial engineering  within  the  reach  of  young  men 
receiving  a  practical  training  in  engineering  shops  and 
drawing  offices,  so  many  of  whom  are  often  placed  at 
serious  disadvantage  later  on  in  their  lives  for  want  of 
commercial  knowledge. 

The  need  of  a  book  dealing  with  the  subjects  which 
are  herein  treated  has  long  been  recognised  ;  and  whilst 
it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  present  work  can 
entirely  and  in  every  detail  meet  that  want,  the  author 
hopes  it  may  be  found  sufficiently  comprehensive  to  be 
practically  useful  in  many  quarters.  At  all  events,  he 
can  say  that  there  was  a  time  in  his  own  experience 
when,  being  called  upon  unexpectedly  to  discharge  inv 


.        &  f\ 


IV  PREFACE. 


portant  managerial  duties,  such  a  book  as  the  present 
would  have  been  of  immense  service  to  him. 

Attention  has  been  confined  as  closely  as  possible  to 
matters  actually  bearing  on  the  purpose  in  view  ;  and 
only  such  incidental  digressions  have  been  introduced  as 
appeared  likely  ta  afford  suggestions  which  might  be 
useful  in  commercial  negociations.  No  attempt  has  been 
made  (indeed,  none  would  have  been  possible  within 
reasonable  limits)  to  deal  either  with  designing  on  the 
.one  hand,  or  general  book-keeping  on  the  other. 
Numerous  works  on  both  subjects  are  already  available. 

Whilst  specially  written  for  the  younger  men  already 
mentioned,  the  author  hopes  and  believes  that  the 
present  publication — and  more  particularly  the  sections 
deajing  with  indirect  expenses  and  the  preparation  of 
costs — will  prove  of  interest  and  use  to  many  principals, 
managers,  and  others  who  are  already  engaged  in  direct- 
ing the  commercial  work  of  engineering  establishments. 

LONDON, 

December,  1889. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER   I. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

Defect  in  Usual  Training  of  Engineers, — Value  of  Com- 
mercial Knowledge  to  Practical  Men. — Objects  of 
Compilation.— General  Principles.— Profit,  how  Made 
and  Modified. — Prices,  how  Determined. — Qonsidera- 
tions  affecting  Tenders.— High  Quotations  and  Low 
Quotations.— Detailed  and  General  Specifications.— 
Specifications  of  Public  Bodies.— Conditions  Deciding 
Orders.— Duty  of  Sub-Managers  or  Estimate  Clerks  in 
relation  to  Tenders.— Specialties,  Patented  and  other- 
wise.— Importance  of  Moderate  Prices  .  ;  . 

CHAPTER   II. 

ESTIMATES  TECHNICALLY   CONSIDERED. 

Twofold  Character  of  Estimates. — Technical  Preparation. — 
Materials.— Cast  Iron.— Wrought  Iron.— Steel  Castings. 
— Mild  Steel. — Copper. — Brass  and  other  Alloys. — 
Lead.— Timber. — Sundries. — Calculation  of  Quantities. 
—Knowledge  Necessary. — Books  of  Reference.- — "  Moles- 
worth." — Tables  to  be  Learnt. —  Examples. — Rough  and 
Finished  Dimensions. — Allowances  for  Machining. — 
Timber. — Mental  Calculations. — Estimation  of  Work- 
manship.— Conditions  affecting  Workmanship. — Classes 
of  Labour.— Patterns. — Machining. — Sources  of  Infor- 
mation open  to  Estimate  Clerk. — Value  of  Previous 
Examples. — Assistance  of  Foremen  in  Preparing  Esti- 
mates of  Workmanship  .  .  .  .  .  .  9 — 20 


VI  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  III. 

ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY   CONSIDERED. 

Two  Methods  of  Pricing  an  Estimate. — Correct  Method, 
giving  Cost  to  Manufacturing  Engineer. — Rough-and- 
ready  Method,  giving  Cost  to  Intending  Buyer. — Basis 
Rates  for  Material. — Basis  Rates  for  Labour. — General 
Prices. — Iron  Castings. — Loam  and  Drysand  Castings. 
—  Greensand  Castings.  —  Spur  Wheels.  —  Machine- 
moulded  Wheels. — Belt  Pulley  Castings. — Rope  Pulley 
Castings. — Fly-wheel  Castings. — Columns,  Beams  and 
Girders. — Cast-iron  Pipes. — Machine  Castings. — Fire 
Bars. — Wrought-iron  Bars. — Hammered  Scrap  Bars  and 
Forgings.— Bowling  and  Low  Moor  Bars. — Mild  Steel. 
— Brass  and  Gun-Metal. — Scrap  Metals. — Timber. — 
Sundries.  —  Bolts  and  Nuts.  —  Files.  —  Steam  and 
Water  Pipes  and  Fittings. — India-rubber. — Asbestos. — 
Cements. — Iron  Borings. — Brass  Gauze. — Lead. — Rope 
Yarn.  —  Packing.  —  Tin.  —  Emery  Cloth.  —  Tallow.  — 
Candles. — Paint. — Oils  and  Turpentine. — Pump  and 
Neck  Leathers. — Hydraulic  Tubing. — Piston  Springs. — 
Workmanship.  —  Draughtsmen.  —  Pattern  Makers.  — 
Fitters  and  Millwrights. — Machinists,  Turners,  Planers, 
&c. — Steam  Engines. — Re-boring  Cylinders. — Smiths. — 
Labourers. — Freight,  Erection,  &c. — Contingencies  .  21 — 37 


CHAPTER    IV. 

GENERAL   EXAMPLES. 

Form  of  Estimate. — Cast-iron  Columns. — Pedestal-Shafting, 
Hangers,  Pedestals  and  Pulleys.  —  Mitre  Wheels.  — 
Belt  Pulleys.— Rope  Pulleys.— Crank  Shaft  Pedestals. 
— Piston  Rod.  —  Notes  on  Preceding  Examples.  — 
Repairs. — Form  of  Tender  for  Repairs  .  .  .  38 — 42 


CHAPTER   V. 

INDIRECT    EXPENSES. 

Distinction   between   Estimates    and    Costs. — Elements   of 
Cost.— Materials,  Direct  Labour,  Indirect  Expenses.— 


CONTENTS.  vii 


Importance  of  Latter  Element.— Determining  Indirect 
Expenses. — Departmental  Expenses. — Special  Depart- 
mental and  General  Indirect  Expenses. — Drawing  Office 
Expenses. — Pattern  Shop. — Iron  Foundry. —Summaries 
of  Costs  of  Castings. — Brass  Foundry.— Costs  of  dif- 
ferent Alloys. — Smiths'  Shop. — Machine  or  Turning 
Shop. — Fitting  or  Erecting  Shop. — Percentages  to  cover 
Indirect  Expenses.  Variation  in  Amounts  of  Indirect 
Expenses 43 — 


CHAPTER    VI. 

MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 

Importance  of  Millwright  Work. — Mill  Fixings. — Cast-Iron 
Footstand. — Percentages  used  for  Indirect  Expenses. — 
Special  Wall  Box.— Cast-Iron  Sole  Plates.— Special  Mill 
Fixings. — Special  Bolts  and  Nuts. — Wall  Boxes. — List 
of  Sizes  and  Weights. — List  of  Prices. — Hangers  and 
Brackets. — Examples. — Table  of  Pedestal  Hangers  and 
Plain  Hangers. — Pedestal  Wall  Brackets.— Pedestals, 
Plumrner  Blocks,  Seats,  or  Bearings. — Examples  No.  19 
to  31. — Table  of  Pedestals  .  .  .  .  .54 


CHAPTER  VII. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  continued. — SHAFTING   AND   COUPLINGS. 

Materials  for  Shafting.  —  Hammered  Scrap  Forgings.  — 
Bessemer  and  Siemens  Steel  Forgings. — Bowling  and 
Low  Moor  Iron. — Rough  Turned  Forgings. — Bowling 
and  Low  Moor  Bars. — Siemens  and  Bessemer  Rolled 
Bars. — Kirkstall  Bars. — Staffordshire  and  Scotch  Bars. 
— Makers  of  Forgings  and  Bars. — Couplings.  —  Ex- 
amples.— Defective  Forgings. — Examples  Shafting  with 
Solid  Flange  Couplings. — Summaries  of  Costs. — Shafting 
with  Cast- Iron  Flange  Couplings. — Miscellaneous  Ex- 
amples.— Different  Methods  of  Charging  for  Shafting. — 
Cheap  Shafting.— Loose  Collars  ....  70—82 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  continued. 

Overhead  Quotations  for  Large  Contracts. — Advantages  and 
Disadvantages  of  System. — List  of  Rates  for  Fixings, 
Shafting,   &c.  —  Millwright  Work    as   a    Specialty.  — 
Tables  of  Prices  for  Pedestals,  Hangers,  Shafting,  Coup- 
lings and  Collars 83 — 85 


CHAPTER    IX. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,   continued. — CAST-IRON    BELT    PULLEYS. 

Pulley  Patterns. — Necessity  of  Sinking  Capital  in  Patterns. 
— Alterations  of  Patterns.  —  Splitting  and  Bolting.  — 
Flat  and  Curved  Rims. — Extra  Charges. — Straight  or 
Curved  Arms. — Manufacture  of  Pulleys. — Diversities 
in  Character  of  Pulleys  as  made  by  different  Houses. — 
Calculating  Prices. — Weight  Basis  and  Area  of  Face 
Basis. — Examples  No.  43  to  57. — Loom  Pulleys. — Rates 
deducted  from  Examples. — Diagram  of  Prices. — Price 
List  of  Standard  Sizes. — Wrought  Iron  Pulleys  .  86 — 100 


CHAPTER   X. 

MILLWRIGHT   WORK,    continued. — ROPE    PULLEYS. 

Development  of  Rope  Driving. — Fairbairn's  Views. — Ad- 
vantages of  Rope  Drives. — Conditions  favourable  to 
Rope  Drives. — Importance  of  a  good  Margin  of  Ropes. 
Class  of  Ropes. — Moulding  Rope  Pulleys. — Examples 
No.  58  to  65.  — Prices  for  Rope  Pulley  Castings. — Price 
List  of  Finished  Pulleys 101 — in 


CHAPTER    XL 

MILLWRIGHT   WORK,   continued. — TOOTHED   GEARING. 

Wheels  versus  Pulleys. — Necessity  for  Wheels. — Varieties  of 
Wheels. — Methods  of  Manufacture. — Machine-Moulded 


CONTENTS. 


Wheels.— Examples.— Spur  Wheels.— Bevil  Wheels.— 
Mitre  Wheels. — Mortise  Wheels. — Timber  for  Cogs. — 
Examples. — Pitching  and  Trimming  Teeth  of  Iron 
Wheels. — Re-cogging  Wheels. — Table  of  Timber  and 
Time  Re-cogging. — Price  List  for  Re-cogging  .  .  ,  112—127 


CHAPTER   XII. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  continued. — GENERAL  CONTRACTS. 

Estimate  for  Flour  Mill  Extension,  made  up  at  Profit 
Rates. — Estimate  for  Spinning  Mill  Extension  at  Cost 
Rates. — Method  of  Preparing  such  Estimates. — Formal 
Quotations  ., 128 — 132 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 

Specialization  of  the  Engineering  Industries. — Effects  on 
General  Businesses. — Fields  still  Open  to  General  En- 
gineers.— Cast-iron  Tanks. — Cast-iron  Doors  '  .  133 — 138 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— PUMPS. 

Demand  for  Pumps. — Common  Types. — Plunger  Pumps. — 
Methods  of  Driving. — Barrel  Pumps. — Methods  of 
Driving. — Price  List. — Steam  Pumps.— Donkey  Pumps. 
Table  of  Capacities  and  Prices. — Direct-acting  Steam 
Pumps I39—H7 


CHAPTER  XV. 

HOISTING   MACHINERY. 

Crab  Winches.— Price  List.— Warehouse  Cranes.— Ex- 
amples of  One  and  Two-ton  Sizes.— Wharf  Cranes.— 
Examples,  Three  to  Ten-ton  Sizes.— Warehouse  Hoists. 
—Examples,  Ten  to  Thirty-cwt.  Sizes  148—154 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   XVI. 

HYDRAULIC   PRESSES   AND   PUMPS. 

Joseph  Bramah. — Types  of  Presses. — Manufacture. — Ware- 
house or  Packing  Press. — Examples,  Eight-inch  and 
Ten-inch  Presses. — Modifications  of  Sizes. — Pumps. — 
Price  List  of  Presses. — Repairs  to  Presses  .  .  155—159 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

BLEACHING   MACHINERY. 

Heavy  Character  of  Machinery. — Progress  in  Bleaching 
Machinery. — Bleaching  Kiers. — Winches  for  Kiers. — 
Mangles  and  Calenders. — Mangle  Bowls. — Beetling 
Engines 160 — 166 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

BRICKMAKING   MACHINERY. 

Arrangement  and  Capacity  of  Plants. — Elements  of  Com- 
plete Plants. — Examples. — Clay  Crushing  and  Grinding 
Mill.— Pug  Mill. — Receiving  and  Cutting  Tables.— 
Hauling  Gear. — Summary. — Weights  and  Costs  of 
Smaller  Plants. — Mortar  Mills  ....  167 — 172 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

VALVES     AND     TAPS. 

Specialization  of  this  Branch. — Steam  Stop  Valves. — Junc- 
tion Valves.— Blow-off  Cocks. — Modification  of  Patterns. 
— Feed  Valves. —  Importance  of  Making  in  Quantities. 
— Brass  Wheel  Valves. — Tables  of  Standard  Sizes  and 
Prices .  .  .  173—179 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


CHAPTER   XX. 

PRIME    MOVERS. 

Classes  of  Prime  Movers. — Types  of  Steam  Engines.* — Beam 
Engines. — Horizontal  Engines. — Type  as  affecting  Cost. 
— Standards  of  Measurement. — Nominal  Horse-power. 
— Disadvantages  of  Term  Nominal. — Ratios  of  Nominal 
to  Indicated  Horse-power. — Prices  per  Nominal  Horse- 
power. —  Non-condensing  Engines.  —  Condensing  En- 
gines.— Compound  Engines. — Indicated  Horse-power. — 
Fair  Prices  per  Indicated  Horse-power. — Methods  of  es- 
timating Prices. — Examples. — Condensers  and  Pumps. — 
Further  Examples. — Engine  Repairs. — Breakdowns. — 
Example  of  Account  for  Breakdown  Job.— Summary  of 
Cost. — Estimates  for  Renewals  of  Parts. — Valves. — 
Crank  Shafts. — Crank  Pin.  —  Pistons. — Examples  of 
Costs  of  Pistons. — Tenders  and  Specifications  for  En- 
gines.— Example  .-  *  .  .  .  .  180 — 206 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

STEAM    BOILERS. 

Specialization  of  Business. — Elements  of  Complete  Boiler. — 
Progress  of  Boiler  Making. — Preparation  of  Estimates. 
— Features  of  Importance  as  affecting  Price. — Materials 
for  Boilers. — Makers'  Limits  and  Extras. — Table  of 
Prices  of  Material. — Workmanship. — Table  of  Rates. — 
Indirect  Expenses  of  Boiler  Shop. — Donkey  Boilers. — 
Example. — Cornish  and  Lancashire  Boilers. — Examples. 
— Tubular  Boilers. — Example. — Tenders  and  Specifica- 
tions.— Example  .  .  .  .  ....  .  207 — 222 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

COSTS    BOOK-KEEPING. 

Importance  of  Subject. — Objects  of  Costs  Accounts. — Neces- 
sity of  Special  Books. — Elements  of  Cost. — Indirect  Ex- 
penses.— Method  of  Recording  Indirect  Expenses. — 


Xll  CONTENTS. 


Order  Book.— Illustration. — Shop  Order  Forms. — Illus- 
tration.— Routine  for  Orders. — Shop  Returns. — Three 
Cases  of  Material. — Invoices,  inwards. — Stores  and 
Storekeeper. — Iron  Foundry  Returns. — Illustration. — 
Stores  Supplied  Forms. — Illustration. — Materials  Cost 
Book.— Illustration. — Special  Castings  and  Forgings. 
— ,  Illustration.  —  Deliveries  to  Cupolas.  —  Illustra- 
tion.— General  Forgings. — Deliveries  of  Iron  and  Steel 
to  Smithy. — Illustration. — Wages. — Check  Time  Book. — 
Pay  Book. — Work  Books. — Illustration. — Workmen's 
Work  Sheets. — Abstract  Sheets. — Illustration. — Wages 
Costs  Books. — Illustration. — Contract  and  Jobbing  Ac- 
counts.— Summaries  Costs  Book. — Illustration. — Rela- 
tions of  the  various  Books. — Diagram. — Private  Items 

223—251 


APPENDIX. 

Table  of  Wages  of  Engineering  Labour  in   London   and 

other  Centres 252 

INDEX 253—256 


ENGINEERING    ESTIMATES, 
COSTS,   AND   ACCOUNTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 
INT  ROD  UCTORY. 

IT  is  a  common  complaint,  and  one  which  from  time  to  time 
finds  vigorous  expression  in  our  technical  journals,  that  young 
men  supposed  to  be  learning  their  profession  in  mechanical 
engineering  establishments  rarely  receive  any  systematic 
instruction  in  estimating,  or  even  have  afforded  them  opportu- 
nities of  acquiring  the  knowledge  necessary  to  enable  them  to 
prepare  a  formal  tender  or  to  give  a  simple  quotation. 

As  a  rule,  there  is  no  part  of  the  work  of  an  engineering 
establishment  about  which  it  is  so  difficult  to  obtain  information- 
as  that  dealing  with  the  preparation  of  estimates.  This  circum- 
stance undoubtedly  constitutes  a  serious  defect  in  our  methods 
of  training  young  engineers.  It  is,  however,  futile  to  suppose 
that  employers  will  lay  themselves  out  to  remedy  this  defect. 

For  reasons  which  all  can  appreciate,  most  employers  keep 
everything  connected  with  the  methods  and  rates  they  adopt  in 
preparing  their  estimates  to  themselves  and  a  few  confidential 
officials.  It  is,  moreover,  quite  true  that  one  may  become  a 
skilful  engineer  and  may  discharge  successfully  all  the  duties 
expected  of  a  skilled  mechanic  without  knowing  anything  about 
the  preparation  of  estimates  or  how  the  commercial  business 
of  an  engineering  establishment  must  be  managed. 

B 


INTRODUCTORY. 


At  the  same  time,  a  young  man  who  enters  an  engineering 
establishment,  not  merely  to  be  a  pattern  maker  or  a  turner  or 
a  fitter,  but  to  learn  a  business,  aims,  if  he  is  worth  anything  at 
all,  to  become  something  more  than  a  simple  journeyman  or 
tradesman.  He  hopes  to  fill,  sooner  or  later,  some  responsible 
managerial  position  ;  but  it  is  obvious  that  his  qualifications 
for  such  positions  would  be  immensely  increased  if,  in  addition 
to  the  technical  knowledge  and  practical  skill  he  acquires  in  his 
progress  through  the  shops,  he  added  a  knowledge  of  com- 
mercial engineering,  and  particularly  of  the  preparation  of 
estimates. 

For  want  of  this  commercial  knowledge  on  his  part,  he  is 
very  likely  to  see  some  coveted  post  pass  into  the  possession  of 
one  who  has  had  no  practical  training  whatever,  but  has  been 
brought  up  entirely  in  the  offices. 

It  is  the  primary  object  of  this  work  to  remedy,  as  far  as  may 
be  possible  by  such  means,  the  defect  previously  mentioned,  and 
to  convey  to  young  men  connected  with  mechanical  engineering 
who  possess  a  healthy  ambition  to  rise  in  their  profession,  a 
general  acquaintance  with  commercial  management,  and  espe- 
cially with  the  preparation  of  .estimates. 

It  is  intended,  first,  to  consider  the  general  principles  by 
which  we  have  to  be  guided  and  the  conditions  which  commonly 
control  us  in  the  preparation  of  estimates  ;  next  to  review  the 
different  classes  of  material  and  labour  with  which  we  have  to 
deal  and  the  prices  at  which  these  may  be  rated  ;  then  to 
examine  in  detail  the  cost  of  manufacturing,  and  the  prices  at 
which  they  are  sold,  of  that  large  class  of  articles  which  consti- 
tute general  millwright  work,  passing  on  to  deal  in  like  manner 
with  certain  representative  classes  of  machinery,  engines  and 
boilers. 

Finally,  the  organisation  and  routine  of  the  cost-keeping 
department  of  an  engineering  establishment  will  be  explained 
and  illustrated  by  specimen  rulings  of  the  principal  books 
employed. 

It  is  not,  of  course,  pretended  that  the  methods  which  will  be 
set  forth  and  the  rates  that  will  be  used  in  this  work  are  of 
universal  adoption.  Every  establishment  has  its  own  special 
methods  and  arrangements.  What  will  be  attempted  is  to 
explain  the  lines  as  it  were  along  which  the  business  of 


GENERAL   PRINCIPLES. 


estimating  and  the  commercial  management  of  an  establish- 
ment proceeds,  and  to  illustrate  the  work  by  practical  examples, 
so  as  to  enable  any  intelligent  young  man  to  adapt  himself 
readily  to  the  methods  and  arrangements  peculiar  to  any 
establishment  in  which  he  may  be  placed. 

There    are    certain    obvious    reflections,    applicable    to    all 

businesses,  which  it  is  necessary  to  have  in  view.     Capital  is 

invested  in  a  manufacturing  industry  with  the  primary  object  of 

earning  a  profit  for  its  owners.     A  profit  can  only 

Prin^iptes  ^e  made  in  one  way — by  selling  the  productions 
of  the  business  for  a  larger  sum  than  the  gross 
cost  of  manufacturing  and  delivering  them  to  the  buyers.  The 
amount  of  profit  made  is  determined  by  three  elements — cost  of 
the  raw  material,  cost  of  manufacturing,  and  the  selling  prices 
of  the  finished  articles. 

A  modification  in  any  one  of  these  elements  will  have  its 
effect  on  the  profit  (or  loss)  that  will  be  made  in  any  case.  The 
prices,  however,  at  which  the  productions  of  any  manufacturing 
industry  are  sold,  are  rarely,  if  ever,  quite  arbitrary — deter- 
mined solely  by  the  will  of  the  manufacturer.  They  are 
determined,  first,  by  the  demand  that  exists  for  that 
particular  kind  of  manufactures ;  and  secondly,  by  the  compe- 
tition of  the  makers,  actual  or  prospective.  It  is  true  that  the 
manufacturers  of  a  particular  kind  of  articles — tube  and  file 
makers  and  the  makers  of  certain  classes  of  iron  and  steel,  for 
example— may  combine  together  and  agree  not  to  sell  their 
productions  under  certain  prices.  It  is,  however,  the  competi- 
tion amongst  themselves  which  compels  them  to  take  this 
course,  and  prospective  competition  which  prevents  them  fixing 
the  rates  higher.  Competition  always  tends  to  equalise  the 
selling  prices  of  the  same  class  of  articles  in  the  same  market, 
and  thus  to  set  up  what  may  be  called  a  "normal"  price  for 
that  class  of  articles. 

Equally,  the  prices  which  must  be  paid  for  the  raw  material 
required  by  any  manufacturing  establishment,  are  also  deter- 
mined by  the  demand  on  the  part  of  the  manufacturers  and  the 
competition  amongst  the  owners  or  producers  of  the  raw 
material.  Consequently,  both  the  price  which  he  must  pay  for 
his  raw  material  and  the  price  which  he  can  get  for  his  finished 
productions  are  largely  determined  by  influences  over  which  the 


INTRODUCTORY. 


manufacturer  has  comparatively  little  control.  Hence  we  learn 
the  immense  importance  of  the  second  element  mentioned 
above — cost  of  manufacturing — in  relation  to  the  profit  that  can 
be  made  in  any  establishment.  Upon  the  way  in  which  the 
manufacturing  processes  are  organised  and  directed,  the  profit 
will  largely  depend. 

What  has  just  been  said  will  be  found  strictly  applicable  to 
the  business  of  a  manufacturing  engineer.  We  may  consider 
engineering  productions  under  two  heads  — ~  General  and 
Specialties. 

Leaving  the  latter  out  of  view  for  a  moment,  and  having 
regard  only  to  the  former,  suppose  the  case  of  an  engineer  who 
proposes  to  tender  for  some  such  work — a  quantity  of  shafting 

Considera-    and   gearin£'  f°r  example.      What   are   the   con- 

tions  deter-   siderations   by   which   he   will    be   influenced    in 

mining       determining  the  amount  of  his  tender  ?     In  the 

Tenders.  ^rst  piacCj  he  must  know  what  the  necessary 
materials  will  cost  him  to  buy,  and  will  exercise  his  knowledge 
of  the  markets  in  finding  out  the  lowest  prices  at  which  he  can 
buy  material  of  the  requisite  quality.  Secondly,  he  will 
consider  how  he  can  convert  the  material  in  the  raw  or  half- 
manufactured  condition  in  which  he  will  receive  it,  into  the 
condition  required  by  the  customer,  at  the  lowest  possible  cost 
in  labour  and  expenses. 

He  will  clearly  wish  to  fix  a  price  that  will  leave  him  a  reason- 
able profit  at  least.  Engineers,  like  many  other  manufacturers, 
are  sometimes  obliged  to  work  at  cost  price,  and  even  under. 
When  trade  is  very  bad  and  orders  scarce,  it  may  be  better  for 
an  engineer  to  take  a  contract  at  cost  price,  in  order  to  keep  his 
establishment  together  and  in  working  order,  than  to  be  without 
it.  Of  course,  such  a  policy  will  only  be  adopted  when  absolutely 
unavoidable,  and  cannot  be  long  pursued.  Again,  an  engineer 
beginning  business  will  often  be  content  to  work  for  very  little 
profit  for  a  time,  in  order  to  make  a  connection.  But,  of  course, 
as  a  general  thing,  the  price  which  an  engineer  quotes  for  any 
work  will  be  one  that  will  leave  him  some  reasonable  profit. 
His  leading  idea  will,  indeed,  be  to  make  as  large  a  profit  as 
he  can.  He  will,  however,  probably  know  that  invitations 
have  been  sent  to  other  firms  to  tender  for  the  same  work  ;  he 
thus  be  in  competition,  and  must  consider  his  price 


COMPETITION. 


accordingly.  He  will,  therefore,  be  anxious  tv  obtain  any 
information  he  can  as  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  the 
competition  he  has  to  meet.  Small  circumstances — the 
presence  of  a  representative  of  a  rival  house  in  his  district — 
some  reference  in  the  specification  to  a  peculiarity  of  con- 
struction known  to  be  specially  recommended  by  another  firm, 
will  often  convey  to  a  shrewd  man  of  business  much  informa- 
tion as  to  the  competition  he  must  take  into  account.  He  will 
try  to  avoid  two  extremes — a  very  low  and  a  very  high 
quotation.  A  very  low  price,  would  no  doubt,  secure  him  the 
order,  but,  even  if  such  a  price  leaves  a  margin  of  profit,  it  is 
unpleasant  to  reflect  when  an  order  has  been  secured,  that  a 
much  higher  price  might  have  been  obtained.  On  the  other 
hand,  a  very  high  price  would  not  only  lose  the  particular  order 
in  view,  but  might  deter  the  enquirer  from  asking  for  tenders 
on  future  occasions. 

It  may  be  that  the  competition  is  purely  local  and  that  our 
engineer  enjoys  a  first-class  reputation  for  the  wray  in  which  he 
does  his  work.  In  this  case  he  may  think  himself  able  to  add 
something  to  what  may  be  considered  the  normal  price  of  the 
work,  on  account  of  his  reputation.  On  the  other  hand,  he 
may  know  that  his  reputation  is  not  very  good — or  it  may  be 
to  make — in  which  case  he  will  probably  quote  something 
under  the  normal  price,  thus  discounting  his  disadvantages  with 
a  view  to  tempt  his  customer.  Again,  the  work  may  be  for 
his  district  and  his  competitors  at  a  distance.  In  this  case,  if 
his  works  are  modern  or  as  good  as  his  competitors,  he  may 
have  a  slight  advantage,  and  may  think  himself  able  to  add  a 
little  to  his  tender  in  consequence.  At  the  same  time  he  will 
be  careful  how  he  tries  to  avail  himself  of  such  an  advantage, 
because  his  competitors  may  do  what  he  might  be  quite 
willing  to  do  himself  if  in  their  circumstances — that  is,  to  sink 
extra  carriage  and  other  expenses,  or  a  large  part  of  them, 
and  thus  keep  their  quotations  down. 

Our  engineer  will  be  placed  under  one  of  two  very  different 
Detailed  and  conditions.      Either  he,  in  common  with  his  corn- 
General      petitors,  will   have   received  a   complete   detailed 
Specifiea-     specification,  with  plans,  of  the  work  to  be  done, 
tions.        or  he  wjjj  mereiy  have  received  a  general  descrip- 
tion of  what  the  intending  purchaser  wishes  to  accomplish.     In 


INTRODUCTORY. 


the  former  case  he  will  simply  have  to  get  out  his  quan- 
tities and  workmanship  in  accordance  with  the  specification 
and  plan,  affix  his  rates,  and  obtain  his  total  ;  in  the  latter  he 
will  have  to  prepare  his  own  plan  and  specification.  In  the 
first  case  he  will  know  that  the  lowest  tender  will  probably  be 
the  one  which  will  be  accepted.  This  is  nearly  always  so  with 
the  contracts  of  railway  companies  and  other  public  bodies — at 
any  rate  when  tenders  are  specially  invited,  and  not  publicly 
advertised.  Such  bodies  usually  issue  very  detailed  specifi- 
cations, and  when  they  invite  tenders  only  ask  firms  in  whom 
they  have  confidence.  It  is,  therefore,  a  matter  of  indifference 
to  them,  in  all  respects  save  that  of  price,  which  tender  is 
accepted,  and  consequently  they  take  the  lowest.  Very  small 
differences  in  amount  are  in  such  cases  sufficient  to  win  or  lose 
important  contracts.  In  one  instance  in  the  author's  experience 
a  difference  of  £3  only  in  a  considerable  tender  for  locomotive 
boilers  lost  his  firm  the  order.  This  being  so,  our  engineer  will 
aim  to  quote  a  price  which  will  be  just  sufficient,  and  no  more, 
below  all  the  other  tenders  to  secure  him  the  order ;  provided,  of 
course,  that  such  price  will  leave  him  the  minimum  of  profit  for 
which  he  is  willing  to  work. 

In  the  second  case  price  may  not  be  the  only  condition  that 
will  determine  who  secures  the  order.  Under  this  condition 
there  will  be  opportunities  for  our  engineer  to  exercise  both 
his  mechanical  ingenuity  and  his  commercial  tact — the  former 
in  devising  the  best  or  most  economical  method  of  accomplish- 
ing the  object  in  view ;  and  the  latter  in  preparing  the 
specification  and  in  persuading  the  intending  buyer  that  what 
the  specification  proposes  is  the  best,  and  worth  the  amount  of 
the  tender. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  there  are  many  considerations  which 
may  influence  a  manufacturing  engineer  in  determining  the 
amount  of  his  tender  for  any  proposed  work.  Considerations  of 
a  similar  nature  will  also  influence  him  when  charging  a 
customer  for  work  that  has  been  done  without  reference  to  any 
formal  tender.  In  the  proper  application  of  such  considera- 
tions lies  the  highest  art  of  business. 

It  does  not,  however,  usually  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  sub- 
manager  or  the  estimate  clerk  to  make  this  practical 
application.  Their  duty  is  generally  fulfilled  by  preparing  an 


SPECIALTIES. 


estimate  in  accordance  with  the  rules  or  custom  of  the  estab- 
lishment, leaving  it  to  the  chief  manager  or  principal  himself 
to  practically  apply  such  considerations  as  have  just  been 
pointed  out,  by  reducing  or  increasing  the  total  amount  of  the 
estimate  so  prepared.  At  the  same  time  it  will  be  well  for 
younger  men  to  endeavour  to  take  the  broadest  possible  views 
of  their  business,  and  to  note  carefully  the  considerations  that 
influence  their  seniors  in  different  cases  as  they  arise,  and  the 
degree  of  success  that  attends  the  application  of  those  consider- 
ations. 

The  prices  of  specialties  are  also  largely  determined  by 
such  considerations  as  those  to  which  we  have  referred.  It  by 
no  means  follows  that  a  manufacturer  will  be  independent  of 
S  eialt*  competition,  and  can  afford  to  disregard  the 
elementary  conditions  of  ordinary  business  because 
he  makes  specialties  which  are  patented  inventions.  This 
indeed  is  very  rarely  the  case  —  only  in  some  exceptional 
instances,  where  the  inventions  are  both  unique  and  of  great 
importance.  In  the  great  majority  of  patented  specialties  the 
manufacturer  is  quite  as  much  under  the  control  of  competition, 
as  any  other.  The  maker  of  a  patent  pump,  for  example,  must 
determine  his  price  largely  by  the  prices  asked  by  other  makers 
for  their  pumps,  even  although  his  may  possess  some  advan- 
tages over  most  other  kinds.  The  users  of  pumps  will  pay  a 
reasonable  price  for  improvements,  but  will  put  up  with  the 
inconveniences  of  inferior  pumps  rather  than  pay  an  excessive 
price  for  a  better  one. 

A  very  high  price  for  any  specialty  will  always  operate  in 
two  ways  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  maker — it  will  restrict  the 
sale,  and  will  stimulate  inventors  to  produce  a  cheaper  appa- 
ratus. Hence  prudence  would  clearly  dictate  a  reasonable 
moderation  in  fixing  the  price  at  which  even  a  valuable  pa- 
tented invention  is  to  be  offered  to  the  public. 

A  specialty,  however,  need  not  be  a  patented  invention.  An 
engineer  may  determine,  by  giving  particular  attention  to  one 
class  of  ordinary  work,  to  make  a  specialty  of  its  manufacture. 
For  instance,  he  may  decide  to  make  a  specialty  of  the  manu- 
facture of  shafting,  or  of  wheels,  or  some  type  of  boiler  or 
engine.  His  object  may  be  to  get  special  prices  for  his  produc- 
tions, on  account  of  the  superior  merits  they  possess,  owing  to 


8  INTRODUCTORY. 


the  particular  attention  he  gives  to  that  kind  of  work :  or  it  may 
be.  by  means  of  special  tools,  by  purchasing  the  raw  material, 
manufacturing  it  and  selling  the  finished  article  in  large  quanti- 
ties, so  to  reduce  the  cost  of  manufacture  below  what  may  be 
considered  the  normal  cost  of  that  particular  kind  of  work  as 
to  enable  him  to  make  a  larger  profit  than  usual  out  of  such 
work  at  ordinary  rates,  or  even  to  sell  under  the  usual  prices. 


CHAPTER   II. 
ESTIMATES  TECHNICALLY  CONSIDERED. 

HAVING  now  briefly  indicated  certain  guiding  principles  or 
considerations  affecting  the  preparation  of  estimates,  we  may 
pass  on  to  consider  our  subject  more  in  detail. 

Engineering  estimates  may  be  considered  from  two  points  of 
view,  or  may  be  said  to  possess  a  twofold  character — a  techni- 
cal and  a  commercial.  Technically  considered,  the  preparation 
of  an  estimate  consists  in  the  calculation  of  the  weights  or 
quantities  of  material,  and  in  estimating  the  amount  of  labour,, 
skilled  and  common,  that  will  be  required  to  complete  a  pro- 
posed piece  of  work  :  whilst  the  commercial  function  consists  in 
determining  the  rates  at  which  the  various  kinds  of  material 
and  labour  shall  be  priced  in  the  estimate,  in  apportioning  the 
proper  sums  for  manufacturing  expenses  and  profit,  and  in  de- 
ciding the  final  amount  of  the  tender.  In  other  words,  the 
technical  function  deals  with  quantities,  and  the  commercial 
with  prices. 

In  small  establishments  both  technical  and  commercial  duties 
are  often  performed  by  the  same  person ;  but  in  large  works 
the  technical  part  of  an  estimate  is  in  most  cases  performed  by 
one  person — generally  a  draughtsman,  with  the  assistance  of 
the  foreman  ;  and  the  commercial  part  is  dealt  with  by  another 
— an  estimate  clerk  under  the  direction  of  the  manager,  or  by 
the  manager  himself. 

The  technical  preparation  of  an  estimate  naturally  divides 
itself  into  two  parts — namely:  1st,  material;  2nd,  labour  or 
workmanship. 

The  materials  with  which  we  have  to  deal  are 
Material.         .     .     ..      .     r  .. 

principally  the  following  : 

Cast  Iron. — In  its  ordinary  condition  we  meet  with  cast  iron  in 
nearly  every  estimate,  as  it  enters  more  or  less  into  most  engineer- 
ing productions,  being  especially  employed  whenever  the  qualities 


IO  ESTIMATES   TECHNICALLY   CONSIDERED. 

of  stiffness  or  rigidity  or  resistance  to  compression  are  required, 
or  adherence  to  a  shape  which  cannot  be  readily  forged  is 
necessary  :  hence,  used  for  the  cylinders  and  framing  of  engines, 
for  the  framework  of  nearly  every  class  of  machinery,  for  wheels 
and  pulleys,  columns,  beams,  wall  boxes  and  brackets,  and 
innumerable  other  objects.  Occasionally  also  we  meet  with  it 
in  the  special  conditions  of  malleable  and  chilled  castings,  the 
former  being  largely  used  for  parts  of  machines  which  are 
required  to  be  as  light  and  strong  as  possible,  but  which 
cannot  be  made  of  wrought  iron  on  account  of  cost  or  un- 
suitable shape ;  and  the  latter  being  employed  wherever  it  is 
necessary  to  have  great  surface  hardness  to  resist  abrasion 
or  indentation,  as  in  the  roller  paths  or  rollers  of  swing 
bridges,  the  rolls  of  certain  classes  of  mills,  and  in  other 
cases. 

Wrought  or  "Malleable"  Iron. — In  the  shape  of  forgings  for 
crank-shafts,  cranks,  connecting  and  piston  rods  of  engines, 
axles,  and  heavy  shafting  ;  in  the  shape  of  round  bars  for  com- 
mon shafting,  spindles,  small  pump  rods,  tie  rods  and  bolts  ; 
and  in  the  shape  of  tees,  angles  and  plates  for  boilers,  bridges 
and  roofs. 

Steel  Castings. — Now  being  used  in  daily  increasing  quantities 
in  cases  where  formerly  common  cast  iron,  malleable  cast  iron, 
or  wrought  iron  would  have  been  employed. 

Mild  Steel. — Which,  in  the  forms  of  forgings,  bars,  angles  and 
plates,  is  now  largely  used  "where  quite  recently  the  superior 
classes  of  wrought  iron  were  employed,  and  is  even  displacing 
wrought  iron  for  many  ordinary  purposes. 

Copper. — In  the  form  of  round  bars  for  special  pump  rods,  for 
bolts  to  be  used  in  positions  where  iron  is  not  admissible,  and 
in  the  form  of  sheets  for  special  boilers,  kiers,  or  stills,  and 
steam  and  other  pipes  on  board  ship. 

Brass y  Gun  Metal,  Phosphor  Bronze  and  other  Alloys. — Princi- 
pally in  the  shape  of  castings  for  bearings,  bushes,  glands, 
valves,  taps,  pump  and  plunger  liners,  and  pumps  for  use  with 
acid  liquors  or  other  special  purposes. 

Lead. — Occasionally  in  the  shape  of  castings,  and  frequently 
as  sheet  lead  for  lining  tanks  and  other  vessels  for  chemical 
works  and  other  purposes. 

Timber. — Yellow  pine  and  Honduras  mahogany  or  baywood 


CALCULATIONS   OF  WEIGHTS.  II 

for  patterns ;  beech  and  hornbeam  for  the  cogs  of  mortice 
wheels  and  for  special  purposes — for  example,  the  beetles  of 
beetling  engines  ;  oak  for  the  jibs  of  cranes  and  for  water  wheels; 
pitch  pine  for  certain  classes  of  machines — the  fulling  or  wash- 
mills  used  in  the  finishing  of  high-class  cotton  and  linen  fabrics, 
for  instance  :  willow  for  lining  grooved  pulleys,  and  for  friction 
straps  or  breaks ;  lignum  vitae  for  bearings ;  sycamore,  teak, 
and  mahogany  for  callender  rollers,  and  occasionally  other 
timbers. 

Other  Materials. — Tin,  leather,  indiarubber,  asbestos, 
cements,  ropes,  &c.,  in  addition  to  numerous  articles  which 
are  bought  in  a  finished  condition,  occur  more  or  less 
frequently. 

The  first  step  in  the  preparation  of  an  estimate,  assuming  a 

sufficient  plan  and  specification  to  be  before  us,  is  to  calculate 

or  "  take  out,"  to  use  the  drawing  office  phrase,  the  weights  or 

quantities  of  the  materials  that  will   be  required 

ofCQuantU^es.  for  the  Pr°P°sed  work-  To  enable  him  to  d°  this, 
'  the  student  must  be  possessed  of  certain  elemen- 
tary knowledge  which  it  does  not  fall  within  our  province  to 
convey.  He  must  understand  arithmetic,  including  both 
vulgar  and  decimal  fractions ;  he  must  have  a  sufficient  know- 
ledge of  mensuration  to  enable  him  to  calculate  the  areas  of 
triangles,  rectangles,  simple  polygons,  circles  and  common 
segments,  and  the  volumes  or  cubical  contents  of  the  simpler 
solids — prisms,  cylinders  and  spheres.  He  must  understand 
mechanical  drawing  sufficiently  to  enable  him  to  "  read " 
perfectly  any  ordinary  plan.  He  must  also  know,  or,  what  will 
do  as  well  so  far  as  this  point  is  concerned,  know  where  to  find 
quickly,  the  weights  per  unit  volumes  or  quantities  of  such 
materials  as  those  we  have  just  mentioned — for  example,  the 
weight  of  a  cubic  inch  of  cast  iron. 

All  properly-equipped  engineering  offices  contain  books  of 
tables  from  which  these  particulars  as  to  weights  can  be 
obtained,  probably  the  book  most  frequently  consulted  being 
"  The  Pocket  Book  of  Useful  Formulae  and  Memoranda  for 
Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineers  "  by  G.  L.  Molesworth,  or  as  it 
is  briefly  and  familiarly  styled  in  the  drawing  office,  4<  Moles- 
worth."  This  or  some  similar  book  is  indeed  indispensable  to 
anyone  who  has  to  prepare  engineering  estimates.  The 


12  ESTIMATES   TECHNICALLY   CONSIDERED. 

tables  which  have  to  be  most  frequently  referred   to  are  the 
following : — 

Areas  and  Circumferences  of  Circles. 
Strength  and  Weight  of  Materials. 
Weight  of  Flat  Bar  Iron. 

„        „  Round  and  Square  Bar  Iron. 
„        „  Angle  and  T  Iron. 
„        „  Sheet  Metals. 

„  Plates. 

„        „  Cast-iron  Pipes. 

The  student  should,  therefore,  familiarise  himself  with  the 
arrangement  of  the  above  tables  ;  and  it  would  be  well  if  he 
would  commit  to  memory  at  least  the  following  parts :  the 
weights  per  cubic  inch  of  cast  iron,  wrought  iron,  steel  and 
brass ;  the  weights  per  lineal  foot  of  round  bar  iron  from  ^in. 
up  to  6in.  diameter,  and  the  weights  per  superficial  foot  of  iron 
and  steel  plates  from  £in.  to  lin.  in  thickness.  The  weights 
per  cubic  inch  of  average  qualities  of  the  four  metals  mentioned 
must,  indeed,  be  firmly  fixed  in  the  mind.  They  are  : — 

Cast  Iron     o*26olb. 

Wrought  Iron     0*280,, 

Steel    0-288  „ 

Brass    0*300,, 

One  or  two  simple  examples  will  serve  sufficiently  well  to 
illustrate  the  nature  of  the  work  involved  in  the  taking  out  of 
quantities. 

1.  Let  it  be  required  to  find  the  weight  of  a  cast-iron  plate 
2ft.  square  by  ijin.  thick.     The  number  of  cubic  inches  in  such 
a  plate  will  be  24  x  24  x   I  '5  (the  length,  breadth  and  thick- 
ness of  the  plate  in  inches)  or  864  cubic  inches.     This  number 
multiplied  by  0-26,  the  weight  of  one  cubic  inch  of  cast  iron  of 
average  density,  will  give  the  weight  of  the  plate  in  pounds, 
namely,  224*64 — practically  2  cwt. 

2.  Let  it  be  required   to  find  the  weight  of  a  wrought-iron 
bar  loft,  long  and  2in.  in  diameter.     The  length  of  this  bar  in 
inches  multiplied  by  the  area  of  the  transverse  section  in  inches 
will  give  the  total  number  of  cubic  inches  in  the  bar — 377— 
with    sufficient    exactness    for   our    purpose.       This     number 
multiplied  by  0*28,  the  weight  of  a  cubic  inch  of  wrought  iron, 
gives  the  weight  of  the  bar  in   Ibs. — 105.      In    practice    this 


CALCULATIONS    OF   WEIGHTS. 


process  of  calculation  would  rarely  be  gone  through.  The 
table  of  "  Weights  of  round  bar  iron  "  in  "  Molesworth  "  would 
be  referred  to,  and  it  would  be  seen  that  the  weight  of  a  lineal 
foot  of  2-in.  round  bar  of  iron  is  io*49lb.  ;  ioft.  would  con- 
sequently be  practically  iO5lb.  as  above.  Similarly,  suppose 
we  want  the  weight  of  a  steel  plate  (say  for  a  boiler  flue)  Qft. 
long  by  3ft.  wide  and  Jin.  thick.  We  learn  from  "Molesworth" 
— Table  of  weights  of  plates — that  the  weight  of  a  superficial 
foot  of  J-in.  steel  plate  is  2O'81b. ;  and  as  there  are  27  superficial 
feet  in  the  plate  supposed,  the  weight  required  is  simply  27 
multiplied  by  2O'S,  or  slightly  over  5cwt. 

3.  Suppose  we  require  the  weight  of  a  wrought-iron  crank,  as 
shown  in  the  annexed  illustration.  It  is  obvious  that  we 
cannot  find  the  weight  of  this  crank 
at  one  calculation.  We  must  imagine 
the  crank  to  be  split  up  into  several 
parts,  and  must  find  the  weight  of 
each  part  separately.  We  may  take 
the  crank-shaft  end  first.  Here  we 
have  a  cylinder  I2'5in.  in  diameter 
by  6'5in.  long  ;  but  the  cylinder  is 
not  solid  — it  has  a  hole  through  it 
7in.  in  diameter.  Therefore,  for  the 
number  of  cubic  inches  in  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  the  shaft  end  of  the 
crank  we  have — the  area  of  12*5  x 
6*5  less  the  area  of  7  x  6-5,  equal 
to  547  cubic  inches.  The  crank-pin 
end  of  the  crank  must  be  taken  in 
a  similar  manner.  There  is  now 

the  web  of  the  crank  to  be  calculated.  The  face  of  this  web 
presents  an  irregular  figure  having  two  straight  sides  not 
parallel  and  two  unequal  curved  sides.  The  exact  superficies 
of  this  face  can  be  determined  without  difficulty  by  joining  the 
corresponding  ends  of  the  straight  sides  by  other  straight  lines, 
finding  the  superficies  of  the  surface  so  arranged  and  then 
deducting  the  segments  of  the  circles  contained  within  the 
four  straight  lines.  For  all  practical  purposes,  however,  it  will 
be  sufficient  to  consider  the  face  of  the  web  as  a  rectangle,  as 
shown  by  the  dotted  lines.  The  cubic  inches  in  the  web  will 


14  ESTIMATES  TECHNICALLY  CONSIDERED. 

therefore  equal  n  x  8  x  4,  or  352.  Adding  all  together,  we 
have — Shaft  end  of  crank,  547  cubic  inches  ;  pin  end  of  crank, 
217  cubic  inches  ;  web,  352  cubic  inches;  total  1116 — equal  to 
312  lb.,  or,  making  an  allowance  for  the  fillets  at  the  back  of 
the  crank,  say  3i5lb.  as  the  weight  of  the  crank  when  finished 
to  the  dimensions  marked. 

It  would  be  easy,  but  it  is  quite  unnecessary,  to  multiply 
examples  at  this  stage.  Simple  as  are  the  illustrations  which 
have  just  been  given,  most  of  the  calculations  involved  in  the 
taking  out  of  quantities  in  mechanical  engineering  may  be 
resolved  into  problems  equally  simple.  The  most  complicated 
mechanical  design  admits  of  being  divided,  in  imagination,  into 
a  number  of  simple  parts  in  the  same  way  as  we  have  just 
divided  the  crank,  and  the  probable  total  weight  of  the  structure 
estimated  in  a  similar  manner. 

It  is  important  to  remember,  when  calculating  weights  from 

plans  or  specifications,  that  the  dimensions  given  are  invariably 

finished  dimensions,  and  therefore  the  article,  if  it  has  to  be 

Rough  and    "  machined  "  in  any  way,  will  require  to  be  cast  or 

Finished      forged,  as  the  case  may  be,  larger,  in  order  that  it 

Sizes.        may,  when  finished,  be  of  the  required  size.     It  is 

especially  important  to  remember  this  when  dealing  with  heavy 

engine  forgings,  large  iron  castings,  and  all  brass  or  gun-metal 

castings. 

The  allowances  which  have  to  be  made  for  "  machining  "  vary 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  work,  and  vary  also  in  different 
establishments  ;  some  firms,  by  paying  special  attention  to  the 
moulding  of  their  castings,  or  by  the  use  of  very  accurate  tools, 
can  work  with  very  small  allowances.  For  turning  up  rolled 
steel  or  iron  bars  into  polished  shafts  an  allowance  of  TV  in.  full 
in  the  diameter  ought  to  be  sufficient  up  to  3  in.  diameter ; 
larger  sizes  will  require  from  J-  to  %  in.  Much  larger  allowances 
— £  in.  to  |  in. — have  to  be  made  in  the  case  of  hammered  bars, 
such  bars  never  being  so  regular  and  true  as  rolled  bars ;  and 
still  more  must  be  allowed  on  heavy  engine  forgings  and  shafts 
with  large  bosses.  An  allowance  of  I  inch  all  over  in  the 
diameters  would  not  be  too  much  in  the  case  of  an  ordinary 
engine  crank-shaft  which  is  to  be  turned  up  to,  say,  6  in. 
in  diameter  in  the  journals ;  and  larger  allowances  would  be 
necessary  for  larger  shafts. 


ROUGH   AND   FINISHED   SIZES.  15 

It  need  scarcely  be  mentioned  that  an  engine  crank  will  come 
from  the  forge  solid,  without  any  holes  for  the  crank-shaft  or 
pin,  and  that  this  would  also  be  the  case  with  the  ends  of  ? 
connecting-rod.  Hence,  in  calculating  the  weight  of  a  forging 
of  a  crank  to  be  finished  to  the  dimensions  shown  in  the  pre- 
ceding illustration,  we  should  have  to  treat  the  cylindrical  ends 
as  solid,  and  make  an  allowance  of  J  in.  in  every  direction.  The 
weight  of  such  a  forging  would  consequently  be  about  460  Ibs. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  it  is  the  usual  practice  for  engineers 
when  ordering  their  heavy  forgings  to  give  merely  the  finished 
dimensions,  leaving  it  to  the  forge  people  to  make  the  allowances 
they  think  necessary;  and  as  forgings  are  generally  sold  by 
weight,  it  is  not  an  unusual  thing  for  a  forge  manager,  in  his 
anxiety  to  allow  plenty,  to  allow  rather  too  much. 

On  the  flat  parts  (which  have  to  be  machined)  of  iron  castings, 
it  will  generally  be  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  an  estimate  to 
make  an  allowance  of  £  in.  to  J  in.  The  latter  allowance  should 
also  be  sufficient  for  most  curved  surfaces  in  cast  iron,  where 
fairly  good  castings  can  be  depended  upon,  though  more  has 
to  be  made  in  the  case  of  large  pulleys. 

In  the  course  of  the  examples  which  will  be  given  further  on, 
the  reader  will  have  opportunities  of  noting  allowances  made  in 
different  cases.  In  addition  to  the'  weights  of  the  various 
metals  to  be  used,  it  will  be  necessary,  when  new  patterns  have 
to  be  made,  to  estimate  the  quantity  of  timber  that  will  be 
required.  This  is  expressed  in  cubic  feet  when  the  patterns  are 
massive,  and  in  superficial  feet  of  boards  of  various  thickness 
when  the  patterns  are  framed.  Other  quantities  have  also  from 
time  to  time  to  be  calculated  or  estimated — the  number  of  bolts 
and  nuts,  when  these  are  of  small  sizes  ;  the  weight  of  jointing 
materials ;  the  weight  of  paint  when  much  painting  has  to  be 
done  ;  and  so  on. 

In  passing,  it  may  be  mentioned  it  is  a  great  advantage  to  be 

able  to  make  rough   calculations   mentally  of  the  weights  of 

various   engineering   objects.     It   is  easy  to  remember  that   a 

cubic  inch  of  cast  iron  weighs  slightly  over   £  Ib. 

CalSfons.  ~i  lb'  and  T**  >b-     Therefore,  to  find  the  weight 

of  any  number  of  cubic  inches  of  cast  iron,  all  that 

is  necessary  is  to  divide  by  four  and  add   I  lb.  for  every   100 

cubic  inches,  the  total  being  the  weight  in  pounds.     Similarly, 


16  ESTIMATES  TECHNICALLY  CONSIDERED. 

a  cubic  inch  of  wrought  iron  weighs  £  Ib.  and  T£^  Ib.  Again, 
the  area  of  a  circle  is  approximately  f  and  -g^th  of  the  square 
of  the  diameter.  For  example,  the  square  of  10  is  100 ;  three 
fourths  of  100  is  75  ;  -^th  of  100  is  a  little  over  3,  which,  added 
to  75,  makes  78—  a  total  that  is  within  half-an-inch  of  the 
exact  area  of  a  circle  of  10  diameter.  An  acquaintance  with 
details  of  this  kind  will  often  prove  of  great  use  to  the  student. 

We  come  now  to  consider  briefly  the  estimation  of  workman- 
ship. This  is  necessarily  a  much  more  difficult  matter  than  the 

Estimation    mere  calculation  of  weights — it  is  largely  a  matter 

of  Work-     of  experience  and  judgment.     Few  tasks,  indeed, 

manship.  are  jess  matters  of  rule  and  calculation,  and  more 
matters  of  special  knowledge,  reasoning,  and  judgment,  than  the 
estimation  of  workmanship. 

The  conditions  upon  which  this  question  of  workmanship 
depends  are  not  only  numerous,  but  are  liable  to  great  and  not 
infrequent  variation.  The  power  and  accuracy  of  the  machine 
tools  employed  ;  the  quality  of  the  steel  used  for  the  cutting 
tools  ;  the  quality  of  the  files  used,  and  the  completeness  and 
efficiency  of  other  hand  tools  and  appliances  which  are  at 
the  command  of  the  workmen  ;  the  facilities  provided  by  means 
of  cranes,  pulley  blocks  and  other  apparatus  for  the  handling  of 
material  ;  the  character  and  amount  of  the  assistance  provided 
in  the  shape  of  common  labour  ;  the  general  organisation  of  the 
shop  ;  the  intelligence  and  energy  of  the  foreman  ;  the  character 
of  the  workmen  themselves — all  these,  and  often  other  elements, 
enter  into  this  question  of  workmanship  and  determine  the 
amount  of  time  that  will  be  required  to  perform  a  specified 
work. 

Hence,  the  knowledge  gained  by  experience  in  one  place,  or 
at  one  period,  requires  to  be  carefully  checked  when  it  has  to 
be  applied  in  another  place,  or  after  any  considerable  lapse  of 
time.  Hence,  also,  all  we  can  do  here  is  to  show  how  the  task 
of  filling  in  the  workmanship  of  an  estimate  may  be  gone  about, 
point  out  how  reason  and  judgment  have  to  be  exercised,  and 
indicate  some  general  rules  applicable  to  certain  classes  of 
work  ;  leaving  it  to  the  student  to  extend  his  knowledge  by  a 
study  of  the  examples  which  will  presently  be  given,  and  of 
work  that  may  come  under  his  own  observation. 

The  classes  of  engineering  labour  with  which  we  have  mostly 


WORKMANSHIP.  17 


to  deal  are  the  following :  Draughtsmen  and  pattern-makers  ; 
turners,  planers,  slotters,  drillers,  and  other  machinists  ;  fitters 
and  millwrights  ;  and  smiths.  In  ordinary  millwright  and 
similar  work  it  is  not  considered  necessary  to  set  out  moulder's 
time  in  estimates.  This  is  obviously  not  required  when  the 
castings  are  to  be  bought  from  outside.  In  such  cases  the 
person  whose  business  it  is  to  price  the  estimate  will  know  how 
much  per  cwt  he  will  be  charged  for  any  particular  class  of 
castings  by  his  founders  ;  and  if  there  is  anything  special  in  the 
castings  that  are  contemplated,  he  will  ask  the  founders  for  a 
special  quotation. 

Neither  is  the  moulder's  time  set  out,  as  a  rule,  in  establish- 
ments which  have  a  foundry  of  their  own.  The  work  of  the 
foundry  is  of  so  regular  a  character,  and  so  much  a  matter  of 
repetition,  the  labour  varies  so  nearly  in  each  class  of  castings, 
according  to  the  weight,  that  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  fix  rates 
which  will  in  each  class  of  castings  cover  all  expenses.  Hence 
all  the  particulars  which  the  person  who  prices  the  estimate 
requires,  as  a  rule,  are  the  weight  and  class  of  casting.  In 
special  instances,  however,  it  may  be  required  to  set  out  the 
moulder's  time,  particularly  in  the  case  of  large  and  important 
loam  castings  of  a  character  new  to  the  establishment. 

It  is  also  generally  unnecessary  in  ordinary  smith's  work  to 
detail  the  smith's  time  ;  but  in  any  work  of  a  special  or  excep- 
tional nature  the  smith's  time  will  have  to  be  estimated. 

Neither  is  it  necessary,  except  in  special  cases,  to  detail  the 
amount  of  common  labour  likely  to  be  required  in  any  given 
case.  The  general  assistance  of  labourers  throughout  the  shop 
as  also  the  services  of  crane-men,  engine-drivers,  tool-smiths 
carters,  storekeepers,  foremen  and  others,  will  be  covered  in  the 
rates  that  will  be  put  down  in  the  estimate,  or  by  some  per- 
centage or  other  charge. 

In  preparing  estimates  for  boiler  work,  particularly  boiler 
repairs  and  alterations,  it  is  desirable  to  set  out  full  particulars 
as  to  the  extent  to  which  certain  machine  tools,  furnaces,  &c., 
will  be  used.  A  squad  of  men  engaged  upon  some  important 
boiler  repairs  will,  whilst  making  their  preparations  in  the  shop, 
use,  more  or  less,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  work,  a  large 
furnace,  one  or  more  smith's  fires,  a  set  of  rolls,  a  shearing  and 
punching  machine,  drilling  machines  and  so  on.  Jobbing  boiler 

C 


18  ESTIMATES  TECHNICALLY  CONSIDERED. 

work  is  of  so  variable  a  character  that  it  would  be  almost 
impossible  to  cover  fairly  the  use  of  the  furnaces,  rolls,  etc.,  by 
the  rates  charged  for  the  men's  time  ;  hence  the  desirability  of 
estimating,  more  or  less  in  detail,  the  time  these  special  appli- 
ances will  be  used  in  any  particular  case. 

In  estimating  the  workmanship  on  any  engineering  object 
there  is  then  generally  to  be  considered  :  the  preparation  of  the 
drawings,  the  preparation  of  the  patterns  in  the  case  of  castings, 
the  moulder's  time  or  the  time  of  the  smith  and  his  strikers  or 
hammermen  in  special  cases,  the  machining  of  the  article,  the 
fitter's  time  finishing  in  the  shop  and  erecting  at  the  destina- 
tion. 

In  ordinary  work  it  is  not  usual  to  detail  the  amount  of 
drawing  and  pattern-making  that  will  be  required  for  each 
individual  object ;  it  is  usually  sufficient  to  make  a  general 
estimate  of  the  drawing  and  pattern-making  required  for  the 
whole  contract  and  set  it  out  at  the  end  of  the  estimate. 

Again,  an  estimate  draughtsman,  in  considering  the  pattern- 
making  likely  to  be  required,  always  ascertains  whether  there 
are  not  in  the  stores  some  patterns  which,  either  with  or  without 
alteration,  may  be  made  to  fall  in  for  the  work  required.  For 
special  fixings,  of  course,  patterns  must  be  made  up  specially 
and  the  time  for  them  set  out  more  or  less  in  detail  in  an 
estimate ;  but  the  ordinary  patterns  of  pulleys,  pedestals, 
hangers,  wall  brackets,  columns,  pipes,  etc.,  which  are  found  in 
the  stores  of  established  engineering  works,  can  generally  be 
altered  within  certain  limits  to  suit  the  requirements  of  ordinary 
cases.  For  instance,  a  column  pattern  may  be  lengthened  or 
shortened,  may  have  a  square  base  or  a  round  base  put  upon  it, 
may  have  one  or  more  brackets  attached  to  its  side,  and  so  on. 
Hence  the  pattern-making  that  will  be  required  in  the  case  of  a 
contract  can  very  often  be  conveniently  summed  up  at  the  end 
of  the  estimate  thus  : — "  Alteration  of  patterns,  so  much  time." 

For  machining  the  plainer  kinds  of  work  it  is  possible  to 
indicate  some  rules  of  a  general  character,  which  may  help  the 
student  and,  particularly,  suggest  to  him  how  he  may  prepare 
rules  for  his  own  guidance  in  any  establishment  in  which  he 
may  be  placed.  The  time  for  turning  plain  flat  belt  pulleys  of 
from  24in.  diameter  and  6in.  face  and  upwards  should  not 
exceed  one  hour  and  a  quarter  for  every  superficial  foot  of 


WORKMANSHIP.  19 


finished  surface.  Pulleys  with  rounded  faces  should  be  done  at 
not  more  than  one  hour  and  a  half  per  superficial  foot.  Smaller 
sizes  will  require  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  hours 
per  superficial  foot.  These  allowances  will  generally  cover  the 
time  of  boring  the  centres  ;  but  there  will  be  to  add  the  slotting 
of  the  key-beds,  and,  in  the  case  of  split  pulleys,  the  time  of  a 
fitter  splitting  and  bolting,  the  latter  being  one  hour's  work  of  a 
fitter  for  small-sized  pulleys  up  to  half-a-day's  work  for  large 
sizes.  In  the  case  of  large  and  important  pulleys,  cast  in  halves, 
there  will  also  be  the  planing  of  the  joints  to  be  included. 

For  turning  plain  rolled  shafting  bars  of  moderate  diameters, 
half-an-hour  per  superficial  foot  of  finished  surface  should  be 
sufficient ;  and  for  plain  hammered  shafts,  with  solid  flange 
couplings,  one  hour  per  superficial  foot. 

For  forged  shafts,  with  bosses,  one  hour  and  a  half  to  two 
hours  and  a  half  must  be  allowed.  Stationary  engine  crank- 
shafts, with  the  usual  fly-wheel  boss  and  sunk  journals,  say  of 
9  in.  diameter,  require  about  two  or  two  and  a  quarter  hours  per 
superficial  foot  for  turning,  and  a  little  longer  time  must  be 
allowed  for  smaller  sizes,  much  of  course  depending  upon  the 
style  of  the  forging  itself — that  is,  whether  nicely  or  roughly 
forged,  with  a  moderate  or  with  an  excessive  allowance. 

Plain  piston  rods,  which  require  to  be  very  highly  polished, 
require  about  three  hours  per  superficial  foot  for  turning. 

As  planing  machines  are  not  driven  so  fast  as  lathes,  and  are 
not  so  continuous  in  their  action,  work  done  upon  them  requires 
more  time  per  superficial  foot  than  work  done  in  lathes.  Large 
key-beds  on  plain  crank-shafts  will  usually  be  found  to  take 
from  four  and  a  half  hours  to  six  hours  per  superficial  foot, 
including  the  time  occupied  in  changing  the  position  of  the 
shaft  on  the  planer  table.  A  large  continuous  surface  will  be 
done  in  from  three  to  five  hours  per  superficial  foot,  according 
to  the  degree  of  finish  which  it  is  desired  to  give  in  the 
machine. 

The  work  done,  however,  in  planing  and  shaping  machines  is 
so  irregular  in  character  that  it  is  impossible  to  lay  down  rules 
of  anything  like  general  application.  This  latter  remark 
applies  with  equal  force  to  almost  every  kind  of  fitter's  and 
millwright's  work.  It  must  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  rates 
just  indicated  for  turning  must  be  approximate— they  will  vary 


2O  ESTIMATES  TECHNICALLY  CONSIDERED. 


in  different  establishments  and  in  the  same  establishment  from? 
time  to  time. 

It  is  not  expected  of  a  draughtsman  or  other  person  who  is 
preparing  an  estimate  that  he  should  be  able,  entirely  unassisted,, 
to  determine  the  workmanship  that  must  probably  be  ex- 
pended. There  are  two  sources  of  information  to  which  he  can 
most  properly  apply  for  information :  First,  the  time  records  or 
cost  accounts  of  previous  work ;  and  secondly  the  foremen  of 
the  different  departments. 

If  we  have  to  estimate  the  time  that  will  be  required  to 
perform  a  certain  work  and  we  have  at  hand  a  record  of  the 
time  actually  expended  on  some  previous  occasion  on  a  some- 
what similar  piece  of  work,  obviously  that  record  will  constitute 
the  best  guide  we  can  possibly  have.  We  have  nothing  to  do 
but  to  consider  how  far,  if  at  all,  it  is  necessary  to  modify  the 
particulars  contained  in  the  record.  A  reference  to  past 
experience,  whenever  it  can  be  made,  is  exceedingly  valuable. 
Suppose  we  are  preparing  an  estimate  for  a  crank-shaft  pedestal 
— say  of  12  in.  diameter.  We  have  not  made  so  large  a  pedestal 
before,  but  we  have  made  10  in.  pedestals  of  similar  con- 
struction. Clearly  it  will  be  a  great  advantage  to  have  before 
us  the  particulars  of  the  time  actually  expended  on  the  10  in, 
pedestals.  The  larger  one  will  certainly  take  more  time — it 
cannot  take  less — and  by  a  careful  comparison  of  the  two 
designs  it  will  be  possible  to  make  a  very  reliable  deduction 
from  the  account  of  the  one  what  will  be  required  for  the 
other. 

When  there  are  no  previous  records  available,  the  foremen 
should  be  consulted  in  all  cases  of  importance — the  foremen  are 
the  men  best  able  in  any  establishment  to  estimate  workman- 
ship. Indeed,  it  is  hardly  possible  to  consult  the  foremen  too 
much  on  questions  of  workmanship.  Their  interest  in  the  work 
of  the  establishment  will  thereby  be  quickened  and  their  sense 
of  responsibility  increased.  A  foreman  who  is  consulted 
respecting  the  time  likely  to  be  required  for  any  particular  job 
will  generally  take  care  that  his  estimate  is,  at  least,  not 
exceeded. 


CHAPTER  III. 

ESTIMATES  COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 

THE  technical  part  of  an  estimate  being  completed — the 
weights  and  quantities  calculated,  the  workmanship  estimated 
•and  the  whole  set  out  with  the  necessary  detail  and  in  proper 
order  on  the  estimate  sheets,  there  remains  the  commercial  part 
of  the  work  to  be  done. 

In  performing  this,  either  of  two  methods  may  be  adopted. 
In  the  one,  the  object  in  view  is  to  ascertain  the  probable  cost 
of  the  proposed  work  to  the  manufacturing  engineer.  The 
material,  therefore,  is  rated  at  the  prices  which  he  will  actually 
pay  for  it,  and  against  the  various  items  of  workmanship  are  set 
the  amounts  of  the  wages  that  will  be  actually  paid.  The  total 
so  obtained  will  represent  the  probable  cost  of  the  proposed 
work  in  direct  materials  and  workmanship.  To  this  total  must 
be  added  a  certain  percentage — properly  a  percentage  on  the 
wages  of  the  skilled  labour,  as  will  be  explained  further  on — which 
percentage  is  intended  to  cover  such  a  proportion  of  the 
working  expenses  of  the  establishment,  including  rents,  rates, 
gas,  common  labour,  management,  etc.,  as  may  be  supposed  to 
be  fairly  chargeable  to  such  a  contract  as  the  one  in  view. 

The  total  now  obtained  will  represent  the  gross  cost  of  the 
proposed  work  to  the  manufacturing  engineer,  and  there 
remains  only  to  add  the  amount  of  profit  which  the  engineer 
desires  to  receive  from  the  contract. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  most  perfect  method  of  preparing  an 
estimate,  whether  for  small  or  large  contracts  ;  and  possesses 
many  recommendations.  It  enables  the  engineer  to  see  at  a 
glance  the  lowest  sum,  with  all  possible  exactness,  which  he  can 
accept  without  loss.  An  estimate  so  prepared  can  be  most 
readily  compared  with  the  actual  cost  of  the  work  when 
completed,  assuming,  of  course,  that  proper  cost  accounts  are  kept. 

The  other  method  is,  however,  easier,  and  is  more  generally 


22  ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY   CONSIDERED. 

adopted.  In  this  method,  the  materials  and  workmanship  are 
simply  priced  at  certain  standard  rates,  which  rates  are 
supposed  to  cover  not  merely  the  cost  of  the  materials  and 
workmanship,  but  also  the  working  expenses  of  the  establish- 
ment and  profit.  The  total  so  obtained  is  an  estimate  of  the 
cost  of  the  proposed  work,  not  to  the  manufacturing  engineer, 
but  to  the  intending  buyer.  It  gives  at  once  a  selling  price  for 
the  work  in  view,  but  furnishes  no  indication  as  to  what  the 
work  will  actually  cost  to  the  engineer. 

This  method  of  preparing  an  estimate  is  distinctly  empirical, 
and  has  as  many  disadvantages  as  the  first  and  more  scientific 
method  has  recommendations.  Unless  an  engineer  knows  as 
nearly  as  possible  what  a  contract  will  actually  cost  him,  it  is 
evident  that  he  cannot  decide  upon  the  sum  he  will  ask  for  the 
work  with  anything  like  the  confidence  he  ought  to  be  able  to 
feel — he  can  merely  hope  that  the  rates  in  the  estimate  a;  e,  on 
the  one  hand,  high  enough  to  cover  the  cost,  and  on  the  other 
hand  not  so  high  as  to  put  his  tender  out  of  the  running. 

We  shall  give  examples  of  estimates  prepared  in  accordance 
wi  h  the  first  and  more  exact  method  ;  but  as  the  second  and 
rough  and  ready  plan  is  so  generally  adopted,  we  shall  deal 
with  it  first,  and  shall  endeavour  to  give  the  reader  a  general 
view  of  the  rates  charged  for  the  ordinary  classes  of  engineering 
material  and  workmanship  when  preparing  estimates  in  ac- 
cordance with  this  second  method.  Of  course  it  will  be 
understood  that  these  rates  vary  in  .different  districts.  Indeed, 
in  no  two  establishments,  even  in  th:  same  district,  will  they  be 
\he  same  as  a  whole,  although  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  the 
manufacturing  engineers  of  a  district  to  agree  to  a  certain 
minimum  for  certain  classes  of  work.  The  rates  charged  will 
also  vary  from  time  to  time,  according  to  the  prices  of  the  raw 
materials  and  the  rates  of  wages  paid  to  engineering  workmen. 

The  examples  that  will  be  given,  are  mostly  taken  from  a 
Basis  Rates  period  during  which  the  prices  of  certain  repre- 
— Material,  sentative  classes  of  material  and  labour  ruled 
about  as  follows,  namely  : — 


Per  Ton. 

£  s.  d. 

G.  M.  B.  Scotch  pig  iron 240 

Middlesbro' No.  3  pig  iron             i  16    o 

Ordinary  marked  Staffordshire  bars 7100 

"  Best  Best  "  Staffordshire  boiler  plates            850 

Ingot  copper — good  quality           6000 


IRON   CASTINGS.  23 


Carriage,  which  must  be  added  to  the  above,  ran  about  6s. 
per  ton  on  Scotch  pigs  and  14^.  per  ton  on  Staffordshire  bars 
and  plates.  The  pig  iron  actually  used  in  the  foundry  in 
question  was  a  somewhat  superior  Scotch  quality,  costing,  with 
carriage,  usually  about  £2  i6s.  per  ton  during  the  period 
named. 

LABOUR. 

s  d.     s.  d. 

Pattern  makers 30  o  to  32  o 

Ironmoulders 34  o  „  38  o 

Smiths 30  o  „  36  o 

Turners . .  30  o  „  34  o 

Fitters  and  millwrights          28  o  „  32  o 

General  Labourers 14  o  „   19  o 

Per  week  of  54  hours. 

There    are    three    general    classes    of    iron    castings — loam 

castings,    dry-sand     castings,  and    green-sand    castings.      The 

latter  are  moulded  from  full  patterns  in  the  common  foundry 

sand  in  its  damp  or  "  green  "  condition  ;  dry-sand 

Ironlbasti         castm&s  are  moulded  in  a  similar  way  usually,  but 

"  in  a  slightly  different  kind  of  sand,  and  the  mould 

is  afterwards  dried  in  a  stove  ;   whilst  loam  castings  are  built 

up  about  a  mere  skeleton  pattern,  or  "  swept "  up  by  boards  cut 

to  such  outlines  that  their  revolution  about  certain  centres  forms 

the  shape  of  the  desired  casting. 

What  may  be  called  the  framework  of  a  loam  mould  is  a 
substantial  erection  of  brick.  This  brickwork  is  lined  or  faced 
with  loam,  to  which  the  moulder  gives  the  required  shape  and 
finish  with  his  trowels  and  other  tools,  aided  by  his  outline 
boards  and  by  working  drawings.  The  mould  is  finally  dried 
in  a  stove,  or  by  having  coke  fires  built  in  or  about  it. 

The  price  at  which  any  cast  ng  will  be  charged  to  a  customer, 
or  rated  in  an  estimate,  depends  upon  the  amount  of  labour 
required  to  mould  the  casting  in  proportion  to  its  weight. 
Loam  castings  are  consequently  the  most  expensive  pro- 
ductions of  the  iron  foundry. 

A  casting  will  be  made  in  loam,  either  because  it  is  im- 
possible to  mould  it  in  green  sand,  or  because  the  risk  of  losing 
the  casting  would  be  very  great,  owing  to  its  size  or  intricacy  ; 
or  because,  only  one  or  a  very  limited  number  of  castings  being 
required,  the  expense  of  making  a  pattern  would  greatly  out- 
weigh the  extra  cost  as  compared  with  green-sand  moulding. 

Consequently  loam  castings  are  nearly  always  of  a  special 


ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 


character,  and  are  rated  at  special  prices,  according  to  the 
labour  they  require.  In  the  following  list  of  some  represen- 
tative loam  castings  the  prices  given  are  those  at  which  the 
castings  were  charged  to  buyers  or  rated  in  estimates. 


Horizontal  Corliss  engine  cylinder,  24  in.  x  54  in 44 

Cover  for  ditto 9 

Beam  engine  cylinder              60 

Horizontal  engine  cylinder 9 

Sole  plate  or  framing  for  ditto          17 

ag-in.  piston  block         9 

2z-in.           „                   6 

Hydraulic  press  cylinder        36 

„                  ,,                    19 

Clay  pug  mill  cylinder             20 

Fixing  lor  bottom  of  upright  shaft             44 

Yarn  boiler  in  two  parts         50 

43 

„                          28 

Mangle  bowl,  90  x  18  in.         . .  30 

Marine  engine  condenser       61 

„           „     siae  frame  or  column         28 

„            „      circulating  pump 20 

„            „      air  pump          13 

„            „      bilge  pump 2 

„            „      cylinder           . .         80 

„            „            ,,          cover          14 

„            „      sole  plate         82 

„            „      piston  block 13 

„            „     junk  ring          3 

„            ,,      slide  valve       4 

Stern  tube            28 

Propeller  boss  or  centre          20 

blade ..        ..12 


Per  cwt. 
cwt.qr.lb.      s.    d. 


o 

21 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 
14 

O 

4 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
7 

14  ..  19 
o 
o 


23  o 

18  o 

16  o 
26 


o 
o 

14 

14 

6  ..  18  o 
o  ..  13  o 
o  ..  13  o 
o  ..  18  o 


o 

24  o 

16  o 

16  o 

14  o 

16  o 

14  o 

15  o 

III 

16  6 

16  o 
14  6 
14  6 

o 

22   O 
26  O 

17  O 

14  o 

13  6 

14  o 
14  o 


The  cost  of  preparing  the  loam  boards  is  not  included  in 
above  rates.  The  marine  castings  mentioned  were  sold  to 
another  engineering  firm,  and  were  subject  to  a  discount  of  7| 
per  cent. 

In  all  properly  managed  works,  a  separate  cost  is  kept  of  each 
loam  casting,  and  the  prices  determined  by  adding  a  percentage 
to  the  gross  cost.  The  percentage  added  is  commonly  about 
one  third.  In  exceptional  cases — for  instance,  where  great  risk 
of  making  a  bad  casting  is  incurred,  the  proportion  may  be 
higher — up  to  two  thirds.  Some  detailed  costs  of  loam  castings 
will  be  given  further  on. 

Coming  now  to  green-sand  castings,  we  have  the  following 
classes : — 

SPUR  WHEELS  FROM  ORDINARY  PATTERNS. 

Per  cwt. 


Weight  each  under  7  Ib. 
„  „      7t0281b.    ..         .. 

„  „      28  to  112  Ib. 

i,  „      i  to  5  cwt. 

„  „      5  cwt.  and  upwards 


s.  d.  s.  d. 
16  o  to  18  o 
13  o  „  16  o 

12  0  „  15  O 
10  O  ,,  13  O 

9    o   „   12    o 


It  is  a  common  practice  to  make  a  distinction  between  spur 


IRON  CASTINGS.  25 


and  bevil  wheels,  and  to  charge  bevils  (and  also  worm  wheels), 
is.  to  2s.  per  cwt.  more  than  spurs  ;  also  to  charge  mortise 
wheel  castings  is.  to  2s.  per  cwt.  more  than  plain  wheels, 
whether  spur  or  bevil.  Wheels  cast  to  split  are  also  charged 
extra — generally  2s.  per  cwt.  for  small  wheels,  and  is.  to  is.  6d. 
for  large  wheels.  Thus  a  split  bevil  wheel  of  3  cwt.  would  be 
rated  from  13^.  6d.  to  lys.  per  cwt. 

MACHINE  MOULDED  SPUR  WHEELS. 

Each. 

s.    d.       s.  d. 

Weight  each  28  to  56  Ib.             ..        ..     12    o  to  16  o 

,,           ,,      56  to  112  Ib.          14    o  .,  20  o 

Pe-  cwt. 

„            „      I  to  5  cwt.             ..     15    c     ,  18  o 

„            ,,      5  to  10  cwt.            14    o  ,,   17  o 

„            „      10  to  20  cwt.          13    o  „   16  o 

„           „      20  cwt.  and  upwards 10    6  „   13  6 

Bevil  and  mortise  wheels  usually  2s  per  cwt.  extra. 

Wheels  flanged  to  pitch  line,  is.  6d.  or  2s  per  cwt.  extra. 

Wheels  cast  to  split  is.  6d.  or  2s.  per  cwt.  extra. 

Hence  on  a  bevil  mortise  there  would  be  an  extra  charge  of 
4s.  per  cwt. — 2s.  for  the  bevil  and  2s.  for  the  mortise,  and  so  on 
with  other  variations.  In  wheels  to  be  split,  wrought-iron 
splitting  plates  are  often  used,  and  are  charged  extra  along  with 
the  bolts  at  ^\d.  to  6d.  per  Ib. 

When  two  or  more  castings  off  the  same  wheel  pattern  are 
ordered  at  the  same  time  a  reduction  of  is.  or  2s.  in  the  rate 
per  cwt.  should  be  made. 

A  brief  reference  to  the  difference  between  ordinary  and 
machine  moulded  wheels  may,  perhaps,  be  desirable.  Formerly 
nearly  every  toothed  wheel  used  in  mechanical  engineering  was 
made  from  a  complete  pattern,  the  principal  exceptions  being 
large  engine  fly-wheels  and  the  gearing  of  water-wheels,  these 
being  moulded  from  large  segment  patterns,  cast  in  pieces,  and 
the  segments  subsequently  bolted  together.  The  cost  of  making 
a  wheel  pattern,  seeing  that  every  cog  had  to  be  cut  out  of 
wood,  was,  therefore,  very  heavy.  Now,  however,  the  wheel- 
moulding  machine  enables  us  to  mould  almost  any  kind  and 
size  of  wheel  with  a  pattern  of  two  teeth  only,  the  entire  rim 
being  completed  by  moulding  a  tooth  at  a  time,  the  block 
pattern  being  moved  round  on  a  fixed  centre  by  successive 
steps  to  enable  this  to  be  done.  The  arms  of  the  wheels  are 
usually  formed  by  cores  made  in  separate  core  boxes. 


26  ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 

The  time  required  to  mould  a  wheel  by  machine  is  longer 
than  would  be  required  to  mould  a  similar  wheel  from  a  full- 
sized  pattern,  hence  the  weight  per  cwt.  for  a  machine-moulded 
wheel  is  necessarily  higher  than  for  a  similar  common  one. 
This  extra  rate,  however,  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the 
saving  in  the  cost  of  pattern-making,  whilst  the  casting  is  much 
better,  as  a  rule,  than  any  which  could  be  made  from  a  complete 
pattern,  especially  if  the  pattern  had  been  used  a  few  times,  or 
had  been  in  store  for  any  lengthy  period. 

Generally,  the  rates  we  are  now  giving  for  castings  are 
exclusive  of  the  cost  of  preparing  or  altering  patterns,  though 
they  would  usually  be  allowed  to  cover  the  mere  use  of  stock 
patterns,  but  one  or  two  firms  who  lay  themselves  out  specially 
for  making  machine-moulded  wheels  would 'supply  castings  of 
wheels  of  any  ordinary  size  or  pitch  at  about  the  rates  named, 
including  every  expense  connected  with  the  preparation  of 

patterns. 

BELT  PULLEY  CASTINGS. 

Generally  gs.  to  i$s.  per  cwt.  The  following  is  a  fair  scale 
for  ordinary  straight  or  curved  arm  pulleys  of  moderate  widths 
relatively  to  the  diameters,  namely  : — 

Per  cwt. 
s.    d.        s.    d. 

Weight  each  under  i  cwt n    o  to  14    o 

„  „      i  cwt.  to  5  cwt jo    o  ,,   13    o 

„      ,      „      5  cwt.  to  10  cwt 9    o  ,,   12    o 

„  „       10  cwt.  to  20  cwt.  8    6   „   12    o 

Cast  to  split,  is.  6d.  to  2s.  6d.  extra  per  cwt. 

Flanged  on  one  or  both  sides,  is.  6d.  to  2S.  6d.  extra  per  cwt. 

Larger  pulleys  would  usually  have  the  rims  swept  up  in  loam, 
and  would  be  rated  as  loam  castings — at  from  IQS.  to  141.  per 
cwt. 

ROPE  PULLEY  CASTINGS. 

These  generally  have  the  rims  swept  up  in  loam  : — 

Per  cwt. 

s.    d.        s.  d. 

Weight  each  under  2  cwt.         16    o  to  26  o 

„  „      2  cwt.  to  5  cwt 14    o   „  20  o 

„  ,.      5  cwt.  to  10  cwt 12    o  „    16  o 

,,  „      10  cwt  and  upwards n    o  „    15  o 

FLY-WHEEL  CASTINGS. 

Wheels  with  plain  rims,  moulded  whole,  and  with  the  centres 
divided  in  the  sand  to  allow  for  contraction  : — 

Per  cwt. 
s.    d.       s.    d. 

Weight  each  i  ton  to  3  tons      ..        .«        .,        .,        ..      8    o  to  12    o 
M  „      3  tons  and  upwards       .,        , 70  ,t   10    f 


IRON  CASTINGS.  2J 


Geared  fly-wheel  castings  of  above  weights,  from  segment 
patterns,  is.  6d.  to  zs.  6d.  per  cwt.  extra. 

Wheels  with  plain  rims  cast  in  halves  or  in  segments  for 
planing. 

Per  cwt. 
s.  d.        s.    d. 

Weight  per  wheel,  3  to  10  tons  9    6  to  ii    6 

„  „  10  to  20  tons         ..         .          ..         ..      96,,  no 

„  „  20  tons  and  upwards      .          ..         ..      8    6  „     9    6 

Rope  fly-wheels  in  halves  or  segments  : — 

Per  cwt. 
s.    d.       s.   d. 

Weight  per  wheel,  3  to  10  tons  12    o  to  14    o 

„  „  10  to  20  tons         ii    o  „  13    o> 

„  „  20  tons  and  upwards 10    o  „  12    o  • 

COLUMNS,  BEAMS  AND  GIRDERS. 

Plain  heavy  columns  and  beams  for  buildings,  of  weights  say 
from  15  cwt.  each  up  to  40  cwt.,  will  range  from  gs.  down  to  6s. 
per  cwt,  according  to  quantity  required.  Moderately  light 
columns,  with  brackets  cast  on  to  carry  pedestals,  for  weaving 
sheds,  from  9^.  down  to  6s.  6d.  per  cwt. 

CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

Per  cwt. 

s.  d.        s.  d. 

Plain  straight-flanged  pipes            7  o  to  10  o 

Plain  straight-flanged  bends            9  o  „   12  o 

Straight  spigot  and  faucet  pipes 6  6  „     8  6 

Plain  spigot  and  faucet  bends         7  o  „     9  6 

If  with  single  branches  about  2s.  per  cwt.  extra. 

Many  general  founders  and  engineers  now  buy  spigot  and 
faucet  pipes  from  Scotch  and  other  houses  who  make  specialties 
of  their  manufacture,  and  retail  them  instead  of  making  such 
pipes  themselves.  They  can  be  bought  for  about  £4  $s.  per  ton 
and  upwards.  The  special  makers  of  these  common  pipes  are, 
however,  now  so  well-known  that  a  millowner  who  required 
any  considerable  quantity  would  apply  to  these  special  makers. 
Hence  general  founders  and  engineers  do  comparatively  little 
now  in  this  class  of  work,  being  called  upon  indeed  for  little 
more  than  special  or  odd  lengths. 

Cast-iron  hangers,  brackets  and  pedestals,  gs.  to  14$".  per  cwt. 
according  to  weight  and  character. 

Wall  boxes,  Ss.  to  12s.  per  cwt. 

ORDINARY  LOOM  AND  OTHER  MACHINE  CASTINGS. 

Per  cwt. 
s.  d.   s.  d. 

i  to   7  Ib.   . .          13  o  to  15  o 
7  „  14  Ib.   .. 
14  „  28  Ib.   .. 
28  „  112  Ib. 


I  cwt.  to  5  cwt. 


12    o  „  14  o 

ii    o  ,,  13  o 

?6  ,,  ii  6 

o  ,,  10  6 


28  ESTIMATES  COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 

WHEEL  AND  PINION  CASTINGS  FOR  LOOMS,  ETC. 

Per  cwt. 
s.    d.       s.    d. 

I  to    3  lb 16    6  to  18    o 

3   „     7  lb.        15    o  „   17    o 

7  „   14  lb 14    o   „   16    o 

14  „  28  lb 13    o   „   15    o 

FIRE  BARS. 

Common,  such  as  can  be  moulded  on  their  edges,  5^.  6d.  to 
7^.  per  cwt  ;  6s.  6d.  is  a  common  rate.  Such  bars  are  usually 
moulded  by  apprentices  at  the  rate  of  four  or  six  in  a  box  at  a 
time.  Very  light  bars,  and  such  as  require  to  be  moulded  on 
their  sides,  must  be  charged  higher,  ?s.  6d.  to  gs.  6d.  per  cwt. 
Side  bars  and  bearers,  'js.  6d.  to  9^.  6d.  per  cwt. 

When  a  tender  is  given  for  castings  only,  from  a  customer's 
own  patterns — say  to  a  millowner,  or  to  an  engineer  who  does 
not  make  his  own  castings — it  is  a  common  practice  to  quote 
all-round  or  overhead  prices  for  the  different  classes  of  castings 
(except  loam  castings).  Such  all-round  rates  run  from  ics.  to 
I2s.  for  ordinary  wheel  castings,  and  from  8s.  to  us.  for  ordinary 
mill  "  uses." 

Common  wrought  bar  iron,  costing  from  £6  to  £7  per  ton 

Wrought  Iron  delivered  into  the  yard,  will  be  rated  at  from  gs. 

and  to   13.$-.  6d.  per  cwt.     Good  marked  bars,  costing 

Mild  Steel.     the  engineer  between  £8   and  £10  per  ton,  and 

used  largely  for  bolts,  small  forgings,  etc.,  will  be  put  down  at 

from   12s.  to    iSs.    8d.   per    cwt.      Small    quantities    should  be 

charged  2d.  or  2\d.  per  lb. 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  in  cutting  up  bar  iron  there  is 
necessarily  considerable  waste,  which  cannot  be  covered  except 
by  charging  rates  which  may  appear  high  relatively  to  the  cost: 
of  the  iron  in  large  quantities.  Moreover,  it  is  a  distinct  con- 
venience to  the  public  he  serves  for  the  manufacturing  engineer 
to  keep  in  store  a  reasonable  supply  of  such  iron  as  is  in  frequent 
demand  for  numerous  purposes,  and  the  manufacturing  engineer 
is  entitled  to  be  paid  for  providing  this  convenience. 

Hammered  scrap  bars  and  forgings,  costing  from  ^"n  to  £20 
per  ton,  will  be  charged  from  2os.  to  35^.  per  cwt.  ;  and  Bowling 
or  Low  Moor  bar  iron  at  28^.  to  38^.  per  cwt.,  or  Qd.  to  ^d.  per 
lb.  Mild  steel,  however,  as  previously  mentioned,  is  now  being 
largely  used  where  formerly  Bowling,  Low  Moor,  or  Farnley 
iron  was  employed  ;  and  as  mild  steel  bars  of  good  quality  can 


BRASS   AND   GUN-METAL.  29 

be  bought  at  from  IQS.  to  165-.  per  cwt,  they  would  be  rated  at  a 
little  over  the  prices  usually  charged  for  good  marked  iron  bars, 
or  from  i8j.  to  30^.  per  cwt,  according  to  weight. 

Heavy,  plain  mild  steel  crank-shaft  forgings,  which  cost  from 
2os.  to  28^.  per  cwt.,  may  be  rated  at  from  32^.  to  40*.  per  cwt., 
and  mild  steel  piston  rods  at  about  the  same.  Generally  such 
forgings  are  rated  at  from  30  to  70  per  cent,  on  the  prices  which, 
the  manufacturing  engineer  has  to  pay  for  them.  Several 
detailed  examples  of  jobs  involving  crank-shafts,  etc.,  will  be 
given  further  on. 

Wrought  iron  and  mild  steel  in  the  forms  of  plates,  angles,  etc* 
will  be  dealt  with  fully  in  the  section  on  boiler  work. 

The  prices  at  which  brass  and  gun-metal  castings  are  rated 

vary  very  much,  as  engineers  and  brass   founders  have  very 

different  ideas  as  to  what  may  be  considered  good 

Gun-Metal  qualities  of  brass  or  gun-metal.  The  following 
range  of  prices,  however,  will  cover  the  rates 
charged  by  manufacturing  engineers  to  their  clients  in  most 
districts : — 

Perlb. 
s.    d.       s.    d. 

Good  yellow  metal          ..         . . 09  to    on 

Good  common  brass      ..        ..         ..      o  10  ,,     i    o 

Good  bush  or  gun-metal  ..      o  n  ,,     12 

Bell  metal . .      i    2  „     i    6 

Phosphor  bronze  and  otber  special  alloys,  up  to  -    -         20 

In  the  case  of  heavy  brass  castings  which  are  to  be  bored  or 
turned  or  otherwise  machined,  an  allowance  should  be  made  in 
any  estimate  which  is  required  to  be  made  up  carefully,  for  the 
brass  borings  or  cuttings  that  will  result  from  the 
[etai.  machining  operation.  These  cuttings  are  valuable, 
and  will  be  used  again  in  the  brass  foundry.  They  may  be 
rated  at  from  3^.  to  $d.  per  lb.,  according  to  the  quality  of  the 
metal  used.  The  borings  or  turnings  that  result  from  the 
machining  of  iron  or  steel,  whilst  worth  collecting — as  they  can 
be  sold  at  from  2OS.  to  $os.  per  ton  for  use  by  chemical  manu- 
facturers, wrought-iron  makers,  and  others — are  not  sufficiently 
valuable  to  be  taken  into  account  in  an  estimate. 

A  manufacturing  engineer  is  often  required  by  the  terms  of  a 
specification  to  take  old  material  about  to  be  replaced  by  new 
in  part  payment  for  the  new  work.  Apart  from  estimates, 
engineers — especially  if  they  have  their  own  iron  or  brass  foun- 
dries— are  expected  by  their  regular  customers  to  take  old 


30  ESTIMATES  COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 

material  in  part  payment  of  the  ordinary  accounts.  The  rates 
at  which  old  material  may  be  credited  in  an  estimate  or  in  an 
account,  under  such  circumstances,  may  be  taken  at  about  the 
following — viz.  : 

Per  cwt. 
s.    d.        s.    d. 

Good  heavy  cast  iron  (mill  fixings,  etc.) 2    3  to    2    9 

Good  light  cast  iron       i    9  „     2    o 

Good  heavy  wrought  iron  (shafting,  bolts,  etc.)   . .         . .      2    3  „     2    9 
Good  light  wrought  iron  (sheet  iron,  etc.)  . .        . .      -    -         i    o 

Burnt  fire  bars ..         ..         ..      --         10 

Per  Ib. 

Good  bush  metal  . .      o    5  to    o    6£ 

Common  brass o    si  „     o    4! 

Engineers  who  have  their  own  foundries  are  often  glad  to 
take  scrap  iron  from  old  mills  in  exchange  for  goods,  as  the  iron 
from  old  establishments  is  usually  of  very  good  quality. 

Pine  timber  used  for  patterns  will  be  rated  at  from  $d.  to  yd. 

per  superficial  foot  per  inch  in  thickness.      Seasoned  hornbeam 

and  beech,  which  are  largely  used  for  cogging  wheels,  are  usually 

rated  from  6d.  to  gd.  per  superficial  foot  for  every 

inch  in  thickness.     They   cost  in  the  plank  from 

-2d.  to  3</.  per  inch,  green,  but  have  to  be  seasoned  for  a  long 

time,  and  there  is  frequently  considerable  waste. 

In  addition  to  the  three  great  classes  of  materials — cast  iron, 
wrought  iron  and  mild  steel,  and  brass  in  its  various  forms — 
which  have  been  passed  rapidly  under  review,  there  are  numer- 
ous "sundries"  which  more  or  less  frequently 
present  themselves  in  estimates  of  proposed  work 
and  in  accounts  for  work  completed. 

Some  of  these  sundries  are,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree, 
specialties,  and  are  bought  in  a  finished  condition  from  their 
manufacturers.  To  this  class  belong  steam  and  vacuum 
gauges,  sight-feed  lubricators,  steam  traps,  reducing  valves,  brass 
valves  and  taps  generally,  centrifugal  and  other  special  pumps, 
fans  and  blowers,  injectors,  etc. 

The  prices  at  which  such  articles  can  be  rated  are  in  most 
cases  fixed  by  the  list  prices  of  the  manufacturers,  the  latter 
allowing  the  engineer  who  has  to  include  the  articles  in  his 
tender  or  account  a  trade  commission,  which  varies  from  5  or  10 
to  50  per  cent,  off  the  list  prices.  This  trade  commission  will 
usually  be  as  much  profit  as  the  engineer  desires,  or  at  any  rate 
as  much  as  he  is  able  to  make  on  the  mere  retailing  of  the 
article,  hence  the  prices  put  down  in  estimates  and  accounts  for 


SUNDRIES. 


these  special  sundries  are  generally  the  list  prices  of  the  manu- 
lacturer. 

In  large  engineering  works,  one  or  more  brass  finishers  are 
sometimes  kept,  and  the  brass  valves  and  taps  largely  made  on 
the  premises  ;  but  even  in  such  cases,  the  prices  fixed  for  the 
articles  will  usually  be  about  the  same  as  the  list  prices  of  the 
regular  brass  goods  manufacturers. 

In  their  proper  place  we  shall  give  some  examples  of  the  cost 
of  brass  and  other  valves. 

In  addition  to  such  special  sundries  as  those  just  mentioned, 
there  are  many  common  sundries  which  the  manufacturing 
engineer  buys  practically  ready  for  use.  The  following  is  a  list 
of  some  of  those  which  most  frequently  occur,  with  the  rates  at 
which  they  may  be  usually  charged  in  the  small  or  odd  quanti- 
ties in  which  they  generally  present  themselves. 

Bolts  and  Nuts,  black,  ordinary  lengths,  square  heads,  hexa- 
gon nuts,  handmade. 

Size i        f        \        |        |         |       inch. 

Charge          ...  2\d.     $d.     $\d.     ^d.     $d.      6d.     each. 

If  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be  charged  by  weight,  then  about 

&/.,     yd.,    6d.,      $\d.,  5</.,    4dT.  per  Ib. 

For   special    bolts   made   in    the    engineer's    own    place,   the 
following  is  a  fair  scale  for  sizes  from  \  in.  to  I \  in.  diameter  : — 
Weight  per  bolt  and  nut. 

Under  alb.     ...         ...         ...         ...     $d.  per  Ib. 

2lb.  to;lb 

7lb.  to  I4lb 

I4lb.  to  281b.   ...      .  ^.Y."    :i'*^'      ... 

281b.  and  upwards      ...         ...          ...     ^\d.  to  2\d. 

Common  Set  Screws. — About  the  same  as  bolts  and  nuts;  and 
common  Coach  Screws  about  a  fourth  less  than  the  prices  given 
in  the  first  table  above  for  bolts. 

Files. — Charge  odd  files  at  maker's  list  prices  ;  if  supplied  in 
considerable  numbers  then  at,  say,  a  fifth  under  the  list.  The 
list  prices  are  subject  to  a  discount  of  50  or  60  per  cent,  to 
engineers. 

Wrought-iron  Steam  and  Water  Pipes  and  Fittings. — Charge 
cut  lengths  of  tubes  and  single  bends  and  other  fittings  at  the 
tube-maker's  list  prices.  For  uncut — that  is,  complete  lengths 


32  ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 

of  tubes — and  for  fittings  in  any  considerable  quantity,  a 
reduction  of  about  a  third  should  be  made  from  the  list  rates. 
The  list  prices  are  subject  to  a  considerable  discount  to 
engineers — about  70  per  cent. 

Sheet  Indiarubber. — Charge  generally  at  maker's  list  prices. 
These  prices  vary  from  2s.  6d.  to  Ss.  per  lb.,  according  to  quality 
and  thickness,  the  thinnest  being  the  dearest  per  lb.  in  every 
quality.  The  maker's  prices  are  subject  to  a  discount  of  33^- 
per  cent,  to  engineers.  Small  odd  pieces  of  grey  rubber  of 
fair  quality,  say  about  4^.  6d.  list  price,  should  not  be  rated  at 
less  than  ^d.  per  oz.,  as  the  cutting  gives  rise  to  considerable 
waste. 

Indiarubber  Valves,  costing  from  3^.  6d.  to  $s.  6d.  in  the  grey 
quality,  and  up  to  js.  gd.  in  the  red  quality,  less  the  discount, 
should  be  rated  at  the  full  prices. 

Asbestos  Sheet,  costing  is.  6d.  to  2s.  per  lb.,  charge  at  2s.  to 
3J.  6d. 

Asbestos  Cement,  costing  is.  6d.  or  is.  gd,  per  lb.,  charge  at 
2s.  to  2s.  gd. 

Vulcan  Cement,  costing  15^.  per  cwt.,  charge  at  2\d.  or  $d. 
per  lb. 

Red  Lead  Cement,  charge  about  $d.  per  lb. 

White  Lead,  charge  about  ^d.  per  lb. 

Iron  Borings,  sifted  for  jointing  purposes,  charge  6s.  or  Ss. 
per  cwt. 

Sal  Ammoniac,  charge  is.  per  lb. 

Brass  Gauze,  for  jointing  purposes,  costing  say  yd.  pet 
superficial  foot,  charge  is.  or  is.  2d.  per  foot. 

Lead,  sheet,  charge  ^d.  per  lb. ;  wire  Sd.  to  is.  per  lb. 

Rope  Yarn,  hemp,  charge  about  iod.,  and  flax  (costing  is.  2d. 
per  lb.),  charge  is.  gd.  or  2s.  Flax  Gaskets,  charge  usually 
about  2S.  6d.  per  lb. 

Tudfs  Packing,  costing  say  is.  Sd.  net,  charge  about  2s.  6d> 
per  lb. 

Sheet  Tin,  generally  about  6d.  per  sheet. 

Emery  Cloth,  id.  per  sheet. 

Tallow,  when  costing  about  30^.  per  cwt,  charge  6d.  per  lb. 

Candles,  charge  yd.  or  Sd.  per  lb. 

Red  Oxide  Paint,  costing  about  iSs.  per  cwt,  charge  ^d.  cr 
5^,  per  lb, 


SUNDRIES.  33 


Raw  Oily  Boiled  Oil  and  Turpentine,  costing  from  2s.  to  zs.  6d. 
per  gallon,  charge  6d.  or  %d.  per  pint. 

Grinding  Sand,  costing  2s.  per  stone  (14  lb.),  charge  $d.  or 
4</.  per  lb. 

Pump  Leathers,  for  hydraulic  press  pumps,  charge^— 
|  I  \\  2    inches. 

gd.          is.        is.  6d.        2s.  each. 

Neck  Leathers,  for  hydraulic  press  cylinders,  charge  about — 
4  5  6  8  10  12  16   inches. 

6s.     fs.  6d.    gs.        us.     I2s.  6d.     i$s.    i?s.  6d. 
The  measurements  given  are  the  inner  diameters  of  the  leathers, 
corresponding  to  the  diameters  of  the  press  rams. 

Hydraulic  Tubing,  iron,  costing  ^\d.  to  gd.  per  lineal  foot 
net,  charge  lod.  to  is.  $d.  per  foot. 

Copper  Hydraulic  Tubing,  costing  nd.  or  is.  per  lb ,  charge 
is.  6d.  or  2s.  for  short  lengths.  Hydraulic  couplings,  costing 
5 d.  each,  charge  gd.  or  lod. 

Piston  Springs  are  mostly  bought  by  engineers  from  one  or 
other  of  the  few  firms  who  make  specialties  of  their  manufac- 
ture. Good  steel  coil  springs  can  be  bought  at  the  following 
rates :  — 

Under  24  inches  diameter $s.  6d.  per  inch. 

24  in.  to  40  in.  „  43-. 

40      „      50  „  „  4-r-  6^. 

less  a  discount  of  about  35  per  cent.  It  will  be  sufficient  to 
rate  such  springs  at  the  full  list  prices  ;  the  discount  allows  a 
sufficient  margin  for  profit. 

Other  specialties  and  sundries  will  from  time  to  time  present 

themselves,  the  prices  of  which  will  have  to  be  determined  as 

they  arise.     The  expression,  "  list  prices,"  has  more  than  once 

been  used.      It  should  be  one  of  the   first  objects  of  anyone 

entrusted  with  the  pricing  of  estimates  or  accounts  to  make  a 

collection  of  price  lists  of  such  articles  as  files,  tubes,  indiarubber, 

etc ,  and  put  them  into  convenient  form  for  ready  reference. 

The  rates  put  down  for  workmanship  in  estimates  prepared 

on  the  system  we  have  now  in  view  (that  is,  in 

01j?"       estimates  priced  at  profit  rates),  vary  principally 

according  to  the  indirect  expenditure  necessary  ta 

enable  the  different  classes  of  workmen  to  perform  their  work. 

OF  THE     $\ 

UNIVERSITY! 


34  ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY   CONSIDERED. 

This  indirect  expenditure,  as  will  be  more  fully  explained 
presently,  is,  relatively  to  the  actual  wages  paid,  low  in  the  case 
of  draughtsmen,  rather  more  in  the  case  of  pattern-makers, 
higher  still  for  fitters  and  millwrights,  and  highest  of  all  in  the 
case  of  smiths  and  machinists.  Hence  the  time  of  a  draughts- 
man, earning  say  lod.  per  hour,  would  probably  not  be  rated  at 
more  than  is.  6d.,  whereas  the  time  of  a  turner,  earning  say  j\d. 
per  hour,  would  be  rated  at  from  r s.  6d.  up  to  $s.  per  hour. 

The  following  list  of  profit  rates  for  workmanship  will  cover 
all  the  classes  of  labour  which  appear  in  estimates,  except  in 
exceptional  cases  : — 

Draughtsmen,  is.  6d.  to  2s.  6d.  per  hour,  including  all  materials- 
used  by  draughtsmen. 

Pattern-Makers,  lod.  to  is.  ^d.  per  hour,  including  the  use  of 
hand-tools,  circular  or  band  saws,  small  planing  machines,  and 
other  appliances  of  the  pattern  shop,  and  also  the  general  assist- 
ance of  the  pattern-makers'  labourers. 

Fitters  and  Millwrights  working  in  the  shop,  lod.  to  is.  ^d. 
per  hour,  including  the  use  of  files  and  other  hand-tools,  the 
general  appliances  of  the  shop,  and  the  general  assistance  of  the 
fitting  shop  labourers.  Fitters  and  millwrights  working  outside 
the  shop  are  usually  rated  about  lod.  per  hour,  including  the  use 
of  hand-tools.  Files,  however,  when  taken  new  out  of  store  for 
outside  work,  should  be  charged  to  the  customer  when  the  work 
is  not  done  under  contract ;  though  it  is  not  usual  to  have  any 
special  entry  in  an  estimate  for  files.  Leading  hands  working 
outside,  and  acting  more  or  less  in  the  capacity  of  foremen,  will 
be  rated  at  from  is.  to  is.  6d.  per  hour. 

It  is  necessary  to  bear  in  mind  that  workmen,  when  working 
outside  the  shop,  are  invariably  paid  a  certain  sum,  called 
generally  "  allowance  "  or  "  diet  money,"  in  addition  to  their 
wages  ;  and  this  sum  must,  of  course,  be  charged  to  a  customer 
or  covered  in  an  estimate.  The  sum  actually  paid  for  "allow- 
ance" without  any  addition  is  the  amount  usually  charged — 
profit  is  not  sought  on  the  workmen's  allowance.  It  is  usual 
for  all  the  principal  employers  of  a  district  to  agree  to  a  certain 
definite  scale  of  rates  for  allowance  to  be  paid  to  the  men  when 
working  outside  the  shop.  The  allowance  is  generally  at  the 
rate  of  is.  to  is.  6d.  per  working  day,  when  engaged  within  a 
certain  limited  distance  from  the  works,  and  is.  6d.  to  2s.  when 


WORKMANSHIP. 


35 


beyond    that  distance,   with    an  addition    at   the  rate   of  one 
penny  per  hour  for  all  overtime. 

It  is  also  necessary  to  remember,  when  any  work  to  be  done 
outside  the  usual  working  hours  is  to  be  included  in  an  estimate, 
that  one  hour  of  overtime  is  reckoned  in  the  men's  wages  as  an 
hour  and  a  quarter  or  an  hour  and  a  half  of  common  time  ; 
and  that  work  done  on  Sunday,  Christmas  day,  and  Good 

Friday  is  paid  for  at  double  the  ordinary  day  rates, 

or  counted  as  double  time. 

Maphinictc       Turners— At  small  lathe,  is.  6d.  to  is.  ad.  per  hour. 

maemmsts.       ^      At  ]arge  lathes;  2S  to  3S  6d  p  er  £our 

Planers— At  small  machines,  is.  6d.  to  as.  per  hour. 

,,         At  large  machines,  2s.  td.  to  55.  per  hour. 
Blotters— At  small  machines,  is,  3^.  to  is.  6d.  per  hour. 

„          At  large  machines,  is.  gd.  to  2S.  6d.  per  hour. 
Milling  and  Shaping  Machine  Men — Same  as  slotters. 
Drillers — At  small  machines,  is.  zd.  to  is.  6d.  per  hour. 

,,         At  large  machines,  is.  gd.  to  2S.  3^.  per  hour. 
Screwers — About  same  as  Drillers. 
Grinders— is.  6d.  to  2S.  3^.  per  hour. 

The  above  rates  for  machinists  will  include  the  general  assist- 
ance of  shop  labour,  preparation  of  ordinary  tools,  etc.  ;  but 
where,  as  is  sometimes  necessary,  a  special  labourer  is  attached 
to  a  machine,  the  rate  will  have  to  be  increased  by  from  $d.  to  /</. 
per  hour.  In  rating  machinists  and  machine  tools,  regard  must 
be  paid  to  the  nature  of  the  work  itself,  as  well  as  to  the 
machine  in  which  the  work  is  to  be  done.  It  may  sometimes 
happen  that  a  small  and  unimportant  piece  of  work  will  be 
done  in  a  large  machine,  but  it  would  scarcely  be  judicious  in 
such  a  case  to  charge  the  large  machine  rate.  On  the  other 
hand,  a  heavy  piece  of  work  may  at  times,  by  means  of  special 
contrivances,  and  by  the  exercise  of  extra  care,  be  done  in  a 
small  machine  ;  and  in  such  a  case,  the  work  may  be  fairly 
charged  at  the  rate  of  a  large  machine.  Again,  it  is  a  common 
thing  for  a  slotter,  a  planer,  or  a  screwer,  to  look  after  two 
machines  of  different  sizes.  Hence,  in  one  job,  such  a  workman's 
time  may  be  rated  low,  but  in  another  case  the  same  man  may 
be  rated  high. 

Steam  Engines. — A  contract  occasionally  includes  machine 
work  which  must  be  done  at  night  or  outside  the  usual  working 
hours  ;  whilst  accounts  for  breakdown  affairs  very  frequently 
include  machine  work  done  at  night.  A  charge  must  in  such 
cases  be  made  for  the  engine  running  specially  for  the  work  in 
question.  The  charge  may  vary  from  $s.  £d.  to  6s.  6d.  per 
hour,  a  fair  average  being  $s.  per  hour  for  a  short  period,  and 


36  ESTIMATES   COMMERCIALLY  CONSIDERED. 

4f.  for  a  lengthy  period,  including  the  attendance  of  the  engine 
driver. 

Cylinder  Re-boring. — Tenders  have  not  infrequently  to  be 
given  for  re-boring  engine  cylinders  in  their  places.  This  work 
usually  necessitates  a  good  turner  leaving  his  lathe  idle  in  the 
shop  whilst  he  re-bores  the  cylinder,  and  involves  the  use  of 
boring  bars  and  tackle  which,  having  regard  to  the  fact  that 
they  are  only  occasionally  employed,  aie  costly  appliances.  The 
rates  for  such  work  consequently  range  high — from  Js.  6d.  to 
2os.  per  hour,  according  to  the  size  of  the  cylinder  that  is  to  be 
re-bored.  In  the  case  of  a  cylinder,  say,  36  or  40  inches 
diameter,  the  rate  should  be  from  los.  to  155-.  per  hour.  These 
rates  are,  of  course,  only  charged  for  the  time  of  the  turner 
out  at  the  place  ;  but,  in  addition,  the  cost  of  making  any 
special  preparation  in  the  shop  must  be  covered. 

Smiths. — Smith  and  one  striker  or  hammerman  and  fire,  2s. 
to  2s.  6d.  per  hour.  A  smith  and  two  strikers  and  fire,  3^.  to  4^. 
per  hour.  These  rates  will  usually  be  held  to  cover  the  use  of  a 
general  steam  hammer — that  is,  of  a  hammer  used  perhaps  by 
two  or  three  smiths.  It  is,  however,  necessary  occasionally  to 
charge  specially  for  the  use  of  a  steam  hammer  ;  the  rate  in 
such  cases  may  be  from  31.  to  $s.  per  hour,  including  the 
hammerman  or  boy. 

Labourers. — Labourers,  who  are  paid  wages  varying  from  13^. 
to  19^.  per  week  may  usually  be  rated  at  from  ^\d.  to  jd.  per 
hour.  As  previously  mentioned,  however,  the  rates  for  skilled 
labour,  which  have  already  been  given,  will  in  most  establish- 
ments cover  the  assistance  of  the  general  shop  labourers.  Hence 
common  labourers'  time  will  rarely  appear  in  an  estimate  to  be 
priced  at  these  profit  rates — only  indeed  when  some  common 
labour  will  be  specially  employed. 

Rates  for  boilermakers  and  their  tools  will  be  given  in  the 
section  on  boiler  making. 

In  addition  to  material  and  workmanship  in  the  shop, 
estimates  have  generally  to  include  the  cost  of  delivering  the 
material  at  the  site  where  it  is  to  be  erected,  or  at  some  con- 

_    .  j,        venient  railway  station  or  port,  and  very  frequently 

Erection,  &c.  a^so  ^e  cost  of  erection.     Where  the  site  is  local, 

there  is  nothing  more  than  the  cartage  and  the 

men's  time  and  allowance  whilst  erecting,  to  be  consideied ;  but 


ERECTION,   FREIGHT,   ETC.  37 

when  the  site  is  at  a  distance,  the  railway  carriage  or  freight 
must  be  covered,  also  the  travelling  time  and  expenses  of  the 
workmen  who  will  be  sent  to  erect,  and  probably  the  time  and 
expenses  of  a  draughtsman  or  foreman  going  to  take  working 
dimensions,  or  to  superintend  the  erection,  or  both.  It  is  usual 
to  put  down  for  carriage  and  expenses  merely  the  sums  that 
will  actually  be  paid. 

It  may  be  added  that,  as  a  rule,  engineers  do  not  provide  the 
common  labour  required  whilst  any  work  is  being  erected,  but 
merely  the  skilled  labour — common  labour  and  the  necessary 
scaffolding  being  provided  by  the  person  for  whom  the  work  is 
being  done.  In  the  case  of  work  for  public  companies,  however, 
common  labour,  scaffolding  and  every  other  appliance  have 
often  to  be  provided  by  the  engineer. 

In  estimates  for  work  that  is  likely  to  be  exceptionally  diffi- 
cult, or  in  connection  with  which  there  will  be  unusual  risks,  it 
is  customary  to  add  something  to  the  total  amount  of  the 
ordinary  elements  of  the  estimate,  on  account  of  these  contin- 
gencies. This,  however,  must  always  be  done  with  discretion, 
as  such  addition  may  easily  overweight  a  tender. 

We  have  now  reviewed  those  classes  of  material  and  labour 
with  which  we  have  most  frequently  to  deal  in  the  preparation 
of  estimates. 

The  most  natural  avenue  by  which  a  young  engineer  may 
pass  from  the  strictly  practical  work  of  the  shops  to  take  a  part 
in  the  commercial  management  of  an  establishment  lies  through 
the  estimate  office  or  department ;  and  we  have  therefore  en- 
deavoured to  give,  as  shortly  as  possible,  a  general  introduction 
to  the  whole  work  of  estimating.  We  shall  now  give  one 
or  two  examples  of  estimates  prepared  on  the  profit-priced 
system,  in  order  to  illustrate  the  form  in  which  such  estimates 
may  be  most  conveniently  set  out. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

GENERAL  EXAMPLES. 

THE  most  convenient  size  of  paper  on  which  to  set  out  the 
particulars  of  an  estimate  is  foolscap,  ruled  with  weight,  rate  and 
money  columns,  as  shown  below. 

EXAMPLE  No.  i. — INQUIRY:  Price  for  n  cast-iron  columns,  length  9 ft. ,  dia- 
meter at  bottom  7  in.,  tapering  to  6 in.  at  the  top.  with  square  bases  and  with 
heads  prepared  for  wooden  beams,  and  fitted  with  leaf  ornaments.  Metal  to 
average  f  in.  in  thickness,  all  as  per  tracing,  etc. 

Tender  for  cast-iron  columns  for  A.B.  as  per  inquiry  dated ,  to  be 

delivered  at : — 


Date. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s. 

d. 

£   s. 

d. 

ii  cast-iron  columns,  about  9  ft.  long,  7  in.  to 
6  in.  diameter,  with  bases  and  heads  as  per 

tracing,  etc.                                             .  . 

fm 

o 

17  10 

o 

ii  sets  cast-iron  ornaments           

500 

12 

o 

3    o 

0 

Drilling  for  iron  ornaments.  3  days 

12 

o 

i  16 

o 

Fitting  and  riveting  iron  ornaments,  8  days 
Altering  and  preparing  patterns,  6  days 

10 
IO 

6 
6 

4    4 
3    3 

0 
0 

Cartage,  2S.  per  ton    

o    6 

o 

Quote  £30  net. 

29  19 

0 

EXAMPLE  No.  2. — INQUIRY  :  Price  for  pedestal,  5^  in.  bore  by  y^in.  long,  with 
extra-long  sole. 

Tender  for  5^  in.  by  yj  in.  pedestal,  with  double  brasses  for  C.  D.  : — 


Date. 

cwt,  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£    s.    d. 

i  cast-iron  block  and  cap 

I      2     O 

10    6 

o  15    9 

2  gun-metal  brushes  .  . 

o    o  36 

i     3 

250 

•z  bolts  and  4  nuts 

o    o    6% 

o    7 

o    3  10 

Boring  and  facing,  f  day 

16    o 

0   12      O 

Drilling  oil  hole,  i  hour 

>a 

o    i    6 

Fitting  brasses  and  cap,  2\  days 
Altering  pattern,  \  day 

.. 

10    6 

10    6 

i    3    8 
053 

Quote  £5  IDS.  net. 

570 

GENERAL   EXAMPLES. 


39 


EXAMPLE  No.  3. — INQUIRY  :  Price  for  light  shafting,  with  hangers,  pedestals, 
pulleys,  etc.,  as  per  specification. 

Tender  for  shafting,  etc.,  for  : — 


Date. 

93ft.  if  in.  plain  shafting,  turned  and  polished, 
finished  weight        
3   cast-iron    flanged    couplings,    bored,  faced, 
slotted  and  drilled,  etc.,  finished  weight 
9  finished  bolts  and  nuts  for  do  

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
6    3  14 
I     0  14 

>. 

o 
o 

2 

d. 

ti 
5* 

0 

5 

£  s.  d. 
ii  4  7 

2  17  9 
o  18  o 

5  hangers  and  caps  with  single   brass   i|in. 

2  p'llar  brackets  with  caps  and  single  brasses, 
ifin  
2  ptdestals  with  single  brasses      
8  cast-iron   pulleys,    i6in.    diameter    by    13  in. 
wide,  bored,  turned  and  slotted 

'5 

15 

32 

o 

0 

6 
6 

I  10  O 
I  IO  O 

13  o  o 

Alteration  of  pattern,  i  day           
Keying  couplings  on  shafts,  r  day 

o  10  6 
o  10  6 

(local)  ready  for  frcctior. 

36  17  4 

EXAMPLE  No.  4. — INQUIRY  :  Price  for  pair  of  mitre  wheels,  with  42  and  41 
cogs,  2 Jin.  pitch  and  s^in.  face. 

Tender  for  mitre  wheels,  with  etc.   for : — 


Date. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s. 

d. 

£    s.  d. 

i  cast-iron  mitre  wheel,  42  by  2^  by  5^;  i  cast- 
iron  mitre  wheel,  41  by  2|  by  55  vfrom  full 

stock  patterns)        
Boring  42-wbeel  to  gauge,  ^  day   
Slotting  i  key  bed  in  42-wheel  and  4  ill  41- 

600 

14 
16 

o 
o 

440 
080 

/• 

Quote  £4  i8s.  net. 

4  18    o 

EXAMPLE  No.  5. — INQUIRY:  Price  for  two  cast-iron  belt  pulleys,  each  36  in. 
diameter  by  7  in.  wide,  and  with  a  flange  at  one  side  ;  both  split  and  bolted. 
Tender  for  single  flanged  pulleys,  36  in.  by  7  in. ,  for : — 


Date. 

2  cast-iron  pulleys,  36  in    by  7  in., 
each  with  a  flange  at  one  side    .. 
Turning  and  borii.g  ditto,  2^  days 

cast  to  split 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
4    2  14 

s. 

ii 

16 

d. 

o 
o 

£   s.  d. 

2  II      0 
2     0     O 

Splitting  and  bolting,  I  day 

.. 

0    IO      0 

8  |-  n.  bolts  and  nuts  

.. 

0 

5 

034 

Stock  pattern,  $  day  

•• 

IO 

0 

o    7  if 

Quote  £5  los.  net. 

5  12    3 

EXAMPLE  No.  6. — INQUIRY  :  Price  for  four  cast-iron  rope  pulleys,  each  3  ft.  in 
diameter,  with  3  grooves  for  5-in.  ropes,  all  split,  bolted,  bored  to  gauges,  and 
turned  in  grooves. 

Tender  :  Four  cast-iron  rope  pulleys  for  : — 


Date. 

cwt.  qr 

Ib. 

s. 

d. 

f 

s.   d. 

4  cast-iron  rope  pulleys,  each  3  ft.,  3  5-10.  rope 

grooves,  cast  to  split         

19    3 

O 

ib 

0 

15 

16    o 

16  i  J-in.  bolts  and  nuts         

0     2 

b 

0 

5 

i 

5  10 

Turning  and  boring,  10  days 
Splitting,  bolting  and  balancing,  4  days.. 
Preparing  patterns,  2$  days          ..        .. 

16 

10 
10 

0 

6 
6 

8 
2 

I 

o    o 

2     C 

6    3 

28 

10      I 

Estimated  finished  weight  

17    o 

0 

33 

6 

28 

9    6 

Quote  £?,8  IDS.  less  z\  per  cent. 


4o 


GENERAL   EXAMPLES. 


EXAMPLE  No.  7. — INQUIRY  :  Price  for  two  crank-shaft  pedestals,  with  adjust- 
able  brasses,  n  in.  bore  by  20  in.  long. 

Tender  for  crank-shaft  pedestals  for  :  — 


Date.    I 


2  Cast-iron  blocks  and  caps  

8  Best  gun-metal  brasses 

4  Wrought-irpn  wedges        

12  Wrought-iron  adjusting   screws  and  nuts, 

17  in.  by  i  in.  

8  cap  bolts,  nuts,  guards,  and  set  screws— bolts 

17  in.  by  ij  in.          

Planing  blocks  and  caps,  brasses  and  wedges, 

12  days  

Slotting  inside  ot  blocks,  4  davs  .. 

Fitting  at  brasses,  wedges,  and  caps,  20  days 

Boring  and  facing,  5  days 

Drilling  oil  holes,  i  day       

Turning  bolts  and  nuts,  6  days     .. 
Alteiationot  stock  patterns,  4  days       .. 


Cr.,  say  i2olb.  gun-metal  borings.. 
Quote  £140  net. 


|  cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
54    o    o 
1176 
3    o  22 

028 
i     3    8 


i    o    8 


d 

f 

s.  d. 

9 

o 

24 

6  o 

i 

3 

73 

IO   O 

o 

«t 

3 

14  7 

0 

5 

i 

6  8. 

o 

4 

3 

8  o 

20 

0 

12 

O   0 

18 

o 

3 

12   0 

IO 

6 

IO 

IO   O 

20 

o 

5 

0   0 

D 

13  6 

16 

o 

4 

16  o 

IO 

6 

2 

2   0 

144 

18  9 

0 

3* 

I 
U3 

15  o 
3  0 

EXAMPLE  No.  8. — INQUIRY  :  Price  of  new  piston  rod  and  cost  of  fitting  same 
to  old  piston  and  replacing  latter. 

Tender  for  piston-rod  for : — 


Date. 

i  m'ld  steel  piston  rod  about  7*2  in.  long,   to 
finish  3!  in.  diameter,  with  taper  boss  to  tit 
piston  —  forged  weight       
3  wrought-iron  cotters          
Turning  and  finishing  rod,  2\  days 
Drilling  cotter  holes  in  piston  rod,  i  day 
Boring  and  turning  old  gland  bush  and  neck 
bush  of  cylinder  cover,  and  boring  and  facing 
old  crosshead,  2  days        
Fitters  taking  old  rod  out  of  piston,  fitting  new 
rod  in  piston  and  crosshead  with  new  cotter?, 
and  refitting  bushes,  5  days        
Engineer  out  at  place,  taking  out  old  piston, 
etc.,  bringing  same  to  shop,  and  re-erecting 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

2     I   14 
010 

$.    d. 

34    o 
o     6 
i5    o 

16    o 
10    6 
8    i 

£    s.   d, 

409 
0-40 

I    It)      0 
O   12     O 

I   12     O< 
2   12     6 

i    8  u 

Man's  allowance,  6s.  ;  Railway  fares,  6s. 

0    12      0 

13     8     2 

place  to  be  given  us. 

15    o    o 

The  examples  just  given  will  serve  for  the  purpose  imme- 
diately in  view.  Most  of  these  examples  will  sufficiently  explain 
themselves,  but  it  may  be  well  to  refer  particularly  to  one  or 
two  points.  In  example  No.  3,  it  will  be  observed  that  the 
workmanship  is  not  given  in  detail,  but  that  the  articles  are 
priced  at  certain  finished  rates — the  weights  given  being  finished 
weights.  This  is  a  very  convenient  method  of  preparing  esti- 
mates of  this  character  for  regular  classes  of  work. 

In  most  establishments  standard  rates  per  pound,  per  foot  or 
per  article,  for  such  work  as  that  indicated  in  this  example,  are 
on  record,  and  can  be  used  in  pricing  such  estimates,  thus 


GENERAL  EXAMPLES. 


saving  time  both  in  the  drawing  and  general  offices.  It  is, 
however,  of  the  utmost  importance  that  these  standard  rates 
should  be  carefully  checked  from  actual  costs,  from  tirm;  to 
time.  It  may  also  be  added  that  the  work  in  this  example,, 
being  of  a  light  character,  is  such  as  could  be  easily  done  by 
small  engineering  shops  ;  and  many  such  establishments,  buying 
cheaply  and  working  cheaply,  would  quote  for  such  a  contract 
from  10  to  20  per  cent,  less  than  the  amount  given. 

Referring  to  example  No.  6,  firms  accustomed  to  the  manu- 
facture of  rope  pulleys  would  not,  except  in  very  special  cases, 
go  through  the  detailed  process  of  estimating  as  shown  in  this 
example,  but  would  merely  calculate  the  finished  weight  of  the 
pulleys,  and  price  it  at  their  standard  rate  per  cwt.  for  this 
size  and  kind  of  pulley.  A  table  of  weights  and  prices  for  rope 
pulleys  will  shortly  be  given. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  pulleys  are  described  as  "  cast  to- 
split."  A  firm,  however,  wishing  to  make  a  very  fine  job  of 
such  pulleys  would  cast  each  half  separately,  plane  the  joints 
where  the  two  halves  go  together,  drill  the  bolt  holes  and  turn 
the  bolts  so  as  to  exactly  fit  the  holes.  This  would  add  from* 
25-r.  to  305-.  each  to  the  price  of  the  pulleys,  though  firms  who' 
lay  themselves  out  specially  for  the  manufacture  of  rope  pulleys 
would  make  those  named  in  this  example  somewhat  cheaper  in» 
either  case.  The  size  of  the  rope — that  is  5  in. — is,  of  course,, 
the  girth  or  circumference  of  the  rope,  and  not  the  diameter. 

Example  No.  8,  it  will  be  seen,  is  an  estimate  partly  for  new 
work  and  partly  for  repairs.  The  practice  of  asking  quotations 
for  repairs  has  greatly  increased  of  late  years.  The  case  illus- 
trated in  this  example  is  not  much  out  of  the  way,  but  some- 
times very  unreasonable  requests  for  repair  quotations  are  made 
by  millowners  and  others  to  engineers. 

Nearly  all  estimates  are  more  or  less  problematical,  but  an 
estimate  for  repairs  must  necessarily  be  particularly  so  ;  hence 
engineers  endeavour  to  avoid  as  far  as  they  can  giving  tenders 
for  repair  work.  Even  in  such  a  comparatively  simple  case  as 
that  of  this  example,  it  was  quite  likely  that,  owing  to  some 
circumstance  which  could  not  possibly  be  recognised  at  the 
time  the  estimate  was  made,  more  time  would  be  occupied  in 
connection  with  the  engine  (a  beam  engine)  than  the  amount 
put  down.  Consequently,  as  will  be  noted,  a  sum,  small  in 


42  GENERAL   EXAMPLES. 

fact,  but  large  relatively  to  the  whole  work,  was  put  down  to 
cover  any  contingency  of  such  a  character. 

Difficulties  in  connection  with  quotations  for  repairs  and 
renewals  can  sometimes  be  very  conveniently  got  over  by 
undertaking  that  the  work  shall  not  exceed  a  certain  sum,  and 
that  if  the  cost  conies  out  less  the  advantage  shall  be  given  to 
the  person  for  whom  the  work  is  to  be  done.  Such  an  arrange- 
ment fairly  entered  into  gives  all  that  a  millowner  or  other 
proprietor  can  reasonably  expect,  whilst  it  keeps  the  engineer 
reasonably  safe. 

It  may  be  useful  in,  concluding  this  portion  of  our  task,  to 
illustrate  how  a  tender  for  such  work  as  example  No.  9  may  be 
written  out.  The  tender  would  usually  run  : — 

"  Messrs. .     Gentlemen,- — We  propose  to  supply  you  with  one  new 

mild  steel  piston  rod,  turned  and  finished  all  over,  to  suit  your  piston  ;  take  old 
rod  out  of  piston,  fit  new  one  to  piston  and  old  crosshead  with  new  cotters  to  be 
provided  by  us  ;  also  to  rebore  present  gland  and  neck  bushes  of  cylinder  cover, 
and  rebore  and  face  up  old  crosshead  to  receive  new  rod  ;  also  to  send  an 
•engineer  out  to  your  place  to  take  out  piston  and  cover  ready  to  be  brought  to 
our  shop,  and  to  replace  all  ready  for  work  for  the  sum  of  £15  o  o  (fifteen 
pounds)  net ;  all  carting  to  be  done  by  you,  and  all  the  necessary  assistance  of 
labourers  and  scaffolding  at  your  place  to  be  provided  by  you. 

11  We  shall  esteem  your  order  and  remain, 

*  Yours  truly, 


CHAPTER    V. 
INDIRECT  EXPENSES. 

BEFORE  passing  on  to  deal  with  estimates  of  the  probable  cost 
of  work  to  the  manufacturing  engineer,  and  also  with  the  actual 
cost  of  work  completed,  it  is  necessary  to  explain  the  meaning 
and  import  of  the  phrase  "  Indirect  Expenses,"  which  will  fre- 
quently occur.  The  preparation  of  estimates  and  the  recording 
or  charging  up  of  actual  costs  are,  of  course,  two  distinct  and 
independent  operations ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  deal  with  the 
former  without  also,  more  or  less,  dealing  with  the  latter.  The 
costs  of  an  establishment  ought  at  once  to  check  the  estimates 
of  the  past  and  form  a  guide  to  the  preparation  of  those  in  the 
present  and  future. 

The  cost  of  any  article  may  be  considered,  for  our  purpose,  as 
made  up  of  three  elements — the  cost  of  the  materials  contained 
in  it,  the  cost  of  labour  directly  expended  on  it,  and  the  general 

expenses  of  the  establishment.     The  latter  element 
Elements  of  •  •  .  •> 

Cost  comprises  rent,  rates,  insurance,  interest,  deprecia- 
tion and  maintenance,  managers'  salaries,  office 
expenses,  the  wages  of  firemen,  enginemen,  and  common 
labourers  employed  generally  about  the  place,  cartage,  coal, 
water,  gas,  oil,  and  the  thousand  and  one  sundries  which  are 
required  to  keep  an  engineering  establishment  in  motion.  The 
presence  of  the  first  two  elements  in  any  piece  of  machinery  is, 
of  course,  obvious.  The  presence  of  the  third  may  not  appear 
so  obvious,  and  would  seem  sometimes  to  be  overlooked  or  very 
much  underrated,  but  it  is  just  as  real. 

