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ENGLISH    ETYMOLOGY 


A  SELECT  GLOSSARY 

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SERVING  AS  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  HISTORY 
OF   THE   ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 


BY 


FRIEDRICH    KLUGE 

PROFESSOR  OF  THE  GERMAN  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE  AT  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  FREIBURG  IN  BADEN,  GERMANY 

AND 

FREDERICK   LUTZ 

PROFESSOR   OF   MODERN    LANGUAGES   AT   ALBION   COLLEGE,    MICHIGAN 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. 

D.   C.   HEATH   &   CO.,   PUBLISHERS 
1898 


PREFACE. 


Our  primer  of  English  Etymology  is  meant  to  serve  as 
an  introduction  to  the  study  of  the  historical  grammar  of 
English.  However  manifold  the  advantages  which  the  student 
may  derive  from  Professor  Skeat's  Etymological  Dictionary,  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  it  does  not  commend  itself  as  a 
book  for  beginners.  Though  it  is  a  work  of  deep  research, 
brilliant  sagacity,  and  admirable  completeness,  the  linguistic 
laws  underlying  the  various  changes  of  form  and  meaning 
are  not  brought  out  clearly  enough  to  be  easily  grasped  by 
the  uninitiated.  We,  therefore,  propose  to  furnish  the  student 
with  a  small  and  concise  book  enabling  him  to  get  an  insight 
into  the  main  linguistic  phenomena.  We  are  greatly  indebted 
to  Professor  Skeat,  of  whose  excellent  work  we  have  made 
ample  use,  drawing  from  it  a  great  deal  of  material,  which  we 
hereby  thankfully  acknowledge.  As  our  aim  has,  of  course,  not 
been  to  produce  a  book  in  any  way  comparable  to  our  prede- 
cessor's work  in  fulness  of  detail  and  general  completeness, 
we  have  confined  ourselves  merely  to  selecting  all  words,  the 
history  of  which  bears  on  the  development  of  the  language  at 
large.  We  have  therefore,  in  the  first  place,  traced  back  to  the 
older  periods  loanwords  of  Scandinavian,  French  and  Latin 
origin,  and  such  genuine  English  words  as  may  afford  matter 
for  linguistic  investigation.  In  this  way  we  hope  to  have  pro- 
vided a  basis  for  every  historical  grammar  of  English,  e.g.  for 
Sweet's  History  of  English  Sounds. 


VI  Preface. 


If  we  may  be  allowed  to  give  a  hint  as  to  the  use  of 
our  little  book,  we  should  advise  the  teacher  to  make  it  a 
point  to  deal  always  with  a  group  of  words  at  a  time.  Special 
interest  attaches,  for  instance,  to  words  of  early  Christian  origin, 
to  the  names  of  festivals  and  the  days  of  the  week;  besides 
these  the  names  of  the  various  parts  of  the  house  and  of  the 
materials  used  in  building,  the  words  for  cattle  and  the  various 
kinds  of  meat,  for  eating  and  drinking,  etc.  might  be  made  the 
subject  of  a  suggestive  discussion.  By  treating  etymology  in 
this  way,  the  teacher  will  have  the  advantage  of  converting  a  les- 
son in  the  growth  of  the  English  language  into  an  inquiry  into 
the  history  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  thus  lending  to  a  naturally 
dry  subject  a  fresh  charm  and  a  deeper  meaning. 

In  conclusion,  our  best  thanks  are  due  to  Professor  W. 
Franz  of  Tubingen  University,  who  has  placed  many  words 
and  etymologies  at  our  disposal  and  assisted  us  in  various 
other  ways. 

Freiburg  i.  B, 

F.  KLUGE  —  F.  LUTZ. 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


ace.  =r  accusative  case 

adj.   =.  adjective 

adv.  =  adverb 

BRET.  —  Breton 

CELT.  =  Celtic 

conj.  =  conjunction 

CORN.  =:  Cornish 

cp.  —  compare 

Cymr.  =  Cymric  (Welsh) 

Dan.  =r  Danish 

dat.  =:  dative  case 

der(iv).   —  derived,  derivative 

dim  in.   —  diminutive 

DU.    =  Dutch 

E.  m  modern  English 

f.  (fern.)  —  feminine 

frequent.   =  frequentative 

FR.  •=.  French 

FRIES.   =  Friesic 

G.  =  modern  German 

GaeU  •=.  Gaelic 

gen.  =  genitive  case 

GOTH.  =  Gothic 

GR.  =  Greek 

Icel.  =.  Icelandic 

inf.  =  infinitive  mood 

infl.  —  inflected 

interj.   —  interjection 

1R.   =  Irish 

ITAL.  =  Italian 

LAT.  =  Latin 

LG.   =  Low   German 


lit.   =i  literally 

Lim  =  Lithuanian 

in.  =  masculine 

ME.  =  Middle  English 

MHG.  —  Middle  High  German 

n.  (neutr.)  =  neuter 

nom.  —  nominative 

obi.   —  oblique  case 

ODU.  =  Old  Dutch 

OFR.  =  Old  French 

OHG.  =  Old  High  German 

OIR.  =  Old  Irish 

ON.  =  Old  Norse 

ONFR.  =  Old  North  French 

orig.  —  original,  originally 

OSAX.  —  Old  Saxon 

OSLOV.  =:  Old  Slovenian 

pi.  =  plural 

p.  p.  =  past  participle 

prob.  =  probably 

pron.  =.    pronoun 

prop.  —  properly 

PROV.  =  Provencal 

prt.  =  preterite,  past  tense 

RUSS.   =  Russian 

sb.  zz  substantive 

SKR.  =  Sanskrit 

SPAN.  =  Spanish 

superl.   =  superlative 

SWED.   =  Swedish 

TEUT.   =  Teutonic 

vb.  :-  verb 


VIII  List  of  Symbols  in  Teut.  Words. 


LIST  OF  SYMBOLS  IN  TEUT.  WORDS. 

€  (not  umlauted)  =  European  and  Aryan  e. 

f  in  OE.  ME.  long  closed  e. 

f.  in  OE.  ME.  long  open  e. 

f  in  OHG.  MHG.  OSAX.  closed  t  (umlauted). 

9  a  reduced  Aryan  und  pre-Teut.  vowel. 

p  in  Oe.  Me.  long  closed  o. 

Q  in  OE.  ME.  words  long  open  o. 

c  in  OE.  words  palatalized  k. 

g-  in  ME.  words  as  in  NE.  age  bridge. 

£  in  Oe.  Me.  words  a  spirantic  palatalized  g, 

p  in  Teut.  words  =  E.  th. 

£  in  On.  Oe.  Osax.  words  —  E.  th* 

Jv  in  Goth,  is  h  -f   w. 

V~  —  root. 

*  before  a  word  conjectured  or  inferred. 


a1,  an  indef.  article  ME.  a  an, 
OE.  an:  ident.  with  one. 

a2  ME.  a:  ident.  with  on  (cp. 
back,  abroad}. 

abase;  cp.  base. 

abash  short  for  ME.  abaisshe 
abdische  (abdisse) :  borrowed  from 
OFR.  esbahiss-  stem  of  OFR.  esbahir 
(FR.  Mahir)  'astonish'. 

abate  ME.  abate',  adapt,  of  OFR. 
abatre  'beat  down'. 

abbess,  abbey  see  abbot. 

abbot  ME.  abbot\  older  by-form 
ME.  OE.  abbod.  Source  LAT.  ab- 
bdtem  (abbas),  whence  IT.  abbdte, 
FR.  abbl,  OHG.  abbdt  G.DU.  abt.  — 
Hence  abbess  ME.  abbesse  from 
FR.  abbesse  (but  OE.  abbudisse  = 
LA.l.a&£atissa)  'abbess'  and  abbey 
ME.  abbeie  from  FR.  abbaye  (OFR. 
abe'ie). 

abide  cp.  bide  and  abode. 

able  ME.  able:  adapt,  of  OFR. 
(h}able  =  SPAN,  habil,  IT.  abile\ 
source  LAT.  habilis. 

abode  ME.  abgd  prop,  'delay, 
abiding';  cp.  bide. 

abound  ME.  abounde\  adapt, 
of  FR.  abonder  —  LAT.  abundare 
abound'. 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


about  ME.  aboute  OE.  dbutan 
onbutan\  cp.  but  for  OE.  butan. 

above  ME.  above  earlier  abufen 
OE.  dbufan\  akin  to  G.  oben  OHG. 
obana  'from  above';  cp.  over. 

abridge  ME.  abrigge  abregge: 
adapt,  of  OFR.  abrigier  abregier 
(source  LAT.  abbreviare 'shorten  ). 

abroad  ME.  a  brod  prop,  'broad- 
ly, widely';  cp.  broad. 

abuse  cp.  use. 

accord  vb.  ME.  acorde  late  OE. 
(c.  1 1 40)  dcordian :  borrowed  from 
OFR.  acorder  FR.  accorder  (cp. 
IT.  ace  or  dare). 

accuse  ME.  accuse  from  FR.  ac 
cuser  (LAT.  accusare). 

accrue  (accrewf)  vb.  from  FR. 
accrue  sb.  'growth,  increase'  (orig. 
part,  of  FR.  accroitre:  LAT.  ad-\- 
cretum)\  cp.  increase. 

ace  ME.  as  ace:  loanword  from 
FR.  as  (==  SPAN,  as,  G.  ass,  DU. 
aas).  Source  LAT.  as  (ace.  assem) 
'a  unit,  pound,  foot'. 

ache  earlier  spelling  ake  ME. 
dke\  derived  from  OE.  ede  ME. 
eche  'pain'  under  the  influence 
of  the  vb.  OE.  acan  ME.  ake  'ache, 
feel  pain'. 


achieve  —  aghast 


achieve  ME.  acheve:  adapt,  of 
FR.  achever  'accomplish'.  Akin 
to  chief. 

acorn  ME.  acorn  OE.  <zcern\ 
ident.  with  GOTH,  akran  'crop, 
fruit',  ON.  akarn,  DU.  aker,  G.  ecker. 
The  meaning 'acorn' being  a  later 
and  special  one  as  compared 
with  GO'1'H..akran  'fruit',  the  group 
may  be  derived  from  TEUT.  akra- 
=  acre. 

acquaint  vb.  ME.  aqueinte  a- 
cointe'.  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  acointer 
'advise'  cp.  quaint. 

acquire  ME.  aquire  aquere :  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  aquerre  (FR. 
acquerir  =  LAT.  acquirere). 

acre  ME.  aker  OE.  cecer  'a  field, 
acre'  =  synon.  GOTH,  akrs,  OSAX. 
akkar,  OHG.  acchar  G.  acker,  DU. 
akker,  ON.  akr :  a  common  Teut. 
and  Aryan  word :  TEUT.  *akra-z, 
pre-TEUT.  agro-s  =  SKR.  ajra-s, 
GR.  dypog,  LAT.  ager  (stem  agro-) 
'acre' :  Aryan  y^  ag  in  LAT.  ago, 
GR.  ayco,  SKR.  a/,  ON.  aka.  The 
orig.  meaning  of  acre  (INDO- 
TEUT.  agro-s)  was  'place  where  the 
cattle  are  driven';  cp.  G.  trift 
from  treiben. 

adage  from  FR.  adage  —  LAT. 
adagium  'proverb'. 

add  ME.  adde  from  LAT.  adder e 
'add'. 

adder  ME.  adder  older  nadder 
OE.  na(d)dre  =  OSAX.  nadra,  DU. 
adder,  OHG.  nat(a}ra  MHG.  ndter  G. 
natter  (otter),  ICEL.  nadra  f. —  nadr 
m.,  GOTH.  nadrs\  cogn.  with  IR.  na- 
thair,  w.  neidr.  For  the  loss  of 
initial  n  cp.  auger  and  apron. 


adjourn  vb.  ME.  ajurne  ajorne'. 
adapted  from  T&.ajourner  (deriv. 
of  FR.  jour  —  jour  ne'e  'day'). 

ado  ME.  ado  prop,  at  do\  prop, 
infinit.  'to  do'  with  at,  orig.  in 
Northern  English. 

advance  vb.  for  ME.  avauncel 
loanword  from  FR.  avancer  go 
before'  (deriv.  of  FR.  avant  = 
ITAL.  avante,  LAT.  ab  +  ante). 

advice  sb.  for  ME.  avis',  adopt, 
of  FR.  avis  (—  IT.  avviso,  LAT.  ad- 
visum).  —  The  vb.  advise  ME. 
avise  is  FR.  aviser  (—  IT.  avvisar,* 
LAT.  *advisare). 

afford  ME.  aforthe  'provide'  OE. 
^efordian  'promote':  deriv.  of 
forth. 

affray  'frighten1  ME.  afraie :  from 
FR.  effrayer  'frighten'.  —  Hence 
the  part,  afraid  'frightened'  ME. 
afraied. 

after  ME.  after  OE.  after  adv. 
prep.  =  GOTH,  aftra  'back, 
again',  OHG.  OSAX.  of  far  'back', 
DU.  achter. 

again  ME.  agein  OE.  ongeyt 
ongedn\  ident.  with  G.gegen  OHG. 
gegin  gagan,  OSAX.  geginl,  ON. 
gagit.  —  against  ME.  ageinest 
earlier  ageines  ==  OE.  toge^nes. 

age  ME.  dge\  adoption  of  FR. 
age  (OFR.  a-age  e-age).  Source 
a  LAT.  type  *actaticum  (=  LAT. 
aetas)  'time'. 

aghast  part,  of  ME.  agaste  vb. 
'terrify'  OE.  gcestan  'terrify';  akin 
to  GOTH,  usgaisjan  'make  afraid' 
and  perh.  to  ghost. 


aglet  —  almond 


aglet  'spangle,  pin'  (Shakesp.) 
from  FR.  aiguillet  dimin.  of  ai- 
guille 'needle'. 

ago  ME.  ago  agpn\  orig.  part, 
'gone  by,  past'  from  go. 

agog  adapt,  of  OFR.  en  gogues 
'lusty,  lively,  in  a  pleasant  humor' 
—  FR.  gogue  'mirth,  glee'. 

agree  ME.  agree :  adapt,  of  FR. 
agreer  (=  IT.  aggradare]  source 
"LKV.gr  atum  'pleasing,  agreeable'). 

ague  ME.  ague :  source  OFR.  agu 
'sharp,  acute*  (=  FR.  aigu). 
Source  LAT.  acutus. 

aid  vb.  from  FR.  aider  'help'. 

ail  vb.  ME.  aile  eile  OE.  e^lan 
'trouble,  afflict'  =  GOTH,  us- 
agljan  'trouble':  deriv.  of  OE. 
e^le  =  GOTH,  aglus  'loathsome, 
troublesome'.  For  \^ag  cp. 
awe. 

air1  ME.  aire  older  eir\  loan- 
word from  FR.  air  (source  LAT. 
aer).  —  air2  from  FR.  air  'ex- 
ternal appearance'  is  considered 
ident.  with  air*. 

aisel  (Shakesp.);  cp.  eisel. 

ajar  WE.acher  —  oncher  (OE.  on 
€err  —  on  cyrr)  'ajar'  cp.  char. 

akimbo  ME.  a  kembowe  —  a 
kenbmve  (in  the  phrase  »his  hand, 
his  armes  a  kem.bgwe  setten«); 
for  ME.  bowe  cp.  bow  and  elbow. 
The  first  element  represents  an 
adapted  ON.  kengr  'crook  the 
shape  of  a  horse-shoe'  (cp.  ON. 
kengboginn  'crooked').  Another 
suggestion  proceeds  from  an  OE. 
*cyneboga  formed  as  OE.  cyne- 
widde. 


alder  ME.  alder  OE.  dlor  -=.  OHG, 
elira  erila  G.  erle,  ON.  elr  elre(r)t 
DU.  LG.  eller  (GOTH.  *diliza  is 
found  in  SPAN,  alisa,  FR.  alize 
'wild  sorb,  wild  service-berry'). 
Akin  to  OSLOV.  jeltcha,  LAT.  alnus 
(for  *alsnus)  'alder'. 

ale  ME.  die  OE.  ealu  ealo  (infl. 
ealod)  =^=  OSAX.  alo,  ON.  sw, 
DAN.  olj  akin  to  OSLOV.  olu  'cider*, 
LITH.  a/us  'beer'. 

alight  'alight  from  a  horse'  cp, 
light  vb. 

all  ME.  al(l)  —  plur.  alle  OE.  al(l] 
eal(l)  —  plur.  ealle  =  OSAX.  OHG. 
DU.  LG.  al,  G.  all,  ON.  allr,  GOTH. 
alls.  A  primary  form  ala-  is  found 
in  compounds  and  derivatives; 
cp.  OSAX.  OHG.  alung  MHG.  alenc 
'entire,  complete',  GOTH,  alamans 
'all  men',  OHG.  ala-wari  'all  true', 
ala-niuwi  'all  new'.  Cogn.  w.  OIR. 
uile  (base  olio-). 

allay  ME.  alaie  aleie  alegge  'lay 
aside,  give  up';  from  lay1.  Perh. 
mixed  with  OFR.  aleyer  (FR. 
aloyer)  ? 

allege  ME.  alegge  'give  testi- 
mony': adapted  from  OFR.  alegier 
aleggerl 

alley  ME.  aley\  loanword  from 
FR.  allee  'a  going,  passage'. 

allow  vb.  ME.  aloue\  adapt,  of 
FR.  allouer  'grant'  (LAT.  type  ad- 
locare). 

allure  ME.  alilre:  from  OFR. 
alurer,  deriv.  of  lure  'bait'. 

almond  ME.  almaunde'.  from 
OFR.  almande  (=  FR.  amande, 
whence  DU.  amandet).  Source 
LAT.  amygdala  (GR.  df.ivyduh?j)  'an 


alms  —  angel 


almond',  whence  a  vulgar  LAT. 
amendla  (IT.  mandola  =  OHG. 
mandala  G.  mandef) . 

alms  ME.  almes  OE.  almesse 
(infl.  celmessaiz)  :  borrowed  from 
OIR.  almsan.  Akin  to  the  synon. 
OSAX.  alamdsna,  ODU.  aelmoese  ael- 
moesene  DU.  aalmoes,  OHG.  alamuo- 
san  alamosan  G.  almosen.  Source 
LAT.-GR.  eleem.osyna  (cp.  IT.  limo- 
sina)  with  a  vulgar  pronunciation 
almosna  —  PROVENZ.  almosna,  OFR. 
almosne  FR.  aumone. 

alone  ME.  tf/cfo*  late  OE.  #z//- 
###  prop,  'all  singly'  =  synon. 
G.  allein,  DU.  alleen.  Cp.  <?#£. 

along  ME.  ar/0/^  OE.  ondlong 
andlong\  cp.  long.  The  prefix 
E.  #  for  OE.  ##</  is  =  to  G.  ent- 
in  entlang  'along'  (OFRIS.  ond- 
lingd). 

aloof  adapt,  of  DU.  te  loef  'to 
the  windward';  ident.  with  luff. 

already  orig.  'quite  ready';  cp. 
ready.  —  also  prop,  'quite  so' 
ME.  also  OE.  ealswd  'quite  so'  = 
G.  also.  Ident.  with  as.  —  al- 
though ME.  although  altheigh\ 
in  OE.  we  find  theah  -\-  eal  (e.  g. 
»f>eah  ic  eal  msege«  'although 
I  may') ;  cp.  though. 

alum  ME.  alum  from  OFR.  alum 
=  FR.  alun\  source  LAT.  alumen, 
whence  G.  alaun,  DU.  aluin. 

alway  ME.  a/way  alwey  OE.  eal- 
newe'i'.  orig.  ace.  sing,  (some- 
times contr.  to  ealnef)  prop,  'all 
the  way,  all  the  time' ;  the  com- 
moner form  is  always  ME.  al- 
waies,  being  an  adv.  gen.  sing, 
'all  the  time,  always'. 


amaze  vb.  ME.  amdse  OE.  d-md- 
sian. 

amid,  amidst;  cp.  middle.  — 
amiss  ME.  on  misse\  cp.  miss. 

among  ME.  among  \  prop,  on- 
mang  —  on  tymang  'in  the  crowd'; 
OE.  tymang  'crowd'  see  under 
mingle.  Ident.  with  LG.  mang 
'among'. 

amount  ME.  amountei  adapt, 
of  FR.  amonter  'amount  to'  (FR. 
amont  'uphill'  =  LAT.  ad  montem}\ 
cp.  mount. 

ancestor  ME.  auncestre'.  loan- 
word from  FR.ancftre  older  ancestre 
(ME.  auncessour  from  OFR.  ances- 
sour)\  source  LAT.  antecessor(eni) . 

anchor  ME.  anker  OE.  ancor  on- 
cor\  cp.  ON.  akkeri,  DU.  G.  anker 
late  OHG.  anchar'.  a  loanword 
from  LAT.  ancor  a  (IT.  ancor  a,  FR. 
ancre). 

ancient  ME.  auncient  older 
aunci$n  (for  the  secondary  /  cp. 
pageant,  parchme?it)\  adapt. 
of  ^^.ancien  (==  IT.  anziano\  LAT. 
type  antcanus)> 

and  ME.  OE.  and=  OSAX.  cndi, 
DU.  en,  OHG.  anti  enti  inti  unto 
MHG.  wide  G.  und*  The  cogn. 
SKR.  dtha  'also,  further ,  and' 
points  to  ARYAN  mthd  'and,  also'. 

andiron  ME.  aundire\  loanword 
from  OFR.  andier  (FR.  landier) 
'fire-dog'.  Source  unknown,  perh. 
fr.  a  LAT.  type  amitarius  (LAT. 
awes)?  Cp.  MED. -LAT.  andenct 
'fire-dog'. 

angel  ME.  aungell  borrowed 
from  OFR.  angele  (FR.  ange).  The 
FR.  word  supplanted  the  orig. 


anger  —  ape 


OE.  ME.  engel=  G.  DU.  engel  OHG. 
OSAX.  engil,  GOTH,  aggilus:  early 
church-loanwords  from  LAT.  an- 
gelus  =  GR.  ayytkog  'angel'. 

anger  ME.  anger  'affliction,  sore, 
trouble':  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  angr  'grief,  sorrow'  (DAN. 
anger  'penitence',  sw.  anger  're- 
gret'); akin  to  "LKl.angor  'bodily 
or  mental  torture'. 

angle !  ME.  angel  OE.  angol 
ongul  =  synon.  OHG.  angul  G. 
angel,  ON.  ongulL  Akin  to  LAT. 
uncus  'a  hook',  GR.  o'/xoc  'a  hook', 
ayxtaronv  'fish-hook',  SKR.  ankd 
'hook',  OIR.  lead  'hook'. 

angle2  (corner)  ME.  angle  from 
FR.  angle  =  LAT.  angulus  'corner'. 

anguish  ME  anguisse:  from  OFR. 
anguisse  FR.  angoisse.  Source  LAT. 
angustia  'straitness,  poverty,  per- 
plexity'. 

ankle  ME.  ankel  orig.  ankle  OE. 
ancleow  'ankle*  =  DU.  anklaauw, 
OHG.  anchlao,  ON.  gkkla  (prop. 
*ankuldw?)°,  akin  to  DU.  enkel, 
OHG.  anchal  enchil  G.  enkel  'ankle'. 
Source  and  formation  of  the 
group  are  doubtful;  perh.  akin 
to  SKR.  anguli  angustha  'thumb, 
toe',  AVEST.  angusta  'toe'? 

announce  ME.  anounce :  adapt, 
of  FR.  annoncer  (=  LAT.  annun- 
tiare) ;  cp.  pronounce. 

annoy  ME.  anoye  anuy(e)  'weari- 
ness': from  OFR.  enoi  anui  FR. 
ennui  (source  LAT.  in  odio  'in 
hatred'). 

anoint  ME.  anoint e\  adapt,  of 
OFR.  enoint  'anointed'  part,  of 
enoindre  'an o int' ;  c p .  oint m ent. 


anon  'immediately'  ME.  anon 
earlier  andn  OE.  on  an  'in  one' 
(moment);  cp.  one. 

another;  see  other. 

answer  sb.  ME.  answare  OE. 
andswaru-,  corresp.  to  the  synon. 
OSAX.  ant-swbr,  OFRIS.  ondsert 
ON.  andsvart  —  Thereto  the 
deriv.  vb.  answer  ME.  answere 
OE.  andswarian.  Source  theTEUT. 
\/^swar  =  swear;  hence  answer 
was  orig.  'a  solemn  charge  made 
to  rebut  a  charge';  and-  means 
'against'. 

ant  ME.  am(e)te  OE.  cemete  'em- 
Imet':  TEUT.  base  dmaitjon;  cp. 
OHG.  amei^a  MHG.  amerce  G.  ameise, 
1  MDU.  emte  eempte.  Perh.  akin  to 
G.  emsig  OHG.  emi^i  emizzi  'in- 
dustrious'. See  emmet. 

antler  ME.  auntelere:  loanword 
from  OFR.  antoillier  (andoillier  = 
FR.  and0uiUer)\  LAT.  type  an- 
tocularis  'tine  of  a  stag's  horn 
in  front  of  the  eyes'. 

anvil  short  for  ME.  anvelt  an- 
felt  OE.  anfilt  =  OHG.  anafalz, 
DU.  aanbeeld  ODU.  anbelt:  TEUT. 
base  anafalti-  and  ana-balti~\  cp. 
the  synon.  OHG.  ana-bo^  cogn. 
w.  beat. 

any  ME.  any  (eny  ony)  OE. 
dni^  =  OSAX.  £nig  £nag,  DU. 
eenigt  OHG.  einag  G.  einig  'only, 
sole:  deriv.  of  TEUT.  aina  = 
E.  one. 

ape  ME.  ape  OE.  apa  =  DU. 
aap,  ON.  api,  OHG.  affo  MHG.  G. 
affe:  a  common  TEUT.  word, 
whence  ORUSS.  SLOV.  opicas  OBO- 


appal  (1)  —  arm1 


HEM.  opice  'ape'  are  borrowed. 
Source  of  TEUT.  apan-  unknown. 

appal(l)  vb.  ME.  appalle :  adapt- 
ed from  OFR.  apallir  'grow  pale', 
akin  to  pale. 

apparel  ME.  aparaile  appareile\ 
adapted  from  OFR.  aparailler  apa- 
reiller  'dress'  =  FR.  appareiller 
(IT.  apparrechiare). 

appeal  ME.  a(p)pfle :  adapt,  from 
FR.  appeler  (—LAT.  n.appellare). 

appear  vb.  ME.  a(p)pere\  adapt, 
from  OFR.  aperer  aparir  apareir 
aparoir  (=  IT.  apparire\  source 
LAT.  apparere). 

appease  vb.  ME.  ap$se  earlier 
apaise:  loanword  from  FR.  apaiser 
'pacify';  akin  to  peace. 

apple  ME.  appel  OE.  appel  = 
DU.  LG.  appel,  MHG.  G.  apfel  OHG. 
apful'.  WESTTEUT.  base  applu-, 
allied  to  IR.  uball,  LITH.  obulas, 
OSLOV.  abluko  'apple',  RUSS.  ja- 
bloko. 

apply  vb.  ME.  aplie'.  adapted 
from  OFR.  aplier  (FR.  appliquer,  IT. 
applicare,  LAT.  applicare  'apply'); 
cp.  ply  vb. 

apprentice  ME.  aprentice  apren- 
tis\  loanword  fr.  OFR.  aprentis  and 
aprentif  FR.  apprenti  (source  LAT. 
apprendere  'learn'). 

approach  vb.  ME.  aprodie\ 
adapt,  from  FR.  appro cher\  LAT. 
type  adpropiare  'draw  near'. 

apricot  borrowed  from  FR. 
abricot\  corresp.  to  DU.  abrikoos, 
G.  aprikose\  akin  to  SPAN,  albari- 
coque>  IT.  albe.rcocco  (mod.  GR. 
from  LAT.  praecocium 


(malum  praecoquuml}  lit.  'pre- 
cocious'. 

April  ME.  dpril(l)e\  adapt,  ol 
LAT.  aprilis;  the  earlier  ME.  by- 
form  averil  points  to  OFR.  avrilL 
Cp.  G.  DU.  April. 

apron  orig.  napron  =  ME.  nd- 
pron  ndproun :  adapt,  of  FR.  nap- 
peron  'a  large  cloth',  dimin. 
of  nappe  =  LAT.  mappa  'table, 
napkin';  cp.  napkin.  For  the 
loss  of  initial  n  see  adder 
and  auger. 

arch  ME.  arch(e-)  OE.  arce- 
(arce- biscop):  borrowed  from  FR. 
arch-.  Cp.  the  synon.  DU.  aarts, 
OHG.  erzi-  G.  erz-t  GOTH,  ark 
(-aggihis).  Source  the  LAT.  = 
Gr.  prefix  archi-  (dp/i-).  Perh. 
OFR.  arch  (in  archangel)  influ- 
enced the  E.  word. 

archer  ME.  archer',  adapt,  of 
FR.  archer  'bowman'  (LAT.  type 
arcarius,  deriv.  of  arcus  'bow'). 

are  (»we,  you,  they  are«)  ME. 
are  OE.  (Northumbr.)  aron\  plur. 
to  the  second  person  sing,  art 
ME.  art  OE.  eart.  An  ARYAN,  ar 
'be'  is  prob.  in  LITH.  yra  'is'. 

ark  ME.  arke  OE.  earc  (infl. 
earce)  =  OHG.  arahha  archa  'chest' 
MHG.  arche  'chest,  money-chest' 
G.  arche  'Noah's  ark',  DU.  ark 
'Noah's  ark',  ON.  ork  'chest,  co- 
venant, ark,  box',  GOTH,  arka  f. 
'money-box,  Noah's  ark':  a  Teut. 
loanword  from  LAT.  (also  ROM.") 
area. 

arm 1  ME.  arm  OE.  earm  = 
OSAX.  DU.  arm,  ON.  armr,  GOTH. 
arms,  OHG.  ar(a)m  G.  arm.  Akin 


arm2  —  ass 


to  LAT.  armus  'the  topmost  part 
of  the  upper  arm,  fore-quarter', 
OSLOV.  rame  'shoulder,  arm', 
PRUSS.  irmo  'arm',  SKR.  irmd-s 
Yore-quarter,  arm',  AVEST.  arema 
'arm',  ARMEN.  armukn  'elbow'. 

arm2  'a  weapon'  ME.  armes 
plur.  from  OFR.  armes  =  LAT. 
arma  'weapons'. 

armor  ME.  armour(e)  armure  \ 
borrowed  from  OFR.  armure  ar- 
me-ure  (LAT.  armaturd)  'armor'. 

army  ME.  armie  arme\  adop- 
tion of  FR.  armte  (=  IT.  armata ; 
base  LAT.  armare). 

arrange  borrowed  from  FR. 
arranger  (deriv.  of  FR.  rang  'rank, 
file'  from  OHG.  hrinc  G.  ring  'a 
ring  or  circle  of  people';  cp. 
ranK). 

arrant  ident.  with  errant. 

arras  ME.  arras;  orig.  »cloth 
of  Arras« :  Arras  is  the  name 
of  a  town  in  Artois  (France) 
famous  for  its  manufacture.  See 
cambric  and  lawn**. 

array  ME.  araie :  adapt,  of  OFR. 
arraier  areier  'arrange'  (=  IT. 
arredare):  of  Teut.  origin;  cp. 
GOTH,  gar  aids  under  ready. 

arrest  ME.  a(r)reste:  adapt,  of 
OFR.  arester  FR.  arreter  (==  IT. 
ar res tare,  LAT.  restare  'stay  back'). 

arrival  ME.  arivaile  prop,  'land- 
ing'; adapt,  of  OFR.  arrivaille 
'landing'.  —  arrive  ME.  arive 
prop,  'bring  to  shore,  come  to 
shore':  adapt,  of  FR.  arriver  = 
IT.  arrivare\  LAT.  type  adripare 
(ripa  'shore'). 


arrow  ME.  arwe  late  OE.  arwe : 
adapt,  of  ON.  or  (plur.  prvar). 
The  native  OE.  word  was  earh 
ident.  with  ON.  or  (cp.  GOTH. 
arhwazna  'dart'  and  LAT.  arcus 
'bow'). 

as  ME.  as(e)  als(e)  also  alswp 
OE.  ealswd  =  synon.  OSAX.  HG. 
also,  DU.  als,  MHG.  also  als  disc. 
The  compound  means  prop,  'en- 
tirely so';  cp.  all  and  so. 

ash1  sb.  'the  name  of  a  tree* 
ME.  asch  OE.  asc  =  OHG.  asc 
G.  esche,  DU.  esch,  ON.  askr  'ash'. 

ash2  sb.  ME.  asche  OE.  cesce  (inn. 
ascan  axan)\  mod.  E.  is  com- 
monly used  in  the  plur.  ashes 
(ME.  asches).  Cogn.  w.  ON.  askay 
DU.  asch,  OHG.  aska  G.  asche,  GOTH. 
azgo  'ashes'. 

ask  vb.  older  by-form  ax  ME. 
aske  axe  (KENT,  oxi)  OE.  dscian 
dcsian\  Teut.  base  aiskojan  = 
OSAX.  hcon,  OHG.  eiskon  (G.  hei- 
scheii).  Akin  to  LITH.  jeskoti, 
OSLOV.  iskati,  SKR.  icch  'seek'. 

asp1  'a  venomous  serpent'  from 
LAT.  aspis. 

asp2  'a  tree'  ME.  aspe  OE.  cespe 
=  synon.  ON.  psp,  OHG.  aspa 
MHG.  aspe  G.  espe,  DU.  esp\  perh. 
connected  with  LAT.  arbor  (if 
from  *azbos  by  rhotacism)  'tree'. 

ass  ME.  asse  OE.  assa  (infl.  sing. 
assaii) :  loanword  from  OIR.  assan 
'ass';  cp.  ON.  asne  from  OFR.  asne 
=  FR.  dne.  Source  LAT.  asinus, 
whence  also  GOTH,  asilus,  OE. 
esol,  OHG.  fsil  G.  esel  'ass',  DU.  ezel 
and  further  OSLOV,  ostlii,  RUSS. 
oseM  'ass'. 


8 


assail  —  avenge 


assail  vb.  ME.  asaile'.  adapt,  of 
FR.  assaillii",  see  assault. 

assault  vb.  ME.a(s)saut:  adapt- 
ed from  FR.  assaut  (=IT.  assalto, 
MED.  LAT.  assaltus). 

assay  ME.  assay  assai  borrowed 
from  OFR.  assai  assay  =  FR.  essai 
(IT.  assagio  from  LAT.  exagium 
'weighing'). 

assemble  ME.  a(s)semble  a(s)- 
semle\  adapt,  of  FR.  assembler  (IT. 
assemblare  deriv.  of  LAT.  simul 
'together'). 

assuage  ME.  aswdge  a(s)sildge: 
loanword  fr.  o^'&.asoager  asuager, 
LAT.  type  ad-suaviare  deriv.  of 
suavis  'sweet. 

assure  vb.  ME.  a(s)sure  borrowed 
from  FR.  assurer  (==  IT.  assecurare) . 

astonish  transformed  after  vbs. 
in  -ish  from  an  earlier  astony 
astone  ME.  astonie  astune  astoune'. 
borrowed  from  OFR.  estoner  = 
FR.  ttonner ;  LAT.  type  ex -\-tonare 
'thunder'.  But  cp.  stuit. 

at  ME.  at  OE.  ce,t  =  OSAX.  at, 
OHG.  a%,  ON.  GOTH,  at :  akin  w. 
LAT.  ad  'to',  OIR.  ad-. 

atone  vb.  from  atone  adv.  'at 
one,  agreed'  =  ME.  at  on  'into 
one';  cp.  one. 

attach  vb.  ME.  attacche  (law  term) 
'take  prisoner,  arrest':  adapt,  of 
FR.  attacker  (—  SPAN,  afacar,  IT. 
ait  ace  are). 

attain  vb.  ME.  attaine  atteine'. 
borrowed  from  FR.  atteindre 
(=  LAT.  ailing  ere  'touch  upon'). 

attire  vb.  ME.  afire',  adapted  fr. 
OFR.  atirer  'adorn'.  Source  a 
Teut.  sb.  fir  'ornament,  honor' 


=   OSAX.   OE.  fir  'glory,    honor' 
(G.  zierde). 

attorney  ME.  atourney  older 
aturne  atourne'  'agent,  deputy, 
commissioner'?:  adapt,  of  FR. 
atorne~  part,  of  atorner  'direct, 
appoint'. 

auburn  orig.  'whitish  or  flaxen- 
colored  ,  reddish  -  brown'  ME. 
auburne  awburne  'citron-colored  : 
from  OFR.  auborne  alborne  (=  IT. 
atburno)  =  MED.  LAT.  alburnus 
'whitish'  (albus  'white'). 

auger  orig.  nauger  (like  adder 
for  nadder,  apron  for  napron  with 
loss  of  an  initial  n)  ME.  nauger 
older  ndve-ggr  OE.  nafo-gdr  'an 
auger'  prop,  'borer,  piercer  of 
naves'  (see  nave1  and  gore^)\ 
cp.  the  synon.  OHG.  nabuger 
MHG.  nabeger  G.  (dial.)  ndber> 
ICEL.  nafarr. 

aught  a  whit,  anything'  ME. 
aught  older  awight  OE.  dwiht 
dnwiht  'aught';  OE.  an  is  one 
and  for  wihf  see  whit  and  not. 

August  from  LAT.  augustus]  ME. 
ausf  from  OFR.  aoust  =  FR.  aouft 
or  from  late  OE.  august  changed 
to  *auwest  ? 

aunt  ME.  aunf(e) :  adapt,  of  OFR. 
ante  (FR.  tante).  Source  LAT. 
amita  'aunt'. 

avail  ME.  availe:  source  FR. 
vaille  from  valoir  'be  worth'. 

avalanche:  adoption  of  the 
synon.  FR.  avalanche  (FR.  aval 
'downward'  =  OFR.  a  val  is  LAT. 
ad  vallem  'valley ward'). 

avenge  ME.  avenge',  adapt,  of 
OFR.  avengier  'avenge'  (source 


avoid  —  aye2 


LAT.  vindicare  Vindicate');  cp. 
vengeance. 

avoid  ME.  avoide\  adapted  from 
FR.  avoider  'empty  out';  cp.  void. 

avouch  'declare,  confess'  from 
OFR.  avoch(i)er\  cp.  vouch. 

avow  ME.  avowe  avoue  from  FR. 
avouer\  cp.  vow. 

await  ME.  awaite  from  ONFR. 
await(i)er\  cp.  wait. 

award  ME.  awarde  from  ONFR. 
eswarde(i)r  'examine'.  For  the 
Teut.  source  see  under  guard. 

aware  ME.  iware  OE.  ^ewara 
^ewcer  =  OHG.  OSAX.  giwar  G. 
gewahr ,  DU.  gewaar  'watchful, 
wary';  cp.  wary. 

away  ME.  away  awey  OE.  onwe^ 
'away'  prop,  'on  the  way';  cp. 
way  and  alway. 

awe  ME.  awe  older  age\  adapt, 
of  ON.  agi  'awe,  terror'.  Akin 
to  OE.  e%e  ME.  tie  'fear,  terror' 
=  GOTH,  agis  and  GR.  a^ng 
'anguish';  cp.  GOTH,  aglus  'mo- 
lesting', OIR.  agor  'I  fear'. 

awkward  ME.  awkward aukward 
beside  late  ME.  auke  'contrary, 
wrong';  auk-  contr.  of  avek-  = 
ON.  ofugr  'turned  the  wrong 
way'.  Cogn.  w.  OSAX.  dbuh,  OHG. 
abuh  and  SKR.  apak  'turned  away'. 

awl  ME.  aul  awel  OE.  awel 
eawol  'awl':  if  traceable  to  a 
Teut.  base  awola  (for  agwola-*), 
akin  to  LAT.  acus  'needle'  — 
aculeus  'sting'. 

awn  ME.  aune  older  awene 
agene :  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  pgn  which  is  ident.  with  OE. 


agne,  OHG.  agana  MHG.  agene 
G.  ahne,  GOTH,  ahana  chaff'; 
prob.  related,  to  GR.  u%vij  ayvgov 
'chaff',  LITH.  akutas,  OPRUSS. 
ackons  'awn*. 

awry  ME.  awry(e)  onwry ;  cp. 
wry. 

ax(e)  ME.  ax  OE.  eax  =  the 
synon.  OE.  eax  cex,  OHG.  ahsa 
MHG.  ahse  G.  achse,  DU.  as  and 
with  formative  -/  the  synon.  ON. 
pxull,  whence  borrowed  ME.  axel 
E.  axle-(tree}.  For  a  pre-TEUT. 
aksa  cp.  SKR.  dkfay  GR.  a£ov, 
LAT.  axis,  OSLOV.  ost9  LITH.  aszts 
'axle'. 

ax(e)  ME.  ax(e)  OE.  ##  orig. 
rtfaj  *acces  =  synon.  OSAX.  OHG. 
accus  MHG.  ackts  G.  ##(/),  DU. 
aaks9  ON.  £>#,  GOTH,  aqizi  'axe'. 
"?r&TEXn.agi£ags&  (aksf)  appears 
also  in  GR.  a£ivq  'axe'. 

axle  ME.  axel  in  axel-tre:  bor- 
rowed from  ON.  pxultre";  akin 
to  <2;^:. 

aye1  'yes'  occurring  in  the 
1 6th  cent,  as  /  and  not  found 
earlier;  perh.  ident.  with  /  = 
OE.  if^  in  OE.  we  find  nic  (for 
ne  -\-  if)  'no'  (in  answering). 
The  orthography  of  aye  was 
influenced  perhaps  by  aye-  (cp. 
nay). 

aye2  ME.  ay  ey:  borrowed  from 
ON.  « 'ever;  akin  to  GOTH,  aiw 
'ever',  OHG.  OSAX.  to  G.  je\  cp. 
ever.  In  the  Aryan  langs.  a  sb. 
aiwa-  'age,  time'  exists  in  GOTH. 
aiws9  LAT.  aevum,  GR.  ulwv. 


IO 


babe  —   bait 


B 


babe  ME.  babe  fuller  form  bdbdn\ 
from  w.  GAEL.  IR.  CORN,  baban 
'a  babe,  child'. 

baboon  ME.  bdbwin  bdboin : 
loanword  from  the  synon.  FR. 
babouin.  Akin  to  DU.  baviaan, 
G.  pavian.  Source  OFR.  babou 
'grimace'? 

baby  ME.  bdbi\  dimin.  of  babe. 

bachelor  ME.  bacheler'.  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  bacheler  =  FR. 
bachelier.  Source  MED.-LAT.  bac- 
caldrius. 

back1   cp.  basin. 

back2  'the  hinder  part  of  the 
body'  ME.  bak  OE.  bcec  =  OSAX. 
DU.  (in  comp.),  ICEL.  sw.  bak 
'back'.  -  back  adv.  for  aback 
ME.  abak  OE.  on  bcec  'backward' 
prop.  'on  the  back'.  —  back- 
board OE.  bcecbord  =  DU.  LG. 
bakboord  (whence  G.  backbord, 
FR.  babord),  ICEL.  bakbord  'lar- 
board'. 

backgammon  prop,  'back- 
game*,  because  the  men  when 
taken  are  put  back.  See 
gammon. 

bacon  ME.  bacon  bdcoun:  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  bacon  'flitch  of 
bacon'.  Source  a  TEUT.  base 
bakon  —  MDU.  MLG.  bake,  OHG. 
bahho  MHG.  bache  'side  of  bacon, 
ham';  akin  to  back  sb. 

bad  ME.  bad(de)  'worthless, 
wicked';  prob.  ident.  with  OE. 
dbceded  'forced,  compelled';  orig. 


part,  of  the  vb.  d-badan  'compel, 
restrain'. 

badge  late  ME.  baggei  of  FR. 
origin,  cp.  OFR.  bage,  MED.-LAT. 
bagla  'signum,  a  ring'. 

badger  orig.  ident.  with  an 
obsolete  badger  'one  who  buys 
corn';  cp.  FR.  blaireau  'badger' 
orig.  little  corn-merchant'.  The 
source  is  a  MED.-LAT.  bladarius, 
OFR.  blayer  'corn-merchant'  (FR. 
btt  'corn') :  E.  badger  for  bladger? 

bag  ME.  bagge'.  loanword  from 
ON.  baggi  'bag,  bundle'.  —  bag- 
gage ME.  baggage  according  to 
'S'&s  baggage  points  to  OFR.  bague 
=  ON.  baggi. 

bail  'a  hoop'  ME.  belli  perh. 
traceable  to  an  OE.  *be%el  *by^el 
=  G.  bilgel,  ON.  bygill'y  \fbug 
in  bow. 

bail  vb.  borrowed  from  OFR. 
bailer  'secure,  keep  in  custody'. 
Akin  to  bailiff  ME.  bailif  bailii 
from  OFR.  bailif  (whence  also 
DU.  baljuw)  later  baili  bailii  = 
I  ~MED.-^A.Ti.baillivusballivus.  Source 
LAT.  bajulus  'burdenbearer'. 

bairn  'child'  (Sc.)  ME.  bjrn 
OE.  tyarn  'child'  =  OHG.  GOTH. 
|  barn,  ON.  barn  (whence  also 
ME.  barn) :  deriv.  of  the  TEUT. 
^fber  'produce',  prop,  partic. 
with  the  meaning  'that  which  is 
born'. 

bait  vb.  ME.  baite  beite  'feed': 
borrowed  from  ON.  beita  'cause 
to  bite'  =  MHG.  beizen.  'bait',  OE. 


bake  —  bark1 


II 


bcetan'.  causative  of  TEUT.  bitan 
'bite';  cp.  bite. 

bake  ME.  bake  OE.  bacan  str.  vb. 
—  ON.  baka,  OHG.  bahhan  'bake'. 
The  G.  forms  partly  show  TEUT. 
kk  for  TEUT.  k\  G.  backen,  DU. 
bakken  (OSAX.  bakkeri  'baker'); 
the  kk  is  also  shown  in  batch. 
The  TEUT.  \fbak  from  pre-TEUT. 
bhdg  is  perh.  connected  with 
GR.  (jpwyftv  roast'. 

bald  ME.  balled  (OE.  *bealledei) ; 
source  and  history  unknown. 

baldrick  ME.  baudrik  bauderik\ 
akin  to  ON.  baldrekr,  MHG.  bal- 
derich,  FR.  baudroy  (OFR.  baldrei^ 
whence  ME.  baudry) ,  MED.-LAT. 
baldringus :  related  to  LAT.  balteus 
under  belt. 

bale  sb.  'a  large  bundle  of  mer- 
chandise ready  for  transporta- 
tion': loanword  from  OFR.  ba(l)le 
(=  SPAN,  bala,  IT.  balla) ;  of  Teut. 
origin,  ident.  with  ball. 

bale  vb.  'empty  water  out  of 
a  ship',  also  spelled  bail',  bor- 
rowed from  DU.  batten  'bale  out'; 
DU.  balie  (=  MLG.  balttge  balgey 
LG.  balje,  IT.  baglid)  'tub'  fr.  FR. 
bailie  represents  aLat.  type  bacula 
(cogn.  w.  basin). 

bale  ME.  bale  OE.  bealu\  cp. 
OSAX.  balu,  OHG.  &?/#,  ON.  bol 
'evil,  calamity';  GOTH.  *balws 
'evil'  in  comp.  and  deriv.  as 
balweins  balwjan  'torment'. 

ball1  'a  spherical  body'  ME. 
ball(e):  borrowed  from  OFR.  balle 
=  OHG.  balla  ballo  'a  ball,  sphere', 
ON,  bollr  'ball'. 


ball2  'a  dance'  (=  DU.  G.  bet  It) : 
borrowed  from  FR.  bal  'a  dance' 
(=  SPAN,  baile,  IT.  ballo)  'a 
dance'.  FR.  bailer  (IT.  ballare) 
is  traced  to  GR.  fta^Xi^siv  'dance'. 

ballast:  loanword  from  sw. 
DAN.  ballast  orig.  baglast  for  /for- 
/«w  prop,  'bare  last'  i.  e.  'mere 
load'  —  DU.  LG.  G.  ballast. 

balm  ME.  baum  (bourne  bame 
basme)\  adapt,  of  FR.  baume. 
Source  LAT.  balsamum,  whence 
G.  balsam,  DU.  balsem. 

bane  'harm'  ME.  bdne\  o&.bana 
means  'murderer';  cp.  ON.  bane, 
OHG.  bano  'death'.  Akin  to  GR. 
(p6vo£  'murder'. 

bank  ME.  banke  OE.  banca  = 
ON.  bakki  (orig.  *bankt)\  akin 
to  bench.  —  bank  (for  money) 
adapt,  of  FR.  banque  =  IT.  banca : 
ult.  source  TEUT.  bank(i)  in 
bench. 

bar  ME.  barrel  adapt,  of  OFR. 
barre. 

bare  ME.  bare  OE.  beer  =  OHG. 
G.  bar9  ON.  berr\  TEUT.-GOTH. 
base  baza-  =  pre-TEUT.  bhaso- 
in  OSLOV.  bosu  'bare-foot',  LITH. 
basas. 

bargain  sb.  ME.  bargain :  adapt, 
of  OFR.  bargaine  'traffic'. 

barge  ME.  barge :  adapt,  of  OFR. 
barge.  Source  a  MED.LAT.  barica> 
whence  also  bark**. 

bark l  'the  rind  of  a  tree*  ME. 
barke'.  possibly  a  loanword  from 
the  equiv.  ON.  bgrkr\  cp.  G.  LG. 
borke,  NORTHFRIS.  buarky  GOTH. 
*barku$\  prob.  akin  to  birch  on 
account  of  SKR.  bhurja  m.  'birch' 


12 


bark2  —  basket 


—  n.  'birchbark'.  Bark  orig. 
'birchbark'?  cp.  birch. 

bark2  adapt,  of  FR.  barque\ 
ident.  with  barge. 

bark  vb.  ME.  berke  OE.  beorcan\ 
cp.  OE.  borcian  'bark'  and  ON. 
berkja  'bark' :  TEUT.  y~  berk,  not 
recorded  elsewhere. 

barley  ME.  barli  older  barlich 
late  OE.  b&rlic\  how  the  word 
is  connected  with  the  synon. 
OE.  bere  (cp.  barn),  is  uncertain. 
Source  a  TEUT.  base  baraz  (bariz 

-  ON.  barr,  cp.  GOTH,  barizeins 
'made  of  barley'),  akin  to  LAT. 
far  'corn'  (ARYAN  base  bharos-). 

barm  'yeast'  ME.  berme  OE.  beorma 
=  DU.  for#z,  MLG.  berme :  Teut. 
base  berman-  from  an  Aryan  base 
bhermen-  in  LAT.  fermentum. 

barn  ME.  berne  OE.  hern  short 
for  orig.  bere-ern  'barley-house'; 
cp.  barley.  OE.  -ern  (for  am 
*rcenri)  'house'  corresponds  to 
GOTH,  razn  'house',  ON.  rann. 

barnacle1  'a  fish'  ME.  bernake\ 
transformed  by  suffix-exchange 
from  OE.  byrnete  'lolligo'. 

barnacle2  'a  kind  of  goose' 
ME.  bernake\  an  ANGLO-LAT.  ber- 
naca  of  the  1 2 th  cent,  is  the  first 
record  of  the  obscure  word. 

barnacles3  'spectacles'  orig. 
'irons  put  on  the  noses  of  horses 
to  keep  them  quiet'  dimin.  to 
ME.  bernac  from  OFR.  bernac 
'camus,  a  barnacle'. 

baron  ME.  bdroun:  loanword 
from  FR.  baron,  whence  also  ODU. 
baroent  MHG.  barun  G.  DU.  baron. 
Source  a  military  word  LAT.  baro 


'mercenary',  which  oftentimes  is 
found  in  the  Teut.  Leges  Bar- 
barorum  for  'baron'. 

barrel  ME.  bar  el  prop,  barili 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  baril. 

barren  ME.  barrein  :  a  FR.  loan- 
word, cp.  OFR.  brahain  barhain 
(FR.  brehaigne  'sterile').  Source 
unknown. 

barrow  'a  wheel -barrow'  ME. 
bdrwe  (OE.  *bearwe):  derived 
from  the  TEUT.  \f~ber  in  bear\ 
as  for  the  ov-suffix  cp.  also  OE. 
meox-byrwe ,  WESTPHAL.  bierwe 
'a  bier,  stretcher'. 

barter  Engl.  deriv.  of  OFR. 
barate  deceit,  fraud'  (OFR.  ba- 
rater  'beguile'),  whence  ME.  bardt 
baret,  ODU.  baraet  'fraud',  MHG. 
barat. 

base *  'low'  from  FR.  basse  f. 
(bas  m.).  Source  VULG. -LAT. 
bassus  ? 

base2  sb.  'foundation'  ME.  bdse 
(bas):  loanword  from  FR.  base 
(LAT.  basis). 

bashful  see  abash. 

basin  ME.  basin:  loanword  from 
FR.  bassin.  Source  LAT.  baccmum 
(akin  w.  LAT.  bacar  and  bicarium  ?) 
whence  DU.  bekken,  OHG.  (OSAX.) 
bekkin  G.  becken  'basin';  cp.  DU. 
LG.  bak  'bowl,  tub,  trough',  FR. 
bac  'trough,  basin'  =  LAT.  bacca). 

bask  vb.  ME.  baske:  a  Scand. 
loanword,  from  ON.  badask  'bathe 
oneself.  Source  see  under  bath. 

basket  ME.  bdsket\  commonly 
considered  ident.  with  BRITANN.- 
LAT.  bascauda  'dish-pan'  (=  OFR. 
bascJioe  'bucket');  an  OE.  *bascod 


bass  —  bay3 


*&axod  was  supplanted  by  *bascot, 
-ot  being  an  E.  dimin.  suffix. 
A  primit.  LAT.-GALL.  basca  appears 
in  FR.  bache  tilt,  vat'. 

bass  'a  fish'  ME.  base  barse  OE. 
beers  =  DU.  baars,  G.  barsch\  cp. 
SWED.  abborre,  DAN.  oborre  (rr 
from  rs). 

bastard  ME.  bastard  (=  G. 
bastard,  DU.  bastaard)  :  borrowed 
from  OFR.  bastard  (FR.  batard  = 
SPAN.  IT.  ba star  do).  Source  OFR. 
bast  =  SPAN.  IT.  basto  'pack- 
saddle';  cp.  OFR.  fils  de  bast  'a 
bastard',  lit.  'a  son  of  a  pack- 
saddle'  (not  of  a  bed,  cp.  G. 
bankert  prop,  'son  of  a  bench). 

baste  *  vb.  'beat  with  a  stick, 
strike':  a  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  beysta  'beat'  =  sw.  bosta 
'thump',  DAN.  b'dste  'strike'. 

baste2  vb.  'pour  fat  over  meat'; 
origin  unknown. 

baste3  vb.  'sew  slightly'  ME. 
baste',  borrowed  from  OFR.  bastir 
(FR.  batir  =  SPAN,  bastear,  IT. 
imbastare)  'baste'.  Source  a 
TEUT.  bastjan  =  OHG.  bestan  'patch' 
MHG.  besten  'bind'. 

bat ]  'a  short  cudgel'  ME.  late  OE. 
bat(ti):  loanword  from  IR.  GAEL. 
bat  'staff,  cudgel'  or  more  prob. 
fr.  FR.  batte  'a  rammer,  wand'. 

bat2  a  winged  mammal';  the 
Scotch  by-form  ba(c)k  points  to 
ME.  bakke  =  DAN.  bakke  (only  in 
comp.  aftenbakke  'evening-bat'). 
Perri.  connected  with  back  and 
bacon,  made  prob.  by  G.  (dial.) 
speckmaus  'bat'prop.'flitch-mouse'. 


batch  ME.  bacche  OE.  *bcecce\ 
deriv.  from  the  TEUT.  \fbakk 
(\ba£)\  see  bake. 

bath  ME.  bath  OE.  bced=  OSAX. 
bath,  DU.  G.  OHG.  bad,  ON.  bad. 
The  dental  being  suffix,  the  word 
rests  on  a  TEUT.  \T  ba  (be)  in 
OHG.  baen  =  G.  bcihen.  —  bathe 
vb.  ME.  bathe  OE.  badian  =  OHG. 
badon  G.  baden,  ON.  bada\  deriv. 
from  the  TEUT.  sb.  bafa-  'bath'. 

batten  vb.  'grow  fat'  ME.  *batne: 
a  Scand.  loanword  from  oix.batna 
'grow  better'  (=  GOTH,  gabatnan 
'profit').  Akin  to  better  and 
boot*. 

batter  vb.  *beat*HE.£a£ri:  from 
FR.  battre.  Source  LAT.  battuere. 
Hence  batter  'a  compound  of 
eggs,  flour  and  milk'  ME.  batilre'. 
from  OFR.  bate-ure  'a  beating'. 

battle  ME.  bdtaile'.  loanword 
from  FR.  bataille,  whence  ODU. 
bataelghe,  MHG.  bateile  'battle'. 
Source  LAT.  battuere  'beat'. 

bay  adj.  'reddish' ME.  bay.  from 
FR.  bat.  Source  LAT.  badius  'bay- 
colored'. 

bay1  'inlet  of  the  sea'  ME.  bale : 
borrowed  from  FR.  bale  (=  SPAN. 
bahia,  IT.  bajd). 

bay2  sb.  'a  kind  of  laurel-tree, 
sweet-bay'  ME.  bay  bate  'a  berry': 
borrowed  from  OFR.  bale  baye 
FR.  bate  'a  berry'.  Source  LAT. 
bacca  bdca  'berry'. 

bay  vb.  'bark  as  a  dog'  ME. 
baye  shortened  from  abaye:  loan- 
word from  OFR.  abater  FR.  aboyer. 

bay3  'berry'  (in  bay-runi)  ME. 
boi  he.i  OE.  bce%  rr.  NORTHFRIS.  bei^ 


be 


beaver l 


DITMARSCH  beif,  DU.  bei  'berry': 
Teut.  base  baijiz  bajjiz',  not  ident. 
Ivith  OFR.  bate  =  LAT.  bacca. 

be  'exist'  ME.  be  OE.  beon  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  *bijan\  cp.  OHG.  trim  = 
OSAX.  biu-m  'I  am',  which  an- 
swers to  LAT.  fo\  Aryan  base 
bhib  (bhijo)  traceable  to  bhwio 
bhuib\  cp.  \^bhu  in  LAT./?//  'I  was'. 
Cp.  booth  and  build. 

be-  prefix  ME.  OE.  be-\  ident. 
with  by. 

beacon  ME.  b{ken  OE.  beacen 
=  OHG.  bouhhan,  OSAX.  bokan  (DU. 
taak,  G.  bake  fr.  OFRIS.  baken): 
TEUT.  base  baukna-.  See  £^/£. 

bead  ME.  ^</<?  'a  bead,  a  prayer' 
OE.  %ebed  'prayer'.  Deriv.  from 
the  TEUT.  \Tbed\  cp.  bid. 

beadle  ME.  bedel  bfjdel:  loan- 
word from  OFR.  bedel  =  FR. 
hedeau  (IT.  bide  Ho).  Source  a 
Teut.  bidil  =  OHG.  bitil. 

beaker  ME.  biker \  cp.  the  sy- 
non.  DU.  beker,  OSAX.  bikeri,  OHG. 
behhari  G.  becher.  Perh.  the  E. 
word  is  borrowed  from  the  sy- 
non.  ON.  bikarr.  Source  LAT. 
biccarium  (IT.  bicchiere)  with  the 
by-formfacarium  (see  pitcher}. 
Further  connections  under  basin. 

beam  'a  piece  of  timber'.  ME. 
bcm  OE.  beam  'a  tree'  —  OHG. 
MHG.  bourn  G.  baum,  LG.  DU. 
boom,  OSAX.  bom  'a  tree'.  The 
corresp.  synon.  GOTH,  bagms  (ON. 
badmrT)  'tree'  seems  to  point  to 
a  TEUT.  bagwma-  with  a  by-form 
bawma-  bauma-. 

bean  ME.  ^/;/<?  ^<v/  OE.  bfan  = 
synon,  QHG.  bona  G.  bohne,  DU. 


,  ON.  baun :  TEUT.  base  baunb- 
'bean'.  The  early  existence  of 
the  word  (GOTH.  *bauna)  is  at- 
tested by  the  name  of  the 
Fris.  island  Baunonia  (island  of 
beans?). 

bear  vb.  'carry'  ME.  b$'re  OE. 
beran  =  OSAX.  OHG.  beran,  ON. 
bera,  DU.  bar  en,  GOTH,  b  air  an. 
Akin  to  LAT.  ferre,  GR.  cfa'otii', 
SKR.  \l^bhar  'bear,  carry':  ARYAN 
\fbher.  Cp.  bier  and  birth. 

bear  sb.  'UFSUS'ME.  bere  o^.bera 
=  OHG.  bero  MHG.  ber  G.  bar,  DU. 
^r.  The  TEUT.  beron-  (oTS.bjprn) 
is  based  on  an  Aryan  adj.  bhcro- 
'brown'  preserved  in  LITH.  ber  as 
'brown'. 

beard  ME.  berd  OE.  b$ard  = 
DU.  baardt  OFRIS.  berdy  OHG.  G. 
bart\  TEUT.  base  bar  da-  =  ARYAN 
bhardha-  in  LAT.  barba,  OSLOV. 
bradat  LITH.  barzda,  PRUSS.  bor- 
dus  'beard'. 

beast  ME.  b(st\  loanword  from 
OFR.  beste  (FR.  /*?//),  whence  also 
LG.  DU.  beest  'beast'.  Source  LAT. 
bhtia  (in  a  vulgar  form  bestd). 

beat  vb.  ME.  bete  OE.  bcatan 
=  OHG.  bdT^an  MHG.  fifteen t  ICEL. 
bauta  'beat'.  Cp.  beetle. 

beaver1  'an  animal'  ME.  bever 
OE.  beofor  =  OHG.  bibar  G.  biber, 
DU.  to'^r,  QTX.bjorri  TEUT.  bebruz 
(whence  are  borrowed  IT.  bevero, 
FR.  bievre)  points  to  PRE-TEUT. 
bhebhrus  =  "LAX.  fiber,  co-RN.&efer, 
OSLOV.  bebru,  LITH.  bebrus,  LETT. 
bebris,  RUSS.  bobru  'beaver'.  In 
SKR.  there  is  an  adj.  babhrtis 
'brown',  which  is  perh  a  redupl. 


beaver2  —  begin 


form  pointing  to  LITH.  beras 
'brown'  under  bear. 

beaver2  'the  lower  part  of  a 
helmet'  borrowed  from  the  synon. 
FR.  baviere,  whence  also  the  sy- 
non. DU.  bever. 

because  ME.  because  bicause  by- 
cause  (also  separately  written  be-, 
bi-,  by-  cause) :  by  the  prep.  -{- 
cause. 

beck1  'a  stream'  ME.  bek\  loan- 
word from  ON.  bekkr  (=  sw. 
bdcK)\  cp.  os AX.  beki,  DU.  beek, 
OHG.  bah(hh)  G.  bach  from  a  TEUT. 
baki-. 

beck2  a  nod  or  sign'  ME.  bek 
short  for  ME.  b(ke  OE.  b{acen\ 
see  beacon. 

bed  ME.  OE.  bed  (dd)  =  GOTH. 
badi  (stem  badja-),  OHG.  beti  betti 
MHG.  bette  bete  G.  bett,  DU.  bed. 
The  cogn.  CYMR.  bedd  'grave' 
(CELT,  base  bedo-)  points  to  the 
ARYAN  \^bhedh  bhodh  (in  LAT. 
fodio  'I  dig',  LITH.  bedu  €I  dig'), 
as  is  evident  in  G.  beet  (blumen- 
beet)  =  E.  bed  (flowerbed). 

bedrid  ME.  bedred  OE.  bedrida: 
lit.  'a  bed-rider'  =  MLG.  bed- 
deride  'bedridden'.  Cp.  ride 
(and  the  phrase  »ride  on  an- 
chor«).  Akin  to  OHG.  bettiriso, 
MLG.  bedderese  'bedridden'  —  ban- 
krese  'a  lazy  fellow'. 

bee  ME.  be  OE.  beo  contr.  of 
bie  (infl.  bian)  =  OHG.  Ma,  DU. 
bij\  with  /z-suffix  G.  biene  from 
OHG.  bini.  Akin  to  PRUSS.  bitte, 
LITH.  bills,  LETT,  bitte,  IR.  fo^ 
'bee';  also  LAT.  f ileus  'drone' 
(Aryan  base  bhoiko-T). 


beech  ME.  bfche  OE.  bfde  (orig. 
bcefte  =  LG.  bake  'beech'):  for- 
med with  vowel  mutation  from 
*bdc  in  OE.  boc-treow\  cp.  OHG. 
buohha  MHG.  buoche  G.  buche, 
ON.  M£.  The  name  of  this  tree 
(whence  book)  is  a  PRE-TEUT. 
bhagos  =  LAT.  /4f*J  'beech',  GR. 
(f>&yo$  tpiffog.  The  GR.  word 
signifies  perh.  originally  'tree 
with  edible  fruit,  food-tree'  (ffa- 
yslv  'eat'). 

beef  ME.  bef  older  ^/  (^/) : 
borrowed  from  OFR.  boef  FR. 
boeuf.  Source  LAT.  bovem  (bos). 

beer  ME.  ber  OE.  beor  =  OHG. 
OSAX.  ^V?r  G.  DU.  bier.  A  common 
WESTTEUT.  word  (base  beura-), 
perh.  derived  fr.  OE.  OSAX.  bio, 
ON.  bygg  'barley";  hence  beer 
prop,  'barley-juice'? 

beet  ME.  OE.  bete.  Source  LAT. 
btta  (=  FR.  bette,  IT.  #<?/«), 
whence  also  G.  beete. 

beetle1  ME.  betel  OE.  bjtel  betel 
=  the  synon.  LG.  batel,  ON.  bey- 
till  'hammer'.  The  TEUT.  base 
bautila-  belongs  to  the  TEUT. 
\f~baut  in  beat. 

beetle2  an  insect  ME.  Intel  OE. 
bitola\  derived  from  an  adj.  OE. 
bitol  'inclined  to  bite'. 

beg  vb.  ME.  begge  shortened 
from  OE.  bedecian,  formed  from 
bid  with  intensive  k  (as  in  hat  k, 
lurk,  walk). 

begin  ME.  beginne  OE.  beginnan 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  OHG.  biginnan, 
DU.  G.  beginnen,  GOTH,  duginnen 
'begin'.  The  TEUT.  \fgen  (the 
initial  g  of  which  may  be  an 


i6 


begin  —  bellows 


Aryan  k  in  the  compound)  is 
traceable  to  the  Aryan  \^ken 
in  OSLOV.  po-cmq  (infinit.  po-ceti 
'begin',  koni  'beginning'). 

beguile  vb.  ME.  begile  (=  MDU. 
beghijleti) :  loanword  from  OFR. 
gutter.  Cp.  wile* 

behalf  'interest,  benefit'  ME. 
on  behalve  for  on  halve  or  be 
halve  OE.  on  (be)  healfe\  OE. 
healf  sb.  (=  OHG.  halbd)  means 
'side'. 

behave  vb.  late  ME.  behave 
OE.  behabban'.  ident.  with  have. 
—  behavior  shows  a  FR.  ending 
in  imitation  of  havior,  var.  of 
haver  for  aver  'possession'. 

behead  vb.  ME.  beh$de  bihefden 
OE.  beheafdian\  cp. MHG.  behoubeten 
'behead'.  Cp.  head. 

behest  ME.  behest(e)  bihest  earlier 
beh{se  OE.  behds  'command,  vow.' 
OE.  has  (base  hdsi-  haisi-)  points 
to  TEUT.  GOTH,  haitan  =  OE. 
hdtan\  cp.  hight  and  hest. 

behind  ME.  behinde(n)  OE.  be- 
hindan  'afterwards,  after'.  Cp. 
hinder  and  hindmost. 

behold  vb.  ME.  beholde  OE. 
behdldan  (behcaldan)  'hold,  see'. 
Cp.  hold. 

behoof  ME.  behof  OE.  behof  = 
synon.  DU.  behoef,  MLG.  behof > 
MHG.  behuof  G.  behuf,  ICEL.  hof 
'moderation'.  —  behoove  vb.ME. 
behove  OE.  behofian  'be  necessary5 
=  DU.  behoeveti)  MLG.  behoven. 

belch  vb.  akin  to  ME.  belke  OE. 
bcelcian  bealclan  and  with  suffix 
bealcettan  'belch'. 


belfry  ME.  berfray  berfrey  ber- 
freid  berfreit  adapt,  of  OFR.  ber- 
frei  berefreii-=  FR.  beffroi.  Source 
MHG.  bercvrit  from  berc  'pro- 
tection' and  frid  'a  place  of 
security'. 

belief  ME.  belfve  from  the  vb.  ME. 
beleve  =  believe.  Phonetically 
not  ident.  with  ME.  belfoe  ileve 
OE.  tyleafa  =  OSAX.  gilobo,  DU. 
geloof ',  OHG.  gttoubo  G.  glaube. 

-  believe  vb.  ME.  bileve  orig. 
ileve  OE.  ^elefan  %elyfan  'believe* 
=  OSAX.  gilobian,  DU.  gelooven, 
OHG.  gilouban  G.  glauben,  GOTH. 
galaubjan. 

bell  ME.  OE.  belle  =  DU.  bel9 
LG.  belle'.  WEST -TEUT.  base  bellon. 
Akin  to  bellow? 

bellow  vb.  ME.  bel(o)we  belwe 
OE.  belgian  byjgian  'bellow':  TEUT. 
base  *balligon  ?  Prob.  an  extended 
form  with  vowel  mutation  and 
intensive  formative  of  OE.  b'ellan 
=  OHG.  b'ellan  'bellow'.  If  bell-  is 
traceable  to  belz  bels,  the  TEUT. 
y*  corresponds  to  SKR.  bhas  (for 
bhals)  'bellow'  =  bhas  'speak'  and 
LITH.  balsas  'voice'. 

bellows  ME.  belwes  (also  belies) 
'a  bellows':  prop.  plur.  of  belowe 
belu  beli  'a  bellows,  a  bag,  belly' 
OE.  ball  byll  (blczstbyli)  'a  bag' 
=  ON.  belgr%  G.  DU.  balg  'skin'. 
Ident.  with  belly.  A  TEUT.  \fbelg 
'swell'  appears  in  OHG.  belgan 
'be  angry',  OE.  lebolgen  'angry', 
ON.  bolgen  'swollen';  cogn.  w. 
OIR.  bolgaim  'I  swell'  —  bolg  bole 
'bag,  bellows'  -  -  OGALL.  bulga 
'leather-bag'.  Cp.  bolster. 


belly  —  between 


belly  ME.  belie  belt  'belly,  womb, 
also  a  bellows'  OE.  bel^  byfy  'a 
bag,  pouch,  purse,  bag-  of  any 
kind'.  Ident.  with  bellows. 

below  ME.  bilowe  cp.  low. 

belt  ME.  OE.  belt  =  OHG.  balz, 
ON.  belti  'a  belt,  border'.  Source 
LAT.  (GALL.  ?)  balteus  'belt'. 

bench  ME.  bench  OE.  bent\  with 
umlaut  and  palatalization  from 
a  TEUT.  base  banki(z)  =  OSAX. 
DU.  G.  OHG.  bank,  ON.  bekkr\  FR. 
bane  and  IT.  SPAN,  banco  are 
TEUT.  loanwords.  Cp.  bank. 

bend  sb.  'a  band,  bond'  ME. 
OE.  bend  (==  OSAX.  bendi,  ODU. 
bende,  GOTH,  bandi  'a  band,  bond') 
from  the  \f~bendm.  bind ,  whence 
also  bend  vb.  'bow,  curve'  ME. 
bende  OE.  bendan  'bind,  curve, 
bend'. 

beneath  ME.benethe  OE.  beneodan 
=  DU.  beneden ;  from  OE.  neodan, 
OSAX.  nithana,  OHG.  nidana  MHG. 
niden(e)  'below*.  Cp.  nether. 

benisonME.&eneisvun:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  beneicon.  Source  LAT. 
benedictionem  (vp.  ME.  maleisoun  = 
OFR.  maleic,ont  LAT.  maledictionem) . 

bent-grass  OE.  beonot  =  OSAX. 
binut,  OHG.  binu^  MHG.  bin(e)^  G. 
binse,  DU.  bentgras. 

bequeath  vb.  ME.  bequethe  OE. 
becwedan  'declare,  affirm'.  —  be- 
quest ME.  biqueste  usually  biquide 
byquide  bequide.  For  the  OE.  vb. 
ewe  dan  'speak'  cp.  quoth. 

bereave  vb.  ME.  birfve  (r$ve) 
OE.  bergafian  (rfafiari)  =  OSAX. 
birobdn,  DU.  berooven,  OHG.  (bi)rou- 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


bon  G.  berauben,  GOTH,  biraub&n 
'rob',  ON.  raufa  'rob'. 

berry  ME.  OE.  berie  ;  cp.  synon. 
OHG.  beri  G.  becre.  The  r  was 
orig.  z  =  s;  cp.  GOTH,  basi  in 
weinabasi  'wineberry,  grape',  DU. 
bes  'berry'. 

beseech  vb.  ME.  biseche  bis  eke 
OE.  bisecan'.  ident.  with  seek. 

besom  'a  broom'  ME.  besom 
besme  'a  broom,  rod*  OE.  besma 
'a  rod*  =  DU.  bezem,  OHG.  b'esamo 
G.  besen  'a  broom',  GOTH.  *bisma. 
LAT.  ferula  may  accord  with 
the  Teut.  word  in  an  Aryan 
\fbhes. 

best  ME.  beste  OE.  betsta  =  GOTH. 
batista,  OHG.  beigisto  MHG.  G.  ^/^, 
OSAX.  betsto.  Cp.  better  and 


bestow  vb.  ME.  bestowe\  cp. 
stow. 

betide  vb.  ME.  &//*&  ;  cp.  //V/^. 

betray  vb.  ME.  betrcue  (by-form 
betraisse)'.  adapt,  of  FR.  trahir 
(source  LAT.  trader  e  'deliver'). 
Cp.  traitor  and  treason. 

betroth  vb.  ME.  bitreuthie  'be- 
troth'; deriv.  from  truth. 

better  ME.  better  OE.  betera  — 
GOTH,  batiza  ,  OHG.  be~gj.ro  G. 
bessery  OSAX.  betoro  ,  DU.  beter, 
ON.  ^<?/r^.  Cp.  the  corresp. 
superl.  best.  No  primitive  adj. 
exists  in  the  Teut.  and  Aryan 
langs.J  for  the  root  cp.  boot'1 
and  best. 

between  ME.  bitwene  OE. 
betweonum  'between';  in  OE.  the 
orig.  construction  was  be  seem 
twfonum  =  'between  the  seas', 


J8 


beverage  — •  bind 


OE.  *tweon  earlier  twihn  'two' 
answers  to  GOTH,  tweihns  =  LAT. 
bmus  (Aryan  base  dweikno-s).  — 
betwixt  ME.  betwix  (by-form 
betwixe)  OE.  betweox  bitwihs  (by- 
form  betweoxn  =  OSAX.  undartwisk 
'between',  OHG.  undar  zwiskem 
'between  G.  zwischen.  The  Teut. 
base  twiska-  'two'  is  a  deriv.  of 
TEUT.  twa  in  tivo. 

beverage  ME.  beverage  beverege'. 
loanword  from  OFR.  bevrage 
beurage  breuvaige  =  FR.  breuvage. 
Source  LAT.  bibere  (LAT.  type 
biberaticum). 

bevy  'a  company'  ME.  bevey 
bev$\  doubtful  if  ident.  with  OFR. 
bevey 'e  FR.  bevle  'drink,  drinking'? 
then  the  E.  word  might  prop, 
denote  'a  drinking-party'. 

beyond  ME.  beyonde  OE.  be^eon- 
dan.  Cp.  yon. 

bible  ME.  bible',  loanword  from 
FR.  bible,  whence  also  DU.  bijbel, 
G.  sw.  DAN.  bibeL  Source  LAT. 
biblia. 

bid  ME.  bidde  OE.  biddan  str.  vb. 
=  GOTH,  bidjan,  OSAX.  biddian, 
DU.  bidden,  OHG.  bittan  G.  bitten, 
ON.  bid/a  'bid'.  The  TEUT.  \T 
bed  for  bid  goes  back  to  an 
Aryan  \T  bhidh  in  GR.  nsifrw  'move 
by  praying'  which  with  LAT.  ftdo 
'trust'  points  to  connection  with 
bide. 

bide  ME.  bide  OE.  bidan  str.  vb.  — 
GOTH,  beidan,  OSAX.  Vtdan,  OHG. 
bitan,  ON.  bida.  The  strong  verb 
TEUT.  bidan  'wait'  agrees  with 
LAT./zV/<?  'I  trust'  and  GR.  nelS^o^tai 
'I  trust,  obey'  (nsi&a)  1  move  by 


entreaty'):  pre-TEUT.  bhldh.  Cp. 
bid  'pray'  for  the  identity  of  bide 
with  TEUT.  bidjan. 

bier  ME.  bere  bere  OE.  bar  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  bar  a  G.  bahre,  DU. 
baar\  the  modern  spelling  with 
ie  (since  1600)  is  due  to  FR. 
£/&•£.  Source  a  TEUT.  berd-, 
derived  fr.  bear  (TEUT.  y~  ber). 

bile  ME.  bile  OE.  £j&  =  DU. 
bull,  OHG.  £////#  *bullia  'blain* 
MHG.  &'«/(?  G.  beule'.  TEUT.  base 
buljo(ri)-. 

bill1  'a  writing,  account'  to- 
gether with  its  dimin.  billet  'a 
note'  ME.  bille  'a  letter'  (dimin. 
billette  'a  note'):  from  MED. -LAT. 
billa  bulla  'a  bubble,  boss,  leaden 
seal,  a  bull'.  Cp.  bull. 

bill2  'sword'  ME.  OE.  bill  'sword' 
=  OHG.  OSAX.  bil(ll)  'a  sword*.  If 
GOTH.  *bilja-  goes  back  to  Aryan 
bhilyo-  for  bhidlyo-,  connection 
with  LAT.  findere  is  possible. 
Hence  bill  'the  instrument  for 
splitting'  and 

bill3  'bird's  beak'  ME.  bUl(e) 
bil(e)  OE.  bile  'beak';  prob.  con- 
nected with  bill2. 

billow  ME.  *bilwe  prop.  *  bilge: 
borrowed  from  ON.  bylgja:  TEUT. 
V"  belg  'swell'  treated  under  bag 
and  bellows. 

bin  ME.  binne  OE.  binn  'manger': 
CELT,  loanword  from  GALL,  benna 
'kind  of  vehicle',  whence  also 
FR.  benne  'a  basket,  hamper* 
(IT.  benna  'sleigh,  cart').  G.  benne 
'basket-wagon'  is  of  FR.  origin. 

bind  ME.  bindt  OE.  bindan  str.  vb. 
—  OSAX.  bindan,  ON.  binda,  DU. 


birch  —  blame 


G.  binden,  OHG.  bintan'.  TEUT. 
\l~bend.  An  Aryan  \^bhendh 
appears  in  SKR.  bandh  'bind'; 
SKR.  bandhu  'relative'  points  to 
connection  with  GR.  nsv&fpog 
'father-in-law',  GR.  TIHGIIO.  for 
*77  £  }>  dof.i  «  ,  LAT.  of-fend-imentum 
'band,  rope'.  Cp.  band,  bend. 

birch  ME.  birche  OE.  birce  = 
OHG.  bircha  G.  birke  :  TEUT.  base 
birkjon-.  The  synon.  OE.  beorc, 
DU.  berk,  ON.  bjgrk  from  an  orig. 
base  berko-  are  an  Aryan  bhergd 
=  SKR.  bhurja,  OSLOV.  brlza, 
LITH.  btrzas  'birch'.  Cp.  bark^. 

bird  ME.  bird  mostly  brid'a.  bird', 
orig.  'a  young  bird'  OE.  brid  (plur. 
briddas)  'the  young  of  any  bird': 
TEUT.  base  bridja-  for  bredjo-\ 
akin  to  breed  and  brood! 


birth  ME.  £/r/^  older  i-birde 
OE.  lebyrd  =  OS  AX.  giburd,  DU. 
geboorte,  OHG.  giburt  G.  geburt, 
ON.  burdr  'birth',  GOTH,  gabaurfis 
'birth':  deriv.  from  a  TEUT.  vb. 
gaberan  'produce'  with  suffix  /#-: 
^z  (cp.  IR.  £n>#  'birth',  SKR. 
bhrti  'bearing'). 

bishop  ME.  bishop  bisshop  OE. 
bisceop  =  OSAX.  biskop,  DU.  £w- 
schop,  OHG.  tovT/"  G.  bischof,  ON. 
biskup.  WEST-TEUT.  biskop  (taken 
as  a  compound  bi  -\-skop)  is  iden- 
tical with  GOTH,  aipiskaupus  = 
GR.  tnioxonog,  LAT.  episcopus.  The 
initial  £  is  also  wanting  in  IT. 
vescovo,  OFR.  PROV.  vesque  (but  FR. 
tv&que  from  QTR.evesgue)  =  vulgar 
LAT.  (e)biscopus. 

bitch  ME.  ^/V^  OE.  ^V%;  TEUT. 


base  bikjon-  also  in  ON.  bikkja 
'bitch';  cp.  OFR.  biche  'bitch'. 

bite  ME.  bite  OE.  bltan  str.  vb.  = 
OSAX.  bitan,  otiG.bi^an  G.beissen, 
DU.  bijten  'bite',  ON.  &/#.  A  TEUT. 
str.  vb.  bitan  'bite*  is  developed 
from  an  Aryan  \(~bhid  'split'  in 
LAT.  findo,  SKR.  bhid  'split'.  Cp. 
bitter  and  bill2. 

bitter  adj.  ME.  bitter  OE.  bitter  biter 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  bittar  MHG.  G. 

DU.    MLG.  LG.  DAN.  SW.  bitter,  ON. 

&'/r  'bitter':  TEUT.  base  bitra- 
(and  baitra-  in  GOTH.  &z//rj 
'bitter'),  prop. 'biting':  deriv.  from 
the  TEUT.  \(~bit  in  ^z/^. 

bittern  ME.  bitor  older  to^r 
(=  DU.  butoor)  :  borrowed  from 
FR.  butor  (=  IT.  bit  tore).  Source 
LAT.  bos  taurus  a  bird's  name? 

black  ME.  blak  OE.  blcec  (blac-) ; 
akin  to  LG.  black  'ink'. 

bladder  ME.  bladdre  OE.  blcedre 
=  DU.  blaar,  LG.  bladere,  OHG. 
bldttara  G.  blatter,  ICEL.  bladra', 
the  TEUT.  base  *bledron-  (with 
dr*?-  as  suffix)  comes  from  the 
TEUT.  \T<W?  in  blow^. 

blade  ME.  £/<&/<?  OE.  /^/^  (plur. 
bladii)  •=  synon.  OHG.  blat  G. 
<£/#//,  DU.  OSAX.  blad,  ON.  3/^, 
GOTH.  *blada-.  Their  dental 
seems  to  be  formative;  bla- 
from  pre-TEUT.  bhlo-  is  perh. 
akin  to  LAT.  fol-ium,  GR.  (/)i;AAo^: 
Aryan  \f~~bhol  bhlo-  in  bloom! 

blain  ME.  £/«»  OE.  ^^«  = 
DU.  blein:  TEUT.  base  blajino- 
from  TEUT.  \f^bla  in  bladder! 

blame  vb.  ME.  £/#>z<?  (=  MDU. 
blamen) :  loanword  from  FR. 
2* 


20 


blank  —  bless 


blamer  (=  OSPAN.  blasmar,  IT.  bia- 
simare\  source  LAT.  blasphemare). 

blank  ME.  blank  OE.  blanc  blgnc 
•=•  synon.  OHG.  MHG.  blanc  G. 
blank',  ON.  blakkr  'gray  or  white 
horse':  TEUT.  \{"blenk  in  blink. 
The  TEUT.  adj.  blanka-  was  in- 
troduced into  the  Roman,  langs.; 
cp.  IT.  bianco,  FR.  blanc  with  the 
deriv.  FR.  blanchet  =  OFR.  blanket ', 
whence  ME.  E.  blanket  'a  coarse 
woolen  cover'. 

blare  vb.'  roar  ME.  blare  vb.  = 
DU.  blaren,  G.  bldrren  pldrren. 

blast  ME.  blast  OE.  blast  =  OHG. 
£/<£;/,  ON.  bldstr  'a  gust  of  wind' : 
deriv.  of  the  TEUT.  \fbles  =  DU. 
blazen,  OHG.  blasan  G.  blasen,  ON. 
bldsa,  GOTH,  blesan.  A  shorter 
\(~ble  cp.  under  blow-. 

blaze  sb.  'a  flame'  ME.  £/<£ri 
'flame,  torch'  OE.  £/<£?;  (infl. 
blasan)  'torch'  =  LG.  MHG.  bias 
'a  torch'.  Akin  to  GOTH,  blesan 
'==  G.  blasen  'blow'  (cp.  G.  wind- 
licht  'torch'). 

blaze  vb.  'proclaim'  ME.  blase 
'blow  as  a  trumpet':  perh.  loan- 
word from  ON.  bldsa  'blow'  = 
DU.  blazen  'sound  a  trumpet', 
OHG.  blasan  G.  blasen  'blow',  GOTH. 
blesan  (in  uj 'blesan  'puff  up').  - 
blazon1  'proclamation'  from  FR. 
blasonner  'blazon',  whence  DU. 
blazoen.  —  blazon2  ME.  bldson 
older  bldsoun  from  FR.  blason 
'coat  of  arms'  (whence  also 
DU.  blazoen)  ? 

bleach  vb.  ME.  bleche  OE.  blacan 
=  ON.  bleikja  'whiten':  TEUT. 
base,  blaikjan  from  the  adj.  bleak 


ME.  bleik  late  OE.  bldec\  borrow- 
ed from  ON.  bleikr  =  orig.  OE. 
bide  ME.  blpk,  DU.  bleeky  G.  bleich. 
A  TEUT.  \{~blik  appears  in  OE. 
blican,  ON.  blika,  OSAX.  blikan, 
DU.  blijken,  OHG.  blihhan  'shine'. 

blear-eyed  'having  sore  eyes' 
ME.  bier-eyed  bler-eighed  fr.  blere 
'blear'  -}-  eye  eity  'eye';  cp.  DAN. 
plir-pjet,  LG.  bler-oged  'blear-eyed' 
(akin  to  \.Q.  flirr-oge  'a  bleared- 
|  eye',  en  flirr  up't  oge  hebben  'have 
a  bleared  eye'). 

bleat  vb.  ME.  bl{te  OE.  blatan 
=  DU.  blaten  bleeten,  LG.  bletent 
OHG.  blfapn  MHG.  bidden. 

bleed  vb.  ME.  ^/^  OE.  £/<H&Z# 
=  OFRIS.  ^/A/dr,  DU.  bloeden,  LG. 
blceden,  OHG.  bluotan,  ON.  £/<a?//« 
'bleed1:  deriv.  from  TEUT.  ^//at- 
in  blood. 

blemish  vb.  ME.  blemiss(h)e 
'wound,  injure,  soil':  loanword 
from  OFR.  blemiss-,  stem  of  some 
forms  of  FR.  blemir  'grow  pale' 
(FR.  bleme  blesme  'pale,  wan'). 

blench  vb.  ME.  blenche  (also 
blenke)  'shrink  back,  give  way', 
OE.  blencan  'deceive':  causative 
of  blink,  TEUT.  base  *  blank/an. 

blend1  vb.  ME.  blende  (pret. 
blende)  OE.  blandan  =  OSAX. 
GOTH,  blandan,  ON.  blanda,  OHG. 
blantan  MHG.  bla?iden. 

blend2  vb.  ME.  blende  OE.  blen- 
dan  =  OHG.  blentan  blenten  G. 
blenden'.  causative  of  blind  vb. 

bless  vb.  ME.  blesse*  older  bletsie 
OE.  bletsian  older  blcedsian  'bless' 
from  a  TEUT.  base  *blbdison,  not 
found  elsewhere  in  TEUT.  The 


blind  —  blow2 


21 


vb.  orig.  'sprinkle  with  blood' 
is  appar.  a  deriv.  of  TEUT.  blbda- 
in  blood. 

blind  adj.  ME.  OE.  blind  = 
OSAX.  DU.  G.  sw.  DAN.  blind  (OHG. 
MHG.  Mint),  ON.  blindr,  GOTH. 
blinds.  Akin  to  ON.  blunda  vb. 
'close  one's  eyes'  and  to  LITH. 
blandyti  'cast  down  one's  eyes' 
—  blesti  blisti  'grow  dark*.  — 
blind  vb.  'make  blind'  deriv. 
of  blind,  supplanting.  ME.  blende 
(pret.  blende)  OE.  blendan  = 
synon.  OHG.  blentan  G.  blenden'. 
causative  of  the  TEUT.  base 
blinda  in  blind  adj.  blindfold 
adj.  ME.  bllndfelle  OE.  blindfellian 
'strike  blind,  put  out  the  eyes'; 
the  mod.  phonology  of  the 
second  element  of  the  word  is 
due  to  confusion  with  fold?  But 
its  origin  is  obscure;  it  may  be 
akin  to  OE. /<?//,  G.  fell  OHG.  fel, 

GOTH,  fill  =   LAT.  pellis. 

blink  vb.  ME.  blinke  =  G.  DU. 
blinken,  sw.  blinka,  DAN.  blinke. 

bliss  ME.  blisse  OE.  bliss  older 
blids  bltds  (=  OSAX.  bltdsea): 
j-deriv.  of  blithe. 

blister  ME.  blister  OE.  *blystre 
=  ODU.  bluyster.  Root  unknown. 

blithe  ME.  blithe  OE.  blide  joy- 
ful, glad'  (cp.  bliss}  =  OSAX. 
blithi,  LG.  bftde,  DU.  blij(de)t 
OHG.  bRdi,  ON.  blidr,  sw.  DAN. 
blidt  GOTH,  bleips.  The  dental 
is  formative,  but  the  TEUT.y~M 
unknown  elsewhere. 

block  ME.  block  'a  block'  (of 
wood).  Cp.  the  synon.  DU.  blok, 

MLG.  block,    OHG.   £/tf/Z    MHG. 


G.  block.  Uncertain  whether  the 
E.  word  is  a  native  E.  word  or 
adapt,  fr.  FR.  bloc  'block,  log'. 

blond  from  FR.  blond,  whence 
also  G.  DU.  DAN.  blond.  Source 
a  lost  TEUT.  blunda-  (=  IT. 
biondo,  SPAN,  blondd). 

blood  ME.  OE.  blod  =  OSAX. 
bl6d,  DU.  bloedy  LG.  blood,  OHG. 
MHG.  bluot  G.  blut ,  ON.  blod, 
sw.  DAN.  blod'.  TEUT.  base  blbda- 
(and  bldpa-  in  GOTH,  blof)  from 
a  pre-TEUT.  bhldto-  bhldto-,  not 
found  elsewhere.  Its  relation 
to  the  \l"blo  'bloom'  is  doubtful. 
See  bleed  and  bless. 

bloom  ME.  blom(e)\  borrowed 
from  ON.  blom  blomi  =  GOTH. 
bloma,  OSAX.  blomo,  DU.  bloem, 
OHG.  bluoma  (bluomo)  G.  blume 
'flower'.  For  the  \f^bld  cp.  LAT. 
fids  and  OIR.  bldth  'blossom'  and 
blow*. 

blossom  ME.  blosme  OE.  blostm(a) 
blosma  =  w.  bloesem  (bloeni),  MLG. 
blo(s)sem\  deriv.  of  the  TEUT. 
\^blo  in  blow.1 

blow  sb.  'a  stroke'  ME.  blowe\ 
deriv.  from  ME.  blewe  OE.  bleowan 
=  OHG.  bliuwan  MHG.  bliuwen 
G.  blduen,  DU.  blouwen,  GOTH. 
bliggwan  'strike':  TEUT.  ^ bleu 
blew. 

blow 1  vb.  'bloom'  ME.  blowe 
OE.  blowan  'blossom'  =  OSAX. 
blbjan,  DU.  bloeijen,  OHG.  bluojan 
G.  blilhen  'blow,  bloom',  GOTH. 
Abidjan.  The  TEUT.  \^blb  appears 
also  in  bloom  and  blossom. 

blow2  vb.  'puff'  ME.  blowe  OE. 
bldwan  str.  vb.  =  OHG.  blaian  'blow' 


22 


blue  —  bolster 


MHG.  blcewen  blcejen  G.  bldhen 
'blow,  swell'.  The  TEUT.  \^ble 
bla  agrees  partly  with  LAT. 
flare  (Aryan  bhld  in  blade  and 
bladder}. 

blue  ME.  blew,  not  deriv.  from 
OE.  blcewen  (deriv.  of  OE.  bldw), 
whence  ME.  *bl$we  ought  to  be 
derived.  ME.  blew  bleu  is  loan- 
word from  the  synon.  FR.  bleu 
(=  IT.  biavo)',  ME-  bid  'blue'  is 
adapt,  of  ON.  bldr.  The  source 
of  the  whole  group  is  a  TEUT. 
base  blawa-  blewa-  'blue'  =  OE. 
bldw,  ON.  bldr,  DU.  blaauw,  OHG. 
bldo  G.  blau\  ident.  w.  ~LA.T.flavus 
'yellow'. 

boar  ME.  bar  OE.  &fr-  =  OHG. 
MHG.  ber  'a  young  boar',  OSAX. 
ber(swin),  LG.  ber,  DU.  &*r :  TEUT. 
base  baizu-  or  bairu-. 

board  'a  plank'  ME.  OE.  b6rd 
'board,  plank,  shield,  table'  = 
OSAX.  DU.  sw.  DAN.  bord,  LG.  boord, 
G.  bort,  ON.  bord,  GOTH,  (fotu}- 
baurd  'foot-stool':  TEUT.  base 
borda-  with  the  by-form  breda- 
in  OE.  £r&/  =  G.  brett  (DU.  &n/ 
ODU.  bred). 

boast  vb.  ME.  bpste;  perh. 
traceable  to  an  OE.  *boscttian\ 
deriv.  from  TEUT.  \f^baus  bus  in 
G.  base  OHG.  bosil 

boat  ME.  &#  OE.  bat  =  ON. 
A?zV  'boat'.  The  E.  word  is  the 
source  of  ON.  faitr,  DU.  G.  boot 
and  FR.  bateau. 

bodice  'stays  for  women'  for- 
merly bodies,  being  plur.  oibody. 
Cp.  pence  for  pennies. 


bodkin  ME.  boidekin  'a  small 
dagger';  of  uncertain  origin, 
related  to  w.  bidog ,  IR.  bideog 
'a  dagger'?  The  diphthong  oi 
in  ME.  shows  foreign  origin  of 
TAp.boidektn]  but  the  suffix  seems 
to  be  Anglisized. 

body  ME.  body  bodi  OE.  bodi^ 
'body';  akin  to  OHG.  botah  MHG. 
botech  'trunk,  corpse'.  Relation 
to  OHG.  botahha  G.  bottich  'a 
large  vessel,  tub'  is  uncertain. 

boil  'a  small  tumor'  ME.  bile 
OE.  byl(e)\  ident.  with  bile. 

boil  vb.  'bubble  up'  ME.  boile 
boyle'.  loanword  from  OFR.  boillir 
FR.  bouillir  —  SPAN,  bullir,  IT. 
bollire  'boil'.  Source  LAT.  bullire 
'bubble'. 

boisterous  ME.  boistrous  'rough, 
coarse':  an  extended  form  of 
ME.  boistous  'rough,  clumsy'.  The 
^/-diphthong  points  to  foreign 
origin;  no  source  yet  found. 

bold  ME.  bgld  OE.  bdld  (bcald 
older  bealp)  =  GOTH.  *balpa- 
(in  balpaba  adv.),  ON.  ballr  (orig. 
*balfr),  OSAX.  OHG.  bald  'bold' 
(hence  G.  bald  'soon,  quickly'). 

bole  ME.  bole  =  MHG.  bole  G. 
bohle  'a  thick  plank';  akin  to 
ON.  bolr  'trunk  of  a  tree'  and 
perh.  related  to  GR.  yoc'A«y^ 
'stem  of  a  tree'. 

boll  ME.  bolle  OE.  bolla  'bowel, 
a  round  vessel'  =  DU.  bol  m. 
OHG.  bolla  'a  round  vessel',  ON. 
bolli.  Perh.  akin  to  ball  and 
LAT.  follis  'hose'. 

bolster  ME.  OE.  bolster  =  DU. 
MHG.  bolster  OHG.  bolstar  G. 


bolt  —  booty 


polster,  ON.  bolstr".  deriv.  with 
str-  suffix  from  the  TEUT.  \^belg 
'swell';  hence  its  orig.  meaning 
'swelling'  (TEUT.  base  bolstra- 
from  *bolhstra-}. 

bolt  vb.  'sift  meal'  ME.  bulte\ 
borrowed  from  OFR.  butter  (FR. 
bluter)  'sift'. 

bolt  'a  stout  pin  of  iron  etc., 
an  arrow'  ME.  OE.  bolt  =  synon. 
OHG.  boh,  DU.  bout,  ON.  bolte. 
Borrowed  from  LAT.  catapultal 

bone  ME.  bon  OE.  ban  =  G. 
bein,  OSAX.  ben,  DU.  been,  ON.  bein, 
sw.  DAN.  ben,  GOTH.  *bain  (DU.  G. 
ON.  sw.  also  leg').  Perh.  cogn. 
with  ON.  beinn  'straight'. 

bonnetME.  bonet'.  loanword  from 
OFR.  bonet  orig.  FR.  chapel  de 
bonet',  MED.-LAT.  bonneta  'a  stuff 
of  which  caps  were  made'. 

bonny  ME.  bony,  an  ENGL. 
derivative  of  FR.  bon  'good'. 

booby  not  found  in  ME.  OE., 
with  ENGL.  ending  derived  from 
SPAN,  bobo  'fool'? 

book  ME.  bok  OE.  boc  =  G. 
buck  OHG.  buoh,  OSAX.  bdk,  DU. 
boek,  GOTH,  bbka  f.  —  bok  n.  'a 
letter  of  the  alphabet'  shows  in 
the  plur.  the  meaning  'writing, 
document,  book',  and  the  OHG. 
OSAX.  OE.  corresponding  buoh 
bok  occurs  in  pluralform  with  the 
meaning  'a  single  book'.  There- 
fore it  is  evident,  that  the  sing, 
meant  orig.  (as  in  GOTH.)  'a 
single  letter  of  the  alphabet'. 
The  TEUT.  base  boka-  (cp. 
beecfi)  was  orig.  'beech-bark, 


beech-tablet'    used    to    scratch 
runes  on. 

boom  borrowed  from  DU.  boom 
(==  LG.  boom)  'a  tree ,  beam, 
pole'.  Ident.  with  beam. 

boon  ME.  bpne  'petition,  favor': 
loanword  from  ON.  bon  'a  prayer'. 
There  was  a  native  OE.  ben  ME. 
bene  'a  prayer'. 

boor  adapt,  of  DU.  boer  (== 
G.  bauer)  'peasant'.  Akin  to 
OE.  ^ebur,  cp.  neighbor. 

boot1  ME.  bate*  loanword  from 
OFR.  bote  (boute)  =  FR.  botte 
(IT.  bota) ;  akin  to  G.  bossen 
'shoes'.  Source  unknown. 

boot2  'advantage'  ME.  bote  OE. 
bot  =  OSAX.  GOTH,  bota,  OHG. 
buo^a  buoTy  G.  busse,  ON.  bot.  For 
the  TEUT.  ^bat  cp.  batten, 
better  and  best. 

booth  ME.  bothe:  loanword 
from  ODAN.  both  (DAN.  bod)  = 
MHG.  buode  G.  bude.  The  OICEL. 
bud  differs  from  DAN.  bdd  in  the 
root-vowels  (TEUT.  o  :u).  The 
dental  is  suffix.  For  the  TEUT. 
\fbtt  (INDO-TEUT.  bha)  'dwell' 
cp.  LITH.  butas  'house',  OIR.  both 
(bothdn)  'hut'  (base  bhu-to).  See 
build  and  be. 

booty  in  the  15th  cent,  spelled 
botye  and  butin\  akin  to  the 
equiv.  FR.  butin,  DU.  butt,  G. 
beute,  ON.  b$te  'booty';  the  FR. 
word  represents  an  OSAX.  *btiftn 
*buti,  which  is  cogn.  w.  OIR. 
buaid  Victory'  and  CYMR. ^^/'ad- 
vantage, profit'.  Aryan 
:  bhaud. 


border  —  bough 


border  ME.  border  bord(e}ure\ 
adapt,  of  FR.  bordure.  Ultimate 
source  OHG.  borto  'edge'. 

bore  vb.  ME.  bore  OE.  borian 
=  OHG.  boron  G.  bohren,  DU. 
boren,  ON.  bora.  The  TEUT.  base 
borbn  agrees  with  LAT.  for  are 
'bore';  cp.GR.^a^o^'plough',SKR. 
bhurij  'scissors':  Aryan  y~  bher 
bfar. 

borough  and  -bury  in  place- 
names  ME.  borwe  (and  biry) 
OE.  burh  burg  (dat.  sing.  byr~£) 
'town'.  OE.  burg  =  synon.  OSAX. 
bur(u)g,  DU.  burg,  OHG.  bur(u}g 
G.  burg,  ON.  borgy  GOTH,  baurgs 
'town'. 

borrow  vb.  ME.  borwe  OE.  bor- 
gian  'protect,  borrow'  =  OHG. 
b  or  gen  G.  b  or  gen  'borrow,  give 
a  pledge'.  Prob.  akin  to  OHG. 
bergan,  GOTH,  bairgan  'protect, 
shelter'  (OSLOV.  bregq  1  take 
care  of). 

bosom  ME.  bosum  OE.  bosm  = 
OSAX.  bosm,  DU.  boczem,  OHG. 
buosam  G.  busen,  GOTH.  *bdsma-. 

botch  vb.  'mend  a  garment' 
ME.  bocche  'repair':  deriv.  from 
boot  'mending,  repair  of  a  thing'? 
perh.  ident.  with  OE.  botettian 
'repair'  ?  Cp.  G.  dial,  biletzen 
'mend  shoes'  =  OHG.  buozzen 
'repair'. 

botch  'a  swelling  on  the  skin, 
a  boil'  ME.  bocche'.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  boche  'a  sore'  (FR.  bosse 
'swelling'  =  IT.  boccia  'ball'). 

both  ME.  botfie  =  OSAX.  bedte, 
OFRIS.  bethe  bede,  OHG.  G.  beide,  ON. 
bddir,  s\v.  bdda,  DAN.  baade.  The 


stem  of  the  numeral  in  its  oldest 
forms  had  no  dental:  GOTH,  bat 
=  OE.  be^en  bd  bu  'both'.  The 
dental  ending  is  short  for  the 
article :  ME.  bothe  =  OE.  bd  da, 
G.  bfide  instead  of  bei  die.  In 
the  older  periods  the  article 
was  combined  with  the  numeral; 
cp.  GOTH,  ba  fid  scipa  'both 
ships',  OE.  be^en  dd  gebrodru 
'both  brothers'. 

bottle1  'a  hollow  vessel'  ME. 
botel  =  DU.  bottel,  LG.  buttel  bud- 
del',  loanwords  from  FR.  bouteille 
(==  SPAN,  botellciy  IT.  bottiglia) 
Source  MED. -LAT.  buticula  f.  di- 
min.  of  butts  'a  butt'. 

bottle2  'a  bundle  of  hay'  ME. 
botel:  loanword  from  OFR.  botel 
dimin.  of  FR.  botte  'a  bundle  of 
hay'.  Source  a  TEUT.  bauta-  in 
OHG.  boy)  'a  bundle  of  flax'. 

bottom  ME.  botum  OE.  botm  = 
OSAX.  bodom,  DU.  bodem,  OHG. 
bodam  G.  boden.  The  TEUT.  bases 
bufma-  (=  OHG.  bodam)  or  butna 
(=  ON.  botri)  or  with  assimi- 
lation butma-  (==  OE.  botm)  re- 
present Aryan  bases  bhutno- 
bhudno'y  cp.ASCfAKbhudhno-  'bot- 
tom' in  SKR.  budhna;  cp.  GR. 
7rv^/<7/i',  LAT.  fundus  (if  trace- 
able to  bhudhno-sT).  The  pho- 
netical  relations  of  the  group 
are  obscure. 

bough  ME.  bough  bow  OE.  boh 
bog  =  DU.  boeg  'bow  of  the  ship', 
OHG.  buog  'upper  joint  of  the 
arm  or  leg,  shoulder,  hip'  G. 
bug  'shoulders,  withers',  ON.  bogr 
'shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship'.  GOTH. 


bounce  —  boy 


*  bogus  from  PRE-TEUT.  bhdghu-s 
'arm,  fore-arm'  corresponds  to 
SKR.  bdhii  'arm',  also  GR.  7ra%vg 
•nfjyvg  'fore-arm,  elbow'. 

bounce  vb.  ME.  bounse  'beat, 
knock'  OE.  *bunsian\  frequent, 
of  a  primit.  *bunant  Akin  to  LG. 
bunsen  bumsen  (bansenf)  'knock'? 

bound  sb.  ME.  bounde  older 
boune\  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  bonde 
bonne  'boundary'.  —  boundary 
points  to  FR.  bonnier ,  whence 
also  DU.  bunder  ODU.  bunre. 
Source  MED.-LAT.  bodina. 

bound  vb.  'leap,  spring'  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  bondir  'leap, 
spring'  prop,  'resound'.  Source 
LAT.  bombitare  'hum'  ? 

bound  adj.  'ready,  prepared' 
ME.  boun  'ready,  prepared  to  go': 
loanword  from  ON.  buinn  'pre- 
pared', part,  oibua  'till,  prepare'; 
cp.  busk. 

bounty  ME.  bounte\  loanword 
from  FR.  bonte\  source  LAT.  boni- 
tatem.  —  bounteous  ME.  bounte- 
vous\  derived  from  OFR.  bontive 
'benevolent'  by  influence  of 
righteous. 

bourn  'boundary'  adapt,  of  FR. 
borne\  ident.  with  bound. 

bow  vb.  'bend*  ME.  bowe  earlier 
biiwe  OE.  bugan  str.  vb.  'bend, 
flee'  (only  intr.)  =  DU.  buigen, 
MLG.  bugen,  OHG.  biogan  G.  biegen, 
GOTH,  biugan  'bend'.  The  TEUT. 
\Tbtig  is  an  ARYAN  bhnk  on  ac- 
count of  OHG.  buhil  'hill'.  A 
cogn.  \{~bhtig  appears  in  LAT. 
fugio,  GR.  fvw.  —  bow1  sb.  'a 


weapon,  a  bend'  ME.  bowe  OE. 
boga  =  OHG.  OSAX.  bogo ,  DU. 
boog,  G.  bogen,  ON.  bogi. 

bow2  'the  forward  part  of  a 
ship',  var.  of  bough. 

bowel  ME.  boull  bowel',  loan- 
word from  OFR.  bouel  (FR.  boyau) ; 
source  LAT.  botellus  'sausage'  (IT. 
budello),  whence  also  ODU.  bode- 
line  DU.  beuling  'sausage*. 

bower  sb.  ME.  bour  OE.  btir  'a 
dwelling'  (see  neighbor  =  OE. 
nehiebur)  =  OSAX.  MLG.  bur  'a 
house,  cage',  OHG.  MHG.  bur  'a 
chamber'  G.  bauer  'a  cage',  ON. 
biir  'a  chamber,  larder'.  For  the 
TEUT.  \{~bu  'dwell1  cp.  build. 

bowl  ME.  bolle  OE.  bolla  =  ON. 
bollf,  DU.  boly  OHG.  bolla. 

box1  'a  chest'  ME.  OE.  box:  bor- 
rowed from  a  VULG.-LAT.  *buxem 
for  buxidem  (nom.  buxis),  whence 
also  DU.  bus,  G.  biichs e  'box'  OHG. 
buhsa  for  *buhsja.  VULG.-LAT. 
buxis  (from  GR.  nv£tg  'box  made 
of  the  box-tree'  cp.  box^  ap- 
pears in  FR.  bossette,  IT.  bossolo 
'box'. 

box2  'the  name  of  a  tree'  ME. 
box-tre  OE.  box:  borrowed  from 

LAT.-ROM.     buXUS      (=     IT.     bosSO, 

SPAN,  box,  FR.  buis),  whence  also 
OHG.  MHG.  buhs(-boum)  =  G.  bucks- 
baum  'box-tree',  DU.  busboom. 

boy  ME.  boic  OE.  *baia\  perh. 
dimin.  of  a  lost  OE.  *bo  'brother' 
=  FLEM.  boe  'brother:  childish 
abbreviation  of  E.  brother,  as  G. 
bube  OHG.  buobo  is  a  reduplication 
of  *bb  'brother'? 


26 


boycott  —  brave 


boycott  first  heard  of  in  Dec. 
1880.  Captain  James  Boycott  was 
a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  co. 
Mayo,  Ireland;  the  Irish  league 
pronounced  their  edict,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  no  one  wished 
to  work  or  have  anything  to  do 
with  him;  he  was  the  victim  of 
the  system  of  procedure  named 
after  him. 

brace  sb.  ME.  brace',  adapt,  of 
OFR.  brace.  Source  LAT.  brac- 
chium. 

brach  ME.  bracche\  adapt,  of 
OFR.  brache.  Source  OHG.  bracko 
'hunting  dog'  =  DU.  brctk  ODU. 
bracke. 

brad  ME.  brad  usually  brod\ 
loanword  from  ON.  broddr  'spike, 
shaft'  (=  OE.  brord  'spike',  OHG. 
brort  'edge').  The  TEUT.  base 
brozda-  answers  to  OIR.  brot  'sting'. 

brag  vb.  'boast'  ME.  bra(g)ge\ 
akin  to  OFR.  braguer  'flaunt,  brave, 
brag'.  Source  doubtful. 

braid  vb.  'weave'  ME.  breide 
OE.  bre^dan  'move  to  and  fro, 
weave'  —  OSAX.  bregdan,  LG. 
breiden,  OHG.  brettan  MHG.  bretteny 
ON.  bregda  'draw,  pull,  weave, 
braid';  orig. 'move  quickly' ;  but 
MLG.  breiden  'knit'.  Cp.  bridle. 

brain  ME.  brain  OE.  brceien  = 
DU.  brein,  LG.  bregen  'brain'.  The 
TEUT.  base  bragena-  'brain',  if 
from  an  ARYAN  mrogh-,  is  com- 
pared with  GR.  ^Qfjfttog  'fore- 
head' (for  */|p££-). 

brake  'a  thicket'  ME.  brake; 
perh.  cogn,  w,  LG.  brake  'tree- 
trunk'  ? 


bramble  ME.  brembel  OE.  bremel 
earlier  *br&mil\  cogn.  w.  G.  brom- 
beere  'brambleberry'  OHG.  bramay 
DU.  braam,  perh.  ident.  w.  OE. 
brom  under  broom. 

bran  ME.  bran :  adapt,  from.  IR. 
w.  bran.  ME.  bren  adapt,  from 
OFR.  bren  points  to  the  same 
source. 

branch  'a  bough  of  a  tree' 
ME.  braunche:  borrowed  from  FR. 
branche  (==  SPAN.  IT.  branca  LAT. 
type  bi-ramical  deriv.  of  LAT. 
ramus  'branch'?). 

brand  ME.  OE.  brand  brond  = 
ODU.  MLG.  brand,  OHG.  MHG.  brant 
'a  burning,  a  brand',  DU.  G.  brand 
'a  burning,  fuel',  ON.  brandr  'a 
firebrand',  sw.  DAN.  brand  ca  fire- 
brand, fire'.  From  TEUT.  brinnan 
=  burn.  —  brandish  vb.  ME. 
braundisshe  braundisse\  loanword 
from  FR.  brandiss-  in  brandir  (= 
IT.  brandir e)  'brandish'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  brand  'sword'  —  E.  brand 
'sword'  OE.  brond,  ON.  brandr, 
MHG.  brant  'blade  of  a  sword'. 

-  brandy  short  for  brandywine 
=  DU.  brandewijn,  G.  brantewein 
'brandy',  lit.  'burnt  wine'. 

brass  ME.  bras  OE.  brces.  LAT. 
ferrum,  if  iorferso-  ARYAN  bherso-, 
is  considered  akin  to  the  TEUT. 
base  brasa-  in  OE.  bras. 

brat  'a  child'  perh.  ident.  with 
ME.  OE.  bratt  'a  coarse  cloak': 
orig.  a  Celt,  word,  cp.  GAEL.  IR. 
brat  'a  cloak,  mantle'  —  w.  brat 
'a  rag,  a  pinafore'. 

brave  borrowed  from  FR.  brave, 
whence  also  DU.  braaf,  G.  brav. 


brawn  —  breeze 


brawn  ME.  braun  brawn  'muscle, 
boar's  flesh';  orig.  *braoun  bra- 
hun\  borrowed  from  OFR.  braon 
'a  piece  of  flesh,  muscle'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  brado  ace.  bra  dun  = 
OHG.  brato  MHG.  brate  'a  slice 
of  bread'  and  also  like  G.  braten 
'roast  meat',  OE.  brcedan  'roast 
meat',  G.  braten,  DU.  braden  'roast'; 
in  LG.  dial,  an  OSAX.  brado 
'muscle' is  preserved  (e.g.  AVEST- 
PHAL.  wadbrae) ;  cp.  MLG.  brade. 

braze1  vb.  'adorn  with  brass' 
ME.  brdse  OE.  brasian  'cover  with 
brass':  deriv.  of  OE.  brces\  cp. 
brass. 

braze2  vb.  'harden':  loanword 
from  ON.  brasa  'harden  by  fire'. 

breach  ME.  br{che\  adapt,  of 
FR.  breche.  Source  the  TEUT.  vb. 
brekan  =  break. 

bread  ME.  bred  late  OE.  br$ad 
=  OHG.  brot  G.  brod,  OSAX.  brbd, 
DU.  brood,  late  ON.  braud.  The 
Teut.  base  brau-da~  is  deriv.  fr. 
the  \T  bru  in  E.  broth  and 
brew.  The  orig.  TEUT.  word  for 
bread  was  loaf  (=  TEUT.  hlaiba-). 
In  OE.  we  find  brgad  'piece  of 
bread'  and  beobr  /^/'honey-comb'. 

breadth  formed  after  length 
strength  with  secondary  th  from 
ME.  br{dt  OE.  brcedo  'breadth': 
abstract  noun  formed  hombroad 
with  umlaut  (GOTH,  braidei,  OHG. 
breiti).  Cp.  WESTPHAL.  bredde, 
OSAX.  *bredtha  from  brtd  'broad'. 
•  break  vb.  ME.  br$ke  OE.  brecan 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  breken,  OSAX. 
brekan,  OHG.  brehhan  G.  brechen> 
GOTH,  brikan.  With  the  TEUT. 


\fbrek  'break'  (ARYAN  bhreg) 
vp.'Lh^.frango  (pret.frtgi)  'break'. 

breakfast  ME.  br<>kefaste\  prop, 
'breaking  one's  fast,  the  first 
meal  of  the  day  by  which  the 
fast  is  broken'. 

bream  ME.  br$m\  loanword 
from  FR.  breme\  source  a  TEUT. 
braxma  in  OHG.  brahsima  MHG. 
braesem  G.  brass  en  =  OSAX. 
bressemo,  DU.  brasemt  osw.  braxn, 
DAN.  brasen. 

breast  ME.  brest  short  for  ME. 
brest  OE.  breost  =  OSAX.  briost, 
OFRIS.  briast,  ON.  brjost',  akin  to 
GOTH,  brusts  plur.,  DU.  borst, 
OFRIS.  burst  (and  briast),  G.brust'. 
TEUT.  bases  breust- :  brust~. 

breath  ME.  br{th  OE.  brad 
'breath,  odor';  akin  to  OHG. 
bradam  MHG.  bradem  G.  brodem 
broden  'steam,  vapor,  exhalation'. 

breech  'buttocks'  ME.  brich  OE. 
bred.  Orig.  ident.  with  breeches 
(»a  pair  of  breeches«)  ME. 
brech  breche',  the  corresp.  OE. 
brec  plur.  points  to  a  sing.  *brdc 
=  DU.  broek,  OFRIS.  brbk  (plur. 
breK),  ON.  brdk  (plur.  br&kr),  OHG. 
MHG.  bruoch.  The  TEUT.  base 
brdk-  plur.  brokiz)  is  seemingly 
connected  with  GALL.-LAT.  braca 
'clothing  for  the  legs'. 

breed  vb.  ME.  brfde  OE.  bredan 
=  DU.  broeden,  OHG.  bruoten 
MHG.  brileten  G.  bruten  'brood, 
hatch',  GOTH.  *brbdjan\  deriv.  of 
TEUT.  brbda-  see  brood. 

breeze1  'a  strong  wind'  = 
synon.  G.  brise^  DAN.  bris\  source 


28 


breeze2  —  brim 


FR.  brise  'the  north  wind'  = 
SPAN,  brisa. 

breeze2  'gadfly'  ME.  brese  OE. 
brtosa.  Connection  with  G.  bremse 
and  breme  (OHG.  brimisa  bremd) 
is  doubtful. 

brew  vb.  ME.  brewe  OE.  breowan 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  brouwen,  OHG. 
briuwan  G.  brauen.  With  the 
TEUT.  ^brtt  (Aryan  Mr#  bhreu) 
brew'  are  related  PHRYG.-THRAC. 
PQVTOV  'beer,  cider',  which  prob. 
stands  for  GR.  *(ppvTnv,  also  LAT. 
defrutum  'must  boiled  down',  OIR. 
bruthe  'broth'  —  bruth  'live  coals, 
heat'  —  bruith  'cooking'.  Cp. 
bread. 
*  bridal,  see  bride. 

bride  ME.  bride  OE.  br$d  (from 
*brydi  *briidi)  =  OSAX.  ODU. 
LG.  brud,  DU.  bruidy  OHG.  MHG. 
brut  G.  brauty  ON.  brudr\  GOTH. 
brups  means  'daughter-in-law' 
(but  brup-faps  'bridegroom') ; 
OSAX.  brud  is  'the  newly  married 
wife'  as  E.  bride.  bridal 

ME.  brid-dle  OE.  bryd-ealo\  lit. 
'bride-ale  (ME.  bride  OE.  bryd 
and  ME.  ale  OE.  ealo).  In  GERM. 
dialects,  we  find  ki?idelbier  'bap- 
tism'. —  bridegroom  ME.  bride- 
gome  OE.  brydguma  =  synon. 
OSAX.  brudigumo,  DU.  bruide- 
gomOy  OHG.  brutigomo  MHG.  briute- 
gome  G.  brdutigam ,  ON.  brud- 
gume  (GOTH,  brup-faps).  The 
second  element  of  these  com- 
pounds (OE.  GOTH,  guma,  OHG. 
gomo  'man'  is  related  to  LAT. 
liomo  from  INDO-TEUT.  ghonwn). 
The  phonetical  development  of 


ME.  bridegome  into  E.  bridegroom 
is  due  to  the  influence  of  groom. 

bridge  ME.  brigge  OE.  brycg  = 
OFRIS.  brigge,  DU.  ^r^,  OHGO 
brucka  G.  brilcke  (GOTH.  *'brugja 
*brugjo) .  The  corresp.  ON.bryggja 
(also  LG.  brugge  >  NORTHFRIS. 
bragti)  and  GERM,  (dial.)  brucke 
signify  'pavement,  floor';  and  OE. 
brycgian  ME.  brigge  and  NFRIS. 
braghirij  MLG.  brilggen  signify  'to 
pave'. 

bridle  ME.  OE.  bridel  older  OE. 
bri^del  bri^dil  =  OHG.  brittil  for 
*brictil\  deriv.  from  the  TEUT. 
vb.  bregdan  'pull'  under  braid. 
Akin  to  OSLOV.  bruzda  'bridle' 
(Aryan  \{~bhreghdh  also  in  LAT. 
frenum  'bridle'?). 

brief  adj.  'short'  ME.  bref\ 
borrowed  from  FR.  bref  (SPAN. 
IT.  breve  =  LAT.  brevis  'short'). 

brief  sb.  'a  commission,  do- 
cument' ME.  brefy  cp.  DU.  G. 
brief  OHG.  briaf  and  the  cor- 
responding OFR.  bref  'an  official 
document'.  Orig.  ident.  with 
brief  adj. 

brier  a  prickly  shrub'  ME.  brere 
OE.  br&r  brer  'a  bramble'. 

bright  ME.  bright  OE.  beorht 
'bright,  white,  clear'  =  OSAX. 
berhty  OHG.  beraht,  GOTH,  bairhts 
'bright'.  Akin  to  MLG.  brehen 
'shine,  glisten';  cp.  SKR.  bhargas 
'brightness'. 

brim  ME.  brim]  perh.  ident. 
with  OE.  brim  'ocean ,  surf  = 
ON.  brim  'surf;  cp.  the  name  of 
the  city  of  Bremen. 


brimstone  —  brook 


brimstone  ME.  brimston  earlier 
brenston  =  ON.  brennisteinn  'brim- 
stone': deriv.  of  ME.  brenne  = 
burn. 

brine  ME.  brine  'salt  liquor'  = 
DU.  brijn  MDU.  brine. 

bring  vb.  ME.  bringe  OE.  bring  an 
=  OHG.  OSAX.  bringan  G.  bringen, 
GOTH.  briggan\  cp.  DU.  brengen, 
OSAX.  brengian,  OE. brengan 'bring': 
TEUT.  \l^breng  brang. 

brink  ME.  brink  'edge';  cp.  ON. 
brekka  from  *brinkb ,  LG.  brink. 

brisk  a  CELT,  loanword;  cp.  w. 
brysg,  GAEL.  bri(o)sg  'quick,  lively'. 

bristle  ME.  bridle  older  birstle 
OE.  *byrstcl\  dimin.  of  OE.  byrst 
==  OHG.  burst  G.  borste,  DU.  borste 
'bristle';  akin  to  OHG.  bursta  G. 
burste  'brush'.  The  TEUT.  \{~bors 
burs  (whence  bur  in  burdocti) 
is  an  Aryan  \fbhrs  in  SKR.  bhrsfi 
'point,  prong'.  Cp.  brush. 

brittle  ME.  britel  OE.  *brytel\ 
formed  with  suffix  ~il  (OE.  el  cp. 
nimble)  from  OE.  brcotan  'break' 
=  ON.  brjota  'break'. 

broach  vb.  ME.  broche  'bore, 
spur,  spit,  tap'  (setten  on  broche 
'set  a-broach,  tap'  =  FR.  mettre 
en  broche\2^  a  barrel') ;  FR.  brocher 
'broach,  pierce'  and  broche  'a 
broach,  spit'. 

broad  ME.  brod  OE.  brdd  = 
OSAX.  MLG.  bred,  DU.  breed,  G. 
breit,  ON.  breidr,  sw.  DAN.  bred, 
GOTH,  braids  'broad':  prob.  from 
a  PRE-TEUT.  mraito-,  akin  to  an 
Aryan  \Cmrit  in  SKR.  mrit  'fall 
to  pieces'  (therefore  broad  prop. 
'extended'?). 


brock  'a  badger'  ME.  brok  OE. 
brocc  (=  DAN.  brok)\  a  .CELT. 
loanword;  cp.  w.  CORN.  BRET. 
brock,  GAEL.  IR.  MANX  broc  'a 
badger  (CELT,  base  brakko-,  perh. 
ident.  w.  LAT.  broccus  adj.  'having 
prominent  teeth'  and  OFR.  broc 
'spit,  point'). 

broil  vb.  ME.  broile\  adapt,  of 
OFR.  bruiller  'broil,  roast'.  OFR. 
bruir  'roast'  seems  to  be  ident. 
with  G.  brilhen  MHG.  briiejen,  DU. 
broeijen  'foment';  cp.  brood. 

broker  ME.  brocour  'pedlar, 
pawnbroker';  loanword  from 
OFR.  brocour  brokeor  'tapster 
who  retails  wine  from  the  tap'; 
cp.  FR.  broche  under  broach. 

brooch  'broach'  ME.  brdche  'a 
pin,  peg,  brooch':  borrowed 
from  FR.  broche  'a  spit,  point'. 

brood  ME.  OE.  brod  =  DU.  broed, 
OHG.  MHG.  bruot  G.  brut',  appar. 
formed  with  dental  suffix  from 
the  TEUT.  \l^brb  in  G.  briihen, 
DU.  broeien.  Cp.  breed. 

brook  ME.  brok  OE.  broc  = 
DU.  broek,  MLG.  brdk  LG.  brook 
'marsh,  pool',  OHG.  bruoh(h)  MHG. 
bruoch  G.  bruch  'marsh,  bog*; 
possibly  connected  with  the 
TEUT.  \fbrek  'break'  in  break. 

brook  vb.  'put  up  with'  ME. 
bro(p)ke  brouke  OE.  brucan  'use, 
enjoy'  =  OSAX.  brukan ,  DU. 
gebruiken,  OHG.  bruhhan  MHG. 
bruchen  G.  brauchen  'use,  need', 
GOTH,  brukjan  'use'.  The  PRE- 
TEUT.  form  of  the  \^bhrug 
accords  with  LAT.  fruor  from 


broom  —  buckram 


*fruvor  for  *frugvor  and  cp.  LAT. 
fruges. 

broom  ME.  OE.  brom  'the  plant 
of  the  broom'  =  ODU.  broem 
'broom';  perh.  cogn.  w.  bramble. 

broth  ME.  broth  OE.  brod  = 
ON.  brod,  OHG.  brod:  deriv.  from 
the  \fbrti  under  brew. 

brother  ME.  brother  OE.  brodor 
=  DU.  broeder ,  OSAX.  brbthar, 
OHG.  MHG.  bruoder  G.  bruder,  ON. 
brodir ,  GOTH,  bropar  'brother'. 
The  TEUT.  base  brdper-  (Aryan 
bhrater^)  corresponds  to  LAT. 
f rater ,  SKR.  bhrdtar- ,  OSLOV. 
bratru;  cp.  GR.  rpparpin. 

brow  ME.  browe  bruwe  OE.  £n*; 
cp.  ON.  ^rw>/  'eyebrow'  and  SKR. 
£/W,  GR.  ocpyi'c,  OSLOV.  bruvt 
'brow'. 

brown  ME.  broun  OE.  £;7$/z  = 

MLG.  OHG.   MHG.  OFRIS.  brun,    DU. 

bruin,  ON.  brunn.  The  TEUT. 
name  of  the  color  passed  into 
ROM.  (FR.  brim  =  SPAN.  IT. 
bruno  'brown')  and  LITH.  (brunas 
'brown').  The  proper  stem  of 
Aryan  bhr-uno-  appears  in  LITH. 
beras  'brown'  (see  bear  sb.)  and 
reduplicated  in  SKR.  babhru-s 
'reddish-  brown'  (see  beaver). 

bruise  vb.  ME.  brilse'.  loanword 
from  OFR.  bruser  (FR.  briser) 
'break',  whence  OE.  brysan  'break'. 

bruit  'a  rumor'  ME.  brilt'.  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  bruit  'noise*. 

brush  sb.  ME.  brusshe  'a  brush', 
orig.  'brush-wood':  borrowed 
from  OFR.  broce  FR.  brosse  'brush- 
wood, brush'. 


brute  borrowed  from  FR.  brut 
adj.  (fern,  brute)  \  source  LAT. 
brutus. 

buck  vb.  'wash  linen ,  steep 
clothes  in  lye'  ME.  bouke  (OE. 
*bucian)  =  DAN.  byget  sw.  byka, 
NORW.  boukja,  ICEL.  bauka,  MHG. 
buchen  G.  bauchen.  The  TEUT. 
vb.  bukon  (biikjati)  is  based  on 
OE.  buc  (cp.  bucket).  The 
ROM.  FR.  buer,  IT.  bucare  'wash' 
are  borrowed  from  Teut. 

buck  sb.  ME.  bukke  OE.  bucca\ 
cp.  the  synon.  OSAX.  buck,  FRIS. 
Tyc.bok,  OHG.  MHG.  boc(ck)  G.  bock, 
ON.  bukkr  bokkr,  sw.  bock,  DAN. 
buk  'a  he-goat,  ram,  buck(deer)', 
GOTH.  *bukks  *bukkam.  ident.  w. 

GAEL.  boct    OIR.     boCCy    CYMR.    boch 

'buck'  from  a  CELT,  base  bukko- 
(whence  FR.  bouc  OFR.  boc)  and 
w.  ARMEN.  buc  'lamb',  AVEST.  buza 
'buck'  (ARYAN  bhug  ?).  The  INDO- 
TEUT.  base  bhugo-  is  perh.  con- 
nected with  the  root  of  fugio, 
GR.  (f'tv'yi»  'flee';  hence  buck  may 
have  signified  orig.  'fugitive'. 

bucket  'a  kind  of  pail'  ME. 
boket:  deriv.  from  OE.  buc  'a 
pitcher'  with  the  dirnin.  suffix  -et. 

buckle  ME.  bokel\  adapt,  of  FR. 
boucle,  whence  also  G.  bucket. 
Source  MED. -LAT.  buc(c)ula  'a 
beaver,  shield'. 

buckler  ME.  bokeler:  adapt,  of 
OFR.  bocler  bucler  =  FR.  bouclier 
(whence  also  DU.  beukelaar,  MHG. 
buckeler,  ON.  buklart).  Cp.  buckle. 

buckram  ME.  bokeram  bukeram 
=  OFR.  bouqueran  bouc ar an  (FR. 


buckwheat  —  burn 


bougran ,  MHG.  buckerani) .  S  o  urc  e 
and  history  unknown. 

buckwheat  =  DU.  boekweit, 
MLG.  bokwete,  G.  buchweizen,  DAN. 
boghvede\  lit.  'beech-wheat'  from 
the  resemblance  of  its  seeds  to 
the  mast  of  the  beech-tree.  The 
E.  word  is  of  continental  origin. 
Cp.  beech. 

bud  ME.  budde\  perh.  akin  to 
FR.  bouton,  DU.  bot  'bud'.  History 
and  source  uncertain. 

bugle  'a  buffalo,  a  horn'  ME. 
bugle-,  borrowed  from  OFR.  bugle 
'a  wild  ox'  (LAT.  buculus,  dimin. 
of  bos  'an  ox').  The  meaning 
'horn'  is  short  for  'bugle-horn'. 

build  vb.  short  for  ME.  bilde  (pret. 
bilde)  OE.  *byldan  (pret.  bylde)\ 
deriv.  with  vowel  mutation  from 
OE.  bold  'house'  which  goes  back, 
as  shown  by  the  older  OE.  botl 
bodly  by  metathesis  to  a  TEUT. 
bo-pla-  (==  ON.  bolt  DU.  boedel, 
OSAX.  bodlos  plur.,  OFRIS.  bodel 
bold.  OE.  byldan  (bytlan)  is  a 
TEUT.  bupljan.  TEUT.  bofila-  = 
ARYAN  bhu-tlo-  belongs  to  the 
INDO-TEUT.  \fbhfi  'dwell,  reside' 
(cp.  be,  bower  and  booth).  For 
the  ARYAN  //-  suffix  cp.  needle. 

bull  ME.  bule\  OE.  only  in 
dimin.  bulluc  =  ME.  E.  buUock\ 
cp.  the  synon.  DU.  buly  LG.  Iwlle, 
ON.  bolt,  DAN.  boll  'a  castrated  bull'; 
LITH.  bullus  is  primit.  related. 
Whether  the  E.  bull  is  orig.  a 
SCAND.  loanword,  is  uncertain. 

burden1  'a  load'  ME.  birthen 
OE.  byrden  =  OSAX.  burthinnia 
'burden';  cp.  the  equival.  OHG. 


burdb  G.  burde,  ON.  byrdr,  GOTH. 
baurfiei'.  all  deriv.  of  the  TEUT. 
\fber  in  dear;  cp.  SKR.  bhrti 
=  OIR.  brith  'the  carrying*  and 
see  birth. 

burden2  'the  refrain  of  a  song' 
ME.  burdoun:  loanword  from  FR. 
bourdon,  orig.  'a  drone-bee'  (= 
SPAN,  bordon,  IT.  bordone  'a  drone' 
from  LAT.  bur  do  'a  drone');  cp. 
MLG.  bar  dun  'tenor;  a  musical 
instrument'. 

burgess  ME.  burgeis :  loanword 
from  OFR.  burgeis  FR.  bourgeois 
(LAT.  type  burgensis  from  burgus 
'town').  —  burgher  borrowed 
from  DU.  burger  =  MLG.  borgere, 
OHG.  burgari  MHG.  burg  cere  burger 
G.  burger :  deriv.  of  TEUT.  burg- 
cp.  borough. 

burial  ME.  buriel  biriel  prop. 
buriels  biriels  GE.  byr^els  'tomb' 
(=  OSAX.  Inirgisli  'tomb')  :  deriv. 
from  the  OE.  vb.  byryin  (OSAX. 
*burgian)\  cp.  bury. 

burin  'an  engraver's  tool' :  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  burin\  perh.  of 
Teut.  origin;  cp.  OHG.  bora  'a 
borer'  (see  under  bore). 

burly  ME.  burli  borli  OE.  *bur- 
lice.  Akin  to  OHG.  buro-  'very' 
in  burolang  boralang  Very  long' 
and  perh.  to  SKR.  bhuri  'much'? 

burn  vb.  ME.  berne  OE.  bcernan 
bernan  tr.  (byrnan  intr.).  Cp. 
synon.  MHG.  brinnen  intr.  and 
its  causative  brennen\  G.  brennen 
intr.  and  tr.,  GOTH,  brinnan  intr. 
and  brannjan  tr.  Only  one  n  be- 
longs to  the  TEUT.  \/*bren,  as 
shown  by  bryne  'conflagration*. 


burnish  —  butter 


burnish  vb.  ME.  burnisshe  bur- 
nisse\  loanword  from  OFR.  bur- 
niss-,  the  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  burnir  brunir  =  FR.  brunir. 

burr  ME.  burre  ca  bur';  cp.  sw. 
kardborre  'a  burdock',  DAN.  borrey 
N.FRIS.  bar,  HELGOL.  borren  'bur- 
dock*. OE.  *burre,  if  for  TEUT. 
burzon-,  may  be  deriv.  from  the 
TEUT.  \fbors  in  G.  borste\  cp. 
bristle. 

burst  vb.ME.  berste  OE.  berstan\ 
cp.  synon.  OSAX.  brestan,  LG.  DU. 
bersten,  OHG.  brestan  MHG.  bresten 
G.  bersten,  ON.  bresta.  Cp.  an 
Aryan  Y^  bhrest  in  OIR.  brissim 
'break'  («  for  tf). 

bury  vb.  ME.  burie  birie  OE. 
byriyin  byr^an  wk.  vb.;  akin  to  OE. 
byr^en  'tomb'  —  byr^els  under 
burial.  TEUT.  burgjan  belongs 
perh.  with  OE.  beorg  'mound,  place 
of  burial'  to  the  TEUT.V&r^  in 
GOTH,  bairgan,  DU.  G.  bergen,  OE. 
beorgan  'protect,  shelter,  secure'. 

bury  in  place-names  see  bo- 
rough. 

bush  ME.  bush  older  busk\  ident. 
with  OHG.  busk  G.  .  busch ,  DU. 
bosch  bos  and  a  ROM.  bosco  (— 
FR.  botSj  IT.  bosco).  Uncertain 
whether  of  Teut.  or  of  Lat.  origin. 

bush  'a  thicket'  ME.  busch  busk 
=  OHG.  busc  G.  busch,  DU.  bosch\ 
akin  to  FR.  botSj  IT.  bosco.  Orig. 
derived  as  LAT.  *buxicum  from 
LAT.  buxus  =  box! 

busk  vb.  'get  one's  self  ready' 
ME.  buske  'prepare  one'self:  of 
Scand.  origin;  cp.  ON.  budsk  'pre- 
pare'. Cp.  bound  adj. 


busk  'a  support  for  a  woman's 
stays'  borrowed  from  FR.  busc 
busque  orig.  'the  whole  bodice', 
prob.  a  corruption  of  bust. 

buss1  'a  herring-boat'  ME.  busse 
OE.  biltse  (in  btitsecarlas)  =  DU. 
buis,  OHG.  buzo,  ON.  biiza.  The 
Rom.  shows  similar  words:  MED.- 
LAT.  bussa  buscia  'a  kind  of  boat', 
OFR.  busse  buse  buce.  Source 
unknown. 

buss2  'kiss'  =  G.  dial,  bussen 
'kiss';  cp.  also  SPAN,  buz  'a  kiss 
of  reverence';  perh.  orig.  a  chil- 
dish onomatopoeia. 

bust  from  FR.  buste  (—  IT.  SPAN. 
busto),  whence  also  G.  bilste. 

bustle  vb.  ME.  bustele  'wander 
blindly  or  stupidly';  perh.  akin 
to  G.  (dial.)  pusseln  'bustle',  ICEL. 
bustla  'bustle'? 

busy  ME.  bisy  OE.  bisi^  =  DU. 
bezig,  LG.besig:  TEUT.  base *bisiga-. 

but  ME.  bute  shortened  for  buten 
OE.  butan  conj.  'except'  —  prep, 
'besides,  without'  =  DU.  buitcn 
'except'.  Contr.  from  be-utan\ 
cp.  G.  ausser  and  E.  out. 

butcher  ME.  bocher  earlier  bou- 
cher:  borrowed  from  FR.  boucher 
'one  who  kills  he-goats'  (deriv. 
of  FR.  bouc  =  buck). 

butler  ME.  buteler  bot(e)ler  fr. 
OFR.  bouteiller'.  deriv.  of  bottle. 

butt  borrowed  from  OFR.  boute, 
FR.  botte  (=  SPAN,  bota,  IT.  botte) 
'a  butt,  cask'.  Akin  to  OE.  bytt 
'hose,  a  leather  bottle',  OHG.  bufin 
G.  butte. 

butter  ME.  butere  OE.  butere 
biitore  =  G.  butter,  DU.  boter, 


buttock  —  caitiff 


33 


LG.  hotter',  source  LAT.  butyrum 
(cp.  FR.  beurre,  IT.  burro)  =  GR. 
jtnvTVQov. —  butterfly  ME.  butter- 
file  OE.  butor-fleoge  =  DU.  boter- 
vlieg\  cp.  G.  dial,  butter vogel  'a 
butterfly'  and  the  G.  dial,  syno- 
nyms milchdieb  and  molkenstehler . 

buttock  ME.  buttok  with  dimin. 
suffix  (cp.  hillock)  fr.  OFR.  bot 
(FR.  bout)  'an  end';  cp.  butt-end. 

button  ME.  butoun:  borrowed 
FR.  bouton  'a  bud,  a  button'. 

buttress  'a  support'  (in  archi- 
tecture) ws.buterasbutres'.  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  bouteretSy  prop, 
plur.  of  bouteret  'a  buttress';  cp. 
FR.  boter  bouter  'thrust,  prop'. 

buxom   ME.  buxom  older  ibuh- 


sum  from  OE.  bug  an  =  bow] 
the  old  meaning  was  'obedient, 
obliging'.  Akin  to  DU.  buigzaam, 
G.  biegsam  'submissive'. 

buy  vb.  ME.  bte  earlier  bigge 
OE.  bycgan  'purchase'  =  OSAX. 
buggian,  GOTH,  bug j an  'buy'. 

buzzard  ME.  busaru  short  for 
bttsard:  loanword  from  FR.  busard 
by-form  of  FR.  buse  'buzzard'  (= 
LAT.  buteo  'buzzard'),  whence  also 
DU.  buizerd,  G.  bushart. 

by  ME.  OE.  bi  (but  be-  as  prefix) 

=    OSAX.     OHG.    MHG.    bi     G.    beit 

DU.  bij\  GOTH,  bt  means  'round, 
round  about'  and  thus  connec- 
tion with  GR.  ajuqpt,  LAT.  ambi- 
becomes  possible. 


cabbage  earlier  cabbache  from 
FR.  dial,  caboche  =  FR.  cabus  (DU. 
kabuis),  IT.  capuccio ,  G.  kappes 
OHG.  kabu^\  orig.  deriv.  of  LAT. 
caput  'head'. 

cabin  ME.  caban:  borrowed 
from  FR.  cabane  —  IT.  MED. -LAT. 
capanna  'a  cabin'.  Source  and 
history  unknown. 

cable  ME.  cdble  (=  G.  DU.  sw. 
DAN.  kabei)  :  adapt,  of  FR.  cdble. 
Source  LAT.  capulum  'a  rope' 
(LAT.  caper e  'take,  hold'). 

caboose  ident.  with  DU.  kabuis, 
G.  kabuse\  DAN.  kabys.  Earlier 
E.  form  comboose  ident.  with  DU. 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


kombutSj  FR.  cambuse.    Prob.  akin 
to  E.  cabin. 

cackle  vb.  ME.  kdkle  =  DU.  LG. 
kakelen,  G.  kakeln,  sw.  kackla, 
DAN.  kagle  'cackle'.  Onomato- 
poetic  formations. 

cage  ME.  cdge\  adapt,  of  FR. 
cage  =  IT.  gabbia  gaggia  dial. 
cabbia\  source  LAT.  cdvea,  whence 
also  OHG.  chevia  G.  kafig  'cage'. 

cairn  borrowed  from  GAEL.  IR. 
w.  earn  'a  pile,  rock'? 

caitiff    ME.    caitlf   'a    captive': 

loanword   from    ONFR.    caitif  'a 

wretch'  (whence  also  DU.  katijvig 

ODU.  catijf  caitijf)  =  FR.  chttif 

3 


34 


cajole   —   camphor 


'mean,  vile'  (IT.  cattivo  =  LAT. 
captwus  'captive'). 

cajole  vb.  =  FR.  cajoler  'coax' 
(OFR.  cageoler  'chatter  like  a  bird 
in  a  cage,  prate',  deriv.  of  FR. 
cage  =  E.  cage). 

cake  ME.  cdke  OE.  *caca  (in- 
ferred from  the  dimin.  formation 
OE.  cetil  cicel^  TEUT.  base  kakila-) 
=  ON.  sw.  kaka,  DAN.  kage  'cake'. 
Akin  to  OSAX.  koko,  DU.  koek,  sc. 
cooky  (also  OE.  ccecil  ME.  kechel 
from  the  dimin.  GOTH.  *kokila-), 
OHG.  kuocho  G.  kuchen.  The  base 
kakan-  kokan-  is  genuine  TEUT. 

ca(u)ldron  ME.  caudroun:  bor- 
rowed from  AFR.  *caudroun  = 
FR.  chaudron  (==  IT.  calderone  'a 
large  kettle').  Source  LAT.  cal- 
daria  'a  kettle  for  hot  water' 
(caldus  calidus  'hot').  The  /  of 
modern  spelling  is  inserted  in 
imitation  ofLAT.  (Scotch  still  cau- 
dron). 

calf  ME.  calf  OE.  cealf=  OSAX. 
DU.  LG.  sw.  calf,  ON.  fcdlfr,  OHG. 
G.  kalb\  GOTH,  has  only  a  fern. 
kalbb  'heifer'  (OHG.  chalba  G. 
kalbe  f.  'a  calf).  Outside  of 
TEUT.,  there  is  a  series  of  words 
with  the  base  glbh-  in  SKR. 
garbha  'the  womb,  an  embryo', 
GR.  JcAgwg  'womb'  and  its  deriv. 
adsfapog  'brother'  -  -  <)gAg>a£  'a 
young  pig'. 

calf2  ME.  calf\  perh.  adopt,  of 
ON.  kdlfi  =  NORW.  kalve ,  sw. 
/fo^  (ben-kalf)  'calf  of  the  leg'. 

ca(u)lk  vb.  ME.  cauke  'tread 
as  a  cock':  borrowed  from  OFR. 


cauquer  'tread'  (source  LAT.  cal- 
care  'tread  down'). 

call  vb.  ME.  calle  OE.  (c.  950) 
callian  (once  misspelled  cealliati)'. 
a  SCAND.  loanword  cp.  ON.  kalla 
'say,  call,  name'  (SAV.  kalla,  DAN. 
kalde  'call'):  ident.  with  DU. 
kallen,  OHG.  kallon\  cp.  SKR. 
\Tgir  'call,  praise'. 

callous  from  LAT.  callosus  'hard- 
skinned'  (LAT.  callus  'hard  skin'). 

callow  adj.  ME.  calowe  calu  OE. 
calu  (calw-)  ==  DU.  kaal,  OHG. 
kalo  (inn.  kalawer)  G.  kahl:  an 
early  LAT.  loanword  —  LAT.  calvus 
(whence  FR.  chauve,  IT.  SPAN. 
calvo),  which  is  of  Aryan  origin 
(cp.  SKR.  kulva,  AVEST.  kaourva 
'callow'). 

calm  ME.  calme  (==  DU.  kalm) 
from  FR.  calme  (==  SPAN.  IT. 
calma  'calmness,  still  weather'). 
Source  MED. -LAT.  cauma*\\\e,  heat 
of  the  sun'  =  GR.  y.av/ua  'great 
heat',  /  being  due  to  association 
w.  LAT.  calor. 

cambric  borrowed  from  FR. 
cambray,  so  called  from  Cambrai 
(FLEM.  DU.  Kamerijk),  a  town  of 
northern  France  where  it  was 
first  made  (hence  G.  kammer- 
tucti).  See  arras  and  lawn2. 

camp  borrowed  from  FR.  camp 
'field,  army'  =  LAT.  campus  'field'. 
—  campaign  from  FR.  cam- 
pa(i)gne  'an  open  field,  a  mili- 
tary campaign'. 

camphor  borrowed  from  FR. 
camphre  =  IT.  canfora,  G.  kampfer, 
DU.  kamfer. 


can   —   card 


35 


can  vb.  ME.  OE.  can  =  GOTH. 
kann,  OSAX.  OHG.  kan  G.  kann. 
The  TEUT.  vb.  km, nan  is  akin  to 
keen',  the  ARYAN \J~gen  see  under 
knoiv. 

can  sb.  ME.  OE.  canne  =  DU.  kan 
'a  pot,  mug ,  OHG.  kanna  G.  kanne, 
ON.  kanna,  GOTH.  *kanno.  The 
TEUT.  word  passed  into  FR.  (OFR. 
canne  FR.  dimin.  canette  'a  jug'). 

canary  =  SPAN,  canario  'bird' 
=  FR.  canari;  cp.  G.  kanarien- 
vogel  'canary-bird',  DAN.  canarie- 
fuglt  sw.  canariefogely  DU.  kanarie- 
vogel  'canary-bird';  so  named 
after  the  Canary  islands. 

candle  ME.  candle  candel  OE. 
candel'.  early  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
candela,  whence  also  IT.  candela. 
Cp.  chandelier. 

cane  ME.  cane',  borrowed  from 
FR.  canne  =  IT.  canna  'a  reed, 
a  cane',  LAT.  canna. 

canker  ME.  cancre  late  OE. 
cancer  fr.  ONFR.  cancre  (FR. 
chancre) :  source  LAT.  cancer, 
whence  also  G.  DU.  kanker  OHG. 
kankur. 

canon  ME.  canoun:  adapt,  of 
FR.  canon.  Source  LAT.  canon 
(GR.  xavdv)  'a  rule,  standard  of 
right'. 

canvas  ME.  can(e)vas  (==  DU. 
kanefas,  G.  cannevas  kanevas,  sw. 
kanfass,  DAN.kannevas):  borrow- 
ed from  ONFR.  canevas  (LAT.  type 
canabacius ,  deriv.  of  cannabis 
'hemp'). 

cap  ME.  cappe  OE.  cceppe  'cloak5 
(=  OHG.  kappa  'cloak*  G.  kappet 


DU.  kap  'cap').  Source  LAT.  capp.. ; 
ident.  with  cape1  and  cope. 

cape1  ME.  cape',  borrowed  from 
ONFR.  cape  (=  IT.  LAT.  cappa  'a 
cloak,  cape'):  ident.  with  cap. 

cape2  'a  headland*  borrowed 
from  FR.  cap  'cape,  headland, 
head'  =  G.  kapt  IT.  capo.  Source 
LAT.  caput  'head'. 

caper  from  FR.  capre  (=  IT. 
capperOy  DU.  kapper,  G.  kaper): 
source  LAT.  capparis. 

capon  ME.  cdpoun  late  OE.  (c. 
1000)  captin  fr.  ONFR.  capon  (FR. 
chapon)  :  source  LAT.  cappo(nem)t 
whence  also  G.  kapaun  and  OHG. 
kappo. 

captain  ME.  capitain  from  FR. 
capitaine  (LAT.  type  capitaneus 
capitanus,  deriv.  of  LAT.  caput 
'head').  Ident.  w.  chieftain. 

car  ME.  carre  (by-form  charre) : 
borrowed  from  ONFR.  carre  (FR. 
char).  Source  LAT.-GALL.  carrus 
(BRET.  IR.  w.  carr)  'chariot', 
whence  also  IT.  carro,  DU.  kar, 
OHG.  charra  cJiarro  'cart'  G.  karrc 
karren. 

caraway    borrowed    from   FR. 
carvi  =  IT.   carvi,    LAT.  car  cum 
'caraway';  cp.  Tm.kaiivij,  G.karbe. 
carbuncle    ME.    carbucle'.   bor- 
rowed from  ONFR.  carbuncle  car- 
boucle  (FR.  escarboucle\  ident.  with 
IT.  carbonchio,   DU.  karbonkel,   G. 
karbunkel):    LAT.  carbunculus    'a 
!  glowing  coal,  gem,  boil',  dimin. 
i  of  car  bo. 

card1  ME.  card',  borrowed  from 
FR.  carte  'a  card,  ticket,  bill, 


card5*  —  cashier. 


map,  chart;  ident.  with  DU. 
kaarty  G.  karte,  IT.  carta.  Source 
LAT.  c(h}arta  *a  card,  paper'. 

card2  ME.  carde\  adapt,  from 
FR.  carde\  ident.  .with  the  synon. 
DU.  kaarde,  OHG.  charta  G.  karte, 
SPAN,  car  da  t  IT.  car  do  'a  card'. 
Source  LAT.  carduus  'a  thistle'. 

care  ME.  care  OE.  caru  (cearu) 
'sorrow,  suffering,  grief  =  OSAX. 
OHG.  kara  'lament'  (G.  kar-  in 
karfreitag  'Good  Friday';  MHG.  G. 
karwoche  'Passion  week')  ==  GOTH. 
kara  'sorrow'.  A  cognate  vb. 
(meaning  'sigh')  is  preserved  in 
OHG.  queran  (GOTH.  *qairati). 
Cp.  chary. 

carol  ME.  carole  'dance,  song' 
from  OFR.  carole  'a  kind  of  dance, 
also  a  carol  or  Christmas  song'. 
Of  CELT,  origin  (BRET,  koroll  'a 
dance',  MANX  carval  'a  carol', 
w.  carol  'a  song',  GAEL,  carull 
'melody,  harmony'). 

carp  ME.  carpe  =  DU.  kirper, 
OHG.  c harp  ho  karfo  G.  karpfen, 
ON.  karfe,  sw.  karp,  DAN.  karpe. 
Ident.  with  late  LAT.  carpa  =  FR. 
carpe,  IT.  SPAN,  carpa. 

carp  vb.  ME.  carpe' carp  at,  talk, 
say' :  adapt,  of  ON.  karpa  'boast, 
brag'.  The  present  meaning 
is  prob.  an  outgrowth  of  the 
associated  idea  in  LAT.  carper e 
'pluck'. 

carpenter  ME.  carpenter',  bor- 
rowed from  ONFR.  carpentier  (FR. 
charpentier).  Source  LAT.  car- 
pentum  'carriage'. 

carriage  ME.  cartage  'I  urden, 
baggage':  borrowed  from  ONFR. 


cariage  (FR.  char  r  lag  e),   d'eriv.  of 
carter  ==  E.  carry. 

carrion  ME.  carton  caroine  = 
DU.  karonje]  cp.  also  ME.  crone, 
ODU.  kronie:  adapt,  of  ONFR. 
caroigne  (OFR.  charoigne  =  FR. 
charogne)\  LAT.  type  caronia  'a 
carcass'  fr.  caro  'flesh'. 

carry  vb.  ME.  carie\  adapt,  from 
ONFR.  carter  (FR.  charrter)\  LAT. 
type  car  r  tear  e  'carry'  (LAT.  car  r  us 
'a  cart,  car';  cp.  car). 

cart  ME.  cart  fr.  os.karfr',  ident. 
w.  OE.  crcet  plur.  cratu  'chariot' 
=  DU.  krat  'hindpart  of  a  cart': 
of  Celt,  origin;  cp.  OIR.  cret 
'a  wain-body. 

cartridge  with  intensive  r  for 
cartidge,  a  corruption  of  cartouche 
—  FR.  cartouche  (IT.  cartoccio 
'cartridge',  deriv.  of  LAT.  charta 
'paper'). 

carve  vb.  ME.  kerve  OE.  ceorfan 
=  DU.  kerven,  G.  kerben  'notch, 
indent'  (GOTH.  *kairfan,  OHG. 
*kerban  not  found).  The  \f"kerf 
appears  in  GR.  ypd(fO}  'scratch, 
write'. 

case1  ME.  cds  case',  borrowed 
from  FR.  cas  (SPAN.  IT.  caso  'cir- 
cumstance, chance').  Source 
LAT  casus. 

case !  ME.  cdce  cdssei  adapt, 
from  OFR.  casse  FR.  caisse\  source 
LAT.  capsa  'box,  cover'. 

cash  from  FR.  casse.  Hence 
cashier  sb. 

cashier  vb.  'dismiss  from  ser- 
vice' (=  G.  kassiren)'.  from  FR. 
casser  'discharge'. 


cask  —  caution 


37 


cask  borrowed  from  FR.  casque 
'a  cask,  helmet*  (==  IT.  casco  'a 
helmet'). 

casket  corrupted  from  FR.  cas- 
sette 'a  small  casket',  dimin.  of 
FR.  casse  'a  chest,  box'. 

cassock:  adapt.fromFR.casayue 
(IT.  casacca  'an  outer  coat',  SPAN. 
casaca  'a  great-coat,  surtout'). 

cast  vb.  ME.  caste',  a  Scand. 
loanword ;  cp.  ON.  sw.  kasta,  DAN. 
kaste  'throw'. 

caste  'a  breed,  race'  =  G.  kaste, 
FR.  caste',  borrowed  from  SPAN. 
casta  'breed,  race,  caste'. 

castle  ME.  late  OE.  castel  (also 
ME.  castel  =  ODU.  DU.  kasteel) 
'a  castle,  village':  borrowed  (c. 
1000)  fr.  ONFR.  castel  (Q^^.  chastel 
=  FR.  chateatt).  Source  LAT.  ca~ 
stellum. 

cat  ME.  OE.  cat  (//):  borrowed 
from  OIR.  CORN,  cat  or  from 
ONFR.  cat  (FR.  chat)  and  ident. 
with  G.  katze,  ON.  kottr,  NORW. 
sw.  katta.  The  word  (base  cattu-s) 
is  in  use  in  the  Teut.  Rom.  Celt, 
languages;  cp.  late  LAT.  catta 
cattus  'cat'. 

catch  vb.  ME.  cacche  (with  the 
earlier  by-form  cechen):  borrowed 
from  ONFR.  cacher  (=  FR.  cfiasser, 
SPAN,  cazar,  IT.  cacciare),  whence 
also  ODU.  caetsen  'to  chase*  DU. 
kaatsen  'play  ball'  and  MLG.  katzen 
'play  ball'.  Source  a  LAT.  type 
*captiare  =  captare  'catch'.  — 
Hence  catchpoll  ME.  cacchepol 
late  OE.  ccedepol  prop,  'catcher 
of  poultry'  (cp.  FR.  poule  under 
poult)  =  ONFR.  *cachepol  (OFR. 


chacepol) ;    cp.    G.  kilmrvogt  title 
of  a  tax-gatherer. 

cater  sb.  i$s..catour  acatour  acha- 
tour  'a  buyer  of  provisions,  a 
caterer' :  source  ONFR.  #<:#/  =  FR. 
achat  'a  buying,  purchase',  whence 
FR.  acheter.  Orig.  LAT.  type 
accaptare. 

caterpillar  earlier  form  late  ME. 
caterpd  corrupted  from  OFR. 
chatepeleuse  'a  weevil'  lit.  'a  hairy 
she-cat':  OFR.  chate  'a  she-cat* 
+  peleuse  (LAT.  pilosus)  'hairy'.  — 
caterwaul  ME.  caterwawe  shows 
the  E.  word  cat  in  an  extended 
form  like  caterpillar',  ME.  waive 
'make  a  noise'  is  imitative. 

catkin  dimin.  of  cat\  cp.  G. 
kdtzchen  'catkin'. 

cattle  ME.  cat  el  (chat el,  whence 
E.  chattel)  :  borrowed  from  ONFR. 
catel  (OFR.  chatel)\  source  MED.- 
LAT.  capitale  'capital,  property'. 

caudle  ME.  caudeh  borrowed 
from  ONFR.  caudel  (chaudel  =  FR. 
chaudeau)  'a  warm  drink' ;  deriv. 
of  FR.  chaud  'hot'  (LAT.  caldus 
calidus  'warm'). 

cause  ME.  causei  adapt,  from 
FR.  cause  (by-form  chose)  'a  cause, 
thing'  =  IT.  LAT.  causa. 

causeway  causey  corruption 
of  causey  (due  to  confusion  with 
way)  ME.  cause  from  ONFR.  cauce 
(whence  also  ODU.  casseie)  = 
FR.  chaussee'.  LAT.  type  (via)  *cal- 
ciata  'a  paved  (way)'  fr.  calciare 
'pave'. 

caution  ME.  caucioun:  borrowed 
from  "Em.  caution  (IT.  cauzione)  = 
LAT.  cautio  'caution'. 


cave  —  champion 


cave  ME.  cave:  adapt,  from  FR. 
cave 'a.  cave'  (=rr.  cavd)\  source 
LAT.  cavus  'hollow'. 

cease  ME.  cesse  cese:  adapt,  of 
FR.  cesser  =  IT.  LAT.  cessare. 

ceil  ciel  ME.  cele  sele  vb.  lit. 
'emboss'  from  an  earlier  syle  cyll 
'a  canopy':  source  FR.  ciel  'a  ca- 
nopy' (FR.  ciel,  SPAN.  IT.  cielo 
'heaven,  canopy,  roof  =  LAT. 
ccelum  'heaven'). 

cerge  ME.  cerge\  adapt,  from 
FR.  cierge  (IT.  cero) ;  source  LAT. 
cereus  'a  wax  taper'. 

certain  ME.  certein  certain :  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  certain  (=.  IT. 
certano)  from  LAT.  certanus,  deriv. 
of  cert  us. 

chafe  ME.  ota/<?'warm':  adapt, 
of  FR.  chauffer  ;  source  a  LAT. 
type  caleficare  (=  LAT.  cakfacere) 
'make  warm'. 

chafer  ME.  *  chafer  OE.  ceafor'. 
TEUT.  base  kafru-\  cp.  the  synon. 
DU.  kever,  OHG.  chevaro  G.  kiifer 
(GOTH.  *kifra  *kafrus).  Perh. 
chaff  is  cognate. 

chaff  ME.  chaf  OE.  deaf  (=  DU. 
LG.  kaf)',  akin  to  on.G.cheva  'pod, 
husk'  and  perh.  to  chafer. 

chaffer  ME.  chaff  ere  chaff  are 
earlier  chap-fare  =  OE.  ceap  'a 
bargain'  -j-  faru  'a  journey'  also 
'business';  cp.  ON.  kaupfpr  'a 
journey'. 

chaffinch  prop,  'the  chaff- 
finch'. 

chain  sb.  ME.  chaine\  borrowed 
from  FR.  chame  OFR.  cha'ine  (= 
IT.  LAT.  catena)]  ident.  with  DU. 
keten,  OHG.  chetinna  G.  kette. 


chair  ME.  chair e\  adapt,  from 
FR.  chair e  (OFR.  cha-ere)\  source 
LAT.  cathedra  (GR.  xaS-sdQa)  'a 
chair,  seat'. 

chalice  ME.  c(h)alice\  borrowed 
from  OFR.  chalice  (calice  =  FR. 
calice ,  IT.  calice)'.  source  LAT. 
cdlic-,  stem  of  calix  'a  cup'.  From 
the  same  source  also  OE.  cdlic"t 
OSAX.  kelik,  DU.  kelk,  OHG.  kelih 
G.  kelch. 

chalk  ME.  chalk  OE.  dealc  'chalk, 
lime'  =  DU.  G.  kdlk,  ON.  sw. 
DAN.  kalki  early  loanword  from 
LAT.  calc-  stem  of  calx  'lime- 
stone, chalk'  (whence  also  FR. 
chauxy  IT.  calce,  IR.  GAEL,  cailc, 
w.  calch  lime'). 

challenge  sb.  ME.  chalenge 
'claim':  adapt,  from  OFR.  chalen- 
gier\  cp.  IT.  calogna  'accusation' 
=  LA.T'Catumwa  'a  slander,  false 
accusation'. 

chamber  ME.  chaumbre:  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  chambre\  cp.  IT. 
camera  =  LAT.  camera  camar  a 
'a  vault,  a  (vaulted)  room'; 
ident.  w.  DU.  kamer,  OHG.  chamara 
G.  hammer  'chamber,  office'.  — • 
chamberlain  ME.  chaumberlein : 
borrowed  from  OFR.  chambrelein 
chambrelenc  (SPAN,  camar Icngo, 
IT.  camar  lingo  camerlengo]  ;  ident. 
w.  MED. -LAT.  camar-  camerlingus, 
OHG.  chan:jirlinc  G.  kammerling, 
formed  with  suffix  line  and  LAT. 
camera. 

champion  ME. chaumpioun:  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  champion  (cp.  DU. 
kampioen).  LAT.  type  campio,  IT. 
campione  'a  combatant'  (campus 


chance  —  chapter 


39 


'a  battle,  duel').  From  the  same 
source  OE.  cempa,  OHG.  chemph(i)o 
MHG.  kempfe,  OLG.  kempio,  ON. 
kappi  'warrior,  hero'. 

chance  ME.  chaunce\  adapt,  of 
FR.  chance  (whence  also  MHG. 
G.schanze]  but  DU.  kans  fr.  ONFR. 
cance):  OFR.  che-ance,  IT.  cadenza 
point  to  a  LAT.  type  cadentia  'a 
falling,  chance'  (esp.  in  dice- 
playing). 

chancel  ME.  chauncel\  borrowed 
from  OFR.  chancel',  MED. -LAT. can- 
celli  plur.  'a  grating,  lattice-work', 
whence  OHG.  cancella  chanzella  G. 
kanzet 'pulpit' ',  DU.  kanseL  —  chan- 
cellor ME.  chaunceler  chaunseljri 
borrowed  from  ~e^.chancelier  (LAT. 
type  cancellarius  'a  chancellor', 
orig.  'an  officer  near  the  screen 
before  the  judge's  bench',  deriv. 
of  LAT.  cancellus  'grating  ) .  Ident. 
w.  OHG.  chancildri  MHG.  kanzelcere 
G.  kanzler,  DU.  kanselier,  DAN.  sw. 
kansler,  ICEL.  kanzellari.  —  chan- 
cery ME.  chauncerie  earlier  chaun- 
cellerie:  adapt,  of  ^^.chancellerie 
(ident.  w.  IT.  cancelleria,  DU. 
kanselarij,  G.  kanzlei,  DAN.  can- 
celli,  sw.  kanslt). 

chandelier  from  FR.  chandelier 
=  SPAN,  candelero,  Yt.candelliere', 
LAT.  type  candelarius  also  in 
DU.  kandelaar\  cp.  candle.  - 
chandler  ME.  chaunceler  \  loan- 
word fr.  FR.  chandelier  'a  candle- 
maker,  candle-stick'  =  IT.  cande- 
lajo\  LAT.  type  candelarius. 

change  vb. ME. chaungel  adapt, 
from  FR.  changer  (=SPAN.  cambiar, 


IT.  cambiare  cangiare)\  source 
LAT.  cambiare  'change,  exchange'. 

channel  ME.  chanelle'.  adapt, 
from  OFR.  chanel\  ident.  w.  E. 
canal  (=  FR.  SPAN,  canal,  IT. 
canale,  w.kanaal,  G.  sw.  kanaf). 

chant  vb.  ME.  chaunte:  adapt, 
from  FR.  chanter  (—  SPAN,  cantar, 
IT.  LAT.  cantare  'sing'). 

chap  vb.  ME.  chappe  'cut,  chop' 
=  MDU.  DU.  happen,  DAN.  kappe, 
sw.  kappa. 

chapel  ME.  chapele'.  borrowed 
from  FR.  chapelle  (=  IT.  LAT. 
capella,  OHG.  kapella  G.  kapelle, 
DU.  DAN.  kapel,  sw.  kapelt).  LAT. 
capella  (dimin.  of  capo)  signified 
'a  cape';  the  chapel  itself  where 
the  cloak  of  St.  Martin  and  other 
relics  were  preserved  first  ob- 
tained the  name  capella',  then 
from  the  7th  cent,  the  use  of 
the  word  became  general.  Cp. 
cape. 

chaplain  ME.  chapelein :  borrow- 
ed from  FR.  chapelain  (==  SPAN. 
capellan,  IT.  capellano,  MED.-LAT. 
capellanus,  orig.  'the  priest  guard- 
ing the  cloak  of  St.  Martin'). 
Cp.  MHG.  kapelldn  G.  kaplan, 
DU.  kapelaan,  DAN.  sw.  kapellan. 

chapman  ME.  chapman  'a  mer- 
chant' shortened  for  OE.  cfap- 
man  =  DU.  koopman,  OHG.  chouf- 
man  G.  kaufmann.  For  OE.  cejap 
'bargain,  trade'  cp.  cheap. 

chapter  ME.  chapitre'.  adapt, 
of  FR.  chapitre  =  LAT.  capitu- 
lum  'a  chapter  of  a  book', 
whence  also  G.  kapitel  'chapter 
of  a  book'. 


char  —  cheek- 


Char  vb.  ME.  cherre  OE.  cyrran 
wk.  vb.  'turn':  TEUT.  base  karrjan 
or  karzjanl  See  ajar. 

charge  vb.  ME.  charge]  adapt, 
of  FR.  charger  (IT.  caricare,  MED.- 
isKT.carricare  load  a  car') ;  deriv. 
of  LAT.  carrus  =  car.  —  charge 
sb.  ME.  charge',  adapt,  from  FR. 
charge  (IT.  carica)  'a  load'. 

chariot  ME.  chariot:  borrowed 
from  FR.  chariot,  dimin.  of  char 
'a  car'. 

charity  ME.  charite  (cherite) :  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  charitt  (IT.  carita 
—  LAT.  caritatem). 

charm  ME.  charme'.  borrowed 
from  FR.  charme  'an  enchant- 
ment'; source  LAT.  carmen  'a 
song,  enchantment'. 

chart  ident.  w.  G.  karte,  DU. 
kaart\  borrowed  from  FR.  charte\ 
source  LAT.  charta.  -  -  charter 
ME.  chartre  charter:  adapt,  of 
FR.  chartre  'a  charter'  (LAT. 
chartula  'a  little  paper'). 

chary  ME.  chdri  OE.  ceari^ 
'full  of  care  ,  sad'  =  OSAX. 
OHG.  karag  (Heliand  modkarag 
'sad')  'full  of  care'  G.  karg  'slow 
to  give*.  Cp.  care. 

chase  vb.  ME.  chdce  chase:  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  chasser  (Picard. 
cachier  see  under  catch)',  LAT. 
type  captiare.  chase  ME. 

chdce  chase:  adapt,  from  FR. 
chasse  =  IT.  caccia  'chase'. 

chaste  ME.  chaste:  borrowed 
from  FR.  chaste  (IT.  casto  =  LAT. 
castus  'chaste').  —  chaste  vb. 
'chastise'  ME.  chastie  also  cJiasty: 
adapt,  of  OFR.  c.hastier  =  FR. 


chatter  (==  SPAN,  castigar ,  IT. 
LAT.  castigare) ;  ident.  w.  G. 
kasteien,  ODU.  castien.  —  chastise 
vb.  ME.  chastise  for  the  shorter 
chastie  'chasten';  see  chaste  vb. 

chattel  ME.  chatel  chetel,  ident. 
w.  cattle:  source  OFR.  chatel. 

chatter  vb.  ME.  chat(e)re  (chitere) 
'chatter',  an  imitative  word. 

chaudron  'entrails' :  borrowed 
from  OFR.  chaudun  cauldun\  ident. 
w.  G.  kaldaunen.  The  synon. 
IT.  calawm ,  Sicilian  quadumi, 
Cat.  escaldums  point  to  vulgar 
LAT.  *caldumen. 

cheap  ME.  ch$p  'trade,  barter, 
price'  OE.  c$ap  'price'  —  OSAX. 

kdp ,     DU.     koOp  ,      OHG.     kouf     G. 

>to/"trade,  traffic';  source  LAT. 
caupo  'huckstet'. 

cheat  vb.  ME.  chfte  short  for 
eschgte  'escheat'.  The  meaning 
'defraud'  was  ushered  in  in  the 
1 6th  cent,  on  account  of  the 
unscrupulousness  of  the  eschea- 
ters.  Cp.  escheat. 

checker  sb.  ME.  cheker  chekker(e) 
'a  chess-board'  short  for  escheker 
'the  exchequer  :  loanword  from 
OFR.  eschequier  eschakier  'a  chess- 
board, exchequer'  =  FR.  Ichiquier 
(==  IT.  scacchiere ,  MED. -LAT. 
sca(c)carium). 

cheek  ME.  cheke  OE.  ceoce:  TEUT. 
base  keukbn  also  in  OFRIS.  tziake 
'jaw-bone'  (modern  sbke)  ',  akin  to 
GOTH,  kukjan  =  EASTFRIS.  kilkkeii 
'kiss'.  But  ME.  cheke  ch$ke  OE.  cedce 
'jaw-bone'  may  also  point  to 
DU.  kaak  ODU.  cake  'cheek':  TEUT. 
base  kakon-  kekbn- ;  cp.  MLG. 


cheer  —  chimney 


kdke  (fr.  *k&kd)  and  keke  (fr. 
*keoka)  'gums,  jaw-bone'. 

cheer  sb.  ME.  there:  adapt,  of 
FR.  chere  (whence  IT.  cera). 

cheese  ME.  chese  OE.  cese  (cyse]  = 
DU.  kaas,  OSAX.  OHG.  kdsi  G.  kase : 
early  loanword  from  LAT.  caseus 
(whence  also  IT.  cascio,  SPAN. 
queso  and  OiR.  caise). 

cherish vb.  ME.  cherisshe:  adapt. 
ofFR.^/m.?-,  stem  of  some  parts 
of  cMrir  'hold  dear';  source  FR. 
cher  •=  LAT.  car  us  'dear'. 

cherry  ME.  chery  in  comp. 
chere-  chiri-  (plur.  cherys  cheries 
chiries),  a  new  sing,  developed 
from  the  supposed  plur.  *cheris 
*chiris  OE.  ciris  cyrs  —  OHG. 
kirsa  G.  kirsche.  Source  LAT. 
cerasus ,  whence  the  corresp. 
Rom.  group  IT.  ciriega,  FR.  cerise 
from  a  vulgar  LAT.  type  cer$sia. 

chess  ME.  ches(s)e\  borrowed 
from  OFR.  eschecs  chess'  prop, 
the  plur.  of  eschec  'check'  (IT. 
scacco,  G.  schach,  DU.  schaati). 
Source  PERS.  shah  'king*. 

chest  ME.  cheste  (chiste)  OE. 
test  (ciste)  =  DU.  kist,  OHG.  chista 
G.  Iciste ,  ON.  sw.  kista ,  DAN. 
kiste.  Source  LAT.  cista  (GR. 
Y.i^irf)  'a  box'. 

chestnut  ME.  chestein  chastein 
'chestnut':  loanword  from  OFR, 
chastaigne  =  FR.  chdtaigne  and 
ident.  with  OHG.  kestinna  G. 
kastanie ,  DU.  kastanje.  Source 
LAT.  castanea. 

chew  vb.  ME.  chewe  OE.  ceowan 
=  DU.  kauweny  MLG.  keuwen, 
OHG.  kiuwan  G.  kauen.  A  pre- 


TEUT.  gtw   cp.    in    osLoy. 
zivati  'chew'. 

chich  'a  dwarf  pea'  ME.  chiche\ 
borrowed  from  FR.  chiche  'chick- 
pea* (=  IT.  cece,  SPAN,  chicharo, 
OHG.  kichurra  G.  kicher).  Source 
LAT.  deer. 

chicken  short  for  ME.  chike  OE. 
cycen  plur.  cycnu  =  DU.  keuken 
kieken,  G.  dial,  kiichen  kuchlein. 
TEUT.  base  kiukma-  is  perh. 
traceable  to  OE.  cocc  =  cock. 

chicory  ident.  w.  DU.  chikorei, 
G.  cichorie,  DAN.  cikorie\  adapt, 
of  FR.  chic  or  £e  =  IT.  cicoreat 
LAT.  cichorium  ? 

chide  vb.  ME.  chide  OE.  cidan 
'chide,  brawl' :  TEUT.  base  kidjan. 

chief  ME.  chef\  borrowed  from 
FR.  chef  =  SPAN,  caboj  IT.  capo ; 
source  LAT.  caput  'head', 
chieftain  ME.  chevetdin  cheve- 
tein\  borrowed  from  OFR.  cheve- 
taine = MED.-LAT.  capitdnus ;  ident. 
w.  captain. 

child  ME.  child  (plur.  childre) 
OS.  clld  (plur.  cildru) :  TEUT. 
base  kilpiz-  kelpaz-,  not  found 
elsewhere;  but  perh.  akin  to 
GOTH,  inkilpb  'pregnant'. 

chill  ME.  chile  OE.  cyle  cele  fr. 
a  TEUT.  base /£#//-;  for  the  <f  kal 
cp.  cool  and  cold. 

chime  ME.  chimbe  orig.  'cymbal', 
short  for  orig.  iimble  OE.  cim- 
bal(a) :  from  LAT.  cymbalum  'a 
cymbal'. 

chimney  M&.chimnee  earlier  che- 
mene'\  loanword  from  FR.  cheminee 
=  IT.  camttiinata,  OHG.  chemindta\ 


chin  —  churl 


akin  to  G.  kamin.  Source  LAT. 
caminus  'hearth'. 

chin  ME.  chin  OE.  cin  =  OSAX. 
OHG.  kinni  G.  kinn,  DU.  kin.  The 
older  meaning-  'cheek'  cp.  in 
GOTH,  kinnus  'cheek'.  For  a  pre- 
TEUT.  base  genu-  cp.  GR.  yswg 
'chin,  jaw,  jaw-bone',  ytvsidc  f. 
'chin,  beard';  LAT.  gena  'cheek' 
(denies  genuini  'molar  teeth')  ;  IR. 
gin  'mouth';  SKR.  hanu-s  jaw', 
hanavya  'jaw-bone'. 

chine  ME.  chine :  adapted  from 
OFR.  esc hine  =  FR.  tchine,  which 
with  IT.  schiena  'the  chine,  back- 
bone' is  traced  to  OHG.  skina 
'the  shin-bone'  G.  schiene  'shin, 
shin-bone,  splint';  cp.  shin. 

chip  vb.  ME.  chippe  'cut  into 
small  pieces'  =  DU.  G.  kippen 
'hatch  out'. 

chirp  vb.  ME.  chirpe  (chirke): 
an  onomatopoetic  word. 

chisel  sb.  ME.  chisel:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  cisel  =  FR.  ciseau 
(IT.  cesello  —  MED.-LAT.  sciselmn) 
'a  chisel';  prob.  ult.  connected 
with  scindere. 

chivalry  ME.  chivalrie:  loanword 
from  FR.  chevalerie  (deriv.  of 
cheval  from  LAT.  caballus  'a 
horse'). 

choice  ME.  chois(e) :  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  chois  FR.  choix  'a  choice'. 
The  FR.  vb.  choisir  'choose'  points 
to  a  TEUT.  kausjan;  cp.  choose. 

choir  earlier  quire  ME.  quer : 
borrowed  from  FR.  choeur  'the 
choir  of  a  church,  a  troup  of 
singers':  source  LAT.  chorus  'a 
band  of  singers'. 


choke  ME.  cJioke\  older  by-form 
ME.  a-cheke  OE.  a- ceo  dan  ?  Phono- 
logy and  etymology  doubtful. 

choler  ME.  choler\  borrowed 
from  FR.  colere  (=  IT.  coltera, 
LAT.  cholera  'bile'). 

choose  vb.  older  chilse  with 
obscure  phonology ,  but  ME. 
chfse  OE.  ceosan  'choose'  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  kiosan  G.  kiesen,  DU. 
kiezen,  ON.  kjo'sa,  GOTH,  kiusan: 
TEUT.  \^kus  from  pre-TEUT.y^itf 
in  LAT.  gus-tus  —  gus-tare,  GR. 
yf vco  for  ysvGM ',  SKR.  y~  ju$ 
'choose,  like'.  The  TEUT.  facti- 
tive tiausjan  (cp.  choice)  appears 
in  Slav,  kusiti. 

chop  vb.  ME.  choppe  (chappe) 
'cut  up,  strike  off;  akin  to  DU. 
G.  happen  'cut,  lop'. 

chord  cord  fr.  LAT.  chorda. 

Christmas  shortened  for  ME. 
Christesmasse  OE.  Cristesmcesse^rop. 
'the  mass  of  Christ'. 

chronicle  ME.  cronicle  with  the 
by-form  cronike  (but  late  OE. 
cranic):  from  FR.  chronlque ;  ident. 
w.  DU.  kronijk,  LAT.  chronica. 

church  ME.  chirche  OE.  cyrcecirde 
older  cirice  =  OSAX.  kirika,  DU. 
kerk,  OHG.  kirtcha  G.  kirchec\\urc\\. 
As  shown  by  the  E.  palatalization 
and  by  the  G.  ch  in  kiricha,  the 
word  must  have  existed  in  the 
5th  cent.;  but  a  GOTH.  *kyreiko 
'church'  is  unrecorded.  Source 
GR.  Y.VQMY.QV  (not  found  in  LAT. 
nor  in  the  Rom.  languages). 

churl  ME.  chfrl  OE.  ceorl  'a 
churl'  =  DU.  kerel,  MLG.  kerle  LG. 
G.  kerl:  TEUT.  base  kerla-.  With 


churn  —  clean 


43 


different  vowel  ON.  karl  'old- 
man',  OHG.  karal  MHG.  karl  'man, 
husband,  lover' ;  hence  the  G. 
proper  name  Karl  (LAT.  Karolus, 
FR.  E.  Charles). 

churn  sb.  MR.  chime  OR.  cyme-, 
the  corresp.  vb.  churn  is  ME. 
chime  OE.  cyrnan  from  a  TEUT. 
base  kirnjan  =  ON.  kirna,  DU. 
LG.  kernen  karnen  'make  butter* 
and  the  Vessel  for  making  butter', 
is  ON.  kirna,  DU.  karn>  LG.  butter- 
kerne.  Source  a  TEUT.  base 
kerna-  'cream'  in  G.  (prov.)  kern, 
ICEL.  kjarna  'cream'. 

cider  ME.  sider  cider :  from  FR. 
cidre  (==  IT.  cidro,  SPAN,  sidra] 
source  LAT.  sicera). 

cigar  —  FR.  cigare,  SPAN.  IT. 
cigarro. 

cinder  sb.  ME.  cinder  sinder  OE. 
sinder  'dross  of  iron'  =  ON.  sindr 
'slag  or  dross  from  a  forge',  DU. 
sintels  'cinders,  coke',  OHG.  sintar 
G.  sinter  'dross  of  iron,  scale'. 

cipher  sb.  ME.  ciphre  (==  DU. 
cijfer,  G.  ziffer)  \  loanword  fr. 
OFR.  cifre  FR.  ciffret  SPAN,  cifra, 
IT.  cif(e)ra. 

cite  borrowed  from  FR.  citer 
=  LAT.  citare  (deriv.  of  LAT. 
citus  'quick'?). 

citizen  ME.  citesein  formed  after 
ME.  denizein  (cp.  denizen)  ]  the 
earlier  ME.  riteyfo  is  an  adapt,  of 
OFR.  citeien  (FR.  citoyeri).  —  city 
ME.  cite',  loanword  from  FR.  cite. 
Source  LAT.  civitatem. 

clack  vb.  ME.  clacke  =  DU. 
klakken  'clack,  crack';  akin  to 
FR.  claquer  'clap  in  applause'. 


claim  vb.  ME.  claim e  cleime'. 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  claimer  cleimer 
(source  LAT.  clamare  =  IT.  chia- 
mare  'call,  name,  send  for'). 

clamp  sb.  after  MDU.  klawpe  DU. 
klampj  LG.  klampe\  akin  to  MHG. 
klimpfen  'draw,  press'. 

clan  sb.  borrowed  from  GAEL. 
clann  =  IR.  clann  OIR.  eland 
'children. 

clap  vb.  ME.  clappe  OE.  cl&ppianl 
=  DU.  klappen,  LG.  klappen 
(whence  G.  klappen),  OHG.  klaphon 
G.  klaffen. 

clasp  ME.  claspe,  prob.  akin  to 
clap  and  OE.  clyppan  'embrace*. 

clatter  vb.  ME.  clatere  OE. 
Delator ian  (inferred  from  the 
verbal  noun  clatrung  'a  clatter- 
ing') ;  akin  to  DU.  klateren 
'rattle'. 

claw  sb.  ME.  clawe  (by-form  elf) 
OE.  clawu  (by-form  elf  a  ctto)  = 
OSAX.  kldwa,  DU.  klaauw,  OHG. 
klawa  chlba  MHG.  klawe  kid:  a 
GOTH.  *klewa  f.  is  probable, 
though  ON.  *kld  seems  to  point 
to  *klowa.  Pre-TEUT.  \f  * glu. 

clay  ME.  clai  OE.  cl&i  =  DU. 
LG.  klei\  akin  to  OE.  cldm  'clay' 
E.  (dial.)  cloam  'earthenware', 
OHG.  kleimeny  SCAND.  kleima  klina 
'besmear'.  Outside  of  TEUT., 
GR.  yXoi  I  y\i  in  yAo/o'g  'sticky 
oil'. 

clean  ME.  cl$ne  (dene)  OE.  clcene 
=  OSAX.  kleniy  DU.  klten  klein, 
OHG.  kleini  'pretty*  G.  klein  'small' 
(GOT:n.*klai-ni-  is  wanting).  The 
nasal  belongs  to  the  suffix.  For 


44 


clear  —  cloister 


the  root  syll.  cp.  GR.  yXoiog  'fat 
oil'.  —  Hence  cleanse  for  ME. 
dense  OE.  clcensian  'make  clean': 
a  causative  vb.  with  formative  -s. 

clear  ME.  der\  borrowed  from 
OFR.  der  =  FR.  dair  (SPAN,  claro, 
IT.  chiaro  from  LAT.  darns). 

cleave  l  vb.  'adhere'  ME.  deve 
OE.  dcofian  =  OSAX.  klibdn,  DU. 
kleven ,  OHG.  kleben  G.  kleben 
'adhere';  GOTH.  *klibbn  not 
recorded.  TEUT.  \^klib. 

cleave2  vb.  'split'  ME.  deve  OE. 
deofan  =  OSAX.  dioban  *duban, 
DU.  klovcn>  OHG.  klioban  diliuban 
G.  klieben'.  TEUT.  \{~klub  :  kleub 
cogn.  w.  GR.  yhvytiv  'hollow  out', 
perh.  also  w.  LAT.  glubere  'peel'. 

cleft  ME.  dift  OE.  *dyft  —  OHG. 
G.  kluft\  from  the  TEUT.  \fkliib\ 
cp.  cleave**. 

clergy  ME.  clergiel  borrowed 
from  OFR.  dergie  =  FR.  dergt 
(LAT.  type  dericatus).  —  clerk 
ME.  derk  late  OE.  derc  cleric  (= 
DU.  klcrk,  FR.  derc)  \  source  LAT. 
dericus. 

clever  not  yet  found  in  Shakesp., 
a  recent  word,  perh.  developed 
from  ME.  deliver  'agile ,  nimble, 
lively'  (from  OFR.  delivre  'prompt, 
alert').  Or  cogn.  w.  LG.  kluftig 
'wise,  clever',  DU.  kluftigl 

clew  sb.  ME.  clewe  OE.  deowen 

diiven  'clew'  —  DU.  kluwen :  TEUT. 

base  kliujina-'.  dimin.  of  a  shorter 

'base  kliujo-  =  OHG.  kliuwa  (G. 

kniiuel)  'clew'. 

cliff  ME.  dif  (deve)  OE.  dif 
(plur.  clcofu)  =  ON.  OSAX.  DU. 
klif  'a  cliff,  rock';  cp.  G.  DAN. 


klippe,  perh.  akin  to  ON.  klif  a  = 
climb? 

climb  vb-  ME.  dlmbe  OE.  climban 
=  DU.  klitnmen,  OHG.  klimban 
G.  klimmen.  The  nasal  was  orig. 
a  formative  of  the  pres.  tense 
as  seen  by  ON.  klif  a,  ME.  dive 
'climb'.  The  TEUT.  \fklib  (cp. 
cliff)  may  be  found  in  cleave1 
and  cling. 

clinch  vb.  ME.  clenche  OE.  *den- 
cean  =  OHG.  MHG.  klenken  'knot 
together'. 

cling  vb.  ME.  clinge  OE.  dingan\ 
akin  to  sw.  kldnga  'climb',  DAN. 
klynge  sig  'adhere  to,  climb'. 
\^kling  --  \l"klimbl  Cp.  climb. 

clip1  vb.  'embrace'  (Shakesp.) 
ME.  dippe  OE.  clyppan.  Akin  to 
OHG.  klaftra  G.  klafter  'fathom'. 

clip'2  vb.  'cut,  shear'  ME.  dippe'. 
borrowed  from  ON.  sw.  klippa 
'clip,  cut'. 

cloak  by-form  doke  ME.  cloke'. 
borrowed  from  OFR.  doke  cloque 
'a  cloak'. 

clock  ME.  dokke'.  prob.  borrow- 
ed from  ONFR.  docke  (FR.  cloche) ; 
ident.  w.  o'&.clugge  (clucceT)^  DU. 
klok,  OHG.  glocka  G.  glocke,  ON. 
klukka.  The  ROM.- TEUT.  docca 
is  of  CELT,  origin;  cp.  CYMR. 

dock,    OIR.    doc     (OCELT.    kllikko)  \ 

OE.  ducge. 

clod  ME.  dodde\  a  var.  of  clot. 

clog  ME.  dogge  'a  lump,  block'. 

cloister  ME.  doistre'.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  doistre  =  FR.  cloitre 
(SPAN,  claustra,  IT.  chiostro). 
Source  MED.  -  LAT.  claustrum, 


close  —  clutch 


45 


whence  also  OHG.  klostar  G. 
kloster. 

close  ME.  close',  borrowed  from 
the  OFR.  part,  clos  •=.  LAT.  clausus 
(OFR.  clore  ==.  LAT.  dander  e).  — 
closet  ME.  closet  from  FR.  closet 
(dimin.  of  OFR.  clos  'a  close'). 

clot  ME.  clotte  (also  clodde,  see 

Clod)       OE.    *dott     =     MHG.    klotZ 

(gen.  klotzes)   G.  klotz. 

clotbur,  clote  ME.  dote  OE.  elate : 
TEUT.  base  klaitbn-,  cogn.  w.  the 
equiv.  OE.  dide,  G.  klette. 

cloth  shortened  for  ME.  dgth 
OE.  clap  (OE.  cttdddp  'swaddling 
clothes')  =  -  DU.  kleed,  G.  kleid: 
TEUT.  base  klaipa.  —  clothe 
vb.  ME.  clothe  (clcde)  OE.  clddian 
(clcedan). 

cloud  ME.  cloude:  scarcely  ident. 
with  OE.  dud  =  ME.  cloud  'a 
mass  of  rock,  a  hill';  source  and 
history  quite  unknown. 

clout  ME.  *  clout  QT&.clut  (whence 
ON.  klutr)  ,  ident.  with  w.  dwtt 

IR.    GAEL,    dud,    MANX    dooidl 

clove 1  ME.  dove  clowe'.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  do  FR.  clou  'a  nail'; 
cp.  SPAN,  davo  'a  nail'  also  'a 
clove'  fr.  LAT.  davus  'a  nail'. 

clove2  ME.  clove  OE.  clufe 'clove' 
(esp.  of  garlic),  in  compounds 
dufpung  'crowfoot'  —  dufwyrt 
'buttercup'  (cp.  OHG.  chloblouh\ 
klofolouh  klovolouh  =  G.  knoblauch, 
DU.  knofook  'garlic'  with  -n  by 
dissimilation).  The  orig. meaning 
appears  in  OHG.  klabo  G.  kloben 
ca  split  stick'. 

clover  ME.   dgver   (cUver)    OE. 


cldfre  (cldfre)  —  DU.  klaver\  cp. 
LG.  klever  (and  kldver).  A  shorter 
and  more  primit.  form  is  OHG. 
kleo  (gen.  klewes)  G.  klee:  base 
klaiw-.  The  formation 'of  OSAX. 
*klebara  •=.  OE.  cldfre  looks  like 
a  compound,  the  second  ele- 
ment of  which  is  unknown. 

clown  borrowed  from  ICEL. 
klunni  'a  clumsy,  boorish  fellow'; 
sw.  dial,  klunn  'a  log'  —  kluns 
'a  clownish  fellow',  DAN.  klunt 
'a  log'? 

club  ME.  dubbe :  borrowed  from 
ON.  klubba,  by-form  of  ON.  klumba 
'a  club'.  -  -  The  meaning  'asso- 
ciation of  persons'  is  a  mod. 
application  of  a  clump  of  people. 

cluck  vb.  ME.  clucke  clokke  OE. 
cloccian  (* 'due dan)  =  DU.  klokken, 
MHG.  klucken  (glucken)  G.  glucken. 
The  TEUT.  group  is  onomato- 
poetic  like  LAT.  glodre ,  GR. 
ylw^eiv  'cluck  as  a  hen'. 

clumsy  adj.  earlier  clumse  ME. 
clumsed  'benumbed':  orig.  part, 
of  ME.  clumse  'benumb':  of  SCAND. 
origin;  cp.  sw.  (dial.)  klummsen 
'benumbed',  akin  to  DU.  kleumsch 
'numb  with  cold'. 

cluster  ME.  duster  OE.  duster 
(clyster}  =  LG.  kluster'.  akin  to 
LG.  (Hannover)  klunder  'cluster 
of  berries  or  fruit'  and  (Dit- 
marsch)  klus  'cluster,  grapes', 
DAN.  klynge  'cluster'. 

clutch  ME.  clucche]  connected 
with  doche  'a  claw*.  The  older 
ME.  form  is  cUchenl 


46 


coach  —  cole 


coach  borrowed  from  FR.  coche: 
a  mod.  common  EUROP.  word 
from  HUNG,  koszt  'wagon  from 
the  Hung,  town  Koszt  \  cp.  SPAN. 
coche,  IT.  cocchio,  G.  kutsche. 

coal  ME.   cole   and   col  OE.    col 

=    DU.    /£<?£>/,     OHG.     /fo/<?     m.    - 

&?/  n.  G.kohle,  ON.  &?/  n.  plur.J 
orig.  'a  burning  coal';  cp.  SKR. 
ival  'burn  bright,  flame'.  —  coal- 
mouse,  also  colemouse  ME. 
col-mose  OE.  colmdse  (=  DU.  kool- 
mees,  G.  kohlmeise)\  prop,  'coal- 
tit'  on  account  of  its  black  head; 
from  col  'coal'  -f-  mdse  ME.  mose 
=  G.  meise,  ON.  metsingr,  whence 
FR.  mtsange  'tit-lark'. 

coast  ME.  cost(e):  borrowed  from 
OFR.  coste  (whence  also  DU.  kuste 
•=.  G.  kuste)  =-  FR.  cote  (IT.  costa, 
MED.-LAT.  costa  'coast'). 

coat  ME.  cote:  borrowed  from 
OFR.  cote  =  FR.  cotte  (==  SPAN. 
cota,  IT.  cotta  'a  coat').  Source 
a  TEUT.  kotta-  in  OHG.  chozzo 
MHG.  kotze  'a  coarse  woolen 
mantle'.  Cp.  cot  and  £#/<?. 

cock  ME.  cock  OE.  <r0£  cocc  (perh. 
cogn.  w.  chicken)  =  ON.  kokkrt 
DAN.  &?-£;  ident.  w.  FR.  coq\ 
perh.  of  imitative  origin.  History 
unknown  (earliest  reference  LAT. 
coccus  in  Lex  Salica). 

cockle  ME.  cokel  cokkel  OE.  cocel  I 
coccel  'tares'   borrowed    from  IR. 
cogal    'corn-cockle'     (=     GAEL. 
cogall  'tares,  cockle')  } 

cod  'husk,  shell'    ME.  cod  codde 
=  ON.  kodde  'pillow', 


sw.  kudde  'cushion',  DU.  kodde 
'bag'. 

coffee  =  DU.  koffij,  G.  kaffee\ 
borrowed  from  TURK,  qahweh  = 
ARAB,  qahweh  'coffee'. 

coffer  ME.  cofre :  borrowed  from 
FR.  coffre  (whence  DU.  G.  koffer). 
Source  LAT.  cophinus,  GR.  xLrpivoc; 
'a  basket'.  From  the  same  source 
also  coffin  ME.  coffin:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  cofin  (==  SPAN,  cofin, 
IT.  cofano). 

cog  ME.  cogge  =  sw.  cugge\ 
prob.  of  CELT,  origin,  cp.  GAEL. 
IR.  cog,  w.  cocas  'a  cog'? 

coif  ME.  coif',  borrowed  from 
FR.  coiffe  from  MED.-LAT.  cofia 
cof(e)a\  akin  to  MHG.  kuffe  OHG. 
chuppa  from  OHG.  chuph  G.  kopf. 
Cp.  cup. 

coil  vb.  borrowed  from  OFR. 
coillir  =  FR.  cueillir  'collect' 
(LAT.  colligere  'gather  together). 

coin  ME.  coin',  borrowed  from 
FR.  coin  'wedge'  (OFR.  coin  'wedge, 
stamp  upon  a  coin,  a  coin'). 
Source  LAT.  cuneus  'wedge'. 

cold  ME.  cold  OE.  cctld  (ceald) 
=  GOTH,  kalds,  ON.  kaldr,  OSAX. 
kald,  OHG.  G.kalt,  DU.  koud'.  an  old 
partic.  formation  in  LAT.  -tits, 
SKR.  -fa-s  (GOTH,  d  from  Aryan 
/,  cp.  old,  loud,  dead  etc.). 
A  TEUT.  verbal  ^kal  cp.  in  OE. 
calan,  ON.  kala  'freeze';  a  corresp. 
Aryan  \fgel  is  seen  in  LAT.  gelu 
'the  cold'  and  gelidus  'cold'.  Cp. 
chill  and  cool. 

cole  'cabbage'  ME.  col  fr.  ONFR. 
col  =  FR.  chou\  the  ME.  by-form 


collier  —    cornet 


47 


caul  =  OE.  cdwl  from  LAT.  caulem 
(caulis).  Cp.  OHG.  kol  G.  kohl. 

collier  ME.  colilr'.  deriv.  of  coal 
with  -ier  as  in  lawyer. 

collop  ME.  colopes'.  ident.  with 
SWED.  kalops,  G.  klops\  source  LG. 
kloppen  (G.  klopferi)  'beat'? 

color  ME.  colour  from  OFR.  colour 
=  FR.  couleur  (LAT.  color-em). 

colt  ME.  OE.  #?//  'a  young  ass'; 
perh.  akin  to  SKR.  gardabha  'ass'? 

comb  sb.  ME.  fop/£  OE.  itf#*£ 
'comb,  crest'  =  G.  kamm,  DU. 
DAN.  sw.  taw:  TEUT.  base  kamba- 
from  an  Aryan  gombho-  in  GR. 
yopynq  'peg'  (ya/ucMf  'jaw'),  SKR. 
iambha  'jaw,  teeth'. 

come  vb.  ME.  ^w//<?  OE.  cuman 
=  DU.  komen,  OSAX.  human,  OHG. 
koman  G.  kommeny  ON.  koma\  cp. 
GOTH,  qiman'.  a  common  TEUT. 
str.  vb.  human  qeman  fr.  an  Aryan 
\fgem  in  SKR.  gam,  GR.  (jaivo)) 
LAT.  ^«?>  (for  *gvemu>). 

comely  ME.  f  ##;//  <r£w//y  OE.  cymlic 
'fine,  handsome';  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
kumig  'delicate,  weak'  and  G.kaum 
'hardly'. 

cony  sb.  ME.  ^«/  earlier  ^«/»^ 
'rabbit':  adapt,  from  OFR.  connin, 
whence  also  DU.  konijn,  G.  kanin- 
chen.  Source  LAT.  cuniculus  (OFR. 
£0#//)  in  a  by-form  cunlnus. 

cook  sb.  ME.  ^  OE.  coc\  loan- 
word fr.  ^^.Ti.coquus,  whence  OHG. 
G.  koch  and  IT.  cuoco,  OFR.  queux. 
—  The  vb.  cook  ME.  coke  is 
derived  from  the  sb.  by  in- 
fluence of  LAT.  coquere  (=  G. 
kochen,  DU.  koken),  whence  also 
FR.  cuire  'cook'. 


COOl    ME.  OE.  col  =  LG.  kdl,  DU. 

koel,  OHG.  kuoli  G.  kit  hi:    TEUT. 
base  kolu-  from  the  TEUT.  \fkal 
kol  under  cold.    Deriv.  keel. 
coot  'a  bird'  ME.  cote  OE.  *cpt(a) 

=    DU.    ^/  'C00t'. 

cope  vb.  Vie  with,  match'  orig. 
'bargain  or  chaffer  with':  a  loan- 
word fr.  w.koopen  'buy',  cogn.  w. 
OE.  ceapian  'cheapen'  from  OE. 
ceap  'bargain'.  Cp.  cheap. 

copper  ME.  coper  OE.  copor\ 
borrowed  from  vulgar  LAT.  cup- 
rum 'copper'  (orig.  cuprium  aes 
'Cyprian  brass').  From  the  same 
source  OHG.  kupfar  G.  kupfer, 
DU.  koper  and  FR.  cuivre.  — 
copperas  ME.  coperose  from  OFR.  • 
coper os e  =  IT.  copparosa,  LAT. 
cupri  rosa  lit.  'copper-rose'. 

copse  earlier  coppice  contr.  of 
OFR.  copeiz  derived  from  OFR. 
coper  (FR.  couper)  'cut'. 

cork  =;  G.  DAN.  sw.  kork, 
DU.  kurk:  borrowed  from  SPAN. 
corcho  'cork'  =  LAT.  corticem 
(cortex)  'bark'. 

corn1  'grain'  ME.  OE.  corn  = 
DU.  koren,  G,  ON.  DAN.  sw.  kornt 
GOTH,  kaurn:  TEUT.  korna-  = 
pre-TEUT.  base  grno-  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  grdnum,  RUSS.  zerno. 

corn2  'a  hard  excrescence  on 
toe  or  foot':  borrowed  from  FR. 
corne  (=  LAT.  cornu  'horn'). 

corner  ME.  corner',  borrowed 
fr.  MED. -LAT.  corneria  'corner, 
angle'  (LAT.  cornu  'horn'). 

cornet  ME.  cornet  cornette  'a  horn' : 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  cornet  cornettct 
dimiri.  of  FR.  corne  'a  horn'. 


48 


cornice  —   country 


cornice  a  loanword  from  OFR. 
cornice  fr.  IT.  cornice  'a  cornice, 
border,  ledge'  (LAT.  type  comix 
'a  border'  contr.  of  MED.  -  LAT. 
coronix  a  square  frame'). 

corps  ME.  corps',  a  loanword 
from  FR.  corps  cors  from  LAT. 
corpus. 

corpse  ME.  corps',  borrowed 
from  OFR.  corps  cors  =  LAT. 
corpus. 

corset  dimin.  of  ME.  cors  'a 
body';  cp.  corpse.  —  corslet 
corselet',  a  loanword  fr.  FR.  corse- 
let,  dimin.  of  OFR.  cors  with 
suffix  -et. 

cost  vb.  ME.  coste\  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  coster  (=  FR.  coi~iter, 
LAT.  constare),  whence  also  DU.  G. 
kosten. 

costume  ME.  custume  (and 
custome):  adapt,  fr.  OFR.  costume 
FR.  coutume  =  IT.  costume  (MED.- 
LAT.  costuma  =  LAT.  consuetti- 
dinem).  Cp.  custom, 

COt   ME.   OE.  COt   =    LG.   DU.    ON. 