Before  any  piece  of  machinery  can  be  produced,  there  must 
have  been  a  previous  expenditure  or  liability  incurred,  on  ac- 
count of  rent,  motive  power,  tools,  and  so  on.  No  one  would 
think  of  presenting  an  annual  balance-sheet  without  including 
the  rent,  rates,  and  other  charges  of  a  like  nature.  But  an 
annual  balance-sheet,  so  far  as  the  expenditure  is  concerned, 


44  INDIRECT   EXPENSES. 

and  taking  stock  into  account,  is  neither  more  nor  less  than  a 
statement  of  the  cost  of  all  the  work  produced  during  the  year; 
and  as  the  whole  is  the  sum  of  all  its  parts,  it  follows  that  every 
article  produced  during  the  year,  down  to  the  smallest  screw, 
has  had  to  bear  a  share  of  the  general  expenses  of  the  establish- 
ment. Hence  it  is  desirable  that  every  estimate  of  probable, 
or  statement  of  actual,  cost,  should  contain  as  a  distinct  item 
this  element  of  general  or  indirect  expense  ;  and  not  only  be- 
cause an  estimate  of  cost  cannot  otherwise  be  considered  com- 
plete, but  because  when  so  prepared,  the  actual  pr  ^fit  that  may 
be  expected,  or  that  has  been  earned,  or  the  loss  lhat  has  been 
incurred,  may  be  seen  at  a  glance,  which  cannot  be  done  either 
when  this  element  is  omitted,  or  when  the  estimate  is  made  up 
at  rates  intended  to  cover  profit  as  well  as  indirect  expenses. 

The  question  now  presents  itself — How  is  the  proper  amount 
of  this  element  of  indirect  expenses,  with  reference  to  any 
particular  piece  of  work,  to  be  ascertained  ?  It  will  be  obvious 
Determining  tnat  tms  element  can  only  be  included  in  a  cost  or 

Indirect      estimate  by  a  method  of  average  or  percentage. 

Expenses.  To  ascertain  the  proportion,  all  the  items  con- 
stituting the  general  expenses  of  an  establishment — that  is  to 
say,  every  item  of  expenditure  which  has  not  been  charged 
directly  against  some  particular  job  for  a  buyer  or  for  stock — 
for  a  given  period,  generally  a  year,  must  be  collected  together 
and  the  sum  total  ascertained.  This  sum  will  constitute  a 
certain  proportion  to  the  remainder  of  the  expenditure.  To 
take  an  illustration — the  total  expenditure,  excluding  expendi- 
ture on  new  tools,  &c.,  charged  to  capital  account,  in  a  certain 
period,  of  a  general  engineering  establishment  having  its  own 
iron  and  brass  foundries  and  smiths'  shops,  &c,  amounted  to  a 
little  over  £30,000,  made  up  as  follows  : — 

Material  charged  direct  to  the  jobs  completed  during  the  period  or  in  progress  £ 

at  the  end        9,800 

Wages  ditto            11,583 

Other    expenditure  — Rent,   rates,   insurance,    interest,    coal,    office    expenses, 

managers' salaries,  repairs,  &c 9,190 

£30.573 

Here  it  will  be  seen  that  the  general  expenses  constituted  30 
per  cent,  of  the  total  expenditure.  But  another  question  now 
arises — Whether  should  the  percentage  for  indirect  expenses 
be  determined  with  reference  to  the  material  alone,  the  direct 


DEPARTMENTAL  EXPENSES.  45 

wages  alone,  or  both  combined  ?  This  is  to  a  certain  extent  a 
matter  of  indifference,  and  must  be  determined  by  the  nature 
of  the  business  ;  but  for  a  general  engineering  establishment, 
the  safest  and  most  accurate  method  is  to  determine  the 
proportion  with  reference  to  the  direct  wages  alone,  with  certain 
exceptions  to  be  shortly  mentioned,  and  that  for  the  following 
reasons  : — The  cost  of  the  material  of  engineering  productions 
— iron,  copper,  &c. — is  liable  to  greater  and  more  frequent 
fluctuations  than  the  cost  of  labour,  and  these  fluctuations  may 
and  do  occur  without  affecting  to  any  serious  extent  the  general 
working  expenses  of  an  establishment — the  only  item  liable  to 
be  much  affected  being  that  of  interest  on  capital.  The 
quantity  and  value  of  the  material  used  for  different  jobs  vary 
immensely ;  but  it  is  clear  that  an  article  requiring  little 
material  but  a  large  amount  of  skilled  labour  will  cost  more  for 
indirect  expenses  than  one  containing  much  material  but  little 
labour.  Altogether  it  will  be  found  that  the  indirect  expenses 
of  an  establishment  will  maintain  a  more  constant  relation  to 
the  skilled  labour  employed  than  to  the  material  contained  in 
the  articles  manufactured.  Of  course,  certain  items  of  the 
indirect  expenses,  such  as  rent,  rates,  and  insurance,  vary  little 
from  year  to  year  ;  but  the  amount  of  gas,  oil,  cleaning  waste, 
tool  steel,  files,  &c.,  consumed  will  vary  with  the  number  of 
skilled  workmen  employed  ;  as  will  also  the  amount  of  wages 
paid  for  common  labour  engaged  to  give  assistance  throughout 
the  works  generally.  Lastly,  it  is  the  skilled  labour  which 
earns  the  profit,  and,  therefore,  the  skilled  labour  would  appear 
to  be  the  most  natural  basis  upon  which  to  calculate  the 
indirect  expenses. 

In  the  illustration  just  given,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  pro- 
portion of  indirect  expenses  to  direct  wages  was  practically  80 
per   cent.      It   is   not,   however,    sufficient    to  -determine    the 
proportion   merely   in   the  gross  ;   the  proportion 
Departmental  must  be  Determined  for  each  separate  department, 
expenses.  .  . 

An  enquiry  for  price,  or  an  order,  may  be  merely 

for  castings  from  the  customers'  own  patterns  ;  it  is  therefore 
necessary  to  know  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  foundry.  The 
enquiry  may  be  for  castings  to  sketches,  and  patterns  will 
have  to  be  made  ;  it  is  therefore  necessary  to  know  the  indirect 
expenses  of  the  pattern  shop.  Again,  a  piece  of  work  may 


46  INDIRECT   EXPENSES. 

require  the  services  of  every  department,  but  each  in  a  different 
degree.  In  order  to  ascertain  the  proportions  for  each 
department,  the  general  or  indirect  working  expenses  have  to 
be  analysed  and  classed  under  two  groups — those  which  are 
special^  each  department  and  those  which  are  common  to  alL 
The  latter  will  at  once  suggest  themselves.  They  consist 
chiefly  of  managers'  salaries,  office  expenses,  rent,  rates, 
insurance,  interest,  gas,  &c.  In  cases  where  a  department  is 
located  in  a  separate  building,  the  rent,  rates,  insurance  and 
some  other  items  on  account  of  that  building,  can  of  course  be 
charged  direct  to  that  department ;  but  otherwise  every 
desirable  object  is  secured  by  simply  distributing  these 
common  expenses  over  the  various  departments  in  proportion 
to  the  wages  paid  in  each.  It  is  sometimes  contended  that 
the  two  classes  of  indirect  expenses  should  be  shown  separately 
in  an  estimate  or  a  statement  of  cost ;  that  there  should  first  be 
set  out  the  special  departmental  expenses  and  then  a  separate 
percentage  to  cover  the  general  indirect  expenses.  This,  how- 
ever, means  unnecessary  trouble  and  complication.  Every 
useful  purpose  is  gained  if  the  total  departmental  expenses,  in 
any  case,  are  determined  by  adding  to  the  special  indirect 
expenses,  a  proportion  of  the  general  expenses  ascertained  in 
the  manner  we  have  indicated.  The  indirect  expenses  special 
to  each  department  may  be  briefly  considered. 

The  indirect  working  expenses  special  to  the  drawing  office 

are     comparatively    small,    and     consist     chiefly    of    drawing 

materials  and  stationery,  and  of  a  not  inconsiderable  portion  of 

the  wages  of  apprentices  (where  these  are  paid) 

Drawing      ancj  tracers.     Of  course  in  the  drawing  office,  as  in 
OniCG. 

every  other  department,  every  hour  of  time  which 

can  be  so  charged  ought  to  be  charged  against  the  jobs  in  hand, 
and  the  major  portion  of  the  wages  of  the  drawing  office 
will  be  disposed  of  in  this  way.  But  after  all  has  been  done, 
there  will  generally  remain  a  considerable  portion  of  the  wages 
of  juniors,  and  possibly,  also,  of  the  head  draughtsman,  which 
must  be  included  in  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  department. 

The    indirect   expenses   special  to  this  depart- 
ment  consist  principally  of  timber,  nails,  glue,  sand- 
paper, repairs  and  renewals  of  machine  saws  and 
other  machine   tools,  repairs  of  building  and  fittings,  the  wages 


IRON   FOUNDRY.  47 


of  foremen,  and  of  one  or  two  labourers  employed  to  "fetch 
and  carry"  generally.  Sometimes  the  attempt  is  made  to 
charge  direct  the  timber  used  for  eaqh  job.  This  may  be 
done  in  special  cases  and  where  a  good  system  of  store-keep- 
ing exists ;  but,  as  a  rule,  the  attempt  involves  more  trouble 
than  the  results  are  worth,  whilst  every  practical  purpose  is 
attained  by  treating  the  timber  as  one  item  of  the  departmental 
indirect  expenses.  In  some  works  the  drawing  office  and 
pattern  shop  are  treated  as  one  department ;  and,  indeed,  it  is 
quite  sufficient  to  treat  them  so,  except  in  very  large  establish- 
ments. 

The  foundries  constitute  the  obvious  exception  to  the  rule 

that  expenses  should  be  calculated  on  direct  wages.     It  is  still 

true  in  the  foundries,  as  elsewhere,  that  it  is  the  skilled  labour 

which  earns  the  profit,  but  the  manufacturing  pro- 

Iron         cesses  in  the  foundries  are  extremely  simple  when 
Foundry.  ,     .  t  .  * 

compared  with  those  in  other  departments.     The 

iron  foundry,  for  example,  turns  out  only  one  class  of  article — 
iron  castings.  It  costs  just  the  same  to  melt  a  ton  of  iron, 
whether  the  metal  be  intended  for  light  and  difficult  castings,, 
which  have  required  a  large  amount  of  labour  to  mould  them, 
or  for  plain  and  heavy  castings.  The  other  general  expenses  of 
the  foundry  will  also  be  usually  proportionate  to  the  weight  of 
the  castings  produced.  Hence,  it  is  most  convenient  to  reduce 
all  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  iron  foundry,  and  for  certain 
purposes  all  the  expenditure  of  every  kind,  to  a  rate  per  cwt.  of 
dressed  castings. 

The  indirect  expenses  special  to  the  iron  foundry  comprise 
foremen's  wages,  the  wages  of  furnace  and  bank-men  and 
common  labourers,  coke,  limestone,  brick,  fireclay,  sand,  blacking, 
brushes,  bellows,  chaplets,  core  irons,  iron  rods,  hay  for  cores, 
steam  power  for  fans,  loss  of  iron,  &c.  ;  the  wages  of  one 
or  two  workmen,  who  either  wholly  or  in  part  work  for  the 
foundry — a  joiner,  smith  (making  core  irons),  fitter  (repairing 
boxes),  and  various  sums  for  repairs,  renewal  of  utensils,  &c. 
In  some  cases  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  loam  department 
of  the  foundry  are  kept  separate  from  those  of  the  green-sand 
side,  but  generally  it  will  be  sufficient  to  find  the  rate  per 
cwt.  of  dressed  castings  which  will  cover  all  the  general 
expenses  of  the  foundry  as  a  whole,  merely  keeping  the  wages 


48  INDIRECT  EXPENSES. 


of  skilled   labour  of    each   branch   separate.      The    following 
summaries  will  serve  as  illustrations  : — 

SUMMARY    OF    IRON    FOUNDRY    EXPENDITURE    FOR 

27  WEEKS,    ENDING 

T.  C.   Q. 

Output  of  loam  and  dry-sand  castings 138  16    o 

„         green-sand  654  12    o 

Total  output  of  dressed  castings  ..        .. ,.    79^ s    0 

Cost  per  Ton  of 
Dressed  Castings. 
£      s.   d.      £  s.    d. 

Cost  of  iron 2,231    8    8  =  216    3 

•Cost  of  melting —  £     s.  d. 

Wages         135    3    4 

Coke,  &c 341    6    8 

476  10    o  =  o  12    o 

Cost  of  fettling  or  dressing,  inclusive 268  n    5  =  o    6    9 

Sundry  wages  charged  against  iron  foundry,  including  foreman, 

smith,  fitters  and  general  labourers  421  18    a  =  o  10    7! 

5,398    83  =  458 
General  expenses— Rent,  rates,  management,  &c.    ..        M        ..      959    3    4  =  i    4    2 

Cost,  exclusive  of  direct  labour  .. £4.357  n    7  =  5    9  10 

From  this  statement  it  will  be  seen  that  every  cwt.  of 
castings  costs  in  metal,  departmental  and  general  expenses 
common  to  the  foundry  as  a  whole,  as  nearly  as  possible  55-.  6d. 
The  costs  when  the  skilled  labour  and  the  common  labour 
special  to  each  department  of  the  foundry  are  included,  will 
appear  from  the  following  : — 

LOAM  AND  DRY-SAND   DEPARTMENT. 

Cost  per  Ton. 


T.  C.  Q.        £    s.  d.      £  s.  d. 

Dressed  Castings     ..        138  16    o       763    3    4  =  5    9  10 

Common  labour,  special  to  loam  shop 265  15    o  =  i  18    3% 


Moulders'  Wages ..        682    8    7*=  4  18 


Total  Cost 


GREEN-SAND   DEPARTMENT. 

T.  C.  Q.      £ 

654  12    o     3,59 

71      _ 

Common  labour  special  to  department  377  13    o  =  o  n 


T.  C.  Q.       £     s.  d.       £  s.  d. 
Dressed  castings 654  12    o     3,594    8    3  =  5    9  10 


Moulders' wages ..        ..        ..        ..    840 


Total  cost 


Thus,  the  total  cost  per  cwt.  of  loam  and  dry-sand  castings, 
all  round,  was  slightly  over  I2S.  %d.,  and  of  green-sand  castings 
slightly  under  fs.  6d.  To  determine  the  cost  of  any  particular 
casting  during  any  period  to  which  the  above  summaries  might 


BRASS   FOUNDRY.  49 


be  considered  applicable,  we  have  merely  to  rate  the  metal  at 
£7  8s.  \\d.  per  ton  (say  ys.  6d.  per  cwt)  if  a  loam-casting,  and 
£6  $s.  6^d.  per  ton  (say  6s.  $d.  per  cwt.)  if  a  green-sand  casting, 
and  add  the  moulders'  wages  for  the  casting  in  question.  It 
may  be  added  that  several  of  the  items  in  the  above  summaries, 
particularly  "  sundry  wages,"  "  general  expenses,"  and  the  items 
of  labour,  both  skilled  and  common,  in  the  loam  department, 
are  rather  high.  There  was  no  piece-work  in  the  loam  depart- 
ment and  very  little  on  the  green-sand  side.  The  rates  shown 
by  the  above  summaries  are,  however,  absolutely  "total" — they 
include  every  expense  of  manufacture  without  exception. 

The  departmental  expenses  of  the  brass  foundry  are  very 

similar  to  those  of  the  iron  foundry,  there  being  some  special — 

crucibles    for   example.      In    this   department,    owing    to   the 

comparatively  small  proportion  which  the  cost  of 

Brass        labour  of  all  kinds  bears  to  the  cost  of  the  metals 
Foundry.  .     .  .,       , 

used,   it   is   not   considered   necessary,   except   m 

special  cases,  to  have  the  skilled  labour  returned  against  each 
order  number,  as  ought  always  to  be  done  in  the  iron  foundry. 
It  is  sufficient  to  reduce  all  the  expenses,  including  skilled 
labour,  to  a  rate  per  Ib.  of  dressed  castings.  This  rate  will 
usually  run  in  an  ordinary  engineering  establishment,  from 
twopence  to  threepence  per  pound  weight.  The  rate  ought  not 
to  exceed  the  latter  figure,  and  in  jobbing  foundries,  which 
work  for  the  trade,  it  is  not  infrequently  brought  down  to  a 
fraction  over  a  penny.  Though  it  is  generally  sufficient  to 
allow  the  skilled  labour  to  be  covered  by  an  all-round  rate  per 
pound,  distinctions  have,  however,  to  be  made  in  the  brass 
foundry,  arising  from  the  different  qualities  and  characters  of 
the  alloys  used  in  making  the  castings,  which  alloys  vary  much 
according  to  the  purposes  for  which  the  castings  have  to  be 
used. 

These  different  alloys  will  range  themselves,  generally, 
under  the  following  heads  : — yellow  metal,  good  common  brass, 
gun-metal,  bell-metal,  anti-friction  metals,  and  solders.  There 
will  also  be  special  alloys — such  as  those  in  which  phosphor- 
bronze  or  phosphor-tin  largely  enter — used  from  time  to  time. 
The  cost  of  the  different  mixtures  may  be  determined  most 
conveniently,  and  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  all  practical 
purposes,  by  a  simple  ca^ulation  based  upon  the  proportions  of 

£ 


50  INDIRECT  EXPENSES. 

the  metals  used  by  the  foreman  to  form  the  alloys.  Thus, 
suppose  we  wish  to  know  the  cost  of  "  good  common  brass." 
This  will  probably  consist  of  16  parts  copper,  I  J  of  tin,  ij-  of 
zinc,  and  a  little  lead,  which  may  be  neglected  —  and  the  calcula- 
tion will  stand  frhus  :  — 

£  s.  d. 

16  lb.  copper    ...........  »        ..        ..    @   6\d.  =  088 

i^lb.tin          ........        ........    @  io\d.  =  o    i    sf 

i£  lb.  zinc       ................     @     zd.  =  o    o    3 

19  lb.  "  good  common  brass  "       ..........    @   6\d.  =  o  10    2| 

The  importance  of  making  the  distinction  referred  to  will  be 
evident  if  we  compare  the  above  with  the  cost  of  either  a  hard 
gun-metal  or  a  yellow  brass  such  as  is  largely  used  for  taps  and 
valves.  The  two  latter  would  probably  stand  thus  :  — 

HARD    GUN-METAL. 

£  3.  d. 
16  lb.  copper    ................     @    6%d.  =  088 

Slb.tin  ................    ®  io%d.  =  o    2    7^ 


i   lb.  hardgun-mstal         ............    @   ?%d.  =  o  n    si 

YELLOW  BRASS. 

i61b.copper    ................    @   6\d.  •=  o    8    8 

8  lb.  zinc        ................     @     zd  .  =  o    I    4 

24  lb.  yellow  brass     ..............    @     5^.  =  o  10    o 

The  total  costs  of  these  different  mixtures  would  therefore 
stand  about  as  follows  :  — 

Yellow  brass    ................      yd.  to     Sd.  per  lb. 

Good  common  brass  ............     8%d.  to    g\d.      „ 

Hard  gun-metal         ..............     g\d.  to  io\d.      „ 

being  made  up  of  $d.  per  lb.,  for  metal  in  the  case  of  the  yellow 
brass  for  example,  and  2d.  to  $d.  per  lb.  for  moulding,  melting, 
loss  of  metal,  crucibles,  sundries,  and  repairs,  and  a  proportion 
of  the  general  expenses  for  rent,  rates,  management,  &c.  In  all 
properly  organised  works,  weekly  or  fortnightly  statements 
showing  the  cost  of  the  castings  under  all  the  important  heads 
are  prepared. 

The  indirect  expenses  special  to  the  Smiths'  Shop  are 
principally  coal,  waste  of  material,  iron  and  steel  used  to  repair 
and  keep  in  order  the  smiths'  tools,  steam-power  for  fans  or 

blowers   and   hammers,    repairs   and   renewals   of 
Smiths       hearths,  wages  of  smiths  repairing  and  renewing 

tools,  foreman's  wages,  &c.     There  is  usually  very 
little  common  labour,  strfctly  so-called,  in  the  smiths'  shop,  as 


SMITHY  AND   MACHINE  SHOP.  51 

the  helpers,  strikers,  or  hammermen,  as  they  are  variously 
named,  are  all  more  or  less  skilled  men  ;  and  as  each  smith  has 
his  own  striker  or  strikers,  who  work  for  him  and  for  no  one 
else,  and  as  he  cannot  as  a  rule  work  without  them,  the  wages 
of  both  smith  and  strikers  can  be  added  together  and  treated  as 
one.  The  wages  of  the  steam-hammer  men  or  boys  should  also 
be  dealt  with  on  a  similar  plan,  and  be  distributed  over  the 
-different  smiths  who  use  the  steam-hammer.  Thus,  say  a 
leading  smith  earning  38^'.  per  week  returns  9  hours  against  a 
job.  Instead  of  merely  charging  9  hours  at  38^.  per  week, 
there  will  be  charged  9  hours  at  probably  77.$".,  made  up  as 
follows  : — 

~  £  s.   d. 

i  smith ,         9  hours  @  385.  =   064 

i  striker         9      >.      @  l8s-  =030 

I        ,,              9      „       @  175.  =   o    2  10 

i  steam-hammer  boy         ..        ..  4^    „      @    8s.  =  o    o    8 


o  12  10 


equal  to  9  hours  at  i.r.  $d.  per  hour,  or  77^.  per  week.  Notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  nearly  all  the  labour  in  the  smiths'  shop 
may  be  thus  charged  direct,  the  percentage  to  cover  indirect 
expenses  is  almost  invariably  high. 

The  indirect  expenses  special  to  this  department  are  the 
heaviest  of  all.  They  comprise — steam-power,  oil,  oil-cans* 
cleaning  waste,  tool  steel,  hammers,  leather  belts,  laces,  grind- 
Machine  stones,  emery,  emery  paper,  emery  wheels,  smiths' 

OP  Turning  charges  dressing  tools,  a  half  or  other  proportion 
Shop.  of  the  craneman's  wages  (an  overhead  traveller 
being  now  found  in  most  large  shops),  repairs  of  machine  tools, 
repairs  and  renewals  of  utensils,  labourers'  wages,  and  the  wages 
of  foremen.  The  items  of  rent,  interest  on  capital,  &c.,  are 
necessarily  also  heavy.  Whilst  in  average  works  it  will  usually 
be  sufficient  to  determine  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  machine 
shop  as  a  whole,  in  large  works  or  where  very  large  and  costly 
machine  tools  are  in  use,  it  may  be  advisable  to  divide  the 
machine  shop  into  two,  or  even  more,  sections,  placing  the  large 
tools  by  themselves  in  the  one  and  the  ordinary  too's  in  the 
other,  and  to  determine  the  percentage  for  each  section.  This 
may  be  done  very  conveniently  and  with  sufficient  accuracy,  as 
a  general  thing,  by  dividing  the  total  indirect  expenses  of  the 
machine  shop  into  two  parts  proportionate  to  the  cost  of  the 
machine  tools  in  each  section.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  not  at 


52  INDIRECT   EXPENSES. 

all  difficult  where  anything  like  proper  book-keeping  exists  to 
keep  the  working  expenses  of  each  section  separate,  and  as  the 
power  consumed  by  each  section  can  also  be  either  ascertained 
by  engine  indications,  or  very  closely  estimated,  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  indirect  expenses  of  each  section  can  be 
ascertained  absolutely,  leaving  only  general  items — rent, 
management,  &c. — to  be  determined  by  calculation  based  v.pon 
the  cost  of  the  tools. 

The  fitting  department  is  generally  in  the  same  building  as 
the  machine  department ;  but  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  one 
can  easily  be  kept  distinct  from  the  other.  The  special  expenses 
Fitting1  °f  tf16  fitting  shop  comprise — files  (a  heavy  item), 
OP  Erecting  hammers,  chisel  steel,  cleaning  waste  or  cloths,  oils 
Shop.  ancj  cans,  grindstones,  repairs  and  renewals  of 
numerous  utensils — stocks  and  dies,  ratchet  braces,  &c. — a  pro- 
portion of  the  craneman's  wages,  labourers'  wages,  very  often  a 
large  portion  of  the  junior  apprentices'  wages,  and  the  wages  of 
foremen.  Owing,  however,  to  the  sum  total  of  fitters'  and  mill- 
wrights' wages,  which  can  be  charged  direct,  being  usually  large, 
the  percentage  for  indirect  expenses  is  generally  comparatively 
small.  It  is  necessary  when  any  considerable  staff  of  fitters 
is  regularly  employed  on  outdoor  work  to  determine  a  separate 
percentage  for  them  ;  otherwise  the  percentage,  when  applied  to 
the  wages  expended  in  the  shop,  will  be  too  small,  and  when 
applied  to  outside  work,  too  large.  This  will  be  obvious  when 
it  is  borne  in  mind  that  light  and  shelter,  the  assistance  of 
labourers,  the  use  of  scaffolding,  and  numerous  sundries  are 
generally  provided  by  the  customer  for  whom  the  men  are 
working  outside. 

The  percentage  on  direct  wages  to  cover  all  indirect  expenses, 
both  departmental  and  general,  in  a  general  engineering  estab- 
lishment should  not  exceed  the  higher  rates  given  in  the 
following  scale,  whilst  they  will  not  often  fall  below  the  lower 
rates : — 

Drawingoffice         25  to    33!  per  cent. 

Pattern  shop..         50  to    75  „ 

Drawing  office  and  pattern  shop  when  treated  as  one      ..  33!  to    50  „ 

Smiths' shop ,.  75  toioo  „ 

Machine  shop  Joo  to  150  „ 

Fitting  shop 40  to    50  „ 

Fitters  outbide        13  to    25  „ 

That  is  to  say,  if  a  job  has  required  an  expenditure  of  £4  for 


FLUCTUATIONS.  53 


drawings  and  patterns  treated  as  one  department,  it  must  be 
charged  with  from  26s.  8d.  to  40^.  more  to  cover  the  indirect 
•expenses  that  will  have  been  incurred  on  its  account,  and  so  on 
with  the  other  departments. 

A  remark  that  applies  to  every  department,  and  that  is  suffi- 
ciently obvious,  is  that  these  percentages  will  be  higher  when 
there  is  little  doing  than  when  business  is  good.  In  the  former 
condition  of  things,  not  only  will  the  rent,  office  expenses,  and 
many  other  items  be  practically  the  same  as  in  the  latter,  but 
many  of  the  workmen  who  have  to  be  retained  will  be  obliged 
to  charge  a  not  inconsiderable  proportion  of  their  time  against 
their  shop,  instead  of  against  customers. 

From  what  has  now  been  said,  it  will  be  obvious  that  whilst 
at  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  cover  in  every  estimate,  and  to 
include  in  every  statement  of  cost,  the  indirect  charges  of  the 
establishment,  the  sum  put  down  cannot,  in  any  case,  be  other 
than  an  estimate,  and  will  therefore  differ,  and  ought  to  be 
shown  separate,  from  the  material  and  labour  which,  in  the  case 
of  a  cost,  will  be  actual  returns.  The  proportion  or  percentage 
may  be  accurately  determined  at  the  close  of  any  period  from 
the  accounts  of  that  period.  A  proportion  so  determined  may 
be,  and  as  a  rule  will  be,  used  during  the  succeeding  period  ; 
but  whether  it  will  be  accurate  or  not  will  depend  upon  the 
amount  of  work  done  in  it,  and  cannot  be  certainly  known  until 
its  close. 

We  have  thus  dwelt  at  some  length  upon  the  question  of 
general  or  indirect  expenses,  because  it  is  of  the  utmost  con- 
sequence that  anyone  who  wishes  to  prepare  estimates  should 
have  an  adequate  conception  of  the  importance  of  these  general 
expenses  as  an  element  in  the  cost  of  everything  produced  ; 
and,  also,  some  idea  of  the  relative  values  of  this  element  in  the 
different  departments  of  an  ordinary  engineering  establishment. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
MILLWRIGHT  WORK— MILL  FIXINGS,  PEDESTALS,  ETC. 

WE  shall  now  deal  with  the  cost  of  manufacturing  and  with  the 
usual  selling  prices  of  general  millwright  work.  The  large  class 
of  articles  comprised  in  the  term  "  millwright  work  "  may  very 
well  be  styled  the  "  common  objects  "  of  the  general  engineers' 
establishment.  They  are  required  more  frequently  and  in 
greater  numbers  than  any  other  of  the  productions  of  the 
mechanical  engineer,  being  necessary,  more  or  less,  to  every 
manufacturing  industry  in  which  steam  or  other  motive  power 
is  employed. 

The  machinery  of  a  spinning  mill,  by  which  the  actual 
manufacturing  operation  is  performed,  differs  immensely  from 
that  of  a  weaving  factory,  whilst  that  of  a  weaving  factory 
differs  in  an  equal  or  greater  degree  from  the  machinery  of  a 
flour  mill ;  but  all  these  establishments  must  contain  shafting, 
bearings  or  pedestals  in  which  the  shafting  may  revolve,  fix- 
ings to  carry  the  pedestals,  and  also  wheels  or  pulleys  to  convey 
motion  to  the  machines.  The  machinery  of  conversion  in 
two  works  may  differ  enormously,  but  the  machinery  of  trans- 
mission will  be  found  to  possess  many,  if  not  all,  its  features  in 
common. 

It  is  no  doubt  true  that  there  are  now  many  engineering 
establishments  which  have  little  or  nothing  to  do  directly  with 
general  millwright  work.  Undoubtedly  mechanical  engineering, 
like  most  other  industries,  has  been  enormously  modified  during 


MILL  FIXINGS,  &C. 


55 


the  past  half-century  by  the  great  development  of  the  principle 
of  the  division  of  labour  which  has  taken  place  in  that  time. 
There  are  now  many  engineering  works  which  are  simply  fac- 
tories for  the  production  of  some  particular  class  of  machinery. 
Nevertheless  there  is  no  department  of  mechanical  engineering 
in  which  a  young  man  may  be  placed  in  which  he  will  not  find 
a  knowledge  of  the  construction  and  cost  of  machinery  of  trans- 
mission of  value  to  him,  if  not  actually  indispensable.  It  is  not, 
therefore,  necessary  to  offer  any  apology  for  dealing  in  some 
detail  with  this  branch  of  our  subject. 

These  may  be  conveniently  considered  under  two  heads — 
special,  and  standard  or  ordinary  fixings.  Nearly  every  mill, 
.  factory,  or  other  manufacturing  establishment 
'*  using  steam  or  water-power  requires  at  one  time  or 
other  a  number  of  special  cast-iron  fixings  to  carry  some  portion 
of  the  machinery  of  transmission  in  some  peculiar  or  special 
situation.  For  these  fixings  special  patterns  have  usually  to  be 
made,  and  as  these  patterns  are  generally  of  no  use  as  stock  or 
standard  patterns,  their  cost  in  each  instance  must  be  entered 
against  the  special  casting,  and  covered  by  the  price  charged 
in  the  account  or  estimate.  The  cost  of  moulding  these 
fixings — which  are  very  often  loam  castings,  or,  if  they  are 
done  in  green  sand,  are  unusually  difficult — must  also  be  taken 
separately,  as  should  also  any  workmanship  upon  the  casting 
itself. 


EXAMPLE  No.  9. — Estimate  of  cast-iron  footstand,  with  bell-metal  bush  and 
steel  step  for  upright  shaft,  for (Profit  rates). 


Dale. 

Cwts.  qrs.  Ibs. 

s.    d. 

£   s.  d. 

cast-iron  stand,  in  loam 

44      2      o 

15    o 

33    7    6 

„         door    .  . 

i       i     14 

II      O 

O  15      2 

wrought-iron  plate 

I      6 

o    3l 

o    9  ii 

4° 

i     6 

300 

bell-metal  step   .  . 

36 

i     5 

2  II     O 

2  steel  pins,  forged 
4  bolts  and  nuts    .  . 

si 

i     6 
o    6 

030 
029 

12  studs  and  nuts.. 

o    6 

060 

Turner  at  stand    .  . 

7  hours 

3    o 

I      I      0 

„          steps,  &c. 

30 

2     0 

3OO 

Planer 

10 

3    o 

I   10     0 

Driller  (large  machine) 

10 

2     0 

I      O     O 

Fitters 

35 

I    4 

268 

Grinder 

4* 

2     O 

090 

Patterns  (extra  timber)  . 

85 

I     6 

676 

Drawings     

35 

2     0 

3  10    o 

Less  2^  per  cent,  discount 

59  19    6 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


EXAMPLE  No.  QA. — Statement  of  cost  of  preceding  cast-iron  stand. 


£  s.  d. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

i  cast-iron  stand,  in  loam         .  .        .  . 

43      3      0 

7    6 

16  10    2 

Moulders'  wages    

10    5    9 

i  cast-iron  door     

120 

6    3 

095 

Moulders'  wages   

009 

i  wrought-iron  plate,  from  boiler  shop 
i  compressed  steel  step,  per  Whitworth 
i  bell-metal  step  (special) 
4  bolts  and  nuts  (stock)    .         .          .. 

2        0 

3      3 

2     XI 

rl 

18    o 

I      0 
I      O 

O     4 

090 
i  19    o 
i   15    o 

O      I    IO 

12  studs  and  nuts  (stock)          ..        .. 

»*3 

O      2\ 

026 

li 

O     2 

003 

009 

Workmanship  — 
Smiths  at  pins.        Wages  paid          .  . 
Turners,     40  hours        „ 

009 

i    6    8 

Planers,      12                   „ 

065 

Drillers,      12                   „ 

o    4  ii 

2  18    7 

Grinders,     3^                 „                    .  . 

Oil 

o  10    9 

Fitters,       40                   „ 

i     i    6 

197 

Patterns,     75                   „ 

i  19    5 

062 

Drawings,  35                   „ 

i    4    8 

5    5  10 

Cost  in  materials  and  wages 
Indirect  expenses     

37  19    o 
5    5  io 

Gross  cost       

43    4  ir 

Profit  (35  per  cent.)  

15    4    7 

Amount  in  estimate,  £59  195.  fd.,  less 

2^  per  cent 

cS      Q      fi 

D°    y    ° 

In  the  above  statements  we  give  first  an  estimate,  at  profit 
rates,  for  a  special  fixing,  and,  secondly,  the  actual  cost  of  the 
fixing  when  completed  ready  for  erection.  The  rates  in  the 
estimate  were  slightly  over  the  usual  profit  rates  of  the  estab- 
lishment, as  the  work  was  for  a  very  particular  customer,  and 
would  have  to  be  most  carefully  done.  In  the  "  cost,"  the  rates 
put  opposite  the  iron  castings  cover  not  merely  the  cost  of  the 
metal,  but  every  indirect  expense  properly  belonging  to  the 
ironfounder,  as  previously  explained.  The  sums  in  the  left  hand 
money  column  represent  the  indirect  expenses  for  the  different 
classes  of  labour  against  which  the  amounts  are  set,  supposed 
to  be  chargeable  to  the  job. 

These  expenses  are  here  calculated  on  the  following  scale — 
viz.,  machinists,  150  per  cent;  fitters,  50  per  cent.;  pattern 
makers,  75  per  cent.  ;  smiths,  TOO  per  cent.  ;  and  draughtsmen, 
25  per  cent,  on  the  actual  wages  paid.  The  four  items  of 
machinists'  wages  amount  to  £i  igs.  id.,  and  150  per  cent,  on 
this  sum  equals  £2  iSs.  yd.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  profit  in 
this  example  amounted  to  about  35  per  cent,  on  the  gross  cost 
of  the  fixing  ;  though  if  the  cost  ot  the  principal  casting  be 
compared  with  the  sum  put  down  for  it  in  the  estimate,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  profit  on  the  casting  alone  was  only  about  25 . 


MILL  FIXINGS. 


57 


per  cent  on  the  cost  —certainly  not  more  than  ought  to  be  ob- 
tained on  special  and  risky  castings  of  this  nature.  Whilst  the 
statement  of  cost  is  in  this  example  set  out  in  detail,  costs 
of  such  work  may  be  much  more  briefly  summarised  (the  princi- 
pal items  being  collected  from  different  books)  where  proper 
accounts  are  kept,  as  will  be  explained  in  due  course.  One  or 
two  other  detailed  costs  of  special  fixings  may  hjj  given. 

EXAMPLE  No.  10. — Summary  of  cost  of  i  special  wall  box,  prepared  to  carry 
crank  shaft  pedestal  at  lower  part  and  pedestal  for  first  motion  upright  shaft 
above,  for — 


£  s.   d. 
299 

i  casting,  in  loam     
Moulders'  wages 
Pattern  makers  (wages  paid) 
Extra  timber  (special  return) 

104    i    7 

s.    d. 
7    6 

£    s.    d. 
39     2    4 
13    4    6 
3    6    4 
o  1  6    o 

299 

Cost  in  materials  and  labour                     .  . 
Expenses  (other  than  foundry) 

56    9    2 
299 

Profit  (33  per  cent,  nearly)    

58  18  n 
19    5    9 

Tender  was  155.  per  cwt.  net. 

78    4    8 

EXAMPLE  No.   n. — Summary  of  cost  of  cast-iron  sole  plates,  prepared  for 
stands  to  carry  6  in.  pedestal,  for — 


£  s.  d. 

i  3  8 

i  7  3 
o  i  3 

3  castings  (green  sand) 
Moulders'  wages 
Pattern  makers'  wages 
Planers'  wages 
Drillers'      ,, 
Fitters'        „ 

Cost  in  materials  and  \ 
Expenses  (other  than  i 

<rages 
oundr 

y) 

.. 

80    z    o 

s.   d. 
6    3 

£   s.    d. 
25     i    7 
i    4    4 
I  ii    6 

O   II      2 
070 

025 

2  13  2 

28  18    o 

2  12     2 
31   10     2 

The  castings  in  last  example  stood  in  the  estimate  as  follows : 


82    o   o 

s.    d. 
8    6 

£  s.   d. 
34  17    o 

20    o 

200 

16    o 

I   12     O 

10    6 

o    5    3 

12     O 

3   12     0 

Less  2\  per  cent,  discount           

42    6    3 

112 

4i    5    i 

31   IO     2 

Profit,  equal  nearly  to  31  per  cent,  on  cost         .  .        .  . 

9  14  " 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  profits  equal  to  those  shown  in 
the  two  last  examples  are  always  to   be  obtained.       Larger 


58 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


profits  will  not  often  be  obtained  where  there  is  competition  ; 
and  lower  rates  must  frequently  be  taken,  espe- 
cially where  the  castings  form  part  of  a  consider- 
able contract.  Many  other  detailed  examples  of 
special  fixings  might  be  given,  but  the  following  list  will  serve 
to  supplement  sufficiently  what  has  already  been  adduced. 

SPECIAL  CAST-IRON  MILL  FIXINGS. 


Weight. 

Profit  Rates 
per  cwt. 
for  Castings 
only. 

I  Stand  for  upright  (loam)                                                     .  .                    .  • 

65 
19 

85 

32 

66 
61 

18 

6 

30 
6 

19 
6 

16 
4 

13 
8 
16 

40 

99 
40 

0 

2 
0 

0 

0 
0 

0 

2 

o 

0 

o 

0 

0 
2 

0 

0 
0 

0 

0 

I 

4 
4 

0 

o 

0 
0 

o 

0 

0 
0 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

0 

0 
0 

s.    d. 

14    o 

16    o 
13    o 

10     O 

10     O 
10     O 

9    o 

9    o 

8    o 
9    o 

8    o 
9    o 

8    o 
9    o 

9    o 
7    o 
9    o 

9    o 

7    6 
6    6 

Pattern  making  extra,  7  days  @  125. 

Pattern  making  extra,  4^  days,  @  IDS.  6d. 

Pattern  making  extra,  9  days  @  ics.  6d. 
i  Box  casting,  sole,  5  It.  8  in.  x  3  ft.  loin.  ;  top,  3  ft.  8  in.  x  3  ft.  8  in.  ; 
depth,  16  in  
i  Box  casting,  sole,  lift,  x  aft.  loin.  ;  top,  loft,  x  2ft.  loin.  ;  depth, 
3  ft.          <  .        .  .                   .  . 

i  Box  casting,  sole,  loft,  x  2  ft.  9  in.  ;  top,  loft,  x  3ft.  ;  depth,  15  in. 
(The  above  three  castings  were  moulded  in  green  sand,  but 
had  loam  cores.) 
Pattern  making  extra,  30  days  @  IDS.  6d. 
2  Special  pilasters,  each  7ft.  6  in.  high  x  12  in.  wide      
Pattern  making  extra,  3  days  @  125. 
(These  box  castings  and  pilasters  were  all  in  connection  with 
an  engine  house.) 
i  Channel  Beam,  9  ft.  long  (green  sand) 
Pattern  making,  2  days  @  IDS.  6d.  extra. 
2  Beams,  each  19  ft.  6in.  by  i6in.  deep;  bottom  flange,  6  in.  x  i|in.  ; 
top,  4  in.  by  £  in.  ;  web,  |  in.           .  .         .  .         .  .         .  . 

Pattern  making,  6  days  @  los.  6d.  extra. 
2  Fixings  for  top  of  beams         
Pattern  making,  4  days  @  IDS.  6d.  extra. 
2  Beams,  each  lift,  long  x  16  in.  deep         
i  Bridge  to  go  between   

Pattern  making  on  beams  and  bridge,  6  days  @  IDS.  Cd. 
2  Beams,  each  lift,  long  x  14  in.  deep        
i  Bridge  to  go  between    

Pattern  making  on  both,  6£  days  @  IDS.  6rf.  extra. 
I  Wall  fixing,  prepared  for  4  in.  pedestal      
Pattern  making,  4!  days  @  los.  6d.  extra 

Pattern  making,  |  day  @  IDS.  6d.  extra. 
4  Fluted  columns,  each  6ft.  Sin.  by  7  in.  diameter           
Altering  stock  pattern  to  suit,  2  days  (oj  IDS.  6d.  extra. 
18  Plain  columns,  each  5  ft.  loin,  long  x  sin.  diameter,  and   £in. 
thick       

Altering  stock  pattern,  i  day  @  los.  6d.  extra. 
9  Columns,   12  ft.  high  over  all,  with  flanged  bases,  and  with  heads 
prepared  to  carry  rolled  iron  beams  and  to  receive  pedestal 
brackets  .  .         .  .         .  .        .  . 

Pattern  making—  putting  head  to  stock  pattern,  etc.,  4  days  @ 
I2S.  extra. 
10  Foundation  plates  (open  sand)        ...          .          .          .            . 

Pattern  making,  £  day  at  125.  extra. 
The  above  are  all  profit  rates. 

and  Nuts. 


In  connection  with  these  special  fixings,  special 
bolts  and  nuts  are  often  required.  It  may  be  well 
to  give  one  or  two  examples. 


SPECIAL  BOLTS  AND   NUTS. 


59 


EXAMPLE  No.  12.  —  Cost  of  14 

i£-in.  cotter  bolts  and  nuts, 

for— 

£  s.   d. 

14  i^-in.  bolts,  28  nuts  and  14 

cotters,  forged 

S. 

d 

f 

s.   d 

o  17    i 

weight  (Staffordshire  "  Crown 
Smith's  and  striker's  wages 

"iron).. 
20  hours 

720 

8 
46 

6 
o 

3 

0 

3    9 

J7     I 

073 

Screwing  and  tapping 
Grinder  (dressing  cotters,  etc.) 

9*    » 
2       „ 

23 

20 

o 
o 

0 

o 

4     I 
o    9 

Materials  and  wages  .  . 

..       •    .. 

4 

5     8 

144 

Expenses 

.. 

i 

4    4 

Gross  cost 



5 

10      0 

Equal  to  i'57^.  per  Ib. 

These  bolts,  etc.,  stood  in  the.  estimate  at  2 \d.  per  Ib.  The 
price  of  such  bolts  generally  runs  from  this  rate  up  to  3</.  per 
Ib.,  according  to  the  weight  per  bolt.  The  lighter  the  weight 
per  bolt  the  higher  the  price  per  Ib. 

EXAMPLE  No.  13. — Cost  of  8  zj-in.  bolts,  15  in.  long,  with  square  necks  and 
with  two  nuts  each.  Nuts  and  points  of  bolts  faced. 


£  s.  d. 

S. 

d. 

£    s.  d. 

086 

8  bolts  and  16  nuts,  forged  weight 
Smith's  and  helper's  wages 
Screwing  and  tapping  wages 

jo  hours 
9     » 

200 

8 
46 

23 

6 
o 
o 

o  17    o 
086 
o    3  10 

o  10    3 

Turning  nuts  ana  points  of  bolts 
in  lathe  (apprentice) 

16     „ 

10 

0 

030 

Materials  and  wages    .  .        .  . 

.  .        .. 

I    12     4 

0180 

Gross  cost           .  .          . 

Equal  to  2'7&d.  per  Ib. 

The  estimate  for  the  above  stood  thus  : — 


8  bolts  and  16  nuts,  z\  in.  x  15  in. 
Facing  nuts  and  points      ..        ..        12  hours 

207 

s. 
o 

I 

d. 
I 

£  s.  d. 

2  15  9 
0180 

3  13  9 

Equal  to  3'8  per  Ib. 
EXAMPLE  No.  14. — Cost  of  36  rag-end  bolts,  6  in.  x  by  f  in.,  with  nuts. 


i 

o 
o 

s. 

I 
I 

* 

8 
9 

36  bolts  and  nuts,  6  in.  x  i  in  
Smith's  wages           2    hours 
Screwing  and  tapping        ..        ..        si     „ 

o    i    6 

s. 
8 
46 
18 

d, 

6 
O 

o 

0 

o 

s 

2 

I 
I 

d. 
8 
8 

2 

o 

a 

0 

5 

6 

o 

8 

ii 

Equal  to  3-14^.  per  Ib.    Taken  in  estimate  at  5^.  per  Ib. 

Special  bolts  of  a  similar  character  to  those  which  have  just 
been  used  as  examples,  made  in  a  general  engineering  establish- 
ment, Mill  not  often  cost  less  than  the  rates  here  shown.  It 
may  be  incidentally  remarked  that  home-made  bolts  and  nuts 


6o 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


of  standard  sizes  cost  usually  much  more  than  similar  bolts  and 
nuts  could  be  bought  for  from  the  regular  manufacturers.  A 
bolt  maker  is,  however,  necessary  to  a  large  engineering  shop  ; 
and,  as  he  cannot  always  be  engaged  on  special  bolts,  it  pays 
to  let  him  fill  up  his  time  making  standard  sizes. 

Most  general  engineering  establishments  gradually  accumu- 
late a  stock  of  patterns  of  wall  boxes  which  are  used  from  time 
to  time  for  different  jobs,  and  thus  become  standard  patterns. 
The  list  below  may  be  taken  as  fairly  representa- 

Boxes  **ve§  ^  *s  very  °ften  the  case>  however,  that  a 
stock  pattern  of  a  wall  box  has  to  be  altered  to 
suit  different  thicknesses  of  walls,  and  in  other  details.  It  is  a 
simple  matter  to  do  this — strips  being  fixed  on  when  the 
pattern  is  to  be  made  wider  ;  and,  if  the  casting  is  required 
narrower  than  the  pattern,  the  moulder  can  with  a  little  care 
"  stop  off"  the  superfluous  width  in  the  sand.  The  bridge  in 
the  box  to  carry  the  pedestal  generally  admits  of  adjustment  to 
-a  certain  extent.  The  cost  of  altering  the  stock  patterns  must, 
of  course,  be  covered  in  any  estimate.  The  cost  of  wall  boxes, 
as  castings,  may  usually  be  taken  as  about  the  average  or 
all-round  cost  of  the  castings  turned  out  of  a  general  engineering 
foundry.  It  is  rare  that  any  machining  has  to  be  done  on  a 
wall  box — a  little  chipping  or  filing  by  the  fitter  when  placing 
the  pedestal  being  all  that  is  necessary. 


TABLE  No.  i. — List  of  wall  boxes. 


Dimensions. 

Weight. 

Rate  per  Cwt. 
Profit  Prices. 

3  ft.  6  in.  x  3  ft.  6  in.  x  2  ft.  5  in.  deep,  for  9  in.  pedestal  .. 
New  pattern  would  require  from  3  to  5  days. 
3  ft.  o  in.  x  3  ft.  o  in.  X  2  ft.  5  in.  deep,  for  6$  in.  pedestal  .  . 
New  pattern  would  require  from  3  to  5  days. 
3  ft.  o  in.  X  3  ft.  o  in.  x  i  ft.  6  in.  deep,  for  5^  in.  pedestal.  . 
New  pattern  would  require  from  2^  to  4  days. 

20     0     0 

15    o    o 

II      O     O 

75.  to    95. 
75.  to    95. 
7s.  to    95. 

2  ft.  o  in.  x  2  ft.  o  in.  x  2 
New  pattern  wou 
2  ft.  6  in.  x  2  ft.  6  in.  x 

ft.  o  in.  deep,  for  4^  in.  pedestal., 
d  require  from  2  to  3^  days, 
ft.  6  in.  deep,  for  4  in.  pedestal 

800 
800 

75.  to  los. 
75.  to  ios. 

o        x  2      o        x 

2              „               4 

500 

8s.  to  ios. 

o        x  2      o        x 

o 

4               .1 

410 

fcs.  to  ios. 

O           X   2        O           X 

9 

4                i 

3     I  14 

8s.  to  ios. 

0           X   2        0           X 

6 

3* 

630 

8s.  to  ios. 

6           X    I         2           X 

2 

230 

8s.  to  ios. 

6        x  i       6        x 

O 

3               ! 

2     I    14 

8s.  to  ios. 

6        x  i       6        x 

Q 

i    3    o 

gs.  to  las. 

4         x  i       4         x 

2 

2*                 ',', 

2     O   14 

bs.  to  ios. 

4         x  i       4         x 

o 

2i 

i    3    o 

9S.   tO    I2S. 

4         x  i       4         x 

Q 

2                    ,, 

i    3    o 

9S.    tO   I2S. 

4         x  i       4         x 

9              „              2 

i    i  14 

9S.   tO   I2S. 

WALL  BOXES. 


6l 


The  "  depth  "  given  in  the  above  table  is  the  distance  through 
the  wall  box  from  front  to  back,  and  corresponds  with  the 
thickness  of  the  wall. 

The  above  prices  would  cover  the  use  of  stock  patterns,  but 
not  the  cost  of  any  alterations  or  adjustments  that  might  be 
necessary.  These  alterations  would  have  to  be  covered  by  a 
special  charge. 

In  a  general  contract,  however,  containing  a  number  of  wall 
boxes,  it  will  generally  be  sufficient,  to  cover  all  alterations  and 
preparations,  to  add  from  one  to  three  shillings  per  cwt.  to  the 
above  rates. 

The  wall  box  patterns  given  in  the  above  table  were  mostly 
made  at  different  times  to  suit  the  requirements  of  different 
customers,  and  without  reference  to  any  particular  scale. 

The  following  would  constitute  a  fair  price  list  for  plain  wall 
boxes  for  ordinary  walls,  the  prices  being  subject  to  say  2\ 
per  cent,  discount  in  a  month  ;  delivery  F.O.B.  (free  on  board), 
or  F.O.R.  (free  on  rails)  in  maker's  own  town. 

TABLE  No.  2. — Price  list  of  wall  boxes. 


Size  of 
Pedestal. 

Size  of 
Box. 

Thickness 
of  Wall. 

Approximate 
Weight. 

Price 
per  Box. 

£  s.   d. 

i\  or  2  in. 

12  in.  square. 

gin. 

0     0 

0160 

2$  in. 
3 

3    :; 

9 
9 

i  14 

2     O 

120 
150 

3* 

16 

9 

2     0 

I    5    o 

4 

18 

9 

3    o 

I   IO     O 

4 

18 

isi 

2  14 

200 

a 

18 
18 

9 
13* 

3    o 

2  14 

I    IO      O 
2     O     O 

5 

20 

13* 

330 

2   10     0 

54 

24 

13* 

4    3  14 

3  10    o 

6 

27 

13* 

600 

440 

io  per  cent,  extra  for  bolts  and  nuts  and  joggle  keys  to  hold  pedestal,  and  for 
pine  packings.  Most  firms  would  supply  single  wall  boxes  at  above  rates,  and 
quantities  at  io  per  cent.  less. 

Both  these  fixings  are  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  shafting. 
The  term  "  Hanger  "  is  applied  generally  to  all  fixings  for  this 
purpose  which  are  bolted  to  beams  overhead,  and  thus  as  it 
were  "  hang  "  from  above.  The  term  "  Bracket " 
is  applied  to  all  fixings  for  this  purpose  which  are 
bolted  to  the  sides  of  walls  or  columns. 
Both  hangers  and  brackets  may  be  divided  into  two  general 
classes — viz ,  those  which  have  brasses  fitted  actually  or  directly 
in  them,  and  thus  form  in  themselves  the  bearings  for  the 


62 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


shafting;  and  those  which  have  separate  pedestals  bolted  or 
otherwise  fitted  on  them.  The  former  are  cheaper  than  the 
latter — i.e.,  the  pedestal  brackets  or  hangers  are  cheaper  than 
independent  brackets  or  hangers  with  separate  pedestals — but 
they  are  not  so  good.  It  is  difficult  to  put  a  number  of  them 
correctly  in  line  when  erecting  ;  they  are  more  difficult  to 
adjust,  should  adjustment  become  necessary  owing  to  the 
settling  of  the  walls  of  the  house  or  to  any  other  cause ;  and 
they  are  troublesome  when  any  renewal  of  bushes  becomes 
necessary. 

Following  are  a  few  examples  of  costs,  and  also  tables  of 
weights  and  prices.  The  hangers  given  in  the  examples  and 
tables  are  of  the  ordinary  "  sling  "  type,  in  which  there  are  two 
flanges  to  bolt  to  the  overhead  beams  ;  though  both  weights 
and  prices  may  be  taken  as  practically  applicable  also  to  the 
plain  boot-shaped  style  in  which  there  is  only  one  flange  to  bolt 
to  the  beam. 


EXAMPLE  No.  15. — Cost  of  hanger  with  single  brass  and  iron  cap.    Depth  to 
centre  of  bearing,  14  in. ;  bore,  if  in. 


£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron        ..        «        ..       ...        .. 

0      I    if) 
n\ 

S. 

8 

d. 
o 

£ 

o 

s.   d. 
3    2 

o 

3 

o 

o    6 

o    I    3 
0    O  II 

Drilling           •           2  hours 
Fitter    I       „ 

Apprentice  fitter      ..        ..       ,          7»    ». 

24 
31 
9 

o 

0 

o 

o 
o 

0 

0   II 

o    7 
i    3 

O     2     2 

Materials  and  wages  .  .        .          .  .        .  . 

0 

o 

8    4 

2     2 

Gross  cost   

o 

10    6 

Charged  175. 


EXAMPLE  No.  16.  —  Cost  of  2  pedestal  hangers  with  single  brasses. 
centre  of  bearing,  18  in.  ;  bore,  2f  in. 


Depth  to 


£  s.  d. 
028 

o  3  10 

I     O  IO 

10 

s.  d. 
8    o 

0  IO 

o    4 

24    o 
28    o 
26    o 

£    s.    d, 
089 
084 
o    i    4 
019 
063 
o    i    5 

Driller  .  .         4  hours 
Fitter    12     „ 

Pattern  maker          3     „ 
(Getting  out  and  repairing  stock  pattern) 

Materials  and  wages  

066 

I    7  10 
066 

i  14    4 

Gross  cost         .  . 

Charged  275,  6d.  each. 


HANGERS  AND  BRACKETS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  17.— Cost  of  pedestal  hanger  with  double  brasses.     Depth  to 
centre  of  bearing,  24  in. ;  bore  if  in. 


£  «.   d. 

I      I      O 

s.  d. 
8    o 

£  s.    d. 

g 

O   IO 

076 

o    4 

008 

o    i    8 

o    3    5 

Driller  
Fitter    
Pattern  maker  at  stock  pattern 

2i  hours 

10           „ 

3        ,, 

28    o 
30    o 

Oil 

052 
018 

o    4    I 

Materials  and  wages   .  . 
Expenses           .  .        .  • 

•  •         .  . 

i    6    i 

o    4    i 

Gross  cost 

.. 

I   10     2 

Charged  455. 

EXAMPLE  No.  18. — Cost  of  pedestal  hanger  with  single  brass, 
bore,  4  in. 


Depth,  1 8  in. ; 


f 

s.    d. 

s. 

d. 

/ 

s 

d. 

Cast  iron        .          .          .  •        .  .        .  .        .  . 

i    3  14 

8 

o 

o 

j  - 

n 

IO 

o 

Q 

2  bolts  and  nu's,  |  in  

0 

6 

0 

I 

o 

o 

4    o 

Driller,  boring          6  hours 
Fitter    ..        ..         9     „ 

11 

o 

0 

0 

o 

2 
4 

8 

8 

o 

3    5 

Altering  pattern.    Pattern  maker          4     „ 

23 

0 

0 

2 

I 

Materials  and  wages  

I 

IS 

o 

T 

Gross  cost          

2 

2 

5 

Charged  705. 

It  should  be  mentioned  that  the  hangers  given  in  the  four  last 
examples  were  made  simply  in  the  quantities  there  given — that 
is,  singly  in  all  except  one  instance — to  odd  orders.  Therefore 
the  costs  are  higher  than  would  be  the  case  in  the  event  of  a 
large  number  of  one  size  being  made  at  a  time  ;  and  the 
prices  at  which  the  hangers  are  charged  are  also  proportionately 
higher  than  would  be  charged  for  considerable  numbers. 

TABLE  No.  3. — Table  of  pedestal  hangers  (single  brasses)  and  plain  hangers. 


Bore. 

Depth. 

Cast  Iron. 

Brass. 

Gross  Cost 
(approximate). 

Price  of 
Pedestal  Hanger. 

Price  of 
Plain  Hanger. 

£  s.    d. 

£  s.    d. 

£    s.  d. 

ii  in. 

14  in. 

o    i  16 

2*lb. 

o  10    6 

o  15    o 

076 

4  „ 

14  i. 

o    i  16 

2i     „ 

o  10    6 

0160 

090 

18  „ 

o    2  14 

4  „ 

o  13    o 

o  19    o 

o  10    6 

*\ 

18  „ 

o    2  14 

&  „ 

o  14    6 

I      2     6 

O  12     6 

^l 

18   „ 

030 

3*    „ 

o  16    6 

i    5    o 

o  15    o 

2i 

18 

030 

5     ,. 

o  19    o 

i    7    6 

o  17    6 

3 

18 

100 

6t  » 

140 

i  15    o 

o  19    o 

3* 

24 

120 

9     it 

i  13    o 

2   10     O 

i    4    o 

4 

24 

I    3  14 

"*  „ 

200 

300 

I    10      0 

«i 

24 

210 

14        H 

280 

3  10    o 

i  16    o 

If  with  double  brasses  (a  brass  top  and  bottom),  20  per  cent. 


64  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 

extra;  15  per  cent,  extra  on  prices  of  plain  hangers  for  pine 
packing,  bolts  and  nuts  to  hold  pedestal,  and  joggle  keys. 

By  "  plain  hanger  "  in  the  last  column  of  the  above  table  is 
meant  a  hanger  prepared  to  have  a  separate  pedestal  bolted  to 
it.  The  weight  of  such  a  hanger  would  be  slightly  over  the 
weight  of  cast  iron  in  the  pedestal  hanger  of  corresponding  size, 
but  may  be  considered  as  practically  the  same.  Most  engi- 
neering firms  would  supply  pedestal  hangers  at  the  rates  given 
in  the  above  table  in  small  quantities  at  a  time,  and  in  large 
numbers  at  from  10  to  25  per  cent.  less.  A  single  pedestal 
hanger  should  not  cost  more  to  make  than  the  sum  opposite 
each  size,  and  the  cost  should  come  out  considerably  less  when  a 
dozen  or  more  are  made  at  once. 

The  costs  and  prices  of  pedestal  wall  brackets — that  is,  of 
brackets  which  form  in  themselves  the  bearings  for  the  shaft, 
may  be  taken  at  about  10  per  cent,  more  than  hangers — the 
distance  from  the  wall  to  the  centre  of  the  shaft  in  the  one  case 
not  being  more  than  the  depth  from  the  beams  to  the  centre  of 
the  shaft  in  the  other.  The  price  of  plain  brackets — that  is 
brackets  which  are  intended  to  have  separate  pedestals  bolted 
to  them — may  be  taken  at  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  more  than 
plain  hangers.  The  only  difference  is  that  there  is  usually  from 
a  fifth  to  a  third  more  cast-iron  in  the  bracket  than  in  the 
hanger  of  corresponding  size.  ^  Pillar  bracket  pedestals  are 
simply  pedestals  intended  to  be  bolted  to  the  sides  of  pillars  of 
columns.  In  the  case  of  wall  brackets  and  hangers,  the  centre 
of  the  shaft  must  be  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  wall  01 
beams,  so  that  there  will  be  sufficient  clearance  for  the  pulleys 
or  wheels  which  are  intended  to  go  on  the  shaft.  But  a  shaft 
may  be  carried  quite  close  to  a  column,  as  there  will  be,  in  the 
space  between  two  columns,  ample  clearance  for  all  pulleys. 
Hence  pillar  bracket  pedestals  have  not  so  much  cast-iron  in 
them  as  wall  brackets  or  hangers,  and  may,  indeed,  almost  be 
regarded  as  ordinary  pedestals.  If  10  per  cent,  be  added  to  the 
prices  of  plain  pedestals  which  follow,  this  will  generally  be 
sufficient  to  cover  the  extra  cost  of  pillar  bracket  pedestals  of 
corresponding  dimensions. 

These  different  terms  are  all  used  to  describe  the  same  class 
of  fixing.  These  fixings  are  of  many  different  designs  and  of 
all  sizes,  from  the  massive  pedestal  for  the  crank-shaft  of  the 


PEDESTALS,  ETC. 


engine  or  for  the  water-wheel  axle,  down  to  the  neat  little 
Pedestals,  bearmS  resting  on  a  neat  bracket  fixed  by  screws 
Plummer-  to  the  wall  of  his  workshop,  in  which  the  shafting 

Blocks,  Seats,  of  .the  watch  manufacturer  revolves.  As  the 
Bearings.  pedestal  or  plummer-block  is  undoubtedly  the 

most  important  of  all  mill  fixings,  we  give  detailed  examples  of 

most  ordinary  sizes. 

EXAMPLE  No.  19. — Cost  of  cast-iron  pedestal  with  double  brasses,  8J  in. 
bore  by  12  in.  long  ;  planed  on  sole  and  top,  and  with  jaws  slotted  to  receive 
brasses. 


£    *•   d. 

s.   d. 

£    s.  d. 

8     O  14 

6    3 

2   IO  IO 

Moulders'  wages      .  .        .  .        .  .   • 

U       U    xq. 

u    j 

084 

I      O     0 

O  10 

64? 

051 

4  bolts  with  nuts  and  guards 
Smith's  and  helper's  wages 

6  hours 

•    •  w  .  y 

i    o  14, 

8    o 
46    o 

o    9 
o    5 

Planer  .. 

t  . 

40      „ 

28    o 

I      O 

Slotter  .. 

.  .  . 

22       „ 

20      0 

o    8 

Driller  .. 

,  t 

3      n 

20      0 

O      I 

34    o 

O  12 

Apprentice  tur 

er  a 

bolts,  etc. 

1  :: 

10     0 

0      I 

368 

Screwer 

.  . 

20    o 

O      I 

102 

Fitters   .. 
Pattern  maker 

?repar 

ing  stock  pa 

66      " 
ern  7$    " 

I  15  II 

044 

Materials  and  wages   .  . 

..        .. 

14     2     I 

4  II  II 

Expenses            .  .        .  • 

.  . 

4  II   II 

Gross  cost       .  .        «  

18  14    o 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  entry  in  the  sales  book  and 
also  a  copy  of  the  invoice  for  the  above  pedestal,  which  was  not 
made  under  contract,  but  ordered  without  a  tender  being 
required  : 


s.  d. 

£    s.   d. 

June  

Block  and  cap  for  8i  x  12  in.  pedestal 

8    o  14 

10    6 

4    5    4 

2  best  gun-metal  steps 

119 

I     2 

8  13  10 

4  bolts  and  nuts  and  guards         
Planing  sole  and  top  of  block  and  underside  of 
cap,  slotting  jaws,  filing  and  fitting  brasses, 

i  10  14 

o    4* 

273 

boring  brasses  and  facing  ends  of  bolts,  etc., 

and  preparing  patterns  (use  of  patterns  in- 

cluded)        ..        

12  13    7 

28    o    o 

To  make  complete  new  patterns  for  a  pedestal  of  above 
dimensions  would  take  from  10  to  14  days  of  a  pattern  maker. 
The  pedestal  given  in  the  above  example  had  more  workman- 
ship than  is  usually  required  for  ordinary  shafting  pedestals  put 
upon  it.  It  was,  indeed,  a  crank-shaft  pedestal,  though  used  for 
a  first  motion  shaft  in  this  instance ;  and  the  instructions  were 

F 


66 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


to  make  a  very  good  job  of  it.     The  following  examples  repre- 
sent more  the  character  of  ordinary  shafting  pedestals. 

From  these  it  will  be  seen  that  pedestals  as  large  as  the  one 
in  the  last  example  can  be  made  much  lighter  and  less  expensive. 
At  the  same  time  the  following  may  be  considered  of  high-class 
character  for  ordinary  purposes. 

EXAMPLE  No.  20. — Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses,  9  in.  bore  by  14  in, 
long. 


S.     d. 

£    s.   d. 

638 

Brass     

I      I      O 

7    3 
o  10 

5  16    8 

Bolts  and  nuts  forged 
Planer   .. 

13  hours 

020 

o    3 

28    o 

o  14    o> 
o    6    o/ 

Turner  .. 

24      ii 

34    ° 

o  15    r 

Apprentice  turner  at 
Grinder  at  bolts 

bolts, 

tc. 

12       „ 

4 

10    o 
20    o 

023; 
o    i    6 

Driller  .. 

2       ii 

20     0 

009 

Fitters  .. 

72       M 

I  18    8 

Materials  and  wages 

•  •          •• 

12    5    2 

Expenses 

.. 

2  18  10 

Gross  cost       ..        ..        .. 

15    4    o 

Charged  £23. 

EXAMPLES  Nos.  21  AND  22. — Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses. 
3  in.  bore  by  12  in.  long.  7  in.  by  12  in. 


s.  d. 

£  s.   rf. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron     

517 

7    3 

i  18    7 

^ 

420 

7    3 

I   12     8 

Brass           

3  23 

O   IO 

492 

99 

O  IO 

426 

Bolts  and  nuts,  forged  .  . 
Planer         .        lohours 

I  12 

o    3 
28    o 

0   10      0 

052 

7  hours 

19 

o    4 
28    o 

o    64 
038 

Turner        .        20     „ 
„   at  bol  s,&c.  9     „ 

34    o 
28    o 

o  12    7 
048 

15      » 
5      >i 

34    o 
28    o 

095 

021 

Grinder       .          2     ,, 

20     0 

009 

2        „ 

20     0 

009 

Driller          .          2     „ 

20     0 

009 

2        ,, 

20     o 

009 

Fitters          .        60     „ 

I  II    6 

50           M 

160- 

Materials  and  wages.. 

9  13    2 

.. 

8    4    2 

Expenses 

2   II      8 

•• 

i  18    9 

Gross  cost    ..        .. 

12     4   10 

•• 

10     2  II 

Charged  ^17  IDS,  Charged  £15  ios. 

EXAMPLE  No.  23. — Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses,  6  in.  by  10  in.  long. 


300 

S.     d. 

7    6 

£  s.  d. 

126 

70 

O  IO 

je 

O     4 

28    o 

34    ° 

„       at  bolts 

..         .  .          4      a 

•          •  •           2       H 

JO     0 

20    o 

009 

Driller    

2        t, 

20   o 

O     O     Q 

I     I    6 

Materials  and  wages       .. 

5i8    4 
1    7    3 

757 

-~ 

Charged  £10  ios. 


PEDESTALS,  ETC. 


EXAMPLES  Nos.  24  AND  25. — Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses. 
5  in.  bore  by  10  in.  long.  4£  in.  by  9  in. 


s.  d. 

£  s.   d. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron   

t    3  14 

7    6 

o  14     i 

., 

129 

7    6 

O'll    II 

Brass          
Bolts  and  nuts 

47 
10 

o  10 
o    4 

I   19     2 
03    4 

gj 

O   IO 

o    4 

i    9    7 
•038 

Planer        ..        ..    shrs. 
Drillers(bor:ng,&c.)io  „ 
Turner,  at  bolts,  &c.  6  „ 

28    o 

20      O 
IO     O 

o    i    7 
039 

Oil 

3  hours 
8      » 

28    o 

20     O 

o    i    7 
03    o 

Grinder       ..        ..   2  „ 

20     0 

009 

2        ,, 

2O     O 

009 

Fitters        .  .        .  .  30  „ 

o  14    5 

2J      „ 

o  10    9 

Materials  and  wages.. 
Expenses 

3  18    2 
0180 

;: 

3    i    3 
o  13    4 

Gross  cost     .. 

4  16    2 

3  14    7 

Charged  £6  IQS.  Charged  £5  5$. 

EXAMPLES  Nos.  26  AND  27. — Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses. 
4  in.  by  8  in.  3j  in.  by  7  in. 


s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

s.  d. 

£  s.   d. 

Cast  iron  

I     O     O 

8    o 

8    o 

. 

0     2  21 

8    o 

X,        0.         M» 
O56 

Brass          

27 

0  10 

2     6 

17 

O  IO 

O  14     2 

Bolts  and  nuts 
Planer        .  .         2  hours 

7 

o    4 

28    o 

2    4 
I     I 

•• 

5 

o    4 

^     « 

o    i    8 

Driller       ..         7      „ 

20    o 

2    7 

5  hours 

20    o 

O      I   IO- 

Grinder     ..         I      „ 
Fitter        .,       15     „ 

20     O 

0  i 

7    6 

1      >i 

10        „ 

20    o 

005 
o    5    2- 

Materials  and  wages.. 

«45 

.. 

i    8    9 

Expenses 

o    9  10 

.. 

060 

Gross  cost 

2  14    3 

•• 

i  14    9 

Charged  £3  los. 


Charged  £2  los. 


EXAMPLES  Nos.  28  and  29.— Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses. 

3  in.  by  6  in.  long.  2j  in.  by  5  in.  long. 


s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron          

020 

8    o 

040 

0     I   12 

8    o 

033 

Brass       

i3i 

O  IO 

o  II    3 

9 

0  10 

076 

Bolts  and  Nuts  

4 

o    4 

014 

3* 

o    4 

O     I      2 

Driller    ..         ..        3^  hours 

20    o 

014 

20    o 

o    1,8 

Grinder  ..         ..        i       „ 

20     0 

005 

20     0 

005 

Fitter      ..        ..       9       „ 

046 

033 

Materials  and  wages     .  . 

I      2   10 

o  17    3 

Expenses   

o    4  ii 

039 

Gross  cost 

179 

I      I     O 

Charged  £2. 


Charged  £i  75.  6d. 


EXAMPLES  Nos.  30  and  31. — Cost  of  pedestal  with  double  brasses. 

2  in.  by  4.  in.  long.  i£  in.  by  3^  in.  long. 


s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

5.    d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron 

0     O  22 

8    o 

017 

009 

8    o 

008: 

Brass       

6 

O  IO 

050 

4 

0   10 

0    3    4 

Bolts  and  nuts   

010 

008 

Driller     .  .          .         2  hours 

20    o 

009 

20    o 

009- 

Grinder  ..          .         i      „ 

20     0 

005 

20     0 

003 

Fitter      ..          .         4      „ 

O     2     O 

o    i    s 

Materials  and  wages     .  . 
Expenses   .          ..        .. 

o  10    9 

029 

i 

o    7    i 
026 

Gross  cost 

o  13    6 

i 

097 

Charged  185.  (id. 


Charged  15-;. 


68  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 

All  the  above  examples  of  pedestals  are  taken  from  actual 
experience,  and  are  the  costs  of  pedestals  made  either  singly  or 
in  lots  of  not  more  than  two  or  three  at  a  time.  In  most  of  the 
cases  slight  alterations  in  the  patterns  were  necessary,  but  the 
cost  of  this  item  has  been  left  out,  as  it  is  so  variable.  The 
brasses  in  all  these  instances  will  be  found  on  the  heavy  side — 
pedestals  often  being  made  with  brasses  from  25  to  50  per  cent, 
lighter.  The  cost  pf  pedestals  with  single  brasses — that  is,  with 
one  brass  let  into  the  block,  and  with  merely  a  cast-iron  shell 
cap  above — may  be  taken  at  about  one-fifth,  or  twenty  per  cent, 
less  than  the  costs  shown  for  the  double  brass  pedestals.  The 
principal  saving  is  in  the  brass. 

All  the  pedestals  given  in  these  examples  were  of  the  ordf- 
nary  plain  type,  with  soles  having  double  tails ;  the  bolts  being 
used  merely  for  securing  the  cap  to  the  block,  and  not  also,  as 
is  the  case  sometimes,  for  the  purpose  of  attaching  the  pedestal 
to  the  fixing.  The  cost  of  side  pedestals,  with  correspondingly 
weighty  brasses,  would  be  about  the  same. 

The  selling  prices  given  in  the  above  examples  would 
.frequently  be  allowed  to  include — in  the  larger  sizes  at  least — 
pine  packing  when  required,  joggle  keys  and  the  bolts  and  nuts 
to  attach  the  pedestal  to  the  fixing,  unless  the  bolts  were  of 
extra  length  or  of  some  special  character.  Many  firms  would 
charge  lower  prices  than  those  given  in  the  above  examples, 
even  with  the  costs  about  the  same ;  but  these  prices  are  not  at 
all  out  of  the  way  for  odd  pedestals,  more  particularly  if  a  de- 
parture from  the  stock  pattern  has  been  made,  as  something 
must  be  allowed  for  the  use  of  the  engineer's  patterns. 

A  firm  intending  to  make  a  specialty  of  pedestals,  and  to 
'issue  or  advertise  a  price  list,  would  endeavour  to  fix  their 
weights  and  prices  at  about  the  figures  given  in  the  table 
on  the  other  side. 

The  selling  prices  given  in  the  table  would  be  exclusive  of  any 
oil  cups,  bolts  for  securing  the  pedestals  to  the  fixings,  or  of  wood 
packings.  In  preparing  a  list  of  this  kind  intended  for  public 
use,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  in  mind  that  the  selling  price  must 
be  sufficient  to  cover  not  only  a  cash  discount  of  2,\  or  5  per 
cent,  to  the  buyer,  when  the  buyer  is  the  user  also,  but  must  be 
sufficient  to  cover  a  still  larger  discount — 10  to  15  per  cent. — 
to  merchants,  agents,  and  other  distributors. 


PEDESTALS. 


69 


Pedestals  can  be  bought  at  lower  prices  than  those  given  in 
the  "selling  price  "  column  in  the  table ;  but  in  the  writer's 
opinion  it  is  not  possible  to  sell  pedestals  profitably  at  lower 
rates  than  those  just  given,  and  at  the  same  time  to  do  justice 
to  the  user  in  the  matter  of  workmanship  and  quality  and 
weight  of  brass. 

TABLE  No.  4. — Price  list  of  pedestals,  with  double  brasses. 


Size. 

Weight  of 
Iron. 

Brass. 

Approximate 
Gross  Cost. 

Selling 
Price. 

£  s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

ij  in.  X    3    in. 
if        x    3* 

009 
o    o  16 

cf  Ib. 

068 
070 

090 

O   IO      O 

2             X     4 

0     0  20 

4*    i 

076 

o  ii    6 

at        x    4) 

o         o 

5ft  H 

096 

o  14    6 

2i       x    5 

o         4 

t*  „ 

O   12     O 

o  17    6 

3          x    6 

o       20 

9    .. 

o  18    6 

I    7    6 

3t        x     7 

o         4 

13    i, 

170 

I  17    6 

4          x    8 

0            0 

20      „ 

i  18    o 

2  15     O 

4i        X     8* 

I            O 

26     „ 

2   IO     O 

3  12    o 

5          x    9     „ 

I      14 

35    » 

350 

450 

si      x   9*  „ 

130 

42     „ 

3  19    o 

500 

6          x  u     „ 

2      I     O 

50     „ 

4  15    o 

609 

With  single  brasses,  15  per  cent.  less. 


It  is,  perhaps,  unnecessary  to  add  that  pedestals  of  reasonable 
quality  can  only  be  made  at  the  costs  given  above,  by  being 
made  in  quantities,  and  either  on  piece-work  or  on  a  systematic 
plan. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  contd.— SHAFTING  AND  COUPLINGS. 

MILL  and  general  shafting  is  now  made  principally  from  the 
following  materials : — 

Hammered  Scrap  Forgings. — Used  for  heavy  upright  and 
other  shafts,  especially  such  as  have  large  bosses  to  receive 
wheels.  These  forgings  cost  the  manufacturing  engineer  from 
£11  to  £20  per  ton  in  the  condition  in  which  they  leave  the 
hammer,  according  to  the  size  and  the  number  and  shape  of 
the  bosses — £14.  to  £16  per  ton  being  ordinary  rates. 

Siemens  and  Bessemer  Steel  Forgings. — Used  for  same 
purposes  as  the  hammered  scrap,  and  costing  from  £20  to  £30 
per  ton. 

Bowling  and  Low  Moor  Iron  Forgings. — Now  but  little  used 
comparatively,  the  cheaper — but,  if  properly  made,  equally 
reliable — mild  steels  being  used  instead. 

Many  engineering  establishments  have  their  heavy  forged 
shafts  rough-turned  at  the  forge,  especially  if  time  is  important 
or  the  carnage  considerable.  The  advantage  of  having  the 
shaft  thus  rough-turned  is  that  it  enables  the  forge-master  to 
ascertain  with  tolerable  certainty  whether  or  not  the  forging  is 
sound  ;  and  if  it  is  not,  to  rectify  the  defect  if  slight,  or  to  make 
a  new  forging,  if  necessary,  without  loss  of  time.  Nothing 
is  more  tantalising  in  an  engineering  shop  than  to  get  in 
a  heavy  forging,  cenfer-e  it  in  the  lathe,  possibly  get  it  half 
or  nearly  wholly  turned,  and  then  to  find  it  is  defective  and 
must  be  rejected  and  returned  to  the  forge.  A  rough-turned 
forging,  of  course,  costs  the  engineer  rather  more  per  ton  than 
if  he  takes  it  from  the  hammer — from  £2  to  £6  extra,  accord- 
ing to  character. 

It    is    customary    for    the    manufacturing   engineer,   before 


SHAFTING   MATERIAL. 


ordering  his  heavy  shaft  forgings,  to  submit  outline  tracings  of 
the  shafts  he  requires  to  the  forge  or  forges  which  he  favours, 
and  to  invite  quotations  upon  those  tracings. 

Most  shafts  of  five  inches  diameter  and  upwards,  and  also 
lighter  shafts  if  they  have  large  or  numerous  bosses,  are  made 
from  simple  forgings;  that  is,  they  are  not  passed  through  the 
rolls.  Lighter  shafting,  however,  and  not  infrequently  5-inch 
and  6-inch  shafting  if  plain,  is  made  from  rolled  bars  as 
follows  : — 

Bowling  or  Low  Moor  Iron  Rolled  Bars. — Used  occasionally 
for  special  work  ;  cost  from  £16  to  £26  per  ton  at  the  works. 

Siemens  and  Bessemer  Steel  Bars. — Cost  from  about  £6  IDS. 
for  the  lowest  Bessemer,  to  £20  per  ton  for  the  best  Siemens. 
The  Siemens  or  Siemens-Martin  steel  is  generally  considered  to 
be  better  and  more  reliable  than  the  Bessemer. 

The  new  steel  made  by  the  basic  or  Thomas-Gilchrist  process 
is  now  beginning  to  be  offered  in  bars  at  very  low  prices,  even 
under  ;£  5  per  ton.  It  is  not,  however,  perfectly  reliable  as  yet, 
and  is  usually  rather  hard  ;  but  it  will  no  doubt  be  improved 
.and  come  into  very  general  use,  as  it  can  be  produced  at  a 
lower  cost  than  other  steels. 

Kirkstall  Rolled  Bars. — Very  good,  cost  from  £7  to  £12  per 
ton.  It  may  be  noted  that,  in  addition  to  the  plain  rolled  bars 
for  turning,  the  Kirkstall  Forge  also  produce  a  special  kind  of 
Tolled  bars  called  "  planished  "  bars,  which  are  intended  to  be 
•used  without  being  turned  at  all.  They  are  undoubtedly  very 
•good  bars,  have  a  fine  skin,  and  are  perfectly  true — they  are 
finally  "  trued  up  "  by  special  machinery.  These  planished  or 
patent  rolled  bars  cost  generally  about  £14  per  ton. 

Staffordshire,  Scotch,  and  other  Rolled  Iron  Bars. — These  are 
•very  largely  used  for  plain  shafting,  and  cost  from  £6  to  £12 
per  ton,  according  to  sizes  and  quality.  Excellent  South 
.Staffordshire  bars,  in  every  way  suitable  for  shafting,  can  be 
Ibought  in  ordinary  sizes  at  £j  los.  or  £8  per  ton  at  the  works. 
These  prices  will  buy  "marked"  bars,  that  is,  bars  branded 
•with  the  marks  of  particular  and  well-known  makers,  and  which 
have  become  recognised  as  guarantees  of  quality,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  common  bars  of  any  and  every  maker. 

It  may  be  added  that  it  ought  to  be  considered  a  sine  qud 
-.lion  in  all  iron  or  steel  for  shafting  that  it  should  be  mild,  soft, 


72  MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 

and  tough.  If  hard,  it  will  be  liable  to  be  brittle,  and  therefore 
unreliable,  whilst  (what  is  of  equal  consequence  in  a  commercial 
sense)  it  will  take  extra  time  to  turn  it  in  the  lathe. 

It  may  be  useful,  more  especially  to  some  of  our  younger 
readers,  to  mention  a  few  of  the  leading  makers  of  shaft 
forgings  and  bars. 

Among  the  best  known  establishments  from  which  manufac- 
turing engineers  buy  their  heavy  shaft  forgings  may  be 
mentioned  the  following,  viz. : — The  Bolton  Iron  and  Steel  Co  r 
Makers  of  ^d.,  Bolton ;  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth  and  Co.,  Ld., 
Forgings  and  Manchester  ;  Sir  W.  Armstrong,  Mitchell,  and  Co.,. 
Bars.  Ld.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  ;  Steel  Company  of  Scot- 
land, Glasgow ;  The  Ince  Forge  Co.,  Wigan ;  J.  and  W. 
Beardmore,  Parkhead,  Glasgow;  Lancefield  Forge  Co.,  Glasgow; 
Mersey  Forge  Co.,  Ld.,  Liverpool;  Landore  Siemens  Steel. Co., 
Ld.,  Swansea ;  Portland  Forge  Co.,  Kilmarnock  ;  Vickers,  Don 
Works,  Sheffield;  Cammell  and  Co.,  Ld.,  Sheffield;  John- 
Brown  and  Co.,  Ld.,  Sheffield. 

The  following  are  well-known  makers  of  rolled  bars  for 
shafting,  viz. :— The  Bowling  Iron  Co.,  Bradford,  Yorks  :  The 
Lowmoor  Iron  Co.  (Hird,  Dawson,  and  Hardy),  Bradford, 
Yorks;  the  Farnley  Iron  Co.,  near  Leeds  ;  the  Kirkstall  Forge 
Co.,  near  Leeds  ;  the  Bolton  Iron  and  Steel  Co.,  Ld.,  Bolton ; 
the  Landore  Siemens  Steel  Co.,  Ld.,  Swansea ;  the  Steel 
Company  of  Scotland,  Glasgow  ;  the  Weardale  Coal  and  Iron? 
Co.,  Ld.,  Spennymoor,  Yorks ;  J.  and  W.  Beardmore,  Parkhead, 
Glasgow;  Pearson  and  Knowles  Co,  Ld.,  Warrington  ;  and  ins 
the  Staffordshire  district,  John  Bagnall  and  Sons,  Ld.,  West 
Bromwich  ;  the  Earl  of  Dudley  (E.  Fisher  Smith,  agent),  near 
Dudley;  N.  Hingley  and  Sons  (Netherton  Crown  B.and),  near 
Dud'ey  ;  William  Barrows  and  Sons,  Tipton  ;  Shelton  Bar  Irorr 
Co.,  Stoke-on-Trent ;  Coalbrookdale  Iron  Co.,  Ld.,  Coalbrook- 
dale. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  whilst  manufacturing  engineers 
and  makers  of  iron  are  more  and  more  dealing  directly  with  one 
another,  to  the  advantage  of  both  parties,  a  large  amount  of 
business  in  bar  iron  is  still  transacted  through  the  medium  of 
iron  merchants  and  agents. 

The  cost  of  a  line  of  shafting  is  affected  to  a  very  consider- 
able extent  by  the  kind  of  coupling  adopted  to  connect  the 


SHAFTING  AND   COUPI  INGS. 


different  lengths  together.  The  best  coupling,  considered 
simply  as  a  method  of  connecting  two  shafts 

Couplings,  together,  is  undoubtedly  the  solid  flange  coupling. 
It  is,  however,  expensive,  and  involves  the  use  of  split  pulleys 
or  wheels  ;  and  though  it  is  to  be  preferred  for  heavy  shafts,  the 
cast-iron  flange  coupling  is  in  every  way  suitable  for  ordinary 
line  shafting. 

The  solid  flange  coupling,  as  its  name  implies,  is  formed  by 
forging  a  flange  on  the  end  of  each  shaft  to  be  coupled  ;  the 
cast-iron  flange  coupling  is  formed  by  keying  a  cast-iron  flange 
on  the  end  of  each  shaft  to  be  coupled.  The  shafts  are 
connected  by  bolts  passing  through  the  two  flanges.  The  two 
flanges  constitute  the  coupling. 

The  following  are  a  few  examples  of  estimates  and  costs  : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  32. — Estimate  for  tender  for  2  mild  steel  shafts,  9  in.  diameter  art 
body,  each  with  one  coupling  flange  and  one  boss.     (Profit  rates.) 


s. 

d. 

£    s.   d.' 

One  g-in.  steel  shaft,  forged  weight 

..        .. 

30      o      o 

33 

o 

49  10    o 

34      o      o 

34 

o 

59    i    6 

Turning  and  polishing  bcth  shafts  ~) 
all  over    j 

12  days 

20 

0 

12     0     O 

Boring  8  holes  in  each  flange  .  . 
Planing  8  keybeds 

*!" 

16 

18 

0 

o 

140 
250 

Fitter  (cutting  of  centres,  &c.) 
8  i^-in.  bolts  and  nuts  (forged)  .  . 

,  I    i« 
*.        •  « 

50 

10 
0 

6 

3* 

o  10    6 
o  14    7 

Turning  and  fitting  bolts      ,  .  . 

.,2  days 

14 

o 

i    8    o 

126  13    7 

Tender,  £126  os.  od.  (less  a|  per  cent,  discount). 

The  cost  of  the  foregoing  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 


£  $.  d. 

s. 

d. 

£    s.   d. 

X,       99     •*• 

One  g-in.  mild  steel  shaft         .  .        .  . 

30     30 
35      2      o 

M 

o 
o 

38    89.- 
46    o    o 

Turner  at  shafts    ..        ..        ..    >  116  hours 

34 

3  13    i 

Planer          ..        ..        ..        ..        27     „ 

28 

0 

o  14    o 

6  18    5 

Driller         ..                   ..        ..        14     •» 

20 

0 

05  •'*', 

020 

Fitter..        ..    A    ..        ..        ..          7     „ 

30 

o 

o    3  ii 

8  i^-in.  forged  bolts  and  nuts  .  .        ..        ... 

S2 

8 

0 

039! 

o    3  10 

Smiths  and  helpers         .  .        .  •          4i    •> 

46 

0 

o    3  10, 

068 

Turner  at  bolts     .  .  -      .  .      '  .  ,        24     M 

10 

o 

p  .4  ..a.:' 

,     i  Materials  and  wages          ..        ..     ,   .. 

89  16  ii 

7  10  ii 

1  Expenses        .  .        .  .       '•  •        .  .        .  . 

7  10  ii 

Grosscost      ..        ..        ..    '    ...' 

97    7  10 

Finished  weights  of  shafts,  26  cwt.  2  qrs.  9  Ibs.  and  29  cwt.  2  qrs.  7  Ibs. 

It  maybe  noticed  that  in  last  example,  the  time  .of  the  turner 
on  the  bolts,  counted  in  hours,  is  considerably  more  in  the  actual 
cost  than  the  time  put  down  in  the  estimate,  i  This  discrepancy, 
in  this  instance,  is  -accounted  for  by  the ;  fact  that -whilst  the ' 


74 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


time  in  the  estimate  is  that  which  it  was  supposed  an  ordinary 
journeyman  would  take  to  do  the  work,  the  work  was  actually 
done  by  one  of  the  older  apprentices. 

EXAMPLE  No.  33. — Cost  of  6  hammered  scrap-iron  shafts  with  bosses,  collars,  and 
solid  flanges  for  coupling. 


£ 

s. 

d. 

s 

d. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

a  shafts,  ea.  I7ft.  6in.  long  x  6^in 

.  diam.  on  body 

48      o    14 

15 

0 

36 

I 

ii 

2           „       18     o        „     x6 

,,           >f 

44      I       7 

15 

0 

33 

4 

8 

2           „       18     o        „     xs^ 

39      3      o 

15 

0 

29 

16 

3 

26  bolts  and  nuts,    6  in.  x  i|  ii 

i. 

o      3    24 

i 

0 

0 

7 

9 

Turners  at  shafts 

260  hours 

7 

9 

3 

Planers 

53 

23 

0 

i 

7 

6 

Drillers 

56 

20 

o 

i 

0 

9 

16 

9 

8 

Turners  at  bolts 

bo 

i 

2 

3 

o 

4 

3 

Fitters 

*7 

0 

8 

6 

o 

7 

8 

Smiths  and  helpers  at  bolts     . 

9 

46 

0 

0 

7 

8 

Materials  and  wages          . 

n 

III 

6 

6 

17 

z 

7 

Expenses        



17 

i 

7 

Gross  cost 

• 

128 

8 

i 

The  estimate  for  these  shafts  at  profit  rates  stood  as  follows  : — 


s. 

d. 

£    s. 

d. 

2  hammered  scrap  shafts, 

6$  in. 

<  •        •  • 

47      o      o 

20 

0 

47    o 

0 

2              »                       t, 

6    „ 

•  .        .  . 

44      o      o 

20 

0 

44    o 

o 

2               u                         D 

5*  „ 

40     o     o 

20 

0 

40    o 

o 

Turning      
Planing       

27  days 

6        ft 

16 
16 

o 

0 

21    12 

4  16 

o 
o 

6     ,f 

12 

Q 

3T2 

26  bolts  and  nuts  .  .        .  . 

tt 

zoo 

0 

3 

Ii 

I    8 

o 

Turning  bolts  and  nuts  .  . 

•  • 

"oi." 

12 

0 

3  18 

0 

166    6 

0 

Tender,  £166  6s.  od.  nett. 

The  rates  given  in  the  above  estimate  were  fully  10  per  cent, 
under  those  usually  put  down  in  the  establishment  where  this 
•work  was  done,  as  it  was  desired  in  this  instance  to  put  in  a 
•(comparatively)  low  tender.  These  rates  would,  however,  be 
•considered  good  in  many  establishments.  It  will  be  noted  that 
the  forgings  were  in  two  out  of  the  three  lots  slightly  heavier 
than  was  estimated,  but,  as  previously  mentioned,  this  is  a 
•circumstance  very  liable  to  occur.  It  will  also  be  observed 
that  the  profit  price  down  for  the  forgings  is  exactly  33^-  per 
•cent,  on  the  price  actually  paid  for  them.  It  was,  however, 
•expected  that  i6s.  per  Cwt.  would  have  to  be  paid  for  the  forg- 
ings, and  25  per  cent,  was  therefore  the  percentage  counted  upon 
an  the  estimate. 

A  much  higher  percentage,  as  already  stated,  is  often  taken 
on  such  shafts,  as  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  risk  in  connection 


SHAFTING  AND  COUPLINGS. 


with  them.  That  is  to  say,  a  shaft  of  this  character  may,  after 
a  considerable  amount  of  workmanship  has  been  put  upon  it  in 
the  engineers'  shop,  turn  out  to  be  defective,  and  have  to  be 
returned  to  the  forge.  In  such  an  event  all  good  forges  will 
replace  the  defective  forging  without  expense  to  the  engineer, 
but  will  not  pay  the  latter  for  the  time  and  money  he  has 
expended  upon  the  bad  forging  before  the  defect  was  discovered. 
Forgings  are  usually  supplied  to  engineers  upon  a  kind  of  tacit 
understanding  to  the  effect  that  the  maker  will  take  every 
reasonable  care — exercise  "  due  diligence  " — to  secure  a  sound 
forging  ;  but  if,  after  all,  a  defect  appears  when  the  shaft  or 
other  article  is  being  finished,  the  engineer  must  share  the  loss 
incurred  to  the  extent  of  the  value  of  the  workmanship  that 
has  been  expended  in  his  shop,  whilst  the  forge-master  takes 
the  other,  and  usually  larger,  share  of  the  loss,  represented  by 
the  replacing  of  the  forging  by  a  new  one.  Hence  it  will  be 
seen  that  if  a  "reed"  is  discovered  as  a  shaft  is  receiving  its 
finishing  cut,  the  engineer  may  lose  the  whole  of  his  profit  on 
the  forging  ;  and,  therefore,  a  considerable  percentage  is  justifi- 
able. At  the  same  time  25  per  cent,  is  a  very  common  percent- 
age on  heavy  forgings,  and  one  with  which  many  manufacturing 
engineers  are  well  satisfied. 

EXAMPLE  No.  34. — Estimate  for  197  lineal  feet  of  4|-in.  shafting,  plain,  with 
10  cast-iron  flange  couplings.     (Profit  rates.) 


s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

ii  rolled  bars,  allowing  Jin.  diameter  for 

turning                 ..         ..         ..         ..         •• 

103      o     o 

IS     O 

*7°7      C      O 

Turning        16  days 

16 

//      O      u 
12  l6     O 

Planing  keybeds  for  couplings..          si    ,, 
10  cast-iron  flange  couplings,  each  in  two 

16 

2  16     0 

halves                             .           •  •           •         • 

16      2      o 

10 

8     e    o 

Turning  and  boring  ditto          ..        17^  days 

16 

o     5     w 

14    o    o 

Drilling  bolt  holes           ..         ..          7      ,, 

12 

440 

Slotting  keybeds   i$    „ 

12 

o  18    o 

¥>  bolts  and  nuts,4$x  I  in.,forged  and  screwed 
urning  ditto         12  days 

I        I       0 

O 

14 

268 

880 

40  wrought-iron  keys,  7  x  ij  x  f  in  
Grinder  dressing  ditto    ..         ..           i  day 

020 

o    6 

I    8    o 
o  15    o 

Keying  couplings  on  shaft        .  •           6  days 

9    6 

2  17     O 

135  18    8 

Tender  £135  (less  z\  per  cent,  discount). 

The  cost  of  the  above  came  out  as  follows  :  the  cost  of  the 
shafting  being  separated  as  accurately  as  possible  from  that  of 
the  couplings. 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK 


Cost  of  4^-in.  shafting  and  couplings  : — 


;  £  s.   d. 

S. 

d. 

£  s.  d. 

Shafting  — 

100      3      o 

10 

9 

54    3    I 

Turners       

164  hours 

4  IS    2 

8    9    3 

Planers        

34      » 

28 

0 

o  17    8 

! 

Materials  and  wages          .. 

•  i         •• 

59  IS  ii 

;    8    9    3 

Expenses         

.. 

8    9    3 

Gross  cost    ,  . 

.. 

68    5     2 

Finished  weight,  cwt.  93 

1     0 

Couplings,  bolts  and  keys  — 
20  iron  castings 

16      i      o 

6 

3 

5    i    7 

Moulders'  wages  .  .        .  . 
Turners       

160  hours 

o  IS    4 
4    8  ii 

Drillers        

76      „ 

20 

o 

I     8     2 

966 

Blotter          

10        „ 

23 

0 

073 

0  II     I 

50  bolts  and  nuts,  forged  weigh 
Smith  and  helper 

13  hours 

I        0     20 

8 
46 

o 

0 

096 

0  II      I 

Screwer       

9      >• 

20 

o 

034 

Turner         

60      ,, 

26 

0 

i     8  ii 

;   a  13    4 

Apprentice  turner  at  nuts 

20       ,i 

9 

o 

034 

086 

40  wrought-iron  keys       .  . 
Smith  and  helper 

10  hours 

020 

8 
46 

o 
o 

040 

086 

'Oil      2 

Grinder        

20      „ 

20 

o 

075 

o  13    5 

Fitters  keying  couplings  on 

64      „ 

I    1O   10 

Materials  and  wages 

.. 

17    8    2 

14    4    o 

Expenses 

.. 

14    4    o 

Gross  cost    .  .        ,  . 

..        .. 

31   12     2 

SUMMARY   A. 

Amount  of  Tender,  less  discount 

£131 

12     6 

Gross  cost  of  shafting       ..        .. 

.....     £66    5     2 

„             couplings     .. 

31  12    2             99 

17    4 

Profit           

£3i 

15     2 

SUMMARY   ft. 


Per  Lineal  Foot, 
Shafting  only. 

Per  ]b.  Finished, 
Shafting  only. 

Couplings  with  Bolts, 
and  Keying  on. 

Cost 
Selling  price 

070 
096 

rtfd. 
2'i3a. 

£335 
462 

EXAMPLE  No.  35. — Cost  of  8  lines  of  wrought-iron  shafting,  3  in.  diameter, 
each  line  40  ft.  long,  in  two  lengths,  joined  by  solid  flange  couplings,  with  turned 
bolts  and  nuts. 


£  s.    d. 

S. 

d. 

£ 

s.    d. 

16  rolled  bars,  and  coupling  ends  for  same  .  . 

89      o     o 

0 

6 

42 

5    6 

Smiths  and  assistants  forging  couplings  and 

II    8    o 

welding  to  bars            .  .         .  .       176  houis 

70 

0 

ii 

8    o 

Turners       ..        363      „ 

IO 

14    4 

17  ii    6 

Drillers        54      » 

20 

o 

I 

0      0 

32  f-in  bolts  and  nuts     ..         ..         .  i         .  . 

O         2     *  TA 

g 

Q 

Q 

5n 

078, 

Smith  and  assistant        .  .         .  .          9  hours 

v        A     ±4 

46 

O 

0 

*J 

7    8 

Screwer       6      „ 

18 

0 

o 

2     O 

Turner        .  .        29      „ 

28 

0 

0 

15    a 

t    9  10 

O      I    II 

Apprentice  turner  at  nuts  and  heads  26      „ 
Fitters         .  .   '      8      „ 

6 

o 

0 

o 

2  II 
3  10 

Materials  and  wages          •  

67 

4    3 

-N30  i8"n 

.Expenses        ..        ..        ...   ..;•:.. 

30 

18  ii 

Gross  cost  ..        ..        ..,      .. 

98 

3    2 

Finished  weight — 70  cwt.  i  qr.  4  ID.  =  2'77fl.  per  ID. 
Total  length— 320  ft. = 6s.  zd.  per  ioot. 


per  cwt. 


SHAFTING  AND  COUPLINGS. 


77 


The  estimated  weight  of  the  above  lot  of  shafting  was 
75  cwt.  3  qrs.  The  price  was  £130,  being  the  estimated  weight 
calculated  at  3^.  perlb.,  with  5  per  cent,  extra  for  packing  for 
shipment. 

EXAMPLE  No.  36.-^C6st  of  8  lines  of  wrought-iron  shafting,  2|in.  diameter, 
each  line  40  ft.  long,  in  two  lengths,  joined  by1  solid  flange  couplings,  with  turned 
bolts  and  nuts. 


£  s.    d. 

s.   d. 

£   s.   d. 

63    a 

16  rolled  bars,  and  coupling  ends  for  same  .  . 
Smiths  and  assistants'                         95  hours 

47      o    14 

9    6 
70    o 

22     7     8 

632 

Turners 

>  296^    „     ••• 

-  sr>  i   2 

13     2  10 

Drillers 

38      " 

20    o  i 

o  14    i 

24  £-in.  bolts 

and  n 

ts- 

0       0     20 

8    o 

016 

o    3  10 

Smith  and  a 

sistan 

4$  hours 

46    o 

o    3  10 

Screwer 

2          ., 

18    o 

o    o    8" 

063 

Turner 

27       .. 

7    o 

036 

0      I   10 

Fitters 

7       i. 

28    o 

03-8 

Materials  and  wages 

.« 

37  19    3- 

19  17  n 

Expenses        ..        .  . 

. 

19  17  ii 

Total  cost..           ..-        ..        .. 

57  17    2 

Finished  weight— 37  cwt.  2  qrs.  8  lbs.=3'3rf.  per  Ib. 
Total  length— 320  ft.  =  35.  7±d.  per  foot. 

Tender  £73  i$s.,  being  the  estimated  weight  (38  cwt.) 
calculated  at  4^.  per  Ib.,  with  5  per  cent,  extra  for  packing  for 
shipment. 

It  may  be  desirable  to  explain,  with  reference  to  both  the  two 
last  examples,  though  the  examples  really  carry  this  explanation 
on  the  face  of  them,  that  the  flanges  to  form  the  couplings  were 
forged  on  the  ends  of  short  pieces  of  bars  in  the  smiths'  shop 
of  the  establishment ;  the  short  pieces  with  the  flanges  at  the 
ends  being  subsequently;  welded  to  the  plain  rolled  bars  as 
bought  from  the  makers.  ,This  is  the  practice  generally  followed 
•in  works  where  the  smiths'  shop  possesses  a  steam  hammer. 

It  will  be  obvious  that  in  preparing  the  specification  of  the 
rolled  bars  for  shafting  of  this  kind  for  the  bar  makers,  allow- 
ance must  be  made  for  the  coupling  ends.  Thus,  in  the  two  last 
•examples  the  bars  were  ordered  17  ft.  3  in.  in  length,  and  if  there 
had  been  flanges  at  both  ends  of  each  shaft  the  length  of  the 
rolled  bars  would  have  been  correspondingly  shorter.  For  the 
coupling  ends  themselves  iron  was  taken  out  of  stock.  - 

Let  us  now  see  what  the  difference  in  cost  would  probably 
have  been  if  the3~in.  shafting  in  Example  No.  35  had  had  plain 
cast-iron  flange  couplings  instead  of  the  solid  forged  flanges. ;  , 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


EXAMPLE  No.  37. — Estimated  cost  of  8  line's 'of  wrought-iron  shafting,  3  in. 
in  diameter,  each  line  40  feet  long,  in  two  lengths,  joined  by  cast-iron  flange 
couplings,  with  turned  bolts. 


£  s.  d. 

s 

d. 

£    s.   d. 

8  16    8 

16  plain  rolled  bars,  sj  in.  x  20  ft 
Turning            
Planing  or  slot-drilling  keybeds 
8  cast-iron  couplings  in  halres 
Turning  and  boring           .. 

200  hours 
16      „ 

90  hours 

76   a   o 
ix    a   o 

10 

30 

20 

7 

^o 

6 
o 
o 
6 

0 

40    3    3 
5  ii    2 
o    5  ii 
463 

2   10     O- 

Drilling            

30      » 

20 

o 

O   II      I 

4  15    8 

Slotting            

8      „ 

18 

0 

O     2     8 

6 

080 

o    7  10 

32  £-in.  bolts  and  nuts,  turned,  etc. 
Fitters  keying  on      

30  hours 

I 

28 

9 
o 

2   l6     O 

o  15    7 

Materials  and  wages   ..        .. 

«•        •  . 

57    9  " 

14   o   a 

1402 

Gross  cost       ..        •• 

..       .. 

71  10    i 

Equal  to  nearly  45.  6d.  per  lineal  foot,  against  6s.  zd.  for  the  solid  flanged  shafting. 

It  will  be  seen  from  above  that  the  gross  cost  of  the  material 
is  slightly  higher  than  in  No.  35,  though  the  weight  of  the 
material  is  practically  the  same  in  both  cases.  A  higher  price 
per  cwt.  had  to  be  paid  for  the  bars  in  No.  37  than  in  No.  35, 
owing  to  their  greater  length.  This  slight  disadvantage  on  the 
side  of  the  plain  shafting  with  cast-iron  couplings  is,  of  course, 
much  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  cost  of  forging,  and 
the  extra  turners' time  in  the  case  of  the  shafting  with  solid 
flange  couplings.  Although  the  total  length  of  the  shafting  is 
the  same  in  each  case,  much  more  time  is  required  to  finish  the 
solid  flange  shafting  than  is  needed  for  the  plain  bars  and  cast- 
iron  couplings. 

The  cost  of  the  shafting  and  couplings,  as  distinguished  from 
each  other  in  the  last  example,  and  the  probable  selling  price 
are  shown  in  the  following  summary  : — 

SUMMARY  C. 


Per  Lineal  Foot, 
Shafting  only 

Per  Ib. 
Finished  Weight, 
Shafting  only. 

Couplings  and  Bolts. 

Cost   
Selling  Price 

£035 
050 

I74<*. 
2-5  d. 

-    £*  ,!.-,& 

2  15    o 

The  cast-iron  couplings  in  the  examples  given  were  all  polished 
all  over,  and  had  in  the  one  half  a  recess  turned  out  to  fit  a 
corresponding  projection  left  on  the  other  half.  Some  firms 
offer,  and  there  are  people  content  to  take,  these  couplings 
roughly  turned  and  with  plain  faces.  These,  of  course,  are  much 
cheaper,  but  certainly  not  so  good. 


SHAFTING  AND  COUPLINGS. 


Examples  such  as  the  following  are  of  almost  daily  occurrence 
in  a  general  engineering  shop. 

EXAMPLE  No.  38. — Summary  of  cost  of  53  ft.  of  2^-in.  wrought-iron  shafting, 
in  four  lengths,  with  three  cast-iron  flange  couplings. 


£  s.  d. 

s.    d. 

£    s.   d. 

4  Kirkstall  K.  M.  bars,  14  ft.x  2J 
9  g-in.  bolts  and  nuts 

in.,  from  stock 

8    3  23 
007 

9    o 
9  -o 

4-08* 

OO*7 

006 

90 
v 

V       W       / 

006 

025 

Smith's  wages  (bolts  and  keys) 
3  cast-iron  couplings          .  . 

. 

i    i  26 

6    3 

025 
092 
o    i    8> 

Turners'  wages                   .. 

50  hours 

i    6  ii 

Apprentice  turner              .. 
Driller  ..        .. 

•        18      „ 
•         5      » 

7    o 
18    o 

024 

O     I     8 

Planer  ....                 .. 

•         2      ,, 

28    o 

Oil 

Slotter  .. 

•            2t 

18    o 

O     0  IO" 

Grinder  (at  keys)                .  . 

•            *$     ti 

20     0 

007* 

2  10    2 

Fitters  .. 

•            jei 

o    7    s 

039 

Draughtsman                     .  . 

«       » 

40   o 

Materials  and  wages    «  . 

••          ••          •• 

6  17    4 

2  16    4 

Expenses            ..        .. 



2  16    4 

Gross  cost       .  . 



9  13    8 

Total  net  finished  weight,  8  cwts.  3  qrs.  27  Ib. 


EXAMPLE  No.  39. — Summary  of  cost  of  r  wrought-iron  shaft,  4  in.  by  6  ft, 
ii  in.  long,  with  i  boss  5^  in.  diameter  by  12  in. 


£ 

0 

o 

0 

7 
9 

0 

d. 

9 
3 

4 

i  rolled  bar  with  boss  forged  on.  .        ..        .  . 
Smith  and  helper    6  hours 
Turner  ..        n      „ 
Draughtsman..         f.        .. 

3    i    o 

s. 

10 

70 

30 

d. 

0 
0 
0 

£ 

o 
o 

0 

12 

I 

I 

6  " 

9 

2 
2   ' 

o 

TT 

Materials  and  wages  .  .        .  •        ..        .  . 

2 

7 

7 

Gross  cost         .. 

j 

3 

4 

II 

The  last  two  examples  were  not  made  under  contract ;  the 
orders  were  given  without  previous  enquiry  as  to  price.  The 
entries  in  the  sales  book  were  substantially  as  follows,  viz. : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  38. 


s.  d. 

£  *- 

d. 

June  30 

SMITH  AND  JOKES,  Blanktown. 

53  ft.  of  2$-in.  wrought-iron  shafting  in  four 
lengths,  turned  and  polished  all  over,  and 
with  keybeds  cut  for  couplings 
3    cast-iron    flange    couplings,    turned    and 
polished,  keyed  on  shafts  and  fitted  with 

3    9 

918 

9 

turned  bolts  and  nuts     

35    o 

5    5 

o 

15    3 

9 

Subject  to  2\  per  cent,  for  cash  on  July  10. 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


In   some   houses   the  entry  would   have  been  made  in  the 
following  manner : — 


s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

June  30 

SMITH  AND  JONES. 

« 

4  tolled  iron  bars,  from  stock,  to  make  53  ft.  of 

'  •     . 

2s-in.  shafting        

8    3  23 

14   o 

654 

9  f-m.  bolts  and  nuts,  forged       .  .        .  .        .  . 

o    7 

053 

6  wrought-iron  keys  .  .         .  .         .  .         .  .         .  . 
3  cast-iron  couplings,  in  halves 
Turning  and  polishing  shafting  and  cutting  key- 
-  beds,  turning  and  boring  couplings,  drilling 

i    i  26 

o    7 

II     0 

036 
o  16    4       ' 

for  bolts  and  slotting  key-beds,  turning  and 
fitting  bolts,  keying  couplings  on  shafts  and 
.  facing  in  lathe       .  ,        .  .        .  .        .  .        ..." 

7  ro  10 

15    t    3 

Less  2\  per  cent,  discount. 

Again,  other  firms  would  charge  the  customer  simply  in  the 
following  fashion : — 


3.    d. 

£  s.  d. 

June  30 

SMITH  AND  JONES. 

53  ft.  of  polished  wrought-iron  shafting,  with 
cast-iron     flanged    couplings,    turned    and 
polished,  keyed  on  and  fitted  with  turned 

bolts   

3     9  27 

O    3! 

14  Ij     g  . 

- 

14  13    9 

EXAMPLE  No.  39. 


s.  d. 

£  s. 

d. 

June  30 

THOMAS  BROWN. 

i  wrought-iron  shaft,  4  in.  diameter  on  body  x 
6  ft.  ii  in.  long  over  'all,  with  i  forged  boss 

'•> 

3x    o 

03 

4  II 

O    ' 

Turning  and  polishing  do.,  all  over       .  .        . 

I      O 

o 

.    5  ii 

0 

From  the  examples  which  have  been  given  it  will  be  seen  that 
plain  wrought-iron  shafting,  not  including  couplings,  can  be 
made  in  a  general  engineering  shop  to  sell  at  about  the  following 
fates,  and  to  leave  a  good  margin  of  profit,  viz. : — iSs.  per  cwt. 
for  4  in.  shafting,  and  23^.  per  cwt.  for  2\  in.,  and  proportionately 
for  other  sizes.  But,  by  making  suitable  arrangements — pre- 
paring special  tools,  putting  men  on  piece  work,  and  so  on — 
such  shafting  can  be  turned  out  profitably  at  considerably  lower 
rates.  Polished  wrought-iron  shafting,  said  to  be  perfectly  true 
and  straight,  is,  indeed,  offered  in  ordinary  sizes  as  low  as  I2s. 
per  cwt.  Shafting  at  this  price  either  cannot  be  very  good  or 


CHEAP   SHAFTING. 


8l 


cannot  leave  much  profit ;  but  it  is  easy  to  see  how  tolerably 
good  shafting  can  be  turned  out  about  this  figure. 

Rolled  bars  to  3  in.  can  be  bought  at  under  £6  los.  per  ton 
at  the  works;  plain  shafting  can  be  finished  with  proper  arrange- 
ments at  the  rate  of  two  superficial  feet  per  hour,  or  even  more, 
and  100  per  cent,  on  the  wages  paid  ought  to  be  sufficient  to 
cover  general  expenses  in  an  establishment,  or  portion  of  an 
establishment,  specially  laid  out  for  this  class  of  work. 

Therefore,  the  cost  of  3-in.  shafting,  made  under  such  condi- 
tions, would  stand  about  as  follows,  viz. : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  40. — Estimated  cost  of  55  ft.  of  3-in.  plain  wrought-iron  shafting, 

in  4  lengths. 


s.   d. 

£    s.    d. 

4  rolled  bars,  14  ft 
Turning  ditto 
General  expenses, 

.  .           say  24  hours 
say  100  per  cent,  on  wages 

it      3    14 

6    6 
30    o 

4    3    8 
o  13    4 
o  13    4 

Gross  cost 



£5  10    4 

As  this  cost  is  equal  to  qs.  6d.  per  cwt,  on  the  finished  weight, 
I2J.  per  cwt.  would  leave  a  margin  of  sjightly  over  25  per  cent, 
on  the  cost — a  margin  sufficient,  indeed,  in  an  establishment 
kept  constantly  employed  on  shafting,  to  allow  a  rather  better 
quality  of  iron  to  be  used.  Any  good  general  engineering  es- 
tablishment may,  indeed,  with  suitable  arrangements,  make 
plain  shafting  from  cheap  bars  to  sell  at  from  125.  to  14$.  per 
cwt.,  if  orders  for  large  quantities  at  a  time  can  be  secured. 
Everything  in  matters  of  this  kind  depends  upon  organization, 
and  upon  giving  to  the  workmen  the  stimulus  which  is  usually 
supplied  by  piece-work  rates. 

In  connection  with  plain  shafting  having  removable  couplings, 
collars  or  rings  with  set  screws  are  very  frequently  required,  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  the  shafting  from  moving  laterally 
in  its  bearings,  and  for  keeping  loose  pulleys  in 
position  on  the  shafting.  These  collars  are  usually 
made  of  wrought  iron,  and  are  bored  to  slide  along 
the  shaft,  turned  and  polished  all  over  on  the  outside,  drilled  and 
tapped,  and  fitted  with  set  screws.  They  can  be  bought  finished 
from  certain  firms,  but  they  are  usually  made  in  the  shop,  as 
they  constitute  very  suitable  work  for  apprentice  turners. 

The  following  two  examples  show  the  time  occupied  in 
making  these  collars,  when  made,  as  they  very  often  are,  in  twos 

G 


Loose 
Collars. 


82 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


or  threes  at  a  time ;   and  also  the  prices  calculated  at  profit 
rates  : — 


EXAMPLE  No.  41. — Two  loose  collars 
and  set  screws  for  3-in.  shaft. 


EXAMPLE  No.  42. — Two  loose  collars 
and  set  screws  for  3-|-in.  shaft, 


Ihs 

s.    d. 

£    s.   d. 

Ibs. 

s.    d. 

£    s.    d. 

Forgings 
Smith   .  .        i$  hour 

16 

0     2 
2     O 

028 
030 

Forgings         .. 
Smith   ..        labour 

20 

0     2 
2     0 

034 
030 

App.  turner   7$    „ 
Driller  .  .          *    „ 

O   IO 
I      2 

063 
007 

App.  turner    o      „ 
Driller..          *    „ 

O   IO 
I      2 

076 

007 

App.  fitter      i      „ 

o    4 

004 

App.  fitter      i      „ 

o    4 

004 

O  12  IO 

o  14    9  . 

Selling  price,  6s.  6d.  each. 

Selling  price,  75.  6d.  each. 

When  made  in  quantities,  say  of  a  dozen  at  a  time,  for  stock, 
as  they  ought  always  to  be,  the  time  per  collar  comes  out  con- 
siderably less.  A  complete  list  of  prices  will  be  found  in  a 
subsequent  table. 


^CHAPTER  VIII. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK  (continue®. .-OVERHEAD  RATES  AND 
MILLWRIGHT  WORK  AS  A   SPECIALTY. 

"LARGE  contracts  for  fitting  up  mills  or  factories  with  the  neces- 
sary machinery  of  transmission  are  not  infrequently  made  at 
certain  rates  per  cwt.  or  per  Ib.  of  the  material  actually  supplied. 
This  system  is  somewhat  liable  to  be  abused.  It 
Presents  a  strong  temptation  to  many  firms  to 
quote  very  low  rates  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the 
-contract,  and  then  to  compensate  themselves  by  putting  more 
weight  than  is  at  all  necessary  into  any  parts  of  the  work  which 
admit  of  such  manipulation.  It  is  not  always  easy  for  even  the 
best  firms  to  resist  this  temptation,  especially  when  dealing  with 
•a  certain  class  of  people. 

At  the  same  time,  this  method  of  contracting  is  a  very  safe 
one  for  the  buyer ;  that  is  to  say,  the  buyer  may  depend  upon 
getting  full  weight  in  all  the  parts  of  his  machinery.  It  is, 
moreover,  a  method  which  permits  changes  to  be  made  in  the 
original  designs,  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  without  raising 
troublesome  questions  as  to  the  amounts  of  extras,  and  alto- 
gether is  a  very  simple  and  convenient  plan. 

The  rates  asked  under  such  contracts  vary  very  considerably 
amongst  engineering  firms,  according  to  the  value  which  different 
houses  set  upon  the  character  of  their  work,  but  the  following 
figures  may  be  taken  as  representing  about  the  general  range 
for  such  portions  of  machinery  of  transmission  as  have  just  been 
passed  in  review — the  prices  of  pig  iron  and  copper,  etc.,  and 
the  rates  of  wages  mentioned  previously  being  kept  in  mind. 

Overhead  Rates  for  Mill  Fixings,  Shafting,  &c. 

s.  d.      s.  d. 

Wall  boxes  and  fixings  (green  sand  castings  only)           . .        . .  13  o  to  15  o  per  cwt. 

Cast  iron  in  hangers  and  pedestals 14  o  „   18  8        ,, 

Brass  in               „                      „            ...  i  3    ,,     i  8  per  Ib. 

Bolts  and  nuts  in  hangers  and  pedestals o  5    „     o  8        „ 

Bolts  and  nuts  (general) ••  o  3    „     o  5        „ 

Cotter  bolts  and  nuts       ,,        .          ..        ••  o  af,,     o  3^      „ 

Coach  screws         ,..        . .        ....        ..  o  3   „     o  4        „ 

Rolled  wrought-iron  shafting,  with  cast-iron  couplings,  bolts, 

keys,  and  collars  weighed  in  and  including  forging  ordinary 

bosses       24  o  „   30  o  per  cwt. 

Ditto,  with  solid  flange  couplings 27  o  ,,   35  o 

Hammered  scrap-iron         „              . .        . .        ••        ••        ••  36  o  „  50  o 


84  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 

The  rates  quoted  for  hangers  and  pedestals  are  sometimes 
rates  per  cwt.,  inclusive  of  brasses  and  bolts.  In  such  cases  the 
rates  run  about  as  follows,  viz  : — 

Hangers ..        ,.        ..       ..       ..        ..    245.  to  30$.  per  cwt. 

Pedestals 355.  „  505.       „ 

The  general  rates  just  given  will  be  entirely  inclusive,  incases- 
where  the  mill  or  factory  in  which  the  machinery  is  to  be  erected 
is  anywhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  engineering  works.. 
That  is  to  say,  the  rates  will  include  the  cost  of  taking  the 
necessary  working  dimensions,  preparing  working  drawings  and 
patterns,  and  the  cost  of  skilled  labour  erecting — the  necessary 
scaffolding  and  common  labour  being  provided  by  the  buyer. 
It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  mention  that  these  rates  only  apply 
to  comparatively  large  general  contracts ;  small  jobbing  orders- 
would  not  pay  at  these  prices. 

There  are  many  firms  who,  more  or  less,  make  a  specialty  of 
certain  portions  of  millwright  work.     That  is  to  say,  they  have 
laid  out  their  establishments,  or  a  portion  at  least,  specially  for 
.          the  production  of  mill  fixings,   shafting,  etc.     In 
Specialties.   some  cases  they  have  put  down  special  tools,  pre- 
pared  special   designs,  adopted  certain   standard 
dimensions  to  which  they  adhere,  introduced  piece  work  largely,, 
and  generally  made  such  arrangements  as  they  considered  suit-, 
able  for  turning  out  these  articles  in  large  quantities  as  cheaply 
as  possible. 

There  are  few  general  engineering  firms  who  have  not  felt  the 
competition  of  these  "  specialty  houses,"  as  they  may  be  con* 
veniently  termed  ;  and  those  who  are  wise  in  their  generation 
have  prepared  themselves,  as  far  as  possible,  to  meet  this 
competition. 

In  the  following  table  are  given  three  different  sets  of  prices, 
marked,  respectively,  A,  B  and  C.  A  and  B  are  the  rates  of 
"  specialty  houses" — A  being  about  the  lowest  and  B  the 
highest  with  which  the  writer  is  acquainted — whilst  the  rates 
opposite  C  are  those  at  which  these  articles  can,  in  the  writer's 
opinion,  be  made  to  sell  at  a  fair  margin  of  profit,  by  most 
general  engineering  establishments,  by  proper  arrangements  and 
with  the  appliances  usually  available  in  such  works. 


SUMMARY  OF  PRICES. 


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01 

CHAPTER  IX. 

MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  continued— CAST-IRON  BELT  PULLEYS 

BELT  pulleys  of  ordinary  dimensions  are  usually  moulded  from* 

full  patterns  in  green  sand.     The  patterns  themselves,  except 

in  some  small  sizes,  are  almost  invariably  of  cast  iron,  as  it  is- 

obvious   that,  owing  to  the  slight  structure  of  a 

Patterns  Pu^ey>  a  wooden  pattern  would  immediately  lose 
its  proper  shape  after  being  once  used.  In  making 
the  pattern,  the  centre,  or  boss,  and  the  arms  are  made  in  wood,, 
but  the  rim  in  all  the  larger  sizes,  at  least,  is  usually  swept  up 
in  loam,  the  casting  being  subsequently  turned  up  in  the  lathe,, 
and  carefully  dressed  all  over.  Of  course,  double  contraction  is 
allowed  when  a  cast-iron  pulley  pattern  is  being  prepared. 
These  patterns  are  necessarily  somewhat  expensive,  and  in 
large  establishments  considerable  capital  is  sunk  in  the  stock  of 
pulley  patterns. 

This  outlay  of  capital  on  pulley  patterns  is,  however,  quite 
unavoidable.  It  would  be  out  of  the  question  to  attempt  to- 
charge  a  customer  for  making  a  pattern  for  some  ordinary  size 
of  pulley,  except  in  very  rare  cases.  A  buyer  would  not  incur 
such  a  charge,  as  he  knows  that  if  one  firm  has  not  a  pattern  of 
the  size  he  requires,  or  that  can  be  modified  to  suit,  another 
house  will.  He  has,  therefore,  only  to  inquire  of  two  or  three- 
houses,  and  he  will  find  what  he  wants,  provided,  of  course,, 
that  the  pulley  he  requires  is  of  ordinary  dimensions.  Hence- 
an  engineering  firm  wishing  to  do  business  in  pulleys  must  be- 
prepared  to  make  patterns  of  ordinary  sizes  on  their  own. 
account. 

If  a  number  of  pulleys  of  the  one  size  are  ordered  at  once,, 
the  cost  of  the  pattern  may  be  immediately  covered.  If  only 
one  pulley  is  required,  the  cost  of  the  pattern  will  almost 
certainly  not  be  covered  by  the  profit  on  the  transaction ;  and 


BELT  PULLEYS.  87 


the  manufacturing  engineer  has  simply  to  be  content  to  take 
the  pulley  pattern  into  his  stock  and  put  it  on  his  list,  in  the 
expectation  that  sooner  or  later  he  will  be  able  to  make  use  of 
it  again,  and  thus  be  fully  recouped  in  due  time. 

Of  course,  the  price  charged  for  a  finished  pulley  must  include 
a  reasonable  amount  for  the  use  of  the  engineer's  pattern  ; 
whilst  any  alterations  or  modifications  of  the  pattern  made 
specially  to  suit  the  buyer's  requirement,  must  also  be  charged 
for  specially  or  sufficiently  covered  in  the  price  put  down  for 
the  finished  pulley. 

Pulley  patterns  only  admit  of  modification  withki  certain  not 

very  wide  limits.     The  centre  or  boss  can  be  modified  more 

freely  than  any  other  part,  as  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  make  the 

bore  or  eye  of  the  pulley  larger  or  smaller  than 

Modi  ymg  tjie  gjze  for  which  the  pattern  was  originally  de- 
signed. If  the  pulley  was  originally  designed  to 
go  on,  say,  a  3-in.  shaft,  all  that  is  required  to  make  it  suitable 
for  any  smaller  size  is  for  the  moulder  to  put  in  a  smaller  core. 
If  the  pulley  is  required  to  go  on  a  larger  shaft  than  one  of  3  in., 
the  centre  or  boss  of  the  pattern  can  be  lined  up  by  the  pattern- 
maker to  the  required  extent.  ,K  *>•;, 

A  slight  variation  is  possible  in  the  finished  diameter  of  the 
pulley  by  lining  up  the  rim  of  the  pattern.  By  lining  up  on  the 
outside  the  pulley  may  be  finished  to  a  quarter  or  even  half-an- 
inch  larger  than  the  original  diameter.  In  such  a  case  the  rim 
of  the  pulley  will  be  turned  out  on  the  inside  a  little  for  the 
sake  of  appearance,  leaving  merely  a  belt  of  the  full  thickness 
at  the  centre  where  the  arms  join  the  rim.  By  lining  up  on  the 
inside  of  the  rim  of  the  pattern,  the  pulley  may  be  finished  to  a 
quarter  or  half-an-inch  less  in  diameter  than  the  original  size. 
In  the  matter  of  width,  a  skilful  moulder  can  increase  this  an 
inch  or  two  in  an  ordinary  size,  by  "drawing"  the  pattern  in 
the  sand  without  any  alteration  of  the  pattern ;  whilst  if  the 
finished  pulley  is  required  narrower  than  the  pattern,  the  cast- 
ing is  just  made  of  the  full  size  and  the  superfluous  width  cut 
off  by  the  turner,  when  finishing  the  pulley. 

Hence  it  will  often  occur  that  there  is  a  very  great  discre- 
pancy between  the  weight  of  the  casting  and  the  finished 
weight  of  the  pulley.  In  the  cost  or  account,  the  full  weight  of 
the  casting  as  made  must,  of  course,  be  put  down,  notwithstand- 


88  MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 

ing  that  a  large  proportion,  it  may  be,  had  to  be  cut  to 
waste. 

A  full  pattern  would  not  be  made  for  a  very  large  pulley,  or 
one  of  some  exceptional  character.  The  rim  would  simply  be 
swept  up  in  loam,  although  the  centre  and  arms  might  be 
moulded  in  green  sand  from  full  patterns. 

The  same  pattern  will  usually  serve  for  both  solid  and  split 
Splitting  and  pulleys,  but  it  requires  to  be  specially  prepared  if 

Bolting,      the  pulley  is  to  be  split. 

It  is  usually  sufficient  to  split  the  casting  of  a  pulley  just  as 
it  comes  from  the  foundry,  then  to  bolt  the  two  halves  together, 
and  afterwards  to  pass  the  pulley  on  to  the  turner. 

In  some  very  special  cases,  pulleys  are  cast  in  halves,  the  two 
halves  planed  on  their  faces  (that  is,  where  the  two  halves  go 
together),  the  holes  for  the  bolts  drilled,  and  the  halves  con- 
nected with  turned  bolts  carefully  fitted  into  their  holes. 

The  splitting  and  bolting  of  an  ordinary  pulley,  or  the  planing 
of  the  faces  in  special  cases,  are,  of  course,  all  done  previously  to 
the  turning  up  of  the  rim. 

Very  small  split  pulleys  often  appear,  relatively,  very  costly, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  two  halves  cannot  be  bolted  in  the 
usual  way,  but  have  to  be  connected  by  dowels  and  cottars, 
which  are  frequently  very  troublesome  to  put  in. 

Large  or  heavy  pulleys  which  are  not  required  to  be  put  on 
the  shaft  in  halves,  are,  nevertheless,  frequently  split  in  the 
centre  by  having  two  or  three  flat  cores  inserted  in  the  mould. 
This  is  done  to  relieve  the  strains  which  are  liable  to  be  set  up 
by  unequal  contraction.  The  centre  is  afterwards  hooped  with 
wrought  iron — the  rings  being  put  on  hot.  This,  of  course, 
means  extra  expense. 

Belt  pulleys  have  their  rims  finished  either   flat,  or   curved 

more  or  less  convex,  the  latter  kind   being  variously  styled 

"crown,"  "  round,"  "  rounding,"  "curved,"  or  "convex  faced." 

Where  the  belt  from  a  pulley  is  to  drive  on  to  fast 

Curved  mms  and  loose  Pulleys>  the  Pulle7  wil1  nave  a  flat  rim  J 
"  but  where   the  belt  will  always   run  in   the  one 
plane— that  is,  will  not  require  to  be  shifted  from  side  to  side — 
the  pulley  will  have  a  rounded  face. 

The  cost  of  pulleys  with  round  faces  is,  of  course,  higher 
than  the  cost  of  equal- sized  pulleys  with  flat  faces  ;  and  the  cost 


BELT   PULLEYS.  89 


of  pulleys  which  are  split  and  bolted  is  higher  than  the  cost  of 
solid  pulleys  of  the  same  dimensions. 

There   are  consequently  two  elements  of  extra  cost  which 
frequently  arise  and  must  be  charged  to  the  buyer,  when  in- 
curred, either  specially  as  extras,  or  in  the  price  charged  for  the 
pulley  as  a  whole — viz.,  first,    the    extra   cost  of 

Charges,     splitting   and   bolting   or   making  the  pulley  in 

halves ;  and,  second,  the  extra  cost  of  rounding 

the  face.  Very  often  both  these  extras  occur  in  the  same  pulley 

Other  extra  charges  arise  when  pulleys  have  flanges  cast  on 
one  or  both  sides  ;  when  they  are  made  of  extra  strength ;  and 
-when  some  departure  from  the  ordinary  or  standard  type  or 
•dimensions  is  desired. 

A   question  frequently   discussed   by   engineers   is  whether 

pulleys  ought  to  have  straight  or  curved  arms.     Both  types 

have  their  advocates ;  but  the  curved  arm  would  now  appear  to 

Strai  htor  ^e  m°St  Senera^y  recognised  as  the  right  thing. 

Curved  Arrns.^0  ^ar»  however,  as  the  cost  of  making  pulleys  is 

concerned,  the  question  of  curved  versus  straight 

arms  is  of  little  importance.     The  only  difference  in  cost  arises 

in  the  pattern-making — the  straight  arm  naturally  costs  a  little 

less  to  make  at  this  initial  stage  than  the  curved  arm. 

A  cast-iron  belt  pulley  is  so  elementary  a  structure,  and  the 
workmanship  on  it  of  so  simple  and  straightforward  a  character, 
that  there  would  hardly  appear  room  for  much  difference  to 
Manufacture  occur  between  the  cost  of  manufacturing  a  pulley 
"  of  a  given  size  in  one  establishment  and  the  cost 
in  another.  Nevertheless,  very  considerable  differences  are 
found,  arising  partly  from  differences  in  the  character  of  the 
metal  used  in  the  foundry,  but  still  more  from  the  greater 
care  and  thoroughness  with  which  pulleys  are  finished  in  one 
shop,  as  compared  with  the  way  in  which  such  work  is  done  in 
another. 

In  a  general  engineering  establishment  there  is  but  little 
chance,  as  a  rule,  of  effecting  any  particular  economy  in  the 
cost  of  manufacturing  pulleys,  owing  to  the  great  variety  of  sizes 
and  conditions  in  and  under  which  they  have  to  be  made.  The 
only  occasions  on  which  any  special  economy  can  be  effected, 
are  when  a  large  number  of  pulleys  of  one  size  are  ordered  at  a 
time,  as  in  the  case  of  the  pulleys  for  the  line  shafting  of  a 


9P  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


weaving  shed.  Arrangements  can  then  be  made  for  turning 
two  or  three  pulleys  at  a  time  in  the  same  lathe,  and  a  very 
considerable  saving  of  time  may  be  thus  gained. 

In  machine  shops  the  conditions  are  much  more  constantly 
favourable  to  economy.  In  such  works,  very  large  numbers  of 
pulleys,  mostly  of  small  sizes,  are  required,  and  the  cost  of  their 
manufacture  may  be  brought  very  low.  Handy  labourers  are, 
in  many  cases,  put  at  the  lathes,  and  are  paid  so  much  per 
dozen  pulleys  bored  or  turned,  or  both. 

For  convenience  in  quoting  prices  for  pulleys,  or  charging 
up  accounts,  most  establishments  either  arrange  a  complete 
graduated  price  list,  or  adopt  some  scale  or  rule  by  which  to 
calculate  the  price  of  any  given  pulley.  The  two 
most  common  bases  of  calculation  are  the  weight 
of  the  finished  pulley  in  pounds,  and  the  area  of  the  face  of  the 
pulley  in  square  inches.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  latter 
basis  is  decidedly  the  more  scientific  of  the  two,  and  is  the  best 
on  every  ground,  except,  perhaps,  from  the  point  of  view  of  those 
who  believe  in  putting  in  plenty  of  weight  into  machinery  which 
is  to  be  sold  by  the  pound  or  ton. 