G.  kot  'hut':  TEUT.  base  kuta-. 

cote  (in  comp.  dove-cote,  sheep- 
cote)  ME.  cote  OE.  cot  =•  G.  kote. 
The  TEUT.  word  passed  into 
SLAV.  (OSLOV.  /&?/&•/ 'cella').  Akin 
to  cot. 

cottage  ME.  cotdge  fr.  OFR.  co- 
iage\  deriv.  of  TEUT.  kota-  under 
cot  and  cote. 

cotton  ME.  cotoun\  a  loanword 
fr.  FR.  coton  •=-  IT.  cotone '.  source 
ARAB,  qoton  'cotton'. 

couch  vb.  ME.  couche'.  adapt, 
fr.  FR.  coucher  (earlier  cole  her 
—  IT.  colcare)  fr.  LAT.  collocare. 


couch-grass  sb. ;  see  quitch' 
grass. 

cough  ME.  coughe  (OE.  cohhettan) 
=  DU.  kugchen,  MHG.  kitchen. 

council  adapt,  fr.  FR.  concile 
'a  council,  an  assembly,  session' 
from  LAT.  concilium  'an  assembly 
called  together'.  counsel 

ME.  conseil  counseil\  loanword  fr. 
FR.  conseil  (LAT.  consilium  'deli- 
beration'). 

j  count  sb.  (ME.  *counte  is  not 
recorded,  but  inferred  fr.  ME. 
countesse  E.  countess)  loanword  fr. 
FR.  comte  'a  count,  an  earl'. 
Source  LAT.  comite?n  (comes)  'a 
companion,  a  count'. 

count  vb.  ME.  counte'.  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  conter  (source  LAT.  com- 
putare  'compute,  reckon'). 

countenance  ME.  countenaunce : 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  contenance  'be- 
havior, carriage'  (LAT.  contmentia 
'abstinence'). 

counter  'contrary'  fr.  FR.  contre 
=  LAT.  contra  'against'. 

counterfeit  ME.  counterfeit : 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  contr ef ait,  part, 
of  contrefaire  'imitate'. 

counterpane  'a  coverlet  for  a 
bed'  earlier  counterpoint:  loan- 
word fr.  OFR.  contrepoinct  'the 
quilting  stitch';  prop,  connected 
with  OFR. contr epoincter  'quilt';  con* 
trepoinct\s  a  corruption  of  coutre- 
poinct  coutepoint  'a  counterpane' 
(source  LAT.  culcita  puncta  'a 
stitched  quilt'). 

country  ME.  cuntre  contre: 
loanword  fr.  FR.  contree  (=  IT. 
contrada).  Source  MED.  -  LAT. 


county  —  crab  * 


49 


contrata  derived  fr.  LAT.  contra 
(Cp.  G.  g  eg  end  from  gegen). 

county  ME.  counte;  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  contt  'county'  (deriv.  of 
FR.  comte  =  count  sb.). 

couple  ME.  couple',  adapt,  fr. 
FR.  couple  (—  LAT.  copula)  'a 
bond,  band'. 

courage  ME.  cor  age:  adapt,  fr. 
FR.  courage  (LAT.  type  coraticuni). 

court  ME.  curt',  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  curt  cort  (source  LAT.  cortis 
'a  court-yard,  palace').  —  Hence 
courteous  transformed  fr.  ME. 
curteis  =  OFR.  corteis  FR.  courtois. 

cousin  ME.  cosin  cousin',  adapt, 
fr.  FR.  cousin  (MED. -LAT.  co sinus 
for  LAT.  consobrinus  'a  cousin'). 

cove  ME.  cove  ov.cofa  'a  chamber, 
cave'  =  ON.  kofi  'hut'.  GOTH. 
*kuban-  is  wanting. 

covenant  ^ss..convenant  covenant'. 
loanword  fr.  FR.  convenant  cove- 
nant:pres.  part,  of  convenir  'agree'. 

cover  vb.  ME.  cover e:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  covrir  cueuvrir  FR.  couvrir. 
Source  LAT.  cooperire  'cover. 

covet  vb.  ME.  cuveite'.  adapt 
fr.  OFR.  cuveiter  covoiter  =  FR. 
convoiter  (Lat.  type  *cupiditare 
'desire'). 

covey  borrowed  fr.  OFR..  covle 
=  FR.  couve~e  'a  covey  of  par- 
tridges', prop.  part,  of  FR.  couver 
'hatch'  (source  LAT.  cubare  'lie 
down'). 

cow  sb.  ME.  cu  (plur.  kie  kfe) 
OE.  cu  (plur.  cy)  =  ON.  kyr, 

DU.    koe,  MLG.    kd,    OHG.  MHG.    kuo 

G.    kuh\   -TEUT.    base    ko-    'cow' 

kilCit.lSH    ETY'iOLOLY. 


from  an  Aryan  stem  gow-  (go-) 
in  SKR.  gdus  (ace.  gain),  GR. 
ftovg  (stem  /ft)/),  LAT.  bos. 

cow  vb.  (ME.  *couwe  earlier 
*cugen  are  unrecorded):  loan- 
word fr.  SCAND.  kuga  'cow,  tyran- 
nize over'  =  DAN.  kue  'cow',  sw. 
kufva  'check,  curb'. 

coward  ME.  couard  coward'. 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  couard  coart 
coard  =  IT.  codardo  (formed 
with  suffix  -ard  and  OFR.  coe  FR. 
queue  =  LAT.  cauda  'tail'). 

cower  vb.  ME.  coure:  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  kura  (sw.  kura,  DAN. 
kure)  'lie  quiet,  rest'. 

cowl1  'a  monk's  hood,  a  cap, 
hood'  ME.  couel  earlier  cuwel 
OE.  cugle  'a  cowl'  (=  MHG.  kuget) . 
loanword  fr.  LAT.  cucullus  'hood : 

cowl2  'a  vessel  carried  on  a 
pole':  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  cuvel 
=  FR.  cuveau,  prop,  'a  little 
tub'  (source  LAT.  cupa  'a  vat, 
butt'). 

cowslip  OE.  cuslyppe,  ciisloppe. 

coxcomb  corrupted  fr.  cock's 
comb  'cock's  crest'.  Cp.  cock 
and  comb. 

coxswain,  cockswain  'steersman 
of  a  boat'  from  cock  'a  boat' 
and  swain  'the  person  in  com- 
mand of  the  boat'. 

coy:  adapted  fr.  OFR.  coi  (coif). 
Source  LAT.  quietus  'quiet,  still'. 

cozen  vb.  'flatter,  beguile': 
adapt.  fr.FR.  cousiner  'call  cousin, 
sponge'  fr.  FR.  cousin.  Cp.  co u  sin. 

crab  !  ME.  crabbe  OE.  crabba 
=  ON.  krabbi,  sw.  krabbat  DAN. 
4 


crack  —  cream 


krabbe,  DU.  krab,  MLG.  krabbe 
(whence  G.  krabbe)'.  akin  to 
OHG.  kreba^  =  G.  krebs  FR.  crabe 
fr.  TEUT.  —  Ident.  w.  crab2  'a 
kind  of  apple'  ME.  crabbe\  a 
Scand.  loanword;  cp.  sw.  krabb- 
dple.  —  crabbed  'peevish,  cramp- 
ed'; perh.  fr.  crab1. 

crack  vb.  ME.  crake  krake  OE. 
cracian  =  DU.  kraken,  OHG.  kra- 
chon  chrahhbn  G.  krachen  :  TEUT. 
\fkrak  fr.  pre-TEUT.  grg\  cp. 
SKR.  grg  'rustle,  crackle'. 

cracknel  formerly  crakenel  cor- 
rupted fr.  FR.  craquelin  'a  crack- 
nel'. 

cradle  ME.  crddel  OE.  cradol'. 
a  Celt,  loanword,  cp.  IR.  craidhal, 
GAEL,  creathair^.  cradle,  a  grate'; 
cp.  crate. 

craft  ME.  craft  OE.  craft  =  OSAX. 
craft,  DU.  kracht,  G.  kraft,  ON. 
kraptr.  —  crafty  ME.  crafti  OE. 
crcefti^  =  OHG.  c  href  tig  G.  krdftig. 

crag  ME.  mz^-:  borrowed  fr.  w. 
craig,  GAEL,  creag. 

crake  'a  bird'  so  named  fr.  its 
cry;  cp.  ME.  crake  'cry  out'  under 
crack. 

cram  vb.  ME.  cramme  OE.  cram- 
mian  —  ON.  kremja,  sw.  krama, 
DU.  kramme  'squeeze'. 

cramp  ME.  crampe  OE.  *crgmp 
(inferred  fr.  crpmpeht  'full  of 
wrinkles')  =  DU.  LG.  kramp,  G. 
krampf'.  a  common  WEST-TEUT. 
term  for  'spasm,  cramp'. 

crane  ME.  crane  OE.  cran  = 
OLG.  kranot  DU.  kraan,  MHG. 
krane]  with  formative  guttural  OE. 


cornuc,  OHG.  chranuh  chranih(h)  G. 
kranich\  cp.  the  cogn.  GR.  vspafoc, 
CYMR.  ^r«» ;  OSLOV.  zeravi,  LITH. 
gerwe.  LAT.  ,fr^^  (gen.  gru-is) 
agrees  with  OHG.  chreia  'crane'. 

crank  sb.  ME.  cranke.  TEUT. 
base  krank 'twist'  allied  to  cramp. 

cranny  ME.  crany\  formed  by 
adding  E.  -y  to  YR.cran  'a  notch'. 

crape  borrowed  fr.  FR.  crepe 
(OFR.  crespe  =  LAT.  crispus). 

crash  vb.  a  var.  of  craze  and 
crack\  a  Scand.  loanword;  cp. 
sw.  krasa,  DAN.  krase  'crackle'. 
Cp.  crack. 

cratch  j&s,.cracche  crecche:  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  creche  (FR.  creche) 
which  is  of  Teut.  origin;  cp. 
OSAX.  kribbia  'crib'  under  crib. 

crate  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  crates 
'a  hurdle'. 

cravat  (=  G.  kravatte)  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  cravate  (from  Cra- 
vates  'a  Creation'). 

crave  vb.  ME.  crave  OE.  crafian 
=  ON.  krefja  'crave,  demand', 
sw.  krdfva  'demand',  DAN.  krave 
'crave,  exact'.  Perh.  the  E.  word 
is  borrowed  from  Scand. 

craven  ME.  cravant  'beaten, 
overcome'  shortened  fr.  OFR. 
cravante  'oppressed',  partic.  of 
cravanter  (source  a  LAT.  type 
*crepantare  'crack,  break'). 

craw  (by-form  crag  'neck, 
crop')  ME.  crawe  OE.  *craga't 
GOTH.  *kraga  is  wanting. 

cream  ME.  cr{me  from  FR.  creme 
(OFR.  cresme,  LAT.  cremor). 


creed  —  crown 


creed  sb.  ME.  crede  OE.  creda\ 
loanword  fr.  LAT.  credo  'I  believe' 
(»credo  in  deum  patrem«  etc.) ; 
cp.  the  origin  of  dirge. 

creek  ME.  creke  crike  (OE.  *creoca 
*crica}\  perh.  a  Scand.  loanword 
from  ON.  krike  'crack,  nook'. 

creep  vb.  ME.  crepe  OE.  crfopan 
str.  vb. ;  cp.  DU.  kruipen,  LG. 
krupen,  ON.  krjiipa.  Akin  to  G. 
kricchen  OHG.  kriohhan'.  TEUT. 
y~  krup  kruq.  Cp.  cripple. 

cress  ME.  cresse  earlier  kerse 
OE.  cerse  ccerse',  ident.  with  G. 
kresse  OHG.  kressa,  DU.  kers  and 
TtK..cresson>  IT.  crescione.  Phono- 
logy, history  and  origin  quite 
obscure ;  common  base  a  LAT. 
type  *crexo(nem]  ? 

crest  ME.  creste  from  OFR.  creste 
FR.  crfae  (LAT.  cristd). 

crib  ME.  cribbe  OE.  m'^  £ry££ 
=  OSAX.  kribbia,  DU.  /£rz$,  G. 
krippe  OHG.  krippa'.  TEUT.  base 
kribjo  (krubjo)  akin  to  OHG.  kreba. 
Cp.  cratch. 

crimson  ME.  crimosin  from  OFR. 
cramoisin  =  FR.  cramoisi. 

cringe  vb.  ME.  crenge  OE.  <rr<?#- 
£vz# :  TEUT.  base  krangjan,  deriv. 
from  OE.  cringan  'sink,  fall  in 
battle',  cogn.  w.  G.  krank  'sick'. 

cripple  ME.  cripel  OE.  crypel  = 
DU.  kreupel  'cripple';  prop,  'a  man 
who  creeps';  TEUT.  base  krupila-, 
deriv.  fr.  \f^krnp  in  creep. 

crisp  ME.  OE.  crisp  =  OHG. 
/£ra/:  an  early  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
crispus  'curled'. 

croak  vb.  ME.  croke  OE.  *crdcian 
(inferred  from  OE-  cr&cetung 


'croaking'):    TEUT.    base    krekon 
krdkon]  akin  to  crackt 

crock  ME.  crocke  OE.  crocca\ 
borrowed  fr.  OIR.  croccan-,  perh. 
cogn.  with  G.  krug  OHG.  kruog, 
LG.  kruke,  OE.  croh  crpg. 

croft  ME.  OE.  croft  'small  field' 
=  ODU.  krochte  'high  and  dry 
land'  DU.  kroft  'hillock'. 

crook  sb.  ME.  crok  OE.  *crpc 
=  ON.  krdkr  krdkr  'hook',  ODU. 
croeCy  DAN.  krog  'hook'.  Akin  to 
OHG.  krdko  'hook'  (as  E.  hook 
is  to  G.  haken). 

crop  ME.  cropp  OE.  cropp. 

crosier  ME.  croser  croiser. 

cross  ME.  cross  (whence  SCAND. 
kross,  SW.-DAN.  kors):  borrowed 
from  OIR.  cross  (CYMR.  croes). 
Source  LAT.  crftx  whence  also 
FR.  croix  (ME.  crois  from  OFR.  crois) ; 
OIR.  crock  and  OHG.  OSAX.  krfai 
G.  kreuz  point  to  the  infl.  LAT. 
crucem. 

crow  vb.  ME.  crowe  OE.  craw  an 
=  DU.  kraaien,  G.  krdhen  OHG. 
krden :  TEUT.  base  a  str.  vb. 
krtyan,  but  orig.  not  restricted 
to  the  cock;s  crowing  as  shown 
by  the  sb.  crow  ME.  cro'we  OE. 
crdwe  =  G.  krahe  OHG.  krdia. 

crowd  vb.  ME.  croude  OE. 
criidan  str.  vb.  'crowd,  press'  = 
ODU.  criiden  'push,  thrust'  (DU. 
kr uteri),  MLG.  kruden  kroden  vb. 
'molest':  TEm.^kr&d. 

crown  ME.  crune  (whence  ON. 
kruna,  cp.  ODU.  crune  DU.  kruiri) 
earlier  by-form  coroune  corune: 
borrowed  during  the  reign  of 
4* 


cruel  —  curb 


William  the  Conqueror  fr.  OFR. 
corone  =  FR.  couronne  'crown'. 
Source  LAT.  corona  'crown', 
whence  also  OE.  corenbeag  'crown 
and  OHG.  korona  G.  krone. 

cruel  ME.  cruel  (crew^T)  fr.  FR. 
cruel  =  LAT.  crud£lis  'severe'  in 
a  vulgar  form  crudalis. 

crumb  =  ME.  crombe  short  for 
croume  OE.  criima  (cp.  thumb 
OE.  fuma)  =  DU.  kruim  ODU. 
crume,  LG.  G.  krume  (OSAX.  *kriimd) . 
The  m  is  derivative;  cp.  the 
TEUT.  y*  kru  in  G.  krauen  OHG. 
krouwon  vb.  'scratch'. 

cruse  ME.  crouse  OE.  ^T#.f£  (cp. 
E.  raw*  OE.  rz/#z)  —  ODU.  kruiSj 
MHG.  £nfcr*  G.  krau9c\  akin  to 
ODU.  DU.  kroes,  ME.  rr<fr. 

crust  ME.  cruste  fr.  OFR.  cruste 
FR.  *r0£/£  —  LAT.  rr«j/0  'crust 
of  bread'. 

crutch  ME.  crucche  OE.  crycc  = 
DU.  /£r&£,  OHG.  cruccha  G.  krilcke 
'crutch':  TEUT.  base  krukjd-\ 
ident.  w.  IT.  croccia  'crutch',  FR. 
crosse ,  which  rest  on  a  LAT. 
crucea ,  deriv.  of  crux  crucis 
'cross'.  Therefore  crutch  krukja 
crucea  meant  originally  'stick 
having  a  cross'. 

cry  vb.  ME.  criel  adapted  fr. 
FR.  crier  'cry'. 

cuckold  ME.  cukewold'.  trans- 
formation of  FR.  coucou  'cuckoo', 
whence  also  E.  cuckoo  ME. 
cuckou* 

cudgel  OE.  cycgel'.  dimin.  of 
a  lost  primitive  OE.  *cydg\  base 

kugja-  ? 


cuff  sb.  ME.  cuffe  coffe  'sleeve'; 
perh.  ident.  w.  late  OE.  cuffie 
'coif  under  coif. 

cull  vb.  ME.  culle  (cole  coille} 
vb.  'gather,  select'  fr.  OFR.  coillir 
=  FR.  cueillir  'collect'  (source 
LAT.  colligere). 

culver  ME.  culver  (colver)  OE. 
culfre  culufre  'dove';  not  found 
in  the  other  TEUT.  languages, 
prob.  of  LAT.  origin :  LAT.  columba 
'dove'  in  a  vulgar  form  *colubra  ? 

cumber  vb.  ME.  cumbre  vb. 
'annoy'  fr.  OFR.  combrer,  whence 
also  G.  kummer  MHG.  kumber ;  the 
base  MED.-LAT.  combrus  'rubbish, 
bank  of  earth,  ruins'  rests  on  a 
GALL. -LAT.  combero-  'that  which 
is  carried  together'. 

cummin  ME.  comin  late  OE. 
cumin  (=  DU.  komijri)  fr.  OFR. 
comin  =.  FR.  cumin.  Source 
LAT.  cuminum,  whence  also  a 
TEUT.  kumm  in  OE.  cymen,  OHG. 
kumm  kumil  G.  kummel. 

cunning  ME.  cunninge\  deriv. 
of  OE.  cunnan  =  know. 

CUp  ME.  OE.   CUppe  'cup'  =  MHG. 

'•opfy  ODU.  kop  'beaker,  cup': 
loanword  fr.  LAT.  cuppa  (cupa), 
whence  also  OE.  ME.  cop  (copp) 

summit,    head',    G.  kopf  'head'. 

cur  ME.  curre  corre  =  ODU. 
korre  'watch-dog',  SWED.  (dial.) 
kurra  'a  dog';  cp.  LG.  G.  (dial.) 
kurren  vb.  'growl'.  Therefore  cur 
prop,  'a  growler'? 

curate  see  cure. 

curb  vb.  ME.  cur  be  'to  bend' 
fr.  FR.  courber  'bend'. 


curd  —  dagger 


53 


curd  vb.  w.  metathesis  fr.  ME. 
crudde  vb. :  a  CELT,  loanword, 
deriv.  fr.  TR.  gruth  'curds'?  or 
cogn.  with  crowd!  cp.  LAT.  coagu- 
lum  fr.  cogere! 

cure  ME.  dire  fr.  FR.  cure  = 
LAT.  cura.  -  -  curate  ME.  cilrdt 
=  MED. -LAT.  curdtus  (in  FR. 
pronunciation;  cp.  curious  ME. 
curious  fr.  LAT.  curiosusT). 

curfew  ME.  curfeu  (curfew^  fr. 
OFR.  covreftu  (cp.  poor  fr.  OFR. 
povre):  prop,  the  sign  for  put- 
ting out  fires. 

curious  see  cure. 

curl  vb.  deriv.  fr.  ME.  crul  (II) 
adj.  'curly'  — -  DU.  krul\  WEST- 
TEUT.  krull-  for  kruzl-  krusl-  is 
cogn.  with  ODU.  kruis ,  G.  kraus 
MHG.  krus  'curly*  (aso  ME.  crous 
'curly'). 

curlew  ME.  curlew  (cor  lew) 
fr.  OFR.  cor  lieu  =  FR.  cotirlieu 
'a  bird's  name'  ('scolopax  ar- 
quata'),  composed  of  OFR.  corre 
'to  leap'  and  lieu  'lightly*. 

curry  vb.  ME.  currle  curraie 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  conreier\  LAT.  type 
con-redare  ? 

curse  vb.  ME.  curse  OE.  cursian 
'to  curse';  cogn.  with  OIR.  cursa- 
chaim  'I  curse'.  Source  and 
history  unknown. 


curtain  sb.  ME.  cur  tin  cortin  fr. 
OFR.  cortine  =  LAT.  (also  IT. 
SPAN.)  cortina  'curtain'. 

curve  adj.  fr.  LAT.  curvus 
'crooked'. 

cushion  ME.  cusshin  (cusshen  — 
cuss  htm)  cussin  quissin  (guisshen) 
fr.  OFR.  coissin  =  FR.  coussin 
'cushion';  cp.  SPAN,  coxin,  IT. 
cuscino  and  ident.  w.  DU.  kussen 
ODU.  cussin i  ,G.  kussen  kissen  OHG. 
kussin  'cushion'.  Source  a  MED.- 
LAT.  coxinum  prop,  deriv.  of  LAT. 
coxa  'hip,  haunch'  =  FR.  cuisse 
'thigh',  whence  E.  (Shakesp.) 
cuisse  'piece  of  armor  for  the 
thighs'. 

custom  ME.  custome  earlier  form 
(c.  noo)  custibne  fr.  OFR.  custume 
(vR.coutume)  =  IT.  PROV.  costumai 
source  a  LAT.  type  *consuetumen 
instead  of  LAT.  consuetudo. 

cut  vb.  ME.  cutte  (by-form  with 
umlaut  kitte)  :  a  ME.  vb.  of  CELT. 
origin;  cp.  CYMR.  cwtan  vb. 
'shorten'  —  cwta  adj.  'short'. 

cutlas  fr.  FR.  coutelas  —  IT. 
coltellaccio  prop,  'a  large  knife': 
ROM.  deriv.  of  LAT.  culter  'knife'. 
Cp.  FR.  couteau  =  OFR.  coutel 
'knife'  fr.  LAT.  cultellus.  Hence 
FR.  coutelier  =  ME.  cuteler  E. 
cutler  'maker  of  knives'. 


D 


dace    from    ME.    darce    darse :  I  called  from  its  swiftness).    See 
from  OFR.  dars,  nom.  also  spelled  \dart. 
dart   'a   dart',    also    'a   fish'    (so  |    dagger  ME.  dagger  =  ON.  dag- 


dainty  —  dandelion 


gardr,  DU.  daggert:  of  Celt,  origin, 
borrowed  from  w.  dagr  =  IR. 
daigear\  BRET,  dag  =  GAEL,  dag  a : 
all  synon. 

dainty  ME.  deinte:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  deinte  "dignity,  im- 
portance, value'  (the  ME.  by- 
form  dainteth  is  an  ANGLO-NORMAN 
deinted  'pleasure').  Source  LAT. 
dignitatem  (dainty  and  dignity  are 
doublets). 

dairy  ME.  deter le  'room  for  a 
milk-woman';  ME.  deie  'milk-woman' 
(hence  day-woman  'dairy-wo- 
man' Shakesp.)  is  borrowed  from 
ON.  deigja  'milk-woman'  (svf.de/ a), 
which  is  supposed  to  be  a  deriv. 
of  TEUT.  daiga-  (under  dough) 
and  to  mean  prop,  'the  bread- 
maker,  kneader  of  dough'.  Cp. 
dough  and  lady. 

dais  ME.  deis\  borrowed  from 
OFR.  dels  later  dais  'a  high  table 
in  a  hall'  =  FR.  dais  'a  canopy' 
(base  MED. -LAT.  discus  'a  table' 
=  LAT.  discus  'plate,  platter'  see 
under  dish). 

daisy  ME.  daies-ie  daies-eie  OE. 
dceges-eage\  prop,  'the  eye  of  the 
day';  cp.  day  and  eye. 

dale  ME.  dale  OE.  deel  plur.  dalu 
(ME.  E.  e  in  dale  is  derived  from 
the  OE.  plur.  dalu  or  from  the  sing. 
infl.  dales  jdcele).  The  TEUT.  base 
dala-  cp.  also  in  the  synon.  GOTH 
dais,  ON.  dalr,  os AX.  dal,  OHG. 
MHG.  tal  (mod.  that). 

dally  vb.  ME.  dalye  points  to 
GOTH.  *dalon  OE.  *dalian  (—  G. 
dahlen).  The  ending  y  is  a 


southern  continuation  of  the  OE. 
infinit.  in  -ian  (==  OHG.  *  talon!). 

dam  ME.  dam(me)  OE.  *dam(mm) 
=  G.  damm,  DU.  dam,  ON.  dammr 
(GOTH,  faurdammjan  =  OE.  for* 
demman  'dam  up). 

damage  ME.  damage :  borrowed 
from  OFR.  damage  damage  FR. 
dommage  'harm' (IT.  dannajo),  LAT. 
type  damnaticum  'harm'  (LAT.  dam- 
num  'loss,  injury'  under  damn). 

dame  ME.  dame:  borrowed  from 
FR.  dame,  whence  also  G.  DU. 
dame.  Source  LAT.  domina  lady' 
(=  IT.  donna)',  cp.  damsel. 

damn  vb.  ME.  dam(p)ne :  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  damner  dampner 
FR.  damner  (=  SPAN,  danar,  IT. 
dannare)  =  LAT.  damnare  'con- 
demn, fine'  (LAT.  damnum  'injury, 
loss). 

damp  ME.  *damp  —  DU.  LG. 
damp  Vapor',  G.  dampf  'vapor, 
steam'. 

damsel  ME.  dam.esele  damisde'. 
borrowed  from  OFR.  damisele 
dameisele  =  FR.  demoiselle.  The 
source  is  MED. -LAT.  domicella  'a 
young  lady',  LAT.  type  dom(i}ni- 
cella,  dimin.  of  domina  'a  lady'. 

dance  vb.  ME  daunce  daunse: 
borrowed  from  FR.  danse,-,  whence 
also  DU.  dansen,  G.  tanzen,  DAN. 
dandse,sw.dansa.  TheOFR.danser 
is  traced  to  an  OHG.  danson 
'draw,  trail'. 

dandelion :  borrowed  from  FR. 
dent  de  lion  (==  SPAN,  diente  de  leont 
IT.  dente  di  leone)'.  prop,  'lion's 
tooth',  so  called  from  the  jagged 


danger  —  day 


55 


leaves  of  the  plant  (G.  lowen- 
zahti) . 

danger  ME.  daunger:  borrowed 
from  FR.  danger  'danger'.  Source 
a  LAT.  type  *dominiarium  'power' 
from  LAT.  dominium  'sovereignty'. 

dank  'damp5  ME. dank:  borrow- 
ed, from  the  Scand.?  cp.  SAV. 
dial,  dank  'a  marshy  piece  of 
ground'  =  ICEL.  dokk  for  *danku 
'pit,  pool'. 

dapper  ME.  daper  'pretty,  neat'; 
cp.  ON.  dapr  'sad,  dreary',  DTJ. 
dapper  'brave' ,  OHG.  tapfar  G. 
tapfer  'valiant,  brave'. 

dapple  'a  spot,  dot'  'a  dap- 
pled horse'  ME.  in  dappel-grayi 
perh.  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  depill  'a  spot,  dot'  (dapi  'a 
pool'). 

dare  ME.  dor  OE.  dear  'I  dare* 
=  GOTH.  dars,  OHG.  tar.  The 
TEUT.  \f  dars  darz  is  akin  to  GR. 
dpatisTv  'be  bold'  —  dpaovq 
bold'  and  SKR.  dhrs  'dare' I 
Aryan  \fdhers. 

dark  ME.  derk  OE.  deorc\  perh. 
akin  to  OIR.  derg  'red' :  common 
base  dhergo-  (cp.  also  OIR.  dorche 
'dark'?). 

darling  ME.  derling  shortened 
from  OE.  dear  ling  'a  favorite': 
deriv.  of  dear  =  OE.  deore. 

dart  ME.  dart  from  OFR.  dart 
FR.  dard  (=  SPAN.  IT.  dardo] ', 
of  TEUT.  origin:  OE.  darod,  ON. 
darradr  also  shorter  darr. 

dash  vb.  ME.  dasshe\  corre- 
sponding to  DAN.  daske  (~  sw. 
daska)  'slap,  strike'.  Scand. 
origin  of  the  E.  word  (OE.  *das- 


ci'an  *daxiari)  is  improbable, 
E.  sh  pointing  to  a  hereditary 
word. 

date1  'an  epoch,  given  point 
of  time'  ME.  date  from  the  synon. 
FR.  date  (MED. -LAT.  datum,  whence 
G.  datum). 

date2  'fruit  of  the  palm'  ME. 
date',  borrowed  from  OFR.  date 
=  FR.  dattei  source  LAT. -GR. 
dactylus,  whence  also  G.  dattei, 
DU.  dadel. 

daub  vb.  ME.  daube\  borrowed 
from  OFR.  dauber  'whiten'  from 
*dalber  =  LAT.  dealbare  'whiten, 
plaster'  (LAT.  albus  'white'). 

daughter  ME.  daughter  OE.  dotitor 
=  DU.  dochter,  OSAX.  dohtar,  OHG. 
MHG.  tohter  G.  tochter,  ON.  dottir, 
GOTH.  dauhtar\  ident.  with  the 
synon.  LITH.  dukti,  OSLOV.  dusti: 
Aryanbase^//e/<?r;  an  Aryan  base 
dhugater  appears  in  GR.  &vya- 
TI-JO,  SKR.  duhitdr,  AVEST.  duydar 
'daughter'.  SKR.  duhitar 'daughter' 
is  traced  to  the  SKR.  \fduh 
'milk'  and  is  interpreted  as  'the 
milk  maid'. 

daunt  vb.  ME.  daunte:  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  donter  FR.  dompter 
=  IT.  dbftff&ri 'subdue,  tame' :  the 
source  is  l^l.domitare  (frequent, 
of  domare). 

day  ME.    day   dai  OE.    dcp,^    = 

GOTH,    dags,    OHG.    MHG.    tac(g)    G. 

tag,  DU.  OSAX.  dag,  ON.  dagr\ 
by-forms  OE.  dogor,  ON.  dcegr  (fr. 
dogaz  dogiz] :  all  connected  with 
the  SKR.  \fdah  (for  Aryan  dhegh'. 
dhdgfi)  'burn'.  This  root  appears 
also  in  LITH.  degti  'burn'  — 


dawn   —   dear2 


dagas  daga  'harvest',  PRUSS.  dagos 
'summer',  SKR.  nidagha-  'heat, 
summer*  (also  SKR.  dhar  'day'?). 
The  base  dhogho-s  common  to 
our  day  and  to  LITH.  ddgas  signi- 
fied 'the  time  of  the  burning  of 
the  sun,  the  hot  part  of  the 
day  or  year'. 

dawn  vb.  late  ME.  daune  earlier 
dawe  OE.  dagian  =  ON.  daga, 
OHG.  tagen  G.  tag  en  'become  day'; 
cp.  E.  dawning  ME.  dawinge'. 
deriv.  of  TEUT.  daga-  under  day. 

daze  vb.  ME.  dase  'stupefy' 
from  ON.  *dasa,  refl.  das  ask  (sk 
represents  the  refl.  'oneself') 
'daze  oneself  =  DAN.  dase,  sw. 
dasa  'lie  idle'.  From  daze  is 
deriv.  the  dimin.  dazzle  vb. 
'overpower  with  light'. 

deacon  ME.  dfken  from  OE. 
*  deacon  for  diacon  (==  DU.  deken,  G. 
diakon,  ON.  djdkn,  OFR.  diacne 
FR.  diacre,  SPAN.  IT.  diacono) : 
source  LAT.  diaconus  (GR.  tWxo- 
votf)  'a  servant,  a  deacon*. 

dead  adj.  ME.  d$d  OE.  dead  = 

GOTH,    daups,    OHG.     MHG.     tdt     G. 

to(d)t,  ON.  daudr,  OSAX.  ddd,  DU. 
dood.  The  common  base  dau-da  is 
prop,  panic,  (dhau-to-)  belonging 
to  the  TEUT.  verbal  \J~dau  dis- 
cussed under  die.  Cp.  death. 
deaf  ME.  def  OE.  d^V"  =  OSAX. 

ddfy    DU.    d&*2/)    OHG.  MHG.    tOUp(b) 

'hearing  or  feeling  nothing,  dull, 
foolish'  G.  taub,  GOTH.  daufs(b) 
'deaf,  os.daufr.  The  meanings 
of  OHG.  MHG.  toup(b)  bordering 
on  those  of  OHG.  MHG.  tump  G. 
dumm,  connection  of  both  groups 


is  swre ;  prob.  akin  to  GR. 
'blind'.      Cp.  dumb. 

deal  vb.  'divide,  distribute, 
negotiate  in'  ME.  d$le  OE.  dcelan 
=  OSAX.  delian,  DU.  deelen.,  LG. 
dtteny  G.teilen,  GOTH,  dailjan'.  de- 
nominatives of  daili-  (cp.  deal) 
like  OSLOV.  deliti  'divide'. 

deal }  sb.  'part,  portion,  indefinite 
quantity,  degree  or  extent,  bar- 
gain etc.'  ME.  d$l  OE.  ddl  (ddl) 
=  OSAX.  del,  DU.  deel,  LG.  dedy 

OHG.     MHG.      G.     teil,     GOTH.     dai/S 

m.  daila  f.  TEUT.  dai-li(la-)  seems 
to  point  to  an  ARYAN  \J~dhai, 
proved  by  OSLOV.  delu  part'. 

deal2  sb.  'a  board,  plank* 
borrowed  from  DU.  deel^  board, 
threshing  floor'  =  MLG.  de*le 
'board'  LG.  dele  'a  board,  floor, 
a  room'.  The  corresponding 
OHG.  dili  G.  diele  'boarded  floor' 
corresponds  to  ON.  pilja,  OE. 
pel  'board'.  LITH.  till  'plank  in 
the  boat',  OSLOV.  tilo  'bottom', 
SKR.  tala-m  'surface'  are  cog- 
nate. 

dean  ME.  d$n  (contr.  of  *dtien) 
borrowed  from  OFR.  deien  = 
FR.  doyen',  source  LAT.  decanus 
'the  chief  of  ten  soldiers  or 
monks'  (=  IT.  dccano ,  OHG. 
techdn  G.  de chant). 

dear1  ME.  djre  OE.  ^'<?r^'beloved, 
precious,  of  great  value'  = 
OSAX.  diurif  DU.  dier,  OHG.  tiuri 
'dear,  beloved,  esteemed,  costly' 
G.  teuer. 

dear2  (in  Shakesp.)  'fierce, 
ferocious'  ME.  der  OE.  deor  'wild' : 


dearth  —   deep 


57 


different  from  dear1.  Ident.  with 
E.  deer,  G.  tier',  cp.  deer. 

dearth  ME.  derthe  'scarcity, 
dearness'  (=  OSAX.  diurida,  OHG. 
tiurida,  ON.  dyrd,  OLG.  dturtha)'. 
deriv.  of  dear1  -f-  -th  formative 
of  abstract  nouns. 

death  ME.  d$th  OE.  d$af  = 
GOTH.  daupus,  OSAX.  doth,  OHG. 
tod  MHG.  tot(d)  G.  tod,  DU.  dood, 
ON.  daudr :  a  verbal  abstr.  noun 
of  a  \l^dau  (cp.  die)  with  the 
abstract  suffix  TEUT.  fu  =  LAT. 
SKR.  tu-  (Aryan  base  dhau-tu-s). 

debate  vb  ME.  debate:  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  debatre  'fight, 
contend ,  debate'  FR.  debattre 
'contend,  debate'  (—  SPAN. 
debatir,  IT.  dibattere). 

debt  sb.  earlier  det  ME.  dette: 
from  OFR.  debte  dette  FR.  dette 
(IT.  dettd)  =  LAT.  debita  f.  sing., 
orig.  neut.  plur,  of  LAT,  debitum. 

debtor  ME.  dettur  from  OFR. 
detor  deteur  FR.  detteur  (IT, 
debitore)  =  LAT.  debitorem  ace. 
of  debitor  'debtor' 

decay  vb.  from  OFR.  decaer 
(SPAN,  decaer,  IT.  decadere)  ==•- 
LAT.  type  *decadere  (instead  of 
decider e]  Tall  away,  perish' 

decease  sb.  ME.  deck's  borrowed 
from  OFR.  deces  FR.  dtds  =  LAT. 
decessus  prop,  'departure'. 

deceit  ME.  deceit',  borrowed 
from  OFR.  deceit  =  LAT.  deceptus 
'deceit'  (decipere  'deceive  under 
deceive). 

deceive  vb.  earlier  deceave  ME. 
deceive',  borrowed  from  OFR.  de- 


cever  deceveir  FR.  decevoir  =  LAT. 
decipere  'entrap".    Cp.  deceit. 

|    deck  vb=  borrowed  fr*TfU.dekken 

I  'cover';  cp.  OE.  fieccean  under 
thatch 

declension  from  OFR.  decli- 
nation (FR.  declination)  beside 
FR.  declination,  E.  declination  from 
LAT  .  declinationem. 

decrease  -vb  ME.  decree  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  decresser  decrestre 
decreistre  decroistre  FR.  decroitre 

|  (LAT.  dticrescere)  =  LAT.  decres- 

j  cere  'decrease' 

j    decree  sb.  ME.  decre  borrowed 

|  from  OFR.  decre  decret  FR.  d£cret 
(SPAN.  IT.  decretd)  =  LAT.  decre- 
turn  'a  decree'. 

deed  ME  deddedeoE.  ded  dad  = 
OSAX.  dad,  DU  daad,  OHG.  MHG. 
tat  G.  t(h}at,  ON.  dad,  GOTH,  in 
ga-d^Hs  'deed'.  TEUT  base  d£-di- 
from  dhe-ti-  from  the  TEUT.y"^  : 
do  from  ARYAN  dhe  :  dho\  cp.  do. 
deem  vb.  ME.  deme  OE  dfman 

J  (=  OSAX.  domian  in  a-,  DU. 
doemen,  MLG.  ddmen,  OHG,  tuomen 
MHG.  tuemen,  ON.  dcema,  GOTH. 
ga-domjan  'judge,  deem'):  deriv. 
of  TEUT.  doma-  see  doom. 

deep  adj.  ME.  ^  OE.  dcop  - 
OSAX.  /^,  DU.  diep,  OHG. 
//^/"  MHG.  G.  tief ,  ON. 
GOTH,  diups.  The  common  TEUT. 
adj.  deupa-  belongs  to  a  TEUT. 
y~  rt%)  whose  by-form  //wi^ 
appears  in  OE.  dyfan  E.  dive 
and  in  E.  ^/7/£.  Cp.  cymr.  dwfn, 
OIR.  domunfu- domain,  LITH.  ^/w/^^ 
'deep,  hollow',  OSLOV.  duplt(\\o\- 
low'  from  an 


deer 


derrick 


deer  ME.  der  OE.  deor  'wild 
animal'  =  ON.  dyr  'wild  animal', 
OSAX.  dior,  OHG.  tior  MHG.  G. 
tier  'animal'  ('stag,  roe'  in  the 
language  of  hunters).  TEUT. 
deuza-  is  prob.  an  adj.  used  as 
sb.  signifying  'wild  animal';  op. 
OE.  deor  'bold,  wild'  (cp.  dear). 

defeat  vb,  ME.  def{te  from 
OFR.  defeter  'annul'  *(OFR.  defait 
desfeit  part,  of  defaire  FR.  de- 
fair  e\  MED  -LAT.  defacere  'annul, 
undo').  See  feat 

defile  vb.  'make  unclean,  sully' 
a  fusion  of  ME.  file  OE.  dfylan 
'defile'  and  ME.  defoule  'defile': 
ME.  foule  (OE  fulian)  wk.  vb 
'make  foul  with  parallel  form 
file  (OE.  fylan)  has  taken  the 
LAT.-FR.  prefix  de-. 

defy  vb.  ME.  defie'  from  FR. 
dlfier  (=  MED -LAT.  IT.  disfidare 
diffidare  'renounce  faith,  repu- 
diate'). Cp.  faith. 

delay  vb.  ME.  delate  delay ei 
from  FR.  delayer  (=  MED. -LAT 
IT.  dilatare)- 

delight  sb.  (orig  delite)  ME. 
delite  delif  from  OFR.  ddit.  With 


delve  vb.  ME.  delve  OE.  del  fan 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  delven,  OSAX.  bi- 
delban,  OHG.  bi-telban  'bury'.  The 
(Aryan  A/M  dhelpT) 
is  unknown  elsewhere. 

demijohn  from  the  synon.  FR. 
dame-jeanne  =  Arab,  damagan 
(orig.  the  town  Damghan  in 
northern  Persia,  once  famous 
for  its  glass-works). 

den  short  for  ME.  d$ne  OE.  denu 
dene  valley' ;  akin  to  MDU.  dan 
'woods,  wilderness  and  G.  tann 
'woods'  r1 

denizen  ME.  deneseyn  denesein'. 
source  ANGLO -FR.  OFR.  densein 
deinsein'.  deriv,  of  OFR.  deinz  (= 
FR,  dans)  within'  and  suffix  -ein 
(==  LAT.  -anus) ,  cp.  citizen. 
The  FR.  word  means  'a  trader 
within  the  privilege  of  the  city- 
franchise  as  opposed  to  foreign '. 

deny  vb.  ME.  denu  from  FR. 
dlnier  (SPAN  denegar.  IT.  dene- 
gare  =  LAT.  denegare  "deny"). 

depaint  vb.  ME  depeinie'.  from 
FR.  depeindre.  Cp.  paint. 

depict  vb.  ME<  only  in  part. 
depict  =  LAT.  depictus ,  whence 


the    vb     delight    ME.   delite    from  \  also  OFR    depicter    depict' 
OFR.  deliter  (IT.  ielettare  dilettare)      deploy    vb     from    FR    deploy er 
=  LAT.  delectare    please  \  (OFR.  despleyer  despleier,   whence 

dell  ME.  delle  OE,  dell  a  dimin.    E.   display).      Source   LAT     dis- 
derivative  of  TEUT  dala-  (under  \plicare. 

dale),  pointing  to  a  GOTH.  *italja\    depth  ME.  depthe\    an  abstract 
f.    and    corresponding    to   OHG.    sb.  from  the  ME.    adj.  dep\    DU. 


tellia  MHG.  telle  ravine'  G.  (dial.) 
iklle, 

deluge  sb.  ME.  deluge',  from 
FR.  deluge  (=  SPAN.  IT.  diluvio, 
LAT.  diluvium  'a  flood'). 


'tiepte,  ON.  d$pt,  GOTH,  diupipa 
point  to  an  OE.  *d$pf ;  cp. 
deep. 

derrick  'a  kind  of  crane'  from 
DU.    JDierryk,    short    Dirk,    also 


descry  —  dike 


59 


Diederik  corresp.  to  G.  Dietrich, 
OE.  peodric  'chief  of  the  people'. 
Orig.  derrick  signified  'gallows' 
named  from  a  Dutch  hangman. 

descry  vb.  ME.  descrie  discrye 
'discern'  from  OFR.  deserter  (des- 
crive  descrivre  FR=  deer  ire)  'de- 
scribe'. 

desire  vb.  ME.  desire  from  FR. 
desirer  (IT.  de  sir  are  =  LAT. 
desiderare  'long  for'). 

desk  from  FR.  disque  (IT.  desco 
'a  table'  =  MED. -LAT.  discus  'a 
table'  see  under  dish). 

despair  vb.  ME.  despeire  from 
OFR.  desperer  FR.  desesperer  (== 
LAT.  IT.  desperare)  'lose  hope'. 

despatch,  dispatch  vb.  from 
OFR.  despecher  (FR.  depecher)- 
'discharge,  expedite'. 

despise  vb.  ME.  despise  from 
OFR,  despiser  despicer  'despise' 
(LAT.  despicere  'look  down  upon, 
despise'). 

despite  sb.  by  apheresis  spite 
ME.  despit  from  OFR.  despit  despeit 
FR.  dtpit  (IT.  dispetto  =  LAT. 
despectus  'contempt'  see  despise). 
Despite  prep,  abbrev.  for  in 
despite  of. 

despoil  vb.  ME.  despoile  from 
OFR.  despoiller  (FR.  de~pouillert  IT. 
despogliare,  SPAN,  despojar  'de- 
spoil') :  source  LAT.  despoliare 
'plunder,  rob  See  spoil 

destiny  destenye  destinee :  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  destinee  (IT.  LAT. 
destinatd). 

deuce  'a  two  at  cards  or  dice 
early  mod.  also  dgwce  d&us  = 
FR.  deux, 


devil  ME.  devel  OE.  deofol  = 
OSAX.  diuftal,  DU.  dwvel,  OHG. 
tiuval  tioval  MHG.  tiuvel  (tievel) 
G.  teufel\  GOTH,  diabaulus  points 
to  LAT.  (GR.)  diabolus. 

dew  ME.  d$w  OE.  d$aw  = 
OSAX.  dau,  OHG.  MHG.  tou  (gen. 
touwes)  G  taut  DU.  dauw,  ON. 
dogg  (GOTH.  *daggwa-  is  wanting). 
Perh.  cogn.  with  the  SKSi.<fdhau 
'to  flow'. 

die  sb.  (plur.  dice)]  the  sing,  is 
developed  from  the  plur.  dice. 
ME.  dis  usually  des  'dice'  which  is 
borrowed  from  OFR.  dez  plur.  of 
det  'die'  FR.  de  (==  SPAN.  IT. 
dado  'a  die')  from  LAT  datum 
'that  which  is  given  and  'that 
which  is  cast  See  date. 

die  vb.  ME.  dfye  die  dye .  ge- 
nerally considered  as  a  SCAND. 
loanword  from  ON  deyja  (==  OSAX. 
doian,  OHG.  MHG.  touwen  'die'). 
An  OE  d$ym  de^an  (from  daujan) 
is  not  recorded  before  1000  after 
Chr. ,  hence  SCAND.  origin  is 
prob.  For  the  TEUT.V"V0»  cp. 
dead,  death.  In  other  Aryan 
languages,  QSI&V.davtti  'strangle' 
and  LITH.  dovyti  'torment'  are 
compared  as  related  (INDO-EUR. 
\f  dhew  dhfhv). 

diet  ME.  dtete  dilte\  from  FR. 
diete  (SPAN.  IT  dz>to  =  LAT  diata). 

dig  vb.  ME.  diggc  earlier  dikie 
OE.  didtan  'dig':  derivative  of  OE. 
did  'a  ditch'.  See,  dike  x&d.  ditch. 

dike  ME.  dlk(e)  OE.  die  ca  ditch, 
channel ,  dike ,  wall'  =  MHG. 
tich  G,  teich  'fishpond,  pond', 


6o 


dill  —  dissever 


E.  dike  and  ditch  are  doub- 
lets. 

dill  'the  two-seeded  tare'  ME. 
dille  OE.  dile  —  DU.  dille,  OHG. 
tilli  MHG.  tille  G.  dill.  Of  obscure 
origin. 

dim  ME.  OE.  dim  (?/wz)  — OFRIS. 
dim,  GS.dimmr'.  perh.  by-form  of 
the  synon.  OSAX.  thim  (mm).  A 
TEUT.  y~ pern  (whence  G.  ddm- 
mern)  corresponds  to  SKR.  tamas 
'gloom',  LAT.  tenebrae  (for  temesra) 
'darkness'.  For  the  initial  gram, 
change  from  th  —  */see  doughty. 
A  PRE-TEUT.  \T  dhem  may  be 
found  in  OIR.  deme  'darkness', 

dime  ME.  dime  'tithe'  from  FR. 
dime  (=  LAT.  decima  'tenth'). 

dimple  ME.  dimpel  =.  G.  tilmpel 
OHG.  tumfilo  m.  'whirlpool':  deriv. 
with  nasalization  from  the  TEUT. 
\fdup  'be  depressed'  in  deep 
and  dip\  cp.  LITH.  dumbu  'be- 
come hollow'. 

din  sb.  ME.  dine  OE.  dyne  (=  ON. 
dynr)  a  din'.  Cp.  OE.  dynnan 
•=•  DU.  deunen ,  OSAX.  dunnian, 
ON.  dynja  and  the  SKR.  y~  dhvan 
dhun  'rush'. 

dine  vb.  ME.  dine\  from  FR. 
diner  (==  IT.  disinare)  'dine'.  See 
dinner. 

dinner  ME.  diner'.  fromFR.  dmer\ 
ident.  with  dine',  the  infinitive 
is  used  as  sb.  See  dine. 

dint  ME.  dint  OE.  dynt  'a  blow' 
=  ON.  dyntr  dyttr  'a  dint,  stroke'. 

dip  vb.  ME.  dippe  OE.  dyppan\ 
cp.  G.  taufen  OHG.  touffan  (from 
*toufjari)  'baptize'  and  deep. 


dirge  ME.  dirige  OE.  (i  Ith  cent.) 
dirige  'watches'  (cp.  »  dirige  for 
ford-farenum«  =  vigilia  pro  de- 
functis).  »dirige,  Dominus  meus, 
in  conspectu  tuo  vitam  meam« 
Psalm  58  was  used  in  the  office 
for  the  dead  in  medieval  service. 

dirt  ME.  drit  'excrement'  fr.  OE. 
ffdrttan  str.  vb.  =  ON.  drit  a, 
DU.  drijten  'to  void  excrement: 


dish  ME.  dish  disch  OE.  disc  'a 
dish,  plate'  =  OSAX.  disk  'table', 
DU  disch,  OHG.  tisc  G.  tisch  'table'. 
LAT.  discus,  the  source  of  TEUT. 
dtskuz,  has  the  meaning  'dish' 
only  post-class,  (prop,  'disk'); 
cp.  also  IT.  desco,  OFR.  dois  'table' 
(FR.  dais  'a  canopy,  dais'  see 
under  dais  and  desk). 

dismay  vb.  ME.  dismaie  desmaie 
(demaie  esmaie  dishearten,  lose 
courage')  :  from  OFR.  desmayer 
esmayer  (IT.  smagare  from  dis- 
magare  points  to  GOTH.  magan\ 
see  may). 

dispense  vb.  ME.  dispense:  fvom 
OFR.  despenser  FR.  dispenser  (=-  IT. 
spensare  =  LAT.  dispensare  'weigh 
out,  distribute'). 

display  vb.  ME.  displeie'.  from 
AFR.  despleier  =.  FR.  deployer 
'deploy"  (=  IT.  spiegare,  MED.  -LAT. 
displicare  'unfold',  whence  also 
FR.  dtployer  =  E.  deploy). 

dispute  vb.  ME.  dispute',  from 
FR.  disputer  (=  LAT.  IT.  dispuiare). 

dissever  vb.  ME.  dissever  e  dese- 
vere\  from  OFR.  dessevrer  (IT.  dis- 
ceverare  fr.  a  LAT.  type  disseparare 
'sever'). 


distaff  —  dole 


61 


distaff  ME.  distaf  orig.  dis-staf\ 
OE.  *dis-staf  'staff  bedizened  with 
flax'  points  to  a  TEUT.  diso-  in 
MLG.  d&se  f.  'distaff,  the  bunch 
of  flax  on  the  distaff'.  Cp.  LAT. 
fusus  'spindle'  for  an  Aryan 
\{~dMs  dhois  pointing  to  a  PRE- 
LAT.  dhoiso-. 

distinguish  vb.  ME.  distingwe 
distinge'.  borrowed  from  FR. 
distinguer  (LAT.  distinguere). 

distrain  vb.  ME.afo/raWcompel, 
constrain':  borrowed  from  OFR. 
destraindre  (LAT.  distringere  'pull 
asunder'). 

distress  ME.  distress?.  destresse\ 
from  OFR.  destrece  'distress'  = 
FR.  dttresse. 

disturb  vb.  ME.  disturbe  desturbe: 
from  OFR.  destourber  (SPAN. 
disturbar^  IT.  disturbare  ==.  LAT. 
disturbare  'disturb'). 

ditch  'a  dike'  ME.  diche-OE.  die: 
equiv.  to  OSAX.  dik  'dam',  whence 
G.  deich\  related  to  GR.  rsT/o^ 
'wall'  ? 

ditty  ME.  ditt\  borrowed  from 
OFR.  ditl  'a  story ,  poem'  (LAT. 
dictatum) . 

dive  vb.  ME.  dive  OE.  dyfan  = 
ON.  dyfa,  DU.  beduiven,  LG!  beduven: 
TEUT.  \Tdub  (a  by-form  of  the 
TEUT.  <fd&£)  under  deep. 

dizzy  adj.  ME.  disy  OE.  dysfy 
'foolish,  stupid'  =  OHG.  tusig, 
MDU.  duysigh\  \fdus  (dhas). 
Another  form  of  the  \fdus 
appears  in  OE.  divas  (==  MDU. 
dwaes  DU.  dwaas)  'foolish'  and 
in  G.  tor  OHG.  tbro  (TEUT.  base 
dauza-). 


do  vb.  ME".  OE.  don  =  DU.  doen, 
OSAX.  duan ,  OHG.  MHG.  tuon 
G.  thun.  For  the  TEUT.  \^do  :  de 
cp.  also  deed  and  the  suffix 
~dom.  The  PRE-TEUT.Y"^^:^^ 
has  a  wide  ramification  within  the 
other  Aryan  languages ;  cp.the  GR. 
V"^?; :  tf-g-in  rifrrjiii  'place,  put', 
SKR.  \f~dhd  (dadMmi  and  dhami)- 
'place,  put,  do'  (dhatr  'creator'), 
OSLOV.  dejq  (and  dezda)  'do, 
make',  LAT.  facto.  The  meaning 
'place,  put'  seems  to  be  the  ori- 
ginal one  and  the  TEUT.  meaning 
secondary. 

dock  sb.  origin  uncertain;  from 
the  E.  word  are  borrowed  G. 
dock,  DU.  dokt  sw.  docka,  DAN. 
dok(ke),  FR.  dock. 

doe  ME.  dp  OE.  dd\  cp.  DAN. 
daa.  The  OE.  word  —  generally 
considered  a  loanword  from  LAT. 
ddma  —  points  to  a  weak  stem 
ddn  nom.  sing,  da  from  a  TEUT. 
base  dain,  which  is  evidently 
connected  with  OFR.  dain  m.  FR. 
daine  f.  Perh.  a  LAT.  base  *danus 
(assimilated  for  *ddmus)  may  be 
assumed.  The  phonology  of 
the  Engl.  word  may  have  been 
affected  by  roe  OE.  rd. 

doff  vb.  ME.  doffe,  orig.  imper. 
dof  contn  of  do  of  'put  off ;  cp. 
don  contr.  of  do  on  'put  on'. 

dog  ME.  dogge  OE.  dogga,  whence 
DU.  dog,  sw.  dogg,  G.  dogge,  FR. 
dogue.  OE.  dogga  (recorded  about 
1050)  is  a  WEST-TEUT.  duggan-. 

dole  portion,  share,  lot,  fortune' 
ME.  dol(e)  OE.  ddl\  equiv.  w.  dea 
(OE.  daf). 


62 


dollar  —   dove 


dollar  sb.  a  modern  loanword 
from  the  continent:  DU.  daalder', 
the  source  is  G.  thaler  which  is 
short  for  Joachimsthaler  'gulden 
from  Joachlmsthaf  (Bohemia) 
where  the  coin  was  first  struck 
in  1519. 

-dom  ME.  'dom  OE.  -dam  = 
OSAX.  -dom,  DU.  -dom,  OHG.  MHG. 
•tuom  G.  -tum\  an  abstract  noun 
suffix,  orig.  a  sb.  meaning  'juris- 
diction' preserved  in  doom  (and 
its  deriv.  deeni). 

domain  (poet,  by-form  demain) 
from  FR.  domaine  (LAT.  dominium), 
whence  also  DU.  domein. 

don  see  doff. 

donkey  not  found  in  ME.  OE., 
appar.  a  deriv.  of  dun.  Suffix 
key  of  donkey  is  dimin.  as  in 
monkey.  The  orig.  meaning  of 
donkey  is  'the  little  gray  one' 
(Shakesp.  uses  dun  'a  gray  horse'). 

doom  sb.  'judgment,  sentence, 
decree,  law'  ME.  OE.  dom  = 
OSAX.  ddm,  OHG.  tuom,  ON.  domr, 
GOTH,  doms  'judgment';  derived 
from  the  TEUT.  \^do  in  do\  for 
the  w-suffix  cp.  SKR.  d/Mttian 
'sacred  custom'  and  GR.  &i[.uQ. 

door  ME.  dpre  OE.  dor  =  OSAX. 
dor9G.  tor,  GOTH,  daur  'gate';  ident. 
with  OE.  duru  =  OSAX.  dura,  ON. 
dyrr  plur.  corresponds  to  OSAX. 
duri  plur.,  OHG.  turi  plur.  'door' 
G.fiir.  The  TEUT.  bases  dor  a-  and 
dur-  (cons,  stem)  cp.  also  in 
GOTH,  daurbns  'door'.  To  the 
Aryan  base  dhur  belong  also  LAT. 
fores,  GR.  dvpa,  LTTH.  ditrys  and 
SKR.  dur  (for  dhur)  'door,  gate'. 


dot  OE.  dott  'speck'  —  DU.  FRIS. 
dot\  cp.  LG.  dott  dotte  'the  yellow 
of  the  egg'  and  OSAX.  dodro,  DU. 
dootcr,  OE.  dydring,  OHG.  totoro 
tutar-ei  G.  dotter:  prim,  term  for 
'the  yellow  of  the  egg';  the 
orig.  meaning  of  dydring  is  prob. 
'spot,  point  in  the  egg'. 

dote  vb.  ME.  dote  dotie  =  ODU, 
doten  'mope';  perh.  akin  to  MHG. 
tuz(e)  'quiet'  —  tuzen  'be  quiet' 
from  a  TEUT.  \^dut. 

double  adj.  ME.  duble  :  borrowed 
from  FR.  double  (IT.  doppio  = 
LAT.  duplus)}  from  the  FR.  source 
also  G.  doppelt,  DU.  dubbel. 

doubt  ME.  doute\  borrowed  from 
FR.  doute  (IT.  dotta  —  LAT.  dubi- 


dough  sb.  ME.  dough  OE.  ddh(g) 
=  DU.  LG.  deegy  OHG.  MHG.  teic(g) 
G.  teig,  ON.  detg  ,  GOTH,  daigs 
'dough':  deriv.  from  a  TEUT.  dig 
'knead'  in  GOTH,  deigan  'mould, 
form';  an  Aryan  \^dhlgh  cp.  in 
SKR.  dih  'stroke,  smear',  LAT. 
finger  e  'shape,  form*  (figura 
'form')  and  GR.  Tsfyog  To7%o$ 
'wall'.  Cp.  lady. 

doughty  adj.  ME.  dou(g)hty  dohti 
OE.  dohtii  ;  the  by-form  OE.  dyhti% 
corresponds  to  MHG.  G.  tiichtig 
deriv.  from  OHG.  MHG  tuht  an 
abstract  noun  of  the  verb  re- 
presented by  OHG.  tugan  =  OE. 
dugan.  The  OE.  by-form//////^  (cp. 
dim  =  OSAX.  thimm)  points  to 
a  primitive  TEUT.  *ffug. 

dove   short    for   ME.   douve  OE. 

diife\    corresponding    to    GOTH 

i  dubbt  OSAX.  diiba,  OHG.  tuba  G.  taube 


down  —  dream 


The  iwv.diibon-  'dove' is  based 
on  a  pre-TEUT.  adj.  dhttbho-  'black' 
in  OIR.  dub  'black'. 

down  sb.  'soft  plumage':  a 
Scand.  loanword  of  the  ME.  period 
(ME.  douri),  borrowed  from  ON. 
dunn  =  sw.  dun,  DAN.  dunn, 
whence  also  G.  daune,  DU.  dons. 

down  prep,  and  adv.,  orig. 
adown  (cp.  back  for  aback} :  short- 
ened for  ME.  adoune  adoun  OE. 
ofdunc\  OE.  dun  is  hill'  and  of- 
dune  'off  the  hill,  downwards'. 
A  TEUT.  diina-  'hill'  (in  mod.  LG. 
ddl  is  'dale  and  'down'),  OE.  dun 
survives  in  the  Kentish  downs-, 
cp.  DU.  duin.  Perh.  the  word  is 
a  Celt,  loanword,  cp.  IR.  dun  'a 
fortified  hill',  GAEL,  dun,  w.  din 
and  the  Celt,  place-names  such 
as  Tarodununiy  for  which  cp.  also 
town. 

doze  vb.  prob.  borrowed  from 
ON.  dusa  'doze'. 

dozen  ME.  dozeine  dusain  =  FR. 
douzaine  (OFR.  dosaine),  whence 
also  G.  dutzend,  DU.  dozijn.  The 
Fr.  word  is  deriv.  from  douze 
(OFR.  doze  =  LAT.  duodecini). 

draff  ME.  draf  OE.  drcef]  cp. 
OHG.  *trab  in  the  plur.  trebir  G. 
trdber  'grains,  husks'  and  DU. 
ON.  sw.  draf.  Cogn.  w.  LAT.y craces : 
ARYAN  y~d%rtf>£;  cp.  also  dregs. 

dragon  ME.  dragon  drago(u)n\ 
from  FR.  dragon  'dragon,  stand- 
ard' —  ir.  dragone,  LAT.  draco(n-) 
'dragon'.  See  drake. 

drain  vb.  ME.  dreme  OE.  drgag- 
nian\  a  TEUT.  \f  *draug  appears 
in  NORTH -FRIS.  druughe  'sieve, 


strainer'  and  druugin  vb.  'strain, 
sieve'  (NFRIS.  u  from  TEUT.  au) 
and  in  DITMARSH  dorchdroven 
'drain',  HESS,  drauen  'drain'. 

drake1  in  drakefly  OE.  draca 
'dragon';  cp.  synon.  OHG.  trahho 
G.  drache  =  OE.  draca  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  draco.  Cp.  dragon. 

drake-  'male  of  the  duck'  ME. 
drake  OE.  *draca  =  LG.  (dial.) 
drake  MLG.  ant-drake,  which  points 
to  identity  with  ICEL.  andrikt, 
GERM,  enter ich  OHG.  antrehho  an- 
trahho  (orig.  *anut  -(-  trahho}. 
The  TEUT.  drakon-  occurs  only 
in  this  compound  and  in  the  sub- 
stituted simple  form  (the  Teut. 
word  for  'duck'  was  OE.  cened, 
OHG.  anut  G.  ente). 

draw  vb.  ME.  drawe  OE.  dragan 
•=  ON.  draga',  perh.  ident.  with 
GOTH,  dragan  'bear,  carry',  OSAX. 
dragan,  DU.  dragen,  OHG.  tragan 
G.  tragen  'carry,  bear'.  The  TEUT. 
\f  drag  'bear'  (ARYAN  dhragK)  has 
been  compared  with  OSLOV.  dru- 
zati  'hold'. 

dream  Vision  ME.  drem',  an 
equiv.  OE.  dr$am  is  not  recorded 
(the  synonym  is  swefri),  but  is 
to  be  inferred  from  OSAX.  drom, 
DU  droom,  ON.  draumr ,  OHG. 
MHG.  troum  G.  traum  'dream'. 
The  meaning  'dream ,  vision' 
attaching  to  these  forms  may 
be  deduced  from  'deception, 
vision'  so  that  TEUT.  drauma-  (for 
*draugma-  or  *dhroughwmo-l!} 
would  belong  to  the  TEUT. 
\fdrug,  seen  in  OSAX.  bidriogan 
=^Q}iG.triogan  G.  trugen  'deceive'. 


64 


dreary  —   drop 


dreary  adj.  ME.  dreri  OE.  dreori^ 
'sad':  corresponding  to  MHG. 
trurec  G.  traurig',  OHG.  truren 
G.  trauern  'mourn'  belongs  perh. 
to  OE.  drusian  E.  drowse  drowze 
'be  sluggish'. 

dregs  'lees'  a  Scand.  loanword 
of  the  ME.  period  (ME.  dregges] 
borrowed  with  the  plur.  form  fr. 
the  equiv.  G&.dregg,  The  TEUT. 
base  dragjo-  may  be  a  pre-TEUT. 
dhraki-  which  is  also  possible 
of  LAT.  /races  'dregs'  (LAT.  f  = 
ARYAN  dh  as  under  distaff)\  cp. 
also  PRUSS.  dragios  'dregs'  (perh. 
Teut.  loanword?). 

dress  vb.  ME.  dresse  borrowed 
from  FR.  dresser  (OFR.  drescer 
drecier'y  LAT.  type  directiare). 

drift  sb.  'driving,  impulse'  ME. 
drift  'act  of  driving,  drove,  im- 
pulse': deriv.  from  drive  with  /- 
suffix;  cp.  DU.  drift  'drove,  flock, 
course,  current,  ardor',  G.  trift 
'pasture',  ON.  drift  dript  'snow- 
drift'. See  drive,  drove. 

drink  vb.  ME.  drinke  OE.  drincan 
=  OSAX.  drinkan,  DU.  LG.  drinken, 
OHG.  trinchan  MHG.  G.  trinken, 
ON.  drekka,  GOTH,  drigkan'.  a 
common  TEUT.  str.  vb.  From 
TEUT.  comes  the  Roman  group 
IT.  trine  are,  FR.  trinquer  'hobnob'. 
The  TEUT.  \^drenk  (Aryan,  dhreng) 
does  not  appear  outside  of 
Teut. 

drip  vb.  ME.  drippe  OE.  dryppan'. 
associated  with  OE.  *dreopan 
ME.  dre'pe  'drop,  fall'  =  OSAX. 
driopan,  DU.  druipen,  OHG.  triufan 


MHG.  G.  triefen,  ON.  drjupa  'drop, 
drip'. 

drive  ME.  drive  OE.  drifan  str.  vb. 
=  OSAX.  driban  'drive,  banish, 
perform',  DU,  drijven  'drive,  do, 
fly,  swim,  ON.  drifa  'hasten', 
GOTH,  dreiban  'drive',  OHG.  trlban 
MHG.  trlben  G.  treiben.  For  the  TEUT. 
\Tdrib  (ARYAN  dhribhl  dhripf) 
cp.  also  drift. 

droll  adj.  perh.  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  drole  'odd,  queer,  funny'.  Cp. 
G.  drollig  from  LG.  drullig,  DU. 
drollig\  not  found  in  the  older 
languages. 

drone  sb.  ME.^T^OE.  drdn  (plur. 
dr&ri).  The  synon,  OHG.  treno 
MHG.  trene  G.  drokne,  OSAX.  dran 
plur.  dram  (DAN.  drone  is  a  con- 
tinental loanword)  are  evidently 
related,  but  not  phonetically 
identical;  OE.  drdn  points  to 
GOTH.  *drainus,  while  OHG.  treno 
points  to  GOTH.  *drina.  An 
Aryan  \f  dhren  cp.  in  GR.  rtv- 
'a  species  of  wasp'  — 
'woodbee'  —  Laco- 
nan  QWVU  'drone'. 

drop  vb.  ME.  droppe  OE.  droppian 
also  dropian  and  droppetian  (= 
DU.  droppen,  G.  tropferi)'.  a  frequent, 
deriv.  of  the  orig.  str.  vb.  OE. 
dreopan  ME.  drepe  =  OSAX.  drio- 
pan,  DU.  druipen,  OHG.  triufan 
MHG.  G.  triefen,  ON.  drjupa  'drop'. 
See  drip  and  drop. 

drop  sb.  'a  globule'  ME.  drdpe 
OE.  dropa  •=  OSAX.  dropo,  DU. 
drop)  ON.  drope,  OHG.  troffo\  the 
OHG.  by-form  tropfo  (G.  tropfen) 
points  to  a  TEUT.  base  druppon-. 


dropsy  —  dung 


All  derivatives  of  the  TEUT. 
\(~drup.  See  drop^. 

dropsy  ME.  dropsy  dropesie  short 
for  idropsie  hydropsie'.  borrowed 
from  FR.  hydropisie  (LAT.  hydro- 
pisis). 

drought  ME.  drought  older 
drougth  drught  OE.  drugod  'dry- 
ness':  deriv.  from  OE.  drugian 
'become  dry'  and  TEUT.  adj. 
drugi  in  dry. 

drouse  (drowze)  vb.  ME.  *drouse 
OE.  drus(i)an  'become  slow  or 
sluggish'  =  MDU.  droosen  'doze'; 
cp.  'LG.drtinse(l)n  'slumber'  drunsen 
'low'  (of  cattle) ;  akin  to  OE. 
dreosan  =  GOTH,  driusan  'fall'. 
See  dreary. 

drove  sb.  'herd,  road  for 
sheep  or  cattle  in  droves'  ME. 
drove  earlier  drof  OE.  dh// 'drove'  : 
deriv.  from  they^dH^  in  drive. 

drown  vb.  ME.  droune\  short 
for  ME.  druncne  (also  dissimil. 
drunkle)  OE.  druncnian  'sink':  a 
passive  formation  of  the  TEUT. 
verb  drink. 

dry  ME.  drie  drye  OE.  dry^e 
from  TEUT.  drugi-,  as  shown  by 
OE.  drugod  =  mod.  E.  drought. 
A  TEUT.  by -form  draugi-  (or 
draugu-)  is  seen  in  OE.  drfye 
ME.  dreie  and  in  DU.  droog, 
LG.  dr&ge  (by  the  side  of  LG. 
dryge,  NORTH-FRIS.  driiiigti).  All 
with  the  same  meaning,  which 
appears  also  in  the  related  G. 
trocken  (OHG.  truckan).  Cp.  ON. 
draugr  'a  dry  log';  OHG.  proper 
nouns  e.  g.  Druhi-klinga  prove 
a  TEUT.  druhi  'dry'.  An  Aryan 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


k  is  probable  and  OHG. 
truckan  would  point  to  a  by- 
form  Aryan  dhrttg. 

duck  sb.  ME.  douke  OE.  duce\ 
akin  to  OE.  *ducan  under  duck 
vb.;  hence  duck  prop,  'the  diving 
one,  diver';  cp.  DAN.  dukand  'sea- 
duck',  G.  tauchente. 

duck  vb.  ME.  douke  \  an  OE. 
*ducan  may  be  inferred  fr.  DU. 
duiken,  OHG.  tuhhan  MHG.  tuchen 
G.  tauchen. 

due  adj.  ME.  due  from  FR.  du 
m.  due  f.  OFR.  deu  m.  deue  f.  (= 
IT.  debutd)  ,*  cp.  MED. -LAT.  *debu- 
tum  debuta  for  debitum. 

duke  ME.  duke  from  FR.  duc\ 
with  the  deriv.  duchess  ME. 
duchesse  short  for  dilchesse  =  FR. 
duchesse.  —  duchy  (cp.  ME. 
ducherie  instead  of  *  due  hie)  from 
FR.  duche. 

dumb  adj.  ME.  domb  dumb  OE. 
dumb]  GOTH,  dumbs,  ON.  dumbr 
have  essentially  the  same  meaning 
while  the  corresponding  G.  dumm 
(OHG.  MHG./^W^)  signifies  'stupid, 
foolish'.  Perh.  deaf  without 
nasal  (=  OE.  d$afy  GOTH,  daufs) 
belongs  to  the  same  Aryan 
\fdhttbh,  which  may  be  found 
also  in  GR.  rvylds  'blind'. 

dun  adj.  'dark,  swarthy'  ME. 
don  donne  OE.  dun  (nn)  :  an  early 
Celtic  loanword  (OIR.  GAEL. 
donnt  GALL.  donnos]\  therefore 
not  found  in  other  TEUT.  lan- 
guages. 

dung  ME.  dung  dong\  cp.  OHG. 
tunga  'dung'  G.  dung.  OHG. 
MHG.  tune  'subterranean  weaving 
5 


66 


dungeon  —  ear 


room'.  If  'cave,  underground 
room'  is  the  orig.  meaning,  GR. 
Tcx.(f)oc,  from  an  Aryan  dhnghwos 
may  be  allied. 

dungeon  sb.  ME.  dongeon  don- 
joun\  loanword  from  OFR.  don- 
geon dongon  donjon  FR.  donjon 
(MED.-LAT.  domnionem  ca  com- 
manding tower'  fr.  a  LAT.  type 
dominionem\  cp.  LAT.  dominium 
under  domain). 

dusk  ME.  desk  OE.  dose  (of 
rare  occurrence,  but  also  seen 
in  the  deriv.  vb.  duscian).  Akin  to 
the  sw.  dial,  duskug  'misty'. 
A  TEUT.  base  dnska-  admits  of 
relation  to  LAT.  fuscus  'blackish, 
dark'  (base  dhusko-T). 

Dutch  orig.  meant  German 
including  Dutch;  for  down  to 
1600,  Dutch  was  considered 


a  dialect  of  Germany.  Dutch 
corresponds  to  G.  deutsch  =  MLG. 
diidesch,  MHG.  diutsch  tiutsch  tiusch 
OHG.  diutisk  (OSAX.  thiiidisce  liudi 
'Germania'). 

dwarf  ME.  dwergh  dwerugh 
OE.  dweorh(g)  =  DU.  dwerg, 
OHG.  MHG.  twerc(g)  getwerc  G. 
zwerg,  ON.  dwergr  m.,  sw.  DAN. 
dverg.  TEUT.  base  dwerga- 
belongs  prob.  to  the  TEUT.  \f  'drug 
'deceive',  hence  dwarf  prop, 
'deception,  vision'. 

dwell  vb.  ME.  dwelle  late  OE. 
dwelian :  SCAND.  loanword  from 
ON.  dvelja  'delay,  stay'  =  OHG. 
twellan  (and  twdlen)  'linger'. 

dye   vb.    ME.    die  deie   de^e   OE. 
deagian :  derived  from  OE.  deah(g) ; 
a    TEUT.     dauga    is    not    found 
I  elsewhere. 


each  ME.  $ch  earlier  $lch  OE. 
did  orig.  d-gilic  —  OHG.  iogilih 
MHG.  iegelich  G.  jeglich;  cp.  OHG. 
manno-gilih  'every  man'  —  wibo- 
gilih  'every  woman'  etc. 

eager  ME.  egre\  adapted  from 
OFR.  eigre  'keen,  sharp'.  Source 
LAT.  acre  (acer). 

eagle  ME.  egle*.  loanword  from 
FR.  aigle\  source  LAT.  aquila. 

eanling 'lamb' (Shakesp.)  points 
to  an  OE.  fan  'lamb';  cp.  yean. 

ear1  sb.  ME.  {re  OE.  ear e  =  TEUT. 


base  auzbn-  in  GOTH,  auso,  OSAX. 
OHG.  or  a  G.  ohr,  DU.  oor.  An 
Aryan  base  aus-  cp.  in  LAT. 
auris,  GR.  ovg,  RUSS.  SLOV.  ucho 
'ear';  perh.  cogn.  with  hear.  — - 
Hence  earwig  ME.  er-wigge  OE. 
ear-wigga. 

ear2  sb.  (of  corn)  ME.  er  OE.  ear 
contr.  from  *eahor  (Northumbr. 
eMer)=TEUT.  base  ahaz-',  ident. 
w.  OHG.  ahir  G.  ahre,  GOTH.  ahst 
ON.  ax.  Perh.  akin  to  awns. 

ear   vb.    ME.    jjre  OE.   erian  = 


earl  —   eight 


GOTH,  arjan,  OHG.  erian  'plough'; 
cogn.  with  LAT.  arare,  GR.  dgotir, 
OIR.  araim  'I  plough':  Aryan 
\f~ar  in  LAT.  arvum  'field'  and 
in  earth. 

earl  ME.  erl  OE.  eorl  =  ON. 
jar  I,  OSAX.  erl.  Perh.  ident. 
with  the  TEUT.  tribe-name  Heruli. 

early  ME.  frit  ov.cerlice;  cp.  ere. 

earn  vb.  ME.  g'rne  OE.  earnian 
=  OHG.  arnon.  Perh.  traceable 
to  the  Aryan \far  in  GR.uQWf.iai. 

earnest  ME.  ernest  OE.  eornust 
=  OHG.  ernust  G.  DU.  fr//^/ 'serious- 
ness'; perh.  akin  to  GOTH. 
arniba  adv.  'surely'? 

earth  ME.  /r//fc  OE.  eorde  = 
OSAX.  £rM<z,  OHG.  erda  G.  «•//<?, 
GOTH,  air  pa,  'ON.  y<?rdf;  cognate 
with  OHG.  era  'earth'  =  ON. 
jorvi  'ground',  LAT.  arvum  'field', 
GR.  gpa^E  to  the  ground'. 

earwig  cp.  ear1. 

ease  ME.  fie  earlier  eise  from 
FR.  aise  'ease'. 

east  ME.  fit  OE.  ./ast;  ident. 
with  DU.  cost,  G.  ^/^« ;  the  TEUT. 
base  aust-  is  traced  to  the 
Aryan  name  of  the  aurora  LAT. 
aurora,  GR.  ijcJg,  SKR.  ?/&u:  Aryan 
base  ausos.  Cp.  Easter. 

Easter  ME.  fiter  OE.  /<w/r0  = 
OHG.  ostarun  G.  Ostern.  Accord- 
ing to  Beda  Venerabilis,  in 
heathen  times  the  Anglo-Saxons 
called  the  feast  in  April  after 
their  goddess  Eostre,  which  is 
elsewhere  quite  unrecorded.  The 
WEST-TEUT.  word  (base  austrdn-) 
is  prob.  of  the  same  origin  as 
east',  cp.  LITH.  auszra  'aurora'. 


eat  vb.  ME.  $te  OE.  etan  =  DU. 
etetij  OSAX.  'etan,  ON.  eta,  GOTH. 
itan,  OHG.  e^zan  G.  essen.  Cp. 
the  Aryan  \(~ed  in  LAT.  ^,  GR. 
sdoftai,  SKR.  ^,  LITH.  edmi  'eat' 
(see  also  tooth). 

eaves  ME.  eves  OE.  0fo  'eaves'; 
the  E.  dial,  form  oaves  (Essex) 
points  to  an  OE.  *ofes  =  OHG. 
obasa  'porch,  hall',  GOTH,  ubizwa 
'porch',  ON.  ups  'eaves'. 

ebb  sb.  ME.  ebbew.  ebba  =OFRIS. 
ebba,  DU.  eb  ebbe,  G.  DAN.  ebbe, 
SWED.  ebb.  Source  and  history 
unknown. 

edge  ME.  egge  OE.  edg  (infl. 
edge)  =  DU.  egge,  OSAX.  eggia, 
ON.  egg,  OHG.  ecka  G.  ecke.  Cogn. 
with  LAT.  acies  'point',  GR.  «x/'cj 
cp.  SKR.  afri  'corner',  GR.  uxpoq 
'pointed',  LITH.  aszru-s  'sharp': 
Aryan  \^ak. 

eel  ME.  OE.  el  OE.  M  =  OHG. 
dl,  G.  DU.  DAN.  aal,  ON.  all:  TEUT. 
base  Ma-  elu-J 

egg  sb.  ME.  egg  from  ON.  <£#-. 
OE.  dl  (plur.  ^jrw)  —  ME.  ei  (plur. 
«r^)  'egg'  were  supplanted  by  the 
SCAND.  loanword  egg.  OE.  ^5  and 
ON.  egg  correspond  to  OSAX. 
OHG.  ei,  DU.  G.  ei\  TEUT.  base 
aia-  (ajjiz-  ajjaz)  perh.  related 
to  LAT.  ovum,  GR.  MOV  'egg'. 

egg  vb.  'instigate'  ME.  egge 
from  ON.  eggja  'egg  on';  akin 
to  edge. 

eight  ME.  ft£A&  OE.  *ehte  mostly 
eahta  =  GOTH,  ahtau,  OSAX.  OHG. 
<7^/<?  G.  DU.  acht\  Aryan  base 
oktbu  okto  in  GR.  OXTW,  LAT.  octo, 

SKR.    ^/^«,    OIR.    ^^/. 

5* 


68 


eisel  —  emmet 


eisel  ME.  aisll  late  OE.  aisil  (= 
ODU.  aisijl)  fr.  OFR.  aisil.  Source 
a  LAT.  type  acetulum]  cp.  OE. 
eced  'vinegar'  fr.  LAT.  acidum 
'sharp.' 

either  ME.  either  OE.  dyier 
shortened  for  a^hwader  orig. 
a  -\-  tykw(zder\  cp.  OHG.  io-giwe- 
dar  'each  of  two'  and  whether. 

eke  ME.  ek  OE.  ec  earlier  {ac  fr.  a 

TEUT.    auk     =     GOTH.     rtZ/£,     OHG. 

ouh  G.  <7#^.  Prop,  imperative 
of  the  str.  vb.  GOTH,  aukan  'add' 
(—  LAT.  auger  e). 

elbow  ME.  elbowe  OE.  elboga 
earlier  eln-boga  =  OHG.  elinbogo 
G.  elbogen,  DU.  elleboog,  ON.  #/#- 
&5f/:  a  GOTH,  compound  *aleina- 
buga  'the  bow  of  the  cubit'  is 
wanting.  Cp.  £//  and  -£0a>. 

eld'oldage,antiquity'(Shakesp.) 
ME.  elde  OE.  ^/dfo  jA&  'antiquity': 
abstract  of  old  =  OE.  did.  — 
elder  adj.  ME.  elder  OE.  eldra: 
compar.  of  old. 

elder  sb.  (a  tree)  ME.  eldre  eller 
OE.  ellarn. 

eleven  ME.  enlevene  OE.  infl. 
endleofane  anlifane\  OE.  endlufon 
corresponds  to  ON.  ellifu,  OSAX. 
elleban-,  cp.  GOTH,  ainlif,  OHG. 
««/jf  G.  DU.  elf  'eleven'.  The 
TEUT.  numeral  ain-lif-  is  a  com- 
pound of  ain  —  one  and  lif 
=  pre-TEUT.  -lika  in  LITH.  veno- 
lika  'eleven'  (cp.  twelve).  The 
orig.  meaning  of  the  numeral 
was  perh.  'ten  -j-  one'. 

elf    (with    the    older    by-form 

-oupJie  Shakesp.)  ME.  elf  OE.  a  If'. 

TEUT.  base  alba-  also  in  ON.  dlfr\ 


the  word  occurs  in  proper  names 
as  OE.  ^Elf-rid  =  OHG.  Alp-rat. 
An  Aryan  albhu-  is  found  in 
SKR.  rbhu  'the  name  of  a  certain 
kind  of  deity'. 

ell  ME.  elle  earlier  elne  OE.  eln 
=  OHG.  elina  G.  DU.  elle,  ON. 
«//'«,  GOTH,  aleina  'ell,  cubit'.  A 
pre-TEUT.  dlena-  is  found  in  LAT. 
ulna,  GR.  whtvq,  OIR.  ##!?  'cubit'. 
Cp.  elbow. 

elm  ME.  OE.  ^/w;  akin  to  ON. 
dlmr  and  LAT.  ulmus  (G.  w/w^  is 
a  LAT.  loanword,  DU.  olm  is  OFR. 
olme). 

else  ME.  OE.  ^//«  adv.  'other- 
wise': genet,  of  the  pron.  GOTH. 
aljis  'an  other'  (=  LAT.  alius9 
GR.  aAAoc,  OIR.  aile,  ARMEN.  ail) ; 
cp.  OE.  ele-lende  'a  foreign  land', 
OHG.  eli-lenti  'being  abroad'  and 
OHG.  dies  'elsewhere',  LAT.  alias 
'otherwise*. 

ember-days  ME.  imbri-dawes  OE. 
ymbren-dagas  prop,  'days  of  pro- 
cession'? 

embers  'ashes'  ME.  emmeres 
emeres  plur.  OE.  dmyrian  plur. 
=  OHG.  eimuria  9  ON.  eimyrja 
'embers'.  Prob.  a  compound  of 
a  TEUT.  type  aim-uzjon ;  cp.  ON. 
eimr  'steam,  vapor'  and  usli  'a 
conflagration' ,  MHG.  usel  usel 
'ashes,  embers'  fr.  an  Aryan  \fus 
in  LAT.  urere  vb.  'burn'  (cp.  ON. 
ysja  'fire'). 

emmet  'ant'  ME.  emet  OE.  cemete: 
TEUT.  base  amaitjon-  =  OHG. 
amei'za  G.  ameise:  prob.  cogn. 
with  OHG.  emi^i  G.  emsig  'in- 
dustrious'. 


emperor  —  ewe 


emperor  ME.  emperour  fr.  APR. 
emperur  =  LAT.  imperator-em  (but 
OE.  Cdsere  'emperor'  =  G.  kaiser 
fr.  LAT.  Caesar)]  cp.  empire  ME. 
empire  fr.  FR.  empire  •=.  LAT. 
imperium  and  empress  ME.  em- 
peresse  earlier  form  emperice  fr. 
OFR.  emperice  =  LAT.  imperatricem. 

empty  ME.  emptl  emit  short  for 
OE.  cemti"^  'empty'. 

enchant  vb.  ME.  enchaunte  fr. 
FR.  enchanter  =  LAT.  incantare. 

end  ME.  OE.  ende  =  GOTH,  andeis, 
OHG.  £«#'  G.  i#dfc,  DU.  einde,  ON. 
«w&":  TEUT.  base  andja-,  pre-TEUT. 
antyo-\  cp.  SKR.  dnta  'end,  limit' 
and  OIR.  et. 

engage  cogn.  w.  gage. 

enough  ME.  inough  (inowe)  OE. 
tynoh  (&enpg  earlier  ynp'g)  '  TEUT. 
base  ga-noga-  in  DU.  genoeg, 
OSAX.  ginbg  i  OHG.  ginuog  G. 
genug  'enough';  cp.  GOTH,  ganohs 
and  the  GOTH.  vb.  ganauhan  'to 
suffice'  —  ganaiiha  'sufficiency': 


enter  vb.  ME.  entre  vb.  fr.  FR.  en- 
trer  =  LAT.  intrare  vb.  'enter'. 

entire  adj.  ME.  entire  fr.  FR. 
'.ntier  =  LAT.  integrum  (integer). 

envy  sb.  ME.envfe  fr.  FR.  envie  — 
.AT.  invidia. 

ere   'before'    ME.    er(e)    OE.    <^r 
27*2  dri  TEUT.  tfz'r/)   'before'; 
lent.  w.  GOTH,   air,    OHG.  OSAX. 

G.  ehr. 

ermine  sb.  ME.  ermine  fr.  OFR. 
'mine  FR.  hermine,    which  is  of 
Teut.    origin;    cp.  OHG.    harmm 
IG.  hermm  'fur'.*    The  primitive 


OHG.  harmo  (corresp.  to  LITH. 
czarmu)  means  'weasel'. 

err  vb.  ME.  .erre  vb.  fr.  FR. 
errer  =  LAT.  errare\  hence 
errant  FR.  errant. 

errand  ME.  ernde  erende  short 
for  OE.  czrende  =  OSAX.  arundi, 
OHG.  arunti  'message';  uncertain 
whether  cogn.  w.  GOTH.airus,  ON. 
drr,  OE.  dr,  OSAX.  er  'messenger'. 

escape  vb.  ME.  escape  vb.  fr. 
ONFR.  escaper  =  FR.  echapper.  LAT. 
type  ex-cappare  deriv.  from  cappa 
'cloak'. 

evening  w&.eveninge  o^cefnung: 
deriv.  of  eve  ME.  eve(n)  OE.  cefen 
efen\  cp.  OHG.  abund  G.  abend, 
OSAX.  aband ,  DU.  avond\  ON. 
aptann  (SWED.  ^/7i7«,  DAN.  often) 
and  OE.  <^/7^«  'evening'  belong 
to  the  same  group :  TEUT.  base 
timd-l  eftn-1 

ever  ME.  ever  earlier  fore  OE. 
czfre  (earlier  &bre)\  the  word  is 
orig.  compounded,  but  only 
the  Ist  element  is  evident;  cp. 
OE.  d  'ever'  =  GOTH,  aiw  under 
aye2.  —  every  ME.  evert  earlier 
form  everich  late  OE.  a/rcelc. 

everywhere  ME.  ever  iwhere  OE. 
cefre-tyhwdr. 

evil  adj.  ME.  evel  prop,  ivel  OE. 
yfel:  TEUT.  base  ubila-  in  GOTH. 
ttbils,  OSAX.  ufiil,  OHG.  ubil  G. 
ubelt  DU.  ^2v<?/;  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
uppi  G.uppig  and  perhaps  w.  TEUT. 
uber  =  over. 

ewe  ME.  (we  OE.  eowu  (not 
lowut  which  would  be  ME.  *ewe) : 
TEUT.  base  awi-  'sheep'  in  DU. 
qoit  ON.  d-r  'sheep'  and  cp.  GOTH. 


ewer  —  fair 


awefi  'flock  of  sheep'  and  awistr 
'a  sheepfold';  cp.  OHG.  on  (plur. 
ouwi)  fr.  a  TEUT.  base  awwi-. 
A  base  owi-  occurs  in  other 
Aryan  languages:  SKR.  dvi,  LAT. 
ovis,  GR.  oi'c  (*o/ig),  LITH.  avis 
'sheep',  OSLOV.  ovtca,  OIR.  ^"sheep'. 

ewer  ME.  $wfr  fr.  AFR.  *ewiere 
FR.  aiguiere :  source  LAT.  aquarium 
Vessel  for  water',  whence  also 
OHG.  ahhari,  DU.  LG.  aker  'pitcher, 
bucket'. 

expound  ME.  expoune  vb.  fr. 
QVR.espondre:  source  LAT.  exporter  e, 
whence  also  OHG.  spunon  'inter- 
pret, expound'. 

eye  ME.  eie  earlier  e%e  OE.  {age\ 
TEUT.  base  augon-  in  GOTH,  augo, 


OHG.  ouga  G.  auge ,  OSAX.  oga, 
DU.  oog,  ON.  auga  (under  win- 
dow). As  shown  by  the  TEUT.  vb. 
*aujan  pret.  *awida  (=  OE.  ywan 
eowde)  for  *agwjan  *dgwida  'to 
show',  TEUT.  augon-  is  transformed 
(by  the  influence  of  TEUT.  auzon- 
=  ear)  from  an  earlier  agwon-l 
ARYAN  base  okon-  fr.  a  primitive 
stem  ok  'eye' ;  cp.  LAT.  oc-ulus, 
OSLOV.  oko,  LITH.  akis,  GR. 
'the  eyes'  (for  *okje) ;  SKR. 

eyot  sb.  ME.  eiet  OE.  /j^?/  com- 
monly iy>d\  deriv.  of  OE.  /j  /^ 
'island',  which  answers  to  ON.  ey, 
OHG.  <?«ze'^  'island'  (TEUT.  aujd- 
fr.  agwjd"  deriv.  of  GOTH,  ahwa 
=  LAT.  jz^wa  'water'). 


fable  ME.  /^^  fr.  FR.  fable  = 
LAT.  fabula. 

face  ME.  /#££  ./^  fr.  FR.  /b^  = 
LAT.  fades. 

fade  (Shakesp.  zW<?)  vb.  ME. 
fade  vb.  fr.  the  FR.  adj.  /*#*& 
(whence  also  G.fade,  ODU.  vadde). 
Source  a  LAT.  type  *fatidus  in- 
stead of  fatuus  'foolish'. 

fail  vb.  ME.  faile  vb.  fr.  FR. 
faillir  (source  LAT.  f alter  e), 
whence  also  DU.  veilen,  MHG. 
velen  G.  fehlen. 

fain  adj.  ME.  fain  OE.  fce^en 
'glad'  =  OSAX.  fagan,  ON.  feginn 
adj.  'glad';  cp  GOTH,  faginbn  'to 
enjoy'  and  fa  heps  "joy',  which  is 


ident.  w.  OHG.  ^/^  joy  or 
more  accurately  w.  OE.  yffa 
(contracted  fr.  *gifeaha  =  *gi- 
faho) :  TEUT.  \ffeh  (Aryan  peK) 
in  OE.  lefeon  (pret.  lefeati)  = 
OHG.  gifehan  'to  enjoy'. 

faint  adj.  ME.  feint  fr.  OFR.  feint 
partic.  of  feindre\  cp.  feign. 

fair  adj.  ME.  fair  OE.  /^r  = 

=  GOTH./rtgr.y 'fit',OHG.  OSAX./<Z£Y2r, 

ON.  fagr  According  to  GOTH. 
gafahrjan  'to  prepare',  there 
exists  a  TEUT.  \ffeh  also  in  G. 
fegen  OHG.  ^£*«  vb.  'cleanse'; 
cp.  ON.  fdga  and  OHG.  fuogan 
G.  ///£*«,  OE.  lefeyin. 
fair  sb.  'market,  festival'  ME. 


fairy  —  fast 


feire  fr.  APR.  feire  =  FR.  foire\ 
source  LAT.  feria  'a  holiday', 
whence  also  OHG.  fira  G.  feier 
'ceremony'  (feier tag  'holiday'). 

fairy  ME.  fairie  fr.  OFR.  faerie 
'enchantment';  cp.  fay. 

faith  sb.  ME.  faith  feith  (with 
the  by-form  fat  fei)  fr.  AFR.  feid 
feid  (with  the  by-form  fei  —  FR. 
fot).  Source  LAT.  fides  — fidem. 

falcon  sb.  ME.  faukoun  fr.  FR. 
faucon.  Source  late  LAT.  falco- 
nem,  whence  also  OHG.  falko  G. 
falke ,  ON.  falke,  DU.  valk  'falcon'. 

fall  vb.  ME.  falle  OE.  fallan 
(feallan)  =  OHG.  OSAX.  fallan, 
ON.  falla  str.  vb.  'fall':  TEUT. 
^ffall  —  Aryan  y~/#/  in  LITH- 
pUlti  (pres.  pculu)  'to  fall';  cp. 
also  GR.  aq  dXXoptai  'to  fall'? 

fallow  adj.  ME.  falwe  OE.  fealo 
gen.  fea/wes  =.  TEUT.  base  falwa- 
in  ON.  fair,  DU  z/00/,  OHG.  /#/<? 
G.  fahl  'pale,  fallow'.  Cogn. 
w.  LAT.  pallidus  'pale'  —  pullus 
'dark',  GR.  Tinhidc  'gray',  SKR. 
palita  'gray';  the  TEUT.  adj.  has 
the  same  suffix  as  OSLOV.  plavil, 
LITH.  palvas  'fallow'. 

false  adj.  ME.  late  OE.  fals  fr. 
OFR.  fals  =.  FR.  faux',  source 
LAT.  falsus  'false'. 

fame  ME.  fame  fr.  FR.  fame  — 
LAT.  fama  'report'. 

famine  ME.  famin(e)  fr.  FR. 
famine',  deriv,  fr.  LAT.  fames 
'hunger'. 

fan  ME.  OE.  fan  (nn) :  borrowed 
during  ANGLO-SAX,  times  fr.  LAT. 
vannus  (in  the  vulgar  pro- 
nunciation fannus\  cp.  G.  vers  = 


LAT.  versus) ;  G.  wanne  is  an 
earlier  loanword  fr.  LAT.  vannus. 

fancy  short  for  ME.  fantasie  = 
OFR.  fantasie  (LAT.  phantasia). 

far  adv.  ME.  fer  ferre  OE. 
feor  feorran\  cp.  GOTH,  falrra 
adv.,  OHG.  ferro  G.  fern,  DU. 
ver,  ON.  fjarn : 'far':  cogn.  w.  GR. 
Tispuv  'beyond',  SKR.fldra  'distant', 
ARMEN.  heri  'far'. 

fardel  ME.  fardel  fr.  OFR.  fardel 
=  FR.  fardeau  'burden,  load'. 

fare  vb.  ME.  fare  OE.  far  an 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  far  an,  Qw.fara, 
OHG.  OSAX.  far  an  MHG.  varn  G. 
fahren,  DU.  varen\  TEUT.  \^far 

==•  ARYAN  \{~pOr  in  GR.  TlOptVOjLtai 

I   travel,  I  go'. 

farm  UE.ferme  'repast,  banquet, 
rent,  farm'  OE.  feorm  'banquet, 
food,  subsistence';  cp.  Qfc.feormian 
vb.  'sustain,  feed,  support'  bor- 
rowed fr.  LAT.  firmare  'to  make 
strong'  (firmare  alqm.  cibo  atque 
potione). 

farrow  ME.  farh  'young  pig' 
OE.  fearh  'pig'  =  OHG.  far  ah 
(G.  ferkelj  DU.  varken) :  TEUT.  base 
far  ha-  =  PRE-TEUT.  porko-  in  GR. 
7ro'(>xog,  LAT.  porcus,  LITH.  pdrszas, 
OSLOV.  pras$,  OIR.  ore  'pig'. 

farthing  MK.ferthing  short  for 
fer  thing  OE.  feor  dung  {feor  ding 
feordling)  'the  fourth  part,  farth- 
ing': deriv.  of  QK.feorda  'fourth', 
cp.  four  and  OHG.  fiordung. 

fashion  ME.  fafioun  {fassouri) 
fr.  FR.  facon  =  LAT.  factto(ncm). 

fast  adj.  ME.  fast  OE.  fast  = 
ON.  fastr,  DU.  vast,  OHG.  festi  adj. 
adv.)  G.  fest  'fast':  TEUT. 


fast  —  feeble 


fastu-,  Aryan  postu  in  ARMEN.  hast 
'fast'. —  fastvb.  M&.fasfeOE.fastan 
=  GOTH,  fast  an,  G.  fasten,  DU. 
vasten,  ON.  fasta:  prop,  derived 
from  the  adj.  with  the  orig.  mean- 
ing 'make  firm,  observe'. 

fat  adj.  ME.  fat  (tt)  short  for  OE. 
fdtt  prop,  fated  —  TEUT.  base 
faitida-  in  OHG.  feiijt  G.  /m/, 
OSAX.  fetid  LG.  G.  /<?//  'fat',  DU.  vet\ 
prop,  partic.  of  a  TEUT.  vb. 
*/aitjan.  The  base  is  a  TEUT.  adj. 
faita-  'fat'  in  MHG.  z/«^,  ON. /«'/>• : 
Aryan  ^pid  cogri.  w.  V*//  in 
GR.  77/wi/  Tiiapdz  'fat*  =  SKR. 
/&<*#  — pwara  'fat'  (SKR. 

fatal  ME.  /#/#/    fr.    FR. 
cp.   fate   ME.  fate  =   OFR.  fate. 
Source  LAT.  fatum  —  fatalis. 

father  ME.  fader  OE.  fader  = 
GOTH,  fadar  (commonly  atta), 
OHG.  /#&r  G.  vater,  OSAX.  fadar, 
DU.  vader,  ON.  fadir'.  TEUT.  base 
fader-  =  Aryan  base  pater-  in 
LAT.  pater,  GR.  narrjy,  SKR.  /##;• 
and  OIR.  dr/for,  ARMEN.  A«r:  all 
equivalent. 

fathom  ME.  fdthem  OE.  fcedm 
'embrace,  extended  arms,  fathom, 
cubit':  ident.  w.  ON.  fadmr,  DU. 
vadem  'a  fathom'  =  OHG.  fadum 
G.  faden  'a  fathom,  a  thread': 
TEUT.  base  fapma-  fr.  an  Aryan 
y~/<?/  in  GOTH.  /#/#  'hedge*  = 
MHG.  vade  'fence'  and  in  GR. 
TiSTarvvjui  'I  extend'. 

fault    ME.  faute    fr.    FR.    faute. 

favor  ME.  favour  =  FR.  faveur. 

fawn  sb.  ME.  faun  pro^.fa-oun 
fr.  FR.  faon  'a  fawn':  source  a 
LAT.  type  fcetbnus,  deriv.  of  faztus. 


fay  fr.  FR.  fte\  cp.  MHG.  fete 
fr.  OFR.  feie:  source  a  LAT.  fata 
•=  fatum. 

fear  ME.  fire  OE.  far  'a  sudden 
peril,  fear'  =  OSAX.  far,  OHG. 

<$n*  'treason,  danger'  G.  gefahr 
'danger  ;  GOTH.  *ffra  is  the  source 
Qiffoja  'a  spy' :  Aryan  \Tptr  also 
in  LAT.  periculum  'danger',  GR. 
nBion  'trial'. 

feast  ME.  f{ste  fr.  OFR.  feste  = 
FR.  fete\  source  LAT.  festa. 

feat  ME.  fet  by-form  feit  fait 
fr.  FR.  fait  =  LAT.  factum. 

feather  short  for  ME.  father 
OE.  feder  -=-  DU.  veder ,  OSAX. 
fethara,  OHG.  fedara  G.  feder, 
ON.  ^Wr  'feather':  TEUT.  base 
f'epro-,  Aryan  petra-',  cogn.  w. 
GR.  -nrujov  'feather,  wing',  SKR. 
pdtatram  'wing'  —  /^/m  'feather' : 
Aryan  \T/^  in  SKR.  y~/#/  'to 
fly',  also  in  LAT.  penna  (prop. 
*petsnd)  'feather. 

feature  w&.  future  fr.  OFR.  failure 
=  LAT.  factura. 

fee  sb.  ME./<?  QK.feoh  (gen./eos 
dat.  /<?b)  prop,  'cattle,  property 
in  cattle';  ident.  w.  GOTH,  faihu, 
ON.  ft  'cattle,  property',  OHG. 
fihu  G.  vieh  'cattle':  TEUT.  f'ehu 
Aryan  piku  neut.  in  SKR.  pdfu 
neut.  'cattle';  cp.  SKR.  pafu 
masc.,  LAT.  pecus  'cattle'  (hence 
pecunia  'money'). 

feed  vb.  ME.  fede  OE.  fedan 
f&dan :  TEUT.  base  fodjan  under 
food. 

feeble  adj.  ME.  feble  fr.  OFR. 
feible  foible  ==:  FR.  faible. 


feel  —  fetlock 


73 


feel  vb.  ME.  file  OE.  felan  fdlan 
wk.  vb.  fr.  a  TEUT.  base  foljan  in 
os AX.  gifoljan,  DU  voelcti,  OFRIS. 
fela,  MHG.  vilelen  G,  fuhlen  vb. 
'feel.  Perh.  cogn.  w.  LAT.  palma, 
OSAX.  OE.  yW#z  'hand':  \^paL 

feign  vb.  ME.  feme  fr.  FR.femdre 
'to  feign':  source  LAT.  fingere. 

fell  sb.  ME.  OE.  fel(ll) :  TEUT. 
base  /£//#-  in  GOTH.  y£//,  ON. 
/<#,  OHG.  fel(ll)  G.  /*//,  DU.  vel. 
Cogn.  w.  Lf^.pcllis  'skin';  \^pel 
also  in  film. 

fellow  sb.  ME.  felawe  late  OE. 
feolaga'.  borrowed  fr,  ON.  fllage\ 
cp.  ON.  f£-lag  'companionship, 
association',  lit.  'a  laying  to- 
gether of  property'  (ON.  fl  'pro- 
perty' ==.  E.  fee). 

felly  (felloe)  ME.  felie  (felwe) 
OE.  felie  (felgan)  =  OHG.  felga 
G.  felge,  DU.  radvclge.  SKR.  parfu 
'rib'  is  compared. 

felon  ME.  feloun  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  felon  'a  traitor'  fr.  MED. -LAT. 
fello(nem)  felo(nem). 

felt  ME.  OE.  felt;  cp.  the  synon. 

OHG.     G.  filz    MHG.     W/?,     DU.    vilt, 
SW.    DAN.  ///:    TEUT.  /^//^2     *////5: 

from  a  pre-TEUT.  *peldos.  Felt 
is  prob.  related  to  OSLOV.  plusti 
felt*.  The  synon.  Rom.  words 
IT.  feltro,  FR.  feutre  (MED.  -  LAT. 
filtruni)  'felt*  are  ofTEUT.  origin. 

fen  ME.  QK.fen(nn):  TEUT.  base 
fanja-  'morass'  in  the  synon. 
GOTH,  faniy  DU.  z/^»,  ON.  fen, 
OHG.  fenni. 

fence  sb    short  for  defence.  — 


fend  vb,  ME.  fende\   also  abbre- 
viation of  defend. 

fennel  ME.  fenel  OE.  fnul\ 
borrowed  fr.  LAT.  feniculumfenu- 
culum  (whence  ;  also  FR.  fenouil, 
IT.  finocchid)\  DU.  venkel  ,  OHG.. 
fenahhal  fenihhal  G.  fenchel  are 
earlier  loanword's. 

fern  shortened  for  ME.  ffrn 
OE.  f{arnftarn  =  G.  farn,  DU. 
varen.  The  TEUT.  base  farna- 
'fern'  is  ident.  w.  SKR.  parna 
'wing,  feather,  leaf;  cp.  GR. 
nrtQov  'feather'  —  TJTFQIS  'fern'. 

ferret  borrowed  fr.  FR.  furet 
(=  IT.  furetto),  which  is  a  deri- 
vative of  LAT.  fur  'thief.  FR. 
furet  is  also  the  source  of  DU. 
fret,  G.  frett  usually  frettchen. 

ferry  sb.  ME.  ferie'.  it  is  un- 
certain whether  it  is  a  genuine 
E.  word  (OE.  *ferie)  or  a  Scand. 
loanword  (ON.  ferja),  cp.  G. 
fdhre,  DU.  veer.  Source  the 
verbal  *ffar  in  fare. 

ferry  vb.  ME.  ferie  OE.  ferian 
'carry'  =  ON.  ferja  'carry',  GOTH. 
far  jan  'travel';  cp.  fare. 

fetch  vb.  M^.fecche  with  the  by- 
form  f{tc  (pret.  fette)  OE.  feccan 
fetjan  earlier  fetian  (pret./<?/W<?); 
E.  -tch  ME.  cch  is  developed  fr. 
OE.  tj  {fetjan  earlier  fetian,  WEST-- 
TEUT.  fetdjan).  There  exists  a 
TEUT.  \T/^/in  OE.  sidfat  journey', 
ON.  fet  'step,  pace';  E.  foot 
belongs  to  the  same  Aryan 


fetlock  orig.  'the  tuft  of  hair  be- 
hind a  horse's  pastern-joint'. 
ME.  fitlock  fetlack'.  a  genuine  E. 


74 


fetter  —  fight 


word  ident.  w.  MHG.  fi^lach  fty- 
loch,  deriv.  of  MHG.  fei^el  G. 
fessel  'pastern  of  a  horse'  which 
seems  to  be  cogn.  w.  TEUT. 

fdt     —     E.    foOt\       Cp.      LAT.     pCS 

pedem  'foot1. 

fetter  sb,  ME.  feter  OE.  fetor 
=  os AX.  fetur,  ON.  fjgturr,  DU. 
veter,  OHG.  fSrz&ura  MHG.  ve^er] 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  pedica,  GR.  7is<5rj 
*a  fetter'  and  perh.  w.  G.  fassen 
'catch':  Aryan  \fped  pod. 

fever  ME.  fever  fefre  OE.  fefor 
(=  OHG.  fiebar  G.fieber)  :  borrow- 
ed fr.  LAT.  febris  febrem,  whence 
also  FR.  fievre  (=  IT.  febbre) 

few  adj.  ME.  f$we  OE.  f$awe 
plur.  represents  a  TEUT.  *fauwai 
and  is  ident.  with  OHG.  fdhe 
plur.  of  a  TEUT.  *fauh (w)a- :  Aryan 
adj.  pauqo-  in  LAT.  paucus.  Cp. 
also  GOTH,  fawai  plur.  with 
ON.  fd-r  (DAN.  /«#  sw.  /«;  ME. 
fo  is  Scand.  loanword) ;  OSAX. 
fake  'few'.  INDO-EUR.  \{~ pan  in 
GR.  navw  'cease'? 

fey  (SC.)  'doomed  to  die'  ME. 
fete  OE.  fay  =  ON.  feigr,  OSAX. 
/%•/  'doomed  to  die';  DU.  veeg 
'about  to  die'  (OHG.  feigi  'daring, 
petulant'  G.  feige  'cowardly'): 
TEUT.  base  faigi-. 

fickle  ME.  fikel  OE.  ficol  from 
OE.  tyfic  'fraud';  cp.  OE.  fdcen 
'fraud,  deception',  OSAX../7&W  = 
OHG.  feihhan  'deception':  TEUT. 
^f*fik  faik,  prop,  faih  in  GOTH. 
bifaihon  vb.  'defraud'  and  faih 
3b.  'deception,  fraud'.  There 


exists  an  Aryan  \f^pik  in  SKR. 
pifuna  'treacherous'. 

fiddle  ME.  fithel  OE.  fidele  = 
synon.  OHG.  fidula  MHG.  w^/<?  G. 
fiedelt  ON.  fidla,  DU.  vedel'.  the 
whole  group  is  based  on  a 

WESTTEUT.  fifula  =  FR.   ^/<f,    IT. 

SPAN.  wW^.  Source  a  vulgar 
LAT.  vitula  (in  a  late  pronun- 
ciation fidula!!). 

field  ME.  OE.  feld\  e  stands  for 
TEUT.  /before  ld\  cp.  OHG.  OSAX. 
feld  G.  feldy  DU.  veld.  The  TEUT. 
stem  *Jktfu-  is  related  to  OE. 

<?'/^,  OSAX.  folda  'earth'.  A  pre- 
TEUT.  adj.  plthu-  is  found  in 
SKR.  prthu  'broad'  and  prthivi 
'earth';  cp.  GR.  nhaTvs>  O1R-  kthan 
'broad',  LITH.  plains.  Perh./Y#/ 
is  cognate. 

fiend  ME.  fend  OE.  feond  = 
GOTH,  fijands,  ON.  fjdndi,  OSAX. 
ftundt  OHG.  MHG.  viant  G.  feind. 
The  sb.  is  prop,  a  pres.  partic. 
of  the  vb.  GOTH,  fjan  (OE.  ffoytn, 
OHG.  fi&n  'hate').  A  correspond- 
ing verbal  \/~ piy  'hate'  occurs 
in  SKR.;  therefore  fiend  orig. 
meant  'the  hater'.  Cp.  friend. 

fierce  ME.  fers\  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  fers  fiers,  regular  forms 
fer  fier  =  FR.  fier  (LAT.  ferus 
'wild'). 

fifth  OE.  fifda  cp.  five. 

fig  ME.  fig  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
figue  =  LAT.  ficus,  whence  also 
OE.  fic-treo  'fig-tree*. 

fight  vb.  ME.  fighte  OE.  feohtan 
str.  vb.  =  r>u.  vechten,  OHG. 
fehtan  G.  fechtcn'.  TEUT.  \ffehtt 


file*  —  fire 


75 


file1  'a  string,  list,  order; 
borrowed  from  FR.  file  'a  line, 
rank,  row';  source  LAT.  filum  'a 
thread'. 

file2  'a  steel  rasp  ME.  file  OE. 
///  usually  feol  (contracted  from 
*flhit)\  cp.  OHG.  fihala  MHG.  vile 
G  feile,  DU.  vijL  Connection 
with  ON.  pel  pel  'file  is  uncer- 
tain. 

fill  vb.  ME.  fille  OE.  fyllan  wk. 
vb.  =  OSAX.  fullian,  DU.  vullen, 
OHG.  fullen  G.  fallen,  ON.  fylla: 
GOTH.  TEUT.  fulljan  'fill'  is  deriv. 
fr.  the  TEUT.  adj.  /«//«-  =  E. 
full. 

filly  loanword  fr.  ON.  fylja  *a 
filly',  which  is  a  dimin.  of  ON. 
/0/z  =  E.  foal. 

film  ME.  fi 'Ime  OE.  filmen  fylmen 
=  OFRIS.  filmen  from  a  TEUT. 
dimin.  base  filmina-  which  points 
to  a  more  primitive  TEUT.  felma-, 
cogn.  w.  E.  fell. 

filter  vb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
filtrer  'strain  through  a  felt'  fr. 
UED.-LkT.fittrum  feltrum  'felt';  cp. 
felt. 

filth  ME.  y£//>fo  short  for x  OE. 
fyld\  abstract  formation  of  OE. 
ful  --  E.  foul\  cp.  OHG.  fiilida 
=  GOTH.  */&lifa. 

fin  sb.  ME.  OE.  y£;z  (««) ;  cp.  DU. 
vin,  sw.  fena  'a  fin';  cogn.  w 
LAT.  penna  pinna  'feather'. 

finch  ME.  finch  OE.  fine  fr.  a 
TEUT.  base  finki-\  cp.  DU.  z>z«/&, 
OHG.  zwz£<?  G.  fink.  Observe  the 
similarity  of  sound  of  the  Rom. 
words  for  'finch':  IT.  pinaone, 


FR.  pinson  and  E.  dialect,  pink 
pinch. 

find  ME.fmde  OE.  findan  str.  vb. 
=  synon.  GOTH,  finpan ,  ON. 
finna,  OSAX.  findan  fithan ,  DU. 
vin  den,  OHG.  findan  G.  finden'. 
TEUT  ^fenpfinpQr  by  Verner's 
law  fend  find  is  pre-TEUT.  /£«/ 
in  the  synon.  IR.  vb  ^/w  'I 
find'. 

fine  adj.  ME.  /"/^^  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  yfo  (whence  also  MHG,  vin 
G.  /<?*«,  DU.  fijn).  Source  LAT. 
finire  vb.  'complete'. 

fine  sb  ME.  fine  from  LAT. 
finis  'a  fine',  lit.  'a  final  pay- 
ment'. 

finger  ME.  OE  finger  =  GOTH. 

ggrS)  <3K.  fingr,  DU.  vinger,  OHG. 
fingar  G.  finger :  TEUT.  baseyf^r^-, 
perh.  allied  to  /Vz/tf  (Aryan 
penqe) . 

finish  vb.  ME.  finisshe  fr.  OFR. 
finiss-  base  of  some  forms  of  FR. 

frw'r    (LAT.  finire)    'end,    finish'. 

fir  ME.  firre',  perh  a  Scand. 
loanword  :  ON.  fyra  rare  by-form 
of  fur  a  fir'.  There  is  a  TEUT. 
name  of  the  tree  furh-:  OE. 
furh,  OHG.  for  ha  G.  fohre\  cp. 
pre-TEUT.  /^r/£  ^<?r^  in  LAT.  ^^r- 
^w^  'oak. 

fire  ME.  fir  OE.  /jtfr :    contr.  ot 

WESTTEUT.    fmr     =     OSAX.       OHG. 

fuir  commonly  OSAX.  OHG.  fiur 
MHG.  viur  G.  feuer ,  DU.  z/«»r. 
The  ir  of  OSAX.  OHG.  fiiir  (cp. 
ON.  ./rfrr  f$rr)  is  suffix;  /»  fr. 
pre-TEUT  pu-  is  the  root;  ON. 
fur-r,  GR.  77tT-p,  Umbrian  /£-r, 
ARMEN.  hu-r  point  to  a  common 


76 


first  —  fleam 


base  pii-r\  SKR.  \^pu  'flame', 
whence  pavakd  'fire'. 

first  ME.  first  OE.  fyrst  fr. 
*fyrest  =  TEUT.  furista-  in  OHG. 
furist  (cp.  G.  f first,  DU.  rwtf 
'prince'),  ON.  fyrstr  'first';  the 
original  word  for  'first'  is  OSAX. 
formo  =  OE.  forma  with  /war- 
suffix  (GOTH,  fru-ma)  from  INDO- 
EUR. /r;  cp.  GR.  npoftoc,  SKR. 
purva-s,  osLQv.priivu,  UTH.ftrmas 
'first'.  Cp.  former. 

fish  ME.  yfr^  OE.  y£sr  (and  y£sr) 

=  GOTH.  y£f/fo,  ON.  fiskr ,  OHG. 
OSAX.  yfr/£  G.  y£$T/#.  TEUT.  fiska-Z 

from     pre-TEUT.    pisko-s     agrees 
with  LAT./wm;  the  corresponding 
OIR.   iasc    points    to    pre-historic 
*peiskos. 
fist  ME.  fist   short    for  fist  OE. 

fr.     TEUT.    *fusti(z)      —     OHG. 