,  Whichever  basis  of  calculation  is  adopted,  it  will  be  most  con- 
venient to  regard  every  pulley,  first  of  all,  as  being  solid  (not 
.split)  and  flat  faced,  and  then  to  add  extras  to  the  price  so  found, 
for  splitting  and  bolting,  for  rounding  the  face,  or  for  flanging, 
vby  a  pre-determined  percentage.  It  will  also  be  desirable  to 
graduate  the  rates  per  pound  or  per  superficial  inch,  to  some 
extent,  according  to  the  size  of  the  pulley.  A  rate  that  would 
be  quite  fair  for  a  pulley  8  in.  diameter  by  4  in.  wide,  would  be 
too  high  for  one  48  in.  diameter  by  12  in.  wide.  Two  or  three 
comprehensive  divisions,  as  in  the  scale  which  follows,  will 
generally  be  sufficient. 

Where  pulleys  are  priced  according  to  weight,  the  average 
rate  per  pound  in  some  establishments  is  put  as  low  as  2%d.t 
whilst  in  others  it  is  put  at  3  j d.  A  mean  between  these  two 
extremes  ought  to  represent  a  fair  rate  at  which  most  houses 
should  be  willing  to  work.  Where  the  price  is  calculated 
according  to  the  finished  face  of  the  pulley,  the  average  rate  for 
solid,  flat-faced  pulleys  is,  in  some  places,  put  as  low  as  three- 
eighths  of  a  penny  per  superficial  inch,  whilst  in  others  it  is  put 
at  three-fourths  of  a  penny  per  superficial  inch. 


BELT   PULLEYS. 


The  table  given  after  the  following  examples  exhibits  a 
convenient  scale  and  fair  rates  on  the  superficial  basis  of 
calculation.  A  complete  price  list  of  all  ordinary  sizes  is,  how- 
ever, to  be  preferred  as  more  convenient,  though  the  preparation^ 
of  such  a  price  list  is  decidedly  tedious. 

Following  are  a  few  examples  of  costs  and  prices,  with 
reference  to  which  it  should  be  mentioned  that  the  pulleys  were 
made  from  the  stock  patterns  of  a1  general' engineering  establish- 
ment ;  that  is  to  say,  from  patterns  which  were  not  made  all  at 
one  time,  in  accordance  with  one  general  design,  but  were  made 
as  required,  over  a  period  of  many  years,  and  contained  in  con- 
sequence more  than  one  modification  of  design,  according  to  the 
ideas  that  happened  to  prevail  in  the  drawing  office  at  different 
periods.  The  weights,  therefore,  are  not  so  strictly  proportionate 
as  they  might  be  made. 

EXAMPLE  No.  43. — Cost  of  cast-iron  pulley,  66  in.  diameter  by  15  in.  wide,, 
made  extra  strong  and  with  heavy  rim,  so  as  to  serve  as  a  fly-wheel,  split,  bolted, 
and  with  one  key-bed  slotted  and  turned  convex  on  face. 


£ 

S. 

d. 

s.    d. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

13     0     O 

6    3 

i 

•a 

Moulders'  wages  ..          . 

A  J         W         W 

o 

8 

J 
4 

Bolts  and  nuts       ..          .                   ..        .. 

Z    9 

9    o 

o 

3 

o 

o 

3 

3 

Smiths'  wages       ..          . 

o 

3 

3 

Turner  —  Wages  paid       .                 24$  hours 

15 

9 

i 

4 

6 

Slotter      .       „                .                  i\    „  • 

o 

o 

7 

o 
o 

4 
ii 

7 
5 

Fitter  —  Splitting  and  bolting           i6fc    „ 
Pattern  makers  —  Strengthening 
stock  pattern      ..        ..        ..      26      „     . 

1     o 

0 

9 
15 

i 
2 

Materials  and  wages          

6 

16 

5 

2 

3 

9 

Expenses        ..        ..        M        M        ... 

2 

3 

9 

Gross  cost  

9 

o 

2 

Charged  £14,  less  z\  per  cent. 

.  This  example  is  introduced  as  illustrating  one  of  the 
numerous  "special  cases"  which  arise  in  engineering  practice* 
It  will  be  seen  that  an  ordinary  belt  pulley  pattern  was  taken, 
strengthened  and  made  sufficiently  heavy  for  the  purpose  in 
view.  It  will  be  observed  that  although  this  pulley  was  split,  it 
had  a  key-bed  cut  in  it.  It  is  not  usual  for  pulleys  which  are 
split  and  bolted  to  have  keys  also  ;  a  pulley  which  is  bolted  in 
halves  hard  upon  a  shaft  will  usually  hold  sufficiently  by 
friction  only.  Sometimes,  however,  when  a  heavy  power  is  to- 
pass  through  a  split  pulley,  a  key  is  fitted  as  well  to  make 
assurance  doubly  sure. 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


EXAMPLE  No.  44. — Cost  of  cast-iron  pulley,  80  in.  diameter  by  nin.  wide, 
-split  and  bolted,  bored  8  in.  diameter  and  turned  convex  on  face. 


£  s.  d. 

s.    d. 

£  s.  d. 

g    a  ii 

6    3 

300 

Moulders'  wages  .. 

O   12     S 

z    06 

Bolts  and  nuts  (stock)    .  . 
Turner—  Wages  paid      .. 

20^  hours 

12* 

o    3* 

038 

o  13    8  . 

027 

Fitter               „ 

10 

o    5    a 

.    o    8    5 

Pattern  makers—  Enlarging  centre 
and  strengthening  arms,  &c.        21      „ 

o  ii    a 

Materials  and  wages 

5    6    z 

i  ii    6 

Expenses        ..        .. 

••        ••        .. 

i  ii    6 

Gross  cost   ... 



6  17    7 

Charged  £11  us.  iod.,  less  z\  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  id.  per  superficial  inch  of  the  rim,  or  2%d. 
per  Ib.  weight ;  the  finished  weight  being  8  cwt.  2  qr.  4lb.,  including  the  bolts. 

The  price  per  superficial  inch  for  the  pulley  in  last  example 
may  appear  high,  but  a  pulley  of  this  diameter  cannot  be  con- 
sidered of  ordinary  dimensions,  besides  which  the  width  of  the 
rim  relatively  to  the  diameter  is  small,  hence  a  comparatively 
high  rate  is  to  be  expected. 

EXAMPLE  No.  45. — Cost  of  one  pair  fast  and  loose  pulleys  62^  in.  diameter 
by  9  in.  wide,  loose  pulleys  bushed  with  brass,  both  split  and  bolted,  and  joints 
•of  loose  pulley  planed.  Rims  swept  up  in  loam. 


£   s.  d. 
•0    3    i 

Cast  iron  (rims  in  loam)           
Moulders'  wages  
Bolts  and  nuts       
Smitns'  wages 
Brass  .          .                   .... 

10    l    7 
40 
az 

s.   d. 

7    6 

9    o 
o  zo 

£  s.  d. 
3  17    4 
196 
034 
o    3    i 
o  17    6 

229 

o    3  10 
o  13    5 
005 

Turners—  Wages  paid    ..        ..      41!  hours 
Planers              ,,             ..        ..        2      „ 
Drillers              „             ..        ..        a  .    ,, 
Fitters                „              ..        ..       14      „ 
Pattern  makers  —  Wages  paid  .  .      33      „ 
Draughtsman                 „            .  .        i$    „ 

z    6  10 
o    o  zz 
009 

077 
o  17  ii 
o    i    6 

336 

Materials  and  wages    

9    6    3 
336 

Gross  cost       ..        ,.        ,.        ..        .. 

12    9    9 

.Charged  £16  135.,  less  *i\  per  cent,  discount. 

This  is  another  example  of  a  "  special  case."  The  pulleys,  it 
will  be  seen,,  are  treated,  entirely  as  loam  castings;  the  rims 
having  been  swept  up  in  loam,  it  was  considered  that  sufficient 
loam  shop  expenses  had  been  incurred  to  justify  the  metal 
foeing  put  down  at  the  loam  shop  rate. 

rlt  is  generally  considered  objectionable  to  make  a  loose 
pulley  in  halves,  and  this  should  not  be  done  where  it  can  be 
avoided.  In  this  case,  however,  a  solid  pulley  could  not  have 
been  got  on  the  shaft  without  taking  down  a  portion  of  a 
building,  at  very  considerable  cost  and  much  inconvenience. 


BELT  PULLEYS. 


95 


EXAMPLE  No.  46.—  Cost  of  cast-iron  pulley  41  in.  diameter  by  ii  in.  wide, 
split  and  bolted  and  turned  convex  on  rim. 

£  s.   d. 
o  15    o 

Oil 
O     2      I 

2    3  H 
O     0  XX 

s.  d. 
6    3 

o    3* 

£  s.  d. 
o  18    o 
042 
033 

O    10      0 
O     2      I 

029 

Moulders'  wages       .  .        .  .        . 
Bolts  and  nuts  (stock)         .  .        . 
Turner  —  Wages  paid          .  .        . 
Fitter              „          
Pattern  maker—  Wages  paid        . 

.      i6£  hours 
•        4      ii 
*        5       11 

o  18    2 

203 

o  18    2 

Gross  cost    



2  18    5 

Charged  £4  as.,  2$  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  f  d.  per  superficial  inch  of  the  rim,  or  4^.  per  Ib. 
weight  finished — the  finished  weight,  including  bolts,  being  2  cwt. 


i  qr.  12  Ib. 


EXAMPLE  No.  47. — Cost  of  2  cast-iron  pulleys,  36  in.  by  7  in.,  each  with  flange- 
on  one  side,  split  and  bolted,  and  turned  convex  on  rim. 


£  s.  d. 

42  14 

s.  d. 
6  3 

£  ..  d. 

i    8  ii 

o  16  6 
026 
020 

Moulders'  wages       .  .        .  . 
Bolts  and  nuts  (stock) 
Turner  —  Wages  paid 
Fitter                ,, 
Pattern  maker  at  flange,  etc. 

.  .       20  hours 
•  •         9     ii 
5     ii 

16 

0  3* 

095 
048 

O   II     O 

050 
027 

I  I  O 

Materials  and  wages    .  . 



3    i    7 

Gross  cost    .  .        .  . 



427 

Charged  £5  155.,  less  z\  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  |d.  per  superficial  inch  of  rim,  counting  ther 
surface  of  both  sides  of  the  flange,  which  was  i£  in.  deep — both  sides  of  the  flange  being  turned. 
A  tender  was  given  for  the  above  flanged  pulleys,  the  price  being  based  upon  the  following  esti- 
mate, calculated  at  profit  rates,  viz. : — 

Estimate  for  2  pulleys,  etc. ,  profit  rates. 


t. 

d. 

£  s.  d. 

2  pulley  castings       
Bolts  and  nuts           • 

., 

43° 
16 

12 
0 

o 
5 

2  17     O 
068 

Turner  

2j  days 

16 

o 

I  16    o- 

Fitter     

i    day 

10 

6 

o  10    6- 

Pattern  maker  at  flanging,  etc.     .  . 

1    ,, 

12 

o 

090 

Quote  £5  15$.,  less  z\  per  cent. 

5  19    2 

EXAMPLE  No.  48. — Cost  of  cast-iron  pulley,  34  in.  by  4  in.,  solid,  turned  con- 
vex on  face,  one  key- bed  slotted. 


£  s.  d. 

x    3  14 

s.  d. 
6    3 

£  s.   d. 

O   II      Q    '" 

050 

O      0   II 

Moulders'  wages        .  .        .  . 
Turner  —  Wages  paid          .  . 
Slotter         
Pattern  maker           .  .        .  . 

.  .         5  hours 
..         i  hour 
2  hours 

0      I    II 
O     2   If 
OO5 

o    i    3 

O     5   II 

Materials  and  wages    .  . 



o  18    3 

Gross  cost    .  .        .  . 



142 

Charged  £i  125.,  less  z£  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  Id.  per  superficial  inch  of  rim,  and  rather  Li 
than  2\d.  per  Ib.  finished  weight,  the  latter  being  i  cwt,  2  qr,  13  Ib. 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


EXAMPLE  No.  49.— Cost  of  4  cast-iron  pulleys,  each  32  in.  by  8  in.,  split  and 
bolted,  and  turned  round  on  face. 


£  s.  d. 

s.    d. 

£    s.   d. 

Cast  iron          .*        ... 

7.  o  26 

6    3 

253 

Moulders'  wages 

O   12     5 

159 

16  bolts  and  nuts,  J  in.,  sto 
Turners  —  Wages  paid 
Driller           „        „ 

k 

28  hours 

2        ,, 

o    4 

040 
o  16    4 
o    o  10 

032 

Fitters;          „        „ 

.12        „ 

063 

-     0     2     8 

Pattern  maker      „ 

6      „ 

036 

Materials  and  wages 

.. 

487 

X  ii    7 

Expenses 

.. 

i  ii     7 

Gross  cost       

6   o    a 

Charged  £2  los.  each,  less  2\  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  |d.  per  superficial  inch  of  rim,  and  rather 
more  than  $\d.  per  Ib.  of  the  finished  weight,  latter  being  6  cwt.  o  qr.  7  Ib. 

EXAMPLE  No.  50.— Cost  of  7  cast-iron  pulleys,  each  30  in.  by  8  in.,  split  and 
bolted,  and  turned  round  on  face. 


£  s.   d. 

i  19  ii 
058 
p_3    o 

a    8    7 

ii    i    9 

s.   d. 
6    3 

o    4 

£  s.  d. 
3  10  o 
i  i  ii 
094 
1  5  I 

O  I  0 

o  ii  4 
041 

Moulders'  wages     -..,,      ..        ...     .,        .. 
28  bolts  and  nuts,  |  in.,  stock      .  . 
Turners—  Wages  paid        .  .        .  .   ,     43  hours 
Drillers         „        „             ..        ..          3$    „ 
Fitters           „        „            ...        ..        21      „ 
Pattern  maker,preparing  stock  pattern  7,      „ 

Materials  and  wages    ...  ,     ..        .. 
Expenses            ..        ..        

Gross  cost       

733 
287 

9  ii  10 

Charged  £2  7$.  each,  less  z\  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  $d.  per  superficial  inch  of  rim,  and 


z   per  cent.,    eng  equa  to      .  per  superficial 
Ib.  weight,  latter  being  9  cwt.  2  qrs.  7  Ib.  total. 


per 


EXAMPLE  No.  '51;—  Cost  of  3  cast-iron  pulleys,  26  in.  by  5  in.,  split  and  bolted 
and  turned  convex  on  face,  eye  bored  2|  in.  diameter. 


£  s. 

d. 

s.   d. 

£    s.   d. 

6    3 

Moulders'  wagers 
12  bolts  and  nuts,  stock       . 

:    ::    :: 

O    3 

058 

)     O     2     O 

o  13 

O     2 

2 
4 

Turners—  Wages  paid 
Fitters          „        „               . 

.      i6&  hours 
.        9       „ 

089 
048 

0     0 

II 

Pattern  makers     „               . 

.          2          „ 

012 

o  16 

S 

Materials  and  wages   .. 
Expenses            ..        .. 

.        ..        .. 

2     I     3 

o  16    5 

Gross  cost       .  . 



817    8 

Charged  305.  each,  equal  to  $d.  per.  superficial  inch  of  rim,  and  about  \d.  per  Ib.  of  finished  weight, 
latter  being  2  cwt.  i  qr.  2  Ib.  for  the  three  pulleys. 

EXAMPLE  No.  52. — Cost  of  i  cast-iron  pulley,  24  in.  by  5  in.,  solid,  turned 
round  on  face  and  bored  3^  in.  diameter. 


£   s.   d. 

s.   d. 

£    s.   d. 

6    3 

Moulders'  wages       .  .                             .... 

o    i    6 

056 

Turners  —  Wages  paid                           5$  hours 
Slotter          „       „                                i      „ 

033 
005 

008 

Pattern  maker       „                                ij    „ 

O     O  II 

062 

Materials  and  wages                        .  .        .  . 
Expenses            ..                            .... 

o  13  10 
062 

Gross  cost       

zoo 

Charged  25$.,  being  equal  to  a  little  over  \d.  per  superficial  inch. 


BELT  PULLEYS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  53. — Cost  of  i  cast-iron  pulley,  24  in.  by  12  in.,  solid,  turned 
flat  on  face  and  bored  sf  in.  diameter. 


£  s.  d. 

I      I      O 

s.   d. 
6    3 

£, 

p   7    3 
014 

Moulders'  wages 
Turners  —  Wages  paid 
Slotter           „        „ 
Pattern  maker       ,, 

8  hours 
i      „ 
3      H 

0 

o 
-p 
o 

I  II 
4  5 
o  5 
i  9 

o    8    7 

Materials  and  wages 
Expenses 

Gross  cost       .  .        • 

.        ..        .. 

o 

0 

I 

16  4 
8  7 

4  ii 

Charged  395.,  being  equal  to  a  fraction  over  Jrf.  per  superficial  inch'  of  rim. 


The  two  last  examples  are  useful  as  illustrating  the  high  cost 
of  a  narrow  pulley  as  compared  with  the  cost  of  a  wide  one  of 
the  same  diameter.  It  will  be  seen  that  although  the  narrow 
pulley  was  charged  over  \d.  per  inch  (really  too  low  a  rate  for 
so  narrow  a  rounded  pulley),  the  percentage  of  profit  on  the 
cost  was  less  than  half  that  shown  in  the  case  of  the  wider 
pulley,  notwithstanding  that  the  latter  was  charged  considerably 
less  per  inch. 

Of  course  this  is  accounted  for  to  some  extent  by  the 
circumstance  that  the  narrow  pulley  had  a  rounded  face  and  the 
wide  one  a  flat  face  ;  but  still  more  by  the  facts  that  the  weight 
•of  the  casting  relatively  to  the  width  is  necessarily  greater  in  a 
narrow  than  in  a  wide  pulley,  and  that,  as  the  time  occupied  in 
preparing  to  turn  and  bore  a  narrow  pulley  is  practically  the 
same  as  for  a  wide  one,  the  cost  of  turning,  and  indeed  of  all 
other  elements  of  workmanship,  relatively  to  the  width,  is- 
greater  in  a  narrow  pulley  than  in  a  wide  one.  There  was, 
however,  in  the  particular  case  of  this  narrow  pulley  this 
additional  circumstance  (which  often  occurs,  as  already 
mentioned),  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  metal  was  cut 
to  waste,  the  pattern  being  some  inches  wider  than  the  specified 
width  of  the  pulley.  Of  course  the  superfluous  width  of  a 
casting  is,  in  such  cases,  cut  off  at  once  before  the  actual  turning 
up  of  the  rim  commences,  but  it  nevertheless  means  an  ad- 
ditional amount  of  turner's  time  quite  appreciable  in  so  small  a 
job,  apart  from  the  value  of  the  metal  thrown  away.  The  wider 
the  pulley  the  lower  may  be  the  price  per  superficial  inch  of  the 
rim  up  to  the  point  when  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  two  cast-' 
ings  to  make  the  pulley  required.  ;  , 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


EXAMPLE  No.  54. — Cost  of  50  cast-iron  pulleys,  16  in.  by  8  in.,  split  and  bolted* 
bored  2f  in.,  and  turned  flat  on  face  and  balanced. 


£  s. 

0  10 

7  14 
I    9 
o    8 

XC     2 

d. 

0 

6 
5 
3 

2 

39    o  14 
I     2    o 

s.    d. 
6    3 

9    0 

£  s.  d. 

12  4  7 
39" 
o  13  6 
o  10  o 
4  17  4. 
058 
2  18  10 

0  II  0 

Moulders'  wages       .  .         
200  J-in.  bolts  and  nuts,  iron         
Smith  and  helper  —  Wages  paid  .  .        12  hours 
Turners                       „       „         ..      177      ,. 
Screwer                      ,,       „         ..        17     ,, 
Fitters                          „        „         ..      114      „ 
Pattern  makers,  overhauling  and  preparing  two 
stock  patterns—  wages  paid      .  .        20  hours 

Materials  and  wages    .  .        .  .        .  •        .  • 
Expenses            

Gross  cost       .  •        .  •        •  .        .  . 

25  10  ID- 

IO  2  2 

35  13  o 

Charged  205.  each,  being  equal  to  a  fraction  under  |rf.  per  superficial  inch  of  rim. 

EXAMPLE  No.  55. — Cost  of  30  cast-iron  pulleys,  14  in.  diameter  x  12  in.,  split 
and  bolted,  bored  2f  in.,  and  turned  flat  on  face  and  balanced. 


£  s.   d. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast-iron         ..        ..                  .. 

tf 

19     Z  21 

6    3 

6    I    y 

Moulders'  wages 

2  12    6 

120  |-in.  bolts  and  nuts  —  stock     .. 

*.*.        '.'. 

0     2j 

I    5    c 

4  10    9 

Turners—  Wages  paid 

1  10  hours 

306 

o  10    6 

Fitters            „          „ 

56      „ 

I     O  II 

0      0    II 

Pattern  makers      „ 

it  ;; 

012 

522 

Materials  and  wages 
Expenses           ..                   .. 

.. 

14  i  a 

522 

Gross  cost 

..     .. 

19    3  10 

Charged  205.  each,  being  equal  to  ^d,  per  superficial  inch  of  rim. 

The  pulleys  illustrated  by  the  two  last  examples  are  two  very 
common  sizes,  being  often  required  in  large  numbers  for 
spinning  mills  and  weaving  sheds.  They  are  consequently 
sometimes  offered  at  very  low  prices  by  firms  who  have  them 
very  cheaply  made  by  piece  work.  The  writer  has  known  14  by 
12  pulleys  supplied  at  nj.  6d.  each.  The  pulleys  were 
decidedly  light,  very  rough  castings,  and  roughly  finished. 
Very  common  prices  for  this  size  of  pulley  are  from  14^.  to 
i6s.  6d.  each. 

It  may  be  asked  :  "  What  does  it  matter  whether  a  pulley  is 
rough  or  not  so  long  as  it  will  do  its  work  ? "  There  are, 
however,  still  people  who  like  to  have  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  that  everything  they  have  is  good,  whether  it  is 
absolutely  essential  to  be  so  or  not,  and  who  are  willing  to  pay 
a  fair  price  for  that  satisfaction.  Lower  prices  might  have  been 
taken  than  those  mentioned  in  the  two  last  examples  and  still 
left  a  profit,  but  the  prices  given  were,  in  both  cases,  readily 
paid,  as  very  good  jobs  were  made  of  the  pulleys.  Single 


BELT   PULLEYS. 


97 


pulleys  of  these  dimensions  would,  of  course,  be  charged  at  a 
much  higher  rate — 20  to  30  per  cent,  higher. 

EXAMPLE  No.  56. — Cost  of  I  cast-iron  pulley  iaj  in.  x  4  in.  wide,  solid,  rounded 
on  face  and  bored  if  in. 


£  *• 

d. 

O     X  IX 

v.    d. 
6    3 

£  s.  d. 
023 

007 

o    3 

0      0 

ii 

TI 

Turner—  Wages  paid 
Blotter         „         „ 
Pattern  maker—  lining  up 
12  in.  pattern  .. 

4  hours 
i      „ 

2  hours 

022 
005 

OI2 

o    3 

5 

Materials  and  wages 
Expenses 

Gross  ccst 

••        .. 

067 
o  4  10 

o  ii  5 

Charged  155.,  being  equal  to  a  fraction  over  ijd.  per  superficial  inch. 

EXAMPLE   No.    57.— Cost   of  i  cast-iron  pulley,  7  in.  diameter  x  6  in.  wide, 
split,  turned  round  on  face  and  bored  2  in. 


£ 

o 

0 

o 

i    9 
3     o 
i     i 
3    2 

0      I    26 

008 

s.    d. 
6    3 

o    9 

£ 

0 

o 

0 
0 

o 
o 

o 

o 
o 

3 

i 

0 

I 

2 

2 

4 

15 
9 

d. 
i 
3 
8 
9 
o 
i 

2 

O 
O 

Iron  for  dowells  and  cotters 
Smiths'  wages           
Turner  —  Wages        
Fitter           „              
Pattern  maker  —  widening  and  pre- 
paring stock  pattern  for  splitting 

Materials  and  wages  .. 
Expenses            

Gross  cost 

2  hours 

3*    „ 
4 

8      M 

0 

9    o 

I 

4 

0 

Charged  255.,  being  equal  to  nearly  2\d.  per  superficial  inch — obviously  a  very  costly  pulley, 
as  indeed  small  pulleys  of  this  kind  generally  are.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  pulley  was  prac- 
tically charged  at  cost  price  in  this  case. 

The  examples  which  have  now  been  given  will  have  suffi- 
ciently illustrated  the  variation  in  the  costs  and  selling  prices  of 
cast-iron  pulleys,  according  to  the  three  determining  elements — 
viz.,  kind,  size,  and  quantity  made  at  one  time. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  split  and  rounded  pulleys  were 
charged  at  from  j</.  to  id.  per  superficial  inch  of  the  rims. 
Most  general  engineering  establishments  can  make  such  pulleys 
to  sell  at  these  rates  and  to  leave  a  good  profit,  whilst  many 
works  would  supply  them  for  less.  As  previously  mentioned, 
however,  it  is  generally  most  convenient,  in  determining  the 
price  of  a  pulley,  to  treat  it  as  being  solid  (not  split)  and  with  a  flat 
face,  and  to  arrive  at  the  price,  if  split  or  rounded,  by  percentages. 

The  following  diagram  exhibits  what  the  writer  considers  a 
fair  scale  of  rates — that  is  to  say,  rates  at  which  a  general 
engineering  establishment  can  supply  pulleys  and  at  once  give 
good  value  to  the  buyer  and  earn  a  reasonable  profit. 

H 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


SCALE  OF  RATES  FOR  CAST-IRON  PULLEYS,  SOLID  (NOT  SPLIT), 
WITH  FLAT  TURNED  FACES,  CENTRES  BORED,  AND  ONE 
KEY  BED  SLOTTED.  NO  KEYS  INCLUDED. 


Diameter 
in 
Inches. 

Width  of  Face. 

3 

4 

5 

6        |         9 

13 

18 

6  tog 

Special 

id. 

id. 

id. 

id. 

Special 

Special 

9  to  20 

Special 

id. 

Id. 

id. 

w. 

K 

|d. 

20  to  60 

Special 

id. 

Id. 

Id. 

W, 

H 

Id. 

60  to  72 

Special 

id. 

id. 

Id. 

Id. 

fct, 

|d. 

72  to  84 

Special 

id. 

id. 

id.              id. 

|rf. 

14, 

The  above  rates  are  per  superficial  inch  of  finished  face. 
Extra  for  turning  round  on  face  =  5  per  cent. 

„        „   splitting  and  bolting — including  bolts  =  45.  .and  10  per  cent, 
„        „   flanging  on  one  side  =  10  per  cent. 
>t        „          ,,        ,,    both  sides  =  15  per  cent. 

STANDARD  SIZES. — Any  diameter  advancing  by  i  in.  at  a  time  from  6  in.  to 
20  in.  ;  by  2  in.  at  a  time  from  20  in.  to  30  in. ;  by  3  in.  at  a  time  from  30  in.  to 
60  in.  ;  and  by  6  in.  at  a  time  from  60  in.  to  84  in.  Any  width  of  face  advancing 
by  i  in.  at  a  time  from  3  in.  to  i8in.  Intermediate  sizes  to  be  charged  same  as 
the  next  highest  standard  size.  Larger  sizes  special. 

Of  course  a  scale  on  a  plan  of  this  kind  may  be  "  shaded  "  to 
any  required  degree,  but  the  above  is  quite  sufficient  for  all 
practical  purposes,  and  indeed  many  people  would  consider  this 
scale  "  shaded "  more  than  is  necessary.  According  t  o  th  s 
scale  a  solid,  flat-faced  pulley  18  x  6  would  be  rated  at  \d.  per 
inch,  one  18  x  9  at  §d.  per  inch  and  so  on  with  the  extras 
added  when  incurred.  For  example,  the  price  of  a  pulley 
20  x  6 — split,  bolted,  turned  round  on  face  and  bored  would  be 
found  as  follows  : — 

20  x  6  pulley  at  f  d.  per  superficial  inch 138 

Extra  for  rounding  face  at  5  per  cent 013 

„       „     splitting  and  bolting  at  10  per  cent 025 

And •        ..040 

i  "  J_ 

The  prices  determined  by  this  scale  would  allow  a  discouut  of 
5  per  cent,  for  single  pulleys  to  ordinary  users,  and  a  discount 
of  10  per  cent  to  merchants  or  to  users  ordering  a  large  number 
of  pulleys  at  a  time.  Many  firms  would  be  satisfied  with  a 
scale  ranging  from  TV  to  J  less  than  the  one  above  as  their 
basis.  There  are,  however,  objections  to  a  scale  of  this 


BELT   PULLEYS. 


99 


character,  and  it  is  no  doubt  better  to  prepare  a  complete 
detailed  list  of  prices,  after  the  manner  of  the  following  table, 
which  contains  two  lists  which  may  be  taken  as  fairly  repre- 
sentative of  the  rates  charged  by  firms  which  make  a  specialty 
of  this  kind  of  work. 

PRICE   LIST   OF  CAST-IRON   PULLEYS. 

BREADTH  OF  FACE  IN  INCHES. 


Finished 
Diameter. 

4 

1 
6 

8 

10 

12 

13 

.. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.d. 

s.  d. 

s.d. 

6  A 

6-0 

8-0 

I0'0 

B 

7-6 

8-6 

I0'0 

9  A 

7-0 

9-0 

iro 

B 

8-6 

10-6 

12-6 

12   A 

IO'O 

I2'O 

14-0 

18-0 

B 

u-6 

13-6 

i.yo 

18-6 

15  A 

I2'O 

14-0 

i6-o 

20-0 

26*0 

B 

13-6 

16*0 

18-6 

22-6 

28-0 

18  A 

B 

I4'0 

iG-6 

ili'o 

19-0 

20'O 
23-0 

28-0 

29'O 

32-6 

38-0 
42-0 

21    A 

17-0 

20-0 

24*0 

29*0 

34-o 

46-0 

58-0- 

B 

19-0 

22-6 

26-6 

32-6 

37'0 

50*0 

64'0 

24  A 

19-0 

23'0 

27-0 

32-0 

38-0 

50-0 

6o'o 

B 

2r6 

25-6 

3O'O 

37'o 

43*0 

59'0 

72-0 

27  A 

22'0 

26-O 

32-0 

37'° 

44-0 

60-0 

72*0 

B 

23-6 

28-6 

35'0 

42-0 

48-6 

68-0 

82-0 

30  A 

24-0 

30*0 

37'o 

42-0 

49-0 

70.0 

82-0 

B 

26-6 

33'0 

39-0 

48-0 

54'0 

76-0 

90*0 

36  A 

28-0 

36-0 

46-0 

54*0 

64-0 

88-0 

I  OO'O 

B 

31-6 

41-0 

49-0 

6o'o 

71-0 

96-0 

IIO'O 

43  A 

39'0 

43*0 

S5'o 

64-0 

80-0 

104*0 

120-0' 

B 
48  A 

35'0 
46-0 

48-0 
52-0 

59'6 
64-0 

70-0 
8ro 

86-0 
100-0 

n6'o 

I2I-0 

i35'o 
J45'o 

B 

42-0 

560 

72-0 

91-0 

II2'0 

I32-O 

iSS'o 

60  A 

6o'o 

77-0 

95  'o 

1  1  8'o 

138-0 

I52-O 

2OO'0 

B 

S4'o 

80-0 

97.6 

135*0 

150.0 

it8-o 

20O'O 

84  A 

lOO'O 

135-0 

150-0 

175-0 

195-0 

225-0 

300-0 

B 

80-0 

115-0 

148-0 

I95'0 

215-0 

245-0 

30o-o 

Extras  for  rounding  face 
i,          splitting,  etc. 


..A    5  per  cent.,  B  10  per  cent. 
. .     A  15  per  cent,  and  35.  each. 
B  10  per  cent,  and  55.  each. 
Discounts  from  5  to  10  per  cent. 


During  recent   years  wrought-iron  pulleys   have   been  very 

largely  introduced,  and  have  seriously  affected  the  business  of 

general    engineers   so    far   as   pulleys   are    concerned.      They 

undoubtedly  have  many  recommendations,  though 

Wrought  jt  may  ke  questioned  whether,  if  the  merits  of  each 
of  the  two  classes  of  pulleys  were  carefully  added 
up,  the  balance  would  be  found  so  very  decidedly  on  the  side  of 
wrought  iron  as  against  carefully  designed  and  well  made  cast- 
iron  pulleys ;  whilst  for  heavy  work  at  least  the  latter 
unquestionably  have  the  advantage. 

At  present,  wrought-iron  pulleys  are  almost  solely  made  by  a 
few  firms  who  hold  patents  for  certain  features  of  construction  ; 


100  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 

and  hence  general  engineers  who  are  called  upon  to  supply 
wrought-iron  pulleys,  either  to  their  regular  customers  who  take 
a  fancy  that  way,  or  as  part  of  some  contract,  simply  buy  the 
pulleys  from  one  or  other  of  the  special  makers,  and  content 
themselves  with  the  trade  discount  allowed  by  them. 

There  is,  however,  no  reason,  apart  from  questions  of  patent 
right,  why  general  engineers  should  not  design  and  make 
wrought-iron  pulleys  themselves  profitably,  provided  only  that 
their  works  are  fairly  well  equipped  and  erpecially  if  the  works 
include  a  boiler  shop. 


CHAPTER  X. 

MILLWRIGHT   WORK,  continued.— ROPE  PULLEYS. 

THE  application  of  ropes  to  the  purpose  of  transmitting  heavy 
powers,  as  in  the  main  drives  of  modern  cotton  mills  and  other 
works,  if  we  have  regard  not  merely  to  the  novelty  of  the  appli- 

n««.«i^»        +  cation  but  also  to  its  advantages  and  extent,  must 
.us  v  eioprneni  .11 

of  Rope      be  considered  one  of  the  most  remarkable  develop- 

Driving.  ments  which  has  been  made  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering during  the  present  generation.  Doubtless  a  rope  or 
cord  of  some  kind  was  the  very  earliest  form  of  driving  band 
employed;  and  engineers  have  long  been  familiar  with  the  use 
of  ropes  for  certain  special  purposes,  as  in  hoisting  gear  for 
example,  and  for  transmitting  light  powers  across  considerable 
spaces,  but  rope  driving  in  the  sense  in  which  the  phrase  is  now 
generally  employed  may  be  said  to  have  been  practically 
invented  within  the  past  twenty-five  years. 

When  Sir  William  Fairbairn  wrote  his  "  Treatise  on  Mills  and 
Millwork"  he  dismissed  the  subject  of  rope  driving  with  a 
merely  casual  reference;  but  certainly  no  one  would  now  think  of 
writing  a  treatise  on  mills  and  millwork  without  devoting  a 
considerable  section  to  main  driving  by  ropes,  no  matter  how 
partial  he  might  be  either  to  gearing  or  flat  belts. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  the  next  quarter  of  a  century  will  see  a 
still  greater  extension  of  rope  driving  than  has  taken  place  in 
the  past.  There  will  of  course  always  remain  conditions  under 
which  either  flat  belts  or  wheels  will  have  unquestionable  ad- 
vantages over  any  other  method  of  conveying  power  and  wil[ 
therefore  be  used.  .  It  must  also  be  admitted  that  a  rope  drive 
is  sometimes  very  costly,  that  it  takes  up  considerable  space, 
and  may  involve  a  certain  loss  of  power.  Nevertheless,  two 
considerations  alone — the  ease  and  smoothness  of  a  rope  drive, 
and  the  facility  with  which  it  lends  itself  to  high  speeds,  both  of 
engine  and  machinery,  .will  be  in  innumerable  cases  sufficient  to 


102  MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


determine  owners  of  power  in  its  favour.  And  certainly  it  is 
something  to  be  thankful  for,  when  so  much  in  mechanical 
engineering  is  almost  unavoidably  both  ugly  and  noisy,  that  so 
graceful  and  quiet  a  method  of  transmitting  heavy  powers,  as  we 
see  in  a  well-arranged  rope  drive,  possesses  so  many  practical 
advantages  and  daily  finds  people  willing  to  pay  for  it. 

However,  it  is  not  so  much  with  the  merits,  practical  or 
aesthetic,  of  rope  driving  that  we  are  here  mostly  concerned, 
but  with  its  manufacture  and  cost. 

At   the   same   time    it   is   desirable   to   briefly   indicate   the 

Conditions    considerations,  at  once  practical  and  commercial, 

Favourable  to  which  must  in  any  given  case  determine  whether  a 

Rope  Drives.  r0pe   drive   shall   be  adopted  or  not.      They  are 

principally : — First,  can  the  prime  mover  be  arranged  with  its 

shaft  parallel  to  the  principal  line  shafts  of  the  mill  or  other 

works  ? 

Secondly,  can  direct  access  be  obtained  from  the  fly-wheel  to 
the  principal  line  shafts  to  be  driven  ? 

Thirdly,  can  a  section  of  the  house  be  built  off,  so  as  to  form 
a  space  enclosed  from  the  rooms  in  which  the  manufacturing 
operations  are  carried  on,  to  constitute  the  race  for  the  ropes  ? 
This  consideration  is  important,  in  view  of  the  communication  of 
fire  from  one  floor  to  another  in  houses  containing  a  number  of 
floors.  It  is  obvious  that  where  ropes  simply  drive  through 
openings  in  the  floors,  these  openings,  as  in  the  case  of  an 
unenclosed  hoist,  offer  the  most  perfect  facility  for  the  commu- 
nication of  fire  from  one  floor  to  another. 

Fourthly,  will  the  prime  mover  and  the  machinery  to  be 
driven  run  at  high  speeds?  Rope  driving  is  generally  unsuitable 
where  the  prime  mover  is  a  water-wheel  or  a  beam  engine, 
though  perfectly  suitable  for  horizontal  turbines  driving  high 
speed  machines. 

Lastly,  can  sufficient  space  be  allowed  to  provide  a  liberal 
number  of  ropes  for  the  power  to  be  transmitted  ?  This 
consideration  is  of  the  utmost  importance.  A  rope  drive  is 
distinctly  unsuited  for  any  case  where,  owing  to  structural 
difficulties  or  cost,  ample  space  cannot  be  allowed.  When  a 
certain  number  of  ropes  are  only  just  sufficient  at  the  speed  at 
which  they  are  running  for  the  power  to  be  transmitted,  they 
must  either  be  stretched  very  tight  and  thus  set  up  excessive 


ROPE    PULLEYS.  103 


friction  in  the  journals,  or  there  will  be  considerable  slip,  rapid 
wear  of  the  ropes,  and  loss  of  power.  A  liberal  margin  in  the 
number  of  ropes  with  reference  to  the  speed  and  power  is 
absolutely  essential  to  a  successful  rope  drive  on  any  con- 
siderable scale. 

Where  the  queries  which  have  just  been  put  can  all  be 
answered  in  the  affirmative  we  have  the  best  possible  conditions 
for  a  rope  drive.  Hence  the  peculiar  suitability  of  modern  cotton 
and  woollen  mills  for  rope  drives,  also,  in  a  less  degree,  modern 
flour  mills.  A  weaving  shed  does  not  offer  quite  so  favourable 
a  field  for  rope  driving.  The  number  of  shafts  to  be  driven, 
with  reference  to  the  total  power,  is  so  great  that  it  is  usually  out 
of  the  question  to  drive  all,  or  even  a  large  proportion,  direct 
from  the  engine  fly-wheel ;  whilst  the  shafts  are  too  close  to- 
gether to  allow  one  to  be  driven  from  another  advantageously. 
Hence  the  best  practice  is  to  drive  by  ropes  direct  on  to  one 
or  more  main  shafts  running  the  entire  length  of  the  house,  and 
to  drive  the  cross  shafts  from  which  the  looms  are  driven  by 
bevil  gear  from  the  main  shafts. 

The  ropes  used  for  rope  driving  are  usually  of  hemp  or  cotton, 
and  range  from  one  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  They  are, 
however,  described  by  their  girth,  or  circumference,  as  often  as 
by  their  diameter.  The  price,  of  course,  varies, 

but  fine  Manilla  hemP  r°Pes>  suitable  for  driving 
purposes,  may  be  bought  at  about  4.6s.  per  cwt. 
In  ordering  the  ropes  for  any  particular  drive,  a  considerable 
length — nine  to  ten  feet — must  be  allowed  for  the  splicing.  The 
ropes  are  sometimes  used  plain,  but  more  frequently  they  are 
thoroughly  smeared  with  some  preparation  of  tallow  and 
plumbago.  Saturation  in  molten  paraffin  wax  is  recommended 
for  increasing  the  flexibility  and  prolonging  the  life  of  ropes 
used  for  driving  purposes. 

Single  groove  rope  pulleys  of  standard  sizes  may  be  moulded 
in  green  sand  from  full  patterns  made  in  halves,  that  is,  cut  as  it 
were   right   through   the   bottom   of    the   groove 

transversely  to  the  axis-  The  making  of  the 
'  pattern  in  halves  in  this  manner  is  rendered 
necessary  by  the  obvious  impossibility  of  removing  a  whole 
pattern  from  the  moulding  box  or  flask  after  the  sand  has  been 
rammed  into  the  groove. 


10* 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


Pulleys  with  more  than  a  single  groove  but  of  moderate  sizes 
may  have  the  rims  swept  up  in  loam,  using  a  board  cut  to  form 
the  grooves,  and  the  arms  and  centre  formed  by  sand  cores. 
Large  pulleys  and  pulleys  with  many  grooves  are  invariably- 
moulded  entirely  in  loam.  There  is  no  reason,  however, 
why  rope  pulleys  of  moderate  dimensions  should  not  be 
moulded  in  green  sand  from  small  segmental  patterns  on  the 
same  principle  as  wheels  are  moulded  in  the  wheel-moulding 
machine. 

Like  common  pulleys,  rope  pulleys  may  be  either  solid 
or  split.  It  is  a  convenience  to  make  pulleys  larger  tharn 
about  8  ft.  in  diameter  in  halves  in  any  case ;  whilst 
rope  fly-wheels  are  almost  necessarily  made  in  smaller  seg- 
ments. 

Following  are  a  few  representative  examples  of  costs  and 
estimates,  and  tables  of  weights  and  prices. 

EXAMPLE  No.  58. — Cost  of  4  cast-iron  rope  pulleys,  each  24  in.  in  diameter,, 
with  two  grooves  turned  for  3^-in.  ropes,  pulleys  cast  in  halves,  joints  planed,. 
centres  bored  to  gauge,  and  pulleys  balanced. 


£   *   *• 

s.   «/. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron  (loam  rims) 

., 

514 

7    6 

204 

Moulders''wages   .. 

30  hours 

o  18    9 

16  bolts  and  32  nuts 

.. 

o    o  25 

9    o 

020 

o    i    8 

Smiths'  wages 

•  • 

o     i     » 

Planer—  Wages  paid 

.     22  hours 

058 

Turner            „ 

37      •» 

o  18     i 

I  16  it 

Screwer          „ 

zi   M 

o    o  10 

Fitter              „ 

6      ,, 

033 

037 
079 

Apprentice  ditto  (balancing,  & 
Pattern  makers  —  Wages  pa.d 

)       21        „ 
30       „ 

o    3  10 
o  10    4 

1  

Materials  and  wages 

.. 

549 

2     9   II 

Expenses 

..           .. 

2    9  ii 

Gross  cost          

7  i|    8 

Charged  as  follows  in  the  Sales  Book,  viz. :— 


June  ao. 

4  caPt-iron  rope  pulleys,  each  24  in.  diameter, 
with  two  grooves,  cast  in  halves,  joints 
planed,  halves   bolted  with  f  -inch  bolts 
and   double    nuts,   grooves  turned    and 
polished  for  ^-inch  ropes,  centres  bored 
to  gauge,  pulleys  carefully  balanced,  and 
including  a  proportion  of  cost  of  special 
patterns    .        ..        ..        .  •  •      ..        .. 

s.   d. 
Co    o 

£  s.  d, 

12     O     O 

One  or  two  points  in  the  above  should  be  noted.  It  will  be 
seen  that  the  wages  paid  to  the  planer  are  very  small  in  com- 
parison to  the  number  of  hours,  the  explanation  being  that  the 


ROPE   PULLEYS. 


105 


man  worked  two  small  machines,  and  had  both  going  at  the 
time  he  did  this  work.  The  number  of  hours  returned  against 
the  pulleys  is  the  number  that  the  planer  had  them  in  hand,  but 
he  was  working  on  another  job  during  the  same  time.  We 
touch  here  a  question  with  which  we  shall  have  to  deal  when 
treating  of  cost  accounts.  Suffice  it  to  say  now  that  the  sum 
set  opposite  the  time  in  this  case  was  fixed  by  the  cost  clerk, 
who  kept  in  view  the  other  work  that  the  planer  was  doing  at 
the  same  time. 

The  sum  opposite  pattern  makers  will  also  appear  small. 
Examination  showed  that  a  considerable  amount  of  the  work 
had  been  done  by  an  apprentice  in  his  last  year. 

Having  reference  to  the  amount  of  work  done  in  this  case  by 
apprentices,  the  charge  made  for  the  pulleys  must  be  con- 
sidered very  moderate.  For  it  must  be  mentioned  that  a. 
manufacturing  engineer  is  fully  entitled  to  derive  all  the  ad- 
vantage he  can  from  his  apprentices.  It  does  not  follow  that 
because  a  job  costs  less  than  usual,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
apprentices  have  done  a  large  part  of  it,  it  should  be  charged 
less  than  what  may  be  considered  the  normal  price  to  the 
buyer.  The  engineer  is  entitled  to  what  benefit  he  can  get 
under  such  circumstances;  besides,  it  is  nothing  but  ordinary 
prudence  to  charge  the  normal  price  in  these  cases.  The  order 
may  be  repeated  at  a  time  when  apprentices  cannot  be  utilised  ;. 
but  if  a  job  be  charged  low  at  one  time  it  will  be  very  difficult 
to  get  a  higher  rate  on  a  future  occasion,  there  having  been  no 
rise  of  prices  in  material  or  labour  generally  in  the  interval  to- 
account  for  the  difference. 


EXAMPLE  No.  55. — Cost  of  4  rope  pulleys,  30  in.  diameter  (solid),  each  with- 
two  grooves  for  3^  in.  ropes,  turned,  bored,  slotted  and  balanced. 


£  s.  d. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron  (loam  rims)           } 
Moulders'  wages    .  . 
Turners  —  Wages  paid            , 

24  hours 

8    i    o 

7    6 

3     i  ii 

o  16    4 
I     i     2 

i  18    o 

Blotter                „ 

9      ii 

042 

031 

Fitters                „ 

'    12       „ 

062 

039 

Pattern  makers  —  Wages  paid 

8      „ 

050 

Materials  and  wages 

..         .. 

5  14    9 

2    4  10 

Expenses        ..        .. 

... 

2      4    10 

Gross  cost           ..        .. 

7  19    7 

Charged 


155.,  less  2§  per  cent.,  being  equal  to  355.  per  cwt.  of  the  finished  we'.ght,  latter 
being  6  cwt.  sqr. 


ic6 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


EXAMPLE  No.  60. — Cost  of  one  48  in.  and  one  36  in.  rope  pulley,  each  with 
two  grooves  for  i^-in.  (or  4-in.)  ropes,  turned,  bored,  slotted  and  balanced. 


£   s»  d. 

s.  d. 
7  6 

£  s.  d. 
145 

7  6 

o  iS  8 

i    9    o 

O      I   II 

053 

Moulders'  wages  
Turners—  Wages  paid    .. 
Slotter                „ 
Fitter                  „ 
Pattern  makers—  Wages  paid  .  . 

18  hours 
30,     ,, 

2*   » 

7      •> 

12        „ 

o  n  3 

0  Ii  2 
012 
0  3  13 

070 

I   16     2 

Materials  and  wages 
Expenses        

Gross  cost 

.".'           .'.' 

446 

I  lo  2 

608 

Finished  weights,  2cwt.  3  qr.  iolb.,  and  2cwt.  oqr.  10  Ib.    Charged  j£8  135.,  less  2j  per  cent., 
being  at  the  rate  of  353.  per  cwt. 

EXAMPLE  No.  61. — Cost  of  two  rope  pulleys,  39  in.  in  diameter,  and  two  36  in., 
'each  for  three  5-in.  ropes,  all  cast  in  halves,  planed,  bolted,  bored  and  turned  up 
in  grooves  and  balanced.  Bolts  turned  and  bolt  holes  drilled. 


£    5. 

d. 

S.     d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron                           .  .         .  . 

22     O  14 

7      6 

y  6  o 

Meulders'  wages  

50  hours 

/       u 

i  16    4 

8  bolts  and  nuts,  8  in.  by  i^  in.  "> 
8          „        „         5  n.  by  i^in.j 

.. 

0     2  12 

9    o 

056 

o    5 

I 

Smiths'  wages 

.. 

051 

Driller 

17  hoars 

079 

Turners  at  pulleys 

81      „ 

273 

„       at  bolts 

21        „ 

097 

6    4 

0 

Planer          ..                    ... 

35      n 

o  18    i 

o    7 

6 

Fitters          ..                     ... 

29      n 

o  14  ii 

o    8 

9 

Pattern  makers                 .        .. 

20       „ 

o  ii     8 

O      I 

i 

Draughtsmen 

5      ii 

042 

7    6 

5 

Material  and  wages  .. 

..        .. 

16    6    4 

76s 

Gross  cost 

..        .. 

/      u      J 

23  12    9 

.Fiuished  weight,  18  cwt.  i  qr.  21  Ib.   Estimated  finished  weight,  17  cwt.  2  qr.  Tender,  £30  12$.  6d., 
less  2j  per  cent.,  being  at  the  rate  of  355.  per  cwt.  ol  the  estimated  finished  weight. 

The  castings  in  last  example  were  somewhat  heavier  than 
they  ought  to  have  been,  and  the  time  machining  was  greater 
in  consequence  than  ought  to  have  been  necessary.  At  the 
.-same  time,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  weight  was  slightly 
under-estimated  when  the  tender  was  prepared.  The  estimated 
weight,  finished,  was  17  cwt.  2  qr.  It  no  doubt  ought  to  have 
been  18  cwt.  2  qr.,  and  this  would  have  made  the  tender 
^32  75.  6d.,  instead  of  ^30  I2S.  6d.  The  profit  would  con- 
sequently have  been  at  the  rate  of  nearly  35  per  cent,  on  the 
gross  cost,  instead  of  at  the  rate  of  a  trifle  under  30  per  cent. 
However,  there  is  frequently  an  element  of  consolation  in  cases 
'Of  this  kind  where  work  has  been  under-estimated.  Instead  of 
•dwelling  upon  the  apparent  loss  of  the  355.,  we  may  reflect  that 
if  the  tender  had  been  this  amount  higher,  the  order  itself  mi  jht 
liave  been  lost. 


ROrE   PULLEYS. 


107 


EXAMPLE  No.  62. — Cost  of  one  rope  pulley  60  in.  diameter,  by  4  grooves,  for 
5|-in.  ropes,  cast  in  halves,  joints  planed,  bolt  holes  drilled,  bolts  turned  and 
pulley  balanced  : — 


£  s.  d. 

Oil 

2    5    o 
o    3  10 

G    14      0 
0      I      O 

34" 

15    o    o 

010 

s.  d. 
7    6 

9    o 

£  s.    d. 
5  12    6 
i     I    3 
023 

Oil 

o  18    8 
027 

o    4  ii 
034 
006 

078 
o  18    8 
040 

Moulders'  wages       34  hours 
4  i-in.  bolts  and  4  |-in.  bolts  and  nuts 
Smiths'  wages  ij  hours 
Turner  (pulley)—  Wages  paid      .  .      28        ,, 
„        (bolts;           „          „                   5        „ 
Blotter  (facing  joints  of  the  two  halves) 
—Wages  paid         ..          .        .        n        „ 
Driller    .            ...          .        -         n 

a 

Fitter  —  Bolting  and  balanc  ng 
Pattern  makers 

14    .» 

33        ,» 

Materials  and  wages     .  . 

9  17 
34" 

13    2    4 

Gross  cost    .  . 



Finished  weight, '13  cwt.  14  Ib.  Cost  per  cwt.  £i.  Charged  £17,  less  2$  per  cent.,  being  at  the  rate 
of  £i  6s.  per  cwt.  of  the  finished  weight. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  two  halves  of  this  pulley  had  the 
joints  faced  in  the  slotting  machine.  Work  of  this  kind  is 
usually  more  conveniently  done  in  a  good  slotting  machine 
than  on  a  planer,  and  at  a  somewhat  less  cost,  as  a  rule,  in 
wages. 

EXAMPLE  No.  63. — Cost  of  one  rope  pulley  72  in.  diameter,  by  5  grooves,  for 
51  in.  ropes,  and  one  pulley  50  in.  diameter,  same  grooves,  both  cast  in  halves, 
joints  planed,  bolt  holes  drilled,  bolts  turned  and  pulleys  balanced  : — 


£  s.  d. 

S.    d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron  (72  pulley)  .  . 

19     2  21 

7    6 

7    7    3 

»         (50      „     ).. 

13     O  21 

7    6 

4  18  ii 

Moulders'  wages 

85  hou  s 

2  16    8 

c    8    o 

16  bolts  and  nuts  and  pins    . 
I  key  (for  72  pulley)  .  . 
2  forcings  for  balance  weights 
Smiths'  wages  

8$  hours 

030 
003 
0     0  12 

9    o 
9    o 
9    o 

069 
003 

0      I      O 

080 

Turners  (pulleys)  —  Wages  paid 

77        ,, 

286 

„        (bolts)              „        „ 

24        M 

o  12    5 

Planer                            „        „ 

24        M 

o  12    5 

Slotter                            „        „ 

1°T         »» 

045 

Drillers                           „        „ 

41*         >. 

o  14    7 

732 

o?3 

Grinder  (key  and  balance  weight 
Filters  —  Wages  paid.. 

)        8*      „ 
»      37fr      ,, 

031 
o  14    5 

i  ici    8 

Patternmakers    „     ..         .  . 

•      !V        „ 

2  II     7 

023 

Draughtsman        „    ..        .. 

9        ii 

090 

Material  and  wages      .. 

24    9    8 

9    19    4 

9  19    4 

Gross  cost    

.         ..         .. 

34    9    o 

Finished  weight,  26  cwt.  2  qr.    Cost  per  cwt.  £i  3$.  4^.    Charged  £41  55.,  being  at  the  rate  of 
£i  75.  6d.  per  cwt.  on  an  estimated  finished  weight  of  30  cwt. 

The  workmanship  generally,  but  more  particularly  the  items 
of  pattern  makers,  drillers,  and  fitters,  as  shown  in  above  state- 
ment of  cost,  must  be  considered  rather  excessive.  The  rate  of 


io8 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


profit  on  the  gross  cost  is,  in  consequence,  comparatively  low, 
being,  when  the  usual  discount  is  deducted  from  the  price,  only 
about  15  per  cent.  There  is,  however,  to  be  kept  in  view  the 
fact  that  in  addition  to  this  profit  the  engineer  has  obtained 
payment  for  the  patterns,  which  he  retains.  In  this  instance  the 
patterns,  which  would  consist  of  loam  boards  for  moulding  the 
rims,  and  boxes  for  forming  the  arms  and  centres,  were  prob- 
ably entirely  new.  It  would  be  a  mistake  to  put  too  much 
value  on  such  patterns,  as  the  chances  of  using  them  again 
without  extensive  alterations  are  usually  not  very  great. 


EXAMPLE  No.  64. — Cost  of  rope  pulleys,  as  follows,  viz.  : — 


One  64  inches  diameter 
One  52     „  „ 

One  62      „  „ 

One  48      „  „ 

Two  52     „ 


by  12  grooves. 
„  12        „ 
n    6 

„     6        „ 
ii    3        ii 


All  for  5j-in.  ropes  (a^-in.  pitch  of  grooves),  solid,  centres  bored  and  slotted, 
grooves  turned  and  pulleys  balanced  and  fitted  with  wrought-iron  keys. 


£  s.    d. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron—  64  in.  pulley 

35    3  14 

»           52       ,» 

29     i    o 

,,           62       „ 

18    2    7 

48       „ 

14    o    o 

,.           52       „ 

830 

Moulders'  wages  "     .  . 

320  hours 

8    2    7 

7    6 

43    2    6 
10    o    9 

6  W  I  keys    . 

Old 

9n 

O       2       V 

0  10     I 

Smiths'  wages.  . 

ii  hours 

\j      x      q. 

u 

*~>       f,       / 

o  10     r 

Turners  —  Wages  paid 

298      „ 

9    6     3 

Slotter        „          „ 

34      M 

0    14      2 

15    9    5 

Grinder—  (keys)  „ 

14      n 

o    5  10 

064 

Fitters        „          „ 

23      »i 

o  12    7 

200 

Pattern  makers 

99      >i 

2  14    5 

036 

Draughtsmen  .  . 

12       „ 

o  14    o 

IS      Q      4. 

Material  and  wages 

•        • 



68    3    2 

18    9    4 

•*°     y     T 

Gross  cost    .  . 

•        • 



86  12    6 

Total  finished  weight,  99  cwt.  3  qr.  14  Ib.    Average  cost  per  cwt.  175.  4^.     Charged  £106  165.  net,. 
in  accordance  with  tender  based  on  estimate,  as  follows  :— 


Estimated  weights  and  prices  of  above  rope  pulleys  for — 


Actual 

Estimated 

Rate 

Finished 

Finished 

per 

£  s. 

d. 

Weight. 

Weight. 

cwt. 

32    o  14 
25    2    o 

One  rope  pulley,  64  in.  diameter,  by  12  grooves, 
for  si-in.  ropes,  bored,  turned  and  key  bedded 
One  ditto,  52  in.  diameter  

34    o    o 

26    o    o 

20     0 

20    o 

34    ° 
26    o 

o 

0 

16    i    7 

One  ditto,  62  in.  x  6  grooves 

,  . 

•  •        .  . 

1600 

21     0 

16  16 

o 

ii    3    7 

One  ditto,  48  in.  x  6       , 

.. 

•  •        •• 

12     0     0 

22     0 

o 

14    o  14 

Two  ditto,  52  in.  x  3     „ 

.. 

.. 

14    o    o 

24    o 

16  16 

o 

99    3  14 

106  16 

o 

ROPE   PULLEYS. 


109 


EXAMPLE  No.  65.— Cost  of  one  rope  pulley  96  in.  in  diameter,  by  7  grooves, 
for  5^-in.  ropes,  rim  solid,  centre  split  and  hooped  with  wrought-iron  hoops. 
Also  one  pulley  60  in.  diameter,  with  3  grooves,  and  one  50  in.  diameter,  with  4 
grooves,  both  solid,  and  to  work  with  96  in.  pulley,  all  bored,  turned,  slotted  and 
fitted  with  keys. 


£  s-    d. 

s.   d. 

£  s.   d. 

38    3    o 

IO     2   12 

IO     I   26 

7    6 

22     8     8 

Moulders'  wages       166  hours 

5    3  10 

O34 

9    o 

07    i 

\Vrought-iron  for  keys          .         .  . 

O     O  22 

90 
v 

O       I       Q 

o  ii    6 

Smiths'  wages           izi  hours 

w       j.       y 

o  ii    6 

Turners  (pulleys  and  hoops)—  Wages 

paid  138      „ 

463 

Turners  (preparing  two  mandrils  to 
gauges  supplied)   ..         ..         .,          8      „ 

045 

Planer  (preparing  two  mandrils  to 

gauges  supplied)  3\    » 

019 

Slotter             15      „ 

o    6  ii 

7  ii  ii 

Grinder           3      „ 

013 

o  14    5 
1    5    7 

Fitters  (hooping  and  keying  on)..        61      „ 
Pattern  makers         .  .        .  .        .  .        62      „ 

189 
I  14    I 

O     2   II 

Draughtsman           5      u 

o    s  10 

Materials  and  wages   

37    2    i 

10    6    4 

Expenses            ...        .  •        ••        .  .        .. 

10    6    4 

Gross  cost       ..        .  .        .. 

47    8    5 

Total  finished  weight,  52  cwt.  oqr.  26  Ib.    Average  cost  per  cwt.,  i8s.  4^.    Charged  £61  net, 
in  accordance  with  tender  based  on  estimate  at  profit  rates,  as  follows— viz.  :— 

ESTIMATED  WEIGHTS  AND  PRICES  OF  ABOVE  ROPE  PULLEYS. 


Actual 
Finished 
Weights. 

Estimated 
Finished 
Weights. 

R 

cp 

ite 
wt. 

S. 

d. 

£   s.   d. 

i  rope  pulley,  96  in.  diameter  x  7 
5^-in.  ropes,  rim   solid,  centre 

grooves,  for 
split,  bored, 

34    I    o 

turned  and  slotted 

.. 

33    o    o 

20 

o 

33    oo 

2  W.  I.  hoops,  extra           ..        .. 
Turning  and  boring  hoops           .  . 
Fitters  hooping         

"fday" 
3  days 

030 

O 

16 

10 

5 

0 

6 

i  15    o 

O  12     O 

i  ii    6 

Smith  and  fire           

*day 

20 

o 

0   10     0 

§0  22 
3    4 

i  rope  pulley,  60  in.  x  3  grooves 
i  rope  pulley,  50  in.  x  4  grooves 
Turner  at  two  mandrils     .  .        .  . 

i    day 

900 

8    2  14 

23 

§ 

0 

o 
o 

10    7    o 
9  IS    5 
o  16    o 

Planer  at  two  mandrils 

*    „ 

18 

0 

090 

3W  I  keys 

0     0  21 

6 

Fitters  keying  pulleys  on  mandrils 

3  days 

10 

6 

i  ii    6 

52    o  26 

60  17  ii 

Quoted  £61  net,  delivered  free  on  rails  (makers'  town). 

These  pulleys  were  for  existing  shafts  in  a  mill  at  some  dis- 
tance, and  were  to  be  keyed  on  mandrils  in  the  makers'  works 
to  save  time  when  erecting.  It  was  known  that  existing  man- 
drils could,  with  some  slight  alterations,  be  utilised,  otherwise, 
of  course,  the  charge  for  preparing  the  mandrils  would  have 
been  greater.  Gauges  were  supplied  by  the  mill-owner. 

The  examples  which  have  now  been  given  will  sufficiently 


IIO  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 

illustrate  the  character  of  the  work  which  presents  itself  in  a 
general  engineering  establishment  in  connection  with  rope 
pulleys.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  cost  of  the  pulleys  in  these 
examples  ranges  from  about  34^.  per  cwt.  to  a  little  over  17  s. 
per  cwt.,  whilst  the  selling  prices  range  from  40*.  to  2os.  per 
cwt.  The  cost  of  the  castings  alone  runs  from  iu.  to  gs.  per 
cwt.  Rope  pulley  castings  can  be  bought  by  engineering  firms 
who  have  no  foundry  of  their  own  from  founders  at  from  about 
I2j.  per  cwt.  for  the  lightest  loam  rim  castings  to  gs.  for  heavy 
castings,  all  patterns,  boards  or  core  boxes  being  provided  by 
the  buying  firm. 

One  or  two  houses,  who  make  specialties  of  mill  castings, 
will  supply  engineers  with  ordinary  rope  pulley  castings  ready 
for  the  lathe,  to  specification,  and  including  all  preparation  of 
patterns,  at  about  the  following  rates,  viz. : — 

Pulleys  under  5  cwt i6s.  to  205. 

Pulleys  of  5  cwt.  and  under  10  cwt.  14*. 

Pulleys  of  10  cwt.         „         20  cwt.  135. 

Pulleys  of  20  cwt.          „         40  cwt.  ias. 

Extra  for  casting  in  halves  for  planing,  about  2S.  per  cwt. 

Rope  pulleys  above  8  ft.  in  diameter  are  rarely  required. 
Rope  fly-wheels  are,  of  course,  made  much  larger  than  this,  but 
these  will  be  dealt  with  in  connection  with  engines. 

It  will  be  noticed  that,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  the 
examples  just  given  deal  with  pulleys  in  pairs  or  sets.  It  is 
rare  for  only  one  rope  pulley  to  be  ordered  at  a  time.  Single 
belt  pulleys  are  frequently  ordered  with  a  general  engineering 
house,  the  pulleys  being  required  to  drive  direct  on  to  machines 
with  which  pulleys  are  provided ;  but  as  ropes  are  principally 
used  to  convey  motion  from  one  line  shaft  to  another,  or  from 
the  engine  to  the  line  shafts,  and  rarely  for  driving  direct  on  to 
machines,  at  least  two  pulleys  are  generally  required  at  a  time. 

In  example  No.  65,  three  pulleys  constituted  the  set,  the 
power  being  taken  off  the  96  in.  pulley  by  three  ropes  on  to  the 
60  in.  pulley  at  one  side,  and  by  four  ropes  on  to  the  50  in. 
pulley  at  the  other  side. 

As  with  belt  pulleys,  a  list  of  prices  for  convenience  when 
quoting  is  almost  indispensable  to  any  house  intending  to  do 
much  in  rope  pulleys.  We  append  a  list  giving  prices  and 
approximate  finished  weights  for  the  most  common  sizes.  For 
the  sake  of  comparison,  the  prices  of  a  second  house  are  also 
given,  but  it  must  be  understood  that  the  weights  only  apply  to 


ROPE   PULLEYS. 


Ill 


the  prices  opposite  the  A's,  exact  particulars  of  the  weights 
corresponding  to  the  prices  opposite  the  B's  not  being  avail- 
able :— 

Table  of  prices  and  approximate  finished  weights  for  grooved  pulleys  for  5|-in. 
ropes  (pitch  of  grooves  2^  in.),  pulleys  solid.  Prices  include  boring, 
turning,  and  slotting  key-bed. 


Number 
of 
Grooves. 

I 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

Diameter  in  Feet. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

4 

£2  is*. 

£5   os. 

£4   os. 
£6  ios. 

4* 

£.5  ios. 
£8   cs. 

6 

£7  ios. 
£10   os. 

7* 
£9  ios. 
£13    os. 

2 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

£5  ios. 
£6  ios. 

£7  i5S. 
£8   os. 

8 
£10   os. 
£10    os. 

13 

£12  ios. 
£13   os. 

12 

£15    os. 
£16   os. 

3 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

6 

£6  iSs. 
£8   os. 

„     9 
£10    os. 
£10   os. 

ii 
£12   os. 
£13    os. 

I3l 

£15    os. 

£lO     OS. 

16 

£18    os. 
.    £20    os. 

4 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

8 

£8  155. 

£10    os. 

ii 
£12   os. 
£12   os. 

r     I4 

£15  ios. 
£16   os. 

17* 
£i9   os. 
£20  os. 

20 

£22   os. 
£24   os. 

5 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

IO 

£11    os. 
£"    5s. 

13 
£13  155. 

£14    os. 

x6» 
£17  ios. 
£18  ios. 

20* 

£21  ios. 

£22  155. 

24 

£25   os. 
£27   os. 

6 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

12 

£l2  IOS. 

£13   os. 

£15   os. 
£16   os. 

20 

£20   os. 
£21   os. 

/.  24 

£24   os. 
£25  ios. 

28 

£28    os. 
£30   os. 

7 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

14 

£14   os. 
£i5    os. 

£17   os. 
£18  ios. 

23 

£23   os. 
£24   os. 

28 

£28   os. 
£29  ios. 

£33    os. 
£34  ios. 

8 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

16 
£16   os. 
£i7    os. 

r     ig 

£ig   os. 
£21   os. 

r  2S* 
£25  ios. 

£27    os. 

31 

£31   os. 
£33   os. 

r     37 

£37   os. 
£39   os. 

9 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

18 
£18   os. 
£19  ios. 

22 

£22   os. 
£24   os. 

28 

£28   os. 
£31  ios. 

£35  os. 
£36  ios. 

r     4I 

£41    os. 
£44  ios. 

10 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

20 

£20   os. 
£22    os. 

22* 

25 

£25    os. 
£27   os. 

31 

£31    os. 
£34  ios. 

38 

£38   os. 
£40   os. 

£45     05. 

£50   os. 

II 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

28* 

£28  ios. 

34* 
£33   os. 

r    42 
£41   os. 

r     49 

£49  os. 

12 

Cwts. 
A 
B 

25 

/.  32 

£32    CJ. 

?8 
£37^  os. 

r     46 

£45  os. 

54 
£54    os. 

Extras,  if  cast  in  halves,  planed  and  bolted,  and  including  bolts,  from  50  per  ceijt.  on  smaller 
sizes,  down  to  15  per  cent,  on  the  larger  sizes,  on  the  above  rates. 

The  above  rates  may  be  taken  as  subject  to  the  usual  dis» 
counts,  ranging  from  2\  per  cent,  in  ordinary  cases  to  users,  to 
10  per  cent,  in  special  cases,  or  to  engineers  intending'  to  sell 
again. 


CHAPTER  XL 
MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  continued.— TOOTHED  GEARING. 

UP  to  a  comparatively  recent  date  toothed  wheels  were  almost 
universally  employed  as  the  first,  and  in  innumerable  cases  as 
the  only,  distributors  of  the  power  of  prime  movers.  Of  late 

Wheels  years>  however,  and  principally  under  the  influence 
versus  of  the  demand  for  higher  speeds,  the  position 

Pulleys,  formerly  occupied  almost  exclusively  by  toothed 
wheels  has  been  in  a  constantly  increasing  measure  filled  by 
ropes  and  wide  belts. 

We  have  previously  referred  to  Fairbairn's  "  Mills  and  Mill- 
work,"  a  work  which  will,  of  course,  long  remain  an  engineering 
text-book.  It  is  interesting  to  observe  the  complacency  with 
which  the  distinguished  author  regarded  the  fact  that  toothed 
gearing  was,  at  the  time  he  wrote,  so  universally  employed  in 
the  great  manufacturing  districts  of  the  North  of  England. 
Wide  belts  were  then  beginning  to  be  used  in  London  and  the 
South,  but  the  great  engineer  entertained  no  doubt  that  the 
North  was  right  in  holding  steadily  to  toothed  gearing.  We 
now  see  that  in  this  matter  of  power  distribution,  as  in  so  many 
others,  the  country  has  to  a  very  large  extent  followed  the  lead 
of  London. 

It  is  still  more  singular  to  observe  how  a  great  advance  in 
mechanical  science  and  skill,  which  has  been  made  at  one  stage 
of  manufacturing  operations,  as  evidenced  by  the  higher  speeds 
at  which  modern  machinery  of  conversion  is  driven,  has  been 
concurrent  with,  and  in  a  very  large  measure  has  compelled  the 
adoption  of,  what  must  be  considered  less  scientific  and  exact 
methods  of  distributing  power. 

Two  of  the  principal  objects  which  the  scientific  millwright 
has  in  view  are  :  First,  to  secure  an  exact  and  constant  velocity 
ratio  between  the  prime  mover  and  the  machinery  to  be  driven  ; 
and  secondly,  to  reduce  the  friction  on  his  journals  to  a  mini- 


TOOTHED   WHEELS.  113 


mum.  It  cannot  be  questioned  that,  theoretically  always,  and 
practically  also,  when  they  are  properly  designed  and  carefully 
made,  toothed  wheels  are  better  calculated  to  secure  the  two 
objects  named  than  either  belts  or  ropes.  Hence,  in  resorting 
so  largely  to  the  latter  in  these  days  for  distributing  power,  we 
are  not  adopting  the  most  exact  and  scientific  means  that  would 
appear  to  be  available.  It  would  thus  seem  that  the  machine 
maker  had  distinctly  outrun  the  millwright. 

Notwithstanding,  however,  the  popularity  of  ropes  and  belts 
at  the  present  time,  toothed  gearing  is  likely  for  a  long  period 
yet  to  constitute  one  of  the  most  important  sections  of  a  general 
engineer's  business,  although  it  may  not  bulk  quite  so  largely 
in  it  as  in  some  former  days.  Certain  heavy  classes  of 
machinery — rolling  mills,  for  example — must  almost  necessarily 
be  driven  by  gearing ;  a  large  proportion  of  the  shafting  in 
most  manufactories  is  still  most  conveniently  and  advan- 
tageously driven  by  wheels ;  whilst,  apart  from  entirely  new 
installations,  large  numbers  of  wheels  are  required  for  those 
renewals,  alterations,  and  extensions  of  existing  establishments 
which  form  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  work  which  passes 
through  a  general  engineering  shop. 

Moreover,  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  gearing  will  not 
recover  some  of  the  ground  which  it  must  be  held  to  have  lost 
of  late  years  in  the  estimation  of  power  consumers.  The 
adoption  of  more  perfect  forms  of  teeth,  and  especially  of 
various  modifications  of  stepped  teeth,  as  in  the  now  well-known 
types  of  helical  wheels,  and  the  use  of  the  wheel-moulding 
machine,  enable  wheels  to  be  made  to-day  which  are  quite 
suitable  for  speeds  which  would  have  been  thought  pre- 
posterous not  many  years  ago  ;  whilst  a  more  general  resort  to 
cast  steel  as  the  material  for  wheels  will  no  doubt  permit  a  still 
further  advance. 

Toothed  wheels  present  themselves  in  an  engineering  estab- 
lishment in  a  considerable  number  of  different  forms  and 
modifications.  We  have,  first,  the  general  division  of  spur 
wheels,  bevel  wheels,  screw  and  worm  wheels. 

of  A11  these  may  be  either  solid> cast  to  sPlit:>  or  cast 

11111 
in  halves.     Spur  and   bevel    wheels,   again,    may 

be  entirely  of  metal,  or  may  be  mortice  wheels  —  that  is, 
have  wooden  cogs ;  and  may  either  have  plain  open  teeth 

I 


114-  MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 

or  have  the  teeth  flanged  or  shrouded.  The  shrouding  may 
be  the  full  depth  of  the  teeth,  or  carried  only  to  the  pitch 
line. 

Again,  wheels  may  be  put  into  use  literally  as  they  come 
from  the  dressing  or  fettling  shop,  as  in  some  cases  of  very  low 
speeds,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  they  may  be  bored,  slotted, 
turned  up  in  the  lathe  on  the  face  and  ends  of  the  teeth,  and 
have  the  teeth  accurately  " pitched  and  trimmed"  either  by 
hand  or  by  machine,  and  finally  be  carefully  balanced,  as  ought 
to  be  the  case  with  all  wheels  intended  to  run  at  high  speeds. 

There  are  at  least  four  distinct  methods  in  which  wheels  may 
be  made  :  — 

Firstly,  a  casting  may  be  made  with  a  solid  or  blank  rim, 

and  teeth  be  cut  out  by  a   milling   machine   having   special 

cutters,  and  provided  with  dividing  apparatus  for 

Manufacture.  the  PurP°se-     This  method  is  as  yet  rarel7  used 
for  any  but  comparatively  small  wheels. 

Secondly,  the  wheel  may  be  moulded  from  a  full  pattern. 

Thirdly,  the  wheel  may  be  made  by  having  the  rim  moulded 
from  a  small  segmental  pattern  by  the  aid  of  the  moulding 
machine,  the  centre  and  arms  being  formed  by  dry  sand  covers. 

Fourthly,  the  wheel  may  be  made  in  segments,  the  rim  seg- 
ments being  either  moulded  from  a  full  pattern  or  by  machine, 
and  the  segments  subsequently  built  up  to  form  the  complete 
wheel. 

Large  geared  engine  flywheels  are  generally  made  in  the 
latter  manner.  In  whatever  way  the  wheels  may  be  made,  the 
castings  are  invariably  greensand  castings. 

The  introduction  of  the  wheel-moulding  machine  undoubtedly 
constitutes  the  most  important  advance  which  has  been  made  in 
•connection  with  the  manufacture  of  wheels.  It  is  safe  to  say 
that  by  far  the  larger  proportion  of  new  wheels  now  made  for 
mill  gearing  are  made  by  the  aid  of  the  machine. 

Whilst  several  wheel-moulding  machines  are  now  offered, 
they  are  all  the  same  in  principle,  the  essential  features  being  a 
radial  arm  to  which  can  be  attached  the  block  pattern  for  the 

Machine-      teetn  at  tne  proper  distance  from  the  centre,  and 

Moulded      which   admits   of    being   very    accurately    turned 

Wheels.  round  upon  its  centre  ;  means  for  withdrawing  the 
block  pattern  from  the  sand  after  the  tooth  (or  teeth  in  some 


TOOTHED   WHEELS. 


•cases)  has  been  moulded,  and  for  returning  the  pattern 
preparatory  to  moulding  further  teeth  ;  and  accurate  dividing 
•  apparatus. 

The  use  of  the  machine  not  only  effects  a  considerable  saving 
in  the  cost  of  making  patterns,  but  secures  a  greater  degree  of 
•accuracy  in  the  castings  themselves  than  can  be  obtained  when 
full  patterns  are  employed.  This  advantage  obtains  even  as 
•compared  with  castings  made  from  new  full  patterns,  and  of 
•course  very  much  more  decisively  in  the  case  of  wheels  moulded 
•from  patterns  which  have  been  used  once  or  twice  or  stored  for 
;a  considerable  time.  A  third  advantage,  by  no  means  in- 
important,  is  the  saving  effected  in  the  space  required  for  the 
storage  of  wheel  patterns.  Hence  a  wheel-moulding  machine 
of  some  kind  has  become  indispensable  to  any  firm  wishing  to 
command  any  considerable  business  in  mill  gearing. 

The  following  are  a  few  typical  examples  of  costs  and 
/estimates  of  toothed  gearing : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  66. — Cost  of  two  machine-moulded  spur  wheels,  each  with  53 
•teeth,  if  in.  pitch  by  3^  in.  face,  turned  on  face  and  ends  of  teeth,  bored  and 
key-seat  slotted.  New  pattern  for  machine  : — 


.£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
o     2  10 

s.  d. 
6    3 

£    ^  d. 
2    6 

X)  18  ii 

Moulder's  wages      .  .        .  .        . 
Turner  —  Wages  paid       .  .        . 
Slotter               „        „ 

22  hours 

20       „ 

2       „ 

14    8 
ii    6 

O   II 

o  ii    5 

Apprentice  do.,,        „ 

II     » 

i    8 

z  10    4 

Material  and  wages    ..        .. 

..     .. 

3    4  10 
i  10    4 

Gross  cost         .  .        .  . 

..      .; 

4  15     2 

From  the  above  the  following  appears : — 

Cost  of  castings  only  £i  175.  zd. 

Cost  of  castings,  including  patterns      . .        . .     £3  35.  iod. 

The  wheels  were  charged  as  follows  : — 


.  IDS.  4d.  per  cwt. 
, .  175.  6d.  per  cwt. 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£    s. 

d 

2  machine-moulded  spur  wheels,  each,  etc.  .  . 
Turning  on  face  and  ends  of  teeth,  boring 
eyes,  and  slotting  one  key-bed  in  each  wheel 

3    2  10 

19    o 

3    8 
2     0 

2 
0 

5    8 

2 

Less  2$  per  cent. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  charge  made  for  the  castings 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


only  just  covered  their  cost,  including  patterns.  As  far  as  the 
castings  were  concerned,  the  maker  had  to  be  satisfied  with  the 
patterns  for  his  profit.  If  only  one  casting  had  been  required, 
the  cost  of  the  patterns  would  not  have  been  covered  at  the  rate 
charged  in  above  statement  for  the  castings.  Hence,  either  a 
special  charge  would  have  had  to  be  made  to  cover  cost  of 
patterns,  or  the  value  of  the  latter  would  have  had  to  be 
considered  as  an  equivalent. 

The  remarks  made  upon  the  question  of  charging  for 
patterns,  when  dealing  with  belt  pulleys,  now  apply  with  equal 
force  in  the  matter  of  wheels.  A  manufacturing  engineer  who 
wishes  to  make  or  keep  a  business  in  wheels  must  be  prepared 
to  make  patterns  on  his  own  account,  except  in  special  cases. 
That  is  to  say,  millowners  and  other  buyers  of  wheels  are  now 
quite  familiar,  through  the  medium  of  printed  price  lists  and 
the  advertisements  of  specialty  houses,  with  the  prices  at  which 
machine-made  wheels  can  be  bought  from  such  houses,  and  will 
not,  therefore,  as  a  rule,  allow  a  general  engineer  to  charge 
them  higher  rates. 

In  the  above  example,  and,  indeed,  in  most  of  the  following 
examples,  the  cost  of  patterns  stands  high.  The  patterns  were 
all  made  by  hand,  the  teeth  being  carefully  dovetailed  into  the 
block  and  not  merely  cut  out  of  the  solid — the  entire  patterns 
being  thoroughly  well  made,  as  they  were  intended  to  be  kept 
for  future  use  and  included  in  the  wheel  list  of  the  establish- 
ment. 

The  cost  of  patterns,  however,  as  indicated  in  these  examples> 
might  be  very  considerably  reduced  by  proper  arrangements. 

Example  No.  66  may  be  compared  with  the  following : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  67. — Cost  of  one  spur  wheel  with  68  teeth,  if  in.  pitch  by  3^  in. 
wide,  and  one  pinion  with  16  teeth,  to  work  with  above  wheel,  both  bored  and 
slotted : — 


£    s.   d. 

090 
i     8  10 

Cast-iron  wheel 
„      „     pinion 
Moulder's  wages 
Turner  
Slotter  
Patternmakers  (new  whee 

patte 

.       g\  hours 
.        8|      „ 

2          ,, 

rn  only)  71  „ 

cwt.qr.  Ib. 

2     0  IO 

o    i  14 

s.    d. 

6    3 

£    s.  <L> 

o  15    8 
057 
051 

0      0    II 

i  18    5 

I  17  10 

Material  and  wages 
Expenses 



3    5    8 
i  17  ra 

Gross  cost 

•        • 



536 

Cost  for  castings  only,  £i  is  3d.  =  8s.  yd.  per  cv  t. 


TOOTHED   WHEELS. 


117 


In  this  instance  the  cost  of  the  castings  only,  without  re- 
ference to  the  patterns,  was  £i  is.  $d.,  or  8s.  yd.  pir  cwt  ;  being, 
therefore,  16  per  cent,  less  than  the  cost  per  cent,  of  the  castings 
only  in  the  preceding  example.  The  two  examples,  whilst  not 
identical,  ofter  a  fair  comparison. 

Charged  as  follows,  viz  : — 


!  cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

r 

t. 

d 

i  cast-iron  spur  wheel,  68  x  if  x  3$  in.  wide 

2     O   IO            12     O 

i 

I 

i  pinion  with  16  teeth  for  ditto  
Boring  wheel  and  pinion,  slotting  key-b~d  in 

o    i  14 

14    o 

o 

5 

3 

each  and  including  net  cost  of  preparing 
new  wheel  pattern  —  latter  to  remain  ours.  . 

4 

4 

5 

5 

14 

9 

Less  2j  per  cent. 

This  was  a  case  where  wheels  and  pinions  as  above  v/ere  very 
frequently  required.  The  wheel  pattern  had  become  unfit  for 
use,  and  it  became  necessary  to  make  a  new  one — either  a  full 
pattern  or  a  segment  for  the  moulding  machine.  As  the 
customer  required  the  castings  often,  he  preferred  to  pay  the 
cost  of  a  new  full  pattern  in  order  that  he  might  get  the  castings 
at  I2s.  per  cwt.,  rather  than  pay  i6s.  or  iSs.  per  cwt.  for 
machine-moulded  wheels  and  nothing  specially  for  patterns. 

In  the  account,  iSs.  was  reckoned  for  the  boring  and  slotting 
of  the  wheel  and  pinion,  the  amount  for  the  pattern  being 
merely  the  gross  cost,  as  shown  in  above  statement  — no  profit 
being  charged  on  the  pattern  in  consideration  of  the  fact  that  it 
remained  the  property  of  the  engineer,  and  of  the  regular 
business  which  the  latter  received  in  connection  with  it. 

EXAMPLE  No.  68. —Cost  of  7  pairs  of  bevel  v/heels  and  pinions,  aft.  4^  in.  x 
€o  x  i£  x  3j  face  and  i  ft.  7^  in.  x  40  x  i£  X  3^  face,  machine  made,  wheels 
split  and  bolted,  pinions  solid,  all  bored  and  slotted  : — 


£s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£    s.  d. 

Cast  iron—  7  wheels           .. 



10    3    o 

„      „       7  pinions          .. 
Moulders'  wages 

105  hours 

700 

6    3 

5  10  ii 

3    5    8 

14  bolts  and  nuts,  4  in.  x  i  in. 
14    „               ,,       4  in.  x  ijin. 
Turners  —  Wages  paid 

|  stock 
32  hours 

037 

o    3 

I     2    9 

o  18    8 

i  16    3 

Slotter           „        „ 

•          12^         ,, 

056 

•041 

Fitters           „        „ 

I5f      if 

082 

o  18    4 

Pattern  makers     „ 

44f      >• 

1    4    5 

Material  and  wages    .  . 

12   16     I 

2  18    8 

Expenses          



2  18    8 

Gross  cost         .  . 

.. 

15  14    9 

Cost  of  castings  only         £8  16;.  7^.     ..       gs.  Sd.  per  cwt. 

Cost  of  castings  and  patterns     .•        «         ••    £10190.4^.    .,     us.  gd  per  cwt. 


n8 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


Charged  as  follows : 


cwt 

qr. 

Ih. 

s. 

d, 

f 

<; 

d 

7  machine-moulded  bevel  wheels,  60  etc.     .  . 

10 

3 

0 

18 

o 

9 

1.1 

6 

7         ,.           n            pinions,  40,  etc.  .  .         .  . 
2$  bolts  and  nuts       .  ,         

7 
o 

0 
0 

0 

31 

20 

o 

0 

1 

7 

I 

O 

17 

o 

it 

Boring  and  slotting  all,  and  splitting  and  bolt- 
ing wheels    

4 

T^> 

5 

23 

3 

10 

Less  25  per  cent. 

It  will  be  seen  from  above  that  when  a  number  of  castings  oft 
the  one  pattern  are  made  at  a  time,  such  rates  for  the  castings 
as  those  shown  in  this  example  pay  very  well,  even  including, 
the  cost  of  the  patterns. 

It  should  be  added  that  in  the  establishment  where  these- 
wheels  were  made,  cast  iron  splitting  plates  were  generally  used. 
Some  makers  use  wrought  iron  plates  and  charge  extra  for 
them  along  with  the  bolts. 


EXAMPLE  No.  69. — Cost  of  one  pair  of  machine-made  mitre  wheels,  2  ft.  6  in, 
by  42  and  2  ft.  5$  in.  by  41  by  2^-in.  pitch  and  5^-in.  face;  42  wheel  bored  to 
gauge  and  with  one  key-bed  slotted  ;  4  key-beds  slotted  in  41  wheel : — 


£ 

s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£  s.    d~ 

Cast  iron          .  .        .          .  .        .  .        .  .        .  , 

600 

6    3 

i  17    6 

Moulders*  wages       26  hours 

o  16    g> 

Turner  —  Wages  paid          .  .        .  .          4     „ 

0     2     31 

0 

6    5 

Slotter             „          4$    ,, 

020- 

i 

2     3 

Pattern  maker,  at  new  patterns  for 
machine        54     »» 

i    9    8 

Materials  and  wages    ..        ..        ..        .. 

482 

x 

8    8 

i    8    8 

Gross  cost  

5  16  10 

Cost  for  castings  only £2  145.  3^.  =  gs.  od.  per  cwt. 

„  „         and  patterns       . .        . .     £5    6s.  id.  =  175. 6d.     ., 

Charged  19$.  per  cwt.  for  the  castings  and  155.  for  the  boring  and  slotting.    Total,  £6  gs.,  less. 

z\  per  cent. 


As  in  No.  66,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  above  job  only  just  paid 
when  taken  as  a  whole.  Of  course,  any  subsequent  castings  off 
the  same  patterns  would  pay  very  well  if  rated  (as  they  would 
be)  from  i6s.  to  19*.  per  cwt.  It  should  be  added  that  in  the 
above  case,  the  wheels  being  mitres  and  differing  in  size  by  one 
tooth  only,  whilst  a  separate  block  pattern  was  made  for  mould- 
ing the  rim  of  each,  the  one  core  box,  with  slight  modifications, 
was  used  for  forming  the  arms  of  both. 


TOOTHED   WHEELS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  70. — Cost  of  one  pair  of  machine-made  mitre  wheels,  60  and  59 
by  2|  in.  by  6-in.  face,  both  bored  and  slotted  : — 


£  s.  d. 

o  ii    9 
i    3  ii 

cwt.  qr.lb. 

s.     d. 

£  s 

rf 

7    i    o 
6    3  I4> 

6    3 

4  4 

I  10 

o  6 

O  I 

i  ii 

9 

0 

3 

7 

10 

Moulders'  wages       
Turner—  Wages  paid 
Slotter             ,,          
Pattern  makers,  at  new  patterns 
for  machine  

Materials  and  wages     .  .        .  . 

48    hours 
58       „ 

i  15    8 

7  H 
i  15 

5 

8 

Gross  cost           .  .        .  . 

..         .. 

9  10 

i 

Cost  for  castings  cnly  £5  14$.  gd.  =    8s.  id.  per  cwt. 
„           „         and  patterns       .  .         .  .     £8  los.  6d.  =  12s.  id.        „ 
Charged  £13  55.  zd.,  being  at  the  rate  of  175.  per  cwt.  for  the  castings,  with  £i  55.  for 

boring  and  slotting. 

This  job,  it  will  be  seen,  paid  very  well,  although  only  one 
pair  of  wheels  was  supplied.  In  connection  with  this  example, 
it  may  be  pointed  out  that  the  cost  of  the  patterns  was  very 
little  more  than  in  Example  No.  69,  although  the  wheels  were 
more  than  twice  as  heavy.  This  is,  of  course,  only  what  would 
be  expected,  seeing  that  the  patterns  for  the  rim  would  have 
the  same  number  of  teeth  in  both  cases.  If  only  a  single  wheel 
had  been  required,  the  cost  would  have  been  about  14*.  6d.  per 
cwt,  including  patterns.  Hence,  single  machine-made  wheels 
of  6  cwt.  or  over  will  generally  cover  the  cost  of  patterns,  when 
charged  at  about  the  rates  given. 


EXAMPLE  No.  71.  —  Cost  of  one  mitre  wheel,  4  ft.  gf  in.  diameter  by  56  by  3^ 
by  g-in.  face,  and  two  4  ft.  9  in.  by  55  by  3^  by  9-in.  face,  flanged  to  pitch-line,  all 
machine-made,  all  turned  on  ends  and  face  of  cogs  and  on  flanges,  centres  bored, 
and  key-bed  slotted  in  each  :  — 

£«.   d. 

2   3    5 
239 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
53    2  21 

s.    d. 
6    3 

\    £  s.  d. 

1615    7 
390 
i    6    o 
0     2  II 

2  18    4 

Moulders'  wages       .  .        .  .          .     112  hours 
Turners—  Wages  paid        ..        ..       44^    „ 
Slotter           ,»        ii              ••        ••         6i    ii 
Pattern  makers,  at  new  patterns  for 
machine       98      , 

Materials  and  wages    
Expenses            .*. 

Gross  cost       

472 

24  ii  10 
472 

28  19    o 

Cost  for  castings  only  £20  45.  jd.  =  75.  6d.  per  cwt. 
„           „         and  patterns        ..        ..     £25  6s.  od.  =  gs.  6d.        „ 

It  will  be  obvious  that,  if  only  two  instead  of  three  wheels 
had  been  ordered,  the  cost  for  the  pair,  including  patterns, 
would  have  been  about  £18  I2J,  or  IQS.  ^d.  per  cwt.,  as  the 
pattern-making  would  have  been  the  same. 


I2O 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


The  above  wheels  were  charged  as  follows  : — 


cwt.  qr.lb. 

s.    d. 

£ 

s, 

d. 

z  machine-made  mitre  wheel,  4  ft.  9!  in.  and  56 

teeth  ;  and  2  ditto  4  ft.  9  in.  and  55  teeth,  by 

3i-in.  pitch  and  g-in.  face  ;  all  flanged  to  pitch 

Turning  teeth  on  ends  and  face,  turning  flanges, 
boring  centres  and  slotting  key-bed  in  each 

5 

o 

O 

45 

5 

3 

Less  2j  per  cent. 

It  is,  of  course,  unnecessary  to  remind  any  of  our  readers  of 
the  reason  why,  in  pairs  of  mitre  wheels,  one  wheel  is  invariably 
made  with  a  tooth  more  than  the  other,  as  in  all  the  three  last 
examples.  The  introduction  of  this  extra  cog — the  "  hunting- 
cog  "  or  tooth — necessitates  a  separate  pattern  for  each  wheel 
of  the  pair  when  full  patterns  are  used,  and  a  separate  block 
tooth  pattern  for  each  wheel,  when  the  wheel-moulding  machine 
is  used  ;  but  there  is  no  question  that  the  advantages  secured — 
the  equalising  of  the  wear  of  the  teeth  and  the  consequent 
smoothness  of  running — fully  justify  this  extra  cost. 

EXAMPLE  No.  72. — Cost  of  one  machine-made  spur  wneel,  53  cogs,  4^-in.  pitch 
by  i2-in.  face,  and  one  pinion,  with  42  cogs  to  suit  above  wheel,  both  made  of 
extra  strong  cold  blast  iron  mixture ;  four  key-ways  slotted  in  each,  and  both 
hung  on  shafts  in  shop  with  new  keys  : — 


£  s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£   s.   d. 

i  casting  —  wheel       .          ..        .. 

.. 

36    2    o 

I        „         pinion      .           ..         .. 

•  •        •  . 

30    3    o 

8    3 

27  14  10 

Moulders'  wages       .          .  .        .  . 

144  hours 

430 

8  W   I   keys    

I        I     14 

9Q 
u 

O   12      1 

o  17    6 

o  13  ii 
098 

Smiths'  wages            .           .  .         .  . 
Slotter—  Wages  paid  
Grinder  (at  keys)  —  wages  paid     .  . 
Fitters  —  Wages  paid 

19  hours 
14      .. 
9      ii 
37      ii 

o  17    6 
063 
030 
o  19    3 

a  19  ii 

Pattern  makers,  at  new  patterns 

for  machine            ..        .. 

134      ii 

3  19    o 

Materials  and  wages    ..        .  . 

.  .         «  • 

38  15    3 

5     I    0 

Expenses            

.. 

Gross  cost       .  .        .  . 

..         .. 

43  16    3 

Cost  for  castings  only  . . 

„  „         and  patterns 


=    gs.  6d.  per  cwt. 
=  us.  6d. 


An  estimate  of  probable  cost  was  made  up  for  above.  This 
estimate  came  out  £41  ;  25  per  cent,  was  added,  and  the  tendei 
given  in  at  ^53  6s.,  less  2\  per  cent.  It  will  be  noted  that  2s. 
per  cwt.  was  added  to  the  ordinary  rate  put  down  in  the  cost, 
on  account  of  the  extra  quality  of  iron  used  in  the  mixture  of 
which  the  wheels  were  cast. 


TOOTHED   WHEELS. 


1 2.1 


EXAMPLE  No.  73. — Cost  of  one  machine-moulded  spur  wheel,  9  ft.  lof  in. 
diameter  ;  108  cogs,  sj-in.  pitch  by  lo-in.  face,  cast  in  halves,  joints  planed  and 
bolted,  centre  bored  and  slotted  : — 


£  s-    d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

A7      2      O 

.s.    d. 

7     6 

I    s.   d. 

1*7     tfi       3 

Moulders'  wages       

131  hours 

TV          *        U 

/      u 

*/   Au     3 
3  10  ci 

16  bolts  and  nuts      

.  .        •  . 

o    3  12 

9    o 

°    7    9 

039 

Smiths'  wages           .  .         .  .         .  • 
Turner—  Wages  paid 
Blotter  at  joints  and  key-way  — 

9  j  hours 
18        „ 

039 
o  U     3 

269 

Wages  paid  
Turner  at  bolts—  Wages  paid 

26        „ 

34        ». 

o  i      3 
o    I     6 

n    4    5 

Fitters                        „        „ 

J7        ». 

089 

•2     O  IO 

Pattern  makers        „        „           .  . 

95        it 

2  14    5 

" 

Materials  and  wages 

26  13    o 

4  15    9 

Expenses            

.. 

4  15    9 

Gross  cost 

.. 

31     8    9 

per  lb.  for  the 
etc. 


Cost  for  castings  only £21  ys.  zd.  —    gs.  per  cwt. 

„  „         and  patterns         . .        . .     £26  2s.  5^.  =  us.        „ 

Charged  £41,  less  2$  per  cent.,  being  at  the  rate  of  145.  per  cwt.  for  the  casting,  $d.  p 
bolts  as  forgings,  and  a  sum  of  £3  6s.  for  the  turning,  planing  and  bolting, 

The  general  foundry  expenses  connected  with  large  machine- 
moulded  wheels  being  to  so  large  an  extent  similar  to  those 
incurred  in  connection  with  ordinary  loam  castings,  it  becomes 
desirable  to  treat  such  wheels  as  loam  castings.  Hence  the 
wheel  in  this  example  is  put  down  at  loam-casting  rate. 

It  may  be  observed  that  there  is  nothing  specially  put  down 
in  these  examples  for  expenses  or  charges  in  connection  with 
the  wheel-moulding  machine.  What  special  charges  were  in- 
curred in  connection  with  the  machine  were  simply  included  in 
the  general  foundry  expenses ;  but,  of  course,  where  a  large 
business  is  done  in  machine-moulded  wheels,  it  is  desirable  to 
open  a  separate  account  for  expenses  in  connection  with  the 
moulding  machines. 

EXAMPLE  No.  74.— Cost  of  one  cast-iron  spur  wheel,  9  ft.  5|  in.  diameter,  84 


cogs,  4^-in.  pitch  by  i2-in.  face,  cast  in  two  halves  from  full  pattern,  joints  faced 
and  bolted,  and  four  key-beds  slotted  in  centre  :  — 

£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s.    d. 

£     *.  d.  , 

2  castings        .  .            *'••-:, 

,.     ,   .  .        .  . 

55    i    o 

6    3 

17    5    4 

Moulders'  wages                 .  . 

..      51    hours 

I  14    9 

16  bolts  and  nuts                 .. 

.  •        •  .        .  • 

03    9 

9    o 

076 

043 

I  ii    3 

Smiths'  wages                      .. 
Blotter  at  joints  and  key-  ways 
Turners  at  bolts             .     .  . 

.  .        5  1  hours 
.  .      26*     „ 
..       i?       ii 

043 
o  ii    8 
092 

063 

Fitters  ..        ..                   .. 

.  .      23       „ 

0   12     6 

Materials  and  wages  .  . 

.«        ••        •• 

21     5     2 

219 

Expenses  

>  t  •       .««        •• 

219 

Gross  cost     .     .  . 

•  •„•••.-     •  • 

23    6  ii 

0 ,.  „-}  os.  id.  =  6s.  nd.  per  cwt.     Charged  £31  ys    less  2*  per  cent., 

being  at  the  rate  of  gs.  per  cwt.  for  the  casting,  4^.  per  lb.  for  the  bolts,  and  £4  19$.  for  the  plan- 
ing and  bolting,  etc. 


Cost  for  castings  only,  £ig  os.  id. 


122 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


The  wheel  in  above  example  was  made  from  a  stock  pattern. 
To  have  made  a  new  full  pattern  for  the  half  of  this  wheel 
would  have  taken  about  30  days  of  a  pattern  maker,  and  would, 
therefore,  have  cost  about  £12  IQS.  in  wages  and  expenses,  or 
about  4s.  6J.  per  cwt. 

We  shall  conclude  this  section  with  a  few  examples  of  mortise 
wheels  and  a  list  of  rates  for  cogging. 

EXAMPLE  No.  75. — Cost  of  one  bevel  mortise  wheel  with  54  cogs,  if-in.  pitch 
by  4^-in.  face,  bored,  turned,  slotted,  and  cogged  with  best  seasoned  beech : — 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£  s-    d- 

Cast  iron           .                  ... 

217 

6      4 

Moulders'  wages 
Beech     ....                               22  ft. 

5i  hours 
by  i^  in. 

o    7i 

036 
o  13    2. 

Wire  for  pins                                  . 

Turner  —  Wages  paid 
Driller 

10  hours 
2*    ,, 

o    5  10 

O     O   II 

o  10    9 

Slotter              „ 

i      ,) 

005 

o  13  it 

0      2  II 

Millwrights       „ 
Apprentice  do.  „ 
Pattern  maker,  altering  stock  pattern 

43      » 
58      „ 
7      » 

109 
o    7    i 
o    3  10 

1    7    7 

Materials  and  wages    .  .        .  . 

..         .. 

3  10    7 
177 

Gross  cost           .  .        .  . 

..         .. 

4  18    2 

Charged  as  follows  in  sales  book,  viz.  :— 


cwt.qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

f 

C. 

d. 

i  cast-iron  bevel  mortise  wheel   
Boring  and  slotting  centre,  turning  and  dril- 

217 

14    o 

i 

12 

5 

ing  rim  for  cogging,  altering  pattern   and 
cogging  with  best  seasoned  beech 

5 

2 

7 

6 

15 

0 

Less  2$  per  cent. 

The  amount  included  in  above  charge  of  £$  zs.  ^d.  for 
cogging  alone  was  £$  i6s.  6d.,  being  at  the  rate  of  is.  $d.  per 
cog ;  of  course,  including  the  timber. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  timber  in  above  example  is  rated 
as  costing  $d.  per  superficial  foot  per  inch  of  thickness.  The 
actual  rates  per  foot  per  inch  paid  for  the  timber  were i\d.  to 
3^/.,  but  this  was  for  the  timber  in  the  green  state,  though  in 
pl&nk;  and  the  timber  had,  therefore,  to  be  seasoned.  It  was 
consequently  reckoned  that  interest  on  capital,  rent,  maintenance 
of  racks  and  stores,  handling  and  loss  of  timber,  brought  the 
cost  up  to  5</.  per  foot  per  inch  by  the  time  the  timber  came  to- 
be  used. 

It  is  probably  not  necessary  to  say  that  the  amount  of  timber 


MORTISE   WHEELS. 


returned  against  a  wheel  in  any  particular  case  is  the  superficies- 
of  the  plank  used  for  the  wheel.  There  is,  of  course,  consider- 
able waste  in  cutting  up  the  plank,  and  the  amount  of  timber 
returned  at  one  time  against  a  wheel  may  be  very  different  to- 
the  amount  returned  at  another  time  against  the  same  wheel. 
On  one  occasion  planks  may  be  found  which  cut  up  very  neatly 
for  the  job,  but  on  the  next  the  planks  may  not  fall  in  so  well, 
and  consequently  there  will  be  much  more  waste  in  the  latter 
than  in  the  former  case. 

Example  No.  75  may  be  compared  with  the  following  cost  off 
re-cogging  a  wheel  of  the  same  size  and  kind. 

EXAMPLE  No.  76. — Cost  of  re-cogging  bevel  mortise  wheel  of  54  cogs,  if  .in.. 
pitch  by  4^-in.  wide  : — • 


£  s.  d. 
029 

o  ii  8 

Beech,  19  ft.  xij  in. 
Turners'  wages         ....                    3  hours 
Millwrights  and  apprentices                 81      ,, 

s.    d. 

£  s.   d. 

O   II    II 
0      I    10 

i    3     3 

o  14  7 

Materials  and  wages   .  .                   .  .     •  .  . 
Expenses            ..        ..                   .  .        .. 

i  17    o 
o  14    7 

Gross  cost       

2   II     7 

Charged  £3  i6s.  6d.,  less  zj  per  cent,  being  at  the  rate  of  is.  5^.  per  cog. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  the  cost  of  the  new  wheel  there  is 
returned  10  hours  of  a  turner,  and  in  the  cost  of  re-cogging  3. 
hours  of  a  turner.  In  the  new  wheel  there  was  the  following 
turner's  work : — viz.,  boring  the  centre,  turning  up  the  rim  pre- 
paratory to  putting  in  the  cogs,  and  turning  up  the  cogs  on  face- 
and  ends  after  they  had  been  put  in  the  wheel,  but  before  they 
were  shaped.  In  the  re-cogging  there  was,  of  course,  only  the- 
last  item  of  turner's  work  required,  and  this  item  appears  iiit 
every  case  of  re-cogging.  There  were  other  items  of. workman- 
ship in  the  new  wheel  which  do  not,  of  course,  appear  at  all  in 
the  re-cogging, 

It  should  be  added  that  in  all  these  examples  of  mortise 
wheels  the  final  shaping  of  the  teeth  was  done  by  hand,  though 
they  were  cut  out  of  the  plank,  shanked  and  drilled  by  circular 
saw  and  lathe. 

It  will  be  seen  also  that  the  percentage  for  indirect  expenses 
put  down  in  these  examples  for  millwrights'  cogging  is  just  the 
same  as  for  ordinary  fitters.  The  millwrights  when  cogging: 
used  machine  tools  to  a  certain  extent,  but  it  was  considered 


124 


MILLWRIGHT   WORK. 


that  this  was  fully  balanced  by  savings  in  other  expenses  as 
compared  with  general  fitters,  and  that  all  desirable  ends  were 
.secured  by  treating  millwrights  and  fitters  as  constituting  one 
department. 


EXAMPLE  No.  77. — Estimated  price  of  I  mortise  wheel,  2  ft.  i|  in.  diameter, 
with  40  cogs  2-in.  pitch  and  5^-in.  face,  and  i  iron  wheel  2  ft.  f  in.  diameter,  and 
39  cogs  to  work  with  mortise,  both  bored  and  slotted,  mortise  cogged  with  best 
.beech  and  iron  wheel  pitched  and  trimmed.  (Profit  rates) : — 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

S. 

d. 

£   s.    d. 

i  mortise  wheel        ..                  .  . 

2    2    o 

12 

o 

I   IO     O 

Boring  and  turning 
Drilling           ...                      . 

*i'j  day' 
2  hours 

13 
II 

6 
3 

i    o    3 
026 

Slotting           ...                      . 

i  hour 

II 

3 

013 

Cogging  with  beech 
i  iron  mitre  wheel      . 

40  cogs  at 

2     O  14 

I 
12 

9 
o 

3  10    o 
i    5     6 

Boring  and  turning    .                     . 

'it  day' 

13 

6 

o  16  ii 

Slotting           ... 

i  hour 

013 



Pitching  and  trimming  both  sides 
Getting  out  stock  patterns 

6idays 
iday 

9 

10 

o 
6 

2  18    6 
028 

II     8  10 

Quote  £11  ios.,  less  z\  per  cent. 


The  cost  of  above  pair  of  mitre  wheels  turned  out  as  follows, 
which  it  will  be  seen  was  as  near  the  estimate  as  to  time  as  need 
be  desired : — 


£  s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.lb. 

s.    d. 

£  s.   d. 

i  mortise  wheel        

227 

i  iron  mitre  wheel    

.  .        .  . 

210 

6    3 

I    IO      I 

Moulders'  wages       .  .         .  . 

ioi  hours 

062 

Beech  for  cogging,  18  ft.  x  if  in. 
Iron  wire  for  pins     

o    81 

O   12     9 

008 

Turner  —  Wages  paid          .  .        .  . 

23  hours 

o  ii    5 

Driller              „                  .... 

2j      „ 

o    o  10 

/o  19    3         Blotter 

it    » 

007 

Millwrights    (cogging   mortise)  — 
Wages  paid             
Apprentice  do.  —  Wages  paid 

40     „ 
25      » 

o  19  10 
030 

o  16    7 

Millwrights  (pitching    and   trim- 

ming)— Wages  paid 
Pattern-makers  at  full  stock  cat- 

64      „ 

i  10    4 

-o    22    '        terns—  Wages  paid         .  . 

0     2   II 

Materials  and  wages    .  .        .  . 

•  •        •  • 

5  18    7 

i  18    o 

Expenses           ..        ..        .. 

i  18    o 

,  ,,.!  Gross  cost       ..        •• 

•  •        •  . 

7  16    7 

The  pitching  and  trimming  of  the  teeth  of  the  iron  wheel  were 
done  entirely  by  hand,  as  was  all  the  shaping  of  the  mortise 
wheels  in  these  examples.  It  is  true  that  several  machines  have 
•of  late  years  been  introduced  for  the  shaping  of  mortise,  and 


MORTISE  WHEELS. 


the  trimming  of  metal,  cogs.  Some  of  these  have  been  entirely 
complete  and  independent  in  themselves,  whilst  others  have 
been  designed  to  be  worked  in  conjunction  with  a  lathe.  It 
cannot  be  said,  however,  that  any  has  come  into  general  use. 
This  is,  no  doubt,  partly  owing  to  the  relative  decline  in  the 
demand  for  toothed  gearing  in  the  face  of  the  superior  recom- 
mendations of  belts  and  ropes  for  so  many  modern  drives. 
Owing  to  this  decline,  invention  has  been  rather  sluggish  in 
regard  to  gear-cutting  machines,  and  many  engineers,  who- 
might  have  purchased  one  or  another  of  the  machines  which 
have  been  brought  out,  have  hesitated,  and  preferred  to  depend 
upon  the  old-fashioned  methods.  Hence  a  very  large  propor- 
tion of  mortise  wheel  cutting  and  of  the  trimming  of  metal 
wheels  is  still  done  by  hand. 


EXAMPLE  No.  78. — Cost  of  16  bevel  mortise  wheels,  4  ft.  6  in.  diameter,  with 
80  cogs,  aj-in.  pitch  and  5^  in.  wide,  split  and  bolted,  bored  and  slotted,  turned 
on  rim,  cogged  with  beech,  and  keyed  on  shafts  in  shop. 


£.  s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  11-. 

S.     d. 

6    i 

£  s.  d. 

I     2     I 

Moulders'  wages      141  hours 
96  bolts  and  nuts,  i|in.  x  5  in.  and  i|  in.  x  5  in 
16  W.I.  keys  

500 
o    2  15 

9    o 
9    o 

4    8    i 
2    5    o- 
058 
121 

Beech  for  cogging,  304  ft.  x  if  in         .  .        . 
„                 „         208  ft.  x  i|  in 

0     3  12 

0    8| 

o    ?J 
12    O 

it     i    7 

0   IO      O 

16  14    9 

20  l6     I 

2    5    6 

Turners—  Wages  paid        .  .         .        306  hours 
Drillers               »                ...         69      „ 
Slotter                 „                ...         27      „ 
Grinder  at  keys  —  Wages  paid     .         14      „ 
Fitters  (splitting,  bolting  and  keying) 
—Wages  paid        197      „ 
Millwrights(  cogging)  —  Wages  paid,  1440      „ 
Apprentice        „                      „             560      „ 
Pattern  makers  (making  new  full 
pattern)—  Wages  paid..        ..         104      „ 

902-' 
i    5  10 

O  12     O- 

052 

5    s    9 
33    0    4 

3  10    t> 

308 

Materials  and  wages      : 

118    3    8 
40  18    5 

Gross  cost         

159    2    i 

Equal  to  £g  igs.  per  wheel. 


The  above  wheels  were  charged  £209  14^.  net,  in  accordance 
with  a  tender  based  upon  an  estimate  at  profit  rates,  the  full 
detailed  particulars  of  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  give.  It  will 
suffice  to  say  that  the  castings  were  reckoned  at  9^.  §d.  per  cwt, 
the  bolts  «md  nuts  at  $d.  per  lb.,  and  the  cogging  at  is. 
per  cog. 


I2<5 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


An  equal  number  of  iron  pinions  to  work  with  above  were 
supplied  at  the  same  time.  The  pinions  had  33  teeth  each, 
weighed  on  an  average  2  cwt.  I4lbs.  ;  were  rated  at  I2s.  per 
<cwt. ;  were  made  from  a  new  full  pattern,  against  which  80  hours 
were  returned ;  and  were  pitched  and  trimmed  on  both  sides  of 
the  teeth  at  an  expenditure  in  time  of  44  hours  of  a  millwright 
per  wheel.  The  amount  in  the  estimate  for  the  pinions  was 
;£72,  equal  to  £4  ios.  per  pinion. 

EXAMPLE  No.  79. — Cost  of  one  machine-moulded  spur  mortise  pinion  7  ft.  o£  in. 
diameter,  with  69  cogs,  4-in.  pitch  by  i4-in.  face,  ca^t  in  one  piece  to  split  through 
arms,  bored,  slotted,  and  turned  on  face  and  sides  of  rim. 


£  s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£    s.    d. 

73     I    o 

7    6 

Moulders'  wages      

140  hours 

3  18  10 

12  2j-in.  and   i|-in.    bolts    and 

nuts    (extra 

quality)                    .  •                       « 

2     2     O 

TA       *" 

T    T<     n 

O  II     O 

Smiths'  wages          

13  hours 

4 

O  II     O 

Beech  for  cogging,  80  ft.  x  3  in. 

.. 

I       3 

500 

„                 ii           50  ft.  x  2j  in. 

.. 

o    o  30 

I      0| 
O      I1 

2   12     I 

O       3       *) 

Turners  —Wages  paid 

64 

\J      ±4 

**      3       A 

2     I     4 

Slotter                  „ 

7 

031 

3  18    9 

Driller                  „ 

& 

o    8    I 

Fitters                  „                         .  . 

26 

O  14     2 

475 
3  ii  10 

Millwrights         „ 
Apprentice    do.  „ 
Pattern  maker  (new   pattern  for 

740 

o  16    8 

machine)     

107      ,> 

4  15    9 

Materials  and  wages      .  .        .  . 

•  • 

57  12    7 

12     Q     O 

Gross  cost         .  .        .  . 

..        .. 

70    i    7 

Charged  £95  net,  in  accordance  with  estimate  made  up  at  profit  rates,  in  which  the  weights 
&c.,  were  approximately  as  above,  the  casting  being  rated  at  135.  6d.  per  cwt.,  the  bolts  at  3^. 
per  Ib.,  the  turning  at  i8s.  per  day,  and  the  cogging  at  ios.  6d.  per  cog.  An  alternative  tender 
for  the  wheel  cast  in  halves,  and  with  the  joints  planed,  bolt-holes  drilled,  and  bolts  turned,  was 
also  given  at  £105  net. 

The  re-cogging  of  wheels  constitutes  an  important  part  of 
the  gearing  business  of  an  engineering  establishment ;  but  the 
general  range  of  re-cogging  costs  will  have  been  sufficiently 

indicated  by  the   examples    of  new   wheels   just 
Re-cogging.     .  ,-,  .  ,  J  , 

given.     Re-cogging  in  any  case  simply  means  the 

same  millwright's  time,  or,  perhaps,  10  per  cent,  more  on  account 
of  knocking  the  old  cogs  out ;  the  same  amount  of  timber, 
and  from  a  third  to  a  half  of  the  turner's  time,  as  in  the  case  of 
a  new  wheel. 

The  following  table,  however,  summarises  a  number  of  cases 
of  re-cogging,  which  may  be  taken  as  fairly  representative, 
and  will  sufficiently  indicate  the  variations  which  occur  in  this 
class  of  work : — 


MORTISE   WHEELS. 


127 


TABLE   OF  TIMBER   AND   TIME   RE-COGGING  WHEELS. 


Kind  of  Wheel. 

Dimensions. 

Timber  used. 

Millwrights' 
Time. 

Apprentice 
Millwright. 

Turner. 

ft.  in.     in. 

Hours. 

Hours. 

Hours. 

Bevel 

H 

43  x   i|  x     4 
Co  x  i|  x     44 
43  x  2     x     s 

13    o  x  ii 
13    o  x  ii 
20    o  x  if 

40 

3i 
25 

2 

4 

44 

40  x  2     x     5 

16    o  x  i| 

48 

42 

„ 

58  x  2     x     s 

30    o  x  i£ 

103 

— 

S 

28  x  2j  x     6 

24    o  x  i| 

52 

4 

2 

f| 

79  x  2J  x     6 

49    o  x   i| 

looj 

38 

4 

f| 

60  x  2j  x     5 

40    o  x  i| 

125 

10 

4 

66   x   2!   x     84 

68    o  x  2 

113 

26 

44 

Spur 

82  x   2!   x     7! 

56     O    X    2 

iSl 

12 

84 

-j 

44   x   2!   x     8 

46     O    X    2 

76 

_ 

4 

•f 

81   x  3     x     9 

82     O    X    2 

346 

25 

IO 

Jf 

78  x  3     x     9 

8l      O    X    2j 

204 

27 

8 

Bevel 

50  X  3|  x     8 

75    o  x  2j 

138 

37 

Spur 

60  x  34  x  12 

113     O    X    2j 

260 

39 

6 

" 

41   x  4     x   13 

77    o  x  3 

170 

50 

10 

The  following  is  a  table  of  charging  prices  for  re-cogging, 
which  should  cover  all  expenses,  allow  thoroughly-seasoned 
timber  to  be  used,  the  work  to  be  done  carefully,  and  leave  a 
fair  margin  of  profit : — 

TABLE  OF  PRICES  FOR  RE-COGGING  (HANDWORK). 

Price  per  Cog. 


Breadth 
of  Face. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

ii 

12 

13 

14 

Pitch. 

.  d. 

d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  rf. 

s.  d. 

J 

2 

3 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

A 

3 

4 

••* 

— 

-^ 

— 

—  — 

—  _ 

— 

•M 

-  T 

j 

4 

1 

I 

7 

i    6 
i     8 
i    9 

I   10 
2     O 

- 

= 

- 

- 

~ 

"~ 

- 

2 

9 

ii 

2     2 

2     6 

2   10 

— 

— 

— 

— 





*4 

2     0 

2 
2     4 

1  I 

2   IO 
3     2 

3    4 
3    9 

— 

~ 

~ 



~ 

2§ 

—  _ 

3    o 

3    6 

4    o 

— 

— 



_ 



_ 

3 

— 

— 

4    o 

4    6 

5    o 

5     6 

— 

— 



— 

i 

si 

- 

- 

— 

4    4 
5    o 

— 

4    9 
5    6 
6    o 

I  1 

£    9 

S    9 
7    o 
8    o 

9    ° 

= 

— 

I 

- 

4 

~ 

— 

~ 

- 

*   6 

7   a 

8    o 

8    9 

9    9 

10  6 

— 

Subject  to  usual  terms  to  millowners.     Some  firms  would 
charge  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  less  than  above  rates. 


CHAPTER  XII. 
MILLWRIGHT  WORK,  continued.— GENERAL  CONTRACTS. 

WE  have  now  reviewed  and  illustrated  by  examples,  in  suffi- 
cient detail,  all  those  large  classes  of  productions  which  go  to 
constitute  millwright  work.  General  estimates  and  contracts 
for  millwright  work  simply  consist  of  combinations,  of  course  in 
ever-varying  proportions,  of  those  productions  which  we  have 
now  examined  ;  but  it  may  be  desirable,  before  passing  on  to 
deal  with  machines  and  engines,  to  give  two  examples  of  general 
estimates  of  millwright  work. 

The  first  shall  be  an  estimate  for  work  in  connection  with  a 
flour-mill  extension,  and  the  second  for  work  in  connection  with 
a  spinning-mill  extension. 

The  former  will  be  made  up  at  profit  rates,  in  accordance 
with  the  method  most  generally  adopted,  because  of  its  con- 
venience, and  the  latter  will  be  an  estimate  made  up  in  accord- 
ance with  the  more  scientific  and  useful  method,  which  seeks  to 
set  out  the  probable  actual  cost  of  the  work  in  view  to  the 
manufacturing  engineer.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  latter  method 
involves  rather  more  labour  than  the  former,  both  actual  in  the 
preparation  of  the  estimate  itself  and  retrospective,  as  much 
careful  analysing  and  tabulating  must  be  done  before  the  per- 
centages and  some  of  the  other  rates  can  be  determined.  The 
information  which  this  method  conveys  to  the  practical  man  of 
business  is,  however,  worth  very  much  more  than  the  extra 
trouble  necessitated.  Of  course  it  is  quite  easy  to  determine 
what  the  selling  price  of  any  particular  part  of  the  estimate 
will  be.  The  percentage  added  to  the  whole  for  profit,  if  added 
to  any  particular  item  (with  its  corresponding  charge  for  indirect 
expenses  if  an  item  for  labour)  will,  of  course,  give  the  pro- 
posed selling  price  for  that  item. 


GENERAL  ESTIMATES. 


129 


EXAMPLE  No.  80. 

September  ,  188 — 

SPECIFICATION    OF    FIXINGS,    SHAFTING,     GEARI*  G,    ETC  ,    RE- 
QUIRED IN    CONNECTION   WITH    16   PROPOSED   NEW   PAIRS 
OF  MILLSTONES  FOR 
MESSRS.. 


i  wall  box,  3  ft.  6  in.  by  3  ft.  6  in.  by  2  ft.  5  in. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£  s.   d. 

deep,  with  bridge  for  9  in.  pedestal  . 

20    o    o 

8    o 

800 

2  wall  boxes,  3ft.  by  sit.  by  2  ft.  5  in,  with 

bridges  for  6^  in.  pedestals 

30    o    o 

9    o 

13  10    o 

8  pedestals,  6^  in.  by  12  in.  long 

no    o 

IOO      O 

44    o    o 

90    o 

27      O      O 

(Ail  with  shell  caps  and  single  brasses.) 

*/      u      \J 

40  tail  bolts  and  nuts         

i    3  14 

o    3 

2  12     6 

2  hammered  scrap-iron  shafts,  each  17  ft.  Sin. 

by  6|  in.  diameter,  with  bosses  and  collars 

Forged  weight 

48    o    o 

20    o 

48    o    o 

2  di'to,  each  i8ft.  by  6  in.            

44    o    o 

2O     O 

44    o    o 

2  ditto,  each  18  ft.  by  5^  in.,  with  solid  flange 

1 

40    o    o 

20    o 

40    o    o 

Turning  shafts  all  over     .  .        .  .          27  days 

16     O 

21   12     0 

Planing  key-beds    6    „ 

16    o 

4  16    o 

Drilling  bolt-holes  in  flanges      ..            6    ,, 
26  bolts  and  nuts,  6  in.  by  i£  in.,  lor  coupling.  . 

IOO 

12     0 

o    3 

3  12     O 

I    8    o 

Turning  and  fitting  bolts  .  .         .  .          t$  days 

12    0 

3  18    o 

i  machine-made  spur  wheel,  7  it.  2jin.  by  78 

31    o    o 

13    o 

20    3    o 

2  ditto  pinions,  4  ft.  9^  in.  by  52  by  3$  by  9 
Slotting  four  key-beds  in  each  .  .            i|  day 
12  wrought-iron  keys,  12  by  2^  by  i|   .  . 

40    o    o 
o    3  17 

13    6 

14     O 

o    6 

27    o    o 

I      I     0 
2   10     6 

4  wrought-iron  hoops  for  78  cog  wheels 

130 

o    41 

3  13    6 

Keying  three  wheels  on  shaft    .  .           6  days 

2  14    o 

Smith  (shrinking  on  hoops)        ..            i  day 
16  bevel  mortise  wheels,  4ft.  6  in.  by  80  by  2^ 
by  5|,  split  and  bolted  
64  bolts  and  nuts,  5  by  ij  "> 
32      „             „       5  by  if  )         
Splitting  and  bolting        .  .        .  .          14  days 
Boring  centres  and  turning  rims           28    „ 

116    o    o 
500 

12     0 
o    3 
9    o 

15     0 

IOO 
69  12     0 

700 
660 

21      O     O 

Slotting  key-bed  in  each  .  .        .  .            3    fl 
Cogging  with  seasoned  beech  1280  cogs 
16  wrought-iron  keys,  8  by  2  by  i 
Grinding  ditto         .  .        .  .        .  .          j£  day 

o    a  15 

14    o 

2     0 
o    6 
16    o 

2     2     O 
128     0     0 

I  15    6 
104 

Keying  all  wheels  on  shafts        .  .            8  days 

3  12     0 

2  pairs  of  fluted  cast-iron  columns  for  first- 

shaft  bearings,  6  ft.  8  in.  by  7  in.  diameter.  . 

16    o    o 

9    ° 

740 

2  cast-iron  bridges  for  ditto        .  .          .        .  . 

420 

9    ° 

206 

8  bolts  and  nuts,  4  in.  by  i  in  

o    o  14 

o    4 

048 

8  coach  screws  lor  tops  of  columns      .        ..  ) 
8  rag  end  bolts  for  bottom           .  .          .        ,  .  j 

O    0  21 

o    4 

070 

Fitting  and  bolting  2  days 

9    o 

o  18    o 

18  cast-iron  columns,  5  ft.  loin,  by  5  in.  by 

|  in.  thick,  to  carry  platforms 
36  coach  screws,  5  in.  by  f  in.     .  .          .        .  .  ) 
36  ras  end  bolts,  6  in.  by  g  in  } 

40    o    o 

o    i  18 

9    o 
o    5 

18    o    o 
o  19    a 

Pattern  making  on  above  ..        .. 

Wall  boxes  and  pedestals..        ..            6  days 

TO     O 

300 

Columns         ..         i  day 

10     0 

0   10     0 

Mortise  wheel,  new  full  pattern             12  days  ") 
Spur  wheel  and  pinions,  patterns  for  machine  $ 
Carriage  and  freight,  say  
Erection  of  above  —  two  millwrights  only  —  all 
assistance  to  be  provided  by  mill-owners 

Included 
in  prices. 
24J  tons 

40   o 

49    o    o 

80  days 

9    o 

36    o    o 

Travelling  time  and  expenses    

4  10    o 

Draughtsmen    (making    working    drawings, 

tracings,  etc.)       6  days 

12     0 

3  12    o 

1 

:?i?  3  s 

Net  amount  of  tender,  £717  35.  8d.    Order  entered  at  £700  net. 


130 


MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 


The  rates  in  above  specification  were  in  several  respects 
somewhat  below  those  usually  asked  in  the  establishment  in 
question.  They  are,  however,  very  fair  rates,  and  such  as  most 
engineering  firms  would  be  willing  to  accept.  The  rate  put 
down  for  the  erection  was  intended  to  include  the  men's  allow- 
ance ;  and  it  will  be  seen  that  it  was  not  considered  necessary 
to  add  anything  specially  for  contingencies. 


EXAMPLE  No.  81. 


February 


,  18. 


ESTIMATED   COST  OF  FIXINGS,   PEDESTALS,    SHAFTING, 

PULLEYS,    ETC.,    REQUIRED    FOR    PROPOSED     EXTENSION    AT 

MILL, 

MESSRS.  


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  a. 

16  hangers,  13  J  in.  from  beam  to  centre  of  shaft, 

for  4^-in.  pedestals  

23    o    o 

7    6 

8  12    6 

64  gibhead  bolts  and  nuts,  5  by  i|  

1     3    4 

0     2j 

I  17    6 

• 

i  C.  I.  channel  beam,  9  ft.  long      

620 

6    9 

2     6  II 

8  bolts  and  nuts  4jin  by  S  in.          .         ..         .. 

O     O  12 

o    *i 

066 

2  C.  I.  beams,  19  ft.  6  in.  by  16  in.  deep    .. 

30    o    o 

6    9 

IO     2     6' 

i  C.  I.  bridge  for  ditto..        

220 

7    6 

o  18    9 

OO6 

0      2i 

013 

o    i  10 

Fitting  and  bolting      fday 
2  C.  I.  fixings  to  go  on  top  of  fireproof  beams  .. 

6OO 
O     O   12 

\j      *2 

4  10 
7    6 

O     2i 

038 
250 
026 

2  C.  T.  crossbeams,  lift,  by  16  in  
i  C.  i.  bridge  between  ditto  

19    o    o 

6OO 

"     ^2 

6    9 
7    6 

683 
250 

025 

12  bolts  and  nuts,  4  in.  by  i  in.  and  4^  in.  by  |  in. 
i  wall  box,  2  ft.  by  2  ft.  by  2  ft.,  for  4J  m.  pedestal 
Fitting  and  bolting  beams    iday 

O     O  2O 
800 

I      2j 

7    6 

4  10 

042 
300 
o    4  ia 

i  wall  box,  3  ft.  by  3  ft.  by  i  ft.  6  in.,  for  si-in. 

pedestal           .                     .... 

II     O     O 

7     6 

A        2       C 

22  pedestals,  4!  in.  by  6f  in.  long,  with  double 

/      u 

4     *     i> 

brasses,  oil  dish  at  each  side  with  lubricating 

rings,  cap  bolts  long  enough  for  fixing 
2  C.  I.  pedestals  and  caps,  5$  in.  by  14  in. 
4  brasses  for  ditto        

6    o  18 
i    i    8 

50    o 

7    6 

O   IO 

55    o   a 
263 

6    3    4. 

4  cap  bolts,  12  in.  by  ij  in.     

o    o  20 

0     2j 

o    4    2 

4  tail  bolts,  6  in.  by  ij  in.        ..        .. 

o    o  17 

0     2j 

037 

0  12     6 

Boring  and  facing        2  days 

5    o 

0  10     0 

o  14    6 

4-     TO 

loo 

0     I     O 

Drilling     2  hours 

J.U 

3    ° 

y  „ 

008 

ii  lengths  of  4^in.  wrought-iron  shafting,  about 
197  ft.  in  all,  all  plain  except  one  boss  on  one 

length  (J  in.  in  diam.  allowed  for  turning)    .  . 

100     O     O 

10    9 

53  IS    o 

Turning  ditto     13  days 

5    ° 

3    5    o 

539 

Planing  key-beds         3!    „ 

4    8 

o  17    6 

0    5  10 

Forging  one  boss         J    „ 

ii    8 

o    5  10- 

ii  C.  I.  face  couplings  in  22  pieces 
55  bolts  and  nuts,  4^  in.  by  i  in  
44  W.  I.  keys,  two  in  each  half  coupling,  7  in.  by 

16    2    o 
i    i  16 

7    6 

0     2j 

639- 

I   12     6 

ijin.byfin  

026 

o    4 

108- 

Boring  and  turning  couplings         .  .        19^  days 

5    o 

4  16    3 

Drilling  bolt  holes        8|    „ 

3    4 

i    7    6 

Turning  bolts     13!    „ 

4    8 

342 

'495 

Slotting  key-beds         i*    „ 

3    4 

050- 

o  14    6 

Keying  on  couplings    6"    „ 
i  hammered  scrap-iron  shaft,  7ft.  6  in.  long  over 
all,  with  boss  3  ft.  Gin.  by  6$  in.,  two  bearings 
5^  by  14,  and  coupling  end  4^      

7    o  14 

4  10 
16    o 

190 
5  H    o 

23    5    9 

Carried  forward         

102   15     0 

GENERAL  ESTIMATES. 


£   s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s.    d. 

£   s.    d. 

23    5    9 

Brought  forward        

192  15    o 

Turnrng  ditto  all  over  z\  days 

5    ° 

0   12      6 

112 

Planing  key-beds          3  hours 

4    8 

017 

2  C.  I.  beams  at  carding  room,  ii  ft.  by  16  in.    .  . 

19    o    o 

6    9 

683 

i  bridge  between  ditto           

600 

7     6 

250 

12  bolts  and  nuts          

0     C  ZO 

0      2j 

042 

025 

Fitting  and  bolting       I  day 
i  wall  box,  3  ft.  by  3  ft.  by  I  ft.  6  in.,  with  bridge 

• 

4     i 

o    4  10 

for  sj  pedestal         

II     0     0 

7    6 

426 

2  pedestals,  sj  'n-  by  J4  m->  as  before 

12    5    o 

i  hammered  scrap  shaft,  loft,  long  overall,  boss 

6ft.  by  6jin.,  two  beaiings  sJ,  one  end  left 

9    2  14 

16    o 

7  14    o 

I    o    8 
025 

Turning  ditto  all  over  2|  days 
Planing  key-  bed            3  hours 

5    o 
4     8 

o  13    9 
017 

0    3  ii 

i  piece  H.  S.  shaft,  4  ft.  by  3  in  
Welding  ditto     3  hours 

0    3  12 

16    o 
ii    8 

o  13    9 
o    3  ii 

039 

Turning  ditto      Jday 

e     o 

026 

i  C.  I.  flanged  counling  in  two  parts,  3-in.  bore.  . 
4  bolts  and  nuts,  3  Jin.  by  §  in  

i    3    o 
007 

7    6 

O     2j 

0   13      2 

o    i    6 

2  keys,  6  in.  by  |  in.  by  Jin  
Boring  and  turning  coupling           ..           ij  day 

002 

o    4 
5    o 

008 
076 

Drilling  holes     i    ,, 

3    4 

o    i     8 

Turning  bolts     3    „ 

4     8 

030 

o  19    8 

Slotting  key-beds        I  hour 

3     4 

005 

013 

Keying  on  coupling     J  day 

4  10 

025 

2  C.  I.  beams,  ii  ft.  by  14  in.  deep  

16    o    o 

6    9 

580 

i  C.  I.  bridge  for  ditto  

420 

7    6 

i  13    9 

O     I  10 

8  bolts  and  nuts,  4j  in.  by  §  in  
Fitting  and  bolting      I  day 

O     O  12 

0      2j 

4  10 

026 
038 

i  wall  box,  2ft.  by  2tt.  by  i  ft.  6in.,  for  sjin. 

7OO 

7    6 

2  12     6 

2  C.  I.  pedestals  and  caps,  sj  in.  by  ii  in. 

2     I   16 

7    6 

o  iS    o 

4  brasses  for  ditto        

o    i  24 

O  10 

234 

4  cap  bolts  and  4  tail  bolts    
Boring  and  facing       ..          .        ..        i    day 

o    o  15 

0      2* 

032 
050 

089 

Drilling    J    „ 

3    4 

0      0   10 

086 

Fitting  and  bolting      3*  days 

4  10 

o  16  ii 

2  pedestal  hangers,  3-in.  bore,  with  single  brasses 
i  ditto,  3  J  in  

24    o 

33    o 

280 
i  13    o 

i  rope   pulley,    64  in.  diameter  by  12  grooves, 

2j-in.  pitch,  sJ-in.  ropes,  bored,  turned  and 
slotted.     Finished  weight 

31     2     0 

16    o 

25    4    o 

i  ditto,  52  by  12  grooves 
i  ditto,  62  by    6       „                 

25     2     O 

16    o    o 

16    o 

16    o 

15    8    a 
12  16    a 

i  ditto,  48  by   6       „                .  .           .         .  , 

12      O      0 

16    o 

9  12    o 

2  ditto,  52  by    3       ., 

14    o    o 

16    o 

1140 

6W.  I.  keys       

O      I      0 

o    4 

097 

o  14    6 

Keying  pulleys  on  shaft  in  shop       .          6  days 

4  10 

190- 

Pattern  making— 

4j  hanger  and  pedestal      ..          .          9      » 

Channel  beam          .  .        .  .          .          2      „ 

Beams,  bridges  and  fixings            .        32^    „ 
Wall  boxes  and  pedestals  .  .          .        14!    „ 

Couplings        i  day 

Hangers          i      ,, 

ii    5    o 

Total       60  days 

5    o 

15    o   a 

Taking  working  dimensions  and  making  draw- 

I    O     0 

ings      12  days 

6    8 

400 

6    o  10 

Erecting  all  at  mill  (local)     .  .        .  .        50      „ 
(Cartage  included.) 

4  10 

K     I     8 

All  builder's  work  to  be  done  by  millowner,  and 

all  scaffolding  and  common  labour  to  be  pro- 

vided by  him. 



Estimated  cost,  materials,  &c  

355  "    7 

47    o    5 

47    °    5 

Total  estimated  cost     

402  12    o 

Add  25  per  cent.  ..        ,.        ..        .. 

100  13    o 

503    5    o 

Quoted  £500,  less  2j  per  cent. 


132  MILLWRIGHT  WORK. 

Many  engineers  would  add  a  smaller  percentage  for  profit, 
especially  if  they  could  place  reasonable  dependence  upon  the 
estimate  of  the  gross  cost.  The  method  in  which  such  estimates 
as  above  are  prepared  will  be  sufficiently  obvious.  The  general 
plans  having  been  prepared — it  may  be  roughly,  but  in  sufficient 
detail  for  the  purpose — the  estimate  draughtsman  goes  carefully 
over  them  and  writes  out  on  his  sheets  every  item  that  will  be 
required,  calculating  weights  and  filling  in  other  necessary 
particulars.  The  sheets  are  then  handed  in  to  the  estimate 
clerk  to  be  priced. 

In  quoting  prices  for  work,  such  as  illustrated  in  the  last  two 
examples,  it  is  generally  advisable  to  send  a  separate  specification 
setting  out  the  proposed  work,  and  a  separate  letter  or  tender 
giving  the  price.  The  former  can  then,  during  the  progress  of 
the  work,  if  ordered,  or  at  any  time,  be  handed  about  amongst 
foremen  or  others,  without  the  price  being  observed  ;  and  as  a 
rule  neither  the  engineer  who  sells  nor  the  millowner  who  buys 
cares  to  have  prices  too  publicly  displayed.  The  specification, 
after  setting  out  all  the  principal  items,  should  conclude  with  a 
general  paragraph  somewhat  as  follows,  viz. : — 

All  the  necessary  bolts  and  nuts  will  be  supplied  by  us. 

The  whole  of  the  work  specified  above  to  be  delivered  at  your  mill  [if  local] 
and  erected  ready  for  starting ;  it  being  understood  that  you  will  do  all  masons' 
or  joiners'  work,  and  provide  our  men  with  the  necessary  assistance  of  labourers 
and  scaffolding.  The  ropes  for  the  pulleys  to  be  also  supplied,  and  put  on  by 
you.  (Signature) 

The  tender  would  then  simply  be  a  letter  somewhat  as  follow.5, 
viz. : — 


To  MESSRS., 


GENTLEMEN, — We  propose  to  supply  you  with  fixings,  shafting,  rope  pulleys, 
etc.,  for  your  new  extension,  all  in  accordance  with  specification  and  outline 
plan  [when  supplied]  enclosed,  for  the  sum  of  £500  (Five  hundred  pounds),  less 
2^  per  cent.,  payable  upon  completion  of  the  work.  We  shall  be  obliged  by 
your  order,  which  shall  have  our  best  attention. — Your  respectfully, 

When  very  complete  plans  are  prepared  and  tracings  from 
them  are  submitted,  the  detailed  specification  may  be  omitted 
and  reference  made  in  the  formal  tender  merely  to  "  enclosed 
tracing." 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 

HAVING  now  discussed,  as  fully  as  is  necessary  for  our  purpose, 
the  millwright  section  of  the  business  of  a  general  engineering 
establishment,  we  shall  treat  briefly  of  the  miscellaneous  pro- 
ductions of  such  an  establishment  before  passing  on  to  deal  with 
steam  engines. 

Those  economic  forces  with  which  we  associate  the  terms 
"division  of  labour,"  "competition,"  and  so  on,  are  constantly 
leading  engineering  as  well  as  other  manufacturers  to  devote 

themselves  more  and  more  to  special  branches  of 
tion*     t*ie*r  businesses,  and  to  the  establishment  of  new 

houses  for  the  manufacture  of  very  limited  classes 
of  productions,  and  in  many  cases  for  the  manufacture  of  only 
one  kind  of  appliance. 

The  manufacture  of  machinery  for  preparing,  spinning,  and 
weaving  textile  materials  has,  of  course,  long  constituted  a 
separate  branch  of  mechanical  engineering  ;  but  even  this  is  now 
subdivided  into  numerous  departments.  There  are  a  few  large 
establishments  which  still  undertake  to  supply  machinery  for 
nearly  every  operation  in  connection  with  the  preparing,  spin- 
ning, and  weaving  of  every  textile  material ;  but  for  one  such 
house  there  are  dozens  which  devote  themselves  principally  to 
machinery  for  one  class  of  textile  material,  or  to  machinery  for 
one  or  two  operations  only  in  connection  with  one  or  two 
materials. 


134  MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 

The  production  of  wood-working  machinery,  flour-milling 
machinery,  iron-rolling  machinery,  machine  tools,  sugar 
machinery,  gold  mining  machinery  and  other  classes,  are  also 
now  firmly  constituted  special  departments  of  mechanical  en- 
gineering, mostly  carried  on  specially,  though  occasionally  as 
portions  of  general  engineering  businesses. 

Subdivision,  however,  by  no  means  stops  merely  with  the 
concentration  in  the  hands  of  a  few  special  firms  of  the  manu- 
facture of  machinery  for  a  particular  industry.  We  have  special- 
ists for  nearly  every  kind  of  engineering  productions,  including 
such  as  are  used  in  common  by  different  industries — for  pumps, 
hoists,  cranes,  hydraulic  presses,  weigh-bridges,  steam  valves, 
taps,  and  so  on.  So  much,  indeed,  is  this  the  case,  that  the 
first  question  anyone  who  requires  any  mechanical  appliance 
nowadays  asks  himself  is,  "  Who  makes  a  specialty  of  it  ? " 
The  assumption,  of  course,  is  that  an  article  will  be  obtained  at 
a  less  price  from  a  house  which  makes  a  specialty  of  it  than 
from  one  where  the  article  is  only  made  incidentally,  as  it  were. 

It  is,  however,  by  no  means  a  universal  rule  that  an  article 
will  be  bought  for  less  from  a  specialty  than  from  a  general 
house.  The  former  may  be  able  to  make  it  more  cheaply  ;  but 
it  is  well  to  keep  in  mind  that  a  specialty  house  requires  a  very 
extended  market,  and  to  secure  such  market  must  incur 
expenses  for  travellers,  agencies,  or  some  form  of  advertising, 
for  keeping  up  a  stock  and  on  other  special  accounts,  which  a 
general  engineering  establishment,  depending  principally  upon 
a  local  connection,  does  not  incur. 

Neither  does  it  follow  that  an  article  obtained  from  a  specialty 
house  will  be  better  than  one  of  a  similar  class  obtained  from  a 
general  establishment.  On  the  contrary,  specialty  houses  are 
usually  under  influences  which  are  calculated  to  make  their 
productions  inferior  to  those  of  a  good  general  engineering 
establishment.  In  the  former,  the  desire  to  produce  as  cheaply 
as  possible,  and  especially  to  make  the  cost  of  an  article  at  one 
time  less  than  on  former  occasions,  is  particularly  strong,  and 
very  often  leads  to  a  reduction  of  material  below  what  is 
necessary  for  securing  reasonable  durability  ;  whilst  piece-work, 
unless  most  rigidly  supervised,  will  lead  to  hasty,  and  conse- 
quently imperfect,  workmanship. 

However,  we  are  not  particularly  concerned  here  either  with 


SPECIALTY  AND   GENERAL   HOUSES,  135 

the  advantages  and  disadvantages,  or  the  causes  of  this  speciali- 
sation of  mechanical  industry.  What  we  are  concerned  with 

Effect  on  is  the  e^ect  °f  this  tendency  to  specialisation 
General  upon  those  general  engineering  businesses  which 
Businesses.  are  to  be  found  in  every  industrial  centre. 
That  it  has  had  a  very  decided  effect  upon  these  busi- 
nesses no  one  will  question.  It  has  limited,  and  is  con- 
stantly tending  to  limit,  the  number  of  productions  which  can 
foe  profitably  manufactured  in  a  general  engineering  establish- 
ment. Formerly,  anyone  who  required  a  mechanical  appliance 
turned,  as  a  matter  of  course,  to  local  engineering  firms.  But 
'now  he  will  consult  a  directory  or  the  advertising  pages  of  an 
•engineering  journal,  and  send  to  the  end  of  the  kingdom  or 
beyond  for  quotations. 

Nevertheless,  there  are  still  many  productions  of  a  general 
character  which  may  be  manufactured  profitably  in  a  general 
•engineering  establishment  possessed  of  fair  resources.  Amongst 
these  may  be  reckoned  cast-iron  tanks  and  cisterns,  iron  doors, 
pumps  for  general  purposes,  cranes,  hoists,  weigh-bridges,  rail- 
way turn-tables,  hydraulic  and  other  presses,  mortar  mills,  clay 
•machinery,  millstone  frames  and  gearing,  some  brewers'  and 
•distillers'  plant  (as  mashtuns  and  backs),  some  bleaching  and 
finishing  machinery  (as  yarn  and  cloth  boilers  or  kiers,  wash- 
rnills,  mangles  and  calenders),  flax  scutching  apparatus  (in  certain 
districts),  and  so  on.  It  will  be  obvious  that  many  of  these 
would,  if  required,  lend  themselves  readily  to  the  development 
of  a  specialty  business. 

It  would  take  too  long,  and  is  not  necessary  for  our  purposes, 
to  deal  with  all  these  productions  in  detail ;  but  we  shall 
endeavour  to  give  the  student  a  general  acquaint- 
Tanks  ance,  at  least,  with  the  costs  and  prices  of  some 
which  may  be  considered  of  a  representative  cha- 
racter, commencing  with  an  example  of  a  plain  cast  iron  tank 
for  holding  water.  Most  manufacturing  establishments  where 
steam  power  is  employed  require  one  or  more  large  tanks  ;  whilst 
•engineers  are  also  frequently  called  upon  to  quote  for  such 
tanks  for  hospitals,  asylums,  workhouses,  prisons,  and  other 
public  institutions,  either  in  connection  with  the  arrangements 
for  extinguishing  fire,  for  supplying  the  steam  boiler  or  boilers, 
•or  for  the  general  water  supply  of  the  establishment. 


136 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  82. — Estimated  price  for  a  cast-iron  tank  loft,  long  by  8  ft.  wide 


cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s. 

d. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

4  flanged  plates  for  bottom,  5  ft.by4  ft.byy^  thick  ] 
4  ditto  for  sides,  5  ft.  by  3  ft.  6  in.  by  fin.            [ 
4  ditto  for  ends,  4  ft.  by  3  ft.  6  in.  by  f  in.             } 
164  bolts  and  nuts,  2|  in.  by  §  in.  for  joints 

47 

0 

o    o 
3    o 

10 
0 

0 

31 

23 

i 

10 
2 

0' 

9 

i  W.  I.  stay,  10  ft.  by  |  in.  diameter      .  . 
2  ditto,  8ft.  by  |in.  diameter 

0 

i  15 

o 

4 

0 

14 

4 

6  bolts  and  nuts  for  ditto,  3^  ft.  by  fin. 

o 

o    7 

o 

S 

o 

2 

ii 

Cement  putty  for  joints      
Fitting  tank  together  in  shop       .  .            3  days 

X 

0     0 

o 
9 

4 
o 

I 
I 

17 

7 

4 
o 

Preparing  patterns   4    „ 
Paint  ar»d  painting—  2  coats  red  oxide 

IO 

6 

2 
O 

2 
15 

o 

0 

31 

II 

4 

Delivery  free  on  rails;  erection  not  to  be  included.  Quoted  £31  IDS.,  less  aj  per  cent. 

This  tender,  it  will  be  seen,  is  equal  to  rather  more  than 
I2s.  IDC?,  per  cwt,  on  the  gross  weight  of  the  tank.  This  is  a 
moderate  price,  though  in  some  establishments  the  rate  would 
be  at  least  £i  per  ton  less.  The  cost  of  this  tank  came  out  as 
follows,  viz.  : — 


£  s.   d. 

cwt.qr.  lb. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

48    o  14 

6      Q 

16    4  10 

Moulders'  wages      . 

63  hours 

u     y 

i  18  ii 

Bolts  and  nuts 

.  .        .  . 

0    3  J4 

18    o 

0  15    9 

033 

085 

Wrought-iron  for  sta 
Smith,  forging  ends 
Cement,  prepared     . 
Fitters  

» 

3f  hours 
32  j  hours 

020 
100 

10      0 

0     2| 

050- 
033 
134 
o  16  10 

o  16    8 

Pattern-makers 

38        „ 

122 

033 

Painter 

18        „ 

066 

.  

Materials  and  wages 

.1         •  •        •  • 

22  16    7 

i  ii    7 

Expenses 



i  ii    7 

Gross  cost       

482 

Net  selling  price,  £30  155.  yd.;  gross  cost,  £24  8s.  zd.  •  profit,  £6  75.  5<*.-equal  to  25 per  cent- 
on  gross  cost. 

A  much  smaller  rate  of  profit  has,  however,  frequently  to  be 
taken  in  work  of  this  kind,  which  is  obviously  plain,  involves 
little  risk,  and  includes  little  skilled  labour. 

Occasionally,  where  a  cast-iron  water  tank  is  to  occupy  a  con- 
spicuous position  on  a  building,  attempts,  more  or  less  (generally 
less)  successful,  are  made  to  give  an  ornamental  character  to 
the  tank  by  casting  a  design  of  some  kind  upon  the  front  of  the 
plates,  or  by  casting  the  plates  themselves  with  curved  tops  and 
bottoms.  Of  course,  such  tanks  are  much  more  expensive  than 
plain  ones,  as  in  the  above  example.  Their  price  may  run  up 
to  £20  per  ton. 


IRON  DOORS. 


137 


EXAMPLE  No.  83. — Estimated  price  for  5  plain  single  iron  doors  and  frames, 
6ft.  by  3ft.  in  clear.     (Profit  rates.) 


5  cast-iron  frames,  5  in.  by  ij-in.  section,  and 
with  joggles  for  building  into  walls  and  pro- 
jections for  hinges  cast  on        
5  wrought-iron  plates,  6  it.  i  in.  by  3  ft.  i  in.  byT^j 
10  cast-iron  hinges    

cwt.  qr.  lb. 
16    i    o 

IO     2     O 
100 

i 

d. 

6 
o 
6 

£  s. 

7  14 
6    6 

O   10 

o    4 

5 

0 

6 

Rivets  for  hinges 
5  strong  wrought-iron  latches  and  keepers     .  . 
Drilling  holes            2j  days 
Fitting   ..         ..         7      „ 
Pattern  -making  —  preparing  stock- 
pattern          |  day 
Boiler  makers,  levelling  plates  at 
boiler-shop  i      „ 

0     0  TO 

0 

6 
3 
10 

10 

5 
o 
6 
o 

6 

o    4 

I    10 

i  13 
3  10 

o    7 

I     0 

2 

o- 
9 
a 

ii 

0 

23    o 

it 

Equal  to  £4  i2s.  per  door.    Quoted  £4  155.,  less  2^  per  cent,  per  door. 
j£4  4S.  net.    Cost  as  follows : — 


Order  accepted  at 


£  s. 

d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  rf_ 

Castings  (frames  and  hinges)      .. 
Moulders'  wages      

40  hours 

17    2    7 

6    9 

5  18    7 
104 

5  wrought-iron  (ship)  plates 

.. 

IO      I      O 

7    3 

3  14    4 

O     O     " 

9Q 
u 

O      O      7 

0     Z 

5 

Smiths,  at  ditto        

i£  hour 

VI           V           y 

v     v     / 

015 

5  latches,  per  account        .  .        .  . 

.. 

3  10 

O  10     2 

Rivets         „            „ 

.  .        .  . 

O     0  IO 

O     2 

fr 

o  16 

6 

Boiler  makers'  charge,  levelling 
Driller             

25  hours 

17    6 
0  II     0 

o  16 

2 

Fitters            

68      „ 

I    12     4 

o    4 

3 

Pattern  maker          

Q 

058 

Materials  and  wages   .  .        .  . 

.. 

15     2     7 

i  18 

4 

Expenses           

.. 

i  18    4 

' 

Gross  cc°t      .  .        .  . 

Net  price  paid,  £21 ;  gross  cost,  £17  os.  nd. ,  profit,  £3  19:.  id. 

EXAMPLE  No.  84. — Summary  of  cost  of  14  pairs  of  single  iron  doors  (two- 
doors  back  to  back),  6ft.  7  in.  by  2  ft.  7  in.  in  the  clear,  doors  panelled  by  having 
flat  bars  riveted  on  one  side,  delivered  and  fitted  up  at  place  (local). 


£  '• 

d. 

28  castings  (frames)  

cwt. 
72 

qr. 

2 

lb. 
4 

5. 

6 

d. 
3 

£  s. 

22  19 

d. 
7 

56        „        (hinges)  
Moulders'  wages      

•• 

v 

5 

I 

0 

6 

3 

I   12 
4  13 

10 

o 

28  wrought-iron  plates       
Wrought  iron  for  panelling         
i,             ,,        straps  (to  tie  frames  through 
wall)  and  pins  for  hinges  . 

64 
24 

4 

I 
I 

3 

4 

0 

o 

o 

7 
7 

8 
16 

3 
3 

o 
o 

2!    6 
8    9 

I  18 

O  12 

i 

IO 

o. 
o 

28  thumb  latches      

M 

tt 

3 

g 

5    5 

o 

Paid  boiler-makers  for  levelling.  . 

1  1 

2  14 

o 

I  ,i 

5 
o 

Smiths  —  Wages  paid 
Machinists         „ 

•• 
" 

•• 

1,1 

5 

0 

y       **J 

6     2 

0 

Fitters                „                 ..     -^5— 

t  > 

12     4 

o 

1      I 

6 

„                      „        (at  place)    .. 

4    6 

o 

o    4 

9 

Patternmakers—  Wages  paid  at  stock  patterns 

o    6 

4 

Materials  and  wages 

., 

.. 

98    4 

i 

20  II 

i 

Expenses            

.. 

•  • 

20   II 

8 

Gross  cost       .  . 

•• 

•• 

118  15 

9 

Equal  to  £8  los.  neai  ly  psr  pair  of  doors. 


138 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


Tender,  £9  i2s.  6d.  per  pair  net.  The  latter  rate  is  really  a 
low  one  for  iron  doors  of  this  kind  well  made.  £10  los.  would 
have  been  a  very  fair  price.  At  the  same  time,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  some  little  saving  might  have  been  effected  by  careful 
arrangement  and  supervision  in  the  workmanship.  It  may  be 
added  that  it  is  unwise  to  include  erection  of  such  doors  in  the 
price  if  it  can  be  avoided,  as  so  much  depends  upon  the  builders. 

EXAMPLE  No.  85. — Cost  of  10  double  iron  doors  for  hoist  openings,  8  ft.  by 
4  ft.  in  clear,  with  panelled  fronts,  sliding  bolts,  and  i  Chubb  lock  to  each  double 
•door. 


£  s.  d. 

10  frames  and  mouldings  
20  wrought-iron  plates       
Wrought  iron  in  panels,  pins,  hinges,  bolts, 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
129    o    o 
26    3    o 

26    I    o 

s.    d. 
7    3 

£    s.   d. 
45    3    o 
9  13  ii 

94° 

7    2    6 

12     e     6 

10  Chubb  locks         
Boiler-maker's  charge       
Smiths  and  helpers  

6    9 

3    7    6 
6  14    o 
726 
8    3  10 

409 

916 

o    9  10 

0  12     9 

24  ii    4 

Pattern-makers  at  stock  patterns          .. 
Draughtsmen            

Material  and  wages     
Expenses           

o  13     I 

2  II      0 

ioi  14    4 
24  ii    4 

Gross  cost          

126    5    8 

Equal  to  £12  IQS.  6d.  per  door.    Charged  £15  per  door,  less  2\  per  cent. 

The  doors  in  the  last  example  were  a  particularly  good  job, 
the  frames  being  planed  across  the  face,  the  edges  of  the  doors 
planed  and  most  accurately  fitted  to  the  frames ;  the  sliding 
bolts  were  specially  forged  and  turned,  and  the  whole  very  care- 
fully done  to  please  a  fastidious  customer. 

We  have  given  an  example  of  each  of  the  three  kinds  of  iron 
doors  in  general  use,  as  doors  of  one  or  the  other  kind  are  in 
regular  demand,  sometimes  in  considerable  numbers,  in  all 
manufacturing  districts.  They  are,  moreover,  amongst  the  few 
things  of  which  no  one  as  yet  appears  to  have  attempted  to 
make  a  specialty. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— PUMPS, 

BEING  required  in  connection  with  nearly  every  manufacturing 
industry,  and  in  large  numbers  in  connection  with  some — pre- 
senting no  special  difficulties  in  the  matter  of  designing,  and 
requiring  only  very  ordinary  plant  for  their  production — pumps 
form  an  attractive  object  of  manufacture  to  most  engineers,  and 
are  within  the  capacity  of  most  general  engineering  establish- 
ments, at  any  rate,  so  far  as  the  common  sizes  of  the  ordinary 
types  of  pumps  are  concerned. 

We  have  in  consequence  numerous  makers  of  pumps,  many 
of  whom  profess  to  make  a  specialty  of  this  branch  of  engineer- 
ing productions.  Nor  can  it  be  questioned  that  in  some  in- 
stances the  pumps  of  the  advertising  makers  really  do  possess 
special  features  of  more  or  less  merit ;  though  in  a  number  of 
cases  the  specialty,  so  far  as  the  design  is  concerned,  consists  in 
some  trifling  and  not  always  advantageous  departure  from  some 
well-known  standard  type.  In  other  instances,  again,  no  special 
features  whatever  are  set  forth — a  low  price  being  relied  upon 
for  securing  business. 

Notwithstanding  the  numerous  advertising  and  special  makers 
of  pumps,  most  large  general  engineering  establishments  find  it 
worth  while  to  keep  patterns  of  certain  common  sizes  of  some 
one  or  other  type  of  pump  suitable  for  general  use. 

In  good  establishments  these  patterns  will  generally  be,  and 
always  ought  to  be,  of  extra  strong  design,  for  if  a  user  goes  to 
a  local  general  engineer  for  a  pump  it  will,  as  a  rule,  be  because 


140 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


he  thinks  he  will  get  a  stronger  and  better  made  article  than  he 
will  obtain  from  the  ordinary  run  of  makers,  and  will  be  prepared 
to  pay  a  somewhat  higher  price  in  consequence. 

There  are  two  types  of  pumps,  at  least,  of  which  most  large 

establishments    have   patterns,  viz.,  the  common  single-acting 

plunger  pump,  which  is  still  frequently  used  fcr  feeding  boilers 

and  for  forcing  moderate  volumes  of  water  con- 

Types!,11     siderable    heights;    and   the   plain   barrel   pump, 

with  plunger  of  the  piston  type  having  cup  leathers, 

or  some  form  of  metallic  packing   in  the  best  makes.      The 

latter  is  generally  designed  so  that  it  may  be  made  up,  in  any 

of  the  standard  sizes,  as  a  single  or  double-acting  pump.     The 

former  type  is  usually  made  in  sizes  from  ij  to  3in.  diameter 

of  the  plunger,  and  the  latter  from  3  to  12  in.  diameter  of  the 

barrel. 

Plunger          The  following  example  illustrates  the  cost  of  a 
Pumps.       plain  plunger  pump. 

EXAMPLE  No.  86.— Cost  of  one  2  in.  plunger  pump  (4^ in.  stroke),  all  of  cast 
iron,  -with  strong  square  base,  plunger  turned,  end  slotted  and  drilled  for  con- 
necting to  pump  rod,  neck  and  stuffing  box  of  barrel  bored,  gland  bored  and 
turned,  valve  seats  bored,  valves  turned,  top  of  valve  chest  faced,  cover  turned,, 
and  flanges  of  suction  and  discharge  faced  : — 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£   s.    d. 

Iron  castings          

107 

6    3 

068 

Moulders  —  Wages  paid  .. 

o    4  10. 

2  gland  and  4  cover  bolts—  stoc 

c 

o    3 

o    i    6 

Packing  for  gland  

014 

I     2     8 
O     2   IO 

Machinists  —  Wages  paid           . 
Fitters          

o  15    i 

058 

i    5    6 

Materials  and  wages 
Expenses        

i  IS    i 
i    5     6 

Gross  cost  .  . 

• 

•        • 

• 

307 

Charged  £4  155.,  less  z\  per  cent. 

The  above  cost  and  charge  include  only  the  pump,  and  do  not 
cover  any  driving  apparatus.  Various  methods  of  driving  these 
pumps  are  adopted,  the  most  common  being  either  a  disc  on  the 
end  of  a  shaft,  with  a  pin  and  pump-rod  connected 

direct  to  the  head  of  the  Plunger>  or  an  eccentric 
on  a  shaft  similarly  connected  to  the  plunger. 
The  latter  was  adopted  in  the  case  of  the  pump  of  which  the 
cost  is  given  above.  The  eccentric  block  was  keyed  on  a  3-in, 
shaft  making  38  revolutions  per  minute. 


PUMPS. 


141 


Very  frequently  these  pumps  have  brass  plungers  and  valves, 
and  sometimes  are  entirely  of  brass.  In  the  above  case,  if  the 
plunger  and  valves  had  been  of  brass  the  cost  would  have  been 
about  2os.  higher,  and  if  the  pump  had  been  entirely  of  brass  it 
would  have  stood  about  90^.  higher.  An  air  vessel  of  cast  iron 
would  have  added  about  i$s.  to  the  cost  as  given  in  the  state- 
ment. 

It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  no  charge  for  patterns  in 
above  statement.  A  set  of  patterns  for  such  a  pump  would  cost 
from  6os.  to  8os.,  according  to  the  design  of  the  valve  chest. 

The  following  table  exhibits  a  fair  scale  of  prices  for  pumps 
of  this  type,  and  of  the  most  usual  sizes : 

PRICE  LIST  OF  PLUNGER  PUMPS. 


Diameter  of  plunger         Inches 

i* 

if 

2 

2* 

3 

Cast  iron      

£400 

£450 

£4  15    9 

£6  15    9 

£  9    o    o 

Air  vessel,  extra   

o  18    o 

I      2     6 

150 

i  15    o 

200 

Brass  plunger  and  valves 

SOD 

5  10    o 

650 

800 

10     O     O 

All  brass      

660 

7  15    o 

10    5     o 

12     O     O 

15    o    o 

Many  of  the  cheaper  class  of  houses  would  put  these  prices  from  10  to  20  per  cent.  less. 


Barrel 
Pumps. 


The  following  examples  will  illustrate  the  cost 
of  pumps  of  the  second  type  mentioned — that  is, 
the  ordinary  barrel  type. 


EXAMPLE  No.  87. — Cost  of  one  3-in.  vertical  double-acting  barrel  pump  (i2-in. 
stroke),  cast-iron  barrel,  valve  chests,  covers,  and  connecting  branches,  cast-iron 
bucket  with  cup  leathers,  wrought-iron  pump  and  forked  connecting  rod,  brass 
valves  and  seats,  and  cast-iron  bow  guide  for  pump-rod  : — 


£  s. 

d. 

Iron  castings          

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
5      o    14 

s.   d. 
6    3 

£   s.   d. 

I   12     I 

o  13 

2     8 

9 
o 

Moulders'  wages   
Brass  castings—  4  valves  and  4  seats,  and 
pairs  brushes  for  connecting  rod    .  . 
Wrought  iron  in  rod,  guard,  crosshead,  etc 
Cup  leathers  and  sundry  bolts,  etc.—  stores 
Smiths—  Wages  paid 
Machinists        „ 

16 
3      4 

O  TO 
10     0 

o  13    i 

o  13    4 
o    7  10 

043 
o  13    9 

I   12     O 

o    5 

7 

Fitters               „               ..                   .. 

O  II     2 

Materials  and  wages 

676 

3    7 

4 

Expenses        ..        ..                  .. 

374 

Gross  cost      

9  14  10 

Piice  charged  for  pump  as  above,  and  not  including  any  driving  gear,  air  vessel,  suction  or 
discharge  pipe,  £15,  less  z\  per  cent. 

As  in  the  case  of  plunger  pumps,  many  different  methods  of 
driving  vertical  barrel  pumps  are  adopted.     Some- 
Driving"      times  the  pump  is  driven  by  a  disc  plate  and  pin 
at  the  end  of  a  short  piece  of  shafting  carried  on 


142 


MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 


brackets  attached  to  a  wall,  and  receiving  motion  from  some 
main  or  other  shaft. 

A  compact,  self-contained  driving  arrangement  for  a  single  or 
double-barrelled  pump  is  formed  by  a  stout  cast-iron  column 
with  a  broad  base,  or  a  separate  base,  to  which  the  pump  can  be 
attached,  and  having  the  gear  for  driving  at  the  top.  The  driving 
gear  will  usually  consist  of  a  short  shaft  with  a  broad  pulley  to 
receive  the  motion  from  a  pair  of  fast  and  loose  pulleys,  and 
having  a  small  geared  wheel  at  the  end  working  into  a  larger 
wheel  so  as  to  bring  down  the  speed  to  a  suitable  rate  for  the 
pump.  The  large  wheel  will  have  a  pin  to  which  the  connecting 
rod  can  be  attached.  Such  a  driving  arrangement  admits  of 
being  duplicated  to  work  two  pumps,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
column,  and  is  probably  the  cheapest  self-contained  driving 
arrangement  that  can  be  devised  for  one  or  two  barrels.  The 
column  may  be  utilised  as  an  air-vessel  where  desired. 

A  better  self-contained  arrangement  is  formed  by  two  A- 
frames  with  a  crank-shaft,  which  may  either  be  driven  direct 
by  a  belt  or  through  the  medium  of  gearing,  where  it  is  neces- 
sary to  reduce  the  speed.  The  A-frames  form  bearings  both 
for  the  crank-shaft  and  for  the  axle  on  which  the  pulley  and 
small  driving-wheel  are  placed.  The  pump  in  Example  No.  87 
was  driven  in  this  manner,  the  cost  of  the  entire  driving  gear 
being  as  follows,  viz. : — 


Cost  of  A-frames  and  driving  gear  for  3-in.  single-barrel  double-acting 

pump  : — 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  ar.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

Iron  castings,  A-frames,  base,  caps,  spur-wheel 
and  pinion,  and  pulley   

720 

6    3 

2     6  II 

Moulders'  wages      .  .        .  .        .  .        .  . 

o  13    4 

8  brass  bushes          

14 

0  10 

on    8 

o  10    6 

Wrought  iron    in    single-throw    crank-shaft 
pulley  shaft,  pin,  tie  bars,  etc  
Smiths'  wages          

3    7 

0  12     O 

o  10    6 

080 

Materials  and  wages  ..        ..        .. 

6  10    i 

380 

Expenses            

• 

280 

Gross  cost  

•• 

8  18    i 

Charged  £12  ios.,  less  <i\  per  cent.,  making  total  charge  for  pump,  framing  and  driving  gear 
£27  ios.,  less  2^  per  cent.  It  the  pump  had  had  the  barrel  lined  with  brass,  the  additional  cost 
would  have  been  about  6os.,  and  the  pump  might  have  been  charged,  say,  £4  or  £5  higher.  A 
set  of  patterns  for  pump  in  last  example  would  cost  about  £5,  whilst  patterns  for  the  framing 
and  gearing  would  have  cost  about  an  equal  sum,  not  including  the  pulley,  for  which  some 
regular  stock  pattern  would  no  doubt  be  available 


PUMPS. 


145 


EXAMPLE  No.  88. — Cost  of  6-in.  Single-barrel  double-acting  pump,  with  cast- 
iron  barrel,  valve  chests,  covers,  bow  guide,  connecting  branches  and  bracket,, 
wrought-iron  pump  rod  crosshead  and  forked  connecting  rod,  etc.,  brass  valves, 
seat,  bushes  for  connecting  rod  and  guide  for  pump  rod  (stroke  of  pump  15  in.). 


£  s. 

d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

IO     2  21 

s.   d. 
6    3 

£  s    d. 

Moulders'  wages      ..        ..        ..         .. 
Brass  castings           

46 
X3O 

0  10 

i    o    6 

i  18    4 

O   IQ     O 

I    4 

6 

Leathers  and  sundries  —  stores    
Smiths  —  Wages  paid         

0   II      0 

!    4    8 
3    7  10 

o  16 

Fitters             .  .                  .  .        .  .        . 

I   12     O 

7    a 

3 

Materials  and  wages  
Expenses            

Gross  cost   

14    o    o 
723 

21     2     3 

Charged  £30,  less  2$  per  cent.,  for  pump  only  as  above.  With  brass-lined  barrel,  bucket  and! 
muntz  metal  rod,  charged  £10  extra — the  actual  extra  weight  of  brass  and  muntz  metal  being 
158  Ib.  The  extra  cost  for  independent  framing  and  driving  gear  for  above  pwmp,  similar  to> 
that  described  for  the  s-in.  pump,  of  which  the  cost  has  already  been  given,  would  be  about  £17,, 
and  pump  as  given  in  above  cost,  together  with  framing,  would  be  charged  about  £55. 


Barrel  pumps  of  the  kind  we  are  now  dealing  with  are 
frequently  combined  in  sets  of  two  or  three,  and  arranged  to  be 
driven  by  a  double-throw  or  three-throw  crank-shaft.  The  cost 
of  a  pair  of  pumps,  so  far  as  the  pumps  alone  are  concerned,, 
would  be  practically  double  the  cost  of  a  single  one,  and  a  set 
of  three  practically  treble. 

For  determining  the  probable  cost  with  framing,  if  the  cost  of 
a  single  barrel  pump  be  doubled  in  the  case  of  a  pair,  and  a 
third  be  added  to  the  cost  of  the  framing  and  gear  for  a  single 
pump,  and  if  the  cost  of  the  pump  be  trebled  in  case  of  a  three- 
throw  arrangement,  and  a  half  be  added  to  the  cost  of  framing 
and  gear  for  a  single  pump,  a  reliable  approximation  will  be 
obtained.  For  example  :  Probable  cost  of  pair  of  3-in.  double- 
acting  vertical  pumps  with  framing  and  driving  gear — Cost  of 
single  pump  doubled,  £g  145,  lod.  and  £g  145.  iod.,  equal 
£\()  95.  8d.  ;  framing,  etc.,  for  single  pump,  £8  i8s,  id.,  plus 
one-third,  equal  £11  175.  6d.  ;  total  £31  75.  2d.  Such  a  pair  of 
pumps  would  be  charged  from  £40  to  .£47,  complete. 

Pumps  of  this  kind  may  be  arranged  as  well  pumps,  the 
pumps  proper  being  placed  in  the  well  and  connected  with  the 
framing  and  gearing  at  the  top  by  long  rods,  and  are  applicable 
to  numerous  other  purposes.  The  following  table  gives  a  fair 
scale  of  prices  for  the  most  usual  sizes. 


144 


MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 


PRICES  OF  VERTICAL  DOUBLE-ACTING  LIFT  AND  FORCE  PUMPS. 


Diameter  of  barrel     ..        ..          Inches 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

Stroke                                                              . 

12 

13 

12 

15 

18 

Price  of  pump  only    .  .        
Price  of  pump  and  driving  gear  with  A- 
iraming           

£15 
£2710 

£18  10 

£32 

£24 
£40 

fib 

£50 

£4* 

Extra    with    brass-lined    barrel,    brass 

bucket  and  rod        

£6 

£75 

£8  10 

£10 

£20 

Capacity  of  gallons  per  hour 

1,300 

2,50O 

3,750 

6,000 

12,000 

The  pump  referred  to  in  Example  86  belongs  to  the  class  of 
simple-force  pumps ;  those  in  Examples  87  and  88  to  the  class 
of  combined  lift  and  force  pumps  ;  but  the  patterns  of  the  latter 
admit  of  being  utilised  for  the  construction  of  simple  lift  pumps, 
'by  substituting  for  the  solid  pump  buckets,  buckets  with  valves, 
and  by  modifying  the  valve  chests  ;  although  simple  lift  pumps 
constructed  from  these  patterns  would  be  considerably  heavier 
and  more  costly  than  pumps  of  corresponding  size  made  from 
patterns  specially  prepared  as  simple  lift  pumps. 

Pumps  of  the  classes  we  have  just  discussed,  whilst  they  may 

often  be  used  with  advantage,  and  are  still  constantly  required 

for  many  purposes,  are   not   so    much   in  demand   now  as  in 

Steam       former  years.     Their  places  are   being   taken   by 

Pumps.      centrifugal  pumps,  and  still  more  by  steam  pumps 

of  the  donkey  and  other  direct  steam-driven  types. 

Few  general  engineers  attempt  to  make  centrifugal  pumps. 
Their  field  of  usefulness  is  not  so  wide  as  that  of  the  vertical 
barrel  pump,  although  in  certain  circumstances,  as  for  lifting 
very  large  volumes  of  water  short  heights — as  in  the  drainage  of 
low  lands — they  are  probably  the  most  efficient  of  all  pumps. 

Steam  pumps — that  is,  direct-driven  pumps — are,  however,  in 
•such  regular  demand,  and  suitable  for  such  an  immense  variety 
•of  circumstances,  that  it  is  almost  certain  to  be  worth  while  to  go 
into  their  manufacture  in  any  well-equipped  general  establish- 
ment. 

We  shall  give  one  or  two  costs  of  pumps  of  this  class  by  way 
of  illustration. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  cost  of  a  donkey  pump 
Donkey  °f  tne  ordinary  type,  but  of  strong  design, 
Pumps.  suitable  for  high  pressure,  quick  speed,  and 
heavy  duty. 


PUMPS. 


145 


EXAMPLE  No.  89. — Cost  of  i  double-acting  donkey  pump  with  steam  cylinder 
7  in.  diameter,  pump  3  J  in.  diameter,  stroke  7  in. 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr. 

s.   d. 

£    s.   d. 

Iron  casting  (dry  sand),  steam  cylinder  and 
framing  and  pump                      . 

6    I  14 

'7    6 

2     6  10 

Moulders'  wages       .  . 

§ 

410 

Iron  castings  (green  sand) 

. 

3    o  14 

6    3 

o  19    7 

Moulders'  wages 

064 

Brass  castings 

§ 

100 

O  IO 

434 

Wrought  iron  in  rods,  spin 

le,  co 

lars 

tc. 

I    o    7 

12    0 

0  12     9 

o  14    5 

Smiths'  wages 

g 

o  14    5 

i  ij-in.  steam  valve 

, 

o  ii    9 

2  "  Ramsbottom"  rings 

086 

Drain  taps,  oil  cups,  etc.,  ] 

r  stor 

es 

o  14    4 

930 

Machinists  —  Wages  paid 

• 

620 

322 

Fitters 

6    4    3 

Materials  and  wages 

t 

27    5    i 

12  19    7 

Expenses 

• 

12  19    7 

Gross  cost 

• 

40    4    8 

Charged  £50,  less  i\  per  cent.,  as  in  table  below. 

The  above  was  the  cost  of  one  pump  made  by  itself.  Where 
half-a-dozen  or  more  can  be  made  at  a  time,  the  cost  in  wages 
per  pump  can  usually  be  considerably  reduced.  Patterns  are 
not  included  in  above — they  cost  for  this  size,  including 
drawings,  £16  $s. — material,  wages  and  expenses.  The  pump 
in  this  example  formed  one  of  the  following  range : — 

TABLE  OF  DONKEY  PUMP  PRICES,  CAPACITIES,  ETC. 


Diam.  steam  cylinder 

Inches 

4i 

7 

8 

IO 

„     water         „ 

- 

2* 

|| 

5 

7 

Length  of  Stroke      .  . 

t 

•' 

6* 

7 

9 

10 

115 

IOO 

80 

60 

Diam.  steam  pipe     .  . 

, 

Inches 

i^ 

4 

'J 

2 

„     exhaust  pipe 

, 

„ 

ij 

2 

2 

4 

„     suction  pipe 
„      delivery  pipe 

. 

it 

M 

2^ 

2  850 

4* 

3 

o  700 

Approximate  weight 

• 



8  cwt. 
Ao 

1  1  CWt. 

Ao 

14  cwt. 
£6* 

iScwt. 
/8o 

The  pumps  in  above  list  have  brass  buckets,  liners,  valves, 
and  seats,  and  pump  glands  and  muntz  metal  rods.  The 
capacities  given  are  supposed  to  be  those  which  may  be 
obtained  when  working  with  say  8olb.  steam  pressure  and 
against  a  pressure  of  about  Solb. 

From   the   ordinary   donkey   pump   we   pass   by   a   natural 

transition   to   the    newer    types    of    direct-acting 

Direct  Acting  steam  pumps  which  now  receive  so  large  a  share 

S'of  the   favour   of  pump   users.     In    the    donkey 

pump  a  direct  connection  is  made  between  the  piston  of  the 


146  MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 

engine  and  the  pump  rod,  and  a  donkey  pump  therefore  repre- 
sents a  distinct  advance,  so  far  as  the  reduction  of  working  parts 
and  simplification  are  concerned,  as  compared  with  any  pump  in 
which  a  belt  drive  or  gearing  is  employed.  Still,  in  a  donkey 
pump,  what  is  practically  a  complete  steam  engine  with 
connecting  rod,  crank-shaft,  eccentric  and  fly-wheel,  and  some- 
times a  governor,  is  employed  to  drive  the  pump. 

In  those  pumps  to  which  the  term  "direct-acting  steam 
pump  "  is  now  applied  simplification  and  reduction  of  parts  is 
carried  a  step  further,  the  connecting-rod,  crank-shaft,  fly-wheel 
and  ether  parts  being  dispensed  with..  There  are  two  general 
types  of  direct-acting  steam  pumps  now  in  common  use.  In 
the  one  the  valves  of  the  steam  cylinder  are  actuated  by  levers 
or  tappets  connected  with  the  piston  and  pump  rod  ;  in  the 
other  there  are  no  external  levers  whatever,  the  valve  con- 
trolling the  admission  and  eduction  of  steam  being  actuated  by 
supplementary  pistons  contained  in  the  valve-chest  or  forming  a 
part  of  the  main  piston. 

The  Worthington  pump,  which  is  a  duplex  pump,  the  motion 
of  one  piston  being  utilised  to  control  the  admission  and 
eduction  of  steam  in  the  other  cylinder  reciprocally,  may  be 
taken  as  representative  of  the  first  type,  and  the  well-known 
"  Special "  and  "  Universal "  pumps  of  the  second  type.  The 
latter  type  occupies  rather  less  space  than  the  former,  but 
probably  has  no  other  special  advantage — it  must  indeed  be 
considered  as  the  more  complicated  type. 

Whilst  special  economy  in  the  matter  of  steam  consumption 
can  hardly  be  claimed  for  the  direct-acting  pumps,  they  have 
sufficient  advantages  to  entirely  outweigh  any  little  extrava- 
gance in  this  regard,  being,  as  they  are,  extremely  convenient, 
requiring  little  space  and  no  very  heavy  foundations,  and 
suitable  for  almost  every  purpose  for  which  a  pump  is  required, 
from  the  feeding  of  a  boiler  to  the  putting  out  of  a  fire.  Conse- 
quently, a  very  large  business  is  done  in  them,  and  a  business 
which  is  no  doubt  profitable  to  the  large  makers. 

The  pumps  are  now  made  in  an  immense  variety  of  sizes,  and 
in  several  modifications  for  special  purposes,  by  the  special 
makers ;  and  the  prices,  at  least  of  English-made  pumps,  have 
of  late  been  put  very  low — doubtless  under  the  stress,  to  a 
certain  extent,  of  the  competition  of  American-made  pumps, 


PUMPS. 


147 


"which,  however,  are  still  sold  at  comparatively  high  rates.  Not- 
withstanding this,  these  direct-acting  pumps  are  still  well  worth 
the  attention  of  manufacturing  engineers  who  can  either  lay 
themselves  out  to  make  them  on  the  factory  system  in 
competition  with  the  makers  who  now  occupy  the  field,  or  can 
depend  upon  a  local  or  special  connection  for  regular,  though 
not  necessarily  numerous,  orders. 

The  following  is  the  summary  of  the  cost  of  a  direct-acting 
pump  with  external  levers  for  working  the  steam  valve,  designed 
for  sale  under  the  latter  circumstances. 

EXAMPLE  No.  90. — Summary  of  cost  of  i  direct-acting  steam  pump,  having 
i  steam  cylinder  and  i  double-acting  pump — pump  barrel  6  in.  diameter,  steam 
•cylinder  loin,  diameter,  stroke  15 in. — brass-lined  barrel,  brass  bucket,  brass 
.glands  and  muntz  metal  pump  rod. 


Material,  including  moulders'  wages  and  all 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

£     5.     d. 

Wages  —  Machinists,  fitter  and  smiths 

II    10     O 

Gross  cost 

49    6    o 

This  pump  was  intended  to  work  up  to  a  capacity  of  about 
9000  gallons  per  hour,  against  a  pressure  of  100  Ib.  to  the  square 
inch,  at  a  speed  of  50  strokes  per  minute,  corresponding  to  a 
piston  speed  of  125  ft.  per  minute.  Of  course,  the  pump  would 
admit  of  being  worked  at  a  still  higher  rate  if  required.  It  is 
one  of  the  advantages  of  direct-driven  pumps  that  the  quantity 
of  water  thrown  can  be  regulated  within  such  wide  limits.  The 
above  pump  was  intended  to  be  sold  at  from  £60  to  £6$.  The 
cost  of  the  drawings  and  patterns  stood  at  £21.  A  saving  in 
the  cost  of  manufacture,  as  stated  above,  to  from  £5  to  £10  was 
expected  to  be  made  in  future  cases. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— HOISTING 
MACHINERY. 

THERE  are  at  least  three  classes  of  hoisting  machinery  usually 
made  in  most  large  general  engineering  establishments,  viz., 
crab  winches,  jib  cranes  and  mill  or  warehouse  hoists.  It  is  safe 

to  say  that  crab  winches  are  rarely  made  in  such 
Crab         establishments  as  cheaply  as  they  can  be  bought 

from  one  or  two  special  makers  ;  but  apart  from 
the  fact  that  most  large  firms  who  have  much  erecting  to  do 
prefer  to  make  winches  for  the  sake  of  being  sure  that  they 
have  strong  and  substantial  apparatus  for  their  own  require- 
ments, winches  constitute  very  suitable  and  convenient  work 
for  apprentices  and  junior  hands  at  slack  times. 

Hence  they  are  very  generally  made,  though  perhaps  not 
with  much  consideration  for  their  own  intrinsic  value  as  profit- 
earning  productions.  Two  sizes  at  least  are  usually  made — one 
to  lift  up  to  one  ton  direct,  and  up  to  five  tons  with  the 
assistance  of  two  and  three  sheave  pulley  blocks  ;  and  one  to 
lift  two  and  a  half  tons  direct,  and  up  to  twelve  with  blocks. 
Larger  sizes,  to  lift  up  to  four  or  five  tons  direct,  are  also 
occasionally  made.  The  best  are  made  so  that  they  may  be 
worked  either  single  or  double  purchase,  and  so  that  the  load 
(nay  be  lowered  by  means  of  the  brake,  without  the  handles 
revolving. 


CRAB  WINCHES. 


149 


The   following   summary  gives   costs    and   prices   of  two — • 
perhaps  the  most  common — sizes. 

EXAMPLES  Nos.  91  and  92.— Costs  and  prices  of  crab  winches  (single  or  double 
purchase  at  will ;  with  plain  lever  brakes,  and  with  brass  bushes  in  bearings)  : — 


Material—  including  moulders'  wages       

5  Tons. 
£  s.    d. 
3  18    6 
197 

12  Tons. 
£   s.   d. 
6    i    6 
260 

I    4  it 

I  18    4 

6  13    o 

10    5  10 

7  10    o 

12     0     0 

Weight         

;cwt. 

10  CWt. 

To  lift  with  Blocks— 
2  and  3  Sheaves. 


The  smaller  sizes  may  be  bought  from  some  houses  at  from 
£6  to  £7  ios.,  and  the  larger  at  from  £g  55.  to  £11,  including 
brakes  and  brass  bushes  in  bearings.  Single-purchase  winches 
of  the  smaller  size  can  be  bought  for  from  £4  155.  to  £6  ios. 
For  the  larger  size  a  double-purchase  winch  would  always  be 
used.  There  is  nothing  included  in  above  costs  for  patterns. 

In  the  establishment  where  the  above  were  made  no  other 
sizes  were  manufactured  ;  but  anyone  wishing  to  make  a  regular 
•business  in  crab  winches  would  require  to  make  a  range  of  sizes, 
somewhat  as  indicated  in  the  following  table,  which  also  gives 
the  highest  and  lowest  prices  with  which  the  writer  is 
acquainted.  The  lower  rates  can  only  allow  a  very  moderate 
margin  for  profit,  for  a  good  article — the  higher  will  allow  both 
a  reasonable  margin  and  very  good  work. 


PRICE  LIST  OF  CRAB  WINCHES. 

Singh  Purchase. 


To  lift  with  2 

and  3  Sheave 
Blocks. 

Prices. 

Extra  for  Brake. 

Brass  Bushes. 

i  Ton 

£3 

0 

0 

About 

13 

O 

2     ,, 

3    „ 
4     >i 

2 
2 

5 
9 

id 

O  O  O 

to      4 
ii       5 

n       4 

5 

0 

o 

0 

6 

10 

12 
12 

o  to 
o  fl 

o  ,, 

20 
22 

7?: 

O 
0 

o 

From 

I2S.   6d. 

ir. 

3 
4 

g 

0 

0 

ii       5 
n       7 

IS 

0 

o 

0 

12 

16 

o  „ 

0  „ 

22 

o 

0 

to 
255. 

9    ii 

5 

6 

0 

n       8 

0 

0 

18 

0  „ 

25 

o 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 


PRICE  LIST  OF  CRAB  WINCHES. 

Double  Purchase. 


To  lift  with  2 

Prices. 

Extra  for  Brake. 

Brass  Brushes. 

and  3  Sheave 

Blocks. 

4  Tons 

£3 

10 

o    to 

£7    o 

o 

10 

0 

to    25 

o 

18    o 

to    27    6 

5 

4 

0 

o 

5  10 

o 

12 

0 

,    25 

0 

18    o 

„     27    6 

6      „ 

5 

0 

0 

8    o 

o 

17 

o 

,    25 

0 

20      O 

»     27    C 

9      „ 

6 

0 

o 

10      0 

0 

17 

0 

,    25 

o 

22     0 

»     35    o 

12        „ 

7 

o 

9    5 

0 

18 

0 

,    25 

0 

22     O 

35    o 

9 

g 

o 

12   IO 

o 

20 

0 

,    25 

o 

31    o 

»     40    o 

18      )', 

ii 

16 

0 

16    o 

o                28 

0 

40 

0 

40    o 

20       „ 

16 

0 

o 

40 

0 

. 

. 

42     0 

.  . 

24       „ 

.. 

19    o 

o       I 

60 

o 

40    o 

1 

A  simple  form  of  crane  in  regular  demand  for  warehouse- 
purposes  is  formed  by  combining  a  common  crab  winch  placed 
inside  the  warehouse  with  a  wrought-iron  jib  frame  placed1, 
outside  the  warehouse,  and  provided  with  grooved 

Pulleys  for  the  chain  to  Pass  over*     The  best  form 
has  a  complete  triangular  frame  of  wrought-iron,. 

with  the  jib  curved  a  little  towards  the  crane  post  and  suspen- 
sion bar,  strengthened  by  one  or  more  circular  stiffening  rings 
placed  in  the  space  formed  by  the  three  sides  of  the  triangle 
and  riveted  to  all  three  sides.  The  bottom  and  top  of  the 
crane  posts  have  pivots  which  rest  in  sockets  in  cast-iron 
brackets  attached  to  the  wall. 

The  crane  is  usually  placed  by  the  side  of  the  top  warehouse 
door,  a  small  pair  of  guide  pulleys  being  placed  on  the  top  wall 
bracket  to  guide  the  chain  through  the  wall,  and  another  guide 
pulley  being  placed  inside  the  wall  to  guide  the  chain  down  to 
the  winch. 

On  the  opposite  page  are  notes  of  costs  and  prices  of  two 
very  common  sizes  of  this  type  of  crane.  To  the  figures  given 
in  the  examples  must  be  added  the  costs  of  crab  winches  of 
suitable  power,  bringing  the  prices  of  the  cranes  complete 
except  chain,  which  is  usually  charged  so  much  per  foot,  up  to- 
£iy  and  ^23  los.  respectively,  the  two  winches  referred  to  in 
Examples  Nos.  91  and  92  being  those  included.  The  chain 
usually  supplied  is  J  in.  in  the  small  size,  and  f  in.  in  the  larger, 
being  B  B  short  link  tested  crane  chain  and  charged  lid.  and 
is.  id.  per  foot  respectively. 


CRANES. 


EXAMPLES  Nos.  93  and  94. — Costs  and  prices  of  wi  ought-iron  jib  cranes,  fre- 
quently called  warehouse  cranes  : — 


To  lift         

eft 

5  ft  6  in 

1    4ft. 

4  ft.  6  in. 

Material—  Wrought-iron  frame,  cast-iron  brackets,  and 
wall  plate,  cast-iron  guide  pulleys,  wrought-iron  pins, 

£   s    d. 
2  18    6 

£  s.  d. 

220 

2    l8      O 

264 

366 

/            TO 

9  10    6 

Charged         

9  10    o 

II    10      O 

Prices  of  other  makers     

900 

IO     O     0 

Wharf 
Cranes. 


A  cheaper  form  of  crane,  in  which  the  crane  post  is  dispensed 
with  (the  wall  being  allowed  to  form  the  post),  is  sometimes 
supplied ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  type  described 
above  is  a  much  more  substantial  arrangement. 

Engineers  who  have  a  connection  with  docks  and  harbour 
boards,  railway  companies,  and  other  public  bodies  find  a  mode- 
rate and  fairly  profitable  business,  as  a  rule,  in  connection  with 
the  ordinary  hand  wharf  crane.  This  may  be  briefly 
described  as  consisting  of  a  stout  central  crane 
post  of  cast  iron,  partially  sunk  in  the  ground  in 
the  best  types  and  connected  with  single  or  double  foundation 
plates  (usually  a  casting  with  six  or  eight  radiating  arms). 
The  crane-post  has  a  framing  of  cast  iron  carrying  the  winding 
gear  swung  upon  it  in  such  a  manner  that  it  may  be  turned 
completely  round.  To  the  lower  part  of  the  gearing  frame  a 
jib,  generally  of  oak,  is  attached,  the  head  of  the  jib  being 
connected  with  the  head  of  the  gearing  frame  by  wrought-iron 
suspension  bars.  Sometimes  the  jib  is  made  of  iron  in  the  form 
of  a  hollow  casting  ;  but  good  sound  oak  is  mostly  preferred, 
and  is  no  doubt  better.  The  timber  offers  very  great  resistance 
to  compression  and  is  more  clastic  than  iron.  Its  great  elasticity 
is,  of  course,  a  valuable  feature,  enabling  it  to  withstand  better 
than  metal  the  sudden  and  frequent  shocks  which  it  receives. 
The  type  will  be  quite  familiar,  being  found  on  wharves,  railway 
sidings  and  goods  platforms,  contractors',  ironfounders'  and  en- 
gineers' yards,  and  in  numerous  other  situations.  The  crane  is 
to  be  obtained  in  sizes  from  a  half  to  ten  tons  lifting  capacity, 
the  most  common  size  being  the  three  ton.  We  append  sum- 
maries of  costs  of  three  sizes. 


152 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


EXAMPLES  Nos.  95,  96  and  97.— Costs  and  prices  of  hand  wharf  cranes  (single 
d  double  purchase) :— 


To  lift         

3  tons 

5  tons 

10  tons 

13  ft. 

14  ft. 

i5ft. 

Approximate  weight     

54  cwt. 

92  cwt. 

180  cwt. 

Cost   of  materials,  including   foundation 
bolts  and  plates,  oak  jib,  sufficient  length 
of  BB  tested  short  link  crane  chain  to 
reach   the  ground    level,  single-sheave 
chain  pulley  with  hook,  brass  bushes  in 
bearings,    brake,    etc.,    and     including 
moulders'  wages        
Other  wages  paid          

£  s.  d. 

29  14    o 
7  14    6 
8  15    o 

£   s.    d. 

50  ii    8 
ii  16    4 
13    o    6 

£     5.    d. 

97  10    o 
21  14    o 
24    6    8 

Gross  cost     
Charged        
Prices  of  other  makers  for  comparison 

46    3    6 
60    o    o 
48    o    o 
to 
65    o    o 

75    8    6 
95    o    o 
85    o    o 
to 
105    o    o 

143  10    8 
185    o    o 
160    o    o 
to 

210     0     0 

Patterns  are  not  included  in  above.  The  patterns  for  the 
three  ton  size  cost  in  wages,  malerial  and  expenses  practically 
£20.  The  crane  posts  were  in  all  the  sizes  loam  castings, 
though  there  is  no  reason  whatever  why  the  pillars  of  the  small 
size  at  least  should  not  be  cast  in  green  sand. 

It  should  be  understood  that  the  costs  are  in  each  case  the 
costs  of  cranes  made  singly  at  odd  times,  and  in  an  establish- 
ment where  no  special  efforts  were  made  to  cultivate  a  business 
in  cranes.  The  weights  might  be  reduced  probably  ten  or 
fifteen  per  cent,  in  the  three  ton  size,  and  about  five  per  cent,  in 
the  two  larger  sizes,  whilst  savings  in  the  time  and  consequently 
in  the  expenses  might  also  be  made. 

The  ordinary  warehouse  hoist  is  another  hoisting  appliance 
which  lies  in  the  way  of  most  general  engineering  shops  of 
moderate  capacity,  or  at  least  of  such  as  are  situated  in  towns. 
This  hoist  in  its  simplest  form  consists  of  a 
stout  timber  caSe  sheeted  on  two  or  three  sides 
and  strengthened  by  wrought-iron  tie  bolts  at  each 
corner  and  at  other  points,  arranged  to  slide  freely  up  and  down 
the  well  of  the  hoist  between  two  or  four  guides  attached  to  the 
wall.  One  or  two  ropes  attached  to  the  top  of  the  cage  pass 
over  a  grooved  pulley  or  pulleys  at  the  top  of  the  hoist,  and  are 
connected  with  a  balance  weight  of  cast  iron  arranged  to  slide 
in  a  recess  in  the  wall.  The  cage  is  raised  or  lowered  by  means 
of  one  open  and  one  crossed  belt,  which  drive  the  pulleys 
through  the  medium  of  a  screw  and  screw  wheel.  A  brake  is 
attached,  being  carried,  together  with  the  whole  of  the  driving 


HOISTS. 


153 


gear,  on  a  cast-iron  frame  fixed  at  the  highest  point  of  the  hoist. 
Passing  through  the  cage  are  ropes,  by  which  the  hoist  can  be 
worked  from  the  inside  of  the  cage,  as  well  as  from  the  outside. 
Provision  is  also  generally  made  by  which  the  rage  will  be 
automatically  stopped  when  it  reaches  the  highest  point  to 
which  it  is  intended  to  go ;  and  refinements  in  the  shape  of 
safety  clips  or  catches,  by  which  the  cage  will  be  prevented 
from  falling  if  the  rope  breaks,  are  also  sometimes  provided, 
although  the  screw  and  screw  wheel  constitute  a  sufficient 
element  of  security  in  all  ordinary  cases  where  they  are  em- 
ployed. 

Following  are  summaries  of  the  costs  of  three  common  sizes 
of  such  hoists. 

EXAMPLES  Nos.  98,  99  and  100. — Costs  and  prices  of  warehouse  lifts  or  hoists : — 


To  lift       

10  CWt. 

20  CWt. 

30  cwt. 

Size  of  cage       ..        .. 

54  in.  x  42  in. 

60  in  X48in. 

60  in.  x  60  in. 

X72in.  high, 
in  clear. 

X76in.  high, 
in  clear. 

x  76  in.  high, 
in  clear. 

Gross  weight     ..        ... 

... 

29  cwt. 

33  cwt. 

42  cwt. 

£   s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

£   s.   d. 

Cost  of  material,  in  eluding  moulders' 
wages,  and  ropes      

20    5    o 

24    9    7 

30    2  n 

Smiths'  wages   .. 

.  . 

2   15      7 

350 

4  12    6 

Machinists'  „     .. 

2   14      I 

3  16    o 

580 

Fitters'     •    „    (in  shop) 

.. 

4  13  10 

6  '5     5 

8  14    3 

Joiners  and  pattern-makers'  wages. 
Draughtsmen's  wages 
Fitters'  (erecting)  „     

3  10    o 

2      I     O 

i  14    o 

3   12     I 
2  17    4 
i  16     i 

4  18    0 

2  16    o 
320 

Material  and  wages 

.. 

37  19    6 

46  n    6 

59  13     8 

Expenses 

... 

12  17     0 

16    4    i 

21  16    8 

Gross  cost 

50  16    6 

62  15     7 

81  10    4 

Price  charged 

.. 

65    o    o 

80    o    o 

no    o    o 

While  the  above  figures  included  ropes,  they  did  not  include 
either  belts  or  guides  for  the  cage.  A  drawing  was  handed  in 
each  case  to  the  buyer,  showing  how  the  guides  for  the  cage  and 
the  beams  at  the  head  of  the  lift  were  to  be  fixed,  and  all  this 
work  was  done  by  the  builder.  The  two  smaller  sizes  had  two 
guides  only — one  at  each  side  ;  the  largest  size  had  a  guide  at 
each  corner.  All  the  cages  were  sheeted  with  pine  on  three 
sides,  as  well  as  on  the  bottom  and  top.  The  framework  of  the 
•cages  was  of  oak.  The  erection  was  in  each  case  local.  Of 
course,  had  it  been  at  a  distance,  there  would  have  been  some 
additional  expense  on  account  of  travelling  time  and  ex- 
penses, etc. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  amounts  opposite  «  Joiners' 


154  MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 

and  pattern-makers  "  covered  the  whole  cost  of  the  patterns  in 
wages.  Most  of  the  pattern-makers'  wages,  strictly-speaking, 
were  simply  on  account  of  alterations  of  stock  patterns,  the 
remainder  and  all  the  joiners'  time  being  on  the  cages.  These 
hoists — or,  to  be  more  accurate,  lifts,  seeing  that  the  actuating 
power  is  placed  at  the  top — have  almost  always  to  be  made 
up  specially,  and  the  design  modified  as  compared  with  any 
previous  cases.  Hence,  there  will  always  be  found  in  the  cost  a 
(comparatively)  large  item  for  draughtsmen's  wages  incurred  in 
taking  working  dimensions,  making  general  design,  and  so  on. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— HYDRAULIC 
PRESSES  AND  PUMPS. 

IT  is  now  close  upon  a  hundred  years  since  Joseph   Bramah 

gave  his  great   invention   to   the   world,   and,    in  the   natural 

exaltation   of  the   moment,   claimed  for  it  the  distinction   of 

a  new  mechanical  power.    Bramah  was  doubtless  a 

osepn        little  extravagant  in  his  claims,  but  even  his  enthu- 

Braman.       .  T--..  ,,  ,      ,,      ,  , 

siastic    imagination  could  hardly   have  conceived 

how  many  and  how  varied  would  be  the  applications  of  his 
invention.  A  mere  catalogue  of  the  purposes  to  which  the 
hydrostatic — or,  to  use  the  popular  and  commercial  term  the 
hydraulic — press  has  been  applied  would  fill  many  pages, 
whilst  there  are  now  numerous  industries  in  which  the  press  ia 
simply  indispensable. 

We  may  divide  hydraulic  presses  into  two  or  three  great 
classes. 

First  will  come  those  which  are  used  for  compressing  or 
packing  material  into  a  comparatively  small  bulk  for  con- 
venience of  handling  during  shipment,  and  for  the  saving  of 
space  (and  consequently  of  charges  for  freight  or 

Presles°f  cari"iage)  during  transit  by  sea  or  land.  Under 
this  head  we  may  range  the  ordinary  warehouse 
press  now  so  largely  used  in  this  and  all  textile  manufacturing 
countries,  for  packing  piece  goods  of  nearly  every  description, 
together  with  all  the  modifications  made  specially  for  baling 
cotton,  wool,  skins,  esparto  grass,  flax,  hemp,  hay,  straw,  and 


156  MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 

other  substances,  most  of  which  are,  of  course,  made  for  use 
abroad. 

Secondly  may  be  placed  those  presses  which  are  used  for 
expressing  liquids  or  semi-liquids  from  fibrous,  granular  and 
pulpy  or  paste-like  substances,  under  which  head  come  presses 
used  for  expressing  water  from  saturated  yarns,  particularly 
linen  and  other  heavy  yarns  (now  being  to  some  extent  dis- 
placed by  centrifugal  drying  machines  or  hydro-extractors), 
together  with  tallow,  stearine  and  paraffin  presses,  and  presses 
for  expressing  the  oil  from  olives  and  other  fruits,  linseed, 
cotton  and  rape  seed,  and  other  substances. 

In  addition  to  these  two  great  classes,  there  are  a  number  of 
types  of  presses — for  example,  forging  or  moulding  presses, 
printers'  presses,  and  presses  used  in  the  manufacture  of  certain 
kinds  of  tobacco — each  of  which  might  be  held  to  constitute  a 
class  by  itself. 

A  good  deal  of  mystery  is  sometimes,  and  certainly  quite 
unnecessarily,  attempted  to  be  associated  with  the  manufacture 
of  hydraulic  presses,  more  especially  in  connection  with  the 

proportioning  of  the  cylinder  and    in  connection 
Manufacture.  with  the   mixtures  of  iron  used  for  cylinder  and 

ram.  Of  course,  an  apparatus,  some  parts  of  which  are  intended 
to  work  under  a  pressure  of  one  or  perhaps  ten  tons  to  the  square 
inch,  and  to  exert  a  total  pressure  of  from  fifty  to  a  thousand 
tons,  must  be  well  designed  and  made  from  good  material,  but 
at  the  same  time  there  is  nothing  in  either  of  these  conditions 
which  need  deter  any  fairly  well-equipped  establishment  from 
-entering  upon  the  manufacture  of  these  presses.  Most  large 
shops,  in  textile  manufacturing  places  at  least,  already  make 
them. 

The  ordinary  warehouse  or  packing  press  may  be  considered 

the  most  representative.     This   is    made    in  many  sizes,   from 

5  in.  diameter  of  ram  up  to  12  in.,  and  with  a  rise  of  from  15  in. 

Warehouse    to  J2Oin.     Probably  the  two  most  useful  siz^s  are 

or  Packing  the  two  which  are  the  subjects  of  the  summaries 

Press.        on  the  opposite  page.     It  will  be  noticed  that  in 

these  two  examples,  although  both  the  cylinders  and  the  rarns 

are  loam  castings,  the  former  are  rated  rather  higher  than  the 

latter.     This  arises  from  the  fact  that  a  superior  mixture  of 

metal  was  used  for  the  cylinders,  of  course  with  the  object  of 


HYDRAULIC   PRESSES. 


157 


securing  in  the  highest  degree  the  two  qualities  essential  in  such 
cylinders — great  strength  and  soundness. 

EXAMPLE  No.  101. — Summary  of  cost  of  6  hydraulic  presses,  witR  rams  8  in. 
diameter,  having  a  rise  of  27  in. ;  platen,  or  table,  48  in.  by  38  in.  j  height  from 
top  of  platen  when  down  to  underside  of  head  of  press,  72  in. 


£      $•     d* 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d 

£    s.  d. 

6  cylinders  (loam)     ..        ..        « 
6  rams  (loam)  .. 

. 

140    o    o 
38    3    o 

8    6 
7    6 

59  10    o 
14  10    & 

Moulders'  wages       ..        ..        ..        . 

. 

18  16    0 

Greensand  castings  

. 

379  ,  i    o 

6    3 

118  10    4 

Moulders'  wages       .  .        .  .  ^ 

• 

15  18  10 

24  wrought-iron  columns,  with  collars 

forged 

at  each  end,  48  nuts,  etc.  —  column 

s  3*  in. 

finished  diameter  

86    3  14 

9    ° 

39    I  « 

10    4   o 

Smiths'  wages           

0> 

10    4    o 

Brass  castings          
6  neck  leathers  (stores)      

. 

24 

0  10 

6    o 

100 

I  16    o 

27    6   9 

Machinists'  wages    

. 

18    4    6 

4  18    o 

9  16    o 

062 

Pattern  makers'  wages  (getting  out  stock  pat- 

o    8    3 

Materials  and  wages   

"" 

307  16    6 

42  14  II 

42  14  ii 

Gross  cost       

350  ii    5 

Sum  in  contract  for  above  6  presses,  £450  net.    Usual  price  per  press,  £85. 

The  above  size  of  press  was  designed  to  work  up  to  three 
tons  per  square  inch  in  the  cylinder,  giving,  therefore,  a  total 
pressure  of  150  tons.  Pumps  are  not  included  in  above. 


EXAMPLE  No.  102.  —  Summary  of  cost  of  i  hydraulic  press,  with  ram  10  in. 
diameter,  having  a  rise  of  36  in.  ;  platen  or  table,  64  in.  by  48  in.;  height  from 
top  of  platen  when  down  to  underside  of  head  of  press,  90  in. 


£ 

2 

7 
o 
o 

» 

10 

s.   d. 

3    7 

4    6 
19  ii 
9    o 

17    o 

Cylinder  (loam) 
Ram  (loam)     ..       '..        „ 
Moulders'  wages 
Greensand  castings 
Moulders'  wages 
Columns  (3$  in.),  etc. 
Smiths'  wages 

•• 

•*' 

•'• 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
36    3    o 

10     2     0 

108    o    o 
16    2    o 
9 

s.   d. 
8    6 
7    6 

6    3 
9    o 

0  10 

£ 
15 

3 
4 
33 
4 
7 
2 

0 

o 
\ 

0 

80 

10 

91 

12 
18 
14 

is 

3 

,i 

16 
*9 

12 

9 
17 

6 

d. 
5 
9 

0 

o 

0 

6 

I 

4 
4 
10 

0 

3 
o 

3 

Neck  leather,  etc.  (stores)  .  . 
Machinists'  wages 
Fitters  .. 

.. 

•• 

.. 

Pattern  makers  (getting  out  stock  patterns  and 
repairing  same)     

Materials  and  wages    .  •        .         ., 
Expenses            ..        ..        .. 

Charged  £130  net  for  press  alone,  as  above. 


This  press  was  intended  to  work  with  a  press 


of  two  and 

OF  THE 


158  MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 

a-half  tons  per  square  inch  in  the  cylinder,  giving  a  total 
pressure,  therefore,  of  close  upon  200  tons.  It  may  be  pointed 
Modifle  t'  out  ^at  a  var^at^on  m  tne  height  of  a  press  may 
of  Size.  easily  be  made  at  a  trifling  additional  expense 
when  the  height  is  increased,  and  without 
additional  expense  when  the  height  is  reduced — the  columns 
merely  require  lengthening  or  shortening.  An  increase  in  the 
rise  of  the  ram  may  also  be  made,  within  certain  limits,  at  a 
moderate  additional  cost,  as  the  cylinder  and  ram  merely  require 
to  be  made  longer  ;  all  the  other  parts  of  the  press  may  remain 
the  same.  An  increase  in  the  size  of  the  table,  or  platen,  means 
new  patterns  for  platen,  sill  or  base,  and  the  top  of  the  press, 
and,  consequently,  considerable  extra  cost — practically,  in  fact, 
a  new  size  of  press  altogether. 

For  both  the  two  sizes  of  presses  given  above  a  similar  set  of 

pumps  was  usually  supplied.     The  pumps  were  of  the  ordinary 

type    for    hand    power,  with    cast-iron    cistern,   brass   barrels, 

valves,   and    plungers,   and    wrought-iron   levers. 

Press         Each  set  had  two  pumps,  one  2  in.  in  diameter, 

and  one  I  in.  in  diameter — the  large  pump  being, 

of  course,  used  for  quickly  filling  up  the  cylinder,  and  the  small 

one  for  putting  on  the  extreme  pressure.  The  pumps  cost  about 

£20  per  set,  including  the  usual  expenses,  and  were  charged 

£$0- 

The  usual  quotation  for  an  8  in.  press,  with  set  of  double 
pumps,  the  necessary  connections  between  press  and  pumps, 
and  including  delivery  and  erection  (local),  was  £120,  and  for  a 
loin,  press  and  pumps,  etc.,  ^"165 — the  foundations  for  the 
presses  being,  of  course,  prepared  by  the  buyer. 

In  cases  where  steam  or  gas  power  is  available,  pumps  con- 
structed so  that  they  may  be  driven  by  power,  instead  of  by 
hand,  are  frequently  supplied.  A  set  of  double  pumps  as  de- 
scribed above,  with  power  drive  attachment,  and  provision  for 
working  by  hand  also,  when  necessary,  cost  ^"42,  and  was 
charged  £60.  Pumps  for  power  drive  only  are  frequently  made 
with  both  plungers  of  equal  size  (i  in.  diameter  generally),  the 
press  cylinder  being  filled  up  with  sufficient  rapidity  when  the 
pumps  are  driven  by  power,  without  the  use  of  the  large-sized 
plunger.  Power  pumps  with  three  plungers  for  serving  a 
number  of  presses  are  occasionally  required. 


HYDRAULIC  PRESSES. 


159 


The  following  table  exhibits  a  range  of  sizes  of  plain 
hydraulic  presses,  from  which  most  ordinary  requirements  may 
be  filled  :— 


Diameter  of  ram       ..        .  , 

Inches 

6 

8 

10 

12 

Rise  of  ram     

24 

27 

36 

48 

Pressure  per  sq.  in.  in  cylinder 

Tons 

3 

3 

2* 

2 

Total  power     
Clear  height  with  platen  down 

Inches 

& 

150 
72 

190 

90 

226 

TOO 

Size  of  platen  

46  x  36 
£?° 

48  x   38 

64  x  48 

£130 

90  x.  56 

£220 

£25 

4  to 

£30 

£30 

* 

£60 

f6o 

£60 

£60 

4 

5} 

H 

12* 

The  ram  of  any  hydraulic  press  in  constant  use  will  wear,  and 
in  course  of  time  will  require  to  be  renewed.  Quotations, 
definite  or  approximate,  are  not  infrequently  asked 
for  for  such  a  renewal,  and  the  other  work  at  the 
press  which  is  always  necessitated  by  the  renewal. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  an  estimate  for  such  a  case  : — 


Press 
Repairs. 


EXAMPLE  No.  103. — Estimated  price  of  8  in.  hydraulic  press  repairs  for 
.     (Profit  rates.) 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s. 

d. 
o 

£ 

S. 

18 

d. 

Turning  ditto  

2    days 

20 

o 

2 

o 

o 

Drilling  and  fitting  pin 
Re-boring  present  cylinder 

•• 

|day 
if  days 

15 
25 

0 

o 

0 
2 

7 
5 

6 
o 

,,              „        platen  .  . 

I    day 

25 

o 

I 

5 

0 

Taking  out  present  cylinder  and  ram,  replacing 
same,  and  putting  in  new  ram,  leaving  press 
ready  for  work:— 

Fitter        

f  , 

3  says 

12 

o 

I 

ib 

o 

fi 

e 

I  new  neck  leather  .  . 

.. 

O 

ij 

o 

I 

13 

18 

o 

Quoted  £14  net,  and  ordered  at  this  price. 

One  small  point  in  above  should,  perhaps,  have  special  re- 
ference. It  will  be  seen  that  a  labourer's  time  outside  is  specially 
included — the  press  being  at  a  warehouse  only,  suitable  labour 
for  assisting  a  mechanic  was  not  attainable  there,  and  had, 
therefore,  to  be  sent  from  the  engineers'  shop. 


CHAPTER  XV1L 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— BLEACHING 
MACHINERY. 

MUCH  of  the  machinery  used  in  the  bleaching,  printing,  and 
finishing  of  textile  material — particularly  cotton  and  linen — is 
of  a  heavy  description  ;  some,  indeed — the  larger-sized  calenders 
and  mangles,  for  example — being  of  a  very  massive  character. 
Consequently,  such  machinery  lies  very  decidedly  in  the  way  of 
good  general  engineering  shops  situated  in  those  districts  where 
it  is  used.  Most  large  general  establishments,  indeed,  situated  in 
districts  where  much  bleaching  is  done,  have  a  connection  more 
or  less  intimate  and  complete  with  the  bleachworks,  and  will 
actually  manufacture  some  classes  of  the  machinery  or  plant 
required  in  bleaching,  although  few,  if  any,  may  produce  every 
kind  of  machinery  used  in  this  and  its  allied  industries. 

Great  changes  have,  however,  been  made  during  recent  years 
in  many  of  the  processes  connected  with  bleaching  and  finish- 
ing ;  and  some  old-established  engineering  houses  who  formerly 
had  practical  monopolies  in  regard  to  certain  classes  of  bleach- 
ing plant  have  found  themselves  cut  out  by  younger  and 
more  enterprising  firms,  who  have  either  introduced  novelties  of 
their  own  or  have  taken  up  and  developed  ideas  or  processes 
suggested  by  practical  bleachers.  Much  of  the  machinery, 
therefore,  which  the  older  firms  formerly  supplied,  and  cou'd 
still  make  better  than  anyone  else,  is  now  obsolete. 

We  cannot  dwell  upon  this  class  of  machinery,  but  may 
adduce  the  following  few  examples  by  way  of  illustrating  its 
character  and  possibilities  in  the  way  of  manufacturing  profits. 


BLEACHING   MACHINERY. 


161 


It  may  be  premised  that  there  is  rarely  much  opportunity  in 
this  class  of  machinery  for  the  introduction  of  piecework,  or  for 
effecting  economy  in  manufacture  by  making  in  quantities. 
Such  machinery  is  almost  invariably  made  up '  specially  to 
definite  orders ;  and  modifications  of  design  to  satisfy  some 
special  requirement  or  some  whim  on  the  part  of  the  buyer  are 
frequently  required. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  none  of  the  following  examples  is  the 
cost  of  complete  new  patterns  included.  Complete  patterns  for 
the  mangles  would  be  expensive ;  but  the  cost  of  patterns  for 
the  kiers  would  not  be  serious,  as  the  kiers  themselves  are  made 
from  very  simple  loam  boards.  The  costs  per  cwt.  of  the  prin- 
cipal castings  in  examples  Nos.  104  and  105  are  practically 
gs.  gd.  and  us.  respectively. 

EXAMPLE  No.  104. — Cost  of  one  yarn  boiler  (also  styled  "  kier  "  and  "  kieve  "), 
6  ft.  6  in.  diameter  across  top,  6  ft.  3  in.  diameter  at  bottom,  and  6  ft.  deep,  with 
inlet  and  run-off  branch  cast  on  bottom,  and  fitted  with  perforated  false  bottom, 
central  stand  or  vomit  pipe,  and  wrought-iron  cover  or  lid,  with  spreader  on 
underside,  safety  valves  on  top,  and  provided  with  wrought-iron  hinge  and 
holding-down  bolts  and  nuts  with  handles  : — 


£  s.    d. 

cwt. 

qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£ 

j 

d 

Boiler  (loam  casting) 

.. 

,. 

. 

43 

o    o 

7    6 

16 

2 

6 

Moulders'  wages 

4 

16 

8 

Green-sand  castings 

t. 

.. 

. 

12 

o    o 

6    3 

3 

15 

o 

Moulders'  wages      .  . 

,. 

,  . 

. 

0 

18 

o 

Brass  castings          ..                   
Wrought  iron  in  bolts,  handle-nuts,  hinge  am 
holding-down  straps,  etc.         

I 

6 

2   14 

O  10 

o 
o 

5 

17 

o 

IO 

i  13    i 

Smiths'  wages,  including  riveting,  straps, 
on  lid  or  cover      

etc 

IO 

0     2 

o 

i 

I 

13 

I 

i    3    3 

i  boiler  cover,  per  boiler-shop  account 
Machinists  —  Wages  paid  

5 

2     0 

8 
o 

6 
15 

o 
6 

o  15    3 

Fitters                     „ 

^ 

i 

10 

5 

083 

Pattern  makers      „          (stock  patterns)     . 

o 

ii 

o 

Materials  and  wages  .  . 

tt 

M 

62 

I     2 

39 

12 

8 

3IQ  10 

JQ 

IO 

*-y   AW 

Gross  cost          .  . 

" 

•• 

- 

43 

12 

6 

Charged  £60  net,  no  pipes  or  valves  external  to  the  boiler  or  kier  proper  being  included. 

Kiers  or  boilers  practically  the  same  as  described  above  con- 
stitute an  essential  element  of  a  bleaching  plant,  whether  for 
yarn  or  cloth.  Larger  kiers,  when  made  in  cast  iron,  are  usually 
made  in  two  parts,  the  upper  one  being  simply  a  large  hollow 
truncated  cone,  with  a  flange  top  and  bottom,  the  bottom  part 
being  in  the  shape  of  a  large  deep  dish,  flanged  at  the  top  to 
join  to  the  upper  part.  The  upper  half  of  such  a  kier  is  some- 
times called  a  "  crib."  The  following  summary  shows  the  cost 
of  a  kier  of  this  kind. 


1 62 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  105. — Summary  of  cost  of  boiling  pot  or  kier  7  ft.  diameter  at 
top  inside,  tapered  to  6  ft.  6  in.  at  false  bottom,  in  two  parts — crib  or  upper  part 
3  ft.  3  in.  deep,  bottom  3  ft.  6 in.  deep,  with  wrought-iron  cover  and  accessories, 
as  in  Example  No.  104  : — 


£  s.    d. 

9    8  10 
232 

I      2  IO 
060 

cwt.  qr 
19    o 
34    i 

ii     2 
i    3 
6    i 

.  Ib. 

0 

o 

0 

21 
14 

0 

s.   d. 
7    6 
7    6 

6    3 

0     2 

30    o 

£    s.   d 
726 

12  16  II 

920 
3  ii  II 
o  19    i 

I     2     9 

024 

2      8    10 

9    7    & 
i    8    g 
258 
080 

Moulders'  wages      ..        ..        .. 

Moulders'  wages      
12  wrought-iron  straps,  2  hinges,   12  hinged 
bolts   and  lever  nuts,  2  eye  bolts,  30  join 
bolts  and  nuts  and  other  wrought-iron 

Wrought-iron  cover,  7ft.  6  in.  diam. 
I  in.  thick,  per  boiler-shop  account 
Machinists'  wages     
Fitters'  wages            
Pattern-makers—stock  patterns  . 

Materials  and  wages    .  . 
Expenses             

Gross  cost       .  .        .  . 

of  plate 

6   o  10 

73   o 

7 

50  16    3 
6    o  10 

56  17     i 

_  Charged  £75  net  for  a  single  kier ;  charged  £72  ics.  net  per  kier  for  6  kiers.  These  prices 
being  at  the  engineer's  shop,  no  cartage  or  erection  or  any  accessories  external  to  the  kier  being 
included. 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  kiers  referred  to  in  the  two  last 
examples  had  each  a  lid  or  cover,  covering  the  whole  of  the 
top,  the  hinge  being  placed  at  the  edge  of  the  kier.  As  these 

covers  are  necessarily  too  heavy  to  be  con- 
Wilj?.h®s  f°r  veniently  raised  by  hand,  a  small  winch  is  usually 

provided  for  the  purpose,  the  winch  being  generally 
attached  to  a  wall.  The  price  charged  for  a  wall  winch  in  con- 
nection with  the  above  kiers  was  £7  or  £7  IQS.  The  material 
to  be  boiled  may  be  most  conveniently  put  into  and  taken  out 
of  such  pots,  or  kiers,  as  those  in  the  above  examples,  by  being 
first  placed  in  a  large  net  and  then  lifted  into  the  pot  by  a 
crane,  the  net  being  hung  on  to  a  wrought-iron  cross  attached 
to  the  end  of  the  crane  chain.  A  crane  for  the  purpose,  and 
having  a  timber  (memel)  pillar,  jib  and  stay,  screw  wheel 
gearing,  chain  and  sheaves,  was  usually  charged  ^45  to  ^55, 
with  £5  extra  for  wrought-iron  cross.  A  suitable  net  was 
charged  from  £6  ios.  to  £8.  In  some  cases  kiers  are  required 
with  open  tops — that  is,  without  lids  ;  whilst,  again,  wrought- 
iron  kiers  for  boiling  under  high  steam  pressure,  with  closed 
tops  provided  with  large  manholes  (two  usually),  to  allow  the 
goods  to  be  put  in  and  taken  out,  are  not  infrequently  wanted. 


BLEACHING   MACHINERY. 


i63 


EXAMPLE  No.  106. — Cost  of  i  starch  mangle  with  2  sycamore  bowls,  50  in. 
face,  20  in.  and  16  in.  diameter,  i  brass  bowl,  50 in.  face  and  loin,  diameter, 
brass  plate  spreader,  compound  levers  (top  and  bottom),  coupling  rods  and 
adjusting  screw  boxes,  wrought-iron  top-setting  screws  and  hand-wheels,  strong 
cast-iron  side  frames  and  brass  bearings,  etc.  ;  driving  gear,  c5 insisting  of  spur 
•wheel  on  end  of  bottom  roller  axle,  pinion  and  pair  of  fast  and  loose  pulleys, 
18  in.  by  4  in.,  on  axle  4ft.  long,  with  cast-iron  stands,  and  2  2-in.  pedestals  with 
double  brasses.  Speed  arranged  to  deliver  cloth  at  60  yards  per  minute : — 


£   s.    cl. 

cwt 

qr.  Ib. 

s. 

d. 

£  s.  d. 

Iron  castings  (greersand)— 
2  side  frames          

10 

3    o 

6 

3 

372 

7 

o    o 

G 

3 

2      3      Q 

Moulders'  wages  

*      J      y 

I    10      4 

Brass  roller,  i  in.  thick  on  body  .  .        .  .         .  . 

5 

i 

I       0 

o    8 

o 
o 

10 

10 

24  10    o 

5OO 

3  19  10 

7 

2     0 

10 

0 

3  15     o 
3  *9  10 

Smiths'  wages                     .  .        .  .         ,  . 

2  sycamore  rollers              

35 

0 

3  10    o 

10  19    o 

Set  screws,  etc.—  per  stores         .... 
Machinists'  wages               

090 
760 

i  13    4 

Fitters'  wages                       

368 

0  18    5 

Pattern-makers'    wages—  alterations  of  stock 

patterns,  new  spreader  pattern,  etc  

I    4    6 

Materials  and  wages   

31 

2    8 

Co    2    3 

17  10    7 

Expenses            

17  10    7 

Gross  cost       

i    77  12  10 

Charged  £98  net,  delivered  (local),  and  £2  los.  extra  for  erecting,  the  cost  of  which  is  not 
included  in  above.    No  trough  included— this  being  provided  by  buyer. 


EXAMPLE  No.  107. — Cost  of  i  mangle,  similar  to  the  one  described  in  last 
example,  but  with  2  sycamore  rollers,  each  20  in.  diameter  by  63  in.  long,  and  I 
brass  roller,  10  in.  diameter  by  63  in.  long,  with  cast-iron  core  : — 


£   3.    d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£   e.    d. 

Iron  castings  (greensand)  — 

2  side  frames          

ii    3    o 

6    3 

3  13    5 

4^o 

6    3 

198 

6    i    o 

6    3 

i  19    i 

Moulders'  wages  .. 

i  18  10 

Brass  bowl  and  spreader   .  . 

6    2  14 

o  10 

30  *8    4 

Brass  plates,  blocks,  etc.    .  . 

3  10 

O   JO 

3  18    4 

»-   •* 

2  sycamore  bowls 

5  10    o 

Wrought  iron                      .  . 

734 

10     0 

3  17  « 

504 

Smiths'  wages 

5    -i    4 

Bolts,  etc.  —  per  stores 

082 

14  it    o 

Machinists'  wages 

9  14    o 

390 

Fitters'  wages 

6  18    o 

o  15    3 
055 

Pattern-makers—getting    out,    r 
strengthening  stock  patterns 
Draughtsmen 

pairi 

g   an 

I      0     4- 

i     i     8 

Materials  and  wages    .  . 

77    8    i 

£4     I    0 

Expenses 

24    i    o 

Gross  cost       

101    9    i 

Charged  £150,  less  5  per  cent,  commission,  and  including  packing  for  shipment  and  delivery 
free  on  rails  (local).  Packing  cost  £3  45.,  which  must  be  added  to  above  to  make  total  cost. 
No  trough  included.  Drawings  for  making  this  of  timber  at  destination  were  supplied.  No 
driving  gear  included. 

The  replacing  of  mangle  and  calender  bowls  constitutes  an 
important  element  of  the  work  in  connection  with  bleaching 


i64 


MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 


and  finishing,  which  is  done  in  those  engineering  shops  where 
machinery  for  the  purposes  named  is  made.     The 
Mangle       following  examples  will  sufficiently  illustrate  this 
kind  of  work  : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  108. — Cost  of  two  sycamore  bowls,  each  50  in.  face  by  20  in. 
diameter,  with  wrought-iron  axles  2j  in.  diameter  at  ends,  collars,  filling  rings 
and  wedges : — 


£  s.   d. 

cwt.  q*  Ib. 

s.  d. 

£'*•  d. 

2  sycamore  sticks.. 
Wrought  iron        .  .        .  . 

3     o    ax 

35  o 

IO  O 

3  10    o 
I  ii  ii 

o  14    4 

Smiths'  wages 

o  14    4 

198 
026 

Machinists  (turner,  36  hours) 
Fitter  (9  hours) 

o  19    9 
050 

Materials  and  wages         . 

• 

7    i    o 

266 

Expenses        

i 

266 

976 

Charged  ^13  IDS.  net. 

Frequently  an  old  bowl  is  sent  in  to  be  replaced  by  a  new 
one,  and  to  have  as  many  of  the  old  parts  as  can  be,  used  again. 
Following  is  copy  for  an  entry  of  a  job  of  this  kind. 

EXAMPLE  No.  109. — Charge  for  replacing  old  sycamore  mangle  bowl  with  new 
bowl — old  parts  used  again.     Size  about  same  as  in  No.  108  : — 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.  d. 

£    s.   d. 

i  new  sycamore  bowl     

300 

Piercing  old  axle  
2  new  wrought-iron  collars  and  8  new  wedges 
Taking  out  old  axle,  etc.,  boring  new  bowl, 
fitting  in  repaired  axle,  turning  grooves  for 
old  filling  rings,  and  turning  up  bowl  and 
axle  ends  and  collars  (about  16  hours  of  a 

X    14 
27 

o  4 
o  5 

o  14    o 
o  n    3 

turner  and  8  of  a  fitter  or  millwright)      .  . 

i  17    6 

629 

Less  2\  per  cent,  monthly. 

EXAMPLE  No.  no. — Summary  of  cost  of  cast-iron  calender  bowl,  4ft.  face 
by  1 2  in.  diameter,  with  wrought-iron  axle  :  — 


£    s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£   s.  d. 

Cast-iron  bowl  (loam) 

820 

7    6 

300 

Moulders'  wages   

o  18    4 

Wrought  iron  in  axle  and  keys 

I      X    21 

10    6 

o  15     i 

070 

Smiths'  wages       

070 

i  10    3 

Machinists  (turner  36  and  planer  i  h 

ur) 

102 

o    3  ii 

Fitters  (14^  hours) 

O    7  10 

036 

Pattern-makers  (8  hours)          .  . 

/    **r 
048 

009 

Draughtsman        

030 

Materials  and  wages          .  . 

6  16    i 

255 

Expenses        

255 

Gross  cost   

9x6 

Charged  £13  net. 


BLEACHING   MACHINERY. 


EXAMPLE  No.  in. — Estimated  price  of  cast-iron  mangle  bowl,  90 in.  face  by 
i8in.  diameter,  with  wrought-iron  axle  loft,  long  over  all,  3^  in.  diameter  m 
body,  with  two  bosses  5  in.  diameter.  (Profit  rates)  :  — 


cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s. 

d 

£  s. 

d 

i  cast-iron  bowl  in  loam  (extra  hard  mixture) 

30      o      o 

12 

6 

1815 

O 

i  wrought-iron  axle         
2  wrought-iron  keys         
Boring  and  turning  bowl  and  axle      9$  days 
Planing  key-bed  in  axle  4  day 
Cutting  key-beds    in  bowl  and  keying  on 

320 
005 

28 

I 
20 

16 

0 

o 
o 

0 

4  18 
o    5 
9    ° 
o    8 

0 

o 

0 

o 

axle           2  days 

IO 

o 

I     O 

o 

Pattern  making     i  day 

is 

o 

0  12 

0 

34^ 

o 

Quoted  at  £35  net.    Order  placed  with  another  house  at  about  10  per  cent.  less. 

EXAMPLE  No.  112. — Summary  of  cost  of  three  mahogany  calender  bowls,  each 
44  in.  face  by  16  in.  diameter,  with  wrought-iron  axles  : — 


£  s.  d. 

i  mahogany  log,  i8ft.   x 
rate  of  is.  per  superficia 
Wrought  iron  in  axles, 

17  in. 
Hoot  i 
loops, 

(bein 
>erinc 
wed^ 

gatth 
h  thicl 
;es  an 

e 
) 
d 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

So     14 

s.  d. 
•70 

10     0 

£  s.  d. 
15  6  o 

2  l8  Q 

282 
5  18  6 
o  6  i 

0  0  II 

8  13  8 

Smiths'  wages 
Machinists'  wages.. 
Fitters'  wages 
Draughtsman 

Material  and  wages 
Expenses 

Gross  cost    . 

j 
i 

282 

3  19  .0 

0  12  I 

036 

25  7  6 

«  13  8 

34  i  3 

Charged  £45,  less  2^  per  cent. 

EXAMPLE  No.  113.  —  Summary  of  cost  of  one  brass  spread  roller, 
face  by  6  in.  diameter,  with  wrought-iron  axle  :  — 


5ft. 


£  s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s.   d. 

£  s.   d. 

Brass  casting  .  .        .  .         . 

2^8 

o  10 

T  J        Q        A 

Wrought-iron  axle   .  . 

4        J        O 

O     2  14 

IO     O 

AJ      3      4 
063 

021 

246 

Smiths'  wages           .  . 
Machinists'  wages    .  . 

021 
198 

o    i    8 

Fitters'  wages 

033 

020 

Pattern  makers'  wages 

O28 

Material  and  wages 

15    7    3 

2  10    3 

Expenses 

2    IO      3 

Gross  cost  .  . 

.        , 

. 

t 

17  17    6 

Charged  £25  net. 

It  may  be  interesting  in  this  connection  to  give  the  amounts 
of  the  tenders  made  for  a  "  3-bovvl  calender,  having  two  bowls  of 
cast  iron,  covered  with  rubber  and  42  in.  face  by  18  in.  diameter  ; 
one  bowl  of  brass,  42  in.  face  by  9  in.  diameter, 
with  the  usual  compound  levers,  entering  rails, 
batching  gear,  and  cast-iron  framing,  with  brass 
side-plates,  etc.'*  Four  tenders  were  sent  in — two  English,  one 


Modern 
Calender. 


i66 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


Scotch,  and  one  Irish.  They  were  respectively  as  follow — 
£210  (with  a  lighter  alternative  arrangement  of  framing  at 
^185)^225,  ^215.  Side  gearing  for  driving  extra,  varying 
from  £22  to  £$$•  All  at  works  or  free  on  rails  in  maker's 
town. 

EXAMPLE  No.  114. — Summary  of  cost  of  two  double  beam  beetling  engines, 
with  sycamore  beams  loft.  6 in.  face  by  18  in.  diameter,  beech  beetles,  cast- 
iron  wipers,  and  framing,  and  with  single  traversing  gear  for  each  machine  : — 


£  s.   d. 

£    s.    d, 

82     4.     O 

4  13    o 
32    i    o 

S  mi  ihs'  wages          

Machinists,  millwrights,  fitters,  etc.    ..        .. 

4  13    o 
41    6    o 

36  14    o 

Material  and  wages     
Expenses           

Gross  cost  ,. 

128    3    o 
36  14    o 

164  17    o 

Price  £220  net,  packing  and  delivery  on  rails  in  maker's  town  £7  extra.     Sometimes  charged     • 
about  5  per  cent.  less. 

New  beetling  beams  for  above,  with  wrought-iron  gudgeons, 
rings  and  wedges,  etc.,  turned  and  finished  complete,  were 
usually  charged  from  £10  los.  to  £12.  The  sycamore  logs, 
roughly  squared  to  finish  to  size  given  above,  cost  from 
^4  IOJ.  to  ^5.  Extra  beetles  of  seasoned  beech  about  6  ft.  long 
by  4j  in.  by  4  in.,  in  the  rough,  were  usually  charged  about  $os. 
per  dozen. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— BRICK- 
MAKING  MACHINERY  AND  MORTAR  MILLS. 

IT  cannot  be  contended  that  brick-making  machinery  has 
realised  the  expectations  formed  of  it  some  j'ears  ago,  either 
with  reference  to  the  quality  of  the  brick  produced  or  with 
reference  to  the  cost  of  manufacture,  as  compared  with  hand- 
made bricks.  There  is  still  unquestionably  much  room  for 
improvement  in  the  construction  of  brick-making  machinery 
alike  with  the  view  of  producing  a  more  perfect  brick  than  is 
usually  made  now,  and  in  saving  time  in  drying  and  expense  in 
handling.  Notwithstanding,  however,  the  admitted  imperfection 
of  brick-making  machinery,  there  is  quite  sufficient  demand  for 
such  machinery,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  to  justify  a  good  and 
well-equipped  general  engineering  establishment  in  devoting 
some  time  to  its  study,  and  even  in  sinking  some  capital  in 
patterns,  with  a  view  to  cultivating  a  business  in  machinery  of 
this  class. 

In   its    simplest   form,   a   brick-making  plant   consists    of  a 

pug  mill   with  two  mouthpieces   and   two  cutting  tables.     An 

•elementary  plant  of  this  character  is  not  infrequently  required 

for  use  with  horse-power,  and  to  make  5,000  to 

Arrangement  7>ooo  bricks   per  day  Of  ten   hours.      Of  course 

aiof  Plants. y  such  a  Plant  means  that  the  cla7  as  got  fr°m  the 
ground  is  in  a  fit  condition  to  be   put  into  the 
pug  direct,  and  also  assumes  that  the  clay  will  be  fed  into  the 
pug  by  hand. 


l68  MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 

What  may  be  considered  a  complete  plant  will  include,  apart 
from  motive  power,  a  clay-crushing  roller  mill,  which  may  either 
have  a  single  or  a  double  pair  of  rollers,  or  five  rollers ;  a  pug 
mill  with  mouthpiece  ;  a  pair  of  cutting  tables ;  hauling  gear 
and  clay  wagons  for  hauling  the  clay  out  of  the  pit  direct  up  to- 
a  platform  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  rollers ;  and  a  brick 
pressing  machine  for  giving  a  more  compact  structure,  more 
exact  shape,  and  better-finished  appearance  to  bricks  required 
for  facing  and  other  special  purposes.  Plants  of  this  character 
are  required  for  producing  from  10,000  to  25,000  or  30,000  bricks 
per  day  of  ten  hours. 

Sometimes  an  edge  roller  mill,  similar  to  a  mortar  mill,  is 
substituted  for  the  horizontal  roller  mill  for  the  preliminary 
grinding  or  crushing  of  the  clay.  Mixing  pans  and  screens  are 
also  sometimes  required  ;  whilst  a  complete  plant  will  usually  in- 
clude dies  for  making  perforated,  hollow,  and  other  special  bricks, 
pipes,  and  tiles.  We  append  notes  of  the  costs  and  selling 
prices  of  a  plant  capable  of  making  30,000  bricks  per 
day. 

It  may  be  well  to  note  that  all  the  machines  in  the  following 
four  examples  are  on  the  heavy  side.  The  weights  would  admit 
of  appreciable  reduction  without  serious  detriment  to  the 
efficiency  of  the  machinery.  It  is,  of  course,  true  that  machinery 
of  this  character  must  be  very  strong,  as  the  work  is,  under  the 
most  favourable  circumstances,  very  heavy;  whilst  the  occurrence 
of  a  particularly  hard  or  stony  lot  of  clay  may  at  any  moment 
put  enormous  strain  upon  the  framing,  bearings  and  gearing. 
It  is,  therefore,  far  better  to  err  by  putting  in  too  much  weight 
than  in  the  other  way.  Still,  in  the  following  examples  there 
is  no  doubt  a  rather  excessive  margin. 

In  the  case  of  the  cutting  tables  (No.  117),  there  is  also,  no 
doubt,  room  for  some  economy  of  workmanship,  and  the  same 
remark  applies  to  the  pug  mill  (No.  116).  The  workmanship 
in  the  other  two  examples  is  probably  about  right,  and  would 
not  admit  of  any  appreciable  reduction  without  doing  injustice 
to  the  machinery.  A  wise  buyer  will  appreciate  good  and 
sound  workmanship  even  in  rough  machinery  of  this  kind,  as 
such  workmanship  means  the  consumption  of  less  power,  a 
greater  output,  fewer  repairs  and  less  loss  of  time. 


BRICK-MAKING   MACHINERY. 


EXAMPLE  No.  115.— Summary  of  cost  of  one  5-roller  clay  crushing  and  grind- 
ing  mill: — 


£  s.  d. 

Loam  castings  (rollers)      

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
169    2    o 

s,    d. 
7     6 

£  t.  d. 

63  II  3 
4  17  6 

620 

16  i  6 

5  i  10 

Green-sand  castings          ..                   .. 
Moulders'  wages 
Hammered  scrap  axles 
Wrought  iron  (sundries)    .. 
B.  boiler  plate  for  scrapers 
Brass  castings 
Beech  and  pine  packings 
Sundries  (bolts,  washers,  etc.—  per  stores) 
Smiths'  wages  paid 
Machinists'       ,  .. 
Fitters'              „ 

74    i  14 

1600 
6    i    7 
200 
304^ 

6    3 

16    o 
9    o 

12     O 
O  IO 

23  4  it 
394 

12  16  0 
2  16  10 

140 

14  3  9 
084 

0  12  0- 

620 
10  14  4 
10  3  7 

Material  and  wages    

271    o  25 

154  3  10 
27  c  4"  - 

Gross  cost  

181    g    2 

EXAMPLE  No.  116. — Summary  of  cost  of  one  vertical  pug  mill,  with  double 
mouthpieces,  one  set  brass  dies,  for  plain  perforated  bricks,  and  lubricating 
boxes,  etc. ,  to  work  with  above  mill : — 


£  s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib.  1    s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

Loam  castings  (cylinder  and  bracket)  .. 

28    i  21 

7    6 

10  13    3 

Moulders'  wages 

• 

4    i  to 

Green-sand  castings 

( 

39    i    o 

6    3 

12    5    4 

Moulders'  wages 

209 

Hammered  scrap  shaft 
Steel  footstep  (Whitworth) 

• 

8    3  21 
o    2  15 

16    o 
35    o 

730 
122 

730 

a   o  14 

9    o 

O  IO 

399- 

9  18    4 

Brass  castings 

e> 

Sundries  —  per  stores 

M 

049 

5    4    8 
8  12    5 

Smiths'  wages 
Machinists'  wages    .  . 

•• 

5    4    8 

5  14  ii 

6    7  ii 

Fitters'             „ 

M 

12  15   II 

Material  and  wages      

87   o  15 

74  14    8 

20    5     o 

20    5    o 

Gross  cost    

94  19    8 

EXAMPLE  No.  117. — Summary  of  cost  of  two  receiving  tables,  with  cutting-off 
gear,  for  above  pug : — 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib.  '    s.   d. 

£  *•   d. 

Green-sand  castings 
Moulders—  Wages  paid 

.. 

2  14 
400 

6     0  21 

6    3 

9    o 
9    o 

o    3  n 

021 

I  16    o 

2   15     8 

Wrought  iron  in  angles  and  plates 

Brass  castings 
Pins  for  rollers 

.. 

31 

O  IO 

I    5  10 
066 

3     2  10 
2  13    8 

Cloth,  nails,  pet  cocks,  etc.  —  per  stores 
Tin  cylinders,  per  account 
Smiths—  Wages  paid          
Machinists        „        

068 
056 

5     2  IO 

i  15    9 

2   15    10 

Fitters               „ 

.. 

5  ii    8 

Material  and  wages 

II     0  10 

19  12    5 

•  IO  12    4 

IO    T2       A 

Gross  cost    .. 



!    30    4    9 

MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  118. — Summary  of  cost  of  hauling  gear  to  work  With  above— no 
wagons  included : — 


£   s.  d. 

443 
5  19    o 
I  16    4 

Green-sand  castings 
Moulders'  wages 

• 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
24    2    o 

437 
4    3    7 
46 

s.    d. 
6    3 

9    o 
16    o 

0   10 

£  s.  d. 

7   13      2 

i    8    4 
234 
3  17    o 
i  18    4 

120 

4     4    3 
3  19    4 
3  12    7 

Brass  castings 
Sundries,  per  stores 
Smiths'  wages 

• 

II  19    7 

Material  and  wages     

34    2    4 

29  18    4 
ii  19    7 

41  17  ii 

Gross  cost    

GENERAL    SUMMARY. 


! 

Weight. 

Gross  Cost. 

Price. 

i 

Roller  mill 

T.  c. 

13  ii 

q.  Ib. 

0      O 

,1 

S. 
Q 

d. 

2 

£ 
240 

s. 

0 

(f. 

0 

Pug  mill    .. 
Tables       .. 

•• 

•• 

4    7 
II 

o  15 

O  10 

94 

30 

18 
4 

8 
9 

135 
40 

0 

0 

o 

0 

Hauling  gear 

.. 

.. 

i  14 

2    4 

41 

II 

fe 

0 

0 

20    3 

3    * 

348 

ii 

6 

Draughtsmen  and  pattern  makers 

20 

4 

o 

Erection  wages  and  expenses 

22 

II 

10 

Total  cost,  exclusive  of  patterns 

391 

7 

4 

480 

0 

0 

The  above  plant  was  exceptionally  strong  and  well  made. 
It  made  fully  30,000  plain  perforated  bricks  in  ten  hours  from  a 
strong  coarse  clay,  having  probably  rather  more  than  an  average 
percentage  of  stones.  On  a  more  favourable  clay,  and  with  proper 
arrangements  for  carrying  off,  it  would,  no  doubt,  work  up  to  a 
higher  capacity  still. 

Having  regard  to  the  weight  of  the  plant  and  its  capacity, 
the  price  named  in  above  summary  cannot  be  considered  ex- 
cessive. The  price  included  erection  (local)  though  cartage  was 
done  at  the  buyer's  cost.  The  cost  does  not  include  the  driving 
gear  to  connect  the  mills  with  the  engine.  This  item  will,  of 
course,  vary  according  to  the  arrangements  of  the  site.  The 
-extra  price  of  the  driving  gear  in  the  above  case  was  ^"165.  A 
complete  set  of  patterns  for  above  would  cost  from  £60  to 


The  above  plant  would  be  described  as  a  complete  "  four- 
process  "  plant  —  that  is  to  say,  the  clay  is  hauled  to  the  head  of 
the  mill,  crushed  and  ground  in  the  rollers,  pugged,  and  made 


BRICK-MAKING   MACHINERY. 


171 


into  bricks  in  one  continuous  operation.  Had  the  hauling  gear 
been  omitted,  the  plant  would  only  have  been  a  "  three-process." 
A  simple  pug  mill  with  mouthpieces  and  tables  cgnstitutes  a 
"  two-process  "  or  "  double-process  "  plant. 

Below   are   general   summaries   of  two   smaller  plants   than 
the  one  of  which  particulars  are  given  above  : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  119. — Brick-making  plant  for  20,000  bricks  per  day  of  10 hours:— 


Roller  mill  (4  rolls)       
Pug  mill  (vertical)        
Tables       
Hauling  gear      

Weight. 

Gross  Cost. 

Price. 

T.  c.  q.  lb. 

8  13    2    o 
3000 
730 

I      I      2     0 

£    *•  d. 
150    8    o 
71  10    8 
14    9    4 
27    4    6 

£    s.  d. 

2OO     O     O 
100     0     0 

20     O     O 

40    o    o 

12     2     3     0 

263  12    6 

360    o    o 

EXAMPLE  No.  120. — Brick-making  plant  for  15,000  bricks  per  day  of  10  hours  : — 


Roller  mill  (4  rolls)      
Pug  mill  (vertical)        
Tables       
Hauling  gear      

Weight. 

Gross  Cost. 

Price. 

T.  c.  q.  lb. 

6220 
i  14    o    o 
7    i    o 
19    3    o 

£    s.    d. 

108    4    6 
44    2    o 
13  10    o 
29    o    o 

£  s.  d. 

145  0  0 

66  o  o 

20  0  0 

38  o  o 

9320 

194  16    6 

269    o    o 

Nothing  is  included  in  either  of  above  summaries,  either  for 
any  special  alteration  of  patterns  or  for  erection. 

It  may  be  well,  in  this  connection,  to  add  the  following 
summaries  of  the  costs,  etc.,  of  edge  roller  mills  or  mortar 
mills.  These  mills  are  occasionally  used  in  connection  with 
brick-making,  both  for  dry  and  wet  grinding  ;  but, 
Mills.  °f  course»  have  a  very  much  wider  field  of  useful- 
ness. They  are,  consequently,  made  by  many 
general  engineers  who  do  not  make  brick  machinery. 

These  mills  may  be  obtained  in  sizes  from  5  ft.  diameter  of  the 
revolving  pan  to  9  ft.  diameter,  and  in  two  designs — one  with 
the  driving  gear  below  the  pan  and  one  with  the  gear  above. 
The  former  is  the  less  costly  arrangement,  and  for  all  practical 
purposes  is  as  good  as  the  latter.  All  the  mills  in  the  following 
summary  are  under-driven. 

The  following  three  sizes  are  probably  the  most  useful  and 
the  sizes  most  frequently  required. 


172 


MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  121. — Summary  of  costs,  etc.,  of  mortar  mills  : — 


Diameter  of  pan          .  . 

6ft.  6  in. 

7  ft.  6    i. 

9  ft.  o  in. 

Diameter  of  rollers 

3  ft.  o  in. 

3ft.  6.1. 

4ft.  oin. 

Width  of  rollers 

I  ft.  o  in. 

i  ft.  2  in. 

i  ft.  8  in. 

Weight  of  rollers,  each 

iScwt. 

24  cwt. 

30  cwt. 

Gross  weight 

4  tons  15  cwt. 

8  tons. 

10  tons. 

£    s.    d. 

£    s.   d. 

£    s.    d. 

Cost  of  materials  .  . 
Cost  of  wages         .  . 

45     2    o 
6  16    o 

71    o    o 
8  14    4 

86  14    o 
10    3    o 

Expenses     .  .        .  . 

724 

8  13    8 

II       I      0 

Gross  cost 

59    o    4 

88    8    o 

107  18    o 

Selling  price 

80    o    o 

105    o    o 

135      0      0. 

Prices  of  other  makers         . 

f        , 

( 

55    o    o 

85    o    o 

IIO     0     0 

to 

to 

to 

go    o    o 

105    o    o 

160    o    o 

When  required  with  pans  perforated  in  the  bottom  for  dry 
grinding,  an  addition  of  from  5  to  10  per  cent,  will  be  made  to 
above  prices.  Patterns  are  not  included  in  above  particulars. 
The  gross  weights  given  might  be  safely  reduced  about  10  per 
cent. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  all  the  above  mills  are  for  use  in 
connection  with  steam  or  water  power.  Smaller  mills  for 
driving  by  horses  or  cattle  are  required  both  for  home  and 
abroad,  but  come  more  under  the  head  of  agricultural  ma- 
chinery. 


CHAPTER  XIX, 

MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS,  continued.— VALVES  AND 

COCKS. 

THE  manufacture  of  valves  and  cocks  is  a  branch  of  mechanical 
engineering  which  is  probably  now  more  specialised  than  any 
other,  there  being  numerous  houses,  many  of  high  standing, 
who  devote  themselves  almost  exclusively  to  this  business.  Two 
circumstances  have  principally  contributed  to  bring  about  this 
condition ;  first,  the  immense  demand  which  exists  for  valves 
and  taps,  and  other  steam  and  water  fittings  ;  and,  secondly,  the 
moderate  character  of  the  plant  and  the  comparatively  small 
amount  of  capital  required  to  conduct  a  business  in  these  pro- 
ductions. 

Probably  the  larger  part  of  steam  and  water  fittings  required 
by  general  engineering  establishments  are  purchased  by  them 
from  the  special  makers.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  with  the 
smaller  class  of  fittings — water  gauges  for  boilers,  oil  and  tallow 
cups,  and  the  smaller  brass  valves  and  taps,  for  example.  At  the 
same  time,  most  large  establishments  prefer  to  make  the  heavier 
valves  and  cocks  they  require  themselves.  They  have  the  tools, 
must  keep  men  who  can  be  put  to  work  of  this  kind  when  neces- 
sary, and  usually  have  a  range  of  patterns  sufficient  for  all 
ordinary  requirements.  Further,  a  large  part  of  the  work  in 
connection  with  valves  and  cocks  is  very  suitable  for  the  older 
apprentices  and  junior  journeymen. 

Some  large  houses,  having  their  own  brass  foundries,  find  it 
an  advantage  to  keep  one  or  two  brass  finishers  also,  and  are 
thus  able  to  make  for  themselves  nearly  all  they  require,  even 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


the  smaller  class  of  valves  and  taps  and  other  fittings — except, 
of  course,  patented  or  very  special  articles.  It  will,  however, 
very  rarely  be  the  case  for  brass  valves  and  taps  of  standard 
types  to  be  produced  in  a  general  engineering  establishment 
anything  like  so  cheaply  as  they  might  be  bought  from  some  of 
the  special  makers. 

It  may  be,  and  no  doubt  is  the  fact,  that  a  very  large  propor- 
tion of  the  brass  goods  offered  by  some  of  the  special  makers  is 
of  very  inferior  metal,  light  in  design,  and  roughly  finished  ;  but 
what  has  just  been  stated  with  reference  to  relative  cost  of  pro- 
duction will  apply  when  the  comparison  is  made  with  the 
manufactures  of  first-class  houses. 

The  following  examples  may  be  taken  as  fairly  representative 
of  the  class  of  work  we  are  now  considering,  so  far  as  it  is  done 
in  general  engineering  establishments,  though  of  course  they 
must  not  be  taken  as  exhaustive. 

EXAMPLE  No.  122. — Cost  of  three  2  J-in.  steam  stop  valves  (frequently  called 
Mather  and  Platt  valves),  with  cast-iron  bodies,  covers,  hand-wheels  and  bridges, 
and  brass  valves,  seats  and  spindles,  flanges  faced  and  turned  : — 


£  s. 

d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s.    d. 

60 

£  s.  d. 

Moulders'  wages       
Brass      ..                      

27 

4  10 

0  2  10 
126 

I    9 

o    3 

6 

5 

Bolts  and  nuts  —  per  store  
Machinists'  wages  (turner,  21  hours  ;  apprentice 
ditto,  26  ;  slotter,  3  ;  driller,  7) 

052 

o  19  8 
o  6  10 

I  12 

II 

Material  and  wages     
Expenses            .. 

3  12  4 
I  12  II 

Gross  cost       

553 

Charged  £7  ios.,  less  2^  per  cent,  for  the  three.  Valves  of  this  size  can  be  bought  at  as  low 
as  295.,  less  15  per  cent,  discount.  The  best  special  makers  will,  however,  ask  from  355.  to  455., 
less  from  15  to  20  per  cent,  discount  to  engineers. 

EXAMPLE  No.  123. — Cost  of  one  5-in.  valve,  as  above: — 


£     5.     d. 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

Cast  iron 

6    a 

Moulders'  wages      

030 

Brass     ..                     ... 

2ol 

112 

Bolts,  etc.  —  per  stores        
Machinists  (turner,  19  hours;  apprentice  do., 

023 

8;  driller,  4)           

o  14    i 

036 

Material  and  wages     

2   17     I 

I    4    8 

Expenses            

I    4    8 

Gross  cost       

4    i    9 

Charged  £5  ios.,  less  z\  per  cent.    Special  makers'  prices  for  this  size  range  from  £4  to  A  55., 

less  trade  discount. 


VALVES   AND   TAPS. 


175 


It  will,  of  course,  be  obvious  that  when  a  general  engineer 
makes  up  a  single  valve  as  above,  he  places  himself  at  a  disad- 
vantage as  compared  with  the  specialty  houses  when  lae 
comparison  is  with  the  standard  patterns  of  the  latter,  seeing 
that  such  houses  usually  make  their  valves  by  the  dozen,  and 
by  piece-work. 

Under  piece-work  arrangements  the  total  sum  paid  for  finish- 
ing a  valve  such  as  above  would  probably  not  exceed  I2s.  6d.\. 
the  iron  castings  would  be  bought  from  some  general  founder  at 
Ss.  per  cwt.  or  under,  whilst  the  brass  would  cost  from  gd.  .to- 
lod.  perlb. ;  and  the  general  expenses  would  be  put  at  probably 
30  or  50  per  cent,  less  than  in  our  example.  Where,  however, 
a  departure  from  the  standard  dimensions  has  to  be  made  for  a 
single  valve,  the  specialty  house  has  not  such  a  decided  ad- 
vantage over  the  general  engineer. 

The  following  was  a  case  in  point,  the  valve  having  special- 
sized  flanges  and  being  exceptionally  short  between  the  two* 
flanges.  The  price  charged  was  less  than  the  amount  of 
a  quotation  received  for  the  valve  from  a  good  specialty  house. 

EXAMPLE  No.  124. — Cost  of  one  7-in.  steam  stop  valve,  generally  as  in  two 
last  examples : — 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
217 

s.    d. 
6    3 

£  s.  d. 

o  14  5 

Moulders'  wages       
Brass               ..          

35 

o  10 

o  4  i 
192 

I    8    6 

Bolts,  etc.—  per  stores        
Machinists    (turner,    25    hours  ;    slotter,    5  ; 
drillers  5)               

034 
o  19  o 

044 
030 

Fitters   (journeyman,    5    hours  ;    apprentice 
fitters,  32)    
Pattern  makers  (altering  patterns) 

088 

040- 

i  15  10 

Material  and  wages     
Expenses            

4  2  8 
i  15  10 

Gross  cost       

5  18  6 

trade  discounts. 

The  above  examples  relate  solely  to  the  ordinary  type  of 
steam  stop  valve,  having  the  centres  of  the  two  flanges  in  the 
one  straight  line.  The  type  used  for  connecting  steam  pipes  to 
boilers,  and  having  the  flange  at  the  discharge 
side  at  right  angles  to  the  flange  at  the  inlet  side, 
known  as  "Kingston"  valves,  and  as  "Junction'* 
valves  are  usually  a  littfe  more  costly,  but  may  be  taken 


Junction 
Valves. 


376 


MISCELLANEOUS  PRODUCTIONS. 


as  practically  the  same.     It  is  unnecessary,  therefore,  to  give 
detailed  examples  of  this  type. 


EXAMPLES  Nos.  125  and  126.  —  Costs  of  2^-in.  and  3-in.  brass  blow-off  cocks, 
plain  stuffing-boxes  and  glands  :  — 


at  in. 

3in. 

AO  lb. 

56  lb. 

Finished  weights  ..        M        ..        ..        . 

M                     . 

. 

37*,, 

49*,, 

Cost  castings         „        „ 
Machinists'  wages           ..        ••        ... 
Fitters'  wages       ..        ..        „        „ 

£  s.  d. 
i  15  10 
083 
074 

£  s.  d. 
268 
o  ii    5 
071 

Material  and  wages           «        „. 
Expenses        ..        ..        M        M 

2  II     5 

o  16    i 

352 

I      O      O 

Gross  cost          
Price  charged     .  .        .  .        .  . 

3    7    6 
4  10    o 

452 
5  10    o 

The  simpler  type  of  cock  in  which  the  stuffing-box  and  gland 
are  dispensed  with,  variously  styled  "  plain  plug  cock,"  "  self- 
packing  cock,"  etc.,  costs  about  one-third  less  than  above;  whilst 
the  type  now  largely  used  by  the  best  firms,  in  which  there  is  a 
kind  of  double  or  compound  gland,  which  permits  the  upper 
stuffing-box  of  the  cock  to  be  re-packed  under  pressure,  costs 
about  a  third  more. 

EXAMPLE  No.  127. — Cost  of  two  3-in.  plain  stopper  or  self-packing  cocks,  with 
cast-iron  barrels,  flanged  at  each  end,  and  brass  plugs  or  stoppers: — 


£   s.    d. 

o  19    5 
056 

cwt.  qr.  lb. 
3    o 

33 

s.  d. 
6    3 

O  10 

£  s.    d. 
048 
020 
i    7    6 

O  12   II 
0  10  II 

Moulders'  wages      .  . 
Brass  castings           .  . 
Machinists'  wages  (turne 
Fitters'  wages.. 

Material  and  wages 
Expenses 

Gross  cost 

;r,  21  hrs.  ; 

driiler,  2) 
21  hours 

in            •  • 

i    4  ii 

2  18    o 
i    4  ii 

4    2  ii 

Charged  £3  each,  less  2\  per  cent. 

Numerous  changes  may  be,  and  are  in  most  large  shops,  rung 

upon  the  type  of  cock  referred  to  in  the  above  example,  to  meet 

the  demands  which  arise  from  time  to  time  in  connection  with 

M  d'fi    t*        bleach,  dye,  and  print  works,  and  other  establish- 

of  Patterns.    ments  where  large  volumes  of  liquids  have  to  be 

dealt  with.     A  cock  of  this  type  may  be  required 

all  brass  or  all  iron  ;  with  one  flange  and  one  spigot  end  ;  with 

one  flange  and  one  bent  or  nose  end ;  with  one  spigot  and  one 

faucet  end  ;  or  with  two  faucet  ends,  and  so  on. 


VALVES  AND  TAPS. 


177 


An  engineer's  patterns  and  core  boxes  for  cocks  of  this  type 
generally  admit  of  modification,  within  certain  wide  limits,  to 
meet  such  requirements  as  those  indicated,  as  in  the  follv»wing 
case,  where  a  double  flange  cock  was  converted  into  a  spigot 
and  faucet  cock. 

EXAMPLE  No.  128. — Cost  of  one  6-in.  spigot  and  faucet  cock,  all  cast  iron, 
faucet  bored  and  spigot  turned  on  rim  : — 


£  s.  d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
207 

s.    d.         £   s.  d, 

63              O   12   II 

Moulders'  wages    .. 

I        042 

o  16  ii 

Turners'  wages 

19  hours 

!   .  o  ii    3 

024 
o    6  ii 

Fitters'  wages 
Pattern  makers'  wages    .  . 

9      t, 
17      ,. 

048 
093 

Material  and  wages 

223 

I    6    2 

Expenses 



i    6    1 

1 
. 

Gross  cost 

3    8    5 

! 

Charged  £5,  less  z\  per  cent.,  including  alteration  of  pattern. 

EXAMPLE  No.  129. — Cost  of  one  2-in.   boiler  feed  valve,  cast-iron  body  or 
shell,  brass  valve,  seat  and  spindle  (two  flanges,  one  at  right  angles  to  the  other)  : — 


i  s.  d. 

Cast  iron      ..        ..         ..                   ..        .. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

6      3 

£  s.  d. 

o  13    3 
024 

Moulders'  wages  
Brass  castings        
Bolts  and  studs—  per  stores 
Machinists'  wages           
Fitters'  wages        

6J 

O  IO 

o  i  8 
053 

O  I  2 

o  8  10 

048 

o  15    7 

Material  and  wages  
Expenses         

i  4  8 
o  15  7 

Charged  £2  155.,  less  2$  per  cent. 

Valves  such  as  above  should  never  be  made  up  singly,  except  in 

special  cases.    Wherever  there  is  sufficient  demand 
Quantities.       .      ... 

to  justify  the  making  or  keeping  up  of  patterns,  it 

will  always  pay  to  make  standard  valves  in  quantities  of  not 
less  than  half-a-dozen  at  a  time. 

On  occasions  when  merely  half-a-dozen  feed  valves,  as  in  the 
last  example,  were  made  up  at  a  time,  the  workmanship  per  valve 
was  reduced  fully  one.third,  as  compared  with  the  example,  the 
gross  cost  per  valve  as  put  into  the  store  standing  usually  about 
£i  los.  6d.  Making  up  in  larger  numbers  and  the  adoption  of 
piece-work  would  have  effected  still  greater  economy  in  manu- 
facture. 

The  following  tables  show  the  weights,  time  of  brass  finisher 

N 


i73 


MISCELLANEOUS   PRODUCTIONS. 


occupied  in  finishing,  gross  cost  (expenses  being  reckoned  as 
100  per  cent,  of  the  wages)  and  selling  prices  of 
plain  brass  wheel  valves  and  plain  brass  plug 
cocks,  as  made  in  the  brass  finishing  department 

of  a  general  engineering  shop  : 

BRASS  WHEEL  VALVES  (FEMALE  ENDS). 


Size. 

Brass 
Castings. 

Time  finishing. 

Gross  cost. 

Usual  Selling  Price. 

fin. 
i  in. 

2  in. 

3llb. 

Jjib! 

lib. 

gib. 
ii  Ib. 

z\  hours. 
3i      .1 

6   ;; 

9 

s.   d. 
5    3 
7  10 
12     2 

14    o 
19    o 

s.  d. 
7    6 
10    6 
15    6 
18    o 
25    o 

BRASS  PLUG  COCKS. 


Size. 

Brass 
Castings. 

Time  finishing. 

Gross  Cost. 

Selling  Price. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

Jin. 
I  in. 
i  in. 

iflb. 
2flb. 
Jib. 

i£  hours. 

2          it 

3        .- 

34    J 

6    8 

5    9 
7    o 
9    6 

jl  ffj 

7lb. 

II     2 

14    o 

i^in. 

6        „ 

13    8 

17    6 

None  of  the  scales  shown  in  the  above  tables  can  be  con 
sidered  perfect.  That  is  to  say,  anyone  designing  a  new 
and  complete  set  of  patterns  would  arrange  to  have  the 
weights,  and  consequently  the  selling  prices,  better  graduated. 
However,  for  work  of  this  kind  done  in  a  general  engineering 
shop,  in  ordinary  day's  time,  and  in  quantities  rarely  exceeding 
half-a-dozen  or  a  dozen  valves  or  taps  at  a  time,  the  results 
shown  in  the  above  tables  (which,  of  course,  varied  somewhat 
from  time  to  time)  cannot  be  considered  unsatisfactory. 

Better  arrangements  in  the  matter  of  tools  and  fixings  for  the 
lathe  would,  no  doubt,  have  enabled  some  time  to  be  econo- 
mised ;  whilst  in  the  special  brass  shops,  where  piece-work  is 
adopted,  very  much  less  is  paid  in  wages  for  the  workmanship 
on  these  articles.  In  the  valves,  for  example,  from  is.  for  the 
f  in.  size  to  35.  for  the  2  in.  size  would  be  considered  good  rates 
to  pay  for  finishing. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  not  infrequently  happens  where  brass- 
work  of  the  kind  we  are  now  considering  is  done  in  a  general 
engineering  shop,  that  one  or  two  valves  or  cocks  have  to  be 


VALVES  AND  TAPS. 


179 


finished  by  themselves ;  and  in  such  cases  the  time  finishing 
•will  be  from  a  third  to  a  half  more  than  the  amounts  given  in 
the  tables,  the  result  being  that  these  articles  are  sometimes 
sold  for  less  than  they  cost.  Valves  and  taps  of  fair  quality 
and  finish  can  be  bought  by  engineers  at  fully  a  third  less  than 
the  selling  prices  given  in  the  above  tables. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  rates  charged  in  a  general 

Tables       engineering  shop  for  the  valves,  etc.,  specified,  all 

of  Standard  the  articles  being  made  in  the  shop,  most  of  them 

Sizes.        being   probably  heavier   than   necessary,  and  all 

carefully  finished : — 


Stop  Valves  (M.  and  P.  Valves),  Brass  Valves, 
Seats  and  Spindles,  Cast-Iron  Bridges  for 
Outside  Screws. 


Junction  (or  Kingston)  Valves  for  Boilers, 
otherwise  same  as  the  Stop  Valves. 


£  s.  d. 

£       d. 

3  in«                                                             ^    o 

4  in.                                                            A    o 

7  in           •  •        •  •                                      800 

7  m.                                                             8  ID 

Feed  Valves  (Angle  Pattern),          Brass     PacI* 
Spindles.                                                  S>       a 

*A      Ri«w  nff     1     Brass  Self-Packing  Blow-off 
igtt  pBarrnff             gtCtkeSr^.ngle-inverted  Plu^ 

£  ••   d. 
2  in  2  15    o         2  in. 
2jin  35°)    2j  in. 
3  in  3  10    o         3  in. 

£  s.   d.    |                                         £  s.  d. 
2  15    o     i     2  in  2  10    o 
3  15    o          2§in.           ..        ..      350 
..      4  15    o          3  in  450 

Single  Lever  Safety  Valves. 

Double  Lever  Safety  Valves. 

£  s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 
3  in.          5  10    o 

Brass  Water  Gauge  Cocks. 

Brass  Try  Cocks  (Polished). 

Per  Set—  £  s.  d. 

Each—  £  s.  d. 

i-in.     „             2  15    o 

|in  o  15    6 

For  brass  wheel  valves  and  plain  brass  plug  taps  or  cocks  see 
^tables  already  given. 


CHAPTER     XX. 

PRIME  MOVERS. 

THE  prime  movers  at  present  in  practical  use  are  the  follow- 
ing, viz.,  steam  engines,  waterwheels,  turbines,  windmills,  gas. 
engines,  hydraulic  engines  (so-called),  and  hot-air  engines. 

Of  these  only  three — steam  engines,  waterwheels,  and  wind- 
mills— come  within  the  scope  of  general  engineering  shops  \ 
the  others  remain  in  the  hands  of  certain  special  makers,  and 
are,  besides,  mostly  of  very  limited  application. 

Windmills  only  come  within  the  sphere  of  establishments 
situated  in  certain  districts,  as  in  the  Midland  and  Southern 

Counties  of  England,  or  of  houses  who  export  to 
Windmills.         .-.  L  .  *      ,         ,  ,     , 

certain    countries  abroad,   and  will  not  be  dealt 

with  here,  as  the  writer  has  no  experience  of  their  manufacture. 
Waterwheels  come  within  the  scope  of  a  larger  number  of 

firms.  Most  old-established  houses  in  the  great  manufacturing 
districts  of  the  kingdom  have  experience  of  their 
manufacture ;  and  whilst  few  new  wheels  are  now 
made,  the  renewal  of  buckets,  segments,  bearings,. 

and  axles,  and  other  repairs,  constitutes  in  some  districts  by  no 

means  an  unimportant  item  of  business. 