G.  faust,  DU.  ?;«/>/  'fist'.  If 
connected  with  synon.  LAT.  pug- 
nus  and  GR.  nvyf.iijt  WESTTEUT. 
fusti-  stands  for  fuhsti-  =  pre- 

TEUT.  puk-Sti  ptig-sti-  ? 

five  ME.  five  OE.  fife\  without 
inflection  OE.  fif  from  TEUT.  fimf 

-  GOTH  fimfy  OSAX  flft  DU.  00/, 
OHG.  finf  MHG.  Z>//72/  G.  funf, 

ON.  /&///»  (DAN  sw  fern) :  pre- 
TEUT.  p&mpe penqe  (for  the  shifting 
of  INDO-EUR  q  to  /  see  fir, 
four,  wolf);  cp.  SKR  panea, 
GR.  nivTB  (TI^UTTC  m'unToc),  LAT. 
quinque  (for  *pingue))  LITH.  penki, 

OIR.    <:<9/C,    CYMR.  /??/// 

flag  sb.  'an  ensign'  =  G.  flagge, 
DU.  z-'/fig",  DAN  y/^,  sw.  fiagg\  a 
modern  word,  not  found  in  the 
OTEUT.  periods. 


flail  ME.  /<7//  /^7  OE. 
(once  recorded  as  y?/ 
OHG.  flegil  G.  flegel,  DU.  vlegel'.  a 
WESTTEUT.  loanword  from  LAT. 
fiagellum  'whip,  flail',  whence  also 
FR.  yftfo&  (also  OIR.  sraigelf). 

flask  OE.  yfej^  =  ON.  flaska, 
DU.  y^j-^,  OHG.  fiasco.  G.  fiasche  ; 
corresponding  to  the  synon.  IT. 
fiasco,  OFR.  fiasche  FR.  flacon  (MED.- 
LAT.  fiasco  fr.  LAT.  vasculumT). 

flat  ME.  yfe/:  borrowed  fr.  ON. 
=  sw.  fiat,  DAN.  yftjv/;  cp. 
f^  f'flat';  cp.  OE.  fiet,  OSAX. 
fietti  'floor'  and  OHG.  fiai^a  'palm 
of  the  hand'. 

flatter  vb.  ME.  fiatere  :  borrow- 
ed fr.  OFR.  fiater  =  FR.  flatter. 

flax  ME.  flax  OE.  fleax  =  OHG. 
f^Af  G.  fiachs,  DU.  fr'/os;  prob. 
cogn.  w.  the  vb.  OHG.  fiehtan  G. 
fiechten  and  GOTH,  fiaihtan  'braid'  ; 
the  5-  in  TEUT.  *fiahsa-  would  be 
derivative  ;  cp.  the  Aryan 
'braid*  in  Lttf.jplectere,  GR. 
'weave'. 

flay  vb.  ME.  fig  OE.  fl{an  contr. 
fr.  a  TEUT.  str.  \\>.fiahan  =  ON. 
fid. 

flea  ME.  y?/  OE.  fieah  =  OHG. 
^A  G.  fiohj  DU.  zV^<?,  ON.  fid'. 
TEUT.  base  fiauh-  for  flauh- 
meant  orig.  'a  fugitive',  so  that 
the  root  under  flee  =  GOTH. 
pliiihan  is  the  source  otv.flea, 
G. 


fleam  la  kind  of  lancet'  fr.  FR. 
flamme.  Source  LAT.  flebotomum, 
whence  also  OE.  flytme,  DU.  vlijm, 


fleck  —  flood 


77 


OHG.    flietuma    MHG.    vliete(n)    G. 
fliete. 

fleck  a  Scand.  loanword:  ON. 
flekkry  sw.  flack  =  DU.  vleky  G. 
y7tr/^  'spot'.  Cp.  ME.y 

fledged  adj.  ixs..  flegge 
—  MDU.  vlugghty  LG.  fliigge,  G. 
fliigge  from  a  WEST-TEUT.  base 
fluggj-  (OHG.  flucchi  MHG.  vliicke 
from  WEST-TEUT,  flukkj").  The 
source  is  the  TEUT.  \Tftug  in  E. 


flee  vb.  ME.  fa'  OE.  y&wz  contr. 
of  *fleohan  =  OSAX.  OHG.  fliohan 
MHG.  vltehen  G.  fliehen\  GOTH. 
pliuhan  str.  vb.  'flee'  points  to 
an  ARYAN  \ftluk-\  c^.flea  and 


fleece  (the  ending  ^  for  5-) 
ME.  fa's  OE.faos  (and  with  vowel- 
mutation  yfj^)  from  TEUT.fattsaz 
(fliusis)  ;  cp.  DU.  z;/*>j,  MHG  z;//>j 
(v/ius)  G.  vliess. 

fleet1  'a  number  of  ships'  ME. 
/?#?  OE.  /?'<?/  'a  ship'.  -  -  fleet2 
'a  creek,  bay'  ME.  flet  OE.  flfot 
'a  bay  of  the  sea'.  Both  belong 
to  the  vb.  fleet  ME.  flete  'float, 
swim'  OE.  fleotan  'float,  swim'  = 
QN.fljota,  os.\x.fa0tan,  vu.vKeten, 
OHG.  fliohan  G.  fliessen.  TEUT. 
\{~fleut  flut  fr.  ARYAN  pleud-plud. 
cp.  flit  and  float. 

flesh  ME.  flesch  QE.flcesc  shows 
umlaut  and  palatalization  of  the 
base  *fldski(z}  *flaiski(z)  =  OHG. 
fieisk  G.  flcisch,  DU.  vleesch  ;  ON. 
flesk  means  only  'pork',  more 
esp.  'ham  and  bacon';  perh. 
cogn.  w.  flitch. 


flicker  vb.  ME.  flikere  OE.  fi- 
corian  =  DU.  flikktren  'sparkle, 
glitter';  a  frequent,  of  a  base 
flik  flak  in  WE..flakere>  G.flackern  ? 

flight  !  'the  act  of  flying'  ME. 
flight  Q^.flyht  from  OE.  fleogan  = 
E.  fly. 

flight2  prop,  'the  act  of  fleeing' 
ME.  flight  OE.  flyht  (==  DU.  vlugt, 
OHG.  OSAX.  fluhty  G.  flucht)  from 
fleon  'flee'.  ?..  flight  G$»  flyht,  DU. 
have  both  meanings  of 
.  Cp.  //**. 

flint  'a  hard  stone*  ME.  OE. 
flint  'a  rock';  cp.  DAN.  flint,  G. 
flinte  'musket,  flint-lock',  sw. 
flinta,  DAN.  ^/«/  'flint':  perh.  re- 
lated to  GR.  nhivdvc,  'a  brick'. 

flit  vb.  ME.  flitte-  OE.  *flyttan  = 
ON.  y^^Vz  (sw.  flytta,  DAN.  flytte)  : 
cp.  the  root  under  fleet  vb. 

flitch  ME.fticche  QE.  flicce  =  ON. 
flikki'.  TEUT.  base  flikkja-,  perh. 
akin  to  fleck!  or  cogn.  w. 


float  vb.  ME.  yfjtffe  OE.  flotian\ 
cp.  ME.  y?<?/^  'a  boat,  a  fleet'  OE. 
fo/Vz  'a  boat,  ship,  a  fleet': 
deriv.  of  the  TEUT.\T/^/  under 

/<?<?/  vb. 

flock1    'herd,    flock*    ME.   flok 

OE.  floCC  =   ON.  flokkr,    DAN.  y?<?<£, 

sw.  /i?^. 

flock  2  'a  lock  of  wool'  fr.  OFR. 
?^  =  LAT.  floccus,  whence  also 
OHG.  floccho  G.  ftocke,  DU. 

flood  ME.  OE.  flod  =  osA 
DU.  vhedj  OHG.  y?«<?/  G.  flutt  ON. 
7^,  GOTH,  flodus'.  a  common 
Teut.  word.  GOTH,  flodus  from 
ARYAN  plotu-s  is  based  on  the 


floor  —  foe 


TEUT.  \Tyft?-  from  pre-TEUT.  plo- 
in  flow. 

floor  ME.  OE.  flor  —  DU.  vloer, 
MLG.  vlor,  MHG.  vluor  (G.  flur) 
'field,  surface,  hall',  ON.  flor  'the 
floor  of  a  cow-house':  TEUT. 
floru-s  from  pre  -  TEUT.  filorus 
plants  closely  related  to  OIR. 
Idr  for  *pldr  'floor,  paved  floor'. 

florin  ME.  florin :  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  florin  (IT.  florino  so  named 
because  it  bore  a  lily,  from  IT. 
fiore  'a  flower'). 

flounce  changed  fr.  w&.frounce 
'a  plait' :  loanword  fr.  FR.  froncer 
'plait ,  wrinkle'  (prob.  from  a 
LAT.  type  *frontiare  'wrinkle  the 
forehead'). 

flounder  sb.  borrowed  fr.  SCAND. 
sw.  flundra,  DAN.  flynder ,  ON. 
jftydra. 

flour  ident.  w.  floiver  from 
FR.  fleur  'flower'. 

flourish  vb.  ME.  flourisshe'. 
adapt,  fr.  OFR.  fleuriss-  stem  of 
fleurir  'flourish'  (LAT.  florescere 
inceptive  of  flor -ere  'bloom'). 

flow  vb.  ME.  flowe  OE.  flowan 
str.  vb.  —  ON.  floa,  DU.  vloeien'. 
TEUT.\T/ft7-  in  flood '=  pre-TEUT. 
plb-  in  GR.  TrAeJ-ccJ  'I  swim,  sail', 
nfaoioc.  'swimming,  sailing'. 

flower  ME.  flour :  borrowed  fr. 
AFR.  flour  flor  —  FR.  fleur  (LAT. 
flos).  Ident.  w.  flour. 

fluke  'a  flounder'  w&.  flpke  OE. 
floe  =  ON.  floki\  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
flah  G.flach,  DU.  vlak  adj.  'plain'. 
Cp.  the  ARYAN  \(~plak  in  LAT. 
placenta  'cake'  and  planus  (for 
placnusT)  'plain'. 


flute  borrowed  fr.  FR.  flitfe, 
whence  also  DU.  fluit\  cp.  MHG. 
vloite  G.  flote  'flute'  and  OFR. 
flaute,  w.flauto.  Chaucer  uses 
the  vb.  floute  'play  on  the  flute'. 

flutter  vb.  MK.flotereQK.flotorian 
%c.\^flut  under  float.  Cp.  G. 
flatternt 

fly  vb.  ME.  file  earlier  flfyen 
OE.  fleogan  str.  vb.  =  QnG.ftiogan 
G.  fliegen,  DU.  vliegen,  ON.  fljiiga. 
GOTH.  *fliugan  is  inferred  from 
the  factitive  flaugjan  'carry  away 
in  flight'  and  shows  that  the 
common  Teut.  vb.  was  fleugan\ 
cp.  LAT.  pluma  (for  *pluhmal!) 
'feather'.  —  fly  sb.  ME.  flie 
earlier  flety  OE.  fleoge  =  OHG. 
flioga  G.  fliege,  DU.  vlieg  (ON.  with 
ablaut  fluga  'fly') :  evidently  fly 
means  'the  flyer'  from  fly  vb. 

foal  ME.  fole  OE.  fola  =  synon. 
ON.  foliy  OHG.  folo  G.  fohlcn, 
GOTH,  fula:  a  common  Teut. 
term  for  'the  young  of  a  horse 
or  an  ass'  from  pre-TEUT.  pzlon- ; 
allied  to  GR.  ruvkog  'colt,  young 
animal',  LAT.  pullus  'a  young  ani- 
mal' esp.  'a  chicken'. 

foam  sb.  ME.  fome  OE.  fdm  = 
OHG.  feim :  base  faima-  for  an 
earlier  *faina-  =  SKR.  phena> 
OSLOV.  pena  'foam'. 

fodder  ME.  fodder  OE.  foddor 
=  DU.  voeder,  OHG.  fuotar  G. 
f utter >  ON.  fodr:  cp.  OE.  fdda 
under  food. 

foe  ME.  fp  OE.  lefd  contr.  fr. 
an  earlier  gtfdha  =  WEST-TEUT. 
gafaiho(n)-\  cp.  the  abstract  OE. 
fahd  (OHG.  gifehida  G.  fchde): 


fog  —  forbid 


79 


OE.  iefd  sb.  and  fahd  sb.  are 
based  on  the  adj.  OE.  tyfdh  = 

OHG.     gifch\      OE.     fdh     =      TEUT. 

faiha-  from  a  pre-TEUT.  paiko- 
adj. 

fog:  a  Dan.  loanword,  DAN.  fog 
in  sneefog  'a  snow-storm' ;  cp. 
ON.  _/<?£  'spray,  snow-drift',  ^/«/£ 
!snow-storm'  from  fjiika  str.  vb. 
'drift'. 

fold  vb.  ME.  fo'lde  OE.  fdldan 
(fealdan)  str.  vb.  =  G&m.falfant 
ON.  /tf/dfo,  OHG.  faltan  G.  fatten'. 
TEUT.  \Tfalf  =  pre-TEUT.  ///  cp. 
in  OSLOV.  //<?/«  //<wA'  'braid',  GR. 
$tn\d<jto$  for  *dtnXanog  'two- 
fold*, SKR.futa  'fold'  (for  */«//&). 
-fold  ME.  -yW^/  OE,  -fold 
(j-fealtf)  =  OSAX.  -faldy  DU.  -voud, 
G.  -/<?//,  ON.  -faldr,  GOTH,  -f alps'. 
a  common  Teut.  suffix  for 
the  formation  of  multiplicatives 
corresponding  to  GR.  jrhdaiog  in 
tiinhdaiog  (also  oi'naXrog  'two- 
fold'). 

folk  ME.  /<?/£  OE.  /0/r  =  OSAX. 

/<?/£,    DU.    VOlkj    OHG.  /0/<T    G.    VOlkj 

ON.  /<?/£.  The  primit.  meaning 
is  perh.  'a  crowd  of  people', 
whence  LITH.  pulkas  'a  crowd', 
OSLOV.  plukU  'an  army'. 

follo\v  vb.  ME.  folwefolowe  OE. 
folgian  (by-form  fytytti)  =  ON. 
fylgja,  DU.  volgen,  OHG.  folgen  G. 
folgen'.  the  common  WEST-TEUT. 
and  Norse  vb.  for  'follow'; 
possibly  a  compound  verbal 
stem,  the  first  member  of  which 
is  /«//;  cp.  OE.  full-code  'he 
followed',  OE.  OLG.  fulgangan, 
OHG.  fola-gdn  'follow'.  ^^  fr. 


OE.  gdn  would  be  the  second 
member. 

fond  ME.  fond  prop,  fonn-ed 
partic  of  fonne  'be  foolish';  cp. 
ME.  sb.  f<?7t(nn)'a  fool':  borrowed 
fr.  sw.  fane  'a  fool';  ICEL.  fdni 
'a  buoyant  person'. 

food  ME.  fade  OE.  foda :  TEUT. 
^Tfbd  fad  (CP-  OHG'  fatunga 
'food')  fr.  ARYAN  pat  in  nart-Tadai 
'eat'.  Cp.  also  feed,  foddery 
foster. 

fool  ME.  fol\  adopt,  fr.  OFR.  fol 
(=  FR.  fou  fol)  'a  fool'. 

foot  ME.  OE.  fot  (plur.  fet)   = 

OSAX.  /<?/,  DU.  &^/,  OHG.  fuOTy  G. 
/»JJ,  ON.  fdtr,  SW.  /(?/,  DAN.  y^^, 

GOTH.ffous:  TEUT.  base/^/-  from 
ARYAN  pod-  changing  with  ARYAN 
pod-  ped-  in  the  declension;  cp. 
GR.  TToJ-  in  Tio'Jtt,  nom.  sing.  Trowg1 
(AEOL.  TTW'C)  ;  LAT.  ped-em  (nom. 
sing.  pes)\  GR.  Tjsdilov  'sole'  — • 
7is"C,6g  (for  *77fi|/'oc)  'pedestrian', 
SKR.  /#</  'foot'  and  /Wrf  'step, 
print'. 

fop  vb.  borrowed  fr.  DU.  foppcn 
'prate,  cheat'  (fopper  'a  wag', 
fopperij  'cheating')  :  orig.  a  word 
of  G.  slang. 

for  ME.  OE.  for  prep.  =  GOTH. 
faiira  'before,  for',  OHG.  fora  G. 
vor  'before',  DU.  voor\  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  pro  'before',  GR.  n QO  'be- 
fore'. 

forbear  MK.  forbore  QK.  forberan 
str.  vb.;  cp.  bear  vb. 

forbid  ME.  forbede  OE.  forbeodan 
confounded  with  m.forbidde  OE. 
forbiddan\  cp.  bid. 


8o 


force  —  foul 


force  sb.  ME.  force  fors\  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  force  (LAT.  type 
fortia  'strength'  derived  h.fortis 
'strong'). 

ford  ME.  OE.  ford  (ME.  also 
forth)  —  DU.  vocrty  OSAX.  *ford 
in  Hertford  (prop,  'ford  of  an 
army),  OHG.  vurt  G.'furt (Frank-, 
Er-j  Schwein-) ;  cp.  OE.  Oxenaford 
(lit.  'ford  of  the  oxen')  =  Oxford. 
TEUT.  *fordu-  forpu-  from  the 
TEUT.  \ffar  in  fare\  hence  ford 
prop,  'passable,  practicable  pass- 
age'; cp.  A  VEST,  peretu  'bridge', 
LAT.  portus  'haven',  ON.  fjordr 
'bay';  also  CELT. -LAT.  -ritum  (for 
*prtotri)  in  Augustoritum,  CYMR. 
rhyd  'ford'. 

foreign  ME.  foreine'.  adapted 
fr.oFR.f0ram:  LAT.  typefvraneus 
derived  fr.  for  as  adv.  'out  of 
door'. 

forfeit  sb.  ME. /<?;/<#<?:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  forfait  'a  fine'  part,  of 
forfaire  for s fair e  'trespass'  (MED.- 
LAT.  forisfactum  part,  of  foris- 
facere  'trespass',  lit.  'do  beyond'). 

forge  ME.  forge  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  forge  from  LAT.  fabrica  'a 
workshop'. 

forget  vb.  ME.  forgete  OE.  for- 
gitanstr.  vb.  —OSAX..fargefan,  DU. 
vergeten,  MLG.  vorgeten,  OHG.  fir- 
ge-^an  G.  verges  sen.  The  com  p. 
vb.  is  the  remnant  of  a  str. 
verbaly"^/,  whence  E.  £•£/  'ob- 
tain, reach';  cp.  GOTH,  bigitan 
'find',  ON.  £•£/#  'obtain'.  Cp.  get 
and  the  ARYAN  \^ghed:  ghend  in 
LAT.  prae-hendere,  GR. 
'seize'. 


fork  ME.  forke  OE.  forca  =  DTJ. 
zw£,  OHG.  fur  c  ha  fur  ka  G.furke, 
ON.  forka  :  borrowed  fr.  LAT. 
furca  'a  fork',  whence  also  FR. 
fourche,  SPAN,  horca,  IT.  forca. 

forlorn  'quite  lost'  ME.  forlorn 
OE.  forloren  part,  of  OE.  forleosan 
'lose  utterly';  cp.  /<?.$•£  and  G. 
DU.  verier  en,  DAN.  forloren. 

former  formed  by  adding  the 
compar.  suffix  -*r  to  ME.  forme 
OE.  forma  =  OSAX.  formo  'first'; 
cp.  first. 

forsake  vb.  ME.  forsake  OE. 
forsacan  str,  vb.  'oppose';  cp. 


forth  VOL.  forth  &£.  ford  =.  OSAX. 
for  tht  OHG.  y^;v/  G.  /l?r/,  GOTH. 
compar.  failrpis  adv.  'earlier'. 
OTEUT.  /<?r/  from  older  />-/<?  prto 
is  allied  to  before  w\&  further. 


night  from  ME.  fourtene  'fourteen' 
and  night  (old  plur.)  'nights'; 
cp.  OE.  feowertyne  niht  and  also 
E.  sennight  —  seven  night.  It 
was  usual  to  reckon  by  nights  in 
pre-hist.  periods.  -  -  forty  ME. 
fourty  OE.  feowerti^  =  DU.  veer  tig, 
G  .  vierzig,  GOTH  .  fidwortigjus  ;  c  p  . 
OE.  feowet  =  four  and  OE.  //j 
=  /**. 

foster  vb.  ME.  fostre  short  for 
OE.  fostrian  fromfdsfor  'nourish- 
ment'; akin  to/0  0rtf:  TSOT.y^/^/. 

foul  ME.  /<?#/  OE.  /«/  =  DU. 
Z/0/7,  OHG.  ////  G.  /<?«/,  ON.  //^//, 

GOTH.  ./«/»•;  /0-  is  suffix,  and  the 
TEUT.  \l~fu  is  inferred  fr.  ON. 
fiUnn  'rotten*  and  from  the  fac- 
titive vb.  ON.  feyja  'cause  to 


found  —  freeze 


8i 


rot'.  An  Aryan  verbal  \T pu 
appears  in  SKR.  piiy  'rot,  stink'; 
cp.  LAT.  piiteo  'stink'  —  pilfer  'de- 
cayed', GR.  71-L-&W  'cause  to 
rot',  GR.  nvov  —  LAT.  pits  'puss'. 

found  !  vb.  'lay  the  foundation 
of  ME.  founde :  adapted  fr.  FR. 
fonder  from  LAT.  fundare  'found'. 

found2  vb.  'cast  metals'  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  fondre  from  LAT. 
f under e  'cast  metals'. 

fount  ME.  fount  fr.  OFR.  font  = 
LAT.  font-em. 

four  ME.  four  fewer  OE.  feower 
(feowerl)  =  osAX.ftwar,  DU.  G.  vier 
OKG.fior,  ox.fjdrir.  The  OE.  by- 
form  fyder-  (in  comp.  zsfyder- 
fete  'four-footed')  and  GOTH,  fid- 
wdr  (fidur-)  point  to  a  pre-TEUT. 
basefletwor petur  for  qetwor  qetur\ 
ident.  w.  SKR.  catur,  LAT.  quattuor, 

GR.     T8OOUOSC     (jliffV(J8c)t     OSLOV. 

tetyri  'four'. 

fowl  ME.  foul  earlier  fuwel  OE. 
fugol  =  OSAX.  fugal,  DU.  vogel, 
onG.fogal  MHG.  G.  vogel,  ON.  fugl, 
GOTH,  fug  Is:  TEUT.  base  fug  la-. 

fox     ME.     OE.  fox    =    OHG.  fuhs 

G.  fuchs,  DU.  vos,  ON.  fox ;  the 
s  of  the  TEUT.  base  fuh-s-  is 
suffix  as  is  shown  by  GOin.fauho, 
ON.  foa  'fox'  =  OHG.  foha  MHG. 
vohe  'she-fox'  (and  OE..focge  'she- 
fox'?).  Cp.  vixen. 

frail  (ME.  frele)  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  fraile  (FR.  frtte)  'brittle'  = 
LAT.  fragilis. 

frame  vb.  ME.  fr  erne  OE.  f  rent- 
man  'promote,  do'  (=  Gs.fremja, 
OHG.  fremman  ,  OSAX.  fremmian 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


'perform1') :  derived  fr.  OE,  fram 
'strong,  good',  ident.  w.  from. 

franchise  ME.  fraunchise:  bor- 
rowed from  v^.  franchise  privi- 
leged liberty'  from  v&.franchiss-t 
stem  of  some  forms  of  franc hir 
'free'  from  FR.  franc  'free1. 

fraught  part,  of  ME.  fraughtc 
vb.=  DU.  bevrachten,  G.  befrachten\ 
cp.  G.fracht  QHG.freht  'earnings, 
gain'.  Properly  a  compound ; 
cp.  OE.  &ht,  OHG.  $ht  'property' 
under  own. 

freak  'a  whim,  caprice'  ME.  frek 
'quick,  vigorous'  OE.  free  'bold, 
rash'  :  ON.  frekr,  OHG.  freh 

greedy'  G.  frech  'pert',  GOTH. 
faihu-friks  'avaricious' :  TEUT. 
base  freka-. 

freckle  from  ON.  freknur  plur. 
'freckles';  cp.  sw.  frdkne  plur. 
fraknar,  FRIS.  (Amrun)  friakan 
'freckles'.  Perh.  cogn.  w.  GR. 
TJSQY.VOC  'spotted'. 

free  ME.  fre  OE.  freo  fri\  TEUT. 
base  frija-  =  GOTH,  fret's t  OSAX. 
OHG.  fri  G.  fret.  The  PRE-TEUT. 
priyo-  is  the  base  of  CYMR.  rhydd 
'free'  and  of  SKR.  priyd-s  'dear, 
beloved';  cp.  the  SKR.  verbal 
\l"pri  'rejoice,  render  favorable' 
with  GOTH,  frijon  'love'  under 
friend  and  Friday. 

freeze  vb.  ME.  frfse  OE.  freosan 
str.  vb.;  cp.  synon.  ON.  frjosa, 
DU.  vriezen,  QUG.friosan  G.frieren\ 
cp.  GOTH.frms  'frost,  cold':  TEUT. 
\{~freus  fruz  from  a  PRE-TEUT. 
preus prut,  which  seems  to  exist  in 
LAT.  prurio  for  *prusio  'itch',  if 
'itch,  frostburn'  is  the  inter- 
6 


82 


freight  —  frock 


mediate  meaning,  and  in  SKR: 
\l~prus  'spurt  out';  prusvd  'drop, 
frozen  drop,  frost'.  Cp.  frost. 

freight  ident.  w.  fraught. 

fresh  adj.  ME.  fresh  fresch  OE. 
fersi  =  OHG.  frisc  G.  frisch,  DU. 
versch  'fresh';  cogn.  w.  OSLOV. 
presmu  'fresh'  from  Aryan  prais- 
kino-\  cp.  LITH.  preskas  'sweet, 
unsoured'  with  FINN,  rieska  'fresh, 
unsoured'.  The  Rom.  family  of 
IT.  fresco,  FR.  /rat's  comes  from 
WESTrTEUT.  freska-. 

fret !  vb.  'eat  up,  devour'  short 
for  ME.  frtfe  OE.  fretan  str.  vb. 
=  DU.  LG.  vreten,  OHG.  fretan 
G.fressen  'eat  up,  consume'.  The 
corresp.  GOTH,  f rattan  (pret./r<?/) 
'consume'  shows  that  WEST-TEUT. 
fretan  is  a  compound  of  etan  = 
eat]  fra  is  a  common  prefix  in 
GOTH.  (cp.  fraught  and.  fret). 

fret2  vb.  'ornament,  variegate 
ME.  fretie  OE.  frcetwan  'adorn': 
from  QE../r&twe  plur.  'ornament'— 
OSAX.  frataha  'ornament':  source 
perh.  a  Teut.  compound  fra  -j- 
GOTH.  tewa  'arrangement'. 

friar  ME.  frere :  adapted  fr.  FR. 
frere  'a  brother'. 

Friday  ME.  friday  OE.  friiedcei 
=  DU.  vrijdag,  OHG.  friatag  MHG. 
vritac  G.  freitag ,  ON.  Frjddagr: 
really  'day  of  the  Teut.  goddess 
Fry  a  Frijjb  in  imitation  of  LAT. 
dies  Veneris  (Fria  and  Venus 
correspond).  ON.  Frigg  like  OHG. 
Frfa  is  prop,  'the  goddess  of 
love';  cp.  SKR.  priyd  'wife,  loved 
one'  (OSAX.  frt,  OE.  /rjo  'wife). 
Cp.  free. 


friend  ME.  */r&id  OE.  freond  = 
OSAX.  friund  'friend,  relative',  DU. 
vriendt  OHG.  friunt  MHG.  vriunt  (d) 
G.  freundy  GOTH,  frijonds  'friend' : 
TEUT.  frijond-  (formed  like 
fiend)  is  pres.  partic.  of  an  old 
TEUT.  vb.  frijdn  'love'  =  GOTH. 
frijon,  OE.fre'0£an'love.  Cp.free. 

frieze  (of  a  column)  fr.  FR. 
/rise  (=  YY.f regie  'frieze'),  whence 
also  G.  DU.  fries. 

fright  ME.  fright  OE.  fyrhtu 
fyrhto\  cp.  the  synon.  GOTH. 
faurhtei  'fright'  and  OSAX.  OHG. 
for(a)hta  MHG.  vorht(e)  G.  furcht 
'fright'.  —  frighten  v\>.^SR.frighte 
OE.  fyrhtan  -=  GOTH,  faurhtjan, 
OSAX.  forhton,  OHG.  furihten 
forahtan  G.  fiirchten. 

fringe  ME.  fringe:  loanword 
from  OFR.  *fringe  —  FR.  f range 
(source  LAT.  fimbria  'fringe'), 
whence  G.  /ranse,  DU.  franje. 

frisk  vb.  formed  from  the  adj. 
OFR.  f  risque  =  SCAND.  friskr 
'frisky,  brisk'. 

frith  firth  ME.firt/i:  a  Scand. 
loanword;  cp.  ON.  fjordr  (plur. 
firdir)  'bay';  DAN.fard,  sw.fjard 
'a  firth':  TEUT.  base/<?r/z/-,  ARYAN 
pertu-  cp.  LAT.  portus  'haven'.  For 
the  Aryan  \^per  cp.  ford. 

fritter  late  ME.  fritoure:  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  friture  'dish  of 
fried  fish',  also  'a  fragment'  from 
OFR.  frit  'fried'  (source  LAT. 
frig  ere) ;  cp.  fry. 

fro  ME.  fro  earlier  fra :  adapted 
fr.  ON.  fra  'from',  ident.  vt.from. 

frock  ME.  frok\  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  /roc  ==-  MED. -LAT.  frocus  'a 


frog  —  furze 


monk's  frock';  source  OSAX.  hroc 
'coat'. 

frog  UE.frogge  OE.  frogga',  the 
OE.  parallel  form  frocca  (mod. 
dial,  frock)  points  to  the  synon. 
ON.  fraukr.  Prob.  OE.  forsc, 
OHG.  frosk  G.  frosch,  ON.  froskr 
show  the  same  root,  if  derived 
fr.  TEUT.  *fruhsqa-. 

frolic  borrowed  fr.  DU.  vrolijk 
'merry  ;  cp.  TAHG.vrdloktn  'rejoice', 
prob.  after  MHG.  vro-sanc  'merry 
song'  supplanting  an  older 
froleichen. 

from  ME.  OE.  from  fram  = 
OSAX.  ouG.fram  MHG.  vram  prep, 
'forth,  from'  —  adv.  'forth',  ON. 
fram  adv.  'forward'  —  frd  prep, 
'from'  -  -  adv.  'fro',  GOTH,  fram 
prep,  'from' adv. 'further,  forward'. 

frost  ME.  frost  OE.  forst  =  ON. 
DAN.  sw.  G.  frost,  DU.  vorst\ 
derived  fr.  y~  frits  =  freeze. 

froth  sb.  ME.fr0t/ieh.  Q^.froda. 

froward  adj.  ME.. f reward  earlier 
frdward:  derived  fr.  fro. 

frown  vb.  ME.froune  shortened 
fr.  FR.  refrogner. 

fruit  ME.  frut  (fruit)  fr.  FR. 
fruit  =  LAT.  fructus. 

fry  vb.  ME.  frle  fr.  OFR.  frire 
=  i*m.frigere  'roast';  cp. fritter. 

fry  sb.  ME./r/  fr.  ON.  frjd  (fro) 
'spawn,  fry  ;  ident.  w.  GVrH./ratw 
seed':  pre-TEUT.  pro-eiwo-. 

fuel  sb.  late  ME.  fouaile  fr.  OFR. 
*fonatile\  LAT.  type  focalia  'fuel'. 

full  ME.  OE.  ful(ll)  =  GVm.  fulls, 
ON.  fullr,  DU.  vol,  G.  Vffll  OHG. 

fol(ll] :   TEUT.   base  fulla-   fr.   an 


ARYAN  base  pzl-no  in  SKR.  purna 
'full';  cp.  LAT.  plenus,  OIR.  Ian 
(orig.  *plonos)  'full'.  Prop,  partic. 
with  suffix  -no-  fr.  an  ARYAN 
\Tpti  plo  'to  fill'  in  SKR.  \fpur 
pr,  LAT.  implere,  GR.  TTI'/LITJ^III. 

fuller  sb.  ME.  fuller  OE.  fuller  e 
'a  cloth-bleacher':  adaption  of 
LAT.  /&//<?  'a  fuller,  bleacher'. 

funnel  late  ME.  funel  fr.  FR. 
fondefle\  source  'LW.infundibulum. 

fur  ME.furrefvrre  fr.  OFR.fuerre 
forre  'a  sheath,  a  case';  source 
TEUT.  -GOTH.  fodr  'a  sheath';  cp. 
G.  f  utter  ident.  w.  E.  fodder. 

furbish  vb.  ME.  furbisshe  fr. 
OFR.  fourbir  (fourbiss-)  'polish', 
which  rests  on  OHG.  furb(j)an 
MHG.  vurben  'purify,  clean'  (TEUT. 
y~  furb  =  ARYAN  \Tprp  in  GR. 


furlong  see  furrow. 

furnace  ME.  furneis  forneis  fr. 
FR.  fournaise  =  LAT.  fornax  (for- 
nacem)  'an  oven'. 

furnish  fr.  FR.  fournir  (stem 
fourniss-).  Source  a  TEUT.  wk.  vb. 
frumjan  'perform';  cp.  perform 

furrow  ME.  furwe  forwe  OE. 
furh\  TEUT.  base  furh-  also  in 
OHG.  furha  G.  furche  'furrow', 
DU.  voor,  ON.  for  'drain'.  A  pre- 
iwjT.  prk  pork  is  evident  in  LAT. 
porca  'a  ridge  between  two 
furrows',  CYMR.  rhych  'furrow', 
ARMEN.  herk.  —  furlong  ME.  OE. 
furlong  lit.  'furrow-long'. 

further  ME.  furtfier  QE.furdor; 
cogn.  w.  for  and  OHG.  furdir. 

furze  ME.  firse  OE.  fyrs  earlier 
fyres  :  Teut.  base  furisa-  ? 
6* 


84 


gab   —   gall J 


gab  ME.  gabbe  'talk  idly,  jest, 
lie':  borrowed  fr.  ON.  gabba, 
whence  also  YR.gaber,  w.gabbare. 
Cp.  gabble  gibber.  —  gabber 
'gabble',  var.  of  gabble  both  of 
which  are  frequent,  verbs  of  gab. 
•  2c&&gibber. —  gabble 
var.  of  gabber. 

gabel  'a  tax,  impost,  esp.  the 
tax  on  salt''  borrowed  fr,  FR. 
gabelle  (=  SPAN,  gabela,  IT. 
gabella,  MED. -LAT.  gabella  gab(u)- 
lum).  Source  a  TEUT.  sb.  gabula- 
in  OE.  gafol  'tribute'. 

gable  ME.  gable',  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gable  'a  gable',  which  is 
of  LAT.  origin;  cp.  LAT.  gabalus, 
whence  ON.  gafl  'a  gable'  (but 
GOTH,  gibla,  G.  giebel  'a  gable' 


adopted  from  OFR.  ganger  later 
j auger  'measure  the  contents'. 
Source  uncertain. 

gain  sb.  ME*  gain',  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  sw.  gagn  =  DAN.  gavn  'gain'. 

gain  vb.  late  ME.  gaine:  bor- 
rowed fr.  VR.gagner  w&.gaagmer 
gaaigner  'cultivate,  gain':  source 
TEUT,  vb.  (OHG.  *weidanjan  — 


akin  to  GR. 


head':  Aryan 


base  ghebhala-  ghebhlo-). 

gad  ME.  gad',  borrowed  fr.  ON. 
gaddr  'a  goad,  pike' ;  TEUT.  base 
gazda-  ident.  w.  LAT.  hasta  from 
an  Aryan  base  ghazdha-',  but  gad 
in  gadfly  stands  for  goad. 

gag  ME.  gagge  'suffocate';  prob. 
imitation  of  the  sound  of 
choking. 

gage1   ME.  gage:    borrowed    fr.  j  cogn.    w.    GR    /oktj 
FR.  gage  =  SPAN,  gage,  IT.  gaggio  \fel  fellis  'gall'    (whence   IT. 


weidenon  'pasture'). 

gain-    pref.   ME.  gem    OE. 
gen  gedn  (=  G.  gegen, 

-  gainsay  ME.  geinseie  'contra- 
dict'. Cp.  against  OE.  ongeanes. 

gait  ident.  \v. 

gaiter  borrowed  fr.  FR.  guetre 
(OFR.  guestre,  perh.  loanword  fr. 
MHG.  wester  'a  child's  chrisom- 
cloth';  cp.  GOTH,  wasti,  LAT.  vestis 
'clothing). 

gale  sb.  a  Scand.  loanword ;  akin 
to  DAN.  gal,  sw.  galen  'furious, 
mad',  NORW.  galen  'furious,  wild, 
mad'  (of  wind  and  storm). 

gall1  ME.  galle  OE.  gealla  = 
OSAX.  OHG  galla  G.  galle,  DU.  gal, 
ON.  gall.  GOTH.  *gallm-  (hardly 
*galzin-)  from  PRE-TEUT.  ghol-  is 


LAT. 


(LAT.  type  wadiutn).      Source    a 
TEUT.  sb.  cp.  GOTH.  wadi\  cp,  wed 
and  wage. 
gage2    also    gauge    ME.  gauge'. 


SPAN.  Mel,  FR.  fiet).  Many  think 
it  allied  with  yellow  so  that 
gall  was  named  from  its  yellowish 
color. 


gall2  —  garden 


gall2  'a  sore  on  the  skin'   ME.    'play';  prob.   ident.  w.  GOTH,  ga- 


galle    OE.  gealla    'a    gall'    (on    a 
horse)    =    DU.  gal  'a  windgall', 


•man  'communion  of  men'.    The 
pref.  ga-    is    used    collectively ; 

MHG.    G.    galle    'a    foot  -  disease    for  man  cp.  man. 

in    horses';    perh.    borrowed  fr.  j    gander  ME.  gander  OE.  gandra\ 

LAT-ROM.  galla  'a  gallnut,  an  oak-  |  akin    to    OE.    go's    from    a    TEUT. 

apple'    =.  IT.  galla,   SPAN,  agalla  j  base   gan-s    in    goose    and    cp. 

'windgalls'.     But  a  confusion  oi\gannet. 

galla  with  a  TEUT.  word  of  similar  |    gang  ME.  gang  'a  going,  course, 


phonology  is  possible,    since   in 
sw.   dialects  too    there    exists  a 


grassgaller      a 
horse's  hoof. 


swelling     on    a 


gall3  'a  gall-nut':  borrowed  fr. 
FR  gale  from  LAT.  galla  'a  gall- 
nut,  an  oak-apple:? 

galley  ME.  galeie:  adapted  fr. 
FR.  galie  galee  (IT.  galea  =  MED.- 
LAT.  galea  'a  galley'). 

gallon  ME.  galouni  a  FR.  loan- 
word: FR.  gallon  =.  IT.  gallone. 

galloon  borrowed  fr.  f^.galon. 

gallop  ME.  galope:  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  galoper\  cp.  also  wallop. 

gallows  (the  plur.  used  as 
sing.)  ME.  galwes  plur.  OE.  galga 
gealga  'cross,  gibbet'  =  OHG.  OSAX. 
galgo,  DU.  galg9  G.  galgen,  ON. 
galgi,  GOTH,  galga'.  a  common 
TEUT.  word,  TEUT.  galgan-  from 
Aryan  ghalghan-\  cp.  LITH.  zalga 
'pole'. 

gamble  appar.  a  frequent,  of 
an  unrecorded  ME.  *gam(e)let 
commonly  ME.  gamene  OE.  ga- 
menian  'play  at  games'.  Deriv. 
of  game.  For  the  change  of  n 
to  /  cp.  MHG.  gamel  gamen  'pleas- 
ure'. •  -  game  'amusement'  ME. 
game  OE.  gamen  gomen  =  ON. 

>HG.  gaman  (MHG.  gamen  gamel) 


way,  passage  OE.  gang  a  going, 
way,  privy'  =  OSAX.  DU.  G.  gang 
'a  going,  walk,  way,  passage', 
ON.  gangr  'a  going,  a  crew' 

gannet  ME.  *ganet  OE.  ganot 
'swan';  akin  to  DU.  gent  'gander', 
OHG.  gana^o  'gander';  cp.  a 
primit.  TEUT.  base  gan-  also  in 
TEUT. -LAT.  ganta  'goose';  see 
gander  and  goose. 

gantlet  prop,  gantlope  'a  mili- 
tary punishment'  corrupted  fr. 
sw.  gatlopp  'running  down  a 
lane'  (sw.  gata  'a  lane'  and  lopp 
'a  running'  fr.  lopa  'run'  =  E. 
leap). 

gaol  see  jail. 


gap  .ME. 


:  borrowed  fr.   ON. 


gap  'opening,  breach,  chasm'.  — 
gape  vb.  ME.  gape  adapted  fr. 
SCAND.  gapa  'yawn'  =  DU.  gapen, 
G.  gaff  en  'gape,  yawn'. 

gar  see  garlic  and  gore. 

garb  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  gar  be 
good  fashion'  from  OHG.  garawi 
'dress'  =  OE,  gearwe  'preparation, 
dress*.  Cp.  gear. 

garden  ME.  gardin  fr.  OFR.  (Pi- 
card.)  gardin=tt.jardmt  which 
is.  of  Teut.  origin :  OHG.  garto 
(gen.  and  dat.  gartiii)  G.  garteny 


86 


gargle  —  gaunt 


OSAX.  gardo,  GOTH,  garda  m.  'a 
fold';  akin  to  yard. 

gargle  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  gar- 
gouiller  'gargle'  fr.  gargouille 
'windpipe'. 

garland  ME.  gerlaund'.  borrow- 
ed fr.  OFR.  gariande  FR.  guirlande, 
whence  DU.  G.  DAN.  guirlande. 

garlic  ME.  garlek  garlick  OE. 
gdr-l{ac\  for  lie  =  OE.  leac  cp. 
leek.  The  first  element  of  the 
compound  is  OE.  gar  'a  spear' 
(c^.gore).  Hence  garlic  prop, 
'spear-leek'. 

garment  short  for  ME.  gar- 
nement'.  borrowed  fr.  FR.  gar- 
nement ,  deriv.  of  FR.  garnir 
'garnish'.  Cp.  garnish. 

garner  ME.  gerner'.  adapted  fr. 
OFR.  gernier  FR.  grenier  (IT. 
granaro  =  LAT.  type  grana- 
rium). 

garnet  ME.  gernet'.  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  grenat  (==  SPAN,  granate, 
IT.  granato) :  source  LAT.  grana- 
tus  'having  many  grains  or 
seeds'. 

garnish  vb.  ME.  garnisshe: 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  garniss-^  the  stem 
of  certain  forms  of  garnir  (= 
IT.  guarnire)  'avert,  warn,  garnish', 
which  is  of  Teut.  origin:  TEUT. 
base  warnjan.  -  -  garrison  ME. 
garnison :  borrowed  fr.  FR.  gar- 
nison ;  deriv.  of  FR.  garnir  'pro- 
vide, fortify'.  Cp.  garnish. 

garret  ME.  garite'.  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  garite  FR.  guerite  'a  watch- 
tower':  derived  fr.  OFR.  garir 
warir  'save,  keep'  FR.  guerir 
(=  IT.  guarire).  Source  a  TEUT. 


warjan  =  GOTH,  warjan  'hold, 
defend'. 

garrison  see  garnish. 

garter  ME.  garter  e\  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  gartier  jartier  FR.  jarre- 
tiere'.  deriv.  of  FR.  jarret  'the 
small  of  the  leg  behind  the 
knee'. 

gash  ME.  garse  gar(e\  borrow- 
ed fr.  OFR.  garser  'scarify'. 

gasp  vb.  ME.  gaspe  OE.  *gd$pianl 
TEUT.  base  gaispon  =  ON.  geispa 
'gasp'.  The  E.  word  is  not 
borrowed  fr.  Scand. 

gate1  (cp.  gait)  'a  way,  road' 
ME.  gdte :  borrowed  fr.  ON.  gata 
(ace.  gotu)  'way,  path,  road'  = 
sw.  gata  'a  street ,  lane',  DAN. 
gade  'a  street';  ident.  w.  OHG, 
gaT^a  G.  gasse  'a  street',  GOTH. 
gatwo  'a  street'. 

gate-  'door,  gate,  opening' 
ME.  gdte  ydte  OE.  %eat  (plur. 
gatu  %eatu)  —  OSAX.  DU.  gat  'a 
hole,  opening,  gap',  ON.  gat  'an 
opening'. 

gather  ME.  gadere  OE.  gaderian 
(—  DU.  gaderen,  G.  dial,  gattern) : 
deriv.  of  OE.  geador  (cp.  to- 
gether). Prob.  akin  to  OE.  gcede- 
ling  'cousin',  G.  gatte  'husband' 
from  the  same  root  as  good. 

gaud  'a  show,  ornament'  ME. 
gaude\  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  gau- 
dium.  —  gaudy  'merry,  bright, 
showy*  fr.  gaud  and  the  suffix  -y. 

gauge  see  under  gage2. 

gaunt  prob.  from  Scand. ;  cp. 
NORW.  gand'a.  thin  pointed  stick; 
a  tall  and  thin  man'. 


gauntlet  —  gibber 


gauntlet  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
gantelet)  dimin.  of  gant  =  FR. 
gant  (=  IT.  guanto]  'a  glove'. 
Source  a  TEUT.  (MED.-LAT.)  wantus 
'the  long  sleeve  of  a  tunic,  a 
glove';  cp.  DU.  want,  VMt.vante, 
ON.  vottr  'a  mitten'. 

gauze  borrowed  fr.  FR.  gaze 
'cushion-canvas,  tiffany'  =  SPAN. 
gasa  'gauze'. 

gawk  (cp.  gowk)  ca  cuckoo, 
fool'  ME.  gouke\  loanword  from 
cw.gaukr  (whence  sc.  gowk)  = 
OHG.  gouh(hh)  MHG.  gouch  G.  gauchy 
OE.  %$ac  'cuckoo'. 

gay  ME.  gay :  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
gai  (=  IT.  gajo]^  'gay,  merry'. 
Source  OHG.  gahi  'quick,  sudden' 
G.  gahe — jdh. 

gaze  vb.  ME.  gdset  prob.  of 
Scand.  origin:  sw.  dial,  gasa 
'gaze,  stare'. 

gear  ME.  gere  points  to  an  OE. 
*gcere  or  *gtzrot  ce  being  vowel 
mutation  of  a  —  TEUT.  at.  Perh. 
akin  to  OE.gdr  'spear  (c^.  gar  lie  t 
gore}! 

gem  ME.  gemme\  adapted  fr. 
FR.  gemme  (=n.  gemma).  Source 
LAT.  gemma  'a  swelling  bud,  a 
jewel,  a  gem',  whence  also  OE. 
%tmm,  OHG.  gimma  'gem'. 

gender  ME.  gender:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  g entire  genre  FR.  genre 
'kind,  genus,  style'  (=  SPAN. 
genero,  IT.  genere  'kind').  Source 
LAT.  gener-  in  genus  'race,  stock'. 

german  germane  adj.  formerly 
germain:  borrowed  fr.  FR.  ger- 
main  (source  LAT.  ger maims). 

gesture  borrowed  fr.  MED.-LAT. 


gestura  'a  mode  of  action'  from 
gerere  'carry,  behave'. 

get  ME.  gete  borrowed  fr.  ON. 
geta\  OE.  y,tan  would  be  ME.  yite 
ite\  cp.  GOTH,  gitan  from  a  TEUT. 
^  get,  pre-TEUT.  ghed  ghend; 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  praehendere,  GR. 
yavddvsiv.  Cp.  forget. 

gewgaw  corrupted  fr.  ME. 
giuegoue  prop,  gouegoue  (pron. 
gugut):  adapted  of  FR.  joujou. 

ghastly  ME.  gastly  OE.  gastlic 
fr.  OE.  gckstan  'frighten'  and  lie 
=  E.  -ly\  cp.  aghast. 

gherkin  =  DU.  agurkje ,  DAN. 
agurke,  G.  gurke'.  borrowed  as 
orig.  *agurike  fr.  POL.  ogurek, 
BOHEM.  okurka  fr.  late  GR.  ayyov- 
(jiot>  ca  cucumber,  gherkin'. 

ghost  ME.  gpst  OE.  gdst  (gcest) 
=  synon.  OHG.  G.  DAN.  geist, 
OSAX.  ght\  a  common  Teut. 
word  with  the  same  meaning 
for  which  ahma  is  used  in  Goth. 
The  orig.  meaning  of  the  word 
('excitement'?)  is  not  establish- 
ed; yet  ON.  geisa  'rage'  (of  fire 
and  passion)  and  GOTH,  usgaisjan 
'terrify'  seem  -allied.  For  the 
dental  formative  of  TEUT.  gaist 
(pre-TEUT.  ghaisdos)  cp.  the  SKR. 
\fhid  (from  *ghiztf)  'be  angry', 
hedas  'anger'  with  which  agrees 
E.  aghast  'angry,  excited',*  cp. 
also  ghastly. 

giant  ME.  giaunt  prop,  geaunt 
fr.  FR.  geant  =  LAT.  gigant-emy 
whence  also  OE.  OHG.^^^/'giant'. 

gibber  and  with  other  var. 
gabber  gabble,  frequentatives  of 
gab  of  which  jabber  and 


88 


giddy  —  gist 


jabble  are  the  assibil.  frequent- 
atives. 

giddy  ME.  gidy  OE.  gydi^\ 
orig.  perh.  'having  a  demon, 
possessed  of  a  demon':  deriv. 
ofgod\  cp.  OE.  ylfi^  'deranged, 
crazy'  prop,  'possessed  of  elves'. 

gift  ME.  gift  yift  OE.  gift  plur. 
gift  a  'nuptials'  —  DU.  OHG.  gift 
G.  gift  in  mitgift  'a  dowry' 
and  in  OHG.  G.  DU.  gift  'poison', 
lit.  'that  which  is  given',  GOTH. 
gifts  in  fra-  'promise'  with  the 
abstract  formative  -/  from  gifan 
=  give.  The  initial  g  in  E.  ME. 
gift  points  as  in  give  to  Scand. 
influence. 

gig  ME.  gigge  'a  whirling  thing'; 
prob.  Scand.:  ON.  geiga  'rove 
at  random';  cp.  jig. 

gild  vb.  short  for  ME.  gilde 
OE.  gyldan'.  derived  with  vowel- 
mutation  (TEUT.  gulpjan)  fr.  gold. 

gill1  ME.  gille:  borrowed  fr. 
DAN.  gjoelle,  sw.  gdl\  ICEL.  gjolnar 
plur.  'gills'. 

gill-  'one-fourth  pint'  ME.  gille : 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  gelle  'a  sort 
of  wine-measure' (LAT.  type  £•<?//# 
gillo  a  wine-vessel). 

gillyflower  corrupted  fr.  OFR. 
giro/lie  fr.  clou  de  girofle\  LAT. 
type  caryophyllum  'a  clove-tree'. 

gimlet  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  gim- 
belet  FR.  gibelet\  of  Teut.  origin, 
dimin.  of  the  form  represented 
by  E.  wimble  'a  gimlet'  cp. 
wimble. 

gimp  adapted  fr.  FR.  guimpe 
(OFR.  guimple  fr.  OHG.  wimpal  'a 
light  robe'  =  E.  wimple). 


gin1  'a  trap,  snare'  ME.  (c.  1 200) 
gin  and  ginn  shortened  fr.  ME. 
engin  =  FR.  engin  'a  contrivance'. 
Source  LAT.  ingenium. 

gin2  'a  kind  of  spirit'  shortened 
fr.  earlier  FR.  gerievre  (—  FR. 
genievre)  'juniper'  (LAT.  juniper  us 
'an  evergreen  shrub'). 

ginger  ME.  ginger^  earlier  gingi- 
vere  from  OFR.  gengibre  FR.  gin- 
gembre  (IT.  zenzero,  MHG.  ginge- 
bere  from  the  synon.  late  LAT. 
gingiber  =  GR.  &yyi(iioig). 

gingerly  a  Scand.  loanword; 
sw.  dial,  gingla  gdngla  'go 
gently,  totter':  frequent,  of  ON. 
ganga  'go'. 

gird  short  for  ME.  girde  OE. 
gyrdan  =  OSAX.  gurdian ,  DU. 
g  or  den,  OHG.  gurten  gurtan  G. 
gilrteny  ON.  gyrda'.  all  weak  verbs 
(TEUT.  gtirdjan),  ident.  w.  the  str. 
vb.  GOTE.  bi-gairdan  'begird'. 

girdle  ME.  girdel  OE.  gyrdel 
=  synon.  OHG.  gurtil  G.  giirtel, 
DU.  gordel,  ON.  gyrdill'.  deriv. 
of  gird.  —  girth  ME.  gerth\ 
adapted  fr.  ON.  gjord  'a  girdle' 
(gerd  'girth  round  the  waist', 
GOTH,  gairda  'girdle'). 

girl  ME.  girl  gerl\  akin  to  LG. 
gcere  'boy,  girl'  which  is  of  late 
occurrence  (first  record  1652). 
The  /  of  the  E.  word  (OE. 
*gyrel y  TEUT.  base  gurila-^  is 
dimin. 

gist  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  gist  = 
FR.  git  from  OFR.  gesir  =  FR. 
gesir  'lie'.  Source  LAT.  jacere 
'lie'. 


give  —   glisten 


89 


give  ME.  give  fr.  ON.  gefa ;  ident. 
w.  WE.. y eve  OE.  yfan  ^efan  =  OSAX. 
geban,  DU.  geven,  OHG.  geban  G. 
geben,  GOTH,  giban'.  a  common 
Teut.  verb ;  cp.  also  OIR.  gabim 
'I  take',  LITH.  gabenti  'bring, 
procure',  ^v&ftfSr'fetch'?  C^.giff. 

gizzard  ME.  giser\  adapted  fr. 
FR.  gesier\  source  LAT.  gizeria 
'gizzard'. 

glad  ME.  glad  OE.  glad  'shining, 
bright,  cheerful,  glad';  ident.  w. 
OHG.  glatG.glatt 'smooth,  shining  , 
DU.  g lad  'smooth',  ON.  gladr  glad, 
bright'.  TEUT.  *glada-  for  ARYAN 
ghladho-  agrees  with  OSLOV.  gla- 
duku  'smooth',  LAT.  glabcr  (for 
ghladhro-)  'smooth1.  The  meaning 
of  the  E.  word  is  secondary 
when  compared  with  the  orig. 
meaning  'smooth'. 

glair  ME.  gleire:  adapted  fr.  OFR. 
glair  e  'the  white  of  an  egg'  = 
IT.  chiara  d'un  ovo,  whence  also 
G.  eierklar  (MED. -LAT.  clara  ovt). 

glance  vb.  a  Scand.  loanword; 
cp.  SWED.  glans ,  DAN.  glands 
'brightness,  splendor'. 

glare  vb.  ME.  gldre\  OE.  *gldrian 
is  unauthorized. 

glass  ME.  glas  OE.  glees :  a  com- 
mon Teut.  word,  (not  verified  in 

GOTH.)     =      DU.     MUG.      G.      OSW. 

sw.  DAN.  glas  (OHG.  glas  glass , 
also  'amber);  but  ON.  gler  with 
change  from  s  to  r,  thus  proving 
the  word  to  be  primit.  Teut. 
(*glaza-*glasa-).  Perh.theOTeut. 
name  of  the  'amber  (LAT.  glesuni) 
is  cognate. 


gleam  ME.  glcm  OE.  gldm 
'splendor,  brightness,  gleam'; 
akin  to  OSAX.  gli-mo  'splendor 
and  to  G.  glimmer]  cp.  OHG. 
gltmo  gleimo  'glow-worm'.  An 
ARYAn  \/~ghli  cp.  in  IR.  git  (fr. 
base  £7m><?-)  'shining,  clear'  under 
glee. 

glean  vb.  ME.  gle'ne  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.gkner  (FR.  glaner)  'glean'. 

glede  ME.  glide  glede  OE.  glida 
'a  kite'  =  ON.  gledi:  deriv.  of 
the  TEUT.  \{~ glid  in  glide  (the 
name  of 'the  bird  means  prop, 
'the  glider'). 

glee  'mirth,  joy'  ME.  glf  OE.  gleo 
with  the  by- form  gliw  =  ON.  gly : 
TEUT.  base  gliwa-,  perh.  akin  to 
IR.  git  (base  gleiwo-)  'clear, 
shining'.  Cp.  gleam. 

gleed  (E.  dial.)  ME.  glede  OE. 
gled  (^glad  fr.  glodi-)  =  DU.  gloed, 

OHG.  gluot  G.  glut>  ON.  gldd,  GOTH. 

*glb~di-\  TEUT.  \l^glo  under  glow. 

glen  of  Celt,  origin;  cp.  GAEL. 

IR.    gleann  'valley'    (CYMR.    Corn. 

*#»)• 

glide  vb.  ME.  glide  OE.  glldan 
=  synon.  oSAX..gfidan,  T>\3.glij(d)en, 
OHG.  gfttan  G.  gleiterij  sw.  glida9 
DAN.  glide  'glide,  slide'.  Cp. 
glede. 

glimmer  vb.  ME.  glimere  =  G. 
glimmern,  DAN.  glimre\  akin  to 
sw.  glimma  and  OSAX.  gllmo 
'splendor  under  gleam. 

glimpse  vb.  ME.  glimse  vb.; 
akin  to  glimmer. 

glisten  vb.  ME.  glistne  OE.  glis- 
nian  'gleam' ;  akin  to  OE.  glisian 
=  OFRis.gltsa  'shine' :  TEUT. 


gloat  —  goal 


in  glitter  ME.  g liter e  (OE.  *glito- 
rian)  vb.  'shine'  =  ow.glitra,  G. 
glitzern.  A  corresp.  strong  vb. 
is  ON.  gllta,  OSAX.  glitan  =  OHG. 
gltyyin  'shine'  (cp.  G.  gleissen  and 
GOTH,  glitmunjan  'shine'). 

gloat  vb.  akin  to  G.  glotzen, 
ICEL.  glotta ;  an  OE.  glotian  is  un- 
recorded; cogn.  w.  ME.gloute(oE. 
*glutiari)  'look  sullen'. 

gloom  OE.g/dm  (glomung)  'gloom, 
twilight';  the  m  is  formative  (as 
in  bloom,  doom)',  for  the  TEUT. 
\f~glo  cp.  glow. 

glory  ME.  glorie  glorie  from  OFR. 
glorie  =  'Lt^rr.  gloria]  cp.  FR.  gloire. 

gloss  vb.  akin  to  MHG.  glosen 
'glow'. 

glove  ME.  glove  short  for  glove 
OE.  glof  =  ON.  glqfi  glove'. 

glow  vb.  ME.  glowe  OE.  glowan 
str.  vb.;  cp.  DU.  gloeijen,  OHG. 
gluoen.G.  gluhen,  ON.  glda  'glow, 
glitter,  shine':  TEUT.  \Tglo  gle 
under  gloom  and  E.  dial,  gleed. 

glue  ME.  glue  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
glu  'birdlime';  source  LAT.  glus 
glutem. 

glum  adj.  from  ME.  glomme 
glombe  vb.  'be  gloomy1;  as 
gloomy  shows,  connected  with 
gloom  and  sw.  gldmig  'languid 
of  look'. 

glut  sb.  ME.  glut  sb.  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  glut  glout  (IT.  ghiotto)  'a 
glutton'.  -  -  glut  vb.  ME.  glote 
glute  vb.  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  glotir 
gloutir  (cp.  FR.  engloutir  'swallow 
up  ) ;  so urc e  LAT.  gluttire 's wallo  w' . 
—  glutton  ME.  glutoun  glotoun'. 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  glouton  OFR, 


gluton ;  source  LAT.  glutto-gluttonem 
'glutton'. 

gnarl  akin  to  OE.  gnyrran. 

gnash  vb.  ME.  gnaste  'gnash 
the  teeth';  OE.  *gndstian  is  akin 
to  ON.  gnista  'gnash  the  teeth'. 

gnat  ME.  gnat(tt)  OE.  gneett: 
TEUT.  base  gnatta-. 

gnaw  vb.  ME.  gnawe  OE.  gnagan 
=  OSAX.  gnagan,  OHG.  (g)nagan 
G.  nagen,  ON.  gnaga\  cp.  a  by- 
form  with  initial  k:  DU.  knagen, 
OS.  HG.  knagan  'gnaw ;  the  G. 
form  nagen  arose  from  gnagen. 

go  ME.  go  OE.  gan  =  OSAX.  gan9 
pu.  gaan,  OHG.  gan  gen  G.  gehen. 
The  TEUT.  \T  ghai-  (=  OE.  gd-9 
OHG.  ge-)  supplanted  the  ARYAN 
^i  'go'  in  LAT.  ire  t  GR.  Isvau9 
SKR.  y*/.  Since  TEUT.  gai-  has  no 
old  primit.  noun-derivatives  in 
Teut.  and  takes  the  place  of 
the  ARYAN  V/  (the  aorist  GOTH. 
iddja  =  OE.  eode  still  remains) 
and  as  it  is  inflected  after  the 
far-conjugation,  the  supposition 
arises  that  TEUT.  *gaim  *gais 
*gaif  are  contracted  fr.  the 
verbal  particle  ga  and  the 
inherited  im  iz  ip  =  SKR.  emi 
esi  eti\  cp.  GR.  sl(.n. 

goad  ME.  god  OE.  gdd\  ident. 
with  LANGOBARD.  gaida  'spear': 
TEUT.  base  gaido-  =  pre-TEUT. 
*ghai-ta\  akin  to  OE.  gar,  OHG. 
ger  'spear'  under  gore.  ARYAN 
\f~ghighaimGR.  yaToc 'shepherd's 
rod'. 

goal  borrowed  fr.  FR.gau/e  OFR. 
waule.  Source  TEUT.  walu  = 
Ox\.  volr,  GOTH,  walus  'a  staff'. 


goat  —  gossamer 


goat  ME.  ggte  OE.  gat  =  DU.  ON. 
geit,  OHG.  gei^  G.  geiss,  sw.  get, 
DAN.  ged,  GOTH,  gaits  'a  goat': 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  hcedus  fr.  ARYAN 
ghaido-s. 

gobble  a  frequent,  with  suff. 
-le  fr.  FR.  gober  'devour'. 

gOd  ME.  OE.  god  =  OSAX.  DU. 
god,  OHG.  got  G.  gOtt ,  ON.  gud 

god.  GOTH.guda-  gup  a-  'god'  is 
based  on  ARYAN  ghu-to-,  -to-  being 
a  part,  formative  as  in  old,  cold, 

loud".    INDO-TEQT.  Y~ ghu  =    SKR. 

hu  'implore  the  gods'  (SKR.  hutd- 
part.).  Therefore  god  is  'the 
being  implored';  in  the  VEDA 
puruhilta  'much  implored'  is  an 
ordinary  epithet  of  the  god 
Indra.  god  in  godfather  godson 
goddaughter  =  ME.  god  -j-  com- 
pound: used  in  reference  to 
the  spiritual  relation  between 
them;  cp.  gossip. 

goggle-eyed  ME.  gogel-eied;  the 
first  element  of  the  compound 
can  scarcely  be  a  native  E.  word 
and  is  traced  to  IR.  GAEL,  gog- 
shuileach  'goggle-eyed'.  \ 

gold    ME.   OE.  gpld=  OSAX.  OHG. 

G.  gold,   DU.  goud,    ON.  goll  gull 

(fOr    *golfia),    GOTH.    gulf'.    ARYAN 

ghlto-  =  OSLOV.  zlato  =  RUSS. 
zoloto  from  *zolto.  The  orig. 
meaning  of  the  \Cghel,  from  which 
gold  is  derived  (cp.  LITH.  gel-tas 
'yellow'  and  SKR.  hdrita  and  hari 
'yellow'),  is  'yellow';  cp.  SKR.  hi- 
ranya  'gold'.  Cp.  yellow. 

gOOd    ME.  OE.   god-=  GOTR.gvds, 

OSAX.  god,  DU.  goed,  OHG.  guot 
G.  gut,  ON.  godr.  The  orig. 


meaning  of  the  adj.  was  prob. 
'fit,  suitable'  from  a  root  mean- 
ing 'fit,  suit'  seen  in  gather, 
together.  •  goodbye  short 
for  orig.  »God  be  by  you« 
(Shakesp.  »God  buy  you«). 
goose  ME.  OE.  go's  (plur.  ges)  : 
Teut.  base  gans-  =  DU.  gans, 
OHG.  G.  gans,  ON.  gas;  akin  to 
gander  2j\<\gannet.  An  ARYAN 
ghan-s-  is  represented  also  by 
SKR.  hansd-s  m.  —  hansi  goose', 

N.PERS.      jdz,     LITH.     ZqStS,     OSLOV. 

gqsi ,  GR.  /ijt't  LAT.  anser  (for 
*hanser) ,  OIR.  glis  'swan'  (fr. 
ghanst). 

gore  ]  ME.  gore  'a  gore  of  cloth, 
a  garment'  OE.  gar  a  'a  projecting 
point  of  land' ;  cp.  DU.  geer  'a 
gusset,  gore',  OHG.  g£ro  G.  gehre 
'a  wedge,  gusset,  gore',  ow.geiri, 
NORW.  geire,  ODAN.  gere  'a  gore 
of  cloth  or  land':  deriv.  of  TEUT. 
gaiza-  'spear  =OE.gar  'a  spear', 
OHG.  ger  'a  spear.  Cp.  goad. 

gore2  'mud,  blood'  ME.  gore 
OE.  gdr  'mud'  =  OHG.  ON.  gor 
'mud',  sw.  gorr  'mud'. 

gorge  ME.  gorge  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  gorge  'throat':  source  LAT. 
gurgcs. 

gosling  dimin.   of  goose. 

gospel  ME.  gospel  OE.  god-spell 
'the  word  of  God',  as  shown  by 
ON.  gud~spjall,  OHG.  got-spel(ll). 
Cp.  spell. 

gossamer  ME.  gossomer  repre- 
senting an  OE.  type  *gos-sumor 
summer  of  the  geese';  cp.  the 
G.  names  altweibersommer,  mdd- 
chensommer. 


gossip  —   grave 


gossip  ME.  gossip  earlier  gossib 
OE.  god-sibb  prop,  'relationship 
in  God';  see  the  end  of  the 
article  on  god.  OE.  sibb  =  OHG. 
sippa,  GOTH,  sibja  means  'relation- 
ship'. 

gouge  from  FR.  gouge. 

gourd  ME.  gourde',  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  gourde  (orig.  OFR.  gouhourde 
cougourde\  source  LAT.  cucitrbita 
'a  gourd'. 

gout  sb.  ME.  goute  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  goutte  'dropsy':  source  LAT. 
gutta. 

gowk  ident.   w.  gawk. 

gown  ME.  goune  goun  fr.  OFR. 
gone  'a  gown',  which  is  of  Celt, 
origin  (GALL.  -  LAT.  gunna  'fur- 
coat'). 

grab  vb.  cp.  sw.  grabba,  MLG. 
grabben  'grasp'.  An  ARYAN \{~ghrbh 
'to  grasp'  is  found  in  SKR.  \TST^h 
'grasp,  seize'  -  -  grapsa  'bunch, 
tuft'  and  OHG.  garba  G.  gar  be 
'sheaf. 

grace  ME.  grdfe  fr.  FR.  grace 
—  LAT.  gratia  'favor'. 

grade  borrowed  fr.  FR.  grade'. 
souiiceLA.T.gradus  a  step,  station'. 

graft  (Shakesp.  graff)  vb.  ME. 
graffe  *graft' :  deriv.  of  OFR.  graffe 
'a  style  for  writing1  (FR.  greffe 
'graft'?).  Source  LAT.  graphium 
'a  style  for  writing. 

grail  ''fine  sand'  fr.  OFR.  graile 
'fine,  small1  =  LAT.  gracilis. 

grain  ME.  grain  grein  from  FR. 
grain',  source  LAT.  granum  'a 
grain,  corn'. 

grammar  ME.  grammlre  gram- 
maire  from  FR.  grammaire. 


grange  ME.  graunge:  adapt,  of 
FR.  grange  (LAT.  type  granea 
granary'  deriv.  of  granum  'corn'). 

grant  ME.  graunte  vb.  adapt, 
fr.  OFR.  granter  'caution,  secure' 
(source  a  LAT.  type  *credentare 
vb.  —  *credentia  sb.). 

grape  ME.  grape :  loanword  fr. 
OFR.  grape  grappe  'cluster  of 
grapes.  The  FR.  word  is  con- 
sidered to  be  of  Teut.  origin 
(TEUT.  *kr appal'). 

grasp  ME.  grapse  perh.  for 
*grapse  OE.  *grdpsia?i'.  possibly 
an  intensive  deriv.  of  OE.  grd- 
pian  =  grope. 

grass  ME.  gras  OE.  gras  gcers  = 

GOTH.  ON.  OS  AX.    DU.  OHG.    G.  gras 

'herb,  growth'.  The  final  s  is 
formative,  the  \fisgra  meaning 
'sprout,  grow';  cp.  grow  and 
green. 

grasshopper  ME.  grashopper 
orig.  g rashoppe  o&.g&rs-hoppa  (= 
DU.  gras  hupp  cr  LG.  grashupper) : 
'an  insect  which  hops  about  in 
the  grass'.  Cp.  hop. 

grate  sb.  ME.  grate '.  source 
LAT.  crates  'a  hurdle'.  —  grate 
vb.  ME.  grate  vb.  from  OFR.  grater 
'scratch'  (FR.  gratter)%  which  is 
prob.  of  Teut.  origin  (OHG.  krazzdn 
G.  kratzeri). 

grave  vb.  ME.  grave  OE.  grafan 
'dig'  =  GOTH.  OHG.  graban  G.  gra- 
ben,  DU.  graven  'dig,  ON.  grafa: 
TEUT.  \l"grab  —  ARYAN  ghrabh, 
orig.  related  to  OSLOV.  grebq 
'dig'  and  grobu  'grave'. 

grave  adj.  from  FR.  grave 
'stately'. 


gravel  —  grizzly 


93 


gravel  ME.  gravll  borrowed  fr. 
ovR.gravele,  dimin.  of  OFR.  grave 
'rough  sand'  FR.  greve  'strand'. 

gravy  earlier  orthography  grea- 
vy,  akin  to  greavest 

gray  grey  ME.  gray  grey  OE. 
grcei',  akin  to  DU.  grauw,  OHG. 
grdo  (infl.  grdwer)  G.  grau,  ON. 
grdr,  which  represent  a  Teut. 
base  grdwa-  grewa-  (OE.  gra^ 
pointing  to  a  \)&segraga-grega-  ?). 

graze  vb.  'feed  cattle'  ME.  grdse 
OE.  grasian  =  G.  grasen :  deriv. 
of  TEUT.  grasa-  =  grass. 

grease  ME.  gr{se  gr&e :  adapted 
from  OFR.  gresse  (FR.  graisse)  'fat- 
ness'. Source  LAT.  crassus  'fat'. 

great  ME.  gret  OE.  grfat ;  cp. 
OSAX.  grbtt  DU.  groot,  OHG.  gro^ 
G.  gross  'great':  TEUT.  grauta-. 

greaves  cogn.  w.  G.griebeGBG. 
griubo  'greaves'? 

greedy    ME.    gredy    OE. 


tag,  ON.  grddugr,  GOTH,  gredags 
'hungry' :  derived  from  a  TEUT. 
gredu-  'hunger'  =  GOTH,  gredus, 
ON.  grddr  'hunger'.  Perh.  akin  to 
the  SKR.  \l^grdh  'to  be  greedy': 
ARYAN  \f  ghredh  ghrdh. 

green  ME.  OE.  grene :  Teut.  base 
grdni-  =  OSAX.  grant ,  QR&.gruoni 
G.  grun  'green',  ON.  grdnn,  sw. 
DAN.  gron :  deriv.  of  the  TEUT. 
\Cgrb  in  grow  and  grass.  The 
adj.  orig.  means  'growing'. 

greet  vb.  ME.  grfte  OE.  gretan 
—  OSAX.  grotiatij  DU.  groeten,  ON. 
grata,  OHG.  gruo^ ^an  G.  gnissenl 
TEUT.  type  grbtjan  'greet'. 

grey  see  gray.  —  greyhound 


ME.  greihound  formed  after  ON. 
greyhundr  'greyhound';  cp.  ON. 
grey  'dog'? 

griddle  ME.  grtdel  'griddle':  a 
CELT,  loanword;  cp.  IR.  greideal 
'griddle'  (fr.  a  LAT.  *crdtella). 

grief  ME.  gref  (=  ODU.  grief)  : 
adapted  fr.  OFR.  gref  'heavy'  — 
FR.  grief  'injury'  (source  LAT. 
grevis  for  grams).  —  grieve  vb. 
ME.  grfve  vb.  'burden,  injure'  fr. 
OFR.  grever. 

grill  vb.  adapted  fr.  FR.  g tiller 
'broil  on  a  gridiron'. 

grim  ME.  OE.  grim  (mni):  TEUT. 
base  grimma-  =  OSAX.  OHG.  grim 
G.  grimm,  ON.  grimmri  cogn.  w. 
OE.  OHG.  gram  'angry'  G.  gram. 

grin  vb.  ME.  grinne  grenne  OE. 
grennian  show  the  teeth,  snarl, 
grin';  cogn.  w.  grind. 

grind  vb.  ME.  grinde  OE.  grindan 
str.  vb. :  TEUT.  \/~grend  =  ARYAN 
ghrendh  in  LAT.  f render e  'gnash'. 

gripe  iss»  gripe  QR.gripan  str.vb. 
=  oSAX.grtpan,  DU.  grijpen,  OHG. 
grifan  G.  greifen ,  GOTH,  greipan 
'gripe,  seize'.  Outside  of  Teut. 
cp.  the  related  \f^ghrlb  in  LITH. 
greibiu  greibti  'seize'  and  LETT. 
griba  'will'  —  gribet  'to  will'. 

grisly  ME.  grisly  short  for  OE. 
grysltc  (angrysltc)  'terrible,  hor- 
rible. 

grist  ME.  grist  short  for  OE. 
grist  lit.  'a  grinding':  deriv.  of 
grind. 

grit  'gravel'  ME.  grft  OE.  grfot 
=  OHG.  grio^  G.  gries,  ON.  grjot. 

grizzly  fr.  ME.  grisel  'a  gray- 
haired  man':  deriv.  fr.  FR.  gris 


94 


groan  —  gudgeon 


'gray'.  Source  a  TEUT.  grts-  'gray' 
in  G.  greis. 

groan  vb.  ME.  grone  OE.  grdnian 
'moan':  intensive  deriv.  of  a 
str.  vb.  *gri-nan  =  OHG.  grinan 
G.  greinen  'weep',  DU.  grijnen. 

groat  sb.ME.^T^'/V:  a  continental 
TEUT.  word :  MLG.  ODU.  grote,  DU. 
groot,  G.  groschen. 

grocer  borrowed  fr.  OFR.gr ossier 
(LAT.  type  grossarius  'a  wholesale 
dealer',  cp.  FR.  engros  'whole  sale'). 

groin  corrupted  fr.  OFR.  grine 
FR.  grain  'the  fork  of  a  tree  or 
of  a  river,  a  groin'. 

groom  w&.grom  'boy':  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  gramme  gourme,  whence 
OFR.  gromet  'servant'. 

groove  ME.  grove  'a  pit'  =  DU. 
groev.e  groef  OHG.  gruoba  G.  grube, 
ON.  grof,  GOTH.  groba\  from  OE. 
grafan  —  grave. 

grope  vb.  wz.gr ope  OE.  grdpian\ 
intensive  formation  of  gripe  = 
OE.  gripan. 

ground  ME.  ground  OE.  grund 
orig.  grund  =  OSAX.  G.  grund, 
pu.  grond,  OHG.  £r«*z/,  ON.  grund 
'meadow'  — grunnr  (fr.  *grunpus) 
'bottom  of  the  sea',  GoiH.grundus 
in  grunduwaddjus  'foundation',  lit. 
'a  ground-wall'. 

group  borrowed  fr.  FR.  groupe 
(=  IT.  ^//<?). 

grove  ME. £r<w  OE.  ^rtf/  'grove'; 
TEUT.  base  graiba-  graifa-.  The 
ME.  by-form  grfve  greve  'grove, 
wood'  corresponds  to  OE.gr<2/e 
=  TEUT.  base  graibjdn-t 

grovel  vb.  with  the  adv. groveling 
ME.  groveling(es)  grufling(es) ;  akin 


to  ME.  agruf  agrouve  'groveling* 
and  ON.  a  grufu  groveling'  — 
gnifa  vb.  'bow  down'.  The  E.  word 
seems  to  be  a  Scand.  loanword. 

grow  vb.  ME.  growe  OE.  growan 
=  DU.  groeijen,  OHG.  gruoan  MUG. 
gruejen,  ON.  £"mz,  sw.  DAN.  ^r^?: 
TEUT.  \^gro,  whence  green  and 
perh.  also  grass. 

growl  ME.  growle  from  DU.  grollen 
=  G.  grollen. 

grub  vb.  ME.  grubbe  'dig':  TEUT. 
^grab  under  'grave]  cp.  OHG. 
grubilon  (G.  grubeln  'brood,  pour 
over). 

grudge   vb.  ME.  grugge   earlier 
grucche    (short   for    *grouchen!:)\ 
borrowed  fr.  QY^.groucher groucer 
murmur. 

gruel  ME.  gruel',  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gruel  =  FR.  gruau  (LAT. 
type  grutellum,  dimin.  of  MED.- 
LAT.  grutum  'meal'). 

gruff  borrowed  fr.  DU.  grof 
=  $w.  grof,  DAN.  grov  G.  grob. 

grumble  loanword  fr.  FR.  groin- 
meler ;  akin  to  MDU.  grommelen, 
frequent.  of  MDU.  grummen 
grommen  'murmur'. 

grunt  vb.  ME.  grunt e  gronte 
OE.  grunnettan\  ident.  w.  G. 
grunzen,  DAN.  grynte,  sw.  grynta 
A  more  primit.  stem  appears  in 
OE.  grunian  'grunt'.  The  \fgrun 
is  imitation  of  sound;  cp.  LAT 
grunnire. 

guarantee  see  warrant. 

guard  vb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
guarder,  see  ward. 

gudgeon  borrowed  fr.  Y^ 
(ME.  *gugeo?i  *go-  g  ounf). 


guess  —  Gypsy 


95 


guess  vb.  ME.  gessei  prob.  not 
a  native  word,  but  borrowed  fr. 
the  continent  (DU.  LG.  gissen)  or 
fr.  the  Scand.  (DAN.  gisse,  sw. 
gissa).  A  native  ME.  gesse  would 
point  to  an  OE.  *getsian  (cp. 
bless  OE.  lletsian)  =  TEUT.  base 
*gdtison  ? 

guest  ME.  gest  borrowed  fr. 
SCAND.  gestr  'guest';  there  was  a 
native  OE.  %ist  %iest,  which  was 
supplanted  by  the  Scand.  loan- 
word. SCAND.  gestr  OE.  list  = 
OHG.  OSAX.  G.  DU.  gast  represent 
a  TEUT.  base  gasti-z  =  LAT.  hostis 
'enemy',  osLOV.^w/ST'guest':  ARYAN 
base  ghostis. 
guide  vb.  ME.  gtde  borrowed 

fr.  FR.  guider  (OFR.  also  guier  = 

ME.  gie  vb.). 
guild    ME.  glide   OE.  gyld\    cp. 

DU.  gild,  G.  glide. 
guile  sb.  ME.  glle  borrowed  fr. 

OFR.  guile    'treachery',  which    is 

of  Teut.  origin;  cp.  wile. 
guilt    sb.    ME.    gilt   OE.  fry  It   'a 

crime':  TEUT.  base  gulti\  a 

is  unknown  elsewhere. 
guise    ME.    gise    fr.    OFR.    guise 

'way,    wise',    which  is    of  Teut. 

origin;   cp.  wise. 
gulf     adapted     fr.     FR.    golfe, 

whence  also  G.  golf.    The  Rom. 

group  Span.  IT.  golfo  'a  gulf,  bay' 

is  based    on    CR.  /.o'Atpoc    xn'AT 

'bosom,  lap,  a  deep  hollow'. 


gullet  sb.  'throat'  ME.  gullet  gold 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  goule  'throat' 
=  LAT.  g ula. 

gum1  short  for  ME.  gome  OE. 
goma  'palate';  cp.  ON.  gdmr,  OHG. 
guomo  'palate';  cogn.  with  the 
equival.  LITH.  gomurys:  ARYAN 
\fghd  (ghduf). 

gum2  ME.  gomme  gumme\  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  gomme  =  IT. gommai 
source  LAT.  gumml  (GR.  xopfii)* 

gun  ME.  gunne  gonne\  the  ME. 
word  was  first  applied  to  a  cata- 
pult or  machine  for  throwing 
stones;  perh.  shortened  for  OFR. 
mangonne,  which  is  the  base  x>f 
OFR.  ME.  mangonel  'machine  for 
throwing  stones'. 

gush  vb.  MK.gusche  ^ro^.gouschc\ 
akin  to  ON.  gusa  vb.  'gush',  ODU. 
guisen  'gush':  TEUT. \Tgut  in  GOTH. 
giutan,  OE.  -^eotany  OHG.  gio^an 
G.  giessen  'pour  out'. 

gut  ME.  OE.  gut  (plur.  ME.  guttes 
OE.  guttas)  :  Teut.  base  guttu-. 

gutter. ME.  gutere  goitre,  fr.  FR. 
gouttiere  (OFR.  goutier,  LAT.  type 
guttarium'.  deriv.  of  LAT.  gutta 
'drop'). 

Gypsy  short  for  ME.  Egip(i('n 
Egyptian ;  cp.  SPAN.  PORT,  gitano 
'Gypsy'  from  Aegyptidnus ;  MOD.- 
GREEK  /  w^/roc  aus  A'iyvnTnc.  The 
Gypsies  were  popularly  supposed 
to  be  Egyptians. 


96 


habergeon  —  hale 


H 


habergeon  ME.  habergeon  haw- 
berjoun:  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  hauber- 
gon  hauberjon,  dimin.  of  OFR. 
hauberc;  see  hauberk. 

habit  ME.  adit:  adapted  fr.  FR. 
habit  garment,  habit,  a  custom': 
source  LAT.  habitus  'condition, 
habit,  dress'. 

hack  vb.  ME.  hakke  OE.  haccian 
(hceccean)  =  vu.hakken,  G.  hacken, 
sw.  hakka,  DAN.  hakke]  possibly 
from  the  \f  haww  haw  seen  in 
OE.  h{awan  =  E.  hew. 

hack";  see  hackney. 

hackle  hatchel  sb.  ME.  hekel 
hechel;  cogn.  w.  DU  hekel,  G. 
hechel\  sw.  hackla,  DAN  hegle 
(GOTH.  *  ha  kilo). 

hackney  ME.  hakeney:  borrow- 
ed fr.  FR.  haquenee  'an  ambling 
horse'  (=  ODU.  hackeneye,  SPAN. 
ha(anea  'a  hackney'). 

haft  ME.  haft  OE.  hceft\  cogn. 
w.  DU.  heftt  ON.  hepti,  OHG.  hefti 
G.  heft:  TEUT.  V"  haf  (cp.  heavy) 
=  ARYAN  yfkap  in  LAT.  capio  'take'. 

hag  ME.  hagge  short  for  OE. 
hceitesse  =  MDU.  haghetisse,  OHG. 
haga-zussa:  the  first  part  of  the 
compound  is  perh.  ident.  w. 
haw,  the  second  part  still  un- 
explained. 

haggard  *  adj.  adapted  fr.  FR. 
hagard  'wild',  lit.  'of  the  woods'; 
formed  fr.  OHG.  haga  with  the 
Fr.  suffix  -ard  from  G.  -hart;  cp. 
hag. 


haggard2  adj.  'lean,  meager' 
(earlier  spelling  hogged)  prop, 
'hag-like'. 

hail  sb.  ME.  hail  (haul)  OE. 
hayl  (hagol)  =  DU.  G.  sw.  DAN. 
hag  el,  OHG.  hagal,  ON.  hagl:  Teut. 
bases  hagla-  and  hagala-.  Perh. 
cogn.  w.  GR.  xaxAr/£  'a  round 
pebble'.  A  single  pebble  is 
called  'stone' :  E.  hailstone  OE. 
hatylstdn,  =  ON.  haglstetnn. 

hail  adj.  (ident.  w.  hale  adj.) 
ME.  ^//'healthy,  sound':  Scand. 
loanword  (ON.  heilt)  superseding 
the  native  OE.  hdl  =  E.  whole. 

•  hail  vb.  'greet,  salute'  ME. 
heile,  formed  fr.  the  ME.  adj.  heil, 
which  was  borrowed  fr.  ON.  heill.  — 
hail  (an  exclamation  of  greeting) 
ME.  heil  from  ON.  heill  'hale, 
whole'  (esp.  used  in  greeting 
as  far  heill  'farewell'). 

hair  (earlier  spelling  hear  heare 
in  the  16.  cent.)  ME.  Mr  OE.  her 
hcer  =  ON.  hdrt  OSAX.  OHG.  MHG. 
Mr,  DU.  DAN.  G.  haar,  sw.  hdr\ 
Teut.  base  hera-  (heza-T).  Orig. 
allied  are  ON.  haddr,  OE.  heord 
(GOTH.  *hazda-)  'hair'.  Outside  of 
Teut.  cp.  OSLOV.  kosmu  kosa  (Lith. 
kasa)  'hair'  -  -  desati  vb.  'comb'. 

hale  adj.  (ident.  w.  hail  adj.) 
fr.  ON.  heill  'sound';  cp.  whole. 

hale  haul  vb.  'drag'  ME.  hale 
OE.  (jfholian  and)  *^ehalian  = 
OSAX. /;<7/<?/2,  OFRIS.  halia,w.  halen, 
OHG.  holdn  (halori)  G.  holen.  The 


half  —  hamper 


97 


TEUT.  \(~hal  hoi  answers  to  LAT. 
calare,   GR.   y.afalv  'summon'. 

half  ME.  half  OE.  healf=  GOTH. 
halbs  j  ON.  hdlfr,  OHG.  G.  halb, 
OSAX.  DU.  sw.  half,  DAN.  halv\ 
Teut.  base  halba- >  perh.  cogn. 
w.  SKR.  ^<?j  'arrange,  divide'. 

halibut  holibut  ME.  halibut '; 
from  ME.  holy  'holy'  and  butte  'a 
plaice';  cp.  DU.  heilbot  'halibut', 
sw.  helgflundra,  DAN.  helleflyndcr', 
the  fish  is  so  called  because  it 
is  excellent  eating  for  holy  days; 
cp.  SCAND.  heilagr  fiskr,  LG.  heilige 
butt  and  heilbutt. 

hall  ME.  halle  OE.  /$<?«//  =  ON. 
hall  hpll,  OSAX.  &*//#,  DU.  hal.  TEUT. 
\TM/  M/  in  OE.  kelan  'hide'  = 
DU.  helen,  OHG.  /fc'te  G.  hehlen\ 
cp.  ARYAN  V~^'conceal>  cover' 
in  LAT.  celdre  occulere,  GR.  Y~xaA 
in  xaJtVrtred  'hide'  —  xa/lr/^  'hut', 
OIR.  ££/?>**  'I  hide';  SKR.  /•«/# 
'house*. 

hallow  vb.  ME.  hdlwe  short  for 
OE.  hdlgian:  from  OE.  ^z7*£  = 
E.  ^0/y.  -  -  hallowmass  'feast' 
shortened  from  ^//  Hallows 
Mass  'mass  of  all  saints'; 
hallows'  is  the  gen.  of  hallows, 
plur.  of  ME.  hal(o}we  'a  saint'  = 
OE.  /^7/£YZ  'a  saint'  from  OE.  hdli^ 
'holy'.  Cp.  holy. 

halo  borrowed  fr.  LAT.-GR. 
halos  'circle  around  the  sun  or 
moon'. 

halt  adj.  ME.  halt  OE.  healt  = 
GOTH,  halts,  ON.  haltr,  OSAX.  ^//, 
OHG.  halz:  Teut.  base  ^//-7-, 
pre-TEUT.  koldo  —  klbdo  in  LAT. 
claudus  halt',  GR. 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


'brittle'.  —  halt  vb.  ME.  halte  OE. 
healtian  (=  OHG.  *halztn  MHG. 
halzen  'limp')  from  OE.  ^oz//  = 
halt  adj.  'lame'. 

halter  ME.  halter  OE.  halftre  = 
MDU.  halftcr  DU.  halster ,  OHG. 
halftra  G.  halfter',  closely  allied 
to  OE.  y^)'//  m.  =  E.  helve 
'handle',  OHG.  ^z^>.  From  the 
same  root  are  derived  with 
///-formation  ME.  halme  'handle', 
OHG.  halmo  mjioh-  'rope  fastened 
to  the  yoke  to  guide  the  oxen'. 

halyard  halliard  'a  rope  for 
hoisting  sails'  shortened  from 
hale-yard,  because  the  ropes 
haul  the  yards  into  their  places. 
Cp.  hale  vb.  and  yard. 

ham  ME.  hamme  OE.  hamm  lit. 
'bend  of  the  leg';  Teut.  base 
hamma-  from  an  Aryan  kanma- 
knamd-  in  GR.  xvr^t  y  ?  OIR.  cndim 
(base  knami-)  'bone'. 

hame  'horse-collar'  ME.  hame 
(OE.  *hamd)  -  -  DU.  haam,  G. 
hamen:  Teut.  base  haman-  cogn. 
w.  GR.  y.r^ioc,  LAT.  cdmus  'muzzle'. 

hamlet  ME.  hamelet\  formed 
with  dimin.  suffix  -et  from  OFR. 
hamel  (==  Fr.  hameau) :  source 
a  Teut.  word  OFRIS.  ham  -  -  E. 
home  (with  dimin.  suffix  -el). 

hammer  ME.  hamer  OE.  hanwr 
=  ON.  hamarr ,  OSAX.  hanmr, 
OHG.  hamar  G.  hammer  \  ON. 
hamarr  denotes  also  'rock, 
cliff',  pointing  to  relationship 
with  OSLOV.  kamy  stone . 

hamper  vb.  ME.  hamper  e 
hampre  vb. 

hamper  sb.  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
7 


98 


hand  —  hard 


hanapier,  orig.  'a  vessel  to  keep 
cups  in'  from  OFR.  hanap  (Lat. 
type  hanapus)  'goblet'.  The  Fr. 
hanap  is  of  Teut.  origin;  cp. 
OE.  hncrp,  OHG.  hnapf  G.  napf, 
MLG.  DU.  nap. 

hand  ME.  OE.  hand  hgnd  = 
GOTH,  handus ,  ON.  hgnd,  OHG. 
hant  G.  OSAX.  DU.  hand',  prob. 
derived  fr.  TEUT.  GOTH,  hinfian 
'catch'  (cp.  hound  and  hunt). 

—  handle   vb.   ME.  handle   OE. 
Jiandlian    =    DU.  handelen ,    ON. 
hgndla,  OHG.  hantalbn  G.  handeln : 
frequent,    vb.  derived  fr.  hand. 

—  handle    sb.    ME.    handel  OE. 
handle  from  handle  vb.  —  hand- 
cuff 'a  cuff  for  the  hand  adopted 
fr.  ME.  handcops  'a  handcuff'  from 
OE.   handcops  'a    handcuff'    from 
OE.  hand  'hand'  and  cops  'a  fetter'. 