Steam    engines,   however,  naturally   constitute   the   class   of 

prime    movers  which  claims  special   attention  here.     It  is  no 

doubt  true,  as  we  are  reminded  from  time  to  time  by  very  high 

authorities,  that  the  steain  engine  will  some  day 

Steam        ^Q    entirely   discarded    in    favour   of  more  direct 

methods  of  utilising  heat ;  and  it  is  unquestionably 

the  fact  that  the  gas  engine  (which  probably  foreshadows  the 


TYPES   OF   ENGINES.  l8l 


type  of  heat  engine  of  the  future)  has  already  displaced  the 
steam  engine  for  certain  purposes,  as  well  as  occupied  fields 
which  the  steam  engine  very  likely  never  could  have  entered. 
Nevertheless,  the  steam  engine  is  still  the  prime  mover  cf 
manufacturers,  and  will  probably  remain  so  for  more  than  one 
generation. 

Innumerable  types  of  steam  engines  are  now  made,  with  all 

of  which  it  would,  of  course,  be  impossible  to  deal  within  the 

limits  at  our  disposal,  apart  altogether  from  the  question  of 

experience.     We  can  only  select  certain  represen- 

Types  of     tative  types,  and  deal  generally  with  them. 

Engines  ^he  types  of  engine  now  most  favoured  for 
manufacturing  purposes  are :  The  horizontal  direct- 
acting  engine,  the  beam  engine,  and,  to  a  small  extent,  the  in- 
verted direct-acting  engine  or  the  marine  type.  The  latter  is 
ionly  very  occasionally  adopted,  and  appears  to  be  only  supplied 
by  engineers  who  have  a  marine  as  well  as  a  general  connection. 
This  type  occupies  comparatively  small  ground  space,  and  may 
be,  therefore,  well  adapted  in  some  very  exceptional  circum- 
stances ;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  advantage,  such  as  it  is, 
is  not  gained  at  the  expense  of  qualities  of  more  importance 
in  manufacturing  industries — steadiness  and  smoothness  of 
running,  for  example.  This  type  is,  however,  extremely  well 
adapted  for  small  high-speed  engines. 

Comparatively  few  beam  engines  are  now  made  for  manu- 
facturing uses.  This  type  possesses  the  great  recommendation 
•of  being  subject  to  little  and  very  regular  wear  and  tear,  and  is 
the  most  durable  type  and  the  most  economical  in  the  matter  of 
maintenance  yet  made.  It  may  also,  of  course,  be  made,  within 
the  limits  for  which  it  is  suitable,  as  economical  in  fuel  consump- 
tion as  any  other — indeed,  up  to  recently  the  most  economical 
engines  working  on  land  were  beam  engines.  For  the  purpose 
for  which  James  Watt  first  made  engines — that  is,  the  pumping 
of  water — the  beam  engine  is  still  the  most  convenient  and 
•economical,  and  therefore  easily  holds  its  own.  This  type  does 
not,  however,  lend  itself  to  the  high  speeds  now  required  in 
manufacturing  industries  quite  so  readily  as  the  horizontal 
direct-acting  engine,  which  is  the  type  now  most  favoured  and 
most  generally  adopted  in  these  industries. 
,  The  horizontal  engine  is  itself  made  in  numerous  modifica- 


l82  PRIME   MOVERS. 


tions.  We  have,  first,  the  single-cylinder  engine,  which  may  be 
either  condensing  or  non-condensing.  Secondly,  engines  with  a 
pair  of  cylinders  of  equal  size  placed  side  by  side,  and  with  the 
piston  rods  coupled  up  to  the  same  crank-shaft.  This  arrange- 
ment is  commonly — though,  perhaps,  rather  loosely — described 
as  a  "  pair  of  engines,"  and  may  also  be  either  condensing  or 
non-condensing,  though,  of  course,  invariably  the  former  in 
the  larger  sizes.  Thirdly,  engines  with  a  pair  of  cylinders  of 
unequal  diameters  placed  side  by  side,  with  the  piston  rods 
connected  with  the  same  crank-shaft,  and  working  compound. 
This  is  the  arrangement  generally  indicated  by  the  term 
"compound  engine,"  and  is  also  what  is  very  commonly  meant 
by  the  expression,  "pair  of  compound  engines."  Fourthly,  we 
have  engines  with  two  cylinders  of  unequal  diameters,  placed 
one  behind  the  other,  with  a  piston  rod  passing  through  both 
cylinders,  and  working  compound,  this  being  the  arrangement 
indicated  by  the  term,  "  compound  tandem  engine."  Fifthly, 
we  have  engines  with  two  sets  of  cylinders,  each  set  arranged 
tandem,  working  compound,  placed  side  by  side  and  connected 
to  the  same  crank- shaft,  this  being  the  arrangement  understood 
to  be  described  by  the  expression,  "pair  of  compound  tandem 
engines."  Other  modifications  are  also  in  existence,  but  the 
five  just  described  are  the  most  important  and  those  in  most 
general  use. 

The  cost,  and  therefore  the  selling  price,  of  an  engine  of  any 

type  admissible  for  manufacturing  uses  and  for  a  given  power, 

will  be  largely  affected  by  the  following  conditions,  viz. : — Speed 

of  piston,  pressure  of  steam,  character  of  valves, 

Type  as     vaive   gear   and  its   auxiliaries  ;    construction   of 
affecting  cost.      . .    ,  &      .        .       ,     ,  . 

cylinder — that  is,  whether  steam  jacketed  or  not ; 

class  of  fly-wheel,  whether  plain,  geared,  turned  up  for  belt  or 
for  ropes  ;  and,  of  course,  the  general  conditions  of  the  quality 
of  material  employed  and  the  character  of  the  workmanship  and 
finish. 

It  will  be  obvious  that  an  engine  which  is  to  run  at  a  high 
speed  may,  for  a  given  power,  have  its  parts  made  lighter  than 
one  which  is  to  run  at  a  slow  speed  ;  also,  that  one  which  is  to 
work  with  a  high  pressure  of  steam  may  be  made  with  a  smaller 
cylinder  than  one  which  is  to  work  under  steam  of  a  low 
pn  ssure ;  also,  that  an  engine  with  a  common  slide  valve 


HORSE-POWER.  183 

having  a  fixed  and  invariable  cut-off,  and  with  the  admission  of 
steam  controlled  merely  by  the  governor  acting  upon  a  common 
throttle  valve,  may  be  made  for  less  money  than  an  engine  with 
valves,  say,  of  the  Corliss  type,  worked  by  gear  constructed  to 
give  a  variable  cut-off  according  to  the  load,  and  controlled 
direct  by  the  governor. 

The  modifying  influence  of  the  other  conditions  mentioned 
upon  the  cost  of  an  engine  will  be  equally  apparent. 

A  question  which  very  naturally  presents  itself  the  mcment 
we  enter  upon  the  consideration  of  the  costs  and  prices  of  steam 
engines,  is  the  following,  viz.,  Is  there  any  standard  or  rule  by 

which  engines  are  measured  for  commercial  pur- 
Standard  of          c  ? 
Measurement.  Pose8  ' 

The  importance,  and  indeed,  necessity  of  exact 

standards  of  measurement  have  long  been  recognised  in  every 
branch  of  science  and  industry.  Nor  are  engineers  at  all  wanting 
in  regard  to  the  exactness  and  completeness  with  which  they 
can  measure  and  express  the  actual  power  that  is  at  any 
moment  being  exerted  by  their  engines.  It  would,  therefore,  be 
very  reasonable  to  suppose  that,  for  commercial  purposes,  for 
calculating  prices,  for  selling  or  buying  so  important  an 
appliance  as  a  steam  engine,  manufacturing  engineers  would 
possess  equally  complete  and  exact  standards  or  rules  of 
measurement.  This,  however,  is  not  the  case.  There  is  at 
present  no  standard  or  rule  of  measurement  for  commercial 
purposes  of  anything  like  universal  or  even  general  use — engines 
being  described  very  largely  according  to  the  ideas  or  whims  of 
their  respective  makers. 

At  one  time  there  did  exist  a  universal  standard  of  measure- 
ment, but  that  was  when  there  was  only  one  firm  of  steam- 
engine  makers — Boulton  and  Watt. 

At  present  there  are  used  numerous  formulae,  to  all  of  which 
the  misleading  expression,  "  nominal  horse-power,"  is  applied, 
and  in  addition  there  is  used  as  a  standard  for  calculating  prices 
the  probable  indicated  horse  power  of  an  engine. 

It  furnishes  a  striking  illustration  of  the  extent  to  which 
Watt  impressed  his  individuality  upon  the  steam  engine,  that 
not  only  is  the  steam  engine,  structurally  considered,  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  the  same  to-day  as  he  left  it,  but  a  dis- 
tinctly crude  stan  iard  of  measurement  which  he  devised  is  now 


184  PRIME  MOVERS. 


in  one  form  almost  universally  employed  for  practical  purposes, 
and  in  another  also  largely  for  commercial  purposes,  although 
it  never  can  now  be  used  for  the  latter  without  qualification, 
expressed  or  implied,  and  always  vague. 

One  of  the  standards  mentioned — nominal  horse-power — is 

now  falling  into  disuse,  engines  being  described,  more  especially 

in  the  larger  sizes,  simply  by  their  leading  dimensions,  or  by 

the  actual  horse-power  for  which  they  are   con- 

Nominal  structed  or  will  indicate  under  a  certain  pressure 
Horse-power.  e  T  .  , 

of  steam.     It  is,  however,  necessary  to  understand 

what  the  term  implies,  as  it  is  still  used,  more  especially  in  the 
price  lists  of  makers  of  the  smaller  classes  of  engines. 

Briefly,  "  nominal  horse-power  "  is  a  descriptive  measurement 
of  an  engine  which  is  usually  intended  to  convey  an  idea  of  its 
size,  on  the  assumption  that  its  size  will  be  a  measure  of  its 
value  without  reference  to  the  power  which  it  will  actually  give 
out. 

Originally,  and  as  still  sometimes  used,  the  formula  for 
determining  the  n.h.p.  was  the  area  of  the  cylinder  in  inches, 
multiplied  by  220,  as  the  piston  speed,  and  7  as  the  mean 
effective  pressure,  and  divided  by  33,000.  These  figures  gave 
approximately  the  indicated  horse-power  of  Watt's  time,  and 
powers  thus  determined  became  associated  with  certain  sizes  of 
engines. 

Afterwards,  when  higher  pressure  steam  began  to  be  used 
expansively,  and  higher  speeds  were  adopted,  these  figures  no 
longer  gave  approximately  the  actual  horse-power,  but  as  the 
power  determined  by  them  had  become  associated  with  certain 
sizes  of  engines,  it  appears  to  have  been  considered  necessary  to 
retain  them,  and  to  use  the  term  "nominal"  to  distinguish  the 
power  they  gave  from  the  actual  horse-power. 

The  above  formula  is  equivalent  to  2i'S  square  inches  of 
piston  per  horse-power  ;  also  to  the  diameter  squared  divided 
by  27  ;  and  both  these  formulae  were,  and  are  still,  used  for 
simplicity.  Subsequently  a  modification  of  the  formula,  into 
which  the  length  of  the  stroke  enters  as  one  term,  was  intro- 
duced, and  at  present  the  most  generally-accepted  formula  is 
the  diameter  in  inches,  squared,  multiplied  by  the  cube  root 
of  the  stroke  in  feet  and  divided  by  some  figure  supposed  to  be 
a  constant,  but  which  in  fact  appears  to  be  anything  between 


NOMINAL  HORSE-POWER.  185 

30  and  60  for  condensing  engines,  and  10  and    25    for   non- 
condensing  engines,  according  to  the  fancy  of  makers. 

Summarising  these  formulae,  and  taking  a  condensing  engine 
of  36-in.  cylinder  and  /2-in.  stroke,  it  will  be  seen  that  they  give 
the  n.h.p.  as  follows  :  — 

1018  (area  of  cylinder)  x  220  x  7 
-  i  ---  •  -  -  -  -  =  47-5  n.h.p. 
33,000 

1018 

—  =  47-3  n.h.p. 

—  =  48-0  n.h.p. 


Such  an  engine  would  be  described  by  some  makers  as  a  40, 
and  by  others  as  a  50  nominal  horse  engine.  The  following  list 
gives  the  sizes  of  some  condensing  engines,  with  the  n.h.p.  by 
which  they  are  described  by  several  makers  :  — 

Diam.  of  Cylinder.  Length  of  Stroke.  N.H.P. 

Inches.  laches. 

24  ..        ..        ..        ..    42     ........  16  to  20 

25  ........    42     ........  18  „  20 

28     ..        .  .....    60     ........  25  „  30 

30    ...        ..        -.        ..    60    ........  30  „  35 

36    ..        ......     60     ........  40  ,,  45 

36    ........     74     ........  45   i.  50 

46    ..        ..        ...        ..82    ........  80  „  go 

The  difficulty  with  regard  to  n.h.p.  is  twofold.  In  the  first 
place  there  is  no  definite  principle  generally  recognised  upon 
which  to  base  the  formula  for  determining  it.  Hence  hardly  any 
two  makers  use  exactly  the  same  formula.  Secondly,  almost 
•equal  diversity  exists  as  to  the  number  of  times  over  the  nominal 
horse-power  to  which  engines  may  be  worked.  A  number  of 
makers  may  be  found  who  agree  approximately  in  the  descrip- 
tions they  give  of  their  engines  in  so  far  as  what  they  call  the 
nominal  horse-power  is  concerned,  as  in  the  list  of  engines  given 
above  ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  very  great  diversities  will  be 
found.  For  example,  one  maker  calls  his  24-in.  by  42-in.  con- 
densing engine  a  20  nominal  horse  engine  ;  another  calls  his 
24-in.  by  48-in.  (only  6  inches  longer  in  the  stroke  than  the 
former  it  will  be  observed)  a  50  nominal  horse  engine  ;  whilst 
another  describes  his  24-in.  by  48-in.  as  a  60  nominal  horse 
engine.  The  piston  speeds  given  by  all  the  three  are  practically 
the  same. 


186  PRIME   MOVERS. 


Again,  whilst  probably  the  majority  of  makers  use  different 
figures  for  determining  the  nominal  horse-power  of  non- 
condensing  to  those  they  use  for  condensing  engines,  some 
makers  allow  no  distinction  and  use  the  same  formula  and 
figures  for  both.  Formerly  it  was  not  uncommon  to  find  an 
engineer  who  had  unsuccessfully  tendered  for  an  engine, 
attribute  his  failure  to  having  understated  the  nominal  horse- 
power of  his  engine,  or  understated  the  number  of  times 
the  nominal  horse-power  up  to  which  his  engine  might  be 
worked,  and  who  would,  in  consequence,  resolve  to  be  less 
scrupulous  in  future  and  to  use  higher  descriptive  rates  without 
altering  his  sizes.  Hence,  whilst  any  reasonable  formula  for 
determining  nominal  horse-power  may  be  very  useful  in  an 
engineering  office,  where  it  is  consistently  employed  for  the 
purposes  of  ready  calculation  as  to  prices,  there  is  none  of  any 
value  for  the  purposes  of  general  comparison. 

Obviously,  the  ratio  between  the  nominal  horse-power  of  an 
engine  and  the  actual  power  up  to  which  it  may  be  worked 
R  ,.  will  depend  upon  the  way  in  which  the  former  is 

nominal  to    determined.     If  we   take  as   the    nominal  horse- 
indicated     power  for  condensing  engines    22  square    inches 
Horse-power.  Of  pjston   area,   or   what   will   generally   amount 
approximately  to  the  same  thing, 
(diameter   piston    in    inches)2    x    v'  stroke    in    feet,         ,     c 

non-condensing  engines,  n  square  inches  of  piston  area  or 
(diameter  piston  in  inches)2  x  */  stroke  in  feet  _  ,.  . 

which  will  be  found  to  agree  approximately  with  the  practice 
of  probably  most  of  the  best  makers — then  we  shall  find  that  as 
a  general  thing  the  indicated  horse-power  up  to  which  modern 
engines  are  worked  will  be  about  the  following,  viz. : — 

Non-condensing  engines,  three  to  five  times  the  nominal  horse-power. 
Simple  condensing  engines,  five  to  eight  times  the  nominal  horse-power. 
Compound  condensing  engines,  four  to  seven  times  the  nominal  horse-power. 

In  calculating  nominal  horse-power,  the  area,  or  the  squares, 
of  all  the  cylinders  which  go  to  constitute  the  complete  engines 
must,  of  course,  be  added  together. 

The  sole  use  of  the  nominal  horse  standard  of  measurement, 


PRICES  OF   ENGINES.  187 

where  it  is  employed  at  all,  is  as  a  basis  for  commercial  calcula- 
tions.    The  cost  or  price  of  any   engine,  per   nominal  horse- 
power, will,  of  course,  depend  upon  the  formula 

P^c®s_     used  for  determining  the  nominal  horse-power,  and 
per  N.H.P.       .,,  ,  ,.-    ,  ,       ,  ,.,_.          ,       , 

will  be  modified  by  the  conditions  already  men- 
tioned.    Taking  the  formulae  last  given,  viz  : — 

(diameter)2  x     v^stroke         ,    (diameter)2  x  V  stroke         ... 

— - — and selling 

46  19 

prices  will  range  about  as  follows,  viz. : — 

Horizontal  non-condensing  engines,  with  plain 
ing  Engines   slide-valves,  governors,  equilibrium  throttle  valves, 
plain  fly-wheels,  and  all  usual  mountings: — 

From    2  to    5  n.h.p.,  £22  to  £17  per  n.h.p. 
From    5  to  15        „       £20  to  -£14  ios.  per  n.h.p. 
From  15  to  50       „      £14  los.  to  £10  IQS.  per  n.h.p. 

The  higher  rates  given  for  the  larger  sizes  would,  with  most 
makers,  be  allowed  to  cover  some  simple  form  of  variable 
expansion  valve  gear  which  would  admit  of  adjustment  by  hand 
whilst  the  engine  was  in  motion  ;  the  turning  up  of  the  rim  of 
the  fly-wheel  to  make  it  suitable  for  carrying  a  belt,  and  the 
construction  of  the  cylinders  with  steam  jackets.  For  Corliss 
valves  and  automatic  cut-off  gear,  from  £4  IQS.  to  £3  IDS. 
extra  per  nominal  horse-power  should  be  required  ;  and  for  fly- 
wheels turned  up  for  ropes  about  £i  or  £i  $s.  extra  per  nominal 
horse-power.  The  weights  per  nominal  horse-power  would  vary 
from  1 6  cwt.  down  to  6  cwt.  The  above  rates  apply  to  good 
strong  engines,  such  as  would  be  made  in  a  first-class  general 
engineering  shop  (see  list  of  engines  following). 

Some  special  houses  offer  lighter  classes  of  engines  in  a 
number  of  small  sizes  to  run  at  high  speeds,  the  weights  of 
which  range  from  3  to  2\  cwt.  per  nominal  horse-power,  and  the 
prices  from  £12  los.  to  £g  per  nominal  horse-power.  Coupled 
engines,  or  pairs  of  above  type,  that  is — engines  with  two 
cylinders  of  equal  diameter  placed  side  by  side  and  coupled  to- 
the  same  crank-shaft,  would  by  some  makers  be  charged  at  the 
same  rate  per  nominal  horse-power,  as  they  are,  of  course, 
practically  two  complete  engines.  Others  would,  however, 
rate  them  about  5  per  cent,  less  per  nominal  horse-power. 

Horizontal  simple  condensing  engines,  with  plain  slide-valves, 


l88  PRIME  MOVERS. 


governors,  and  equilibrium  throttle  valves,  plain  fly- wheels  and 
horizontal  air  pumps  worked  irom  back  prolon- 
gation  of  Piston  rods  'm  the  smaller  sizes,  and  in 
the  large  sizes,  vertical  or  diagonal  air  pumps 

worked  from  crossheads  or  from  back  prolongation  of  piston 

rods  : — 

From  10  to  20  n.h.p.,  £35  to  £25  per  n.h.p. 

20  n.h.p.  and  upwards,  £32  los.  to  £20  per  n.h.p. 

If  with  variable  and  automatic  expansion  valves  and  gear, 
say  of  the  gridiron  type,  working  at  the  back  of  plain  slide- 
valves  ;  or  with  Corliss  valves,  and  automatic  gear,  from  £7  IDS. 
to  £$  per  nominal  horse-power  extra.  If  with  rope  fly-wheels 
from  ^3  to  £2  per  nominal  horse-power  extra.  Weights  would 
range  from  about  12  cwt.  per  nominal  horse-power  in  the  smaller 
sizes  to  25  cwt.  in  the  larger.  Pairs  of  engines  (two  cylinders, 
side  by  side,  coupled  to  same  crank-shaft),  about  10  per  cent, 
less  per  nominal  horse-power. 

Horizontal  compound  condensing  engines  (cylinders  side  by 
side)  with  plain  or  geared  fly-wheels,  plain  slide-valves  on  low- 
pressure  cylinders,  gridiron  cut-off  slide-valves  or  Corliss  valves 
with  automatic  gear  controlled  direct  by  governors 

Engines  on  high'Pressure  cylinders,  and  with  plain  (not 
steam-jacketed)  receivers  between  high  and  low- 
pressure  cylinders,  from  ^£30  to  £22  los.  per  nominal  horse- 
power. Steam-jacketing  both  cylinders  and  also  receiver  would 
add  from  £i  IDS.  to  £i  per  nominal  horse-power.  Rope  fly- 
wheels from  ^3  to  £2  per  nominal  horse-power. 

Horizontal  tandem  compound  engines,  otherwise  as  above, 
from  £28  to  £20  per  nominal  horse-power. 

Simple  condensing  beam  engines,  with  wrought-iron  con- 
necting rods,  plain  or  geared  fly-wheels  and  cast-iron  beams, 
from  £$6  to  £,22  per  n.h.p.,  according  to  character  of  valves 
and  gear  and  size  of  engine.  The  higher  rate  would  now  cover 
-equilibrium,  conical  or  double-beat  valves,  or  Corliss  valves 
with  automatic  gear.  This  rate  might  also  in  some  cases  be 
allowed  to  cover  wrought-iron  beams  instead  of  cast-iron 
beams.  For  engines  as  above,  in  pairs,  about  10  per  cent,  less 
per  n.h.p. 

As  already  intimated,  nominal  horse-power  as  a  standard  of 
measurement  is  not  so  much  used  now  as  formerly  ;  many  of 


PRICES   OF   ENGINES. 


the  best  houses  rarely  employ  it  in  their  calculations,  but  prefer 
to  rate  their  engines  at  so  much  per  the  actual 

Indicated  indicated  horse-power  up  to  which  they  are  con- 
*  structed  to  drive.  The  rates  per  indicated  horse- 
power for  horizontal  non-condensing  engines  range  from  £f 
down  to  £4.  in  the  smaller  sizes,  and  from  £6  down  to  £3  m 
the  larger  sizes.  For  horizontal  simple  condensing  engines,  the 
rates  range  from  £7  down  to  £5  ;  for  horizontal  compound 
engines,  from  £8  down  to  £4. ;  and  for  horizontal  compound 
tandem  engines,  down  to  as  low  as  £3  los.  For  beam  engines, 
the  rates  range  from  £10  down  to  £$  per  indicated  horse- 
power, and  to  about  10  per  cent,  less  for  engines  in  pairs  or 
coupled. 

From  the  figures  just  given  it  will  be  seen  that  very  great 
variations  exist  in  the  prices  quoted  for  steam  engines.  These 
differences  are  determined  partly  by  the  class  or  type  of  enginer 

partly  by  the  style  or  finish  in  which  it  is  got  up, 
Fait*  Rate^ 

partly  by  the  material   employed,  and  partly  by 

the  different  values  which  different  houses  set  upon  their  pro- 
ductions, or  the  amount  of  profit  for  which  they  are  willing 
to  work. 

Good  plain  horizontal  non-condensing  engines  can  be  made  in 
a  general  engineering  establishment  to  indicate,  say,  up  to  80  or 
100  h.p.,  and  to  leave  a  reasonable  margin  of  profit  at  from 
£4.  los.  to  £3  los.  per  i.h.p.  ;  and  high-class  non-condensing 
engines  of  this  type,  with  Corliss  valves  and  automatic  gear,  and 
with  fly-wheels  turned  up  for  belts  or  ropes,  at  from  £$  ios.  to 
£4  ios.  per  i.h.p.  Good  strong  horizontal  condensing  engines 
with  compound  slide-valves  (gridiron  cut  off  valves  on  back  of 
plain  slides)  and  automatic  gear,  to  indicate  up  to,  say,  150  h.p., 
can  be  made  at  from  £5  to  £4.  per  i.h.p. ;  with  rope  fly-wheels 
from  £$  ios.  to  £4  ios.  ;  and  with  Corliss  valves,  steam  jacketed 
cylinders,  and  rope  fly-wheels  at  £j  to  £6  per  i.h.p.  Good 
strong  horizontal  compound  condensing  engines,  with  Corliss 
valves  and  automatic  gear  on  high-pressure  cylinder  at  least, 
and  to  indicate  up  to  200  i.h.p.,  can  be  made  at  from  £6  ios.  to 
£5  5J-  Per  i-h.p.,  and  larger  sizes  up  to,  say,  400  i.h.p.,  at  from 
£4.  ios.  to  £4  ;  or,  including  steam  jacketing  throughout  and  rope 
fly-wheel,  at  from  £5  to  £4.  ios. 

Good  plain  beam  engines,  in  pairs,  to  indicate  up  to  400  i.h.p., 


igo 


PRIME   MOVERS. 


and  with  automatic  valve  gear,  can  also  be  made  at  from 
£6  i  Os.  down  to  £5,  whilst  an  extra  IDS.  or  15$.  would  permit 
a  high-class  job  to  be  made. 

These  rates  will  cover  delivery  and  erection  locally,  and  all 
the  usual  mountings  and  accessories,  but  not,  of  course,  any 
builder's  work.  Some  makers  would  include  steam  pipes  from 
boilers  to  the  engine  ;  but  others  would  charge  these  extra  at  a  rate 
per  cwt.  erected — say  from  12s.  to  i6s.  per  cwt.  The  rates  per 
i.h.p.  just  given  would  allow  the  engines  to  be  constructed  so  as 
to  develop  their  specified  powers  with  a  reasonable  weight  of 
steam — say,  not  exceeding,  in  the  compound  engines,  a  con- 
sumption of  2j  or  2\  Ib.  of  good  coal  per  i.h.p.  per  hour,  provided, 
of  course,  that  the  boiler  efficiency  is  reasonable. 

When  making  up  a  formal  estimate  of  the  cost  or  price  of 

an  engine  of  a  type  more  or  less  new  to  the  establishment,  it  is 

convenient  to  take  a  plain  or  simple  type  which  has  already 

been  made  as  the  basis  of  calculation,  and  to  add 

Modes  of     sums   to   cover   the   probable   extra   cost  of  the 
Estimating.  .  r     ,  f 

departures  proposed  to  be  made  from  the  plain 

type  used  as  the  basis ;  and  this,  of  course,  whether  the  nominal 
or  the  indicated  horse-power  be  used  as  the  standard  of 
measurement,  thus, 

EXAMPLE  No.  130. — Estimated  price  of  one  horizontal,  non-condensing,  high- 
pressure  steam  engine,  with  cylinder  14^-in.  diameter  by  36-in.  stroke,  spring 
coil  piston,  Corliss  valves  and  automatic  gear  for  admission  valves  controlled 
direct  from  governor,  rope  fly-wheel  10  ft.  6  in.  in  diameter,  with  grooves  for  five 
ropes  and  to  weigh  about  3^  tons.  Engine  to  indicate  60  h.p.  at  65  revolutions 
per  minute  with  80  Ib.  steam  pressure  in  boiler.  Profit  rates  : — 


£ 

s. 

d. 

£ 

it. 

d. 

Basis  type.    Horizontal    engine    with    plain    slide- 

valve,  equilibrium  throttle  valve,  high-speed  go- 
vernor and  plain  fly-wheel,  60  i.h.p.  at         .  .        .  . 
Extra  for  Corliss  valves  with  eccentric  drive  for 

4 

5 

o 

255 

0 

0 

exhaust-valves  and  automatic  gear  for  steam-valves 
connected  direct  with  governor          .  .        .  . 

_ 

60 

0 

0 

Extra  for  rope  fly-wheel,  say  3^  tons,  at 

I 

0 

0 

28 

0 

o 

343 

0 

o 

IO 

o 

33° 

o 

o 

Steam  and  exhaust  pipes  extra  at  i6s.  per  cwt.  erected  (local). 
Quoted  net  accordingly,  and  order  secured. 

We  now  supplement  the  general  rates  for  steam  engines 
which  have  already  been  given,  by  the  following  notes  of  the 
actual  costs  and  selling  prices  of  a  number  of  engines,  most  of 
which  may  be  considered  as  of  a  representative  character. 


EXAMPLES  OF   ENGINES. 


The  engines  in  all  the  examples  were  strong  and  well  a^d 
carefully  made.  Probably  the  weights  were  in  most  cases  on 
the  heavy  side — in  one  or  two  instances  decidedly  so.  It  is 
safe  to  say  the  workmanship  might,  in  every  instance,  have 
been  reduced  by  better  organisation  and  direction. 

EXAMPLE  No.  131. — Horizontal,  high-pressure,  non-condensing  engines,  with 
metallic-packed  pistons,  steel  piston-rods,  crank-shafts  and  crank-pins,  hammered 
scrap-iron  connecting  rods,  plain  slide-valves,  quick-speed  governors,  equilibrium 
throttle  valves,  plain  fly-wheels,  boiler  feed-pumps,  steam  stop-valves,  lubricators 
and  other  mountings,  strong  cast-iron  bed-plate,  and  foundation  bolts  complete ; 
cylinders  lagged  with  felt  and  polished  wood.  Delivered  and  erected  locally  : — '* 


Size  of  cylinder 

6  X   12 

9  x  18 

12  X  24 

Nominal  h.p. 

( 

2 

5 

10 

Indicated  h.p. 
Steam  pressure 
Revolutions  per 

minute 

8o9lb. 
150 

16 

80  Ib. 

IOO 

80%. 

80 

Gross  weight 

. 

21  CWt. 

46  cwt. 

80  cwt. 

„     cost 
Price  (patterns  s 

ock)  ! 

& 

£84 
£105 

m 

The  above  costs  are  the  costs  of  engines  made  up  singly. 
Anyone,  however,  laying  himself  out  to  make  engines  of  this 
class  on  a  proper  system,  and  making,  say,  half-a-dozen  of  the 
small  size  at  a  time,  and  two  or  three  of  the  larger  sizes,  could 
cheapen  the  actual  cost  of  manufacture,  as  compared  with  the 
above  figures,  considerably,  and  thus  secure  a  larger  profit,  or 
reduce  the  prices.  In  order  to  compete  with  engines  of  this 
class  as  made  and  sold  to-day  by  good  specialty  houses,  the 
prices  would  have  to  be  within  the  figures  as  shown  in  the 
following  table,  viz. : — 


Size  of  cylinder 

5  x  10 

6  X  12 

8  x  16 

9  x  18 

IOX20 

12x24 

15x30 

Weight  of  engine      .  .              cwt. 

7* 

IO 

18 

29 

3^ 

40 

85 

„         fly-wheel  .  .                 „ 

4 

6 

10 

13 

16 

24 

40 

Price       £ 

35 

40 

65 

80 

no 

J35 

20O 

Extra  for  foundation  bolts              £ 

2     0 

2     O 

2   IO 

4    o 

5    o 

60 

9    ° 

„        feedpump..                    £ 

4    0 

4    o 

5    o 

6  10 

8    o 

IO      0 

15     0 

„        variable  expansion  gear  £ 

15      0 

17    o 

19    o 

30    o 

There  is  no  doubt  that  good,  fairly  strong,  and  well-made 
engines  can  be  made  profitably  to  sell  at  the  above  rates  by 
anyone  whose  connection  is  such  that  he  can  depend  on  regular 
orders,  or  who  will  lay  himself  out  to  make  such  a  connection. 
The  prices  given  would  allow  a  discount  of  2  J  per  cent,  to  users 
where  delivery  and  erection  are  charged  extra,  or  the  usual 
commission  and  discount  to  merchants  for  re-sale,  say  j\  per 
cent,  or  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  altogether  for  prompt 
cash. 


192 


PRIME   MOVERS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  132. — Horizontal,  high-pressure,  non-condensing  engine,  with 
cylinder  12  in.  by  21  in.  stroke,  same  as  No.  131,  but  with  spur  fly-wheel.  Strong 
and  well-made  engine  : — 


12  X  21 

Called  n.h  p      

Intended  for  i.h.p  

35  to  40 

IOO 

87  cwt 

„        wages,  including  £4  for  erection         .          

43    o    o 

Price        

165    o    o 

426 

Considering  the  weight  of  above  engine,  and  the  fact  that  it 
was  really  very  well  and  carefully  made,  the  price  charged  is 
very  moderate. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  profit  is  23  per  cent  on  the  gross 
cost,  which  cannot  be  considered  excessive,  as  something  must 
be  allowed  for  the  use  of  the  patterns.  The  term  "  patterns 
stock  "  simply  means  that  existing  patterns  were  used.  Hence 
the  wages  included  only  a  small  amount  of  pattern  maker's 
time  for  getting  out,  repairing  and  making  slight  modifications. 

EXAMPLE  No.  133.— Horizontal,  high-pressure,  non-condensing  engine,  with 
cylinder  12  in.  by  26  in.  stroke,  with  steel  coil  piston,  steel  piston-rod,  crank- 
shaft and  crank-pin,  hammered  scrap-iron  connecting-rod  and  cross-head,  Corliss 
valves,  separate  eccentric  for  exhaust  and  steam  valves,  latter  with  trip  gear 
controlled  direct  by  governor,  quick-speed  governor  (Porter  type),  fly-wheel 
8  ft.  6  in.  diameter,  turned  up  for  five  ropes ;  cylinder  lagged  with  felt  and 
polished  mahogany  with  brass  bands,  all  usual  mountings.  A  good,  high-class 
engine : — 


12  x  24 

Nominal'h.p.    
To  work  up  to  i.h.p  

10 

60 

2OO   IO     O 

231  10    o 

„      per  i.h.p.           

4  15    o 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  price  charged  just  about  covered  the 
total  cost,  including  patterns  and  drawings  ;  but  as  the  patterns, 
etc.,  were  considered  to  be  fully  worth  to  the  establishment  the 
amount  which  stands  opposite  to  them  in  the  above  summary, 
and  as  the  above  cost  was  of  the  first  engine  made  from  the 
patterns,  and  it  was  anticipated  that  savings  could  be  effected 


NON-CONDENSING   STEAM-ENGINES. 


193 


•in  future  engines  from  the  same  patterns,  the  total  result  was 
not  considered  unsatisfactory. 

I 

EXAMPLE  No.  134. — Horizontal,  non-condensing,  14  by  30,  with  compound 
slide-valves,  adjustable  by  hand  (separate  valves  for  steam  and  exhaust,  and 
separate  eccentrics),  rope  fly-wheel  loft.  6 in.  diameter,  for  four  ropes;  plain 
governor  and  equilibrium  throttle  valve,  cylinder  lagged,  all  mountings,  etc.  : — 


Approximate  i.h.p  

60 
142  cwr 

£208    o    o 

Price                  „                „             

„     peri.h.p  

468 

Some  alterations  of  patterns,  amounting  to  about  £10  total 
cost,  are  included  in  the  cost  given  above. 

EXAMPLE  No.  135. — Horizontal,  non-condensing,  15  in.  by  3ft.,  with  Corliss 
-valves  and  automatic  cut-off  gear  for  steam  valves,  controlled  direct  by  quick- 
speed  governor,  separate  eccentrics  for  steam  and  exhaust  valves,  rope  fly-wheel 
10 ft.  6  in.,  for  five  ropes;  cylinder  lagged  with  felt  and  polished  mahogany, 
-steam-valve  and  all  usual  mountings  : — 


15  x  3  ft. 

17 

je 

75 

Gross  weight    engine  only            ..        ..        ..        .          ..        .. 

92  cwts. 

£223    o    o 

Weight  fly-wheel        

78  cwts 

fe.Z     O     O 

Total  cost  engine  and  fly-wheel  (excluding  patterns) 

275    o    o 
350    o    o 

„     peri.h.p  

Gross  cost  patterns  and  drawings          

4  13    6 
58  16    o 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  above  did  not  leave  any  large  margin 
as  profit  when  the  cost  of  the  patterns  is  included  in  the  total 
amount ;  but  it  will  be  clear  that  if  the  same  price  is  obtained 
for  other  engines  from  these  patterns,  they  will  pay  fairly 
well,  apart  from  the  possibility  of  making  the  engines  for  less 
than  the  amount  which  appears  opposite  total  cost  in  above 
summary. 

All  the  engines,  of  which  the  particulars  are  given  above, 

were,  it  will  be  seen,  constructed  to  work  as  non-condensing 

engines.      Any  one,  however,  from    No.    132   to 

and  Pumps   ^°'  T35'    mignt   veiT   conveniently   be   converted 

*  into  a  condensing  engine  by  having  a  horizontal 

condenser  and  air-pump  placed  at  the  back  of  the  cylinder  so 

as  to  be  worked  by  a  prolongation  of  the   piston-rod.     The 


194 


PRIME   MOVERS. 


costs  of  suitable  condensers  and  pumps,  and  the  extra  prices 
which  might  reasonably  be  charged  for  them,  would  run  about 
as  follows  : — 

Approximate  costs.  Extra  prices. 

Examples  Nos.  132  and  133        ...        £65        ...         ...        £go 

,,         No.    134  74         100 

No.    135  78         105 

Cheaper  condensers  might  be  made,  but  the  above  figures 
would  permit  the  condensers  and  connections  to  be  well  made, 
so  as  to  be  in  keeping  with  the  engines.  The  approximate  costs 
given  would  not  cover  entirely  new  and  complete  patterns,  so 
that  something  would  have  to  be  added  on  this  account  in  the 
case  of  the  first  manufactured. 

EXAMPLE  No.  136. — Horizontal,  condensing,  steel  coil  piston,  mild  steel  piston 
,rod,  crank-shaft  and  pin,  plain  slide  valve, .  plain  governor,  equilibrium  throttle 
valve,  plain  fly-wheel,  cylinder  lagged  as  before,  steam  stop  valve  and  usual 
mountings.  Air-pump  vertical  below  engine  level,  and  worked  from  back  pro- 
longation of  piston.  Good  plain  job  : — 


18  x  36 

" 

10 

Approximate  i.h.p  

70 
8|  tons 

Gross  coat,  exclusive  of  patterns,  but  including  erection  .  . 

£301  12    o 
365    o    o 

„     per  i.h.p.            

543 

The  above  cost  was  considered  too  high,  and  should  have 
been  at  least  10  per  cent.  less. 

EXAMPLE  No.  137. — Horizontal,  condensing,  i8in.  X36in.  steel  coil  piston,  steel 
piston  rod,  crank-shaft  and  pin,  hammered  scrap  crank,  connecting  rod  and 
crosshead,  slide  valves  with  gridiron  cut-off  valves  at  back,  latter  worked  by  trip 
gear  driven  by  horizontal  shaft  and  connected  direct  to  quick-speed  governor  ; 
condenser  and  air-pump  under  engine  level,  and  worked  off  back  prolongation 
of  piston-rod,  rope  fly-wheel,  12  ft.  diameter  for  six  ropes.  Good,  strong,  high- 
class  job : — 


Size  of  cylinder          ..        ..        ..        ..         

Revolutions  per  minute       . .  

Nominal  horse-power  

Approximate  i.h.p 

Gross  weight,  engine  only  ..         

„       cost  ditto,  including  about  £40  on  account  of  alterations  of 
patterns,  and  including  erection          ..         ..         ..         ., 

Weight  of  fly-wheel 

Cost  of  ditto .. 

Price  of  engine  complete 

„      per  i.h.p.  


18  x  36 

70 

10 

80 

9  tons  14  cwt. 

£344    o    o 

4  tons  6  cwt. 

£61    4    o 

450    o    o 

5  12    6 


The  above  engine  was  considerably  heavier  than  was  neces- 
sary, and  might  have  been  made  lighter  to  the  extent  of  5  to  7^ 


CONDENSING   STEAM-ENGINES. 


195 


per  cent,  without  disadvantage  to  the  engine  and  with  advantage 
to  the  makers.  Other  quotations  for  the  above  ranged  from 
£390  to  £500. 

EXAMPLE  No.  138. — Horizontal,  condensing  engine,  cylinder  2oin.  x  36in.  spring 
coil  piston,  slide  valves  with  gridiron  cut-off  valves  and  automatic  gear,  etc., 
generally  same  as  last,  but  with  plain  fly-wheel : — 


Intended  for  i.h.  p.      ..         ..         ..         ..         ..         ..         .. 

90 

„       cost  ditto,  including  £43  on  alteration  of  patterns 
Weight  of  fly-wheel  .  .         .  .           .         .  .         .  .                    . 

^345    c     o 

Total  cost  of  engine  and  fly-wheel         
Price       .  .        .  .                   .  .                   .  . 

3»2    5    o 

„      peri.h.p  

500 

EXAMPLE  No.  139. — Horizontal,  condensing  engine,  2oin.  X36in.  spring  coil 
piston,  Corliss  valves  and  automatic  gear  for  steam  valves,  condenser,  mount- 
ings, etc.,  as  before  ;  cylinder  steam-jacketed  ;  spur  fly-wheel  : — 


24  x  48 

Intended  for  i.h.  p  

150 

,,            „    patterns  and  drawings         

102      O      O 

Total       

price                 .          .          

668 

EXAMPLE  No.  140. — Horizontal,  compound,  condensing  engine,  with  cylinders 
12  in.  and  2i  in.  by  36  in.,  Corliss  valves  and  automatic  gear  on  high-pressure 
cylinder,  plain  slide  valves  on  low-pressure  cylinder,  plain  fly-wheel  about  12  ft. 
liameter,  receiver  between  cylinders  ;  condenser  and  mountings,  etc.,  as  before  : — 


Size  of  cylinders 
Nominal  hope-power 
To  work  to  i.h.p. 
Revolutions  per  minute 
Weight  of  fly-wheel  .. 
Gross  cost  of  engine  . . 

Price        

„     peri.h.p 


12  and  21  x  3<i 

20 

70 

68 

3!  tons. 
£432    o    o 
5'5    o    o 
772 


EXAMPLE  No.  141. — Horizontal,  compound,  condensing  engine,  Corliss  valves 
on  both  cylinders  ;  both  cylinders  steam-jacketed  ;  fly-wheel,  spur  16  ft.  diameter 
and  about  10  tons  weight ;  condenser,  mountings,  etc.,  as  before  : — 


16  and  30  Xd8 

To  work  up  to  i.h.p  „ 

200 
56 

£960    o    o 

Price       

1,260    o    o 

660 

ig6 


PRIME  MOVERS. 


The  above  cost  included  nearly  ^100  on  account  of  patterns, 
which  it  would  not  be  necessary  to  expend  in  the  event  of 
another  pair  of  engines  being  made  from  the  same  patterns. 

EXAMPLE  No.  142. — Horizontal,  compound,  condensing,  Corliss  valves  on  both 
cylinders,  receiver  between  cylinders,  all  steam -jacketed,  rope  fly-wheel  22  ft 
diameter  and  about  20  tons  weight  : — 


21  and  38  x  60 

75 

To  work  up  to  i.h.p  

400 

55 

£1,780    o    O 

Price       

2  OOO     O     O 

„     perih.p  

500 

As  in  the  last  example,  the  cost  of  above  included  a  consider- 
able sum — about  £190 — on  account  of  patterns. 

EXAMPLE  No.  143. — Horizontal,  compound,  tandem,  condensing,  Corliss  valves 
on  high-pressure  cylinder  and  slide  valves  on  low-pressure  cylinder,  rope  fly- 
wheel about  26  tons  weight ;  no  steam  jacketing  : — 


and    0x60 

80 

To  work  up  to  i.h.p  ..         ••         •• 

500 

1,875    o    o 

„     per  i.h.p  

3  15    o 

A  comparatively  small  sum — about  £60 — appears  in  above 
cost  on  account  of  patterns  and  plans.  The  price  must  be  con- 
sidered low  for  a  good  job. 

EXAMPLE  No.  144. — Beam,  condensing  engine,  gun-metal  equilibrium  tappet 
valves  worked  by  trip  gear  controlled  direct  from  governor,  cast-iron  beam  (extra 
strong  cold  blast  iron  mixture),  wrought-iron  connecting  rod,  steel  crank-shaft, 
crank-pin  and  piston  rod,  all  usual  pumps  and  mountings,  rope  fly-wheel  about 
10  tons  weight : — 


Boiler  pressure           

40  Ib. 

Gross  cost,  including  £26  on  account  of  plans  and  patterns 

£860    o    o 

6  ii     6 

The  amount  mentioned  for  plans  and  patterns  in  above  only 
covers  the  cost  of  the  ordinary  plans  required  in  connection 
with  every  new  engine,  and  the  cost  of  overhauling  patterns, 
making  sundry  repairs  upon  them  and  small  alterations.  Prac- 
tically, no  new  patterns  or  designs  were  required  in  this  case. 


CONDENSING  ENGINES.  197 

EXAMPLE  No.  145. — Pair  of  beam,  condensing  engines,  gun-metal  equilibrium 
tappet  valves,  automatic  gear,  controlled  direct  by  governor,  cast-iron  beams, 
hammered  scrap  connecting  rods,  crank-shaft  and  cranks,  etc. ,  usual  mountings 
and  connections,  spur  fly-wheel  about  20  ft.  diameter  and  25  ton?  weight  :— 


Size  of  cylinders        

Nominal  horse-power  

To  work  up  to  i.h.p.  ..         . ,         .  

Boiler  pressure  

Revolutions  per  minute 

Gross  cost,  including  usual  plans  and  preparation  of  stock  patterns 


Price 


per  i.h.p.. 


36x73 

100 

400 
60  Ib. 


3° 
£1,966 


o    o 
2,400    o    o 
600 


Other  tenders  for  the  above  pair  of  engines  ranged  from  £1,900  lo  £2,650. 

In  all  the  preceding  examples  of  engines  iVie  cost  given 
includes  erection  locally  (where  the  erection  was  not  actually 
local,  the  cost  has  been  reduced  to  what  it  would  have  been  in 
such  event  for  the  sake  of  equal  comparison).  One  or  two 
superior  labourers  were  usually  sent  by  the  engineers  with  their 
tradesmen  to  erect,  but  the  general  common  labour  was  pro- 
vided by  the  buyers.  No  pinions  or  pulleys  on  first-motion 
shafts  are  included. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  those  cases  where  new  or  practically 
new  patterns  had  to  be  made,  the  margin  of  profit  is  very  small, 
and  it  may  be  taken  as  a  general  thing  that  prices  where  new 
patterns  have  to  be  made  will  not  do  more  than  merely  cover 
their  cost  in  the  case  of  the  first  engine  made — that  is  to  say, 
the  patterns  in  such  cases  will  have  to  be  taken  as  the  profit. 
Indeed,  it  will  not  infrequently  happen  that  more  than  one 
engine  will  have  to  be  made  and  sold  before  the  cost  of  the 
patterns  and  drawings  is  entirely  recovered,  except  in  the  case 
of  special  designs,  the  prices  of  which  ought,  of  course,  to  cover 
all  expenses  and  leave  a  fair  profit. 

The  renewal  of  parts  of  steam  engines  and  general  overhauls 

constitute  a  most  important  part  of  the  business  of  a  general 

engineering  establishment,  and  it  is  therefore  desirable  to  give 

Engine       one  or  *wo  examples  °f  sucn  work  before  passing 

Repairs—  from  this  section  of  our  subject.  Breakdown  jobs 
Breakdowns,  are  usually  the  most  profitable  that  enter  an 
engineer's  shop.  The  order,  as  a  rule,  is  given  to  the  engine- 
builder,  because  he  is  naturally  in  the  best  position  for  doing 
the  work  quickly  (at  least  if  locally  situated),  without  inquiry  as 
to  cost,  or,  at  most,  with  merely  a  general  inquiry  as  to  pro- 
bable cost  of  any  particular  part  which  may  require  renewal ; 


ig8  PRIME  MOVERS. 


the  instructions  generally  being  practically  "  Restore  our  engine 
as  quickly  as  you  can,  work  night  and  day  whilst  you  are  at  it, 
and  do  the  best  you  can  for  us." 

Nor  can  anyone  blame  an  engineer  for  charging  his  highest 
rates  in  cases  of  engine  or  other  breakdowns.  Such  work 
always  demands  extra  care  and  attention  on  the  part  of  the 
principal,  or  his  managers  and  foremen ;  interrupts  and 
suspends  for  a  time  other  work,  probably  with  the  result  of 
giving  offence  to  other  customers ;  and  generally  disorganises 
the  business  of  the  establishment,  and  not  infrequently,  espe- 
cially if  a  heavy  job  involving  much  overtime,  demoralises  the 
men  for  many  days.  It  is,  in  most  cases,  a  distinct  advantage 
to  a  millowner  or  other  proprietor  to  have  his  engine  restored 
to  working  order  in  the  least  possible  time,  and  he  can  there- 
fore reasonably  be  charged  an  adequate  sum  for  the  use  of  the 
appliances,  ability,  and  knowledge  which  the  engineer  devotes 
for  the  time  being  to  the  attainment  of  the  object  in  view. 

It  may  be  added  that  in  many  a  case  the  breakdown  of  an 
engine  is  directly  due  to  the  fact  that  the  establishment  served 
by  it  is  particularly  busy,  and  that  in  consequence  a  heavy 
duty  was  being  taken  out  of  the  engine  at  the  moment  it  gave 
way.  A  manufacturing  engineer,  when  making  up  his  account 
for  a  breakdown  job,  may,  of  course,  be  trusted  to  fully  appre- 
ciate such  a  circumstance. 

Engine  breakdowns  are,  however,  steadily  becoming  less  fre- 
quent comparatively,  as  the  old  types  of  beam  engines,  with  their 
cast-iron  connecting-rods  and  beams,  are  being  replaced  by  the 
modern  horizontal  engine,  in  which  all  moving  parts  subjected 
to  much  strain,  except  the  fly-wheel,  are  constructed  of  wrought 
iron  or  mild  steel.  With  all  their  many  excellent  qualities,  the 
older  beam  engines  were  unquestionably  of  a  type  calculated  to 
provide  good  breakdown  jobs  to  manufacturing  engineers.  The 
breaking  of  either  connecting-rod  or  beam  usually  meant  the 
breaking  of  both,  and  the  knocking  out  of  the  cylinder  bottom 
in  addition.  Hence  these  older  engines  have  provided  many 
good  accounts  to  engine  makers  for  replacing  the  cast-iron  con- 
necting-rods and  beams  by  rods  and  beams  of  wrought  iron. 
The  modern  horizontal  engine,  apart  from  quality  of  material, 
is  undoubtedly  of  a  stronger  type,  structurally  considered. 

The    following  copy  of  an  account   for  a   small  breakdown 


BREAKDOWNS. 


199 


repair  will  illustrate  a  suitable  form  in  which  to  make  up  and 
present  an  account  in  such  cases.  We  also  append  summary  of 
the  cost  of  this  job. 

EXAMPLE  No.  146. — Account  for  an  engine  breakdown  repair  (beam  engine) :— 


i88.. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£    s.   d. 

May. 

i  Cast-iron  walking  beam  of  an  extra  strong 

cold-blast  mixture  of  iron         

22     0     0 

16    o 

17  12     O 

3  new  steel  keys,  forged 
Boring  beam   for  centres,   cutting  key-beos, 

7 

I      0 

070 

skimming  up  and  polishing  old  centres  in 

lathe,  driving  and  keying  centres  in  beam 

and  preparing  pattern  of  latter 
2  main  centre  pedestal  blocks  and  caps 
4  gun-metal  bushes  for  ditto        

5    3  12 

98 

II      0 

i     4 

17    8    6 
6  10    8 

4  bolts,  nuts,  and  guards    

L 

o    6 

200 

Planing  soles,  sides,  and  jaws  of  blocks  ;  plan- 
ing and  fitting  bushes,  and  boring,  facing, 

and  filleting  latter  

12    6    3 

2  brass  bushes  for  cylinder  cover          .. 
Turning,  boring,  and  fitting  ditto 

I8J 

i    4 

I      2   IO 

o  19    4 

i  wrought-iron  hoop  for  cylinder  cover 
Turning  up  cover  in  lathe,  shrinking  on  hoop, 

20 

o    4 

068 

and  turning  up  latter      

142 

Overhauling  air-pump  bucket,  and  straighten- 
ing and  cleaning  up  pump  rod  in  lathe 

I  14    6 

i  cast-iron  discharge  valve          

I     0   14 

II      0 

o  12    5 

i  cast-iron  guard       

2O 

II      O 

020 

Boring,  facing,  and  fitting  ditto,  and  preparing 

patterns                   ..                    .. 

2     Q     Q 

3  f-in.  steel  studs  finished  

3    ° 

t,      y      y 

o    6    o 

i  new  piston,  34  in.  diameter,  with  cast-iron 

block,  junk  rings  and  packing  rings,  turned, 
faced,  and  accurately  scraped,  and  fitted 

with  steel  coil  spring  complete 

37    o    o 

2  steel  cotters,  forged  and  ground 

II 

I     2 

O  12  10 

Straightening  and  skimming  up  old  piston  rod, 
and  fitting  and  cottering  same  to  piston  be- 

fore receiving  order  for  new  rod 

I   12     0 

i  new  mild  steel  piston  rod,  7  ft.  6  in.  x  3  in.  .  . 
i  forged  cotter  and  clutch  

210 

2} 

36    o 
i    4 

410 
034 

Turning  new  rod,  drilling  and  cutting  cotter 
holes  and  fitting  to  piston  and  clutch 

466 

Extra  for  shop  engine  working  at  night  (36 

hours  at  45  ) 

Turner  out  at  your  mill  with  engine  and  boring 
tools,  reboring  your  cylinder   ..            7  days 

30    o 

740 

10  10    o 

Expenses  and  allowance  paid     
Getting  out  and  preparing  boring  tools  in  shop 

o  13    9 
i  19    o 

Less  z\  per  cent,  for  cash  on 

136    8  ii 

SUMMARY  OF  COST  OF  ABOVE  JOB. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.  d. 

f.   s.   d. 

Loam  castings—  piston       

12    o  14 

7    6 

4  10  ii 

Moulders'  wages      

o  17    4 

Green-sand  castings  —  extra  metalj 

29    o  18 

8    3 

ii  18    7 

Moulders'  wages       

i  16    6 

3     2  12 

214 

Smiths'  wages           

i  16    o    . 

Brass  castings           

iiG1 

O  IO 

4  16  n 

Sundries  (coil  spring  at  45.  per  inch,  less  35  per 

5  14    o 

26    2    8 

„         extra  labourers         

3     i    o 

Material  and  wages     

62  15    3 

22   12     O 

Gross  cost    

85    7    3 

200 


PRIME  MOVERS. 


In  addition  to  foregoing,  there  was  an  account  for  men  out  at 
the  mill  putting  up  the  new  parts,  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  set 
out  the  particulars — the  time  was  charged  at  the  ordinary  rates. 

It  will  be  seen  that,  after  the  discount  is  deducted,  the  price 
charged  for  the  work  represents  a  profit  of  fifty-five  per  cent,  on 
the  gross  cost.  This  rate  in  such  a  small  case  cannot  be  con- 
sidered excessive,  as  the  work  demanded  nearly  as  much 
attention  on  the  part  of  the  management  as  a  much  larger  job 
would  have  done. 

It  may  be  pointed  out  that  in  this  instance,  although  it  was 
the  beam  which  gave  way,  the  fracture  was  detected  in  time  to 
prevent  any  serious  crash.  Advantage  was  taken  of  the  stop- 
page to  make  the  other  repairs  indicated  in  the  account  as  they 
were  needed. 

Estimates  or  tenders  are  not  infrequently  called  for  for  renew- 
ing parts  of  engines,  and  whilst  all  engineers  will, 
fo/ReSwaJs.  and  ProPerl7  so>  demur  to  giving  tenders  for 
general  repairs,  yet  as  the  workmanship  in  con- 
nection with  the  renewal  of  a  definite  part  can  usually  be  pretty 
closely  estimated,  there  is  no  objection  to  giving  quotations  for 
such  renewals. 

EXAMPLE  No.  147.— Estimated  price  for  renewing  set  of  9  in.  equilibrium  valves 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

4  g-in-  equilibrium  valves,  with  seats,  spindles, 

nuts,  and  thimbles,  all  best  brass 

440 

I     2 

25  13    4 

16  $-in.  steel  set  screws  for  seats,  turned  and 
chased          

i    6 

140 

4  steel  taper  pins  and  keys           
Turning,  boring,  chasing  and  finishing  valves, 
seats,  spindles  and  nuts..         ..         18    days 

i    6 

16    o 

060 

14    8    o 

Drilling            *day 

12     0 

060 

Re-chasing  two  old  covers..         ..            £    „ 

16    o 

o  12    a 

Fitters  at  socket  ends,  keying  and  marking;  off 

2    days 

10      O 

TOO 

Pattern  makers  —  altering  patterns          6      ,, 
Draughtsman  —  taking  dimensions  and  draw- 

10   6 

3    1    o. 

ing      2    days 

12     6 

150 

Turner  —  making  gauges     ..         ..          i    day 
Fitters  —  taking  out  old  valves  and  putting  in 

16    o 

o  16    o 

new,  including  overtime           ..          6    days 

IO     0 

300 

51  J3    4 

Quoted  £50  net,  and  order  taken  at  this  figure. 

The  cost  of  the  above  turned  out  to  be  ^38  js.  iod.,  the 
estimated  time  proving  to  be  very  nearly  as  above.  The  time 
turning  up  the  valves  was  a  little  more  than  estimated,  and  the 
time  erecting  a  little  less.  The  castings  came  out  a  few  pounds 
heavier. 


ENGINE  REPAIRS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  148. — Estimated  prices  of  i  mild  steel  crank  shaft  and  2  crank- 
shaft pedestals  for  ditto  for (Profit  rates)  :— 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.   d. 

£  s.  d. 

I  mild  steel  crank-shaft  loft.  gin.  long  over  all, 

with  centre  boss  16  by  23,  crank  bosses  12 

by  10,  bearings  n  by  21.     Forged  weight     .  . 
Turner  at  shaft         9    days 

51    o  ,o 

30    o 

2O      0 

76  10    o 
900 

Planer  at  key-beds  aj    „ 

20     0 

2   IO     O 

Fitter  at  ends  of  shaft        .  .         .  .          i    day 

IO      0 

0   IO      O 

Turner,  re-boring  one  crank       .  .          ij  days 
Extra  for  engine,  etc.,  working  at  night  (about 

20      O 

I    10     0 

5    o    o 

Net,  delivered  (local)  ready  for  erection         .. 

96    o    o 

2  cast-iron  blocks  and  caps  for  pedestals 

53    o    o 

9 

23  17    o 

1160 

i 

67  13    8 

4  wrought-iron  wedges,  forged 
12  adjusting  screws  and  nuts,  forged     .  . 
8  cap  bolts,  nuts  and  guards,  forged     .. 
Planers  at  blocks,  caps  and  bushes        12  days 

330 
65 
200 

o      i 

0 

o 
20 

3     8    9 
i    7    i 
368 
12    o    a 

Blotters  at  do.           .  .                   .  .           4    „ 

16 

340 

Turners  at  do.           .  .                    .  .            5    „ 

20 

500- 

Turners  at  bolts  and  nuts            .  .           6    „ 

16 

4  16    o 

Drillers           ..        ..                   ..           2    „ 

13    6 

170 

Fitters  .  .          20    „ 

IO     O 

IO      0      O 

Pattern-makers—  altering  stock  patterns  4    „ 
Extra  for  night  work          

zo    6 

220 
600 

Net,  delivered  ready  for  erection          .  .        .  . 

144     2     2 

All  ordered  at  the  sum  of  £240,  less  2^  per  cent. 
EXAMPLE  No.  149. — Cost  of  i  hammered  scrap-iron  crank-pin  : — 


£    s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Hammered  scrap-iron 

•  •        • 

I     2     O 

14    o 

I      I      O 

o  17    5 

Smiths—  Wages  paid 

13  hours 

o  17    4 

Turner              „ 

30      „ 

o  18    9 

I   IO     2 

Planer                „       .. 

3      it 

014 

o    3  n 

Fitter                 „ 

J5      n 

079 

008 

Draughtsman    „ 

3      »• 

026 

Material  and  wages 

•  •        •  . 

388 

a  12     I 

Expenses 

.. 

2   12      I 

Total  cost 

•        • 



609 

Charged  £8  net. 

Cases  similar  to  the  one  indicated  in  the  following  example 
are  of  not  infrequent  occurrence  in  establishments  situated  inr 
manufacturing  districts. 

EXAMPLE  No.  150. — Account  for  mild  steel  crank  shaft  to  replace  broken  one.. 
No  tender  given  : — 


cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£  s.  d. 

.June,  1888 

i  mild  steel  crank-shaft  forging  
Turning  and  polishing  ditto  all  over,  and  plan- 
ing flats  for  flywheel  keys  and  sunk  beds  for 
crank  keys,  cutting  off  both  ends  of  broken 

79    3  H 

36    o 

143  15   > 

shaft  with  cranks  on,  boring,  slotting  and 

driving  ends  of  shaft  out  of  cranks,  and 

truing  up  cranks  in  lathe         

3°    9    9 

Extra  for  engine  working  at  night 

9  10    o 

(Subject  to  z\  per  cent,  discount.) 

i*3  15    3 

202 


PRIME   MOVERS. 


The  cost  of  the  above  job,  as  far  as  the  part  included  in  the 
above  extract  is  concerned,  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 


£    s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s     d. 

£    s.    d 

25    o 

99  16  ii 
4  18    9 

Turners           

158  hours 

Planer   .'.        

5°      it 

121 

9  i?    9 
o  18    4 

Slotter  (cutting  old  shafts,  etc.) 
Fitters  (old  cranks,  etc.)     .  . 

35      „ 
7°      » 

o  13    o 
i  16    9 

o    3  ii 

Draughtsman  

20 

o  15    6 

890 

Extra  labour  at  night,  including  engineman  .  . 

4  18    o 

Material  and  wages 

114    i    o 

13    9    o 

13      Q     O 

Gross  cost 

..         .. 

127  10    o 

Pistons. 


The  renewal  of  pistons  is  another  important  element  of  the 
section  of  an  engineer's  work  which  we  are  now  reviewing.  A 
crank-shaft,  connecting-rod,  crank  or  crank-pin,  will  as  a  rule 
only  require  renewal  in  the  event  of  a  breakdown 
(if  made  of  good  material  in  the  first  instance)  or 
in  the  event  of  a  flaw  in  the  forging  showing  itself  in  course  of 
time.  A  piston  will  require  renewal,  sooner  or  later,  owing  to 
mere  wear  and  tear.  Frequently,  though  not  always,  the 
renewal  will  be  accompanied  by  the  re-boring  of  the  cylinder. 
Whilst  a  new  piston,  however,  does  not  necessitate  the  re- 
boring  of  the  cylinder,  the  re-boring  of  the  cylinder  invariably 
necessitates  a  new  piston. 

Tenders  are  frequently  required  for  new  pistons,  but  an  esti- 
mate clerk  or  draughtsman  is  rarely  called  upon  to  make  up  an 
estimate  for  a  new  piston  in  detail.  Every  establishment  where 
much  engine  work  is  done  has  its  own  scale  of  prices  for  pistons, 
based  upon  former  costs  and  upon  the  experience  of  the  esta- 
blishment as  to  what  prices  are  to  be  obtained  in  ordinary 
competition. 

The  following  table  may  be  taken  as  showing  the  range  of 
prices  for  good  pistons  with  steel  coil  springs.  The  rates  given 
are  per  inch  of  the  diameter  : — 

TABLE  OF  PRICES  OF  PISTONS  WITH  STEEL  COIL  SPRINGS. 


Diameter. 


12  inches  to  20  inches. 
20         „         30       „ 


Price  per  Inch. 


s.  d. 

16  o 

18  o 

19  o 

20  O 
22  O 


s.  a. 

18  o 

20  o 

21  O 

22  O 

24  o 


PISTONS. 


203 


For  pistons  below  about  12  in.  diameter  plain  flat  springs 
are  most  generally  used.  The  above  rates  will  also  apply  to 
air  and  other  pump  buckets  when  of  iron.  Brass  buckets  are, 
of  course,  much  dearer. 

It  is  a  common  and  wise  practice  when  it  is  suspected  that  a 
cylinder  will,  before  long,  require  re-boring  or  a  piston  renewing, 
to  have  either  or  both  examined  some  little  time  before  the 
approach  of  a  season  of  the  year  at  which  it  will  be  convenient 
to  have  the  one  done  or  the  other  put  in.  If  L  is  decided  that 
a  new  piston  will  be  required,  the  order  is  usually  placed  so 
that  the  piston  may  be  made  under  ordinary  working  con- 
ditions, and  be  ready  when  wanted. 

We  append  one  or  two  examples  of  costs  of  pistons. 

EXAMPLE  No.  151. — Cost  of  piston  18  in.  diameter,  with  steel  coil  spring: — 


£   s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.lb. 

s.  d. 

£ 

s.  d. 

Loam  casting?—  block,  junk  and  packing  rings 

3    2  14 

7    6 

7    2 

Green-sand  ditto      

9 

6    3 

o 

0    7 

Moulders'  Wages      

. 

0 

IO  II 

10  J-in.  bolts  and  nuts 

, 

14 

IO     O 

o 

i    3 

0     I     2 

Smiths-  Wages  paid 
Steel  coil  spring  and  carriage 
Turners  —  Wages  paid 

50  hours 

o 

2 

I    2 
2    6 

9    7 

Driller 

9      ii 

0 

3    o 

a  12   2 

Apprentice  turner  (at  bolts)  Wages 

paid    

*3      it 

o 

2     2 

0   II      I 
O      I    II 

Fitters'  Wages 
Pattern  Makers'  (at  stock  patterns) 

46      „ 

I 

2     2 

Wages          

A 

0 

2     6 

Material  and  Wages 

%m 

7 

3    o 

364 

3 

6    4 

Gross  cost   

..'    •-.'.:'. 

IO 

9    4 

Charged  ,£16  45.  net,  or  i8s.  od.  per  inch  diameter. 


EXAMPLE  No.  152. — Cost  of  one  piston,  24  in.  diameter,  with  steel  coil  spring: — 


£  5-    d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

Loam  castings           

717 

7    6 

2   14   IO 

Green-sand  ditto       ..         ..         ..        .. 

ii 

6    3 

007 

Moulders'  wages       

i    6    o 

i 

O     O  IO 

Bolts,  nuts  and  hoop           

20 

10     0 

O     I   IO 

340 

O    4  io 

Smi'hs  —  Wages  paid          
Turners            „                  ..                 61  hours 

0      4    19 

i  16    i 

2  18    5 

I'riilers             „                   ....          7       >» 

0     2  10 

138 

Fitters               „                   ..                  86      „ 

2     I     6 

029 

Apprentice—  Wages  paid  ..         ..        35       „ 
Pattern  makers  (stock  patterns)  ..         8      „ 

c    5  io 
o    3  io 

O      O   IO 

o    i    8 

Material  and  Wages     ..        .. 

12    4    8 

4  io    6 

Expenses  

4  io    6 

Gross  cost    

16  15     2 

Charged  £24,  less  z\  per  cent.,  or  2os.  per  inch  diameter 


204 


PRIME  MOVERS. 


EXAMPLE  No.  153. — Cost  of  one  piston,  34  in.  diameter,  with  steel  coil  spring  : — 


£  s.    d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£   s.    d. 

Loam  castings 

14    2  18 

i    6 

5  10    o 

Green-sand  ditto 

J4 

6    3 

O      0    IO 

Moulders'  Wages 

2    6    3 

Brass      

i 

O      O    IO> 

o    4  10 

Bolts,  nuts  and  hoop 
Smiths'  wages 

26 

10     O 

022 

o    4  10 

Steel  coil  spring 

4  10    o 

Carriage  on  ditto 
Turners—  Wages  paid 
Apprentice  do.  (bolts,  etc.)V 

Cages' 

78  hour 
)aid  14      „ 

s 

044 

289 
046 

4  14  ii 

0   10      0 

Fitters  „        „     93      „ 

2     6      I 

I     8    o 
056 

Apprentice  ditto       ..             MM     39      » 
Pattern  makers  (alterations  only)  „      ii      ,, 

o    9  ii 

074 

6  13    3 

Material  and  wages     

19    5  10 
6  13     3 

Gross  cost    

25  19     I 

Charged  £35  145.  net  or  2is.  per  inch  diameter. 


It  will  be  understood  that  the  costs  of  pistons  just  given  do 
not  include  the  making  of  complete  patterns  or  boards,  but 
merely  general  alterations  and  adjustments.  The  cost  of  com- 
plete boards,  etc.,  for  pistons  is  not,  however,  very  much  where 
the  castings  are  made  in  loam. 

It  may  be  well,  before  leaving  this  section  of  our  subject,  to 

Tenders  &*ve  an  examP^e  °f  a  specification  of  an  engine, 
and  as  sent  out,  accompanied  by  a  tender,  by  an 
Specifications. engineering  establishment. 

Many  tenders  for  engines  are  merely  letters,  simply  des- 
cribing the  leading  features  and  giving  the  leading  sizes  of 
the  engine,  and  stating  price.  Most  people,  however,  who  are 
contemplating  the  purchase  of  an  engine  of  moderately  large 
dimensions  like  to  receive  a  more  detailed  description  of  any 
engine  offered  to  them,  and  most  engineers  prefer  to  give  a 
detailed  specification,  with  the  twofold  object  in  view  of  tho- 
roughly impressing  the  buyer  with  all  the  meritorious  features 
of  the  engine  offered,  and  of  preventing  misunderstandings. 
Hence  it  is  desirable  for  the  student  to  have  an  idea  how  to 
draft  such  a  specification. 

Some  large  firms  who  have  complete  engineering  staffs  draw 
up  specifications  of  their  own  when  requiring  engines,  and 
invite  tenders  upon  those  specifications.  Many  public  bodies, 
also,  as,  for  example,  water  or  sewage  authorities,  when  requiring 
pumping  engines,  follow  a  similar  practice,  or,  perhaps,  have 


SPECIFICATIONS. 


205 


specifications   drawn   up   for  them   by  professional  consulting 
engineers. 

The  specification  is  most  conveniently  written  on  foolscap 
paper,  having  a  wide  margin,  in  which  the  headings  of  the 
paragraphs  may  be  written  ;  thus, 

Part  Copy  of  Engine  Specification. 

SPECIFICATION  OF  HORIZONTAL  HIGH-PRESSURE  CONDENSING  STEAM  ENGINE, 
TO  INDICATE  180  HORSE-POWER  AT  60  REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE,  AND 
WITH  SOLE.  STEAM  PRESSURE,  FOR  MESSRS 

CYLINDER. — The  engine  proposed  will  have  a  cylinder  24  in.  in  diameter  for  a 
stroke  of  4  ft.,  with  valve-chests  for  Corliss  valves  cast  on,  and  made  from 
an  extra  strong  mixture  of  cast  iron.  The  cylinder  will  be  jacketed  for  steam 
by  having  a  liner  or  inner  shell,  also  made  of  an  extra  strong  and  hard  mixture 
of  metal,  accurately  fitted  in  the  outer  shell,  and  will  be  accurately  bored,  bell- 
mouthed  and  faced,  and  be  provided  with  covers  for  cylinder  proper,  and  for 
valve-chests,  all  turned  and  polished.  Both  cylinder  covers  will  have  brass, 
bushed  stuffing  boxes  and  glands,  and  the  valve-chest  covers  will  also  be  bushed 
with  brass.  The  cylinder  will  also  be  lagged  with  hair-felt  and  polished  maho- 
gany staves,  belted  with  polished  brass  bands. 

PISTON. — The  piston  will  have  block,  junk-ring  and  double  packing  rings, 
carefully  bored,  turned,  faced  and  scraped,  and  provided  with  a  steel  coil 
spring. 

VALVES  AND  GEAR. — The  valves  will  be  of  the  Corliss  type,  two  for  steam  and 
two  for  exhaust.  The  steam  valves  will  be  worked  by  our  patent  releasing  gear, 
actuated  by  eccentric  on  the  crank-shaft,  and  controlled  direct  from  the  governor, 
so  as  to  give  an  automatic  and  variable  cut-off  proportionate  to  the  load.  The 
gear  will  have  suitable  dashpots  for  steadying  the  motion  of  the  valves.  The 
exhaust  valves  will  be  worked  by  separate  eccentric  and  rod. 

PISTON-ROD,  CONNECTING-ROD,  etc. — The  piston-rod  will  be  of  mild  steel, 
turned  and  polished  all  over,  and  will  be  prolonged  through  the  back  of  the 
cylinder  for  the  purpose  of  driving  the  air  and  force  pumps.  The  cross-head, 
connecting-rod  and  crank  will  be  of  the  best  hammered  scrap  iron.  The  con- 
necting-rod will  have  the  necessary  straps,  gibs  and  cotters,  and  will  be  bushed 
with  the  best  brass.  The  crank-pin  will  be  of  the  best  mild  steel. 

CRANK-SHAFT. — The  crank-shaft  will  be  of  the  best  mild  steel,  with  journals 
of  extra  length  and  ample  diameter. 

FLY-WHEEL. — The  engine  will  have  a  spur  fly-wheel  15  ft.  in  diameter,  with 
teeth  3-in.  pitch  by  9-in.  face,  and  will  be  about  10  tons  in  weight.  The  wheel 
will  be  machine  moulded,  cast  in  three  segments,  will  have  the  joints  planed, 
and  the  segments  carefully  bolted  with  strong  bolts. 

PUMPS  AND  CONDENSER. — The  engine  will  have  an  air-pump,  feed-pump  and 
condenser,  all  arranged  vertically  below  the  level  of  the  engine,  and  at  the  back 
end.  The  air-pump  will  be  i8-in.  by  24-in.  stroke,  and  will  have  a  bucket  with 
steel  coil  spring.  Both  pumps  will  be  worked  from  the  back  prolongation  of  the 
piston-rod.  The  pump-rods  and  levers  will  be  of  forged  iron  or  mild  steel,  and 
will  be  bushed  with  brass  where  necessary.  The  condenser  will  be  provided 
with  the  necessary  cocks,  and  will  have  an  ornamental  stand  for  the  injection  for 
the  house  floor,  with  polished  index  plate  and  lever  handle. 

FRAMING  AND  PEDESTALS. — The  engine  framing  will  be  of  the  Corliss  type, 
of  extra  strong  section,  and  will  be  planed  to  bed  upon  the  foundation,  planed 
for  the  cross-head  slides,  faced  to  connect  to  the  cylinder,  and  will  have  the  jaws 
for  the  crank-shaft  bearing  slotted.  The  crank-shaft  bearing  on  the  framing,  and 


206  PRIME   MOVERS. 


also  a  strong  pedestal  which  will  be  provided  to  carry  the  outer  end  of  the  crank- 
shaft,  will  both  be  fitted  with  adjustable  brasses  of  the  best  quality.  All  the 
necessary  foundation  bolts  and  cotters  will  be  provided. 

GENERAL. — The  engine  will  be  provided  with  all  the  necessary  pressure  and 
vacuum  gauges,  lubricators,  tallow  cups,  drain  and  indicator  cocks  and  other 
mountings;  and  will  be  throughout  of  the  best  material  and  workmanship.  All 
the  parts  usually  so  finished  will  be  polished  bright. 

DELIVERY  AND  ERECTION. — The  engine  will  be  delivered  and  erected  by  us  at 
your  mill,  it  being  understood  that  you  will  prepare  the  foundations  to  our 
plans,  and  give  our  men  the  necessary  assistance  of  labourers  and  scaffolding. 

(Signed)        

Such  a  specification  will  be  accompanied  by  a  brief  letter 
stating  price  for  engine  "according  to  specification  enclosed.'* 
It  will  be  obvious  that  the  specification  may  be  amplified  to  any 
desired  extent,  and  filled  up  with  details  as  to  sizes  of  the 
various  parts.  All  that  we  have  desired  to  do  is  to  indicate  the 
general  character  and  arrangement  of  such  a  specification. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

STEAM     BOILERS. 

WE  shall  now  deal  with  the  preparation  of  estimates  for  steam 
boilers  and  the  cost  of  making  boilers. 

The  manufacture  of  steam  boilers  is,  of  course,  quite  a  busi- 
ness by  itself,  requiring  special  shops,  tools  and  other  appliances 
and  a  special  class  of  workmen,  and  is  largely  carried  on  inde- 
pendently of  any  other.  It  is,  however,  probably  most  conve- 
niently and  economically  conducted  as  a  branch  of  a  general 
engineering  establishment. 

Space  will  not  permit  of  the  treatment  of  this  section  of  our 
subject  in  great  detail,  and  we  shall  therefore  deal  simply  and 
briefly  with  those  classes  of  boilers  which  most  commonly  occur 
in  the  business  of  a  combined  engineering  and  boiler-making 
establishment. 

A  complete  boiler,  as  usually  sold  to  a  buyer,  may  be  con- 
sidered as  made  up  of  three  elements,  viz.,  first,  the  boiler 
Elements  of  Pr°Per>  with  the  manhole  and  the  seats,  saddles  or 

Complete  blocks,  as  they  are  variously  termed,  for  the  mount- 
Boiler.  jngS)  riveted  thereon  ;  secondly,  the  furnace  fittings  ; 
thirdly,  the  steam  and  water  mountings. 

As  a  rule,  the  boiler  shop  of  a  combined  establishment  deals 
only  with  the  first  two  of  these  elements,  leaving  the  third  to 
the  engineering  branch. 

Where  boiler  making  is  carried  on  as  an  independent  business, 
the  mountings  are,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  bought  by  the 
boiler  maker  from  firms  who  make  a  specialty  of  their  manu- 


/208  STEAM  BOILERS. 


facture.  The  boiler  maker  being  allowed  a  discount  of  from  15 
to  30  per  cent,  from  the  list  prices  of  the  manufacturers  of  the 
mountings,  he  earns  a  good  commission  for  passing  the  mount- 
ings through  his  hands.  Occasionally  a  boiler  is  sold  without 
mountings,  the  latter  being  purchased  by  the  buyer  of  the  boiler 
direct  from  some  of  the  special  makers. 

Up  to  within  a  comparatively  recent  date,  a  boiler  shop  was  a 
-distinctly  crude  and  primitive  establishment,  in  which  the  mate- 
Progress     r*al  usec*  m  ^e  construction  of  boilers  was  treated 
of  Boiler     in  what  cannot  be  considered  as  other  than  a  bar- 
Making,      barous  fashion — the  drift  might  indeed  have  been 
taken  as  emblematic  of  the  character  of  the  entire  establish- 
ment and  method  of  manufattuie.     Of  recent  years,  however, 
the  adoption  of  high-pressure  steam  and  the  use  of  steel  plates 
have  compelled  boiler  makers  to  adopt  more  scientific,  reasonable 
and  exact  methods  of  handling  their  material ;  and  a  complete 
modern  boiler  shop,  with  plate  edge  planing  and  turning  ma- 
chines, multiple  drills,  shell-drilling  machines,  flanging  machines, 
portable    riveters  and  other   mechanical   appliances,   must   be 
placed  amongst  the  most  exact  and  scientific  constructive  estab- 
lishments of  our  day. 

At  the  same  time  the  business  of  boiler  making  is  still  com- 
paratively simple.  We  have  to  deal  in  it  with  comparatively 
few  and  simple  materials,  and  comparatively  few 
classes  of  workmanship,  whilst  the  finished  pro- 
ductions, although  imposing,  are  simple,  and  present 
•few  variations  of  type.  The  preparation  of  estimates  of  .the 
probable  cost  of  boilers  is,  consequently,  easy. 

In  most  large  establishments,  where  proper  records  of  the 
toilers  made  are  kept,  it  will  only  occasionally  be  necessary  to 
make  up  an  estimate  in  detail.     Suppose  we  have 
an  inquiry  for  the  price  of  a  boiler  of  some  standard 

.  . 

type,  size,  and  pressure.  The  list  of  boilers  pre- 
viously made  will,  very  likely,  contain  one  or  more  examples  of 
boilers  similar  to  the  one  for  which  a  quotation  is  now  required. 
The  gross  weight  of  the  boiler  and  the  total  cost  of  manufacture 
will  therefore  be  easily  obtained  from  the  cost  books,  and  if  the 
rates  for  material  and  wages  are  practically  the  same  now  as 
when  the  previous  boilers  were  made,  there  is  nothing  further  to 
do — we  know  the  probable  cost  of  the  boiler  in  question,  and 


PREPARATION   OF   ESTIMATES.  20Q 

have  merely  to  consider  whether  we  shall  quote  the  same  price 
as  in  the  previous  examples,  or  make  some  modification.  If 
the  rates  for  materials  or  wages  are  different  to  what  they  were 
on  the  former  occasions,  we  have  the  weight  of  the  boiler,  and 
one  or  two  simple  calculations  v/ill  enable  us  to  make  the 
necessary  deductions  or  additions,  as  the  case  may  be.  The 
rates  per  ton  at  which  boilers  of  standard  types,  sizes,  and 
pressures  can  be  manufactured  in  any  boiler  shop,  and  also  the 
rates  per  ton  for  which  they  can  be  sold  under  ordinary  condi- 
tions, ought  to  be  as  familiar  to  those  having  charge  of  the 
commercial  part  of  the  business,  as  the  rates  of  wages  paid  to 
the  men  and  the  rates  which  have  to  be  paid  for  plates. 

At  the  same  time  the  calculation  of  the  weight  of  material 
required  to  make  a  boiler  is  so  simple  and  so  readily  per- 
formed, that  it  is  preferred  by  many  to  make  such  a  calcula- 
tion in  nearly  all  cases.  The  points  which  require  particular 
attention  in  making  such  a  calculation  are,  principally,  the 
number  of  rings  in  which  the  shell  of  the  boiler  will  be  made; 
the  number  of  plates  which  will  be  used  for  each  ring ;  the 
widths  of  the  laps  of  the  circular  seams  ;  the  style  of  the  longi- 
tudinal joints,  whether  butt-jointed  or  lap-jointed,  and,  if  the 
latter,  the  width  of  the  lap.  These  points  will  determine  the 
sizes  of  the  plates  to  be  used,  which  must  be  kept  within  certain 
limits,  partly  to  suit  the  tools  of  the  establishment  and  partly  to 
avoid  having  to  pay  excessive  "  extras "  in  the  prices  of  the 
plates. 

Other  points  are,  whether  the  angle  iron  round  the  front  end 
of  the  shell  will  be  put  on  inside  or  outside  (this  obviously 
determining  the  size  of  the  end  plate),  the  angle  iron  at  the 
back  end  being  invariably  put  on  inside  ;  whether  the  end  plates 
will  be  made  in  single  solid  pieces  or  halves,  the  length  of  the 
furnaces,  the  number  of  rings  in  the  flues  and  the  character  of 
the  joints,  whether  the  longitudinal  joints  will  be  butted  or 
lapped,  and  whether  the  circular  joints  will  be  lapped,  flanged, 
or  made  with  expansion  hoops,  or  partly  one  and  partly  the 
other.  And,  lastly,  the  style  of  the  riveting  in  the  different 
parts  of  the  boiler,  whether  single,  or  double,  or  treble ;  what 
pitches  and  what  sizes  of  rivets  will  be  used — a  consideration 
of  these  points  is  obviously  necessary  to  determine  what  weight 
of  rivets  will  be  required. 


210  STEAM   BOILERS. 


For  example :  We  are  required  to  quote  for  a  Lancashire 
boiler,  24  ft.  long  and  6  ft.  diameter,  with  furnaces  and  flues  2  ft. 
4  in.  in  diameter.  The  shell  of  this  boiler  will  probably  be  made 
in  seven  rings.  24  ft.  divided  by  seven  will  give  3  ft.  5 £  in.  as 
the  net  width  of  each  ring  without  allowing  for  lap.  As  the 
boiler  is  only  to  work  at  60  Ib.  pressure,  the  circular  or  trans- 
verse joints  of  the  shell  will  merely  be  single-riveted,  and  if  we 
allow  2^  in.  to  each  ring  for  lap  we  shall  have  sufficient.  The 
width  of  the  plates  will  therefore  be  put  down  at  3  ft.  J\  in. 
Each  ring  of  the  shell  will  probably  be  made  of  three  plates. 
The  circumference  of  6  ft.  being  18  ft.  10  in.  practically, 
the  net  length  of  each  plate  will  require  to  be  6  ft.  3^  in. ; 
but  as  the  longitudinal  seams  are  to  be  double-riveted,  we 
shall  have  to  allow  about  5  in.  to  each  plate  for  lap,  making 
the  total  length  say,  6  ft.  8^  in.  The  plates  for  the  shell  will 
therefore  be  set  out  in  the  estimate  form,  as  follows — viz., 
21  shell  plates  6  ft.  SJ  in.  x  3  ft.  7^in.  x  f  in.  steel  =  3  tons,  n 
cwt. 

A  table  such  as  may  be  found  in  Molesworth's  Pocket  Book, 
of  the  weights  per  superficial  foot  of  plates  of  different  mate- 
rials and  thicknesses,  would,  of  course,  be  used  in  calculating  the 
weight  of  the  plates  required.  The  sizes  of  the  plates  for  other 
parts  of  the  boiler  and  their  weights  will  be  found  in  a  similar 
manner,  as  will  be  apparent  from  the  few  examples  which  will 
shortly  be  given. 

It  has  already   been  stated  that  the  materials  required  by 

the  boiler  maker  are  comparatively  few — they  are  principally 

plates,  flat,  tee  and  angle  bars,  and  rivets.     These 

Materials       ^  either  be  steel  or  iron  in  the  case  of  ordinary 

of  Boilers.          .  ,    ..       ,  .  •  .  / 

stationary  boilers  (copper  plates  are  also  used  in 

boiler  construction,  but  only  for  locomotive  and  some  special 
types  of  boilers). 

Both  steel  and  iron  plates  are  divided  into  different  classes 
and  qualities ;  steel  plates  will  be  either  Bessemer  or  Siemens 
process  plates,  the  latter  being  generally  considered  more  reli- 
able than  the  former,  and  therefore  preferred,  especially  for  parts 
exposed  to  the  direct  action  of  the  fire  or  for  parts  which  have 
to  be  flanged  or  otherwise  much  worked.  In  iron  plates  we 
have  at  the  head,  the  Bowling,  Lowmoor,  and  Farnley  plates 
(the  well-known  Yorkshire  brands)  which,  however,  are  only 


MATERIALS.  211 


used  for  special  parts  of  boilers — the  furnaces,  for  example,  and 
sometimes  also  for  the  flues,  especially  if  they  have  to  be 
welded  longitudinally  and  flanged  transversely,  and  occasionally 
for  Galloway  tubes. 

The  mild  Siemens  steel  is  now  largely  used  where  Bowling 
or  Lowmoor  iron  was  formerly  employed. 

Ordinary  iron  plates  for  boilers  are  divided  into  three  quali- 
ties, distinguished  respectively  by  the  brands  B.,  BB.,  and  BBB., 
meaning  best ;  best,  best ;  and  best,  best,  best,  or  treble  best ; 
whilst  in  addition  there  are  certain  extra  qualities,  called  "extra 
treble  best,"  "special  flanging,"  "charcoal"  plates  and  other 
terms.  These  extra  qualities  come  between  the  ordinary  plates 
and  the  Bowling  and  Lowmoor,  and  are  largely  used  for  fur- 
naces, flues,  and  Galloway  tubes. 

It  is  important  to  bear  in  mind,  in  preparing  an  estimate, 
that  all  plate  makers  have  certain  limits  of  thickness,  length, 
breadth,  area,  and  weight,  within  which,  and  within  which  only, 
their  ordinary  rates  apply.  For  plates  exceeding  these  limits, 
in  any  particular,  extra  rates  per  cwt.  are  charged,  whilst  extra 
rates  are  also  charged  for  plates  which  are  of  any  other  than 
rectangular  shape.  For  example :  One  maker's  standard  rate 
for  "best"  boiler  plates  is  £7  ios.  per  ton  at  his  works,  but 
if  a  plate  is  over  15  ft.  long  it  will  be  charged  40^.  per  ton 
extra,  whilst  if  it  is  also  over  4  ft.  wide,  it  will  be  charged  a 
further  2OS.  per  ton  extra.  The  limits  adopted,  and  the  extras 
charged  by  different  makers,  vary  considerably.  The  limit  for 
weight  ranges  from  4  cwt.  at  one  works  to  10  cwt.  at  another. 
The  limit  for  length  runs  from  15  feet  to  25  feet;  and  for  area 
from  36  to  60  square  feet.  The  limits  for  width  and  for  thick- 
ness are  fairly  uniform  amongst  the  principal  makers,  being, 
with  regard  to  iron  plates  at  least,  usually  4  feet  for  width  and 
from  a  J  to  I  inch  inclusive  for  thickness.  The  extras  charged 
for  weight  are,  in  some  cases,  simply  los.  per  ton  for  every 
cwt.  or  part  of  a  cwt.  which  a  plate  weighs  above  the  limit.  In 
other  cases  the  extra  begins  at  2Os.  per  ton  and  advances,  as 
the  weight  of  the  plate  increases,  to  Sos.  per  ton  ;  and  so  on 
with  other  extras.  Most  steel  plate  makers  will  include  all 
sizes  required  for  ordinary  boiler  purposes  in  their  general  rates, 
except  round  plates  for  ends. 

In  the  following  tables  we  summarise  the  principal  classes  o/ 


212 


STEAM  BOILERS. 


boiler  material,  indicating  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  used, 
and  give  the  cost  prices  and  the  rates  which  may 
Materials     ^e   chargec*   when   supplied    in    small   quantities 
for  repairs. 

SUMMARY  OF  MATERIAL  USED  IN  BOILER  MAKING. 


Material. 

Approximate  Cost 
Price  per  Cwt. 

Selling  Rates  per 
Cwt. 

Uses. 

Steel  plates  and  angles 

Circles  and  half  circles 
Iron  plates  —  Lowmoor 
and  Bowling     ..     .. 

75.  6d.  to  125. 

IZS.  to  20S. 

i8s.  to  355. 

I2S.  to  20S. 

2os.  to  355. 
30$.  to  6os. 

Furnaces,     flues,     and 
throughout. 
Ends. 
Furnaces,  flues,  C  allo- 

Ditto  angles  and  tees.  . 
Scotch    plates  —  Best 

[(according  to  weight  ; 
limit  without  extra 

2*  CWt.) 

iSs. 
6s.  6d. 

(usually  about  365.) 
28s.  to  365. 

saddles. 

Ends  and   strengthen^- 
ing  hoops  for  flues. 

Gussets,  furnace  front 
plates,    shells     occa* 

BB.  ditto    

75.  6d. 

I2S.  tO  20S. 

sionally. 
Shells,  flues,  ends. 

BBB.  ditto  

105.  Od. 

Shells,  nues,  ends,  fur* 

naces. 

Above  Scotch  plates  are  usually  free  of  extras  up  to  20  ft.  length,  4  ft.  width,  36  ft.  area,  and 
10  cwt.  each  plate.    Rounds  and  half-rounds  zs.  per  cwt.  extra. 


STAFFORDSHIRE      AND 
SHROPSHIRE  PLATES: 

6s.  6<1. 

(• 

Furnace  front  plates. 

75.  6d 

Gusset  plates  shells. 

BB.ditto    

8s.  6d. 

I2S.  tO  20S. 

Shells,  flues,  ends. 

BBB   ditto     .... 

IDS.  6d.  to  I2S.  6d 

Furnaces,  flues. 

Special    and  char- 
coal plates  

135.  €d.  to  195.  6d. 

20S.  tO  365. 

Flanged    flues,    Gallo- 
way tubes,  manholes, 
&c. 

Usually  free  of  extras  up  to  15  ft.  length,  4  ft.  width,  and  5  or  6  cwt.    Rounds  and  half-rounds, 
for  ends  is.  to  2s.  per  cwt.  extra. 


Angles  and  tees  — 
Marked  Best 

8s.  $d. 

I2S. 

Gussets. 

t        BB  

gs.  6d. 

to  i6s. 

Hoops  for  ends. 

Rivets—  Iron  and  steel 
Steel  expansion  hoops* 

gs.  to  2os. 
(usually  i2s.  to  145.) 

45«. 

145.  to  365. 
66s. 

One  quality  of  rivets  is 
usually  used  through- 
cut. 
Furnaces  and  flues. 

These  hoops  cost  from  405.  to  6os.  each  usually,  according  to  size  of  flue. 

To  the  cost  prices  given  in  above  list  must  be  added  carriage 
or  freight,  which  will,  of  course,  vary  according  to  the  distance 
of  the  boiler-works  from  the  iron-works,  from  a  few  shillings  to 


WORKMANSHIP. 


213 


a  couple  of  pounds  per  ton.  It  should  also  be  added  that  for 
certain  special  brands  of  iron  plates  which  are  sometimes 
specified—"  Snedshill,"  "  R.  H  ,"  "  Bloomfield,"  and  others- 
higher  rates  of  from  one  to  three  or  four  shillings  per  cwt.  are 
required.  It  is  customary,  however,  to  submit  specifications  of 
all  the  plates  required  for  a  boiler  or  boilers  to  the  iron  makers 
or  their  agents,  and  to  get  exact  quotations  for  them  before 
giving  the  order ;  and  it  is  worth  while  to  do  so,  before  giving 
in  quotations  for  boilers,  when  there  is  time. 

Prices  for  plates,  of  course,  fluctuate — at  times  rapidly  and 
considerably — and  it  is  always  an  advantage,  when  much  esti- 
mating for  boilers  has  to  be  done,  to  have  at  hand  some  recent 
issue  of  a  journal  like  Ryland^s  Iron  Trade  Circular,  for 
example. 

In  many  boiler  shops  certain  parts — Galloway  tubes,  flanged 
flues  ready  for  drilling  or  riveting,  wrought-iron  manholes,  etc. — 
are  bought  ready-made  from  other  establishments  having 
special  appliances  for  their  production. 

The  following  table  shows  the  rates  of  wages  paid   in  the 

Workman-    sn°P  where,  and  during  the  time  when,  the  boilers 

ship  on      given  in  the  succeeding  examples  were  made  or 

Boilers,      tendered  for,  also  the  usual  rates  charged  for  the 
different  classes  of  workmen  inside  and  outside  the  shop,  when 
engaged  on  repairs  or  on  work  for  which  no  tender  had  been 
given  I—- 
TABLE OF  RATES  FOR  WORKMANSHIP. 


Class  of  Workmen. 

Waees  per  day  of 
Nine  Hours. 

Charging  Rates 
Inside. 

Charging  Rates 
Outside. 

y$    od 

155.  os. 

los.  odt 

55.  gd. 

(including  fire.) 
8s.  od. 

8s.  od. 

35.  6d.  and  35.  od 

55.  6d. 

55.  6d. 

zs.  6d. 

4s.  6d. 

4$.  6d. 

is.  6d. 

zs.  6d. 

zs.  6d. 

55.  zd. 

i2s.  6d. 

(including  use'af 
hearth.) 

Strikers  .. 

zs.  lodf 

(including  fire.) 
45.  6d. 

_ 

Engineers  or  fitters    .  . 

55.  od. 

75.  6d. 

75.  6d. 

Apprentices  in  their  last  two  years  were  usually  rated  as 
journeymen,  and  younger  apprentices  at  the  same  rates  as 
labourers.  Of  course,  in  addition  to  the  rates  for  the  men  when 


214  STEAM   BOILERS. 


working  outside,  the  allowances  paid  to  them  for  diet  were  also 
charged  to  the  customer,  as  in  the  engineering  department ; 
whilst  in  the  case  of  men  working  inside  the  shop,  in  addition 
to  the  rates  as  given  for  workmanship,  the  use  of  the  boiler- 
makers'  machine  tools  was  also  charged — punching  and  shearing 
machines  being  usually  charged  at  2,s.  per  hour,  a  plain  vertical 
drilling  machine  at  is.  or  is.  ^d.  per  hour,  small  rolls  at  is.  and 
large  rolls  at  2s.  per  hour,  and  a  hydraulic  riveter  at  from  3^.  to 
$s.  per  hour.  When  work  involving  the  use  of  a  steam  hammer 
was  done,  the  hammer  was  charged  at  from  35.  to  4$.  per  hour, 
including  the  attendant. 

The  particulars  as  to  the  use  of  the  machine  tools  were  ob- 
tained by  the  time  clerk  from  the  men  when  collecting  his 
returns  of  time  spent  on  the  different  jobs  in  hand  during  each 
day.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that,  as  a  rule,  the  par- 
ticulars as  to  the  use  of  the  machine  tools  were  merely  approxi- 
mations ;  when  any  charge  for  tools  was  made,  it  was  for  at 
least  half  an  hour. 

The  indirect  working  expenses  of  a  boiler  shop  ought  to  be 

comparatively  light.     There  should  be  very  little  general  labour 

charged  to  the  shop  ;   whilst  the  jobs  in  hand  are  usually  so 

straightforward    and   obvious,   so    little    liable   to 

Indirect      bccome  mixed,  that  no  difficulty  should  be  found 
Expenses.     .  7  r 

in  charging  everything  used — candles,  oil  for  lamps, 

paint,  etc.,  down  to  the  smallest  detail  to  its  own  proper 
number.  Coal  for  the  plate-heating  furnaces,  being  usually  of  a 
special  quality,  may  all  be  charged  to  the  furnaces  and  covered 
by  a  special  rate  per  hour. 

The  principal  items  of  indirect  expense,  which  will  have  to  be 
covered  by  some  percentage,  will  therefore  be — rqnt,  rates  and 
taxes,  maintenance  of  buildings  and  plant,  renewal  of  utensils 
or  loose  tools,  management  and  office  expenses,  firemen's  wages, 
steam  power,  coal  for  smiths'  and  other  fires  (excluding  the 
furnaces),  and  some  small  amount  of  general  labour. 

As  in  most  other  departments  of  an  engineering  business,  it 
is  most  convenient  to  apportion  all  the  indirect  working  ex- 
penses to  the  direct  wages — that  is,  to  the  wages  spent  on  work 
for  sale.  The  percentage  will,  of  course,  vary  in  different 
places  ;  in  the  examples  we  give  it  is  put  down  at  40  per  cent., 
this  being  the  rate  for  all  work  done  inside  the  shop.  The  rate 


DONKEY-BOILERS. 


215 


reckoned  for  work  done  outside  was  25  per  cent.  The  per- 
centage was  determined  with  reference  to  the  entire  labour  of 
the  boiler  shop — that  is,  no  divisions  into  classes  were  con- 
sidered necessary.  The  total  average  weekly  wages  of  the 
boiler  shop  where  this  rate  prevailed  was  £250.  Very  little 
piecework  was  done — the  making  of  Galloway  tubes  and  some 
occasional  things  being  all  that  was  done  by  piece. 

Donkey          We-  shall   now  give    one   or   two    examples    of 

Boilers.      estimates  and  costs  : — • 

EXAMPLE  No.  154. — Estimated  cost  of  I  vertical  cross  tube  boiler  (donkey 
boiler)  13  ft.  high,  5ft.  diameter,  with  furnace  7  ft.  high  and  4ft.  diameter  at 
top,  with  4  cross  tubes,  uptake  12  in.  diameter.  Vertical  seams  of  shell  to  be 
double  riveted.  Working  pressure  70  Ib.  Hydraulic  test  140  Ib. 


£   s.   d. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 

s.    d. 

£  s.  d. 

3  plates,  shell,  |  in.  steel    .. 

29    o    o 

11      0 

15  19    o 

i      „      6  ft.  diameter,  crown,  J  in.  steel 

510 

12     O 

330 

2      „      furnace,  Jin.  steel            

18    i    o 

II      0 

10    o    9 

i      „      sft.  diameter,  crown  Jin.  steel 

3    2  14 

12     0 

236 

i      „      2ft.  4  in.  diameter,  firedoor,  Jin.  steel 

o    3  14 

12     O 

o  10    6 

j      „      uptake,  Jin.  B.B.B.  "  Barrows" 

407 

2O     O 

4    i    3 

4      „      tubes,  |  in.  B.B.B.  "Barrows" 

6    3  21 

2O      0 

b  18    9 

2  bars,  3  by  2,  B.B  

3      I   20 

10      O 

i  14    5 

o    3  21 

IO      O 

o    9    " 

50    o 
V        \J 

13    o 

350 

Plate  of  bar  iron  for  man  and  mudlids  and 

2    3  14 

9    o 

i    5  it 

Wrought  iron  for  6  stays    
Wrought  iron  for  grate  ring         

6    3  12 
120 

9    o 
9    o 

3     i    9 
o  13    6 

Boilermakers'  wages  (all  classes) 

40    o    o 

1  6    oo 

Plate  furnace,  10  hours      

3     o 

I    IO      O 

i    5    8 

Boiler-shop  smiths  at  rings,  stays,  etc.   8  days 

8    o 

340 

072 

Driller  and  helper    3    „ 

6    o 

o  18    o 

17  12  IO 

Material  and  wages     

98  18    9 
17  12  10 

Total  cost  boiler  proper    ..        .. 

88    2  II 

116  ii    7 

i  cast-iron  stand  for  ashpit          

500 

IO     O     O 

5     6 

i  15    o 

2   15     O 

121      I      7 

Add  for  profit  25  per  cent.           «  

30    5    5 

Price  for  boiler,  as  above  .  .         .  .           .        .  . 

151    7    o 

Mountings  (at  profit  rates):  — 

i  4-in.  steam  stop  valve  

4  10    o 

i  3^-in.  lever  safety  valve         .  .        .  .        .  . 

400 

i  i$-in.  brass  check  feed  valve           .  .        .  . 

200 

i  i^-in.  brass  blow-off  tap         
i  set  gauge  cocks  and  glasses,  etc  

i  15    o 
200 

i  5-in.  steam  gauge          

I    12      6 

Bolts  and  nuts  and  jointing  material 
Fitter,  fitting  mountings  in  shop  

IO      O 

I      0      O 
2    IO      O 

Quoted  £170  net  on  wagon  at  boiler  shop 

170  14    6 

The  above  was  an  estimate  for  a  donkey  boiler  of  somewhat 
special  size  and  character,  and  will  sufficiently  illustrate  the 
method  of  preparing  an  estimate  for  boilers  of  this  type.  It 
will  be  seen  that  whilst  the  net  cost  of  the  boiler  proper  is  made 


2l6  STEAM   BOILERS. 


up,  the  mountings  are  simply  put  down  at  profit  rates.  The 
boiler-making  department  bought  the  mountings — the  valves 
and  cocks — from  the  engineering  department,  and  the  steam 
and  water  gauges  from  outside — and  had  a  discount  of  about 
20  per  cent,  all  over  from  the  prices  put  down,  for  its  profit  on 
the  mountings. 

Donkey  boilers  of  standard  sizes  are  now  largely  made  as 
stock  jobs  and  by  piece  work  by  certain  houses,  and  whilst 
some  of  the  special  makers  keep  up  their  prices,  others  quote 
very  low  rates.  In  addition,  numerous  special  types  of  donkey 
boilers  have  been  introduced  of  late  years,  the  specialty  usually 
lying  in  the  form  or  arrangement  of  the  tubes.  Consequently 
comparatively  few  donkey  boilers  are  now  made  in  general 
boiler  shops,  and,  unless  made  to  special  specification,  they  are 
not,  in  such  shops,  particularly  profitable  as  a  rule. 

Occasionally,  very  large  vertical  cross-tube  boilers  are  re- 
quired for  situations  where  a  horizontal  boiler  is  inadmissible, 
or  where  it  is  inconvenient  to  provide  a  proper  brick  setting 
and  a  chimney.  Such  boilers  being,  of  course,  departures  from 
the  ordinary  sizes  of  donkey-boilers,  fall  naturally  into  a  general 
boiler  shop. 

The  principal  business,  however,  of  a  modern  general  boiler 
Cornish  and  shop  lies  in  the  manufacture  of  Cornish,  and  still 
Lancashire  more  of  Lancashire  boilers.  The  Cornish  boiler. 

Boilers.  with  its  single  flue,  lies  intermediate  between  the 
donkey-boiler  and  the  Lancashire  type  as  to  the  duty  for  which 
it  is  usually  intended.  The  Cornish  boiler  is  supplied  foi 
moderate  duties,  and  is  consequently  largely  used  in  connection 
with  the  smaller  classes  of  manufacturing  industries.  It  is 
rarely  made  of  a  diameter  exceeding  6'  o".  For  any  work 
requiring  a  boiler  above  5'  6"  diameter,  or  representing  more 
than  50  or  60  horse-power,  a  Lancashire  boiler  will  now  usually 
be  supplied.  For  modern  factory  use  either  the  Lancashire  or 
"  Galloway  "  boiler  (which  latter  is  a  boiler  with  two  furnaces 
opening  into  one  large  oval  combustion  chamber  containing  a 
large  number  of  "  Galloway"  tubes)  is  generally  adopted. 

EXAMPLE  No.  155. — Estimated  cost  of  one  Cornish  boiler,  iSft.  6  in.  by  5ft. 
diameter,  with  furnace  and  flue,  2  ft.  9  in.  diameter,  having  one  steel  expansion 
hoop  and  three  Galloway  tubes  Working  pressure,  So  Ib.  Test,  140  Ib.  Longi- 
tudinal  seams,  shell,  lap-jointed  and  double-riveted.  Longitudinal  seams,  furnace, 
butt-jointed  and  single-riveted,  with  covering  strips  inside  and  out.  Longi  tudina' 


CORNISH   BOILERS. 


217 


seams,  flue,  lap-jointed.  Angle  irons  at  ends,  welded  into  solid  hoops,  and  front 
one  put  on  outside  shell.  Edges  of  all  plates  planed.  All  rivet  holes  drilled 
after  plates  are  rolled  and  in  position : — 


£  *.  * 

Shell,  12  plates,  8ft.  lin.xsft.  3$in.xTVn.,  B.B. 
turnace,  2  plates,  8  ft.  8^  in.  x  3  ft.  i  in.  x  f  in., 
steel     .. 

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
50    o    o 

720 

5.      i. 

10    3 

12     O 

£   s.   d. 
25  12    6 

Strips  for  do.,  3  ft.  i  in.  x  5  in.  x  -fz  in.,  steel 
i  expansion  hoop,  Bolton  steel    
Flue,  4  plates,  8ft.  nin.  x  sft.  2$in.  x  ?  in.,  B.B, 
Ends,  i  plate,  5  ft.  diameter  x  $  in.,  B  
„      i     „       5  ft.  7  in.  diameter  x  $  in.,  B.  .. 
4  bars,  angles,  B.B  
Plates  lor  gusset  stays,  stock,  B. 
Angles            „        „            „           
Galloway  tubes,  3  plates,  "  Weardale  " 

2  21 
3   22 

15    o    o 

320 

4      I   20 

410 
230 

2     O     O 

230 

520 

12     O 
45     o 
10    3 
I*     C 
12     O 

9    9 
9    o 
8    6 
16    o 

12     O 

083 
227 

7  13    9 
220 
2   I3     2 
215 
I    4    9 
o  17    o 
240 

10     0     0 

080 
o  15    o 

O   12     6 

,,       for  tubes,  stock,  "  Bowling  '»    .. 
Paint  and  sundries    
Boiler  makers'  wages  —  all  classes 
„               making  tubes       
Furnace           18  hours 
Plate  edge  planing  machine         ..        30      „ 
Shell  drilling  machine        ..         ..        25       „ 

21 

5  tons 

30    o 

& 

3    o 

058 
o  15    o 
25    o    o 
o  19    6 
2  14    o 

ii  15    6 

Material  and  wages     

99    2    o 

84    9    7 
if  T5     6 

Gross  cost  boiler  ..         .: 
4  cast-iron  branches  for  mountings 
Wrought  iron  for  manhole  ring,  cover  and 
crossbars,  etc.       ..         ..         ..        .. 

I    3  14 

I      O     O 

7    o 

IO     O 

96    5     i 
O   13      2 

o  14    o 
o  14    o 

Rivets  for  saddles  or  branches    
Boiler  makers'  and  smiths'  wages 
Planing,  drilling,  etc.,  in  engine  shop  .. 
Expenses         

X  21 

16    o 

070 

i  15    o 
o  15    o 
o  14    o 

Estimated  cost,  boiler  and  saddles       ..        .. 
Add  for  profit,  say,  25  per  cent  

Price  for  boiler,  etc.,  as  above     
FURNACE  FITTINGS  AND  MOUNTINGS  —  PROFIT 
RATES. 
Furnace  front  and  door,  wrought-iron  bead- 
ing, brackets  and  bolts   

ISO 

IO     O 

100  19    3 

25     5    o 

126  14    3 
3  10    o 

620 

6    6 

221 

4-in.  steam  stop  valve     ..        . 

4     ° 

I      I 

2-in.  feed  valve,  cast-iron  shell 
2-in.  brass  blow-off  cock           ..          .        .. 
Ci.st-iron  bend  pipe  for  ditto    .  .          .        .  . 
5-inch  steam  gauge 

2  10 
15 
12 

12 

sets  J-in.  water  gauge  cccks  and  glasses     .  . 
anti-priming  pipe  ..                   
internal  feed  pipe..                   .. 
damper  complete  ..                   
flue  doors  and  frames                
floor  frame  and  lid                      
Bolts  and  jointing  material          
Fitting  mountings  in  shop  

Loading  and  cartage  (local)         
Putting  boiler  on  seat         
Attaching  mountings  at  place      

35    o 

12     6 

:   10 

16 
15 
5 
15 

IO 

IO 

16      3    6 
o    o 

0     0 

5    o 

if3    8    6 

Quote  £174  net. 

EXAMPLE  No.  156.— Estimated  cost  of  one  Lancashire  boiler,  soft,  long  by 
7  ft.  6  in.  diameter,  with  furnaces  and  flues  3  ft.  in  diameter,  last  plate  in  each 
flue  tapered  to  2  ft.  7  in.  in  diameter,  five  Galloway  tubes  to  each  flue ;  longi- 
tudinal seams  of  shell,  butt-jointed  and  double-riveted  on  each  side  joint,  with 


218 


STEAM   BOILERS 


covering  strips  inside  and  out  ;  circular  seams  double-riveted  ;  longitudinal 
seams  of  furnaces  and  flues,  butt-jointed  and  single  riveted,  with  strips  inside 
and  out ;  circular  seams  of  furnaces  and  flues,  all  formed  by  steel  expansion 
hoops  ;  end  plates,  each  in  one  piece  and  turned  on  edges  and  for  furnaces  and 
flues ;  angle  iron  for  front,  put  on  outside  and  also  turned  on  edge  to  correspond 
with  edge  of  plate.  Edges  of  all  plates  planed  ;  all  rivet-holes  drilled  with 
plates  in  position.  Working  pressure,  roolb. ;  hydraulic  test,  150  Ib.  :— 


£  s.  d. 

Shell  plates,  £-in.,  steel      
Furnace  plates,  ,Vin.,  steel          

cwt.  qr.  Ib. 
142    o    o 

21      I      O 

6100 

s.   d. 

IO      0 
IO      O 
IO      O 

£   s.   d. 
71    o    o 

IO   12     6 

30  10    o 

25     i    o 

18    o 

22   14      6 

Angle  iron  for  ditto  steel              •           ••         .  • 

020 

IO      O 

4  15    o 

18    o    o 

10      O 

900 

Plates  for  gusset  stays  B              .          .  .        .  • 

17    i    o 

9    ° 

7  IS    3 

Angles           „                   B. 
14  steel  expansion  hoops,  Bolton 
10  Galloway  tube  plates,  Weardale 
Rivets  steel                                             .  •        .  • 

20    o    o 
16    i    o 

IO      O      O 

35    o    o 

9    o 
45    o 
14    o 
12     O 

900 
36  ii     3 
700 

21      O     0 

41    8    o 

i    5    4 

Rivets  for  tubes,  Bowling  
Paint  and  sundries  (service  bolts,  etc.) 
Boiler  makers'  wages         
Boiler  makers  at  tubes  (piece-work) 
Turning  end  plates  and  angle-iron  ring,  per 

030 
1  8  tons 

30    o 

5  15 
6    6 

126 
I    IO      0 

103  10    o 

350 

3  10    o 

150 
I  17    6 

Plate  edge  planing  machine         .  .        50  hours 
Shell  drilling  ditto    75      „ 
Furnace            20      „ 

3    o 

300 

45  IS  10 

Materials  and  wages    
Expenses            

Cost,  boiler  only       
i  wrought-iron  manhole   frame  and  cover,  i 
wrought-iron  mudhole  ditto,  and  4  wrought- 
iron  branches,  per  tender  (riveting  included 

376    o    o 

345  16    o 
45  15  io  ^ 
391  ii  10 

13  10    o 

Estimated  gross  cost  boiler  and  saddles  .. 
Add  for  profit  —  say,  20  per  cent 

Price  for  boiler,  as  above  .  .        .  . 

FURNACE  FITTINGS  AND  MOUNTINGS  AT 
PROFIT  RATES. 
2  doors,  with  plates,  brass  headings,  etc.,  corn- 

4°5     i  10 
bi    o__4 

486    2    2 

Brackets  and  bolts    
Cast-iron  bearers      

o    3  14 
320 

o    4 
9    o 
6    6 

I    12     8 
i  ii     6 
6  16    6 

i  6-in.  steam  junction  valve          
i  Hopkinson  valve  and  plates     .  •         .  .         .  . 
i  dead-weight  safety  valve           

7  10    o 

IO   10      0 

900 

300 

i  internal  feed  pipe  and  hangers 

I    10      0 

i    5    o 

5  10    o 

cast-iron  stand  pipe  for  ditto    .  . 
t  internal  scum  troughs  and  hangers      •        ., 
anti-priming  pipe  (round)          ..           .         ,. 
Bourdon  steam  gauge,  7  in. 
sets  brass  water-gauges  and  glasses     .         .  . 
brass  water-level  index 
2  fusible  plugs  and  spare  caps 
i  3-in.  blow-on'  cock,  brass 
i  cast-iron  elbow  pipe 
i  floor  frame  and  plate 
2  flue  doors  and  frames      .  .         .  .          .        .  . 
i  damper  and  mountings  ..         ..          .        .. 
Bolts  and  jointing  material          ..           .         .. 
Fitting  on  mountings  in  shop      .  .          . 

Number  of  boilers  required         
Deduct  25  per  cent,  for  3       

720 

12      O 

40    o 
30    o 

i     5    o 
4  10    o 
i  15     o 
200 
400 
066 
300 
5  10    o 
o  15    c 

2  15     C 
i    5    o 
400 

I    IS      0 
200 

579    4    4 

1__ 

737  13     o 
43     8    6 

Quote  £1,694  net  on  wagons  at  our  shop  .  . 

694    4    6 

LANCASHIRE  BOILERS. 


219 


The  two  examples  just  given,  being  in  complete  detail,  suffi- 
ciently explain  themselves.  It  will  be  noted  that  a  small 
special  sum  is  placed  in  the  expenses  column  opposite  the 
plate  edge  planer  and  the  shell  drilling  machine.  These 
machines  not  being  used  fjr  every  boiler  made,  it  was  con- 
sidered necessary  to  fix  a  small  additional  rate  for  them  to 
cover  such  expenses  —  drills,  tool  steel,  &c. —  as  were  sj  ecial 
to  them,  although  the  wages  of  the  men  who  worked  Uiem 
were  included  with  the  boiler  makers. 

Example  No.  156  may  be  taken  as  fairly  representative  of  a 
high-class  Lancashire  boiler,  both  as  regards  the  boiler  proper 
and  its  equipment.  Some  makers  would  prefer  to  make  a 
boiler  of  this  type  and  for  so  high  a  pressure  with  the  longi- 
tudinal joints  in  the  furnaces  and  flues  welded  and  the  circular 
joints  flanged  and  with  the  Galloway  tubes  welded  in,  in  which 
case  some  of  the  higher  brands  of  iron  would  probably  be  used 
in  preference  to  steel.  The  cost  of  a  pair  of  furnaces  and  flues 
so  made  would  be  between  £100  and  £120,  and  would  bring 
the  total  cost  of  the  boiler  below  that  of  the  example,  as  the 
steel  expansion  hoops,  when  used  throughout,  add  very  consider- 
ably to  the  cost  of  the  boiler,  though  they  undoubtedly  make  a 
fine  job. 

As  already  intimated,  estimates  for  boilers  are  frequently 
made  up  in  a  much  more  summary  fashion,  as,  for  instance : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  157.— Estimated  cost  of  one  Lancashire  boiler  32  ft.  long  by  7 
ft.  6  in.  diameter,  with  furnaces  and  flues  3  ft.  diameter,  12  Galloway  tubes,  2 
expansion  hoops  of  steel,  "  Best  "  iron  throughout,  except  furnaces,  which  are  to 
be  of  mild  steel.  Working  pressure,  70  Ib.  Hydraulic  test,  120  Ib. 


Tons. 

£    s. 

£    s.    d. 

i  Lancashire  boiler,  as  above      .  . 

13    o    o 

"    5 

146    5    o 

Making  ditto  and  expenses 

5  15 

74  '5    o 

221      0     0 

i  cast-iron  manhole  frame  and  cover 

2   10     O 

I          „        mudhole  ditto  .. 

2   10     O 

4         „        branches           ..        ., 

2   10     0 

228  10    o 

Add  for  profit,  say  20  per  cent  

45  14    o 

274    4    o 

Mountings,  etc.  (these  are  generally  detailed, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  they  should  be  for 
reference)    

85    o    o 

359    4    o 

Cartage,  putting  on  seat  and  fixing  mountings 

15  10    o 

374  14    o 

Quote  £375  net. 


22O 


STEAM   BOILERS. 


For  many  situations  where  considerable   heating    surface  is 

required,  but  where  space  or  other  considerations  preclude  the 

adoption  of   an  ordinary  Lancashire    boiler,    and 

Boiler        particularly   for    shipment    abroad,     multitubular 

boilers  possess  many  advantages.     The  tallowing 

is  an  example  of  an  estimate  for  a  useful  type  of  multitubular 

boiler : — 

EXAMPLE  No.  158. — Estimated  cost  of  one  multitubular  boiler,  16  ft.  long  by 

6  ft.  diameter,  with  two  furnaces,  7  ft.  long  by  2  ft.  4  in.  diameter  ;  one  combus- 
tion chamber,  i  ft.  9  in.  long,  5  ft.  2  in.  wide,  and  3  ft.  high  ;  and  55  iron  tubes, 

7  ft.  3  in.  long  by  3!  in.  outside  diameter,  including  7  sta.f  tubes;  end  plates 
single,  front  stayed  with  4  gusset  plates,  and  back  with  9.     Rivet  holes  of  shell 
drilled  after  plates  are  rolled.     Edges  of  plates  planed  ;  working  pressure,  60  Ib. ; 
hydraulic  test,  100  Ibs. ;  longitudinal  seams,  shell  double  riveted  : — 


£    5.    d. 

Shell,  15  plates,  f-in.  steel         
Furnaces,  4  plates,  f-in.  steel  
Combustion  chamber,  A-in.  and  |-in.  steel, 
i  elliptical  tube  plate,  f-m.  steel 
Back  end  plate,  6  ft.  diameter  x  f-in.  steel  .  . 
Front         „         6  ft.  8  in.  diameter  x  -^-in. 

cvvt. 
48 
IS 
5 
4 
6 

qr. 

0 
2 
2 
0 
2 

2 

Ibs. 
o 
o 

21 
O 

7 
o 

s. 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ir 
ii 

ii 

d. 
o 

0 

o 

0 

o 

& 

8 
3 

2 

3 
3 

s. 

8 

10 

2 

4 
12 

n 

d. 

0 

6 

7 

0 

3 
6 

1 

Angle  iron,  3  xsxj-in.  ends,  BBB  
Gusset  plates.  B  
Angle  iron  for  gusset  plates,  B. 
Rivets  steel..        .          ...          .          . 

5 

4 
2 

0 

I 

3 

o 
o 

0 

12 

9 
9 

o 

0 

o 

3 

i 

0 

18 

4 

o 
3 
9 

VO     0     0 

o  14    o 

0  12     O 
O    IO      O 

48  plain  tubes,  7ft.  4  in.  xsf-in.  outside  di- 
ameter x  No.  9  W.  G.,  expanded  at  one  end 
to  s|  in.  =  352  ft.,  at    
7  stay  tubes,  7  ft.  6  in.  xT5ri-in.  thick,  screwed 
at  both  ends  =  51  J  ft  
21  nuts  for  tubes    
Boilermakers'  wages      
Driller  and  attendant  at  tube  plates 
Shell  drilling  machine    .  .        .  .       25  hours 
Plate-edge  planing  machine     .  .       20      „ 
Furnace        18      „ 
Paint,  painting  and  sundries    

(18 
(2 

3 
3 

12) 

8) 

i 

2 

I 

3 

o 

o 
4 

o 

r? 

5 
i 

50 

i 

2 
I 

12 

o 

15 

14 

5 

0 

o 

0 

o 

0 
0 

o 

21   16     0 

Material  and  wages  
Expenses         ..        .  .        

137 
21 

I 
16 

IO 

o 

Gross  cost  boiler          

Wrought-iron  for  man  and  mudhcle  rings 
and  plate  for  feed  valve         .  .         .  .         .  . 
i  patent  manhole  door    ..        
I      „       mudhole  door    
Cast-iron  branches          

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

IO 

7 
16 

o 

0 

158 

0 

I 
I 
O 

17 

I 

I 

14 
ft 

10 

6 

0 

6 
o 

•O  15     2 

Boilermakers'  Wages     

I 

18 

0 

O   IS      2 

o 

IS 

0 

Estimated  cost  boiler  and  saddles     ..        .. 
Add  for  profit  30  per  cent  

166 
49 

3 

16 

0 

9 

Furnace  fittings  and  mountings         .  .        . 
Price  free  on  rails  at  works,  net         .  .        .  . 

2IS 
58 

2/3 

19 

0 

19 

9 

0 

9 

As  in  the  case  of  large  steam  engines,  tenders  for  new  boilers 
are  usually  accompanied  by  specifications  setting  out  in  more 


DIVERSITY 

SPECIFICATIONS.  ^|  .22-1 


or  less  detail  the  dimensions  of  the  boilers,  thickness  of  plates, 
style  of  riveting,  and  any  features  of  construction 
*  mountinS  supposed  to  have  special  merits 
or  advantages.  Most  large  boilermakers  have 
printed  specifications  of  the  standard  type  or  types  of  boilers 
which  they  make,  the  printed  form  having  certain  blank  spaces 
left  in  it,  where  the  dimensions  of  the  various  parts  of  a  boiler 
may  be  filled  in  by  hand,  according  to  the  requirements  of  any 
particular  case.  The  following  is  a  sufficiently  detailed  form  for 
ordinary  Lancashire  boilers,  viz. : — 

Copy  of  Boiler  Specification. 

Victoria  Boiler  Works,  Blanktown, 
Nov.         ,  1888. 

SPECIFICATION  OF  NEW  STEAM  BOILER  FOR  M... 


The  boiler  will  be  of  the  Lancashire  type,  constructed  in  accordance  with  the- 
best  modern  practice,  principally  by  the  aid  of  patent  machine  tools  specially 
designed  for  the  various  processes,  so  as  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  accuracy 
and  soundness  throughout.  . 

SHELL. — The  shell  will  be ft.  long  by  .........  diameter,  and  will  be 

made  in rings,  plates  to  each  ring,  of  plates of  an 

inch  in  thickness.     The  longitudinal  seams  will  be jointed  and 

riveted,  and  crossed  so  as  to  avoid  a  continuous  line  of  rivets.     The  circular 

seams  will  be riveted.    The  edges  of  the  plates  will  be  planed,  and  the 

rivet  holes  will  be  drilled  after  the  plates  have  been  rolled  and  put  in  position. 
Each  end  will  be  provided  with  a  solid  welded  ring  of  angle  iron  for  attaching  to- 
the  end  plates,  the  ring  at  the  front  end  being  fixed  externally. 

FURNACES  AND  FLUES. — The  furnaces  will  be ft in.  in  diameter 

and ft in.  long,  made  in rings,  each  ring  of  a  single  plate 

of and of  an  inch  thick.  The  longitudinal  seams  will  be 

jointed  and riveted  and  placed  below  the  fire-bed.  The  circular  seams- 
will  be  

The  flues  will  be ft in.  in  diameter,  in rings,  each  ring  cf 

a  single  plate,  all  of and of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  longitudinal 

seams  will  be  jointed  and riveted.  The  circular  seams  will  be 

Each  flue  will  have conical  water  circulating  tubes  arranged  in- 

the  usual  alternately  vertical  and  diagonal  manner.  The  last  ring  in  each  flue 

will  be  tapered  to  ft in.  in  diameter  to  facilitate  cleaning  and 

inspection. 

ENDS. — Each  end  will  be  made  of  a  rolled  plate  of  and of  an, 

inch  in  thickness,  with  the  edges  turned  up  in  lathe  and  the  holes  for  the  flues 
cut  out  by  machine  and  accurately  finished.  Each  end  will  be  sufficiently 
stayed  to  the  shell  by  means  of  strong  gusset  plates  with  double  angle  irons. 

MANHOLE,  MUDHOLE  AND  BRANCHES. — The  boiler  will  be  provided  with  a 

iron  manhole  frame riveted  on  top  of  shell,  and  a  iron 

mudhole  frame  on  the  front  end  plate  below  the  furnaces,  both  with  strong  faced 
covers  with  the  necessary  bolts  and  nuts  and  crossbars. 

branches  of  will  be  riveted  to  the  shell  to  receive  the  mount- 
ings. All  the  flat  flanges  of  the  frames  and  branches  will  be  turned  or  planed. 

The  boiler  will  have  the  following  fittings  and  mountings,  viz. : — 

FURNACE  FITTINGS.— Two  wrought-iron  furnace  fronts  with  cast-iron  doors 


222  STEAM  BOILERS. 


having  air-regulating  slides,  brass  headings,  cast-iron  dead  plates,  wrought-iron 
brackets,  cast-iron  bearers  and  set  of  fire  bars  complete. 

STEAM  VALVE. — One  inch  steam  junction  or  stop  valve  with  brass 

spindle,  gland,  valve  lid  and  seat. 

SAFETY   VALVE.  —  One  Hopkinson  high-steam  and   low-water  safety  valve 
complete. 

(And  so  on  with  the  other  mountings.) 

PRESSURE. — The  boiler  will  be  suitable  for  a  daily  working  pressure    of 

Ib.  per  sq.  in.,  and  will  be  proved  by  hydraulic  pressure  to Ib.  per 

sq.  in.   before  leaving  our   works,   and  in  the  presence  of  your  engineer  or 
inspector. 

DELIVERY,  &c. — The  boiler,  mountings,  &c.,  will  be  delivered  by  us  free  at 

,  the  boiler  put  upon  its  seat,  and  the  mountings  attached,  for  the  sum 

of  £ 

(Signed) 

It  is  probably  better  to  give  the  price  and  terms  in  B.  separate 
letter. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 
COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 

WE  shall  now  conclude  by  dealing,  as  fully  as  space  will  permit, 
with  the  keeping  of  costs.  The  subject  has  already  been  briefly 
introduced  in  chapter  V,  and  it  would  be  well  if  the  student 
would  re-read  that  chapter  before  going  further.  Great  interest 
has  of  recent  years  been  taken  by  those  connected  with  the 
commercial  work  of  engineering  (and  indeed  numerous  other 
manufacturing)  establishments  in  the  question  of  the  best  and 
most  convenient  methods  of  keeping  costs  accounts. 

The  days  are  past  when  a  manufacturing  engineer  of  any 
considerable  position  was  content  to  form  an  idea  how  his 
business  was  going  on  by  an  occasiona1  examination  of  his  bank 
book  and  of  his  stocks,  even  with  a  complete  stocktaking  and 
the  preparation  of  a  balance-sheet  once  a  year.  The  necessity 
of  being  able  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  every  individual  job  done 
throughout  the  year,  promptly  upon  its  completion,  and  even  of 
being  able  to  follow  the  progress  of  large  and  important  jobs  in 
systematic  costs  books,  week  by  week,  is  now  generally  recog- 
nised. 

In  most  large  engineering  establishments  arrangements  more 
or  less  complete  and  reliable  are  now  made  with  the  view  of 
securing  these  ends. 

In  seeking  to  attain  these  objects,  the  manufacturer  has  two 
important  considerations  in  view.  In  the  first  place,  he  wishes 


224  COSTS'   BOOK-KEEPING. 

to   localise  his  profits  or  his  losses  —he   wishes  to  know  what 
jobs  have  paid   him,   and  on  which,    if  any,   he 

^Accounts*  has  sustaine<^  a  l°ss  J  anc*  in  the  second  place, 
he  desires  a  safe  guide  by  which  to  check  his 
future  estimates  and  determine  his  future  tenders. 

It  will  be  obvious  that  whilst  a  business  may  upon  the  whole 
be  profitable,  some  portions  may  be  the  very  reverse  ;  but  unless 
a  detailed  system  of  costs  be  in  use  it  will  be  impossible  to  know 
this,  and  the  manufacturer  may  go  on  year  after  year  keeping 
up  an  unprofitable  department,  or  class  of  work,  at  the  expense 
of  other  departments  or  classes. 

Again,  a  business  may  upon  the  whole  result  in  a  loss,  but 
this  may  be  entirely  due  to  excessive  losses  in  certain  depart- 
ments or  on  certain  classes  of  work.  If,  however,  detailed  costs 
are  kept,  the  manufacturer  can  detect  the  weak  place  in  a 
moment,  and  may  therefore  concentrate  his  attention  upon  it 
with  a  view  of  strengthening  it ;  or,  if  this  be  found  impossible, 
he  knows  exactly  what  department  or  class  of  work  he  must 
abandon. 

Theordinary  systems  of  book-keeping,  whilst  perfectly  adapted 
for  keeping  the  accounts  of  a  manufacturer  with  the  people  from 
whom  he  buys  and  those  to  whom  he  sells,  for  exhibiting  the 
conditions  of  a  business  as  a  whole  at  stated  intervals,  and  for 
other  general  commercial  purposes,  are  not  adapted  to  the 
particular  purpose  of  ascertaining  and  recording  the  costs  of  the 
individual  jobs  that  makeup  the  business  cf  a  general  engineering 
establishment.  Hence  a  special  set  of  books  must 
Special  Books  be  Devised,  ancjj  jn  iarge  establishments  a  separate 
office  should  be  appropriated  to,  and  a  special 
staff  appointed,  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  the  chief 
commercial  manager,  for  the  business  of  keeping  the  costs  books. 

We  shall  here  confine  ourselves  to  the  costs  books  proper,  and 
shall  only  touch  upon  such  counting-house  books  as  admit  of 
being  used  in  connection  with  the  keeping  of  the  costs.  Neither 
shall  we  attempt  to  discuss  more  than  incidentally  the  relative 
merits  of  different  systems,  but  shall  content  ourselves  with 
setting  out  and  illustrating  one  system  :  practicable,  accurate, 
and  sufficiently  complete  and  detailed  for  all  ordinary  purposes. 

It  would  be  easy  to  multiply  books  and  forms  for  the  keeping 
of  costs  to  almost  any  extent ;  it  is  desirable  to  attain  the  object 


OBJECTS   IN   VIEW.  225 

in  view  with  the  fewest  possible  books  and  the  minimum  of 
labour. 

It  is  necessary  to  have  the  object  to  be  attained  clearly  in 
view.  That  object  is  to  keep  a  correct  account  of  the  cost  of 
every  job  undertaken  by  the  establishment,  and  to  keep  the 
account  as  closely  as  may  be  feasible  concurrently  with  the 
progress  of  the  work  itself.  It  ought  to  be  possible  for  a  principal 
to  call  for  particulars  of  the  cost  of  any  job  in  hand  up  to 
date,  and  to  have  a  reliable  statement  put  before  him  in  the 
course  of  an  hour,  or  two  at  the  most.  This  will  be  rarely  required, 
but  should  be  always  possible.  For  all  ordinary  purposes,  it  will 
be  sufficient  if  the  accounts  of  the  costs  of  all  work  in  hand  are 
completed  up  to  the  end  of  one  week  or  fortnight  (according  as 
wages  are  paid  weekly  or  fortnightly),  before  the  end  of  the  next 
week  or  fortnight.  Any  less  degree  of  readiness  and  completeness 
ought  not  to  be  considered  satisfactory. 

As  was  previously  pointed  out,  the  cost  of  any  piece  of 
machinery  may  be  best  considered  as  made  up  of  three  elements 
— viz.,  the  cost  of  material  used  for  the  construction  of  the  article  ; 
the  cost  of  labour  directly  expended  upon  it ;  and  a  sum,  most 
conveniently  determined  by  a  percentage  upon  the  direct  wages, 
to  cover  all  the  indirect  expenses  of  the  establishment. 

In  the  writer's  opinion,  the  percentage  added  for  indirect 
expenses  should  cover  every  item  of  expenditure  which  cannot 
be  charged  direct,  but  which  is  necessary,  in  the  case  of  any 
establishment,  to  the  production  of  the  article  in  question.  This 
percentage  should,  therefore,  cover  management  and  office 
expenses,  depreciation  or  maintenance,  and  interest  on  capital, 
as  well  as  rent,  foremen's  wages,  and  other  items  of  indirect  but 
necessary  expenditure.  It  is  sometimes  contended  that  man- 
agement and  office  expenses  and  interest  on  capital  should  not 
be  treated  as  elements  of  the  cost  of  production.  They  enter, 
however,  as  elements  into  the  cost  of  production,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent  in  nearly  every  establishment,  and  it  is  difficult  to 
see  what  advantage  is  to  be  gained  by  treating  them  separately. 

Before  the  price  of  an  article  can  be  fixed,  something  must  be 
added  to  the  other  elements  of  cost  on  account  of  interest,  office 
and  management  expenses,  and  it  is,  therefore,  surely  better, 
and  certainly  more  convenient,  to  let  these  items  be  covered  by 
a  general  percentage  which  has  been  determined  with  reference 

Q 


226  COSTS'   BOOK-KEEPING. 

to  the  average  volume  and  value  of  the  business  of  an  establish- 
ment, rather  than  to  allow  them  to  be  covered  by  a  separate  rate 
determined  by  the  whim  or  fancy  of  a  principal  at  any  particular 
moment.  In  some  instances,  as  for  example  in  the  case  of  a 
firm  making  a  specialty,  advertising  largely,  and  employing 
many  travellers  or  agents,  a  useful  purpose  will  be  served  by 
making  a  distinction  between  the  cost  of  production  and  the 
cost  of  distribution ;  but  it  will  rarely  be  necessary  to  make  such 
a  distinction  in  the  case  of  a  general  engineering  establishment. 
We  have  already  explained  generally  in  a  previous  chapter 
the  methods  to  be  observed  in  ascertaining  the  indirect  ex- 
penses of  an  establishment,  and  in  apportioning  these  expenses 
properly  over  the  different  departments.  The  nature  of  these 
indirect  expenses  has  also  been  fully  dealt  with.  It  is  only 
necessary  here  to  add  two  remarks  :  First,  that  in  the  scheme 
of  cost-keeping  about  to  be  described,  accounts  are  opened  in 
the  various  costs  books  in  the  names  of  each  department,  or 
section  of  a  department,  and  also  in  the  name  of  the  general 
indirect  expenses  of  the  establishment,  and  these  accounts  are 
kept  exactly  as  the  account  for  any  order  that  may  be  in  hand. 
That  is  to  say,  an  account  will  be  opened  in  the  materials  costs 
books  and  the  wages  costs  books  in  the  name  of  "  Pattern-shop 
Indirect  Expenses,"  and  when  the  pattern-shop  obtains  a  supply 
of  nails  or  of  glue  for  general  use  from  the  store,  these  items 
will  be  charged  to  the  account  in  the  former  of  the  books 
named  in  the  same  way  as  a  cylinder  or  any  other  item  of 
material  would  be  charged  to  the  account  under  which  it  had 
been  made  ;  and  so  on  with  all  the  other  departments,  no 
matter  how  many  there  are.  By  thus  observing  the  same 
routine  and  using  the  same  books  for  the  indirect  expenses 
accounts  as  for  any  contract  that  may  be  in  hand,  the  work  of 
keeping  these  accounts  is  much  simplified  and  labour  is  saved. 
Secondly,  we  remark  here  that  an  elementary  rule,  the  strict 
observance  of  which  is  indispensable  to  the  satisfactory  working 
of  any  scheme  of  cost-keeping,  is  that  every  item  of  expen- 
diture, must  be  charged  to  some  account  in  the  costs  books.  All 
expenditure  for  material  intended  for  consumption  or  conver- 
sion in  the  works,  or  required  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
buildings  and  fixed  and  loose  p'ant  in  a  proper  state  of  repair; 
all  expenditure  for  labour  and  management,  for  rent,  rates, 


ORDER   BOOK.  22/ 


taxes,  insurance,  interest ;  all  expenditure,  in  short,  incurred 
for  the  working  of  the  establishment,  should  be  fully  accounted 
for  by  the  costs  department  in  conjunction  with  the  stores. 

It  will  be  better  if  even  expenditure  on  capital  account  is 
also  passed  through  the  costs  books.  Suppose  it  is  intended  to 
enlarge  a  building  or  put  down  a  new  machine  tool,  an  order 
ought  to  be  entered  in  the  order  book  for  this  extension  or 

o 

addition  in  the  name  of  "  New  Buildings"  or  "New  Fixed 
Plant "  or  "  Capital  Account"  generally,  and  all  expenditure  in 
connection  therewith  should  be  dealt  with  in  the  costs  books, 
just  as  in  the  case  of  an  ordinary  contract. 

It  may  be  added  that  both  the  costs  department  and  the 
general  management  must  carefully  see  that  items  of  wages 
and  of  miscellaneous  expenditure  are  not  heedlessly  charged  to 
the  working  expenses  accounts.  "  When  in  doubt  charge  to 
the  shop  "  would  appear  to  be  a  rule  which  both  workmen  and 
clerks  are  extremely  liable  to  follow,  either  consciously  or  un- 
consciously. It  will  help  to  hold  this  tendency  to  "  charge  to 
the  shop "  in  check  if  it  is  made  a  rule  that  nothing  is  to  be 
made  for  the  shops,  either  to  replace  a  worn-out  utensil  or  to 
repair  a  machine  tool,  without  an  order  being  entered  in  the 
order  book. 

The  first  essential  element  of  a  sound  scheme  of  cost-keeping 
is  an  accurate  and  systematic  method  of  recording  orders,  and  dis- 
tributing these  orders,  together  with  specifications  sufficiently 
complete  and  detailed,  amongst  the  various  depart- 
ments which  will  be  concerned  in  their  execution. 

In  some  establishments  a  number  of  order  books  are  employed 
— one  for  the  general  offices,  one  for  the  drawing  offices,  and  one 
for  each  of  the  principal  departments.  This  method,  however, 
involves  a  large  amount  of  labour,  and  is  inconvenient,  inasmuch 
as  the  foremen  must  be  without  their  order  books  during 
certain  parts  of  the  day,  whilst  the  books  are  being  written  up 
in  the  general  offices.  This  plan  would,  indeed,  appear  to  com- 
bine the  maximum  of  labour  with  the  minimum  of  advantage  ; 
and  is  quite  indefensible  now  that  so  many  efficient  methods  of 
multiplying  copies  of  writing  are  available. 

A  far  more  convenient  and  perfectly  satisfactory  method  of 
dealing  with  orders  is  the  following : — A  general  order  book 
is  provided  and  kept  in  the  general  offices.  In  this  book  every 


228 


COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 


ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  i,— ORDER  BOOK. 

LEFT-HAND  PAGE. 


Date  when 
Ordered. 

Order  No. 

NAME  AND  ADDRESS  OF  CUSTOMER. 
DESCRIPTION  OF  ORDER. 

1  88— 
Jan.  6 

67 

Thomas  Robinson  and  Sons,  Victoria 

• 

Saw  Mills,  Blanktown. 

One  horizontal  high  pressure  non-con- 

densing steam  engine,  with  cylinder 

9  x  1  8,  to  work  at   100  revolutions 

per  minute,  and  to  indicate  15  h.p., 

with     boiler    pressure     of    80  Ibs.  ; 

metallic  piston,  steel  rod,  crank  shaft 

and  pin,  hammered  scrap-iron  con- 

necting rod,  plain  slide  valve,  quick 

speed  governor,  equilibrium  throttle 

valve,  plain  fly-wheel  turned  up  on 

rim,   feed    pump,   stop    valve,    and 

other  mountings,  cast-iron  bedplate, 

foundation  bolts,  &c.,  complete,  de- 

livered and  erected  as  per  specifica- 

tion. 

Jan.  6 

68 

James  Smith,  Castle  Street  Mills. 

One  cast-iron  elbow  pipe  to  sketch  ; 

face  flanges  and  drill  bolt  holes. 

order  is  entered  as  received,  its  consecutive  number  put  opposite, 
together  with  any  necessary  references  as  to  the  estimate  book, 
tender  book,  or  letter  book.  All  that  is  necessary  in  this  book 
is  for  the  entries  to  be  sufficiently  descriptive  of  the  work  re- 
quired to  be  done.  The  arrangement  of  the  book  is  shown 
above :— 


ORDER  BOOK. 


22Q 


ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  i. — ORDER  BOOK. 

RIGHT-HAND  PAGE. 


Estimate 
Book 
Folio. 


82 


Specifica- 
tion 

or  Tender 
Book 
Folio.  - 


J3 

99 


Date  when  delivered,  and  space  for 
any  remarks  or  notes  it  may  be 
desirable  to  record  during  pro- 
gress of  work,  or  for  instructions 
as  to  delivery  of  goods. 


Forward  per  G.  N.  R.  to 
Blanktown  Station ;  Ro- 
binsons will  cart  to  mill. 
See  letter  Jan.  24th. 

Delivered  Feb.  188— 
Completed  Feb.  22,  188— 


Folio  in 
Sales  or  Day 
Book  or  No. 
of  Delivery 

Docket. 


Docket 
Nos. 

672 

694 


Verbal  order  by  Mr.  - 
to  J.  T.  (pattern 
foreman). 


shop 


Day 

Book. 

301 


The  book  is  of  post  size,  giving  a  page  of  fully  15  in.  in 
length,  by  9^  in.  width.  Omitting  the  name  of  the  customer,  but 
leaving  space  for  it,  and  putting  in  the  order  number,  an  exact 
copy  of  the  entry  in  the  order  book  is  then  written  out  in 
multiple  copying  ink  on  a  "  Shop  Order  Form."  A  separate 
form  is  taken  for  each  entry. 


23° 


COSTS'   BOOK-KEEPING. 


The  form  is  a  single  sheet  or  page,  nearly  16  in.  by  10  in., 
ruled  as  follows  : — 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  2. 


O.N?  67 

Order  No.  67 

Issued  to  Drawing  Office 

„        Shop 

Order  completed 


Drawing 
Numbers. 

Description  of  Order  and  Enumeration 
of  Parts  here. 

This  space  is  utilised 
for  Remarks  or 
Notes  of  Weights. 

••    -  -   .--   —  . 

ORDER   FORMS.  23! 


The  form  is  copied  in  a  copying  book  as  a  record  merely,  and 
afterwards  sent  into  the  drawing  or  works'  manager's  office. 
Before  being  sent  in,  however,  the  name  of  the  customer  is 

written  on  in  pencil,  merely  for  the  information 
Shop  Orders.     r    ,       .  .  r   ,         ,  J 

of  the  chief  draughtsman,  or  works  manager.     It 

should  be  made  a  fixed  rule  for  all  formal  orders  to  be  sent  into 
the  shops  through  the  drawing  office. 

If  the  order  is  simply  a  casual  one  for  some  standard  article  or 
simple  repair,  and  on  the  face  of  it  enumerates  all  the  parts  that 
will  be  required,  it  is  at  once  copied  in  a  copying  book,  called 
the  "  Shop  Orders  Copy  Book— D.  O."  (Drawing  Office).  Then 
from  the  back  or  inked  side  of  the  leaf  in  the  copy  book,  as 
many  more  copies  will  be  taken,  each  on  a  separate  sheet  of 
stout  paper,  as  there  are  departments  through  which  the  work 
*vill  have  to  pass.  For  example,  if  the  order  be  for  "  One  cast- 
aron  pulley,  30  in.  by  9  in.  face  turned  convex,  bored  3  in. 
diameter  (gauge  herewith),  and  with  one  key  bed  cut,"  four  copies 
will  be  taken,  one  each  for  the  pattern-shop  foreman,  the  foreman 
moulder,  the  turning-shop  foreman,  and  the  storekeeper.  A 
boy,  of  course,  takes  the  copies  with  the  aid  of  a  strong  press. 

If  the  entry  does  not  enumerate  the  parts  required,  the  chief 
•draughtsman  sees  that  a  complete  enumeration  of  every  part  is 
written  out  on  the  same  sheet  or  on  continuations,  with  any 
special  instructions  and  all  necessary  references  to  the  numbers 
of  the  working  drawings.  This  enumeration  of  the  parts  may 
appear  a  formidable  task,  but  seeing  that  it  has  to  be  done  by 
someone  in  some  way,  it  is  decidedly  the  best  to  have  it  done 
in  the  proper  office  at  the  outset.  Much  loss  of  time  at  subse- 
quent stages  is  thus  avoided.  Of  course,  it  not  infrequently 
happens  that  a  job  must  be  started  before  all  the  drawings  are 
completed,  and  before  all  the  parts  can  be  enumerated.  Supple- 
mentary order  forms  have  then  to  be  issued. 

In  cases  where  a  detailed  estimate  has  been  prepared  in  the 
drawing  office,  this  is  got  back  from  the  estimate  clerk,  the  prices 
being  first  torn  ofTat  the  side,  and  is  utilised  as  the  basis  of  the 
shop  order  sheets.  Each  sheet,  before  being  sent  to  the  fore- 
men, has  the  number  of  the  order  (which  is  already  written  on 
it)  stamped  at  the  head  in  bold  figures  by  indiarubber  stamps. 
Each  foreman  has  a  strong  guard  book  in  which  to  keep  his 
sheets.  The  sheets  are  allowed  to  project  at  the  top  sufficiently 


232  COSTS'   BOOK-KEEPING. 


to  enable  the  stamped  number  to  be  read,  so  that  the  book  can 
be  opened  at  any  order  number  with  perfect  convenience.  As 
soon  as  each  foreman  has  finished  his  part  of  the  work  on  any 
order,  he  initials  the  sheet  and  returns  it  to  the  drawing  office  ; 
and  as  soon  as  the  order  is  entirely  completed,  the  original 
sheet  received  from  the  general  office,  with  every  original  addi- 
tion made  in  the  drawing  office,  if  any,  is  sent  to  the  forwarding 
clerk. 

Where  much  jobbing  is  done  it  will  frequently  happen  that 
work  on  an  order  is  commenced  before  the  order  is  entered  at 
all.  It  is  difficult  to  prevent  this  entirely.  Engineers  of  mills 
and  others  will  come  and  give  their  orders  verbally  to  foremen 
or  managers,  and  the  work,  if  urgent,  must  be  promptly  started. 
For  such  cases  the  foremen  have  "  Verbal  Order  Forms,"  upon 
one  of  which  they  must  enter  the  particulars  of  the  order,  with 
the  name  of  the  customer  and  of  the  person  giving  the  order,, 
and  send  it  in  to  the  general  office  to  be  entered,  numbered,  and 
passed  through  the  usual  course  as  soon  as  they  conveniently 
can. 

The  objects  sought  to  be  attained  by  a  complete  and  sys- 
tematic method  of  distributing  orders  through  the  shops,  such 
as  the  one  just  described,  are  principally  two — viz.,  first,  to- 
ensure  that  nothing  shall  be  made  except  under  a  distinct 
order ;  and,  secondly,  to  assist  in  securing  accurate  returns  of 
material  and  workmanship  from  the  shops. 

We  have  now  to  consider  how  these    returns  may  be   best 
obtained.     First,  as  to  material.     It  must  be  premised  that  all 
work  is  supposed  to  be  done  under  an  order  number,  and  that 
anything  made  or  done  is  to  be  charged  against 
its  number;  except  in  the  case  of  work  done  for 
the  shop,  in  which  case  it  will  be  done  under  arc 
order  in  the  name  of  the  shop  account,  and  must  be  charged 
against  that  name.     It  is  sometimes  preferred  to  appropriate 
certain  numbers  to  the  different  shop  accounts,  and  have  work 
done  for  the  shops  returned  against  those  numbers.     There  can- 
be  no  particular  object   or   advantage   in   adopting  this  plan, 
whilst  the  use  of  names  for  the  shop  accounts  necessitates  much 
less  explanation  in  the  case  of  new  hands,  and  is  less  liable  to- 
cause  confusion  or  error  than  numbers. 

It  will  very  often  happen  that  other  work  will  be  returned 


MATERIALS.  233 


against  names — against  the  names  of  customers,  instead  of 
against  order  numbers,  especially  where  much  jobbing  is  done. 
This  cannot  be  entirely  avoided,  and  is  another  of  those  irregu- 
larities which  must  be  tolerated,  and  with  regard  to  which 
dependence  must  be  placed  upon  the  scrutiny  and  supervision 
of  the  costs  office. 

We  have  three  general  cases  of  material  to  deal  with — first, 
material  bought  specially  from  outside  for  particular  jobs ; 
secondly,  material,  such  as  castings  and  forgings,  manufactured 
'  Material—  'm  tne  works ;  and  thirdly,  sundries  from  the 
Three  Cases,  stores.  Material  or  work  is  only  ordered  from 
First  Case.  outside  upon  a  formal  requisition  being  sent  in  to 
the  general  offices.  The  requisition  is  prepared  and  signed  by 
one  of  the  foremen,  or  by  the  storekeeper,  or  by  some  draughts- 
man in  charge,  and  is  always  passed  through  the  drawing  office 
(or  works'  manager's  office,  which  generally  means  the  same 
thing),  and  countersigned  by  the  chief  draughtsman  or  manager. 
The  requisition  states  the  order  number  or  name  of  account  or 
department  for  which  the  material  is  required,  and  this  number 
is  entered  on  the  order  form  in  the  "  Outwards  Order  Book."1 
Upon  the  priced  invoice  being  received,  it  is  at  once  compared 
generally  by  the  outwards  orders  clerk  with  the  order,  and 
stamped  with  a  bold  rubber  stamp  as  follows  : — • 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  3. 


REQUIRED  FOR 

OUTWARDS  O.B.,  folio , 

PRICE  

WEIGHT  OR  QUANTITY 
STORES  JOURNAL,  folio 

COSTS  BOOK,  folio    

INVOICE  BOOK,  folio  


In  the  first  line  is  entered  the  number  of  the  shop  order,  or 
the  name  of  the  account  on  behalf  of  which  the  goods  were 
ordered.  The  first  three  lines  and  the  last  are  filled  up  in  the 
general  offices.  The  invoice  is  then  sent  to  the  storekeeper,, 
who  certifies  the  receipt  of  the  goods,  and  the  correctness  of  the 
weight,  by  putting  his  initials  in  the  fourth  line ;  and  if  the 
goods  were  ordered  for  the  stores,  he  enters  the  invoice  in  the 
"  Stores  Journal,"  and  puts  the  folio  or  page  in  the  fifth  line. 


234  COSTS'   BOOK-KEEPING. 

The  invoice  then  passes  into  the  costs  office,  where,  if  the  goods 
were  ordered  for  stores,  it  is  simply  initialled  in  the  sixth  line 
to  show  that  it  has  properly  passed  through  the  office.  But  if 
the  material  or  work  was  ordered  for  some  particular  job  or 
shop  account,  which  will  be  apparent  at  a  glance  at  the  first 
line,  there  will  be  no  folio,  but  simply  the  storekeeper's  initials 
in  the  fifth  line.  The  costs  clerk  will  therefore  enter  the 
material  in  his  "  Costs  Book — Materials,"  against  the  proper 
order  number,  and  put  the  folio  in  the  sixth  line.  It  will  thus 
be  seen  that  everything  received  must  pass  through  the  stores 
and  costs  office,  and  be  accounted  for  by  the  one  or  the  other, 
or  by  both. 

It  may  be  here  remarked  that  a  good  store  and  competent 
storekeeper  are  absolutely  essential  to  the  correct  keeping  of 
costs.  It  is  impossible  to  obtain  accurate  and  reliable 
returns  of  material  used  for  different  jobs  unless 
the  distribution  of  that  material  is  carefully 
supervised  and  recorded.  It  will  also  be  equally  impossible  to 
make  up  correct  accounts  of  the  departmental  expenses.  There- 
fore a  well-organised  store,  under  intelligent  and,  of  course, 
reliable  direction  and  control,  should  be  one  of  the  first  objects 
of  the  proprietor  or  manager  who  desires  to  put  his  cost-keeping 
on  a  proper  basis. 

Referring  now  to  material  manufactured  in  the  establish- 
ment— iron  castings,  for  example.  We  have  already  explained 
how  the  foreman  moulder  gets  his  authority  to  make  castings. 
In  addition  to  the  formal  order  sheet  sent  in  to 
"  the  foundry,  the  patterns  when  sent  there  from 
the  pattern  shop  have,  as  a  rule,  a  ticket  gummed  on,  stating 
the  number  of  the  order,  and  the  number  of  castings  required. 
After  the  castings  are  fettled  or  dressed,  they  are  sent  to  the 
stores  weighing  machine,  where  the  storekeeper,  or  an  assistant, 
receives  them,  weighs  them,  and  enters  them,  with  the  number 
of  the  order  for  which  they  are  required  (which  has  usually 
been  chalked  on  the  castings  by  the  foreman  moulder  or  under 
his  direction),  upon  an  "  Iron  Foundry  Returns"  sheet.  If  the 
castings  require  workmanship  to  be  put  upon  them,  they  are 
sent,  accompanied  by  a  simple  docket,  stating  number,  weight, 
and  order  number,  into  the  turning  or  fitting  shop.  If  they  are 
to  be  delivered  as  castings  to  the  customer,  the  storekeeper 


MATERIAL. 


235 


retains  them,  pending  the  receipt  of  a  forwarding  order  from  the 
proper  quarter.  The  return  sheets  are  of  post  size  and  ruled, 
as  follows : — 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  4. 

IRON  FOUNDRY  RETURNS. 
Date Sheet  No Total  Sheets 


Order  No. 
or 

Name. 

Number  of  1 
Castings.  | 

Description  of 
Castings. 

Cwt. 

Qr. 

Lb. 

The  columns  at  the  right-hand  side  which  are  left  blank 
above  are  utilised  for  special  notes  or  remarks,  and  occasionally 
in  the  costs  office,  for  noting  against  particular  castings  the 
time  spent  in  moulding  them,  the  rate  of  the  moulder's  wages, 
and  the  total  cost  in  wages.  For  example,  if  a  casting  has  been 
made  in  loam,  the  word  "loam"  will  be  written  boldly  across 
these  columns.  The  particulars  of  the  time  spent  in  moulding 
are  frequently  required  by  the  manager  or  head  clerk,  who 
prices  the  castings  in  the  sales  book ;  and  whilst  the  total  cost 
of  moulding  in  wages  is  always  to  be  found  under  each  order 
number  in  the  "  Costs  Book — Summaries,"  and  in  the  "  Costs 
Book — Wages,"  it  is  frequently  desirable  in  the  case  of  jobbing 
orders  to  have  the  particulars  in  greater  detail.  In  such 
instances,  the  columns  on  the  sheets  can  be  very  conveniently 
used  for  noting  the  necessary  details. 

As  soon  as  the  sheets  for  the  day  are  completed,  they  are 
copied  in  a  press  copy  book  in  the  stores  office  as  a  formal 
record  that  they  were  completed,  and  sent  into  the  general 
offices,  and  finally  into  the  costs  office,  where  from  them  the 
particulars  are  posted  by  the  costs  clerk  into  the  proper  book 


236  COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 

under  each  order  number  or  account.  Returns  from  the  brass 
foundry  and  smithy  are  obtained  in  the  same  manner. 

It  is  desirable  to  have  one  man,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
storekeeper,  specially  appointed  to  attend  to  the  work  which 
has  just  been  described  in  connection  with  the  shop  returns 
sheets.  In  a  moderately  large  establishment  he  may  also  attend 
to  the  giving-out  of  the  raw  material  required  by  the  foundries 
and  smithy.  In  very  large  works,  a  subdivision  of  these  duties 
will,  of  course,  be  necessary. 

In  addition  to  goods  ordered  specially  for  particular  jobs,  and 

which  are  entered  in  the  "  Costs  Book  "  direct  from  the  invoices  ; 

and  material  manufactured  in  the  works,  we  have  to  deal  with 

sundries  supplied  by  the  stores.     Goods  can  only 

Third  Case.—  be  obtained  from  the  stores  under  the  authority  of 

Stores.  -  r  ^t      •     j    i     j. 

a  foreman,    or   ot    an    authorised    leading    hand, 

which  authority  is  usually  conveyed  to  the  storekeeper  in  the 
shape  of  a  simple  docket  or  requisition  form,  on  which  is  briefly 
stated  what  is  wanted,  and  the  order  for  which  it  is  required. 
The  docket  is  initialled  by  the  foreman  or  leading  hand,  and  is 
retained  by  the  storekeeper  after  the  goods  have  been  given  out. 
At  intervals,  and  after  a  sufficient  length  of  time  has  elapsed  to 
make  it  unlikely  that  any  question  will  arise  respecting  the 
goods  supplied  under  the  authority  of  the  dockets,  the  accu- 
mulated papers  are  destroyed. 

As  goods  are  handed  out  of  the  stores,  they  are  entered  in  a 
"  Stores  Waste  Book,"  which  lies  conveniently  near  to  the 
delivery  window  or  counter.  This  "  Waste  Book"  merely  records 
the  number,  weight  and  description  of  the  articles,  with  the 
order  number.  Two  "  Waste  Books  "  are  in  use  (for  alternate 
days),  so  that  one  may  always  lie  at  the  delivery  desk,  whilst 
the  other  is  in  the  stores  office.  From  the  "  Waste  Books  " 
the  storekeeper  compiles  a  "  Stores  Supplied  "  sheet  for  every 
order  number  or  account.  The  compilation  of  these  sheets  is 
simply  a  "posting"  operation.  In  some  establishments,  instead 
of  posting  at  once  on  to  sheets,  the  entries  are  made  in  a  book, 
under  the  different  order  numbers  or  accounts,  and  copies  of 
the  accounts  as  they  appear  in  this  book  are  made  from  time  to 
time  for  the  general  or  costs  offices.  It  serves  every  useful 
purpose,  however,  to  compile  the  "sheets"  we  are  now  describing, 
and  to  press- copy  these  sheets  in  a  copybook,  which  latter,  of 


MATERIAL. 


237 


course,  will  be  properly  indexed  for  convenience  of  reference. 
The  "  stores  supplied "  sheets  are  similar  to  those  already 
described  in  connection  with  the  orders  and  the  foundry  returns, 
but  are  differently  tinted,  and  are  ruled  as  follows  : — 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  5. 

STORES   SUPPLIED. 
Order  No 


Date 

supplied. 

Order 
No. 

ll 

Description  of 
Articles. 

Cwt. 

Qr. 

Lb. 

Rate. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

The  storekeeper  is  required  to  send  in  his  sheets  for  all  orders 
completed  and  all  work  in  progress,  weekly,  to  the  general 
offices.  He  is  also  not  infrequently  called  upon  during  the 
course  of  the  week  for  immediate  returns  of  orders  completed, 
and  for  which  priced  invoices  are  required  at  once. 

The  sheets  from  the  stores  are,  like  all  the  other  returns 
sheets,  first  copied  out  by  hand  into  books  which  are  kept  in 
the  general  office.  The  principal  use  of  these  books  is  to  enable 
the  forwarding  clerk  to  check  and  fill  in  the  particulars  of 
weights  and  other  details  into  his  delivery  dockets  or  advice 
notes,  from  the  originals  of  which  the  entries  are  made  in  the 
Day  or  Sales  Book.  In  small  establishments  this  copying  of 
the  sheets  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  forwarding  clerk  may 
use  the  "  Costs  Book  —  Material  "  for  filling  up  his  delivery 
dockets.  The  sheets  finally  pass  into  the  costs  offices,  where 
the  particulars  contained  on  them  are  entered  into  the  "  Costs 
Book—  Material." 

This  book  is  a  rather  wide  and  not  very  deep 
Costs  Book—  book—  each  page  measuring  about  16  in.  in  width 

Jt  .g  fuled  ^  follows  .__ 


Material. 


238 


COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 


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MATERIALS. 


239 


Two  of  these  books  are  in  constant  use,  one  for  jobbing 
orders  and  one  for  contracts.  In  the  latter,  orders  are  entered 
consecutively,  as  they  come  up  in  the  returns,  as  much  space 
being  allotted  to  each  as  the  costs  clerk  judges,  from  the  nature 
of  the  order,  will  be  required.  In  the  jobbing  book  space  is 
allotted  to  each  regular  customer,  and  all  orders  received  from 
that  customer  are  entered  in  the  space  reserved,  each  being  kept 
separate,  and  entered  as  they  come  up  in  the  returns.  Jobs 
from  casual  customers  are  entered  towards  the  end  of  the  book. 
The  two  books  are  distinguished  by  having  the  letters  J.  and  C., 
respectively,  boldly  stamped  on  the  backs. 

In  addition  to  these,  the  principal  Materials'  Books,  two  sub- 
sidiary books,  are  also  used,  one  for  "Special  Castings"  (loam 
Special  Cast-  or  drysand)  and  one  for  "  Special  Forgings."  The 

ings  and     costs  of  all  loam,  or  dry-sand  castings,  are  made  up 

Forgings.  separately  in  the  former  book  ;  the  latter  is  used 
for  making  up  the  costs  of  forgings  which  it  is  desired  to  keep 
separate  from  the  general  body  of  a  contract.  The  following 
will  sufficiently  illustrate  the  character  and  use  of  both  books  : — 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  7. 

••  SPECIAL  CASTINGS.— COSTS  BOOK." 
Order  No C.  B.  M.  fo. : Summaries  fo. : 


Name  of  Customer. 


f 

s. 

d. 

C. 

qr. 

lb. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

Oct. 
Oct. 

16 
4 

i  horizontal  engine  cylinder          .  . 
Wages  week  ending  

3 

18 

4 

38 

2 

14 

7-6 

14 

9 

9 

it 

II 

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4 

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2 

10 

3 

o 

10 

3 

o 

Total  cost          

38 

2 

14 

12-9 

24 

12 

8 

The  particulars  of  the  wages  shown  in  the  above  example  are 
obtained  from  abstract  sheets,  to  be  presently  described.  The 
first  intimation  that  the  costs  clerk  will  have  that  the  cylinder  in 
question  is  in  hand  will  be  from  his  work  sheets.  He  will,  when 
he  has  made  up  his  wages  abstract  sheet  for  the  week  ending 
October  4th,  open  the  entry  as  above  in  the  "  Special  Castings — 
Cost  Book,"  but  will,  of  course,  have  to  leave  the  weight  column 
and  the  date  opposite  the  casting  blank  until  the  cylinder  has 


240 


COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 


been  cast.  The  filling  in  of  the  weight  of  the  cylinder  will 
probably  be  the  last  entry  he  will  make  under  this  heading, 
preparatory  to  calculating  the  total  cost  of  the  castings. 

Whilst,  however,  the  costs  of  special  castings  and  forgings  are 
thus  made  up  in  detail  in  subsidiary  books,  they  are  always 
entered  in  the  gross  in  the  general  Materials'  Book  as  well,  so 
that  all  essential  particulars  of  the  material  supplied  under  any 
order  number  may  be  obtained  on  reference  to  one  book. 

We  have  now  explained  the  methods  by  which  the  costs  de- 
partment obtains  particulars  of  the  material  obtained  or  made 
fotf  customers  under  the  order  numbers.  It  is  not,  however, 
Ascertaining  sum^ent  f°r  tne  costs  departments  to  be  merely 
Costs  of  informed  of  the  numbers  and  weights  of  the  cast- 
Material,  ings,  forgings,  and  other  parts,  as  such,  which  enter 
Casting's,  &e.  jnj-0  j-ne  composition  of  the  different  jobs.  It  is 
necessary  for  the  costs  department  to  be  also  fully  informed  as 
to  the  quantity  and  character  of  the  raw  material  used  in  the 
establishment  for  the  production  of  the  castings,  forgings,  and 
other  parts,  in  order  that  they  may  determine  such  rates,  for 
example,  as  the  'js.  6d.  in  the  illustration  just  given,  which  was 
the  cost  of  loam  castings  under  every  count  except  moulders' 
wages  during  a  certain  period.  The  necessary  particulars,  so  far 
as  material  is  concerned,  are  obtained  from  the  storekeeper.  All 
pig  iron,  scrap  iron,  coke  and  limestone  for  the  iron  foundry ;  all 
copper,  etc.,  for  the  brass  foundry ;  all  bar  iron,  coal,  breeze,  etc., 
for  the  smithy  pass  through  the  storekeeper's  books.  In  the 
case  of  the  iron  foundry  the  assistant  storekeeper  has  a  book 
ruled  as  follows  : — 


ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  8. 

DELIVERIES  TO  CUPOLAS. 


Date. 


No.  i. 
Scotch  Pigs. 

No.  3. 
Scotch  Pigs. 

No.  4. 
Scotch  Pigs. 

Haematite. 

Common 
Scrap. 

Light 
Scrap. 

Coke. 

^wt. 

qr. 

Ib. 

:l 

We  only  show  seven  columns  above.     Each  page  of  the  book 


MATERIAL.  24! 


actually  contains  ten  more.  The  above  headings,  being  daily 
required,  are  printed  ;  the  remaining  columns  have  the  headings 
left  blank,  so  that  they  may  be  filled  in  by  hand  by  the  store- 
keeper's assistant  according  as  they  are  required.  As  the  dif- 
ferent classes  of  iron  are  weighed  over  the  bridge  the  weights 
are  entered  in  the  proper  columns.  The  totals  under  each 
column  are  added  up  at  the  close  of  each  day's  deliveries.  A 
page  of  the  book  is  taken  for  each  day. 

-  From  this  book  a  monthly  summary  is  prepared  on  a  sheet 
ruled  exactly  like  the  book  itself,  except  that  it  has  an  addi- 
tional column  at  the  left-hand  side  for  dates.  The  totals  of  the 
different  classes  of  iron  supplied  each  day  are  entered  in  the 
proper  columns,  and  the  totals  of  the  different  classes  supplied 
during  the  month  are  found  by  adding  up  the  columns.  If  any 
quantity  of  a  special  brand  of  iron  has  been  supplied  to  the 
furnace  for  a  special  casting,  the  order  number  under  which  the 
casting  is  made  is  noted  under  the  entry  of  the  weight  of  the 
iron.  There  is  usually  a  small  stock  of  pigs  or  other  iron  at 
the  furnace  bank  or  mouth.  The  weight  of  this  can  usually  be 
estimated  with  sufficient  accuracy,  and  is  taken  into  account  in 
the  statement.  That  is  to  say,  the  first  entries  on  the  monthly 
sheet  represent  the  stock  at  the  furnace  bank  at  the  end  of  the 
preceding  month.  This  is  included  in  the  addition  of  the 
columns,  and  then  the  stock  at  the  bank  when  the  summary  is 
completed  is  deducted.  The  balance,  of  course,  gives  the 
quantity  consumed  during  the  month. 

This  monthly  summary  sheet  is  sent  in  to  the  costs  office,  and 
from  it  a  monthly  statement  of  the  overhead  cost  of  castings,  as 
illustrated  in  Chapter  V.,  page  48,  is  prepared  and  entered  in  a 
book  kept  for  the  purpose.  The  particulars  of  the  metals  supplied 
to  the  brass  foundry  are  recorded  in  an  exactly  similar  method 
to  that  adopted  for  the  iron  foundry. 

The  proper  accounting  for  the  bar  iron  and  steel  supplied  to 

the  smithy  presents  greater  difficulties.    In  many  establishments 

all  bar  iron  and  steel  is  simply  charged  to  the  smithy,  and  the 

price  at  which  the  material  of  a  forging  is  rated  in 

irgings.     a  cQst  ,g  t^e  prjce  per  cwf.    pajd  for  t^  bars,  waste 

and  loss  being  entirely  covered  in  the  percentage  added  for 
shop  expenses. 

A  somewhat   less   summary  method   is   certainly  desirable. 

R 


242 


COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 


The  following  answers  for  all  practical  purposes.  The  iron, 
etc.,  supplied  to  the  smithy  for  the  manufacture  of  forgings  is 
recorded  on  sheets  ruled  as  follows  : — 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  9. 

DELIVERIES  TO  SMITHY. 


Date. 

Order 
No. 

Class  of 
Iron,  &c. 

Special. 

General. 

Returned  to 
Stock. 

Feb. 

6 

601 

i  Bar  3  in. 

•» 

Shop 

"  Special  "  Steel 
2  Bars  i  in. 
"Crown" 

4 

0 

20S. 

4 

5 

0 

0 

3 

0 

gs. 

0 

6 

9 

2 

0 

0 

2G. 

2     0 

The  two  entries  shown  above  will  indicate  the  use  of  this 
sheet.  All  iron  of  ordinary  character  supplied  to  the  smithy 
for  the  manufacture  of  general  forgings  is  simply  noted  as 
supplied  to  the  smithy  itself,  and  is  entered  in  the  "  general " 
column.  The  iron  that  appears  in  this  column  will  only  vary 
as  to  its  cost  price  to  very  small  extents — one  or  two  shillings. 
Probably  none  of  this  iron  will  be  returned  to  store,  except 
in  the  shape  of  a  quantity  of  scrap  at  the  end  of  the  month. 
The  weight  of  this  scrap  will  be  duly  noted  in  the  "  returned  " 
column.  When,  however,  any  bars  of  special  character  are 
supplied  to  the  smithy,  the  order  number  of  the  job  for  which 
they  are  required  is  noted  (the  foreman  smith's  requisition  to 
the  storekeeper  will  give  the  number),  and  the  iron  or  steel  is 
entered  in  the  "  special  "  column. 

In  the  instance  shown  above  it  will  be  seen  that  half  the  bar 
of  steel  was  returned,  and  this  was  considered  as  still  worth  the 
original  price  per  cwt,  and  would  consequently  be  taken  back 
into  the  store  at  the  full  price.  Only  a  small  piece  of  the  bar 
might  have  been  returned,  in  which  case  it  would  only  have  been 
worth  probably  half-a-crown  per  cwt,  and  would  have  been  so 
noted  in  the  "  returned  "  column. 

The  costs  clerk,  in  entering  up  order  No.  601,  will  come 


WAGES.  243 


across  some  forging  of  special  steel  weighing  about  2  cwt.,  and 
will  at  once  turn  up  the  "deliveries  to  smithy  "  sheet,  where  he 
will  find  the  particulars  of  the  bar  of  steel  supplied  to  the 
smithy  for  the  job.  From  the  price  recorded  as  the  price  of  the 
bar,  and  from  the  value  of  the  returned  part,  if  any  is  entered, 
he  will  ascertain  and  put  down  the  price  for  the  material  con- 
tained in  the  forging. 

These  sheets  as  completed  are  copied  in  a  press  copy-book, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  month  are  sent  in  to  the  costs  office. 
They  give  the  total  weight  of  iron,  etc.,  supplied  to  the  smithy 
during  the  month,  and  at  the  same  time  show  at  a  glance  all 
the  particulars  required  to  determine  the  cost  in  material  of  any 
special  cases. 

All  material  of  a  general  character  supplied  to  the  foundries 
and  smithy,  such  as  does  not  enter  directly  into  the  composition 
of  the  castings  and  forgings  produced,  is  recorded  in  the  general 
stores  sheets  under  the  heads  of  the  different  shop  expenses 
accounts. 

It  will  have  been  noticed  that  all  material,  whether  in  a  raw 
condition,  as  for  example  pig  iron  for  the  foundry,  or  in  a  half 
manufactured  condition  in  the  form  of  castings  or  forgings  for 
the  turning  or  fitting  shops,  must  pass  through  the  stores. 
The  strict  observance  of  this  rule  will  minimise  error,  secure 
regularity  and  economise  labour. 

We  come  now  to  deal  with  wages,  and   the  means  to  be 

adopted  to  secure  that  every  penny  paid  for  wages,  like  every 

penny  paid  for  material,  shall  be  charged  against 

ages*      some  customer,  or  against  some  shop  or  expenses 

account  in  the  costs  book. 

In  this  connection  we   have  the   following  books : — First,  a 

"  Check  Time  Book,"  in  which  the  names  and  numbers  of  all 

workmen  are  entered  under  their  proper  departments,  and  in 

which  the  arrival  of  the  men,  as  indicated  by  their 

lime  Book     checks,  is  noted,  in  accordance  with  the  system  of 
"time  checks"  adopted.      This  it  is  unnecessary 
to  describe  in  detail.     This  book  is  kept  by  the  gateman,  and 
records  the  total  hours  made  by  the  men  in  the  shops. 

From  it  the  names  and  numbers  of  the  men, 

Pay  Book.  together  with  the  total  time  made  by  each,  are 
entered  in  a  "  Pay  Book,"  ruled  with  columns  for  the  tofal 


244  COSTS*   BOOK-KEEPING. 

hours,  rate?  of  wages,  gross  amounts  of  wages,  deductions,  and, 
net  amounts  of  wages.  The  "  Pay  Book  "  is  kept  in  the  general 
office.  From  the  "  Check  Time  Book,"  also,  the  names  and  num- 
bers of  all  men  are  entered  by  the  costs  clerks  in  weekly  "Work 
Books,"  the  rates  of  wages  being  obtained  from  the  "Pay  Book." 
In  the  case  of  a  considerable  portion  of  the  men — that  is  to 
say,  all  foremen,  engine-drivers  or  firemen,  furnace-men,  gate- 
keeper, storemen,  and  shop  labourers,  the  costs  clerks  simply 

take  the  particulars  of  the  total  time  made  by 
Work  Books. .,  ,,  . ,  ,,  , 

them,  or    the   wages  paid  them  where  these  are 

standing  or  invariable  wages,  from  the  "  Check  Time  Book"  or 
the  "Pay  Book."  But  in  the  case  of  all  journeymen  or  trades- 
men, apprentices  and  some  labourers,  the  costs  clerks  obtain  the 
particulars  of  the  time  made  from  the  workmen  themselves. 
These  workmen  will  be  employed  on  different  jobs,  in  all. 
probability,  during  the  week,  and  it  is  necessary  to  know  how 
much  time  each  man  or  apprentice  has  spent  on  each  job.  For 
ascertaining  this,  a  costs  clerk,  in  some  establishments,  goes 
round,  ascertains  the  particulars  from  each  man,  and  enters 
them  in  a  book  which  he  carries  with  him. 

It  is,  however,  better  to  require  the  workmen  to  record  the 
particulars  themselves,  either  on  slates,  sheets  on  boards,  or  in 
books.  Slates  are  rather  heavy  and  inconvenient  to  handle, 
and  are  very  liable  to  get  broken.  Books  very 
soon  Decome  extremely  dirty.  Probably  as  good 
a  material  as  any  is  a  block  formed  by  a  stout, 
piece  of  common  cardboard,  with  thirteen  sheets  of  paper 
attached  to  it,  and  to  one  another  also,  by  being  thoroughly 
gummed  all  round  their  edges,  except  at  one  corner.  Each 
sheet  is  large  enough  to  contain  a  week's  record  (ten  inches 
by  eight  inches  is  a  good  size),  and  is  ruled  with  columns 
for  the  order  number  or  name,  the  description  of  the  job, 
and  for  each  day  in  the  week.  When  a  sheet  is  filled,  it 
is  raised  at  the  ungummed  corner,  and  a  knife  slipped  under, 
and  run  all  round,  thus  detaching  the  sheet,  and  leaving  z 
new  one  for  a  new  week.  The  blocks  are  collected  by  a  boy 
before  breakfast  each  morning,  and  left  in  the  costs  office.  They 
are  distributed  again  during  the  forenoon. 

The  particulars  recorded  by   the   men   are   entered    in   the 
weekly  "Work   Books,"  the  total  time  being,  at  the  end  of 


WAG  LS. 


245 


.week,  checked  by  comparison  with  the  "  Pay  Book."  It  is  a 
rule  that  the  amount  of  wages  for  each  workman  must  agree  in 
,the  two  books  before  the  wages  are  paid.  The  following 
example  will  illustrate  the  form  and  use  of  the  "  Work 
Books":— 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  10. 
WORK  BOOK. 

Week  ending  6th  Dec.,  188 


en 

Workman's 

m 

i 

ii 

Name  and  No. 
of  Order  or 
Customer's 

Description  of  Job. 

F. 

S. 

M. 

T. 

W. 

Th. 

0 

E 

1 

<u 

£ 

s. 

a. 

•;t>  Z 

Name. 

o 

cd 

T 

H 

« 

TURNING 

SHOP. 

324 

William  Brown. 
601 
Armstrong. 
640 
584 

6o-5n.  rope  wheel     .  . 
Brass  gland 
Valve-gear  engine  .  . 
Gland  cylinder 

94 

a 

94 

* 

54 

9 

9i 
9 

o 

0 
0 

o 

19 

I 

5 
5 

i 

7 
4 

(fitter). 

53? 

32 

I 

ii 

8 

201 

John  Jones. 
Walker  &  Co. 

Out  time,  per  signed 
docket 
Allowance     .  . 

54 

30,' 

I 

o 

IO 

6 

o 

0 

I 

16 

o 

340 

Thomas  Green. 
Shop. 

(labourer). 

4* 

I3/ 

o 

ii 

3 

• 

'-" 

' 

The  entire  wages  of  the  establishment  are  dealt  with  in  the 
rnanner   indicated   above.     A   book  simply  bound  in  a  stout 


246  COSTS'   BOOK  KEEPING. 

paper  cover  is  used  for  each  week.  By  using  a  book  for  each 
week,  the  work  of  posting  or  abstracting  the  wages  can  be  carried 
on  by  one  clerk  without  interfering  with  the  work  of  entering  up 
the  books  from  the  men's  sheets.  Each  page  of  the  work-book 
is  nearly  16  in.  deep  by  loin.  wide.  From  the  work-book  the 
wages  paid  in  all  contract  jobs  and  on  account  of 

OVl  shop  or  general   expenses   are    collected,    under 

oiieeis.  .       . 

certain  classes  and  under  the  order  numbers  or 

accounts,  on  "  Abstract  Sheets,"  which  are  large  sheets  ruled  on 
one  side  only,  as  in  Form  No.  i  r.  No  headings  are  printed — 
these  being  written  in  as  required.  That  is  to  say,  all  the 
wages  paid  to  draughtsmen  on  any  contract  job  are  collected 
together  under  the  order  number  on  the  sheet,  and  the  sum 
total  found  by  adding  up  the  collected  items,  and  so  on  with 
the  wages  paid  to  pattern  makers,  moulders,  smiths,  and  all 
other  classes  into  which  the  workmen  of  the  establishment  are 
divided.  It  will  be  understood  that  all  the  columns  on  the 
"  Abstract  Sheets "  are  ruled  alike.  In  the  Illustrative  Form 
No.  u,  the  two  first  sets  of  columns  are  shown  different  from 
the  rest  simply  for  convenience  in  introducing  the  figures.  From 
these  figures  it  will  be  seen  that  three  draughtsmen  worked  on 
job  No.  60 1  during  the  week  covered  by  this  sheet,  that  they 
spent  altogether  5  r  hours  on  the  work  and  received  in  wages 
on  account  of  this  job  £2  $s.  gd.  The  particulars  of  wages 
required  for  the  loam  castings  and  special  forging  books  are 
also  obtained  from  the  work-book  or  abstract  sheet. 

The  totals  of  the  wages  paid  to  the  different  classes  of  work- 
men under  each  order  number  or  account  are  then 
C°SWagesf~  posted  from  the  abstract  sheets  into  the  "  Costs 
Book — Wages  (C)  "  (contract  and  shop  and  general 
expenses  accounts).  This  book  is  the  same  size  as  the  "  Costs 
Book — Materials,"  and  is  ruled  as  in  Form  No.  12.  The  sums 
on  each  horizontal  line  are  added  up  as  soon  as  the  posting  for 
each  week  is  completed,  and  the  total  put  in  the  "  totals" 
column.  This  column,  therefore,  shows  at  a  glance  the  amount 
of  w?ges  that  has  been  paid  in  any  week  on  any  contract. 
When  a  job  is  completed,  all  the  vertical  columns  are  added 
up,  all  the  machinists  grouped  together  (as  a  rule),  and  the 
totals  posted  to  the  "  Costs  Book — Summaries,"  which  will  be 
presently  described. 


WAGES. 


247 


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248 


COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 


The  wages  paid  on  jobbing  orders  are  dealt  with  somewhat 
differently.     It  is  quite  sufficient  to  treat  wages  paid  on  con- 
tracts and  on  the  different  shop  accounts  in  the  general  or  sum- 
mary manner  which  has  just  been  described,  but 
Wages?      ^  *s  durable,  for  the  convenience  of  the  manager 
or  clerk  whose  duty   it  is  to  price  jobbing  work 
in  the  Day  or  Sales  Book,  to  have  wages  paid  on  jobbing  orders 
posted  in  greater  detail.      These  wages  are,  therefore,  posted 
direct  into  the  "  Costs  Book — Wages  (J)  "  in  the  manner  shown 

in  the  following  illustration  : — 

i 

ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  13. 

COSTS  BOOK— WAGES  (J). 
THOMAS  SMITH  AND  Co. 


Date. 

Order 
No. 

Work- 
man. 

Description  of  Job. 

Pattern 
Makers. 

Turners. 

Fitters. 

Totals. 

702 

P.M. 

26-in.  Pulley  (2)  is.  zd., 

Turner. 

Bush(i)7d  

i 

9 

26-in.  Pulley  (5)  33.  id., 
Bush  (2)  is.  3^7, 

4 

4 

19 

Reboring  24-in.  Pulley 

(2)  is.  3d  

i 

3 

Cutting  Shaft  and  turn- 

ing new  Journals  (5) 

2S.  gd  

2 

9 

Old  Pulleysand  Wheels 

(4)  2S.  Id  

2 

i 

Fitters. 

(4)     2S.      4>f.      Lining 

Brasses  (14)  75.  8d.  .  . 

IO 

o 

I 

9 

IO 

5 

lo 

0 

i 

2 

9 

In  addition  to  the  three  columns  shown  above,  which  are 
utilised  for  collecting  the  wages  paid  to  the  pattern-makers, 
turners  and  fitters,  there  are  a  number  of  other  columns  which 
we  omit  in  order  not  to  overcrowd  our  illustration.  Altogether 
there  are  columns  with  printed  headings  for  the  following,  and 
in  the  following  order,  viz.,  draughtsmen,  pattern-makers,  loam 
moulders,  green-sand  moulders,  smiths,  machinists,  fitters  and 
millwrights,  and  two  blank  columns. 

The  book  is  the  same  size  as  the  "  Contracts  Costs  Book/ 
and  in  order  to  gain  space  for  the  descriptive  columns,  all  the 
machinists  are  grouped  under  one  heading,  and  the  money 
columns  are  ruled  for  shillings  and  pence  only.  In  the  course 
of  t!_e  month  (the  accounts  for  jobbing  work  are  presented 


WAGES.  ,  249 


monthly)  probably  several  ,orders  for  jobbing  .work  will  be  sent 
in  by  Thomas  'Smith  and  Co.,  and,  it  may  be,  two  cr  three 
different  orders  will  be  running  through  the  shops  at  the  same 
time  for  them.  It  will  not  infrequently  happen  that  the  returns 
of  the  workmanship  will  be  found  rather  mixed,  but  from  the 
brief  descriptions  thus  brought  forward  and  collected  into  the 
;•"  Costs  Book,"  the  manager  who  prices  the  accounts  in  the 
*'  Sales  Book "  will  usually  have  no  difficulty  in  appropriating 
the  different  items  to  the  proper  entries  as  taken  from  the 
forwarding  clerk's  delivery  dockets,  which  contain,  besides  an 
enumeration  of  the  articles  supplied,  a  brief  description  of  the 
work  done  upon  them,  which  the  forwarding  clerk  obtains  from 
the  foreman  and  checks  by  the  order. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  this  book  is  designed  with  the  double 
object  of  facilitating  the  charging  of  the  jobbing  accounts,  and 
for  ascertaining  quickly  the  total  wages  which  have  been  paid 
on  account  of  any  job  done  for  a  customer,  or,  at  least,  paid  on 
his  account  during  any  period,  it  being  only  necessary  to  add 
Mp  the  vertical  money  columns  and  bring  their  totals  into  the 
final  totals  column  for  the  latter  purpose. 

The  results  shown  by  the  materials  and  wages  costs  books 
Costs  Book—  are  finally  collected  into  the  "  Costs  Book — Sum- 
Summaries,  maries,"  which  is  a  private  book  accessible  only  to 
the  principals  and  confidential  members  of  the  staff. 

We  give  an  illustration  of  this  book  overleaf,  selecting  for 
example?  a  srr.al1  contract  and  a  small  jobbing  account.  The 
letters  S.  B.  and  the  figures  under,  refer  to  the  folios  in  the 
Sales  Book  ;  the  letters  C.  and  J.,  and  the  figures  annexed, 
refer  to  the  folios  in  the  Materials  Costs  Books,  Contract  and 
Jobbing,  and  to  the  corresponding  Wages  Costs  Books.  The 
figures  in  the  %  column  indicate  the  percentages  on  the  wages, 
which  are  added  on  account  of  all  indirect  expenses — the  actual 
amounts  of  the  "  expenses  "  so  calculated  appear  in  the  expenses 
column. 

It  will  be  readily  understood  that  a  book  cf  this  kind, 
properly  kept,  will  constitute  a  most  valuable  summary  of  the 
entire  business  of  the  establishment. 

All  the  jobs  completed  in  any  one  month  are  entered  up 
consecutively  in  this  book,  so  that  the  entries  correspond  with 
the  monthly  entries  in  the  "  Sales  Book."  Hence  to  determine. 


250 


COSTS'  BOOK-KEEPING. 


ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  14. 

DflJ 

COSTS  BOOK— SUMMARIES. 
LEFT-HAND  PAGE. 


BROWN  AND  JONES. 

June 

10 

O.  No. 

712 

Eight  lines  of  wrought-iron  shafting,  s-in.  diameter,  each  line  40  ft. 
long,  in  2  lengths,  joined  by  cast-iron  flange  couplings,  with  turned 

bolts. 

July 

4 

S.  B. 

Delivered  f.  o.  r.  here. 

July 

0.  No. 

780 

THOMAS  SMITH  AND  Co. 

791 

Sundries. 

S.  B. 

315 

approximately  at  least,  the  profit  that  has  been  made  in  any 
month,  it  is  only  necessary  to  add  up  the  two  last  columns  in 
this  book,  and  to  subtract  the  one  from  the  other.  We  say 
"approximately,"  because  the  sums  which  appear  in  the  "total 
.cost"  column  include  an  item  which,  in  the  nature  of  the  case, 
is  problematical — that  is,  the  shop  or  indirect  and  general  ex- 
penses. 

We  have  now  traced  all  the  elements  that  go  to  constitute  a 
complete  cost  through  the  different  books  to  their  final  destina- 
tion. The  following  diagram  shows  the  relations  of  the 
books : — 


MATERIALS. 
Invoices.    Iron  Foundry  Returns. 


Brass 


Stores. 


LBra: 
Smithy 
Cost 


.Costs  Books— Materials 
(Special  Castings  and  Forgings  Books. ) 


"'         I 

rials. 1 


WAGES. 
Time  Book.     Pay  Book.    Men's  Sheets. 


Work  Books.. 


(Abstract  Sheets.) 
Costs  Books— Wages. 


-Costs  Books— Summaries.  - 


It  only  remains  to  add  that  certain  items  of  a  private  cha- 
racter, such  as  managers'  salaries,  interest,  and  a  few  others,  are 
furnished  by  the  cashier  in  a  gross  sum  to  the  chief  costs  clerk, 
when  required  for  the  purpose  of  completing,  yearly  or  half- 


SUMMARIES. 


251 


ILLUSTRATIVE  FORM  No.  14. 

COSTS  BOOK— SUMMARIES. 
RIGHT-HAND  PAGE. 


Fol. 

Weights. 

Cost 
Materials. 

Wages. 

% 

Expenses. 

Total 
Cost. 

Price. 

ii 
C46 

J  14 
Ji6 

Wrought-iron 
Cast-iron 
Stores     (Bolts, 
etc.)   .. 
Machinists 
Fitters  .. 

Cast-iron 
Brass 
Pattern-makers 
Machinists      .  . 
Fitters  .. 

;6 

ri 
o 

2 

2 

I 

0 
0 

18 

10  ( 
63 

(0 

3 

2 

3 
ii 

16 

8 
ii 

o 

0 

9 

0 

16 

0 

15 

0 

8 
7 

150 
5° 

13 
o 

II 

7 

0 
10 

^9 

I 

18 

46 

ii 

7 

10 

12 

3 

75 
150 
50 

13 

18 

10 

71 

2 

8 

95 

o 

0 

2 

0 

14 
12 

6  3 

1C 

0 
0 

I 

13 

10 

3 

4 

0 

4 

0 

0 
0 
0 

I 

3 

I 

8 
12 

6 

10 

9 

4 

I 

0 

1  0  1  0  0  0 

i 

12 

6 
19 

4 
6 

I 

9 

3 

6 

'o 

II 

3 

i 

yearly,  as  the  case  may  be,  the  various  "  expenses  "  accounts  in 
the  costs  books. 

Space  will  not  permit  us  to  illustrate  the  different  shop  or  in- 
direct expenses  accounts.  These  accounts  are,  however,  as 
already  stated,  simply  treated  as  contracts,  such  items  as  rents 
and  rates  being  dealt  with  as  materials,  and  entered  in  the 
"  sundries"  column  in  the  "  Materials  Costs  Book."  At  the  end 
of  the  year,  summaries  of  all  the  indirect  expenses  accounts  are 
collected  together  in  the  "Summaries  Costs  Book";  an  abstract 
of  all  the  items  of  indirect  expenses,  under  their  different  head- 
ings, which  have  been  included  in  the  costs  accounts  of  the 
year,  is  made ;  and  a  comparison  instituted,  by  which  the 
accuracy  of  the  percentages  which  have  been  used  during  the 
year  is  tested,  and  the  percentages  to  be  used  in  the  succeed- 
ing year  determined.  ,  K 


APPENDIX. 


TABLE  OF  ENGINEERING  WAGES  IN  LONDON  COMPARED  WITH 
TWO  OTHER  ENGLISH  ENGINEERING  CENTRES.— OCTOBER,  1889. 


LONDON. 

MANCHESTER. 

NEWCASTLE-ON- 
TYNE. 

From 

From 

From 

Pattern  Makers  

5.    d.        s.    d. 
39    o  to  41     o 

s.    d.        s.    d. 
38    o 

5.     d.        s.    d. 
25     o  to  38     6 

Iron  Moulders  

^8    o   ,,    42     o 

—          38    o 

24    o        37    o 

Smiths  

38    o   ,,    40    o 

34    ° 

25     o        37     6 

Smiths'  Strikers  

24    o 

—          20    o 

21     o        23    o 

Iron  Turners    

38    o  ,,    42    o 

32    o  to  38    o 

24    o        38    6 

38    o   ,,    40    o 

26    o        29    o 

21     o        32    o 

Drillers  

—          38    o 

24    o        29    o 

18     o        23     o 

Fitters   

38    o   ,,    40    o 

32    o        36    o 

24    o        38     o 

Millwrights  

39    o   ,,    42    o 

34    o        38    o 

24     o        38    o 

Brass  Finishers  

—          38    o 

32    o        38    o 

24    o        37    o 

General  Labourers  

18    o   ,,   24    o 

17    o        20    o 

18    o        20    o 

As  the  large  engineering  centres,  except  London,  are  either 
in  the  midst  of,  or  very  convenient  to,  iron,  coal  and  coke  pro- 
xiucing  districts,  most  classes  of  engineering  material  cost  con- 
siderably more  in  London  than  in  the  other  principal  engineering 
towns.  The  disadvantage  of  London  in  this  respect,  of  course, 
varies  with  the  material  and  with  the  district  with  which  the 
comparison  is  made.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  special  brands  of 
Yorkshire  iron,  for  example,  cost  less  in  London  than  in  Glasgow 
or  Bristol ;  but,  upon  the  whole,  it  may  be  taken  that  the  greater 
portion  of  heavy  engineering  raw  material  costs  from  5  to  15 
per  cent,  more  in  London  than  in  most  other  larje  manu- 
facturing centres. 


I  N  D  E  X. 


\  BSTRACT  sheets  for  wages,  246 
f\  Account  for  engine  repairs,  199 
Allowance,  men's,  35 
Allowances  for  turning,  &c.,  14 
Alloys,  brass,  &c.,  costs  of,  49 
Alteration  of  patterns,  18 
Asbestos,  32 

T)  EETLING  engines,  166 
J-)   Bleaching  machinery,  160 

,,          kiers,  161 
Blow-off  cocks,  176 
Boiler  makers,  rates  for,  213 
„      plates,  212 
,,      shop  expenses,  214 
,,      specifications,  321 
Boilers,  yarn  &nd  cloth,  161 
„       steam,  207 
„       donkey,  215 
,,       Cornish,  215 
,,       Lancashire,  215 
,,       Multitubular,  220 
Bolts  and  Nuts,  31,  59 
Bowling  forgings,  70 
,,       bars,  71 
,,       plates,  212 
Bowls  for  mangles,  &c.,  164 
Brackets,  examples  of,  61 
Brass,  purposes  used  for,  10 
„      rates  for,  29 

„      composition  and  costs  of,  50 
,,      foundry  expenses,  49 
,,      taps  and  valves,  178,  179 
Breakdowns,  engine,  197 
Brickmaking  plants,  167 

/CALENDERS,  bleachers',  163 
V —    Candles,  32 
Cast  iron,  purposes  used  for,  9 
„          rates  for,  23 


Cast  iron,  fixings,  57,  58 

„          tanks,  136 
Castings,  iron,  costs  of,  48 
brass,       „       49 

„        books  and  forms,  235,  239, 240 
Cements,  rates  for,  32 
Clay  grinding  mills,  169 
„     pugging  mills,  169 
Cloth  boilers,  161 
Coil  springs  for  pistons,  202 
Collars,  loose  for  shafting,  8r,  85 
Columns,  cast-iron,  estimates  for,  38 
Commercial  knowledge,  importance  of,  2 
Condensers,  engine,  193 
Copper,  purposes  used  for,  10 

„        hydraulic  tube,  33 
Cornish  boilers,  216 
Cost,  elements  of,  43,  225 

,,     of  material,  how  ascertained,  233 
Costs  accounts,  objects  of,  224 
,,          „          books  for,  224 
„          „          order  book,  227 
„          „          order  forms,  230 
»         »          invoices,  233  ^ 

„     books,  for  material,  237 
„   forgings,  241 
„       „   special  castings,  239 

,    wages,  245,  247 

„         ,,       ,,   summaries,  250 
Couplings,  173 
Crab  winches,  149,  150 
Cranes,  wharf,  151 

„       warehouse,  150 
Crank  shafts,  201 

pedestals,  40,  201 
„      pin,  201 

Cupolas,  delivery  of  iron  to,  how  re- 
corded, 240 

Cutting  tables,  brick,  169 
Cylinders,  re-bcring,  36 


254 


INDEX. 


•pvEPARTMENTAL  expenses,  45 

JLS     Donkey  pumps,  144 
,,        boilers,  215 
Doors,  iron,  137 
Draughtsmen,  rates  for,  34 
Drawing  office  expenses,  46,  52 
Drillers,  rates  for,  35 

T^  RECTING-SHOP  expenses,  52 
-EL     Erection  of  machinery,  36 
Estimates,  different  methods  of  price- 

in^  21 
Estimating  weights  of  material,  n 

„          workmanship,  33 
Extras  on  boiler  plates,  211 


VALVES,  177 
JP      Files,  rates  for,  31 
Firebars,  rates  for,  28 
Fireproof  doors,  137 
Fitters,  rates  for,  33 
Fitting-shop  expenses,  52 
Fly-wheel  castings,  rates  for,  26 
Foremen,  use  of,  for  estimating,  20 
Forgings,  rates  for,  28 

,,        varieties  of,  70 

,,         makers  of,  72 

books  and  forms  for,  242 
Freights,  36 

41  /^ALLOWAY  "  TUBES,  213 

\Jf     Gauge  cocks,  179 
Grinders,  rates  for,  35 

T  T  AMMERED  scrap  forgings,  70 
JLJ.       ,,        „        „        makers  of,  72 
Hangers,  estimate  for,  39 

,,         examples  of,  61 

lists  of,  63,  85 
Hauling  gear  for  clay,  170 
Hoists,  warehouse,  152 
Hydraulic  presses,  varieties  of,  155 

i,  M    "     warehouse,  156 

ii  ii         repairs  of,  159 

:    ti  i,         list  of,  159 

ti  ii         pumps,  159 

TNDIA  RUBBER,  rates  for,  32 
JL     Indicated  horse  power,  186,  189 


Indirect  expenses,  how  ascertained,  44, 

225,  251 

i,  „        departmental,  45,214 

.,  M        table  of,  52 

Invoices,  233 

Iron  bars,  rates  for,  28,  71 
,t       ,,     makers  of,  72 
„    boiler  plates,  212 
,,    forgings,  29,  70 
ii          „         makers  of,  72 
„    borings,  32 
,,    doors,  costs  of,  137 
,,    foundry  expenses,  47 
returns,  235 

KIERS,  bleaching,  161 
Kirkstall  bars,  71 

LABOUR,  prices  paid  for,  23 
Labourers,  rates  for,  36 
Lancashire  boilers,  217 
Lead,  purposes  used  for,  10 

„      sheet,  32 

Loom  castings,  rates  for,  27 
Lo  .v  Moor  forgings,  70 

„     bars,  71 
„        „      plates,  212 

A/T  ACHINE-SHOP    expenses,   51, 

Machinists,  rates  for,  35 
Mangles,  bleachers,  163 
Materials,  basis  costs  of,  22 

„          prices  for,  23 

„          cost  of,  how  ascertained,  233 

,,          costs  book  for,  237 
Mill  fixings,  55,  58 
Milling  machine  men,  rates  for,  35 
Millwright  work,  rates  for,  83 

>»  ,,     contracts,  129,  131 

Millwrights,  rates  for,  34 
"Molesworth,"  n 
Mortar  mills,  171 
Multitubular  boilers,  220 

XT  ECK  LEATHERS,  rates  for,  33 


Nominal  horse  power,  184 

DER  BOOK,  227 

Order  forms  for  shop  use,  230 


INDEX. 


255 


PAINT,  rates  for,  32 
Pattern  makers,  rates  for,  34 
Pattern-shop  expenses,  47,  52 
Patterns,  utilisation  of  old,  18 
Pedestals,  38,  39,  40,  65 
„          lists  of,  69,  85 
Pipes,  cast-iron,  rates  for,  27 

,,     steam  and  water,  rates  for,  31 
Piping,  hydraulic,  rates  for,  33 
Piston  springs,  rates  for,  33 
Pistons,  202 
1'ianers,  rates  for,  35 
Plates  for  boilers,  211 

,,      rates  for,  212 
Presses,  hydraulic,  155 
Prices,  how  determined,  3 
Profit,  how  made  and  modified,  3 
Pug  mill,  clay,  169 
Pulley  castings,  rates  for,  26 

,,      patterns,  86 
Pulleys,  39,  91 

lists  of,  99 

„        rates  for,  90,  98 
„        varieties  cf,  88 
Pump  leathers,  rates  for,  33 
Pumps,  barrel,  141 
„      list  of,  144 
,,      direct-acting  steam,  145 
„       donkey,  144 

,,       list  of,  145 
,,      hydraulic,  158 
„       plunger,  140 

list  of,  141 
„       steam,  144 

y^vUANTITIES,  calculation  of,  n 

RE-COGGING  wheels,  123-127 
,,    rates  for,  127 
Repairs,  estimating  for,  40 

engine,  197 

Rolled  bars,  rates  for,  71 
, ,        , ,     makers  of,  72 
Rope  drives,  advantages  of,  101      [102 
,,          ,,      conditions  favourable  to, 
,,      pulley  castings,  26,  no 
,,     pulleys,  39,  41.  ™4 

„  „  list  Of,  III 

„  ,,        moulding,  101 

„      yarn,  32 
Ropes  for  driving,  103 


SAFETY  VALVES,  179 
Scrap  metal,  rates  for,    9 
Screwers,  rates  for,  35 
Scotch  bars,  71 

,,      plates,  212  ^ 

Shafting,  39,  73,  80 
,  „         list  of,  85 
„         materials  for,  70 
,,         cheap,  80 

Shaping-machine  men,  rates  for,  35 
Slotters,  rates  for,  35 
Smiths,  rates  for,  36 
Smiths'-shop  expenses,  50,  52 
Specialization    of   engineering     work, 

133 
Specialties,     considerations    affecting 

prices  of,  7 

Specifications,  varieties  of,  5 
„  millwork,  132 

„  engine,  205 

„  boiler,  221 

Staffordshire  bars,  71 

,,          plates,  212 
Stram  boilers,  Cornish,  216 
,,         .   ,,       donkey,  215 
,,  ,,       estimating  cost,  208 

,,       Lancashire,  217 
,,       materials  of,  210 
,,       multitubular,  220 
,,       progress  in  making,  208 
,,       specifications,  221      [35 
engines,  charges  for  per  hour, 
„        compound,  188 
,,         condensing,  ir8 
„         estimating  prices,  187 
,,         non-condensing,  187 
,,         rates  per  n.h.p.,  187 
„  „      „   i.h.p.,  189 

„         renewals  of  parts,  200 

repairs,  197 

„         specifications,  205 
,,        varieties  of,  181 
pumps,  144 
valves,  174 

lists  of,  178 
Steel  bars,  rate  for,  28,  71 
,,       ,,      makers  of,  72 
,,     boiler  plates,  212 
,,     forgings,  rates  for,  29,  70 
,,          ,,        makers  of,  72 
-  -  „•-  purposes^ used  fcr^io 


256 


INDEX. 


Stores  and  storekeeper,  234 

,,      accounts,  237 
Sundries,  rates  for,  30 

TALLOW,  32 
Tanks,  cast-iron,  136 
Tenders,  considerations  affecting,  4 

„         for  repairs,  42 

,,         for  millwright  work,  132 

„         for  engines,  206 

,,         for  boilers,  221 
Timber,  purposes  used  for,  10 

,.        rates  for,  30 
Time  books  and  sheets,  243 
Tuck's  packing,  32 
Turners,  rate  for,  35 
Turning-shop  expenses,  51,  52 
Turning,  time  occupied  ir,  18 


V 


ALVES,  engine,  200 

feed,  177,  179 
junction,  175,  179 
lists  of,  178,  179 
safety,  179 
steam,  174,  179 
slap,  174,  '79 


WAGES,  books  for,  245,247 
Wall  boxes,  57,  61 
Warehouse  cranes,  150 
,,         hoists,  152 
Water  gauge  cocks,  179 
Weights,  calculation  of,  it 
Wharf  cranes,  151 
Wheels,  39,  115,  120,  126 
,,         bevil,  117 

machine  moulded,  24,  114 
making,  114 
mitre,  118,  119,  124 
mortise,  122,  124,  126 
prices  for,  24 
re-cogging,  123,  127 

„          list  of,  127 
varieties  of,  113 
Winches,  crab,  149,  162 
Work  books  and  sheets,  244 
Workmanship,  estimating,  16 

„  rates  for,  23 

Wrought  iron,  purposes  used  for,  10 
„          „     rates  for,  28 
„     plates,2i2 


Y 


ARN  BOILERS,  i6x 


OGDEN,  SMALE  AND  CO,  LIMITED,  PRINTERS,  GREAT  SAFFRON  HILL,  B.C. 


"  To    all    manufacturers  we  commend    the   study  of 
^Factory  Accounts.'  "—Athenaum. 

Just  published.     Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.     Demy  8vo, 
280  pages.     Price  6s.  (post  free),  strongly  bound. 


FACTORY    ACCOUNTS: 

THEIR   PRINCIPLES   AND  PRACTICE. 
&  i^au&booft  for  Accountants  auB  manufacturers, 

WITH   APPENDICES   ON 

THE  NOMENCLATURE  OF  MACHINE  DETAILS;  THE  INCOME  TAX  ACTS; 

THE  RATING  OF  FACTORIES;  FIRE  AND  BOILER  INSURANCE; 

THE  FACTORY  AND  WORKSHOP  ACTS,  etc. 

INCLUDING   ALSO 

A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS  AND  A  LARGE  NUMBER  OF  SPECIMEN   RULINGS. 
By  EMILE   GARCKE  and  J.  M.  FELLS. 


OPINIONS   OF   THE    PRESS. 

The  Athenaeum. — "  Messrs.  Garcke  and  Fells  have  rendered  good  service  to 
industrial  economy  by  the  statement  of  the  principles  which  regulate  the  proper 
keeping  of  factory  accounts.  .  .  .  Carefully  and  lucidly  explained  by  the  authors. 
To  all  manufacturers  we  commend  the  study  of  *  Factory  Accounts.'  To  railway  pro- 
prietors it  may  be  suggested  that  the  adoption  of  the  system  here  sketched  out 
would  lead  to  a  large  and  permanent  increase  of  dividend,  as  enabling  them  to 
ascertain  the  respective  profit  or  loss  of  the  various  branches  of  their  traffic,  as  to 
which  they  are  at  present  entirely  ignorant." 

Industrial  Review. — "The  authors  maybe  congratulated  upon  having  ren- 
dered a  service  to  all  interested  in  industrial  pursuits,  since  they  have  reduced  the 
art  of  factory  book-keeping  to  order  and  method.  .  .  .  The  principle  proposed 
is  sound,  and  the  details  are  readily  adaptable  to  any  class  of  business,  even  where 
the  number  employed  is  comparatively  small.  The  volume  is,  on  the  whole, 
accurate,  philosophical  and  reliable  ;  and  inasmuch  as  to  the  man  of  business  it 
will  teach  much  and  suggest  more,  it  may  be  commended  as  supplying  a  want,  and 
as  facilitating  good  book-keeping  by  one's  own  servants." 

The  Electrician. — "Writing  with  some  amount  of  experience  with  regard  to 
accounts,  we  must  confess  that  this  work  of  Messrs.  Garcke  and  Fells  seems  to  us 
to  be  one  of  the  most  important  ever  published  dealing  with  these  matters.  These  gentle- 
men have  treated  the  subject  from  the  standpoint  of  the  factory,  as  practical  men 
speaking  to  practical  men.  We  could  wish  that  every  manager  or  managing  director 
of  every  company  would  carefully  consider  all  that  has  been  said  by  them." 

The  Engineer. — "Will  aid  those  who  wish  to  inaugurate  a  proper  system,  for 
in  numerous  examples  and  workshop  forms  of  account  it  shows  how,  in  the  daily 
routine  of  a  factory,  the  material,  labour  and  stores  can  be  properly  tabulated  and 
allotted." 

Building  News. — "  A  useful  volume  for  accountants  and  manufacturers.  To  the 
builder  we  commend  the  remarks  on  the  book-keeping  and  routine  relating  to 
labour  and  material,  and  the  books  by  which  the  expenditure  is  apportioned." 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &  SON,  7,  Stationers'  Hall  Court,  London,  E.G. 


STANDARD    BOOKS    FOR    ENGINEERS,   etc. 

PUBLISHED    BY 

CROSBY    LOCKWOOD   &   SON. 


THE  WORKS'  MANAGER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  MODERN 

RULES,  TABLES  AND  DATA.  For  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineers,  Mill- 
wrights and  Boiler  Makers  ;  Tool  Makers,  Machinists  and  Metal  Workers  ;  Iron 
and  Brass  Founders,  &c.  By  W.  S.  HUTTON,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer. 
With  upwards  of  150  Illustrations.  Fifth  Edition,  carefully  Revised,  with 
Additions.  In  One  thick  Volume,  medium  8vo,  price  155.,  strongly  bound. 

"The  author  treats  every  subject  from  the  point  of  view  of  on-  who  has  collected  work- 
shop notes  for  application  in  workshop  practice,  rather  than  from  the  theoretical  or  literary 
aspect.  The  volume  contains  a  great  deal  of  that  kind  of  information  which  is  gained  only  by 
practical  experience,  and  is  seldom  written  in  books." — Engineer. 

"The  volume  is  an  exceedingly  useful  one,  brimful  with  engineer's  notes,  memoranda  and 

rules,  and  well  worthy  of  being  on  every  mechanical  engineer's  bookshelf There  is 

valuable  information  on  every  page." — Mechanical  World. 

THE  PRACTICAL  ENGINEER'S  HANDBOOK,  comprising 

a  Treatise  on  Modern  Engines  and  Boilers,  Marine,  Locomotive  and  Stationary. 
And  containing  a  Large  Collection  of  Rules  and  Practical  Data  Relating  to 
Recent  Practice  in  Designing  and  constructing  all  kinds  of  Engines,  Boilers 
and  other  Engineering  Work.  The  whole  constituting  a  Comprehensive  Key  to 
the  Board  of  Trade  and  other  Examinations  for  Certificates  of  Competency  in 
Modern  Mechanical  Engineering.  By  WALTER  S.  HUTTON,  Civil  and  Mechani- 
cal Engineer,  Author  of  "  The  Works'  Manager's  Handbook  for  Engineers,"  &c. 
With  upwards  of  370  Illustrations.  Fourth  Edition,  carefully  Revised,  with 
Additions.  Medium  8vo,  price  185.  strongly  bound. 

"  We  have  kept  it  at  hand  for  several  weeks,  referring  to  it  as  occasion  arose,  and  we  have 
not  on  a  single  occasion  consulted  its  pages  without  rinding  the  information  of  which  we  were 
in  quest." — Athenceum. 

"A  thoroughly  good  practical  handbook,  which  no  engineer  can  go  through  without  learn- 
ing something  that  will  be  of  service  to  him." — Marine  Engineer. 

STEAM  BOILER  CONSTRUCTION  :  A  Practical  Handbook 

for  Engineers,  Boiler-Makers  and  Steam  Users.  Containing  a  Large  Collection 
of  Rules  and  Data  Relating  to  Recent  Practice  in  the  Design,  Construction  and 
Working  of  all  Kinds  of  Stationary,  Locomotive,  and  Marine  Steam-Boilers.  By 
WALTER  S.  HUTTON,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer,  Author  of  "  The  Works' 
Manager's  Handbook,"  "The  Practical  Engineer's  Handbook,"  &c.  With 
upwards  of  300  Illustrations.  Second  Edition.  Medium  8vo,  185.  cloth. 

"  Every  detail,  both  in  boiler  design  and  management,  is  clearly  laid  before  the  reader. 
The  volume  shows  that  boiler  construction  has  been  reduced  to  the  condition  of  one  of  the 
mrst  exact  sciences;  and  such  a  book  is  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  fin  de  sifcle  Engineer  and 
Works'  Manager." — Marine  Engineer. 

"  The  book  is  of  so  important  and  comprehensive  a  character  that  it  must  find  its  way 
into  the  libraries  of  every  one  interested  in  boiler  using  or  boiler  manufacture,  if  they  wish  to 
be  thoroughly  informed.  We  strongly  recommend  the  book  for  the  intrinsic  value  of  its 
contents."— Machinery  Market. 

TABLES,  MEMORANDA,  AND  CALCULATED  RESULTS 

FOR  MECHANICS,  ENGINEERS,  ARCHITECTS,  BUILDERS,  &c. 
Selected  and  Arranged  by  FRANCIS  SMITH.  Sixth  Edition,  Revised,  including 
Electrical  Rules  and  Tables.  272  pages,  Waistcoat-pocket  size,  price  15.  6d. 
limp  leather. 

"  It  would,  perhaps,  be  as  difficult  to  make  a  small  pocket-book  selection  of  notes  and 
formulae  to  suit  all  engineers  as  it  would  be  to  make  a  universal  medicine ;  but  Mr.  Smith's 
waistcoat-pocket  col'ection  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  successful  attempt." — Engineer. 

"A  veritable  pocket  treasury  of  knowledge." — Iron. 

THE  IRON  AND  METAL  TRADES  COMPANION  :  Being 

a  Calculator  containing  a  Series  of  Tables  upon  a  New  and  Comprehensive 
Plan  for  expeditiously  ascertaining  the  Value  of  any, Goods  Bought  or  Sold  by 
Weight,  from  15.  per  cwt.  to  1125.  per  cwt.,  and  from  one  farthing  per  pound  to 
one  shilling  per  pound.  With  Rules  on  Decimals,  Square  and  Cube  Root,  Men- 
suration of  Superficies  and  Solids,  &c.  ;  also  Tables  of  Weights  of  Materials, 
and  other  Useful  Memoranda.  By  THOMAS  DOWNIE.  Strongly  bound  in 
leather,  396  pages,  95. 

"  A  most  useful  set  of  tables,  and  will  supply  a  want,  for  nothing  like  them  before  existed." 
Building  News. 

CROSBY   LOCKWOOD  &  SON,  7,  Stationers'  Hall  Court,  London,  E.G. 


STANDARD  BOOKS  FOR  ENGINEERS,  etc. 

PUBLISHED    BY 

CROSBY    LOCKWOOD   &   SON. 


THE     NAVAL     ARCHITECT'S     AND     SHIPBUILDER'S 

POCKET  BOOK  of  Formulae,  Rules  and  Tables,  and  Marine  Engineer's  and 
Surveyor's  Handy  Book  of  Reference.  By  CLEMENT  MACKROW,  Member  of 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  Naval  Draughtsman.  Fifth  Edition, 
Revised  and  Enlarged  to  700  pages,  with  upwards  of  300  Illustrations.  Fcap., 
125.  6d.,  strongly  bound  in  leather. 

"  Should  be  used  by  all  who  are  engaged  in  the  construction  or  design  of  vessels.  .  .  . 
Will  be  found  to  contain  the  most  useful  tables  and  formulae  required  by  shipbuilders,  carefully 
collected  from  the  best  authorities,  and  put  together  in  a  popular  and  simple  form." — Engineer. 

"  The  professional  shipbuilder  has  now,  in  a  convenient  and  accessible  form,  reliable  data  ior 

solving  many  of  the  numerous  problems  that  present  themselves  in  the  course  of  his  work." — Iron. 

"  There  is  scarcely  a  subject  on  which  a  naval  architect  or  shipbuilder  can  require  to  refresh 

his  memory  which  will  not  be  found  within  the  covers  of  Mr.  Mackrow's  book.'" — English  Mechanic. 

THE     PRACTICAL     MECHANIC'S     WORKSHOP     COM- 

PANION.  Comprising  a  great  variety  of  the  most  useful  Rules  and  Formulae 
in  Mechanical  Science,  with  numerous  Tables  of  Practical  Data  and  Calculated 
Results  for  Facilitating  Mechanical  Operations.  By  WILLIAM  TEMPLETON, 
Author  of  "The  Engineer's  Practical  Assistant,"  &c.  Seventeenth  Edition, 
Revised,  Modernised  and  considerably  Enlarged  by  WALTER  S.  HUTTON,  C.E., 
Author  of  "The  Works'  Manager's  Handbook  of  Modern  Rules,  Tables  and 
Data  for  Engineers,"  &c.  Fcap.  8vo,  nearly  500  pp.,  with  8  Plates  and  upwards 
of  250  Illustrative  Diagrams,  6s.,  strongly  bound  for  workshop  or  pocket  wear 
and  tear. 

f3"  TEMPLETON'S  "  MECHANIC'S  WORKSHOP  COMPANION  "  has  been  for  more  than  a  quarter 
of  a  century  deservedly  popular,  having  run  through  numerous  Editions ;  and,  as  a  recognised  Text- 
Book  and  well-worn  a-nd  thumb-marked  vade  mecum  of  several  generations  of  intelligent  and  aspir- 
ing workmen,  it  has  had  the  reputation  of  having  been  the  means  of  raising  many  of  them  in  their 
position  in  life. 

In  its  present  greatly  Enlarged,  Improved  and  Modernised  form,  the  publishers  are  sure  that  it 
will  commend  itself  to  the  English  workmen  of  the  present  day  all  the  world  over,  and  become,  like 
its  predecessors,  their  indispensable  friend  and  referee. 

"  In  its  modernised  form  Hutton's"Templeton"  should  have  a  wide  sale,  for  it  contains  much 
valuable  information  which  the  mechanic  will  often  find  of  use,  and  not  a  few  tables  and  notes 
which  he  might  look  for  in  vain  in  other  works.  This  modernised  edition  will  be  appreciated 
by  all  who  have  learned  to  value  the  original  editions  of  'Templeton.'" — English  Mechanic. 

"  It  has  met  with  great  success  in  the  engineering  workshop,  as  we  can  testify ;  and  there 
are  a  great  many  men  who,  in  a  great  measure,  owe  their  rise  in  life  to  this  little  book.1' — 
Building  News. 

BOILER  MAKER'S  READY  RECKONER.    With  Examples 

of  Practical  Geometry  and  Templating,  for  the  Use  of  Platers,  Smiths,  and 
Riveters.  By  JOHN  COURTNEY,  Edited  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.I.C.E.  Second 
Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions.  lamo,  55.,  half-bound. 

"  A  reliable  guide  to  the  working  boiler  maker." — Iron. 

"  Boiler  makers  will  readily  recognise  the  value  of  this  volume.  .  .  .  The  tables  are 
clearly  printed,  and  so  arranged  that  they  can  be  referred  to  with  the  greatest  facility,  so  that  it 
cannot  be  doubted  that  they  will  be  generally  appreciated  and  much  used."— Mining  Journal. 

IRON  AND   STEEL :  A  WORK  FOR  THE  FORGE,  FOUNDRY, 

FACTORY  AND  OFFICE.  Containing  ready,  useful,  and  trustworthy  Information 
for  Ironmasters  and  their  Stock-takers  ;  Managers  of  Bar,  Rail,  Plate,  and 
Sheet  Rolling  Mills ;  Iron  and  Metal  Founders  ;  Iron  Ship  and  Bridge  Builders  ; 
Mechanical,  Mining,  and  Consulting  Engineers ;  Architects,  Contractors, 
Builders,  &c.  By  CHARLES  HOARE,  Author  of  "  The  Slide  Rule,"  &c.  Ninth 
Edition.  With  folding  Scales  of  "Foreign  Measures  compared  with  the  Eng- 
lish Foot,"  and  "  Fixed  Scales  of  Squares,  Cubes,  and  Roots,  Areas,  Decimal 
Equivalents,"  &c.  Oblong  321110,  leather,  elastic  band,  6s. 

"  For  comprehensiveness  the  book  has  not  its  equal." — Iron. 

"  One  of  the  best  of  the  pocket  books,  and  a  useful  companion  in  other  branches  of  work 
than  iron  and  steel." — English  Mechanic.  • 

THE  ENGINEMAN'S  POCKET  COMPANION  AND  PRAC- 
TICAL EDUCATOR  FOR  ENGINEMEN,  BOILER  ATTENDANTS,  AND 
MECHANICS.  By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS,  Mem.  S.E.,  Author  of  "  Locomotive 
Engine-Driving,"  "  Stationary  Engine-Driving,"  &c.  With  Forty -five  Illustra- 
tions and  numerous  Diagrams.  Third  Edition,  Revised.  Royal  l8mo,  35.  6d. 
strongly  bound  in  cloth  for  pocket  wear. 

CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &  SON,  7,  Stationers'  Hall  Court,  London,  E.G. 


STANDARD  BOOKS   FOR  COMMERCIAL  MEN. 

PUBLISHED    BY 

CROSBY    LOCKWOOD   &   SON. 


Chadwick's  Calculator. 
THE  NUMBER,  WEIGHT  AND   FRACTIONAL   CALCU- 

LATOR.  Containing  upwards  of  250,000  Separate  Calculations,  showing  at  a 
glance  the  value  at  422  different  rates,  ranging  from  T^sth  of  a  penny  to  2os.  each 
(or  per  cwt. ,  and  £20  per  ton)  of  any  number  of  Articles  consecutively,  from 
i  to  470. — Any  number  of  cwts.,  qrs.,  and  Ibs.,  from  i  cwt.  to  470  cwts. — Any 
number  of  tons,  cwts.,  qrs,  and  Ibs.,  from  i  to  1,000  tons.  By  WILLIAM 
CHADWICK,  Public  Accountant.  Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Improved,  and 
specially  adapted  for  the  apportionment  of  Mileage  Charges  for  Railway  Traffic. 
8vo,  price  185.,  strongly  bound  for  Office  wear  and  tear. 

f&"  This  comprehensive  and  entirely  unique  and  original  Calculator  is  adapted  for  the  use  of 
ACCOUNTANTS  AND          i  BRASS  FOUNDERS.  COLLIERY  PROPRIETORS,  VALUERS. 


AUDITORS.  \  METAL  MERCHANTS. 


&c. 


RAILWAY  COMPANIES.        IRON  MANUFACTURERS.  I  TIMBER  MERCHANTS. 
CANAL  COMPANIES.  IRONMONGERS.  :  BUILDERS. 


BROKERS. 

MILL    OWNERS    AND 

MANUFACTURERS. 
MERCHANTS     AND    GE- 


SHIPPERS.  ENGINEERS.  i  CONTRACTORS. 

SHIPPING  AGENTS.  ,  MACHINISTS.  I  ARCHITECTS.  NERAL     WHOLESALE 

GENERAL  CARRIERS,  &c.    BOILER  MAKERS.  'SURVEYORS.  TRADESMEN. 

IRONFOUNDERS.  ,  MILLWRIGHTS.  I  AUCTIONEERS. 

"  It  is  as  easy  of  reference  for  any  answer  or  any  number  of  answers  as  a  dictionary,  and 
the  references  are  even  more  quickly  made.  For  making  up  accounts  or  estimates  the  book 
must  prove  invaluable  to  all  who  have  any  considerable  quantity  of  calculations  involving  price 
and  measure  in  any  combination  to  do."—  Engineer. 

"The  most  complete  and  practical  ready  reckoner  which  it  has  been  our  fortune  yet  to  see. 
It  is  difficult  to  imagine  a  trade  or  occupation  in  which  it  could  not  be  of  the  greatest  use,  either 
in  saving  human  labour  or  in  checking  work.  The  publishers  have  placed  within  the  reach  of 
every  commercial  man  an  invaluable  and  unfailing  assistant." — The  Miller. 

Harben's  Calculator. 
THE   WEIGHT    CALCULATOR:    Being  a  Series  of  Tables, 

upon  a  New  and  Comprehensive  Plan,  exhibiting  at  One  Reference  the  exact 
Value  of  any  weight,  from  i  Ib.  to  15  tons,  at  300  Progressive  Rates,  from  id.  to 
1685.  per  cwt.,  and  containing  186,000  Direct  Answers,  which,  with  their  Com- 
binations, consisting  of  a  single  addition  (mostly  to  be  performed  at  sight),  will 
afford  an  aggregate  of  10,266,000  Answers ;  the  whole  being  calculated  and 
designed  to  ensure  correctness  and  promote  despatch.  By  HENRY  HARBEN, 
Accountant,  Sheffield,  Author  of  "The  Discount  Guide."  Fifth  Edition, 
carefully  Corrected.  Royal  8vo,  strongly  half-bound,  £i  55. 

"  A  practical  and  useful  work  of  reference  for  men  of  business  generally  ;  it  is  the  best  of 
the  kind  we  have  seen."— Iron  monger. 

Harben's  Discount  Guide. 
THE  DISCOUNT  GUIDE:  Comprising  several  Series  of  Tables 

for  the  Use  of  Merchants,  Manufacturers,  Ironmongers,  and  others,  by  which 
may  be  ascertained  the  exact  Profit,  arising  from  any  mode  of  using  Discounts, 
either  in  the  Purchase  or  Sale  of  Goods,  and  the  method  of  either  Altering  a 
Rate  of  Discount,  or  Advancing  a  Price,  so  as  to  produce,  by  one  operation,  a 
sum  that  will  realise  any  required  profit  after  allowing  one  or  more  Discounts  ; 
to  which  are  added  Tables  of  Profit  or  Advance  from  ij  to  90  per  cent.,  Tables 
of  Discount  from  ij  to  g8f  per  cent.,  and  Tables  of  Commission,  &c.,  from 
£  to  10  per  cent.  By  HENRY  HARBEN,  Accountant,  Author  of  "The  Weight 
Calculator."  New  Edition,  carefully  Revised  and  Corrected.  Demy  8vo,  544  pp., 
half-bound,  £i  55. 

"  A  book  such  as  this  can  only  be  aopreciated  by  business  men,  to  whom  the  saving  of 
time  means  saving  of  money.  The  work  is  a  model  of  typographical  clearness,  and  must  prove 
of  great  value  to  merchants,  manufacturers,  and  general  traders." — British  Trade  Journal. 

Inwood's  Tables. 

TABLES  FOR  THE  PURCHASING  OF  ESTATES,  Free- 
hold, Copyhold,  or  Leasehold  ;  Annuities,  Advowsons,  &c.,  and  for  the  Renew- 
ing of  Leases  for  Terms  of  Years  certain,  and  for  Lives  ;  also  for  valuing 
Reversionary  Estates,  Deferred  Annuities,  Next  Presentations,  &c.  By  W. 
INWOOD.  Twenty-fourth  Edition,  with  Tables  of  Logarithms.  By  M.  FEDOR 
THOMAN.  Crown  8vo,  85.,  cloth. 

"Those  interested  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  estates  and  in  the  adjustment  of  compensa- 
tion cases,  as  well  as  in  transactions  in  annuities,  life  insurances,  &c.,  will  find  it  of  eminent 


service."— Engineering. 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &  SON,  7,  Stationers'  Hall  Court,  London,  E.C, 


STATIONERS'  HALL  COURT,  LONDON,  E.G. 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &  SON'S 
Catalogue  of 

SCIENTIFIC,  TECHNICAL  AND 
INDUSTRIAL  BOOKS. 


PAGE 

Mechanical  Engineering.     .     ...  1 

Steam  Engines  and  Boilers  ...  3 

Civil  Engineering 10 

Hydraulics 11 

Surveying 12 

Marine  Engineering 17 

Mining  and  Metallurgy    ....  19 

Colliery  Working 21 

Electrical  Engineering     ....  23 

Architecture  and  Building    ...  26 


PAGE 

Sanitation  and  Water  Supply   .     .  28 

Carpentry  and  Timber    ....  29 

Decorative  Arts 31 

Natural  Science 33 

Chemical  Manufactures  .     .     .     .34 

Industrial  Arts 36 

Commerce,  Tables,  &c 41 

Agriculture  and  Gardening              .  43 

Auctioneering,  Valuing,  &c. .      .      .  46 

Law  and  Miscellaneous  .                 ,  47 


MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING,  ETC. 


THE  MECHANICAL  ENGINEER'S  POCKET-BOOK. 

Comprising  Tables,  Formulae,  Rules,  and  Data :  A  Handy  Book  of  Reference  for 
Daily  Use  in  Engineering  Practice.  By  D.  KINNEAR  CLARK,  M.  Inst.  C.E. 
Fifth  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and  Enlarged.  By  H.  H.  P.  POWLES, 
A.M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.  Small  8vo,  700  pages,  bound  in  flexible  leather  cover, 
rounded  corners  .  .  • [Just  Published.  Net  6/- 

SUMMARY   OF    CONTENTS. 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLES. — MEASUREMENT  OF  SURFACES  AND  SOLIDS. — ENGLISH  WEIGHTS  AND 
MEASURES. — FRENCH  METRIC  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. — FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. — 
MONEYS.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  WEIGHT  AND  VOLUME.— MANUFACTURED  METALS.— STEEL  PIPES.— 
BOLTS  AND  NUTS. — SUNDRY  ARTICLES  IN  WROUGHT  AND  CAST  IRON,  COPPER,  BRASS,  LEAD,  TIN, 
ZINC. — STRENGTH  OF  MATERIALS. — STRENGTH  OF  TIMBER. — STRENGTH  OF  CAST  IRON. — STRENGTH 
OF  WROUGHT  IRON. — STRENGTH  OF  STEEL. — TENSILE  STRENGTH  OF  COPPER,  LEAD,  ETC. — RESISTANCE 
OF  STONES  AND  OTHER  BUILDING  MATERIALS. — RIVETED  JOINTS  IN  BOILER  PLATES. — BOILER  SHELLS. 
—WIRE  ROPES  AND  HEMP  ROPES.— CHAINS  AND  CHAIN  CABLES.— FRAMING.— HARDNESS  OF  METALS, 
ALLOYS  AND  STONES. — LABOUR  OF  ANIMALS. — MECHANICAL  PRINCIPLES. — GRAVITY  AND  FALL  OF 
BODIES. — ACCELERATING  AND  RETARDING  FORCES. — MILL  GEARING,  SHAFTING,  &c. — TRANSMISSION 
OF  MOTIVE  POWER.— HEAT.— COMBUSTION:  FUELS.— WARMING,  VENTILATION,  COOKING  STOVES.— 
STEAM.— STEAM  ENGINES  AND  BOILERS.— RAILWAYS.— TRAMWAYS.— STEAM  SHIPS.— PUMPING  STEAM 
ENGINES  AND  PUMPS. — COAL  GAS,  GAS  ENGINES,  &c. — AIR  IN  MOTION. — COMPRESSED  AIR. — HOT  AIR 
ENGINES.— WATER  POWER.— SPEED  OF  CUTTING  TOOLS.— COLOURS.— ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING. 

"  Mr.  Clark  manifests  what  is  an  innate  perception  of  what  is  likely  to  be  useful  in  a  pocket-book, 
and  he  is  really  unrivalled  in  the  art  of  condensation.  It  is  very  difficult  to  hit  upon  any  mechanical 
engineering  subject  concerning  which  this  work  supplies  no  information,  and  the  excellent  index  at  the 
end  adds  to  its  utility.  In  one  word,  it  is  an  exceedingly  handy  and  efficient  tool,  possessed  of  which 
the  engineer  will  be  saved  many  a  wearisome  calculation,  or  yet  more  wearisome  hunt  through  various 
text-books  and  treatises,  and,  as  such,  we  can  heartily  recommend  it  to  our  readers." — The  Engineer. 

"  It  would  be  found  difficult  to  compress  more  matter  within  a  similar  compass  or  produce  a  book 
of  700  pages  which  should  be  more  compact  or  convenient  for  pocket  reference.  .  .  .  Will  be 
appreciated  by  mechanical  engineers  of  all  classes." — Practical  Engineer. 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


MR.    MUTTON'S   PRACTICAL   HANDBOOKS. 


THE  WORKS*  MANAGER'S  HANDBOOK. 

Comprising  Modern  Rules,  Tables,  and  Data.     For  Engineers,  Millwrights,  and 

Boiler  Makers ;  Tool  Makers,  Machinists,  and  Metal  Workers  ;  Iron  and  Brass 

Founders,  &c.     By  W.  S.  HUTTON,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer,  Author  of 

"The  Practical  Engineer's  Handbook."     Sixth  Edition,  carefully  Revised  and 

enlarged.     In  One  handsome  Volume,  medium  8vo,  strongly  bound       .         15/« 

rgi0    The  Author  having  compiled  Rules  and  Data  for  his  own  use  in  a  great  variety 

of  modern  engineering  work,  and  having  found  his  notes  extremely  useful,  decided  to  publish 

them — revised  to  date — believing  that  a  practical  work,  suited  to  the  DAILY  REQUIREMENTS  OF 

MODERN  ENGINEERS,  would  be  favourably  received. 

"  Of  this  edition  we  may  repeat  the  appreciative  remarks  we  made  upon  the  first  and  third.  Since 
the  appearance  of  the  latter  very  considerable  modifications  have  been  made,  although  the  total  number 
of  pages  remains  almost  the  same.  It  is  a  very  useful  collection  of  rules,  tables,  and  workshop  and 
drawing  office  data." — The  Engineer,  May  10,  1895. 

"  The  author  treats  every  subject  from  the  point  of  view  of  one  who  has  collected  workshop  notes 
for  application  in  workshop  practice,  rather  than  from  the  theoretical  or  literary  aspect.  The  volume 
contains  a  great  deal  of  that  kind  of  information  which  is  gained  only  by  practical  experience,  and  is 
seldom  written  in  books." — The  Engineer,  Tune  5,  1885. 

"The  volume  is  an  exceedingly  useful  one,  brimful  with  engineer's  notes,  memoranda,  and  rules, 
and  well  worthy  of  being  on  every  mechanical  engineer's  bookshelf." — Mechanical  World. 

"The  information  is  precisely  that  likely  to  be  required  in  practice.  .  .  .  The  work  forms  a 
desirable  addition  to  the  library  not  only  of  the  works  manager,  but  of  any  one  connected  with  general 
engineering." — Mining  Journal. 

"  Brimful  of  useful  information,  stated  in  a  concise  form,  Mr.  Hutton's  books  have  met  a  pressing 
want  among  engineers.  The  book  must  prove  extremely  useful  to  every  practical  man  possessing  a 
copy." — Practical  Engineer. 

THE  PRACTICAL  ENGINEER'S  HANDBOOK. 

Comprising  a  Treatise  on  Modern  Engines  and  Boilers,  Marine,  Locomotive,  and 

Stationary.     And  containing  a  large  collection  of  Rules  and   Practical   Data 

relating  to  recent  Practice  in  Designing  and  Constructing  all  kinds  of  Engines, 

Boilers,  and  other  Engineering  work.     The  whole  constituting  a  comprehensive 

Key  to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  other  Examinations  for  Certificates  of  Competency 

in   Modern    Mechanical    Engineering.      By   WALTER   S.    HUTTON,   Civil   and: 

Mechanical    Engineer,    Author    of  "The    Works    Manager's    Handbook    for 

Engineers,"  &c.     With  upwards  of  420  Illustrations.     Sixth  Edition,  Revised 

and  Enlarged.  Medium  8vo,  nearly  560  pp.,  strongly  bound     .         .         .        18/- 

ig|°    This  ivork   is  designed  as  a  companion  to  the  Author's  "  WORKS   MANAGER'S 

HANDBOOK."     It  possesses  many  new  and  original  features,  and  contains,  like  its  predecessor, 

a  quantity  of  matter  not  originally  intended  for  publication,  but  collected  by  the  Author  for  his 

own  use  in  the  construction  of  a  great  variety  of  MODERN  ENGINEERING  WORK. 

The  information  is  given  in  a  condensed  and  concise  form,  and  is  illustrated  by  upwards  of 
420  Engravings  ;  and  comprises  a  quantity  of  tabulated  matter  of  great  value  to  all  engaged  in 
designing,  constructing,  or  estimating  for  ENGINES,  BOILERS,  and  OTHER  ENGINEERING 
WORK. 

"  We  have  kept  it  at  hand  for  several  weeks,  referring  to  it  as  occasion  arose,  and  we  have  not  on- 
a  single  occasion  consulted  its  pages  without  finding  the  information  of  which  we  were  in  quest."— 
A  thenatum. 

"  A  thoroughly  good  practical  handbook,  which  no  engineer  can  go  through  without  learning  some- 
thing that  will  be  of  service  to  him."— Marine  Engineer. 

"  An  excellent  book  of  reference  for  engineers,  and  a  valuable  text-book  for  students  of  engineering." 
— Scotsman. 

"  This  valuable  manual  embodies  the  results  and  experience  of  the  leading  authorities  on  mechanical 
engineering." — Building  News. 

"  The  author  has  collected  together  a  surprising  quantity  of  rules  and  practical  data,  and  has  shown 
much  judgment  in  the  selections  he  has  made.  .  .  .  There  is  no  doubt  that  this  book  is  one  of  the 
most  useful  of  its  kind  published,  and  will  be  a  very  popular  compendium." — Engineer 


A  mass  of  information,  set  down  in  simple  language,  and  in  such  a  form  that  it  can  be  easily 
referred  to  at  any  time.  The  matter  is  uniformly  good  and  well  chosen-,  and  is  greatly  elucidated  by 
the  illustrations.  The  book  will  find  its  way  on  to  most  engineers'  shelves,  where  it  will  rank  as  one  of 


the  most  useful  books  of  reference." — Practical  Engineer. 

"Full  of  useful  information,  and  should  be  found  on  the  office  shelf  of  all  practical  engineers." — 
English  Mechanic. 


MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING,    &>c. 


MR.   MUTTON'S   PRACTICAL   HANDBOOKS— continued. 


STEAM  BOILER  CONSTRUCTION. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  Engineers,  Boiler-Makers,  and  Steam  Users.  Con- 
taining a  large  Collection  of  Rules  and  Data  relating  to  Recent  Practice  in  the 
Design,  Construction,  and  Working  of  all  kinds  of  Stationary,  Locomotive,  and 
Marine  Steam-Boilers.  By  WALTER  S.  HUTTON,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer, 
Author  of  "The  Works  Manager's  Handbook,"  "The  Practical  Engineer's 
Handbook,"  &c.  With  upwards  of  540  Illustrations.  Fourth  Edition,  carefully 
Revised,  and  Enlarged.  Medium  8vo,  over  680  pages,  cloth,  strongly  bound. 

[Just  Published.     18/- 

&iP  THIS  WORK  is  issued  in  continuation  of  the  Series  of  Handbooks  written  by  the 
Author, viz : — "THE  WORKS  MANAGER'S  HANDBOOK  "and"  THE  PRACTICAL  ENGINEER'S 
HANDBOOK,"  which  are  so  highly  appreciated  by  Engineers  for  the  practical  nature  of  their 
information;  and  is  consequently  written  in  the  same  style  as  those  works. 

The  Arithor  believes  that  the  concentration,  in  a  convenient  form  for  easy  reference,  of  such 
a  large  amount  of  thoroughly  practical  information  on  Steam-Boilers,  will  be  of  considerable 
service  to  those  for  whom  it  is  intended,  and  he  trusts  the  book  may  be  deemed  worthy  of  as 
favourable  a  reception  as  has  been  accorded  to  its  predecessors. 

"  One  of  the  best,  if  not  the  best,  books  on  boilers  that  has  ever  been  published.  The  information 
is  of  the  right  kind,  in  a  simple  and  accessible  form.  So  far  as  generation  is  concerned,  this  is, 
undoubtedly,  the  standard  book  on  steam  practice." — Electrical  Review. 

"  Every  detail,  both  in  boiler  design  and  management,  is  clearly  laid  before  the  reader.  The 
volume  shows  that  boiler  construction  has  been  reduced  to  the  condition  of  one  of  the  most  exact 
sciences  ;  and  such  a  book  is  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  fin  de  siecle  Engineer  and  Works  Manager."— 
Marine  Engineer. 

"  There  has*  long  been  room  for  a  modern  handbook  on  steam  boilers ;  there  is  not  that  room  now, 
because  Mr.  Hutton  has  filled  it.  It  is  a  thoroughly  practical  book  for  those  who  are  occupied  in  the 
construction,  design,  selection,  or  use  of  boilers." — Engineer. 

"The  book  is  of  so  important  and  comprehensive  a  character  that  it  must  find  its  way  into  the 
libraries  of  every  one  interested  in  boiler  using  or  boiler  manufacture  if  they  wish  to  be  thoroughly 
informed.  We  strongly  recommend  the  book  for  the  intrinsic  value  of  its  contents." — Machinery  Market. 

PRACTICAL  MECHANICS'  WORKSHOP  COMPANION. 

Comprising  a  great  variety  of  the  most  useful  Rules  and  Formulae  in  Mechanical 
Science,  with  numerous  Tables  of  Practical  Data  and  Calculated  Results  for  Facili- 
tating Mechanical  Operations.     By  WILLIAM  TEMPLETON,  Author  of  "The  Engi- 
neer's Practical  Assistant,  "&c.,  &c.  Eighteenth  Edition,  Revised,  Modernised,  and 
considerably  Enlarged  by  WALTER  S.  HUTTON,  C.E.,  Author  of  "The  Works 
Manager's  Handbook,"  "  The  Practical  Engineer's  Handbook,"  &c.     Fcap.  8vo, 
nearly  500  pp.,  with  8  Plates  and  upwards  of  250  Illustrative  Diagrams,  strongly 
bound  for  workshop  or  pocket  wear  and  tear      .         .         .         .         .         .         6/- 

"  In  its  modernised  form  Hutton's  'Templeton'  should  have  a  wide  sale,  for  it  contains  much 
valuable  information  which  the  mechanic  will  often  find  of  use,  and  not  a  few  tables  and  notes  which 
he  might  look  for  in  vain  in  other  works.  This  modernised  edition  will  be  appreciated  by  all  who  have 
learned  to  value  the  original  editions  of  '  Templeton.'  " — English  Mechanic. 

"  It  has  met  with  great  success  in  the  engineering  workshop,  as  we  can  testify ;  and  there  are  a 
great  many  men  who,  in  a  great  measure,  owe  their  rise  in  life  to  this  little  book." — Building  News. 

"  This  familiar  text-book — well  known  to  all  mechanics  and  engineers — is  of  essential  service  to  the 
every-day  requirements  of  engineers,  millwrights,  and  the  various  trades  connected  with  engineering 
and  building.  The  new  modernised  edition  is  worth  its  weight  in  gold." — Building  Neivs.  (Second 
Notice.) 

"  This  well-known  and  largely-used  book  contains  information,  brought  up  to  date,  of  the  sort 
so  useful  to  the  foreman  and  draughtsman.  So  much  fresh  information  has  been  introduced  as  to 
constitute  it  practically  a  new  book.  It  will  be  largely  used  in  the  office  and  workshop."— Mechanical 
World. 

"  The  publishers  wisely  entrusted  the  task  of  revision  of  this  popular,  valuable,  and  useful  book  to 
Mr.  Hutton,  than  whom  a  more  competent  man  they  could  not  have  found." — Iron. 


ENGINEER'S  AND  MILLWRIGHTS  ASSISTANT, 

A  collection  of  Useful  Tables,  Rules,  and  Data.     By  WILLIAM  TEMPLETON. 

Eighth  Edition,  with  Additions.     i8mo,  cloth 2/6 

"  Occupies  a  foremost  place  among  books  of  this  kind.    A  more  suitable  present  to  an  apprentice 
to  any  of  the  mechanical  trades  could  not  possibly  be  made."— Building  News. 

"  A  deservedly  popular  work.    It  should  be  in  the  '  drawer '  of  every  mechanic."— English  Mechanic. 


A    2 


4  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD    &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

THE  MECHANICAL  ENGINEER'S  REFERENCE  BOOK. 

For   Machine   and    Boiler   Construction.     In   Two    Parts.      Part   I.    GENERAL 
ENGINEERING  DATA.      Part  II.    BOILER  CONSTRUCTION.     With  51   Plates  and 
numerous  Illustrations.     By  NELSON  FOLEY,  M.I.N.A.     Second  Edition,  Revised 
throughout  and  much  Enlarged.     Folio,  half-bound          .         .        Net     £3  3s. 
PART  I.  MEASURES.— CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS,  &c.,  SQUARES,  CUBES,  FOURTH  POWERS.— 
SQUARE  AND  CUBE  ROOTS. — SURFACE  OF  TUBES. — RECIPROCALS. — LOGARITHMS. — MENSURATION. — 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  AND  WEIGHTS.— WORK  AND  POWER.— HEAT.— COMBUSTION.— EXPANSION  AND 
CONTRACTION. — EXPANSION  OF  GASES. — STEAM. — STATIC  FORCES. — GRAVITATION  AND  ATTRACTION. 
— MOTION  AND  COMPUTATION  OF  RESULTING  FORCES. — ACCUMULATED  WORK. — CENTRE  AND  RADIUS 
OF    GYRATION. — MOMENT    OF    INERTIA. — CENTRE  OF  OSCILLATION. — ELECTRICITY. — STRENGTH  OF 
MATERIALS. — ELASTICITY. — TEST   SHEETS    OF    METALS. — FRICTION. — TRANSMISSION   OF   POWER. — 
FLOW  OF  LIQUIDS. — FLOW  OF  GASES. — AIR  PUMPS,  SURFACE  CONDENSERS,  &c. — SPEED  OF  STEAM- 
SHIPS.— PROPELLERS. — CUTTING  TOOLS. — FLANGES. — COPPER  SHEETS  AND  TUBES. — SCREWS,  NUTS, 
BOLT  HEADS,  &c. — RECIPES  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  MATTER. — WITH  DIAGRAMS  FOR  VALVE-GEAR, 
BELTING  AND  ROPES,  DISCHARGE  AND  SUCTION  PIPES,  SCREW  PROPELLERS  AND  COPPER  PIPES. 

PART  II.  TREATING  OF  POWER  OF  BOILERS. — USEFUL  RATIOS. — NOTES  ON  CONSTRUCTION. — 
CYLINDRICAL  BOILER  SHELLS. — CIRCULAR  FURNACES. — FLAT  PLATES. — STAYS. — GIRDERS. — SCREWS. 
— HYDRAULIC  TESTS. — RIVETING. — BOILER  SETTING,  CHIMNEYS,  AND  MOUNTINGS. — FUELS,  &c. — 
EXAMPLES  OF  BOILERS  AND  SPEEDS  OF  STEAMSHIPS.— NOMINAL  AND  NORMAL  HORSE  POWER.— WITH 
DIAGRAMS  FOR  ALL  BOILER  CALCULATIONS  AND  DRAWINGS  OF  MANY  VARIETIES  OF  BOILERS. 

"  Mr.  Foley  is  well  fitted  to  compile  such  a  work.  The  diagrams  are  a  great  feature  of  the  work. 
It  may  be  stated  that  Mr.  Foley  has  produced  a  volume  which  will  undoubtedly  fulfil  the  desire  of  the 
author  and  become  indispensable  to  all  mechanical  engineers." — Marine  Engineer. 

"  We  have  carefully  examined  this  work,  and  pronounce  it  a  most  excellent  reference  book  for  the 
use  of  marine  engineers."— Journal  of  A  merican  Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

TEXT-BOOK  ON  THE  STEAM  ENGINE, 

With  a  Supplement  on  GAS  ENGINES,  and  PART  II.  ON  HEAT  ENGINES.     By 

T.  M.  GOODEVE,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law,  Professor  of  Mechanics  at  the  Royal 

College  of  Science,  London;  Author  of  "  The  Principles  of  Mechanics,"  "The 

Elements  of  Mechanism,"  &c.     Fourteenth  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth     .      6/- 

"  Professor  Goodeve  has  given  us  a  treatise  on  the  steam  engine,  which  will  bear  comparison  with 

anything  written  by  Huxley  or  Maxwell,  and  we  can  award  it  no  higher  praise." — Engineer. 

"  Mr.  Goodeve's  text-book  is  a  work  of  which  every  young  engineer  should  possess  himself." — 
Mining  Journal. 

ON  GAS  ENGINES. 

With    Appendix  describing  a   Recent   Engine  with   Tube  Igniter.     By  T.  M. 

GOODEVE,  M. A.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 2/6 

"  Like  all  Mr.  Goodeve's  writings,  the  present  is  no  exception  in  point  of  general  excellence.  It  is 
a  valuable  little  volume." — Mechanical  World. 

GAS  AND  OIL  ENGINE  MANAGEMENT. 

A  Practical  Guide  for  Users  and  Attendants.  Being  Notes  on  Selection, 
Construction  and  Working.  By  M.  Powis  BALE,  M.I.M.E.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth [just  Published.  Net  3/6 

THE  GAS  ENGINE  HANDBOOK. 

A  Manual  of  Useful  Information  for  the  Designer  and  the  Engineer.  By 
E.  W.  ROBERTS,  M.E.  With  40  full-page  Engravings.  Small  Fcap.  8vo, 
leather Net  8/6 

A  TREATISE  ON  STEAM  BOILERS. 

Their  Strength,  Construction,  and  Economical  Working.     By  R.  WILSON,  C.E. 

Fifth  Edition.     i2mo,  cloth 6/» 

"  The  best  treatise  that  has  ever  been  published  on  steam  boilers." — Engineer. 

THE  MECHANICAL  ENGINEER'S  COMPANION. 

Of  Areas,  Circumferences,  Decimal  Equivalents,  in  inches  and  feet,  millimetres, 
squares,  cubes,  roots,  &c. ;  Strength  of  Bolts,  Weight  of  Iron,  &c. ;  Weights, 
Measures,  and  other  Data.  Also  Practical  Rules  for  Engine  Proportions.  By 
R.  EDWARDS,  M.Inst.C.E.  Fcap.  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  A  very  useful  little  volume.  It  contains  many  tables,  classified  data  and  memoranda,  generally 
useful  to  engineers." — Engineer. 

"What  it  professes  to  be,  'a  handy  office  companion,'  giving,  in  a  succinct  form,  a  variety  of 
information  likely  to  be  required  by  mechanical  engineers  in  their  everyday  office  work."— Nature. 


MECHANICAL   ENGINEERING, 


A  HANDBOOK  ON  THE  STEAM  ENGINE. 

With  especial  Reference  to  Small  and  Medium-sized  Engines.  For  the  Use  of 
Engine  Makers,  Mechanical  Draughtsmen,  Engineering  Students,  and  Users  of 
Steam  Power.  By  HERMAN  HAEDER,  C.E.  Translated  from  the  German  with 
Additions  and  Alterations,  by  H.  H.  P.  POWLES,  A.M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.  Third 
Edition,  Revised.  With  nearly  1,100  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  Net  7/6 

"  A  perfect  encyclopaedia  of  the  steam  engine  and  its  details,  and  one  which  must  take  a  permanent 
place  in  English  drawing-offices  and  workshops." — A  Foreman  Pattern-maker. 

"  This  is  an  excellent  book,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  construction 
and  design  of  medium-sized  stationary  engines.  ...  A  careful  study  of  its  contents  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  sections  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  probably  no  other  book  like  it  in  this  country. 
The  volume  aims  at  showing  the  results  of  practical  experience,  and  it  certainly  may  claim  a  complete 
achievement  of  this  idea." — Nature. 

"There  can  be  no  question  as  to  its  value.  We  cordially  commend  it  to  all  concerned  in  the 
design  and  construction  of  the  steam  engine." — Mechanical  World. 

BOILER  AND  FACTORY  CHIMNEYS. 

Their  Draught-Power  and  Stability.  With  a  Chapter  on  Lightning  Conductors, 
By  ROBERT  WILSON,  A.I.C.E.,  Author  of  "A  Treatise  on  Steam  Boilers,"  &c. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth      •   .         . 3/6 

"A  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  of  scientific  building."— The  Builder. 

BOILERMAKER'S  READY  RECKONER  &  ASSISTANT. 

With  Examples  of  Practical  Geometry  and  Templating,  for  the  Use  of  Platers, 
Smiths,  and  Riveters.     By  JOHN  COURTNEY,  Edited  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.I. C.E. 
Fourth  Edition,  480  pp.,  with  140  Illustrations.     Fcap.  8vo,  half-bound   .         7/- 
"  No  workman  or  apprentice  should  be  without  this  book." — Iron  Trade  Circular. 

REFRIGERATION,  COLD  STORAGE,  &  ICE-MAKING. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Art  and  Science  of  Refrigeration.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS- 
TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Author  of  "  Refrigerating  and  Ice-making  Machinery." 
600  pp.  With  360  Illustrations.  Medium  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  Net  15/- 

"The  author  has  to  be  congratulated  on  the  completion  and  production  of  such  an  important 
work,  and  it  cannot  fail  to  have  a  large  body  of  readers,  for  it  leaves  out  nothing  that  would  in  any 
way  be  of  value  to  those  interested  in  the  subject."— Steamship. 

"  No  one  whose  duty  it  is  to  handle  the  mammoth  preserving  installations  of  these  latter  days  can 
afford  to  be  without  this  valuable  book." — Glasgow  Herald. 

THE  POCKET  BOOK  OF  REFRIGERATION  AND  ICE- 

MAKING  FOR   1903. 

Edited  by  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Author  of  "  Refrigerating  and 
Ice-making  Machinery,"  &c.  Small  crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     Net    2/6 

REFRIGERATING  &  ICE-MAKING  MACHINERY. 

A  Descriptive  Treatise  for  the  Use  of  Persons  Employing  Refrigerating  and  Ice- 
Making  Installations,  and  others.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E. 
Third  Edition,  Enlarged.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .'*.-•  .  •  7/6 

"  Practical,  explicit  and  profusely  illustrated." — Glasgow  Herald. 

"  We  recommend  the  book,  which  gives  the  cost  of  various  systems  and  illustrations  showing 
details  of  parts  of  machinery  and  general  arrangements  of  complete  installations." — Builder. 

"  May  be  recommended  as  a  useful  description  of  the  machinery,  the  processes,  and  of  the 
facts,  figures,  and  tabulated  physics  of  refrigerating.  It  is  one  of  the  best  compilations  on  the 
subject." — Engineer. 

TEA  MACHINERY  AND  TEA  FACTORIES. 

A  Descriptive  Treatise  on  the  Mechanical  Appliances  required  in  the  Cultivation 
of  the  Tea  Plant  and  the  Preparation  of  Tea  for  the  Market.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS- 
TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Medium  8vo,  468  pp.  With  218  Illustrations. 

Net    25/- 

"  When  tea  planting  was  first  introduced  into  the  British  possessions,  little,  if  any,  machinery  was 
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machinery  necessary  for  the  proper  outfit  of  a  factory,  and  also  a  description  of  the  processes  best 
carried  out  by  this  machinery."—; Journal  Society  of  Arts. 


CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &   SOWS   CATALOGUE. 


ENGINEERING  ESTIMATES,  COSTS,  &  ACCOUNTS, 

A  Guide  to  Commercial  Engineering.  With  numerous  Examples  of  Estimates 
and  Costs  of  Millwright  Work,  Miscellaneous  Productions,  Steam  Engines  and 
Steam  Boilers  ;  and  a  Section  on  the  Preparation  of  Costs  Accounts.  By  A 
GENERAL  MANAGER.  Second  Edition.  8vo,  cloth  ....  12/- 

"  This  is  an  excellent  and  very  useful  book,  covering  subject-matter  in  constant  requisition  in 

every  factory  and  workshop.     .     .     .     The  book  is  invaluable,  not  only  to  the  young  engineer,  but  also 

to  the  estimate  department  of  every  works." — Builder. 

"  We  accord  the  work  unqualified  praise.    The  information  is  given  in  a  plain,  straightforward 

manner,  and  bears  throughout  evidence  of  the  intimate  practical  acquaintance  of  the  author  with 

every  phase  of  commercial  engineering." — Mechanical  World. 

AN    ELEMENTARY    TREATISE    ON     HOISTING 

MACHINERY, 

Including  the  Elements  of  Crane  Construction  and  descriptions  of  the  various 
Types  of  Cranes  in  use.  By  JOSEPH  HORNER,  A.M.I.M.E.,  Author  of  "  Pattern 
Making"  and  other  works.  Illustrated  with  215  Engravings.  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     Net     7/6 

PATTERN  MAKING, 

A  Practical  Treatise,  embracing  the  Main  Types  of  Engineering  Construction, 
and  including  Gearing,  Engine  Work,  Sheaves  and  Pulleys,  Pipes  and  Columns, 
Screws,  Machine  Parts,  Pumps  and  Cocks,  the  Moulding  of  Patterns  in  Loam 
and  Greensand,  Estimating  the  Weight  of  Castings,  &c.  By  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER, 
A.M.I.M.E.  Third  Edition,  Enlarged.  With  486  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 

cloth Net     7/6 

"A  well-written  technical  guide,  evidently  written  by  a  man  who  understands  and  has  practised 
what  he  has  written  about.  .  .  .  We  cordially  recommend  it  to  engineering  students,  young 
journeymen,  and  others  desirous  of  being  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  pattern-making." — Builder. 

"An  excellent  vade  mectnn  for  the  apprentice  who  desires  to  become  master  of  his  trade." — English 
Mechanic. 

PLATING  AND  BOILER  MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  Workshop  Operations.       By  JOSEPH    G.  HORNER, 
A.M.I.M.E.     380  pp.,  with  338  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth          .         .     7/6 
"  This  work  is  characterised  by  that  evidence  of  close  acquaintance  with  workshop  methods  which 
will  render  the  book  exceedingly  acceptable  to  the  practical  hand.     We  have  no  hesitation  in  com- 
mending the  work  as  a  serviceable  and  practical  handbook  on  a  subject  which  has  not  hitherto  received 
much  attention  from  those  qualified  to  deal  with  it  in  a  satisfactory  manner." — Mechanical  World. 

TOOTHED  GEARING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  Offices  and  Workshops.     By  J.  HORNER,  A.M.I.M.E. 

With  184  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 6/- 

"  We  give  the  book  our  unqualified  praise  for  its  thoroughness  of  treatment  and  recommend  it  to 
all  interested  as  the  most  practical  book  on  the  subject  yet  written. "—Mechanical  World. 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING  TERMS 

(Lockwood's  Dictionary  of).     Embracing  those  current  in  the  Drawing  Office, 

Pattern  Shop,  Foundry,  Fitting,  Turning,  Smiths',  and  Boiler  Shops,  &c.,  &c. 

Comprising  upwards  of  6,000  Definitions.    Edited  by  J.  G.  HORNER,  A.M.I.M.E. 

Third  Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  Net  7/6 
"  Just  the  sort  of  handy  dictionary  required  by  the  various  trades  engaged  in  mechanical  engineer- 
ing. The  practical  engineering  pupil  will  find  the  book  of  great  value  in  his  studies,  and  every  foreman 
engineer  and  mechanic  should  have  a  copy." — Building  Neivs. 

MOTOR  CARS  OR  POWER  CARRIAGES  FOR  COMMON 

ROADS. 

By  A.  J.   WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.     Author  of  "  Modern   Cycles,"  &c. 

212  pp.,  with  76  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 4/6 

"The  book  is  clearly  expressed  throughout,  and  is  just  the  sort  of  work  that  an  engineer, 
thinking  of  turning  his  attention  to  motor-carriage  work,  would  do  well  to  read  as  a  preliminary  to 
starting  operations." — Engineering. 

AERIAL  OR  WIRE-ROPE  TRAMWAYS. 

Their  Construction  and  Management.    By  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E. 

With  81  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 7/6 

''This  is  in  its  way  an  excellent  volume.  Without  going  into  the  minutiae  of  the  subject,  it  yet 
lays  before  its  readers  a  very  good  exposition  of  the  various  systems  of  rope  transmission  in  use,  and 
gives  as  well  not  a  little  valuable  information  about  their  working,  repair  and  management.  We  can 
safely  recommend  it  as  a  useful  general  treatise  on  the  subject."— The  Engineer. 


MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING, 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION* 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Construction  of  Dirigible  Balloons,  Aerostats, 
Aeroplanes,  and  Aeromotors.  By  FREDERICK  WALKER,  C.E.,  Associate  Member 
of  the  Aeronautic  Institute.  With  104  Illustrations.  Large  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

Net    7/6 

STONE-WORKING  MACHINERY* 

A  Manual  dealing  with  the  Rapid  and  Economical  Conversion  of  Stone.  With 
Hints  on  the  Arrangement  and  Management  of  Stone  Works.  By  M.  Powis 
BALE,  M.I.M.E.  Second  Edition,  Enlarged.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  9/- 

"The  book  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  mason  or  student  of  stonework." — Colliery  Guardian. 

"  A  capital  handbook  for  all  who  manipulate  stone  for  building  or  ornamental  purposes." — 
Machinery  Market. 

PUMPS  AND  PUMPING. 

A  Handbook  for  Pump  Users.  Being  Notes  on  Selection,  Construction,  and 
Management.  By  M.  Powis  BALE,  M.I.M.E.  Fourth  Edition.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  The  matter  is  set  forth  as  concisely  as  possible.  In  fact,  condensation  rather  than  diffuseness 
has  been  the  author's  aim  throughout;  yet  he  does  not  seem  to  have  omitted  anything  likely  to  be  of 
use."— Journal  of  Gas  Lighting.  "Thoroughly  practical  and  clearly  written." — Glasgow  Herald. 

MILLING  MACHINES  AND  PROCESSES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Shaping  Metals  by  Rotary  Cutters.     Including  Informa- 
tion on  Making  and  Grinding  the  Cutters.     By  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK,  Author  of 
"  Lathe  Work."    With  upwards  of  300  Engravings.    Large  Crown  8vo,  cloth  12/6 
"  A  new  departure  in  engineering  literature.   .    .    .   We  can  recommend  this  work  to  all  interested 
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"  A  capital  and  reliable  book  which  will  no  doubt  be  of  considerable  service  both  to  those  who  are 
already  acquainted  with  the  process  as  well  as  to  those  who  contemplate  its  adoption." — Industries. 

LATHE-WORK. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Tools,  Appliances,  and  Processes  employed  in  the 

Art  of  Turning.    By  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK.    Seventh  Edition.   Crown  8vo,  cloth  5/- 

"  Written  by  a  man  who  knows  not  only  how  work  ought  to  be  done,  but  who  also  knows  how  to 

do  it,  and  how  to  convey  his  knowledge  to  others.    To  all  turners  this  book  would  be  valuable."— 

Engineering. 

"We  can  safely  recommend  the  work  to  young  engineers.  To  the  amateur  it  will  simply  be 
invaluable.  To  the  student  it  will  convey  a  great  deal  of  useful  information." — Engineer. 

SCREW  THREADS. 

And    Methods  of   Producing  Them.      With  numerous  Tables   and  complete 

Directions  for  using  Screw-Cutting  Lathes.     By  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK,  Author  of 

"  Lathe- Work,"  &c.     Fifth  Edition.     Waistcoat-pocket  size   .         .         .        1/6 

"Full  of  useful  information,  hints,  and  practical  criticism.    Taps,  dies,  and  screwing  tools  generally 

are  illustrated  and  their  action  described." — Mechanical  World. 

"  It  is  a  complete  compendium  of  all  the  details  of  the  screw-cutting  lathe  ;  in  fact  a  multum-in- 
parvo  on  all  the  subjects  it  treats  upon." — Carpenter  and  Builder. 

TABLES     AND     MEMORANDA     FOR     ENGINEERS, 
MECHANICS,    ARCHITECTS,   BUILDERS,   &c. 

Selected  and  Arranged  by  FRANCIS  SMITH.     Sixth  Edition,  Revised,  including 

ELECTRICAL    TABLES,    FORMULA,   AND   MEMORANDA.      Waistcoat-pocket    size, 

limp  leather.       .         .       n      .  .     •„  ,/-     •-.'••"  .   «;.^  .         .         .         .         .         1/6 

"  It  would,  perhaps,  be  as  difficult  to  make  a  small  pocket-book  selection  of  notes  and  formulae  to 

suit  ALL  engineers  as  it  would  be  to  make  a  universal  medicine ;  but  Mr.  Smith's  waistcoat-pocket 

collection  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  successful  attempt." — Engineer. 

"  The  best  example  we  have  ever  seen  of  270  pages  of  useful  matter  packed  into  the  dimensions  of 
a  card  case."— Building  News.  "  A  veritable  pocket  treasury  of  knowledge."— Iron. 

POCKET  GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS* 

English-French,  French-English;   with  Tables  suitable  for  the  Architectural, 

Engineering,    Manufacturing,    and    Nautical    Professions.       By    JOHN    JAMES 

FLETCHER.    Third  Edition.    200  pp.   Waistcoat-pocket  size,  limp  leather        1/6 

"  It  is  a  very  great  advantage  for  readers  and  correspondents  in  France  and  England  to  have  so 

large  a  number  of  the  words  relating  to  engineering  and  manufactures  collected  in  a  liliputian  volume. 

The  little  book  will  be  useful  both  to  students  and  travellers."— Architect. 

"  The  glossary  of  terms  is  very  complete,  and  many  of  the  Tables  are  new  and  well-arranged.  We 
cordially  commend  the  book."— Mechanical  World. 


8  CROSBY  LOCK  WO  00   &-   SON'S  CATALOGUE. 

THE  ENGINEER'S  YEARBOOK  FOR  1903* 

Comprising  Formulae,  Rules,  Tables,  Data  and  Memoranda  in  Civil,  Mechanical, 

Electrical,  Marine  and  Mine  Engineering.     By  H.  R,  KEMPE,  A.M.Inst.C.E., 

M.I.E.E.,  Principal  Technical  Officer,  Engineer-in-Chief's  Office,  General  Post 

Office,  London,  Author  of  "  A  Handbook  of  Electrical  Testing,"  "  The  Electrical 

Engineer's  Pocket-Book,"  &c.     With  1,000  Illustrations,  specially  Engraved  for 

the  work.     Crown  8 vo,  900  pp.,  leather         .         .         .  [Just  Published.     8/- 

"  Kempe's  Year-Book  really  requires  no  commendation.     Its  sphere  of  usefulness  is  widely  known, 

and  it  is  used  by  engineers  the  world  over." — The  Engineer. 

"The  volume  is  distinctly  in  advance  of  most  similar  publications  in  this  country." — Engineering. 
"This  valuable  and  well-designed  book  of  reference  meets  the  demands  of  all  descriptions  of 
engineers." — Saturday  Review. 

"Teems  with  up-to-date  information  in  every  branch  of  engineering  and  construction." — Building 
News. 

"The  needs  of  the  engineering  profession  could  hardly  be  supplied  in  a  more  admirable,  complete 
and  convenient  form.  To  say  that  it  more  than  sustains  all  comparisons  is  praise  of  the  highest  sort, 
and  that  may  justly  be  said  of  it." — Mining  Journal. 

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as  formulae  and  tables.  It  deserves  to  become  one  of  the  most  successful  of  the  technical  annuals." — 
A  rchitect. 

"  Brings  together  with  great  skill  all  the  technical  information  which  an  engineer  has  to  use  day  by 
day.  It  is  in  every  way  admirably  equipped,  and  is  sure  to  prove  successful." — Scotsman. 