—  handicraft  with  unorig.  in- 
serted i  (after  handiwork)  from 
OE.  handcraft.  —  handiwork  ME. 
handiwerc  OE.  hand-lew  core  from 
OE.  hond  and    ^eweorc  ident.  w. 
wcorc.  The  i  is  due  to  the  prefix 
OE.  y. 

handsome  ME.  handsom  prop, 
'easy  to  handle'.  —  handy  ME. 
liendy  OE.  hendi^  in  listhendiil 
Akin  w.  GOTH,  handugs  'clever', 
DU.  handig  'handy,  expert';  perh. 
not  derived  fr.  hand,  but  akin 
to  GR.  xenial  'prick,  spur';  cp. 
OHG.  ha n tag  'sharp. 

hang  vb.  ME.  hange  OE.  hangian 
=  OHG.  hang  en  G.  hangen'.  deriv. 
of  a  str.  vb.  TEUT.  *hanhan  = 
GOTH.  OHG.  h&han  =  OE.  hon 
(for  *hohan)\  cp.  hunger. 


hanker  vb.  akin  to  DU.  hunker  en 
(dial,  hanker  en)  'long  after';  prob. 
akin  to  hang  and  hunger. 

hap  sb.  ME.  hap  borrowed  fr. 
SCAND.  happ  'chance,  good  luck'; 
cp.  OE.  lehcep  'fit'.  -  Hence 
happen  vb.  ME.  happene  ex- 
tended for  ME.  happen  (cp.  SWED. 
happd).  —  Cp.  perhaps. 

harass  vb.  loanword  fr.  FR. 
harasser  Vex'. 

harbor  sb.ME.  herberwe,  earlier 
(12.  cent.)  herberge  'inn,  lodging, 
guest  house':  Scand.  loanword, 
cp.  ON.  herberge  'inn,  lodging'  = 
OHG.  her  i- If  erg  a  'guest  house' 
(prop,  'sheltering  place  for  the 
army')  G.  herberge,  DU.  herberg. 
The  first  part  of  the  compound 
is  OE.  here  =  OHG.  OSAX.  heri, 
GOTH,  harjis  'army'.  The  second 
part  is  derived  fr.  a  lost  str. 
vb.  TEUT.  berg  an  'shelter'.  — 
harbinger  ME.  herberge  our  'one 
who  provides  lodgings':  deriv. 
of  OFR.  herberger  vb.  'lodge, 
quarter'  which  is  a  deriv.  of 
OFR.  herberge  (=  FR.  auberge). 
This  is  ident.  w.  OHG.  heriberga 
(see  harbor). 

hard  adj.  ME.  hard  OE.  h$ard\ 
perh.  the  ME.  phonology  points 
to  its  being  borrowed  from  ON. 
hardr.  Cp.  OSAX.  DU.  hard,  OHG. 
herti  hart  G.  hart  'hard,  solid, 
heavy,  painful',  ON.  hardr,  sw. 
hdrd,  DAN.  haard,  GOTH,  hardus 
'hard,  severe':  Teut.  base  hardu- 
=  ARYAN  karM-  in  GR.  xparvg 
(y.apra).  —  hardy  adj.  ME.  hardy 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  hardi  which  is 


hards  —  hasp 


99 


of  Teut.  origin;  cp.  OHG.  harti 
herti  under  hard. 

hards  sb.  'the  refuse  or  coarse 
part  of  flax'  ME.  herdes  OE. 
heordan  plur.  'hards  of  flax'; 
akin  to  OE.  heord,  ON.  haddr 
'hair'  ? 

hare  ME.  hare  OE.  hara  = 
OHG.  haso  G.  hase\  for  the 
rhotacism  in  E.  cp.  ON.  here: 
Teut.  base  hasan-  hazan-\  an 
ARYAN  kaso-  is  represented  in 
the  synon.  SKR.  faca,  OPRUSS. 
sasins  'hare'.  The  Aryan  name 
of  the  animal  points  perh.  to 
the  OE.  adj.  haso  hasu  'gray'. 

hark  vb.  ME.  herke  (OE.  *  her  dan 
*hyrciari)  from  a  Teut.  base 
*hauziqon  =  OFRIS.  herkia,  MLG. 
horken  G.  horchen  MHG.  hdrchen 
late  OHG.  horechen  from  *horah- 
hon\  derived  fr.  the  TEUT.  *fham 
in  GOTH,  hausjan  =  E.  hear.  — 
harken  vb.  ME.  herkne  short  for 
OE.  htrcnian  hyrcnian',  an  E. 
derivative  of  the  verb  hear]  cp. 
talk  and  tell,  lurk  arid  lower. 

harlot  ME.  harlot  'a  disorderly 
person'  (of  either  sex) :  loan- 
word fr.  OFR.  harlot  Vagabond'. 

harm  ME.  harm,  OE.  hearm  = 
OSAX.  harm  OHG.  haram  'insult, 
mortification';  cogn.  w.  OSLOV. 
sramii  (fr.  *sormu)  'shame,  dis- 
grace'. 

harness  ME.  harneis\  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  harneis  'airnor',  whence 
also  G.  harnisch. 

harp  ME.  harpe  OE.  hearpe',  cp. 
synon.  ON.  harpa,  DU.  harp,  OHG. 
harpfa  harfa  G.  harfe.  The  Teut. 


word  occurs  first  in  the  5th  cent, 
as  LAT.  harpa ;  FR.  harpe  is  of 
Teut.  origin. 

harpoon  adopted  fr.  FR.  harpon, 
whence  also  DU.  harpoen  (G.  har- 
pune).  Source  LAT.  harpago(nem). 

harrow  sb.  ME.  harwe  (point- 
ing to  OE.  *hearwc  or  *hearge) ; 
perh.  akin  to  the  synon.  G.  harke, 
DU.  hark,  ON.  herfi,  DAN.  harv, 
SW.  harf  'harrow'. 

harry  vb.  ME.  herie  herien  OE. 
her^ian  herigan  'overcome  with 
an  army'  (=  GOTH.  *harjdn,  ON. 
herja  'go  on  a  plundering  ex- 
pedition', OHG.  heridn  G.  ver- 
heeren)'.  derived  fr.  TEUT.  harja- 
'army'  under  harbor. 

harsh  adj.  late  ME.  harsk:  a 
Scand.  loanword;  cp.  DAN.  osw. 
harsk  'rancid'. 

hart  sb.  ME.  her  OE.  heart 
(heorot)  =  DU.  hert,  OHG.  hiru^ 
hirz  G.  Mrs  now  hirsch,  ON. 
hjortr,  sw.  hjort ,  DAN.  hiort\ 
Teut.  base  *herut-  from  ARYAN 
kerud-,  cogn.  with  LAT.  cervus 
'hart'  and  GR.  xfpuos  ('it.  'horned' 
from  y.boag  'a  horn'),  KYMR.  carw 
'hart',  PRUSS.  sirwis,  OSLOV.  surna 
'roe'. 

harvest  ME.  hervest  OE.  h&rfest 
=  DU.  herfst,  OHG.  herbist  G. 
herbsf.  related  to  LAT.  carpere 
'pluck',  GR.  y.apTJog  'fruit',  x(W- 
77/07/  'a  pruning-knife',  SKR.  krpana 
'sword',  LIT.  ktrp-ti  'shear'. 

hash  sb.  from  FR.  hacher  vb. 
'hack'  (of  Teut.  origin,  cp. 
hack  vb.). 

hasp  ME.  haspe  OE.  h<zps  (for 
7* 


100 


haste  —  hawk 


*/uesp)     =     DAN.     SW.     G.     MHG. 

haspe,   ox.  hcspa  'hasp'. 

haste  vb.  ME.  haste:  loanword 
fr.  OFR.  hastcr  (FR.  hater),  whence 
also  DU.  haasten,  G.  hasten  'make 
haste*.  The  FR.  vb.  is  prob.  a 
Tent,  loanword. 

hat  sb.  ME.  hat  (plur.  hattes) 
OE.  hcet  (plur.  hcettas)  =  ON. 
hottr  'hood,  cowl',  sw.  hatt,  DAN. 
hat  'hat'  :  Teut.  base  hattu-  cogn. 
w.  hood  sb.  and  perh.  also 
with  LAT.  cassis  (for  *cat-tis) 
'helmet'. 

hatch  vb.  ME.  hacche\  cp. 
MHG.  hecken  'produce  young 
from  eggs  by  incubation'  G. 
aushecken  'hatch',  sw.  hdcka 
'breed',  DAN.  hakkebuur  'breeding 
cage'. 

hatch  sb.  'halfdoor'  ME.  haccfie 
OE.  Jiact!  cogn.  w.  DU.  hekl 

hatchel  see  hackle  sb. 

hatchet  sb.  ME.  hacchet'.  loan- 
word from  FR.  hachette,  dimin. 
of  FR.  hache  'axe':  source  a 
TEUT.  hakka  cp.  hack  vb. 

hate  vb.  ME.  hate  older  hatien 
OE.  hatian  =  GOTH,  hatan,  DU. 
haten,  OSAX.  haton,  OHG.  ha-gfin 
G.  hassen.  -  -  hate  sb.  ME.  'hate 
influenced  by  the  vb.  hdte\ 
earlier  ME.  hcte  OE.  hete  = 
OSAX.  heti,  DU.  haat,  OHG.  ha 


G.  A«w,  ON.  hatr,  sw.  /w/,  DAN. 
GOTH,    hatis.      The    TEUT. 
'hate'   is  perh.  ident.  w. 


the  JTeut. 
wtr      =  OHG. 
'quarrel'. 


in  OE.  heado- 
and  G. 


noun  from  the  vb.  hate.\  cp. 
ki  n  dr  ed. 

hauberk  ME.  hauberk  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  }iauberc\  source  OHG. 
halsberc  prop,  'neck- defence*. 

haughty  adj.  ME.  hautein  'arro- 
gant' from  OFR.  hautain\  source 
OFR.  haut  =  LAT.  altus  'high'. 

haul  see  hale  vb. 

haunch  sb.  ME.  hautichc:  loan- 
word from  FR.  hanche  (OFR.  hanke 
of  Teut.  origin ;  cp.  OHG. 
anka  ?) . 

haunt  vb.  ME.  haunte  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  hantcr  'haunt,  frequent'. 

have  ME.  have  OE.  habban  = 
OSAX.  hcbbian,  DU.  hebben,  OHG. 
hab&n  G.  haben,  ON.  hafay  GOTH. 
haban\  Teut.  base  habai-^  ident. 
w.  LAT.  haberet  Aryan  base 
khabhey  ? 

haven  ME.  haven  late  OE.  hafenet 
prob.  a  Scand.  loanword;  cp. 
ON.  hofn  'haven' ;  perh.  allied  to 
OE.  haf,  ON.  haf  'ocean'. 

haversack  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
havresac  'a  knapsack'  from  G. 
habersack  haf er sack  'a  sack  for 
oats'. 

haw  ME.  hawe  OE.  haga  'an 
inclosure'  =  ON.  hagi\  cp.  OHG. 
hag  'an  inclosure'  G.  hag  'a  hedge', 
DU.  h-aag  'a  hedge,  garden'.  A 
corresponding  Aryan  \f^  kagh  is 
evident  in  CYMR.  cae,  CORN,  ke 
'hedge'.  -  Hence  hawthorn 
OK.  hagu-porn.  Cp.  hedge. 

hawk  ME.  hauk  OE.  heafoc\  cp. 
OSAX.  *hatiuc  in  the  proper  name 
Habuc-horst,  DU.  havik ,  OHG. 


hatred    ME.    )mtrlde(n)\    abstr.   habuh  G.  habicht  with  secondary 


hawser  —  heart 


101 


/,  ON.  haukr  (for  hpbukr) ,  sw. 
hb'k,  DAN.  hog]  GOTH.  *habuks 
with  formative  -ka-  as  in  ahaks 
'dove'.  The  \^haf  is  seen  in 
Q^.hebban  E.  heave  orig.  'take, 
seize'  as  in  LAT.  caperc. 

hawser  'a  tow-rope'  borrowed 
fr.  the  OFR.  vb.  haulser  'raise, 
tow  a  boat'  (Lat.  type  altiare 
'elevate,  raise'). 

hay  ME.  hey  OE.  he'i  hfy :  Teut. 
base  hauja-  =  GOTH,  hawi 
(gen.  haujis)  'hay,  grass',  OHG. 
hewi  houwi  G.  heu,  ON.  hey,  sw. 
DAN.  ho,  DU.  &?0/;  orig.  verbal 
adj.  of  the  Teut.  verbal  \fhau  seen 
in  hew.  Hence  hay  'grass  to  be 
hewn'  (orig.  hauja-  sc.  grasa-). 

hazel  ME.  hdsel  OK.  hasel  = 
DU.  hazel,  OHG.  hasala  G.  ^ori/, 
ON.  ^z^/:  from  pre-TEUT.  koslo-, 
hence  in  Lat.  with  rhotacism 
corulus  for  *cosulus  'hazel';  cp. 
also  OIR.  coll  'hazel'  for  *cosl~i 

he  ME.  OE.  he  =  OSAX.  h$. 

head  short  for  ME.  h(d  fuller 
formhcvedoE.heafod=OT$.  haufup 
(hdfuf),  GOTH,  haubip ,  OSAX. 
hdbid,  DU.  hoofd,  OHG.  houbit  G. 
haupf.  Teut.  base  haubida-  hau~ 
buda-  is  closely  allied  to  OE.  hufe, 
OHG.  huba  G.  haube  'cap,  hood'. 
This  #-root  (ARYAN  kap-T)  may 
be  connected  with  LAT.  caput, 
if  this  is  traceable  to  an  hypo- 
thetical *cauput  *coput.  -  head 
var.  suffix  of  -hood. 

heal  vb.  ME.  hfle  OE.  halan', 
cp.  the  synon.  OSAX.  helian,  DU. 
heelen,  OHG.  heilan  G.  heilen,  ON. 
heila,  GOTH,  hailjan  'heal':  deriv. 


of  the  Teut.  adj.  haila-  =  E. 
whole  (cp.  also  hail  adj.  —  ^#/£ 
adj.).  -  -  health  ME.  helthe  OE. 
half  'healing,  cure'  =  OHG. 
heilida:  an  abstract  formation 
from  the  adj.  hdl  'whole,  hale' 
(see  whole). 

heap  ME.  h{p  OE.  heap  'heap, 
troop,  crowd'  ==  OSAX.  hop,  DU. 
hoop,  OHG.  houf  'crowd,  troop' 
G.  haufe  'crowd,  troop,  pile' 
(GOTH.*/ta//).  OSLOV.  kupu  and 
LITH.  kaupas  'heap'  are  prob. 
allied. 

hear  vb.  ME.  here  OE.  hfran 
(WEST-SAX,  hyran)  =  OSAX. 
horian,  DU.  hooren,  OHG.  horan 
G.  horen,  ON.  heyra,  sw.  hora, 
DAN.  ^«r^:  all  with  rhotacism 
versus  GOTH,  hausjan  'hear  (cp. 
hark  and  hearken).  The  TEUT. 
\l^hauz  —  ARYAN  ^«itf  may 
be  connected  with  GR.  a-xovcu 
for  a-xoi'(T'r;  (with  prefix  a-  = 
SKR.  J^;A/  and  with  TEUT.  auso 


ear    =  ear. 

hearken  var.  of  hark  en',  cp. 
hark. 

hearse  sb.  ME.  he'rse  herfe  orig. 
'a  triangular  harrow',  then  'a 
carriage  for  a  dead  body': 
adopted  fr.  OFR.  herce  'a  harrow' 
=  FR.  herse  'a  harrow'.  Source 
LAT.  hirpex  —  hirpicem  'a  harrow'. 

heart  ME.  herte  OE.  heorte\ 
equivalent  to  OSAX.  he'rta,  ON. 
hjarta,  GOTH,  hairto  (OHG.  herza 
G.  herz  by  the  second  sound- 
shifting):  Teut.  base  hertdn-  or 
her  tan-  =  Aryan  base  ktrd  krd 
in  LAT.  cor  cordis,  GR.  xtoodfa 


IO2 


hearth  —  heel 


and    Y.TIQ    for    ^xijpd,   IR.   cride, 
OSLOV.  sridtce  'heart'. 

hearth  ME.  herth  OE.  heorf  = 
DU.  heerd,  OSAX.  forth,  G.  //m/ 
a  TEUT.  \/^her  'burn'  (cp.  LAT, 
cre-mare  'burn'?)  may  be  as- 
sumed as  the  base  of  E.  hearth 
and  GOTH.  tiaurt'coaV  plur.  haurja 
'fire',  ON.  hyrr  'fire'. 

heat  sb.  ME.  h$te  OE.  hato,  the 
abstract  sb.  from  the  adj.  OE. 
hdt  (=  E.  hot)  formed  by  vowel 
mutation  (GOTH.  *haitei  f.  'heat'). 
—  heat  vb.  ME.  h$te  OE.  hcetan: 
a  factitive  vb.  from  the  adj.  OE. 
hdt  =  E.  hot  (GOTH.  *haitjan 
from  *kaits)\  cp.  G.  heizen. 

heath  ME.  h$th  OE.  hdp  = 
OHG.  ^ift/a  G.  heide  'heath', 
GOTH,  haifi  'a  waste',  ON.  heidr. 
Hence  heathen  ME.  htfhm  OE. 
hdden  corresponding  to  ON. 
heidinn,  DU.  MHG.  heiden  .G.  heide. 
In  GOTH,  we  find  only  a  femi- 
nine haifnd  'a  heathen  woman', 
whereby  the  existence  of  the 
common  Teut.  masculine  haipina 
is  secured  for  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. It  seems  to  be  a  trans- 
lation of  the  synon.  LAT.  paganus 
occurring  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  fourth  century  of  the  Chris- 
tian era. 

heave  vb.  ME.  tyve  earlier 
htbbe  OE.  hebban  str.  vb.  —  ON. 
hefja,  OSAX.  hebbian,  DU.  heffen, 
OHG.  he/an  ^  hevan  G.  heben, 
GOTH,  hafjan  'lift,  raise' :  ARYAN. 
\fkap  in  LAT.  capio  'seize'.  See 
heavy. 


heaven  ME.  h$ven  OE.  heofon 
=  OSAX.  heban  (LG.  heeven)  with 
a  by-form  htmil,  OHG.  himil,  DU. 
kernel,  G.  sw.  DAN.  himmel:  the 
/-suffix  stands  by  dissimilation 
for  the  older  «-suffix  after  GOTH. 
himins,  ON.  himinn,  whilst  in  the 
Saxon  forms  the  orig.  m  is  dis- 
similated  to  b.  The  common 
Teut.  word  is  prob.  a  deriv.  of 
a  more  primit.  TEUT.  haiman- 
'clearness ,  brightness'  (OFRIS. 
hamlicht  'bright  as  the  sky'): 
TEUT.  \^  hai  in  G.  foiter,  OE. 
hd-dor  'serene*.  Cp.  hoar. 

heavy  ME.  hevy  OE.  hef%  = 
OHG.  hebig,  ON.  hofugr  'heavy': 
deriv.  of  the  TEUT.  ^f  haf  in 
heave. 

hedge  ME.  hegge  OE.  hedg  (OE. 
also  he^e  ME.  heye  haye)\  Teut. 
base  hagja-\  cp.  OHG.  hecka  G. 
focke,  DU.  hegge  heg.  Cp.  haw. 

heed  vb.  ME.  ^<?'^?  OE.  hedan 
=  OSAX.  hddian,  OHG.  hitoten  G. 
hilt  en,  DU.  hoeden.  The  TEUT. 
\Thod  from  ARYAN  M//£  (M///  ?) 
or  &?/  is  regarded  as  orig.  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  cassis  (for  *cat-tis)  'hel- 
met'; cp.  ^<^<?^/  sb. 

heel  sb.  ME.  hele  OE.  hfla  hcela 
shortened  from  *hakMa  =  EAST- 
FRIS.  hela  (whence  DU.  hiel), 
dimin.  of  OE.  hoh  'heel';  a  Teut. 
base  hanha-  cp.  in  ON.  hcell  'heel', 
DAN.  heel,  sw.  halt  and  in  E.  hough. 

heel  vb.  'incline'  shortened 
from  ME.  hflde  OE.  foldan  hyldan 

-  OHG.  heldan  w.  vb.  'incline': 
Teut.  base  half j an  derived  fr. 
the  Teut.  adj.  halpa-  'inclined' 


heifer  —  hen 


103 


in  OE.  niderhcald  'bent  down- 
wards'. 

heifer  ME.  haifer  (fieckfre)  OE. 
heahfore  heahfre  (*  hag  fret)  'a 
young  cow':  apparently  a  com- 
pound, but  of  obscure  elements, 
the  first  element  seems  to  be 
heah-  hcz%-  =  TEUT.  haha-  haga- 
cp.  G.  dial,  hagen  hegel  'bull,  ox'; 
the  second  element  is  perh.  OE. 
fearr  'bull,  ox'  (GR.  no  QIC,  'heifer'). 

height  MEJieghte  earlier  heghthe 
OE.  hehpo  hyhpo  =  GOTH,  hau- 
hipa  'height',  ON.  had',  abstr. 
formation  from  the  TEUT.  adj. 
hauha-  =  high  formed  with  suff. 
-if a  (cf.  lengthy  strength.). 

heinous  LIE.  heinous  from  OFR. 
hdinos  =  FR.  haineux  'hateful'. 

heir  ME.  heir  eir  from  OFR.  heir 
eir  =  LAT.  heres  'an  heir'. 

hell  ME.  helle  OE.  hell\  cp. 
GOTH,  halja,  OSAX.  hell  —  hellia, 
o~KG.hella  G.holle'.  common  Teut. 
Christian  name  for  'Hades,  in- 
fernum';  ON.  he  I  shows  that  the 
older  orig.  word  was  also  used 
in  pre-Christian  times  for  heathen 
'infernum'.  Cp.  also  ON.  Hel 
'goddess  of  death'.  Usually  con- 
nected with  V*  hel  hal  'conceal' 
(cp.  half),  hence  hell  'the  hid- 
ing place,  the  unseen  place'. 

helm  sb.  ME.  helme  OE.  helma\ 
cp.  ON.  hjalm  'a  rudder'. 

helmet  dimin.  of  ME.  OE.  helm. 
In  the  form  helma-  'helmet'  com- 
mon to  the  Teut.  langs.;  cp. 
GOTH.  hilmSy  ON.  hjalmr,  sw.  DAN. 
hjelm,  OSAX.  DU.  G.  helm  with 
the  same  meaning  that  may  be 


derived  fr.  the  verbal  \(~hel  in 
OE.  OHG.  helan,  GOTH,  hilan  'hide, 
conceal'  (ARYAN  \^kel  in  LAT. 
celdre ,  occuleret  SKR.  farman 
'protection'). 

help  vb.  ME.  helpe  OE.  helpan 
=  GOTH,  hilpan,  ON.  hjalpa,  sw. 
hjelpa,  DAN.  hjcelpe,  OSAX.  helpan^ 
DU.  LG.  -he/pen,  OHG.  helfan  G. 
he/fen.  TEUT.  \f^help  from  PRE- 
TEUT.  \^kelb-  (LITH.  szelpti  vb. 
paszalpa  'help'  pointing  to  an 
ARYAN  \fkelp). 

helve  sb.  ME.  helve  OE.  helf 
hylf:  Teut.  base  halbi-\  cp.  MLG. 
MDU.  helve,  OHG.  halba  helba  MHG. 
help  ha lp  'a  handle'.  See  halter. 

hem  sb.  ME.  hem  (plur.  hemmes) 
OE.  hem  (plur.  hem?nas)\  Teut. 
base  hamja-. 

hemlock  ME.  hemlok  humlok 
OE.  hemlic  hymleci  the  second 
part  of  the  compound  seems  to 
be  explanatory  (cp.  leek),  the 
first  part  points  to  a  Teut.  base 
*haumi-  ? 

hemp  ME.  hemp  OE.  hanep\  cp. 
ON.  hampr,  DU.  hennep,  OHG.  hanaf 
G.  hanf\  ident.  w.  the  synon. 
LAT.  cannabis,  GR.  xdwctffif*  The 
Teut.  word  cannot  be  borrowed 
from  GR.  or  LAT.  Perh.  the 
Teutons  adopted  the  word  and 
the  thing  from  the  Scythians 
whence  the  word  came  also  to 
Greece. 

hen  ME.  OE.  hen  (stem  henn-)'. 
the  fern,  of  OE.  hana  'cock'  = 
OHG.  henna  G.  henne  (GOTH. 
*hanjo-)  derived  fr.  hana  m. 
'cock').  ON.  hdna  (sw.  hona 


IO4 


hence  —  hide1 


'hen')  points  to  GOTH.  *honjo. 
The  common  TEUT.  masc.  hanan- 
(GOTH.  OE.  hana,  OHG.  hano) 
orig.  meant  'singer',  primit.  re- 
lated to  LAT.  canere  'sing'. 

hence  ME.  hennes  with  secon- 
dary -s  (as  in  thence,  once)  for 
an  earlier  henne,  which  by  syn- 
cope stands  for  late  OE.  heonane 
mostly  OE.  heonan  =  OSAX.  OHG. 
hinan  (G.  von  hitmen).  An  origi- 
nal stem  hi-  'this'  is  evident 
also  in  here  and  hither. 

herald  ME.  herald  (heraud): 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  htraut  (LAT. 
type  heraldus),  which  is  of  Teut. 
origin  (heri-waldt). 

herb  ME.  herbe  adopted  fr.  FR. 
her be\  source  LAT.  herba  'grass'. 

herd1  'a  flock'  short  for  ME. 
lierde  OE.  heard  =  GOTH,  hair  da, 
ON.  hjgrd,  sw.  DAN.  hjord  OHG. 
herta  G.  herde,  TEUT.  herdo-  from 
ARYAN  kerdha  is  cogn.  w.  SKR. 
fdrdhas  fdrdha-s  'troop';  also 
OSLOV.  creda  'herd,  flock',  LITH. 
kerdzus  'shepherd'.  See  herd*. 
—  herd2  'shepherd'  now  usually 
compounded  (shep-,  cow-,  swine-,) 
ME.  herde  OE.  hyrde  (htorde), 
GOTH,  hairdeis,  ON.  hirdir,  OHG. 
hirti  G.  hirte\  with  formative  ja- 
from  TEUT.  herdo-  'herd,  flock'. 

here  ME.  here  OE.  her  =  GOTH. 
ON.  OSAX.  her  OHG.  hiar  G.  hier\ 
adv.  of  place  (formed  like  GOTH. 
aljar  'elsewhere',  par  'there'  cp. 
there)  from  the  pronom.  stem 
hi-  in  GOTH,  hi-mma  daga  'to- 
day' und  hi-na  dag  'till  to-day 
(cp.  hence  and  hither).  The 


stem  hi-  is  cogn.  w.  LITH.  szis, 
OSLOV.  si  'this  one',  LAT.  ci-s 
ci-tra  'on  this  side'. 

heron  ME.  heiroun  from  OFR. 
hair  on  =  FR.  hlron. 

herring  ME.  hering  OE.  hiring 
=  OHG.  hdring  MHG.  hcerinc  G. 
hering,  DU.  haring.  WESTTEUT. 
hdring  is  the  source  of  FR. 
hareng. 

hest  'a  command'  ME.  htste 
hist  with  inorganic  /  from  OE. 
has  'a  command'  =  TEUT.  haisi- 
orig.  hait-ti- :  TEUT.  \^ hait  in 
OE.  hdtan  'command'.  See  behest 
and  hight. 

hew  vb.  ME.  hewe  OE.  hfawan 
=  OSAX.  hauwan,  OHG.  houwan 
G.  hauen,  DU.  houwen ;  ON.  hoggva 
points  to  GOTH.  *haggwan  in 
place  of  TEUT.  hawwan.  The 
verbal  \fhaww  haw  (cp.  /^^^) 
is  allied  to  the  ARYAN  \fkow  in 
OSLOV.  ^<??/<z  —  kovati  'forge',  LITH. 
&?'&/&  'I  strike'  —  /£#//.$•  'hammer'. 

heyday  orig.  hey  day  =  E. 
high  day. 

hiccough  hiccup,  also  hick-et 
looks  like  a  dimin.  of  hick  or 
hik  'a  catch  in  the  voice',  imi- 
tative of  sound? 

hide1  sb.  ME.  hide  OE.  hyd  (by 
vowel  mutation  fr.  a  Teut.  base  hu- 
di-)',  synon.  in  all  Teut.  languages 
except  Goth.;  cp.  OHG.  hut  G. 
haut,  ON.  hud,  DAN.  sw.  hud, 
DU.  huid.  ARYAN  kttti-s  answers 
to  LAT.  cutis  'skin';  cp.  GR.  y.rro^- 
skin,  hide'.  The  \fku  appears 
in  LAT.  scu-tum  'shield',  GR. 

v-rog  'skin,  hide'  with  a  prefix  s. 


hide2  —  hip1 


105 


hide2  sb.  'a  measure  of  land' 
OE.  /foV/contr.  of  OE.  higid  'enough 
land  for  a  household';  prop. 
*hlwida-  'family'  allied  to  hind**. 

hide  vb.  ME.  hide  OE.  hydan: 
Teut.  base  hudjan,  perh.  cogn. 
w.  CYM&.cudd  'hidden,  concealed' 
and  GR.  x*V#to  'hide':  ARYAN 


hideous  by  change  of  suffix  for 
ME.  hidous  adopted  fr.  OFR.  hidous 
=  FR.  hideux'.  source  a  LAT.  type 
MspidosuSy  extension  of  LAT.  hispi- 
dus  'rough,  shaggy,  bristly'. 

hie  vb.  'hasten  ME.  hie  earlier 
hi\e  higen  OE.  higian.  Teut.  base 
ht-gai-  perh.  a  reduplication  of 
an  ARYAN  \fkl  in  LAT.  ci-to 
quickly',  GR.  y.itiv  'go'?  Or  cogn. 
w.  SKR.  fighra  'quick'? 

high  adj.  ME.  heigh  earlier  heh 
OE.  h^ah  =  GOTH,  hduhsy  ON. 
hdr,  DU.  hoogy  OSAX.  OHG.  hbh, 
G.  hoch\  TEUT.  hauha-  from  an 
ARYAN  kouko-.  o  TEUT.  possessed 
a  sb.  formed  from  the  adj. 
meaning  'hill'  (base  konko-s)\ 
cp.  ON.  haugr  'hill'  (whence  E. 
how  in  proper  names)  and  with 
ablaut  G.  hugely  cp.  LITH.  kau- 
kara  'hill'. 

hight  vb.  ME.  highte  heghte  OE. 
heht  (hehtt)  'was  called  :  pret. 
to  OE.  hdtan  =  GOTH,  haitan, 
G.  heissen. 

hill  ME.  hit  (plur.  Miles)  OE. 
hyll  (plur.  hyllas):  Teut.  base 
hulli-  or  hulja-  cogn.  w.  GOTH. 
hallus  'rock'  and  ON.  hallr  'hill'; 
an  ARYAN  \fkol  cp.  in  LAT.  collis 


a  hill',  culmen  'a  top',  LITH.  katnas 
kalva  'hill',  GR.  y.oXwvoc. 

hilt  ME.  OE.  A///  =  ON.  hjalty 
OHG.  /$£/£#  'a  sword-hilt'. 

hind l  ME.  hinde  OE.  >foW  = 
ON.  DAN.  sw.  /foW,  DU.  hinde t 
OHG.  AzVz/tf  G.  hindin.  GOTH.  *hindi 
(gen.  *hindjos)  is  perh.  connected 
with  GR.  Kt/Lt-dc  'youngdeer'. 

hind-  'a  peasant'  ME.  ^/»*  OE. 
hina  'a  domestic'.  Cp.  hide2. 
There  is  a  Teut.  base  Aiwa-  in 
GOTH,  heiwa-frauja  'husband', 
OE.  hiwr&den  'family,  household' 
=  OHG.  hirat  'marriage'  G.  heir  at. 

hind  in  behind  and  hind-feet 
akin  to  the  OE.  adv.  hindan  'at 
the  back  of  —  /under  'backwards* 
=  GOTH,  hindar  prep,  'behind', 
G.  hinter  prep,  'behind'.  —  hin- 
der vb.  ME.  hindre  OE.  hinderian 
=  ON.  hindra  OHG.  hintircn  hin- 
taron  G.  hindern.  —  hindmost 
corrupted  fr.  hindmest  (confused 
with  most)  =  GOTH,  hindumists 
'hindmost'. 

hinge  ME.  henge\  OE.  *hentge 
(for  TEUT.  *hangjon-)  is  not  re- 
corded: deriv.  of  the  TEUT. 
\l"hanh  hang  (see  hang)-,  cp. 
MLG.  MDU.  henge  'rack  for  hang- 
ing up  things'. 

hint     sb.     shortened     fr.    ME. 
hinted  part,   of   hinte    (hente)  - 
OE.    hentan    'seize,     hunt    after' 
from  \fhenp  seen  in  huntl 

hip1  sb.  ME.  hipe  OE.  hype\  cp. 
GOTH,  haps  (nom.  plur.  hupeis), 
DU.  heup,  G.  hiifte  MHG.  huf  (plur. 
hii/f)  OHG.  >^w/  (plur.  huff)'. 
TEUT.  Aw//-  from  ARYAN  kubi-. 


io6 


hip2  —  hog 


hip2  sb.  'the  fruit  of  the  dog- 
rose'  ME.  hepe  OE.  heope  =  OSAX. 
hiopa,  OHG.  hiufo  MHG.  hiefe. 

hip  vb.  ME.  hippe  OE.  *kyppon 
=  MHG.  hup  fen  hilpfen  G.  hupjen\ 
allied  to  OE.  hoppian  =  E.  hop 
vb.;  OE.  hoppettan,  G.  hop  fen,  ON. 
hoppa. 

hire  vb.  ME.  /fo>r  OE.  hyrian 
vb.  =  DU.  ^wra/,  OFRIS.  y^r#, 
sw.  ^jvrtf,  DAN.  hyre  MLG.  ^»ra/, 
G.heuern  'hire,  rent':  West-Teut. 
base  hurjon. 

hiss  vb.  ME.  ^£HI:  prob.  an 
onomatopoetic  word  as  ODU. 
hisschen  'to  hiss'. 

hit  vb.  ME.  hittel  adopted  fr. 
ON.  hitta,  DAN.  hitte\  perh.  cog. 
w.  GOTH,  hinpan  'catch'. 

hitch  vb.  ME.  hicche  'move'; 
OE.  *hytlant 

hither  ME.  OE.  hider:  derived 
from  a  Teut.  pronoun  hi-  'this' 
in  here  and  hence]  cp.  GOTH. 
hidre,  ON.  hedra  con  this  side'; 
cogn.  with  LAT.  ci-tra  'on  this 
side'.  For  the  suffix  cp.  thither. 

hive  ME.  hive  OE.  hyf:  Teut. 
base  hubi-  in  MLG.  huve  'hive', 
DU.  huif\  cogn.  w.  LAT.  cupa 
'bowl'? 

hoar  adj.  ME.  hor   OE.  ^rfr  = 


GOTH.  *haira-y  ON. 


'hoary', 


OSAX.  OHG.  her  G.  hehr  'distingui- 
shed', also  'venerable'.  The  orig. 
meaning  of  the  adj.  was  prob. 
Venerable',  ON.  and  E.  have  the 
meaning  'gray  with  age'.  A  TEUT. 
\f"hai  'glitter,  shine'  is  supported 
by  heaven  and  ON.  &£?  'clearness 
of  the  sky';  TEUT.  hai  from  ARYAN 


koi  is  cogn.  with  SKR.  ke-tu-s 
'light,  lustre,  torch'. 

hoard  ME.  OE.  hard  =  OSAX. 
herd  (horth),  GOTH,  huzd,  ON. 
hodd  n.  —  hoddr  m.,  OHG.  G.  hort. 
TEUT.  hozda-  from  ARYAN  kuzdho- 
for  kudhto-  part,  'that  which  is 
hidden';  cp.  GR.  xet'tho  under 
hide  vb. 

hoarhound  ME.  hgrhoune  OE. 
seo  hare  hune  'the  hoar  hound'; 
OE.  hune  is  a  plant-name. 

hoarse  ME.  horse  prop.  hos9  OE. 
has  pointing  to  GOTH.  *haisa-  = 
OHG.  heis  heist  MHG.  heis  heise, 
the  r  of  MHG.  G.  heiser  seems  to 
be  the  same  r  as  in  E.  hoarse 
=  MDU.  heersch  (mod.  DU.  heesch) ; 
perh.  originating  from  the  OE. 
dat.  hdsre  (mid  hdsre  stefne) 
transposed  to  hdrse  =  ME.  horse'} 

hobble  vb.  ME.  hoble  for  *ho$pte\ 
frequent,  of  hop  vb. 

hobby  sb.  'a  toy  like  a  horse, 
ambling  nag,  a  favorite  pursuit'; 
ME.  hobln  'a  nag':  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  hobin  'a  little  horse'? 

hock  corruption  of  Hochheim\ 
the  name  of  a  German  town  on 
the  river  Main,  famous  for  wine. 

hoe  sb.  from  FR.  houe  'a  hoe' : 
source  OHG.  houwa  =  G.  haue 
'hoe'. 

hog  ME.  hog  (plur.  hogges)  OE. 
hocg  (plur.  hoggas)\  a  Welsh 
loanword,  cp.  w.  hivch  'a  sow' 
(BRET.  CORN,  hoch  'pig').  —  hogs- 
head cp.  the  equiv.  MLG.  hukes- 
hovet  huxhbvet  DU.  okshoofd  (earlier 
also  hokshoofd)  G.  oxhoft,  sw. 
oxhufvud,  DAN.  oxehoved'.  origin 


hoist  —  hood 


I07 


and  history    of   this    compound 
are  unauthorized. 

hoist  vb.  earlier  hoise  akin  to 
the  equivalent  LG.  hissen,  DU. 
hijschen,  DAN.  heise,  sw.  hissa, 
G.  hissen,  FR.  hisser,  IT.  issare. 

hold  vb.  ME.  holde  OE.  hdldan 
(Jicaldan)  =  OHG.  haltanityalthari) 
G.  halten,  OSAX.  GOTH,  haldan, 
DU.  houden,  ON.  ^z/d&z :  a  common 
TEUT.  vb.  Cp.  behold. 

hold  sb.  (the  hold  of  a  ship) 
prop,  hole:  ident.  w.  hollow  and 
hollow ;  cp.  DU.  hol'a.  hole,  cave'. 
—  hole  sb.  ME.  hole  hoi  OE.  hoi 
'a  cave'  =  ON.  holrt  OHG.  MHG. 
&>/  G.  hohl,  DU.  &?/;  the  E.  ME. 
OE.  OHG.  MHG.  adjectives  are 
used  as  substantives:  TEUT. 
\fhel  'conceal*  in  OE.  helan,  G. 
hehlen.  —  hollow  ME.  holwe  OE. 
holh  (gen.  holwes)\  cogn.  with 
equival.  OHG.  MHG.  holt  ON.  holr\ 
TEUT.  \{**hiil  connected  with 
the  TEUT.  \fhel  in  OE.  OHG.  helan 
'hide,  conceal'  (c^.hell,  helmet). 

holiday  prop,  holy  day. 

holly  ME.  holin  OE.  holeyi ;  akin 
to  the  equivalent  DU.  G.  hulst 
MHG.  huls,  OHG.  hulls,  whence  FR. 
houx\  pre-TEUT.  ^fkel-  in  w. 
celyn,  CORN,  celin,  BRET,  kehn, 
IR.  cuileann  'holly*. 

hollyhock  for  ME.  holihoc  prop. 
'holy  hock':  OE.  hocc  means 
'mallow'. 

holster  borrowed  fr.  DU.  holster 
'a  case  for  a  pistol'   (G.  pistolen- 
holfter)\    ident.  w.  ON.  hulstr  | 
case,  a  sheath',  GOTH,  hulistr  'a 


veil';  from  TEUT.  huljan  and 
suff.  -stra  fr.  -s-tra  (OE.  heolstor). 

holy  ME.  h$ly  OE.  hdli%  earlier 

dlei  =  OSAX.  helag,  OHG.  heilag 
G.  DU.  ^«7^,  ON.  heilagr ,  DAN. 
hellig ,  sw.  ^i/jg"  (GOTH,  hailag 
in  a  Goth,  runic  inscription). 
Common  TEUT.  hailag  a-  from 
common  TEUT.  haila-  cp.  whole 
and  ^a/f. 

homage  ME.  homage',  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  homage  =  FR.  hoff image', 
source  a  LAT.  type  homaticum  'the 
service  of  a  vassal  or  man'  (LAT. 
homo  'man'). 

home  ME.  hdm  OE.  ham  =  OSAX. 
hem,  ON.  heimr,  OHG.  G.  DU.  heim 
'home';  GOTH,  haims  'a  village'. 
Teut.  base  haimo-  (haimi-)  from 
a  pre-TEUT.  kaima-  (kaimi-)  = 

LITH.  &Wdtf-    —    PRUSS.    ^JWI/C   'a 

village',  GR.  YM(.iri  Village'. 

hone  ME.  hone  OE.  hdn\  Teut. 
base  haind-  =  ON.  heint  sw.  hen 
'hone'.  Cp.  OE.  hcenan  'to  stone'. 

honey  ME.  huni  OE.  huni%  hitne^i 
Teut.  base  hunang  =  ON. 
hunang,  DU.  honinc,  OHG.  honatig 
G.  &?»/£  'honey'.  Origin  un- 
certain; perh.  cogn.  w.  GR.  xor^ 
'dust'? 

-hood  a  suff.  used  to  form 
abstract  nouns;  orig.  an  in- 
dependent sb.  dying  out  in  ME.  : 
OE.  had  'state,  quality'  =  GOTH. 
haidus,  OHG.  MHG.  heit  'manner' 
(G.  -heit  only  suffix).  Cp.  its  var. 
-head. 

hood  sb.  'covering'  ME.  OE. 
hod  =  DU.  hoed,  OHG.  huot  G. 
hut.  Closely  allied  to  hat  and 


io8 


hoof  —  host1 


to  the  TEUT.  \fhadhodvb  heed. 

hOOf  ME.    OE.  hof  =  OS  AX.  Jlbf, 

DU.  hoef,  ON.  hofr,  OHG.  huof  G. 
Jmf:  Teut.  base  hof  a-  from  Aryan 
*kopo-,  whence  OSLOV.  kopyto 
'hoof.  Others  derive  TEUT.  hSfa- 
from  Aryan  kffpho  and  compare 
it  with  SKR.  $aphd,  AVEST.  sofa 
'hoof. 

hook  ME.  OE.  hoc  =  MDU.  hoek 
'hook'.  The  kindred  forms  have 
a  diff.  vowel  and  answer  to  OE. 
haca,  ON.  haki,  OHG.  hd(c)ko  G. 
hake.  OHG.  hag(g)o  points  to 
GOTH.  *heg(g)a  'hook'.  G.  haken 
being  'a  kind  of  plough',  GOTH. 
hbha  'plough'  may  also  be  com- 
pared, so  that  the  stem  may  be 
hbh  heg  hak. 

hoop  sb.  ME.  OE.  hop  -  -  DU. 
hoep,  OFRIS.  hdp,  NORTH-FRJS.  hup 
'hoop',  MLG.  hop]  TEUT.  base 
hopa-. 

hoop  vb.  ME.  houpe  adopted  fr. 
FR.  houper  'hoop  unto';  of  Teut. 
origin,  cp.  OE.  hwopan  =  GOTH. 
hwopan  vb.  'boast,  glory'. 

hoot  vb.  ME.  houte  borrowed 
fr.  osw.  Mta  'hoot'. 

hop  vb.  ME.  hoppe  OE.  hoppian 
=  DU.  happen,  ON.  sw.  hoppa 
DAN.  hoppe,  G.  MHG.  hopfen.  Cogn. 
w.  hip  vb. 

hop  sb.  ME.  hoppe  =  DU. 
hop,  G.  hopfen  late  OHG.  hopfo, 
MED.-LAT.  hupa  (for  *huppd). 
Its  origin  is  obscure. 

hope  vb.  ME.  hppe  OE.  hopian 
=  MDU.  hopen,  MHG.  G.  hoffen. 
The  labial  in  OE.  hopian  (GOTH. 
*hupon)  is  a  substitute  for  a 


guttural  (base  *huqon)  as  shown 
by  the  OE.  abstract  noun  hyht 
hope'  (base  huh-ti-s) :  TEUT. 
huq  hup.  —  hope  sb.  ME.  hope 
for  OE.  td-hopa  =  OSAX.  to-hopo 
sb.  'hope'. 

horn  ME.  OE.  horn  —  ON. 
OHG.  G.  ,DU.  horn,  GOTH,  haurn : 
common  Teut.  (in  a  runic 
inscription)  horna  'horn'  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  cornu  and  IR.  CYMR. 
corn,  with  other  suffix  GR.  xsp-org 
'horn';  cp.  also  E.  hart  prop, 
'horned'  and  SKR.  crn-ga  'horn'. 

hornet  OE.  hyrnet  =  OHG. 
horna^  humify  G.  hornisse.  The 
synon.  Slav,  and  Lat.  words 
for  'hornet'  point  to  GOTH. 
*haurznuts  with  an  ARYAN,  y"  krs 
(IND.  frs) :  LAT.  crabro  'hornet' 
for  *crasro,  OSLOV.  srusem,  LITH. 
szirszone  'hornet'.  The  Aryan 
stem  is  krs  for  'hornet',  cp. 
OSLOV.  srusa,  LITH.  szirszu.  Du. 
preserves  a  trace  of  this  inner 
s  in  horzel  'hornet'  (GOTH.  *haur- 
suls)  —  horzelen  vb.  'hum'. 

horse  ME.  OE.  hors  =  OSAX. 
hors  —  hers,  DU.  ros,  OHG.  ros  (gen. 
rosses)  G.  ross  (whence  IT.  rozza, 
FR.  rosse  ca  jade'),  ON.  hross, 
also  hors,  sw.  DAN.  dial,  hors 
'a  horse' :  Teut.  base  hrossa-. 

hose    ME.    hose    OE.    A?j«    = 

DAN.      G.     hose,      DU.     y^<7^,      OHG. 

ON.  hosa  (GOTH.  *hiisd).  The 
Teut.  words  found  their  way 
into  Celt.  (CORN,  hos  'ocrea, 
cuisses')  and  into  Rom.  (OFR. 
hose). 

host1    sb.    'army'  ME.  h$st  gst\ 


host2  —  hull 


109 


loanword  fr.  OFR.  hoste  'army' 
(source  LAT.  hostis  —  hosteni)* 

host2  sb.  'entertainer  ME.  hoste: 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  hoste  (==  LAT. 
hospiteni).  Hence  hostess-  ME. 
hostesse  from  OFR.  hostesse  and 
hostler  ME.  hostler  'innkeeper' 
from  OFR.  hosteller  'innkeeper'. 

host3  sb.  (in  the  mass)  ME. 
hoste  oste\  source  LAT.  hostia, 
FR.  hostie. 

hot  adj.  ME.  hot  OE.  hat:  Teut. 
base  haita-  =  ON.  fieitr,  DU. 
heetj  OSAX.  het,  OHG.  hefy  G.  heiss 
'hot';  the  TEUT.  y~  hit  cp.  in 
GOTH,  heitd  'fever'  and  in  ON. 
hitiy  OSAX.  hittidy  G.  hitze  'heat'; 
cp.  heat  sb. 

hough  sb.  ME.  hough  (ho)  OE. 
hoh  'the  heel';  hence  the  dimin. 
heel.  Teut.  base  hanha-  in  ON. 
hdll  'heel'. 

hound  ME.  hound  OE.  hund 
hund  =.  GOTH,  hunds,  ON.  hundr, 

DAN.       SWED.      hund,      DU.      ^tf/Zf/, 

OSAX.  G.  hund  OHG.  /fo//z/:  Teut. 
base  hunda-  prop,  'the  hunter', 
derived  fr.  the  TEUT.-GOTH.  vb. 
hinfian  'seize,  capture'  (OE.  hup 
'booty');  see  hunt. 

hour  ME.  houre  oure  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  (h)ure  (h)ore  (==  FR. 
heur),  whence  also  DU.  uur,  G. 
uhr  (dial.  auer).  Source  LAT. 
hora. 

house  ME.  hous-  OE.  hus\  Teut. 
base  hiisa-  in  GOTH,  gud-hus 
'house  of  God',  OSAX.  OHG. 
hus  G.  hausy  DU.  huis,  ON.  Ms. 

housings  earlier  houss  (of  a 
horse),  borrowed  fr.  FR.  housscl 


hovel  ME.  hovel  'small  hut': 
dimin.  with  suffix  -el  from  OE. 
hof  =  ON.  hof  'a  temple,  a 
hall';  cp.  G.  /$<?/  'a  yard'.  - 
hover  vb.  intensive  derivative 
of  ME.  hgve  vb.  'tarry,  wait';  cp. 
OFRIS.  hovia  'receive  in  one's 
house:  derived  fr.  TEUT.  hofa- 
'hall,  yard'. 

how  ME.  how  OE.  M  (for 
*hwti  *hwo) :  Teut.  form  hiuo  in 
OSAX.  hwo  'how',  OHG.  wuo\  DU. 
hoe  for  hwo,  OFRIS.  hu\  formed 
from  the  Teut.  stem  hwa-  in 
who]  cp.  GR.  nag. 

how  in  local  names  cp. 
high. 

howl  vb.  ME.  houle\  cp.  DU* 
huilen,  G.  heulen. 

huckster  ME.  huckster e  (OE. 
*huccestre)\  orig.  'a  female  re- 
tailer ;  akin  to  MHG.  hucke  hocke 
'a  retailer';  derived  from  MHG. 
hocken  vb.  'squat',  ON.  hokkinn 
'bowed,  bent5.  Cp.  DU.  heuken 
vb.  'huckster,  retail'  —  heuker 
'huckster,  retailer'. 

hue !  sb.  ME.  hfwe  hew  OE. 
hf'ow  'appearance':  ident.  w. 
GOTH,  hiwi  (G.  hiujis)  'form, 
appearance',  sw.  hy  'skin,  com- 
plexion'. 

hue2  sb.  'outcry' ME.  hu  derived 
fr.  FR.  huer  'hoot,  hiss'. 

huge  adj.  ME.  huge  (houge)i 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  ahuge  'huge'. 

hull  'husk'  ME.  hule  OE.  /////// 
'hull,  husk';  cp.  synon.  G.  hiilse 
OHG.  hulsa  for  *hulisa  (GOTH. 
*hulisi  or  *hulnzi) :  formed  from 
the  \fhel  hul  (G.  hulle)  under 


no 


humble  —  hutch 


hell,  hollow  and  holster.  — 
hull  'body  of  a  ship'  ident.  w. 
hold  sb. 

humble  adj.  ME.  humble  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  humble  (==  LAT. 
humilis) . 

bumblebee  sb.  ME.  hombel-be', 
an  equivalent  OE.  *humbol  is  to 
be  assumed  for  OHG.  humbal 
G.  hummel,  DU.  hommel  'humble- 
bee*. 

humor  ME.  humour  from  OFR. 
humor  =  FR.  humeur. 

hundred  ME.  OE.  hundred 
(hundre^),  ident.  w.  OSAX.  hun- 
darod,  G.  hundert,  ON.  hundrad; 
the  word  is  appar.  a  cornp.,  the 
second  part  of  which  belongs 
to  GOTH,  rapjan  vb.  'count';  the 
first  part  GOTH.  OE.  hund  is 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  centum,  GR.  Ixaro  v, 
SKR.  catdm. 

hunger  ME.  hunger  honger  OE. 
hunger ;  cp.  synon.  OSAX.  OHG. 
hungar  G.  hunger,  ON.  hungr\ 
GOTH.  ^huhrus  (for  *hunhrus) 
'hunger  with  the  derived  hug- 
grjan  'hunger' :  common  TEUT. 
hunhru-  hungru-  'hunger'  from 
ARYAN,  tonkru-  ?  cp.  LITH.  kanka 
'torture'  with  ON.  hd  vb.  'torture' 
(from  TEUT.  *hanhon). 

hunt  vb.  ME.  hunte  OE.  huntian: 
a  secondary  verb  from  a  primit. 
vb.  shown  in  GOTH,  frahinpan 
'take  prisoner'.  From  the  same 
root  E.  hound  and  hand. 

hurdle  ME.  hirdel  OE.  hyrdel, 
dimin.  of  an  OE.  *hyrd  =  OHG. 


hurt  (plur.  hurtt)  G.  hiirde]  cp. 
ON.  hurd  'door',  GOTH,  haurds 
'door'.  The  meaning  'door'  is 
developed  from  the  common 
meaning  'wickerwork'.  Teut. 
base  hurdi-  =  ARYAN  krti  in 
LAT.  crates,  GR.  XVOTIJ  'a  fishing- 
basket'  -  -  y.aora/.ng  'a  (woven) 
basket';  cp.  SKR.  krt  'spin'  - 
crt  'bind,  connect'. 

hurl  vb.  ME.  hurle  earlier 
hurtle  vb. 

hurricane  sb.  akin  to  the 
synon.  DU.  orkaan,  DAN.  sw.  G. 
orkan,  FR.  ourctgan,  IT.  uracano, 
SPAN,  huracan  'a  hurricane' ;  after 
the  discovery  of  America  adopted 
fr.  Caribbean  hurakan  'a  hurri- 
cane'. 

hurry  vb.  ME.  hurie  horie  vb. 
'hasten'. 

hurt  vb.  ME.  hurte  hirte  vb. 
'offend'  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  hurtcr 
(FR.  heurter). 

husband  sb.  ME.  husbonde  OE. 
(about  1 050)  husbonda:  a  Scand. 
loanword,  cp.  ON.  husbondi,  sw. 
DAN.  husbonde  from  hus  'house' 
and  ON.  bondi  bundi  'husband'. 

husk  ME.  huske  OE.  *hiiscca  'a 
small  house'(?) ;  cp.  G.  gehduse* 

hussy  short  for  housewife. 

hut  ME.  hutte  from  FR.  hutte. 
Source  OHG.  hutta  -  -  G.  hutte. 

hutch  sb.  'a  box'  ME.  hucche 
prop.  hucche  (whence  ME. 
whicche)  :  loanword  fr.  FR.  huche 
'trough,  bin'. 


I  —  inquest 


1 1  I 


I  ME.  /  earlier  ich  ic  OE.  id  = 
DU.  ikt  OSAX.  ic,  OHG.  ih  G.  ich, 
GOTH.  ik\  common  TEUT.  ik  ek 
from  ARYAN.  egom\  cp.  LAT.  ego, 
GR.  &yKf  SKR.  ahdm,  ASLOV.  azu, 
LITH.0Z.  The  oblique  cases  were 
formed  in  all  Aryan  languages 
alike  from  a  stem  me-;  cp.  me 
and  mine. 

ice  ME.  OE.  is  —  OHG.  is  G. 
eis,  ON.  &r,  DU.  ijs  (GOTH.  *eisa-) : 
a  common  Teut.  word,  not 
found  elsewhere.  —  icicle 
ME.  isikeh  prop,  a  compound, 
OE.  is-iicel  (lses%icel) ;  ffcel  is 
dimin.  'a  small  piece  of  ice' 
(cp.  MLG.  isjokel  'icicle',  ON. 
igkult). 

idol  ME.  idple  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
idole  (LAT.  Molum,  GR.  citiwtov 
'an  image,  likeness'). 

idle  adj.  ME.  OE.  idel  'empty, 
vain,  useless'  =  OSAX.  Mai 
'empty,  useless',  OHG.  ital  'empty, 
vain,  boastful'  G.  eitel  Vain',  DU. 
ijdel  'empty*. 

if  ME.  if  OE.  %if  =  OSAX.  ef 
of,  DU.  of  if  'whether,  but', 
OHG.  oba  with  the  older  by-form 
ibu  'if,  .whether'  G.  ob  'if,  as  if, 
even  if,  whether',  ON.  if  ef  'if, 
GOTH.  iba(i)  'whether,  perhaps'. 
Prop.  dat.  instr.  of  ON.  ifi  efi 
m.  and  if  ef  n.  'doubt',  OHG. 
iba  f.  'doubt,  condition'. 

ill  ME.  ill  ille:  Scand.  loan- 
word from  ON.  illr\  the  native 
E.  synon.  is  evil  (OE 


imp  sb.  ME.  OE.  impe  'graft, 
scion'  with  the  vb.  ME.  impe 
OE.  impian  'graft';  cp.  OHG. 
impfdn  G.  impfen,  DAN.  ympe, 
sw.  ympa.  Source  a  LAT.  type 
imputare,  whence  also  FR.  enter  % 
DU.  enten  vb.  'graft'. 

impair  vb.  ME.  empeire  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  empeirer  =  FR. 
empirer  (LAT.  type  impeiorare 
'make  worse'). 

impeach  vb.  prop,  'hinder* 
for  ME.  apfche  vb.  'hinder'  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  empecher  (LAT. 
type  impedicare  'fetter8  iiompedica 
sb.  'fetter'). 

imply  cp.  ply. 

in    prep.    ME.    in    OE.    in    = 

OSAX.     G.     DU.     GOTH,    in,     ON.    /, 

sw.    DAN.  /.     Orig.    related    to 

LAT.       in,       GR.       6v(l)9       LITH.       I, 
LETT.    e. 

inch  sb.  ME.  inche  OE.  ynte\ 
early  loanword  from  LAT.  uncia 
'an  inch',  also  an  'ounce'. 

ingot  ME.  ingot  =  FR.  lingot 
ingott  Source  and  history  doubt- 
ful. 

ink  ME.  fake  from  OFR.  enque 
(FR.  encre,  DU.  inkt,  LG.  inket): 
source  LAT.  encaustum  'the  purple 
red  ink'. 

inkling  sb.  from  the  vb.  ME. 
inkle  'hint'. 

inn  ME.  OE.  in  inn  sb.  'house, 
lodging  -  house'  =  ON.  innt 
'inn'. 

inquest  ME.  enqugste  from  OFR. 


I  12 


ire  —  jail 


enqueste  (=  FR.  enquete).  Akin 
to  inquire  vb.  ME.  enquere  from 
OFR.  enquerrer  (==  FR.  enquerir 
'inquire');  source  LAT.  inquirere. 

ire  ME.  ire  'anger'  from  OFR. 
ire  (LAT.  Ira). 

irk  vb.  ME.  irke  'tire'  with  the 
adj.  irksome  extended  fr.  ME. 
irk  'distasteful'. 

iron  ME.  OE.  iren  oldest  OE.  form 
isern  —  GOTH,  eisarn,  OSAX.  OHG. 
isarn  G.  eisen,  DU.  ijzer,  ON.  isarn 
(jam):  Teut.  base  isarna-  perh. 
borrowed  fr.  a  Celt,  isarno-  (  — 
OIR.  torn  'iron');  GALL.  Isarno- 
dorum  a  placename. 

island  ME.  ttond  OE.  inland 
(eiland)  'island';  the  first  part 
of  the  compound  represents 
the  OE.  /£  ei  'isle'  (cp.  ON.  eyland, 
.  OFRIS.  DU.  eiland  'island'),  blended 
w.  OFR.  isle.  The  word  starts 
from  a  iEUT.au/S-  (\&Scandin-avia  \ 
Bat-avid),  which  is  a  derivative 
of  TEUT.-GOTH.  ahwa  'stream, 
flowing  water'  OHG.  aha  =  OE.  ea 
=  LAT.  aqua  'water'. 

isle  ME.   ile    borrowed    fr.    FR. 


ile  (source  LAT.  insula)  'an  isle'. 
Cp.  island. 

issue  ME.  issue  from  OFR.  issue 
'end,  event'  (derived  fr.  issir  = 
LAT.  exire). 

it  ME.  it  earlier  ME.  OE.  //// 
neuter  to  E.  he  (OE.  ME.  he). 

itch  vb.  ME.  icche  for  ^icche  OE. 
lyccan'.  Teut.  base  jukjan  — 
DU.  jeuken,  OSAX.  jukkian,  OHG. 
juckan  G.  jucken.  TEUT.  ^  juk. 

ivory  ME.  z'zwjy  (ivoire)  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  ivorie —  FR.  ivoire,  whence 
also  DU.  ivoor.  Source  LAT.  eboreus 
'made  of  ivory'  —  ebur  'ivory'. 

ivy  ME.  ivy  OE.  ifil  short  for 
*ff-kfy  if-hei  =  OHG.  eba-hewi 
MHG.  ep-hou  (G.  epheu)  with  the 
by-form  OHG.  ebah\  perh.  akin 
to  GOTH,  ibuks  'backwards'?  It 
is  uncertain,  whether  the  2nd  ele- 
ment of  OHG.  eba-hewi  =  OE.  iffy 
is  ident.  w.  hay. 

iwis  'certainly'  ME.  iwis  OE. 
"^ewis s  =  OHG.  giwis  G.  gewiss> 
DU.  gewis\  Teut.  base  ga-wissa- 
prop.  part,  of  the  Teut.  vb. 
witan  'know'  (cp.  wot). 


jabber  variant  of  E,  gabber.       \   jail    with    the    by-form    gaol 

larlrPt        f™rr,        ^«  V ...  v      .....  .,      V 

ME.  gait  j azote  gaihol  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gaiole  gaole  (FR.  geole)  'a 
prison,  'bird-cage'.  Source  LAT. 


ME.    jakke    = 
jacke) 


from    FR.   jaquet\ 


OFR.    jaque    (G. 


jade  ME.  jade  'old  horse'.  Source 
and  history  unknown. 


caveola  from 
G. 


cage% 


jamb  —  journal 


jamb  from  FR.  jambe  'a  leg', 
also  'a  jamb'  (source  LAT. 
gamba). 

jar  sb.  'an  earthen  pot'  from 
FR.  jarre. 

jaundice  is&.jaundis  jaunts  from 
FR.  jaunisse  prop,  'yellowness'; 
source  FR.  jaune  'yellow*  = 
LAT.  galbinus  'greenish  yellow'. 

javelin  sb.  from  FR.  javelin'. 
of  Celt,  origin,  cp.  CYMR.  ga- 
flach  (whence  OE.  gafeloc)  'spear'. 

jaw  ME.  chaul  (choul)  earlier 
chavel  OE.  (plur.)  cedflas\  akin  to 
OS  AX.  kaflos  plur.  'jaw'  and  with 
other  formatives  ON.  kjaptr,  G. 
kiefer  'jaw' :  TEUT.  y~  kef  kef  fr. 
an  ARYAN  gephj  perh.  cogn.  w. 
AVEST.  zafra  'mouth,  jaw'. 

jay  ME.  jai  from  FR.  geai  (OFR. 
iai  got). 

jealous  ME.  jelous  gelous  from 
OFR.  gelous  (FR.  jaloux,  whence 
DU.  j aloes). 

jelly  sb.  late  ME.  geltt  from 
FR.  gelle. 

jeopardy  sb.  ME.  juperdi  orig. 
juparti  'hazard,  hazardous  feat' 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  jeu  parti  'risk, 
hazard'  (orig.  'a  game,  in  which 
the  chances  are  equally  divi- 
ded'). 

jest  prop,  'a  merry  tale*  ME. 
geste  (also  g{ste)  'a  story'  from 
OFR.  geste  'romance'. 

jet  sb.  (a  mineral)  short  for 
ME.  get  contracted  fr.  gey  If. 
loanword  from  OFR.  gaift  (jaet 
jet)\  source  LAT.  gagdtes. 

jew  ME.  jew  earlier  glw  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  Giu  Jui\  source 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


LAT.  Judaeus.  In  OE.  we  find 
Judeas  plur.  'the  Jews'  from  the 
Latin. 

jewel  ME.  jouel  ju  el  from  OFR. 
jouel  (whence  G.  juwel,  DU. 
juweef)  =  FR.  joyau.  Source 
a  LAT.  type  gaudiale  from  gau- 
dium. 

jig  sb.  ME.  gigge  'a  fiddle'  from 
OFR.  gige  (—  MHG.  gige  G.  geige) 
'a  fiddle'. 

jingle  ME.  gingle. 

job  sb.  cp.  ME.  gobet  'small 
piece'  and  OFR.  gob  'a  mouth- 
ful'. 

jockey  ident.  w.  Jockey,  dimin. 
of  Jack. 

jog  vb.  ME.  jogge  vb.  'go 
hastily'. 

join  vb.  ME.  joine  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  joindre  (=  LAT.  jungere). 
—  Hence  E.  ME.  joint  sb.  from 
FR.  joint. 

joist  sb.  ME.  giste  'joist'  from 
OFR.  giste  (=  FR.  gite  ?  derivative 
of  FR.  glsir  'lie'). 

jolly  ME.  jolt  earlier  jottf: 
loanword  from  FR.  joli  (OFR. 
joKf). 

jostle  justle  vb.  intensive  for- 
mation from  ME.  jouste  'tilt'  = 
OFR.  jouster  (ME.  jouste  'tour- 
nament' fr.  OFR.  jouste  =  MHG. 
tjoste). 

journal  from  FR.  journal.  — 
journey  ME.  journe  jour  nee  'a 
day's  travel,  a  day's  work'  from 
FR.  journle  'a  day,  a  day's  work' 
(IT.  giornata,  LAT.  type  diur- 
ndta). 

8 


joy  —  kettle 


joy  M&.joie  from  FR.jme  (source 
LAT.  gaudia  =  gaudium). 

judge  sb.  short  ME.  juge  from 
FR.  juge    (source   LAT.  judex  - 
judiceni)     'a    judge'.     —    judge 
vb.  ME.  jifge   from   FR.  jugtr  = 
LAT.  judicare. 

juice    ME.  jiise  jtife    from    FR. 
jus  (source  LAT.  jus)  'juice'. 

July  ME.  juli  from  LAT.  Julius. 


—  June    ME.  jilne  earlier  jilnie 
from  OFR.  gurnet  (FR.  Juiri)   — 
LAT.  Junius. 

just  ME.  just  (short    for  just?) 
from  FR.  juste    (=  LAT.  Justus). 

—  justice  ME.  justice  orig.  justice 
=  FR.  justice:  source  i^p^.justitia. 

-  justify    vb.   ME.  justifie    from 
FR.  justifier* 


K 


keel  sb.  ident.  w.  ON.  kjolr 
(Teut.  base  kelu-)  'keel  of  the 
ship'  :  r  synon.  DAN.  kjol,  sw. 
kol,  G.  DU.  kiel.  Source  and 
history  -unknown. 

keel  vb.  'cool'  ME.  kfle  OE. 
cflan:  Teut.  base  koljan  derived 
fr.  the  adj.  TEUT.  kolu-  =  E. 
cool. 

keen  adj.  ME.  kene  'sharp,  bold, 
brave'  OE.  cene  orig.  cceni  'bold, 
brave,  wise':  Teut.  base  kdni- 
1=-  OHG.  kuoni  G.  kiihn,  DU.  koen 
'bold ,  daring  ;  the  original 
meaning  is  evident  in  ON.  kcenr 
'wise',  which  points  to  the  TEUT. 
\fkan  'know'  in  can,  ken  and 
know. 

^  keep  ME.  kepe  OE.  cepan  ccepan 
'keep':  from  a  Teut.  base  kop- 
jan\  no  ^ kdp  exists  in  the 
other  Teut.  languages. 

keg  sb.  Scand.  loanword:  ON. 
kaggi  'a  keg'. 

ken  vb.  'know'  ME.  kenne  bor- 


rowed fr.  ON.  kenna  vb.  'know* 
=  G.  kennen,  GOTH,  kannjan ; 
causative  of  TEUT.  kunnan  'know'. 
Cp.  can  vb. 

kennel  'a  house  for  dogs' 
ME.  kenel\  adopted  fr.  ONFR.  kenil 
(chenil)\  source  ONFR.  ken  (FR. 
chien)  'dog'  with  sufF.  -//  (LAT. 
type  *canile  from  cants  'dog'). 

kerchief  sb.  earlier  spelling 
cur  chief  ME.  cover  chef  \  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  covrechef  lit.  'a  head- 
covering'.  OFR.  covrir  (==  FR. 
couvrir)  'cover'  and  chef  'head'. 

kernel  ME.  kirnel  OE.  cyrnel 
(Teut.  base  kurnila-) :  dimin.  of 
corn  (with  the  Teut.  dimin.  suff. 
-ila). 

kettle  ME.  ketel  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  ketill  =  GOTH,  katilsy  OHG. 
keyjl  G.  kessel,  DU.  ketel\  corre- 
sponding to  OE.  detel  ME.  chetel, 
which  was  superseded  by  ON. 
ketill.  The  Teut.  word  was 


key  -<-  kitchen 


early  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  catmus 
'kettle',  whence  also  OHG.  ke^m. 

key  sb.  ME.  keie  OE.  cd%  c&^e 
•=  OFRIS.  kei  'a  key':  Tent,  base 
kaigit 

kid  sb.  ME.  kid  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  kid\  cogn.  w.  OHG,  kizzm 
chizzi  G.  kitze  'a  young  goat';  a 
native  E.  word  cogn.  w.  SCAND. 
kid  would  begin  with  ch. 

kidney  sb.  ME.  kid-nere  (OE. 
*cydeneore  *cydneora!i)\  the 
second  part  of  the  compound 
is  ME.  nere  (—  ON.  nyra,  DU. 
nier,  OHG.  nioro  G.  niere  'kid- 
ney'). The  first  part  is  ob- 
scure. 

kill  vb.  ME.  kille\  a  corresp. 
OE.  *cyllan  is  wanting:  Teut. 
base  kuljan  akin  to  OE.  cwellan 
=  ME.  quelle  vb.  'kill',  ON. 
kvelja,  OSAX.  qudlian.  There 
was  a  primit.  str.  vb.  OE.  cwelan 
'die',  OSAX.  OHG.  quelan  'smart'; 
cp.  G.  quaL 

kiln  sb.  ME.  kilne  OE.  cyln  = 
older  cylene  cyline  'furnace':  early 
loanword  fr.  LAT.  culina  'kitchen', 
whence  also  OIR.  cuile  'kitchen'. 
ON.  kylna  'kiln'  is  an  OE.  loan- 
word. 

kin  sb.  ME.  kin  OE.  cynn  orig. 
'a  tribe':  Teut.  base  kunja-  = 
ON.  kyn,  OSAX.  kunni,  OHG. 
chunni  MHG.  kilnne  race',  GOTH. 
kuni\  deriv.  fr.  the  TEUT.  \f~ken 
'produce'  in  OHG.  G.  kind  'child', 
OE.  cennan  vb.  'produce',  answe- 
ring to  an  ARYAN  \T  gen  in  LAT. 
genus tgens-gentis,  GR.  yi-vog —  ywr\ 
i,  SKR.  y"/0«.  Cp.  kind, 


kindred  and  mankind.  — 
kind  adj.  'natural,  loving'  ME. 
kinde  OE.  lecynde  'natural,  in- 
born': derived  fr.  kind  sb.  — 
kind  sb.  'nature,  sort'  ME. 
kinde  OE.  ie-cynd  'nature'. 

kindle  vb.  ME.  kindle',  derived 
with  intensive  -/  from  ON.  kynda 
vb.  'kindle'?  (ON.  kyndill  'a 
torch'  ?) 

kindred  ME.  kinrlde  (OE.  *cyn- 
rdderi):  composed  of  kin  = 
OE.  cynn  'kin'  and  OE.  raden  (= 
GOin.garaideins)  a  suffix  meaning 
'state,  condition'  (cp.  hatred). 

king  ME.  late  OE.  king  OE.  cyng 
a  late  shortening  for  the  common 
OE.  cyning :  Teut.  base  kuninga-  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  kuning  G.  konig,  DU. 
koning\  cp.  ON.  konungr  (but 
GOTH,  reiks  'king'). 

kirtle  sb.  ME.  kirtel  OE.  cyrtel 
from  a  TEUT.  base  *kurtil  (=  ON. 
kyrtilt) :  prop,  'a  short  under- 
garment' from  LAT.  curtus  'short' 
(cp.  G.  kurz  and  see  short  and 
shirt). 

kiss  sb.  ME.  kiss  with  the 
vowel  accommodated  to  the  vb. 
kiss  for  OE,  coss  =  OSAX.  kits 

COS,     DU.     kttS,    OHG-    kus     G.     kllSS, 

ON.  kosst  DAN.  kys,  sw.  kyss,  GOTH. 
*kussus.  —  kiss  vb.  ME.  kisse 
OE.  cyssan  —  OSAX.  kussian, 
DU.  OHG.  kussen  G.  kussent  ON. 
sw.  kyssa,  DAN.  kysse. 

kitchen  sb.  ME.  kicchen  OE. 
cycene  from  a  WEST-TEUT.  base 
kukina  =  DU.  keuken,  OHG. 
kuchtna  chuhhina  G.  kilche:  an 
early  West-Teut.  loanword  from 
8* 


n6 


kite  —  knuckle 


late  LAT.  coquma  (class,  culma 
see  under  kiln)  or  rather  from 
a  common  Rom.  and  vulg.  LAT. 
cocina  'kitchen'  (cp.  FR.  cuisine, 
IT.  cucina,  SPAN,  cocina).  Cp. 
cook. 

kite  sb.  ME.  kite  OE.  cyta  'a 
kite':  Teut.  base  kiitjan-. 

kitten  ME.  kitoun  answers  to 
the  synon.  FR.  chatton  'a  young 
cat'  (perh.  the  E.  word  points 
to  ONFR.  *ketonT) 

knave  ME.  knave  OE.  cnafa  = 
OHG.  knabo  G.  knabe  'boy';  iden- 
tical with  OE.  cnapa  ME.  kndpe 
'boy'  —  OSAX.  knapo,  OFRIS. 
knapa,  ON.  knapi  'boy'.  GERM. 
knappe  points  to  a  TEUT.  knab- 
ban-.  Perh.  cogn.  w.  knightl 
or.  w.  GALL,  gnabat  'son'? 

knead  vb.  ME.  kn{de  OE.  cnedan 
=  MLG.  DU.  kneden,  OHG.  krietan 
G.  kneten'.  TEUT.  y~  /£;z^/  = 
ARYAN  \f  gnet  in  RUSS.  gnetate 
press'. 

knee  vb.  ME.  kneoE.  cneo  =  OSAX. 

£**/<?,    DU.  G.  >£/2/<?  OHG.    f^ft/ft  /£/Z,?0, 

GOTH,  kniu  (gen.  kniwis):  Teut. 
base  knewa-,  cogn.  w.  the  synon. 

LAT.   ^tffc,     GR.     yo'j't',     SKR.   janu 

'knee'.  —  kneel  vb.  ME.  cnele  OE. 
*cntowlian  =  DU.  knielen  MLG. 
£«#,?*,  sw.  <r/te<k  'kneel',  DAN. 
^/z^/^  ? 

knell  vb.  ME.  knille  OE.  cnyllan\ 
cogn.  w.  MHG.  knellen  in  *r-,  G. 
knallen. 

knife  sb.  ME.  /^^  OE.  (about 
1000)  cnif.  The  occurrence  in 
late  OE.  favors  Scancl.  origin: 
ON.  knifr.  On  the  continent, 


there  is  an  equivalent  DU.  knijf, 
LG.  kmfy  G.  dial,  kneif. 

knight  sb.  ME.  knight  OE.  cniht\ 
Teut.  base  kriehta-  =  DU.  G. 
knecht  OHG.  krieht,  OFRIS.  kniuht\ 
cogn.  w.  knavet 

knit  vb.  ME.  knitte  OE.  cnyttan\ 
deriv.  of  OE.  cnotta  (by  vowel- 
mutation)  (=  ON.  kmitr)  = 
E.  knot]  OE.  cnyttan  is  ident. 
w.  LG.  kmitten"? 

knob  sb.  ME.  knobbe\  allied  to 
MHG.  knubel  'knuckle',  DU.  knobbel 
'knot,  lump,  callosity',  G.  knopf 
'button,  bud',  ON.  knappr. 

knock  vb.  ME.  knocke  OE. 
*cnoccian\  ident.  w.  OE.  cnucian, 
ON.  knoka\  a  sound  imitation, 
closely  allied  to  knack. 

knoll  sb.  ME.  knol  OE.  cnoll  = 
DU.  knol  'a  turnip',  G.  knollen. 

knot  sb.  ME.  knotte  OE.  cnotta 
=  MHG.  knotze,  DU.  knot]  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  knodo  knoto  G.  knot  en 
and  ON.  knutr  'a  knot'  —  kntita 
f.  'dice'  —  knpltr  (GOTH. 
*knattus)  m.  'ball'. 

know  vb.  ME.  knmve  OE.  cndwan 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  chnaan  'know', 
ON.  knd  vb.  'know  how  to  do': 
TEUT.  Y~  kn£  knd  (akin  to  can 
and*  keen)  =  ARYAN  y*  ^/z 
^•w  in  LAT.  gignosco  ignotus 
ignavus  ignarus ,  GR.  yiyvwoma, 
SKR.  \{~jna.  -  -  knowledge  sb. 
ME.  knfivUchl  derived  fr.  the 
vb.  ME.  knowttche,  intensive  for- 
mation of  ME.  knowe  =  E. 
know  (OE.  *tycndwlcecan  is 
wanting). 

knuckle    sb.    ME.    knokel    OE. 


labor  —  lake 


*cnucel\  cogn.  w.  G.  knochel,  dimin.  of  a  simple  word,  seen 
OFRIS.  knokle,  DU.  knokkel,  MLG.  in  G.  knochen  'a  bone',  DU.  knok 
knokel,  DAN.  knogle  knokkeh  'a  knuckle,  a  bone'» 


labor  sb.  ME.  labour  adopted 
fr.  FR.  labour  =  LAT.  labor  (em) 
'labor'. 

lace  sb.  ME.  Ids :  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  lace — OFR.  las  (lags):  spurce 
LAT.  laqueus  'noose,  snare'  (= 
IT.  lac  do}.  See  latchet. 

lack  sb.  ME.  lak  OE.  *lcec  = 
ODU.  lac  DU.  lak  'blemish,  stain, 
lack'.  lack  vb.  ME.  lacke 

from  the  sb.,  but  earlier  ME. 
lake  (OE.  *lacian)  =  ODU.  laken 
'be  wanting',  OFRIS.  lakia.  Teut. 
\f  lek  in  leak. 

lacquer  lacker  sb.  adopted 
fr.  FR.  laque  'varnish'?  cp.  G. 
lack,  IT.  lacca. 

lad  ME.  ladde  borrowed  fr.  IR. 
lath  'a  youth,  champion';  cp. 
lass. 

ladder  ME.  ladtlre  short  for  OE. 
hlcedder'.  Teut.  base  hlaidrjo-  = 
DU.  ladder  leer,  OHG.  leitara  G. 
letter  \  GOTH.  *hlai-dri  (gen. 
*hlai-drjds):  TEUT.  \/~hlai  hli  in 

/£<?/*    Vb.,     ARYAN    V"  /&#    in    GR. 

xtf-ua£  ladder'.  The  Teut. 
suffix  -dr-  in  ladder  answers  to 
a  GR.  -TQLU. 

lade  sb.  ME.  lade  OE.  hladan 
—  os AX.  hladan,  DU.  G.  laden 
OHG.  (fyladan,  ON.  ^^,  GOTH. 


hlafian  'load,  lade':  TEUT.  \fhlad 
hlaj)  from  an  ARYAN  \^klat\  perh. 
cogn.  w.  \fklad  in  OSLOV.  kladq 
I  lay'.  —  The  vb.  OE.  hladan 
ME.  lade  signifies  also  'draw 
water',  hence  E.  ladle  ME.  Iddel 
OE.  hlcedel. 

lady  ME.  lady  earlier  lafdi 
Idfdi^  OE.  hlcsfdi^e  'a  lady, 
mistress';  cogn.  w.  lord  OE. 
hldford.  The  first  part  of  both 
words  is  OE.  hldf  =  E.  loaf, 
the  second  part  in  OE.  hlaf- 
dity  is  connected  with  GOTH. 
deigan  vb.  'knead'  (see  dough). 
Therefore  OE.  hldfdiie  (TEUT. 
* hlaiba-dtgjd-)  meant  orig.  'the 
kneader  of  bread'. 

lair  ME.  leir  OE.  le^er  'lair, 
couch,  bed'  OSAX.  legar 

kcouch,  sick-bed',  DU.  leger  'a 
couch,  bed,  lair',  OHG.  legar  G. 
lager  (for  leger)  'a  couch,  bed, 
place  of  lying,  storehouse', 
GOTH,  ligrs  'a  couch':  Teut. 
base  legra-  from  \f  leg  in  lie 
and  lay. 

laity    sb.   from   the    adj.    lay. 

lake  ME.  lake  'lake'  OE.  lacu 
'lake'  and  'stream':  early  loan- 
word fr.  LAT.  lacus  'a  lake, 
pool*.  OE.  lagu  'sea,  ocean'  is 


n8 


lamb  —  lap 


the  genuine  E.  correspondence 
of  the  LAT.  word  and  of  IR. 
loch  'lake';  cp.  loch. 

lamb  sb.  ME.  OE.  lamb  Igmb 
=  OSAX.  lamb,  DU.  lam,  OHG. 
lamb  G.  lamm,  GOTH.  ON.  lamb'. 
Teut.  base  lamba-  (lambaz-  in 
the  plur.  OE.  lombru  ME.  lombren, 
lambiz-  in  the  plur.  OHG.  lembir 
G.  lammer). 

lame  adj.  ME.  lame  OE.  lama 
=  OSAX.  lamo,  DU.  lam,  OHG. 
MHG.  lam  (gen.  lames)  G.  lahm, 
ON.  kimi,  sw.  DAN.  /0w<?.  The 
commoner  meaning  'bruised, 
maimed'  is  prob.  the  orig.  one, 
though  the  meaning  'lame'  is 
very  old  (GOTH,  us  d  halts  cp. 
half).  Cp.  OSLOV.  lomiti  vb. 
'break,  bruise',  ON.  lama  'bruise'  ? 

lammasME.  lammasse  shortened 
fr.  late  OE.  hldmmcEsse,  commonly 
OE.  hldf -masse.:  lit.  'loaf-mass' 
from  hldf  'loaf,  bread'  and 
mcesse  'mass'.  See  loaf. 

lamp  short  for  ME.  lawnpe 
adopted  fr.  FR.  lampe,  whence 
also  DU.  lamp,  DAN.  G.  lampe,  sw. 
lampa.  Source  LAT.-GR.  lampas 
'a  torch,  lamp'  (=  IT.  lampa). 

lamprey  sb.  ME.  laumpreie  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  lampreie  (=  FR. 
lamproie),  whence  also  DU.  lam- 
prei.  Source  LAT.  lampetra 
'lamprey'  in  a  vulgar  form  lam- 
preda  (=  IT.  lampredd),  whence 
also  OE.  lempedu  lampreta'  and 
perh.  the  synon.  pride  (OE. 
*  pride  short  for  *  lampride?) . 

lance  ME.  launce  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  lance,  whence  also  DU.  lam, 


G.    lanze.      Source    LAT.    lancea 
(==  IT.  lancia)}   cp.  latmch. 
land   sb.    ME.    OE.    land    (Ignd) 

=    OSAX.    DU.    G.    ON.     SW.     DAN. 

land  from  a  Teut.  base  landa-\ 
cogn.  w.  IR.  land  lann,  CYMR. 
llan,  CORN.  Ian  (from  *landha) 
'open  space,  surface',  BRET.  Ian 
'heath',  OSLOV.  ledina  'heath, 
untilled  land'  (RUSS.  Ijada  Ija- 
dind).  —  land  vb.  ME.  lande  = 
DU.  G.  landen,  DAN.  lande,  sw. 
landa  from  land  sb.  —  land- 
scape borrowed  fr.  DU.  land- 
scliap  'a  landscape'. 

lane  sb.  ME.  OE.  lane  (lone)  •=. 
OFRIS.  lona  lana,  DU.  laan  'a 
lane,  a  narrow  passage':  Teut. 
base  lanon-.  *• 

language  ME.  langdge  adopted 
from  FR.  langage:  deriv.  of 
FR.  langue  —  LAT.  lingua  'tongue, 
speech'. 

languish  vb.  ME.  languisshe 
from  FR.  languiss-  stem  of  languir 
'languish'  (LAT.  languere  'be 
weak1). 

lank  adj.  ME.  lank  OE.  hlanc\ 
perh.  cogn.  w.  G.  schlank,  which 
points  to  a  TEUT.  slanka- :  ARYAN 
klang-  s(k)langt 

lantern  ME.  lanterne  launterne 
borrowed  from  FR.  lanterne  I 
source  LAT.  laterna  lanterna, 
whence  also  G.  laterne. 

lap  sb.  ME.  lappe  'lap,  border' 
OE.  IcBppa  'a  loosely  hanging 
portion';  cogn.  w.  DU.  lap,  OFRIS. 
OHG.  lappa  G.  lappen  'rag,  tatter' 
and  LITH.  lopas  'patch'  (LAT.  labor e 
'hang  down,  fall').  See  limp  adj. 


lapwing  —  lath 


IIQ 


lapwing  vb.  accommodated  to 
wing  for  ME.  lapwinke,  shortened 
fr.  OE.  hlfapwince  lit.  'the  bird 
which  turns  about  in  running'; 
cp.  leap  for  OE.  hlfapan  'run' 
and  wink. 

larboard  earlier  lerboard  and 
leerboard  (cp.  starboard)',  perh. 
from  ME.  ler  'cheek'?  In  Scand. 
the  planks  in  a  ship's  side  have 
different  names  as  aur-,  skaut-, 
sol-bord. 

larch  sb.  ME.  *lerch  OE.  *lerd 
*leric  =  MHG.  ler  c  he  G.  liirche. 
Source  LAT.  larix  (laricem). 

lard  late  ME.  lard  from  the  sy- 
non.  FR.  lard  =  LAT.  larda 
(laridus  adj.  'fat'). 

large  ME.  large  'large,  wide, 
liberal,  generous'  from  FR.  large 
=  LAT.  largus. 

lark  ME.  larke  contracted  fr. 
OE.  Idwerce  earliest  form  Idwricce: 
Teut.  base  laiwrakon-  —  OHG. 
lerahha  (from  *l8wrahha)  G.  lerche, 
DU.  leeuwericky  MLG.  lewerke. 
Formation  and  origin  quite  ob- 
scure. 

lash  sb.  ME.  lasshe  'the  string 
of  a  whip'  OE.  Icesce  =  DU.  lasch, 
MLG.  las  c  he  'a  stripe'. 

lass  ME.  lasse:  perh.  for  *ladst 
and  cogn.  w.  lad  ME.  laddel 

last  adj.  ME.  last(e)  earlier 
latst(e)  shortened  for  OE.  latest 
'latest':  superl.  of  OE.  lat=  late. 

last  sb.  'the  shoemaker's  woo- 
den mould  of  the  foot'  ident. 
Wo  OE.  last  sb.  'foot-track,  foot- 
print'; the  E.  meaning  agrees  w. 
G.  leisten,  DU.  leest,  sw.  last,  DAN. 


last  'the  shoemaker's  last'.  The 
orig.  meaning  is  evident  in  ON. 
leistr  'foot  below  the  ankle,  a 
short  sock'.  Cp.  the  ARYAN 
\f~*lis  lais  'go'  in-  LAT.  delirare 
go  mad'. 

last  vb.  ME.  laste  short  for  OE. 
lastan  'perform,  stand  by,  carry 
out'  =  OSAX.  lestian,  OHG.  G. 
leisten,  GOTH,  laistjan:  derived 
fr.  a  TEUT.  laista-  'foot-mark' 
under  last  sb. 

latch  vb.  ME.  lacche  OE.  Iceccan 
ty-lceccan  'seize,  catch  hold  of. 

-  Hence  latch  sb.  ME.  lacche 
'a  catch,  fastening'. 

latchet  sb.  ME.  lacchet  from 
ONFR.  *lachet  =  FR.  lacet  a  dimin. 
of  FR.  lacs  'a  snare,  noose';  see 
lace. 

late  adj.  ME.  lat  (late  adv.) 
OE.  tat  'slow,  late'  —  OSAX.  lat, 
(LG.  late  adv.  'late'),  DU.  laat, 
OHG.  /#;  (;;)  G.  lass,  ON.  latr, 
GOTH,  lats  'slow,  slothful':  an 
OTEUT.  adj. -stem  lata-,  belonging 
to  the  ARYAN  \flad  in  LAT. 
lassus  (trow*lad-tus,  an  old  part.) 
'weary'.  Cp.  let  vb.  and  last 
adj. 

lath  ME.  lafipe  OE.  Icetta  (lafifia) 
=  OHG.  latta  G.  latte,  DU.  lat. 
Though  OE.  tt  corresponds  here 
to  OHG.  #  (regularly  OE.  //  = 
OHG.  //),  the  word  is  still  ge- 
nuine Teut.,  since  it  is  allied  w. 
G.  laden  'board,  plank,  lash, 
shutter',  whence  FR.  latte  (= 
SPAN,  lata,  IT.  latta)]  akin  to  w. 
Hath  'a  rod,  staff',  IR.  slat,  BRET. 
laz  'rod,  lath'  (Celt,  base  slatta-). 


120 


lather  —  lay 


lather  ME.  lather  short  for  OE. 
llador  =  ON.  laudr  (mod.  ICEL. 
Igdr)  'froth,  foam':  Teut.  base 
lau-pra-  derived  from  the  ARYAN 
<flaw  in  LAT.  lavare',  as  for  the 
Teut.  suffix  cp.  GR.  Aovroor 
'bath'  and  GALL,  lautrum  'bal- 
neum'. 

Latin  adj.  ME.  Latin  adopt. 
fr.  FR.  latin  (—  SPAN.  IT.  latino, 
DU.  latijn,  G.  lateiri)',  source  LAT. 
Latinus,  whence  also  OE.  laden 
'Latin'. 

latten  sb.  'a  kind  of  brass  or 
bronze'  ME.  latoun  borrowed  fr. 
the  synon.  OFR.  laton  =  FR. 
laiton,  SPAN,  laton. 

lattice  sb.  ME.  latis  adopted  fr. 
FR.  lattis  'lathwork,  lattice-work' 
formed  from  FR.  latte  'a  lath'; 
see  lath. 

laugh  vb.  ME.  lag  he  laughe 
earlier  lahhe  OE.  hlehhan  hlyhhan  = 
OSAX.  hlehhian,  DU.  G.  lachen  OHG. 
lahhen  (fylahhan,  ON.  hlceja  (for 
*hlahja),  GOTH,  hlahjan  'laugh'. 
TEUT.  \l"hlah  =  ARYAN  klak,  prob. 
onomatopoetic.  —  laughter  sb. 
ME.  laughter  OE.  hleahtor  =  OHG. 
hlahtar  G.  gelachter,  ON.  hldtr 
from  the  TEUT.  \^hlah  with  the 
suffix  pra-  tra-. 

launch  vb.  ME.  launche  com- 
monly launce'.  adopted  fr  ONFR. 
(Picard.)  lancher  =  FR.  lancer 
'hurl,  cast,  dart,  thrust';  deriv. 
of  FR.  lance  =  E.  lance. 

laundress  extended  with  suffix 
-ess  fr.  ME.  launder  lavendere  from 
OFR.  lavandiere  'washer  woman' 
FR.  lavandiere  'laundry  -  maid'. 


Source  LAT.  lavandus  'to  be 
washed'  (IT.  lavanda  'a  washing'). 

laurel  ME.  laurcr  (with  the  by- 
forms  lorer  loref)  from  FR.  laurieri 
source  LAT.  laurus  'a  laurel  tree'. 

lave  vb.  ME.  lave  OE.  ^elafian 
=  OHG.  labbn  G.  laben  'refresh'. 
The  WEST-TEUT.  labon  is  perh. 
a  loanword  fr.  LAT.  lavare  (== 
FR.  laver). 

lavender  ME.  lavendre  (with  an 
inserted  E.  r)  borrowed  from 
FR.  lavande  =  IT.  lavanda  lav  en- 
tola ,  whence  DU.  G.  lavendel. 
Source  LAT.  lavare  'wash*  (la- 
vender was  laid  in  freshly  washed 
linen). 

law  ME.  lawe  OE.  lagu  'law*, 
which  about  goo  was  borrowed 
fr.  an  early  SCAND.*/^?/?  =  ON. 
log  nom.  plur.  'law'  (sw.  lag,  DAN. 
lov  'law').  Cogn.  w.  LAT.  lex  — 
legem  fr.  ARYAN  <^legh  'lie';  cp. 
G.  gesetz,  satzung  for  the  meaning. 
The  genuine  E.  word  for  'law* 
was  OE.  ce.  =  OHG.  ewa. 

lawn1  sb.  'a  grass  plot'  ME. 
launde  lande\  borrowed  from  FR. 
lande  'a  grassy  plain',  which  is 
of  Celt,  origin  (cp.  IR.  lann 
under  land). 

lawn-  sb.  'fine  linen'  orig, 
"lawn  linen":  so  called  from  FR. 
Laon  a  city  N.  W.  of  RheimsJ 
cp.  Arras  and  Cambric. 

lay  vb.  ME.  leie  lein  earlier 
legge  OE.  lecgan  wk.  vb.  (3  sing. 
OE.  le^p  ME.  lei-tJi)'.  Teut.  base 
lagjan  =  GOTH,  lagjan,  OSAX. 
leggian,  OHG.  leckan  G.  legen,  DU. 
ON.  lexziai  causative  for- 


lay    —  learn 


121 


mation  of  the  \^leg  'lie'  in  lie] 
hence  lay  'cause  to  lie  down'. 

lay  sb.  'a  song'  ME.  lai  from 
OFR.  FR.  lai. 

lay  adj.  ME.  lai  from  OFR.  FR. 
lai  'secular,  belonging  to  the 
laity'.  Source  LAT.  laicus,  whence 
also  OE.  Icewed  (G.  laie  'a  lay- 
man). See  lewd. 

lazar  sb.  ME.  Idzar  fr.  OFR. 
lazaret  Source  the  biblical  prop, 
n.  Lazarus\  'the  lazar-house'  is 
in  G.  lazaret  =  IT.  lazzaretto,  FR. 
lazaret. 

lazy  from  FR.  las  =  LAT.  lassus. 

lead  vb.  ME.  l{de  (lede)  OE.  ladan: 
Teut.  base  laid/an  =  OSAX. 
ledian,  DU.  leiden,  G.  leiten,  ON. 
leida  'lead':  prop,  factitive  of  the 
str.  vb.  TEUT.  Rfan  =  OE.  lidan 
'go,  travel',  OSAX.  lithan,  GOTH. 
leipan\  TEUT.  \fltp  under  lode- 
star. 

lead  sb.  short  for  ME.  l$d  OE. 
lead  =  DU.  lood  'lead  a  weight', 
G.  lot  'a  lead-weight':  Teut.  base 
*laitda-  cogn.  w.  synon.  OIR. 
ludide  (base  laudio-). 

leaf  ME.  lef  OE.  /^'tf/1  =  OSAX. 
lof,  DU.  /<?0/"  'foliage',  OHG.  loub 
G.  /czz^  'leaves,  foliage',  ON.  lauf 
'leaf,  GOTH,  laufs  (plur.  laubbs) 
'leaf:  Teut.  base  lauba-  orig. 
'the  single  leaf  (used  as  a  col- 
lective sb.  'the  foliage'). 

league  sb.  'an  alliance'  adopted 
from  FR.  ligue  'a  league':  source 
LAT.  ligare  'bind'. 

league  sb.  'about  three  miles' 
late  ME.  l$ge  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 


legue  =  FR.  lieu:  source  a  LAT.- 
GALL,  leuga  leuca  'a  Gallic  mile', 
whence  also  late  OE.  leowe  'leuga'. 
GALL,  leuga  corresponds  to  BRET. 
leo,  IR.  leige  'a  league'. 

leak  vb.  ME.  l$ke  OE.  lecan  (the 
factitive  leccan  'wet'  from  a  base 
lakjari)  =  ON.  leka  'drip,  leak 
as  a  ship',  DU.  lekkeny  OHG. 
lechan  G.  lecken  vb.  —  leek  adj. 
'leaky'.  -  -  TEUT.  \flek  lak  see 
under  lack  vb. 

lean  adj.  ME.  l$ne  OE.  hlcene 
from  a  Teut.  base  hlai-ni  'lean' 
(with  suffix  -ni  as  in  clean, 
green). 

lean  vb.  ME.  tync  OE.  hlcenan 
'cause  to  lean':  Teut.  base  hlain- 
jan  =  OHG.  Icinan'.  factitive  of 
OE.  hlionian  'lean'  =  OSAX.  hlinon, 
OHG.  hlinen  'lean';  cp.  G.  lehncn, 
DU.  leunen.  The  TEUT.\TM  (cp. 
ladder)  corresponds  to  an 
ARYAN  Y~M;  cp.  LAT.  inclmdre 
'incline',  GR.  xXi'vm  'I  lean'  —  xL- 
TVC,  'hill',  LAT.  cli-vus  'hill',  GOTH. 
hlai-w  (OE.  hldw)  'mound'. 

leap  vb.  ME.  type  OE.  hl£apan 
str.  vb.  'leap,  run'  ==  DU.  loopen, 
OSAX.  hlopan,  OHG.  louffan  G. 
lauf  en,  ON.  hlaupa,  GOTH,  hlaupan 
'leap,  run':  TEUT.y^^n^,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  LITH.  klupau  vb.  'stag- 
ger, stumble*. 

learn  vb.  short  for  ME.  /0r«* 
OE.  leornian'.  from  a  base  lernbn 
TEUT.  liznvn  =  OHG.  lirn&n  lernen 
G.  lernen  'learn';  cp.  OSAX.  /z^« 
from  a  base  liznbn.  Akin  to 
the  primit.  str.  vb.  GOTH.  /«« 
I  know'  and  the  deriv.  OE.  OHG. 


122 


lease1  —  leisure 


lis-tt  GOTH,  lis-ts  'art,  cunning'. 
See  lore  for  the  TEUT.\Tte  Hz. 

lease1  vb. 'let  tenements'  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  laisser. 

lease2  vb.  'gather,  pick,  glean' 
ME.  l$se  OE.  lesan  'gather'  =  OSAX. 
lesan,  DU.  lezen  'gather,  read', 
OHG.  lesan  G.  lesen  'gather, 
read',  ON.  lesa  'gather,  pick', 
GOTH,  lisan  'gather';  cogn.  w. 
LITH.  lesti  'pick  up'. 

least  ME.  lest  OE.  last  shor- 
tened fr.  lasest  (by-form  Icerest)'. 
Teut.  base  laisista-  superl.  to 
the  compar.  TEUT.  laisiza-  = 
less. 

leather  ME.  lether  OE.  leder  = 
ON.  ledr,  DU.  leder,  OHG.  ledar 
G.  leder  leather':  Teut.  base 
lepra-  =  pre-TEUT.  letro-  in  IR. 
lethar,  CYMR.  lledr,  BRET,  lezr 
'leather. 

leave  vb.  ME.  leve  OE.  Icefan 
tr.  'leave'  —  intr.  'remain':  Teut. 
base  laibjan\  cp.  OSAX.  far- 
tibian  'remain',  OHG.  MHG.  leibcn 
'leave',  ON.  leifa  'leave':  causat. 
of  a  str.  vb.  liban  in  OE.  belifan 
ME.  belive  y  OSAX.  biliban,  DU. 
blijven,  OHG.  biliban  G.  bleiben, 
ON.  Ufa  (orig.  str.),  GOTH,  bi- 
leiban  'remain'.  For  the  root 
see  live. 

leave  sb.  ME.  l$ve  (leve)  'per- 
mission' OE.  l$af  'permission'; 
cp.  OE.  dlyfan  dlefan  'permit', 
OHG.  irlouben  G.  erlauben. 

leaven  ME.  levain  from  FR. 
levain  'ferment'.  Source  LAT. 
lev  amen. 

lee  ME.  If  from  ON.  hU  (»sigla 


a  hle«  'to  stand  to  leeward')' 
prop,  'shelter,  protection'  (OE. 
hleo,  OSAX.  hleo  'shelter').  Cogn. 
w.  ON.  hly  'warmth'  —  hlyr  'warm; 
and  G.  lau  OHG.  hlao\  CQ. -luke- 
warm. 

leech1  'physician'  (Shakesp.) 
ME.  leche  OE.  lece  Icece  'physician' 
=  GOTH,  lekeis,  OHG.  lahhi  'phy- 
sician': Teut.  base  lekja-  lakja-. 
Perh.  allied  to  OIR.  liaig  (gen. 
lego)  'physician'. 

leech2  'hirudo'  ME.  *llche  (not 
recorded)  OE.  Icece  'hirudo':  prop, 
'physician'  and  ident.  w.  leech}. 
Cp.  ODU.  lake  'leech'? 

leek  ME.  lek  OE.  l{ac  =  DU. 
look,  OHG.  louh  G.  lauch,  ON. 
laukr  'leek':  Teut.  base  lauka- 
pre-TEUT.  lougo-. 

leer  ME.  ler  OE.  hleor  'cheek' 
=  OSAX.  hlior,  ON.  hlyr  'cheek': 
Teut.  base  hleuza-.  If  the  orig. 
meaning  was  'ear',  listen  might 
be  allied. 

lees  'dregs  of  wine'  from  FR.  lie 
'lees':  base  a  late  Gallo-Latin 
lia  for  *liga  'sediment'  (ARYAN 
\/^legh  in  lie). 

left  ME.  left  lift  allied  to  the 
synon.  ODU.  lucht  luft,  LG.  lucht, 
NFRIS.  leeft\  the  orig.  meaning 
was  perh.  'faint,  weak'  in  OE. 
lyft  'inanis':  Teut.  base  lufti-1 
lumfti-1  perh.  allied  to  OHG. 
lenka  'the  left  hand'  G.  links  'left'? 

legend  ME.  legende  from  OFR. 
legende. 

leisure  ME.  insure  (commonly 
leiser)  fr.  OFR.  leisir  =  FR.  loisir. 
Source  LAT.  lic£re* 


lemman  —  lie1 


123 


lemman  'sweetheart'  ME.  lemman 
shortened  fr.  an  earlier  lefman'. 
prop.  y>lief  man«. 

lemon  from  FR.  limon\  cp. 
lime^. 

lend  vb.  ME.  tine  OE.  Icznan 
vb.  'lend*  from  OE.  Icsn  'a  loan'; 
cp.  loan. 

length  ME.  lengthe  OE.  lengf 
from  a  Teut.  base  langifid-  — 
ON.  lengd'.  abstract,  formation  of 
TEUT.  langa-  ;  cp.  long. 

lent  ME.  lente  lenten  OE.  len^ten 
'spring'  =  OHG.  lenzin  with  the 
by-form  lengnjn  lengizo  lenzo  G. 
lenz  'spring',  DU.  lente.  OHG.  lenzin 
(—  OE.  lenten)  points  to  a  TEUT. 
langa-tma-  'the  long  day';  for 
the  second  element  cp.  GOTH. 
sin-teins  'daily',  SLOV.  dint,  skr. 
dina  'day'. 

lentil  ME.  lentil  fr.  FR.  lentille\ 
source  the  synon.  LAT.  lenticula 
(lens  —  lentis  'lentil'). 

leper  ME.  lepre  'leprosy'  fr.  FR. 
lepre  'leprosy'  (LAT.  lepra). 

less  ME.  lesse  lasse  OE.  Icessa 
'smaller'  fr.  a  Teut.  base  laisizan- 
=  OFRIS.  lessa;  the  adv.  E.  less 
ME.  les  OE.  Ices  answers  to  OSAX. 
tis  (TEUT.  laisiz).  Fdr  the  superl. 
cp.  least.  A  primitive  adj.  laisa- 
is  LITH.  lesas  'little,  small'. 

-less  suffix  =  ME.  -t/s  OE.  -leas'. 
prop.  adj.  meaning  loose. 

lesson  ME.  lessoun  fr.  FR.  lefoni 
source  LAT.  lectio(nem}. 

lest  'that  not'  ME.  leste  shor- 
tened for  the  Ust  the  OE.  p$  las 
pe  'for  the  reason  less  that'; 
for  OE.  Ids  =  ME,  les  cp.  less. 


let1  vb.  ME.  lete  OE.  Ittan  Idtan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  titan,  ON.  Idta, 
OSAX.  latan,  OHG.  laTgan  G.  lassen, 
DU.  laten\  TEUT.y"/^/  /^/  'permit'. 

let2  vb.  'hinder'  ME.  lette  OE. 
let  fan  fr.  a  base  latjan  'to  make 
slow'  (TEUT.  lata-  'slow'  see  un- 
der late)  =  GOTH.  /^df»  'tarry' 
ON.  let/a  t  OSAX.  lettian,  OHG. 
lezzan  (G.  verletzen),  DU.  letten. 

letter  ME.  /<?#r^  fr.  FR.  /<?//r^ 
(LAT.  litter  a). 

lettuce  late  ME.  letilfe\  allied 
to  FR.  laitue  =  LAT.  lactuca 
(whence  OHG.  lattuK). 

levy  fr.  FR.  levle  (FR.  lever  = 
LAT.  lev  are). 

lewd  ME.  //ze/^  OE.  Idwed  'un- 
learned' fr.  LAT.  la'icus  cp.  /«_y3. 

lick  vb.  ME.  likke  OE.  lie  dan  = 
OSAX.  likkdn,  OHG.  leckon  G. 
lecken,  GOTH.  *likkon.  TEUT.  likkon 
belongs  to  the  Aryan 
'lick'  in  GOTH,  laigon,  GR. 
'lick'  —  bxvsvro  'taste  secretly', 
SKR.  Vf7#  //^  'lick',  OSLOV.  Kzq 
(lizati)  and  LITH.  leziu  lick',  LAT. 
/w^  and  perhaps  LAT.  lingua 
LITH.  lezuvis  'tongue',  OIR.  ligim 
'lick'. 

lid  sb.  (eye-lid)  ME.  lid  OE.  hlid 
'cover,  lid'  =  DU.  lid  lid,  cover', 
OHG.  lit  (older  hlit)  G.  lid  (in 
augenlid'eye\K$),  ON.  //rf  'cover, 
gate'.  Cp.  the  TEUT.  \f~~hlid  in 
the  str.  vb.  OE.  OSAX.  hftdan 
'cover'. 

lie1  vb.  'speak  falsely'  ME.  lie 
earlier  lie  tity  OE.  Ifogan  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  Hog  an,  DU.  liegen,  G. 
ON.  GOTH. 


124 


lie2  —  like 


str.  vb.  'tell  a  falsehood'.  The 
TEUT.  \^leug  answers  to  an  Aryan 
^leugh  -  high  in  OSLOV.  luzq 
(lugatt)  vb.  'lie'  —  luza  sb.  'lie  . 

lie2  vb.  'rest,  repose'  ME.  lie 
lin  OE.  lidgan  =  OSAX.  liggian, 
DU.  liggen,  OHG.  lie  ken  G.  liegen, 
ON.  tiggja,  GOTH,  ligan  str.  vb. 
'He'.  The  str.  vb.  TEUT.  Kgjan 
is  derived  fr.  the  Aryan  \^legh 
in  GR.  /U'xrpoy  At/og  'bed'  — 
aXo^oc  'wife'  —  4.££G)  'bedridden 
woman'  —  Ao/e'to  'bear'  —  Ao/og 
'ambush,  lair',  LAT.  /frf&r  'bed', 
OSLOV.  /££•#  (lezati)  'lie'.  Cp.  /#}> 
and  /tf/V. 

lief  adj.  ME.  lef  OE.  leof  (cp. 
I  e  mm  an)  =  OSAX.  Kof,  DU.  /*<?/, 
OHG.  //<?£  (Hub)  G.  /*>£  'dear,  lief, 
ON.  ljufr,  GOTH.  //«/r'deaf:  Teut. 
base  leuba-  adj.  'lief  from  the 
TEUT.  \l^ lub  in  love. 

liege  ME.  /<?£<?  (by-form  ///*)  fr. 
OFR.  //>£•£  //£•£  FR.  lige. 

life  ME.  OE.  ///  =  OSAX.  /if, 
ON.  /£/",  OHG.  lib  'life'  (G.  /«£, 
DU.  lijf  'body');  allied  to  the 
TEUT.  y"Y$  in  /«;*;  a  lost  str. 
vb.  /z&7/2  cp.  under  leave  vb. 
Outside  of  TEUT.,  GR.  fanaytw 
'remain'  points  to  an  ARYAN  \{~lip. 

lift  vb.  ME.  lifte  fr.  SCAND. ' lypta\ 
cogn.  w.  loft. 

light  sb.  ME.  light  OE.  Ifoht  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  Koht,  DU.  G.  licht 
'light'.  The  dental  of  the  word 
is  formative  as  seen  in  GOTH. 
liuh-af  'light;  cp.  the  Aryan 
Y~/«£:  leuk  in  LAT.  ///^^?  'shine', 
GR.  Xtvxoc  'white',  SKR.  rue  'shine'. 
—  Hence  lighten  vb.  ME. 


light(e)ne  (where  the  n  is 
formative)  'become  light'  and 
lightning  verbal  sb.  'an  il- 
luminating flash'  (with  the  suffix 
-ing). 

light  adj.  ME.  light  OE.  liht  leoht 
=  DU.  ligty  OHG.  liht  G.  leicht, 
ON.  Uttr ,  GOTH,  leihts'i  Teut. 
base  tinhta-  for  lenkto-f  Perhaps 
cogn.  w.  GR.  sXa/vc  'small',  LITH. 
lengwus  lengwas  'light'.  See  lung. 

-  Hence   also  lights  'animal's 
lungs'.  light     vb.     'alight, 
descend'  ME.  lihte  OE.  lihtan  lit. 
'make  light,    relieve   a  horse  of 
his  burden'  fr.  OE.  liht  =  light. 

-  lighten    vb.  ident.  w.  light 
vb.   (w.  formative  -en).  —  light 
in  the  phrase  "to  make  light  of 
somebody"  represents  ME.  lite  OE. 
lyt  'little,  small',  which  is  cogn. 
w.  little. 

like  vb.  ME.  like  OE.  llcian  wk. 
vb.  'please'  =  GOTH,  leikan  (pret. 
leikaida)  'please',  DU.  Rjken  'suit', 
ON.  Ilka  'please':  deriv.  of  like 
adj.  or  cogn.  w.  OIR.  ligach 
'beautiful'  —  llg  'color,  splendor'? 

like  adj.  ME.  lik  earlier  illk  OE. 
•glic  =  GOTH,  galeiks,  ON.  glikr, 
OSAX.  giRk,  DU.  gelijky  OHG. 
giM  (hh)  G.  gleich.  The  Teut. 
adj.  ga-ltka-  is  a  comp.  of  the 
particle  GOTH,  ga-  and  a  sb.  lika- 
'body',  the  comp.  meaning 'having 
the  same  body';  cp.  GOTH.  leikt 
OSAX.  ON.  lik  'body',  OE.  lic-homa 
'body',  G.  leiche  —  leichnam 
'corpse'.  Cp.  -ly,  which  and 
such.  —  Hence  liken  vb.  ME. 
llkne  'compare1. 


lily  —  lion 


125 


lily  ME.  lilie  OE.  lilie  (plur. 
liliari)  =  OHG.  lilia  G.  lilie ,  DU. 
lelie\  source  LAT.  plur.  Rlia  'lily', 
whence  also  OSAX.  /////  'lily'. 

limb  ME.  Urn  OE.  Km  (plur. 
leomu)  =  ON.  limr  'limb':  Teut. 
base  li-ma-  cogn.  w.  GOTH.  li-pust 
OHG.  li-d,  OSAX.  li-thj  OE.  li-f 
'limb';  cp.  also  LITH.  lemu 
'stature,  growth':  ARYAN  y~/f. 

lime1  sb.  Viscous  substance, 
bird-lime'  ME.  OE.  lim  'cement, 
glue'  =  DU.  lijm,  G.  leim  OHG. 
Jmt  ON.  lim  'glue':  TEUT.  lima- 
is  allied  to  TEUT.  laima-  (see 
loam).  LAT.  limus  'slime'  cor- 
responds to  lime  in  form,  to 
loam  in  meaning,  ^lai  ll  is 
attested  by  ON.  leir  (Teut.  base 
lai-z-a-)  'clay,  loam'  and  LAT.#-»0 
'rub  o\er,  daub'. 

lime  sb.  'the  linden-tree',  cor- 
rupted fr.  earlier  line-tree  for 
lind-tree\  see  linden. 

lime5  sb.  'a  kind  of  citron' 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  lime  'a  lime'; 
ident.  w.  lemon. 

linch-pin  earlier  lins-pin  ME. 
lins  OE.  lynes  =  OSAX.  lunisa, 
DU.  /&72.S1  lenSy  G.  lunse\  allied  to 
OHG.  tuning  and  OHG.  MHG.  lun 
'linch-pin'.  The  primit.  base 
luni-j  if  fr.  an  ARYAN  /«/-,  is 
perhaps  ident.  w.  SKR.  ani  'linch- 
pin'; cp.  OE.  d-lynnan  'loosen'. 

lindentree  ME.  linde  OE.  lind 
'lime-tree'  =  OHG.  linta  G.  DU. 
linde,  ON.  sw.  DAN.  #«</:  Teut. 
base  Undo  pre-TEUT.  lenta-,  if 
allied  to  GR.  Aa'n;  'fir-tree'  or 
LITH.  /i#/£  'board'. 


line   ME.    OE.   line  =  DU.    lijn, 

OHG.  /fofl    MHG.  MLG.  Rne    G.  /««*, 

ON.  //«#  'cord,  rope':  Teut.  base 
Im-jon-  prop,  'the  thing  made  of 
flax' ;  cp.  linen. 

lineage  ME.  linage  adopted  fr. 
lignage'.  source  LAT.  linea  'a  line1. 

linen  adj.  and  sb.  (orig.  only 
adj.)  ME.  OE.  linen  adj.  =  OSAX. 
OHG.  limn  G.  leinen  linnen,  DU. 
linen  'made  of  flax':  deriv.  of 
OE.  lin  flax'  =  OSAX.  OHG.  fin, 
GOTH,  lein  sb.  'linnen';  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  linum,  GR.  Mvov9  OSLOV. 
lii.u  'flax'. 

linger  vb.  extended  fr.  ME. 
hnge  vb.  'tarry'  w.  the  frequent 
suffix  -er\  OE.  lengan  prolong' 
fr.  long. 

link  sb.  'ring  in  a  chain'  fr.  an 
unrecorded  ME.  *lenk  *link\ 
SCAND.  loanword  fr.  an  orig. 
hlenk-  cp.  ON.  hlekkr  (tor  * hlenkr) , 
sw.  lanky  DAN.  lanke  link'.  There 
was  a  genuine  OE.  hlence  'link' 
fr.  a  base  hlankjon-\  but  the 
guttural  of  link  shows  that  the 
word  may  not  be  the  develop- 
ment of  OE.  hlence. 

linnet  sb.  ME.  linet  adopted 
fr.  FR.  linot(te)  'a  linnet'  fr.  FR. 
lin  'flax  so  called  from  feeding 
on  the  seed  of  flax  or  hemp; 
cp.  G.  hanfling  'linnet'  fr.  hanf 
'hemp'.  Cp.  OE.  linece  'carduelis' 
and  linetwige  'linnet'. 

linseed  short  for  ME.  lin-sed 
prop,  'flax-seed';  cp.  linen. 

lion  ME.  lioun  earlier  leun :  bor- 
rowed in  the  12th  cent.  fr.  FR 
lion\  source  LAT.  leonem  (leo). 