"  The  up-to-dateness  of  Mr.  Kempe's  compilation  is  a  quality  that  will  not  be  lost  on  the  busy 
people  for  whom  the  work  is  intended." — Glasgow  Herald. 

THE  PORTABLE  ENGINE. 

A    Practical    Manual    on    its   Construction    and    Management.      For  the  Use 
of   Owners   and    Users   of   Steam    Engines   generally.      By   WILLIAM    DYSON 
WANSBROUGH.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      ........        3/6 

"  This  is  a  work  of  value  to  those  who  use  steam  machinery.     .    .    .    Should  be  read  by  every  one 

who  has  a  steam  engine,  on  a  farm  or  elsewhere." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

"  We  cordially  commend  this  work  to  buyers  and  owners  of  steam  engines,  and  to  those  who  have 
to  do  with  their  construction  or  use." — Timber  Trades  Journal. 

"  Such  a  general  knowledge  of  the  steam-engine  as  Mr.  Wansbrough  furnishes  to  the  reader  should 
be  acquired  by  all  intelligent  owners  and  others  who  use  the  steam  engine." — Building  News. 

"  An  excellent  text-book  of  this  useful  form  of  engine.  The  '  Hints  to  Purchasers'  contain  a  good 
deal  of  common-sense  and  practical  wisdom." — English  Mechanic. 

IRON  AND  STEEL. 

A  work  for  the  Forge,  Foundry,  Factory,  and  Office.  Containing  ready,  useful, 
and  trustworthy  Information  for  Ironmasters  and  their  Stock-takers  ;  Managers 
of  Bar,  Rail,  Plate,  and  Sheet  Rolling  Mills ;  Iron  and  Metal  Founders ;  Iron 
Ship  and  Bridge  Builders ;  Mechanical,  Mining,  and  Consulting  Engineers  ; 
Architects,  Contractors,  Builders,  &c.  By  CHARLES  HOARE,  Author  of  "  The 
Slide  Rule, "  &c.  Ninth  Edition.  321110,  leather 6/- 

"  For  comprehensiveness  the  book  has  not  its  equal." — Iron. 

"  One  of  the  best  of  the  pocket  books." — English  Mechanic. 

FIRES,  FIRE-ENGINES,  AND  FIRE-BRIGADES. 

With  a  History  of  Fire-Engines,  their  Construction,  Use,  and  Management ; 
Foreign  Fire  Systems  ;  Hints  on  Fire-Brigades,  &c.  By  C.  F.  T.  YOUNG,  C.E. 
8vo,  cloth 24/- 

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CONDENSED  MECHANICS. 

A  Selection  of  Formulae,  Rules,  Tables,  and  Data  for  the  Use  of  Engineering 
Students,  &c.     By  W.  G.  C.  HUGHES,  A. M.I. C.E.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .       2/6 
"The  book  is  well  fitted  for  those  who  are  preparing  for  examination  and  wish  to  refresh  their 
knowledge  by  going  through  their  formulas  again."— Marine  Engineer. 

THE  SA.FE  USE  OF  STEAM. 

Containing  Rules  for  Unprofessional  Steam-users.  By  an  ENGINEER.  Seventh 
Edition.  Sewed  ...........  6d. 

"  If  steam-users  would  but  learn  this  little  book  by  heart,  boiler  explosions  would  become  sensa- 
tions by  their  rarity."— English  Mechanic. 

THE  CARE  AND   MANAGEMENT   OF  STATIONARY 

STEAM  ENGINES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  Men-in- charge.     By  C.  HURST.     Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

*  Net    1/- 


MECHANICAL   ENGINEERING, 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE. 

The  Autobiography  of  an  Old  Locomotive  Engine.  By  ROBERT  WEATHERBURN, 
M.I.M.E.  With  Illustrations  and  Portraits  of  GEORGE  and  ROBERT  STEPHEN- 
SON.  Crown  8vo,  cloth Net  2/6 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS.  PROLOGUE. — CYLINDERS. — MOTIONS. — CONNECTING  RODS. — FRAMES. — 
WHEELS.— PUMPS,  CLACKS,  &c.— INJECTORS.— BOILERS.— SMOKE  Box.— CHIMNEY.— WEATHER  BOARD 
AND  AWNING. — INTERNAL  DISSENSIONS. — ENGINE  DRIVERS,  &c. 

"  It  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  anything  more  ingeniously  planned,  more  cleverly  worked  out, 
and  more  charmingly  written.  Readers,  whether  young  or  old,  of  a  mechanical  turn,  cannot  fail  to 
find  the  volume  most  enjoyable  as  well  as  most  instructive." — Glasgow  Herald. 

THE  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE  &  ITS  DEVELOPMENT. 

A  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Gradual  Improvements  made  in  Railway  Engines 
between  1803  and  1903.  By  CLEMENT  E.  STRETTON,  C.E.  Sixth  Edition, 
Revised  and  Enlarged.  With  130  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net    4/6 

"  Students  of  railway  history  and  all  who  are  interested  in  the  evolution  of  the  modern  locomotive 
will  find  much  to  attract  and  entertain  in  this  volume." — The  Times. 

LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE  DRIVING. 

A   Practical    Manual    for    Engineers   in    Charge   of  Locomotive  Engines.     By 

MICHAEL  REYNOLDS,  formerly  Locomotive  Inspector,  L.  B.  and  S.  C.  R.    Eleventh 

Edition.     Including  a  KEY  TO  THE  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE.     Cr.  8vo,  cloth.     4/6 

"  Mr.  Reynolds  has  supplied  a  want,  and  has  supplied  it  well.    We  can  confidently  recommend  the 

book  not  only  to  the  practical  driver,  but  to  everyone  who  takes  an  interest  in  the  performance  of 

locomotive  engines." — The  Engineer. 

"  Mr.  Reynolds  has  opened  a  new  chapter  in  the  literature  of  the  day.  This  admirable  practical 
treatise,  of  the  practical  utility  of  which  we  have  to  speak  in  terms  of  warm  commendation." — Athencenm. 

THE  MODEL  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINEER, 

Fireman,  and  Engine-Boy.     Comprising  a   Historical   Notice  of  the   Pioneer 

Locomotive  Engines  and  their  Inventors.     By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.     Second 

Edition,  with  Revised  Appendix.     Crown  8vo,  cloth          .         .        .         .       4/6 

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laid,  or  is  to  lay,  hands  on  a  locomotive  engine." — Iron. 

CONTINUOUS  RAILWAY  BRAKES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  several  Systems  in  Use  in  the  United  Kingdom : 

their  Construction  and  Performance.    By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.    8vo,  cloth     9/- 

"  A  popular  explanation  of  the  different  brakes.     It  will  be  of  great  assistance  in  forming  public 

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STATIONARY  ENGINE  DRIVING. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Engineers  in  Charge  of  Stationary  Engines.  By 
MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.  Sixth  Edition.  With  Plates  and  Woodcuts.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth 4/6 

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something  about  the  stationary  engine,  but  all  about  it."— Engineer. 

ENGINE-DRIVING  LIFE. 

Stirring  Adventures  and  Incidents  in  the  Lives  of  Locomotive  Engine-Drivers. 
By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.     Third  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  .         .         .        1/6 
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THE  ENGINEMAN'S  POCKET  COMPANION, 

And  Practical  Educator  for  Enginemen,   Boiler  Attendants,   and   Mechanics. 
By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.    With  Forty-five  Illustrations  and  numerous  Diagrams. 
Fourth  Edition,  Revised.     Royal  i8mo,  strongly  bound  for  pocket  wear    .     3/6 
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minder  desirous  of  mastering  the  scientific  principles  of  his  daily  calling  would  require." — The  Miller. 


io  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


CIVIL   ENGINEERING,   SURVEYING,    ETC. 


LIGHT    RAILWAYS    FOR    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM, 
INDIA,  AND  THE  COLONIES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  setting  forth  the  Principles  on  which  Light  Railways 
should  be  Constructed,  Worked,  and  Financed ;  and  detailing  the  cost  of 
Construction,  Equipment,  Revenue  and  Working  Expenses.  By  J.  C.  MACKAY, 
F.G.S.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Illustrated  with  Plates  and  Diagrams.  8vo,  cloth  15/- 
"Mr.  Mackay's  volume  is  clearly  and  concisely  written,  admirably  arranged,  and  freely  illustrated. 

The  book  is  exactly  what  has  been  long  wanted.     We  recommend  it  to  all  interested  in  the  subject. 

It  is  sure  to  have  a  wide  sale." — Railway  Nezvs. 

TUNNELLING. 

A  Practical  Treatise.  By  C.  PRELINI,  C.E.,  with  Additions  by  C.  S.  HILL,  C.E. 
With  150  Diagrams  and  Illustrations.  Royal  8vo,  cloth  .  .  Net  16/- 

PRACTICAL  TUNNELLING. 

Explaining  in  detail  Setting-out  the  Works,  Shaft-sinking,  and  Heading-driving, 
Ranging  the  Lines  and  Levelling  underground,  Sub-Excavating,  Timbering  and 
the  Construction  of  the  Brickwork  of  Tunnels.      By  F.  W.  SIMMS,  M.Inst.C.E. 
Fourth   Edition,   Revised  and  Further  Extended,  including   the  most    Recent 
(1895)   Examples  of  Sub-aqueous  and  other  Tunnels  by  D.  KINNEAR   CLARK, 
M.Inst.C.E.     With  34  Folding  Plates.     Imperial  8vo,  cloth  .         .         £2  2s. 
"The  present  (1896)  edition  has  been  brought  right  up  to  date,  and  is  thus  rendered  a  work  to 
which  civil  engineers  generally  should  have  ready  access,  and  to  which  engineers  who   have  con- 
struction work  can  hardly  afford  to  be  without,  but  which  to  the  younger  members  of  the  profession 
is  invaluable,  as  from  its  pages  they   can  learn  the   state  to   which  the  science  of  tunnelling  has 
attained." — Railway  Neivs. 

THE    WATER    SUPPLY    OF    TOWNS,    AND   THE   CON^ 
STRUCTION  OF  WATER-WORKS. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  the  Use  of  Engineers  and  Students  of  Engineering.     By 
W.    K.    BARTON,    A.M.Inst.C.E.,    Consulting   Engineer   to   the   Tokyo   Water- 
Works.     Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Extended.     With  numerous  Plates  and 
Illustrations.     Super-royal  8vo,  buckram          ....         .         .         25/- 

I.  INTRODUCTORY. — II.  DIFFERENT  QUALITIES  !  CHINERV. — XVII.  FLOW  OF  WATER  IN  CONDUITS 

OF   WATER. — III.    QUANTITY  OF  WATER  TO  BE    i    — PIPES  AND  OPEN  CHANNELS. — XVIII.  DISTRI- 

PROVIDED. — IV.  ON  ASCERTAINING  WHETHER  A 

PROPOSED  SOURCE   OF  SUPPLY  is   SUFFICIENT. 

— V.  ON  ESTIMATING   THE   STORAGE   CAPACITY 

REQUIRED  TO  BE  PROVIDED. — VI.  CLASSIFICA- 
TION OF  WATERWORKS. — VII.  IMPOUNDING  RE- 
SERVOIRS. —  VIII.  EARTHWORK  DAMS.  —  IX. 
MASONRY  DAMS. — X.  THE  PURIFICATION  OF 
WATER. — XI.  SETTLING  RESERVOIRS. — XII. SAND 
FILTRATION. — XIII.  PURIFICATION  OF  WATER 
BY  ACTION  OF  IRON,  SOFTENING  OF  WATER  BY 
ACTION  OF  LIME,  NATURAL  FILTRATION. — XIV. 
SERVICE  OR  CLEAN  WATER  RESERVOIRS — 
WATER  TOWERS— STAND  PIPES.— XV.  THE  CON-  i  APPENDIX  II.  By  JOHN  DE  RIJKE,  C.E  — 
NECTION  OF  SETTLING  RESERVOIRS,  FILTER  BEDS  ON  SAND  DUNES  AND  DUNE  SAND  AS  A 

AND  SERVICE  RESERVOIRS. — XVI.  PUMPING  MA-  SOURCE  OF  WATER  SUPPLY. 

"The  chapter  upon  filtration  of  water  is  very  complete,  and  the  details  of  construction  well  illus- 
trated. .  .  .  The  work  should  be  specially  valuable  to  civil  engineers  engaged  in  work  in  Japan, 
but  the  interest  is  by  no  means  confined  to  that  locality." — Engineer. 

"  We  congratulate  the  author  upon  the  practical  commonsense  shown  in  the  preparation  of  this 
work.  .  .  .  The  plates  and  diagrams  have  evidently  been  prepared  with  great  care,  and  cannot 
fail  to  be  of  great  assistance  to  the  student." — Builder. 

RURAL  WATER  SUPPLY. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Supply  of  WTater  and  Construction  of  Waterworks 
for  small  Country  Districts.  By  ALLAN  GREENWELL,  A.M.I.C.E.,  and  W.  T. 
CURRY,  A.M.I.C.E.,  F.G.S.  With  Illustrations.  Second  Edition,  Revised. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 5/- 

"  We  conscientiously  recommend  it  as  a  very  useful  book  for  those  concerned  in  obtaining  water 
for  small  districts,  giving  a  great  deal  of  practical  information  in  a  small  compass." — Builder. 

"  The  volume  contains  valuable  information  upon  all  matters  connected  with  water  supply.  .  .  . 
It  is  full  of  details  on  points  which  are  continually  before  waterworks  engineers." — Nature. 


BUTION  SYSTEMS. — XIX.  SPECIAL  PROVISIONS 
FOR  THE  EXTINCTION  OF  FIRE. — XX.  PIPES  FOR 
WATERWORKS. — XXI.  PREVENTION  OF  WASTE 
OF  WATER. — XXII.  VARIOUS  APPLIANCES  USED 
IN  CONNECTION  WITH  WATERWORKS. 


APPENDIX  I.  By  PROF.  JOHN  MILNE,  F.R.S. 
— CONSIDERATIONS  CONCERNING  THE  PROB- 
ABLE EFFECTS  OF  EARTHQUAKES  ON  WATER- 
WORKS, AND  THE  SPECIAL  PRECAUTIONS  TO 

BE   TAKEN    IN    EARTHQUAKE    COUNTRIES. 


CIVIL   ENGINEERING,   SURVEYING,    <5rv.  n 

THE  WATER  SUPPLY  OF  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 

By  WILLIAM  HUMBER,  A.-M.Inst.C.E.,  and  M.Inst.M.E.,  Author  of  "Cast  and 
Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Construction,"  &c.,  &c.  Illustrated  with  50  Double  Plates, 
i  Single  Plate,  Coloured  Frontispiece,  and  upwards  of  250  Woodcuts,  and 
containing  400  pages  of  Text.  Imp.  4to,  elegantly  and  substantially  half-bound 

in  morocco       .  Net    £6    6s. 

LIST  OF  CONTENTS. 

XIII.  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WATER.— XIV.  METERS, 
SERVICE  PIPES,  AND  HOUSE  FITTINGS.— XV. 
THE  LAW  AND  ECONOMY  OF  WATER  WORKS. — 

XVI.  CONSTANT  AND  INTERMITTENT  SUPPLY. — 

XVII.  DESCRIPTION   OF  PLATES. — APPENDICES, 
GIVING  TABLES   OF   RATES   OF   SUPPLY,  VELO- 
CITIES,   &C.,     &C.,    TOGETHER    WITH    SPECIFICA- 
TIONS OF  SEVERAL  WORKS  ILLUSTRATED,  AMONG 
WHICH  WILL  BE  FOUND:  ABERDEEN,  BlDEFORD, 
CANTERBURY,     DUNDEE,     HALIFAX,    LAMBETH, 
ROTHERHAM,  DUBLIN,  AND  OTHERS. 


I.  HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  SOME  OF  THE  MEANS 

THAT  HAVE  BEEN  ADOPTED  FOR  THE  SUPPLY  OF 

WATER  TO  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. — II.  WATER  AND 
THE  FOREIGN  MATTER  USUALLY  ASSOCIATED 
•WITH  IT. — III.  RAINFALL  AND  EVAPORATION. — 
IV.  SPRINGS  AND  THE  WATER-BEARING  FORMA- 
TIONS OFVARIOUS  DISTRICTS. — V.  MEASUREMENT 
AND  ESTIMATION  OF  THE  FLOW  OF  WATER. — 
VI.  ON  THE  SELECTION  OF  THE  SOURCE  OF 
SUPPLY. —  VII.  WELLS.— VIII.  RESERVOIRS.— 
IX.  THE  PURIFICATION  OF  WATER.— X.  PUMPS. 
— XI.  PUMPING  MACHINERY. — XII.  CONDUITS. — 


"  The  most  systematic  and  valuable  work  upon  water  supply  hitherto  produced  in  English,  or  in  any 
other  language.  .  .  .  Mr.  H umber's  work  is  characterised  almost  throughout  by  an  exhaustiveness 
much  more  distinctive  of  French  and  German  than  of  English  technical  treatises."— .Engineer. 

HYDRAULIC  POWER  ENGINEERING. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  the  Concentration  and  Transmission  of  Power  by 
Hydraulic  Machinery.  By  G.  CROYDON  MARKS,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  With  nearly 
200  Illustrations.  8vo,  cloth Net  9/- 

SUMMARY    OF    CONTENTS. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  HYDRAULICS. — THE  FLOW  OF 
WATER.  —  HYDRAULIC  PRESSURES.  —  MATERIAL. 
— TEST  LOAD. — PACKINGS  FOR  SLIDING  SUR- 
FACES.—PIPE  JOINTS.— CONTROLLING  VALVES. 
— PLATFORM  LIFTS. — WORKSHOP  AND  FOUNDRY 
CRANES.  —  WAREHOUSE  AND  DOCK  CRANES. — 
HYDRAULIC  ACCUMULATORS  —  PRESSES  FOR 


WORKING  AND  FORGING  MACHINERY. —HYDRAULIC 
RIVETERS. — HAND  AND  POWER  PUMPS. — STEAM 
PUMPS. — TURBINES. — IMPULSE  TURBINES. — RE- 
ACTION TURBINES. — DESIGN  OF  TURBINES  IN 
DETAIL.  —  WATER  WHEELS.  —  HYDRAULIC  EN- 
GINES.— RECENT  ACHIEVEMENTS. — PRESSURE  OF 
WATER.— ACTION  OF  PUMPS,  &c. 


BALING  AND  OTHER  PURPOSES. — SHEET  METAL- 

"  We  have  nothing  but  praise  for  this  thoroughly  valuable  work.  The  author  has  succeeded  in 
rendering  his  subject  interesting  as  well  as  instructive." — Practical  Engineer. 

"Can  be  unhesitatingly  recommended  as  a  useful  and  up-to-date  manual  on  hydraulic  transmission 
and  utilisation  of  power." — Mechanical  World. 

HYDRAULIC  TABLES,  CO-EFFICIENTS,  &  FORMULAE. 

For  Finding  the  Discharge  of  Water  from  Orifices,  Notches,  Weirs,  Pipes,  and 
Rivers.  With  New  Formulae,  Tables,  and  General  Information  on  Rain-fall, 
Catchment-Basins,  Drainage,  Sewerage,  Water  Supply  for  Towns  and  Mill 
Power.  By  JOHN  NEVILLE,  Civil  Engineer,  M.R.I. A.  Third  Edition,  carefully 
Revised,  with  considerable  Additions.  Numerous  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 

cloth 14/- 

"  It  is,  of  all  English  books  on  the  subject,  the  one  nearest  to  completeness."— A  rchitecl. 

HYDRAULIC  MANUAL, 

Consisting  of  Working  Tables  and  Explanatory  Text.  Intended  as  a  Guide  in 
Hydraulic  Calculations  and  Field  Operations.  By  Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON,  Author 
of  "Aid  to  Survey  Practice,"  "Modern  Metrology,"  &c.  Fourth  Edition, 

Enlarged.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth 16/- 

"  The  author  has  constructed  a  manual  which  may  be  accepted  as  a  trustworthy  guide  to  this  branch 
of  the  engineer's  profession." — Engineering. 

WATER  ENGINEERING. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Measurement,  Storage,  Conveyance,  and  Utilisation 
of  Water  for  the  Supply  of  Towns,  for  Mill  Power,  and  for  other  Purposes.     By 
CHARLES  SLAGG,  A.M.Inst.C.E.     Second  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth     .        7/6 
"  As  a  small  practical  treatise  on  the  water  supply  of  towns,  and  on  some  applications  of  water- 
power,  the  work  is  in  many  respects  excellent." — Engineering. 

"The  author  has  collated  the  results  deduced  from  the  experiments  of  the  most  eminent 
authorities,  and  has  presented  them  in  a  compact  and  practical  form,  accompanied  by  very  clear 
and  detailed  explanations.  .  .  .  The  application  of  water  as  a  motive  power  is  treated  very  carefully 
and  exhaustively." — Builder. 


12  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

THE  RECLAMATION  OF  LAND  FROM  TIDAL  WATERS. 

A  Handbook  for  Engineers,  Landed  Proprietors,  and  others  interested  in  Works 

of  Reclamation.     By  ALEX.  BEAZELEY,  M.Inst.C.E.     8vo,  cloth     .     Net    1O/6 

"The  book  shows  in  a  concise  way  what  has  to  be  done  in  reclaiming  land  from  the  sea,  and  the 

best  way  of  doing  it.    The  work  contains  a  great  deal  of  practical  and  useful  information  which  cannot 

fail  to  be  of  service  to  engineers  entrusted  with  the  enclosure  of  salt  marshes,  and  to  land  owners 

intending  to  reclaim  land  from  the  sea." — The  Engineer. 

"The  author  has  carried  out  his  task  efficiently  and  well,  and  his  book  contains  a  large  amount  of 
information  of  great  service  to  engineers  and  others  interested  in  works  of  reclamation." — Nature. 

MASONRY  DAMS  FROM  INCEPTION  TO  COMPLETION. 

Including  numerous  Formulae,  Forms  of  Specification  and  Tender,  Pocket 
Diagram  of  Forces,  &c.  For  the  use  of  Civil  and  Mining  Engineers.  By  C.  F. 

COURTNEY,  M.Inst.C.E.     8vo,  cloth 9/- 

"  The  volume  contains  a  good  deal  of  valuable  data.  Many  useful  suggestions  will  be  found  in 
the  remarks  on  site  and  position,  location  of  dam,  foundations  and  construction." — Building  News. 

RIVER  BARS. 

The  Causes  of  their  Formation,  and  their  Treatment  by  "Induced  Tidal  Scour;  " 
with  a  Description  of  the  Successful  Reduction  by  this  Method  of  the  Bar  at 
Dublin.  By  I.  J.  MANN,  Assist.  Eng.  to  the  Dublin  Port  and  Docks  Board. 

Royal  8vo,  cloth 7/6 

"  We  recommend  all  interested  in  harbour  works — and,  indeed,  those  concerned  in  the  improve- 
ments of  rivers  generally— to  read  Mr.  Mann's  interesting  work."— Engineer. 

TRAMWAYS :   THEIR  CONSTRUCTION  &  WORKING. 

Embracing  a  Comprehensive  History  of  the  System  ;  with  an  exhaustive  Analysis 
of   the   Various    Modes   of   Traction,    including    Horse   Power,    Steam,    Cable 
Traction,  Electric  Traction,  &c. ;  a  Description  of  the  Varieties  of  Rolling  Stock; 
and  ample  Details  of  Cost  and  Working  Expenses.     New  Edition,  Thoroughly 
Revised,  and  Including  the  Progress  recently  made  in  Tramway  Construction, 
&c.  &c.     By  D.   KINNEAR  CLARK,   M.Inst.C.E.     With  400  Illustrations.     8vo, 
780  pages,  buckram     ...........      28  - 

"The  new  volume  is  one  which  will  rank,  among  tramway  engineers  and  those  interested  in 
tramway  working,  with  the  author's  world-famed  book  on  railway  machinery." — The  Engineer. 

SURVEYING    AS   PRACTISED   BY  CIVIL  ENGINEERS 

AND  SURVEYORS. 

Including  the  Setting-Out  of  Works  for  Construction  and  Surveys  Abroad,  with 
many  Examples  taken  from  Actual  Practice.     A  Handbook  for  use  in  the  Field 
and  the  Office,  intended  also  as  a  Text-book  for  Students.     By  JOHN  WHITE- 
LAW,  Jun.,  A. M.Inst.C.E.,  Author  of  "  Points  and  Crossings."     With  about  260 
Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  cloth  ....         [Just  Published.     Net    1O/6 
"This  work  is  written  with  admirable  lucidity,  and  will  certainly  be  found  of  distinct  value  both 
to  students  and  to  those  engaged  in  actual  practice." — Th»  Builder. 

PRACTICAL  SURVEYING. 

A  Text-Book  for  Students  preparing  for  Examinations  or  for  Survey-work  in  the 
Colonies.     By  GEORGE  W.  USILL,  A.M.I.C.E.     With  4  Lithographic  Plates  and 
upwardsof  330  Illustrations.  Seventh  Edition.  Including  Tables  of  Natural  Sines, 
Tangents,  Secants,  &c.     Crown  8vo,  7/6  cloth;    or,  on  THIN  PAPER,  leather, 
gilt  edges,  rounded  corners,  for  pocket  use    ......         12/6 

"  The  best  forms  of  instruments  are  described  as  to  their  construction,  uses  and  modes  of  employ- 
ment, and  there  are  innumerable  hints  on  work  and  equipment  such  as  the  author,  in  his  experience  as 
surveyor,  draughtsman  and  teacher,  has  found  necessary,  and  which  the  student  in  his  inexperience 
will  find  most  serviceable." — Engineer. 

"The  first  book  which  should  be  put  in  the  hands  of  a  pupil  of  Civil  Engineering." — Architect. 

AID  TO  SURVEY  PRACTICE. 

For  Reference  in  Surveying,  Levelling,  and  Setting-out ;    and  in  Route  Surveys 

of  Travellers  by  Land  and  Sea.     With  Tables,  Illustrations,  and  Records.     By 

Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON,  A.M.I.C.E.     Second  Edition,  Enlarged.    8vo,  cloth    12/6 

"  Mr.  Jackson  has  produced  a  valuable  vade-mecum  for  the  surveyor.   We  can  recommend  this  book 

as  containing  an  admirable  supplement  to  the  teaching  of  the  accomplished  surveyor." — Athencemn. 

"  The  author  brings  to  his  work  a  fortunate  union  of  theory  and  practical  experience  which,  aided 
by  a  clear  and  lucid  style  of  writing,  renders  the  book  a  very  useful  one." — Builder. 


CIVIL   ENGINEERING,   SURVEYING,    dw.  13 

SURVEYING  WITH  THE  TACHEOMETER. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  the  use  of  Civil  and  Military  Engineers  and  Surveyors. 

Including  two  series  of  Tables  specially  computed  for  the  Reduction  of  Readings 

in  Sexagesimal  and  in  Centesimal  Degrees.     By  NEIL  KENNEDY,  M.Inst.C.E. 

With  Diagrams  and  Plates.     Demy  8vo,  cloth       ....         Net    1O/6 

"The  work  is  very  clearly  written,  and  should  remove  all  difficulties  in  the  way  of  any  surveyor 

desirous  of  making  use  of  this  useful  and  rapid  instrument." — Nature. 

ENGINEER'S  &  MINING  SURVEYOR'S  FIELD   BOOK. 

Consisting  of  a  Series  of  Tables,  with  Rules,  Explanations  of  Systems,  and  use  of 
Theodolite  for  Traverse  Surveying  and  Plotting  the  Work  with  minute  accuracy 
by  means  of  Straight  Edge  and  Set  Square  only  ;  Levelling  with  the  Theodo- 
lite ;  Setting-out  Curves  with  and  without  the  Theodolite ;  Earthwork  Tables, 
&c.  By  W.  DAVIS  HASKOLL,  C.E.  With  numerous  Woodcuts.  Fourth  Edition, 

Enlarged.    Crown  8vo,  cloth 12/- 

"The  book  is  very  handy;  the  separate  tables  of  sines  and  tangents  to  every  minute  will  make  it 
useful  for  many  other  purposes,  the  genuine  traverse  tables  existing  all  the  same." — Athenceum. 

LAND  AND  MARINE  SURVEYING. 

In  Reference  to  the  Preparation  of  Plans  for  Roads  and  Railways  ;  Canals,  Rivers, 
Towns'  Water  Supplies ;  Docks  and  Harbours.     With  Description  and  Use  of 
Surveying  Instruments.    By  W.  DAVIS  HASKOLL,  C.E.    Second  Edition,  Revised, 
with  Additions.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth    .         ...         .         .         .         9/- 

"  This  book  must  prove  of  great  value  to  the  student.  We  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it, 
feeling  assured  that  it  will  more  than  repay  a  careful  study  ."—Mechanical  World. 

"  A  most  useful  book  for  the  student.  We  can  strongly  recommend  it  as  a  carefully-written  and 
valuable  text-book.  It  enjoys  a  well-deserved  repute  among  surveyors." — Builder. 

PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  LEVELLING. 

Showing  its  Application  to  purposes  of  Railway  and  Civil  Engineering  in  the 
Construction  of  Roads  ;  with  Mr.  TELFORD'S  Rules  for  the  same.  By  FREDERICK 
W.  SIMMS,  M.Inst.C.E.  Eighth  Edition,  with  LAW'S  Practical  Examples  for 
Setting-out  Railway  Curves,  and  TRAUTWINE'S  Field  Practice  of  Laying-out 
Circular  Curves.  With  7  Plates  and  numerous  Woodcuts,  8vo  .  .  8/6 

"  The  text-book  on  levelling  in  most  of  our  engineering  schools  and  colleges." — Engineer. 

"  The  publishers  have  rendered  a  substantial  service  to  the  profession,  especially  to  the  younger 
members,  by  bringing  out  the  present  edition  of  Mr.  Simms's  useful  work." — Engineering. 

AN  OUTLINE   OF  THE    METHOD   OF   CONDUCTING 

A  TRIGONOMETRICAL  SURVEY, 

For  the  Formation  of  Geographical  and  Topographical  Maps  and  Plans,  Military 

Reconnaissance,    LEVELLING,   &c.,  with    Useful   Problems,    Formulae,    and 

Tables.     By  Lieut. -General  FROME,  R.E.     Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  partly 

Re-written  by  Major-General  Sir  CHARLES  WARREN,  G.C.M.G.,  R.E.     With  19 

Plates  and  115  Woodcuts,  royal  8  vo,  cloth          .        ;         .'.."'       .         .       16/- 

"  No  words  of  praise  from  us  can  strengthen  the  position  so  well  and  so  steadily  maintained  by 

this  work.     Sir  Charles  Warren  has  revised  the  entire  work,  and  made  such  additions  as  were  necessary 

to  bring  every  portion  of  the  contents  up  to  the  present  date."— Broad  Arrow. 

TABLES  OF  TANGENTIAL  ANGLES  &  MULTIPLES. 

For  Setting-out  Curves  from  5  to  200  Radius.  By  A.  BEAZELEY,  M.Inst.C.E. 
Sixth  Edition,  Revised.  With  an  Appendix  on  the  use  of  the  Tables  for 
Measuring  up  Curves.  Printed  on  50  Cards,  and  sold  in  a  cloth  box,  waistcoat- 
pocket  size  .  "r^-:-  ••*"— V-"  ' 3/6 

"Each  table  is  printed  on  a  small  card,  which,  being  placed  on  the  theodolite,  leaves  the  hands  free 
to  manipulate  the  instrument— no  small  advantage  as  regards  the  rapidity  of  work."— Engineer. 

"  Very  handy:  a  man  may  know  that  all  his  day's  work  must  fall  on  two  of  these  cards,  which  he 
puts  into  his  own  card-case,  and  leaves  the  rest  behind." — Athenceum. 

HANDY  GENERAL  EARTHWORK  TABLES. 

Giving  the  Contents  in  Cubic  Yards  of  Centre  and  Slopes  of  Cuttings  and 
Embankments  from  3  inches  to  80  feet  in  Depth  or  Height,  for  use  with  either 
66  feet  Chain  or  100  feet  Chain.  By  J.  H.  WATSON  BUCK,  M.Inst.C.E.  On  a 
Sheet  mounted  in  cloth  case  .........  3/6 


i4  CROSBY   LOCK  WOOD   &  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


EARTHWORK  TABLES. 

Showing  the  Contents  in  Cubic  Yards  of  Embankments,  Cuttings,  &c.,  of  Heights 
or  Depths  up  to  an  average  of  80  feet.  By  JOSEPH  BROADBENT,  C.E.,  and 

FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 5/- 

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CAST  &  WROUGHT  IRON  BRIDGE  CONSTRUCTION. 

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ESSAY  ON  OBLIQUE  BRIDGES 

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GRAPHIC  AND  ANALYTIC  STATICS* 

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other  Frameworks.  By  R.  HUDSON  GRAHAM,  C.E.  Containing  Diagrams  and 
Plates  to  Scale.  With  numerous  Examples,  many  taken  from  existing  Structures. 
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Revised  and  Enlarged.     Svo,  cloth 16/- 

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WEIGHTS  OF  WROUGHT  IRON  AND  STEEL  GIRDERS. 

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CIVIL   ENGINEERING,   SURVEYING,   &c. 


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THE  GEOMETRY  OF  COMPASSES. 

Or,  Problems  Resolved  by  the  mere  Description  of  Circles,  and  the  use  of 
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HANDY  BOOK  FOR  THE  CALCULATION  OF  STRAINS 

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and  Corresponding  Diagrams,  with  numerous  details  for  Practical  Application,. 
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Mechanic. 

TRUSSES  OF  WOOD  AND  IRON. 

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Safe  Loads,  Scantlings,  and  Details  of  Construction.  With  Complete  Working 
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THE  STRAINS  ON  STRUCTURES  OF  IRONWORK. 

With  Practical  Remarks  on  Iron  Construction.     By  F.  W.  SHEILDS,  M.I.C.E. 

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his  Sons,  P.  W.  BARLOW,  F.R.S. ,  and  W.  H.  BARLOW,  F.R.S.  ;   to  which  are 

added,  Experiments  by  HODGKINSON,  FAIRBAIRN,  and  KIRKALDY  ;  and  Formulae 

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SAFE  RAILWAY  WORKING. 

A  Treatise  on  Railway  Accidents,  their  Cause  and  Prevention  ;  with  a  Descrip- 
tion  of  Modern  Appliances  and  Systems.     By  CLEMENT  E.  STRETTON,  C.E., 
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information  on  the  principal  questions  affecting  the  safe  working  of  railways.  —Railway  Engineer. 

EXPANSION  OF  STRUCTURES  BY  HEAT. 

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8vo,  cloth „  •  ,  3U6 

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find  but  little  reliable  and  comprehensive  data  in  books."— Builder. 


1 6  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  MODERN  ENGINEERING/ 

Complete  in  Four  Volumes,  imperial  410,  half-morocco,  price  £12  12s. 

Each  volume  sold  separately,  as  follows : — 

FIRST  SERIES,  Comprising  Civil,  Mechanical,  Marine,  Hydraulic,  Railway, 
Bridge,  and  other  Engineering  Works,  &c.  By  WILLIAM  HUMBER,  A.-M.Inst.C.E., 
&c.  Imp.  4to,  with  36  Double  Plates,  drawn  to  a  large  scale.  Photographic 
Portrait  of  John  Hawkshaw,  C.E.,  F. R.S..&C.,  and  copious  descriptive  Letterpress, 

Specifications,  &c.,  half-morocco £3  3s. 

LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

VICTORIA  STATION  AND  ROOF,  L.  B.  &  S.  C.  R.  (8  PLATES);  SOUTHPORT  PIER  (2  PLATES); 
VICTORIA  STATION  AND  ROOF,  L.  C.  &  D.  AND  G.  W.  R.  (6  PLATES)  ;  ROOF  OF  CREMORNE  Music 
HALL  ;  BRIDGE  OVER  G.  N.  RAILWAY  ;  ROOF  OF  STATION,  DUTCH  RHENISH  RAIL  (2  PLATES)  ; 
BRIDGE  OVER  THE  THAMES,  WEST  LONDON  EXTENSION  RAILWAY  (5  PLATES)  ;  ARMOUR  PLATES  : 
SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  THAMES  (4  PLATES)  ;  THE  ALLEN  ENGINE  ;  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  AVON 
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HUMBERTS  MODERN  ENGINEERING. 

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Specifications,  &c.,  half-morocco £3  3s. 

LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

BlRKENHEAD  DOCKS,  LOW  WATER  BASIN  (15  PLATES)  ;  CHARING  CROSS  STATION  ROOF,  C.  C. 
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GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY  ;  IRON  PERMANENT  WAY  ;  CLYDACH  VIADUCT  ;  MERTHYR,  TREDEGAR, 
AND  ABERGAVENNY  RAILWAY  ;  EBBW  VIADUCT,  MERTHYR,  TREDEGAR,  AND  ABERGAVENNY  RAILWAY  ; 
COLLEGE  WOOD  VIADUCT,  CORNWALL  RAILWAY  ;  DUBLIN  WINTER  PALACE  ROOF  (3  PLATES)  ; 
BRIDGE  OVER  THE  THAMES,  L.  C.  AND  D.  RAILWAY  (6  PLATES)  ;  ALBERT  HARBOUR,  GREENOCK 
(4  PLATES). 

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HUMBERTS  MODERN  ENGINEERING. 

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LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

MAIN  DRAINAGE,  METROPOLIS. — North  Side. — MAP  SHOWING  INTERCEPTION  OF  SEWERS;  MIDDLE 
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SEWER,  BRIDGE  OVER  MARSH  LANE,  NORTH  WOOLWICH  RAILWAY,  AND  Bow  AND  BARKING 
RAILWAY  JUNCTION  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  BRIDGE  OVER  Bow  AND  BARKING  RAILWAY  (3  PLATES)  ; 
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SEWER  RESERVOIR  (2  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  TUMBLING  BAY  AND  OUTLET  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER, 
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(NORTH  AND  SOUTH  SIDES). 

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PLATES)  ;  LANDING  STAIRS  BETWEEN  CHARING  CROSS  AND  WATERLOO  BRIDGES  ;  YORK  GATE 
(2  PLATES)  ;  OVERFLOW  AND  OUTLET  AT  SAVOY  STREET  SEWER  (3  PLATES)  ;  STEAMBOAT  PIER, 
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AND  SECTIONS  ;  ROLLING  STOCK  ;  GRANITE  AND  IRON  FORTS. 

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volume." — Engineer. 

HUMBER'S  MODERN  ENGINEERING* 

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LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

ABBEY  MILLS  PUMPING  STATION,  MAIN  DRAINAGE,  METROPOLIS  (4  PLATES)  ;  BARROW  DOCKS 
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TIVE, ST.  HELEN'S  CANAL  RAILWAY  (2  PLATES);  CANNON  STREET  STATION  ROOF,  CHARING  CROSS 
RAILWAY  (3  PLATES)  ;  ROAD  BRIDGE  OVER  THE  RIVER  MOKA  (2  PLATES)  ;  TELEGRAPHIC  APPARATUS 
FOR  MESOPOTAMIA  ;  VIADUCT  OVER  THE  RIVER  WYE,  MIDLAND  RAILWAY  (3  PLATES)  ;  ST.  GERMANS 
VIADUCT,  CORNWALL  RAILWAY  (2  PLATES)  ;  WROUGHT-!RON  CYLINDER  FOR  DIVING  BELL  ;  MILL- 
WALL  DOCKS  (6  PLATES)  ;  MILROY'S  PATENT  EXCAVATOR  ;  METROPOLITAN  DISTRICT  RAILWAY 
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giving  the  measurements  and  details  of  some  of  the  latest  examples  of  engineering,  as  carried  out  by 
the  most  eminent  men  in  the  profession,  cannot  be  too  highly  prized." — Artizan. 


MARINE  ENGINEERING,   NAVIGATION,  drv.  17 

MARINE   ENGINEERING,   SHIPBUILDING, 
NAVIGATION,    ETC. 

THE  NAVAL  ARCHITECTS  AND  SHIPBUILDER'S 

POCKET-BOOK 

Of  Formulae,  Rules,  and  Tables,  and  Marine  Engineer's  and  Surveyor's  Handy 
Book  of  Reference.  By  CLEMENT  MACKROW,  M.I.N.A.  Eighth  Edition,  care- 
fully Revised  and  Enlarged.  Fcap.,  leather  Net  12/6 
SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS. 

SIGNS  AND  SYMBOLS,  DECIMAL  FRACTIONS. — TRIGONOMETRY. — PRACTICAL  GEOMETRY. — MEN- 
SURATION.— CENTRES  AND  MOMENTS  OF  FIGURES. — MOMENTS  OF  INERTIA  AND  RADII  GYRATION. — 
ALGEBRAICAL  EXPRESSIONS  FOR  SIMPSON'S  RULES. — MECHANICAL  PRINCIPLES. — CENTRE  OF  GRAVITY. 
— LAWS  OF  MOTION. — DISPLACEMENT,  CENTRE  OF  BUOYANCY. — CENTRE  OF  GRAVITY  OF  SHIP'S  HULL. 
— STABILITY  CURVES  AND  METACENTRES. — SEA  AND  SHALLOW-WATER  WAVES. — ROLLING  OF  SHIPS. — 
PROPULSION  AND  RESISTANCE  OF  VESSELS. — SPEED  TRIALS. — SAILING,  CENTRE  OF  EFFORT. — 
DISTANCES  DOWN  RIVERS,  COAST  LINES. — STEERING  AND  RUDDERS  OF  VESSELS. — LAUNCHING 
CALCULATIONS  AND  VELOCITIES.— WEIGHT  OF  MATERIAL  AND  GEAR.— GUN  PARTICULARS  AND 
WEIGHT. — STANDARD  GAUGES. — RIVETED  JOINTS  AND  RIVETING. — STRENGTH  AND  TESTS  OF 
MATERIALS. — BINDING  AND  SHEARING  STRESSES,  ETC. — STRENGTH  OF  SHAFTING,  PILLARS,  WHEELS, 
ETC.— HYDRAULIC  DATA,  ETC.— CONIC  SECTIONS,  CATENARIAN  CURVES.— MECHANICAL  POWERS, 
WORK. — BOARD  OF  TRADE  REGULATIONS  FOR  BOILERS  AND  ENGINES. — BOARD  OF  TRADE  REGULA- 
TIONS FOR  SHIPS. — LLOYD'S  RULES  FOR  BOILERS. — LLOYD'S  WEIGHT  OF  CHAINS. — LLOYD'S  SCANT- 
LINGS FOR  SHIPS.— DATA  OF  ENGINES  AND  VESSELS.— SHIPS'  FITTINGS  AND  TESTS.— SEASONING 
PRESERVING  TIMBER. — MEASUREMENT  OF  TIMBER. — ALLOYS,  PAINTS,  VARNISHES. — DATA  FOR 
STOWAGE.  —  ADMIRALTY  TRANSPORT  REGULATIONS.  —  RULES  FOR  HORSE-POWER,  SCREW  PRO- 
PELLERS, ETC. — PERCENTAGES  FOR  BUTT  STRAPS,  ETC. — PARTICULARS  OF  YACHTS. — MASTING  AND 
RIGGING  VESSELS. — DISTANCES  OF  FOREIGN  PORTS. — TONNAGE  TABLES. — VOCABULARY  OF  FRENCH 
AND  ENGLISH  TERMS.— ENGLISH  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.— FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.— 
DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS. — FOREIGN  MONEY. — DISCOUNT  AND  WAGE  TABLES. — USEFUL  NUMBERS  AND 
READY  RECKONERS. — TABLES  OF  CIRCULAR  MEASURES. — TABLES  OF  AREAS  OF  AND  CIRCUMFERENCES 
OF  CIRCLES. — TABLES  OF  AREAS  OF  SEGMENTS  OF  CIRCLES. — TABLES  OF  SQUARES  AND  CUBES  AND 
ROOTS  OF  NUMBERS. — TABLES  OF  LOGARITHMS  OF  NUMBERS. — TABLES  OF  HYPERBOLIC  LOGARITHMS. 
—TABLES  OF  NATURAL  SINES,  TANGENTS,  ETC.— TABLES  OF  LOGARITHMIC  SINES,  TANGENTS,  ETC. 

"  In  these  days  of  advanced  knowledge  a  work  like  this  is  of  the  greatest  value.  It  contains  avast 
amount  of  information.  We  unhesitatingly  say  that  it  is  the  most  valuable  compilation  for  its  specific 
purpose  that  has  ever  been  printed.  No  naval  architect,  engineer,  surveyor,  seaman,  wood  or  iron 
shipbuilder,  can  afford  to  be  without  this  work." — Nautical  Magazine. 

"  Should  be  used  by  all  who  are  engaged  in  the  construction  or  design  of  vessels.  .  .  .  Will  be 
found  to  contain  the  most  useful  tables  and  formulae  required  by  shipbuilders,  carefully  collected  from 
the  best  authorities,  and  put  together  in  a  popular  and  simple  form.  The  book  is  one  of  exceptional 
merit." — Engineer. 

"The  professional  shipbuilder  has  now,  in  a  convenient  and  accessible  form,  reliable  data  for 
solving  many  of  the  numerous  problems  that  present  themselves  in  the  course  of  his  work." — Iron. 

"There  is  no  doubt  that  a  pocket-book  of  this  description  must  be  a  necessity  in  the  shipbuilding 
trade.  .  .  .  The  volume  contains  a  mass  of  useful  information  clearly  expressed  and  presented  in 
a  handy  form." — Marine  Engineer. 

W  ANNAN'S  MARINE  ENGINEER'S  GUIDE 

To  Board  of  Trade  Examinations  for  Certificates  of  Competency.  Containing 
all  latest  Questions  to  Date,  with  Simple,  Clear,  and  Correct  Solutions ; 
302  Elementary  Questions  with  Illustrated  Answers,  and  Verbal  Questions  and 
Answers  ;  complete  Set  of  Drawings  with  Statements  completed.  By  A.  C. 
WANNAN,  C.E.,  Consulting  Engineer,  and  E.  W.  I.  WANNAN,  M.I.M.E., 
Certificated  First  Class  Marine  Engineer.  Illustrated  with  numerous  Engrav- 
ings. Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  500  pages.  Large  crown  8vo, 

cloth [Just  Published.    Net    1O/6 

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"  This  is  an  excellent  book.    The  young  engineer  with  the  world  before  him  could  hardly  make  a 

sounder  base.    The  feature  of  the  volume  is  its  simplicity."— Glasgow  Herald. 

"The  work  covers  all  points  on  which  information  is  indispensable,  and  does  so  in  a  manner 

which  affords  those  who  go  to  it  for  guidance  an  opportunity  of  not  only  gaining  knowledge,  but  ol 

testing  to  what  extent  they  have  succeeded  in  mastering  the  multifarious  details  with  which   the 

volume  abounds." — Scotsman. 

W  ANNAN'S  MARINE  ENGINEER'S  POCKET-BOOK, 

Containing  latest  Board  of  Trade  Rules  and  Data  for  Marine  Engineers.  By 
A.  C.  WANNAN,  C.E.  Third  Edition,  Revised,  Enlarged,  and  Brought  up  to 

Date.     Square  i8mo,  with  Thumb  Index,  leather 5/- 

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i8  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


SEA  TERMS,  PHRASES,  AND  WORDS 

(Technical  Dictionary  of)  used  in  the  English  and  French  Languages.    (English- 
French,   French-English.)     For  the  Use  of  Seamen,  Engineers,    Pilots,    Ship- 
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"  A  very  useful  dictionary,  which  has  long  been  wanted  by  French  and  English  engineers,  masters, 
officers  and  others."— Shipping  World. 

ELECTRIC  SHIP  LIGHTING. 

A  Handbook  on  the  Practical  Fitting  and  Running  of  Ship's  Electrical  Plant,  for 
the  Use  of  Shipowners  and  Builders,  Marine  Electricians  and  Sea-going 
Engineers  in  Charge.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  Author  of  "Electric  Light," 
"Dynamo  Construction,"  &c.  Second  Edition,  revised  and  extended.  With 
numerous  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  ......  7/6 

MARINE  ENGINEER'S  POCKET-BOOK, 

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ELEMENTARY  MARINE  ENGINEERING, 

A  Manual  for  Young  Marine  Engineers  and   Apprentices.      In   the   Form   of 

Questions  and  Answers  on  Metals,  Alloys,  Strength  of  Materials,  Construction 

and  Management  of  Marine  Engines  and    Boilers,    Geometry,    &c.      With  an 

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chapters  on  the  management  of  boilers  and  engines." — Nautical  Magazine. 

MARINE  ENGINES  AND  STEAM  VESSELS, 

A  Treatise  on.  By  ROBERT  MURRAY,  C.E.  Eighth  Edition,  thoroughly 
Revised,  with  considerable  Additions  by  the  Author  and  by  GEORGE  CARLISLE, 
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4/6 

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and  guide." — Portsmouth  Times. 

CHAIN  CABLES  AND  CHAINS. 

Comprising  Sizes  and  Curves  of  Links,  Studs,  &c.,  Iron  for  Cables  and  Chains, 
Chain  Cable  and  Chain  Making,  Forming  and  Welding  Links,  Strength  of 
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£2  2s. 

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MINING,   METALLURGY,   AND    COLLIERY   WORKING.  19 

MINING,    METALLURGY,   AND 
COLLIERY    WORKING. 

THE   OIL    FIELDS   OF    RUSSIA   AND   THE   RUSSIAN 

OIL   INDUSTRY. 

Comprising  a  Complete  Account  of  the  Physical  Features  and  Productions  of 
the  Russian  Oil  Regions,  and  a  Practical  Guide  to  the  Exploration,  Exploitation, 
and  Management  of  Oil  Properties  in  Russia  and  elsewhere.  By  A.  BEEBY 
THOMPSON,  A.M.Inst.M.E.,  Chief  Engineer  and  Manager  of  the  European 
Petroleum  Company.  Super-royal  8vo,  with  Plates  and  other  Illustrations. 

[In  the  Press.     Price  about  30/-  Net. 

MACHINERY  FOR  METALLIFEROUS  MINES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  Mining  Engineers,  Metallurgists  and  Managers  of 
Mines.  By  E.  HENRY  DAVIES,  M.E.,  F.G.S.  600  pp.,  with  Folding  Plates 
and  other  Illustrations.  Medium  8vo,  cloth  ....  Net  25/- 

WATER  AS  A  MOTIVE  POWER. — WIND  ENGINES  AND  VENTILATING  MACHINERY.  —  STEAM 
BOILERS,  STEAM  ENGINES,  AND  OIL  ENGINES. — HOISTING  MACHINERY. — THE  DRAINAGE  OF  MINES 
AND  PUMPING  MACHINERY.— ROCK  DRILLING  MACHINERY. — BORING  MACHINERY. — COARSE  CON- 
CENTRATION MACHINERY. — SIZING  AND  CLASSIFICATION  TROMMELS. — JIGGERS  AND  JIGGING. — 
MACHINERY  FOR  FINE  CONCENTRATION. — THE  MILLING  OF  GOLD  ORES. — THE  MILLING  OF  SILVER 
ORES. — AMALGAMATING  PLATES  AND  MACHINERY.  —  DRYING  AND  ROASTING  MACHINERY. — THE 
CHLORINATION  AND  CYANIDE  PROCESSES  FOR  THE  EXTRACTION  OF  GOLD. — CONCENTRATION  MILLS 
OR  DRESSING  FLOORS  FOR  THE  ORES  OF  LEAD,  ZINC,  COPPER,  ETC. — OTHER  METHODS  OF  CON- 
CENTRATION, THE  WORKING  OF  MILLS,  ETC. — ELECTRICITY  AS  A  MOTIVE  POWER  FOR  MINING 
MACHINERY. — ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  AND  ELECTRIC  BLASTING. — AERIAL  WIRE  ROPEWAYS  AND  WIRE 
ROPES. — TRANSPORT  BY  RAIL  AND  ROAD. 

"  Deals  exhaustively  with  the  many  and  complex  details  which  go  to  make  up  the  sum  total  of 
machinery  and  other  requirements  for  the  successful  working  of  metalliferous  mines,  and  as  a  book  of 
ready  reference  is  of  the  highest  value  to  mine  managers  and  directors  " — Mining  Journal. 

"  Mr.  Davies  has  done  the  advanced  student  and  the  manager  of  mines  good  service.  Almost  every 
kind  of  machinery  in  actual  use  is  carefully  described, and  the  woodcuts  and  plates  are  good. " — A  thenceum. 

THE  DEEP  LEVEL  MINES  OF  THE  RAND 

AND  THEIR  FUTURE  DEVELOPMENT, 

Considered  from  the  Commercial  Point  of  View.  By  G.  A.  DENNY  (of  Johannes- 
burg), M.N.E.I.M.E.,  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  General  Mining  and  Finance 
Corporation,  Limited,  of  London,  Berlin,  Paris,  and  Johannesburg.  Fully  Illustrated 
with  Diagrams  and  Folding  Plates.  Royal  8vo,  buckram  .  .  .  Net  25/- 

"  Mr.  Denny  by  confining  himself  to  the  consideration  of  the  future  of  the  deep-level  mines  of  the 
Rand  breaks  new  ground,  and  by  dealing  with  the  subject  rather  from  a  commercial  standpoint  than 
from  a  scientific  one,  appeals  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers.  The  book  cannot  fail  to  prove  of  very  great 
value  to  investors  in  South  African  mines." — Mining  Journal. 

"  Will  interest  all  who  are  concerned  in  any  way  with  the  WitwatersrandGoldfields."— The  Times. 

PROSPECTING  FOR  GOLD. 

A  Handbook  of  Practical  Information  and  Hints  for  Prospectors  based  on 
Personal  Experience.  By  DANIEL  J.  RANKIN,  F.R.S.G.S.,  M.R.A.S.,  formerly 
Manager  of  the  Central  African  Company,  and  Leader  of  African  Gold  Pros- 
pecting Expeditions.  With  Illustrations  specially  Drawn  and  Engraved  for  the 

Work.  Fcap.  8vo,  leather Net  7/6 

"This  well-compiled  book  contains  a  collection  of  the  richest  gems  of  useful  knowledge  for  the 

prospector's  benefit.      A  special  table  is  given   to   accelerate  the   spotting  at  a  glance  of  minerals 

associated  with  gold." — Mining  Journal. 

THE  METALLURGY  OF  GOLD. 

A   Practical   Treatise  on   the   Metallurgical  Treatment  of  Gold-bearing  Ores. 

Including   the  Assaying,    Melting,  and    Refining    of    Gold.      By  M.  EISSLER, 

M.Inst.M.M.      Fifth    Edition,    Enlarged.      With   over    300   Illustrations  and 

Numerous  Folding  Plates.     Medium  8vo,  cloth       ....         Net    21 /- 

"This  book  thoroughly  deserves  its  title  of  a  'Practical  Treatise.'    The  whole  process  of  gold 

mining,  from  the  breaking  of  the  quartz  to  the  assay  of  the  bullion,  is  described  in  clear  and  orderly 

narrative  and  with  much,  but  not  too  much,  fulness  of  detail." — Saturday  Review. 

"The  work  is  a  storehouse  of  information  and  valuable  data,  and  we  strongly  recommend  it  to  all 
professional  men  engaged  in  the  gold-mining  industry." — Mining  Journal. 

THE  CYANIDE  PROCESS  OF  GOLD  EXTRACTION* 

And  its  Practical  Application  on  the  Witwatersrand  Gold  Fields  and  elsewhere. 
By  M.  EISSLER,  M.Inst.M.M.  With  Diagrams  and  Working  Drawings.  Third 

Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  8vo,  cloth Net  7/6 

"  This  book  is  just  what  was  needed  to  acquaint  mining  men  with  the  actual  working  of  a  process 

which  is  not  only  the  most  popular,  but  is,  as  a  general  rule,  the  most  successful  for  the  extraction  of 

gold  from  tailings." — Mining  Journal. 

B   2 


20  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD    &>   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

DIAMOND  DRILLING  FOR  GOLD  &  OTHER  MINERALS. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Use  of  Modern  Diamond  Core-Drills  in  Prospect- 
ing and  Exploiting  Mineral-bearing  Properties,  including  Particulars  of  the  Cost 
of  Apparatus  and  Working.  By  G.  A.  DENNY,  M.N.E.Inst.M.E.,  M.Inst.M.M. 
Medium  8vo,  168  pp.,  with  Illustrative  Diagrams  .....  12/6 
"There  is  certainly  scope  for  a  work  on  diamond  drilling,  and  Mr.  Denny  deserves  grateful 

recognition  for  supplying  a  decided  want.     We  strongly   recommend   every   board  of  directors  to 

carefully  peruse  the  pages  of  the  work." — Mining  Journal. 

FIELD  TESTING  FOR  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

A   Practical    Manual     for    Prospectors    and    Miners.      By    W.    H.    MERRITT, 
M.N.E.Inst.M.E.,  A.R.S.M.,  &c.    With  Photographic  Plates  and  other  Illustra- 
tions.    Fcap.  8vo,  leather  ........         Net     5/- 

"As  an  instructor  of  prospectors  classes  Mr.  Merritt  has  the  advantage  of  knowing  exactly  the 
information  likely  to  be  most  valuable  to  the  miner  in  the  field.  The  contents  cover  all  the  details  of 
sampling  and  testing  gold  and  silver  ores.  A  useful  addition  to  a  prospector's  kit." — Mining  Journal 

THE  PROSPECTOR'S  HANDBOOK. 

A  Guide  for  the  Prospector  and  Traveller  in  Search  of  Metal-Bearing  or  other 

Valuable  Minerals.    By  J.  W.  ANDERSON,  M. A.  (Camb.),  F.R.G.S.   Ninth  Edition. 

Small  crown  8vo,  3/6  cloth  ;  or,  leather,  pocket-book  form,  with  tuck      .        4/6 

"  Will  supply  a  much  felt  want,  especially  among  Colonists,  in  whose  way  are  so  often  thrown  many 

mineralogical  specimens  the  value  of  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine."— Engineer. 

"  How  to  find  commercial  minerals,  and  how  to  identify  them  when  they  are  found,  are  the  leading 
points  to  which  attention  is  directed.  The  author  has  managed  to  pack  as  much  practical  detail  into 
Iris  pages  as  would  supply  material  fora  book  three  times  its  size." — Mining  Journal. 

THE  METALLURGY  OF  SILVER. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Amalgamation,  Roasting,  and  Lixiviation  of  Silver 

Ores.     Including  the  Assaying,  Melting,  and   Refining  of  Silver  Bullion.     By 

M.  EISSLER,  M.Inst.M.M.     Third  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth         .         .      1O/6 

"A  practical  treatise,  and  a  technical  work  which  we  are  convinced  will  supply  a  long  felt  want 

amongst  practical  men,  and  at  the  same  time  be  of  value  to  students  and  others  indirectly  connected 

with  the  industries." — Mining  Journal. 

"  From  first  to  last  the  book  is  thoroughly  sound  and  reliable." — Colliery  Guardian. 

THE  HYDRO-METALLURGY  OF  COPPER. 

Being  an  Account  of  Processes  Adopted  in  the  Hydro-Metallurgical  Treatment 

of  Cupriferous   Ores,    including   the    Manufacture  of   Copper   Vitriol.      With 

Chapters  on  the   Sources   of   Supply  of   Copper  and  the  Roasting  of   Copper 

Ores.     By  M.  EISSLER,  M.Inst.M.M.     Medium  8vo,  cloth   .         .         Net    12/6 

"  In  this  volume   the   various  processes  for  the   extraction  of  copper  by  wet  methods  are  fully 

detailed.    .     .     .    Costs  are  given  when  available,  and  a  great  deal  of  useful  information  about  the 

copper  industry  of  the  world  is  presented  in  an  interesting  and  attractive  manner.    ...    A  very 

welcome  addition  to  the  literature  of  copper." — Mining  Journal. 

THE  METALLURGY  OF  ARGENTIFEROUS  LEAD. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Smelting  of  Silver-Lead  Ores  and  the  Refining  of 
Lead  Bullion.  Including  Reports  on  various  Smelting  Establishments  and 
Descriptions  of  Modern  Smelting  Furnaces  and  Plants  in  Europe  and  America. 
By  M.  EISSLER,  M.Inst.M.M.,  Author  of  "  The  Metallurgy  of  Gold,"  &c. 
Crown  8vo,  400  pp.,  with  183  Illustrations,  cloth  .....  12/6 
"The  numerous  metallurgical  processes,  which  are  fully  and  extensively  treated  of,  embrace  all  the 

stages  experienced  in  the  passage  of  the  lead  from  the  various  natural  states  to  its  issue  from  the  refinery 

as  an  article  of  commerce." — Practical  Engineer. 

METALLIFEROUS  MINERALS  AND  MINING. 

By  D.  C.  DAVIES,  F.G.S.  Sixth  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and  much  Enlarged 
by  his  Son,  E.  HENRY  DAVIES,  M.E.,  F.G.S.  600  pp.,  with  173  Illustrations. 
Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  . Net  12/6 

"  Neither  the  practical  miner  nor  the  general  reader,  interested  in  mines,  can  have  a  better  book 
for  his  companion  and  his  guide." — Mining  Journal. 

EARTHY  AND  OTHER  MINERALS  AND  MINING. 

By  D.  C.  DAVIES,  F.G.S.,  Author  of  "Metalliferous  Minerals,"  &c.  Third 
Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged,  by  his  Son,  E.  HENRY  DAVIES,  M.E.,  F.G.S. 
With  about  100  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 12/6 

BRITISH  MINING* 

A  Treatise  on  the  History,  Discovery,  Practical  Development,  and  Future 
Prospects  of  Metalliferous  Mines  in  the  United  Kingdom.  By  ROBERT  HUNT, 
F.R.S.,  late  Keeper  of  Mining  Records.  Upwards  of  950  pp.,  with  230  Illustra- 
tions. Second  Edition,  Revised.  Super-royal  8vo,  cloth  .  .  £2  2s. 


MINING,   METALLURGY,   AND   COLLIERY   WORKING.  21 

POCKET-BOOK  FOR  MINERS  &  METALLURGISTS/ 

Comprising  Rules,  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Notes,  for  Use  in  Field  and  Office 
Work.  By  F.  DANVERS  POWER,  F.G.S.,  M.E.  Second  Edition,  Corrected. 
Fcap.  8vo,  leather 9/- 

"This  excellent  book  is  an  admirable  example  of  its  kind,  and  ought  to  find  a  large  sale  amongst 
English-speaking  prospectors  and  mining  engineers." — Engineering. 

THE  MINER'S  HANDBOOK. 

A  Handy  Book  of  Reference  on  the  subjects  of  Mineral  Deposits,  Mining 
Operations,  Ore  Dressing,  &c.  For  the  Use  of  Students  and  others  interested  in 
Mining  matters.  Compiled  by  JOHN  MILNE,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Mining  in  the 
Imperial  University  of  Japan.  Third  Edition.  Fcap.  8vo,  leather  .  .  7/6 

"  Professor  Milne's  handbook  is  sure  to  be  received  with  favour  by  all  connected  with  mining,  and 
will  be  extremely  popular  among  students."— Athenccum. 

IRON  ORES  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND: 

Their  Mode  of  Occurrence,  Age  and  Origin,  and  the  Methods  of  Searching  for 
and  Working  them.  With  a  Notice  of  some  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Spain.  By 
J.  D.  KENDALL,  F.G.S.,  Mining  Engineer.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  16/- 

MINE  DRAINAGE. 

A  Complete  Practical  Treatise  on  Direct-acting  Underground  Steam  Pumping 
Machinery.  By  STEPHEN  MICHELL.  Second  Edition,  Re-written  and  Enlarged, 

With  250  Illustrations.     Royal  8vo,  cloth Net     26/- 

HORIZONTAL  PUMPING  ENGINES— ROTARY  AND  NOK-ROTARY  HORIZONTAL  ENGINES- 
SIMPLE  AND  COMPOUND  STEAM  PUMPS— VERTICAL  PUMPING  ENGINES— ROTARY  AND  NON- 
ROTARY  VERTICAL  ENGINES— SIMPLE  AND  COMPOUND  STEAM  PUMPS— TRIPLE-EXPANSION  STEAM 
PUMPS — PULSATING  STEAM  PUMPS — PUMP  VALVES — SINKING  PUMPS,  &c.,  &c. 

"This  volume  contains  an  immense  amount  of  important  and  interesting  new  matter.  The  book 
should  undoubtedly  prove  of  great  use  to  all  who  wish  for  information  on  the  subject." — The  Engineer. 

ELECTRICITY  AS  APPLIED  TO  MINING. 

By  ARNOLD  LUPTON,  M.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  M.I.E.E.,  late  Professor  of  Coal 
Mining  at  the  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  University,  Mining  Engineer  and 
Colliery  Manager  ;  G.  D.  ASPINALL  PARR,  M.I.E.E.,  A.M.I.M.E.,  Associate  of 
the  Central  Technical  College,  City  and  Guilds  of  London,  Head  of  the 
Electrical  Engineering  Department,  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  University; 
and  HERBERT  PERKIN,  M.I.M.E.,  Certificated  Colliery  Manager,  Assistant 
Lecturer  in  the  Mining  Department  of  the  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  University. 
With  about  170  Illustrations.  Medium  8vo,  cloth  .  [Just  Published.  Net  9/- 
(For  SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS,  see  page  23.) 

THE  COLLIERY  MANAGER'S  HANDBOOK* 

A  Comprehensive  Treatise  on  the  Laying-out  and  Working  of  Collieries, 
Designed  as  a  Book  of  Reference  for  Colliery  Managers,  and  for  the  Use  of 
Coal-Mining  Students  preparing  for  First-class  Certificates.  By  CALEB  PAMELY, 
Mining  Engineer  and  Surveyor ;  Member  of  the  North  of  England  Institute  of 
Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers ;  and  Member  of  the  South  Wales  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers.  With  700  Plans,  Diagrams,  and  other  Illustrations. 
Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  964  pp.  Medium  8vo,  cloth  .  25/- 

GEOLOGY.— SEARCH  FOR  COAL.— MINERAL  LEASES  AND  OTHER  HOLDINGS.— SHAFT  SINKING.— 
FITTING  UP  THE  SHAFT  AND  SURFACE  ARRANGEMENTS.— STEAM  BOILERS  AND  THEIR  FITTINGS.— 
TIMBERING  AND  WALLING. — NARROW  WORK  AND  METHODS  OF  WORKING. — UNDERGROUND  CONVEY- 
ANCE.—DRAINAGE.— THE  GASES  MET  WITH  IN  MINES  ;  VENTILATION.— ON  THE  FRICTION  OF  AIR  IN 
MINES.— THE  PRIESTMAN  OIL  ENGINE;  PETROLEUM  AND  NATURAL  GAS.— SURVEYING  AND  PLAN- 
NING.— SAFETY  LAMPS  AND  FIRE-DAMP  DETECTORS. — SUNDRY  AND  INCIDENTAL  OPERATIONS  AND 
APPLIANCES.— COLLIERY  EXPLOSIONS.— MISCELLANEOUS  QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS.— Appendix  : 
SUMMARY  OF  REPORT  OF  H.M.  COMMISSIONERS  ON  ACCIDENTS  IN  MINES. 

"  Mr.  Pamely's  work  is  eminently  suited  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended — being  clear, 
interesting,  exhaustive,  rich  in  detail,  and  up  to  date,  giving  descriptions  of  the  latest  machines  in  every 
department.  A  mining  engineer  could  scarcely  go  wrong  who  followed  this  work."— Colliery  Guardian. 

"  Mr.  Pamely  has  not  only  given  us  a  comprehensive  reference  book  of  a  very  high  order,  suitable 
to  the  requirements  of  mining  engineers  and  colliery  managers,  but  has  also  provided  mining  students 
with  a  class-book  that  is  as  interesting  as  it  is  instructive." — Colliery  Manager. 

"  This  is  the  most  complete  '  all-round '  work  on  coal-mining  published  in  the  English  language. 
.  .  .  No  library  of  coal-mining  books  is  complete  without  it.  "—Colliery  Engineer  (Scranton,  Pa.,  U.S.A.). 


22  CKOSBY  LOCKWOOD  &>   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

COLLIERY  WORKING  AND  MANAGEMENT. 

Comprising  the  Duties  of  a  Colliery  Manager,  the  Oversight  and  Arrangement 

of  Labour  and  Wages,  and  the  different  Systems  of  Working  Coal  Seams.     By 

H.  F.  BULMAN  and  R.  A.  S.  REDMAYNE.     350  pages,  with  28  Plates  and  other 

Illustrations,  including  Underground  Photographs.     Medium  8vo,  cloth  .      15/- 

"  This  is,  indeed,  an  admirable  Handbook  for  Colliery  Managers,  in  fact,  it  is  an  indispensable 

adjunct  to  a  Colliery  Manager's  education,  as  well  as  being  a  most  useful  and  interesting  work  on  the 

subject  for  all  who  in  any  way  have  to  do  with  coal  mining.    The  underground  photographs  are  an 

attractive  feature  of  the  work,  being  very  life-like  and  necessarily  true  representations  of  the  scenes 

they  depict." — Colliery  Guardian. 

"  Mr.  Buhnan  and  Mr.  Redmayne,  who  are  both  experienced  Colliery  Managers  of  great  literary 
ability,  are  to  be  congratulated  on  having  supplied  an  authoritative  work  dealing  with  a  side  of  the 
subject  of  coal  mining  which  has  hitherto  received  but  scant  treatment.  The  authors  elucidate  their 
text  by  119  woodcuts  and  28  plates,  most  of  the  latter  being  admirable  reproductions  of  photographs 
taken  underground  with  the  aid  of  the  magnesium  flash-light.  These  illustrations  are  excellent." — 
Nature. 

COAL  AND  COAL  MINING. 

By  the  late  Sir  WARINGTON  W.  SMYTH,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Chief  Inspector  of  the 
Mines  of  the  Crown  and  of  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall.  Eighth  Edition,  Revised 
and  Extended  by  T.  FORSTER  BROWN,  Mining  and  Civil  Engineer,  Chief 
Inspector  of  the  Mines  of  the  Crown  and  of  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  As  an  outline  is  given  of  every  known  coal-field  in  this  and  other  countries,  as  well  as  of  the 
principal  methods  of  working,  the  book  will  doubtless  interest  a  very  large  number  of  readers." — 
Mining  Journal. 

NOTES  AND  FORMULA  FOR  MINING  STUDENTS. 

By  JOHN  HERMAN  MERIVALE,  M.A.,  Late  Professor  of  Mining  in  the  Durham 

College    of    Science,    Newcastle-upon-Tyne.      Fourth    Edition,    Revised    and 

Enlarged,  by  H.  F.  BULMAN,  A.M.Inst.C.E.     Small  crown  8vo,  cloth       .       2/6 

"  The  author  has  done  his  work  in  a  creditable  manner,  and  has  produced  a  book  that  will  be  ot 

service  to  students,  and  those  who  are  practically  engaged  in  mining  operations." — Engineer. 

INFLAMMABLE  GAS  AND  VAPOUR  IN  THE  AIR 

(The  Detection  and  Measurement  of).     By  FRANK  CLOWES,  D.Sc.,  Lond.,  F.I.C. 
With  a  Chapter  on  THE  DETECTION  AND  MEASUREMENT  OF  PETROLEUM  VAPOUR, 
by  BOVERTON  REDWOOD,  F.R.S.E.,  Consulting  Adviser  to  the  Corporation  of 
London  under  the  Petroleum  Acts.     Crown  8vo,  cloth         .         .         .       Net    5/- 
"  Professor  Clowes  has  given  us  a  volume  on  a  subject  of  much  industrial  importance.    .     .     . 
Those  interested  in  these  matters  may  be  recommended  to  study  this  book,  which  is  easy  of  compre- 
hension and  contains  many  good  things." — The  Engineer. 

COAL  &  IRON  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

Comprising  a  Description  of  the  Coal  Fields,  and  of  the  Principal  Seams  of  Coal, 
with  Returns  of  their  Produce  and  its  Distribution,  and  Analyses  of  Special 
Varieties.  Also,  an  Account  of  the  Occurrence  of  Iron  Ores  in  Veins  or  Seams ; 
Analyses  of  each  Variety  ;  and  a  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Pig  Iron 
Manufacture.  By  RICHARD  MEADE.  8vo,  cloth  .....  28  - 
"  Of  this  book  we  may  unreservedly  say  that  it  is  the  best  of  its  class  which  we  have  ever  met.  .  .  . 

A  book  of  reference  which  no  one  engaged  in  the  iron  or  coal  trades  should  omit  from  his  library." — 

Iron  and  Coal  Trades'  Review. 

ASBESTOS  AND  ASBESTIC. 

Their    Properties,    Occurrence,    and    Use.     By    ROBERT    H.    JONES,    F.S.A., 
Mineralogist,   Hon.   Mem.    Asbestos   Club,    Black   Lake,    Canada.      \Vith   Ten 
Collotype  Plates  and  other  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  cloth        .         .         .      16/- 
"  An  interesting  and  invaluable  work." — Colliery  Guardian. 

GRANITES  AND  OUR  GRANITE  INDUSTRIES. 

By  GEORGE  F.  HARRIS,  F.G.S.     With  Illustrations.     Crown  Svo,  cloth  .        2/6 

TRAVERSE  TABLES. 

For  use  in  Mine  Surveying.  By  WILLIAM  LINTERN,  C.E.  With  two  Plates. 
Small  crown  Svo,  cloth Net  3/- 


ELECTRICITY,   ELECTRICAL   ENGINEERING,    &c.  23 


ELECTRICAL   ENGINEERING. 


THE  ELEMENTS  OF  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING. 

A  First  Year's  Course  for  Students.     By  TYSON  SEWELI,.  A.I.E.E.,   Assistant 
Lecturer  and  Demonstrator  in  Electrical  Engineering  at  the  Polytechnic,  Regent 
Street,    London.        Second    Edition,   Revised,    with    Additional    Chapters    on 
Alternating    Current    Working,    and    Appendix    of    Questions   and    Answers. 
450  pages,  with  274  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  cloth  [  Just  Published.     Net     7/6 
OHM'S    LAW.— UNITS    EMPLOYED    IN    ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERING.— SERIES    AND    PARALLEL 
CIRCUITS;  CURRENT  DENSITY  AND  POTENTIAL  DROP  IN  THE  CIRCUIT. — THE  HEATING  EFFECT  OF 
THE  ELECTRIC  CURRENT. — THE  MAGNETIC  EFFECT  OF  AN  ELECTRIC  CURRENT. — THE  MAGNETISA- 
TION   OF     IRON.  —  ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY;     PRIMARY     BATTERIES.  —  ACCUMULATORS.  —  INDICATING 
INSTRUMENTS  ;  AMMETERS,  VOLTMETERS,  OHMMETERS. — ELECTRICITY  SUPPLY  METERS. — MEASURING 
INSTRUMENTS,  AND  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ELECTRICAL  RESISTANCE.— MEASUREMENT  OF  POTENTIAL 
DIFFERENCE,   CAPACITY,  CURRENT    STRENGTH,  AND  PERMEABILITY. — ARC  LAMPS. — INCANDESCENT 
LAMPS;   MANUFACTURE  AND  INSTALLATION;   PHOTOMETRY. — THE  CONTINUOUS  CURRENT  DYNAMO. 
—DIRECT    CURRENT    MOTORS. — ALTERNATING    CURRENTS. — TRANSFORMERS,    ALTERNATORS,  SYN- 
CHRONOUS MOTORS. — POLYPHASE  WORKING. — APPENDIX  OF  QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS. 

"  An  excellent  treatise  for  students  of  the  elementary  facts  connected  with  electrical 
engineering." — The  Electrician. 

"One  of  the  best  books  for  those  commencing  the  study  ot  electrical  engineering.  Everything 
is  explained  in  simple  language  which  even  a  beginner  cannot  fail  to  understand." — The  Engineer. 

"  One  welcomes  this  book,  which  is  sound  in  its  treatment,  and  admirably  calculated  to  give 
students  the  knowledge  and  information  they  most  require." — Nature. 

CONDUCTORS  FOR  ELECTRICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Their  Materials  and  Manufacture,  The  Calculation  of  Circuits,  Pole-Line  Con- 
struction, Underground  Working,  and  other  Uses.  By  F.  A.  C.  PERRINE,  A.M., 
D.Sc.  ;  formerly  Professor  of  Electrical  Engineering,  Leland  Stanford,  Jr., 
University;  M. A. Inst.E.E.  Demy  8vo,  cloth  [Just Published.  Net  2O/- 

CONDUCTOR  MATERIALS— ALLOYED  CONDUCTORS— MANUFACTURE  OF  WIRE— WIRE-FINISHING— 
WIRE  INSULATION — CABLES — CALCULATION  OF  CIRCUITS — KELVIN'S  LAW  OF  ECONOMY  IN  CONDUC- 
TORS— MULTIPLE  ARC  DISTRIBUTION — ALTERNATING  CURRENT  CALCULATION — OVERHEAD  LINES — 
POLE  LINE — LINE  INSULATORS — UNDERGROUND  CONDUCTORS. 

"The  book  has  much  to  recommend  it,  and  the  mains  engineer  will  do  well  to  add  it  to  his 
library."— The  Electrician. 

ELECTRICITY  AS  APPLIED  TO  MINING. 

By  ARNOLD  LUPTON,  M.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  M.I.E.E.,  late  Professor  of 
Coal  Mining  at  the  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  University,  Mining  Engineer 
and  Colliery  Manager  ;  G.  D.  ASPINALL  PARR,  M.I.E.E.,  A.M.I.M.E., 
Associate  of  the  Central  Technical  College,  City  and  Guilds  of  London,  Head 
of  the  Electrical  Engineering  Department,  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  Univer- 
sity ;  and  HERBERT  PERKIN,  M.I.M.E.,  Certificated  Colliery  Manager, 
Assistant  Lecturer  in  the  Mining  Department  of  the  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria 
University.  With  about  170  Illustrations.  Medium  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net    9/- 

INTRODUCTORY. — DYNAMIC  ELECTRICITY. — DRIVING  OF  THE  DYNAMO. — THE  STEAM  TURBINE. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  ELECTRICAL  ENERGY. — STARTING  AND  STOPPING  ELECTRICAL  GENERATORS  AND 
MOTORS.— ELECTRIC  CABLES.— CENTRAL  ELECTRICAL  PLANTS.— ELECTRICITY  APPLIED  TO  PUMPING 
AND  HAULING. — ELECTRICITY  APPLIED  TO  COAL-CUTTING. — TYPICAL  ELECTRIC  PLANTS  RECENTLY 
ERECTED.— ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  BY  ARC  AND  GLOW  LAMPS.— MISCELLANEOUS  APPLICATIONS  OF 
ELECTRICITY.— ELECTRICITY  AS  COMPARED  WITH  OTHER  MODES  OF  TRANSMITTING  POWER.— 
DANGERS  OF  ELECTRICITY. 

"The  book  is  a  good  attempt  to  meet  a  growing  want,  and  is  well  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  mining 
engineer's  library."  —  The  Electrician. 

"  It  is  very  readable  and  instructive,  and  will  doubtless  prove  of  considerable  value  to  mining 
engineers." — The  Engineer. 

"The  work  is  well  written,  well  got  up,  and  well  illustrated.  It  is  as  concise  as  possible,  and 
exactly  suited  for  rapid  reference  by  men  to  whom  time  is  an  object  of  the  first  importance."— The 
Athen&um. 

WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY. 

Its  Origins,  Development,  Inventions,  and  Apparatus.  By  CHARLES  HENRY 
SEVVALL,  Author  of  "Patented  Telephony,"  "The  Future  of  Long-distance 
Communication."  220  pages,  with  85  Illustrations.  Demy  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net    1O/6 


24  CROSRY  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

DYNAMO  ELECTRIC  MACHINERY:  ITS  CONSTRUCTION, 
DESIGN,  AND  OPERATION. 

By  SAMUEL  SHELDON,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Physics  and  Electrical 
Engineering  at  the  Polytechnic  Institute  of  Brooklyn,  assisted  by  HOBART 
MASON,  B.S. 

In  two  volumes,  sold  separately,  as  follows  : — 

Vol.  I.— DIRECT  CURRENT  MACHINES.    Third  Edition,  Revised.    Large 

Crown  8vo.     280  pages,  with  200  Illustrations       .         .         Net    12/- 

Vol.  II.-  ALTERNATING  CURRENT  MACHINES.     Large  Crown  8vo. 

260  pages,  with  184  Illustrations Net    12/- 

jaTDesigned  as  Text-books  for  use  in  Technical  Educational  Institutions,  and  by  Engineers  whose 
work  includes  the  handling  of  Direct  and  Alternating  Current  Machines  respectively,  and  for 
Students  proficient  in  mathematics. 

ELECTRICAL  AND  MAGNETIC  CALCULATIONS. 

For  the  Use  of  Electrical  Engineers  and  Artisans,  Teachers,  Students,  and  all 
others  interested  in  the  Theory  and  Application  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism. 
By  A.  A.  ATKINSON,  Professor  of  Electricity  in  Ohio  University.  Crown  8vo, 

cloth Net  9/- 

"To  teachers  and  those  who  already  possess  a  fair  knowledge  of  their  subject  we  can  recommend 

this  book  as  being  useful  to  consult  when  requiring  data  or  formulae  which  it  is  neither  convenient 

nor  necessary  to  retain  by  memory." — The  Electrician. 

ARMATURE  WINDINGS  OF  DIRECT  CURRENT  DY- 

NAMOS. 

Extension  and  Application  of  a  General  Winding  Rule.  By  E.  ARNOLD, 
Engineer.  Assistant  Professor  in  Electrotechnics  and  Machine  Design  at  the 
Riga  Polytechnic  School.  Translated  from  the  Original  German  by  FRANCIS 
B.  DE  GRESS,  M.E.,  Chief  of  Testing  Department,  Crocker- Wheeler  Company. 
With  146  Illustrations.  Medium  8vo,  cloth  .  [Just  Published.  Net  12/« 

SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPHS. 

Their  History,  Construction  and  Working.  Founded  in  part  on  WUNSCHEN- 
DORFF'S  "Traite  de  Telegraphic  Sous  Marine,"  and  Compiled  from  Authoritative 
and  Exclusive  Sources.  By  CHARLES  BRIGHT,  F.R.S.E.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.E.E. 
780  pp.,  fully  illustrated,  including  maps  and  folding  plates.  Royal  8vo,  cloth. 

Net    £3  3s. 

"There  are  few,  if  any,  persons  more  fitted  to  write  a  treatise  on  submarine  telegraphy  than  Mr. 
Charles  Bright.  He  has  done  his  work  admirably,  and  has  written  in  a  way  which  will  appeal  as 
much  to  the  layman  as  to  the  engineer.  This  admirable  volume  must  for  many  years  to  come  hold  the 
position  of  the  English  classic  on  submarine  telegraphy." — Engineer. 

"  This  book  is  full  of  information.  It  makes  a  book  of  reference  which  should  be  in  every  engineer's 
library." — Nature. 

"Mr.  Bright's  interestingly  written  and  admirably  illustrated  book  will  meet  with  a  welcome 
reception  from  cable  men." — Electrician. 

"  The  Author  deals  with  his  subject  from  all  points  of  view — political  and  strategical  as  well  as 
scientific — the  work  will  be  of  interest  not  only  to  men  of  science,  but  to  the  general  public.  We  can 
strongly  recommend  it." — Athenceum. 

THE  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEER'S  POCKET-BOOK. 

Consisting  of  Modern  Rules,  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Data.  By  H.  R.  KEMPE, 
M.I.E.E.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Technical  Officer,  Postal  Telegraphs,  Author  of 
"A  Handbook  of  Electrical  Testing,"  &c.  Second  Edition,  Thoroughly  Revised, 
with- Additions.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  Royal  32mo,  oblong,  leather  5/- 

"  It  is  the  best  book  of  its  kind." — Electrical  Engineer. 

"The  Electrical  Engineer's  Pocket-Book  is  a  good  one." — Electrician. 

"  Strongly  recommended  to  those  engaged  in  the  electrical  industries." — Electrical  Review. 

POWER  TRANSMITTED  BY  ELECTRICITY. 

And  applied  by  the  Electric  Motor,  including  Electric  Railway  Construction. 
By  P.  ATKINSON,  A.M.,  Ph.D.  Third  Edition,  fully  Revised,  and  New  Matter 
added.  With  94  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  ....  Net  9/- 

DYNAMIC  ELECTRICITY  AND  MAGNETISM. 

By  PHILIP  ATKINSON,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Author  of  "  Elements  of  Static  Electricity," 
&c.  Crown  8vo,  417  pp.,  with  120  Illustrations,  cloth  ....  1O/6 


ELECTRICITY,   ELECTRICAL   ENGINEERING,   S-v.  25 


THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  DYNAMOS. 

A  Handybook  of  Theory  and  Practice  for  the  Use  of  Mechanics,  Engineers, 
Students  and  others  in  Charge  of  Dynamos.  By  G.  W.  LUMMIS-PATERSON. 
Third  Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 4/6 

"  An  example  which  deserves  to  be  taken  as  a  model  by  other  authors.  The  subject  is  treated  in  a 
manner  which  any  intelligent  man  who  is  fit  to  be  entrusted  with  charge  of  an  engine  should  be  able  to 
understand.  It  is  a  useful  book  to  all  who  make,  tend  or  employ  electric  machinery." — Architect. 

THE  STANDARD  ELECTRICAL  DICTIONARY. 

A  Popular  Encyclopaedia  of  Words  and  Terms  Used  in  the  Practice  of  Electrical 
Engineering.  Containing  upwards  of  3,000  Definitions.  By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE, 
A.M.,  Ph.D.  Third  Edition,  with  Appendix.  Crown  8vo,  690  pp.,  390 
Illustrations,  cloth Net  7/6 

"  The  work  has  many  attractive  features  in  it,  and  is,  beyond  doubt,  a  well  put  together  and  useful 
publication.  The  amount  of  ground  covered  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  in  the  index  about 
5,000  references  will  be  found." — Electrical  Review. 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT  FITTING. 

A  Handbook  for  Working  Electrical  Engineers,  embodying  Practical  Notes  on 

Installation  Management.    By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  Electrician,  Author  of  "Electric 

Light,"    &c.      With   numerous    Illustrations.      Third    Edition,    Revised,   with 

Additions.     Crown  8vo,  cloth     .         .         .         .       .  *        .     '    .         .         .         5/- 

"This  volume  deals  with  the  mechanics  of  electric  lighting,  and  is  addressed  to  men  who  are 

already  engaged  in  the  work,  or  are  training  for  it.     The  work  traverses  a  great  deal  of  ground,  and 

may  be  read  as  a  sequel  to  the  author's  useful  work  on  '  Electric  Light.'  " — Electrician. 

"  The  book  is  well  worth  the  perusal  of  the  workman,  for  whom  it  is  written." — Electrical  Review. 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT. 

Its  Production  and  Use,  Embodying  Plain  Directions  for  the  Treatment  of 
Dynamo-Electric  Machines,  Batteries,  Accumulators,  and  Electric  Lamps.  By 
J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.  Sixth  Edition,  Enlarged.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  7/6 

"The  whole  ground  of  electric  lighting  is  more  or  less  covered  and  explained  in  a  very  clear  and 
concise  manner." — Electrical  Review. 

"  A  vade-mecum  of  the  salient  facts  connected  with  the  science  ot  electric  lighting." — Electrician. 

DYNAMO  CONSTRUCTION. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  the  Use  of  Engineer  Constructors  and  Electricians-in- 
Charge.  Embracing  Framework  Building,  Field  Magnet  and  Armature  Winding 
and  Grouping,  Compounding,  &c.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART.  Second  Edition, 
Enlarged.  With  114  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  '  .  *  •'•,..'•  ,  7/6 
"  Mr.  Urquhart's  book  is  the  first  one  which  deals  with  these  matters  in  such  a  way  that  the 

engineering  student  can  understand  them.    The  book  is  very  readable,  and  the  author  leads  his  readers 

up  to  difficult  subjects  by  reasonably  simple  tests." — Engineering  Review. 

ELECTRIC  SHIP-LIGHTING. 

A  Handbook  on  the  Practical  Fitting  and  Running  of  Ship's  Electrical  Plant. 

For  the  Use  of  Shipowners  and  Builders,  Marine  Electricians,  and  Sea-going 

Engineers  in  Charge.     By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.     Second  Edition.     Revised 

and  Extended.     With  88  Illustrations,  crown  8vo,  cloth  ....        7/6 

"The  subject  of  ship  electric  lighting  is  one  of  vast  importance,  and  Mr.  Urquhart  is  to  be  highly 

complimented  for  placing  such  a  valuable  work  at  the  service  of  marine  electricians." — The  Steamship. 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  (ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF). 

By  ALAN  A.  CAMPBELL  SWINTON,  M.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.E.E.  Fourth  Edition, 
Revised.  With  Sixteen  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  1/6 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT  FOR  COUNTRY  HOUSES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Erection  and  Running  of  Small  Installations,  with 
Particulars  of  the  Cost  of  Plant  and  Working.  By  J.  H.  KNIGHT.  Third 
Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  wrapper 1/- 

HOW  TO  MAKE  A  DYNAMO. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  Amateurs.  Containing  Illustrations  and  Detailed 
Instructions  for  Constructing  a  Small  Dynamo  to  Produce  the  Electric  Light. 
By  ALFRED  CROFTS.  Sixth  Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  2/- 

THE  STUDENTS  TEXTBOOK  OF  ELECTRICITY. 

By  H.  M.  NOAD,  F.R.S.     650  pp.,  with  470  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.     9/- 


26  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD    &    SON'S    CATALOGUE, 


ARCHITECTURE,    BUILDING,    ETC. 


PRACTICAL  BUILDING  CONSTRUCTION. 

A  Handbook  for  Students  Preparing  for  Examinations,  and  a  Book  of  Reference 

for   Persons   Engaged   in   Building.      By    JOHN    PARNELL    ALLEN,    Surveyor, 

Lecturer  on  Building  Construction  at  the  Durham  College  of  Science,  Newcastle- 

on-Tyne.     Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.     Medium  8vo,  570  pages,  -with 

over  1,000  Illustrations,  cloth          ....          [Just  Published.     Net    7/6 

"The  most  complete  exposition  of  building  construction  we  have  seen.     It  contains  all  that  is 

'necessary  to  prepare  students  for  the  various  examinations  in  building  construction." — Building  News. 

"The  author  depends  nearly  as  much  on  his  diagrams  as  on  his  type.    The  pages  suggest  the 

Hiand  of  a  man  of  experience  in  building  operations — and  the  volume  must  be  a  blessing  to  many 

teachers  as  well  as  to  students." — The  Architect. 

"  The  work  is  sure  to  prove  a  formidable  rival  to  great  and  small  competitors  alike,  and  bids  fair 
to  take  a  permanent  place  as  a  favourite  student's  text-book.  The  large  number  of  illustrations  deserve 
particular  mention  for  the  great  merit  they  possess  for  purposes  of  reference,  in  exactly  corresponding 
to  convenient  scales."— Jour.  hist.  Brit.  Archts. 

PRACTICAL  MASONRY. 

A  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Stone  Cutting.  Comprising  the  Construction,  Setting-out, 
and  Working  of  Stairs,  Circular  Work,  Arches,  Niches,  Domes,  Pendentives, 
Vaults,  Tracery  Windows,  &c.  ;  to  which  are  added  Supplements  relating  to 
Masonry  Estimating  and  Quantity  Surveying,  and  to  Building  Stones,  and  a 
Glossary  of  Terms.  For  the  Use  of  Students,  Masons,  and  other  Workmen. 
By  WILLIAM  R.  PURCHASE,  Building  Inspector  to  the  Borough  of  Hove. 
Fourth  Edition,  Enlarged.  Royal  8vo,  210  pages,  with  52  Lithographic  Plates, 
comprising  over  400  Diagrams,  cloth  .  .  .  [Just  Published.  Net  7/6 

"  Mr.  Purchase's  '  Practical  Masonry '  will  undoubtedly  be  found  useful  to  all  interested  in  this 
important  subject,  whether  theoretically  or  practically.  Most  of  the  examples  given  are  from  actual 
work  carried  out,  the  diagrams  being  carefully  drawn.  The  book  is  a  practical  treatise  on  the  subject, 
the  author  himself  having  commenced  as  an  operative  mason,  and  afterwards  acted  as  foreman  mason 
on  many  large  and  important  buildings  prior  to  the  attainment  of  his  present  position.  It  should  be 
found  of  general  utility  to  architectural  students  and  others,  as  well  as  to  those  to  whom  it  is  specially 
addressed."— Journal  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 

MODERN  PLUMBING, 

STEAM  AND  HOT  WATER  HEATING. 

A  New  Practical  Work  for  the  Plumber,  the  Heating  Engineer,  the  Architect, 
and  the  Builder.  By  J.  J.  LAWLER,  Author  of  "American  Sanitary  Plumbing," 
&c.  With  284  Illustrations  and  Folding  Plates.  4to,  cloth  .  .  Net  21/- 

CONCRETE:  ITS  NATURE  AND  USES* 

A  Book  for  Architects,  Builders,  Contractors,  and  Clerks  of  Works.    By  GEORGE 

L.  SUTCLIFFE,  A.R.I.B.A.    350  pages,  with  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  7/6 

"  The  author  treats  a  difficult  subject  in  a  lucid  manner.     The  manual  fills  a  long  felt  gap.     It  is 

careful  and  exhaustive ;  equally  useful  as  a  student's  guide  and  an  architect's  book  of  reference." — 

Journal  of  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 

LOCKWOOD'S  BUILDER'S  PRICE  BOOK  FOR  1903* 

A  Comprehensive  Handbook  of  the  Latest  Prices  and  Data  for  Builders, 
Architects,  Engineers,  and  Contractors.  Re-constructed,  Re-written,  and 
Greatly  Enlarged.  By  FRANCIS  T.  W.  MILLER.  800  closely-printed  pages, 
crown  8vo,  cloth '  .  [Just  Published.  4/- 

"  This  book  is  a  very  useful  one,  and  should  find  a  place  in  every  English  office  connected  with  the 
building  and  engineering  professions." — Industries.  "  An  excellent  book  of  reference." — Architect. 

"  In  its  new  and  revised  form  this  Price  Book  is  what  a  work  of  this  kind  should  be — comprehensive, 
reliable,  well  arranged,  legible,  and  well  bound." — British  Architect. 

DECORATIVE  PART  OF  CIVIL  ARCHITECTURE. 

By  Sir  WILLIAM  CHAMBERS,  F.R.S.  With  Portrait,  Illustrations,  Notes,  and  an 
EXAMINATION  OF  GRECIAN  ARCHITECTURE,  by  JOSEPH  GWILT,  F.S.A.  Revised 
and  Edited  by  W.  H.  LEEDS.  66  Plates,  4to,  cloth 21,- 


ARCHITECTURE,   BUILDING,   &c.  27 

THE  MECHANICS  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 

A  Treatise  on  Applied  Mechanics,  especially  Adapted  to  the  Use  of  Architects. 
By  E.  W.  TARN,   M.A.,   Author  of  "The  Science  of  Building,"  &c.     Second 
Edition,  Enlarged.     Illustrated  with  125  Diagrams.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  .         7/6 
"  The  book  is  a  very  useful  and  helpful  manual  of  architectural  mechanics."— Builder. 

A  HANDY  BOOK  OF  VILLA  ARCHITECTURE. 

Being  a  Series  of  Designs  for  Villa  Residences  in  various  Styles.     With  Outline 

Specifications  and  Estimates.     By  C.  WICKES,  Architect,  Author  of  "The  Spires 

and  Towers  of  England, "&c.  61  Plates,  4to,  half-morocco,  gilt  edges  £1  11s. 6d. 

"The  whole  of  the  designs  bear  evidence  of  their  being  the  work  of  an  artistic  architect,  and  they 

will  prove  very  valuable  and  suggestive." — Building  News. 

THE  ARCHITECT'S  GUIDE. 

Being  a  Text-book  of  Useful  Information  for  Architects,  Engineers,  Surveyors, 
Contractors,  Clerks  of  Works,  &c.,  &c.  By  F.  ROGERS.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  3/6 

ARCHITECTURAL  PERSPECTIVE. 

The  whole  Course  and  Operations  of  the  Draughtsman  in  Drawing  a  Large 

House  in   Linear  Perspective.      Illustrated  by  43   Folding  Plates.     By  F.   O. 

FERGUSON.     Third  Edition.     8vo,  boards      .         .         .         [Just  Published.     3/6 

"  It  is  the  most  intelligible  of  the  treatises  on  this  ill-treated  subject  that  I  have  met  with." — 

E.  INGRESS  BELL,  ESQ.,  in  the  R.I. B. A.  Journal. 

PRACTICAL  RULES  ON  DRAWING. 

For  the  Operative  Builder  and  Young  Student  in  Architecture.  By  GEORGE 
PYNE.  14  Plates,  4to,  boards ."  '.  .  7/6 

MEASURING  AND  VALUING  ARTIFICERS*  WORK 

(The  Student's  Guide  to  the  Practice  of).  Containing  Directions  for  taking 
Dimensions,  Abstracting  the  same,  and  bringing  the  Quantities  into  Bill,  with 
Tables  of  Constants  for  Valuation  of  Labour,  and  for  the  Calculation  of  Areas 
and  Solidities.  Originally  edited  by  E.  DOBSON,  Architect.  With  Additions  by 
E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.  Seventh  Edition,  Revised.  With  8  Plates  and  63  Woodcuts. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth         .         .         .         .         .  . 7/6 

"This  edition  will  be  found  the  most  complete  treatise  on  the  principles  of  measuring  and  valuing 
artificers'  work  that  has  yet  been  published." — Building  News. 

TECHNICAL  GUIDE,  MEASURER,  AND  ESTIMATOR. 

For  Builders  and  Surveyors.  Containing  Technical  Directions  for  Measuring 
Work  in  all  the  Building  Trades,  Complete  Specifications  for  Houses,  Roads,  and 
Drains,  and  an  Easy  Method  of  Estimating  the  parts  of  a  Building  collectively. 
By  A.  C.  BEATON.  Ninth  Edition.  Waistcoat-pocket  size,  gilt  edges  .  1/6 
"  No  builder,  architect,  surveyor,  or  valuer  should  be  without  his  '  Beaton.1 " — Building  News. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR  PRACTICAL  ARCHITECTURE. 

A  Guide  to  the  Architect,  Engineer,  Surveyor,  and  Builder.     With  an  Essay  on 

the  Structure  and  Science  of  Modern  Buildings.     Upon  the  Basis  of  the  Work 

by  ALFRED  BARTHOLOMEW,  thoroughly  Revised,  Corrected,  and  greatly  added 

to  by  FREDERICK  ROGERS,  Architect.     Third  Edition,  Revised.     8vo,  cloth   15/- 

"The  work  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  recommendation  from  us.    It  is  one  of  the  books  with 

which  every  young  architect  must  be  equipped."— ,4  rchitect. 

THE  HOUSE-OWNER'S  ESTIMATOR* 

Or,  What  will  it  Cost  to  Build,  Alter,  or  Repair?  A  Price  Book  for  Unpro 
fessional  People,  as  well  as  the  Architectural  Surveyor  and  Builder.  By  J.  D. 
SIMON.  Edited  by  F.  T.  W.  MILLER,  A.R.I.B.A.  Fifth  Edition,  carefully 

Revised.     Crown  8vo,  cloth Net    3/6 

"  In  two  years  it  will  repay  its  cost  a  hundred  times  over." — Field. 


28  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &-  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


SANITATION   AND  WATER  SUPPLY. 


THE  HEALTH  OFFICER'S  POCKET-BOOK* 

A  Guide  to  Sanitary  Practice  and  Law.  For  Medical  Officers  of  Health, 
Sanitary  Inspectors,  Members  of  Sanitary  Authorities,  &c.  By  EDWARD  F. 
WILLOUGHBY,  M.D.  (Lond.),  &c.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 
Fcap.  8vo,  leather Net  1O/6 

"  It  is  a  mine  of  condensed  information  of  a  pertinent  and  useful  kind  on  the  various  subjects  of 
which  it  treats.  The  different  subjects  are  succinctly  but  fully  and  scientifically  dealt  with." — The 
Lancet. 

THE  BACTERIAL  PURIFICATION  OF  SEWAGE: 

Being  a  Practical  Account  of  the  Various  Modern  Biological  Methods  of 
Purifying  Sewage.  By  SIDNEY  BARWISE,  M.D.  (Lond.).  8vo,  cloth.  Net  6/O 

THE  PURIFICATION  OF  SEWAGE. 

Being  a  Brief  Account  of  the  Scientific  Principles  of  Sewage  Purification,  and 
their  Practical  Application.  By  SIDNEY  BARWISE,  M.D.  (Lond.),  M.R.C.S., 
D.P.H.  (Camb.),  Fellow  of  the  Sanitary  Institute,  Medical  Officer  of  Health  to 
the  Derbyshire  County  Council.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  ....  5/- 

WATER  AND  ITS  PURIFICATION. 

A  Handbook  for  the  Use  of  Local  Authorities,  Sanitary  Officers,  and  others 
interested  in  Water  Supply.  By  S.  RIDEAL,  D.Sc.,  Lond.,  F.I.C.  Second  Edition, 
Revised,  with  Additions.  Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  Net  9/- 

RURAL  WATER  SUPPLY. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Supply  of  Water  and  Construction  of  Waterworks 
for  Small  Country  Districts.  By  ALLAN  GREENWELL,  A.M.I.C.E.,  and  W.  T. 
CURRY,  A.M.I.C.E.  Revised  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  5/- 

THE  WATER  SUPPLY  OF  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 

By  WILLIAM  HUMBER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  and  M.Inst.M.E.  Imp.  4to,  half-bound 
morocco.  (See  page  n) Net  £6  6s. 

THE  WATER  SUPPLY  OF  TOWNS 

AND  THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  WATER- WORKS, 

By  Professor  W.  K.  BURTON,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and 
Extended.  Royal  8vo,  cloth.  (See  page  10) £1  5s. 

WATER  ENGINEERING. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Measurement,  Storage,  Conveyance,  and  Utilisation 
of  Water  for  the  Supply  of  Towns.  By  C.  SLAGG,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  .  7/6 

SANITARY  WORK  IN  SMALL  TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES. 

By  CHARLES  SLAGG,  A.M.Inst.C.E.     Crown  8vo,  cloth     ....         3/- 

MODERN  PLUMBING, 

STEAM  AND  HOT  WATER  HEATING. 

A  New  Practical  Work  for  the  Plumber,  the  Heating  Engineer,  the  Architect, 
and  the  Builder.  By  J.  J.  LAWLER.  With  284  Illustrations  and  Folding  Plates. 
4to,  cloth Net  21/- 

PLUMBING. 

A  Text-Book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  or  Craft  of  the  Plumber.  By  W.  P. 
BUCHAN.  Ninth  Edition,  Enlarged,  with  500  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo  3/6 

VENTILATION. 

A  Text-Book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  of  Ventilating  Buildings.  By  W.  P. 
BUCHAN,  R.P.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  3/6 


CARPENTRY,    TIMBER,   &>c.  29 


CARPENTRY,   TIMBER,    ETC. 


THE  ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  CARPENTRY. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Pressure  and  Equilibrium  of  Timber  Framing,  the  Resistance 
of  Timber,  and  the  Construction  of  Floors,  Arches,  Bridges,  Roofs,  Uniting  Iron 
and  Stone  with  Timber,  &c.  To  which  is  added  an  Essay  on  the  Nature  and 
Properties  of  Timber,  &c.,  with  Descriptions  of  the  kinds  of  Wood  used  in 
Building ;  also  numerous  Tables  of  the  Scantlings  of  Timber  for  different 
purposes,  the  Specific  Gravities  of  Materials,  &c.  By  THOMAS  TREDGOLD,  C.E. 
With  an  Appendix  of  Specimens  of  Various  Roofs  of  Iron  and  Stone,  Illustrated. 
Seventh  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and  considerably  Enlarged  by  E.  WYNDHAM 
TARN,  M.A.,  Author  of  "The  Science  of  Building,"  &c.  With  61  Plates, 
Portrait  of  the  Author,  and  several  Woodcuts.  In  One  large  Vol.,  4to,  cloth. 

£1  5s. 

"  Ought  to  be  in  every  architect's  and  every  builder's  library."— Builder. 

"  A  work  whose  monumental  excellence  must  commend  it  wherever  skilful  carpentry  is  concerned. 
The  author's  principles  are  rather  confirmed  than  impaired  by  time.  The  additional  plates  are  of  great 
intrinsic  value." — Building  News. 

WOODWORKING  MACHINERY, 

Its  Rise,  Progress,  and  Construction.  With  Hints  on  the  Management  of  Saw 
Mills  and  the  Economical  Conversion  of  Timber.  Illustrated  with  Examples  of 
Recent  Designs  by  leading  English,  French,  and  American  Engineers.  By  M. 
Powis  BALE,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.  Second  Edition,  Revised,  with  large 

Additions,  large  crown  8vo,  440  pp.,  cloth 9/- 

"  Mr.  Bale  is  evidently  an  expert  on  the  subject,  and  he  has  collected  so  much  information  that  his 
book  is  all-sufficient  for  builders  and  others  engaged  in  the  conversion  of  timber." — Architect. 

"  The  most  comprehensive  compendium  of  wood-working  machinery  we  have  seen.  The  author  is 
a  thorough  master  of  his  subject." — Building  News. 

SAW  MILLS* 

Their  Arrangement  and  Management,  and  the  Economical  Conversion  of  Timber. 

(A  Companion  Volume  to  "Woodworking  Machinery.")     By  M.  Powis  BALE, 

A.M.Inst.C.E.     Second  Edition,  Revised.     Crown  8vo,  cloth          *]       .       1O/6 

"  The  administration  of  a  large  sawing  establishment  is  discussed,  and  the  subject  examined  from  a 

financial  standpoint.     Hence  the  size,  shape,  order,  and  disposition  of  saw-mills  and  the  like  are  gone 

into  in  detail,  and  the  course  of  the  timber  is  traced  from  its  reception  to  its  delivery  in  its  converted 

state.    We  could  not  desire  a  more  complete  or  practical  treatise." — Builder. 

THE  CARPENTER'S  GUIDE. 

Or,  Book  of  Lines  for  Carpenters ;  comprising  all  the  Elementary  Principles 
essential  for  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  Carpentry.  Founded  on  the  late  PETER 
NICHOLSON'S  standard  work.  A  New  Edition,  Revised  by  ARTHUR  ASHPITEL, 
F.S.A.  Together  with  Practical  Rules  on  Drawing,  by  GEORGE  PYNE.  With 
74  Plates,  4to,  cloth  .  .  .  .  ..:..,,„'.  ' :'  ,  £1  Is. 

A  PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON  HANDRAILING. 

Showing  New  and  Simple  Methods  for  Finding  the  Pitch  of  the  Plank,  Drawing 
the  Moulds,   Bevelling,   Jointing-up,  and  Squaring  the  Wreath.      By  GEORGE 
COLLINGS.      Second    Edition,    Revised   and    Enlarged,    to   which   is   added   A 
TREATISE  ON  STAIR-BUILDING.     With  Plates  and  Diagrams.     lamo,  cloth      2/6 
"Will  be  found  of  practical  utility  in  the  execution  of  this  difficult  branch  of  joinery." — Builder. 
"Almost  every  difficult  phase  of  this  somewhat  intricate  branch  of  joinery  is  elucidated  by  the  aid 
ot  plates  and  explanatory  letterpress." — Furniture  Gazette. 

CIRCULAR  WORK  IN  CARPENTRY  AND  JOINERY* 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Circular  Work  of  Single  and  Double  Curvature.     By 
GEORGE  COLLINGS.     With  Diagrams.     Third  Edition,  lamo,  cloth  .         .        2/6 
"  An  excellent  example  of  what  a  book  of  this  kind  should  be.     Cheap  in  price,  clear  in  definition, 
and  practical  in  the  examples  selected." — Builder. 

THE  CABINET-MAKERS  GUIDE 

TO  THE  ENTIRE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  CABINET  WORK. 

Including  Veneering,  Marquetrie,  Buhlwork,  Mosaic,  Inlaying,  &c.  By  RICHARD 
BITMEAD.  Illustrated  with  Plans,  Sections,  and  Working  Drawings.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth 2/6 


30  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

HANDRAILING  COMPLETE  IN  EIGHT  LESSONS. 

On  the  Square-Cut  System.  By  J.  S.  GOLDTHORP,  Teacher  of  Geometry  and 
Building  Construction  at  the  Halifax  Mechanics'  Institute.  With  Eight  Plates 

and  over  150  Practical  Exercises.  4to,  cloth 3/6 

"  Likely  to  be  of  considerable  value  to  joiners  and  others  who  take  a  pride  in  good  work.  The 

arrangement  of  the  book  is  excellent.    We  heartily  commend  it  to  teachers  and  students." — Timber 

Trades  Journal. 

TIMBER  MERCHANT'S  &  BUILDER'S  COMPANION. 

Containing  New  and  Copious  Tables  of  the  Reduced  Weight  and  Measurement 
of  Deals  and  Battens,  of  all  sizes,  and  other  useful  Tables  for  the  use  of 
Timber  Merchants  and  Builders.  By  WILLIAM  DOWSING.  Fourth  Edition, 

Revised  and  Corrected.    Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/- 

"  We  are  glad  to  see  a  fourth  edition  of  these  admirable  tables,  which  for  correctness  and  simplicity 
of  arrangement  leave  nothing  to  be  desired."— Timber  Trades  Journal. 

THE  PRACTICAL  TIMBER  MERCHANT* 

Being  a  Guide  for  the  use  of  Building  Contractors,  Surveyors,  Builders,  &c., 
comprising  useful  Tables  for  all  purposes  connected  with  the  Timber  Trade, 
Marks  of  Wood,  Essay  on  the  Strength  of  Timber,  Remarks  on  the  Growth  of 
Timber,  &c.  By  W.  RICHARDSON.  Second  Edition.  Fcap.  8vo,  cloth  .  3/6 
"  This  handy  manual  contains  much  valuable  information  for  the  use  of  timber  merchants,  builders, 

foresters,  and  all  others  connected  with  the  growth,  sale,  and  manufacture  of  timber."— Journal  of 

Forestry. 

PACKING-CASE  TABLES. 

Showing  the  number  of  Superficial  Feet  in  Boxes  or  Packing-Cases,  from  six 
inches  square  and  upwards.  By  W.  RICHARDSON,  Timber  Broker.  Third 
Edition.  Oblong  4to,  cloth 3/6 

"  Invaluable  labour-saving  tables." — Ironmonger. 
"  Will  save  much  labour  and  calculation."— Grocer. 

GUIDE  TO  SUPERFICIAL  MEASUREMENT. 

Tables  calculated  from  i  to  200  inches  in  length,  by  i  to  108  inches  in  breadth. 

For  the  use  of  Architects,  Surveyors,  Engineers,  Timber  Merchants,  Builders, 

&c.     By  JAMES  HAWKINGS.     Fifth  Edition.     Fcap.,  cloth         .         .         .        3/6 

"  These  tables  will  be  found  of  great  assistance  to  all  who  require  to  make  calculations  in  superficial 

measurement." — English  Mechanic. 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

And  its  Bearing  on  the  Improvement  of  Estates.  By  CHARLES  E.  CURTIS, 
F.S.I.,  Professor  of  Forestry,  Field  Engineering,  and  General  Estate  Manage- 
ment, at  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Downton.  Second  Edition,  Revised. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

PREFATORY  REMARKS. — OBJECTS  OF  PLANTING. — CHOICE  OF  A  FORESTER. — CHOICE  OF  SOIL  ANI> 
SITE.— LAYING  OUT  OF  LAND  FOR  PLANTATIONS.— PREPARATION  OF  THE  GROUND  FOR  PLANTING.— 
DRAINAGE. — PLANTING. — DISTANCES  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  TREES  IN  PLANTATIONS. — TREES  AND 
GROUND  GAME. — ATTENTION  AFTER  PLANTING. — THINNING  OF  PLANTATIONS. — PRUNING  OF  FOREST 
TREES. — REALIZATION.— METHODS  OF  SALE. — MEASUREMENT  OF  TIMBER. — MEASUREMENT  ANF> 
VALUATION  OF  LARCH  PLANTATION. — FIRE  LINES. — COST  OF  PLANTING. 

"  Mr.  Curtis  has  in  the  course  of  a  series  of  short  pithy  chapters  afforded  much  information  of  a 
useful  and  practical  character  on  the  planting  and  subsequent  treatment  of  trees." — Illustrated  Carpenter 
and  Builder. 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY. 

Designed  to  afford  Information  concerning  the  Planting  and  Care  of  Forest 
Trees  for  Ornament  or  Profit,  with  suggestions  upon  the  Creation  and  Care  of 
Woodlands.  By  F.  B.  HOUGH.  Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  1O/- 

TIMBER  IMPORTER'S,  TIMBER  MERCHANTS, 

AND  BUILDER'S  STANDARD  GUIDE. 

By  RICHARD  E.  GRANDY.    Comprising:— An  Analysis  of  Deal  Standards,  Home 

and  Foreign,  with  Comparative  Values  and  Tabular  Arrangements  for  fixing  Net 

Landed  Cost  on  Baltic  and  North  American  Deals,  including  all  intermediate 

Expenses,  Freight,  Insurance.  &c.  &c. ;    together  with  copious  Information  for 

the  Retailer  and  Builder.     Third  Edition,  Revised.     lamo,  cloth     .         .         2/- 

"  Everything  it  pretends  to  be  :  built  up  gradually,  it  leads  one  from  a  forest  to  a  treenail,  and  throws 

in,  as  a  makeweight,  a  host  of  material  concerning  bricks,  columns,  cisterns,  &c." — English  Mechanic. 


DECORATIVE   ARTS,    <2rY.  31 


DECORATIVE  ARTS,    ETC. 


SCHOOL    OF    PAINTING    FOR   THE    IMITATION    OF 

WOODS  AND  MARBLES. 

As  Taught  and  Practised  by  A.  R.  VAN  DER  BURG  and  P.  VAN  DER  BURG,. 
Directors  of  the  Rotterdam  Painting  Institution.  Royal  folio,  i8£  by  12^  in., 
Illustrated  with  24  full-size  Coloured  Plates ;  also  12  plain  Plates,  comprising' 
154  Figures.  Fourth  Edition,  cloth  .  .  [Just  Published.  Net  25s. 

LIST  OF  PLATES. 

i.  VARIOUS  TOOLS  REQUIRED  FOR  WOOD  PAINTING. — 2,  3.  WALNUT  ;  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  OF 
GRAINING  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 4.  TOOLS  USED  FOR  MARBLE  PAINTING  AND  METHOD  OF 
MANIPULATION. — 5,  6.  ST.  REMI  MARBLE  ;  EARLIER  OPERATIONS  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 
7.  METHODS  OF  SKETCHING  DIFFERENT  GRAINS,  KNOTS,  &c. — 8,  9.  ASH  :  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  AND> 
FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 10.  METHODS  OF  SKETCHING  MARBLE  GRAINS. — n,  12.  BRECHE  MARBLE; 
PRELIMINARY  STAGES  OF  WORKING  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 13.  MAPLE  ;  METHODS  OF  PRODUCING 
THE  DIFFERENT  GRAINS. — 14,  15.  BIRD'S-EYE  MAPLE  ;  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  AND  FINISHED 
SPECIMEN. — 16.  METHODS  OF  SKETCHING  THE  DIFFERENT  SPECIES  OF  WHITE  MARBLE. — 17,  18. 
WHITE  MARBLE  ;  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  OF  PROCESS  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 19.  MAHOGANY  ; 
SPECI-MEN  OF  VARIOUS  GRAINS  AND  METHODS  OF  MANIPULATION. — 20,  21.  MAHOGANY  ;  EARLIER 
STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 22,  23,  24.  SIENNA  MARBLE  ;  VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN,  PRELIMINARY 
STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 25,  26,  27.  JUNIPER  WOOD  ;  METHODS  OF  PRODUCING  GRAIN, 
&c.  ;  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN. — 28,  29,  30.  VERT  DE  MER  MARBLE;  VARIETIES 
OF  GRAIN  AND  METHODS  OF  WORKING,  UNFINISHED  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMENS. — 31,  32,  33.  OAK  ; 
VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN,  TOOLS  EMPLOYED  AND  METHODS  OF  MANIPULATION,  PRELIMINARY  STAGES 
AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 34,  35,  36.  WAULSORT  MARBLE;  VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN,  UNFINISHED  AND 
FINISHED  SPECIMENS. 

"Those  who  desire  to  attain  skill  in  the  art  of  painting  woods  and  marbles  will  find  advantage  in 
consulting  this  book.  .  .  .  Some  of  the  Working  Men's  Clubs  should  give  their  young  men  the 
opportunity  to  study  it." — Builder. 

"  A  comprehensive  guide  to  the  art.  The  explanations  of  the  processes,  the  manipulation  and1 
management  of  the  colours,  and  the  beautifully  executed  plates  will  not  be  the  least  valuable  to  the 
student  who  aims  at  making  his  work  a  faithful  transcript  of  nature." — Building  News. 

"  Students  and  novices  are  fortunate  who  are  able  to  become  the  possessors  of  so  noble  a  work."— 
The  Architect. 

ELEMENTARY  DECORATION. 

A  Guide  to  the  Simpler  Forms  of  Everyday  Art.  Together  with  PRACTICAL 
HOUSE  DECORATION.  By  TAMES  W.  FACEY.  With  numerous  Illustrations. 
In  One  Vol.,  strongly  half-bound 5/— 

HOUSE-PAINTING,  GRAINING,  MARBLING, 

AND  SIGN  WRITING, 

A   Practical   Manual   of.      By  ELLIS  A.  DAVIDSON.      Eighth  Edition.     With 

Coloured  Plates  and  Wood  Engravings.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .         .         .         6/-- 

"Amass  of  information,  of  use  to  the  amateur  and  of  value  to  the  practical  man." — English  Mechanic. 

THE  DECORATOR'S  ASSISTANT. 

A  Modern  Guide  for  Decorative  Artists  and  Amateurs,  Painters,  Writers,  Gilders, 
&c.  Containing  upwards  of  600  Receipts,  Rules  and  Instructions ;  with  a  variety 
of  Information  for  General  Work  connected  with  every  Class  of  Interior  and 
Exterior  Decorations,  &c.  Seventh  Edition.  152  pp.,  crown  8vo,  in  wrapper. 

1/- 

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treatises  on  colour  and  technical  processes.  It  would  be  difficult  to  meet  with  a  work  so  full  of  varied 
information  on  the  painter's  art." — Building  News. 

MARBLE  DECORATION 

And  the  Terminology  of  British  and  Foreign  Marbles.  A  Handbook  for 
Students.  By  GEORGE  H.  BLAGROVE,  Author  of  "  Shoring  and  its  Application," 
&c.  With  28  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6- 

"This  most  useful  and  much  wanted  handbook  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  architect  andv 
builder."— Building  World. 

"  A  carefully  and  usefully  written  treatise ;  the  work  is  essentially  practical." — Scotsman. 


32  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

DELAMOTTE'S   WORKS   ON   ILLUMINATION 
AND  ALPHABETS. 


ORNAMENTAL  ALPHABETS,  ANCIENT  &  MEDIEVAL. 

From  the  Eighth  Century,  with  Numerals ;  including  Gothic,  Church-Text,  large 
and  small,  German,  Italian,  Arabesque,  Initials  for  Illumination,  Monograms, 
Crosses,  &c.  &c.,  for  the  use  of  Architectural  and  Engineering  Draughtsmen, 
Missal  Painters,  Masons,  Decorative  Painters,  Lithographers,  Engravers,  Carvers, 
&c.  &c.  Collected  and  Engraved  by  F.  DELAMOTTE,  and  Printed  in  Colours. 
New  and  Cheaper  Edition.  Royal  8vo,  oblong,  ornamental  boards  .  2/6 
"  For  those  who  insert  enamelled  sentences  round  gilded  chalices,  who  blazon  shop  legends  over 

shop-doors,  who  letter  church  walls  with  pithy  sentences  from  the  Decalogue,  this  book  will  be  useful." 

— Athenceum.  . 

MODERN  ALPHABETS,  PLAIN  AND   ORNAMENTAL. 

Including  German,  Old  English,  Saxon,  Italic,  Perspective,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Court  Hand,  Engrossing,  Tuscan,  Riband,  Gothic,  Rustic,  and  Arabesque ;  with 
several  Original  Designs,  and  an  analysis  of  the  Roman  and  Old  English 
Alphabets,  large  and  small,  and  Numerals,  for  the  use  of  Draughtsmen,  Sur- 
veyors, Masons,  Decorative  Painters,  Lithographers,  Engravers,  Carvers,  &c. 
Collected  and  Engraved  by  F.  DELAMOTTE,  and  printed  in  Colours.  New  and 
Cheaper  Edition.  Royal  8vo,  oblong,  ornamental  boards  .  .  .  2/6 
"There  is  comprised  in  it  every  possible  shape  into  which  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  and  numerals 

can  be  formed,  and  the  talent  which  has  been  expended  in  the  conception  of  the  various  plain  and 

ornamental  letters  is  wonderful." — Standard. 

MEDIAEVAL  ALPHABETS  AND  INITIALS* 

By  F.  G.  DELAMOTTE.     Containing  21  Plates  and  Illuminated  Title,  printed  in 
Gold   and    Colours.      With    an   Introduction   by  J.   WILLIS    BROOKS.      Fifth 
Edition.     Small  4to,  ornamental  boards    ......       tNet    5/- 

"  A  volume  in  which  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  come  forth  glorified  in  gilding  and  all  the  colours  ot 
the  prism  interwoven  and  intertwined  and  intermingled." — Sun. 

A  PRIMER  OF  THE  ART  OF  ILLUMINATION. 

For  the  Use  of  Beginners ;  with  a  Rudimentary  Treatise  on  the  Art,  Practical 
Directions  for  its  Exercise,  and  Examples  taken  from  Illuminated  MSS.,  printed 
in  Gold  and  Colours,  By  F.  DELAMOTTE.  New  and  Cheaper  Edition.  Small 

4to,  ornamental  boards 6/- 

"The  examples  of  ancient  MSS.  recommended  to  the  student,  which,  with  much  good  sense,  the 

author  chooses  from  collections  accessible  to  all,  are  selected  with  judgment  and  knowledge,  as  well  as 

taste." — A  thencEwn. 

THE  EMBROIDERER'S  BOOK  OF  DESIGN* 

Containing  Initials,  Emblems,  Cyphers,  Monograms,  Ornamental  Borders, 
Ecclesiastical  Devices,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Alphabets,  and  National  Emblems. 
Collected  by  F.  DELAMOTTE,  and  printed  in  Colours.  Oblong  royal  8vo, 

ornamental  wrapper Net     2/- 

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of  plying  the  needle  in  this  most  ornamental  and  useful  pretty  work." — East  Anglian  Times. 


WOOD'CARVING  FOR  AMATEURS. 

With  Hints  on  Design.     By  A  LADY.     With  Ten  Plates.     New  and  Cheaper 

Edition.     Crown  8vo,  in  emblematic  wrapper 2/- 

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PAINTING  POPULARLY  EXPLAINED. 

By  THOMAS  JOHN  GULLICK,  Painter,  and  JOHN  TIMES,  F.S.A.  Including  Fresco, 
Oil,  Mosaic,  Water  Colour,  Water-Glass,  Tempera,  Encaustic,  Miniature,  Painting 
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* **  Adopted  as  a  Prize  book  at  South  Kensington. 

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perusal  of  this  unpretending  but  comprehensive  treatise." — Art  Journal. 


NATURAL  SCIENCE,   &v.  33 


NATURAL  SCIENCE,    ETC. 


THE  VISIBLE  UNIVERSE. 

Chapters  on  the  Origin  and  Construction  of  the  Heavens.  By  J.  E.  GORE, 
F.R.A.S.,  Author  of  "  Star  Groups,"  &c.  Illustrated  by  6  Stellar  Photographs  and 
12  Plates.  Demy  8vo,  cloth '  16/- 

STAR  GROUPS. 

A  Student's  Guide  to  the  Constellations.  By  J.  ELLARD  GORE,  F.R.A.S., 
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AN  ASTRONOMICAL  GLOSSARY. 

Or,  Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Astronomy.  With  Tables  of  Data  and  Lists  of 
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Author  of  "  The  Visible  Universe,"  &c.  Small  crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  2/6 

THE  MICROSCOPE. 

Its  Construction  and  Management.  Including  Technique,  Photo-micrography, 
and  the  Past  and  Future  of  the  Microscope.  By  Dr.  HENRI  VAN  HEURCK. 
Re-edited  and  Augmented  from  the  Fourth  French  Edition,  and  Translated  by 
WYNNE  E.  BAXTER,  F.G.S.  Imp.  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  .  .  18/- 

A  MANUAL  OF  THE  MOLLUSCA. 

A  Treatise  on  Recent  and  Fossil  Shells.  By  S.  P.  WOODWARD,  A.L.S.,  F.G.S. 
With  an  Appendix  on  RECENT  AND  FOSSIL  CONCHOLOGICAL  DISCOVERIES,  by 
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THE  TWIN  RECORDS  OF  CREATION* 

Or,  Geology  and  Genesis,  their  Perfect  Harmony  and  Wonderful  Concord.  By 
G.  W.  V.  LE  VAUX.  8vo,  cloth .  5/- 

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THE    ELECTRIC    TELEGRAPH.     Revised  by  E.  B.  BRIGHT,  F.R.A.S. 
Fcap.  8vo,  cloth 2/6 


34  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &>  SOWS   CATALOGUE. 

CHEMICAL    MANUFACTURES, 
CHEMISTRY,    ETC. 


THE    OIL   FIELDS    OF   RUSSIA   AND   THE   RUSSIAN 

OIL  INDUSTRY. 

Comprising  a  Complete  Account  of  the' Physical  Features  and  Productions  of  the 
Russian  Oil  Regions,  and  a  Practical  Guide  to  the  Exploration,  Exploitation, 
and  Management  of  Oil  Properties  in  Russia  and  elsewhere.  By  A.  BEEBY 
THOMPSON,  A.M.Inst.M.E.,  Chief  Engineer  and  Manager  of  the  European 
Petroleum  Company.  Super-royal  8vo,  with  Plates  and  other  Illustrations. 

[In  the  Press.    Price  about  3O '-  net. 

THE   ANALYSIS  OF  OILS  AND  ALLIED  SUBSTANCES, 

By  A.  C.   WRIGHT,  M.A.Oxon.,   B.Sc.Lond.,  formerly  Assistant   Lecturer  in 

Chemistry  at  the  Yorkshire  College,  Leeds,  and  Lecturer  in  Chemistry  at  the 

Hull  Technical  School.     Demy  8vo,  cloth  .         .         [Just  Published.     Net    9/- 

THE  OCCURRENCE  AND  COMPOSITION  OF  OILS,  FATS,  AND  WAXES.— THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES 

OF  OILS,  FATS,  AND  WAXES,  AND  THEIR  DETERMINATION.— THE  CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  OILS, 

FATS,  AND  WAXES    FROM   THE  ANALYTICAL  STANDPOINT.— DETECTION    AND    DETERMINATION  OF 

NON-FATTY  CONSTITUENTS.— METHODS  FOR  ESTIMATING  THE  CONSTITUENTS  OF  OILS  AND  FATS.— 

DESCRIPTION   AND  PROPERTIES  OF  THE    MORE  IMPORTANT  OILS,  FATS,  AND  WAXES,  WITH  THE 

METHODS  FOR  THEIR  INVESTIGATION.— THE  EXAMINATION  OF  CERTAIN  COMMERCIAL  PRODUCTS. 

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THE  GAS  ENGINEER'S  POCKET  BOOK. 

Comprising    Tables,    Notes    and    Memoranda    relating    to    the    Manufacture, 

Distribution  and  Use  of  Coal  Gas  and  the  Construction  of  Gas  Works.     By 

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LIGHTING  BY  ACETYLENE 

Generators,  Burners  and  Electric  Furnaces.  By  WILLIAM  E.  GIBBS,  M.E. 
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ENGINEERING  CHEMISTRY. 

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and  Valuation  of  the  Principal  Materials  used  in  Engineering  Work,  with 
numerous  Analyses,  Examples  and  Suggestions.  By  H.  JOSHUA  PHILLIPS, 
F.I.C.,  F.C.S.  Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  420  pages,  with  Plates 
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of  engineering  chemists  permits."— Chemical  News. 

NITRO-EXPLOSIVES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  concerning  the  Properties,  Manufacture,  and  Analysis  of 
Nitrated  Substances,  including  the  Fulminates,  Smokeless  Powders  and  Cellu- 
loid.     By   P.    GERALD   SANFORD,    F.I.C.,   Consulting  Chemist   to   the   Cotton 
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of  what  it  is  composed  and  how  it  is  manufactured.    The  book  is  excellent  throughout." — The  Engineer. 

A  HANDBOOK  ON  MODERN  EXPLOSIVES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  and  Use  of  Dynamite,  Gun-Cotton, 
Nitro-Glycerine,  and  other  Explosive  Compounds,  including  Collodion-Cotton. 
With  Chapters  on  Explosives  in  Practical  Application.  By  M.  EISSLER,  M.E. 

Second  Edition,  Enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 12/6 

"A  veritable  mine  of  information  on  the  subject  of  explosives  employed  for  military,  mining  and 
blasting  purposes." — Army  and  Navy  Gazette. 


CHEMICAL   MANUFACTURES,    CHEMISTRY,    &v.  35 


DANGEROUS  GOODS. 

Their  Sources  and  Properties,  Modes  of  Storage  and  Transport.     With  Notes 
and  Comments  on  Accidents  arising  therefrom.     A  Guide  for  the  Use  of  Govern- 
ment and  Railway  Officials,  Steamship  Owners,  &c.     By  H.  JOSHUA  PHILLIPS, 
F.I.C.,  F.C.S.     Crown  8vo,  374  pages,  cloth      .         .         .         .         .         .        9/- 

"  Merits  a  wide  circulation  and  an  intelligent,  appreciative  study."— Chemical  News. 

A  MANUAL  OF  THE  ALKALI  TRADE. 

Including  the  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid,  Sulphate  of  Soda,  and  Bleaching 

Powder.     By  JOHN   LOMAS,  Alkali  Manufacturer.     With  232  Illustrations  and 

Working  Drawings.  Second  Edition,  with  Additions.  Royal  8vo,  cloth   JB1  1OS. 

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but  which  are  generally  overlooked  by  even  experienced  technological  authors." — Chemical  Review. 

THE  BLOWPIPE  IN  CHEMISTRY,  MINERALOGY,  Etc. 

Containing  all  known  Methods  of  Anhydrous  Analysis,  many  Working  Examples, 
and  Instructions  for  Making  Apparatus.  By  Lieut. -Colonel  W.  A.  Ross,  R.A., 
F.G.S.  Second  Edition,  Enlarged.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  5/- 

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text-books  of  the  day,  and  passed  any  number  of  examinations  in  their  contents." — Chemical  News. 

THE  MANUAL  OF  COLOURS  AND  DYE-WARES. 

Their    Properties,   Applications,   Valuations,   Impurities,   and   Sophistications. 

For  the  Use  of  Dyers,  Printers,  Drysalters,  Brokers,  &c.     By  J.  W.  SLATER. 

Second  Edition,  Revised  and  greatly  Enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  cloth          .        7/6 

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A  HANDYBOOK  FOR  BREWERS. 

Being  a  Practical  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Brewing  and  Malting.  Embracing  the 
Conclusions  of  Modern  Research  which  bear  upon  the  Practice  of  Brewing.  By 
HERBERT  EDWARDS  WRIGHT,  M.A.  Second  Edition,  Enlarged.  Crown  8vo, 
530  pp.,  cloth  ............  12/6 

"  May  be  consulted  with  advantage  by  the  student  who  is  preparing  himself  for  examinational 
tests,  while  the  scientific  brewer  will  find  in  it  a  resume  of  all  the  most  important  discoveries  of  modern 
times.  The  work  is  written  throughout  in  a  clear  and  concise  manner,  and  the  author  takes  great  care 
to  discriminate  between  vague  theories  and  well-established  facts." — Brewers'  Journal. 

"We  have  great  pleasure  in  recommending  this  handybook,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that 
it  is  one  of  the  best— if  not  the  best— which  has  yet  been  written  on  the  subject  of  beer-brewing  in  this, 
country,  it  should  have  a  place  on  the  shelves  of  every  brewer's  library." — Brewers'  Guardian. 

"  Although  the  requirements  of  the  student  are  primarily  considered,  an  acquaintance  of  half-an- 
hour's  duration  cannot  fail  to  impress  the  practical  brewer  with  the  sense  of  having  found  a  trustworthy 
guide  and  practical  counsellor  in  brewery  matters." — Chemical  Trade  Journal. 

FUELS:  SOLID,  LIQUID,  AND  GASEOUS. 

Their  Analysis  and  Valuation.  For  the  Use  of  Chemists  and  Engineers.  By 
H.  J.  PHILLIPS,  F.C.S.,  Formerly  Analytical  and  Consulting  Chemist  to  the 
Great  Eastern  Railway.  Third  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  2/- 

"  Ought  to  have  its  place  in  the  laboratory  of  every  metallurgical  establishment,  and  wherever  fuel 
is  used  on  a  large  scale." — Ch'emical  News. 

THE  ARTISTS'  MANUAL  OF  PIGMENTS. 

Showing  their  Composition,  Conditions  of  Permanency,  Non-Permanency,  and 
Adulterations,  &c.,  with  Tests  of  Purity.  By  H.  C.  STANDAGE.  Third  Edition, 
crown  8vo,  cloth 2/6 

"This  work  is  indeed  multum-in-parvo,  and  we  can,  with  good  conscience,  recommend  it  to  all  who 
come  in  contact  with  pigments,  whether  as  makers,  dealers,  or  users." — Chemical  Review. 

A  POCKET-BOOK  OF  MENSURATION  &  GAUGING. 

Containing  Tables,  Rules,' and  Memoranda  for  Revenue  Officers,  Brewers,  Spirit 
Merchants,  &c.  By  J.  B.  MANT  (Inland  Revenue).  Second  Edition,  Revised, 

i8mo,  leather 4/« 

"  Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  practical  brewer."— Brewers' Journal. 


36  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


INDUSTRIAL  ARTS,   TRADES  AND 
MANUFACTURES. 


TEA  MACHINERY  AND  TEA  FACTORIES. 

A  Descriptive  Treatise  on  the  Mechanical  Appliances  required  in  the  Cultivation 
of  the  Tea  Plant  and  the  Preparation  of  Tea  for  the  Market.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS- 
TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Medium  8vo,  468  pp.  With  218  Illustrations. 

Net     25/- 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS. 

MECHANICAL  CULTIVATION  OR  TILLAGE  OF  THE  SOIL. — PLUCKING  OR  GATHERING  THE  LEAF. — 
TEA  FACTORIES.  —  THE  DRESSING,  MANUFACTURE,  OR  PREPARATION  OF  TEA  BY  MECHANICAL 
MEANS. — ARTIFICIAL  WITHERING  OF  THE  LEAF. —  MACHINES  FOR  ROLLING  OR  CURLING  THE  LEAF. — 
FERMENTING  PROCESS.  — MACHINES  FOR  THE  AUTOMATIC  DRYING  OR  FIRING  OF  THE  LEAF.— 
MACHINES  FOR  NON-AUTOMATIC  DRYING  OR  FIRING  OF  THE  LEAF. — DRYING  OR  FIRING  MACHINES. — 
BREAKING  OR  CUTTING,  AND  SORTING  MACHINKS. — PACKING  THE  TEA. — MEANS  OF  TRANSPORT  ON 
TEA  PLANTATIONS. — MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY  AND  APPARATUS. — FINAL  TREATMENT  OF  THE 
TEA. — TABLES  AND  MEMORANDA. 

"The  subject  of  tea  machinery  is  now  one  of  the  first  interest  to  a  large  class  of  people,  to  whom 
we  strongly  commend  the  volume." — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal. 

"  When  tea  planting  was  first  introdueed  into  the  British  possessions  little,  if  any,  machinery  was 
employed,  but  now  its  use  is  almost  universal.  This  volume  contains  a  very  full  account  of  the 
machinery  necessary  for  the  proper  outfit  of  a  factory,  and  also  a  description  of  the  processes  best 
carried  out  by  this  machinery."— Journal  Society  of  Arts. 

FLOUR  MANUFACTURE. 

A  Treatise  on  Milling  Science  and  Practice.  By  FRIEDRICH  KICK,  Imperial 
Regierungsrath,  Professor  of  Mechanical  Technology  in  the  Imperial  German 
Polytechnic  Institute,  Prague.  Translated  from  the  Second  Enlarged  and 
Revised  Edition,  with  Supplement.  By  H.  H.  P.  POWLES,  Assoc.  Memb. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Nearly  400  pp.  Illustrated  with  28  Folding 
Plates,  and  167  Woodcuts.  Royal  8vo,  cloth 25/- 

"  This  invaluable  work  is,  and  will  remain,  the  standard  authority  on  the  science  of  milling.  .  .  . 
The  miller  who  has  read  and  digested  this  work  will  have  laid  the  foundation,  so  to  speak,  of  a  successful 
career ;  he  will  have  acquired  a  number  of  general  principles  which  he  can  proceed  to  apply.  In  this 
handsome  volume  we  at  last  have  the  accepted  text-book  of  modern  milling  in  good,  sound  English, 
which  has  little,  if  any,  trace  of  the  German  idiom." — The  Miller. 

"The  appearance  of  this  celebrated  work  in  English  is  very  opportune,  and  British  millers  will  we 
are  sure,  not  be  slow  in  availing  themselves  of  its  pages." — Millers'  Gazette. 

COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 

A  Manual  of  Practical  Instruction  of  the  Processes  of  Opening,  Carding, 
Combing,  Drawing,  Doubling  and  Spinning  of  Cotton,  the  Methods  of  Dyeing,  &c. 
For  the  Use  of  Operatives,  Overlookers,  and  Manufacturers.  By  JOHN  LISTER, 
Technical  Instructor,  Pendleton.  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  .  .  .  7/6 

"  This  invaluable  volume  is  a  distinct  advance  in  the  literature  of  cotton  manufacture."— Machinery. 
"It  is  thoroughly  reliable,  fulfilling  nearly  all  the  requirements  desired." — Glasgow  Herald. 

MODERN  CYCLES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  their  Construction  and  Repair.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS- 
TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Author  of  "  Refrigerating  Machinery,"  &c.  With 
upwards  of  300  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 1O/6 

"The  large  trade  that  is  done  in  the  component  parts  of  bicycles  has  placed  in  the  way  of  men 
mechanically  inclined  extraordinary  facilities  for  building  bicycles  for  their  own  use.  .  .  .  The 
book  will  prove  a  valuable  guide  for  all  those  who  aspire  to  the  manufacture  or  repair  of  their  own 
machines."— The  Field. 

"  A  most  comprehensive  and  up-to-date  treatise." — The  Cycle. 

"  A  very  useful  book,  which  is  quite  entitled  to  rank  as  a  standard  work  for  students  of  cyele 
construction."— Wheeling. 

MOTOR  CARS  OR  POWER  CARRIAGES  FOR  COMMON 
ROADS. 

By   A.   J.   WALLIS-TAYLER,   Assoc.    Memb.   Inst.   C.E.,   Author  of  "  Modern 

Cycles,"  &c.     212  pp.,  with  76  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .        .        4/6 

"  The  book  is  clearly  expressed  throughout,  and  is  just  the  sort  of  work  that  an  engineer,  thinking 

of  turning  his  attention  to  motor-carriage  work,  would  do  well  to  read  as  a  preliminary  to  starting 

operations."— Engineering. 


INDUSTRIAL   AND    USEFUL   ARTS.  37 

PRACTICAL   TANNING. 

A  Handbook  of  Modern  Processes,  Receipts,  and  Suggestions  for  the  Treatment 

of  Hides,  Skins,  and  Pelts  of  every  Description.    By  L.  A.  FLEMMING,  American 

Tanner.    472  pages.     8vo,  cloth          .        .         .  <      [Just  Published.     Net    25/- 

"  This  work  is  just  what  its  name  implies— a  practical  man's  handbook  on  leather  manufacture. 

We  are  pleased  to  see  much  care,  thought,  and  space  are  devoted  to  the  modern  methods  of  chrome 

tanning,  sheep,  goat,  calf,  and  side  leathers.     Mr.  Flemming's  book  is  essentially  the  tanner's  working 

handbook,  and  we  have  no  doubt  but  that  in  a  very  short  time  we  shall  see  many  a  copy  on  the 

manager-foremen's  desks  bearing  tan,  chrome,  and  dye  stains — a  pure  evidence  that  the  work  of  the 

writer  has  not  fallen  upon  unfruitful  ground. — The  Leather  Trades'  Review. 

THE  ART  OF  LEATHER  MANUFACTURE. 

Being  a  Practical  Handbook,  in  which  the  Operations  of  Tanning,  Currying,  and 

Leather  Dressing  are  fully  Described,  and  the  Principles  of  Tanning  Explained, 

and  many  Recent  Processes  Introduced  ;  as  also  Methods  for  the  Estimation  of 

Tannin,  and  a  Description  of  the  Arts  of  Glue  Boiling,  Gut  Dressing,  &c.     By 

ALEXANDER  WATT.     Fourth  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.         .         .         .      9/- 

"A  sound,  comprehensive  treatise  on  tanning  and  its  accessories.    The  book  is  an  eminently 

valuable  production,  which  redounds  to  the  credit  of  both  author  and  publishers." — Chemical  Review. 

THE  ART  OF  SOAP-MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  of  the  Manufacture  of  Hard  and  Soft  Soaps,  Toilet  Soaps, 

&c.      Including  many   New   Processes,   and   a  Chapter  on   the   Recovery  of 

Glycerine  from  Waste  Leys.     By  ALEXANDER  WATT.     Sixth  Edition,  including 

an  Appendix  on  Modern  Candlemaking.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .         .         .        7/6 

"  A  thoroughly  practical  treatise.    We  congratulate  the  author  on  the  success  of  his  endeavour  to 

fill  a  void  in  English  technical  literature." — Nature. 

PRACTICAL  PAPER-MAKING* 

A  Manual  for  Paper-Makers  and  Owners  and  Managers  of  Paper-Mills.     With 

Tables,  Calculations,  &c.    By  G.  CLAPPERTON,  Paper-Maker.    With  Illustrations 

of  Fibres  from  Micro-Photographs.     Crown  8vo,  cloth       ....        5/- 

"The  author  caters  for  the  requirements  of  responsible  mill  hands,  apprentices,  &c.,  whilst  his 

manual  will  be  found  of  great  service  to  students  of  technology,  as  well  as  to  veteran  paper-makers 

and  mill-owners.    The  illustrations  form  an  excellent  feature."— The  World's  Paper  Trade  Review. 

THE  ART  OF  PAPER-MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  of  the  Manufacture  of  Paper  from  Rags,  Esparto,  Straw, 
and  other  Fibrous  Materials.  Including  the  Manufacture  of  Pulp  from  Wood 
Fibre,  with  a  Description  of  the  Machinery  and  Appliances  used.  To  which  are 
added  Details  of  Processes  for  Recovering  Soda  from  Waste  Liquors.  By 
ALEXANDER  WATT.  With  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  7/6 
"  It  may  be  regarded  as  the  standard  work  on  the  subject.  The  book  is  full  of  valuable  information 

The  'Art  of  Paper-Making 'is  in  every  respect  a  model  of  a  text-book,  either  for  a  technical  class,  or  for 

the  private  student." — Paper  and  Printing  Trades  Journal. 

A  TREATISE  ON  PAPER 

For  Printers  and  Stationers.  With  an  Outline  of  Paper  Manufacture ;  Complete 
Tables  of  Sizes,  and  Specimens  of  Different  Kinds  of  Paper.  By  RICHARD 
PARKINSON,  late  of  the  Manchester  Technical  School.  Demy  8vo,  cloth  3/6 

CEMENTS,  PASTES,  GLUES  AND  GUMS, 

A  Practical  Guide  to  the  Manufacture  and  Application  of  the  various  Aggluti- 
nants  required  in  the  Building,  Metal-Working,  Wood- Working,  and  Leather- 
Working  Trades,  and   for  Workshop  and  Office  Use.     With  upwards  of  900 
Recipes.     By  H.  C.  STANDAGE.     Third  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth        .         2/- 
"  We  have  pleasure  in  speaking  favourably  of  this  volume.    So  far  as  we  have  had  experience, 
which  is  not  inconsiderable,  this  manual  is  trustworthy." — Athenceum. 

FRENCH  POLISHING  AND  ENAMELLING* 

A  Practical  Work  of  Instruction.  Including  Numerous  Recipes  for  making 
Polishes,  Varnishes,  Glaze-Lacquers,  Revivers,  &c.  By  R.  BITMEAD  .  1/6 

WOOD  ENGRAVING. 

A  Practical  and  Easy  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Art.    By  W.  N.  BROWN   1/6 
"  The  book  is  clear  and  complete,  and  will  be  useful  to  any  one  wanting  to  understand  the  first 
elements  of  the  beautiful  art  of  wood  engraving."— Graphic. 


38  CA'OSffy  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


WATCH  REPAIRING, 

CLEANING,  AND  ADJUSTING, 

A  Practical  Handbook  dealing  with  the  Materials  and  Tools  Used,  and  the 
Methods  of  Repairing,  Cleaning,  Altering,  and  Adjusting  all  kinds  of  English  and 
Foreign  Watches,  Repeaters,  Chronographs,  and  Marine  Chronometers.  By 
F.  J.  GARRARD,  Springer  and  Adjuster  of  Marine  Chronometers  and  Deck  Watches 
for  the  Admiralty.  With  over  200  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     Net    4/6 

"  To  the  apprentice  who  wishes  to  gain  a  clear  insight  into  the  repairing  branch  of  the  industry, 
and  even  to  those  who  are  adepts  in  the  art  and  mystery  of  horology,  this  little  book  can  be  well 
recommended." — Watchmaker,  Jeweler,  and  Silversmith. 

MODERN  HOROLOGY  IN  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE. 

Translated  from  the  French  of  CLAUDIUS  SAUNTER,  ex-Director  of  the  School  of 
Horology  at  Macon,  by  JULIEN  TRIPPLIN,  F.R.A.S.,  Besan?on  Watch  Manu- 
facturer, and  EDWARD  RIGG,  M.A.,  Assayer  in  the  Royal  Mint.  With  Seventy- 
eight  Woodcuts  and  Twenty-two  Coloured  Copper  Plates.  Second  Edition. 

Super-royal  8vo,  £2  2s.,  cloth;  half-calf £2  1OS. 

"  There  is  no  horological  work  in  the  English  language  at  all  to  be  compared  to  this  production  of 
M.  Saunier's  for  clearness  and  completeness.  It  is  alike  good  as  a  guide  for  the  student  and  as  a 
reference  for  the  experienced  horologist  and  skilled  workman." — Horological  Journal. 

"The  latest,  the  most  complete,  and  the  most  reliable  of  those  literary  productions  to  which 
continental  watchmakers  are  indebted  for  the  mechanical  superiority  over  their  English  brethren — in 
fact,  the  Book  of  Books,  is  M.  Saunier's  'Treatise.'  " — Watchmaker,  Jeweller,  and  Silversmith. 

THE  WATCH  ADJUSTER'S  MANUAL. 

A  Practical  Guide  for  the  Watch  and  Chronometer  Adjuster  in  Making,  Springing, 
Timing  and  Adjusting  for  Isochronism,  Positions  and  Temperatures.  By  C.  E. 
FRITTS.  370  pages,  with  Illustrations,  8vo,  cloth 16/- 

THE  WATCHMAKER'S  HANDBOOK. 

Intended  as  a  Workshop  Companion  for  those  engaged  in  Watchmaking  and  the 

Allied  Mechanical  Arts.    Translated  from  the  French  of  CLAUDIUS  SAUNIER,  and 

enlarged  by  JULIEN  TRIPPLIN,  F.R.A.S.,  and  EDWARD  RIGG,  M.A.,  Assayer  in 

the  Royal  Mint.     Third  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  9/- 

"Each  part  is  truly  a  treatise  in  itself.    The  arrangement  is  good  and  the  language  is  clear  and 

concise.     It  is  an  admirable  guide  for  the  young  watchmaker." — Engineering. 

"  It  is  impossible  to  speak  too  highly  of  its  excellence.  It  fulfils  every  requirement  in  a  handbook 
intended  for  the  use  of  a  workman.  Should  be  found  in  every  workshop." — Watch  and  Clockmaker. 

HISTORY  OF  WATCHES  &  OTHER  TIMEKEEPERS* 

By  JAMES  F.  KENDAL,  M.B.H.Inst.     1/6  boards;  or  cloth,  gilt        .         .         2/6 
"  The  best  which  has  yet  appeared  on  this  subject  in  the  English  language." — Industries. 
"  Open  the  book  where  you  may,  there  is  interesting  matter  in  it  concerning  the  ingenious  devices 
of  the  ancient  or  modern  horologer." — Saturday  Review. 

ELECTRO-PLATING  &  ELECTRO-REFINING  OF  METALS. 

Being  a  new  edition  of  ALEXANDER  WATT'S  "  ELECTRO-DEPOSITION."  Revised 
and  Largely  Rewritten  by  ARNOLD  PHILIP,  B.Sc.,  A.I.E.E.,  Principal  Assistant 
to  the  Admiralty  Chemist.  Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  Net  12/6 
Altogether  the  work  can  be  highly  recommended  to  every  electro-plater,  and  is  of  undoubted 
ist."— Elec 


"  Eminently  a  book  for  the  practical  worker  in  electro-deposition.     It  contains  practical  descriptions 
ses  and  materials,  as  actually  pursued  and  used  in  the  workshop." — Engineer. 


interest  to  every  electro-metallurgist." — Electrical  Review. 

"Eminently  a  be 
of  methods,  processe 

ELECTRO-METALLURGY. 

Practically  Treated.  By  ALEXANDER  WATT.  Tenth  Edition,  including  the  most 
recent  Processes.  i2mo,  cloth 3/6 

"From  this  book  both  amateur  and  artisan  may  learn  everything  necessary  for  the  successful 
prosecution  of  electroplating." — Iron. 

JEWELLER'S  ASSISTANT  IN  WORKING  IN  GOLD. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  Masters  and  Workmen,  Compiled  from  the  Experience 
of  Thirty  Years'  Workshop  Practice.  By  GEORGE  E.  GEE,  Author  of  the  "  Gold- 
smith's Handbook,"  &c.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 7/6 

"  This  manual  of  technical  education  is  apparently  destined  to  be  a  valuable  auxiliary  to  a  handi- 
craft which  is  certainly  capable  of  great  improvement."— The  Times. 


INDUSTRIAL  AND   USEFUL  ARTS.  39 


ELECTROPLATING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Deposition  of  Copper,  Silver,  Nickel,  Gold, 
Aluminium,  Brass,  Platinum,  &c.,  &c.  By  J.  W:  URQUHART,  C.E.  Fourth 
Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 5/- 

"  An  excellent  practical  manual." — Engineering. 

"  An  excellent  work,  giving  the  newest  information." — H or ological  Journal. 

ELECTROTYPING. 

The  Reproduction  and  Multiplication  of  Printing  Surfaces  and  Works  of  Art  by 
the  Electro-deposition  of  Metals.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.  Crown  8vo, 

cloth 5/. 

"  The  book  is  thoroughly  practical ;  the  reader  is,  therefore,  conducted  through  the  leading  laws  of 

electricity,  then  through  the  metals  used  by  electrotypers,  the  apparatus,  and  the  depositing  processes, 

up  to  the  final  preparation  of  the  work." — Art  Journal. 

GOLDSMITH'S  HANDBOOK. 

By  GEORGE  E.  GEE,  Jeweller,  &c.     Fifth  Edition.     i2mo,  cloth       .         .        3/- 
"  A  good,  sound  educator,  and  will  be  generally  accepted  as  an  authority." — Horological  Journal. 

SILVERSMITH'S  HANDBOOK. 

By  GEORGE  E.  GEE,  Jeweller,  &c.     Third  Edition,  with  numerous  Illustrations. 

i2mo,  cloth 3/« 

"  The  chief  merit  of  the  work  is  its  practical  character.  .  .  .  The  workers  in  the  trade  will  speedily 
discover  its  merits  when  they  sit  down  to  study  it." — English  Mechanic. 

%*  The  above  two  works  together,  strongly  half -bound,  price  7s. 

SHEET  METAL  WORKER'S  INSTRUCTOR. 

Comprising  a  Selection  of  Geometrical  Problems  and  Practical  Rules  for 
Describing  the  Various  Patterns  Required  by  Zinc,  Sheet-Iron,  Copper  and  Tin- 
Plate  Workers.  By  REUBEN  HENRY  WARN,  Practical  Tin-Plate  Worker.  New 
Edition,  Revised  and  greatly  Enlarged  by  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER,  A.M.I.M.E. 
Crown  8vo,  254  pages,  with  430  Illustrations,  cloth  ....  7/6 

BREAD    &    BISCUIT     BAKER'S     &     SUGAR-BOILER'S 

ASSISTANT. 

Including  a  large  variety  of  Modern  Recipes.      With  Remarks  on  the  Art  of 
Bread-making.     By  ROBERT  WELLS.     Third  Edition.     Cr.  8vo,  cloth      .         2/- 
"  A  large  number  of  wrinkles  for  the  ordinary  cook,  as  well  as  the  baker."— Saturday  Review. 

PASTRYCOOK  &  CONFECTIONER'S  GUIDE. 

For  Hotels,  Restaurants,  and  the  Trade  in  general,  adapted  also  for  Family  Use. 
By  R.  WELLS,  Author  of  "The  Bread  and  Biscuit  Baker."  Crown  8vo, 

cloth 2/- 

"  We  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  this  really  excellent  work.    In  these  days  of  keen  competition  our 
readers  cannot  do  better  than  purchase  this  book." — Baker's  Times. 

ORNAMENTAL  CONFECTIONERY. 

A  Guide  for  Bakers,  Confectioners  and  Pastrycooks ;  including  a  variety  of 
Modern  Recipes,  and  Remarks  on  Decorative  and  Coloured  Work.  With  129 
Original  Designs.  By  ROBERT  WELLS.  Second  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

"  A  valuable  work,  practical,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  baker  and  confectioner.    The 
illustrative  designs  are  alone  worth  treble  the  amount  charged  for  the  whole  work."— Baker's  Times. 

MODERN  FLOUR  CONFECTIONER. 

Containing  a  large  Collection  of  Recipes  for  Cheap  Cakes,  Biscuits,  &c.     With 

Remarks  on  the  Ingredients  Used  in  their  Manufacture.     By  ROBERT  WELLS, 

Author  of  "  The  Bread  and  Biscuit  Baker,"  &c.     Crown  8vo,  cloth          .         2/- 

"  The  work  is  of  a  decidedly  practical  character,  and  in  every  recipe  regard  is  had  to  economical 

working."— North  British  Daily  Mail. 

RUBBER  HAND  STAMPS 

And  the  Manipulation  of  Rubber.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of 
Indiarubber  Hand  Stamps,  Small  Articles  of  Indiarubber,  The  Hektograph, 
Special  Inks,  Cements  and  Allied  Subjects.  By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE,  A.M.,  Ph.D. 
With  numerous  Illustrations,  Square  8vo,  cloth  .  ...  5/- 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


HANDYBOOKS   FOR  HANDICRAFTS. 

BY    PAUL    N.    HASLUCK, 

Editor  of  "Work"  (New  Series),  Author  of  "Lathe  Work,"  "  Milling  Machines,"  &c. 

Crown  Svo,  144  pages,  price  i/-  each. 

i^T  These  HANDYBOOKS  have  been  written  to  supply  information  for  WORKMEN, 
STUDENTS,  and  AMATEURS  in  the  several  Handicrafts,  on  the  actual  PRACTICE  of  the 
WORKSHOP,  and  are  intended  to  convey  in  plain  language  TECHNICAL  KNOWLEDGE  of  the 
several  CRAFTS.  In  describing  the  processes  employed,  and  the  'manipulation  of  material, 
workshop  terms  are  used;  workshop  practice  is  fully  explained ;  and  the  text  is  freely  illustrated 
with  drawings  of  modern  tools,  appliances,  and  processes. 


METAL  TURNER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Workers  at  the  Foot-Lathe.     With  100  Illustrations    1/- 
"The  book  will  be  of  service  alike  to  the  amateur  and  the  artisan  turner.    It  displays  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  subject." — Scotsman. 

WOOD  TURNER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Workers  at  the  Lathe.     With  over  100  Illustrations    1/- 
"  We  recommend  the  book  to  young  turners  and  amateurs.    A  multitude  of  workmen  have  hitherto 
sought  in  vain  for  a  manual  of  this  special  industry." — Mechanical  World. 

WATCH  JOBBER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  Cleaning,  Repairing,  and  Adjusting.     With  upwards  of 

100  Illustrations 1/- 

"  We  strongly  advise  all  young  persons  connected  with  the  watch  trade  to  acquire  and  study  this 
inexpensive  work." — Clerkenwell  Chronicle. 

PATTERN  MAKER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  the  Construction  of  Patterns  for  Founders.  With  upwards 
of  100  Illustrations 1/- 

"  A  most  valuable,  if  not  indispensable,  manual  for  the  pattern  maker." — Knowledge. 

MECHANIC'S  WORKSHOP  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  Mechanical  Manipulation,  embracing  Information  on 
various  Handicraft  Processes.  With  Useful  Notes  and  Miscellaneous  Memo- 
randa. Comprising  about  200  Subjects 1/- 

"  A  very  clever  and  useful  book,  which  should  be  found  in  every  workshop  ;  and  it  should  certainly 
find  a  place  in  all  technical  schools." — Saturday  Review. 

MODEL  ENGINEER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A   Practical   Manual  on   the   Construction   of  Model   Steam   Engines.     With 

upwards  of  100  Illustrations         . 1/- 

"  Mr.  Hasluck  has  produced  a  very  good  little  book." — Builder. 

CLOCK  JOBBER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  Cleaning,  Repairing,  and  Adjusting.     With  upwards  of 
100  Illustrations  ............         1/- 

"  It  is  of  inestimable  service  to  those  commencing  the  trade." — Coventry  Standard. 

CABINET  WORKER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  the  Tools,  Materials,  Appliances,  and  Processes  employed 
in  Cabinet  Work.     With  upwards  of  100  Illustrations        .         .         .         .        1/- 
"  Mr.  Hasluck's  thoroughgoing  little  Handybook  is  amongst  the  most  practical  guides  we  have 
seen  for  beginners  in  cabinet-work." — Saturday  Review. 

WOODWORKER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

Embracing  Information  on  the  Tools,  Materials,  Appliances,  and  Processes 
Employed  in  Woodworking.  With  104  Illustrations  ....  1/- 

"  Written  by  a  man  who  knows  not  only  how  work  ought  to  be  done,  but  how  to  do  it,  and  how  to 
convey  his  knowledge  to  others." — Engineering. 

"  Mr.  Hasluck  writes  admirably,  and  gives  complete  instructions." — Engineer. 

"  Mr.  Hasluck  combines  the  experience  of  a  practical  teacher  with  the  manipulative  skill  and 
scientific  knowledge  of  processes  of  the  trained  mechanician,  and  the  manuals  are  marvels  of  what  can 
be  produced  at  a  popular  price." — Schoolmaster. 

"  Helpful  to  workmen  of  all  ages  and  degrees  of  experience." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Concise,  clear,  and  practical." — Saturday  Review. 


COMMERCE,    COUNTING-HOUSE    WORK,    TABLES,    <&v.  41 

COMMERCE,    COUNTING-HOUSE   WORK, 
TABLES,   ETC. 

LESSONS  IN  COMMERCE. 

By  Professor  R.  GAMBARO,  of  the  Royal  High  Commercial  School  at  Genoa. 

Edited  and  Revised  by  JAMES  GAULT,  Professor  of  Commerce  and  Commercial 

Law  in  King's  College,  London.     Fourth  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth         .     3/6 

"The  publishers  of  this  work  have  rendered  considerable  service  to  the  cause  of  commercial 

education  by  the  opportune  production  of  this  volume.    .    .    .    The  work  is  peculiarly  acceptable  to 

English  readers  and  an  admirable  addition  to  existing  class  books.    In  a  phrase,  we  think  the  work 

attains  its  object  in  furnishing  a  brief  account  of  those  laws  and  customs  of  British  trade  with  which 

the  commercial  man  interested  therein  should  be  familiar." — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal. 

"  An  invaluable  guide  in  the  hands  of  those  who  are  preparing  for  a  commercial  career,  and,  in  fact, 
the  information  it  contains  on  matters  of  business  should  be  impressed  on  every  one." — Counting  House. 

THE  FOREIGN  COMMERCIAL  CORRESPONDENT. 

Being  Aids  to  Commercial  Correspondence  in  Five  Languages — English,  French, 
German,  Italian,  and  Spanish.  By  CONRAD  E.  BAKER.  Third  Edition.  Care- 
fully revised  throughout.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 4/6 

"  Whoever  Wishes  to  correspond  in  all  the  languages  mentioned  by  Mr.  Baker  Cannot  do  better  than 
study  this  work,  the  materials  of  which  are  excellent  and  conveniently  arranged.  They  consist  not  of 
entire  specimen  letters,  but — what  are  far  more  useful — short  passages,  sentences,  or  phrases  expressing 
the  same  general  idea  in  various  forms." — Athenteum. 

"  A  careful  examination  has  convinced  us  that  it  is  unusually  complete,  well  arranged  and  reliable. 
The  book  is  a  thoroughly  good  one." — Schoolmaster. 

FACTORY  ACCOUNTS:   THEIR  PRINCIPLES  AND 
PRACTICE. 

A  Handbook  for  Accountants  and  Manufacturers,  with  Appendices  on  the 
Nomenclature  of  Machine  Details ;  the  Income  Tax  Acts  ;  the  Rating  of 
Factories;  Fire  and  Boiler  Insurance;  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Acts,  &c., 
including  also  a  Glossary  of  Terms  and  a  large  number  of  Specimen  Rulings. 
By  EMILE  GARCKE  and  J.  M.  FELLS.  Fifth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 
Demy  Svo,  cloth  .  , 7/6 

"  A  very  interesting  description  of  the  requirements  of  Factory  Accounts.  .  .  .  The  principle  of 
assimilating  the  Factory  Accounts  to  the  general  commercial  books  is  one  which  we  thoroughly  agree 
with." — Accountants  Journal. 

"  Characterised  by  extreme  thoroughness.  There  are  few  owners  of  factories  who  would  not 
derive  great  benefit  from  the  perusal  of  this  most  admirable  work."— Local  Government  Chronicle. 

MODERN  METROLOGY. 

A  Manual  of  the  Metrical  Units  and  Systems  of  the  Present  Century.  With  an 
Appendix  containing  a  proposed  English  System.  By  Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON, 
A.-M.Irist.C.E.,  Author  of  "Aid  to  Survey  Practice,"  &c.  Large  crown  8vo, 
cloth 12/6 

"  We  recommend  the  work  to  all  interested  in  the  practical  reform  of  our  weights  and  measures." — 
Nature. 

A  SERIES  OF  METRIC  TABLES. 

In  which  the  British  Standard  Measures  and  Weights  are  compared  with  those 
of  the  Metric' System  at  present  in  Use  on  the  Continent.  By  C.  H.  DOWLING, 
C.E.  Svo,  cloth 1O/6 

"  Mr.  Bowling's  Tables  are  well  put  together  as  a  ready  reckoner  for  the  conversion  of  one  system 
into  the  other." — Athenceum. 

IRON  AND  METAL  TRADES'  COMPANION. 

For  expeditiously  ascertaining  the  Value  of  any  Goods  bought  or  sold  by  Weight, 
from  is.  per  cwt.  to  1125.  per  cwt.,  and  from  one  farthing  per  pound  to  one  shilling 
per  pound.  By  THOMAS  DOWNIE.  Strongly  bound  in  leather,  396  pp.  .  9/- 

"  A  most  useful  set  of  tables,  nothing  like  them  before  existed." — Building  News. 

"  Although  specially  adapted  to  the  iron  and  metal  trades,  the  tables  will  be  found  useful  in  every 
other  business  in  which  merchandise  is  bought  and  sold  by  weight."— Railway  News. 


42  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


NUMBER,  WEIGHT,  &  FRACTIONAL  CALCULATOR. 

Containing  upwards  of  250,000  Separate  Calculations,  showing  at  a  glance  the 
value  at  422  different  rates,  ranging  from  xf^th  of  a  Penny  to  205.  each,  or  per 
cwt.,  and  ^20  per  ton,  of  any  number  of  articles  consecutively,  from  i  to  470. 
—  Any  number  of  cwts.,  qrs.,  and  Ibs.,  from  i  cwt.  to  47ocwts.  —  Any  number  of 
tons,  cwts.,  qrs.,  and  Ibs.,  from  i  to  1,000  tons.  By  WILLIAM  CHADWICK,  Public 
Accountant.  Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Improved.  8vo,  strongly  bound  18/- 
"  It  is  as  easy  of  reference  for  any  answer  or  any  number  of  answers  as  a  dictionary.  For  making 

of 


up  accounts  or  estimates  the  book  must  prove  invaluable  to  all  who  have  any  considerable  quantity 
calculations  involving  price  and  measure  in  any  combination  to  do." 
"  The  most  perfect  work  of  the  kind  yet  prepared."  —  Glasgow  He 


THE  WEIGHT  CALCULATOR. 

Being  a  Series  of  Tables  upon  a  New  and  Comprehensive  Plan,  exhibiting  at  one 
Reference  the  exact  Value  of  any  Weight  from  i  Ib.  to  15  tons,  at  300  Progressive 
Rates,  from  id.  to  i68s.  per  cwt.,  and  containing  186,000  Direct  Answers,  which, 
with  their  Combinations,  consisting  of  a  single  addition  (mostly  to  be  performed 
at  sight),  will  afford  an  aggregate  of  10,266,000  Answers  ;  the  whole  being  calcu- 
lated and  designed  to  ensure  correctness  and  promote  despatch.  By  HENRY 
HARBEN,  Accountant.  Fifth  Edition,  carefully  corrected.  Royal  8vo,  strongly 
half-bound  ............  £1  5s. 

"  A  practical  and  useful  work  of  reference  for  men  of  business  generally."  —  Ironmonger. 

"  Of  priceless  value  to  business  men.  It  is  a  necessary  book  in  all  mercantile  offices."  —  Sheffield 
Independent. 

THE  DISCOUNT  GUIDE. 

Comprising  several  Series  of  Tables  for  the  Use  of  Merchants,  Manufacturers, 
Ironmongers,  and  others,  by  which  may  be  ascertained  the  exact  Profit  arising 
from  any  mode  of  using  Discounts,  either  in  the  Purchase  or  Sale  of  Goods,  and 
the  method  of  either  Altering  a  Rate  of  Discount,  or  Advancing  a  Price,  so  as  to 
produce,  by  one  operation,  a  sum  that  will  realise  any  required  profit  after 
allowing  one  or  more  Discounts  ;  to  which  are  added  Tables  of  Profit  or  Advance 
from  i£  to  90  per  cent.,  Tables  of  Discount  from  i£  to  g8f  per  cent.,  and  Tables 
of  Commission,  &c.,  from  £  to  10  per  cent.  By  HENRY  HARBEN,  Accountant. 
New  Edition,  Corrected.  Demy  8vo,  half-bound  ....  £1  5s. 
"A  book  such  as  this  can  only  be  appreciated  by  business  men,  to  whom  the  saving  of  time  means 

saving  of  money.    The  work  must  prove  of  great  value  to  merchants,  manufacturers,  and  general 

traders."  —  British  Trade  Journal. 

TABLES  OF  WAGES. 

At  54,  52,  50,  and  48  Hours  per  Week.  Showing  the  Amounts  of  Wages  from 
One-quarter-of-an-hour  to  Sixty-four  hours  in  each  case  at  Rates  of  Wages 
advancing  by  One  Shilling  from  45.  to  555.  per  week.  By  THOS.  GARBUTT, 
Accountant.  Square  crown  8vo,  half-bound  ......  6/- 

IRON-PLATE  WEIGHT  TABLES. 

For  Iron  Shipbuilders,  Engineers  and  Iron  Merchants.  Containing  the  Calcu- 
lated Weights  of  Upwards  of  150,000  different  sizes  of  Iron  Plates  from  i  foot  by 
6  in.  by  £  in.  to  10  feet  by  5  feet  by  i  in.  Worked  out  on  the  basis  of  40  Ibs.  to 
the  square  foot  of  Iron  of  i  inch  in  thickness.  By  H.  BURLINSON  and  W.  H. 
SIMPSON.  4to,  half-bound  .........  25/- 


AGRICULTURE,   FARMING,    GARDENING,    &c.  43 


AGRICULTURE,  FARMING,  GARDENING,  ETC. 


THE  COMPLETE  GRAZIER  AND  FARMER'S  AND 
CATTLE  BREEDER'S  ASSISTANT. 

A  Compendium  of  Husbandry.  Originally  Written  by  WILLIAM  YOOATT. 
Fourteenth  Edition,  entirely  Re-written,  considerably  Enlarged,  and  brought  up 
to  Present  Requirements,  by  WILLIAM  FREAM,  LL.D.,  Assistant  Commissioner 
Royal  Commission  on  Agriculture,  Author  of  "  The  Elements  of  Agriculture,"  &c. 
Royal  8vo,  1,100  pp.,  450  Illustrations.  Handsomely  bound  .  £1  11s.  6d. 
SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS. 


BOOK  I.    ON  THE  VARIETIES,  BREEDING,  REAR- 
ING, FATTENING  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  CATTLE. 
BOOK  II.    ON  THE  ECONOMY  AND  MANAGEMENT 


BOOK  VII.    ON  THE  BREEDING,  REARING,  AND 

MANAGEMENT  OF  POULTRY. 
BOOK  VIII.    ON    FARM    OFFICES    AND    IMPLE- 


OF  THE  DAIRY.  I.       MENTS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

BOOK  III.    ON  THE  BREEDING,   REARING,  AND    j    BOOK  IX.    ON    THE    CULTURE    AND    MANAGE- 

MANAGEMENT  OF  HORSES.  MENT  OF  GRASS  LANDS. 

BOOK  IV.    ON  THE  BREEDING,   REARING,  AND        BOOK  X.    ON  THE  CULTIVATION  AND  APPLICA- 

FATTENING  OF  SHEEP.  TION  OF  GRASSES,  PULSE  AND  ROOTS. 

BOOK  V.    ON    THE    BREEDING,    REARING,   AND    j    BOOK    XI.     ON    MANURES    AND    THEIR    APPLI- 

FATTENING  OF  SWINE.  CATION  TO  GRASS  LAND  AND  CROPS. 

BOOK  VI.    ON  THE  DISEASES  OF  LIVE  STOCK.      I    BOOK  XII.    MONTHLY  CALENDARS  OF  FARMWORK. 

%*  OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Dr.  Fream  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  successful  attempt  he  has  made  to  give  us  a  work  which 
will  at  once  become  the  standard  classic  of  the  farm  practice  of  the  country.  We  believe  that  it  will  be 
found  that  it  has  no  compeer  amdng  the  many  works  at  present  in  existence.  .  .  .  The  illustrations 
are  admirable,  while  the  frontispiece,  which  represents  the  well-known  bull,  New  Year's  Gift,  bred  by 
the  Queen,  is  a  work  of  art." — The  Times. 

"  The  book  must  be  recognised  as  occupying  the  proud  position  of  the  most  exhaustive  work  ot 
reference  in  the  English  language  on  the  subject  with  which  it  deals." — Athenaeum. 

"  The  most  comprehensive  guide  to  modern  farm  practice  that  exists  in  the  English  language 
to-day.  .  .  .  The  book  is  one  that  ought  to  be  on  every  farm  and  in  the  library  of  every  land 
owner." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

"  In  point  of  exhaustiveness  and  accuracy  the  work  will  certainly  hold  a  pre-eminent  and  unique 
position  among  books  dealing  with  scientific  agricultural  practice.  It  is,  in  fact,  an  agricultural  library 
of  itself."— North  British  Agriculturist.  . 

FARM  LIVE  STOCK  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

By  ROBERT  WALLACE,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  &c.,  Professor  of  Agricultural  and  Rural 
Economy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  .Third  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised 
and  considerably  Enlarged.  With  over  120  Phototypes  of  Prize  Stock.  Demy 

8vo,  384  pp.,  with  79  Plates  and  Maps.     Cloth 12/6 

"A  really  complete  work  on  the  history,  breeds,  and  management  of  the  farm  stock  of  Great 
Britain,  and  one  which  is  likely  to  find  its  way  to  the  shelves  of  every  country  gentleman's  library." — 
The  Times. 

"  The  '  Farm  Live  Stock  of  Great  Britain '  is  a  production  to  be  proud  of,  and  its  issue  not  the 
least  of  the  services  which  its  author  has  rendered  to  agricultural  science." — Scottish  Farmer. 

NOTE-BOOK  OF  AGRICULTURAL  FACTS  AND 

FIGURES  FOR  FARMERS  AND  FARM  STUDENTS. 

By  PRIMROSE  MCCONNELL,  B.Sc.,  Fellow  of  the  Highland  and  Agricultural 
Society,  Author  of  "  Elements  of  Farming."  Sixth  Edition,  Rewritten,  Revised, 
and  greatly  Enlarged.  F'cap.  8vo,  480  pages,  leather,  gilt  edges  .  .  6/- 

CONTENTS.  — SURVEYING  AND  LEVELLING. —WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  —  MACHINERY  AND 
BUILDINGS. — LABOUR.— OPERATIONS. — DRAINING. — EMBANKING. — GEOLOGICAL  MEMORANDA. — SOILS. 
—MANURES.— CROPPING.— CROPS.— ROTATIONS.— WEEDS.— FEEDING.— DAIRYING.— LIVE  STOCK.— 
HORSES.— CATTLE.— SHEEP.— PIGS.— POULTRY.— FORESTRY.— HORTICULTURE.— MISCELLANEOUS. 

"No  farmer,  and  certainly  no  agricultural  student,  ought  to  be  without  this  miiltum  in  parvo  manual 
of  all  subjects  connected  with  the  farm."— North  British  Agriculturist. 

"  This  little  pocket-book  contains  a  large  amount  of  useful  information  upon  all  kinds  of  agricultural 
subjects.  Something  of  the  kind  has  long  been  wanted." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

"  The  amount  of  information  it  contains  is  most  surprising ;  the  arrangement  of  the  matter  is  so 
methodical— although  so  compressed— as  to  be  intelligible  to  every  one  who  takes  a  glance  through  its 
pages.  They  teem  with  information." — Farm  and  Home. 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF  AGRICULTURAL  GEOLOGY. 

A  Scientific  Aid  to  Practical  Farming.  By  PRIMROSE  MCCONNELL,  B.Sc.,  Author 
of  "  Notebook  of  Agricultural  Facts  and  Figures,"  &c.  Royal  8vo,  330  pp.,  with 
Coloured  Map  and  numerous  Illustrations,  cloth  ....  Net  21 /- 

"  On  every  page  the  work  bears  the  impress  of  a  masterly  knowledge  of  the  subject  dealt  with, 
and  we  have  nothing  but  unstinted  praise  to  offer." — Field. 


44  CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


BRITISH  DAIRYING. 

A  Handy  Volume  on  the  Work  of  the  Dairy-Farm.  For  the  Use  of  Technical 
Instruction  Classes,  Students  in  Agricultural  Colleges  and  the  Working  Dairy- 
Farmer.  By  Prof.  J.  P.  SHELDON.  With  lllusts.  Second  Edition,  Revised. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth. 2/6 

"  Confidently  recommended  as  a  useful  text-book  on  dairy  farming." — Agricultural  Gazette. 
"  Probably  the  best  half-crown  manual  on  dairy  work  that  has  yet  been  produced."— North  British 
A  griculturist. 

"  It  is  the  soundest  little  work  we  have  yet  seen  on  the  subject." — The  Times. 

MILK,  CHEESE,  AND  BUTTER, 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  their  Properties  and  the  Processes  of  their  Production. 

Including  a  Chapter  on  Cream  and  the  Methods  of  its  Separation  from  Milk. 

By  JOHN  OLIVER,  late  Principal  of  the  Western  Dairy  Institute,  Berkeley.     With 

Coloured  Plates  and  200  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth          .         .         .        7/6 

"  An  exhaustive  and  masterly  production.    It  may  be  cordially  recommended  to  all  students  and 

practitioners  of  dairy  science." — N.B.  Agriculturist. 

"  We  recommend  this  very  comprehensive  and  carefully-written  book  to  dairy-farmers  and  students- 
of  dairying.    It  is  a  distinct  acquisition  to  the  library  of  the  agriculturist."— A gricultural  Gazette. 

SYSTEMATIC  SMALL  FARMING. 

Or,  The  Lessons  of  my  Farm.  Being  an  introduction  to  Modern  Farm  Practice 
for  Small  Farmers.  By  R.  SCOTT  BURN,  Author  of  "  Outlines  of  Modern 

Farming,"  &c.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 6/- 

"  This  is  the  completes!  book  of  its  class  we  have  seen,  and  one  which  every  amateur  farmer  will  read 
with  pleasure,  and  accept  as  a  guide."— Field. 

OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING* 

By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.  Soils,  Manures,  and  Crops — Farming  and  Farming  Economy 
— Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Horses — Management  of  Dairy,  Pigs,  and  Poultry — 
Utilization  of  Town-Sewage,  Irrigation,  &c.  Sixth  Edition.  In  one  vol.,  1,250 
pp.,  half-bound,  profusely  Illustrated 12/- 

FARM  ENGINEERING,  THE  COMPLETE  TEXT-BOOK  OF. 

Comprising  Draining  and  Embanking;  Irrigation  and  Water  Supply;  Farm 
Roads,  Fences,  and  Gates ;  Farm  Buildings ;  Barn  Implements  and  Machines ; 
Field  Implements  and  Machines;  Agricultural  Surveying,  &c.  By  Professor 
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will  be  of  great  value  to  agricultural  students." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

THE  FIELDS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

A  Text-Book  of  Agriculture.     Adapted  to  the  Syllabus  of  the  Science  and  Art 

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TABLES  AND  MEMORANDA  FOR  FARMERS,  GRAZIERS, 

AGRICULTURAL  STUDENTS,  SURVEYORS,  LAND  AGENTS, 
AUCTIONEERS,  &c, 

With   a   New   System   of  Farm   Book-keeping.      By   SIDNEY   FRANCIS.     Fifth 

Edition.     272  pp.,  waistcoat-pocket  size,  limp  leather       ....        1/6 

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lacts  and  calculations  which  has  never  before,  in  such  handy  form,  been  obtainable.     Every  operation 

on  the  farm  is  dealt  with.    The  work  may  be  taken  as  thoroughly  accurate,  the  whole  of  the  tables 

having  been  revised  by  Dr.  Fream.    We  cordially  recommend  it." — Bell's  Weekly  Messenger. 

THE  ROTHAMSTED  EXPERIMENTS  AND  THEIR 

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AGRICULTURE,   FARMING,    GARDENING,    &c.  45 


FERTILISERS  AND  FEEDING  STUFFS* 

Their  Properties  and   Uses.      A   Handbook   for  the   Practical    Farmer.      By 

BERNARD  DYER,  D.Sc.  (Lond.).     With  the  Text  of  the  Fertilisers  and  Feeding 

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BEES  FOR  PLEASURE  AND  PROFIT: 

Guide  to  the  Manipulation  of  Bees,  the  Production  of  Honey,  and  the  General 
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Folio,  half-bound Net    7/6 

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THE  FORCING-GARDEN. 

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8vo,  cloth 3/6 

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MULTUM-IN-PARVO  GARDENING. 

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POTATOES:  HOW  TO  GROW  AND  SHOW  THEM/ 

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46  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


AUCTIONEERING,   VALUING, 
LAND   SURVEYING,    ESTATE  AGENCY,    ETC. 


INWOOD'S  TABLES  FOR  PURCHASING  ESTATES 

AND  FOR  THE  VALUATION  OF  PROPERTIES. 

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&c.,  &c.  ayth  Edition,  Revised  and  Extended  by  WILLIAM  SCHOOLING, 
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service." — Engineering. 

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THE    APPRAISER,    AUCTIONEER,    BROKER,    HOUSE 

AND  ESTATE  AGENT  AND  VALUER'S  POCKET  ASSISTANT, 

For  the  Valuation  for  Purchase,  Sale,  or  Renewal  of  Leases,  Annuities  and 
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JOHN  WHEELER,  Valuer,  &c.  Sixth  Edition,  Re-written  and  greatly  Extended 
by  C.  NORRIS.  Royal  32mo,  cloth  ........  5/- 

"  A  neat  and  concise  book  of  reference,  containing  an  admirable  and  clearly-arranged  list  of  prices 
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"  Contains  a  large  quantity  of  varied  and  useful  information  as  to  the  valuation  for  purchase,  sale,  or 
renewal  of  leases,  annuities  and  reversions,  and  of  property  generally,  with  prices  for  inventories,  and 
a  guide  to  determine  the  value  of  interior  fittings  and  other  effects." — Builder. 

AUCTIONEERS:  THEIR  DUTIES  AND  LIABILITIES. 

A  Manual  of  Instruction  and  Counsel  for  the  Young  Auctioneer.     By  ROBERT 
SQUIBBS,  Auctioneer.     Second  Edition,  Revised.     Demy  8vo,  cloth         .      12/6 
"  The  work  is  one  of  general  excellent  character,  and  gives  much  information  in  a  compendious 
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"  May  be  recommended  as  giving 'a  great  deal  of  information  on  the  law  relating  to  auctioneers,  in 
a  very  readable  form." — Law  Journal. 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  VALUER'S  ASSISTANT. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Valuation  of  Landed  Estates ;  including  Example 
of  a  Detailed  Report  on  Management  and  Realisation  ;  Forms  of  Valuations  of 
Tenant  Right ;  Lists  of  Local  Agricultural  Customs;  Scales  of  Compensation 
under  the  Agricultural  Holdings  Act,  and  a  Brief  Treatise  on  Compensation 
under  the  Lands  Clauses  Acts,  &c.  By  TOM  BRIGHT,  Agricultural  Valuer, 
Author  qf  "  The  Agricultural  Surveyor  and  Estate  Agent's  Handbook."  Fourth 
Edition,  Revised,  with  Appendix  containing  a  Digest  of  the  Agricultural  Holdings 
Acts,  1883-1900.  Crown  8vo,  cloth Net  6/- 

"Full  of  tables  and  examples  in  connection  with  the  valuation  of  tenant-right,  estates,  labour, 
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"An  eminently  practical  handbook,  full  of  practical  tables  and  data  of  undoubted  interest  and  value 
to  surveyors  and  auctioneers  in  preparing  valuations  of  all  kinds." — Farmer. 

POLE  PLANTATIONS  AND  UNDERWOODS* 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  Estimating  the  Cost  of  Forming,  Renovating;  Improv- 
ing, and  Grubbing  Plantations  and  Underwoods,  their  Valuation  for  Purposes  of 
Transfer,  Rental,  Sale  or  Assessment.  By  TOM  BRIGHT.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  3/6 

'.'  To  valuers,  foresters  and  agents  it  will  be  a  welcome  aid."— North  British  Agriculturist. 
"Well  calculated  to  assist  the  valuer  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  of  undoubted  interest  and 
use  both  to  surveyors  and  auctioneers  in  preparing  valuations  of  all  kinds."— Kent  Herald. 


AUCTIONEERING,    VALUING,   LAND  SURVEYING,   &c.  47 


AGRICULTURAL  SURVEYOR  AND  ESTATE  AGENTS 
HANDBOOK. 

Of  Practical  Rules,  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Data.  A  Comprehensive  Manual  for 
the  Use  of  Surveyors,  Agents,  Landowners,  and  others  interested  in  the  Equip- 
ment, the  Management,  or  the  Valuation  of  Landed  Estates.  By  TOM  BRIGHT, 
Agricultural  Surveyor  and  Valuer,  Author  of  "  The  Agricultural  Valuer's 
Assistant,"  &c.  With  Illustrations.  Fcap.  8vo,  Leather  .  .  Net  7/6 
"  An  exceedingly  useful  book,  the  contents  of  which  are  admirably  chosen.  The  classes  for  whom 

the  work  is  intended  will  find  it  convenient  to  have  this  comprehensive  handbook  accessible  for 

reference." — Live  Stock  Journal. 

"  It  is  a  singularly  compact  and  well  informed  compendium  of  the  facts  and  figures  likely  to  be 

required  in  estate  work,  and  is  certain  to  prove  of  much  service  to  those  to  whom  it  is  addressed."— 

Scotsman. 

THE  LAND  VALUER'S  BEST  ASSISTANT. 

Being  Tables  on  a  very  much  improved  Plan,  for  Calculating  the  Value  of  Estates. 
With  Tables  for  reducing  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Provincial  Customary  Acres  to 
Statute  Measure,  &c.  By  R.  HUDSON,  C.E.  New  Edition.  Royal  321110, 

leather,  elastic  band 4.  - 

"  Of  incalculable  value  to  the  country  gentleman  and  professional  man." — Farmers'  Journal. 

THE  LAND  IMPROVER'S  POCKET-BOOK. 

Comprising  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Memoranda  required  in  any  Computation 
relating  to  the  Permanent  Improvement  of  Landed  Property.     By  JOHN  EWART, 
Surveyor.     Second  Edition,  Revised,     Royal  32mo,  oblong,  leather         .         4.  - 
"  A  compendious  and  handy  little  volume." — Spectator. 

THE  LAND  VALUER'S  COMPLETE  POCKET-BOOK. 

Being  the  above  Two  Works  bound  together.     Leather    .         .         .         .        7/6 

HANDBOOK  OF  HOUSE  PROPERTY. 

A  Popular  and  Practical  Guide  to  the  Purchase,  Tenancy,  and  Compulsory  Sale 
of  Houses  and  Land,  including  Dilapidations  and  Fixtures  :  with  Examples  of 
all  kinds  of  Valuations,  Information  on  Building  and  on  the  right  use  of 
Decorative  Art.  By  E.  L.  TARBUCK,  Architect  and  Surveyor.  Sixth  Edition. 
i2mo,  cloth 5/- 

"  The  advice  is  thoroughly  practical."— Law  Journal. 

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well-written  and  thoughtful  work."— Land  Agents'  Record. 


LAW  AND    MISCELLANEOUS. 


MODERN  JOURNALISM. 

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with  advantage."— Journalist. 

HANDBOOK  FOR  SOLICITORS  AND  ENGINEERS 

Engaged  in  Promoting  Private  Acts  of  Parliament  and  Provisional  Orders,  for 
the  authorization  of  Railways,  Tramways,  Gas  and  Water  Works,  &c.  By 
L.  L.  MACASSEY,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Barrister-at-Law,  M.I. C.E.  8vo,  cloth. 

£1  53. 

PATENTS  FOR  INVENTIONS,  HOW  TO  PROCURE  THEM. 

Compiled  for  the  Use  of  Inventors,  Patentees  and  others.  By  G.  G.  M. 
HARDINGHAM,  Assoc.Mem.Inst.C.E.,  &c.  Demy  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  1/6 

CONCILIATION  AND  ARBITRATION, 
IN  LABOUR  DISPUTES. 

A  Historical  Sketch  and  Brief  Statement  of  the  Present  Position  of  the  Question 
at  Home  and  Abroad.  By  J.  S.  JEANS.  Crown  8vo,  200  pp.,  cloth  .  2/6 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD 


SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


EVERY  MAN'S  OWN  LAWYER. 

A  Handy-Book  of  the  Principles  of  Law  and  Equity.  With  a  CONCISE 
DICTIONARY  OF  LEGAL  TERMS.  By  A  BARRISTER.  Forty-first  Edition,  care- 
fully Revised,  and  comprising  New  Acts  of  Parliament,  including  the  Motor 
Car  Act,  1903 ;  Employment  of  Children  Act,  1903  ;  Pistols  Act,  1903 ;  Poor 
Prisoners'  Defence  Act,  1903;  Education  Acts  of  1902  and  1903;  Housing  of  the 
Working  Classes  Act,  1903,  Etc.  Judicial  Decisions  pronounced  during  the  year 
have  also  been  duly  noted.  Crown  8vo,  800  pp.,  strongly  bound  in  cloth. 

\_Just  Published.     6/8 

%*  This  Standard  Work  of  Reference  forms  A  COMPLETE  EPITOME  OF  THE  LAWS  OF 
ENGLAND,  comprising  (amongst  other  matter)  : 

THE   RIGHTS   AND    WRONGS   OF  INDIVIDUALS 
LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 
VENDORS  AND  PURCHASERS 
LEASES  AND  MORTGAGES 
JOINT-STOCK  COMPANIES 
MASTERS,  SERVANTS  AND  WORKMEN 
CONTRACTS  AND  AGREEMENTS 
MONEY-LENDERS,  SDRETISHIP 
PARTNERSHIP,  SHIPPING  LAW 
SALE  AND  PURCHASE  OF  GOODS 
CHEQUES,  BILLS  AND  NOTES 
BILLS  OF  SALE,  BANKRUPTCY 
LIFE,  FIRE,  AND  MARINE  INSURANCE 
LIBEL  AND  SLANDER 


CRIMINAL  LAW 
PARLIAMENTARY  ELECTIONS 
COUNTY  COUNCILS 
DISTRICT  AND  PARISH  COUNCILS 
BOROUGH  CORPORATIONS 
TRUSTEES  AND  EXECUTORS 
CLERGY  AND  CHURCHWARDENS 
COPYRIGHT,   PATENTS,  TRADE  MARKS 
HUSBAND  AND  WIFE,  DIVORCE 
INFANCY,  CUSTODY  OF  CHILDREN 
PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  NUISANCES 
INNKEEPERS   AND  SPORTING 
TAXES  AND  DEATH  DUTIES 


FORMS  OF  WILLS,  AGREEMENTS,  NOTICES,  ETC. 

Hjgsp  The  object  of  this  work  is  to  enable  those  who  consult  it  to  help  themselves  to 
the  law ;  and  thereby  to  dispense,  as  far  as  possible,  with  professional  assistance  and  advice. 
There  are  many  wrongs  and  grievances  which  persons  submit  to  from  time  to  time  through 
not  knowing  how  or  where  to  apply  for  redress ;  and  many  persons  have  as  great  a  dread 
of  a  lawyer's  office  as  of  a  lion's  den.  With  this  book  at  hand  it  is  believed  that  many 
a  Six-AND-EiGHTPENCE  may  be  saved ;  many  a  wrong  redressed;  many  a  right  reclaimed; 
many  a  law  suit  avoided;  and  many  an  evil  abated.  The  ivork  has  established  itself  as 
the  standard  legal  adviser  of  all  classes,  and  has  also  made  a  reputation  for  itself  as  a 
useful  book  of  reference  for  lawyers  residing  at  a  distance  from  law  libraries,  who  are  glad 
to  have  at  hand  a  work  embodying  recent  decisions  and  enactments. 

%*  OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

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of  the  work  shows  that  it  fulfils  a  useful  purpose." — Law  Journal. 

'  As  a  book  of  reference  this  volume  is  without  a  rival." — Pall  Mall  Gazette, 

'  No  Englishman  ought  to  be  without  this  book." — Engineer. 

'  Ought  to  be  in  every  business  establishment  and  in  all  libraries." — Sheffield  Post. 

'  The  'Concise  Dictionary'  adds  considerably  to  its  value." — Westminster  Gazette. 

1  It  is  a  complete  code  of  English  Law  written  in  plain  language,  which  all  can  understand.  .  .  . 
Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  business  man,  and  all  who  wish  to  abolish  lawyers'  bills." — Weekly  Times. 

'A  useful  and  concise  epitome  of  the  law,  compiled  with  considerable  care." — Law  Magazine. 

'  A  complete  digest  of  the  most  useful  facts  which  constitute  English  law."— Globe. 

'  Admirably  done,  admirably  arranged,  and  admirably  cheap." — Leeds  Mercury. 

'  A  concise,  cheap,  and  complete  epitome  of  the  English  law.  So  plainly  written  that  he  who  runs 
may  read,  and  he  who  reads  may  understand." — Figaro. 

"  A  dictionary  of  legal  facts  well  put  together.    The  book  is  a  very  useful  one."— Spectator. 


LABOUR  CONTRACTS. 

A  Popular  Handbook  on  the  Law  of  Contracts  for  Works  and  Services.  By 
DAVID  GIBBONS.  Fourth  Edition,  with  Appendix  of  Statutes  by  T.  F.  UTTLEY, 
Solicitor.  Fcap.  8vo,  cloth 3/6 


BRADBURY,    AGNEW,    &    CO.    LD.,    PRINTERS,    LONDON    AND    TONBRIDGE. 


WEALE'S   SERIES 

OF 

SCIENTIFIC  &  TECHNICAL 

WORKS. 


"  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  no  books  have  ever  proved  more 
popular  with  or  more  useful  to  young  engineers  and  others  than  the 
excellent  treatises  comprised  in  WEALE'S  SERIES." — Engineer. 


31 


ClassiM  list. 


PAGE 

Civil  Engineering  and  Surveying    50 


Mining  and  Metallurgy     .    . 
Mechanical  Engineering  .     . 
Navigation,  Shipbuilding,  Etc. 
Architecture  and  Building    . 


51 

52 
53 
54 


PAGE 

Industrial  and  Useful  Arts    .    .  57 
Agriculture,  Gardening,  Etc.      .  58 
Mathematics,  Arithmetic,  Etc.  .  60 
Books  of  Reference  and   Mis- 
cellaneous Volumes.    ...  62 


CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   AND    SON, 

7,  STATIONERS'  HALL   COURT,  LONDON,  E.C, 

1904. 


50  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING  &  SURVEYING. 
Civil  Engineering*. 

By  HENRY  LAW,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  Including  a  Treatise  on  HYDRAULIC  ENGINEERING 
by  G.  R.  BURNELL,  M.I. C.E.  Seventh  Edition,  revised,  WITH  LARGE  ADDITIONS  ON 
RECENT  PRACTICE  by  D.  KINNEAR  CLARK,  M.  Inst.  C.E 6/6 

"  An  admirable  volume,  which  we  warmly  recommend  to  young  engineers." — Builder. 

Pioneer  Engineering. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Engineering  Operations  connected  with  the  Settlement  of  Waste 
Lands  in  New  Countries.       By  E.  DOBSON,  M.Inst.C.E.     Second  Edition.         .      4/6 
"  Mr.  Dobspn  is  familiar  with  the  difficulties  which  have  to  be  overcome  in  this  class  of  work,  and 
much  of  his  advice  will  be  valuable  to  young  engineers  proceeding  to  our  colonies." — Engineering. 

Iron  and  Steel  Bridges  and  Viaducts. 

A  Practical  Treatise  upon  their  Construction.  For  the  use  of  Engineers,  Draughtsmen, 
and  Students.  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E .  3/6 

Iron  Bridges  of  Moderate  Span: 

Their  Construction  and  Erection.     By  H.  W.  PENDRED.    With  40  illustrations     2/O 
"Students  and  engineers  should  obtain  this  book  for  constant  and  practical  use." — Colliery  Guardian. 

Constructional  Iron  and  Steel  Work, 

As  applied  to  Public,  Private,  and  Domestic  Buildings.   By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.     3/6 
"  This  practical  book  may  be  counted  a  most  valuable  work." — British  Architect. 

Tubular  and  other  Iron  Girder  Bridges, 

Describing  the  Britannia  and  Conway  Tubular  Bridges.  With  a  Sketch  of  Iron 
Bridges,  &c.  By  G.  DRYSDALE  DEMPSEY,  C.E.  Fourth  Edition  .  .  .  2/0 

Materials  and  Construction. 

A  Theoretical  and   Practical   Treatise   on    the    Strains,    Designing,  and    Erection   of 
Works   of   Construction.      By  FRANCIS    CAMPIN,  C.E.       Third   Edition        .     3/O 
"  No  better  exposition  of  the  practical  application  of  the  principles  of  construction  has  yet  been 
published  to  our  knowledge  in  such  a  cheap  comprehensive  form." — Building  News. 

Sanitary  Work  in  Small  Towns  and  Villages. 

By  CHARLES  SLAGG,  Assoc.  M.  Inst.  C.E.     Third  Edition,  Enlarged        .         .     3/0 
"  This  is  a  very  useful  book.     There  is  a  great  deal  of  work  required  to  be  done  in  the  smaller  towns 
and  villages,  and  this  little  volume  will  help  those  who  are  willing  to  do  it." — Builder. 

Construction  of  Roads  and  Streets. 

By  H.  LAW,  C.E.,  and  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.  Sixth  Edition,  revised,  with  Additional 
Chapters  by  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E 6/0 

"  A  book  which  every  borough  surveyor  and  engineer  must  possess,  and  which  will  be  of  considerable 
service  to  architects,  builders,  and  property  owners  generally." — Building  News. 

Construction  of  Gas  Works, 

And  the  Manufacture  and  Distribution  of  Coal  Gas.     By  S.  HUGHES,  C.E.     Re-written 

by  WILLIAM  RICHARDS,  C.E.      Eighth  Edition,  with  important  Additions          .      5/6 

"Will  be  of  infinite  service  alike  to  manufacturers,  distributors,  and  consumers." — Foreman  Engineer. 

Water  Works,  for  the  Supply  of  Cities  and  Towns. 

With  a  Description  of  the  Principal  Geological  Formations  of  England  as  influencing 

Supplies  of  Water.     By  SAMUEL  HUGHES .     4/0 

"Everyone  who  is  debating  how  his  village,  town,  or  city  shall  be  plentifully  supplied  with  pure 
water  should  rear!  this  book." — Newcastle  Courant. 

Power  of  Water. 

As  applied  to  drive  Flour  Mills,  and  to  give  motion  to  Turbines  and  other  Hydrostatic 
Engines.  By  JOSEPH  GLYNN,  F.R.S.,  &c.  New  Edition.  Illustrated  .  ,  2/O 

Wells  and  Well-Sinking*. 

By  J.  G.  SWINDELL,  A.R.I.B.A.,  and  G.  R.  BURNELL,  C.E.      Revised  Edition      2/O 
"Solid  practical  information,  written  in  a  concise  and  lucid  style.      The  work  can  be  recommended 
as  a  text-book  for  all  surveyors,  architects,  &c." — Iron  and  Coal  Trades  Review. 

Drainage  of  Lands,  Towns,  and  Building's. 

By  G.  D.  DEMPSEY,  C.E.  Revised,  with  large  Additions  on  Recent  Practice  in, 
Drainage  Engineering,  by  D.  KINNEAR  CLAKK,  M.I. C.E.  Fourth  Edition  .  4/6 


WEALE'S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL  SERIES.  51 

Blasting1  and  Quarrying?  of  Stone, 

For  Building  and  other  Purposes.      With  Remarks  on  the  Blowing  up  of  Bridges. 
By  Gen.  SirJ.  BURGOYNE,  K.C.B. 1/6 

Foundations  and  Concrete  Works. 

With  Practical  Remarks  on  Footings,  Planking,  Sand,  Concrete,  Beton,  Pile-driving, 
Caissons,  and  Cofferdams.     By  E.  DOBSON,  M.R.I. B.A.     Ninth  Edition  .         .      1/6 

Pneumatics, 

Including  Acoustics  and  the  Phenomena  of  Wind  Currents,  for  the  use  of  Beginners. 
By  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.     Fourth  Edition,  enlarged.     Illustrated          .      1/6 

Land  and  Engineering?  Surveying?. 

For  Students  and  Practical  Use.     By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.      Nineteenth  Edition,  revised 
and  extended  by  F.  E.  DIXON,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.     With  Plates  and  Diagrams       .     2/0 

Mensuration  and  Measuring?, 

With  the  Mensuration  and  Levelling  of  Land  for  the  purposes  of  Modern  Engineering. 
By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.     New  Edition  by  E.  NUGENT,  C.E 1/6 


MINING  AND  METALLURGY. 
Mining?  Calculations. 

For  the  use  of  Students  Preparing  for  the  Examinations  for  Colliery  Managers' 
Certificates,  comprising  numerous  Rules  and  Examples  in  Arithmetic,  Algebra,  and 
Mensuration.  By  T.  A.  O'DoNAHUE,  M.E.,  First-class  Certificated  Colliery  Manager. 

3/6 

Mineralog?y, 

Rudiments  of.     By  A.  RAMSAY,  F.G.S.     Fourth  Edition.     Woodcuts  and  Plates     3/6 
"The  author  throughout  has  displayed  an  intimate  knowledge  of  his  subject,  and  great  facility  in 
imparting  that  knowledge  to  others.     The  book  is  of  great  utility." — Mining  Journal. 

Coal  and  Coal  Mining?, 

By  the  late  Sir  WARINGTON  W.  SMYTH,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Eighth  Edition,  Revised  and 
Extended  by  T.  FORSTER  BROWN,  Chief  Inspector  of  the  Mines  of  the  Crown  and  of 

the  Duchy  of  Cornwall 3/6 

"Every  portion  of  the  volume  appears  to  have  been  prepared  with  much  care,  and  as  an  outline  is 
given  of  every  known  coal-field  in  this  and  other  countries  .as  well  as  of  the  two  principal  methods  of 
working,  the  book  will  doubtless  interest  a  very  large  number  of  readers." — Mining  Journal. 

Metallurg?y  of  Iron. 

Containing  History  of  Iron  Manufacture,  Methods  of  Assay,  and  Analyses  of  Iron  Ores, 

Processes  of  Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel,  &c.    By  H.  BAUERMAN,  F.G.S.,  A.R.S.M. 

With  numerous  Illustrations.     Sixth  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged     .         .        .      5/0 

"Carefully  written,  it  has  the  merit  of  brevity  and  conciseness,  as  to  less  important  points ;  while  all 

material  matters  are  very  fully  and  thoroughly  entered  into." — Standard. 

Mineral    Surveyor  &   Valuer's   Complete  Guide* 

Comprising  a  Treatise  on  Improved  Mining  Surveying  and  the  Valuation  of  Mining 
Properties,  with  New  Traverse  Tables.  By  W.  LINTERN,  C.E. ,  Fourth  Edition,  with  an 
Appendix  on  Magnetic  and  Angular  Surveying,  with  Records  of  the  Peculiarities  of 
Needle  Disturbances.  With  Four  Plates  of  Diagrams,  Plans,  &c.  3/6 

"  Contains  much  valuable  information,  and  is  thoroughly  trustworthy." — Iron  &*  Coal  Trades  Review. 

Slate  and  Slate  Quarrying?, 

Scientific,  Practical,  and  Commercial.     By  D.  C.  DAVIES,  F.G.S. ,  Mining  Engineer,  &c. 

With  numerous  Illustrations  and  Folding  Plates.     Fourth  Edition      .         .         .     3/O 

"  One  of  the  best  and  best-balanced  treatises  on  a  special  subject  that  we  have  met  with." — Engineer. 

A  First  Book  of  Mining?  and  Quarrying?. 

By  J.  H.  COLLINS,  F.G.S 1/6 

"  For  those  concerned  in  schools  in  the  mining  districts,  this  work  is  the  very  thing  that  should  be  in 
the  hands  of  their  schoolmasters." — Iron. 

Subterraneous  Surveying?. 

By  THOMAS  FENWICK.  Also  the  Method  of  Conducting  Subterraneous  Surveys 
without  the  use  of  the  Magnetic  Needle,  &c.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.  .  .  .  2/6 

Mining?  Tools, 

Manual  of.    By  W.  MORGANS,  Lecturer  on  Mining  at  the  Bristol  School  of  Mines  2/6 

Mining?  Tools,  Atlas 

Of  Engravings  to  the  above,  containing  235  Illustrations  drawn  to  Scale.     410.    .     4/6 
"Students,  Overmen,  Captains,   Managers,  and  Viewers  may  gain  practica*  knowledge  and  useful 
hints  by  the  study  of  Mr.  Morgans'  Manual."— Colliery  Giiardian. 


52  CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


Physical  Geology, 

Partly  based  on  Major-General  PoRTLOCK's  "Rudiments  of  Geology."  By  RALPH 
TATE,  A.L.S..  &e.  Woodcuts 2/0 

Historical  Geology, 

Partly  based  on  Major-General  PORTLOCK'S  "  Rudiments."    By  RALPH  TATE   .      2/6 

Geology, 

PHYSICAL  and  HISTORICAL.  Consisting  of  "  Physical  Geology,"  which  sets  forth  the 
Leading  Principles  of  the  Science;  and  "Historical  Geology,"  which  treats  of  the 
Mineral  and  Organic  Conditions  of  the  Earth  at  each  successive  epoch.  By  RALPH 

TATE,  F.G.S.     With  250  Illustrations 4/6 

"The  fulness  of  the  matter  has  elevated  the  book  into  a  manual.     Its  information  is  exhaustive  and 
well-arranged,  so  that  any  subject  may  be  opened  upon  at  once." — School  Board  Chronicle. 


MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING. 
Workman's  Manual  of  Engineering  Drawing. 

By  JOHN  MAXTON,  Instructor  in  Engineering  Drawing,  Royal  Naval  College,  Green- 
wich.    Eighth  Edition.     300  Plates  and  Diagrams 3/6 

"A  copy  of  it  should  be  kept  for  reference  in  every  drawing  office." — Engineering. 

Fuels :  Solid,  Liquid,  and  Gaseous. 

Their  Analysis  and  Valuation.     For  the  use  of  Chemists  and  Engineers.     By  H.  J. 
PHILLIPS,  F.C.S.,  formerly  Analytical  and  Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Great  Eastern 

Railway.     Third  Edition 2/0 

"  Ought  to  have  its  place  in  the  laboratory  of  every  metallurgical  establishment,  and  wherever  fuel  is 
used  on  a  large  scale. " — Chemical  News. 

Fuel,  Its  Combustion  and  Economy. 

Consisting  of  an  Abridgment  of  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Combustion  of  Coal   and  the 
Prevention  of  Smoke."     By  C.  W.  WILLIAMS,  A. I. C.E.      With  extensive  Additions 

by  D.  KINNEAR  CLARK,  M.  Inst.  C.E.     Fourth  Edition 3/6 

"Students  should  buy  the  book  and  read  it,  as  one  of  the  most  complete  and  satisfactory  treatises  on 
the  combustion  and  economy  of  fuel  to  be  had." — Engineer. 

Boilermaker's  Assistant 

In    Drawing,    Templating,   and   Calculating   Boiler   Work,  &c.       By  J.    COURTNEY, 
Practical  Boilermaker.     Edited  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.     Seventh  Edition  .         .      2/0 
"With  very  great  care  we  have  gone  through  the  '  Boilermaker's  Assistant,'  and  have  to  say  that  it 
has  our  unqualified  approval.     Scarcely  a  point  has  been  omitted." — Foreman  Engineer. 

Boilermaker's  Ready  Reckoner, 

With  Examples  of  Practical  Geometry  and  Templating  for  the  Use  of  Platers,  Smiths, 

and  Riveters.     By  JOHN  COURTNEY.      Edited  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.I. C.E.     .     4/0 

%*  The  last  two  Works  in  One  Vol.,  half-bound,  entitled  "THE   BOILERMAKER'S   READY 

RECKONER  AND  ASSISTANT."     By  J.  COURTNEY  and  D.  K.  CLARK.      Price     7/0 

"  A  most  useful  work.     No  workman  or  apprentice  should  be  without  it." — Iron  Trade  Circular. 

Steam  Boilers. 

Their  Construction  and  Management.     By  R.  ARMSTRONG,  C.E.     Illustrated  .      1/6 
"A  mass  of  information  suitable  for  beginners." — Design  and  Work. 

Steam  and  Machinery  Management. 

A  Guide  to  the  Arrangement  and  Economical  Management  of  Machinery,  with  Hints  on 
Construction  and  Selection.     By  M.  Powis  BALE,  M.  Inst.  M.E.       .         .         .      2/6 
"  Gives  the  results  of  wide  experience." — Lloyd's  Newspaper. 

Steam  and  the  Steam  Engine, 

Stationary  and  Portable.     Being  an  Extension  of  the  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine  of 
Mr.  J.  SEWELL.     By  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.      Fourth  Edition       ....      3/6 
"  Every  essential  part  of  the  subject  is  treated  of  competently,  and  in  a  popular  style." — Iron. 

The  Steam  Engine, 

A  Treatise  on  the  Mathematical  Theory  of,  with  Rules  and  Examples  for  Practical 

Men.     By  T.  BAKER,  C.E 1/6 

"Teems  with  scientific  information  with  reference  to  the  steam-engine." — Design  and  Work. 

The  Steam  Engine. 

For  the  use  of  Beginners.     By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Illustrated  ....      1/6 

Locomotive  Engines. 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on.     By  G.  D.  DEMPSEY,  C.E.     With  large  Additions  treating 
of  the  Modern  Locomotive,  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.  Inst.  C.E.     With  Illustrations     3/0 
"A  model  of  what  an  elementary  technical  book  should  be." — Academy. 


WEALE'S    SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL   SERIES.  53 

Loeomotive  Engine-Driving*. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Engineers  in  Charge  of  Locomotive  Engines.     By  MICHAEL 
REYNOLDS,  M.S.E.     Eleventh  Edition.     3/6     cloth  boards       ....      4/6 
"  We  can  confidently  recommend  the  book,  not  only  to  the  practical  driver,  but  to  everyone  who 
takes  an  interest  in  the  performance  of  locomotive  engines." — The  Engineer. 

Stationary  Engine  Driving. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Engineers  in   Charge  of  Stationary  Engines.      By  MICHAEL 
REYNOLDS,  M.S.E.     Seventh  Edition.     3/6  ;  cloth  boards        ....      4/6 
"The  author  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  his  subjects,  and  has  produced  a  manual  which  is  an 
exceedingly  useful  one  for  the  class  for  whom  it  is  specially  intended." — Engineering. 

Smithy  and  Forge. 

Including  the   Farrier's  Art   and    Coach   Smithing.       By  W.  J.  E.  CRANE.      .      2/6 
"  The  first   modern  English  book   on  the  subject.     Great  pains  have  been  bestowed  by  the  author 
upon  the  book  ;  shoeing-smiths  will  find  it  both  useful  and  interesting." — Builder. 

Modern  Workshop   Practice, 

As  applied  to  Marine,   Land,   and  Locomotive    Engines,    Floating   Docks,  Dredging 
Machines,  Bridges,  Ship-Building,  &c.     By  J.  G.  WINTON.    4th  Edn.,  Illustrated     3/6 
"Whether  for  the  apprentice  determined  to  master  his  profession,  or  for  the  artisan  bent  upon  raising 
himself  to  a  higher  position,  this  clearly-written  and  practical  treatise  will  be  a  great  help." — Scotsman. 

Mechanical  Engineering. 

Comprising    Metallurgy,   Moulding,   Casting,   Forging,    Tools,  Workshop  Machinery, 
Mechanical  Manipulation,  Manufacture  of  the  Steam  Engine,  &c.   By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN, 

C.E.     Third  Edition 2/6 

"A  sound  and  serviceable  text-book,  quite  up  to  date." — Building  News. 

Details  of  Machinery. 

Comprising  Instructions  lor  the  Execution  of  various  Works  in  Iron  in  the  Fitting- 
shop,  Foundry,  and  Boiler- Yard.     By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E 3/0 

"A  sound  and  practical  handbook  for  all  engaged  in  the  engineering  trades." — Building  World. 

Elementary  Engineering : 

A  Manual  for  Young  Marine  Engineers  and  Apprentices.     In  the  Form  of  Questions 
and  Answers  on   Metals,    Alloys,    Strength  of    Materials,    &c.     By  J.    S.  BREWER. 

Fifth  Edition 1/6 

"A  useful  introduction  to  the  more  elaborate  text-books." — Scotsman. 

Power  in  Motion : 

Horse-power  Motion,  Toothed-Wheel  Gearing,  Long  and  Short  Driving  Bands,  Angular 
Forces,  &c.     By  JAMES  ARMOUR,  C.E.     With  73  Diagrams.     Third  Edition    .       2/0 
"  The  value  of  the  knowledge  imparted  cannot  well  be  over-estimated." — Newcastle  Weekly  Chron. 

Practical  Mechanism, 

And  Machine  Tools.     By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.     With  Remarks  on  Tools  and  Machinery 
by  J.  NASMYTH,  C.E.  .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .      2/6 

Mechanics. 

Being  a  concise  Exposition  of  the  General  Principles  of  Mechanical  Science,  and  their 
Applications.     By  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.      .• . 1/6 

Cranes, 

The  Construction  of,  and  other  Machinery  for  Raising  Heavy  Bodies  for  the  Erection 
of  Buildings,  &c.     By  JOSEPH  GLYNN,  F.R.S 1/6 


NAVIGATION,   SHIPBUILDING,  ETC. 
Sailor's  Sea  Book: 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on  Navigation.    By  J  AMES  GREENWOOD,  B.A.    With  numerous 
Woodcuts  and  Coloured  Plates.    New  and  Enlarged  Edition.    By  W.  H.  ROSSER     2/6 
"  Is  perhaps  the  best  and  simplest  epitome  of  navigation  ever  compiled."— Field. 

Practical  Navigation. 

Consisting  of  the  SAILOR'S  SEA  BOOK,  by  JAMES  GREENWOOD  and  W.  H.  ROSSER  ; 

together  with  Mathematical  and  Nautical  Tables  for  the  Working  of  the  Problems,  by 

HENRY  LAW,  C.E.,  and  Prof.  J.  R.  YOUNG.     Half-bound  in  leather  .         .         .      7/p 

"A  vast  amount  of  information  is  contained  in  this  volume,  and  we  fancy  in  a  very  short  time  that  it 

will  be  seen  in  the  library  of  almost  every  ship  or  yacht  afloat."— Hunt's  Yachting  Magazine. 

Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy, 

In  Theory  and  Practice.     By  Prof.  J.  R.  YOUNG.     New  Edition.     Illustrated     .     2/6 
"  A  very  complete,  thorough,  and  useful  manual  for  the  young  navigator."—  Observatory. 


54  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

Mathematical  Tables, 

For  Trigonometrical,  Astronomical,  and  Nautical  Calculations  ;  to  which  is  prefixed  a 
Treatise  on  Logarithms,  by  H.  LAW,  C.E.  Together  with  a  Series  of  Tables  for 
Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy.  By  Professor  J.  R.  YOUNG.  New  Edition  4/0 

Masting,  Mast-Making,  and  Rigging*  of  Ships. 

Also  Tables  of  Spars,  Rigging,  Blocks;  Chain,  Wire,  and  Hemp  Ropes,  &c.,  relative 
to  every  class  of  vessels.  By  ROBERT  KIPPING,  N.A 2/0 

Sails  and  Sail-Making. 

With  Draughting,  and  the  Centre  of  Effort  of  the  Sails.  Weights  and  Sizes  of  Ropes  ; 
Masting,  Rigging,  and  Sails  of  Steam  Vessels,  &c.  By  R.  KIPPING,  N.A.  .  2/6 

Marine  Engines  and  Steam  Vessels. 

By  R.  MURRAY,  C.E.  Eighth  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised,  with  Additions  by  the 
Author  and  by  GEORGE  CARLISLE,  C.E 4/6 

"  An  indispensable  manual  for  the  student  of  marine  engineering." — Liverpool  Mercury. 

Naval  Architecture. 

An  Exposition  of  the  Elementary  Principles.     By  JAMES  PEAKE    .         .         .     3/6 

Ships  for  Ocean  and  River  Service, 

Principles  of  the  Construction  of.     By  H.  A.  SOMMERFELDT       ....      1/6 

An  Atlas  of  Engravings 

To  Illustrate  the  above.     Twelve  large  folding  Plates.     Royal  410,  cloth      .         .      7/6 

Ships  and  Boats. 

By  W.  BLAND.      With  numerous  Illustrations  and  Models.     Tenth  Edition         .      1/6 


ARCHITECTURE  AND  BUILDING. 
Constructional  Iron  and  Steel  Work, 

As  applied  to  Public,  Private,  and  Domestic  Buildings.    By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.     3/6 
"  Anyone  who  wants  a  book  on  ironwork  as  employed  for  stanchions,  columns,  and  beams,  will  find 
the  present  volume  to  be  suitable." — British  Architect. 

Building  Estates: 

A  Treatise  on  the  Development,  Sale,  Purchase,  and  Management  of  Building  Land. 

By  F.  MAITLAND.     Third  Edition .  2/0 

"  This  book  should  undoubtedly  be  added  to  the  library  of  every  professional  man  dealing  with 
building  land." — Land  Agent's  Record. 

Science  of  Building: 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Principles  of  Construction.     By  E.  WYNDHAM  TARN, 
M.A.  Lond.     Fourth  Edition  .         . 3/6 

Art  of  Building, 

Rudiments  of.     General  Principles  of  Construction,  Strength,  and  Use  of  Materials, 
Working  Drawings,  Specifications,  &c.     By  EDWARD  DOBSON,  M. R.I.B.A.  &c.     2/0 
"  A  good  book  for  practical  knowledge,  and  about  the  best  to  be  obtained." — Building  News. 

Book  on  Building, 

Civil  and  Ecclesiastical.     By  Sir  EDMUND  BECKETT,  Bart.,  LL.D.,  Q.C.,  F.R.A.S., 
Author  of  "  Clocks  and  Watches  and  Bells,"  &c.     Second  Edition       .         .         .      4/6 
"A  book  which  is  always  amusing  and  nearly  always  instructive." — Times. 

Dwelling-Houses, 

Erection  of,  Illustrated  by  a  Perspective  View,  Plans,  Elevations,  and  Sections  of  a  Pair 
of  Villas,  with  the  Specification,  Quantities,  and  Estimates.     By  S.  H.  BROOKS      2/6 

Cottage  Building. 

By  C.   BRUCE  ALLEN.     Twelfth   Edition,  with  Chapter  on  Economic  Cottages  for 
Allotments,  by  E.  E.  ALLEN,  C.E 2/0 

Acoustics  of  Public  Buildings  : 

The   Laws   of  Sound    as   applied   to   the  Arrangement  of  Buildings.     By  Professor 
T.  ROGER  SMITH,  F.  R.I.B.A.    New  Edition,  revised.  With  numerous  Illustrations    1/6 

Practical  Bricklaying. 

General  Principles  of   Bricklaying  ;    Arch  Drawing,  Cutting  and  Setting ;    Pointing  ; 
Paving,  Tiling,  &c.     By  ADAM  HAMMOND.     With  68  Woodcuts       .        .        .      1/6 
"The  young  bricklayer  will  find  it  infinitely  valuable  to  him." — Glasgow  Herald. 

Art  of  Practical  Brick-Cutting  and  Setting. 

By  ADAM  HAMMOND.     With  90  Engravings 1/6 


WEALE'S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL  SERIES.  55 

Brickwork : 

Embodying  the  General  and  Higher  Principles  of  Bricklaying,  Cutting  and  Setting  ; 
with  the  Application  of  Geometry  to  Roof  Tiling,  &c.     By  F.  WALKER       .         .     1/6 
"  Contains  all  that  a  young  tradesman  or  student  needs  to  learn  from  books."— Building  News. 

Bricks  and  Tiles, 

Rudimentary  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of.  Containing  an  Outline  of  the  Principles 
of  Brickmaking.  By  E.  DOBSON,  M.R.I.B.A.  Additions  by  C.  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S. 
Illustrated 3/0 

"  The  best  handbook  on  the  subject.     We  can  safely  recommend  it  as  a  good  investment."— Builder. 

Practical  Brick  and  Tile  Book. 

Comprising  :  BRICK  AND  TILE  MAKING,  by  E.  DOBSON,  M.Inst.C.E.;  Practical  BRICK- 
LAYING, by  A.  HAMMOND  ;  BRICK-CUTTING  and  SETTING,  by  A.  HAMMOND.  550  pp. 
with  270  Illustrations,  strongly  half-bound  ........  6/0 

Carpentry  and  Joinery— 

THE  ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  CARPENTRY.  Chiefly  composed  from  the  Standard 
Work  of  THOMAS  TREDGOLD,  C.E.  With  Additions,  and  a  TREATISE  ON 
JOINERY  by  E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.  Eighth  Edition 3/6 

Carpentry  and  Joinery. 

Atlas  of  35  Plates  to  accompany  and  illustrate  the  foregoing  book.     With  Descriptive 

Letterpress.     410.          .         .         . 6/0 

"  These  two  volumes  form  a  complete  treasury  of  carpentry  and  joinery,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  carpenter  and  joiner  in  the  Empire." — Iron. 

Practical  Treatise  on    Handrailing : 

Showing  New  and  Simple  Methods.  By  GEO.  COLLINGS.  Third  Edition,  including 
a  TREATISE  ON  STAIRBUILDING.  With  Plates 2/6 

"  Will  be  found  of  practical  utility  in  the  execution  of  this  difficult  branch  of  joinery." — Builder. 

Circular  Work  in  Carpentry  and  Joinery. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Circular  Work  of  Single  and  Double  Curvature.  By  GEORGE 
COLLINGS.  Third  Edition 2/6 

"Cheap  in  price,  clear  in  definition,  and  practical  in  the  examples  selected." — Builder. 

Roof  Carpentry  : 

Practical  Lessons  in  the  Framing  of  Wood  Roofs.  For  the  use  of  Working  Carpenters. 
By  GEO.  COLLINGS,  Author  of  "  Handrailing  and  Stairbuilding,"  &c.  .  .  2/O 

Construction  of  Roofs,  of  Wood  and  Iron  : 

Deduced   chiefly   from    the    Works   of   Robison,    Tredgold,    and   Humber.        By   E. 

WYNDHAM  TARN.  M.A.,  Architect.     Fourth  Edition 1/6 

"  Mr.  Tarn  is  so  thoroughly  master  of  his  subject,  that  although  the  treatise  was  founded  on  the  works 
of  others  he  has  given  it  a  distinct  value  of  his  own.     It  will  be  found  valuable  by  all  students." — Builder. 

The  Joints  Made  and  Used  by  Builders. 

By  WYVILL  J.  CHRISTY,  Architect.     With  160  Woodcuts          .        .        .        .     3/0 
"  The  work  is  deserving  of  high  commendation." — Builder. 

Shoring, 

And  its  Application  :  A  Handbook  for  the  use  of  Students.     By  G.  H.  BLAGROVE     1/6 
"  We  recommend  this  valuable  treatise  to  all  students." — Building  News. 

Timber    Importer's,    Timber    Merchant's,    and 
Builder's  Standard  Guide. 

By  R.  E.  GRANDY 2/0 

"  Everything  it  pretends  to  be  :  built  up  gradually,  it  leads  one  from  a  forest  to  a  treenail,  and  throws 
in,  as  a  makeweight,  a  host  of  material  concerning  bricks,  columns,  cisterns,  &c." — English  Mechanic. 

Plumbing : 

A  Text-Book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  or  Craft  of  the  Plumber.      With  Chapters  upon 
House  Drainage  and  Ventilation.     By  WM.  PATON  BUCHAN,  R. P.,  Sanitary  Engineer. 
Ninth  Edition,  with  512  Illustrations     .........      3/6 

"A  text-book  which  may  be  safely  put  into  the  hands  of  every  young  plumber,  and  which  will  also 
be  found  useful  by  architects  and  medical  professors." — Builder. 

Ventilation : 

A  Text-Book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  of  Ventilating  Buildings.  By  W.  P.  BUCHAN, 
R. P.,  Author  of  "  Plumbing,"  &c.  With  170  Illustrations  ....  3/6 

The  Practical  Plasterer: 

A  Compendium  of  Plain  and  Ornamental  Plaster  Work.     By  WILFRED  KEMP     2/O 

House    Painting,  Graining,    Marbling,    and    Sign 
Writing: 

With  a  Course  of  Elementary  Drawing,  and  a  Collection  of  Useful  Receipts.    By  ELLIS 

A.  DAVIDSON.     Eighth  Edition.     Coloured  Plates 5/0 

%*   The  above,  in  cloth  boards,  strongly  bound,  6/0. 
"A  mass  of  information  of  use  to  the  amateur  and  of  value  to  the  practical  man."— English  Mechanic. 


56  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

Grammar  of  Colouring'. 

Applied  to  Decorative  Painting  and  the  Arts.     By  GEORGE  FIELD.     New  Edition, 
revised  and  enlarged  by  ELLIS  A.  DAVIDSON.     With  Coloured  Plates         .         .     3/0 
"  The  book  is  a  most  useful  resume  of  the  properties  of  pigments." — Biiilder. 

Elementary  Decoration: 

As  Applied  to  Dwelling-Houses,  &c.     By  JAMES  W.  FACEY.     Illustrated  .         .      2/0 
"The  principles  which  ought  to  guide  the  decoration  of  dwelling-houses  are  clearly  set  forth,  and 
elucidated  by  examples  ;  while  full  instructions  are  given  to  the  learner."— Scotsman. 

Practical  House   Decoration. 

A  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Ornamental  Painting,  the  Arrangement  of  Colours  in  Apartments, 
and  the  Principles  of  Decorative  Design.     By  JAMES  W.  FACEY          .         .         .      2/6 
%*  The  last  two  Works  in  One  handsome  Vol.,  half-bound,  entitled  "HOUSE    DECORATION, 
ELEMENTARY  AND  PRACTICAL," /rfe*  5/0. 

Portland  Cement  for  Users. 

By  HENRY  FAIJA,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.     Third  Edition,  corrected    ....     2/0 
"  Supplies  in  a  small  compass  all  that  is  necessary  to  be  known  by  users  of  cement." — Building  News. 

Limes,    Cements,    Mortars,   Concretes,    Mastics, 
Plastering*,  &e. 

By  G.  R.  BURNELL,  C.E.     Fifteenth  Edition 1/6 

Masonry  and  Stoneeutting>, 

The  Principles  of  Masonic  Projection,  and  their  Application  to  Construction.  By 
E.  DOBSON,  M.R.I.B.A 2/6 

Arches,  Piers,  Buttresses,  &e. 

Experimental  Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Construction  in.    By  WILLIAM  BLAND       1/6 

Quantities  and  Measurements, 

In  Bricklayers',    Masons',  Plasterers',   Plumbers',    Painters',    Paperhangers',   Gilders', 
Smiths',  Carpenters'  and  Joiners'  Work.     By  A.  C.  BEATON,  Surveyor       .         .      1/6 
"  This  book  is  indispensable  to  builders  and  their  quantity  clerks." — English  Mechanic. 

Complete  Measurer; 

Setting  forth  the  Measurement  of  Boards,  Glass,  Timber,  and  Stone.  By  R.  HORTON. 
Sixth  Edition 4/0 

Guide  to  Superficial  Measurement. 

Tables  calculated  from  i  to  200  inches  in  length,  by  i  to  108  inches  in  breadth.  For 
the  use  of  Architects,  Surveyors,  Engineers,  Timber  Merchants,  Builders,  &c.  By 
JAMES  HAWKINGS.  Fifth  Edition 3/6 

Lig-ht : 

An  Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Optics.  Designed  for  the  Use  of  Students  of 
Architecture,  Engineering,  and  other  Applied  Sciences.  By  E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.  .  1/6 

Hints  to  Young1  Architects. 

By  GEORGE  WIGHTWICK,  Architect,  Author  of  "  The  Palace  of  Architecture,"  &c.,  &c. 
Sixth  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged  by  G.  HUSKISSON  GUILLAUME,  Architect     .      3/6 
"  A  copy  ought  to  be  considered  as  necessary  a  purchase  as  a  box  of  instruments." — Architect. 

Architecture— Orders. 

The  Orders  and  their  ^Esthetic  Principles.     By  W.  H.  LEEDS.     Illustrated         .      1/6 

Architecture— Styles. 

The  History  and  Description  of  the  Styles  of  Architecture  of  Various  Countries,  from  the 
Earliest  to  the  Present  Period.  By  T.  TALBOT  BURY,  F.  R.  I.  B.  A. ,  &c.  Illustrated  2/O 

"ORDERS   AND   STYLES   OF  ARCHITECTURE,"    in  One  Vol.,  3/6. 

Architecture— Design. 

The  Principles  of  Design  in  Architecture,  as  deducible  from  Nature  and  exemplified  in 
the  Works  of  the  Greek  and  Gothic  Architects.     By  EDW.  L.  GARBETT,  Architect    2/6 
"We  know  no  work  that  we  would  sooner  recommend  to  an  attentive  reader  desirous  to  obtain  clear 
views  of  the  nature  of  architectural  art.     The  book  is  a  valuable  one." — Builder. 

***   The  three  preceding    Works    in    One  handsome    Vol.,  half-bound,   entitled  "  MODERN 

ARCHITECTURE, "price  6/0. 

Architectural  Modelling1  in   Paper, 

The  Art  of.    By  T.  A.  RICHARDSON.    With  Illustrations,  engraved  by  O.  JEWITT     1/6 
"A  valuable  aid  to  the  practice  of  architectural  modelling." — Builder's  Weekly  Reporter. 

Perspective  for  Beginners. 

For  Students  and  Amateurs  in  Architecture,  Painting,  &c.     By  G.  PYNE    .        .     2/0 


WEALE'S    SCIENTIFIC    AND    TECHNICAL   SERIES.  57 

Glass  Staining1,  and  the  Art  of  Painting*  on  Glass. 

From  the  German  of  Dr.  GESSERT  and  EMANUEL  OTTO  FROMBERG.  With  an 
Appendix  on  THE  ART  OF  ENAMELLING 2/6 

Vitpuvius— The  Architecture  of  Marcus  Vitruvius 
Pollio. 

In  Ten  Books.     Translated  from  the  Latin  by  J.  GWILT.     With  23  Plates          .      5/0 
N.B. — This  is  the  only  Edition  of  VlTRUVius  procurable  ctt  a  moderate  price. 

Grecian  Architecture, 

An  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Beauty  in  ;  with  an  Historical  View  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Art  in  Greece.     By  the  EARL  OF  ABERDEEN        ....      1/0 
%*   The  two  preceding    Works   in    One   handsome    Vol.,    half-bound,    entitled   "ANCIENT 
ARCHITECTURE, "price  6/0. 

INDUSTRIAL  AND   USEFUL  ARTS. 
Cements,  Pastes,  Glues,  and  Gums. 

A  Guide  to  the  Manufacture  and  Application  of  Agglutinants  for  Workshop, .  Laboratory, 
or  Office  Use.     With  900  Recipes  and  Formulae.     By  H.  C.  STANDAGE    .         .      2/O 
"  As  a  revelation  of  what  are  considered  trade  secrets,  this  book  will  arouse  an  amount  of  curiosity 
among  the  large  number  of  industries  it  touches." — Daily  Chronicle. 

Clocks,  Watches,  and  Bells  for  Public  Purposes. 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise.  By  EDMUND  BECKETT,  LORD  GRIMTHORPE,  LL.D.,  K.C., 
F.R.A.S.  Eighth  Edition,  with  new  List  of  Great  Bells  and  an  Appendix  on 
Weathercocks.  [Just  published.  4/6 

*#*     The  above,  handsomely  bound,  Cloth  Boards,  5/6. 

"  The  best  work  on  the  subject  probably  extant.     The  treatise  on  bells  is  undoubtedly  the  best  in  the 
language." — Engineering.     "  The  only  modern  treatise  on  clock-making." — Horological  Journal. 

Electro-Metallurgy, 

Practically  Treated.     By  ALEXANDER  WATT.     Tenth  Edition,  enlarged  and  revised. 
With  Additional  Illustrations,  and  including  the  most  Recent  Processes      .         .      3/6 
"  From  this  hook  both  amateur  and  artisan  may  learn  everything  necessary." — Iron. 

Goldsmith's  Handbook, 

Containing   full    Instructions  in   the  Art  of  Alloying,  Melting,   Reducing,  Colouring, 
Collecting,    and    Refining.         The   processes   of  Manipulation,    Recovery   of  Waste, 
Chemical  and  Physical  Properties  of  Gold  ;    Solders,  Enamels,  and  other  useful  Rules 
and  Recipes,  &c.      By  GEORGE  E.  GEE.     Sixth  Edition     .  ,     ...    .    ,  ,  . ...  .     .     3/0 

"  A  good,  sound,  technical  educator." — Horological  Journal. 

Silversmith's  Handbook, 

On  the  same  plan  as  the  above.     By  GEORGE  E.  GEE.    Third  Edition         .        .     3/0 
"  A  valuable  sequel  to  the  author's  '  Practical  Goldworker.'" — Silversmith's  Trade  Journal. 
%*   The  two  preceding  Works,  in  One  handsome  Vol.,  half-bound,  entitled  "THE 
GOLDSMITH'S  AND  SILVERSMITH'S  COMPLETE  HANDBOOK,"  7/0. 

Hall-Marking1  of  Jewellery. 

Comprising  an  account  of  all  the  different  Assay  Towns  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  with 
the  Stamps  at  present  employed  ;  also  the  Laws  relating  to  the  Standards  and  Hall- 
Marks  at  the  various  Assay  Offices.  By  GEORGE  E.  GEE 3/0 

French  Polishing1  and  Enamelling. 

A  Practical  Book  of  Instruction,  including  numerous  Recipes  for  making  Polishes, 
Varnishes,  Glaze-Lacquers,  Revivers,  etc.  By  RICHARD  BITMEAD  .  .  .  1/6 

Practical  Org'an  Building. 

By  W.  E.  DICKSON,  M.  A.,  Precentor  of  Ely  Cathedral.    Second  Edition,  Revised     2/6 
"The  amateur  builder  will  find  in  this  book  all  that' is  necessary  to  enable  him  personally  to  construct 
a  perfect  organ  with  his  own  hands." — Academy. 

Coach-Building : 

A  Practical  Treatise,  Historical  and  Descriptive.      By  JAMES   W.  BURGESS    .    2/Q 
"  This  handbook   will   supply  a   long-felt   want,   not   only  to  manufacturers  themselves,  but   more 
particularly  apprentices,  and  others  connected  with  the  trade  of  coach-building." — Eiiropean  Mail. 

The  Cabinet-Maker's  Guide 

To  the  Entire  Construction  of  Cabinet- Work,  including  Veneering,  Marqueterie,  Buhl- 
Work,  Mosaic,  Inlaying,  Working  and  Polishing  Ivory,  Trade  Recipes,  &c.  By 
RICHARD  BITMEAD.  With  Plans,  Sections,  and  Working  Drawings  .  .  2/6 

Brass  Founder's  Manual: 

Instructions  for  Modelling,  Pattern  Making.  Moulding,Turning,&c.  By  W.GRAHAM  2/0 

Sheet  Metal-Worker's  Guide. 

A  Practical    Handbook   for    Tinsmitns,    Coppersmiths,    Zincworkers,    &c.,    with    46 
Diagrams  and  Working  Patterns.     By  W.  J.  E.  CRANE.     Fourth  Edition     .         .  1/6 
"  The  author  has  acquitted  himself  with  considerable  tact  in  choosing  his  examples,  and  with  no 
less  ability  in  treating  them." — Plumber, 


58  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

Sewing?  Machinery. 

Construction,  History,  Adjusting,  &c.     ByJ.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.    .         .         .      2/0 

Gas  Fitting1: 

A  Practical  Handbook.    By  JOHN  BLACK.    Revised  Edition.    With  130  Illustrations  2/6 
"  It  is  written  in  a  simple  practical  style,  and  we  heartily  recommend  it."— Plumber  and  Decorator. 

Construction  of  Door  Locks. 

From  the  Papers  of  A.  C.  HOBBS.      Edited  by  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.     With 
a  Note  upon  IRON  SAFES  by  ROBERT  MALLET.     Illustrated 2/6 

The    Model    Locomotive  Engineer,    Fireman,  and 
Engine-Boy. 

By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS 3/6 

Art  of  Letter  Painting  made  Easy. 

ByjAMES  GREIG  BADENOCH.     With  12  full-page  Engravings  of  Examples.       .      1/6 
"Any  intelligent  lad  who  fails  to  turn  out  decent  work  after  studying  this  system,  has  mistaken  his 
vocation. " — English  Mechanic. 

Art  of  Boot  and  Shoemaking, 

Including    Measurement,    Last-fitting,    Cutting-out,    Closing    and    Making  ;     with   a 
Description  of  the  most  Approved  Machinery  employed.        By  J.  B.  LEND         .     2/0 
"  By  far  the  best  work  ever  written  on  the  subject." — Scottish  Leather  Trader. 

Mechanical  Dentistry: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  the  Various  Kinds  of  Artificial  Dentures, 
comprising  also  Useful  Formulas,  Tables  and  Receipts.     By  C.  HUNTER    .         .     3/0 

Wood  Engraving : 

A  Practical  and  Easy  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Art.     By  W.  N.  BROWN       1/6 

Laundry  Management. 

A  Handbook  for  Use  in  Private  and  Public  Laundries.     Fourth  Edition       .         .      2/0 
"  This  book  should  certainly  occupy  an  honoured  place  on  the  shelves  of  all  housekeepers  who  wish 
to  keep  themselves  au  courant  of  the  newest  appliances  and  methods." — The  Queen. 


AGRICULTURE,   GARDENING,  ETC. 
Draining  and  Embanking. 

A  Practical  Treatise.    By  JOHN  SCOTT,  late  Professor  of  Agriculture  and  Rural  Economy 
at  the  Royal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester.     With  68  Illustrations  .         .         .      1/6 
"A  valuable  handbook  to  the  engineer  as  well  as  to  the  surveyor." — Land. 

Irrigation  and  Water  Supply : 

A   Practical  Treatise  on  Water  Meadows,   Sewage  Irrigation,  Warping,  &c. ;   on  the 
Construction  of  Wells,  Ponds,  and  Reservoirs,  &c.      By  Professor  J.  SCOTT        .      1/6 
"  A  valuable  and  indispensable  book  for  the  estate  manager  and  owner."— Forestry. 

Farm  Roads,  Fences,  and  Gates: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Roads,  Tramways,  and  Waterways  of  the  Farm  ;  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Enclosures  ;  and  on  Fences,  Gates,  and  Stiles.    By  Prof.  JOHN  SCOTT  .      1/6 
"  A  useful  practical  work,  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  farmer." — Fanner. 

Farm  Buildings: 

A   Practical   Treatise  on  the   Buildings  necessary  for  various  kinds  of    Farms,   their 
Arrangement  and  Construction,  with  Plans  and  Estimates.    By  Professor  J.  SCOTT    2/0 
"  No  one  who  is  called  upon  to  design  farm  buildings  can  afford  to  be  without  this  work."— Builder. 

Barn  Implements  and  Machines: 

Treating  of  the  Application  of  Power  to  the  Operations  of  Agriculture  ;  and  of  the 
various  Machines  used  in  the  Threshing-barn,  in  the  Stockyard,  Dairy,  &c.  By 
Professor  JOHN  SCOTT.  With  123  Illustrations 2/0 

Field  Implements  and   Machines: 

With  Principles  and  Details  of  Construction  and  Points  of  Excellence,  their  Manage- 
ment, &c.  By  Professor  JOHN  SCOTT.  With  138  Illustrations  ....  2/0 

Agricultural  Surveying : 

A  Treatise  on  Land  Surveying,  Levelling,  and  Setting-out  ;  with  Directions  for 
Valuing  and  Reporting  on  Farms  and  Estates.  By  Professor  J.  SCOTT  .  1/6 

Farm  Engineering. 

By  Professor  JOHN  SCOTT.    Comprising  the  above  Seven  Volumes  in  One,  1,150  pages, 

and  over  600  Illustrations.     Half-bound •    12/0 

"A  copy  of  this  work  should  be  treasured  up  in  every  library  where  the  owner  thereof  is  in  any  way 
connected  with  land." — Farm  and  Home. 


WEALE'S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL   SERIES.  59 

Outlines  of  Farm  Management. 

Treating  of  the  General  Work  of  the  Farm  ;  Stock ;  Contract  Work  ;  Labour,  &c.     By 
R.  SCOTT  BURN,  Author  of  "Outlines  of  Modern  Farming,"  &c.  2/6 

"The  book  is  eminently  practical,  and  may  be  studied  with  advantage  by  beginners  in  agriculture, 
while  it  contains  hints  which  will  be  useful  to  old  and  successful  farmers.  "—Scotsman. 

Outlines  of  Landed  Estates  Management. 

Treating  of  the  Varieties  of  Lands,  Methods  of  Farming,  the  Setting-out  of  Farms,  &c. ; 
Roads,  Fences,  Gates,  Irrigation,  Drainage,  &c.     By  R.  S.  BURN          .         .         .     2/6 
"A  complete  and  comprehensive  outline  of  the  duties  appertaining  to  the   management  of  landed 
estates."— Journat  of  Forestry. 

Soils,   Manures,  and  Crops. 

(Vol.  I.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.     Woodcuts  .     2/0 

Farming1  and  Farming  Economy, 

Historical  and  Practical.  (Vol.  II.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT 
BURN 3/0 

"  Eminently  calculated  to  enlighten  the  agricultural  community  on  the  varied  subjects  of  which  it 
treats  ;  hence  it  should  find  a  place  in  every  farmer's  library." — City  Press. 

Stock:    Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Horses. 

(Vol.  III.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.    Woodcuts     2/6 

"  The  author's  grasp  of  his  subject  is  thorough,  and  his  grouping  of  facts  effective.     .     .     •     We  com- 
mend this  excellent  treatise." — Weekly  Dispatch. 

Dairy,  Pigs,  and   Poultry. 

(Vol.  IV.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.     Woodcuts     2/0 

"  We  can  testify  to  the  clearness  and  intelligibility  of  the  matter,  which  has  been  compiled  from  the 
best  authorities." — London  Review. 

Utilization  of  Sewage,  Irrigation,  &e. 

(Vol.  V.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.     Woodcuts       2/6 

"  A  work  containing  valuable  information,  which  will  recommend  itself  to  all  interested  in  modern 
farming. " — Field. 

Outlines  of  Modern   Farming. 

By  R.  SCOTT  BURN,  Author  of  "  Landed  Estates  Management,"  &c.     Consisting  of  the 
above  Five  Volumes  in  One,  1,250  pp.,  profusely  Illustrated,  half-bound      .         .    12/0 
"The  aim  of  the  author  has  been  to  make  his  work  at  once  comprehensive  and  trustworthy,  and  in 
this  aim  he  has  succeeded  to  a  degree  which  entitles  him  to  much  credit." — Morning  Advertiser. 

Book-keeping  for  Farmers  and  Estate  Owners. 

A  Practical  Treatise,  presenting,  in  Three  Plans,  a  System  adapted  for  all  classes  of 
Farms.     By  J.  M.  WOODMAN,  Chartered  Accountant.     Fourth  Edition       .         .      2/6 
"  Will  be  found  of  great  assistance  by  those  who  intend  to  commence  a  system  of  book-keeping,  the 
author's  examples  being  clear  and  explicit,  and  his  explanations  full  and  accurate." — Live  Stock  Journal. 

Ready  Reckoner  for  Admeasurement  of  Land. 

By  A.  ARMAN.     Revised  and  extended  by  C.  NORRIS,  Surveyor.      Fifth  Edition    2/0 
"  A  very  useful  book  to  all  who  have  land  to  measure." — Mark  Lane  Express. 
"  Should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  persons  having  any  connection  with  land." — Irish  Farm. 

Ready    Reckoner   for    Millers,    Corn    Merchants, 

And  Farmers.      Second    Edition,  revised,  with  a  Price    List   of    Modern    Flour  Mill 
Machinery.     By  W.  S.  HUTTON,  C.E 2/0 

"  Will  prove  an  indispensable  vade  mecum.    Nothing  has  been  spared  to  make  the  book  complete  and 
perfectly  adapted  to  its  special  purpose." — Miller. 

The  Hay  and  Straw  Measurer: 

New  Tables  for  the  use  of  Auctioneers,  Valuers,  Farmers,  Hay  and  Straw  Dealers,  &c., 
forming  a  complete  Calculator  and  Ready  Reckoner.     By  JOHN  STEELE     .         .     2/0 
"  A  most  useful  handbook.      It  should  be  in  every  professional  office  where  agricultural  valuations  are 
conducted." — Land  Agent's  Record. 

Meat  Production: 

A  Manual  for  Producers,  Distributors,  and  Consumers  of  Butchers'  Meat.     By  JOHN 
EWART 2/6 

"  A  compact  and  handy  volume  on  the  meat  question." — Meat  and  Provision  Trades  Rer>ieiu. 


60  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

Sheep : 

The  History,  Structure,  Economy,  and  Diseases  of.    By  W.  C.  SPOONER.    Fifth  Edition, 
with  Engravings,  including  Specimens  of  New  and  Improved  Breeds  .         .         .     3/6 
"  The  book  is  decidedly  the  best  of  the  kind  in  our  language." — Scotsman. 

Market  and  Kitchen  Gardening. 

By  C.  W.  SHAW,  late  Editor  of  "  Gardening  Illustrated  " 3/6 

"  The  most  valuable  compendium  of  kitchen  and  market-garden  work  published." — Farmer. 

Kitchen  Gardening  made  Easy. 

Showing  the  best  means  of  Cultivating  every  known  Vegetable  and  Herb,  &c.,  with 
directions  for  management  all  the  year  round.    By  GEO.  M.  F.  GLENNY.    Illustrated     1/6 
"  This  book  will  be  found  trustworthy  and  useful." — North  British  Agriculturist. 

Cottage  Gardening; 

Or,  Flowers,  Fruits,  and  Vegetables  for  Small  Gardens.     By  E.  HOBDAY    .         .      1/6 
"Definite  instructions  as  to  the  cultivation  of  small  gardens." — Scotsman. 

Garden  Receipts 

Edited  by  CHARLES  W.  QUIN.     Fourth  Edition 1/6 

"  A  singularly  complete  collection  of  the  principal  receipts  needed  by  gardeners." — Farmer. 

Fruit  Trees, 

The  Scientific  and  Profitable  Culture  of.     From  the  French  of  M.  Du  BREUIL.     Fifth 
Edition,  carefully  Revised  by  GEORGE  GLENNY.     With  187  Woodcuts        .         .     3/6 
"  The  book  teaches  how  to  prune  and  train  fruit  trees  to  perfection." — Field. 

Tree  Planter  and  Plant  Propagator: 

With    numerous   Illustrations  of   Grafting,   Layering,   Budding,   Implements,   Houses, 

Pits,  &c.     By  S.  WOOD,  Author  of  "  Good  Gardening,"  &c 2/0 

"  Sound  in  its  teaching  and  very  comprehensive  in  its  aim.  It  is  a  good  book." — Gardeners'  Magazine. 

Tree  Pruner: 

Being  a  Practical  Manual  on  the  Pruning  of  Fruit  Trees,  including  also  their  Training  and 
Renovation,  also  treating  of  the  Pruning  of  Shrubs,  Climbers,  and  Flowering  Plants.  With 
numerous  Illustrations.     By  SAMUEL  WOOD,  Author  of  "Good  Gardening,"  £c.       1/6 
"  A  useful  book,  written  by  one  who  has  had  great  experience." — Mark  Lane  Express. 
%*   The  above   Two   Vols.  in  One,  handsomely  half-bound,  entitled  "THE  TREE  PLANTER, 
PROPAGATOR  AND  PRUNER."    By  SAMUEL  WOOD.    Price  3/6. 

Art  of  Grafting  and  Budding. 

By  CHARLES  BALTET.    With  Illustrations 2/6 

"The  one  standard  work  on  this  subject." — Scotsman. 


MATHEMATICS,  ARITHMETIC,  ETC. 
Descriptive  Geometry, 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  ;  with  a  Theory  of  Shadows  and  of  Perspective,  extracted 
from  the  French  of  G.  MONGE.  To  which  is  added  a  Description  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Isometrical  Projection.  By  J.  F.  HEATHER,  M.  A.  With  14  Plates.  2/O 

Practical  Plane   Geometry: 

Giving  the   Simplest    Modes   of  Constructing    Figures   contained   in   one   Plane  and 
Geometrical  Construction   of  the  Ground.     By  J.    F.    HEATHER,    M.A.         .      2/0 
"The  author  is  well-known   as  an  experienced  professor,  and  the  volume  contains  as  complete  a 
collection  of  problems  as  is  likely  to  be  required  in  ordinary  practice." — Architect.". 

Analytical  Geometry  and  Conic  Sections. 

By  JAMES   HANN.     New  Edition,  Enlarged  by  Professor  J.  R.  YOUNG    .         .      2/0 
"  The  author's  style  is  exceedingly  clear  and  simple,  and  the  book  is  well  adapted  for  the  beginner 
and  those  who  may  be  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  self-tuition." — Engineer. 

Euclid, 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF  ;  with  many  Additional  Propositions. and  Explanatory  Notes;  to 
which  is  prefixed  an  Introductory  Essay  on  Logic.     By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.         .     2/6 
*#*  Sold  also  separately,  viz.  : — 

EUCLID.    The  First  Three  Books.     By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E 1/6 

EUCLID.    Books  4,  5,  6,  ii,  12.     By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E 1/6 

Plane  Trigonometry, 

The  Elements  of.     By  JAMES  HANN,  M.A.     Sixth  Edition        ....      1/6 


WEALE'S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL  SERIES.  61 


Spherical  Trigonometry, 

The  Elements  of.     By  JAMES  HANN.    Revised  by  CHARLES  H.  BOWLING,  C.E.      1/0 
%*  Or  with  "  The  Elements  of  Plane  Trigonometry,"  in  One  Vol.,  2/6. 

Differential  Calculus, 

Elements  of  the.     By  W.  S.  B.  WOOLHOUSE,  F.R.A.S.,  &c 1/6 

Integral  Calculus. 

By  HOMERSHAM  Cox,  B.A 1/6 

Algebra, 

The  Elements  of.  By  JAMES  HADDON,  M.A.,  formerly  Mathematical  Master  of  King's 
College  School.  With  Appendix,  containing  Miscellaneous  Investigations,  and  a  col- 
lection of  Problems  ••••........  2/O 

Key  and  Companion  to  the   Above. 

An  extensive  repository  of  Solved  Examples  and  Problems  in  Illustration  of  the 
various  Expedients  necessary  in  Algebraical  Operations.  By  J.  R.  YOUNG  .  1/6 

Commercial  Book-keeping. 

With  Commercial  Phrases  and  Forms  in  English,  French,  Italian,  and  German.  By 
JAMES  HADDON,  M.A.,  formerly  Mathematical  Master,  King's  College  School  .  1/6 

Arithmetic, 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on  :  with  full  Explanations  of  its  Theoretical  Principles,  and 
numerous  Examples  for  Practice.  For  the  use  of  Schools  and  for  Self-Instruction.  By 
J.  R.  YOUNG,  late  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Belfast  College.  Fourteenth  Edition  1/6 

Key  to  the  Above. 

ByJ.  R.  YOUNG .„. 1/6 

Equational  Arithmetic, 

Applied  to  Questions  of  Interest,  Annuities,  Life  Assurance,  and  General  Commerce  : 
with  various  Tables  by  which  all  calculations  may  be  greatly  facilitated.  By  W. 

HlPSLEY 1/6 

Arithmetic, 

Rudimentary,  for  the  Use  of  Schools  and  Self-Instruction.  By  JAMES  HADDON,  M.A. 
Revised  by  ABRAHAM  ARMAN  .  1/6 

Key  to  the  Above. 

By  A.  ARMAN      '  .        .' .-,  .,  4       .».       .       .    1/6 

Mathematical  Instruments, 

A  Treatise  on  ;  Their  Construction,  Adjustment,  Testing,  and  Use  concisely  explained. 

By  J.  F.  HEATHER,  M.A.,  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich.      Fifteenth 

Edition,    Revised  with  Additions,    by  A.   T.   WALMISLEY,   M.I.C.E.,  Fellow  of  the 

Surveyors'  Institution.     Original  Edition  in  One  Vol.,  Illustrated         .         .         .      2/0 

***  In  ordering  be  careful  to  say  ''Original  Edition,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Enlarged 

Edition  in  Three  Vols.  (see  below). 

Drawing*  and  Measuring  Instruments. 

Including — I.  Instruments  employed  in  Geometrical  and  Mechanical  Drawing,  and  in 
the  Construction,  Copying,  and  Measurement  of  Maps  and  Plans.  II.  Instruments 
used  for  the  purposes  of  Accurate  Measurement,  and  for  Arithmetical  Computations. 
By  J.  F.  HEATHER,  M.A 1/6 

Optical  Instruments. 

Including  (more  especially)  Telescopes,  Microscopes,  and  Apparatus  for  producing 
copies  of  Maps  and  Plans  by  Photography.  By  J.  F.  HEATHER,  M.A.  Illustrated  1/6 

Surveying  and  Astronomical  Instruments. 

Including — I.  Instruments  used  for  Determining  the  Geometrical  Features  of  a  portion 
of  Ground.  II.  Instruments  employed  in  Astronomical  Observations.  By  J.  F. 

HEATHER,  M.A.     Illustrated 1/6 

%*  The    above    Three     Volumes  form    an    enlargement  of    the    Authors    original    work, 
"  Mathematical  Instruments,"  price  2/0. 

Mathematical  Instruments : 

Their  Construction,  Adjustment,  Testing  and  Use.     Comprising  Drawing,  Measuring, 

Optical,    Surveying,    and    Astronomical    Instruments.     By    J.    F.    HEATHER,    M.A. 

Enlarged  Edition,  for  the  most  part  re-written.     Three  Parts  as  above        .         .     4/6 

"  An  exhaustive  treatise,  belonging  to  the  well-known  Weale's  Series.     Mr.  Heather's  experience 

well  qualifies  him  for  the  task  he  has  so  ably  fulfilled."— Engineering  and  Building  Times. 

Slide  Rule,  and  How  to  Use  It. 

Containing  full,  easy,  and  simple  Instructions  to  perform  all  Business  Calculations  with 
unexampled  rapidity  and  accuracy.  By  CHARLES  HOARE,  C.E.  With  a  Slide  Rule, 
in  tuck  of  cover.  Eighth  Edition 2/6 


62  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


Mathematical  Tables, 

For  Trigonometrical,  Astronomical,  and  Nautical  Calculations  ;  to  which  is  prefixed  a 
Treatise  on  Logarithms.  By  H.  LAW,  C.  E.  Together  with  a  Series  of  Tables  for 
Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy.  By  Professor  J.  R.  YOUNG.  New  Edition  4/0 

Logarithms. 

With  Mathematical  Tables  for  Trigonometrical,  Astronomical,  and  Nautical  Calcula- 
tions. By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.  Revised  Edition.  (Forming  part  of  the  above  work)  3/0 

Theory  of  Compound  Interest  and  Annuities: 

With  Tables  of  Logarithms  for  the  more  Difficult  Computations  of  Interest,  Discount, 

Annuities,  &c.,  in  all  their  Applications  and  Uses  for  Mercantile  and  State  Purposes. 

By  FEDOR  THOMAN,  of  the  Societe  Credit,  Mobilier,  Paris.     Fourth  Edition      .     4/0 

"A  very  powerful  work,  and  the  author  has  a  very  remarkable  command  of  his  subject." — Professor 

A.  DE  MORGAN.     "  We  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of  actuaries  and  accountants." — Athenceum. 

Treatise  on  Mathematics, 

As  applied  to  the  Constructive  Arts.     By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.,  &c.    yd  Edn.     3/0 
"Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  connected  with  building  construction." — Builders'  Reporter. 

Astronomy. 

By  the  late  Rev.  ROBERT  MAIN,  M.A.,  F.R.S.  Third  Edition,  revised  and  corrected. 
By  WILLIAM  THYNNE  LYNN,  B.A.,  F.R.A.S 2/0 

"  A  sound  and  simple  treatise,  very  carefully  edited,  and  a  capital  book  for  beginners." — Knowledge. 

Statics  and  Dynamics, 

The  Principles  and  Practice  of  ;  embracing  also  a  clear  development  of  Hydrostatics, 
Hydrodynamics,  and  Central  Forces.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.  Fourth  Edition  .  1/6 


BOOKS    OF   REFERENCE   AND 

MISCELLANEOUS    VOLUMES. 

Manual  of  the  Mollusca : 

A  Treatise  on  Recent  and  Fossil  Shells.  By  Dr.  S.  P.  WOODWARD,  A.L.S.  With 
Appendix  by  RALPH  TATE,  A.L.S.,  F.G.S.  With  numerous  Plates  and  300 
Woodcuts 7/6 

"A  storehouse  of  conchological  and  geological  information." — Hardiuicke's  Science  Gossip. 

Dictionary  of  Painters, 

And  Handbook  for  Picture  Amateurs  ;  being  a  Guide  for  Visitors  to  Public  and  Private 
Picture  Galleries,  and  for  Art  Students,  including  Glossary  of  Terms,  &c.  By  PHILIPPE 
DARYL,  B.A 2/6 

"Considering  its  small  compass,  really  admirable.     We  cordially  recommend  the  book." — Builder. 

Painting  Popularly  Explained. 

By  THOMAS  JOHN  GULLICK,  Painter,  and  JOHN  TIMES,  F.S.A.  Including  Fresco, 
Oil,  Mosaic,  Water  Colour,  Water-Glass,  Tempera,  Encaustic,  Miniature,  Painting  on 
Ivory,  Vellum,  Pottery,  Enamel,  Glass,  &c.  Sixth  Edition  ....  5/0 

*#*  Adopted  as  a  Prize  Book  at  South  Kensington. 

"  Much  may  be  learned,  even  by  those  who  fancy  they  do  not  require  to  be  taught,  from  the  careful 
perusal  of  this  unpretending  but  comprehensive  treatise." — Art  Journal. 

Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Architecture, 

Building,    Engineering,     Mining,     Metallurgy,     Archaeology,    the    Fine  Arts,     &c. 

By   JOHN    WEALE.      Sixth   Edition.      Edited  by  ROBT.  HUNT,  F.R.S.,  Keeper  of 
Mining  Records,  Editor  of  "  Ure's  Dictionary."     Numerous  Illustrations     .         .     5/0 
"  The  best  small  technological  dictionary  in  the  language." — Architect. 

Music, 

A  Rudimentary  and  Practical  Treatise  on.     By  CHARLES  CHILD  SPENCER         .     2/6 
"  Mr.  Spencer  has  marshalled  his  information  with  much  skill,  and  yet  with  a  simplicity  that  must 
recommend  his  works  to  all  who  wish  to  thoroughly  understand  music." — Weekly  Times, 

Pianoforte, 

The  Art  of  Playing  the.      With  Exercises  and  Lessons.     By  C.  C.  SPENCER        .      1/6 
"  A  sound  and  excellent  work,  written  with  spirit,  and  calculated  to  inspire  the  Pupil  with  a  desire  to 
aim  at  high  accomplishment  in  the  art." — School  Board  Chronicle. 


WEALE'S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL   SERIES.  63 

House  Manager: 

Being  a  Guide  to  Housekeeping,  Practical  Cookery,  Pickling  and  Preserving,  House- 
hold Work,  Dairy  Management,  the  Table  and  Dessert,  Cellarage  of  Wines,  Home- 
brewing  and  Wine-making,  the  Boudoir  and  Dressing-room,  Travelling,  Stable 
Economy,  Gardening  Operations,  &c.  By  AN  OLD  HOUSEKEEPER  .  .  3/6 

"  We  find  here  directions  to  be  discovered  in  no  other  book,  tending  to  save  expense  to  the  pocket  as 
well  as  labour  to  the  head.  — John  Bull. 

Manual  of  Domestic  Medicine. 

By  R.  GOODING,  B.A.,  M.D.  Intended  as  a  Family  Guide  in  all  Cases  of  Accident  and 
Emergency.  Third  Edition «g/0 

"  The  author  has  performed  a  useful  service  by  placing  at  the  disposal  of  those  situated  at  a  distance 
from  medical  aid,  a  reliable  and  sensible  work  in  which  professional  knowledge  and  accuracy  have  been 
well  seconded  by  the  ability  to  express  himself  in  ordinary  untechnical  language." — Public  Health. 

Management  of  Health. 

A  Manual  of  Home  and  Personal  Hygiene.     By  the  Rev.  JAMES  BAIRD,  B.A.     .     1/0 

"It  is  wonderfully  reliable,  it  is  written  with  excellent  taste,  and  there  is  instruction  crowded  into 
every  page." — English  Mechanic. 

House  Book, 

Comprising — I.  THE  HOUSE  MANAGER.  By  AN  OLD  HOUSEKEEPER.  II.  DOMESTIC 
MEDICINE.  By  RALPH  GOODING,  M.D.  III.  MANAGEMENT  OF  HEALTH.  By 
JAMES  BAIRD.  In  One  Vol.,  strongly  half-bound 6/0 

Natural  Philosophy, 

For  the  Use  of  Beginners.    By  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S 1/6 

Electric  Lighting- : 

The  Elementary  Principles  of.  By  ALAN  A.  CAMPBELL  SWINTON,  M.Inst.C.E., 
M.I.E.E.  With  16  Illustrations.  Fifth  Edition.  [Just published.  1/6 

Handbook  of  Field  Fortification. 

By  Major  W.  W.  KNOLLYS,  F.R.G.S.    With  163  Woodcuts 3/0 

"  A  well-timed  and  able  contribution  to  our  military  literature.  .  .  .  The  author  supplies,  in  clear 
business  style,  all  the  information  likely  to  be  practically  useful." — Chambers  of  Commerce  Chronicle. 

Logic, 

Pure  and  Applied.     By  S.  H.  EMMENS          ........      1/6 

"  This  admirable  work  should  be  a  text-book  not  only  for  schools,  students,  and  philosophers,  for  all 
litterateurs  and  men  of  science,  but  for  those  concerned  in  the  practical  affairs  of  life,  &c." — The  News. 

Locke's  Essays  on  the  Human   Understanding*. 

Selections,  with  Notes  by  S.  H.  EMMENS 1/6 

Compendious  Calculator 

(Intuitive  Calculations]  ;  or  Easy  and  Concise  Methods  of  performing  the  various 
Arithmetical  Operations  required  in  Commercial  and  Business  Transactions  ;  together 
with  Useful  Tables,  &c.  By  DANIEL  O'GORMAN.  Twenty-eighth  Edition,  carefully 

revised  by  C.  NORRIS 2/6 

"  It  would  be  difficult  to  exaggerate  the  usefulness  of  this  book  to  every  one  engaged  in  commerce  or 
manufacturing  industry.  It  is  crammed  full  with  rules  and  formulae  for  shortening  and  employing 
calculations  in  money,  weights  and  measures,  &c.,  of  every  sort  and  description." — Knowledge. 

Measures,  Weights,  and  Moneys  of  all  Nations, 

And  an  Analysis  of  the  Christian,  Hebrew,  and  Mahometan  Calendars.  By  W.  S.  B. 
WOOLHOUSE,  F.R.A.S.,  F.S.S.  Seventh  Edition  ....  2/6 

"A  work  necessary  for  every  mercantile  office." — Building  Trades  Journal,. 

Grammar  of  the  English  Tongue, 

Spoken  and  Written.  With  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Comparative  Philology. 
By  HYDE  CLARKE,  D.C.L.  Fifth  Edition 1/6 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

As  Spoken  and  Written.  Containing  about  100,000  Words.  By  HYDE  CLARKE, 
D.C.L. 3/6 

Composition  and  Punctuation, 

Familiarly  Explained  for  those  who  have  neglected  the  Study  of  Grammar.  By  JUSTIN 
BRENAN.  Nineteenth  Edition 1/6 


€4  CROSBY   LOCKWOOD   &   SON'S   CATALOGUE. 

French  Grammar. 

With    Complete    and    Concise    Rules   on    the    Genders   of    French    Nouns.  By 

G.  L.  STRAUSS,  Ph.D. 1/6 

English-French  Dictionary. 

By  ALFRED  ELWES ,   .  2/0 

French  Dictionary. 

In  Two  Parts  :  I.   French-English.    II.  English-French.     Complete  in  One  Vol.    3/0 

French  and  English  Phrase   Book. 

Containing  Introductory  Lessons,  with  Translations,  Vocabularies  of  Words,  Collection 
of  Phrases,  and  Easy  Familiar  Dialogues 1/6 

German  Grammar. 

Adapted  for  English  Students,  from  Heyse's  Theoretical  and  Practical  Grammar,  by 
Dr.  G.  L.  STRAUSS 1/6 

<*erman  Triglot  Dictionary. 

By  N.   E.    S.    A.    HAMILTON.     Part  I.    German -French-English.    Part  II.   English- 
German-French.     Part  III.  French-German-English   .          .         .  .         .      3/0 

German  Triglot  Dictionary 

(As  above).     Together  with  German  Grammar  in  One  Vol.  ....       5/0 

Italian  Grammar, 

Arranged  in  Twenty  Lessons,  with  Exercises.     By  ALFRED  ELWES    .         .         .      1/6 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary, 

Wherein  the  Genders  of  all  the  Italian  and  French  Nouns  are  carefully  noted  down. 
By  ALFRED  ELWES.     Vol.  I.     Italian-English-French 2/6 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary. 

By  ALFRED  ELWES.     Vol.  II.     English-French-Italian 2/6 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary. 

By  ALFRED  ELWES.     Vol.  III.     French- Italian-English 2/6 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary 

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In  a  Simple  and  Practical  Form.     With  Exercises.     By  ALFRED  ELWES   .         .      1/6 

Spanish-English  and  English-Spanish  Dictionary. 

Including  a  large  number  of  Technical  Terms  used  in  Mining,  Engineering,  &c. ,  with 
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Portuguese-English  and  English-Portuguese  Dic- 
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Including  a  large  number  of  Technical  Terms  used  in  Mining,  Engineering,  &c.,  with 
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Edition,  revised 5/0 

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Animal  Physics, 

Handbook  of.   By  DIONYSIUS  LARDNER,  D.C.L.     With  520  Illustrations.     In  One  Vol. 

(732  pages),  cloth  boards  .  7/6 

%*  Sold  also  in  Two  Parts,  as  follows  : — 

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