126 


lip  _  loath 


lip  ME.  lippe  OE.  lippa  =  OSAX. 
*lippia,  DU.  lip,  MLG.  lippe  (whence 
G.  lippe)  \  cogn.  w.  the  synon. 
OSAX.  lepur  =  OHG.  leffur  and 
OHG.  lefs  'lip'.  LAT.  labium  'lip* 
with  the  Tent,  group  points  to 
an  ARYAN  *fkb  lab. 

lisp  vb.  (Scotch  wlisp)  ME. 
lispe  (lipse)  formed  fr.  the  adj. 
OE.  wlisp  wlips  'lisping'  =  OHG. 
lefs  (for  *wlefs)  'stammering'; 
akin  to  DU.  lispen,  G.  lispeln  'lisp': 
TEUT.  \{~wlifs  —  pre-TEUT.  wlips. 

list1  sb.  ME.  list  short  for  OE. 
tet  =  DU.  lijsty  G.  kiste  'list, 
L/order'  OHG.  /&&  'border'.  — 
ident.  w.  list2  'catalogue'  fr. 
FR.  liste,  which  is  of  Teut.  origin 
(OHG.  nsta  'border,  strip'). 

list  vb.  ME.  ttste  OE.  lystan  'desire' 
derived  fr.  lust. 

listen  vb.  ME.  listene  earlier 
form  liste  OE.  hlystan  'hear';  allied 
to  OE.  hlos-nian,  OHG.  (h)losen 
'hear,  ON.  hlera  (GOTH.  *hluzan) 
'listen'.  An  ARYAN  \^klus  'hear' 
is  evident  in  SKR.  frus-fi  'obe- 
dience', OSLOV.  slysati  vb.  'hear', 
LITH.  klausyti  'hear',  ON.  hlus-t 
'ear';  CYMR.  dust  'ear'.  Cp.  leer.' 

litter  ME.  liter e  fr.  OFR.  Mere 
(FR.  Mere)  'a  horse-litter'  (LAT. 
type  lee t aria  fr.  lectus  'bed'). 

little  short  for  ME.  OE.  litel 
:=  GOTH,  leitils  'small',  ON.  litill 
'little'.  Relation  to  the  synon. 
DU.  luttel,  OSAX.  luttil,  OHG.  testf, 
OE.  lyttel  'little'  is  obscure. 

live  vb.  ME.  Jive  earlier  form 
Iwie  libbe  OE.  /#&*«  (lifian)  wk. 
vb.  —  GOTH.  Kfan,  OHG. 


G.  /<?&«,  DU.  lev  en,  OSAX.  libbian*, 
cogn.  w.  OE.  belifan  —  OHG. 
biliban  G.  bleiben'.  TEUT.  \^  lib  see 
under  leave  vb.  and  life. 

liver  ME.  /r'zra  OE.  lifer  —  DU. 
/^wr,  OHG.  libara  lebara  G.  /<?^^r, 
ON.  lifr.  Connection  of  TEUT. 
hbro-  w.  the  synon.  GR.  r\TifnQt 
LAT.  jecur  j  SKR.  yakrt  and  the 
two  assumed  stems  *///&  and  *$f£ 
is  doubtful. 

livery  ME.  livere  fr.  FR.  livrte. 

lizard  ME.  lesarde  fr.  FR.  Uzard 
'lizard'  (=  LAT.  lacertd). 

lo  interj.  ME.  lo  OE.  ld\  a  pre- 
historic OE.  *l(2W  for  TEUT.  /fl7W 

is  warranted  by  OHG.  lew-es  'lo'! 
Perhaps  TEUT.  lai-wa-  is  con- 
nected with  lai-pa-  in  loath. 

loadstar  see  lode-star. 

loaf  ME.  Igf  OE.  M?/:  Teut. 
base  hlaiba-  in  GOTH,  hlaifs 
'bread',  ON.  hkifr,  OHG.  /«'^  G. 
laib\  akin  to  LITH.  /^/<^^  'bread'. 
See  lady,  lammas  and  lord. 

loam  ME.  lorn  OE.  lam  =  OHG. 
/«'/«  G.  lehm,  DU.  /^w:  Teut. 
base  lai-ma-  fr.  the  ARYAN  y"/P 
under  lime. 

loan  ME.  /^'«  fr.  ON.  Idn  'a  loan'. 
There  was  a  genuine  OE.  Idn 
fr.  a  TEUT.  laihniz\  cp.  OHG. 
/^«r»  'a  thing  granted'  and  ON. 
Idn  fr.  a  TEUT.  Iaihna-(z1) :  TEUT. 
\flihw  (GOTH,  kikwan  'lend', 
OHG.  Khan  G.  leikent  OE.  /^?« 
pret.  Idh  'lend,  give1)  =  ARYAN 
in  LAT,  linquere  'leave',  GR. 
,  sw.  r/V  'leave'. 

loath  adj.  ME.  /<?7/z  OE.  lap 
'hateful'  =  ON.  kidr  'loathed', 


lobster  —  lore 


127 


OHG.  kid  'odious',  OSAX.  leth\ 
cogn.  w.  OHG.  lidan  G.  leiden 
buffer'.  Perhaps  there  was  an 
ARYAN  \T/f  lai  cp.  lo. 

lobster  ME.  lopstre  OE.  loppestre 
earlier  lopust  'lobster':  adoption 
fr.  LAT.  locusta  'lobster,  locust'. 

loch  OE.  loh  'lake' :  a  Gaelic 
word;  cp.  GAEL.  IR.  loch  'lake' 
(ident.  w.  LAT.  lacus,  OE.  lagu 
'sea'  under  lake). 

lock1  sb.  fr.  the  vb.  ME.  loke 
louke.  OE.  lucan  'lock,  enclose'  = 
GOTH,  galukan  'shut  up',  OHG. 
luhhan,  DU.  luiken. 

lock2  (of  hair)  ME.  lok  (plur. 
locked)  OE.  locc  (plur.  loccas)  = 

DU.    lok,     ON.    lokkr,     OHG.    /<?/£     G. 

locke\  Teut.  base  lokka-  cogn.  w. 
GR.  \vyt*G)  'I  bend. 

lode-star  ME.  Idde-sterre  con- 
tains OE.  •$ lad  'way,  course'  (cf. 
ON.  leidarstjarna  =  G.  leitstern), 
which  is  cogn.  w.  lead  vb.  =. 
TEUT.  laidjan  'guide,  lead'.  Cp. 
ME.  lo  desman  'pilot'  and  E.  lode- 
stone. 

lodge  vb.  ME.  logge  vb.  adopted 
fr.  FR.  loger\  E.  lodge  ME.  logge 
'lodge,  tent'  fr.  FR.  loge  orig.  'a 
small  house'?  Source  a  LAT. 
type  laubia  fr.  OHG.  louba  'an 
arbor'  (G.  laube  'a  covered  hall'; 
allied  to  leaf). 

loft  sb.  ME.  loft  'an  Cupper 
room'  borrowed  fr.  ON.  lopt 'upper 
story,  balcony',  which  has  also 
the  meaning  'air,  sky'  =  GOTH. 
luftus,  G.  luft,  OE.  lyft  'air'. 
Hence  lift  vb. 

loin  late  ME.  loine'.  adopted  fr. 


OFR.  log  fie  now  longe  (LAT.  type 
*lumbta  fr.  LAT.  lumbus  'loin'). 

loiter  vb.  ME.  loitre. 

loll  vb.  ME.  lolle. 

lone  short  for  alone. 

long  adj.  ME.  OE.  long  (fang) 
=  OSAX.  langy  DU.  OHG.  G.  langt 
ON.  langr,  GOTH.  la-ggs\  cogn.  w. 
synon.  LAT.  longus  (whence  IT. 
lungo,  FR.  long)  ;  cp.  linger.  — 
long  vb.  ME.  longe  OE.  langia?i 
'long  after,  long'  =  OSAX. 
langoian,  G.  verlangen  'wish  for'. 

look  vb.  ME.  loke  earlier  lokic 
OE.  locian  =  OSAX.  Idkdn  (OHG. 
luogen  G.  lug  en).  The  early 
history  of  the  TEUT.  \(~ldk  (log) 
is  obscure;  cp.  SKR. -lak$  'notice, 
perceive'  and  CYMR.  llygat  CORN. 
lag  at  'eye\ 

loom  sb.  ME.  lome  OE.  y-loma 
(andlpma)  'a  tool,  implement'; 
perh.  akin  to  OE.  fflome  =  OHG. 
giluomo  gilamo  'frequently',  OHG. 
gastluomi  'hospital'. 

loose  adj.  ME.  Ids  (lous)  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  louss  .=  GOTH. 
lauSj  OE.  //as  (cp.  /ess),  DU.  los, 
OSAX.  OHG.  Ids  G.  los.  The 
common  TEUT.  adj.  latisa-  is  a 
deriv.  of  the  ^flus  'be  loose' 
under  lose. 

lord  ME.  Iprd  short  for  Ifverd 
OE.  hldford  prop,  hlaf-weard 
loaf-ward'  —  'keeper  of  bread' 
(cp.  OE.  hldf  under  loaf)',  the 
masc.  corresponding  to  the 
fern,  formation  lady  =  OE. 
hlaf-diie.  Both  compounds  are 
peculiar  to  English. 

lore  ME.  lore  OE.  Idr  inn.   Idre 


128 


lose  —  lump 


=  OHG.  OSAX.  /era,  G.  lehre,  DU. 
leer:  Teut.  base  laizo-,  whence 
GOTH,  laisjan,  OE.  laran,  OHG. 
leran  G.  lehren,  DU.  leeren  'teach'. 
See  also  learn  for  the  TEUT. 
\f*  liz  laiz. 

lose  ME.  lose  mostly  forlese  OE. 
forlcosan  str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  fra- 
liusan,  OSAX.  OHG.  farliosan  G. 
verlieren  str.  vb.  'lose'.  An  ARYAN 
V~  lus  (cp.  loose)  may  be  an 
extended  form  of  y"  lu  in  GR. 
At/w  'I  release',  LAT.  lucre.  — 
loss  sb.  ME.  OE.  los  'destruction'. 

lot     ME.     lot     OE.      hlot     =     DU. 

lot',  ident.  w.  OE.  hlyt  =  GOTH. 
hlauts,  OHG.  /<?5  G.  /£w:  Teut. 
base  hlauti-  :  TEUT.  Y/°  hlut  hlaut 
in  ON.  ^tf/tf  str.  vb.  'get  by 
lot',  OE.  hleotan,  OHG. 
loud  adj.  ME.  loud  OE. 

=    OSAX.     hlud,    DU.     /2#V/,     OHG. 

(h)lut  G.  /to:  the  Teut.  base 
HUt-da-  (cp.  *•<?/*/,  old,  couth) 
was  orig.  a  part,  with  suffix  -to 
(LAT.  -tus,  GR.  -ro£,  SKR.  -Aw); 
pre-TEUT.  klu-td'S  (SKR.  crutds, 
GR.  xAvro's,  LAT.  inclutus  'famous') 
fr.  an  ARYAN  y~  £/«  in  SKR.  fru 
'hear',  GR.  xA«  w  —  yMog. 

lough  'lake'  fr.  IR.  GALL,  loch] 
see  /0<r& 

louse  ME.  lous  (plur.  /w)  OE. 
lus  (plur.  #/)  =  DU.  Ms,  OHG. 
/&  G.  laus,  ON.  /^  (plur.  /v^): 
Teut.  base  /&-,  derived  perh. 
fr.  the  TEUT.  y"  /«j  'destroy' 
under  loose  and  /^j^;  cp.  GR. 
yfrfiQ  'louse'  -  -  (pdu'pa}  'I  de- 
stroy*. 

lovage    fr.    FR.    /&&vfe    mixed 


w.  ME.  luvestiche  OE.  lufestice. 
Source  of  the  whole  group  LAT. 
ligusticum  'lovage'. 

love  ME.  love  OE.  lufu  = 
GOTH,  lubb ,  OHG.  luba  'love': 
Teut.  base  lubdn-  allied  to  the 
TEUT.  adj.  leuba-  =  lief.  An 
ARYAN  \Tlubh  'desire'  is  evident 
in  LAT.  lubido,  SKR.  lobha  'desire' 
and  SKR.  y~  lubh  'to  desire'. 

low  adj.  ME.  low  earlier  lag 
late  OE.  lag\  borrowed  fr.  ON. 
Idgr  'low'  (sw.  lag,  DAN.  lav) 
=  DU.  laag,  which  are  derived 
from  the  TEUT.  y~  leg  lag  'lie*. 
Hence  low  prop,  'lying  flat'. 

low  vb.  ME.  lowe  OE.  hlowan 
'low' ;  cp.  DU.  loeien,  OHG.  luoien 
low':  TEUT.  \Thld,  pre-TEUT. 
kid  in  LAT.  eld-mare  'cry. 

lower  vb.  ME.  loure  =  MHG. 
luren  G.  lauern  'lurk';  cp.  lurk. 

luck  found  since  the  15th  cent.; 
ident.  w.  DU.  luk  geluk  'good 
fortune',  MHG.  gelilcke  G.  gliick, 
OFRIS.  luk.  Akin  to  G.  locken, 
DU.  locken  'entice,  allure'. 

lucre  ME.  lucre  fr.  FR.  lucre  = 
LAT.  lucrum. 

lug  vb.  ME.  lugge  'drag,  lug'; 
cogn.  w.  sw.  lugga. 

lukewarm  fr.  ME.  leuke  (Hike) 
earlier  hleuk\  perh.  contr.  fr. 
an  unrecorded  OE.  *hleowoc 
'lukewarm';  cogn.  w.  ME.  lewe 
OE.  hleowe  'lukewarm'  =  ON, 
hlyr  'warm'  (OHG.  hldo  G.  lau 
'lukewarm'). 

lull  ME.  lulle  =  DU.  Mien, 
DAN.  lulle,  sw.  lulla. 

lump    sb.    ME.     lumpe 


lung  —   magpie 


I2Q 


ident.  w.  DU.  lonip  'a  lump',  G. 
lumpen  'rags'. 

lung  ME.  lunge  longe  OE.  lungen 
=  ON.  lunga,  DU.  long,  OHG. 
lunga  G.  lunge  'lung':  Teut.  base 
lungon-j~)  allied  to  an  ARYAN 
adj.  bnghu-  'light'  =  GR.  tAa%vc, 
SKR.  laghu  'light5.  Cp.  lights 
as  synon.  with  lungs.  See 
light  for  the  ARYAN  \T  lengh. 

lure  sb.  ME.  litre  fr.  FR.  /^r;^ 
'bait*;  source  a  TEUT.  /<?/nz- 
=  MHG.  luoder  'bait'  (G.  fader). 

lurk  vb.  ME.  lurke'.  derived  fr. 
ME.  lour  en  (==  lower)  as  hark 
fr.  ^<zr,  talk  fr.  /*//. 

lust    sb.    ME.    OE.    lust  'desire' 

=    OSAX.    DU.    G.  ON.  lust,    GOTH. 

lustus  'desire':  a  common  Teut. 
formation,  prob.  allied  to  the 
ARYAN  ~  las  'desire'  in  GR. 


SKR.  y~  /dtf  for  /0/J 
'desire',  LAT.  las-civus. 

lute  sb.  ME.  lute\  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  lut  leut  =  FR.  luth\  ident. 
w.  DU.  luit,  G.  laute,  IT.  liuto 
/i2/fr,  SPAN.  laud.  Source  ARAB. 
al  ud  'lute'. 

-ly  adj. -suffix  ME.  ~fy  -//  earlier 
-lich(e}  OE.  -lie  =  OSAX.  -liky 

DU.    /^,    OHG.    -lich    G.    -//V//,     ON. 

-likr,  GOTH,  -leiks.  Orig.  the 
same  as  Rka-  'body'  -discussed 
under  like  (GOTH,  waira-leiks 
'manly',  prop,  'having  the  body 
of  a  man1). 

lye  sb.  ME.  leie  OE.  l$ah    (infl. 

l$age)\  cp.  synon.  DU.  loog,  OHG. 

louga    G.  lauge,    ON.   /^w^  'warm 

i  bath':  prob.  connected  with  the 

I  ARYAN    \^lou  lu     'bathe'     (cp. 

|  lather). 


M 


mace  fa  big  club*  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  mace  FR.  masse:  source 
a  LAT.  type  *matea  'a  beetle'. 

mackerel  ME.  maker II  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  maquerel  (FR.  maquereau) 
=  DU.  makreel,  whence  G.  mak- 
rele :  source  MED. -LAT.  macarellus 
maquerellus  'a  mackerel'. 

machine  (=  G.  maschine,  DU. 
machine)  fr.  FR.  machine',  source 
LAT.  machina  GR.  ' 

device'. 

mad  adj.  ME.  mad  OE. 
prop,     tymceded'.     part,     of    OE. 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


%em<zdan  'drive  mad',  deriv.  from 
the  OE.  adj.  %emdd  'mad'  = 
OSAX.  gimed  'foolish',  OHG.  gimeit 
'foolish',  GOTH,  ga-maids  'frail, 
/eeble'. 

madder  sb.  ME.  *maddre  OE. 
meedre  (madre?)  =  ON.  madra, 
OHG.  ma  tar  a  \  cogn.  DU.  LG. 
mede  'madder'? 

maggot  late  ME.  maggot  maggat\ 
prob.  fr.  CYMR.  maceiad  macai 
ca  maggot'? 

magpie  sb.  'a  bird';  mag 
short  for  Magot  =  FR.  Mar  got 
9 


130 


maid  —  malt 


'Marguerite',  also  'magpie';  pie 
—  FR.  pie  fr.  LAT.  pica  'a 
magpie';  see  pie. 

maid  ME.  maide  OE.  madden 
=  OHG.  magatm'.  Teut.  base 
magadma-  is  diminutive  of  a 
LEUT.-GOTH.  magap-  'a  girl, 
virgin'  =  OE.  mce^ep ,  OSAX. 
magath,  DU.  meid,  OHG.  magad 
G.  *tt4gv/  —  mddchen.  Allied  to. 
the  Teut.-Goth.  base  magu-  'boy' 
=  ON.  w#£T  'boy,  son',  OE. 
magu. 

mail1  sb.  adapted  fr.  FR. 
maille  'mail'  (also  'a  mesh  of  a 
net'):  source  LAT.  macula  'a 
spot,  hole,  mesh  of  a  net'. 

mail2  sb.  ME.  male  'a  bag, 
wallet'  borrowed  fr.  the  synon. 
OFR.  male  =  FR.  matte  (OHG. 
malha  'a  leather  bag'). 

maim  vb.  ME.  maime  prop. 
maine  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  mehaigner 
'torment'. 

main  sb.  ME.  main  OE.  mce^en 
'strength'  =  OHG.  magan  megin, 
OSAX.  ON.  megin  'strength' :  TEUT. 
if*mag  in  might  and  may. 

main  adj.  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
maine  magne  'chief  (LAT.  magnus 
great'). 

maintain  vb.  ME.  maintene 
adopted  fr.  FR.  maintenir  (LAT. 
type  manutenere  'hold  by  the 
hand'). 

maize  sb.  =  FR.  mats,  G. 
mats;  adopted  fr.  SPAN.  maiz. 
Columbus  is  said  to  have  im- 
ported the  Haytian  name  mahis 
and  the  cereal  to  Spain  whence 


it  was  adopted  by  the  other 
mod.  languages. 

make  vb.  ME.  make  OE.  macian 
=  OSAX.  makon ,  DU.  maken, 
OHG.  mahhon  'make,  also  fit  or 
fasten  together'  G.  machen\ 
Teut.  base  makon  'join,  belong 
together'.  Cp.  with  GOTH.  *makon 
the  ON.  comparat.  makara  'more 
suitable,  fitting',  OE.  Bernese  'fit, 
suitable',  OHG.  gimah  'con- 
venient, comfortable'  G.  gemach ; 
OE.  ^emceccea  'husband,  wife'  (E. 
make  'companion,  spouse',  E. 
match  'spouse'). 

malady  sb.  ME.  maladie  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  maladie  fr.  FR. 
malade  (source  male  'ill,  bad' 
and  aptus  'disposed'). 

male  adj.  ME.  mdle  adopted 
fr.  FR.  mdle  (source  LAT.  dimin. 
masculus. 

malice  sb.  ME.  malice  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  malice  (source  LAT.  ma- 
litia  'ill  will').  -  -  malign  adj. 
adopted  fr.  FR.  matin  (f.  maligne) 
'malignant'  (source  malignum  i.  e. 
male  genus  'ill-born). 

mall  sb.  ME.  matte  melle  mail 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  mail  'a  mall : 
source  LAT.  malleus  'a  hammer'. 

-  Hence  mallet  sb.  ME.  maillet 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  maillet  'a  mallet'. 

mallow  ME.  malwe  OE.  mealwe 
=  DU.  maluwe'.  borrowed  fr. 
LAT.  malva,  whence  also  FR. 
mauve,  SPAN.  IT.  malva,  G.  malve. 
Cp.  mauve. 

malt  sb.  ME.  malt  OE.  mealt 
=  OSAX.  ON.  malt,  DU.  mout, 
G.  malz.  The  Teut.  base  malta- 


man  —  many 


fr.  a  TEUT.y^wr//  in  OE.  meltan 
'dissolve,  melt'  with  which  is 
allied  the  ON.  adj.  maltr  'rotten' 
=  OHG.  malz  'melting  away, 
soft'  so  that  *malt  is  perh.  the 
adjectival  neut.  sb.  meaning  'that 
which  is  soft'.  Cp.  melt. 

man  sb.  ME.  OE.  man  mon(nn) 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  DU.  MLG.  man 
G.  mann,  ON.  madr,  GOTH,  manna 
'mankind,  man'.  In  OE.,  man  mgn 
(n  —  nn)  denotes  'man'  and 
'woman'  (cp.  OE.  wifmon  =  E. 
woman).  GOTH.-TEUT.  mann-  is 
based  on  older  manw-  manu-  (as 
chin  is  based  on  an  ARYAN 
kenw-  genu-).  INDO-EUR.  manu 
'mankind'  appears  in  SKR.  as 
Manu,  but  it  signified  also  the 
'father  of  mankind';  cp.  also 
SKR.  manus  and  manusa  'homo' 
and  OSLOV.  mqzi  'man'. 

mane  sb.  ME.  mane  OE.  manu  = 
OHG.  mana  G.  mdhne,  DU.  maan, 
ON.  mgn,  sw.  DAN.  man.  The 
Teut.  base  mano-  'mane*  shows 
a  later  development  of  meaning; 
the  older  meaning  was  'neck';  cp. 
ON.  men,  OE.  mene,  OHG.  m$nni 
'necklace',  cogn.  with  LAT.  monile 
'necklace',  OCELT.  {tavtuxrjg  = 
OIR.  muince  'necklace'.  In  lieu 
of  ARYAN  mana  'neck'  occurs  SKR. 
many  a  'nape',  closely  allied  to 
OIR.  mmn  muinll  'nape'. 

mange  sb.  shortened  fr.  the 
adj.  ME.  *maungf  which  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  FR.  part,  mange 
lit.  'eaten';  cp.  FR.  mangaison 
'mange'.  —  manger  sb.  ME. 
maunglr  borrowed  fr.  FR.  man- 


geoire  'manger,  stable'  (FR.  man" 
ger  'eat    =  LAT.  manducare). 

mangle  vb.  ME.  mangele  frequent, 
and  weakened  for  *mankele  fr. 
ME.  manke  OE.  tymancian,  which 
was  prob.  formed  from  an  adj. 
OE.  *manc  =  v\3.mank:  loanword 
fr.  LAT.  mancus  adj.  'maimed'. 

mangle  sb.  borrowed  fr.  DU. 
mangel  (=  sw.  G.  mangel*}',  dimin. 
of  a  simple  word  represented 
by  G.  mange  'a  mangle'  =  IT. 
mangano 'a  machine  for  smoothing 
linen,  a  war-engine*  fr.  LAT.  man- 
ganum  =  GR.  {.tdyyai'ov  'a  war- 
machine'. 

manikin  manakin  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  mannequin  =  DU.  manneken, 
cp.  G.  mdnnchen,  DU.  mannetje\ 
all  diminutives  of  man. 

mankind  sb.  ME.  manktnde 
earlier  man-kin  OE.  mon-cynn. 
See  man  and  kin,  also  kind. 

manner  ME.  manure  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  manere  =  FR.  maniere. 

mantle  ME.  mantel  (a  form 
mauntel'v$>  unrecorded)  =  DU.  sw. 
DAN.  mantel',  ON.  mottull  and  OE. 
mentel  rest  on  a  lost  LAT.  mantu- 
him  mantilum  (fr.  LAT.  mantum  = 
FR.  mantet  IT.  manto  'a  cloak'), 
whence  also  G.manteloRG.mantal; 
cogn.  w.  FR.  manteau,  IT.  mantello 
(LAT.  type  *mantellutn). 

many  ME.  mani  many  OE.  mani^ 
mone^'.  Teut.  base  managa-  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  manag  G.  manch,  DU. 
menig,  ON.  margr.  Cogn.  w.  OIR. 
menicc  IR.  minic  'frequently'  (base 
menecci-  ?)  and  CYMR.  maint,  BRET. 
ment  (CELT,  base  manti-}. 
9* 


132 


map  —  marsh 


map  sb.  borrowed  fr.  FR.  mappe 
=  IT.  LAT.  mappa  prop,  'a  nap- 
kin, table-cloth'. 

maple  sb.  ME.  mdpel  OE.  *mcepel 
*mapul  in  mapoltreo  mapulder  'a 
maple  tree':  perh.  ident.  w.  OHG. 
ma^altra  (G.  massholder),  which 
points  to  TEUT.  matlu-,  whilst 
the  E.  word  points  to  a  base 
maplu-t 

mar  vb.  ME.  merre  OE.  dmerran 
dmyrran  wk.  vb.  'to  hinder,  ob- 
struct' =  GOTH,  marzjan  'offend', 
OHG.  marr  en,  DU.  marren  'tarry': 
TEUT.-ARYAN  \fmarz  mars. 

marble  ME.  marble  mdrbre  fr. 
tt.marbre',  source  LAT.  marmor. 

march  sb.  ME.  mar c he  'march, 
boundary'  fr.  FR.  marc  fa 'bound- 
ary. The  Fr.  word  is  of  Teut. 
origin;  cp.  GOTH,  marka,  OE. 
mearc  y  OSAX.  OHG.  marka  'bound- 
ary' which  are  primitively  related 
to  LAT.  margo  'border,  edge', 
AVEST.  merezu  'border',  IR.  mruig 
'shire'  (Celt,  base  mrogi-).  Cp. 
mark, 

march  vb.  fr.  FR.  marcher. 

March  (the  month)  ME.  (since 
the  12th  cent.)  March  fr.  FR. 
mar  si  Source  LAT.  Martins  mensis 
(whence  OHG.  merzo  G.  marz,  LG. 
merte). 

mare  ME.  mire  OE.  mire  myre: 
Teut.  base  marhjbn-  (=  OHG. 
merihJia  G.  mdhre,  DU.  merie,  ON. 
merr)^  deriv.  fr.  TEUT.  mar  ha- 
'horse'  in  OE.  mearhy  OHG.  mar  ah, 
ON.  marr  'horse'  (see  marshal). 
There  is  a  pre-TEUT.  marka-  in 
*he  Celt,  languages;  cp.  GALL. 


marca ,  IR.  GAEL,  marc,  CYMR. 
CORN,  march  'horse'. 

margin  ME.  mdrgin(e)  fr.  LAT. 
marginem  (nom.  sing.  LAT.  margo 
=  FR.  marge). 

mark1  sb.  'line,  dot,  cut'  ME. 
marke  OE.  mearc  •=.  DU.  ON.  mark, 
MHG.  marc  (gen.  markes)  G. 
marke  (GOTH,  marka  'boundary'). 
—  Hence  mark  vb.  ME.  marke 
OE~  mearcian  =  ON.  marka,  OSAX. 
markon',  cp0  DU.  G.  merken  = 
GOTH.  * markj an. 

mark2  sb.  'a  unit  of  weight, 
a  coin'  ME.  mark  late  OE.  marc\ 
borrowed  fro  ON.  mork,  whence 
also  DU.  G.  mark  (MED. -LAT. 
marca). 

market  sb.  ME.  market  late  OE. 
(i  Ith  cent.)  mar  ktt  mar  cat',  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  *  market  FR.  marcM 
(IT.  mercato)  =  LAT.  mercdtus 
'market',  whence  also  OHG.  markdt 
merchdt  G.  DU.  markt.  See  mart. 

maroon  adj.  'chestnut-colored' 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  marr  on  =  IT. 
marrone  'a  chestnut'. 

marrow  ME.  marow  mary  OE, 
mearh  mearg  =:  OSAX.  margy 
OHG.  mar(a)g  G.  mark,  DU.  mergy 
ON.  mergr:  Teut.  base  mazga- 
=  ARYAN  *mazgho-  in  OSLOV. 
mozgii,  ZEND  mazgay  SKR.  majjan 
'marrow'.  The  root  is  SKR.  majj 
'immerge'  =  LAT.  mergere. 

marry  vb.  ME.  marie  vb.  adopt- 
ed fr.  FR.  marieri  source  LAT. 
maritare  'marry'.  —  Hence  mar- 
riage ME.  maridge  =  FR.  mariage* 

marsh  ME.  mersh  OE.  merst 
earliest  form  merisc  =  MDU. 


marshal  —  mastiff 


133 


maersche,  LG.  G.  marsch,  DAN, 
marsk:  Teut.  base  mariska-  = 
MED.  -  LAT,  mariscus  'swamp', 
whence  OFR.  maresc  FR.  marais. 
Source  TEUT.  mart"  'ocean'  (= 
LAT.  mare)  in  OE.  mere,  OHG.  meri 
G.  meer,  ON.  marr,  GOTH,  marei. 

marshal  ME.  mar(e)schal  adopt- 
ed fr.  OFR.  mareschal  =  FR. 
mart  chat,  SPAN,  mar  is  cat,  IT.  ma- 
riscalo  'a  marshal,  farrier'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  marha-skalkaz  'horse- 
thane'  =  OHG.  marah-scalc  (OHG. 
mar  ah  'a  horse'  =  E.  mare,  and 
OHG.  scale h  =  OE.  scealc  ME. 
schalk,  ON.  skdlkr ,  OSAX.  skalk, 
GOTH,  skalks  'servant'. 

mart  sb.   short  for  market. 

marten  short  for  martern  orig. 
martre  ME.  mar  ire  adopted  fr. 
FR.  martre  (=  IT.  mar  tor  a,  SPAN. 
mar  to).  The  Fr.  word,  which 
supplanted  a  genuine  OE.  mearp, 
is  of  Teut.  origin:  ON.  mgrdr, 
OHG.  mardar  G.  marder,  DU. 
marter\  OSAX.  *marthar  inferred 
fr.  the  adj.  marthrin. 

martin  sb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
martin,  orig.  the  proper  name 
Martin,  which  was  applied  to 
various  birds  and  animals;  cp. 
robin  red-breast. 

martyr  sb.  ME.  martir  OE.  mar- 
tyr =  OSAX.  martir,  OHG.  martyr, 
GOTH,  martyr  (with  suffix  DU. 
martelaar,  OHG.  martirdri  G.  mar- 
tyr er)  :  fr.  LAT.-GR.  martyr  'a  wit- 
ness'. 

marvel  vb.  ME.  merveile  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  merveiller',  source 
LAT.  mirabilia  'wonderful  things'. 


mash  vb.  masche  vb.  'mix'  (OE. 
(^mdscianT)  =  G.  meischen'.  prob. 
cogn.  w.  OSLOV.  mezga  'sap  of 
trees'  (OSLOV.  zg  =  TEUT.  skF). 
Cp.  mix. 

mask  sb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
masque,  whence  also  G.  DU. 
DAN.  maske  sw.  mask. 

mason  ME.  mdsoun  adopted 
fr.  FR.  mafon\  source  a  type 
matio  'a  maison'  =  OHG.  mezzo 
G.  steinmetz  'a  stone-mason'. 

mass1  sb.  'a  lump  of  matter' 
late  ME.  masse  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
masse  (==  IT.  massa) :  source 
LAT.  massa  'a  lump,  a  mass', 
whence  also  OHG.  massa  G. 
masse. 

mass2  sb.  'the  eucharist'  ME. 
masse  OE.  masse',  evidently 
identical  w.  OSAX.  missa,  DU. 
mis,  OHG.  messa  missa  G.  messe: 
a  Christian  word  from  MED.- 
LAT.  missa  'mass'  =  FR.  messe 
(whence  ME.  messe). 

mast    ME.    mast    OE.    mast  = 

DU.    LG.    G.    SW.     DAN.    mast,     ON. 

mastr.  In  accordance  with 
Grimm's  law,  the  Teut.  base 
masta-  is  based  on  pre-TEUT. 
mazdo"  =  LAT.  malus  (for  *madus) 
ca  mast'. 

master  sb.  ME.  maister  late 
OE.  mce^ester  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
maistre  FR.  maitre  (==  IT.  maestro)  : 
source  LAT.  magister ,  whence 
also  OSAX.  mestar,  DU.  meester, 
OHG.  meistar  G.  meister.  See 
mister. 

mastiff  ME.  mestifmastff  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  mestif  prop,  an  adj.  fr. 


134 


mat  —  mayor 


the  sb.  OFR.  mastin  (FR.  matin) 
'a,  mastiff'. 

mat  ME.  matte  OE.  meatta  = 
DU.  mat,  OHG.  matta  G.  matte, 
IT.  matta  borrowed  fr.  LAT. 
matta  'a  rug',  whence  FR.  natte. 

match1  sb.  ME.  macche  OE. 
tymcecca  'a  companion'  ident.  w. 
OE.  tymaca  sb.  =  E.  make. 

match2  sb.  'the  wick  of  a 
candle,  a  match'  ME.  macche 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  meche  'match 
of  a  lamp':  source  LAT.  myxa 
'the  nozzle  of  a  lamp'. 

mate  sb.  'a  companion'  ME. 
mate  =  DU.  maat,  OSAX.  *.gimato, 
OHG.  gimccgp  MHG.  gemaTjf,  OE. 
*iemdta  (wanting)  would  be 
derived  from  OE.  mete  =  meat] 
hence  mate  prop,  'mess-mate'. 

mate  adj.  ME.  mate  mat  'con- 
founded, dejected'  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  FR.  mat  (=-.  SPAN,  mate, 
IT.  matto).  Source  the  Arab.- 
Pers.  expression  in  the  chess- 
play  schdh  mat  'the  king  is  dead'. 

matins,  mattins  'morning 
prayers'  ME.  matin(e)s\  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  matins  plur.  of  matin 
^morning':  source  LAT.  matutmus 
'belonging  to  the  morning';  cp. 
LAT.  hora  matutina  in  OHG.  mettma 
G.  mette  'matutinal  service'. 

matter  sb.  ME.  matere  adopted 
fr.  FR.  ^  matiere;  source  LAT. 
materia  'materials'. 

mattock  ME.  mattok  OE.  mattoc 
prob.  fr.  CYMR.  matog  'a  hoe'; 
but  OSLOV.  motyka  and  LITH. 
ma&kas  'mattock'  point  to  a  Teut. 
word. 


mattress  ME.  materas  (—  DU. 
matras}  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  mate- 
ras —  FR.  matelas  =  MED. -LAT. 
matratmm:  source  ARAB,  matrah 
prop,  'a  place  where  something 
is  thrown'. 

maudlin     adj.     corrupted    fr. 

ME.  Maudelein  =  Mag  delaine  -==. 
OFR.  Magdeleine,  LAT.-GR.  Mag- 
dalena.  Maria  Magdalena  was 
considered  a  type  of  sorrowing 
penitence. 

maul  vb.  ME.  matte  'strike  with 
a  mall'  formed  fr.  the  ME.  sb. 
matte  'a  mall'  borrowed  fr.  IR. 
mail  'a  mall',  whence  also  mall. 

Maundy  Thursday  ME.  maunde 
thursdai  fr.  OFR.  mande  (—  OHG. 
MHG.  mandat)  'the  ceremony  of 
Christ's  washing  his  disciples' 
feet':  source  LAT.  mandatum  ac- 
cording to  John  XIII  34. 

mauve  'mallow  color'  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  mauve  'a  mallow'  =:  LAT. 
malva\  ident.  w.  mallow. 

maw  ME.  mawe  OE.  maga 
'stomach'  =  OHG.  mago  'sto- 
mach' G.  magen,  DU.  maag,  ON. 
magi  'stomach'. 

may  vb.  ME.  mai  OE.  mce%  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  G.  DU.  mag,  ON.  md, 
GOTH.  mag.  TEUT.  \r  mag  (mug) 
fr.  ARYAN  magh  is  closely  allied 
to  OSLOV.  mogq  mosti  'be  able'. 

May  ME.  may  mai  fr.  FR.  Mai 
(LAT.  Maius  mensis). 

mayor  sb.  ME.  moire  adopted 
fr.  FR.  maire\  .source  LAT.  major 
'greater'. 


me  —  mean 


135 


me  pers.  pron.  dat.  and  ace. 
ME.  OE.  me  fr.  a  Teut.  and  ARYAN 
stem  me-  in  GOTH,  mi-s  mi-k, 
G.  mi-r  mi-ch,  LAT.  mi  hi  me]  GR. 
/Liol  I (.loi  f.is  tits',  SKR.  mahyam 
me  'dat.,  mam  md  acc.J  base 
ma- . 

mead1  sb.  ME.  m$de  OE.  meodo 
=  DU.  MLG.  mede  OHG.  meto 
mitu  G.  #*£/,  ON.  mjodr:  base 

TEUT.  JKA/K  =  ARYAN  *medktl\  Cp. 

SKR.  mddhu  'honey,  sweet  drink', 
GR.  f.is&v  'wine'  (allied  (.te&vto 
'I  am  drunk',  ^^//drunkenness'), 
OSLOV.  meda  'honey,  wine',  LITH. 
midus  'mead'  —  medUs  'honey',  IR. 
mid. 

mead2  sb.  'meadow'  (now  in 
poetry)  ME.  m$de  OE.  mad  (gen. 
mddwe)  =  DU.  mat  MLG.  made 
OLG.  mdtha  mada,  OFRIS.  m&th, 
G.  matte,  GOTH.  *medwa:  based 
on  a  TEUT.  \f*  maj)  m$d,  con- 
nected w.  LAT.  mtto  'I  mow, 
reap'  and  showing  a  shorter, 
form  me  in  E.  mow.  But  the 
GOTH.  *m£  might  represent 
the  root  and  two-  the  suffix.  - 
meadow  ME.  medwe  OE.  meed 
gen .  madwe.  Me  ad  and.  meadow 
are  related  as  shade  and  sha- 
dow. Cp.  mead. 

meagre  adj.  ME.  mfere  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  maigre  (=  SPAN. 
IT.  magrd)\  source  LAT.  macer 
'lean,  thin,  meagre'.  OE.  mayr 
(=  DU.  MLG.  G.  mager  OHG.  magar, 
ON.  wdgr  is  common  Teut.). 
The  Teut.  forms  with  LAT. 
macer,  GR.  /.taxtfoog  'tall',  /mx- 
(jog  'Jong'  have  prob.  come  fr. 


an  ARYAN  \T  mdk  'thin,  long'. 
LITH.  mdzas  'small'  and  OHG. 
magar  might  point  to  a  common 
V~  magh.  Perh.  the  Teut.  group 
comes  fr.  yulg.  LAT.-IT.  magro. 

meal1  sb.  'flour'  ME.  mgle  OE. 
melo  (gen.  melwes)  =  OSAX. 
m'elo,  DU.  DAN.  meel,  OHG.  melo 
(gen.  melawes)  G.  mehl,  ON.  wz/W: 
Teut.  base  *melwa-  'flour  meal' 
lit.  'that  which  is  ground'  from 
a  Teut.  and  ARYAN  \T  met  'grind' 
seen  in  OSAX.  OHG.  GOTH,  malan 
DU.  malen  G.  mahlen,  ON. 
'grind';  cp.  LAT.  molo,  GR.  juv' 
OSLOV.  melja  (mleti),  LITH.  malu 
(nidltt),  OIR.  w^/zw  'grind';  cp. 
mill. 

meal2   sb.   'a    repast*   ME.  m$l 

=  OSAX.  mdl,  DU.  ^MTdT/,    G.  W^/, 

ON.  mdl,  OHG.  *w^/  wanting  with 
this  meaning;  ident.  w.  GOTH. 
mtl  'time',  OE.  nuel  'time'. 

mean  adj.  ME.  m$ne  OE.  tymcene 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  ga-maini-  = 
GOTH,  gamains ,  OSAX.  gimeni, 
OHG.  gimeini  G.  gemein,  DU. 
gemeen\  cogn.  w.  LAT.  ^w- 
mitnis  for  com-moini-s\  cp.  LAT. 

W««J   with   GOTH.    <W>«    =    ARYAN 

oino-s. 

mean  vb.  ME.  w/«^  OE.  mcenan 
=  OSAX.  mtnian,  DU.  meenen, 
OHG.  meinen  meinan  G.  meinen, 
ox.meina,  GQin.*mdinjan\  OSLOV. 
w^/<2  wtv/zV/  is  closely  allied. 
Connected  with  V~  w^«  'think'  in 
mindl 

mean  adj.  ME.  w/w  adj. 'middle' 
contracted  fr.  */«$#»  —  OFR. 


136 


measles  —  mercy 


meyen  FR.  moyen  'intermediate': 
source  LAT.  medidnus. 

measles  sb.  ME.  mesel  sb. 
leper'  —  adj.  leprous':  loan- 
word fr.  O£El.#y£f£/=±±LA.T.  misellus. 

measure  sb.  ME.  measure  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  mesure  (==.  SPAN. 
mesura,  IT.  misura)  from  LAT. 
mensura. 

meat  ME.  mete  OE.  mete  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  mati-  =  OSAX.  meti, 
DU.  met  (in  -wursf),  OHG.  #205, 
ON.  0fcz/r,  GOTH.  0Mtf?  'food'. 

medal  borrowed  fr.  FR.  me- 
daille  (==  SPAN,  medalla ,  IT. 
medaglid)\  source  a  LAT.  type 
metallea  fr.  LAT.  metallum. 

meddle  ME.  medle  (mgle)  'mix' 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  medler  mesler 
=  FR.mekr:  source  a  LAT.  type 
misculare  'mix'  fr.  LAT.  miscere 
'mix''.  --  medley  sb.  ME.  medle 
adopted  fr.  OFR.  medle  mesle 
(fern,  medlee  -  =  FR.  melee)  part. 
of  OFR.  medler  'mix'. 

medlar  sb.  ME.  medle-tre  fr. 
OFR.  meslier  mesh  'medlar-tree': 
source  LAT.  mespilum  ca  med- 
lar. 

meed  sb.  ME.  OE.  med  (OE. 
once  meord)  =  OSAX.  rntda, 
DU.  miede,  OHG.  wfo  wzV/to  G. 
miete  'hire' ;  GOTH,  wzW<?  'reward' 
(the  z  of  which  was  lost  in 
Teut.  with  lengthening  of  i  to 
e)  fr.^  an  ARYAN  mizdho-  in  GR. 
fitti&og  'wages,  pay,  hire',  OSLOV. 
mizda,  AVEST.  mizda  'wages', 
OIND.  midhd  (for  mizdha)  'contest, 
match,  booty'  (perh.  orig.  'a 
prize'  by  inference  fr.  the  SKR. 


adj.  midhvds  'spending  lavishly'). 
meek  adj.  ME.  mek  (late  OE. 
*meoc)  borrowed  fr.  the  equiv. 
ON.  mjukr  =  sw.  mjttkj  DAN. 
myg  'soft',  cp.  DU.  muik  'soft', 
GOTH,  muks  (inferred  fr.  muka- 
modci  'meekness'). 

meet  vb.  ME.  mete  OE.  me  tan 
vb.  =  OSAX.  motian,  DU.  moeten, 
ON.  mceta,  GOTH,  gambtjan  'meet': 
TEUT.  \Tmbt. 

meet  adj.  ME.  mite  OE.  tymcete 
|  =  OFRIS.  meie,  MLG.  mate,  OHG. 
imd'y'y  cp.  mete. 
melt  vb.  ME.  melte  OE.  meltan\ 
:  for  the  \{"  melt  see  malt.  An 
I  Aryan  y"  meld  is  evident  in  SKR. 
|  mrdu  'soft,  tender',  GR.  u&dtiv 
\  'cook'. 

menace  sb..ME.  menace  mandce 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  menace  (LAT. 
minacid)  'threat'. 

mend    vb.    mende     short     for 

amende  borrowed  fr.  FR.  amender 

!.(LAT.    emendare).      See    amend. 

\    menial    (prop,  adj.,    but    also 

i  used  as  sb.)  ME,  meineal  formed 

j  with  the  suffix  -al  fr.  ME.  meinc 

\mame~    'a    household'.      This    is 

borrowed  fr.  OFR.  mesne   meisnee 

answering  to  a  LAT.  type  *man- 

!  sionata. 

merchant  ME.  marchaunt  mar- 

chaund  borrowed    fr.   OFR.    mar* 

chant  =    FR.  marchand'.    source 

LAT,  mercari  'buy'  (cp.  market). 

mercy    ME,     merci    borrowed 

from    FR.    merci    (source    MED.- 

j  LAT.  merces  'mercy,  pity'  extended 

|  fr.     LAT.     merx    'traffic').        See 

\rnar kett  merchant. 


merge  —  mid 


137 


merge    vb.    adopted    fr.    LAT. 
merger e  'plunge  under  water'. 
merit  ME.  merit  fr.    FR.  merite. 
mermaid    ME.   mer-maide',    OE. 


an  extension  of  LAT.  missus.  — 
Hence  messenger  (with  the 
insertion  of  n  as  in  passenger] 
ME.  messaglr  formed  fr.  message 


mere    'ocean'     ME.     m$re    agree  \  with  the  suffix  -er  denoting  'the 


agent . 

metal  ME.  metal  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  metal. 

mete  vb.  'measure'  ME.  m$te 
OE.  metan  sw.  vb.  'measure'  = 
GOTH,  mitan,  G.  messen  OHG. 
DU.  meten. 

mettle  ident.  w.  metal  but 
meaning  now  'spirit,  ardor'. 

mew  vb.  onomatopoetic  like 
DU.  maauwen,  G.  mauen ;  imitative 
of  a  cat's  cry. 

mew  ME.  mfw  OE.  mcew\  cp. 
DU.  meeuw,  ON.  md-r9  G.  m'owe'. 
TEUT.  base  maiw~. 

mickle  ME.  mikel  michel  mukel 


with    OHG.     OSAX.    meri,    GOTH. 
marei  'ocean';  cp.  marsh. 

merry  adj.  ME.  mirie.  OE.  myr^e 
from  a  Teut.  base  murgi-  'short' 
in  OHG.  murgfdri  "of  short  life', 
Swiss  murg  'mannikin';  cp.  GOTH. 
maurgjan  'shorten'.  The  adj. 
TEUT.  murgu-  'short'  =  IE. 
mrghu-  corresponds  to  GR.  {$Qa- 

;'c  'short'   (for  *f.ipa%vc). 

mesh  sb.  ME.  mesche  OE.  m&sce 
=  ON.  moskve,  OHG.  masca  G. 
masche;  the  Teut.  base  *m£sgen 
belongs  to  the  IE.  mezg  in  LITH. 
mdzgas  'knot'  from  the  vb.  mezgit 
(megsti)  'knot,  weave  nets';  hence 
mesh  may  be  traced  to  a  TEUT. 
V-  mesq  (ARYAN  mlzg  'braid').  «™M>  OE.  ***J*&^  GOTH> 

mete  vb.  ME.  m(te  OE.  meton  =\™Ws ,  ON.  mikill  mykill,  OSAX. 
OSAX.  metan,  DU.  meten,  OHG.  |  mikil,  OHG.  mihhil',  cp.  much. 
meTfran  G.  0i*w*«,  ON.  meta,  GOTH.  !  mid-  adj.  ME.  mid  OE.  m*rf  midd 
miian  with  which  is  allied  GOTH.  \  —  OSAX.  middi,  OHG.  »«Vtf  G.  »*//-, 
mitbn  'think  over5,  OHG.  w^;^  |  ON.  midr,  GOTH.  «*<#&.  In  mod. 
'moderate'.  The  TEUT.  ^mtt  is  !  E.  and  in  mod.  G.,  the  adjectives 
based  on  the  ARYAN  \(~med  in  E.  mid-  =  G.  mit-  are  only  used  in 
GR.  iisdopm  'I  devise'  --  .wt'cW  compounds  as  E.  midday,  midlcnt, 

'counselof*  ^IJLIVOQ  'a  corn-'  midsummer,  midwinter,  G.  mittag, 

measure',  LAT.  modus  'manner' :  mitternacht,  mittwoch  (orig.  dat 
-modius^  corn-measure',  GOTH.  !  sing.).  The  TEUT.  stem  midja- 
mitdfs  measure'.  j  answers  to  ARYAN  medhyo;  cp. 

mess  sb.  ME.  messe   borrowed  |  GR.   usaoc    (for  V«$fc) ,    SKR. 
fr.    OFR.    w«    FR.    w^    (source  i  mddhyas,  LAT.  ;m//V^.  ~  middle 
LAT.  ;;m^  fr.  mittere)  'send'  and  j  adj.   and  sb.   ME.  OE.  middtl  - 
in  MED.-LAT.  'put,  place').  |  DU.  middel,  OHG.  mittil  G.  mtttel', 

message  ME.  message  borrowed  j  with  formative  -/  from  the   adj. 
fr.  FR.  message :  LAT.  type  missatica  \  mid. 


midge  —  milt 


midge  ME.  migge  OE.  mycg  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  mugjo-  =  OSAX. 
muggiay  DU.  mug,  OHG.  mucka  G. 
miicke.  From  ON.  my  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  West-feut. 
guttural  is  secondary. 

midst  formed  with  excrescent  / 
from  ME.  in  middes  equivalent  to 
amid. 

mien  borrowed  fr.  FR.  mine  fr. 
IT.  mina  =  OIT.  mena  'fashion, 
carriage  of  man':  source  MED.-LAT. 
minare,  'conduct,  lead'. 

might  ME.  might  OE.  miht  meaht 
—  OSAX.  OHG.  mahty  DU.  magt, 
G.  machty  ON.  mdttr,  GOTH,  mahts. 
The  common  TEUT.  *mahti  is  an 
old  verbal  abstract  from  GOTH. 
magan  (like  OSLOV.  mosti  from 
*mokti  from  mogq  'clean').  See 
may. 
milch  adj.  ME.  milche  OE.  *  my  Ice: 

deriv.    of  milk]    cp.  the    equiv. 

adj's.    ON.    milkr    mjolkr ,    OHG. 

melch  G.  melky  OE.   melc. 
mild    adj.    ME.    OE.    mllde    = 

OSAX.  mildiy    DU.    G.    mild  OHG. 

miltiy    ON.  mildr,    GOTH,  mildeis. 

Cogn.  w.  OIR.  meldach  'agreeable' 

G\  Jilaith    'soft,    smooth'    (base 

mlnti-)?  or  OSLOV.  *»/*//»  young, 

tender*,  LITH.  mildus  'pious'? 
mildew  ME.  mildew  OE.  miled^aw 
-  DU.   tnteldauwy    OHG.   mili-tou 

G.  mehltati\  the  first  part  is  prob. 

fr.  OE.  «,?&  —  GOTH,  milip  'honey'; 

cp.  ON.  milska  'a  honeyed  drink'; 

the ^ second  part  see  under  dew. 
mile   ME.   mile   OE.  mil  • —  DU. 

»/{//,  OHG.  /w/70  #«Y/a  (for  *jwl#w) 

G.  ;//#/<?:  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  milia 


(passuum)  lit.  'thousand  paces', 
(whence  also  FR.  milley  IT.  miglui). 
The  more  frequent  plur.  milia 
was  adopted  in  Rom.  and  G.  as 
a  fern.  sing,  (omitting  passuum)* 

milfoil  ME.  milfoil  fr.  FR.  milk- 
feuille  =  LAT.  millefolium. 

milk  ME.  milk   OE.  meoloc  mile 

=    OSAX.    #/*////',    DU.    Wf//',     OHG. 

miluh  G.  milchy  ON.  mjdlkry  GOTH. 
miluks.  It  is  remarkable  that  a 
common  Aryan  or  at  least  a 
West  -Aryan  term  for  'milk'  is 
wanting,  although  the  V"  w^  = 
TEUT.  melk  'to  milk'  occurs  in  all 
the  West-Aryan  languages.  From 
a  common  Indo-Eur.  vb.  :  OE. 
melcant  DU.  melken,  OHG.  mclchan 
G.  melken,  GOTH.  *milkan.  Cp.  LAT. 
mulgere  ,  GR.  aiteXyfiv,  OSLOV. 
mltsti  (pres.  tnluzq),  LITH.  w//^ 
(pres.  mclzil)  OIR.  mbligim  (mlicht 
and  w^  'milk').  —  milk  vb. 
ME.  #z///£<?  OE.  meolcian  (==  OFRIS. 
melka,  ON.  mjolkd)  fr.  OE.  meolc. 

mill  ME.  ;;////<?  earlier  w///7<?  OE. 
W7/^  (whence  ON.  mylna)  --  DU. 
molen  meulen  y  OHG.  muli(n}  G. 
muhle'y  borrowed  fr.  late  LAT. 
common  ROM.  molina  'mill'  (for 
class.  LAT.  mold),  whence  also 
IT.  mulinOy  FR.  moulin. 

millet  fr.  FR.  millet  \  source  LAT. 
milium  'millet'. 


milt  ME.  OE.  milte  =  DU. 
OHG.  milzi  G.  milzy  ON.  »«7^':  from 
the  TEUT.  \fmelt  seen  in  malt. 
E.  and  DU.  #«'//  'soft  roe  of  fishes' 
is  a  corruption  of  milk  (sw. 
mjolke  'milt'  fr.  w/'c?/-^  'milk',  DAN. 


mince  —  mire2 


139 


fiskemelk  'soft  roe  of  fishes',  lit. 
'fish-milk'). 

mince  vb.  ME.  mince  OE.  min- 
sian  wk.  vb.  'make  small'  deriv.  fr. 
OE.  min(nn)  =  DU.  min  'smaller'; 
cp.  FR.  mincer  'mince'  from  mince 
'small5  of  Teut.  origin. 

mind  sb.  ME.  minde  OE.  ^e-mynd 
'memory,  mind':  Teut.  base 
ga-mundi-  =.  GOTH,  ga-munds 
'memory'  from  GOTH,  ga-munan 
=  OSAX.  (far}munan  'despise', 
ON.  muna,  OE.  fymunan,  cp.  GOTH. 
mum  'purpose,  desire,  mind', 
ON.  munr  'mind,  desire,  love', 
OE.  myne  'memory,  love'.  Allied 
to  ON.  minni  'remembrance,  mind', 
OSAX.  minnciy  OHG.  minnia  and 
OHG.  minni  G.  minne  'love',  orig. 
'remembrance'.  All  belong  to 
the  common  Aryan  and  TEUT. 
\f^men  man  'think';  cp.  GR.  (.ttvoq 
'courage,  mind',  jLiijnvtjoy.ro  'I 
remember',  LAT.  memini  reminiscor 
metis  moneo  y  SKR.  \f^man  'think, 
believe'. 

mine  possessive  pron.  ME.  OE. 
min  =  OSAX.  OHG.  mm,  DU.  mijn, 
G.  mein  (also  OHG.  mm  G.  meiner), 
ON.  mintiy  GOTH,  meins'.  derived 
fr.  the  stem  me-  of  the  pers. 
pron.  cp.  me  and  for  the  suffix 
cp.  SKR.  makina  'mine'  and  thine. 

mine  sb.  ME.  mine  =  DU.  mijn,  G. 
DAN.  mine\  borrowed  from  FR. 
mine  (=  SPAN.  IT.  mind) :  of  Celt, 
origin;  cp.  IR.  GAEL,  mein  'metal', 
BRET,  men  'stone ,  metal',  CYMR. 
mwyn  'metal':  CELT,  base  mena 
mcina  ? 


mingle  a  frequent,  vb.  from  ME. 
minge  menge  OE.  mengan  =  OSAX. 
mengian,  DU.  mengen,  OHG.  mengan 
G.  mengen,  GOTH.  *  mag g Jan.  Cp. 
among. 

minnow  'a  fish'  ME.  minowe  OE. 
*mymve  (and  wjw'capito')  =  OHG. 
muniwa  'capedo';  cp.  WESTPHAL. 
m&ne,  HESS,  mahnt  Etymology 
unknown. 

minster  ME.  minster  OE.  mynster 
fr.  a  base  munistirja-  =  DU. 
munster ,  OHG.  munistri  prop, 
'monastery'  then  'convent-church' 
G.  munster :  after  LAT.-GR.  mona- 
sterium,  whence  also  FR.  moutier 
'monastery,  convent'. 

minstrel  ME.  ministral  menestral 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  menestrel'.  source 
LAT.  ministerialis  'an  artisan,  jester, 
buffoon'. 

mint *  sb.  ME.  mint  OE.  mynet 
=  DU.  munty  OHG.  muni"^  muniwa 
G.  munze\  TEUT.  munita-  munito- 
borrowed  fr.  LAT.  moneta  'place 
of  coinage,  money',  whence  also 
FR.  monnaie  under  money. 

mint2  sb.  'a  plant'  ME.  OE.  minte 
=  DU.  munt,  OHG.  minza  G.  minze  \ 
adapted  fr.  LAT.  mentha  mcnta 
(GR.  /£ii'5-a) ,  whence  also  FR. 
menthe,  IT.  SPAN,  menta. 

mire 1  'deep  mud'  ME.  mire  OE. 
myre  from  WEST-TEUT.  wiurjon  = 
ON.  myrr  'slime' ;  the  r  of  these 
words  is  orig.  z  =  s',  cp.  OE.  meos 
'moss'  by  the  side  of  OE.  mos 
*moss,  swamp';  G.  moos  also  signi- 
fies 'marsh';  cp.  moss.  Hence 
E.  mire  prop,  'mossy  soil'. 

mire2  cp.  pismire. 


140 


mirth  —  mole 


mirth  ME,  mirthe  earlier  murhde 
OE.  myrgd  deriv.  fr.  OE.  myrfy  = 
merry  with  formative  -th  (as  in 
lengthy  strength), 

mis  J  prefix  ME.  OE.  mis-  =  DU. 
mis-,  OHG.  missa-  mis  si-  G.  miss-, 
ON.  mis-]  GOTH,  missa-  for  *mif>ta- 
(prop,  'lost')  is  an  old  part,  in 
to-  from  a  \fmip  seen  in  OE. 
midan  ME.  mithe  'shun,  avoid' 
(=  OSAX.  midan,  OHG.  midan  G. 
meidfri).  Akin  to  OIR.  «//  in  /«/- 
£•«»«  'misdeed'? 

mis  2  prefix  older  mes-  borrowed 
fr,  OFR.  mes-  (FR.  m£-)\  source 
LAT.  minus  .  less'.  —  mischief 
ME.  mes-chef  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
mes-chief  'a  bad  result,  damage' 
fr.  mis2  and  chief  (cp.  ME.  bon- 
chef  'happiness').  —  miscreant 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  mescreant 
(source  LAT.  credent-em). 

miss  vb.  ME.  misse  OE.  missan 
=  DU.  G.  missen,  ON.  missa,  GOTH. 
missjan.  Evidently  connected 
with  WEST-TEUT.  ml  fan  'avoid'  in 
OE.  midan,  OHG.  midan  G.  meiden 
'avoid'.  Cp.  mis. 

miss  contr.  of  mistress. 

mist  ME.  OE.  mist  =  DU.  mist, 
LG.  mist  'darkness,  fog,  mist', 
ON.  mistr  'darkness,  mist'. 

mister  ME.  maister  =  master. 

mistle  ME.  mistel  OE.  mistel  • — 
OHG.  mistil  G.  mistel,  ON.  mistel 
'mistletoe'.  —  mistletoe  OE. 
misteltan  (=  ON.  mistilsteinn)  fr. 
mistil' bird-lime'  and  tan  'branch'. 

mite  !   sb.  'a  small  insect'   ME. 
OE.  mite  ==  LG.  mite,  OHG.  »*%« ' 
a  midge,  fly:   TEUT.  Y~»M/ 'cut 


small',  whence  GOTH,  maitan  =: 
ON.  meita  'cut'. 

mite2  sb.  'a  very  small  portion' 
ME.  mite  borrowed  fr.  ODU.  mijt 
'a  small  coin'. 

mitten  ME.  mitaine  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  mitaine  'a  mitten'. 

mix  vb.  ME.  mixe  OE.  miscian 
—  OHG.  miskan  from  *miskjan 
MHG.  MLG.  G.  misthe.ni  all  prob. 
borrowed  fr.  LAT.  miscere  'mix'. 

mizzen  sb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
misaine  =  IT.  mezzana:  source 
LAT.  medius.  Ident.  w.  G.  bezaan- 
segel. 

moan  vb. ME.  ^^  (OE.  *rnanian) 
with  the  by-form  ME.  mene  OE. 
mcenan  'moan'. 

moat  sb.  ME.  mote  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  mote  'dike'. 

mock  fr.   FR.  se  moquer. 

mode  fr.  FR.  mode. 

moiety  borrowed  fr.  FR.  moitM 
(LAT.  type  medif totem). 

moist  adj.  ME.  moiste  'moist, 
fresh':  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  moiste 
(=  FR.  moite).  Source  LAT. 
musteus  'belonging  to  new  must 
or  wine',  also  'new,  fresh  (tnustus 
'new  wine'). 

mole1  sb.  'a  mark  on  the  body' 
ME.  mp'le  OE.  mdl  =  OHG.  meil 
also  meila,  GOTH,  mail  'a  spot'. 

mole2  sb.  'breakwater'  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  mole  'a  bank' 
(=  IT.  mole  molo) :  source 
LAT.  moles  'a  great  heap,  a  vast 
pile'. 

mole3  sb.  'an  insectivorous 
animal'  ME.  mo  lie  =  DU.  molt 
Prob.  short  for  ME.  moldewerp 


monday  —  more 


141 


=r  OHG.  moltwerf  G.  maulwurf. 
From  ME.  mglde  OE.  mglde  'earth' 
=  ON.  moldy  OHG.  moltcty  GOTH. 
mulda1  earth'  and  from  the-y^  werp 
seen  in  GOTH.  wairpan\  see 
warp. 

monday  ME.  mgnenday  OE. 
monanda^  =  DU.  maandag,  OHG. 
mdnatac  G.  montagy  ON.  mdnadagr'. 
the  common  Teut.  name  for 
LAT.  ///«  Lunae  (FR.  /»*M&',  IT. 
lunedt) ;  the  first  syllable  of 
monday  is  ident.  w.  moon. 

money    ME.    moneie    borrowed ! 
fr.   OFR.    moneie   =    FR.   monnaie 
(==  SPAN,  moneda,   IT.    monetd) : 
source  LAT.  moneta.     See  mint^. 

monger  sb.  ME.  OE.  mongere  OE. 
mangere  (==  OHG.  mangdri,  ON. 
mangari)  formed  from  OE.  /«##- 
£7<z«  'trade'  with  suffix  -ere. 
Source  LAT.  mango  (a  defrauding 
trader. 

monk  ME.  monk  OE.  munuc  = 
os AX.  muniky  DU.  monnik,  OHG. 
munih(h)  G.  monch\  source  LAT. 
monachus  (GR.  uora%6g),  whence 
also  FR.  wwwz*  and  OIR.  manach. 

monkey  formed  like  donkey. 
source  IT.  monna  mona  ape , 
whence  also  G.  (16.  cent.)  mun- 
aff  'simia  prasiana'. 

month  ME.  moneth  OE.  monap 
=rr  DU.  maandj  OHG.  manod  G. 
monaty  ON.  vtdnudr,G<yTB..  mendps. 
The  common  Teut.  stem  menop- 
'month*  (pre-TEUT.  menot-)  is 
ident.  w.  TEUT.  menan-  = 
moon. 

mood  sb.  ME.  OE.  mod  = 
OSAX.  mddt  DU.  moedj  OHG.  muot 


G.  muty  GOTH,  modsy  ON.  modr* 
The  orig.  meaning  of  the  TEUT. 
stem  mdda-  was  perhaps  'strong 
emotion,  violent  excitement'  and 
was  prob.  derived  fr.  \\\&\^ma- 
in  GR.  if<g/f<rfat  'desire'. 

moon  ME.  mone  OE.  mona  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  manOy  DU.  maant  G. 
mond '  y  ON.  mdni,  GOTH,  mena 
'the  moon'.  The  Teut.  base 
menan-  (and  menop-  =  month) 
is  cogn.  with  the  greater  part 
of  the  terms  for  'moon,  month' 
in  the  other  ARYAN  languages; 
cp.  SKR.  mas  (for  mans  mens) 
'moon,  month'  —  mdsa  month', 
GR.  (.iij v  (for  *«W)  'month', 
LAT.  mensis  'month',  OSAX.  meseci 
'moon,  month',  LITH.  menu  'moon' 

—  memsJs'montti,  OIR.  mi  'month'. 

Moor1  sb.  'an  inhabitant  of 
Barbery'  borrowed  fr.  FR.  More\ 
source  LAT.  Maurus,  whence 
also  SPAN.  IT.  MorOy  OHG.  Mor 
G.  Mohr. 

moor2  sb.  'a  tract  of  untilled 
land'  ME.  OE.  mor  'a  moor,  morass, 
bog'  =  OSAX.  mbi'j  DU.  moer, 
OHG.  muor,  LG.  G.  moor\  related 
to  OE.  mere.y  OHG.  meri  'sea'  = 
LAT.  mare  'sea'.  See  massh. 

morass  sb.  ME.  mareis  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  marais  (=  IT. 
I  marese)y  whence  also  DU.  mor  as 
^  moeras  y  LG.  mor  as  (whence  G. 
!  morast)  :  source  MED.-LAT.  mara- 
gium  'swamp,  marsh'. 

more  adj.  ME.  more  OE.  mdra 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  mero  G.  mc/ir,  DU. 
mcert  ON.  meiri\  GOTH,  maiza 


142 


morning  —  mother2 


(whose  iza  is  the  OTeut.  com- 
parat.  suffix)  became  OE.  mar  a 
(r  from  z  by  rhotacism).  The 
stem  ma-  belongs  to  the  TEUT. 
adj.  me-ra-  'illustrious'. 

morning  ME.  morninge  mor- 
•weninge  deriv.  of  OE.  morgen  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  morgan,  DU.  G.  morgen, 
ON.  morgunn  and  myrgenn,  GOTH. 
maurginsi  a  common  TEUT.  word 
for  the  -first  half  of  the  day 
from  day  break.  —  Cp.  evening. 

morrow;  see  morn  and  to- 
morrow. ' 

morsel  ME.  morsfl  adapted  fr. 
OFR.  morsel  (=  FR.  morfeau, 
IT.  morsello) '.  dimin.  of  LAT. 
morsum  'a  bit'. 

mortar1  'a  vessel  in  which 
substances  are  beaten  to  powder' 
ME.  morter  OE.  mortlre  (—  DU. 
mortier]:  borrowed  fr.  FR.  mortier 
(•=•  SPAN,  morter  ot  IT.  mortajo) 
'mortar' :  source  LAT.  mortarium 
'a  vessel  in  which  substances 
are  pounded'. 

*  mortar2  'a  mixture  of  lime 
and  of  sand'  so  called  from  the 
vessel  in  which  it  was  made 
mortar^-  ME.  morter  mortier 
adopted  fr.  FR.  mortier  '(— 
SPAN,  morter  o,  IT.  mortajo), 
whence  also  DU.  mortel,  MHG. 
morter  mortel  G.  mortel):  source 
LAT.  mortarium. 

mortgage  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
mortgage  lit.  'a  dead  pledge'. 

moss  ME.  OE.   mos    'a    swamp, 

a  plant':  Teut.  base  mosa-  ==. 
DU.  mos  'moss,  plant',  OHG.  mos 


'a  swamp,  plant'  G.  moos  'plant* 
bog',  ON.  mo  si  'moss,  mire'. 
Ident.  w.  OE.  meos,  OHG.  mios 
from  a  Teut.  base  meusa-,  whence 
mire.  Outside  of  TEUT.,  LAT. 
muscus  and  OSLOV.  muchu  are 
cognate. 

most  adj.  and  adv.  'greatest 
in  size'  ME.  most  OE.  mast  com- 
monly OE.  mast  =  OSAX.  mest, 
DU.  meest,  OHG.  G.  meist,  ON.  mestr, 
GOTH,  moists.  Superl.  belonging 
to  the  compar.  more.  GOTH. 
maists  has  the  old  superl.  suffix 
like  GOTH.  bat-ists,  OHG.  bei-jst, 
OE.  betst  (for  bet-est).  The  adj. 
stem  GOTH,  rn&rs,  OHG.  ma-ri, 
OE.  mare  etc.  seems  to  be  the 
base  of  more  and  most. 

mote  ME.  mote  OE.  mot  (plur. 
motu)  'atom';  the  ME.  form  are 
based  on  the  OE.  nom.  plur. 
Cp.  DU.  moil 

moth  ME.  moththe  OE.  mopfie  — 
DU.  mot(t),  MHG.  G.  mottet  ON.  mottit 
sw.  mott  a  moth'  with  the  by- 
forms  MHG.  matte,  OE.  mohpe  ME. 
moughj>e. 

mother1  ME.  moder  OE.  modor 
-=  OSAX.  modar ,  DU.  moeder9 
OHG.  muoter  G.  mutter,  ON.  modir. 
The  common  TEUT.  word  for 
'mother'  (GOTH,  said  aifet).  TEUT. 
modr-  'mother'  from  ARYAN  matr- 
in  SKR.  matr,  GR.  /LtiJTtjg  /nan-jo, 
LAT.  mater,  OSLOV.  mati ,  OIR. 
mdthir  'mother'. 

mother2  'dregs,  lees'  from 
*mudder  =  ODU.  madder  'mud, 
dregs',  DU.  moer  'dregs,  lees', 


motley  —  muff 


LG.  G.  moder,  DAN.  sw.  mudder 
'mud,  mould'.  Cogn.  w.  mud. 

motley  adj.  ME.  motle  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  mattett  'clotted, 
curdled'. 

mould1  sb.  'fine  soft  earth' 
ME.  OE.  mglde  ground,  land, 
earth,  country'  =  OHG.  molta, 
ON.  mold  'mould',  GOTH,  mulda 
'dust':  y~  mal  (cp.  meal)  with 
formative  d  as  in  old,  cold. 

mould2  sb.  ME.  mdlde  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  molle  (FR.  moule)  'a 
mould':  source  LAT.  modulus 
dimin.  of  modus  'measure'. 

moult  vb.  ME.  moute  OE.  bi- 
mutian'.  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  mutare 
'change',  whence  also  DU.  muiten, 
OHG.  muffin  G.  mausern  change 
the  feathers  or  skin,  moult'. 

mount  vb.  adapted  fr.  FR. 
monter  'mount'. 

mount  sb.  ME.  mount',  loanword 
from  FR.  mont.  Ident.  with  OE. 
munt  from  LAT.  montem  (mons). 
The  ME.  ou  =u  is  not  the  OE. 
u,  but  substitution  for  the  FR. 
nasal  vowel.  -  -  mountain  ME. 
mountaine  fr.  OFR.  montaine  = 
FR.  montagne  (LAT.  type  mon- 
taned). 

mourn  vb.  ME.  mourne  OE. 
murnan  str.  vb.  ==  OS  AX.  mornian, 
OHG.  mornfa,  ON.  morna,  GOTH. 
maurnan  :  ARYAN  \f  mer  in  GR. 
fitoiitr a  sorrow'  and  LAT.  memor. 

mouse  ME.  mous  (plur.  mis) 
OE.  mus  (plur.  mys)  —  DU.  muis, 
OHG.  mus  G.  maus,  ON.  mus.  The 
base  mus-  occurs  in  almost  all 
ARYAN  languages.  Cp.  SKR.  muS 


'mouse'  with  the  Y~  mus  mus 
musdy  'take  away,  rob';  also 
GR.  f.iv  q,  LAT.  mus,  OSLOV.  mysu 

mouth  ME.  mouth  OE.  mud  = 
OSAX.  mfi-d,  DU.  mondj  OHG.  mund 
G.  mund,  ON.  munnr  miidr,  GOTH. 
munps  'mouth'.  The  TEUT. 
munfia-z  'mouth'  is  based  on 
pre-TEUT.  manto-s  and  connected 
with  LAT.  mentum  'chin'. 

move  vb.  ME.  move  with  the 
by-form  moeve  fr.  OFR.  movoir 
mevoir  FR.  mouvoir  =  LAT. 
movere. 

mow  sb.  ME.  mowe  mouwe  OE. 
mug  a  muwa  =  ON.  mugi  'heap'; 
cp.  OHG.  mu-werf  'mole'  orig. 
'maker  of  mole-heaps'. 

mow  vb.  ME.  mowe  OE.  mdwan 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  maaijen,  OHG. 
mden  MHG.  majcn  G.  mdhen.  A 
common  WEST-TEUT.  ^mt  'mow' 
appears  in  OE.  mcep  (E.  math  in 
after-,  latter-),  OHG.  m&d  G.  mahd 
'mowing,  swath',  and  in  GR. 
a-iirjioc,  'harvest'  —  a-f.id(o  I 
mow'  and  in  LAT.  meter e  'reap'. 

much  ME.  mocne  muche  for 
earlier  muchel  OE.  my  del  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  mukila-  (inikila-}\ 
cogn.  w.  GR.  u^'dlr)  and  iieyac, 
SKR.  mdhan  'great'.  Cp.  mickle. 

muck  ME.  muck  borrowed  fr. 
a  SCAND.  *muk-  =  ON.  myk* 
mykr  'dung'. 

mud  ME.  mud  --  OLG.  mudde 
'mud'. 

muff  vb.  DU.  mof  LG.  G.  sw. 
muff:  DAN.  muffe  a  new  TEUT. 
word  derived  fr.  FR.  moufle 


144 


mulberry  —  muzzle 


'mitten'.  MED.-LAT.  muffula  (gth 
cent.).  Cogn.  w.  muffle  vb. 
'cover  up  warmly'  fr.  OFR.  moufle 
'mitten'. 

mulberry  ME.  OE.  murberie  OE. 
mor-berie  =  DU.  moerbes  moer- 
besie ,  OHG.  miirberi  morberi  G 
maulbcere\  the  /  of  the  first  part 
of  the  compound  for  r  is  the 
effect  of  dissimilation;  mor  is 
LAT.  morum  ca  mulberry'.  The 
second  part  is  an  explanatory 
addition. 

mule  ME.  mule  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  mule]  source  LAT.  mulus  'a 
mule',  whence  also  IT.  muloy  G. 
maulesel  (OHG.  muly  OIR,  OE. 
mill}. 

murder  sb.  ME.  morther  OE. 
mor  dor  =  GOTH.  maurfr\  from 
\T*nr  mar  'die'  and  suffix  -pra\ 
cp.  OE.  mord  =  ON.  morii,  OSAX. 
mortht  DU.  moord,  OHG.  G.  mord 
'premeditated  murder'.  TEUT. 
mor  fa-  'murder'  is  based  on 
pre-TEUT.  mfto-m  'death':  \{~mor 
widely  diffused  through  all  the 
Aryan  languages  signified  'die'. 
Cp.  the  SKR.  <fmr  'die'  (mrtd-m 
jdeath'  —  mrtas  'dead' —  mdrta-s 
'mortal'^  —  mrtyus  'death';  LAT. 
mori  'die'  —  m0rfaus'dead'  —  mors 
death';  osixyv.mre'ti  'die'  —  moru- 
su-mrM  'death'  -  -  mrutvu  (LAT. 
mortuus)  'dead';  LITH.  mtrti  'die' 

-w/r&r('death';  GR.  ppordg  (for 
*«  ports')  'mortal'  —  dufipoTog  'im- 
mortal'; OIR.  marb  'dead'.  — 
murder  vb.  ME.  murthre  mirthre 
OE.  myrdrian  =  OHG.  murdiren, 
GOTH,  maurfirjan  'murder,  kill'. 


I    murky    ME.    mirke    mirk    bor- 

!  rowed  fr.  ON.  myrkr  and  ident. 

|  w.  OE.  mirde  myrce.      OE.  myrcet 

OSAX.      mirki     and     ON.      myrkr 

'dark'    represent    a   Teut.    base 

mirkwl-. 

murmur  vb.  ME.  murmur  e 
adopted  fr.  FR.  murmur er  (•= 
SPAN,  murmur ar,  IT.  mormorare9 
OHG.  murmuron  G.  murmeln)  \ 
source  LAT.  murmur  are, 

muscle  adopted  fr  FR.  muscle: 
source  LAT.  musculus  'a  muscle, 
a  little  mouse',  dimin.  of  mus 
'a  mouse'  (GR.  f.ivg)  'a  mouse, 
a  muscle'.  From  the  same  source 
also  DU.  G.  muskel  'a  muscle'. 

must  sb,  ME.  OE.  must  'new 
wine'  (==  DU.  G.  most,  ON.  must) 
adopted  fr.  LAT.  mustum  'new 
wine',  whence  also  OFR.  moust, 
FR.  mouty  IT.  mosto.  See  musty, 
moist  etc, 

must  vb.  ME.  OE.  moste  pret. 
of  OE.  motan  -  -  -  OSAX.  mofan, 
DU.  moeten ,  OHG.  muoTian  G. 
miisseny  GOTH,  motan, 

mustard  ME.  mustard  mostard 
(=  DU.  mosterd  mostaard,  G. 
mostert  (mostricH)'.  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  moustard  =  FR.  moutard. 
Source  OFR.  moust=  LAT.  mustus 
'new  wine'. 

mute  ME.  miiet  fr.  FR.  muet. 
Source  LAT.  mutus  'dumb'. 

m  u  tton  ME  .  motoun  m  utoun  a  d  o  p  t- 
ed  fr.  OFR.  moton  (FR.  mouton). 

muzzle  ME.  mosel  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  musel  =  FR.  museau  'muzzle'; 
perh.  orig.  identical  w.  mor  eel 
=  E.  morsel. 


mushroom  —  nap 


145 


mushroom  late  ME.  musheroun 
fr.  the  equiv.  OFR.  mousseron. 

muster  sb.  'a  show;  review, 
array;  pattern'  etc.  short  for 
ME.  moustre  from  OFR.  monstre 
(FR.  montre=^Y£.  mostrd):  source 
LAT.  monstrare,  whence  also  DU. 
monster,  MLG.  munster,  G.  muster, 


sw.  DAN.  monster. —  Hence  the  vb. 
muster  vb.  'exhibit,  review'  etc. 
ME.  must(e)re  <t  OFR.  monstrer 
(FR.  montrer  =  SPAN,  mostrar, 
IT.  mo  sir  are)  from  LAT.  monstrare', 
cp.  DU.  monster  en,  MLG.  munsteren, 
G.  muster  nt  sw.  monstra,  DAN. 
monstre. 


N 


nag  ME.  nagge  'horse';  cp.  ODU. 
negge  'a  small  horse'. 

nail  ME.  nail  OE.  na%el=  OSAX. 
OHG.  nagal  DU.  G,  nagel,  ON. 
»^/  'finger-nail'  —  nagli'  woo  den, 
iron  nail';  GOTH.  *nagls  inferred 
from  the  vb.  nagljan  'nail'.  TEUT. 
nag  la-  arose  from  ARYAN  noghlo- 
or  nokhlo-;  cp.  SKR.  «#£&*  'nail 
of  a  finger  or  toe,  claw  of  a 
bird',  GR.  oi'vy-  (nom.  ovv£)  'nail 
of  a  finger  or  toe,  claw,  hoof, 
hook',  LAT.  unguis  'claw,  talon', 
OIR.  ing  en  (CYMR.  ewin)  from 
mghwina,  OSLOV.  noguti  'nail, 
claw'  (fr.  OSLOV.  noga  'foot'); 
LITH.  ndgas  'finger-nail'  -  -  naga 
'horse's  hoof.  ARYAN  \T  nokh 
nogh. 

naked  adj.  ME.  naked  OE.  ndcod 
=  DU.  naakt,  OHG.  nackut  nahhut 
G.  nackt,  ON.  nekkvidrt  GOTH.' 
naqafs:  Teut.  base  naqo-da- 
naqa-da-  from  a  pre-TEUT.  nogoto- 
nogeto-',  cp.  OIR.  w^/'naked' from 
a  base  nokto-  and  SKR.  wo^»rf 
•naked'  with  suffix  na  for  ta\ 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


without  consonantal  suffix  are 
formed  OSLOV.  nagu,  LITH.  nugas 
naked'.  Allied  also  LAT.  nudus 

for  *novdus  *nogviaus.  -  -  ARYAN 


name  sb.  ME.  name  OE.  ndma 
noma  =  OSAX.  OHG.  «^w^,  DU. 
naam,  G.  «^//z^,  ON.  nafn  (for 
*nam?t),  GOTH.  namb\  synon.  with 
SKR.  ndma,  GR.  o-ro//«,  LAT. 
nomen  and  perh.  also  ident.  with 
OSLOV.  />«£  fr.  *tn-men  *2n-men9 
PRUSS.  emmans,  OIR.  ainm.  The 
ARYAN  base  was  nd-men-,  which 
perh.  was  orig.  *gn(J~men-  fr.  the 
ARYAN  \{^  gno  in  know.  Then 
»«/«^  prop,  meant  'name  by 
which  a  thing  is  known'. 

nap1  sb.  from  the  vb.  ME. 
nappe  OE.  hn&ppian  hnappian  dozej 
cp.  OHG.  hnaffczen  MHG.  nafzen 
vb.  'slumber'.  Perh.  cogn.  w. 
ozJmipian,  ax.hnipna  vb.  'droop'. 

nap'-  sb.  earlier  nop  ME.  noppt 
'nap',  OE.  hnoppa  (Villas')  'nap 

of   Cloth'  =   DU.    nop,    MLG.    DAN, 

noppe,  osw.  nop  'nap  of  cloth  or 
10 


146 


nape  —  neck 


Wool';    COgn.    W.   NORWEG.   nitppa, 

GOTH,  dishniupan  \o  break'. 

nape  ME.  nape  'knob';  perh. 
with  inner  labial  for  guttural  and 
cogn.  w.  neck. 

napkin  ME.  napekin  adopted  fr. 
FR.  nappe  'table-cloth'  with  dimin. 
suffix  -kin.  Source  a  vulg.  LAT. 
*nappa  =  LAT.  mappa  'a  cloth'. 
See  map. 

nard  ME.  nard  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  nard  (—  SPAN.  IT.  nardo) 
=  LAT.  nardus,  whence  also  G. 
narde. 

narrow  adj.  ME.  narowe  narwe 
OE.  nearu  =  OSAX.  naruy  DU. 
naar)  from  a  TEUT.  adj.  narwa- 
(used  as  fern.  sb.  in  OHG.  narwa 
G.  narbe  'scar').  Cp.  LTTH.  ner-ti 
vb.  'thread'  (a  needle)  —  narva 
'cell  of  the  queen-bee'. 

narwhal  (=  G.  narwal)  adopt- 
ed fr.  DAN.  sw.  narhval  —  ON. 
nd-hvalr  'sea-unicorn'.  The  se- 
cond element  see  under  whale', 
the  first  part  is  obscure. 

nasty  adj.  corruption  of  an 
earlier  nasty*  perh.  borrowed 
fr.  sw.  dial,  naskug  'nasty,  dirty'. 

naught  ME.  naught  OE.  ndht 
earlier  ndwiht  =  OSAX.  niowiht 
OHG.  niowiht  G.  nicht,  DU.  niet, 
GOTH,  ni  waihts  'no  thing';  cp. 
whit. 

nave1  sb.  'the  body  of  the 
church*  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  nave 
FR.  nef  (=  SPAN.  IT.  nave)  'a 
ship'  --  'the  body  of  the  church': 
MED. -LAT.  navis  'the  nave  of  I 
a  church'  =  LAT.  navis  'ship',  j 


nave2  sb.  'the  hub  of  a  wheel' 
ME.  nave  OE.  ndfu  =  DU.  naaj 
aaf  nave,  OHG.  naba  G.  nabe, 
ON.  ngf,  GOTH.  *naba\  an  old 
ARYAN  word  (base  nobhd}',  cp. 
SKR.  ndbhi  f.  and  nabhya  n.  'the 
nave'  (of  a  wheel);  cogn.  w. 
navel.  See  auger. 

navel  sb.  ME.  ndvel(e]  OE.  nd- 
fela  =  DU.  navel,  OHG.  nabulo 
G.  «#&?/,  ON.  «<j#';  GOTH.  *nabala : 
a  common ARYANword  with  a  base 
nobhalo-'.  onbhalo-',  cp.  the  synon. 
GR.  oiuf.a'kog,  LAT.  umbilicus  (tor 
*unbiluus  *nobiftcus),  SKR.  ndbhila, 
OIR.  imbliu  'navel'.  These  words 
are  very  old  /-derivatives  ot 
ARYAN  nobhd  onbhd  'nave,  navel'; 
cp.  LETT,  naba  'navel',  LAT.  umbo 
'boss  of  a  shield'.  Cp.  nave. 

navy  ME.  ndvie  nave'',  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  navee  ofig.  'a  single 
ship'  (fr.  LAT.  navis  ship'). 

nay  ME.  nai\  loanword  fr.  ON. 
DAN.  net  'no,  not',  which  answers 
to  genuine  no  (cp.  aye). 

neap-tide  sb.  ME.  n{p-sfsoun 
OE.  nep-flpd  'ebb';  a  TEUT.  adj. 
nepa-  is  not  found  elsewhere. 

near  adj.  'nigh'  now  used  as 
a  positive,  but  prop,  a  compa- 
rative adverb  ME.  «//•  (ner)  OE. 
n{ar  (nyr]  contr.  of  *n$ahor  (*nga- 
hir)  =  OSAX.  OHG.  nahdr  adv., 
DU.  naar  adv.  Cp.  nigh. 

neat  adj.  borrowed  fr.  FR.  net 
(source  LAT.  nitidus  'shining, 
clear'). 

neck  ME.  nekke  OE.  hnecca  — 
DU.  nek\  cp.  OHG.  nac  hnac  (ck) 


need  —  nest 


147 


G.  nacken,  ON.  hnakki'.  Teut.  base 
*hnakkan-  for  ON.  hnakki  and 
*hriekkan-  for  OE.  hriecca.  OIR. 
cnocc,  OBRET.  £#0^  'hill'  (stem 
cnocco-)  may  be  cognate,  perhaps 
also  nape. 

need  sb.  ME.  ned  (iic'd)  OE.  /?<?V/ 
TZJY/  (n{ad)  fr.  a  Teut.  base  ###/£ 
=  OSAX.  «^,  DU.  noodt  OHG. 
#<?/  G.  «0/,  ON.  naudr,  GOTH. 
naups:  pre-TEUT.  nauti-  has  been 
connected  with  PRUSS.  nauti- 
'distress';  pre-TEUT.  \fnau. 

needle  ME.  nedle  OE.  nedl  ncedl 
(oldest  form  ntedl)  =  OSAX.  nadla, 
DU.  naald,  OHG.  nddala  G.  nadel, 
ON.  ndly  GOTH,  nepla'.  a  common 
Teut.  word  for  'needle'  formed 
with  the  suffix  -//<?-,  ARYAN  -tla-  fr. 
\l^ne  seen  in  OHG.  no/an  G.  »a^« 
'sew'.  TEUT. \^ne  is  usually  con- 
nected with  the  ARYAN\r.fȣ  in 
LAT.  nere,  GR.  vtoj  1  spin'  —  vijf.ta 
'thread'  —  vfjrQov  'spindle';  OIR. 
snim  'spinning'  and  snathe  'thread' 
—  sndthat  'needle'. 

neeze  vb.  cp.  ME.  nesinge  'snee- 
zing' and  ON.  hnjdsa,  OHG.  hnio- 
san  G.  niesen,  DU.  niezen  vb. 
'sneeze':  TEUT.^hneus,  cogn.  w. 
the  TEOT.^jfneus  in  OE.  fneosan 
ME.  /«/w  and  DU.  fniezen  'to 
sneeze'  and  \j~sneus  in  sneeze. 

neif  neaf  ME.  «^  'fist'  bor- 
rowed from  ON.  hnefi  'fist'  (sw. 
ndfve,  DAN.  nave). 

neigh  vb.  ME.  «#*  OE.  hnczyin 
'neigh'  ==  DU.  neien  vb.  and 
MLG.  neiinge  sb.  'neighing*,  MHG. 
neigen  vb.  'neigh':  of  imitative 


origin  like  ON.  gneggja  and  OHG. 
hweibn   vb.  'neigh'. 

neighbor  ME.  neighebour  OE. 
nthhebiir  prop.  n^ah-^ebur  =  o?,A^. 
nabiir  (for  nah-gibur},  W.nabuur, 
OHG.  nah-gibur  G.  nachbar:  a  com- 
mon West-Teut.  compound  of 
TZ/^  and  bower,  pointing  to 
GOTH.  *nehwa-gabiir. 

neither  see  either]  ME.  nouther 
OE.  ndwder  earlier  form  nd- 
hwceder. 

nephew  ME.  nevew  borrowed 
from  FR.  neveu\  supplanting1  the 
genuine  ME.  neve  OE.  nefa  'grand- 
!  son,  nephew'  =  ON.  nefi  'relative', 
DQ.  neef  'grandson,  nephew,  cou- 
sin', OHG.  rievo  G.  neffe  'sister's  (or 
brother's)  son':  Teut.  base  nefan- 
from  a  pre-Teut.  base  nfpot-  ap- 
pearing in  SKR.  ndpat  (stem 
ndptr)  'descendant,  son,  grand- 
son', GR.  avei}Ji6q  'a  first  cousin, 
kinsman'  •  -  vino$e<;  'offspring', 
LAT.  nepos  (the  source  of  FR. 
neveu,  whence  E.  nephew)  'a 
grandson,  also  a  nephew',  OIR. 
nia  'a  sister's  son'. 

nest  ME.  OE.  nest  =  OHG.    G. 

DU.  nest:  TEUT.  nesta-  -  pre-Teut. 

form   nizdo-    confirmed    by  SKR. 

mda-s     'lair     of     animals'     also 

'dwelling',     ARMEN.    nisi    'seat', 

OIR.  net  'nest',   LAT.   nidus  'nest' 

for  *nizdos.    The  ARYAN  ni-zdo-  is 

prop,  a  compound  of  the  ARYAN 

^fsed    'sit,    seat    oneself',     and 

the  verbal  particle  ni  preserved 

!  in     SKR.    (see    nether);  ^  nizdo- 

\  from    ni-sedo-  means   lit.  'settle- 

|  ment';cp.    SKR.  ni-sad  'sit  down, 

10* 


148 


net  —  night 


settle'.  —  nestle  vb.  ME.  nest(e)le 
OE.  nistlian  (=  DU.  nestelen,  G. 
nisteln) :  a  frequent,  form,  lit. 
'frequent  a  nest'. 

net  ME.  OE.  net  (tt)  fr.  a  Teut. 
natja-  =  OSAX.  net  (iietti),  DU. 
ON.  net,  OHG.  nezzi  G.  netz,  GOTH. 
##//;  allied  to  ON.  not  'a  large 
net'  and  LAT.  nassa  'net'. 

nether  adj.  ME.  nether  e  OE. 
neodera',  cogn.  w.  OSAX.  nithiri, 
DU.  neder,  OHG.  nidiri  G.  nieder 
and  OE.  »flfer  =  OSAX.  nithar, 
DU.  neder,  OHG.  #/d&zr  G.  nieder, 
ON.  »/V/r,  GOTH.  *nifiar\  deriv. 
from  the  Aryan  verbal  particle 
»i  'downward'  mentioned  under 
nest  and  the  comparat.  suffix 
LAT.  -ter,  GR.  -TSQOS,  SKR.  -tertf. 

nettle  ME.  #*///<?  OE.  netele  = 
DU.  MLG.  netel,  OHG.  npgjla  G. 
nessel',  with  dimin.  suffix  -z/<?/z- 
from  a  more  original  form  seen 
in  OHG.  naigp  'nettle',  GOTH.  *nata 
and  *natilo;  possibly  connected 
with  net  and  with  the  redupli- 
cated OIR.  nenaid  (base  nenat-J 
nettle';  cp.  LTTH.  notere  'nettle'. 

never  adv.  ME.  never  OE.  nafre 
from  ne  'not'  and  of  re  =  ever. 

new  adj.  ME.  newe  OE.  neowe 
(nlwe)  =  OSAX.  OHG.  niuwi,  DU. 
nieuw,  G.  neu,  ON.  nyrt  GOTH.  ;«^j. 
The  common  TEUT.  niuja-  from 
pre-TEUT.  neuyo-  answers  to  SKR. 
navy  as  naviyas  (and  ndvas),  LITH. 
naujas  navas  (OSLSV.  novii,  LAT. 
iwviis,  GR.  j'f'oc);  prob.  connected 
with  the  ARYAN  particle  nu  'now', 
so  that  'that  which  is  new'  means 
'now,  recent'.  Cp.  now. 


newt  with  secondary  n  from 
ME.  eute  evete  OE.  efete\  not  found 
in  the  other  Teut.  languages. 
Teut.  base  abitdn-1 

next  adj.  ME.  next  OE.  niehst 
nehst  =  OSAX.  OHG.  nahist  G. 
nachst:  superl.  of  OE.  neah  =  E. 
nigh.  See  also  near. 

nice  ME.  ntfe  'foolish'  fr.  OFR. 
nife  'slothful,  idle,  dull';  source 
LAT.  nescius  'ignorant'. 

niche  borrowed  fr.  FR.  niche 
=•  IT.  nicchia  'a  recess  in  the 
wall'. 

nickname  short  for  earlier 
nekendme  ME.  e'ke-ndme  prop,  'ad- 
ditional name';  cp.  ON.  auknafn, 
DAN.  ognavn  'nickname'.  For  OE. 
tcanycean  'to  add'  cp.  eke.  The 
initial  n  of  nickname  is  secon- 
dary as  in  newt. 

niece  ME.  ne$e  fr.  FR.  niece: 
source  MED. -LAT.  neptia  'a  niece' 

=  LAT.  neptis  a'  grand-daughter, 
niece'. 

niggard  sb.  ME.  nigard  with 
the  by-form  ME.  nigoun  'niggard'; 
the  formation  of  the  Me.  words 
points  to  Fr.  influence. 

nigh  adj.  adv.  and  prep.  ME. 
neigh  OE.  neh  earlier  n(ah  = 
OSAX.  ndh,  OHG.  nah  G.  nahe,  ON. 
nd-r,  GOTH.  ne*hws  'nigh,  n,ear': 
Teut.  base  nehwa-  =  pre-TEUT. 
neko-  neqe-.  Cp.  near,  next 
and  neighbour. 

night  ME.  night  (naught)  OE. 
niht  (neahf)  =  OSAX.  OHG.  naht, 
DU.  G.  nacht,  ON.  ndtt  nott,  GOTH. 
nahts:  TEUT.  naht-  from  pre- 
TEUT.  nokt-\  cp.  LAT.  nox  (stem 


nightingale  —  nose 


149 


nocti-),  GR.  vv'S,  (VVY.T-),  SKR. 
ndkta  —  naktan  -  -  ndkti,  LITH. 
naktis,  OSLOV.  nosti.  See  fort- 
night, sennight. 

nightingale  ME.  nightengdle  OE. 
nihte-gale  =  OSAX.  OHG.  nahti-gala, 
DU.  nachtegaal,  G.  nachtigall  'a 
nightingale'  :  from  OE.  niht  (gen. 
nihte)  =  night  and  TEUT.  galan 
str.  vb.  'sing'.  Cp.  stanyeL 

nightmare  ME.  nightemdre\  OE. 
OHG.  ON.  mar  a  'a  night  -mare' 
(DU.  nacht-merrie  'nightmare'). 

nightshade  OE.  niht-sceadu  from 
OE.  niht  =  E.  «*>^/  and  OE. 
sceadu  =  E.  shade. 


nimble  adj.  ME.  #z>0i/  lit.  'ready 
to  catch'  from  OE.  niman  vb. 
'take,  seize';  for  the  suffix  cp. 
brittle. 

nine  ME.  nine  OE.  nigone  without 
inflexion  nigon  neogon  =  OSAX. 
nigun,  DU.  negen\  cp.  GOTH.^  OHG. 
niun  G.  «*«#,  ON.  ntu  'nine':  the 
forms  with  g  are  based  on  TEUT. 
*negun  for  *newun,  whilst  GOTH. 
and  OHG.  niun  are  based  on*newn. 
The  numeral  is  common  to  all 
Aryan  languages  in  the  form 
newm  newn\  cp.  SKR.  ndvan,  LAT. 
novem,  GR.  «iWtt,  OIR.  »<&• 

nit   ME.  «/&   OE.   ^«//»  =  =  DU. 

«<?<?/,     MLG.     «*/<?     «*/,     OHG.     «/;    G. 

niss.  GR.  xowg  (plur.  xoru)fc) 
'egg  of  lice,  bee-bugs  and  fleas' 
may  be  allied,  if  x(o>iJ"  is 
common  to  both  languages.  Cp. 
also  SLAV,  gnida  and  ALBAN.  dcm 
from  *kenMd. 
no  adv^.ME.  n$  OE.  nd  (=  ON. 


nei   cp.  ay)    from    ne   'not'   and 
rf  'aye,   ever'. 

noble  ME.  noble  fr.  FR.  «^^/<?  = 
LAT.  nobilis. 

nod   vb.  ME.   nodde\    cogn.    w. 
OHG.  hmitten  Vibrate'  MHG.  notten 
'stake'  and  ON.  hnjoda  vb.  'ham- 
mer':  TEUT.Y"^«Mdfc 
noddle  'head'  ME.  «^/^. 
noise  sb. .  ME.  noise   borrowed 
fr.  FR.  noise  'quarrel';  source  LAT. 
nausea  'nausea'. 

noisome  adj.  of  ME.  noy  nuy 
'annoyance,  hurt'  earlier  ME.  anui 
fr.  FR.  ennui  (OFR.  anui)]  cp. 
annoy. 

none  ME.  npn  OE.  nan  from  ne 
'not'  and  an  =  one. 
nook  ME.  nok  'corner . 
noon  ME.  OE.  non  -—  OSAX.  OHG. 
ndnay  DU.  noent  G.  none,  ON.  non. 
Source  LAT.  ndna  (sc.  kora)  lit. 
'the  ninth'  (hour)    with    an    ex- 
tension    of    meaning    'midday, 
twelve  o'clock'. 

nor  ME.  nor  short  for  nother 
'neither',  OE.  ndwder  contr.  of 
ndhwader  'neither'  from  OE.  nd  = 
no  and  OE.  hwceder  =  whether* 
north  ME.  north(e)  OE.  norp  = 
DU.  mwv/,  OHG.  G.  «^r^/,  ON.  nordr, 
sw.  DAN.  «^r^/;  IT.  SPAN,  nortc, 
FR.  «^r^/  are  of  Teut.  origin. 

northern  ME.  northerne  OE.  nor- 
derne  prehistoric  *norpr(Kni  fr.  a 
TEUT.  type  norprbni  =  OHG.  #0r- 
druoni,  ON.  norr&nn  'northern. 
nose  ME.  »^  OE.  «^«  (ww) 
'the  nose';  cp.  DU.  neus,  OHG. 
nasa  G.  »^r^f  ON.  «^:  TEUT.  */iaso- 
noso-  'nose'  =  ARYAN  nas-\  cp. 


150 


not  —  nut 


SKR.  ndsa  nas,  OSLOV.  nosu,  LITH. 
no  sis,  LAT.  ndsus  ndres.  —  nostril 
ME.  nosethirl  OE.  nos-pyrel  (nas- 
pyrl)  lit.  'a  nose-orifice'  from 
OE.  nosu  nasu  =  nose  and  OE.  fiyrel 
'a  perforation,  orifice'. 

not  ME.  not  short  for  nought 
OE.  nauht  ndwiht  =  OSAX.  OHG. 
niowiht,  DU.  niet,  G.  nicht.  From 
OE.  ne  'not'  and  OE.  dwiht  = 
aught. 

notch  also  nock  ME.  nokke  = 
ODU.  nock  ca  notch  in  the  head 
of  an  arrow',  osw.  nocka  'a  notch': 
source  OFR.  hoche  'notch'  ? 

note  ME.  note  adopted  fr:  FR. 
note',  source  LAT.  nota  'a  mark, 
sign,  note'.  —  notice  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  notice  'notice'  =  LAT.  notitia 
'knowledge,  acquaintance'. 

noun  sb.  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  non 
=  FR.  nom  'a  name':  source 
LAT.  nomen  'a  name'. 

nourish  vb.  ME.  nurisshe  vb. 
adopted  fr.  OFR.  noriss-  the  stem 
of  certain  forms  of  OFR.  norrir 
=  FR.  nourrir  'nourish':  source 
LAT.  nutrire  'feed'.  Cp.  nurse. 

now  ME.  now  OE.  nu  =  OSAX. 
ntt,  DU.  nu,  OHG.  nu  G.  nu(n),  ON. 
nu,  GOTH,  nu:  a  common  ARYAN 
adv.;  cp.  SKR.  nu  nun-am  'now', 
GR.  vv  vv)',  LAT.  nunc  (with  the  c 
oihi-c),  OSLV.  nyne'now,  LITH.  nu. 
Cp.  new. 

nude  adj.  fr.  FR.  nude  =  LAT. 
nudus  'naked'. 

nuisance  sb.  ME.  noisaunc.e  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  nuisance  'a  hurt': 


a  verbal  noun  formed  fr.  the 
pres.  part,  of  FR.  nuire  =  LAT. 
no  cere  'hurt,  injure'. 

numb  adj.  ME.  nome  nomen  prop, 
part,  of  ME.  nime  =  OE.  niman 
'take,  overpower,  deprive  of  sen- 
sation'; cp.  ON.  numinn  'bereft' 
(of  life,  of  speech). 

number  adopted  fr.  Y^.nombre\ 
source  LAT.  numerus  'a  number'. 
— :  numerous  adj.  adopted  fr. 
FR.  numereux  (for  the  usual  nom- 
breux)  fr.  LAT.  numerosus  adj. 
'numerous'. 

nun  ME.  nonne  OE.  nunne  =  DU. 
non,  OHG.  nunna  G.  nonne.  In  the 
8th  cent,  adopted  fr.  LAT.  nonna 
(orig.  meaning  'mother')  ;  cp.  FR. 
nonne,  IT.  nonna  'a  nun'. 

nurse  sb.  contr.  of  ME.  nor  ice 
nurifei  loanword  fr.  OFR.  nurrice 
=  FR.  nourrice.  Source  LAT. 
nutric-em1^.  nurse'.  —  nurture  sb. 
ME.  nortilre  adopted  fr.  OFR.  no- 
riture  (==  f^.nourriture]  :  source 
LAT.  nutritura  'nourishment .  See 
nourish. 

nut  ME.  note  nute  OE.  hnutu  •=• 
DU.  noot,  OHG.  «»5  G.  nuss,  ON. 
hnot'rm.^.  The  Teut.  base  limit- 
points  to  y~  knud  (seen  in  OIR. 
cnii  'nut'?).  —  nutmeg  ME.  note- 
mug  e  nutmegge  from  ME.  nut  = 
nut  and  ME.  miige  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  muge  'musk'  =  LAT.  muscus 
'musk?  Cp.  OFR.  muguette  FR. 
mug iief  'a  nutmeg'  =  ITAL.  noce 
moscada. 


oaf  —  on 


oaf  ident.  with  elf\  perh.  OE. 
celf  or  rather  borrowed  fr.  ON. 
dlfr  'elf. 

oak  ME.  6k  OE.  dc  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  aik-  =  ON.  eik,  DU.  eik, 
OHG.  «/^  G.  eiche\  all  with  the 
same  meaning  'oak';  perh.  cogn. 
w.  GR.  uiyavbij  'spear'  —  Aiyiq. 

oakum  ME.  okumb  OE.  d-cumba 
'tow';  cp.  OHG.  d-kambi  'tow': 
prop,  'that  which  is  combed 
out'.  For  OE.  comb  cp.  comb. 

oar  ME.  ore  OE.  dr  (inn.  #W) 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  #*><?-  —  ON.  dr 
(DAN.  tf#r<?,  sw.  dra).  If  TEUT. 
#*><?-  is  an  ARYAN  fry  a-,  \fer  in 
GR.  suerfjs  'oarsman'  —  epeTjiwe 
'oar'  might  be  cognate,  cp.  row. 

oast  ME.  g'st  OE.  dst  'kiln,  dry- 
inghouse'  =  DU.  eesf.  TEUT.  <ztt/#- 
cogn.  w.  istw.aestus  'glowing  heat'; 
ARYAN  \faidh  'burn'  in  GR.  al^oc, 
'heat'. 

oath  ME.  6th  OE.  df  =  GOTH. 
fl/^j,  ON.  eidr,  DU.  m/,  OHC.  G. 
eid  'oath':  TEUT.  aifa-  fr.  a  pre- 
TEUT.  tfz'/V?-  in  OIR.  oeth  'oath';  perh. 
\{~ai  in  OHG.  ewa  'law'. 

oats  ME.  gtes  plur.  of  jflfe  OE. 
at  a. 

oblige  vb.  ME.  oblige  =  FR. 
obliger,  LAT.  obligor e. 

obtain  fr.  FR.  obtenir. 

odd  ME.  ^/^  'distinguished, 
special':  loanword  fr.  ON.  0d&#  'a 
triangle',  which  also  means  'an 


odd  number*  (standask  i  odda 
'be  at  odds,  quarrel'). 

Of  ME.    OE.  of  =    GOTH.  ON.  DU. 

of,  OHG.  aba  G.  ab\  ARYAN  apo  in 
GR.  « 770,  SKR.  ^tf  'away'.  —  off 
orig.  ident.  w.  of. 

offend  vb.  ME.  offende  fr.  FR. 
offendre  =  LAT.  offendere. 

offer  vb.  ME.  0^4  OE.  offrian 
wk.  vb.  'offer':  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
offerre  'offer';  cp.  DU.  offer  sb. 
'offering'  and  OSAX.  offron  vb. 
'offer'. 

office  ME.  offife  fr.  FR.  office  = 
LAT.  officium  'duty'. 

often  earlier  0/7  ME.  ofte  OE.  #// 

=    ON.  Opt,    GOTH.    &//#,    OHG.  ^/fe 

G.  oft  'frequently'.  The  adv. 
points  to  a  Teut.  adj.  of-ta-t 
which  is  perh.  part,  of  an  ARYAN 
\/~uq  =  SKR.  uc  'to  be  wont'. 

oil  ME.  oile  (olie)  fr.  OFR.  oile 
=  FR.  huile  'oil'  (LAT.  oleum). 

ointment  ME.  oinement  fr.  OFR. 
oignement'.  deriv.  of  FR.  oindre  = 
LAT.  ungere  vb.  'anoint'. 

old  ME.  old  OE.  did  (jjald) :  Teut. 
base  alda-  =  OSAX.  aid,  OHG.  G. 
alt,  on.  aldrt  DU.  ^Wold';  cogn. 
w.  GOTH,  alfieis  'old'  and  usalpan 
'grow'  old'.  A  primitive  TEUT. 
and  ARYAN  Y~tf/grow'  cp.  in  GOTH. 
tfto  =  LAT.  ^r<?  'nourish'. 

on  ME.  OE.  on  -  -  GOTH,  ana 
'on',  G.  #«  OHG.  ana,  DU.  </<?•», 
ON.  d  (for  *ar«):  cogn.  w.  GR. 

«!•«,    SKR. 


152 


once  —  otter 


once  ME.  ones  late  OE.  dnes  (com- 
monly (enes)\  orig.  genitive  of 
OE.  an  =  one]  cp.  G.  einst  OHG. 
ernes.  —  one  ME.  on  OE.  an  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  aina-z  =  GOTH,  ains, 
ON.  einn,  DU.  een,  G.  £w.  ARYAN 
0zVztf-.y  may  be  inferred  fr.  LAT.  imus 
(for  oinos),  IR.  #<?#,  CYMR.  aw,  GR. 
oiWc;  cogn.  w.  SKR.  <?->£#  'one'. 

onion  ME.  onioun  fr.  FR.  oignon 
whence  also  FLAM,  anjoen  DU. 
ajuin  fr.  ODU. on/mm:  source  LAT. 
unio(nem) ,  whence  also  OE.  ynne 
'onion'  fr.  WEST-TEUT.  *unnjon-  = 
TEUT.  unjon-. 

only  ME.  $n(i  earlier  onlic  OE. 
dnlic  'unique'.  From  one. 

ooze  ME.  wose  OE.  wos  (infl. 
o/<fo)  'juice';  perh.  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  wansa-  in  ON.  &rfj  'wetness'; 
cp.  MLG.  wose  'juice'. 

or  conj.  ME.  or  shortened  fr. 
an  earlier  odr,  which  supplants 
OE.  odde  'or'  under  the  influence 
of  OE.  dwder  dhwceder  —  ME. 
anther  outher  'either' ('one  of  two') 

or  adv.  'ere'ME.  or  late  OE.  (rare) 
dr\  commonly  OE.  cer  ME.  Ir  'ere'. 
See  ere. 

orange  ME.  orenge  fr.  OFR.  orenge 
=  FR.  orange. 

open  ME.  open  OE.  open  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  opana-  =  OHG.  off  an 
G.  offen,  OSAX.  opany  DU.  ^£?z, 
ON.  opinn.  The  adj.  has  the  form 
of  a  participle  and.  points  to  a 
lost  verbal  root  (eupt  wepT). 

orchard  ME.  orchard  OE.  orcerd 
older  ort-^eard  (=  GOTH,  aiirti- 
gards  'garden') :  adoption  of  LAT. 
hortus  (for  the  mute  h  cp.  IT. 


orto)}  GOTH,  aiirtja  'gardener'  and 
OHG.  orzdn  'cultivate'  point  also  to 
LAT.  hortus.  The  ch  of  the  E.  word 
is  owing  to  a  fusion  of  /  -f-  £ 
(OE.  ort  -f-  ^eard).  OE.  %eard 
'garden'  (cp.  yard  and  garden) 
is  added  in  explanation  of  LAT. 
hortus  (=  TEUT.  ort). 

ordain  vb.  ME.  or  dame  fr.  OFR. 
ordener  =  LAT.  or  dinar  e.  —  ordre 
ME.  ordre  fr.  FR.  ordre  =  LAT. 
ordinem  (nom.  or  do). 

ordure  (Shakesp.)  'excrement' 
ME.  ordure  fr.  FR.  ordure. 

ore  ME.  or  OE.  dr  'brass'  =  GOTH. 
ais  'brass'  (aiza-smipa  'copper- 
smith'), ON.  eir,  OHG.  er  'brass'; 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  aes  'ore,  bronze', 
SKR.  ay  as  'iron'. 

origin  ME.  origine  fr.  FR.  origine. 

orison  'prayer'  ME.  oreisoun  fr. 
FR.  oraison  'prayer':  source  LAT. 
oratio-nem. 

orts  ME.  ortes  plur.  of  a  sing. 
*ort  OE.  *oret  for  *or-<zt\  cp.  LG. 
ort  'what  is  left  by  the  cattle 
in  eating'  and  GOTH,  uzeta  'crib';, 
prefix  or  'out'  and  \f*et  in  eat. 

ostrich  ME.  ostriche  fr.  OFR. 
ostruche  =  FR.  autruche]  source 
LAT.  avis  struthio  'ostrich',  whence 
OE.  stryta,  OHG.  stru^  (G.  vogcl 
strauss)  and  also  IT.  struzzo. 

other  ME.  ptJier  OE.  pder  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  aft/era- =GOTH.anfar, 
OHG.  G.  DU.  ander,  ON.  annarr\ 
cogn.  w.  LITH.  antras,  SKR.  antara 
and  dr/^a  'other'. 

otter  ME.  oter  OE.  ^<?r  =  DU. 
G.  otter  OHG.  ^/Azr,  ON.  otr :  base 
TEUT.  \(~otra-  =  ARYAN  w//r^-  cogn. 


ouch  —  pack 


153 


w.  water',  otter  prop,  'the  water 
animal'.  Cp.  GR.  vdga  'a  water- 
snake'  and  closely  allied  to  the 
Teut.  group  OSLOV.  vydra,  LITH. 
udra  'otter'. 

ouch  ME.  ouche  commonly  nouche 
'necklace,  collar'  fr.  OFR.  nouche 
prop,  nosche  (=  OHG.  nusca). 

ought  =  aught. 

ounce  ME.  oun^e  fr.  FR.  once', 
source  LAT.  uncia,  whence  also 
inch. 

our  ME.  oure  OE.  ure  for  *iisre 
=  GOTH,  unsara:  from  the  Teut. 
pron.  uns]  cp.  us. 

ousel  ME.  osel  OE.  p'sle  for  *omsle 
TEUT.  amsla  =  OHG.  amsala  G. 
amsel  'ousel'. 

out  ME.  oute   OE.  iite  earlier  ut 

=    GOTH.    Ut,    ON.    Ut,     OHG.    U$    G. 

aus,  DU.  uit.  Cp.  SKR.  ud  'up,  out'. 

outlaw  ME.  outlawe  late  OE. 
z#%#  fr.  ON.  utlagi;  cp.  LAT. 
exlex  and  see  /#w. 

outrage  ME.  outrage  fr.  FR.  0&- 
trage  (==  source  a  LAT.  type 
ultra-ticum). 

oven  ME.  <w<?#  OE.  of  en  =  OHG. 
mzTz  G.  of  en,  DU.  0zwz,  ON.  ofn 
and  GOTH,  atihns  'oven';  an  ori- 
ginal meaning  of  the  Teut.  word 
is  preserved  in  OE.  of  net  Vessel'. 


An  ARYAN  type  uqno-  is  found  in 
GR.  tTii'o'c,  'oven'. 

over  ME.  over  OE.  ofer  —  GOTH. 
ufar,  OHG.  ubar,  ON.  ofr,  DU. 
over',  cp.  G.  uber  OHG.  «&>•*'. 
Outside  of  the  Teut.  languages, 
GR.  vnt(j  and  SKR.  z^zr/  'above' 
are  cognate. 

owe  vb.  ME.  give  OE.  dgan 
'possess'  ==  Goi*H.  aigan,  OHG. 
eigan  'possess' :  ARYAN  \T  aik  in 
SKR.  if  'possess'.  —  ought  ME. 
oughte  OE.  dhte  is  the  pret.  tense  of 
OE.  dgan  and  own  ME.  jwcn  OE. 
dgen  is  part.  =  OHG.  eigan  G. 
#£*»,  OSAX.  <?^«.  The  vb.  own 
ME.  mine  OE.  dgnian  'possess'  is 
a  deriv.  of  the  adj.  own. 

owl  ME.  oule  OE.  tile  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  uwwalon- ;  cp.  OHG.  ##'//#  G. 
£#&;  ON.  sw.  ugla  points  to  a 
GOTH.  *uggwalbn~.  The  word  is 
sound-imitation. 

OX     ME.    OX     OE.     OXa    =     GOTH. 

auhsa,  OHG.  ohso  G.  0^^,  ON.  oxi 
uxi,  DU.  <?.$•  'ox' :  Teut.  base  o/isan-, 
ARYAN  ukson-  in  SKR.  uksan  'ox', 
CYMR.  ych. 

oyster  ME.  oistre  fr.  OFR.  oistre 
=  FR.  huitre  'oyster':  source 
LAT.  ostrea,  whence  also  OE.  ostre, 
G.  auster,  DU.  oester. 


pace  ME.  pdfe  pas  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  pas  =  LAT.  passus  'a  step 
pack  sb.  ME.  packe  =  D 

ON.  /^^/,     G.  pack,    IT.  /tftttf,    FR. 


paquet;  BRET.  pak\  source  and 
history  of  the  group  unknown. 
—  package  formed  by  adding 
the  FR.  suffix  -age  =  LAT.  -aticum 


154 


pact  —  pall 


to  the  sb.  pack.  —  packet 
formed  fr.  the  FR.  dim  in.  paquet. 

pact   adopted    fr.    FR.  pacte  - 
\Jrt.pactum,  whence  also  if.patto, 
DU.   G.  pacht  'rent-contract'. 

paddock  w&.paddok\  the  ending 
•ock  is  a  dimin.  suffix  as  in  bul- 
lock, h  illo  ck.  Primit.  ME.  padde 

'frog'  =  SCAND./tf^7,  DU.  LG.  FRIES. 

padde  (G.  schildpatt).  There  exists 
also  LG.  pad-hucke  'paddock',  the 
second  element  of  which  is  LG. 
hucke  'paddock'. 

page  sb.  ME.  page  fr.  FR.  page 
(whence  G.  page).  Source  GR. 
Tiaiotov  'a  little  boy'. 

page2  sb.  (of  a  book)  fr.  OFR. 
page.  Source  LXf.pdgirta,  whence 
also  Qv&.pagene  (MS.,  pdgine  pdgent 
'page')  and  OHG.  peine  (rare) 
'page'.  -  pageant  orig.  'the 
movable  scaffold  on  which  the  old 
mysteries  were  acted'  ME.  pdgent 

—  earlier  form  pdgine  'pageant'. 
Source  MED.-LAT.  pagina  'scaffold' 

—  LAT.  pagina  'a  page',    also  'a 
plank  of  wood'.    For  the  excres- 
cent /  m  pageant  cp.  parchment. 

pail  ME.  -pail  OE.  pce^el  'bucket' 
=  DU.  pegel peil,  LG.  pegel,  whence 
G./<f£/*  water-gauge'  is  borrowed. 

pain  ME.  peine  fr.  FR.  peine'. 
source  LAT.  poena,  whence  also 
OE.  pin  —  E.  pine. 

painim  WL.painim  'heathendom' 
fr.  OFR.  paenime  =  LAT.  paga- 
nismus  'heathendom'. 

paint  vb.  ME.  painte  peinte  vb. 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  peint,  part,  of 
peindre  =  LAT.firtfere  'paint'.  See 
depaint. 


1  pair  ME.  peir  fr.  FR.  poire  (= 
SPAN,  par,  IT.  paro  pa  jo)  :  source 
LAT. par  'alike',  whence  MHO.  par 
G.  paar  'pair'.  See  peer. 

palace  ME.  paleis  palais  fr.  FR. 
\palais,    whence   also   MUG.  palas 
\  (rare  paleis)     G.  palast:     source 
MED  .  -LAT .  palatium . 

palate  fr.  the  synon.  LAT.  pa- 
latum  (ME.  paUt  paldt  from  OFR. 
palat). 

pale  adj.  ^ss..  pale  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  pdle\  source  LAT.  pallidus 
'pale'. 

pale  sb.  ME.  pdl(e)  'stake'  fr. 
FR.  pale  'stake  or  pole*.  Source 
LAT.  palus  'a  stake*.  For  the 
rare  OE.  pal  'stake'  see  pole. 

palfrey  ME.  pal(e)frei  palefrai 
fr.  ONFR.  palefrei  —  FR.  palefroi. 
Source  'L&TL.paraveredus  'an  extra 
post-horse'  which  is  also  the 
source  of  OHG.  pf erf  rid  G.  pferd 
and  IT.  palafreno,  SVAK.palafren. 
The  Lat.  word  is  a  compound  of 
GR.  TTttpd  and  GALLO-LAT.  veredus 
'horse'  (rheda  is  Gallo-Lat.  for 
'travelling  carriage'  and  ve  is  a 
Celt,  prefix)  ;  hence  na.Qa.-v credits 
was  orig.  the  'horse  in  reserve'. 

palisade  Shakesp.  palisado  = 
FR.  palissade,  SPAN,  patizada,  IT. 
palizzata.  All  equiv.  and  deriv. 
fr.  LAT.  palus  'a  stake'.  Cp. 
pale,  and  pole. 

pall  ME.  pal  OE.  pcell:  source 
LAT.  pallium.  The  adoption 
cannot  have  occurred  before 
the  literary  period  of  Anglo- 
Saxon,  as  we  should  expect  an 
OE.  form  *pelle  *pylle  'wrapper'. 


palm  —  parchment 


155 


LAT.  pallet  cannot  be  the  source, 
as  it  never  was  the  ecclesiastical 
terminus  technicus,  but  rather 
pallium. 

palm  'inner  part  of  the  hand' 
ME.  paume  palme'.  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  palme  =  paume.  Source 
LAT  ./<?/;##  'the  palm  of  the  hand* 
(cogn.  w.  OE./o/m  under  feel). 

palm2  sb.  'a  tree'  ME.  palm  OE. 
palm',  a  bible  word,  LAT.  palma 
'a  palm-tree'. 

palsy  ME.  pal(e)sie  oldest  form 
parlesie  fr.  FR.  paralysie:  source 
LAT.  paralysis  'palsy',  which  was 
used  in  OE.  as  paralysis. 

pan  ME.  OE.  panne  =  OHG. 
pfanna  G.  pfamie,  ON.  sw.  panna, 
DU. /<?;/:  TEUT.flanna  is  regarded 
as  a  transformation  oftAi.flatma 
(or  rather  *patnd)  'a  basin'. 

pane  ME.  pane  'patch,  piece, 
pane'  fr.  Y^.  pan  a  pane,  piece, 
or  pannel':  source  LAT.  pannus 
'a  cloth,  rag,  patch'.  —  panel 
pannel  ME.  panel  'a  piece  of 
cloth'  (=  DU.  fianeel)  fr.  OFR. 
panel  YR.:panneau.  Source  a  LAT. 
type  panellus  fr.  pannus. 

pannier  ME.  panier  'bread- 
basket' fr.  FR.  panier  (==  LAT. 
pdndrium  'bread-basket',  whence 
also  DU.  paander,  OSAX.  paneri, 
OHG.  pfandri). 

pansy  borrowed  fr.  FR.  pensee\ 
derived  from  FR.  penser  'think' 
(cp.  G.  vergissmeinnicht  as  the 
name  of  a  flower). 

pant  vb.  15th  cent,  pante  paunte 
fr.  OFR.  pantoyer  (cp.  FR.  pan- 


teler)  'gasp,  pant';  cp.  OFR. 
pantais  =  E.  pantas  (in  falconry) 
'a  disease  of  hawks'. 

pantaloons    fr.    FR.    pantalon. 

The     FR.     word     prop,     meant 

trowsers  worn  by  the  Venetians 

!  who  were   called  Pantalone  after 

I  the  patron  Saint  of  Venice,   St. 

i  Pantaleone. 

I  pantry  ME.  pan(e)trie  fr.  FR. 
paneterie  (derived  fr.  LAT.  panis 
'bread'). 

paper  ME.  paper  earlier  paper 
fr.  FR.  papier  =  LAT.  papyrus 
(cp.  also  taper),  whence  also 
G.  DU.  papier.  In  late  OE.  (iith 
cent.),  a  rare  paper  (cp.  OHG. 
paffur}  'papyrus'  is  found. 

paradise  ME.  paradis  (parais) 
fr.  OFR.  paradis  (pardis  pare'is) 
—  FR.  paradis,  IT.  paradiso. 
Source  LAT.  pnradisus,  whence 
also  OHG.  OSAX.  paradis  G.  para~ 
dies,  DU.  paradijs ,  ON.  sw.  DAN. 
paradis.  The  corresp.  OE.  term 
was  neorxnawgng. 

paramour  ME.  paramour  'lover, 
concubine'.  Source  the  FR. 
phrase  par  amour  'by  love'  (cp.  ME. 
par  de  'by  God'  —  par  fay  'by 
my  faith'  and  perhaps). 

parcel  ME.  parcel  prop,  parcel 
fr.  FR.  parcelle  (LAT.  type  *par- 
ticella  derived  fr.  particula). 

parch  vb.  prop,  the  same  as 
pierce  fr.  ME.  perche  per$e. 

parchment  ME.  parchemin  fr. 
FR.  parchemin  (DU.  perkament  fr. 
OFR.  parcamin) :  source  LAT. 
pergamena  (char to)  'parchment'. 
The  city  of  Pergampn  in  Asia 


156 


pardon  —  pastry 


Minor  was  famous  for  the  in- 
vention of  parchment.  The  ex- 
crescent t  in  NE.  parchment  is  the 
same  as  in  tyrant',  cp.  pageant. 

pardon  sb.  ME.  pardoun  from 
FR.  pardon',  source  LAT.  per- 
donare  'remit  a  debt',  whence 
FR.  pardoizner. 

pare  vb.  ME.  pare  fr.  FR.  parer 
s=  LAT.  parare. 

parish  ME.  parisshe  earlier 
parosche  fr.  OFR.  paroche  =  FR. 
paroisse'.  source  LAT. parcetia  (GR. 
Tjaooixia),  an  ecclesiastical  ter- 
minus technicus. 

paritory  see  pellitory. 

park  ME.  park  short  for  OE. 
pearroc',  ident.  w.  DU.  MLG.  perk 
'a  park',  OHG.  pferrih  G.  pferch 
'an  inclosure,  sheepfold' :  source 
a  Celt,  base  parraka-  (parrika-) 
in  FR.  pare,  IT.  *parco.  Cogn.  w. 
SPAN,  parra  'fruitwall,  espalier 
for  vine'  and  PROVENC.  parran 
'small  garden'. 

parlour  ME.  parlour  fr.  FR. 
parloir  'conversation  room'  (FR. 
parler  'speak'). 

parrot  for  earlier  (i5th  cent.) 
perrot  =  FR.  Perrot  Pierrot 
'little  Peter'  (in  FR.  also  used 
as  a  name  for  a  sparrow). 

parsley  ME.  persli  earlier  form 
per  silt*,  f^.persil  =  LAT.  petroseli- 
num  'parsley'  (cf.  G.  OE.  peter  silie). 

parsnip  late  ME.  parsnepe  pas- 
nepe  fr.  OFR.  pastenaque  =  LAT. 
paslinaca  'parsnip'. 

parson  ME.  persoun  ident.  w. 
person.  MED. -LAT.  persona  also 
meant  'curate,  parson'. 


part  sb.  ME.  part  fr.  FR.  part 
(—  SPAN.  IT.  parte) :  source 
LAT.  pars-partem.  •  -  part  vb. 
ME.  parte  vb.  fr.  FR.  partir  = 
LAT.  partiri  partire  'divide,  part'. 

-  partake  vb.  ME.  part  tdkc\ 
cp.  G.  teil  nehmen.  -  -  party  sb. 
ME.  parti(e)  fr.  FR.  partie,  whence 
also  MHG.  partie  G.  partei,  DU. 
partij\  IT.  partita  =  LAT.  type 
partita. 

partridge  ME.  pertriche  fr.  OFR. 
pertris,  whence  also  DU.  patrijs 
(ODU.  pertrise) :  source  *LKV.perdix- 
perduem. 

parvis  ME.  parvis  fr.  FR.  parvis 
'porch  of  a  church';  ident.  w. 
paradise.  The  church-porch 
is  called  in  several  languages 
paradise  (esp.  the  portico  of 
St.  Peter's  church,  Rome,  was 
call e d  paradisus) . 

pass  vb.  ME.  passe  (fid(e)  vb. 
fr.  FR.  passer  (IT.  MED. -LAT. 
passare  'step,  walk'  fr.  LAT.  passns 
'step'.  -  -  passage  ME.  passage 
fr.  FR.  passage.  passenger 

earlier  pas  sag  er  ME.  passag£r\ 
cp.  messenger  for  the  secon- 
dary n. 

paste  sb.  ME.  paste  fr.  OFR. 
paste  =  FR.  pate\  source  late 
LAT.  pasta  'paste'. 

pastern  earlier  pastron  repre- 
sents an  unrecorded  ME.*flast(ii)- 
roun  fr.  the  synon.  OFR.  pasturon 
=  FR.  pdturon. 

pastime  for  pass-time,  an  imi- 
tation of  the  synon.  FR. passe-temps. 

pastry  sb.  ME.  pdstt  'pie'  fr. 
(earlier pasteth,  whence 


patch  —  peat 


ODU.  pasteide  =  DU.  pastei) : 
derived  fr.  LAT.  pasta  =  paste. 

patch  ME.  pacche\  perh.  ident. 
w.  LG.  plakke  'a  piece'. 

path  ME.  path  OE.  pap  =  DU. 
LG.  pad,  OHG.  pfath  pfad  G.  pfad 
'a  way':  Teut.  base  papa-,  not 
cogn.  w.  GR>  ndrog  'a  way', 
SKR.  /0M  'a  way',  AVEST.  pap 
'way'.  But  cp.  OE.  pcepfian  'tread', 
UG.pedden  vb.  'tread',  iKS&.pfetten. 

pattern  ME.  patroun  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  patron  'pattern'. 

pause  adopted  fr.  FR.  pause 
=  LAT.  pausa. 

pave  vb.  ME.  /bfctt  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  paver  'pave'  (LAT.  pavire 
'beat'). 

paw  sb.  ME.  /#//£  poue  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  poue  (==•  PROV. 
pauta  'a  paw');  ident.  w.  DU. 
poot,  G.  pfote:  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  base  pauta  is  orig. 
Celt,  or  Teut. 

pawn1  sb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
pan  'a  pawn,  gage,  pledge'; 
perh.  ident.  w.  OFRIS.  DU.  pand, 
OHG.  pfant  G.  pfand. 

pawn2  sb.  (at  chess)  ME.  paun 
poun  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  poon 
paon  peon  =  FR.  pion:  source 
IT.  pddone  prop,  'a  footman  (LAT. 
pedo-netn).  Cp.  ON.  ped-madr 
'pawn  at  chess. 

paxwax  late  ME.  pax-wax 
'tendon  of  the  neck';  cp.  OHG. 
waltowahso,  OFRIS.  waldewaxe  'ner- 
vus'  and  wax  for  the  second  ele- 
ment of  the  compound.  The  first 
part  of  E.  paxwax  (dial.  E.  fax- 
wax  is  obscure. 


pay  vb.  ME.  paie  vb.  fr.  FR. 
payer  (prop,  'satisfy,  content'  = 
LAT.  pacare  'pacify'),  whence  also 
DU.  paaien  'pay'. 

pea  (plur.  peas]  fr.  ME.  p$'s(e)9 
the  s  of  which  was  considered 
to  be  the  plural  ending.  ME. 
p$s  points  to  ONFR.  peis  -  -  FR. 
pots.  Source  LAT.  pisum  'a  pea', 
whence  also  OE.  pisu. 

peace  ME.  pgs  earlier  pais  (== 
DU.  MLG.  pets,  MLG.  pats)  fr. 
OFR.  pais  =  FR.  paix  (LAT.  pax- 
pacem). 

peach  late  ME.  p$ehe  fr.  FR. 
pec  he  for  pesche  =  IT.  pesca,  LAT. 
persicum  'a  peach'.  Fr.  the  LAT. 
word,  G.  pfirsich)  vu.perztk,  OE. 
persoc  'a  peach'  are  borrowed. 

peacock  ME.  p$-cock  and  pea- 
hen ME.  pc-henne  point  ,to  OE. 

$a  with  the  by-form  pdwa  'pea- 
cock :  source  LAT.  pavb-ncni, 
whence  also  OHG.  pfawo  G. 
pfau,  DU.  pauw,  ow.pdfugl;  cp. 
FR.  paon  'peacock'. 

pear  ME.  p$re  OE.  p'eru  'a  pear' 
=  ODU.  pere,  DU.  LG.  peer :  loan- 
word fr.  the  equival.  LAT.//V//W 
(whence  also  G.  birne)  -  -  FR. 
poire  'a  pear'.  Cp.  perry. 

pearl  ME.  perle  fr.  FR.  perle  - 
OHG.  perala  G.  perle,    IT.  per/a: 
source  LAT.  pirula  (for  pilula  'a 
little  ball'?). 

peasant  fr.  FR.  paysan;  cp. 
pheasant  fr.  FR.  faisan  and  see 
parchment. 

peat  for  beat  (see  purse  for 
the  change  of  b  to  /). 


158 


pebble  —  penny 


pebble  sb.  ME.  pibbel-stgn  and 
pub le- sign  OE.  papol-stdn  popol-stdn 
'a  pebble-stone', 

peck  vb.  a  var.  of  pick* 

peck  sb.  ME.  pekke  'a  measure'; 
perh.  akin  to  FR.  picotin  'a  mea- 
sure'. 

pedant  sb.  (=  DU.  G.  DAN. 
sw.  pedant)  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
pedant,  IT.  pedante,  the  ultimate 
source  of  which  is  GR.  Ticudtistv 
'educate'. 

pedigree  late  ME.  petegrew 
petigru'.  perh.  adopted  fr.  FR. 
pied  de  grue  'a  crane's  foot'? 

peel  vb.  adopted  fr.  FR.  peler. 
Source  LAT.  pellis  'skin'. 

peep1  vb.  'chirp'  ME.  *pepe  pipe 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  piper.  Source 
LAT.  pipare  =  GR.  -numi&n. 
'chirp1:  sound  -  imitation;  for 
variant  in  form  see  pipe. 

peep2  vb.  'look  pryingly';  cp. 
GEK.piper  'peep'  —  la  pipe  du  jour 
'the  peep  of  day'. 

peer  sb.  ME.  pfre  per  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  per  peer  FR.  pair.  Source 
LAT.  par  'equal';  see  pair. 

peer1  vb.  'appear'  ME.  pere 
short  for  ME.  appcre  =  appear. 

peer2  vb.  'pry'  ME.  pire  —  LG. 
piren  'look  closely'. 

peevish  adj.  ME.  pevisch  peviche 
pevdge.  The  ending  (cp.  par- 
tridge and  parish)  points  to 
FR.  origin. 

peg  sb.  ME.  OE.  pegge\  akin  to 
DAN.  //£^sw.  pigg  'spike',  LG. 
pigge  'peg'. 


k 


pellitory  sb.  late  ME.  paritorie 
fr.  FR.  paritoire,  which  goes  back 
to  a  LAT.  type  *parietaria  'the 
plant  of  the  walls'? 
pelt  sb.  ME.  pelt  'a  sheep-skin' 
E.  peltry  =  DU.  pelterij,  MLG. 
peltrie  fr.  FR.  pelletrie) ',  ident.  w. 
G.  peh  OHG.  pellfy.  Source  a 
Rom.  type  pellicia  =  FR.  pelisse, 
IT.  pelliccia.  Cp.  pilch. 

pelt  vb.  ME.  pelte  also  pilte  pulte, 
the  latter  forms  corresponding 
to  OE.  piltan  pyltan.  Source 
LAT.  pultare  'beat,  strike'? 

pen  sb.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
penne.  Source  LAT.  penna  'a 
feather'. 

pen  vb.  ME.  penne  OE.  onpennan 
'impound,  enclose':  prob.  con- 
nected with  pound2  and  LG. 
topennen  'bar,  bolt'  —  uppcnnen 
'open'. 

penance  ME.  penaunce  fr.  OFR. 
penance  older  periea?ice  =  I.AT. 
poenitentia  'penitence'. 

pencil  orig.  'a  hair-brush'  ME. 
pencil  fr.  OFR.  pine  el  FR.  pinceau 
'a  brush'.  Source  LAT.  penicillus 
'a  painter's  brush',  whence  also 
G.  pinsel. 

pennon  pennant  ME.  penoun 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  pennon  'a  flag, 
streamer'  (for  the  secondary  t  of 
pennant  see  pageant,  parch- 
ment).  Source  LAT.  penna  'wing, 
feather'. 

penny  ME.  pent  plur.  penles 
(contr.  pens,  whence  E.  pence) 
OE.  penfy  penni"^  penning  pending 
—  OSAX.  pending  penning,  DU. 


people  —  pester 


159 


penning,  OHG.  phantinc  pfenting 
pfenning  G.  pfennig,  ON.  penningr. 
The  word  may  be  derived  .  fr. 
pan,  so  that  the  form  of  the 
pennies  may  have  suggested  the 
word  or  it  may  have  been  asso- 
ciated with  the  base  *pand 
under  pawnl  For  the  suffix 
-ing  cp.  shilling ,  farthing. 

people  ME.  peple  pceple  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR. ///£//£  FR.  peuple, 
whence  also  G.pobel.  Source  LAT. 
populus  'people'  (cp.  also  DU. 
peupel. 

pepper  ME.  peper  piper  OE. 
pipor  =  DU.  peper,  OHG.  pfeffar 
G.  pfeffer,  ON.  piparr\  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  piper  (whence  also  IT. 
pepe,  FR.  poivre).  Cp.  OSLOV. 
pipru  'pepper'. 

perceive  vb.  ME.  perceive  fr. 
OFR.  perceverv^.  apercevoir.  Source 
LAT.  percipere  'apprehend'. 

perch1  'a  rod'  ME.  ptrche  fr. 
the  synon.  FR.  pcrche.  Source 
LAT.  pertica  'a  pole,  bar'? 

perch2  'a  fish'  ME.  perche  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  perche.  Source  LAT. 
perca  =  GR.  nEp'/.rj  'a  perch*. 

perchance    cp.  perhaps.    • 

perdy  (Shakesp.)  rby  God' 
ME.  parde  =  FR.  par  dieu  'by 
God'. 

perform  vb.  ME.  perfonrme  ear- 
lier parfourne  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
parfournir  'perform'. 

perhaps  (late  ME.  perhappous 
15th  cent.)  and  perchance  have 
the  FR.  preposition  par  (per)  in 
imitation  of  ME.  peraventure- 


parauntre  and  per  cas\  haps  is 
the  plur.  of  hap  under  happy 
(cp.  paramour*). 

peril  ME.  peril  fr.  FR.  pe~ril. 
Source  LAT.  periculum  'danger'. 

perish  vb.  ME.  perisshe  bor- 
rowed fr.  the  stem  of  some 
forms  of  the  FR.  verb  pirir 
'perish'. 

deriwig  formerly  periwigge  per- 
wicke  borrowed  fr.  TR.perruque  (wi 
being  substituted  for  FR.  «); 
cp.  also  G.  perrucke,  DU.  pruik. 

periwinkle;  cp.  the  synon. 
ME.  pervenke  OE.  pervince.  Source 
LAT.  pervinca  'a  twining  plant'. 

perry  adopted  fr.  FR.  poirl 
'perry',  formed  fr.  a  vulgar  LAT. 
type  *piratus  'perry,  drink  made 
of  pears'  (LAT.//TWW  underwear). 

person  ME.  ptrsoun  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  personne.  Source  LAT. 
persona;  ident.  w.  parson. 

pert  adj.  ME.  pfrt  'pert,  plain, 
clever,  bold';  cp.  ODU.  gepertich 
FLAM,  pertig  'alert'.  The  group 
goes  back  to  FR.  apert. 

pertain  vb.  ME.  partlne  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  partenir.  Source 
LAT.  pertinere  'belong'. 

peruke  ident.  w.  periwig. 

pervious  adj.  borrowed  fr. 
LAT.  pervius  'passable'. 

pest  borrowed  fr.  FR.  peste. 
Source  LAT.  pest-is  'plague'. 

pester  vb.  short  for  impester 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  empestrer 
'pester,  entangle'  FR.  empetrer. 

pet    sb.    'a    tame    animal,    a 


i6o 


pet  —  pile 


favored  child'  short  for  earlier 
peat  (ME.  *p$t). 

petty  adj.  ME.  petit  adopted  fr. 
FR.  petit  'small'. 

pew  sb.  ME.  pile  (pilwe)  fr. 
OFR.  puie  'an  elevated  space', 
an  open  gallery  with  rails', 
whence  also  DU.  pui ,  OFRIS. 
poie.  Source  LAT.  podium  'a 
balcony'. 

pewet  peewit  so  called  from 
its  plaintive  cry;  the  earlier 
by-form  puet  points  to  a  FR. 
source. 

pewter  late  ME.  pouter  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  peutre  (peautre)  'a  kind 
of  metal'.  It  stands  for  *peltre 
=  SPAN,  peltre,  IT.  peltro  'pewter'; 
cp.  DU.  planter. 

pheasant  ME.  fesaunt  earlier 
fesaun  fr.  FR.  faisan  =  IT. 
fagiano.  Source  LAT.  phasianus, 
GR.  (paGiKvog  'bird  of  Pkasis  in 
Colchis',  whence  also  OHG.  fasdn 
G.  fasan. 

phial  vial  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
phiole  (FR.  fiole).  Source  LAT. 
phiala,  GR.  (fidty  'a  broad,  flat, 
shallow  cup'. 

philtre  borrowed  from  FR. 
philtre.  Source  LAT.  ptiiltrum, 
GR.  y>i\TQOV  'a  love  potion'. 

phlegm  adopted  fr.  ^^.phlegme. 
Source  LAT.  GR.  phlegma  'a  flame, 
inflammation,  phlegm'. 

pick  vb.  ME.  pikke  OE.  pician  = 
LG.  DU.  pikken,  G.  picken. 

picket  borrowed  fr.  FR.  piquet 
picquet  'a  little  pick  axe',  dimin. 
of  OE.  pic  'a  pike'  under  pike. 


pickle  sb.  ME.  pikel  =  DU.  pekel, 
ekel  G.pokely  prob.  h.  pickle, 
frequentative  of  pick  pickout, 
cleanse'. 

picnic  a  modern  word  arising 
about  1700  and  soon  received 
into  FR.  {piquenique  about  1740) 
and  GERM,  (picknick  about  1770). 

pie  ME.  pie  fr.  FR.  'pie  'a  broiled 
remnant  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton'. 

pie  (in  magpie]  IKE.  pie  fr.  OFR. 
pie  =  LAT.  pica. 

piebald  composed  of  pie  'a 
magpie'  and  bald  'streaked'. 

piece  ME.flefe  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
piece. 

pier  ME.  pere  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
piere,  FR.  pierre  —  LAT. /<?//-<?  'stone'. 

pierce  vb.  ME.  perfe  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  percer  'pierce*.  ME.  by- 
form  perche. 

piety  adopted  fr.  FR.  pUtl 
'piety'  =  LAT.  pietdtem\  ident.  w. 
pity. 

pig  ME.  pigge. 

pigeon  late  ME.  pigoun   fr.  FR. 

pigeon.      Source    LAT.  pipio(ncm} 

a  chirp er'.     See  peep  and  pipe. 

pike   ME.  pike   OE.  pic   =   DU. 

iekj  G.  piek\  cp.  pick. 

pilch  ME.  pilche  OE.  pilde  pylce 
'fur.  Source  MED. -LAT.  =.  IT. 
pelliccia  'felt',  whence  also  FR. 
pelisse  and  OHG.  pelli^  G.  pelz,  DU. 
pels  'fur  (primitive  source" LAT. 
pellis).  Cp.  pelt. 

pile1  sb.  'an  arrow'  ME.  OE. /// 

(=    DU.  pijl,     OHG.  pfU    G.  pfdl, 

ON.  pila)  '.  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  pilum 
a  javelin',  whence  OFR.///^,  SPAN. 
IT.  pilo  'a  javelin,  pestle'.  The 


pile  —  pipe 


161 


corresponding  Goth,  word  was 
arhwazna\  cp.  ON.  gr,  OE.  earh 
=  LAT.  arcus. 

pile2  sb.  'a  heap'  ME.///?  'tower, 
castle'  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  ///<?  'a 
pier,  pyramid'  FR.  pile  'a  mole' 
=  SPAN,  pila  'a  pillar,  trough', 
IT.  pila  'trough'.  Source  LAT.///« 
a  pier  of  stone'.  See  pillar. 

pile3  sb.  'a  tumor'  (now  used 
in  plur.)  fr.  LAT.  pila  'a  ball'. 

pile4  sb.  'hair'  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
peil  FR.  poil  =  SPAN.  IT.  pelo. 
Source  LAT.  pilus  'a  hair'. 

pilfer  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  pelfrer 
'pilfer'. 

pilgrim  ME.  pilgrim  borrowed 
fr.  MUG.  pilgrim.  Source  MED. -LAT. 
peregrinus  (late  LAT.  pelegrmus), 
whence  FR./#<T/«,  IT.  pdlegrino, 
SPAN,  peregrino,  DU.  pelgnm. 

pill  =r  G.  DAN.  pille  prob.  bor- 
rowed fr.  the  dimin.  FR.  pilule. 
Source  LAT.  pilula  'a  pill'. 

pillar  ME.  pilfr  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  pilier  (=  SPAN,  pilar  t  IT. 
piliere).  Source  MED. -LAT.  pildre 
pildrius  (LAT./Z/«)  'pillar',  whence 
also  OHG.  pfilari  G.  pfeiler\  DU. 
pilaar  is  FR.  pilier >  but  DU.  /*/fer 
is  LAT.  pildre. 

pillory  sb.  ME.  pilot j  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  pilori  'a  pillory'. 

pillow  sb.  ME.  pilwe  OE.  pyle 
*pylwe  =  DU.  peuluw,  OHG. 
pfuliwi(ri)  also  pfulwo  G.  pfilhl'. 
borrowed  fr.  LAT.  pulvinus  'cu- 
shion'. Cp.  cushion. 

pilot  sb.  borrowed  fr.  ?&..  pilote 
=  SPAN.  IT.  ///0/tf  pilota,  DU. 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


piloot,  G.  pilote.  Origin  unknown. 
The  word  occurs  in  Germ,  and 
Engl.  since  the  15th  cent.;  in 
Germ,  it  appears  first  in  the 
It.  form  piloto.  Perh.  the  It. 
word  became  European  through 
the  commerce  with  Genoa  and 
Venice. 

pimpernel  sb.  fr.  FR.  pimprenelle 
pimpinelle. 

pin  sb.  ME.  OE.  pinn  =  DU.  LG. 
pin.  Source  LAT.  penna  'a  pin, 
nail'. 

pinch  vb.  ME.  pine  he  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  pinccr. 

pine  sb.  ME.  pine  OE.  *pin(treo] 
'pine-tree':  borrowed  fr.LAT./?«i« 
'a  pine',  whence  FR.^/»  (DU.  pijn)t 
SPAN.  IT.  pino  'a  pine-tree'. 

pine  vb.  ME.  pine  OE.  pinian 
'torment'  =  ON.  ptna,  DU.  pijnen, 
OHG.  pfinon  plnon  (G.  peinigen)  : 
deriv.  fr.  OE.  pin  =  OHG.  pina  G. 
pein.  Source  LAT. pana  (pronounc- 
ed pend). 

pinfold;  see  pound2. 

pint  sb.  late  ME.  plnte  fr.  FR. 
pint'-  (whence  DU.  pint,  LG.  pinte 
"can  ) :  source  LAT.  pincta. 

pip  sb.  ME.  pippe  =  DU.  LG.///, 
G.  pips  OHG.  pfifffy  '•  borrowed  fr. 
a  vulgar  LAT.  pippita  (—  LAT. 
pituitd)  'phlegm',  whence  also 
FR.  ptpie,  SPAN,  pepita,  IT.  pipita. 

pipe  sb.  ME.  OE.  pipe  —  DU.  pijp, 

G.^tye,  OKG.pfifa  G.pfeife,  ON. 
plpa :  borrowed  fr.  MED.-LAT.  pipa, 
whence  also  the  synon.  FR.  pipe, 
SPAN.  pipat  IT.  piua.  Source  LAT. 
pipdre  'chirp'. 

11 


162 


pit  —  plant 


pit  sb.  ME.  pit  OE,  pyt  (tt)  = 
DU.  put,  LG. /////  OKG.  puzzi  ffuzzi 
G.  pfiltze :  TEUT.  putjus :  borrowed 
fr.  -Ltw.puteus  'a  well,  pit',  whence 
also  Yf.pozzo,  5PAN./^0,  ^^.puits 
and  OIR.  cuithe,  CYMR.  /^»  'well, 
pit'. 

pitch    sb.  ME.  pick   OE.  pic  = 

OSAX.    ODU.  ///£    DU.  pek,    OHG.  /^ 

beh(hh)  G.pech,  ON.  &'<£:  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  pix  (pic-}  'pitch',  whence 
also  FR.  poix,  SPAN.  pezy  IT.  pece 
'pitch'. 

pitcher  sb.  WS-picchtr  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  picker.  Source  MED. -LAT. 
picdrium,  a  by-form  of  late  LAT. 
bicdrium  under  beaker. 

pith  sb.  ME.  pithe  OE.  pida  cog- 
nate w.  DU.  pit  ODU.  pitte  'pith' 
and  MLG.  pedik  'pith'.  A  West- 
Teut.  baseman-  is  to  be  assum- 
ed, pern,  a  TEUT.  pip  won-  in- 
stead of  qifiwon-'.  \Tgltt 

pittance  sb.  MR.pitaunce  (=MLG. 
pitancie)  borrowed  fr.  FR.  pitance 
'meat,  food,  daily  subsistance'. 

pity  sb.  ME.  pite  fr.  FR.  pitie. 
Source  LAT.  pietdtem. 

place  ME.  place  fr.  FR.  place 
(=  SPAN,  plaza,  IT.  piazza). 
Source  LAT.  platea  =  GR.  -n\o.T^ia 
'a  street'.  G.  platz  and  DU.  plaats 
are  also  of  Fr.  origin. 

plague  ME.  (i4'h  cent.)  plage 
adopted  fr.  LAT.  pldga  'an  injury' 
whence  DU.  plaag ,  OHG.  pldga 
G.  plage  and  IT.  piaga,  FR.  plaie. 

plaice  ME.  plaice  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  plaise  OFR.  pla'ise.  Source 
MED. -LAT.  platisa  prop,  platessa  ca 


flat-fish',  whence  also  DU.  pladijs, 
G.  platteise. 

plain  adj.  ME.  plain  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  plain  (whence  also  DU. 
plein)  =  SPAN,  piano,  IT.  piano. 
Source  LAT.  pldnus  'flat,  even'. 

plain  sb.  ME.  pleine  adopted 
fr.  FR.  plaine  =  SPAN,  plana,  IT. 
piano.  Source  LAT.  pldnum  'a 
plain'. 

plaint  sb.  ME.  pleinte  plainte  fr. 
FR.  plainte  (==  LAT.  planctus 
'lamentation'). 

plait  vb.  ME.  plaite  'fold'  derived 
fr.  OFR.  pleit  (ploit)  sb.  'fold'. 
Source  LAT.  plicare  'fold,  braid'. 

plan  adopted  fr.  FR.  plan, 
whence  DU.  G.  plan.  Source 
LAT.  pldnus  'flat,  plane',  whence 
SPAN,  plan,  IT.  piano.  See //#/«, 
plane. 

plane  adj.  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
plane  (==  SPAN,  piano,  IT.  piano). 
Source  LAT.  pldmis  'flat,  level'. 

plane  sb.  'a  carpenter's  tool' 
late  ME.  plane  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
plane.  Source  MED. -LAT.  pldna 
'a  carpenter's  tool'. 

plane-tree  ME.  pldne(~tre)  =  DU. 
plaan-boom  fr.  FR.  plane.  Source 
LAT.  platanus  'plane-tree'. 

plank  ME.  planke  borrowed  fr. 
ONFR.  planke  FR.  planche  (==  SPAN. 
plancha,  IT.  pianca).  Source 
MED.-LAT.  planca,  whence  DU. 
plank,  G.  planke. 

plant  ME.  plante  OE.  plant  =  DU. 
plant,  OHG.  pflanza  G.  pftanze 
(ON.  planta) :  fr.  LAT.  planta, 
whence  also  FR.  plante,  SPAN. 


plash  —  pluck 


1 63 


planta,  IT.  pianta.  In  ME.  we  find 
also  plaunte  sb.  vb.  as  adap- 
tion of  FR.  plante  — planter.  — 
plantain  ME. plantain  (plauntain  f) 
borrowed  fr.  FR. plantain.  Source 
LAT.  plantago  (plantaginem)  'a 
plantain'. 

plash  ME.  plasche  borrowed  fr. 
ODU.  plasch  DU.  plas  'water- 
puddle'. 

plaster  ME.  piastre  plaister  fr. 
OFR.  piastre  {plaistre ,  whence 
jyu.jpleister)  cp.  FR.  pldtre.  Source 

GR.-LAT.       £ \linkaO T t)f))'       =        IT. 

empiastro,  FR.  emplatre  'plaster'. 
LAT.  emplastrum  =  MED.-LAT. 
plastntm  'gypsum',  whence  OHG. 
pflastar  G.  pflaster. 

plat  plot  ME.  OE.  plot  (tt).  See 
plot. 

plate  ME.  plate  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  plate  plaite  'plate -armor, 
ingot,  silver'  FR.  plat,  whence 
DU.  plat,  G.  platte.  Source  a 
MED.-LAT.  plata  'plate  of  metal' 
(GR.  -nXarvc). 

platoon  fr.  FR.  peloton  'a  ball, 
platoon'. 

platter  ME.  plater  fr.  OFR.  platel 
'a  plate'  =  FR.  plateau  also 
'waiter'. 

play  vb.  ME.  plaie  pleie  OE. 
plcgian  'play"  and  play  sb.  ME. 
plaie  pleie  OE.  plega.  The  other 
TEUT.  languages  have  no  such 
root  as  pleg  'play'. 

plea  sb.  ME.  pl$  plai  'debate' 
fr.  OFR.  pie  plai  with  the  by- 
forms  plait  plaid.  Source  MED.- 
LAT.  placitum  'a  decree,  sen- 
tence'. —  plead  vb.  ME.  pl$de 


plaide  fr.  FR.  plaider  'plead, 
argue',  whence  also  DU.  pleiten 
'sue'. 

please  vb.  ME.  plcse  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  plesir  plaisir  (FR.  plaire 
'please').  Source  LAT.  placere 
'please'.  -  -  pleasure  (late  ME. 
pi  (sure  15th  cent.)  fr.  the  FR. 
infinit.  plaisir,  but  influenced  by 
abstract  nouns  such  as  nature 
leisure. 

pledge  sb.  ME.  pkgge  fr.  OFR. 
plege  (v^.pleige)  'a  surety',  which 
is  related  to  OSAX.  plegan  OHG. 
pflegan  'be  responsible  for, 
answer  for'  (cp.  plight). 

plenty  ME.  plenty  fr.  OFR.  plentt, 
source  LAT.  plenitdtem. 

plier  see  ply. 

plight  sb.  ME.  plight  OE.  pliht 
formed  by  means  of  the  abstract 
formative  -/  from  a  vb.  seen  in 
OE.  pleon  'risk'  (OHG.  pflegan  G. 
pflegen  whence  G.  pflicht  'friendly 
care,  interest'). 

plot1  short  for  complot  =  FR. 
complot  'a  conspiracy'. 

plot2  sb.  ME.  OE.  plot  (tt). 

plough  ME.  plough  plow  OE. 
ploh  —  DU.  ploeg,  OHG.  pfluoh 
pfluog  G.  pflug,  ON.  plogr.  This 
Teut.  group  plohu-  plogu-  was 
borrowed  by  the  Slav.  (SERB.- 
RUSS.  plugu,  LITH.  pliugas). 

plover  ME.  plover  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  plovier  FR.  pluvier.  Source 
a  LAT.  type  *pluviarius  rainy'. 

pluck  vb.  ME.  plukke  plokke 
(plicche)  QK.pluccian  (OE.  *plyttari) 

-  DU.  plukken,  OHG.  *pflucchen 
*pflockon  G.  pfliickent  ON.  plokka. 
11* 


164 


plug  —  poll 


Source  a  LAT.  type  *piluccare  — 
IT.  piluccare,  FR.  eplucher.  Vulgar 
LAT.  ^piluccare  (whence  ME.  pilken 
'pluck')  prop,  'pluck  hairs  one 
by  one'  is  an  extension  of  LAT. 
pilare. 

plug  sb.  ident.  w.  DU.  plug, 
LG.  plugge  (pluck)  late  MHG.  pfloc 
G.  pflock  'plug'. 

plum  ME.  ploume  OE.  plume 
(ply me)  =  DU.  pruim,  LG.  prume 
plume,  OHG.fi/rtimabesidefflum0 
(LAT.  r  changed  to  TEUT.  /)  G. 
pflaume'.  early  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
prunum,  whence  also  FR.  prune, 
IT.  pruna.  Cp.  prune. 

plumb  fr.  FR.  plomb  =  LAT. 
plumbum. 

plume  fr.  FR.  plume  =  LAT. 
pluma. 

plummet  ME. plommet borrowed 
fr.  FR.  plombet  'a  plummet'  dimin. 
of  FR.  plomb  'lead'. 

plump  adj.  borrowed  fr.  LG. 
plump,  DU.  plomp. 

plunder  vb.  adopted  fr.  MDU. 
plunder  en  =  G.  plilndern  'rob, 
pillage'. 

plunge  vb.  short  for  ME.  p  lounge : 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  plonger  'duck, 
dive',  whence  also  DU.  plonzen. 

plush     sb.    =    DU.   pluis ,    G. 

plusch\    borrowed  fr.   FR.  peluche 

=  IT.  peluzzo.  Source  a  LAT.  type 

pilutia,    an    extension    of  LAT. 

pilus  'hair'. 

ply  vb.  ME.  pile  'bend'  adopted 
fr.  FR.  plier  'fold,  bend,  bow'. 
Source  LAT.  plicdre  'fold'. 


poach1  vb.  'dress  eggs'  fr.  FR. 
pocher.  -  -  poach2  vb.  'intrude 
into  preserves'  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
pocher  from  poche.  'a  pouch'. 

pock  ixs..pokke  OE.pocc  =  MDU. 
pocke,  DU.  pock,  G.  LG.  pocke  'small 
pox'.  —  pocket  ME.  poket  fr.  OFR. 
poquette,  dimin.  of  OFR.  pocke  poche. 
See  poke. 

poignant  adj.  i&s..  poinani  poin* 

ymnt  fr.  FR.  poignant.  (Source 
LAT.  pungere).  --  point  ME.  point 
fr.  FR.  point  (source  LAT.  punc- 
turn)  'point'. 

poise  vb.  ME.  poise  earlier  peise 
fr.  OFR.  poiser  peiser  FR.  pescr 
'to  weigh'.  Source  LAT.  pensare 
'to  weigh*. 

poison  w&.puisoun  fr.  FR.  poison 
'poison'  =  LAT.  potio(neni)  'a 
drink'. 

poke  sb.  ME.  pdke  'a  bag'  = 
ODU.  poke,  ON.  poki.  FR.  poche  is 
perh.  an  Engl.  loanword.  Cp. 
pock. 

poke  vb.  ME.  poke  {pouke  pucke) 
'thrust,  throw'  =  DU.  poken,  MLG. 
puken. 

pole ]  sb.  'a  stake'  w&.pple  Q^.pdl 
'a  pale,  pole':  source  LAT.  palus 
'a  stake',  whence  G.  pfahl  OHG. 
MHG.  pfal.  See  pale. 

pole2  sb.  'a  pivot'   the  synon. 

FR.  pol  =   LAT.  polus    (GR.   TTOAOt,') 

'a  hinge*. 

polish  vb.  ME.  polisshe  fr.  FR. 
potir  (poliss-)  'polish'. 

poll  ME.  pol  (II)  'head'  =  LG. 
ODU.  polle  'head';  perh.  ident.  w. 
bowft 


pommel  —  port 


165 


pommel  ME.  pomel  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  pomel  FR.  pommeait  'the 
pommel  of  a  sword':  prop,  dimin. 
LAT.  pomum  'apple'. 

pomp  ME.  pompe  fr.  LAT.  pompa, 
whence  also  FR.  pompe. 

pond  ME.  pond  pondt. 

ponder  vb.  borrowed  fr.  LAT. 
ponderare  'weigh'. 

pontiff  fr.  FR.  pontif  pontife, 
LAT.  pontif  ex. 

pontoon  fr.  FR.  ponton,  IT. 
pontone  'a  great  broad  bridge'. 

pOOl     Sb.     ME.     OE.    pol    =    DU. 

poel,  uG.po'l,  OHG.  pfuol  G.pfuhl] 
perh.  akin  to  OE.  pull  pyll  'pool' 
=  ON.  pollr  'pool,  pond'. 

poop  borrowed  fr.  FR.  poupe  = 
LAT.  puppis  'the  hinder  part  of 
a  ship'. 

poor  adj.  ME.  povre  fr.  OFR. 
povre  =  pauvre  (source  LAT. 
pauper)  'poor'. 

pope  ME.  pope  OE.  pdpa  =  LAT. 
pdpa.  The  continental  dialects 
differ  from  the  LAT.-OE.  forms; 
cp.  os  AX.  pdfios,  DU.  paus,  MHG. 
babes  G.  papst. 

popinjay  late  IKE,.  popinjay  earlier 
papegai  (=  DU.  papegaai,  MLG. 
papegoie,  G.  papagat)  fr.  FR.  pape- 
gai OFR.  papegay  and  papegau  •= 
IT.  papagallo.  Prob.  derived  fr. 
Low  GR.  Twnayag  =  ARAB,  ba- 
bagha  (PERS.  bapga).  The  Lat. 
name  psittacus  agrees  with  GR. 


poplar  sb.  ME.  popllr(e)  =  DU. 
populier,  ODV.popeKer:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  poplier  =  FR.  peupli'er. 
Source  FR.  peuple  'poplar'  = 


LAT. populus  'poplar',  whence  also 
I  DU.  pope  I  and  G.  pappel. 

poppy  sb.  ME.  popy  OE.  popi% 
papal  (about  800).  The  suffix  / 
(not  producing  umlaut)  points  to 
an  older  form  -ang  as  in  body, 
holly.  There  are  no  Tent, 
equivalents.  Usually  considered 
to  be  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  papaver. 

porcelain  sb.  =  FR.  porcelains^ 
DU.  porselein,  G.  porzellan  (since 
the  1 6th.  cent.);  the  base  is 
IT.  porcella?ia,  orig.  'the  Venus- 
shell',  'concha  Veneris';  this  hav- 
ing much  resemblance  to  porce- 
lain, the  name  of  the  shell  was 
transferred  to  that  of  the  cera- 
mic ware. 

porch  sb.  ME.  porche  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  porche\  source  LAT.  porti- 
cus,  from  which  OE.  portid  and 
OHG.  pforzih  are  earlier  loan- 
words. 

porcudine  occuring  in  the 
i5th — 1 6th  cent's  in  the  forms 
porpentine  porpoint  and  porkepin 
which  go  back  to  OFR.  pore 
espin  (now  pore-epic)  =  IT.  porco 
spino  (porco  spinoso)  'thornbush 
hog'.  -  -  pork  'flesh  of  swine' 
ME.  pork  'pork,  swine'  fr.  the 
synon.  FR.  pore  (==  LAT./fcrrw). 

port1  sb.  'harbor   ME:  OE.  port 

'harbor'    fr.     the     equival.     LAT. 

portus    (=  FR.   port,    IT.  porto) 

harbor',  whence  also  ODU.  port 

'city'. 

port2  sb.  'a  gate'  fr.  FR.  porte 
=  LAT.  porta  'a  gate',  whence 
also  OK.  port  or  port-yiat  'a  gate', 
DU.  poort)  G.  pforte. 


i66 


port   —  power 


port3  sb.  'behavior  ME.  port 
fr.  FR.  port  'behavior:  deriv.  of 
LAT.  port  are  'carry'. 

port4  =  Port-wine  orig.  »\vine 
of  Oporto  in  Portugal«. 

portray  vb.  ME.  pourtraie  fr. 
FR.  portraire.  —  portrait  =  FR. 
portrait. 

post1  sb.  'a  pillar*  ME.  OE.  post 
=  DU.  LG.  post',  early  loanword 
fr.  LAT.  postern  (nom.  sing,  postis), 
whence  also  G.  pfosten  OHG.  pfost 
and  FR.  poteau. 

post2  sb.  'mail  service'  =  DU. 
G.  post,  FR.  paste,  IT.  pasta.  The 
word  is  a  native  of  Italy  and  was 
borrowed  from  there  by  the 
modern  languages  in  the  i6th 
cent. 

post3  sb.  ca  military  post'  = 
G.  posten,  DU.  post  fr.  IT.  pasta 
'guard,  post'. 

pOt   ME.    OE.   pat  (tt),   =  DU.    LG. 

pot(tt),  ON.  pattr  (SWED.  potta, 
DAN.  potte) ;  akin  to  FR.  pot  = 
CYMR.  pot,  IR.  pota. 

potato  imported  in  the  second 
half  of  the  i6th  cent,  together 
with  SPAN,  patata  from  America 
(in  Hayti  the  name  was  batata 
about  1530). 

pouch  ME.  pouche  'bag'  fr.  OFR. 
pouche  (poche)  'pocket';  akin  to 
poke. 

poult  sb.  'chicken'  (=  pullet) 
late  ME./Z//&  fr.FR. /#«/<?/  'chicken' 
(foule  'hen).  -  -  poulterer  ex- 
tended for  ME.  pultfr  fr.  FR. 
fioulletier.  —  poultry  ME.  pultrie 
is  derived  fr.  ME.  pulter. 

pounce  vb.  see  punch. 


pound !  ME.  pound  OE.  pund  'a 
pound'  (weight  and  money)  = 
OSAX.  pund,  DU.  pond,  OHG.  pfunt 
G.  pfund,  ON.  sw.  DAN.  pund 
GOTH.  pund'.  borrowed  in  the 
second  cent.  fr.  LAT.  pondo 
(indecl.)  'pound',  not  fr.  LAT. 
pondus  'weight'. 

pound2  sb.  'enclosure'  ME. 
pound  (shortened  in  pan-,  pun- 
folde  'pound').  OE.  pund  'en- 
closure' with  the  verb  OE.  pyndan 
ME.  pinde  'impound,  dam  up  the 
water'  =  ON.  pynda  'shut  in' 
(E.  pinfold  ME.  pin  folde  'pound' 
points  to  OE.  pyndan  ME.  pinde). 
Prob.flen  OE.  pennan  is  cognate, 
if  the  base  *panjan  goes  back 
to  an  earlier  form  *pandjanl  Tarr. 
\^pand  pund. 

pound  vb.  'beat*  ME.  poune  OE, 
punian  'pound';  perh.  cognate  w. 
DU.  puin  'ruin,  rubbish'. 

pout  vb.  ME.  poute  'sulk'  (OE. 
*ptttusnT).  -  -  pout  sb.  (a  kind 
of  fish)  OE.  puta  or  pute  (in  the 
compound  dlepiitan  'eelpouts'); 
cp.  DU./////  a  kind  offish.  The 
word  is  derived  from  the  vbo 
pout  (TEUT.  V////)  '•  the  fish  has 
its  name  from  its  pouting  lips. 

powder  sb.  ME.  paudre  'hair- 
powder'  fr.  FR.  paudre,  whence 
also  w.poeder,  G.puder.  Source 
LAT.  pulverem  (jpulvis),  whence 
G.pulver,  Yi.polve  'dust,  powder'. 

power  ME.  poulr  earlier  polr 
fr.  OFR.  poer  =  FR.  pouvoir\ 
ident.  w.  IT.  potere  and  deriv. 
fr.  LAT.  potest  potui  etc. 


praise   —  proud 


I67 


praise  sb.  TAK.  prats  prds  fr.  OFR 
preis,  ident.  with  price. 

pram     sb.     'a     flat  -  bottomed 
lighter'  =  LG.  prahm,  DU.  praam 
LG.  pram,  ON.  prdmr,  sw.  pram 
DAN.  pram    are*  of  Slav,  origin 
cp.  OSLOV.  pramu    belonging    to 
the    ARYAN   \(~per    'cross,    ferry 
seen  in  fare  vb.  . 

prance  vb.  ME.  praunfe  vb. 
ident.  w.  E.  prank  vb.  ME.  pranke\ 
the  sound  points  to  Fr.  origin. 

prate  vb.  late  ME.  prate  =  DU. 
LG.  praten  'prate',  DAN.  prate 
'tattle'. 

pray  vb.  ME.  preie  fr.  OFR. 
preier  =  FR.  prier  'pray'  (source 
LAT.  precari  'pray'). 

preach  vb.  ME.  pr$che  fr.  FR. 
precher.  Source  church-LAT./r^<?- 
dicare  'preach',  whence  also  OE. 
predician,  ON.  predika,  DU.  pre- 
diken,  OSAX.  predikdn,  OHG.  pre- 
digon  MHG.  G.  predigen  'preach'. 

press  vb.  ME.  presse  fr.  OFR. 
presser  —  LAT.  prcssare. 

pretty  adj.  ME.  *prlti  for  prati 
'pretty'  and  'clever,  cunning'; 
QE.prcetii  'tricky,  deceitful'.  The 
OE.  sb.  prcett  plur.  prattas  means 
'trickery'. 

prey  sb.  ME.,  preie  prate  fr.  OFR. 
preie  prate  =  FR.  proie  (hence  DU. 
proof)  'prey'.  Source  LAT.  praeda. 

price  sb.  iss..pris  fr.  OFR.  pris 
=  FR.  prix.  Source  LAT.  pretium 
'price'.  See  prize. 

prick  sb.  ME.  pricke  (prike)  OE. 
pricca  (jprica)    'prick,  spike'.  - 
prick  vb.  ME-  pricke    (prike  OE. 


prician)  prick,  spur'.  Cp.  MHG. 
pfrecken,  Qjx.prikka:  TEUT.  y~/r/,£. 
—  prickle  relation  ME.  prikel 
OE.  priceL 

pride  ME.  pride  OE.  pryda\  um- 
laut-relation to  proud. 

priest  sb.  ME.  prfst  OE.  preost\ 
ident.  w.  OHG.  prest  priestar  MHG. 
G.  priester,  OSAX.  prestar,  FR.  prtore 
for  OFR.  prestre'.  descendants 
of  LAT.  presbyter  'priest'.  But 
there  are  discrepancies  in  the 
phonetical  development  of  the 
Rom.  and  Teut.  forms. 

prime  fr.  FR.  prime  =  LAT. 
primus.  —  primrose  fr.  FR. 
prime  rose  =  LAT.  prima  rosa 
'first  rose'.  —  prince  ME.  prinfe 
fr.  FR.  prince  (source  LAT.  prin- 
ceps  —  principem  =  IT.  principe)t 
whence  also  G.  prinz  DU.  prins. 

print  vb.  ME.  printe  short  for 
prente  imprente  fr.  FR.  empreinte 
sb.  'a  stamp,  print';  cp.  FR. 
empreindre  =  LAT.  imprimere. 

prison  ME.prisoun  fr.  FR.#rts0n'9 
source  LAT.  prehensio(netri)  =  IT. 
prigione. 

privy  ME.  privt  fr.  FR.  privt 
(=  LAT.  privatus). 

prize  vb.  TX&. prise  fr.  FR./rwr; 
cf.  E.  prise  fr.  FR./rz'jc.  — prize 
sb.  'taking  or  capture  e.  g.  of 
a  ship'  fr.  FR.  prise  'seizure'  (DU. 
i>rijst  G.  prise). 

proud  ME.  proud  late  OE.  prud 
^by-form  ME.  prout  late  QE.  prut 
brete)',  cp.  ON.  prudr  'proud', 
DAN.  prud  'stately'.  Cp.  the  urn- 
ant-relation /riVf.  Source  OFR. 


i68 


prove  —  push 


proud  Valiant'  (under  prowess) 
=  FR.  preux. 

prove  vb.  ME.  prove  late  OE.  (c. 
io>QQ)profan\  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
probare,  whence  also  ?K.  prouver> 
MHG.  prueven  G.  prufen,  ON.  prof  a 
and  also  ME.  preve  prceve  'prove'. 
—  The  sb.  proof  is  derived  fr. 
the  vb.  (cp.  ME.  preve  prceve  = 
FR.  preuve). 

prow  ME.  *proue  fr.  FR.  proue 
(w.pruaproda,  LAT.  prora)  'prow'. 

prowess  ME.  prouesse  fr.  OFR. 
prouesse  'prowess',  abstr.  sb.  of 
OFR.  prou  proud  =  late  OE.  prud 
s.  under  proud. 

proxy  sb.  earlier  prockesy  for 
procuracy\  cp.  proctor  late  ME. 
proketour  =  LAT.  pro  curator  (em). 

prune  sb.  ME.  prune  fr.  FR. 
prune  =  LAT.  prunum\  cp.  plum. 

pry  vb.  ME.  prie  OE.  *priwan 
*preowian,  the  root  of  which  is 
evident  in  OE.  bepriwan  vb.  'wink 
with  the  eye'  —  preowothwil 
'twinkling  of  the  eye'. 

psalm  sb.  ME.  psalm  —  LAT. 
psalmus\  already  OE.  salm. 

puck  sb.  short  for  ME.  pouke 
OE.  puca  'demon,  hobgoblin'  = 
ON.  puki  'imp' ;  cp.  OE.  pucel 
'demon',  NORTH-FRIES,  puk  'mis- 
chievous sprite  with  large  eyes'. 

pudding  ME.  pudding  prob. 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  boudin  'black- 
pudding1  (cp.  ME.  cuning  fr.  OFR. 
conin  under  cony). 

puff  vb.  ME.  puffe  OE'.  *puffian 
aside  of  OE.  pyffan  'blow':  TEUT. 
base  puff  on  puff  Jan. 


pull  vb.  ME.  pulle  OE.  pullian 
'draw'. 

pullet  ME.  polete  fr.  ^^.  poulette 
'a  young  hen',  cp.  poult. 

pulp  sb.  fr.  FR.  pulpe  =  LAT, 
pulpa  'pulp'. 

pumpion  (dimm.  pumpkin)  ear- 
lier pompoun  fr.  FR.  pompon  (== 
DU.  pompoeti)  'a  kind  of  gourde'. 
Source  LAT.  pepo  (=  FR.  pepon, 
IT.  pep  one  popone). 

punish  vb.  ME.  punisshe  fr.  FR. 
punir  (puniss-)  'punish'. 

purblind  ME.  purblind  orig. 
'blind  as  bfur?  OE.  pur  means 
the  bird  'onocrotalus';'  cp.  SWED. 
purblind. 

purchase  vb.  ME.  purchase  fr. 
FR.  pourchasser. 

purge  vb.  ME.  purge  fr.  FR. 
purgir. 

purple  ME.  purpre  fr.  FR. 
pourpre  =  LAT.  purpura. 

purpose  vb.  ME.  purpose  fr. 
OFR.  pourposer  =•  FR.  proposer 
'propose'. 

purse  ME.flurs  late  OE.  (c.  1050) 
purs',  loanword  fr.  OFR.  dorse  = 
FR.  bourse ',  cp.  LAT.  bursa. 

pursue  vb.  ME.  pursue  fr.  OFR. 
porsuir  =  FR.  poursuivre  (source 
LAT.  prosequi)  'prosecute'. 

purvey  vb.  ME.  porveie  fr.  OFR. 
porvoir  =  FR.  pourvoir  (LAT. 
providere)  'provide'. 

push  vb.  !>,<{£.  posse  pusse  (posshe) 
'push*  fr.  FR.  pousser  (==.  LAT. 
pitlsarc)  'strike,  thrust'. 


put  —  quench 


l6o 


put  vb.  ME.  pute  putte  vb.  fr.  OFR.  bouter  'thrust'  (cp.  OE. 
'throw,  push,  thrust'  OE.  (c.  1000)  purs  'purse'  fr.  OFR.  borse  under 
potian  'thrust';  perh.  borrowed  \pursc). 


quail  sb.  ME.  quaile  fr.  OFR. 
quaille  =  FR.  caile  'a  quail'; 
cp.  IT.  quaglia.  Source  a  vulgar 
LAT.  quaccola,  whence  also  DU. 
kwakkel  =  ODU.  quackele  'quail'. 

quaint  adj.  ME.  queint,  earlier 
form  coint  (quoint)  'famous,  well- 
known,  clever,  neat,  elegant': 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  coint  'neat, 
fine'  =  LAT.  cognitus  'known'. 

quake  vb.  ME.  qudke  OE.  cwdcian 
vb.  'quake';  cp.  OE.  cweccean 
'move'  —  ODU.  quecken  'shake 
one's  head':  TEUT.  \fqak. 

qualm  ME.  qualm  'death,  pesti- 
lence, torture'  OE.  cwealm  'death, 
pestilence':  derived  fr.  the  TEUT. 
Y~  qel  in  OE.  cwelan  ME.  qu$le 
vb.  'die';  cp.  quell. 

quarrel  ME.  querele  fr.  FR. 
querelle  =  LAT.  querela  'a  com- 
plaint'. 

quash  vb.  ME.  quassJie  vb.  fr. 
OFR.  quasser  =  FR.  casser  'break'; 
source  LAT.  quassare  'to  shake'. 

quaver  vb.  derived  fr.  ME. 
qudve  (OE.  *cwdfian)  vb.  'tremble'; 
cogn.  w.  ME.  quappe  vb.  'tremble'. 

quay  earlier  spelling  keie  late 
ME.  keie  fr.  FR.  quai. 

quean  ME.  qugne  OE.  cwene 
'woman':  perhaps  a  SCAND.  loan- 
word cp.  ON.  kona  G.  plur. 


kvenna  (=  OHG.  quena  kona, 
GOTH.  qin8)\  cp.  late  OE.  cwene- 
fugd\  hen-bird'  fr.  the  equiv.  ON. 
kvenfugL  There  was  a  genuine 
OE.  corresponding  cwine  'bad  wo- 
man'. The  group  rests  on  a  TEUT. 
q'endn-  'wife'  =  ARYAN  genet  \  cp. 
GR.  yvvift  SKR.  gnd ,  OIR.  ben, 

OSLOV.     RUSS.    SERB.     Ztna ,     PRUSS. 

gena  'wife'.  See  the  following 
word. 

queen  sb.  ME.  qufn  OE.  cwen 
'queen,  distinguished  lady';  base 
qdni  for  qdni  =  GOTH,  qens,  ON. 
kvdn  kucen,  OSAX.  qudn  'wife': 
TEUT.  qeni-  =  ARYAN,  g&ni-  (= 
SKR.  jdni  'wife')  is  of  the  same 
root  as  TEUT.  qenon-  (see  quean) 
=  ARYAN  gend. 

quell  vb.  ME.  quelle  OE.  cwcllan 
'kill':  derived  fr.  the  str.  vb.  OE. 
cwelan  ME.  qu$le  'die'  (cp.  qualm). 
They  belong  to  the  TEUT.  \T$l 
in  G.  qual  -  OHG.  OSAX.  quala 
torment,  torture':  ARYAN  *f  gll 
in  LITH.  gelb  'grief  —  OSLOV.  fall 
suffering'. 

quench  vb.  ME.  quenche  OE. 
cwencean  wk.  vb.  'extinguish': 
derived  fr.  OE.  d-cwincan  'be 
exstinguished'  =  OFRIS.  kunnka 
Vanish'.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
OE.  cwlnan  'to  be  exstinguished'  is 


question  —  quoth 


connected  with  E.  quench  (DU. 
kuifnen  'wither'). 

question  ME.  questioun  fr.  FR. 
question, 

quick  adj.  ME.  quick  OE.  cwicu 
'living,  alive'  =  =  OSAX.  DU.  quik, 
OHG.  MHG.  quec  (G.  quecksilber 
'quicksilver'  and  er quicken  .vb. 
'quicken,  refresh')  G.  keck  (for 
queck)  'pert',  ON.  kvikr  kykrl 

TEUT.  \Tqiq  fr-  ARYAN  V~£/£  m  LAT. 

vivo  (vixi-victum-vivere).  There 
exists  an  ARYAN  doublet  giw  in 
GOTH,  qius  (stem  qiwa-)  adj. 
'alive*  =  SKR.  fluay  LITH.  gywas, 
LAT.  vivus  'living,  alive'  (cp. 
GR.  jtf/o£  'life').  See  quitch- 
grass. 

quill  sb.  ME.  quille  =  WESTPHAL. 
quiele  'quill':  TEUT.  base  qili-,  perh. 
ident.  w.  MHG.  Ml  G.  Mel  'quill'. 

quilt  sb.  ME.  quilte  fr.  OFR. 
cuilte  =  LAT.  culcita  'cushion, 
pillow'. 

quince  ME.  coine  quine  fr.  OFR. 
coin  —  FR.  coing  'a  quince'  (the  ce 
of  modern  E.  quince  belongs  prop, 
to  the  plural).  Source  LAT. 
cydonia  =  IT.  cotogna,  OHG. 
kutina  G.  quitte,  OE.  godceppel\ 
DU.  /£ze>^  ODU.  ^2/^r/i  corresponds 
to  MHG.  quiten  =-  G.  quitte. 

quire  (of  paper)  sb.  ME.  quaer 
quaier  'book'  fr.  OFK.  quaier  (DU. 


koMer)  —  IR.  cahier  'copy  book'. 
Source  a  late  Latin  quatcrnum 
'collection  of  four  leaves'  (=  IT. 
quaderno  'a  quire  of  paper',  OE. 
cwdter-n). 

quitch-grass  (also  quick-grass 
couch-grass)  ME.  *quicche\  OE. 
cwice  'quitch-grass'  answers  to 
DU.  kweek,  LG.  queke,  G.  qiiecke 
'quitch-grass'.  The  name  derives 
fr.  TEUT.  quiku-  'alive'  (under 
quick) ,  because  the  weed  seems 
not  clearable. 

quite  adv.  ME.  quite  fr.  FR. 
quit. 

quiver  vb.  derived  fr.  the  adj. 
ME.  quiver,  late  OE.  cwifor  'lively, 
brisk,  eagerly';  cp.  OFR.  quivrer 
vb.  'awaken,  encourage'. 

quiver  sb.  ME.  quiver  fr.  FR. 
cuivre\  ident.  w.  FR.  coivrc  cuivre  \ 
late  Latin  base  citeurum,  whence 
also  OE.  cocor,  OHG.  kohhar  G. 
kocher  'quiver',  DU.  koker. 

quoth  (yuoth  he  'he  said') 
3d  sing.  pret.  =  ME.  quoth  earlier 
quath  OE.  cwced  pret.  of  ME. 
qu$the  OE.  cw'idan  str.  vb.  'say, 
speak'  =  GOTH,  qifian,  ON.  kveda, 
OSAX.guedax,  OHG.  quedan  'say': 
ARYAN  ^fget  (by-form  ged  in  SKR. 
gad  'speak'?).  Cp.  bequeath 
and  bequest* 


rabbit  —  rat 


171 


R 


rabbit  cogn.  w.  ODU.  robbe 
robbeken  'rabbit';  perh.  identical 
w.  DU.  rob,  G.  robbe  'phoca'? 

race1  ME.  rg's  OE.r&s?  or  bor- 
rowed from  ON.  rds  'a  running': 
TEUT.  base  rha-. 

race2  'family'  fr.  FR.  race  = 
SPAN.  PORT,  raza]  source  ARAB. 
rds  'origin'. 

race3  'root'  fr.  OFR.  ra'is  =  LAT. 
radix.  —  From  the  same  source 
also  radish  =  DU.  radijs  (FR. 
radii) . 

rafter  ME.  rafter  OE.  rtzfter\ 
formed  by  suffix  -tra-  from  the 
same  root  as  ON.  rdf  'roof  and 
OHG.  ravo  'rafter'.  Cp.  the  ARYAN 
\f*reph  in  GR.  Igityw  —  opoipog. 

rag  ME.  ragge  (late  OE.  *ragg 
inferred  from  the  adj.  raggi^ 
'shaggy'):  borrowed  fr.  ON.  rogg 
'shagginess'. 

rage  ME.  rage  fr.  FR.  rage  = 
LAT.  rabies. 

rail 1  ME.  rail  reil  fr.  OFR.  reille] 
source  LAT.  regula,  whence  also 
G.  riegel  OHG.  rigil,  ODU.  rijchel 
'bar,  rail'. 

rail2  ME.  rail  OE.  hr^l  'a  gar- 
ment'; ident.  w.  OHG.  hregil  'a 
garment':  TEUT.  base  hrag(i)la-. 

rain  ME.  rain  rein  OE.  r'eyi = OHG. 
OLG.  regan  G.  DU.  regen,  ON.  regn, 
GOTH,  rigns:  TEUT.  base  regna-. 
Cp.  Lith.  roke  'drizzling  rain'. 

raise  vb.  ME.  reisc  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  reisa  'raise':  causal  of  ON. 
risa  —  GOTH.  reisan\  cp.  rise. 


raisin  ME.  reisin  fr.  OFR.  raisin 
'a  grape ,  whence  also  DU.  rozijn, 
G.  rosine.  Source  LAT.  racemus 
'a  bunch  of  grapes'. 

rake  ME.  rdk*,  OE.  rdca  =  DU. 
raak\  ident.  w.  OHG.  rehho  G. 
rechen,  ON.  reka:  TEUT.  base  rakon- 
rekon-,  derived  fr.  the  str.  vb. 
GOTH,  rikan  'gather. 

ram  sb.  ME.  OE.  ram  (mm)  OE. 
rom  (mm)  =  OHG.  MHG.  DU.  ram: 
TEUT.  base  ramma-\  perh.  cogn. 
w.  ON.  ramr  'strong'. 

ramsons  ME.  ramsen  OE.  hram- 
san  plur. :  TEUT.  base  hramusan- 
also  in  G.  (dial.)  ramsen,  SWED. 
ramslok  'bear-garlick';  further 
allied  to  GR.  x0c'i<v0'  'onion', 
IR.  crem  —  CYMR.  craf  'garlick', 
LITH.  kermusze  'wild  garlick'. 

range  vb.  fr.  FR.  ranger. 

ransack  vb.  ME.  ransake  fr.  ON. 
rannsaka  prop,  'search  the  house': 
ON.  rann  'house'  (=  GOTH,  razn, 
OE.  rcBsn  ran  cern  'house');  for 
ON.  saka  see  seek. 

ransom  ME.  raunfoun  (DU.  rant~ 
soen)  fr.  FR.  ranfon  (=  LAT. 
redemptio-nem) . 

rap  vb.  ME.  rape  'rush,  hasten' 
=  ON.  hrapa  vb.  'hasten';  cp. 
DU.  rapen,  MHG.  raff  en  'seize': 
TEUT.  base  hrapdn. 

rape  sb.  ME.  rape  (=  DU.  raaf) 
fr.  LAT.  rapa  'turnip'. 

rat    ME.   rat    OE.    'rat  (ft) 
G.  ratte  OHG.  rattat  DU.  rat  rot\ 


172 


rate  —  reave 


ident.  w.  FR.  rat,  IT.  ratto.  History 
of  the  group  unknown. 

rate  fr.  FR.  rate  =  LAT.  ratum. 

rather  ME.  rather  OE.  hrador 
prop,  'quicker,  sooner':  compa- 
rative form  of  OE.  tirade  'quickly'; 
cp.  the  adj.  OE.  hreed,  ON. 
hradr  'swift',  OHG.  hrad,  DU.  rad 
'quick'  fr.  a  TEUT.  base  hrapa-. 
Akin  to  OIR.  crothim  'I  shake'. 

rattle  vb.  ME.  ratele  vb.;  cp. 
OE.  hratele  sb.  'rattle  wort'  and 
"LG.ratelen  vb.  'rattle',  MHG.  ra-Qeln 
G.  rasseln  vb.  'rattle':  TEUT. 

=  ARYANy^^r^  in  GR. 

(\fkrot  in  GR.  xporaM&iv  vb. 
'rattle'?). 

raven  sb.  ME.  raven  OE.  hrcefn 
=  ON.  krafn\  cp.  OHG.  hraban 
G.  rafo,  DU.  raz/:  TEUT.  base 
hrabna-  hrabn-\  perh.  fr.  an 
ARYAN  \fkro  :  kor  in  LAT.  cor  v  us, 
GR.  xo'(>«£  'raven*. 

ravish  vb.  ME.  ravisshe  vb.  fr. 
FR.  raviss-  in  raztfir  'to  ravish'. 

raw  ME.  raw  OE.  hreaw  =  OHG. 
hro  G.  r0/!,  DU.  rauw,  ON. 
:  TEUT.  base  hrdwa-\  perh. 
cogn.  w.  SKR.  krura  'sore'  and 
LAT.  <rr#<?r  'blood'. 

ray  see  roach. 

reach  *  vb.  ME.  rgche  OE.  rtztean 
fr.  a  TEUT.  type  raikjan  in  OHG. 
reihhan  G.  reichen  vb.  'reach',  DU. 


reach2,  r*/*£  vb.  ME. 
OE.  hracean\  TEUT.  \fhrdk  in 
OE.  hrdca  =  ON.  M*&'  'spittle' 
and  OHG.  rahhison  'to  try  to  vomit'. 

read    vb.   ME.  r$de   OE.    rddan 
vb.  =   ON.    rdda    'read';    prop. 


ident.  w.  GOTH,  redan,  OHG.  rdtan 
G.  raten  vb.  'advise',  ON.  rdda 
'counsel,  consult*,  read  meant 
orig.  'to  read  a  riddle'  (cp. 
riddle),  then  'to  interprete  the 
runes'  (ON.  rdda  gdtu  'read  a 
riddle'  —  rdda  drawn  'read  a 
dream*  —  rdda  rtinar  'read 
runes').  SKR.  has  a  correspon- 
ding \^radh  'perform';  cp.  also 
OSLOV.  raditi. 

ready  adj.  ME.  r$di  (OE.  *rddt^ 
extended  fr.)  OE.  r&de  'ready' 
—  OHG.  reiti  'ready';  cp.  GOTH. 
gar  aids  =  ON.  greidr  'ready'.  As 
G.  fertig  prop,  meant  'ready  for 
a  journey'  (G.  fahrt),  perh.  a 
TEUT.  base  raida-  journey'  may 
be  the  source  of  the  group;  cp. 
IR.  rlid  'passable'  and  see  ride 
and  road. 

realm  sb.  ME.  rtalme  (rialme) 
fr.  OFR.  realme  (FR.  royaume}. 

ream  late  ME.  r$me  fr.  OFR. 
raime  FR.  rame\  cp.  SPAN,  resma, 
ITAL.  risma  (G.  ries)  'ream  of 
paper'.  Source  ARAB,  rizma  'a 
bundle'. 

reap  vb.  ME.  ripe  OE.  r  top  an 
vb.  fr.  a  TEUT.y^r§>  'cut'  in  ripe\ 
cp.  OE.  r^/^r  'sickle'  and  see  ripe. 

rear  vb.  ME.  rtre  OE.  rc&ran 
vb.  =  OHG.  reran  vb.  'raise'  fr. 
a  TEUT.  base  raizjan\  cp. 
and  raise  for  \{~ris. 

rear  adj.  ME.  f/r^  OE. 

reason  ME.  r$soun  earlier  reisoun 
fr.  FR.  raison  =  LAT.  ratio-nem. 

reave  (bereave)  vb.  ME.  rf'^<? 
OE.  rfafian  vb.  =  OHG.  raubon 
G.  rauben,  GOTH,  (bi)raubdn  'de- 


receive  —  -nc 


173 


spoil',  OK.raufa  (see  also  robe): 
derived  fr.  a  primitive  str.  vb. 
OE.  bcreofan,  ON.  rjufa  cto  break'. 

Cp.    SKR.\T/Z//. 

receive  vb.  ME.  receive  fr.  OFR. 
recever  =  FR.  recevoir. 

reck  vb.  ME.  recke  (recche)  short 
for  OE.  recean  earlier  rdcean\ 
TEUT.  base  rbkjan  in  ON.  r&kja, 
OSAX.  rokian,  OHG.  ruohhan  'Jiave 
a  care  for'. 

reckon  vb.  ME.  r<?/^  OE.  ££- 
recenian  vb.  =  OHG.  rehhanon 
G.  rechnen  'reckon',  DU.  rekenen\ 
cp.  the  TEUT.  \Tr«?/£  in  OHG.  r«M« 
'subject,,  thing*. 

-red  suffix  in  hatred\  cp.  OE. 
feondr&den  freondraden  'friend- 
ship' (hiwrdden  under  hind)\ 
orig.  -raidin  in  GOTH,  ga-raideins. 

red  adj.  short  for  ME.  r$d  OE. 
r/av/  =  TEUT.  rauda-  in  GOTH. 
rrtz^,  OHG.  rot  G.  ntf,  DU.  rood, 
ON.  nz«^/-  'red';  cp.  OE.  reodan 
• — :  ON.  rjoda  vb.  'redden'  and 
ruddock  (rust).  There  is  a 
corresponding  ARYAN  y~  r#d^ 
ra*d&  in  GR.  tyvdooc,  SKR.rua/iira, 
OSLOV.  rudru,  LAT.  ruber  'red', 
LAT.  rufus,  IR.  r#<?v/. 

reed  sb.  ME.  red  OE.  &y<w/  — 
OHG.  hriot  G.  DU.  r/<?/:  TEUT.  base 
hreuda-. 

reek  sb.  ME.  rek  sb.  fr.  the  vb.  OE. 
rfocan  'reek,  smoke'  =  ON.  rjiika, 
OHG.  riohhan  G.  riechen\  cp.  OE. 
r^T  r^,  ON.  r^r,  OHG.  rt?^  G. 
rauch,  DU.  ra?/fc  'smoke'  fr.  a  TEUT. 
base  rauki-. 

reel  ME.  r#*  OE.  >ir^/;  prop. 
*hrcehil  fr.  a  TEUT.  base  *hranhil 


in    ON.    /^r^//  'a   weaver's    rod', 

NORTH-FRIES,    r^/. 

rehearse  vb.  ME.  rehtrce  fr. 
OFR.  reherfer. 

rein  sb.  ME.  reine  fr.  OFR.  m«^ 
=  FR.  rfae  (cp.  ITAL.  redina; 
source  LAT.  refiner e  'restrain'). 

relieve  vb.  ME.  releve  fr.  FR. 
relever  =  LAT.  relevare. 

rely  vb.  from  LAT.  re  (as  in 
recall,  remind,  renew)  and 
E.  lie  'to  rest'. 

remnant  sb.  ME.  remenaunt  fr. 
OFR.  remenant  'remnant'. 

rend  vb.  ME.  rende  OE.  rendan 
vb.  'tear,  lacerate'  =  OFRIS.  renda 
vb.  'tear,  break'. 

rennet '  sb.  fr.  the  vb.  ME.  renne 
'run,  make  to  run';  cp.  under 
run. 

rennet2  sb.  fr.  FR.  reinette. 

renounce  vb.  ME.  renounce  fr. 
FR.  renoncer.  —  renown  ME. 
renoun  fr.  FR.  renom. 

rest  sb.  ME.  reste  OE.  rest'.  TEUT. 
base  rasti-,  cp.  OHG.  rasta  'rest, 
a  measure  of  distance',  GOTH. 
rasta  'a  mile',  ON.  rgst  'a  mile*. 
There  is  a  TEUI. \fras  in  GOTH. 
razn  'house',  ON.  rann  (cp. 
ransack). 

retch  vb.  see  reach*. 

ribb  ME.  r/'&^  OE.  ribb  ==  TEUT. 
r/4/rt-  in  ON.  r//,  OHG.  r*>//: 
ARYAN  \frebh  in  OSLOV.  RUSS. 
rebro  'rib'. 

rhythm  see  r /#/<?. 

-ric  in  bishopric  —  ME.  bisshop- 
riche  OE.  bisceoprite\  cp.  OE.  r/<fc 
'reign'  =  GOTH.  reikiy  OHG.  r//M/ 


174 


rice  —  rime 


G.  reich:  fr.  TEUT.  rik-  =  GOTH. 
reiks  'king'. 

rice  sb.  fr.  FR.  riz  (DU.  rijst) 
=  ITAL.  riso,  G.  rm:  source 
GR.  o^t'ta  'rice'. 

rich  adj.  ME.  riche  fr.  FR.  riche\ 
ident.  w.  OE.  ride  'powerful',  OHG. 
rihhi  G.  reich,  DU.  rijk,  ON.  r/£r, 
GOTH,  reiks.  Originally  a  deriva- 
tive of  GOTH,  reiks  'king'  under 
ric.  —  riches  sb.  ME.  richesse 
fr.  FR.  richesse'.  derived  fr.  FR. 
riche  —  TEUT.  rlki  'powerful'. 

rick  sb.  short  for  ME.  rek  OE. 
hrjac  'a  heap'  =  DU.  rook,  ON. 
hraukr  (hrokt)  ca  heap':  TEUT. 
base  hrauka-,  akin  to  ON.  hruga 
'a  heap'  and  IR.  cruach  'heap'. 

rid  vb.  ME.  ridde  prop,  redde 
OE.  hreddan  =  OHG.  hrettan  G. 
retten'.  TEUT.  base  hradjan  from 
an  ARYAN  \fkrath  in  SKR.  (rathay. 
'loosen'. 

riddle  sb.  ME.  r idles  OE.  r#£/y 
rcedelse  =  DU.  raadsel,  OSAX. 
radisli  G.  rato/  'riddle';  cp.  OHG. 
ratisca  ratussa  'riddle':  TEUT. 
\{~rad  red  under  read. 

riddle2  sb.  'sieve'  ME.  riddel 
for  OE.  hridder  =  OHG.  hritara 
G.  r«Vfcr  'sieve':  ARYAN \^kri  in 
LAT.  cribrum  'sieve*,  GR. 
and  in  GOTH,  hrai-ns,  OHG. 
G.  rein  'clean'  (prop,  'sifted'?). 

ride  ME.  ride  OE.  ridan  str.  vb 
=  OHG.  ritan  G.  reiten,  DU.  rijden, 
ON.  r/^fo:  TEUT.\Trf^=  pre-TEUT. 
;Y/////  in  GALLO-LAT.  reda  'carriage' 
—  Vfr&us'hoTse  (under/ alfrey) 
and  IR.  rladaim  1  go';  see  ready. 


ridge  ME.  r$$*  OE.  ^ry^-  (genit. 
hrycges)  =  TEUT.  hrugja-  in  OSAX. 
hruggi,  DU.  r«^,'  OHG.  hrucki  G. 
rilcken  'back',  ON.  hryggr'.  pre- 
TEUT.  krukjo-f  cogn.  w.  IR.  crocenn 
sb.  'back'. 

rife  adj.  ME.  OE.  rif  'abundant, 
frequent'  =  ON.  rifr  'munificent, 
abundant',  ODU.  rijf  'copious', 
LG.  rive  'abundant'. 

right  adj.  ME.  right  OE.  riht 
earlier  *reht  =  OHG.  OSAX.  refit 
G.  DU.  rechty  ON.  rlttrt  GOTH. 
raihts  'right,  straight':  TEUT.  rchta- 
fr.  an  ARYAN  rekto-  (=  LAT.  rectus 
'right,  straight'),  prop,  participle 
fr.  a  verbal  VV^1  in  LAT.  r  eg  ere 
'to  rule';  cp.  SKR.  rju  'right, 
straight'. 

righteous  transformed  fr.  ME. 
rightwis  OE.  rihtwis  =  OHG.  r'eht- 
wis  'knowing  the  right';  see 
wise. 

rim  sb.  ME.  rime  OE.  rima  rioma 
'border,  margin';  probably  cogn. 
w.  OE.  rand,  ON.  rond,  OHG.  rant 
G.  DU.  rand  'border,  margin': 
TEUT.  ran-do-  for  ram-do-  (as 
sand  for  ARYAN  samd/w-).  Perh. 
rind  belongs  to  the  same  ARYAN 
\^rem. 

rime1  sb.  ME.  rim  Verse,  song' 
borrowed  about  1200  fr.  OFR. 
rime,  whence  also  MHG.  rim  G, 
reim,  DU.  rijm  (properly  Verse'). 
Source  LAT.  rhythmus. 

rime-  sb.  ME.  rime  OE.  hrim  •=. 
DU.  rijm,  ON.  hrim  'hoarfrost'; 
doubtful,  whether  OHG.  hrlfo  G. 
reif,  OSAX.'  hrlpo,  DU.  rijp  'hoar- 
frost' are  cognate. 


rind  —  roe 


175 


rind  sb.  ME.  rindc  OE.  rind 
'bark  of  a  tree'  fr.  a  TEUT.  base 
rindo-  (rendo-)  =  OHG.  rinta  G. 
rinde  "rind';  perh.  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
rant  G.  rand  and  OE.  /-#*&/ "border, 
margin'  under  rim. 

ring  sb.  ME.  ring  OE.  bring  = 
ON.  hringr,  OHG.  Arwsjf  r/fl^  G. 
DU.  ring:  TEUT.  base  hringa- 
(hrenga-)  fr.  apre-TEUT.V~£ra^ 
in  OSLOV.  krqgu  'circle'  and 
kraglu  'round'. 

ring  vb.  ME.  ringe  OE.  hringan 
=  ON.  hringja  "ring  the  bells'. 

rip  vb.  ME.  r#^<r  (fuPPf)  OE- 
ryppan  =  HG.  rupfen  'to  tear': 
TEUT.  base  ruppjan\  cogn.  w. 
GOTH,  raupjan,  OHG.  rouffen  G. 
raufen,  OE.  rypan  repan  and  perh. 
allied  to  SKR.V~r*#>  'break'. 

ripe  adj.  ME.  OE.  r#te  'mature, 
ripe'  =  WEST-TEUT.  r#>/-  in  OSAX. 
r^/,  DU.  rjflfr,  OHG.  ryjtf  G.  r<r#~ 
'mature,  ripe';  derived  fr.  the 
TEUT.  verbal ^frip  'cut*  inE.  reap 
and  OE.  rifter  sb.  'sickle'.  There- 
fore ripe  orig.  meant  'cuttable, 
fit  for  reaping'. 

rise  vb.  ME.  rise  OE.  rtaw*  str. 
vb.  =  ox.  r&tf,  OHG.  risan  str. 
vb.  'to  move  up,  rise':  TEUT. 
verbalV"y&,  whence  also  rear 
and  raise. 

risk  sb.  fr.  FR.  risque  =  ITAL. 
GERM,  risico. 

rive  vb.  ME.   r&<f   fr.   ON.  rlfa 
*tear'  =  OHG.  r^<7«  G.  rciben,  DU. 
grate>  rub  :    TEUT-  verbal 
in  ODU.  MLG.  wrtven  'rub'. 

river  ME.  rive'r  fr.  FR.  riviere 
river,  stream';  ident.  w.  ITAL. 


riviera  sea-shore:  deriv.  from 
LAT.  ripa  'bank*. 

roach  late  ME.  roche  points  to 
a  FR.  source  (cp.  SWED.  rokka, 
DAN.  rocke  'roach');  the  S)Tion. 
ray  goes  back  to  FR.  raie  = 
LAT.  rata  "roach1. 

road  ME.  rode  "journey,  road 
OE.  rod  'journey,  road*  =  TEUT. 
base  raido-  (ON.  reid  'riding*) 
fr.  the  verbal  \frid  in  ride. 

roar  vb.  ME.  rare  OE.  rdrian 
vb.  =  OHG.  rerfa  MHG.  reren  vb. 
'low,  bellow':  TEUT.  base  ratran? 
or  raizant 

roast  vb.  ME.  roste  fr.  OFR. 
rostir  =  FR.  rotir  'roast'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  vb.  raustjan  =  OHG. 
rbsten  G.  rostcn  'roast';  cp.  OHG. 
MHG.  rost  G.  rw/  'gpridiron,  grate'. 

rob  vb.  ME.  robbc  fr.  FR.  robcr. 

robe  sb.  ME.  r$bc  fr.  FR.  wM 
Source  a  TEUT.  sb.  rauba-  = 
OE.  r^T/"  'spoil,  clothing',  OHG. 
MHG.  roup(b)  'booty,  spoil*.  Cogn. 
w.  reave. 

robin  =  FR.  Robin  the  name 
Robert. 

rock  sb.  ME.  rock  late  OE.  race 
(stdnrocc):  borrowed  about  1000 
fr.  ONFR.  roc  (FR.  roche)  =  ITAL. 
rocca.  Source  CELT,  rokka-1 

rock2  vb.  ME.  rocke  late  OE. 
roccian  'shake,  swing,  rock';  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  ruckan  G.  rucken>  ON. 
rykkja  'to  pull  roughly  and  hastily': 


rod  ident.  w.  rood. 

roe l  sb.  'a  female  deer*  ME.  r? 
OE.  rd  earliest  form  rdha  = 
OHG.  reho:  TEUT.  base  taihan-', 


1 76 


roe  —  row 


ident.  w.  OHG.  reh  G.  reh,  DU. 
reet  ON.  rd  fr.  a  TEUT.  base 
raiha-. 

roe2  sb.  'the  spawn  of  fishes' 
short  for  late  ME.  rgune\  properly 
OE.  *hrogen  =  ON.  hrogn,  OHG. 
rogan  G.  rogen  with  the  by-form 
OHG.  rogo\  TEUT.  base  hrogna- 
(hrogan-). 

rogue  sb.  fr.  FR.  rogue. 

roll  vb.  ME.  rolle  fr.  OFR.  rbkr 
=  FR.  r outer',  source  LAT.  rotu- 
lare. 

rood  ME.  rode  OE.  n?Y/  (obi. 
r#V&)  'cross',  original  meaning 
'a  rod  or  pole'.  Ident.  w.  OSAX. 
rdddj  DU.  roedey  OHG.  ruota  G. 
rute  and  w.  E.  rod.  TEUT.  base 
rddd-y  pre-TEUT.  rddha-  or  raid-. 

roof  ME.  rof  OE.  ^/:  TEUT. 
base  hrofa-  in  ON.  ^r0/"  'shed', 
OFRIES.  hrdf  'roof,  DU.  ;w/ 
'cabin'.  Perh.  allied  to  roost. 
IR.  cro  'roof  points  to  a  pre- 
TEUT.  form  krapo-. 

rook  sb.  ME.  rok  OE.  hroc  = 
ON.  hrdkr,  OHG.  hruoh\  TEUT. 
base  hrdka-y  pre-TEUT.  krdgo-. 

room  sb.  ME.  roum  OE.  rum  = 
OHG.  rz/#z  G.  raum,  DU.  r«//«, 
ON.  rum9  GOTH,  rums  'room': 
TEUT.  ru-ma-  fr.  an  ARYANyVz/ 
in  LAT.  rus  (ruris)  'open  country'. 

roost  sb.  ME.  rost  OE.  Jirost 
=  DU.  roest  lhen-roost',  OSAX. 
hrbst  'roof;  prop,  hrofsta-  and 
cogn.  w.  roofl 

root  sb.  ME.  rote  late  OE.  rot 
borrowed  fr.  the  equival.  ON. 
roti  TEUT.  base  wrotd-,  cogn.  w. 
E.  root  vb.  OE.  wrotan  'grub  up' 


=  ON.  rdta  'grub  up';  cp.  MHG. 
rile'T^el  G.  russel. 

rope  sb.  ME.  rop  OE.  rap  = 
TEUT.  base  raipa-  in  ON.  reip, 
DU.  reepy  OHG.  G.  r^y'hoop,  ring, 
rope';  perh.  cogn.  w.  GR.  Qai(j6<; 
'bent'. 

rose  sb.  ME.  r$se  OE.  rose  (by- 
form  rose)  borrowed  fr.  LAT. 
rosa, '  whence  also  FR.  G.  rose 
OHG.  rosa. 

rosemary  sb.  ME.  rosmarine  fr. 
OFR.  rosmarin  (FR.  romarin)  = 
LAT.  ros  marinus  (prop,  'marin 
dew');  cp.  G.  rosmarin. 

rotten  adj.  ME.  roten  =  ON. 
rotinn'.  partic.  of  a  verbal \/~rut 
reut  in  OE.  rotian,  OSAX.  rotdn, 
MHG.  ro^en  vb.  'putrify'. 

rough  adj.  ME.  rough  (roiu) 
OE.  nih  =  OHG.  ruh  G.  rctuh 
'rough'  (DU.  ruig  'rough ):  TEUT. 
base  ruha- ,  pre-TEUT.  ruko-9 
cogn.  w.  LITH.  raukas  'wrinkle'? 

round  vb.  'whisper'  ME.  roune 
OE.  runian  •=  OSAX.  runian, 
OHG.  runen  G.  raunen  'whisper': 
derivative  of  TEUT.  riind-  'secret, 
mystery'  under  rune. 

round  adj.  ME.  round  fr.  FR. 
ron4(ovBi»  roond=^L.A.rY.  rotundus), 
whence  also  G.  rund,  DU.  rond 
'round'. 

row  sb.  ME.  rowe  OE.  raw  'row' 
fr.  a  TEUT.  base  raiwo-  orig. 
raigwo- ;  cogn.  w.  MHG.  rilie  G.  reihe 
'row'  and  the  str.  vb.  OHG.  rihan 
'rank,  string':  pre-TEUT.  \{^rikh 
reikh  in  SKR.  rekhd  'line'. 

row  vb.  ME.  rowe  OE.  rowan 
=  ON.  roa,  DU.  roeijen,  MHG, 


rowlock  —  rye  177 


ritejen  'to  row' :  common  base  OHG.  rinnan  G.  rinnen  str.  vb. 
a  strong  verbal  \fro  in  rudder  j 'run'. 

ME.  rather  OE.  radar  =  OHG.  j  rune  the  TEUT.  word  for  the 
ruodar  G.  ruder,  DU.  roer  'rudder':  j  old  characters  in  writing :  OE. 
TEUT.  base  rb-pra-.  LAT.  r£-mus  \  ON.  nin  with  the  orig.  meaning 
'rudder'  and  GR.  t-pt-T/uog  belong  'mystery,  secret'  (GOTH.  OHG. 
to  the  same  ARYANV"><?  :  re.  \rund)\  ident,  w.  OIR.  run  'secret'. 

rowlock     rollock    sb.     prop.  •  Cp    round  vb.  for  the  root, 
'hole    for    rowing';    cp.    G.    loch\    rung  ME,  runge  OE.  hrung  (obi. 
and  OE.  drloc  ME.  o'rlock  'hole  of  hrunge)  GOTH,  hrugga  'staff',  HG. 
oars'.  !  LG.  runge,  DU.  rang  'spar,  bolt: 

ruddock    sb.    ME.    ruddok    OE.  j  TEUT.  base  hrungo-. 
rudduc    'red-breast';     cogn.     w.  |    rust  ME.  rust  roust  OE.  rust  fr. 
ruddy  ME.  r  odi  rudy  (OE.  *rudi£)  'a  TEUT.    base    rusta~\    ident.  w. 
reddish*     and     OE.     rudu     'red !  HG.    LG.    rost  fr.    a   TEUT.    base 
color';  cp.   the  adj.  red.  \  rusta-  :  derived  with  st—  formative 

rude  adj.  ME.  rilde  fr.  FR.  rude  \  from  the  ARYAN  \frudh  (in  E. 
=  LAT.  rudis  'rude'.  jred  and  ruddy),  whence  also 

rue  vb.  ME.  rewe   OE.  hreowan  \  LAT.    robigo    Vust'    and    OSLOV. 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  hreuwan,  OHG.   ruzda  (for  *rudja)  'rust'. 
riuwan  G.  reuen,  ON.  hryggva  vb.      rush  sb.  ME.  russhe   OE.  r$ste\ 
'distress,  grieve':  base  a  strong  \  ident.    w.    LG.    DU.    rusch    'rush, 
verbal \^/ireuw.     Cp.  ruth.          j  reed'. 

rue  sb.  (a  plant)  ME.  rue  fr.  j  rush  vb.  ME.  rouschc  =  G. 
FR.  rue  =  LAT.  ruta  'rue'.  rauschenTMA.G.ruschenyW.ruischen 

rule  ME.  riule    earlier  riule  fr.    ODU.    ruuschen,     OSWED.     ruska 
OFR.    reule    riule'.    source    LAT.  |  'rush':  TEUT.  base  hruskdnl  There 
regula,    whence  also    OE.    regal,  j  occurs  also  OE.  hryscan. 
OHG.  regala  G.  regel,  FR.  r^/<?.        ruth  sb.  ME.  rfuthe:  extended 

rump  late  ME.  rumpe\  ident.  w.  fr.  a  more  primitive  sb.  OE. 
MHG.  G.  rumpf,  DU.  romp  'trunk,  j  hre'ow;  cp.  OE.  hreowan  str.  vb. 
body'.  i'rud'  under  rue. 

rumple  parallel  form  to  ME.  j  rye  sb.  ME.  rie  OE.  ryyi^  TEUT. 
rimple  OE.  hrympelc  and  ident.  j  base  «#/-  in  ON.  rugr  'rye';  OHG. 
w.  ODU.  rompel  'ripple':  derived  rocko  G.  roggen  and  OSAX.  r^^ 
fr.  the  TEUT.  verbal  V"  hremp  in  'rye'  point  to  a  TEUT.  parallel 
OE.  gefoumpen'wrv&ied  and  OHG.  j  base  ruggan-.  ^  Outside  of  TEUT., 
rimpfan  str.  vb.  'wrinkle'.  \  OSLOV.  ruzt  'rye'  (base,  rugi-) 

run  vb.  ME.  rinne  (part.  /w««0    and  LITH.  rugial  'rye'  show    the 

same  base  as  OE.  ry%e  and  ON. 


OE.  (rare)  rinnan  (mostly  yrnan) 

'' 


•=  ON.  rinna,  GOTH,  rinnan  run  , 

ENGLISH  ETVMOLOGY. 


=  TEUT.  base  rugi~. 
12 


i78 


sable  —  sand 


sable  sb.  ME.  sable  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  sable  \  ident.  w.  MHG. 
G.  zobel:  source  a  SLAV,  word, 
RUSS.  soboli  'sable'. 

sabre  saber  fr.  FR.  sabre  = 
G.  sdbel,  SERB.  RUSS.  sablja, 
HUNGAR.  szablya.  Source  and 
history  unknown. 

sack  sb.  'bag'  ME.  sakk  OE. 
$<zcc  =  GOTH,  sakkus,  DU.  zak, 

G.     sack    OHG.     MHG.      saC\     TEUT. 

base  sakku-  borrowed  fr.  LAX. 
saccusy  whence  also  ITAL.  sacco, 
FR.  sac.  Source  HEBR.-Phenic. 
sak. 

sad  ME.  .wv/'sad,  quiet,  serious'; 
the  ident.  OE.  seed  'satiated'  corre- 
sponds with  OHG.  sat  G.  satty 
OSAX.  sad,  ON.  sadrt  GOTH,  safs 
'satiated'.  There  is  an  ARYAN 
V"V«  'satiate'  in  LAT.  satur-satis 
and  OIR.  sathach  'satiated';  cp. 
GR.  a-jLievou  'satiate'. 

saddle  ME.  sddel  OE.  sadol  = 
ON.  sgdully  OHG.  satul  G.  sattel, 
DU.  zadeli  TEUT.  base  sadula-, 
perh.  borrowed  from  a  non- 
TEUT.  language  which  might  have 
formed  a  sb.  sadulo-  from  'the 
ARYAN  \/^sed  in  sit  --  set. 

safe  ME.  sdf  earlier  sauf:  loan- 
word fr.  FR.  sauf  =  LAT.  salvus\ 
cp.  .ytfz;^. 

sail  sb.  ME.  sail  seil  OE.  se^el 
=  OHG.  .s^tf/  G.  segel,  DU.  2^7, 
ON.  j^-/:  TEUT.  base  segla-. 

saint  sb.  ME.  seint  saint  fr.  FR. 
saint  =  LAT.  sanctus. 


sake  sb.  ME.  jrf&?  OE. 
TEUT.  base  &z£d-  in  OHG.  sahha 
G.  sachet  DU.  £oa/$  'matter,  affair'; 
perh.  based  on  the  TEUT.  verbal 
sakan  'content,  rebuke'. 

sale  ME.  sdle  OE.  '  sdlu;  hence 
sell. 

sallow  sb.  ME.  salwe  earlier 
*salge  OE.  sealh  (*sealg-)  =  OHG. 
salaha\  TEUT.  base  salhd-;  cp. 
ON.  selja  'willow*  (base  salhjon-). 
Prob.  cognate  w.  LAT.  salix  (base 
salic-)  'willow'  and  GR.  lA/x^. 

sallow  adj.  ME.  salwe  OE.  seah 
salo  —  DU.  ~,aluwy  ON  splr  Velio  we 
ish',  OHG.  salo  'sallow':  TEUT. 
base  saliva-. 

salt  sb.  ME.  salt  OE.  seaU\  TEUT. 
base  salta-  in  GOTH.  ON.  OSAX. 
salt,  OHG.  G.  salz  'salt'.  Cogn. 
w.  LAT.  sal,  GR.  «A£,  OSLOV.  soli, 
OIR.  salann  'salt'. 

salve  sb.  ME.  .$•#/?'<?  OE.  sealf 
(inn.  sealfe)  =  OHG.  .wr/fo  G. 
M/^,  DU.  s^^";  cp.  GOTH,  salbon 
vb.  =  OE.  sealfian  E.  salve  vb. 
Cognate  w.  the  ARYAN  y~  s'elp 
solp  in  SKR.  sarpis  'butter'  - 
srpra  'fat',  GR.  shnoc  'oil'. 

same  sb.  ME.  same  OE.  sam  = 
GOTH,  sama,  ON.  samr,  OHG.  j1^^ 
'the  same':  pre-TEUT.  somo-  in 
GR.  OJLIOC,  SKR.  jdfwa  'the  same'. 

sample  sb.  ME.  saumple  earlier 
asaumple  fr.  OFR.  essemple  FR. 
example  =  LAT.  exemplum. 

sand  sb.  ME.  OE.  .KZ^/  =  OSAX. 
sand,  OHG.  MZ*/  G.  sand,  DU 


sap  —  scoff 


179 


ON.  sandr :  TEUT.  base  sanda-  for  j 
samda-,   cp.  pre-TEUT.  samadho-s 
in  GR.  ci/na&oq  'sand', 
sap    sb.    ME.    sap    OE,    sap   = 

MLG.     ODU.     Sap,     MHG.     OHG.     saf 

G.  .yd//  'sap' :    TEUT.    base    sdpa-  \ 
borrowed  fr     LAT.    sdpa    'must'. 

satin  sb.  ME.  satin  fr.  FR.  satin: 
source  the  vulgar  LAT.  seta  'silk' 
(in  G.  seide  OHG.  sida  =  OE. 
sid  'silk'). 

Saturday  ME.  safer  day  earlier 
Saterndai  OE.  Sceterndce^  =  DU. 
zaterdag,  OFRIS.  saf  ernes  dag  ,WEST- 
PHAL.  Saterdach:  adaptation  of 
LAT.  Saturni  dies.  Cp.  the  names 
of  the  other  days  of  the  week. 

sauce  sb.  ME.  saufe  fr.  FR. 
sauce:  source  LAT.  salsa.  Hence 
sausage  fr.  FR.  saudsse. 

savage  adj.  ME.  sauvdge  fr.  FR. 
sauvage  =  LAT.  silvaticus. 

save  vb.  ME.  save  earlier  sauve 
fr.  FR.  sauver  =  LAT.  salvare 
'secure'.  Cp.  safe. 

savor  sb.  ME.  savour  fr.  OFR. 
savour  =  LAT.  sapor-em  'taste'. 

saw  1  sb.  ME.  sawe  OE.  sage  = 
OHG.  saga,  LG.  sage,  DU.  zaag, 
ON.  spg;  cp.  the  ablaut-varia- 
tion OHG.  s'e'ga  'saw':  derived  fr. 
an  ARYAN  \T  sek  sok  (in  LAT. 
secare  'cut'),  whence  also  OE.  secg 
'sword'  and  E.  scythe. 

saw2  sb.  ME.  sawe  OE.  sagu 
'saying'  =  G.  sage  OHG.  saga: 
derived  fr.  the  TEUT.  verb  sagain 
=  OE.  secgan  ME.  sein  sain  E. 
say  and  OHG.  sagen  G.  sagen; 
cp.  ON.  seggja  'say':  perh.  cog- 
nate w.  LITH.  satyti  vb.  'say'. 


scale1  sb.  'shell'  ME.  scdle\ 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  escale  FR.  e~cale. 
Source  OHG.  scala  under  shell. 

scale^  (of  a  balance)  ME.  late 
OE.  skdle:  loanword  fr.  ON.  skdl 
'scale  of  a  balance';  ident.  w. 
OHG.  os AX.  skdla  'bowl'. 

scarce  ME.  scars  fr.  OFR.  escars 
(FR.  Ichors)  =  ITAL.  scar  so 
'scarce':  source  LAT.  excarsus  = 
excarpsus  'selected'. 

scarlet  ME.  scarldt  fr.  OFR. 
escarlate  (FR.  fear  late)  ;  ident.  w. 
G.  scharlach,  DU.  scharlaken  (MHG. 
scharldt,  ODU.  schaerlaet).  Source 
PERS.  sakirlat. 

scathe  vb.  ME.  scdthe  fr.  ON. 
skdda'j  ident.  w.  OE.  scej>f>an  = 
GOTH,  skapjan  vb.  'harm'.  The 
TEUT.  y~ 'skap  corresponds  to  an 
ARYAN  \fskdth  in  GR.  daxij&tjs 
'harmless'. 

scatter  vb.  ME.  scatere:  loan- 
word of  the  12th  century  fr. 
ODU.  scateren  'scatter'? 

scent  vb.  properly  sent  (late 
ME.  sent  sb.  'scent')  fr.  OFR.  sentir 
'smell'  =  LAT.  sentire. 

school  ME.  scple  OE.  seal  (infl. 
scole)  =  OHG.  scuola  G.  schule, 
DU.  school:  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
scdla  (in  a  medieval  pronun- 
ciation scdla),  whence  also  FR. 
Icole  and  -ITAL.  scuola. 

scissors  ME.  sisoures  fisoures 
fr.  OFR.  dsoires  'scissors'  (FR. 
ciseaux) . 

scoff  ME.    scof',    cogn.    w.    the 

equiv.  OHG.  scopf  sb.  and  OFRIES. 

schof\    cp.   ON.  skopa   vb.   'scoff, 

mock'.     Source  and  history  un- 

12* 


i8o 


scold  —  see 


known;  the  E.  word  probably 
not  genuine  An^losaxon. 

scold  vb.  ME.  scolde\  cognate 
w.  OHG.  sceltan  G.  9  schelten  vb. 
'scold'.  Probably  the  E.  word 
is  not  genuine  English,  but  bor- 
rowed fr.  abroad. 

score  ME.  score  late  OE.  scor 
'twenty':  loanword  fr.  ON.  skor 
'notch':  source  the  TEUT.  \fskcr 
in  shear. 

scorn  ME.  scorn  earliest  form 
(about  1200)  scdrn:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  escarn  'scorn'.  Source 
OHG.  scern  'mockery'. 

scour  vb.  ME.  scour e. 

scourge  sb.  'whip'  ME.  scourge 
fr.  OFR.  escurge  (whence  also 
FR.  escourgle  icourgie)  'a  scourge'. 

scrape  vb.  ME.  scrape  fr.  ON. 
scrdpa\  cp.  MLG.  DU.  schrapen 
G.  schrappen. 

scream  vb.  ME.  scr$me  vb.  fr. 
ON.  skrckma  'to  scare,  terrify'. 

screw  sb.  fr.  OFR.  escroue,  mo- 
dern FR.  Icrou. 

scribe  sb.  ME.  scribe  fr.  LAT. 
s  crib  a. 

scrip  sb.  ME.  scrippe  fr.  ON. 
skrcppa. 

scurf  ME.  late  OE.  scurf  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  skurf  (=  SWED. 
skorf,  DAN.  skurv) ;  cp.  OHG. 
scorf  G.  schorf,  DU.  schurft  'scurf. 
TEUT.  \^skerf  skorf  in  OE.  sceor- 
fan  'to  scrape'. 

scuttle  sb.  ME.  OE.  scutel  'a 
dish,  bowl';  identical  w.  OHG. 
,cu%ijla  G.  schiissel,  DU.  schotel, 
ON.  skutell  'dish'.  Source  LAT. 
scutula  scutella. 


scythe  ME.  'sithe  OE.  sife  sj%pe 
'sickle'  =  ON.  sigdr  'sickle': 
Teut.  base  sigipja-,  derived  fr. 
a  TEUT.  \fseg  in  OHG.  segatisa  G. 
sense  'scythe';  cp.  saw. 

sea  ME.  j/  OE.  see]  ident.  w. 
GOT.  saiwsj  ON.  seer,  OHG.  OLG. 
seo  G.  see  DU.  zee',  base  saiwi-. 

seal1  sb.  ME.  s$l  fr.  OFR.  seel  FR. 
sceau.  Source  LAT.  sigiUum. 

seal2  (the  animal)  sb.  ME.  s$le 
OE.  seolh  (pi.  seolas)  =  OHG. 
selah,  MLG.  sel9  ON.  selr\  Teut. 
base  selha-. 

seam  sb.  'suture'  ME.  sem  OE. 
scam  =  ON.  saumr,  OHG.  MHG. 
soum  G.  saum  DU.  zoom :  Teut. 
base  sau-ma-t  derived  from  the 
same  root  as  the  vb.  sew.  — 
seampstress  ME.  semster  OE.  s/a- 
mestre'a  woman  who  sews  seams'. 

sear  'withered'  ME.  s$r  OE.  s$ar 
=  DU.  zoor  'dry',  OHG.  sor. 

search  vb.  ME.  serche  (erche 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  cere  her  (—  FR. 
chercher).  Source  LAT.  circare. 

season  sb.  ME.  sfaoun  (seisoun) 
fr.  OFR.  seson  FR.  saison'.  source 
LAT.  satio-nem  '(time  of)  sowing'. 

seat  sb.  ME.  sfie  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  sati  'a  seat':  derivative  of 
the  TEUT.  \^set  in  sit  and  set. 

sedge  sb.  ME.  segge  OE.  secgi 
j  Teut.  base  sagja-  also  in  ODU. 
MLG.  segge.  ^fsah  sag  in  OHG. 
sahar  'sedge'.  Perh.  cognate 
with  a  reduplicated  GALLO.-LAT. 
si-sc-a  'sedge'  =  IR.  seisg. 

see  vb.  ME.  se  OE.  seon  con- 
tracted for  *sehan  =  OHG.  OLG. 
s'ehan  G.  sehen  DU.  zien\  WEST- 


see  —  sew 


181 


TEUT.    sehan  =  GOTH      sai/van. 

TEUT.      \fsehw    =    ARYAN    \fseq 

in  LAT.  sequi,  GR.  snsodca,  SKR. 
sac  'follow'.  The  original  mean- 
ing of  the  TEUT.  verb  probably 
was  'to  follow  with  the  eyes'. 

see  sb.  'seat  of  a  bishop'  ME. 
se  fr.  OFR.  se  'seat'  =  LAT.  sede-m 
'seat'. 

seed  ME.  sed  (s$d)  OE.  sed  sdd 
—  OHG.  sat  G.  saat,  DU.  zaad 
(GOTH,  seps  in  manaseps  'man- 
kind') :  Teut.  base  se-di-:  for 
\^se  cp.  sow. 

seek  vb.  ME.  seke  OE.  secan 
(secean)  =  GOT.  sokjan,  ON.  ja^/tf, 
OHG.  suohhan  G.  suchen,  DU.  zooken. 

TEUT.     \T  J<?£     =     ARYAN    \T  Jd^ 

in    OIR.    sdigim    'I    seek'    (LAT. 


seethe  vb.  'boil'  ME.  sethe  OE. 
seodan  str.  vb.  —  ON.  .f/tfdtf, 
OHG.  siodan  G.  sieden,  DU.  zieden. 
In  GOTH.,  we  find  only  the  deri- 
vative .ra#/.y  sb.  'sacrifice'  (prop. 
'a  burnt-offering').  TEUT.  \fseup 

=    ARYAN  \^SCUt. 

seldom  adv.  ME.  seldom  prop. 
selde(ri)  OE.  seldan  adv.  =  ON. 
sjaldan,  OHG.  ^7/^«  G.  selten,  DU. 
zelden  adv.  Cogn.  w.  GOTH.  #///<&- 
/«^j  'wonderful'. 

self  pron.  ME.  OE.  set/=  OHG. 
selb  G.  j^j/,  DU.  ^^,  ON.  sjalfr, 
GOTH.  silba\  Teut.  base  selba-. 

sell  vb.  ME.  selle  (pret.  sflde) 
OE.  j<?//ar«  (pret.  sdlde)  'to  give' 
==  GOTH,  saljan  'to  bring  an 
offering1,  ON.  sdja  'to  hand  over', 
MHG.  sellen. 

selvage,  selvedge  cp.thesynon. 


DU  zelfkant,  G.  (dial.)  self-end 
and  LG.  egge\  therefore  selvedge 
compound  of  self  and  edge,  per- 
haps in  imitation  of  early  DU. 
selfegge. 

send  vb  .  ME.  sende  (prt.  sente) 
OE.  sendan  (prt.  sende)  wk.  vb. 
=  GOTH,  samljan,  ON.  senda, 
DU  zenden,  OSAX  sendian,  OHG. 
sentan  G.  senden.  Derived  fr. 

GOTH.     «'«/,     OHG.     «'«//,     OE.     ^// 

'journey'  ==  OIR.  j#  'way'  (ARYAN 
base  w«/^-  sb.  —  sontejo  vb.). 

sennight  prop,  'seven  night' 
OE.  seofon  niht\  cp.  fourtnight. 

sermon  ME.  sermoun  fr.  FR. 
sermon, 

serve  vb.  ME.  serve  borrowed  in 
the  12th  cent.  fr.  FR.  servir  (== 
LA.T.servire).  Derivative  servant 
ME.  servaunt  fr.  FR.  servant  and 
service  ME.  servise  fr.  FR.  service 
(LAT.  servitium). 

set  vb.  ME.  sette  OE.  ^//a«  wk. 
vb.  =  GOTH,  satjan,  ON.  setja, 
DU.  s<?//^,  OSAX.  settian,  OHG. 
sezzan  G.  setzen'.  TEUT.  satjan 
causal  vb.  to  .ri^Vw  =  ^^.  — 
settle  vb.  ME.  setle  OE.  W//MT* 
'to  fix':  derived  fr.  OR.  setl  'a 
seat';  cp.  GOTH,  sitls,  OHG.  se-gal 

G.    5^W^/. 

seven  num.  ME.  seven  OE.  seofone 
prop.  ^^/<?«  =  GOTH.  OHG.  sibun 
G.  «^»  DU.  zeven.  Oldest  Teut. 
form  septun  in  Lex  SaHca.^  Ident. 
w.  LAT.  septem,  GR.  Inrof,  SKR. 
saptan. 

sever  vb.  ME.  5<??^r^  fr.  OFR. 
sevrer  =  LAT.  separare. 

sew  vb.  ME.  jffctf   OE.   seowian 


182 


shackle  —  shaw 


siwian]  cp.  GOTH,  siujan,  ON. 
syja,  OHG.  siuwan  'to  sew':  TEUT.- 
ARYAN  \^slw  in  LAT.  suere,  SKR. 
sto  'to  sew';  cp.  seam. 

shackle  sb.  ME.  sc hackle  OE. 
scedcol  'a  bond';  ident.  w.  ON. 
skgkull  'pole  of  a  carriage'.  TEUT. 
\{~* skak  in  shake. 

shad  sb.  ME.  schaddeov.  sceadda. 
Perhaps  an  orig.  TEUT.  skadan- 
'herring'  is  found  in  Scadin-avia, 
if  it  originally  meant  'herring's 
isle'.  Cp.  yet  IR.  GAEL,  sgadan 
'herring' . 

shade,  shadow  ME.  schdde  shad- 
we  OE.  sceadu  obi.  sceadwe'.  Teut. 
base  skadwa-  in  DU.  schaduw, 
OHG.  skato  gen.  skatwes,  G.  schatten, 
GOTH,  skadus]  cogn.  w.  OIR.  scdth 
'shadow':  pre-TEUT.  \f*  skat. 

shaft  sb.  ME.  schaft  OE.  steaft 
=  os AX.  shaft,  OHG.  scaft  G. 
schaft,  ON.  skapt\  TEUT.  skafta- 
prop.  a  'shaven'  pole;  cp.  shave 
and  GR.  axJjnTpov  'staff,  sceptre' 
—  oy.dnrov  'staff'. 

shag  'rough  hair'  OE.  sdeacga 
'hair';  cogn.  w.  ON.  skegg  'beard'. 

shake  vb.  ME.  schdke  OE.  s  cede  an 
str.  vb.  =  ON.  skaka\  cp.  OSAX. 
skakan  'to  go  away'. 

shall  vb.  ME.  schal  (prt.  scholde] 
OE.  steal  (prt.  steolde)  =  GOTH. 
skal  (skulda],  OHG.  seal  (scolda} 
G.  soil  (solte),  DU.  aw/,  ON.  skal. 
Cogn.  w.  LITH.  skele-ti  'to  be 
liable'. 

shallop  see  sloop. 

shallow  ME.  schalwe  'not  deep' 
with  the  byform  ME.  sch$ld\  not 
found  in  OE.  -nor  in  the  other 


TEUT.  languages.  Base  skal-wa- 
(skal-da-). 

shambles  ME.  schdmel  'bench' 
OE.  steamol  'stool':  borrowed  fr. 
LAT.  scamellum ,  whence  also 
OHG.  OSAX.  scamal  G.  •  schemel. 

shame  vb.  ME.  schdme  OE.  scedmu 
=  OSAX.  skama,  OHG.  scama  G. 
scham\  cp.  GOTH,  sik  skaman  'to 
shame'  =  OE.  stedmian. 

shank  vb.  ME.  schankeos.  scean- 
ca\  cp.  G.  schenkel  'shank'  fr.  a 
lost  OHG.  *scenkil.  Cogn.  w.  G. 
schinken  'ham'  OHG.  scinko  'shank', 
which  is  perh.  a  doublet  by  the 
side  of  OE.  steanca. 

shape  vb.  ME.  schdpe  str.  vb.; 
ident.  w.  OE.  scieppan  =  GOTH. 
(ga)skapjan  'to  create',  OHG.  seep- 
fan  'to  create'  (G.  schaffen)  :  TEUT. 
\fskap. 

share  sb.  'part'oE..svrV#>&;  cogn. 
w.  shear. 

share  sb.  'plough-share'  ME. 
schdre  OE.  scedru  =  OHG.  scara 
G.  pflugschaar'.  TEUT.  \^sker  'cut' 
in  shear. 

sharp  adj.  ME.  scharp  OE.  scearp 
=  ON.  skarpr,  DU.  scherp,  OSAX. 
sharp,  OHG.  scarf  G.  scharf  adj. 
'sharp'.  TEUT.  verbal  \f  skerp  in 
OE.  sceorpan  str.  vb.  'to  scrape'. 

shave  vb.  ME.  schdve  OE.  scedfan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  skaban,  ON. 
skqfa,  OHG.  scaban  G.  schaben,  DU. 
sc  haven  'to  shave' :  TEUT.  \f  skab 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  scabere  'to  shave' 
and  prob.  w.  GR.  o/.dmco  to  dig'. 
Cp.,  jAtf/V. 

shaw  ME.  schawe  OE.  steaga 
'thicket,  small  wood';  ident.  w. 


shawm  —  shield 


183 


ON.  skagi  'promontory'  and  cogn. 
w.  ON.  skogr  'wood'  and  MHG. 
schache  'piece  of  wood'. 

shawm  ME.  schalmy  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  (dial.)  chalemie,  whence 
also  G.  schalmei\  standard  FR. 
chalumeau  fr.  a  LAT.  type  cala- 
mella. 

she  ME.  sche\  functionally  cor- 
responding to  OE.  heo  (fern,  of 
he),  but  phonetically  to  OF.  seo 
(fern,  of  the  article  se  =  the]. 

sheaf  sb.  ME.  schtf  OE.  steaf: 
TEUT.  base  skauba-  in  ON.  skauf, 
OHG.  scoub,  DU.  schoof.  Cogn.  w. 
OHG.  scobar  G.  schober  'rick'  (of 
corn).  All  derivatives  of  the 
Teut.  \^skub  in  shove  with  the 
orig.  meaning  'things  shoved 
together'. 

shear  vb.  ME.  schfre  OE.  steran 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  sceran  DU.  G. 
scheren,  ON.  skera :  ARYAN  \f~sklr 
in  LITH.  sklr-ti  'separate',  cogn. 
w.  \(~*ker  in  GR.  xeiptiv  'shear'. 

sheath  vb.  ME.  sch$tJie  OE.  sdedf 
obi.  scedpe'.  fr.  a  TEUT.  skaipjo- 
in  OSAX.  skedia,  OHG.  sceida  G. 
scheide,  DU.  scheede'.  orig.  meaning 
'that  which  separates'.  Cogn. 
w.  shed  vb.  ME.  sch(de  OE.  sded- 
dan  —  GOTH,  skaidan  with  the 
by  form  OSAX.  skedan  =  OHG. 
sceidan  G.  scheiden  'to  separate': 
TEUT.  \f  skaifi  skaid,  which  is 
compared  to  GR.  tf//££/j',  SKR. 
?/foV/,  LAT.  scindere  'to  cleave,  cut' 
(ARYAN  ^skhidt).  See  j^/W^. 

sheen  sb.  (prop,  adj.)  ^  ME. 
schene  OE.  j^'«^  (scyne)  adj.  'fair' 

=    OSAX.    OHG.     J>&frw    DU. 


G.  ^^/?,  GOTH,  skauns:  TEUT. 
base  skau-ni-,  verbal  adj.  'to  be 
looked  at'  fr.  ^skau  in  show. 

sheep  sb.  ME.  schep  OE.  .w^ 
(scedp)  =  OSAX.  j^,  DU.  schaap, 
OHG.  ^4/  G.  j^^:  Teut.  base 
skepa-  (skdpa-). 

sheet  sb.  ME.  schete  OE.  scete 
(scyte),  umlaut-deriv.  of  OE.  sf/at 
Yold  of  a  garment'  =  GOTH,  skauts 
'hem  of  a  garment',  OHG.  SCOT,  G. 
schoss  'bosom,  lap';  OE.  scyte  re- 
presents a  TEUT.  type  skautjon-* 
TEUT.  \(^skeut  in  shoot. 

shelf  ME.   schelve   OE.   ^^  = 

MLG.    ODU.    W^f,  OHG.  ^r^;    cp. 

ON.  Hlid-skjalf. 

shell  sb.  ME.  schelle  OE.  ^^// 
obi.  ^W/<?:  TEUT.  type  skaljb-  in 
DU.  schel,  ON.  ^/  'shell'  and  in 
GOTH,  skalja  'a  tile';  cogn.  w. 
OHG.  scala  G.  schale  'shell'. 

shepherd  sb.  ME.  schepherdtt. 
scfy-hyrde  prop,  compound  of  OE. 
seep  'sheep'  and  OE.  hyrde  E.  herd 
'one  who  tends  a  herd';  cp. 
GOTH,  hairdeis,  OHG.  hirti  G.  ///>'/<? 
and  see  herd. 

sheriff  sb.  ME.  schertfe  earlier 
schir-rfve  OE.  stir-ier{fa\  \^  part 
of  the  OE.  compound  see  under 
shire\  OE.  ^ere.fa  E.  reeve  is 
derived  fr.  TEUT.  rbba  rdfa  = 
OHG.  ruoba  ruofa  'number'? 

shide  sb.  ME.  schide  OE.  sttd  = 
ON.  j>6/V/,  OHG.  scit  G.  j^«'/  'thin 
board';  ident.  w.  OIR.  sciath 
'shield'  (ARYAN  base  skeito-). 
Cogn.  w.  sheath. 

shield  sb.  ME.  schfld  OE.  stcld 
(byform  siild) :  TEUT.  base  skeldu* 


1 84 


shift  —  shop 


in  GOTH,  skildus  =  ON.  skjgldr, 
OHG.  stilt,  DU.  G.  schild.  Perh. 
cogn.  w.  LITH.  skeliu  I  split'. 

shift  vb.  ME.  schifte  OE.  self  tan 
'to  divide'  =  ON.  skipta,  DU. 
schiften  'to  divide'. 

shilling  sb.  ME.  schilling  OE. 
stilling  =  GOTH,  skilliggs,  ON. 
shilling,  OHG.  OSAX.  stilling  G. 
schilling'.  TEUT.  base  skUlinga- 
more  orig.  skellingo-,  perh.  akin 
to  OHG.  .?£<?//#  G.  schelle  'bell'. 
The  common  Teut.  name  of 
the  coin  properly  meant  'the 
tinkling  money'  (for  the  suffix 
-ing  in  names  of  coins  set  penny 
and  farthing). 

shimmer  vb.  ME.  schimere  OE. 
scimorian\  deriv.  of  OE.  scima 
'light'  =  GOTH,  skeima  'light'; 
cp.  G.  schimmern  aside  of  OHG. 
scimo  'light'.  Cp.  shine  for  the 

TEUT.  \fskl. 

shin  (shin bone)  sb.  ME.  schine 
(schinebon)  OE.  scina  (scinebdn) 
=  OHG.  scina  (MHG.  schinebein) 
G.  schiene  (schienbein),  DU.  scheen 
(scheenbeen).  OE.  j^  'shin'  shows 
evidently  the  more  primitive 
root-form  ski:  separate  OE.  OHG. 
sci-na. 

shine  vb.ME.  schine OE.  scinans\x. 
vb.  =  GOTH,  skeinan,  ON.  JV&/720, 
OHG.  OSAX.  skman  G.  scheinen,  DU. 
schijnen'.  all  equivalent.  TEUT. 
ski-na-n  rests  on  a  y~  j££  as 
shown  by  OE.  sci-ma  OHG.  sci-mo 
GOTH,  skei-ma  light'. 

shingle  sb.  ME.  schingel\  ap- 
parently identical  w.  G.  schinde* 
OHG.  stintulq  (loanword  fr.  LAT. 


scindula,  by  form  tfscandula  'shing- 
le');  but  the    phonetic  anomaly 
is  not  yet  explained. 
ship  sb.  ME.  schip  OE.  scip  = 

GOTH.    ON.    OSAX.    skip,    OHG.    stif 

.  schiff:  common  Teut.  base 
skip  a-. 

shire  sb.  ME.  schlre  OE.  sclr 
(obi.  scire)  =  OHG.  skira  'pro- 
vincia'. 

shirt  sb.  ME.  schirte  pointing 
to  an  OE.  *scyrte\  deriv.  fr.  the 
adj.  OE.  sceort  =  short,  as 
shown  by  G.  schurz  'shirt'  aside 
of  MHG.  schurz  'short'.  ON.  skyrta 
=  OE.  *scyrte  represents  a  TEUT. 
type  skurtjon-,  but  OE.  sceort  a 
base  skorta-.  See  short. 

shoal  'crowd'  ME.  schole  OE. 
sceolu  =  OSAX.  skdla  'troop'. 

shock  vb.  ME.  schocke  fr.  FR. 
chequer  'give  a  shock'. 

shock  sb.  ME.  schocke  'heap 
of  corn'.  OE.  *sceocc  is  lost, 
but  inferred  from  MHG.  schoc 
'heap'  —  schocke  'shock'.  Cogn. 
also  w.  MLG.  hocke  'shock  of  corn'. 

shoe  sb.  ME.  scho  OE.  sceoh 
(pi.  sceo-s  for  *scohas) :  Teut. 
base  skoha-  in  GOTH,  skohs,  ON. 
sko-r,  OHG.  scuoh  G.  schuh,  DU. 
schoen.  Perhaps  derived  fr.  a 
TEUT.  V"  skeJv  ske(g)w  in  GOTH. 
skewjan  ON.  skdva  'to  go'. 

shoot  vb.  cp.  ME.  schote  vb. 
OE.  sceotian  'to  dart',  derived  fr. 
the  primitive  ME.  schete  OE.  sceo- 
tan  =  ON.  skjota,  OSAX.  skeotan 
OHG.  scioi^an  G.  sc  hies  sen,  DU. 
schieten'.  TEUT.  \/~skeut :  skut. 

shop  sb.  ME.  schoppe  OE.  sceoppa 


shore  —  shut 


185 


'booth',  hut';  cognate  w.  OE. 
scypen  'shed  for  cattle',  G.  schopf 
schuppen  'shelter'. 

shore  sb.  ME.  schore:  fr.  the 
TEUT.  Y~ ' sker  'shear,  cut'. 

short  adj.  ME.  schort  OE.  sceorf. 
base  skorta-\  cp.  OHG.  scurz  fr. 
a  base  skurtu-\  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
*ex-curtus,  as  LAT.  curtus  is  pre- 
served in  G.  OHG.  kurz  'short',  DU. 
kort,  ON.  kortr  (see  kirtle  for 
OE.  cyrtel  and  shirt  for  G. 
schurze). 

shot  sb.  ME.  schot  OE.  lesdeot  'a 
missile':  deriv.  from  the  TEUT. 
^skeut  skut  in  shoot. 

shoulder  sb.  ME.  schulder  OE. 
stuldor\  cp.  DU.  schouder ,  G. 
schulter  (OHG.  scultirrd). 

shout  vb.  ME.  schoute. 

shove  vb.  ME.  schouve  OE. 
sdiifan  =  ON.  sktifa,  DU.  schuiven: 
ident.  w.  GOTH,  skiuban,  OHG. 
scioban  G.  schieben'.  TEUT.  \fsMb 

—  ARYAN  \fskllbh\  SKR.    \{~ k&lbll 

'to  be  agitated'  seems  to  be 
cognate.  —  shovel^o.  ME.  schovel 
OE.  ftfe^f;  cp.  DUJ  schoffel  and 
OHG.  scufala  G.  schaufel. 

show  vb.  ME.  sch$we  late  OE. 
lescfawian  'to  show';  the  corre- 
sponding OE.  scfawian  means 
'to  look,  behold'  and  is  iden- 
tical with  the  equival.  OHG. 
skouwon  G.  schauen  DU.  schouwen'. 
TEUT.  \fskau  sku  (see  sheen]  in 
GOTH,  skuggwa  'looking  glass'. 
Cogn.  w.  the  ARYAN  \T^W  ^^ 
in  LAT.  <m>m?  'to  take  care', 
GR.  xofTi/  'to  beget'. 

shower  sb.  ME.  schour  OE.  stur 


=  GOTH,  skura  'storm',  OHG. 
sciir  G.  schauer,  ON.  skur. 

shred  sb.  short  for  ME.  schreih 
OE.  scrfad  (obi.  sdrfade)  'shred, 
piece';  cp.  OE.  scr$adung  'shred' 
and  strfadian  'to  pare' :  TEUT. 
\l^skraud  in  OHG.  scrotan  'to  cut, 
pare';  perh.  cogn.  w.  shroud. 

shrew  sb.,  shrewd  adj.  fr. 
ME.  schrgwe  sb.  'bad  person' 
—  schr$wed  adj.  'wicked,  bad'; 
the  corresp.  OE.  strfawa  means 
'shrew-mouse'.  Origin  and  history 
of  the  group  unknown. 

shriek  vb.  ME.  schrike  (OE. 
sfrictan)  \  cogn.  w.  shrike  sb. 
OE.  sdrii  'a  bird's  name'.  Cp. 
ON.  skrikja  'to  titter'. 

shrine  sb.  ME.  schrin  OE.  sdrin\ 
ident.  w.  OHG.  scrmi  G.  schrein, 
DU.  schrijn'.  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
scrmium,  whence  also  ITAL.  scrig- 
noy  FR.  tcrin. 

shrink  vb.  ME.  schrinke  OE. 
(for}strincan  str.  vb.  =  ODU. 
schrinken\  cogn.  w.  SWED.  skrynka 
'a  wrinkle':  TEUT.  \fskrcnk. 

shroud  sb.  ME.  schroud  OE. 
sdr&d  'garment'  =  ON.  sknid  'or- 
nament, dress'.  See  shred. 

shudder  vb.  ME.  schudere  (OE. 
*studorian)  =  LG.  schuddern 
(whence  G.  sckaudcrn) ,  DU. 
schudden  'to  tremble';  cp.  OHG. 
scutison  'to  shudder'. 

shun  vb.  ME.  schune  OE.  stunian 
wk.  vb.  'to  avoid,  abhor' ;  perh. 
deriv.  fr.  a  TEUT.  \fsken  'to  flee 
away'  in  ON.  skynda  'to  hasten , 
OHG.  scuntan  'to  urge  on'. 

shut  vb.  ME.  schutte  OE.  sdyttan 


i86 


shy  —  sin 


• —  DU.  schutten  'to  shut  in,  to 
block  up':  Teut.  base  skutjan 
cogn.  w.  shuttle  sb.  ME.  schitel 
OE.  stytels  'bar,  bolt' :  Teut.  base 
skutisla-y  \f^skeut  skut  in  shoot. 

shy  adj.  ME.  schey  OE.  sdeoh 
(*sceog-)  'timid'  =  MHG.  schiech 
(G.  scheu),  DU.  schuw:  Teut.  base 
skeoha-  skeuha- ,  whence  OHG. 
sciuhan  'to  frighten  (G.  scheuen). 

sick  adj.  short  for  ME.  sek  OE. 
seoc  =  GOTH,  sinks,  ON.  jyV^r, 
os AX.  siok,  OHG.  jwA  G.  siech, 
DU.  £/<?>£:  TEUT.  seuka-  adj.  'ill, 
sick'  by  the  side  of  the  str.  vb. 
GOTH,  siukan  'to  be  ill',  whence 
the  verbal  noun  GOTH,  satihts, 
OHG.  suht  'illness'. 

sicker  (Scotch)  adj.  ME.  siker 
OE.  sicor  =  OHG.  sihhur  G.  sicker, 
OSAX.  ,n£w,  DU.  zeker'.  loanword 
(Teut.  base  stkura-)  fr.  LAT. 
securus,  borrowed  during  the  first 
centuries  of  the  Christian  era. 

sickle  sb.  ME.  sikel  OE.  sicoli 
borrowed  fr.  LAT.  secula,  whence 
also  OHG.  sihhila  G.  sicheliyo.  sikkeL 

side  sb.  ME.  side  OE.  side  (obi. 
sldan)  —  ON.  wVfo,  OHG.  M/0  G. 
seite,  DU.  szyVzfc:  Teut.  base  sid- 
jbn-y  perh.  connected  w.  OE.  sid 
adj.  'long,  wide'  =  ON.  sidr 
'hanging  down'?  , 

siege  sb.  ME.  sege  fr.  FR.  siege. 

sieve  sb.  ME.  sive  OE.  sife  (oldest 
form  sibt)  =  OHG.  sib  G.  siefy, 
DU.  zeef  'a  sieve':  Teut.  base 
sibi-,  connected  w.  the  vb.  sift. 

sift  ME.  sifte  OE.  siftan  =  DU. 
ziften,  LG.  (G.)  sichten  'to  sift'. 
There  exists  a  TEUT.  \Ts$fo  in 


OE.  seon  OHG.  J£^A^  G.  seihen  'to 
filter,  strain',  the  guttural  of 
which  may  have  changed  to  a 
labial  (sif  for  sitt). 

sigh  vb.  ME.  j/^-^  points  to 
an  OE.  *sthhlan\  cogn.  w.  the 
equivalent  ME.  sike  OE.  sican. 
The  root  sik  sihh  looks  like 
sound-imitation. 

sight  sb.  ME.  sight  earlier  ME. 
sighthe  OE.  lesihf:  deriv.  of  the 
TEUT.  \{*sehr  in  see. 

sign  sb.  ME.  signe  fr.  FR.  signe. 

silk  ME.  silk  OE.  stole  fr.  an 
earlier  *siluc\  cogn.  w.  ON.  silkii 
source  LAT.  sericum  (whence 
also  OIR.  siric  and  OSLOV.  selkU 
'silk'). 

sill  sb.  ME.  sille  OE.  syll  obi. 
sylle :  Teut.  base  suljo-  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  solea  'sole  of  the  foot', 
whence  also  GOTH,  sulja  'sole 
of  a  shoe'.  ON.  syll  is  an  OE. 
loanword.  Cp.  sole. 

silly  adj.  ME.  sely  OE.  seli^ 
(sczli^)  'happy,  fortunate'  =  OHG. 
saltg  G.  selig,  DU.  zalig  'blessed': 
secondary  extension  to  GOTH. 
sels  'good'  =  ON.  sail  'happy' 
(cp.  OE.  sal  sb.  'happiness'). 
TEUT.  \^sel. 

silver  ME.  silver  OE.  siolfor  •=— 
GOTH,  silubr,  OSAX.  silubar,  OHG. 
silabar  G.  silber,  DU.  zilver ,  ON. 
silfr\  ident.  w.  OSLOV.  strebro 
RUSS.  serebro,  LITH.  sidabras. 
Source  and  history  uncertain. 

sin  sb.  ME.  sinne  OE.  synn  obi. 
synne'.  base  sunjb-  for  an  earlier 
sundjb-  in  OHG.  suntea  G.  siinde, 
OSAX.  sundia,  DU.  zonde',  cp.  yet 


since  —  skew 


i87 


ON.  synd  fr.  a  base  sunidjo-  (the 
dentals  are  suffixal).  Cogn. 
w.  LAT.  sons  (sont-is)  'guilty'. 

since  with  the  more  original 
byform  (Shakesp.)  sithmce  ME. 
sithcns  prop,  sithen  OE.  sifipan\ 
the  additional  s  of  the  ME.  form 
is  of  adverbial  origin  (cp.  once, 
twice).  The  orig.  OE.  form  was 
sifi-fian  (cp.  the  identical  GOTH. 
fiana-seifis  'later') ,  resting  on 
the  OE.  adverb  sip  'later',  which 
is  a  comparative  to  GOTH,  seipiis 
'late'.  ON.  sidan  corresponds  to 
OE.  sifij>an\  cp.  OHG.  sid  G.  sett 
=  OE.  sif  'later'. 

sinew  sb.  ME.  sinewe  OE.  (sionu 
pi.)  sioneowe,  which  results  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  sinewd-  or  senewo-', 
cp.  ON.  sin,  OHG.  senawa  G.  | 
sehne,  DU.  zenuw.  cogn.  w.  SKR. 
sndva  'sinew'  or  w.  GR.  Jvtg 
'sinew'. 

sing  vb.  ME.  singe  OE.  singan 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  OS  AX.  singan 
G.  singen  DU.  zingen ;  oldest  Teut. 
form  GOTH,  siggwan  (=  ON. 
syngva):  all  synonymous.  TEUT. 
+f  sengw  sangw  is  related  to 
GR.  f)f.i(pii  'speech,  oracle': 
ARYAN  V~  senghw.  The  cor- 
resp.  causal  is  represented  by 
singe  ME.  senge  OE.  sentgean  fr. 
a  Teut.  ground-form  sang(w)jan 
=  OHG.  sengan  G.  sengen  'to 
singe'  prop,  'to  make  to  sing'. 

sink  vb.  sinke  OE.  sincan  str. 
vb.  =  OHG.  sinkan  G.  sinken  DU. 
*/«>&<?»;  oldest  form  GOTH,  sigqan 
(=  ON.  sokkva) :  TEUT.  \fscnkw 
'to  sink'. 


sip  vb.  ME.  sippe\  deriv.  fr.  OE. 
sype  'absorbing',  which  is  verbal 
noun  to  OE.  siepan\  see  sup. 

sir,  sire  ME.  sire  fr.  FR.  sire, 
whence  also  ON.  sira.  —  sirrah, 
spelt  in  1 6th  cent,  sirrha  serrha, 
points  to  orig.  »sir,  ah«  or  »sir, 
ha«. 

sister  sb.  ME.  sister  is  regarded 
as  a  distinctively  Scand.  loan- 
word fr.  ON.  systir.  The  OE. 
equivalent  sweostor  swustor  ME. 
suster  is  not  responsible  for  the 
modern  phonology.  The  Teut. 
base  is  swestr-  swistr-\  cp.  GOTH. 
swisfar,  OHG.  swester  G.  schwester, 
DU.  zuster.  The  t  of  the  com- 
mon Teut.  word  is  excrescent. 
Aryan  base  swesr-  (nom.  swcs&r) 
in  SKR.  svasr,  LAT.  soror  (for 
*svesdr),  LITH.  ^J/2  'sister'. 

sit  vb.  ME.  sitte  OE.  sittan  str. 
vb.  =  DU.  zitten,  OSAX.  sittian, 
OHG.  .tf&ftZ*  G.  ^'/2:^«:  WESTTEUT. 

^V^«  fr.  TEUT.  sitjan  (=  ON. 
sttja);  cp.  GOTH.  jiAi«:  strong 
verbal  \fsetsat  (whence  a  causal 
vb.  satjan  under  set),  ARYAN 
^fsed  in  LAT.  sedeo,  GR.  £to.««i 
(tdog  'seat'),  SKR.  \T^^/  'to  sit', 
OSLOV.  j/f//,  LITH.  sesti.  Cp. 
settle  and  J^«?/. 

six  ME.  OE.  ^  fr.  a  TEUT. 
^  —  GOTH,  saihs,  OHG.  OSAX. 
^j  G.  seeks,  DU.  0tt,  ON.  ^^: 
ARYAN  seks  in  LAT.  J^,  GR.  ££; 
cp.  SKR.  Ajr/. 

sketch  sb.  :  :  DU.  schets,  G. 
^m^  borrowed  fr.  ITAL.  schizzo. 

skew    vb.   late    ME.    skfwe  'to 


i88 


skill  —  sleight 


slip  away';  cp.  ODU.  schouwen  vb. 
'to   shun'? 

skill  sb»  ME.  skil  'reason'  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  skil  'discernment' 
(skilja  vb  'to  separate'). 

skin  sb.  ME.  skin  late  OE.  skinn 
borrowed  fr.  ON.  skinn,  which 
arises  fr.  a  Teut.  base  skinfa-, 
whence  derived  OHG.  scintan  G. 
schinden  wk.  vb.  'to  skin'.  BRET. 
scant  'scale'  rests  on  an  ARYAN 
s  fonto-. 

skirmish  sb.  ME.  scarmisshe  fr. 
FR.  escarmouche',  cp  TTAL.  scara- 
muccia,  G.  scharmutzel.  The  group 
rests  on  OHG.  scirman  (G.  schir- 
meri). 

skirt  sb.  ME.  skirt  fr.  ON.  skyrta 
'a  shirt';  further  relations  see 
under  kirtle  and  shirt. 

skull  sb.  ME.  sculle  (scolle). 

sky  sb.  ME.  skle  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  sky  'cloud';  not  found  in 
OE.  (but  OSAX.  skion). 

slack  adj.  ME.  slak  OE.  slac 
'languid,  slothful'  :  =  ON.  slakr, 
OLG.  slak,  OHG.  slah 'slack':  Teut. 
base  slaka-.  —  Hence  slake 
vb.  ME.  slake  OE.  sldcian  'slacken'. 

slaughter  sb.  ME.  slaughter',  bor- 
rowed in  i  Ith  cent.  fr.  ON.  sldtr. 
or  its  oldest  form  *slahtr.  Der. 
fr.  the  TEUT.  y~ 'slah  in  slay. 

slave  sb.  =  DU.   slaaf\    loan- 
word fr.  FR.  esc  lave,  whence  also  ( 
G.  sklave.     Source  ITAL.  schiavo 
'slave'    =  GR.    '  Ertxhaptjvoi   'the 
Slavonians,  Slaves'. 

slay  vb.  ME.  sl$  (part,  slain) 
OE.  si  (an  (part,  sleeken)  str.  vb. 
=  GOTH.  OHG.  OSAX.  slahan  (G. 


schlagen) ,  DU.  slaan ,  ON.  sld: 
TEUT.  \T$lah  sldh  =  ARYAN  sldk\ 
cp.  slaughter  and  sledge. 

slay  sb.  (a  weaver's  reed)  OE. 
sle^e  'percussorium'  cogn.  with 
the  TEUT.  \(*  slah  =  slay  vb.; 
ON.  sld  'bar,  bolt'. 

sled  short  for  ME.  sfy'de',  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  sledi  'a  sledge'; 
corresponding  to  OHG.  slito  G. 
schlitten,  DU.  slede  'sledge'.  The 
group  rests  on  the  TEUT.  \f~  slid 
in  slide. 

sledge-harnmer  ME.  slegge  OE. 
slecg  (obi.  sledge)  sb.  'sledge- 
hammer': Teut.  base  slagjo- 
deriv.  fr.  ^  slah  in  slay,  cp. 
ON.  sleggja,  DU.  slegge  slei  'mallet'. 

sleek  adj.  ME.  silk  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  slik-r  'sleek,  smooth'  (= 
DU.  slijk):  TEUT.  \f  slik  in  OHG. 
slihhan  G.  schleichen. 

sleep  vb.  ME.  slepe  (slcpe]  OE. 
slepan  (sl&pan)  str.  vb.  =  GOTH. 
slcpan  (pret.  saizlty),  OSAX.  slafan, 
DU.  slap  en,  OHG.  sla/an  G.  schlafen. 
Cogn.  w.  G.  schlaff  OHG.  sldf 
lax,  loose,  remiss'.  TEUT.  \/~slap 
=  ARYAN  \f^  slab  perh.  in  LAT. 
labi  'to  slide'. 

sleet  sb.  ME.  slet\  OE.  *slct  (*slyt) 
not  found;  umlaut-relation  to 
MHG.  slb^  (G.  schlosse  'hail): 
Teut.  base  slauti-,  whence  also 

DU.    sloot,    FRIES,   slat. 

sleeve  sb.  ME.  sieve  OE.  slefe 
(slyfe)'.  Teut.  base  slaubjo(n-)  in 
ODU.  sloove  'veil'. 

sleight  sb.  ME.  sleighte  earlier 
ME.  slehpe\  borrowed  fr.  ON.  slcegd 
'slyness',  which  is  abstract  for- 


slice  —  slow-worm 


189 


mation  to  the  adj.  sly  =  ME. 
sleh  ON.  slcegr. 

slice  sb.  ME.  sllfe  fr.  OFR.  esc  lice 
a  shiver,  splinter' ;  source  the 
TEUT.  \l~sllt  in  slit. 

slide  vb.  ME.  slide  OE.  slidan 
str.  vb.  =  MHG.  sliten  'to  slide'; 
TEUT.  \^slid  under  sled\  ARYAN 
\(~ slidh  in  LITH.  ^//V///^  'slipper' 
(cp.  OE.  slidor  'slippery'). 

slight  adj.  ME.  slight;  OE.  *sliht 
not  found,  but  may  be  inferred  fr. 
the  corresp.  GOTH,  sfaffas'smootti, 
OHG.  f/l&'smooihj  flat'  (G.schkcht 
'bad'  —  schlicht  'simple') ,  DU.  slechty 
ON.  j////r  'flat,  smooth':  Teut. 
base  sleh-ta-  prop,  slih-ta-  fr.  the 
verbal  \f"sltk  in  j /£<?/£  (ON.  *///£r 
'sleek,  smooth'). 

slime  sb.  ME.  OE.  slim  =  OHG. 
MHG.  J/&B  G.  schleim,  DU.  J/^VH, 
ON.  J///0 :  Teut.  type  sli-ma-  fr. 
an  ARYAN  \f  sli,  whence  also 
LAT.  li-mus  'mud'. 

sling  vb.  ME.  slhige  str.  vb. 
(OE.  *slingan  not  recorded)  'to 
fling'  =  ON.  slyngva  str.  vb.  'to 
cast,  fling';  cp.  MHG.  sttnge  sb. 
'sling',  DU.  slingeren  vb.  'to  toss' 
and  OHG.  slingan  'to  swing'. 
TEUT.  \f  slengw  (slenhwl). 

slip  vb.  ME.  sltppe  OE.  *slyppan 
belongs  to  the  str.  vb.  OE.  slupan 
'to  glide'  =  DU.  shiipen  'to 
•sneak';  cp.  GOTH,  sliupan  str. 
vb.  'to  slip'  and  OHG.  slupfan  G. 
tchlupfen  'to  slip':  Teut.  verbal 
^sl&pj  perh.  related  to  LAT. 
lubricus  'slippery'. 

slit  vb.  ME.  stttte  deriv.  fr.  ME. 
slite  OE.  slitan  str.  vb.  'to  slit'; 


I  cp.  ON.  slita,  OSAX.  slitan  str.  vb. 
'to  slit',  DU.  slijten,  OHG.  sli-^an 
G.  schleissen :  TEUT.  \fslti  'to  tear'. 

sloe  sb.  ME.  sty  OE.  sld  (infl. 
sld-n)t  prob.  contracted  fr.  OE. 
*sldhe  (infl.  *sldhan)  =  OHG. 
sleha  G.  schlehe\  cp.  DU.  .$•&<?, 
SWED.  j/««,  DAN.  slaaen  'sloe'  and 
QK.sldh-forn 'black-thorn'.  Doubt- 
ful whether  LITH.  slyvas  'plum' 
and  OSLOV.  RUSS.  sliva  'plum' 
are  cognate. 

sloop  sb.  fr.  DU.  sloep\  source 
FR.  chaloupC)  whence  also  E. 
shallop  =  G.  schaluppe. 

slot  sb.  'bar,  bolt'  late  ME.  slot 

=    DU.     LG.     slot,     OHG.      slo^     G. 

schloss]  derived  fr.  the  TEUT. 
\f  slut  'shut'  in  DU.  sluiten,  LG. 
sluten,  OHG.  slioT^an  G.  schliesscn 
(cp.  G.  schlilssel  OHG.  shvyjl  = 
OSAX.  slutil  'key').  TEUT.  \fslut 
rests  on  an  ARYAN  \T  ^/M, 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  claudere  'shut'. 

sloth  sb.  ME.  slouthe  with  abstr. 
suffix  fr.  the  adj.  slow,  cp.  the 
umlaut-relation  OE.  slawp  ME. 
sleuthe. 

slough  sb.  'mire*  ME.  slough  OE. 
sigh  'mire'. 

slow  adj.  ME.  slow  OE.  slaw 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  sleo  'blunt',  DU. 
sleeuw  'sour',  ON.  sljor  'blunt': 
Teut.  base  slaiwa-,  perh.  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  laevus  'left',  GR.  leau*$. 

slow-worm  sb.  prop.  ME.  slo^ 
worm  slo-wurm  OE.  sld-wyrm 
'blindworm';  ident.  w.  SWED. 
sld  (ormsla),  NORWEG.  slo  (ormslo) 
'blindworm'.  Not  compounded 
with  slow  OE.  slaw,  but  resting 


sluice  —  smelt 


on  a  TEUT.  slatha-  'blindworm';  j 
cp.  LITH.  slekas,  PRUSS.  slayx\ 
'rainworm*. 

sluice  sb.  =  DU.  sluts,  G.  ! 
schleuse'.  source  OFR.  escluse  (FR.  I 
Icluse)  fr.  a  low  Lat.  type  ex-  \ 
cltisa  'a  floodgate'. 

slumber  vb.  ME.  slomere  fre- 
quentative of  ME.  sloume  vb. 
'slumber',  derived  fr.  the  sb. 
OE.  slu-ma  'slumber';  cp.  DU. 
sluimen  simmer  en  ^  LG  sliimeren 
(G.  schlummerri)  vb.  'slumber1. 
OE.  slu-ma  sb.  'slumber'  rests  on 
an  ARYAN  \fsltt  in  GOTH,  slawan 
'to  cease,  be  silent*. 

sly  adj.  ME.  sli  (sly)'  prop.  sUi 
slei  (Orrm  sleh  under  sleight)  : 
borrowed  fr.  ON,  slagr  adj.  'sly, 
cunning';  ident  w.  the  non-um- 
lauted  DU.  sluw  LG.  slu  (G.  schlau), 
SWED.  DAN.  slug.  As  seen  by 
G.  verschlagen  'sly',  the  adj. 
rests  on  the  TEUT.  \T  slah  in  | 
flay? 

smack1  sb.  'taste'  ME.  smak  \ 
OE.  smczc  sb.  =  DU.  smaak\  OHG. 
(gi)smah\  cp.  the  vb.  OE.  sm&ccan 
'to  taste'  =  ODU.  smaken  OFRIES. 
smakia'y  cp.  OHG.  s  mac  ken  smecken 
G.  schmecken  'to  taste'.  WEST- 
TEUT.  \/~smak  smakk. 

smack2  (Shakesp.)  sb.  'a  loud 
kiss'  cp.  G.  schmatzen  fr.  MHG. 
smatzen  prop,  smacketzen ,  LG. 
smacken  'to  smack  the  lips'. 

smack3  sb.  (a  fishing-boat) 
fr.  ODU.  MLG.  smacke  (DU.  smack}, 
•whence  also  the  equivalent  G. 
schmacke,  FR.  semaque,  ITAL.  semac- 
ca,  SPAN,  zumaca.  Source  and 


history  of  the  group  unknown. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  late  OE. 
snacc  ON.  mekkja  (kind  of  ship) 
is  cognate. 

small  adj.  ME.  smal  (infl.  smale), 
OE.  smcel  (infl.  smala):  Teut.  adj. 
smala-  in  GOTH,  smals,  OHG.  OSAX. 
smal  G  schmal.  ON.  small  = 
OHG.  smala-no^  —  smala^  vihu 
'sheep  points  to  GR.  /urjXov 
'sheep'  and  OIR.  mil  'beast'  ,*  cp. 
also  OSLOV.  malu. 

smallage  sb.  prop,  small 
ache\  ME.  ache  is  FR.  ache  'pars- 
ley'. Source  LAT.  apium  'pars- 
ley*. 

smalt  sb.  fr.  DU.  smalt  •=.  G. 
schmalte,  FR.  smalt',  source  ITAL 
smaltOy  which  is  of  Teut.  origin 
(cp.  MHG.  smelzen  G.  schmelzen). 

smart  vb.  ME.  smerte  OE.  smeor- 
tan :  a  Teut.  strong  vb.  =  OHG. 
smerzan  'to  smart';  cp.  DU.  smart 
sb.  =  OHG.  smerzo  G.  schmerz 
sb.  'pain' :  TEUT.  y~  smert  pre- 
TEUT.  sm'erd  cogn.  w.  LAT.  mordere 
'to  bite',  GR.  ffjLiBptiateog. 

smear  vb.  ME.  sm/re  vb.  fr. 
the  sb.  OE.  smeoro  =  ON.  smjpr 
'butter',  OHG.  OSAX.  smero:  ARYAN 
^fsmer  also  in  GOTH,  smair-fr 
'fatness'  and  in  LITH.  smarsas 
'fat'  and  OIR.  smir  'marrow'. 

smell  sb.  ME.  smel  cogn.  w. 
smoulder  vb.  ME.  smolder e  vb. 
'to  burn  with  a  stifling  smoke'; 
cp.  the  sb.  ME.  smolder  'a  stifling 
smoke'  and  the  vb.  DU.  smeulen 
'to  smoulder'  =  LG.  smcelen. 

smelt  vb.  not  found  in  OE. 
ME.  (see  meli)\  borrowed  fr. 


smelt  —  sneeze 


IQI 


SWED.  smdlta  =  DAN.  smelte,  DU. 
LG.  smelten ,  OHG.  smelzdn  G. 
schmelzen  'melt';  cp.  ITAL.  smalto 
=  FR.  Imail  'enamel'.  The  TEUT. 
\l"smelt  is  probably  connected 
w.  \fmelt  under  melt. 

smelt  sb.  (a  kind  of  fish)  ME. 
OE.  smelt  \  ident.  w.  DAN.  DU. 
smelt',  cp.  NORW.  smelta  (name 
of  various  kinds  of  small  fish). 

smile  vb,  ME.  smile  (OE.  *smy- 
Jan?);  cogn.  w.  the  non-umlauted 
MHG.  smielen  smieren  'to  smile' 
and  the  frequentative  E.  smirk 
OE.  smearcian  'smile'. 

smirch  vb.  'to  besmear'  deri- 
vative of  smear. 

smirk  see  under  smile. 

smite  vb.  ME.  smite  OE.  smttan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  smeitan,  DU. 
smijten,  LG.  smtten,  OHG.  smii^an 
G.  schmeissen  'to  cast':.  TEUT. 
\(~smit  'strike,  beat,  smear'. 

smith  vb.  ME.  smith  OE.  smifi 
=  ON.  smidr,  DU.  smid,  OHG. 
smid  G.  schmied\  cp.  GOTH,  aiza- 
smipa  'coppersmith';  cogn.  w. 
OHG.  str&dagismidiTSBG.  geschmeide, 
DU.  gesmijde.  The  dental  is  for- 
mative. There  is  an  ARYAN 
\{~ smi  in  GR.  a/ni-hi]  Of.iivvrj.  - 
Smithy  sb.  seems  to  be  the 
SCAND.  smidja  (=  OE.  smifipe, 
OHG.  smitthd). 

smock  sb.  ME.  smok  OE.  smocc 
'smock,  frock,  shirt'  =  ON.  smokkr\ 
cp.  OHG.  smocko  'shirt':  deriv. 
fr.  the  TEUT.  \^  smug  in  OE. 
smugan,  ON.  stnjuga  'to  creep 
through  a  hole',  MHG.  smiegen 
G.  schmiegen.  ARYAN  \fsmuk  in 


OSLOV.  smykati  s$  'to  creep',  LITH. 
smukti  'to  glide'. 

smoke  sb.  ME.  smoke  OE.  smoca 
sb.  'smoke';  cogn.  w.  OE.  smlt 
'smoke'  .(base  smauki-)  and  the 
str.  vb.  OE.  smeocan  'to  smoke'; 
cp.  DU.  smoken  (base  *smuk$n) 
and  smook  sb.  (base  *smauki-)  : 
TEUT.  \T  sm&kj  perh.  cogn.  w. 
LITH.  smaukti  'to  choke'. 

smooth  adj.  ME.  smpthe  late 
OE.  smod  with  the  umlauted  by- 
form  OE.  smede\  MLG.  smode  re- 
presents an  OSAX.  *smothi  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  smanpi-. 

smother  sb.  ME.  smorther  (fra- 
being  an  abstract  suffix);  OE. 
smorian  'to  choke,  suffocate'  = 
DU.  LG.  smoren  G.  schmoren  'to 
stew'.  smoulder  vb.  ME. 

smolder e  vb.  rest  on  ME.  smolder, 
which  is  ident.  w.  ME.  smorther. 

siml  sb.  ME.  snail  OE.  snce^li 
Teut.  base  snagla-\  cp.  MHG. 
snegelj  ON.  snigill  'snail';  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  sriecko  G.  schnecke  (LG. 
snigge),  ME.  snegge. 

snake  sb.  ME.  snake  OE.  sndca; 
cp.  the  equiv.  ON.  sndkr  sndkr, 
LG.  snake.  Teut.  ^fsnak  in  OHG. 
snahhan  'to  creep'. 

snare  sb.  ME.  snare  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  snara  'a  snare ,  halter  J 
ident.  w.  OHG.  snar(a}ha  OE. 
snearh  'noose,  snare'  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  snarhbn-\  cp.  the  str.  vb. 
OHG.  sner(a)han  MHG.  snerhen  'to 
bind  tightly'.  Probably  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  snuor  G.  schnur  'a  lace, 
cord'  (GOTH,  snorjo). 

sneeze  vb.  ME.  j«#*  (OE.  snfo- 


I Q2 


snipe  —  sole1 


san)\    ident.    w.    neese   ME.   nese 
=  ON.  hnjosa  and  w.  OE.  fneosan. 

snipe  sb.  ME.  snipe',  ident.  w. 
ON.  myri-snipa  'a  moor-snipe'  and 
cogn.  w.  the  equiv.  OHG.  sn'epfa 
G.  schnepfe  DU.  ^/?^>  j#7)*  (ITAL. 
sgneppa  is  of  Teut  origin). 

snite  see  under  snot. 

snore  vb.  ME.  snore  vb.  with 
the  frequentative  snort  ME.  snorte\ 
cogn.  w.  G.  schnarchen,  DU.  snorken 
snurken  'to  snore,  snort'. 

snot  vb.  ME.  snot  OE.  lesnot 
'mucus  of  the  nose'  =  DU.  snot] 
cogn.  w.  snout  sb.  ME.  snoute 
=  ODU.  sniite  DU.  snuit  and  w. 
snite  vb.  ME.  snite  OE.  snytan  = 
ON.  sn'yta  'to  wipe  the  nose'.  Cp. 
G.  schnautze,  schndutzen. 

snow  sb.  ME.  sngw  OE.  sndw 
=  GOTH,  snaiws,  ON.  .ra^r  j#/0r, 
DU.  sneeuw,  OHG.  .$72<?<?  G.  schnee: 
Teut.  base  snaiwa-,  derived  fr. 
the  ARYAN  \/~snigh  in  OHG.  sniwan 
G.  schneien,  OE.  sniwan  'to  snow' 
—  LAT.  ningere,  LITH.  ««£•/?', 
AVEST.  jȣs  'to  snow';  cp.  GR. 
vi  ff  -a  'snow'  and  LAT.  nix  niv-em, 
IR.  snechta  —  CYMR.  nyf  'snow'. 
LITH.  sricgas  and  OSLOV.  sntgu 
'snow'  correspond  completely  to 
TEUT.  snaiwa-  fr.  snaigwa-. 

so  adv.  ME.  so'  prop,  sivo  OE. 
swd  =  GOTH,  swa,  ON.  svd  (OHG. 
so  DU.  zoo).  Cp.  the  derivative 
such  and  MHG.  j&tf  (G.  sonst), 

DU.   2«J. 

soap    sb.  ME.  sfpe  OE.  j^^  — 
OHG.   seiffa   G.  j^:    Teut.  base, 
saipon-.    Whether  LAT.  sapo(nem)\ 
=•  FR.  savon,  ITAL.  sapone  are  in1 


any  way  related  with  the  Teut. 
word-group,   is  uncertain. 

sob  vb.  ME.  sobbe  (OE.  *sobbtari) : 
frequentative  of  a  TEUT.  y~ siib  in 
OHG.  siift  'a  sigh,  a  sob'  —  siifhbn 
(G.  seufzen)  'to  sigh'. 

sock  sb.  ME.  sock  OE.  .ftw:  loan- 
word fr.  LAT.  soccus  (=  FR.  sorqiUj 
ITAL.  socco) ,  whence  also  OHG. 
MHG.  .sw,  ON.  sokkr. 

sod  sb.  ME.  j^:  probably 
borrowed  fr.  MLG.  ^^f,  which 
corresponds  to  OFRIES.  ^MiZ 
'sod,  turf:  Teut.  base  saupon-\ 
perhaps  related  to  seethe. 

soft  adj.  adv.  ME.  softe  short  for 
OE.  softe  adv.  by  the  side  of  the 
umlauted  adj.  OE.  sefte\  ident.  w. 
OSAX.  safti  adj.  —  safto  adv.  = 
OHG.  senfti  adj.  —  samfto  adv. 
(G.  sanft  sacht,  DU.  zachi). 

soil1  sb.  'ground'  ME.  soile  fr. 
OFR.  soel  =  FR.  sueil'.  source 
LAT.  solea. 

soil2  vb.  'to  defile*  ME.  soile  fr. 
FR.  souiller. 

solace  sb.  ME.  solds  fr.  OFR. 
solaz  •=.  LAT.  solatium. 

soldier  sb.  ME.  soudiour  properly 
souldicr  fr.  OFR.  soldier  (vR.solddf). 
Source  OFR.  soulde  'pay  for  soul- 
diers',  whence  DU.  G.  sold.  Source 

LAT.    SOMUS    (=    ITAL.    Soldo 9    FR. 

sou)   'piece  of  money'. 

sole1  (of  a  shoe)  sb.  ME.  s$le 
OE.  sole  =  OHG.  sola  G.  sohle,  DU. 
zool\  Teut.  base  sola,  borrowed 
fr.  a  LAT.  type  *sola,  represented 
by  FR.  sole,  ITAL.  suolo,  SPAN. 
sue  la  'sole  of  a  shoe'.  The  vul- 


sole2  —   sound- 


193 


gar -L  AT.  sola  has  supplanted 
LAT.  solea,  whence  GOTH,  sulja 
'sole'  is  borrowed. 

sole  2  (a  flat  fish)  ME.  sole  fr.  FR. 
sole',  ident.  w.  sole1',  cp.  LAT. 
solea  'sole-fish'. 

some  pron.  ME.  sum  som  OE.  sum 

=    GOTH.    J&W.y,     ON.    JZ/wr,     OHG. 

sum'.  ARYAN  base  w/00-  in  GR. 
afiodet',  SKR.  .$•#///#. 

son  sb.  ME.  sone  sum  OE.  sunu 
=  GOTH,  sunus,  ON.  j&Tzr,  OSAX. 
.y#/z#,  OHG.  sun  G.  J0^#  DU.  £00#: 
Teut.  base  sunu-.  An  ARYAN  base 
•  sunu-  is  evident  in  SKR.  sunu-, 
OSLOV.  synu,  LITH.  sunus  'son'. 
Cogn.  w.  GR.  viog  'son'  fr.  an 
ARYAN  base  suyu-  and  w.  OIR. 
suth  'foetus'.  There  occurs  also 
a  SKR.  y~  *»  'to  beget,  bear, 
bring  forth'. 

song  vb.  ME.  OE.  song:  Teut. 
base  sang(w)a-  also  in  GOTH. 
saggws,  ON.  spngr,  DU.  zang,  G. 
w«^.  Cp.  ««£•. 

soon  adv.  ME.  sdne  OE.  sona\  as 
shown  by  GOTH,  suns-am  'soon, 
OE.  son-a  is  a  compound  of  OE.  J0« 
(—  OHG.  OSAX.  sdn)  and  d  (= 

GOTH.  0«2/  OHG.  20);    Cp.   OHG.  J^r 

sdr-io  and  GOTH,  j»/w  'soon'. 

SOOt     Sb.     ME.    OE.    SOt    =    ODU. 

sort,  ON.  J0/J  derived  fr.  the 
TEUT.  \fstt  'sit,  set' ;  cogn.  w. 
OIR.  suide  (base  *sodid),  LITH. 
.ftta&j,  OSLOV.  sazda  'soot'. 

sooth  adj.  'true'  ME.  soth  OE.  sop 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  ^«/-  -  ON. 
sannr ,  OHG.  sand,  OSAX.  soth] 
cogn.  w.  GOTH,  sun/is  ({oi*sundja-). 
TEUT.  ja«/-  answers  to  SKR.  sat, 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


which  is  participle  of  the  ARYAN 
^es  'to  be'  (SKR.  dsti,  GR.  sffn, 
LAT.  est,  G.  isf)  with  the  suffix 
-ont-  in  GR.'  fpf  oovr-  (cp.  tooth). 
GOTH.  jMtt/ft'  'true'  corresponds  to 
SKR.  satyd  'true'. 

sore  adj.  ME.  sor  OE.  ^r  fr.  a 
TEUT.  adj.  sai-ra-  in  ON.  sdrr, 
OHG.  j^ir,  DU.  aw  'sore,  wounded'; 
cp.  GOTH,  jdr/r-  sb.  'pain',  OHG. 
j^r  (G.  versehren  vb.  'to  hurt'). 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.  sae-vus  'wild'  and 
OIR.  sai-th  'pain'.  Cp.  sorry. 

sorrel  (plantname)  fr.  OFR. 
sor  el  (FR.  surelle),  which  is  de- 
rived fr.  FR.  sur  'sour'  =  OHG. 
sur  (see  under  sour). 

sorrow  sb.  ME.  sorwe  OE.  sorg 
infl.  j^r^:  Teut.  base  ^r^-  in 
GOTH,  saurga,  OHG.  .w£»  G.  ^r^r, 
DU.  zorg,  ON.  wr^:  ARYAN  \fscrgh 
in  LITH.  $«##!*'  'to  heed'  — 
slrgti  'to  suffer'. 

sorry  adj.  ME.  sgrj  OE.  jrfrij 
earlier  sdrei  :  Teut.  base  sair-ag-, 
deriv.  fr.  TEUT.  j<w>fl-  =  =  sore. 

sot  sb.  ME.  sot  late  OE.  (c.  1000) 
sott',  borrowed  fr.  FR.  sot,  whence 
also  DU.  zot  and  MHG.  sot',  cogn. 
w.  IR.  suthan  'a  dunce'. 

soul  sb.  ME.  soule  prop,  smile 
OE.  sdwol  infl.  *fce//<?  :  TEUT.  saiw- 
alo-  in  GOTH.,  saiwala,  OHG.  j#« 
(for  *stwld)  G.  J^/<P,  OSAX.  w«/tf, 
DU.  ^/V/.  Cp.  GR.  «ioAo£  'movable  . 

sound1  adj.  'healthy'  ME.  w«»// 

prop,  isound  OE.  ysund  =  OSAX. 

gisund,    OHG.    ^£w«/_  G.    gesund, 

DU.  gezond',  probably  cognate  w. 

'' 


LAT. 


'healthy'. 


13 


194 


sound  —  speak 


sound  (of  the  sea)2  sb.  ME. 
sound  OE.  sund\  the  original 
meaning  of  the  OE.  word  is  'a 
swimming*  which  affirms  connec- 
tion w.  swim:  Teut.  base  sunda- 
(ON.  sund)  for  *swumda~. 

sound 3  sb.  'a  noise'  ME.  soun 
fr.  FR.  son:  source  LAT.  sonus. 

sound4  vb.  fr.  FR.  sender. 

sour  adj.  ME.  sour  OE.  sur  = 
ON.  surr,  DU.  zuur,  OHG.  sur  G. 
sauer\  ARYAN  base  suro-  in  LITH. 
suras,  OSLOV.  syru  'raw,  rough'. 

source  sb.  ME.  sours  fr.  FR. 
source  (deriv.  fr.  LAT.  sur g  ere). 

south  sb.  ME.  south  OE.  sup  = 
ON.  sudr,  DU.  zuidi  Teut.  base 
sunp-  in  OHG.  sundan  'from  the 
south'  (=  OE.  sudan,  ON.  sunnan). 
Probably  allied  to  GR.  rorog 
(for  *<fyoiOff)  'south-wind'.  — 
southern  ME.  sothern  OE.  suderne 
corresponds  to  OHG.  sundrbni 
=  ON.  sudrcenn. 

sow1  vb.  ME.  j{7o/£  OE.  sdwan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  saian,  ON.  ^, 
DU.  zaaijen,  OSAX.  sdjan,  OHG.  .?#<?# 
G.  sden  =  ARYAN  verbal  y^  .$•<? 
in  LAT.  .rm?  (ground-form  *siso) 
-sevi-satum,  OSLOV.  st-ti,  LITH. 
seti  'sow'  and  in  LAT.  se-men  = 
OHG.  sd-mo  G.  .ftzatti.  Cp.  j^*/. 

sow2  sb.  ME.  sowe  earlier  suwe 
suge  OE.  sugu.  Cogn.  w.  TEUT. 
su  'sow'  (under  swine)  and  w.  IR. 
j«4r  'a  pig. 

space  sb.  ME.  spdfe  fr.  OFR. 
espace\  source  LAT.  spatium. 

spade  sb.  ME.  spdde  OE.  spddu 
infl.  spddan\  ident.  w.  ON.  spadiy 
DU.  ^^,  OSAX.  spado,  G.  spaten\ 


cogn.  w.  GR.  tfTraSri  'a  blade  of 
wood  or  metal'. 

span  vb.  ME.  spanne  OE.  spannan 
str.  vb.  —  OHG.  spannan  G.  DU. 
spannen  'to  extend'. 

span-new  adj.  ME.  span-newe 
fr.  ON.  spdn-nyr\  ON.  spdnn  (cp. 
spoon)  means  'a  chip,  shaving'. 

spar  '  sb.  ME.  sparre  (cp.  the  vb. 
OE.  tyspearrian  'to  shut,  bar')  = 
OHG.  sparro  (whence  G.  spar  r  en)  9 
DU.  spar,  ON.  sparri:  Teut.  base 
sparron-. 

spar2  sb.  OE.  spcer-stdn\  cp.  G. 
sparkalk. 

spar3  vb.  ME.  sparre  fr.  OFR. 
esparer  =  FR.  Sparer. 

spare  adj.  ME.  spar  infl.  ^rf;v 
OE.  spcer  (infl.  *spdrd)  in  the 
compound  spcer-hende  (original 
meaning  'having  spare,  thrifty 
hands')  and  in  the  vb.  spcrutn 
'to  spare'.  Teut.  base  spara-  in 
ON.  sparr,  OHG.  spar  (G.  j/ar- 
sam)  ;  cp.  ON.  spara,  OHG.  spar  on 
G.  sparen  'to  spare'.  Outside 
of  TEUT.,  OSLOV.  jr/^zrz/  'thrifty' 
and  GR.  (lnaQVQ$  rare,  lacking' 
are  cognate. 

spark  sb.  ME.  sparke  OE.  spear  ca: 
Teut.  base  sparkon-  in  DU.  spark, 
LG.  sparke',  cogn.  w.  LAT.  jr/«r- 


sparrow  sb.  ME.  sparwe  OE. 
spearwa  =  GOTH,  sparwa  :  Teut. 
base  sparwan-\  cp.  OHG.  sparo 
(G.  Sperling). 

speak  vb.  ME.  sp(ke  OE.  specan 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  spehhan  with 
the  byforms  OE.  sprecan  =  OHG. 
sprehhan  G.  sprechen,  DU.  sprekent 


spear  —  spit1 


195 


OSAX.  sprekan\  WEST-TEUT.  strong 
verbal  V  sprlk'.  splk,  perhaps 
connected  w.  ON.  spraka  'to 
crackle'  and  LITH.  sprageti  'to 
crackle'.  See  speech. 

spear  sb.  ME.  spfre  OE.  spere\ 
ident.  w.  ON.  spjgr,  OHG.  sper 
G.  DU.  speer  and  cogn.  w.  LAT. 
sparus  ca  dart'. 

speck  vb.  ME.  specke  OE.  specca 
'a  spot,  mark';  cp.  DU.  spikkel. 

speech  sb.  ME.  speche  OE.  (rare) 
spec  (spcec)  with  the  common 
byform  OE.  sprdc\  Westteut.  base 
spdki-  spraki-\  derived  fr.  \^spek 
sprek  in  speak. 

speed  sb.  ME.  OE.  sped  pro- 
perly OE.  speed  fr.  a  Teut.  base 
spo-di-  in  OSAX.  spod  'success', 
DU.  speed  'speed',  OHG.  spuot 
'success'  (whence  G.  sputen  'to 
make  haste')  :  verbal  abstract  to 
the  str.  vb.  OE.  spowan  'to  suc- 
ceed' —  OHG.  spuon  'to  succeed', 
which  are  cognate  w.  OSLOV.  i 
spejati  'to  succeed',  SKR.  sphay 
'to  increase':  ARYAN  \{~sph£  spho. 

spell  sb.  ME.  OE.  spel  (infl. 
spell-)  'story,  saying'  (see  also 
gospel)  —  GOTH,  spill  'tale, 
myth',  ON.  spjall  'a  saying',  OHG. 
spel  'a  narrative'  (DU.  spellen  vb.) : 
Teut.  base  spella-,  assimilated 
for  sqedlo-y  pre-TEUT.  sq-etlo-  = 
OIR.  sell,  CYMR.  chwedl  'a  story'. 
Derived  from  the  ARYAN  \^seq 
'to  say,  tell'  (cp.  say)',  ARYAN 
suffix  -etlo-  as  in  GR.  ^/£rAoi>. 

spell  vb.  ME.  spelle  'syllabi- 
care'  (Orrm  spelldrenn  'syllabi- 
care');  not  found  in  this  mean- 


ing in  OE.  Cognate  w.  OFR. 
espeler  =  FR.  epeler  'to  spell'. 

spelt  sb.  OE.  spelt  =  DU.  spelt, 
OHG.  spelta  spelza:  loanword  fr. 
late  LAT.  spelta  (=  IT.  spelta, 
FR.  epeautre). 

spend  vb.  ME.  spende  OE.  *spendan 
(in  the  sb.  spending  and  in  the 
compounds  d-,for-spendari) :  loan- 
word fr.  LAT.  dispenderevb. 'spend', 
whence  also  G.  spenden  OHG. 
spentan. 

spew  vb.  ME.  spewe  OE.  spiwan 
=  OHG.  OSAX.  spiwan  G.  speien, 
GOTH,  speiwan  str.  vb.  (ON.  spyja, 
DU.  spuweri) :  strongverbal  \{~spiw 
as  in  LAT.  spuere,  LITH.  spiauti  'to 
spew';  cp.  the  cognate  \/~pju 
in  GR.  nrvziv,  OSLOV.  pjutil 

spice  sb.  ME.  spice  fr.  OFR. 
espice  (FR.)  =  LAT.  species. 

spider  sb.  ME.  splther  in  Kent, 
for  spinder  OE.  ^ spinner e\  derived 
fr.  spin. 

spike  sb.  ME.  spik  'an  ear  of 
corn'  fr.  LAT.  spfoa. 

spill  vb.  ME.  spille  late  OE.  spillan 
fr.  ON.  spilla ;  ident.  w.  OE.  spildan, 
OHG.  spildan  'to  spill':  Teut.  base 
spilfjan. 

•  spin  vb.  ME.  spinne  OE.  spinnan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  OHG.  spinnan, 
G.  DU.  spinnen,  ON.  spinnai  all 
equivalent.  The  str.  vb.  TEUT. 
spinnan  rests  on  a  y~  #>£«  in 
spindle  ME.  OE.  spinel  =  OHG. 
spinila. 

spirit  see  sprite. 

spit1    sb.    ME.    J//&    OE.    spttu 
'roasting  spit'  =  =  OHG.  spi^,   DU. 
spit  (ITAL.  ^//!?,  FR.  ^/>  repre- 
13* 


196 


spit2  —  spur 


sent  a  TEUT.  spitus) ;   derived  fr.  | 
the    TEUT.    adj.     spitu-     in    OHG. 
spitzi  G.  spitz. 

spit2  vb.  ME.  spate  G&.  iespyttan\ 
ident.  w.  ON.  spytta  with  the  by- 
form  sp$ta,  LG.  spy  ten,  G.  speutzen', 
see  spout. 

spite  sb.  ME.  ^//  for  */<?##; 
see  despite. 

spleen  sb.  fr.  LAT.  (GR.)  splen. 

split    vb.    Scandin.    loanword; 
cp.   DAN.    splitte\    cogn.    w.    DU.  j 
splijten  =  MHG.  splt^en  G.  spleissen 
(whence  G.    splitter). 

spoil  vb.  ME.  spoile  fr.  FR.  .^0- 
//<?r  (LAT.  spaliare). 

spoke  sb.   ME.  sp$ke  OE.  spdca 

=    OSAX.    .$^££0     DU.    .J^/fc,     OHG. 

speihha  G.  speiche.  All  equivalent; 
Teut.  base  spaikon-. 

sponge  sb.  ME.  sponge  fr.  OFR. 
esponge  (FR.  tponge) ;  source  LAT. 
spongia,  whence  also  OSAX.  spunsia 
DU.  spans. 

spool  sb.  (not  found  in  ME. 
OE.)  loanword  fr.  DU.  spoel\  ident. 

W.      OHG.     SpUOlo     G.      Spule     (iTAL. 

spuola  is  of  TEUT.  origin) :  Teut. 
base  spolon-\  doubtful  whether 
cogn.  w.  spin. 

spoon  sb.  ME.  OE.  span  fr.  a 
TEUT.  spanu-  (spenu-}  in  OHG. 
span  'a  chip,  splint',  DU.  DAN. 
spaan  'a  chip',  ON.  spdnn  sponn 
'a  chip'  (cp.  span-new).  Cogn. 
w.  MHG.  spd-t  'a  chip':  \f"spe. 

sport  sb.'  for  disport  as  spend 
for  dispend\    ME.  disporte   vb.    fr. 
OFR.  se  desporter  'to  amuse  one- 
self. 
spot    sb.    ME.    spot   pi.    spottes\ 


not  found  in  OE.  (where  splat 
pi.  splottas  'a  spot1);  cp.  ODU. 
spotte  DU.  j/0/  'a  blot'. 

spouse  sb.  ME.  spouse   fr.  OFR. 
espouse  (FR.  tpouse)  ;   source  LAT. 


spout  vb.  ME.  spoute\  cogn.  w. 
.$•///. 

sprat  sb.  ME.  ^r<?/  (pi.  sprottes) 
OE.  j^r^/  (pi.  sprottas)\  cp.  MLG. 
5^r^?/  G.  sprotte,  DU.  ^/r<?/. 

sprawl  vb.  ME.  sp^aule  OE. 
spreawlian  fr.  a  TEUT.  sprauwalon. 

spread  vb.  ME.  ^r/<&  OE.  (j<?)- 
spreedan  'to  extend'  =  OHG.  G. 
spreiten,  DU.  spreidcn\  deriv.  fr. 
the  str.  vb.  OHG.  spritan  'to  be- 
come extended'. 

spring  str.  vb.  ME.  springe  OE. 
spring  an  =  OSAX.  OHG.  springan, 
ON.  springa  (ITAL.  springare  is  a 
TEUT.  loanword)  :  TEUT.  ^spreng 
sprang,  perhaps  related  to  GR. 
ffntpxtofrat  'to  make  haste'. 

sprite  sb.  ME.  sprite  fr.  FR. 
esprit',  ident.  w.  spirit.  Source 
LAT.  spirit  us. 

sprout  vb.  ME.  sproute  (OE. 
*$prutari)  =  DU.  spruiten,  LG. 
spruten,  OFRIES.  spruta  'to  sprout'; 
cp.  G.  spriessen'.  TEUT.  \fsprut 
spreut. 

spur  sb.  ME.  spure  OE.  spur  a 
(spora}\  ident.  w.  OHG.  spar  a  (G. 
sporn),  DU.  spoor,  ON.  spori  (ITAL. 
sprone  FR.  tperon  are  of  TEUT. 
origin)  :  Teut.  base  spur  on-  sporon-. 
\^sp9r  in  OHG.  OSAX.  OE.  spur- 
nan  'to  kick  against'  under  spurn 
and  in  G.  spur  DU.  spoor  OE.  spor 
'a  foot-  track'. 


spurge  —  stammer 


spurge  sb.  short  for  ME.  spourge : 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  espurge  (source 
LAT.  expurgare). 

spurn  vb.  ME.  spume  OE.  spur- 
nan  str.  vb.  cto  kick  against'  = 
OHG.  OSAX.  spurnan  'to  kick 
against':  ARYAN  \^sp9r  in  LAT. 
sper-nere  'to  despise',  LITH.  spfrti 
'to  kick  against',  GR.  orraioeiv, 
SKR.  sphur.  Cp.  spur. 

spy  vb.  ME.  sple  fr.  OFR.  e spier, 
which  is  of  Teut.  origin:  OHG. 
spMn  G.  spiihen,  ODU.  spien 
(ARYAN  <fspek  in  LAT.  conspicio, 
speculum,  SKR.  \fspaf). 

square  sb.  ME.  square  fr.  OFR. 
esquarre  'a  square'. 

squire  sb.  ME.  squire  =  es- 
quire. 

squirrel  sb.  ME.  squirel  forscure'l 
fr.  OFR.  escurel  (==  FR.  faureuit) ; 
source  a  LAT.  type  scurellus 
(scuriolus)  for  LAT.  sdurus  'a 
squirrel'. 

stable1  sb.  ME.  stable  fr.  OFR. 
estable  (=  FR.  ttable)',  source 
LAT.  stabtilum  'abode,  stable'. 

stable2  adj.  ME.  stable  fr.  OFR. 
estable  =  LAT.  sta  bills  'stable'. 

staff  sb.  ME.  staf  (pi.  staves) 
OE.  staf  (pi.  stdfas)  =  ON.  stafr, 
DU.  staf,  OHG.  G.  stab;  cp.  OHG. 
staben  'to  be  stiff'  and  the  adj. 

EASTFRIES.    Staf  'stiff',    also   LITH. 

stebas  'staff'  —  stdbas  stobras ',  SKR. 
\{~stabh  'be  stiff'. 

stag  sb.  ME.  stagge  late  OE 
j/dg£»  'a  stag'. 

stage  sb.  ME.  stage  fr.  OFR 
«/d£v?  —  FR.  Itage  £LAT.  type 
staticum). 


stain  sb.  ME.  j/««^  fr.  OFR. 
desteindre  =  LAT.  dis-tingere. 

stair  ab.  ME.  j/«>  properly 
sttier  OE.  steeper  =  ODU.  OLG. 
steger  DU.  stdger  'stair':  WEST- 
TEUT.  ground-form  staigir,  deriv- 
ed fr.  the  Teut.  verbal  \T  ^  in 
OE.  stigan,  OHG.  stigan  G.  steigen, 
DU.  stijgen  'to  climb';  cogn.  w. 
GR.  nnl/tir  'to  march' ,  SKR. 
'ascend'  (cp.  LAT.  ve-stigium 
a  foot-track'). 

stake  sb.  ME.  j/tf£i  OE.  ^c^z 
=  ODU.  stake  DU.  ^^7^,  SWED. 
stake',  cp.  OFRIES.  j/!0£  'stiff,  G. 
stachel  'a  prick,  goad'. 

stalk 1  sb.  ME.  stalke,  a  dimin. 
form  with  suffixed  k  of  ME.  stale', 
cp.  OE.  stela,  ON.  j///-£r  'a  stalk', 
OHG.  G.  stil,  also  GR.  OTffaov  'a 
handle'. 

stalk2  vb.  ME.  stalke',  k  is  a 
frequentative  suffix;  cp.  OE.  sty  I" 
Ian  'to  leap'  (OE.  *stealciari). 

stall  sb.  ME.  j/0/  OE.  steall  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  stalla-  in  ON.  jAz//;-, 
OHG.  stal  G.  j/f///,  DU1.  stal  'stall, 
stable'  (ITAL.  j/tf//<?  'place'  —  stalla 
'stable'  are  of  Teut.  origin). 
ARYAN  base  stadhlo-  in  LAT. 
stabulum  'stable'. 

stallion  sb.  ME.  stalloun  fr. 
OFR.  estalon  (FR.  Italoti)  =  ITAL. 
Stallone',  of  Teut.  origin  (TEUT. 
stalla-  'stable'  under  stall). 

stammer  vb.  ME.  stamere  deriv. 
fr.  OE.  stdmor  adj.  'stammering'; 
cp.  DU.  stamercn-stamclen,  OHG. 
stamalon;  \T  stam  in  ON.  j/t/wr 
'stammering'  •  stama  vb.  'to 

stammer',  OHG.  stamtn  'stammer'; 


stamp  —  state 


cp.  also  GOTH,  stamms  'stam- 
mering'. Cogn.  w.  os AX.  OHG. 
stum  G.  stumm  'dumb'. 

stamp  vb.  ME.  stampe  (E.  *stam- 
pian)  =  DU.  stampen,  QUG.stampfon 
G.  stamp  fen  (ITAL.  stamp  are  FR. 
Hamper  are  of  TEUT.  origin) : 

TEUT.  \/~Stamp  COgll.  W.   GR.   (JTfU- 

fistv  'to  stamp'. 

stanch, staunch^,  wz.staunche 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  estancher. 

stand  vb.  ME.  stande  OE.  standan 

(prt.  OE.  ME.  Stotf)   =  GOTH.  OSAX. 

standan,  ON.  standa,  OHG.  stantan 
'to  stand':  a  strong  vb.,  common 
to  the  Teut.  languages;  TEUT. 
\^stap  stad\  the  nasal  of  the 
verb  is  orig.  characteristic  of 
the  present  tense). 

standard  sb.  ME.  standard  (= 
DU.  standaard)  fr.  OFR.  estandart 
—  FR.  Standard  (ITAL.  stendardo 
fr.  LAT.  extender e  'spread  out'). 

sang  sb.  ME.  stange  loanword 
fr.tON.  stong  gen.  stangar ;  ident. 
w.  OHG.  stanga  G.  stange,  DU.  stang 
an  d  the  umlauted  OE.  steng  'pole, 
stake';  source  the  vb.  OE.  stingan 
'to  stab,  pierce';  see  sting. 

stanyell  sb.  (Shakesp.)  OE.  stdn- 
lella  properly  'rock-yeller';  cp. 
yell. 

staple  sb.  ME.  stdpel  OE.  stdpol 
'a  prop'  —  DU.  LG.  stapel,  OFRIES. 
stapul  'block'. 

star  sb.  ME.  sterre  OE.  steorra 
=  OHG.  OSAX.  sterro,  ODU.  MLG. 
sterre'.  Teut.  base  sterron-\  ident. 
w.  GOTH,  stairno,  ON.  stjarna 
(hence  ME.  sterne),  OHG.  sterna 
(G.  stern  OHG.  stern).  Cogn.  w. 


SKR.  star,  GR.  doTiJQ,  LAT.  stella 
(for  *sterulaH).  All  equivalent. 

starboard  sb.  ME.  sterbord  short 
for  OE.  steor  bord\  cp.  ON.  stjorbordi 
'starboard'  and  OE.  steor  under 
steer-. 

starch  sb.  ME.  *sterche  OE.  stereo 
(—  G.  stdrke)  :  umlaut-derivative 
with  palatalisation  of  stark. 

stare  vb.  ME.  stare  OE.  stdrian 
=  ON.  star  a,  OHG.  star  en  'to  stare'; 
derived  fr.  an  adj.  star  a-  in  SKR. 
d&ra'fast,  hard',  GR.  arfpfoc'hard': 
ARYAN  \T  sta  'to  stand*  in  OHG. 
stem  sten  G.  stehen,  DU.  staan,  LAT. 
stare,  GR.  toraVra,  SKR.  ^Mtz. 

stark  adj.  ME.  j/ar/fc  OE.  ^/^r^r 
=  OSAX.  MHG.  G.  stark;  cp.  ON. 
(with  umlaut)  sterkr  and  GOTH. 
gastaurknan  'to  become  dry': 
ARYAN  \^strg  in  LITH.  j/ir^A'  'to 
become  stiff". 

starling  sb.  ME.  sterling  short 
for  OE.  starling  :  dimin.  formation 
of  OE.  steer  'a  starling'  =  OHG. 
stara  G.  staar  'a  starling';  cogn. 
w.  OE.  st$arn  =  LAT.  sturnus. 

start  vb.  ME.  sterte  (OE.  *  steor  tan 
str.  vb.)  ;  cp.  ODU.  DU.  storten, 
OHG.  sturzen  G.  stiirzen'.  TEUT.  y" 


starve  vb.  ME.  sterve  OE.  steor  fan 
str.  vb.  'die(ofhunger')  =  DU. 
sterven,  OSAX.  sterban,  OHG.  sterban 
G.  sterben  str.  vb.  'to  die';  cp. 
ON.  starfi  'stiffness',  EAST-FRIES. 
bestarfen  'be  stiff'.  The  original 
meaning  of  the  TEUT.  \{~  sterb  was 
probably  'be  stiff'. 

state  sb.  ME.  estdt  fr.  OFR.  estat 
FR.  <##/  =  LAT.  status. 


stay1  —  step 


stay  1  vb.  ME.  stale  fr.  OFR.  estayer 
FR.  etayer. 

stay2  sb.  OE.  st&i\  Teut.  base 
stag  a-,  whence  FR.  May,  cp.  DU. 
LG.  stag. 

stead  sb.  ME.  st$de  OE.  .tf^fc  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  ,r/to#-  =  GOTH,  stops 
'a  stead,  place',  OHG.  stat  (G.  5/^/// 
'town),  ON.  j/tfdSr  'a  place':  ab- 
stract formation  of  the  ARYAN  V 
sta  'to  stand'  (see  stare]\  cp. 
LAT.  statioy  SKR.  j/foft  'a  standing'. 

steak  sb.  ME.  steike  (late  OE. 
staecan  vb.  'to  roast') :  borrowed 
fr.  QN.  j/«£  'a  steak'  —  steikja 
'to  roast'. 

steal  vb.  ME.  st(le  OE.  rfifoxz  str. 
vb.  =  GOTH,  stilan,  ON.  stela, 
OSAX.  OHG.  tff/aa  G.  stehlen  DU. 
stelen:  TEUT.  \{* stel> perhaps  ident. 

W.     GR.     fITtptofrat    —    OTS()t0)f£tV 

'bereave'. 

steam  sb.  ME.  st&n  OE.  rf/a*/  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  stau-ma-  (DU.  stoom, 
EASTFRIES.  rf<$/tt)  i  \f  stau,  not 
found  elsewhere. 

steed  sb.  ME.  stede  OE.  steda  'a 
stallion':  umlaut-derivative  of  OE. 
stpd  =  E.  .$•/#</. 

steel  sb.  ME.  stele  OE.  j#/<?  (style) : 
umlaut -formation  by  the  side  of 
the  equival.  OHG.  stahal  G.  stahl, 
DU.  staal,  ON.  stdl\  Teut.  base 
stahla-  and  (for  OE.  j/jM?)  stahlja-; 
ident.  w.  OPRUSS.  stakla-  'steel*. 

steep  adj.  ME.  st{p  OE.  st$ap  adj.; 
ident.  w.  OE.  st(ap  =  ON.  staup 
'beaker'  under  stoup.  —  Umlaut- 
deriv.  steeple  ME.  stepel  OE.  stepel 
stypel  (fr.  a  Teut.  base  staupila-\ 
cp.  ON.  stopull  'a  steeple'). 


steer1  sb.  ME.  ster  OE.  steor  = 
GOTH.  j-//wr,  ON.  stjorr,  OHG.  OSAX. 
jAV?r  G.-DU.  jAVr  'a  bull';  ident. 
w.  ON.  pjorr  (DAN.  /yr):  ARYAN 
base  (s)teuro  (OSLOV.  turu  'steer'). 
But  GR.  TUVQQC,  corresponds  to 
OIR.  tarb  (ARYAN  base  tarwo-, 
not  cogn.  w.  steer). 

steer2  vb.  ME.  stere  OE.  steor  an 
w.  the  umlauted  by  form  styran 
=  OHG.  stiuran  G.  steuern,  DU. 
sturen;  cp.  ON.  styri  'a  rudder'; 
for  a  non-umlauted  root-form  see 
under  starboard.  TEUT.  \fsteur 
also  in  GOTH,  stiurjan  'to  confirm'. 

stem  sb.  ME.  stem  OE.  rf£m#  j/^/« 
'a  stem  of  a  tree':  ablaut-relation 
to  ON.  stafn,  OSAX.  stamn  = 
OHG.  stam  G.  stamm  DU.  ^/^w:  TEUT. 
ground- forms  stemna-  stamna-, 
cogn.  w.  IR.  tamon  'stem'.  \^  sta 
'to  stand'  under  stare. 

stench  sb.  ME.  stench  OE.  st$nd 
fr.  a  TUET.  base  stank(w)i-;  see 
stink. 

step  vb.  OE.  stceppan  steppan  str. 
vb. ;  cp.  DU.  stappen,  OHG.  stapfon 
'to  step'  and  OE.  .tf^te  ^/^  'a 
step,  pace';  probably  related  to 
OSLOV.  stopa  'foot -track'?  The 
root  seems  to  be  nasalized  in 
stamp. 

step  in  stepfather  stepmother 
etc.  ME.  step-fader,  -moder  short 
for  OE.  steop-fader ,  -mpdor;  ident. 
w.  ON.  stjiipfadir,  -modir  —  OHG. 
stiof-fater,  -muoter  G.  stiefvater, 
stief mutter'.  Teut.  base  steupa-, 
whence  OHG.  bistiufen  OE.  dstypan 
vb.  'bereave,  deprive  (of  pa- 
rents)'. 


20O 


stern  —  stool 


stern1  adj.  ME.  sterne  OE.  styrne'. 
Teut.  base  stirni-  prop,  sternu-, 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  strenuus. 

stern2  sb.  ME.  sterne  fr.  ON. 
stjorn  'a  steering';  see  starboard 
and  steer  vb 

stew  vb.  ME.  stuwe  vb.  fr.  the 
sb.  OFR.  estuve  =  G.  stube',  see 
stove. 

steward  sb.  ME.  stiward  (since 
the  1 2th  cent.)  ;  cogn.  w.  OE.  stl($- 
wita  'house -holder'.  The  first 
element  is  ident.  w.  sty. 

stick  sb.  ME.  sticke  OE.  sticca  = 
OHG.  stecko  G.  stecken :  Teut.  base 
stikkon-,  derived  fr.  the  verbal  y~ 
stik  in  OHG.  stehhan  G.  stechen. 

stiff  adj.  short  for  ME.  OE.  stif 
'stiff'  =  ON.  stlfr,  DU.  stijf,  G. 
stcif\  cogn.  w.  LITH.  stipti  'to  be- 
come stiff  and  LAT.  stipes  'a  pole'. 

stile  sb.  ME.  stile  contracted 
from  OE.  stigolmft.  sti^ele  =  OHG. 
stigila  'a  stile';  derived  fr.  the 
TEUT.  \(~stig  under  stair. 

still  adj.  ME.  OE.  stille  =  OHG. 

OSAX.  Stilli  G.  Still,  DU.  stil,  OFR1ES. 

stille:  deriv.  fr.  the  TEUT.  \T  .?/<?// 
'to  stand  firmly'  in  the  factitive 
vb.  OHG.  G.  stellen  'to  place'  and 
in  OHG.  stollo  'post'. 

stilt  sb.  ME.  stilte',  ident.  w.  OHG. 
stelza  G.  stelze,  DU.  steti\  all  equi- 
valent. 

sting  vb.  ME.  s tinge  OE.  stingan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  (us)stiggan,  ON. 
sting  a  \  cp.  OHG.  stung  on  stung  en 
'to  sting:  TEUT.  ^fsteng  under 
stang. 

stink  vb.  ME.  stinke  OE.  stincan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  stigqan,  OHG. 


OSAX.  stinkan  G.  DU.  stinken: 
TEUT.  <f  stenq  pre-TEUT.  stengw 
(tengw  in  GR.  ray  yog  'rancid'). 

stir  vb.  ME.  stire  OE.  styrian  vb.; 
ident.  w.  the  ablauted  OHG.  stbren 
G.  storen,  DU.  storen,  OFRIES.  stera: 
WEST-TEUT.  bases  sturjan  staurjan ; 
Y~ 'stur  also  in  storm? 

stirrup  sb.  ME.  stir  op  properly 
sti-rgp  OE.  sti%-rdp;  ident.  w.  OHG. 
stega-reif  G.  stegreif(pu.  steegreep), 
ON.  stig-reip.  Second  element  of 
the  compound  is  TEUT.  raipa-  — 
roapi  for  the  Ist  element  (Teut. 
stiga-  ^stfg)  see  stair. 

stitch  sb.  ME.  sticche  OE.  stiie 
early  stidi:  Teut.  base  stiki-  'a 
pricking'  by  the  side  of  OE.  stician 
'to  prick';  cf.  QHG.  stehhan  G. stechen 
(OHG.  stih  G.  stick  sb.  'pricking'), 
OSAX.  stekany  DU.  steken.  ARYAN 
\/~stig  in  GR.  6Tiy[.i<i  —  ffr/Cw;  cf. 
SKR.  \^tij  'be  sharp'. 

stith  sb.  ME.  stith  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  stedi  'an  anvil'. 

stock  sb.  ME.  stock  OE.  stocc 
'trunk,  log,  pillory'  =  DU.  stok, 
OHG.  G.  stock,  ON.  stokkr:  Teut. 
base  stokka-  for  stukka-;  TEUT.  \f* 
stuk  in  DU.  LG.  stoken,  ME.  sttike 
'to  stab';  cogn.  w.  SKR.  ta/'push'. 

stone  sb.  ME.  ston  OE.  stdn  — 
GOTH,  stains,  ON.  steinnt  OHG.  G. 
stein,  OSAX.  sten  DU.  steen :  Cogn. 
w.  OSLOV.  st&na  'a  wall'  —  stlninu 
'rocky',  GR.  titfov  oria  'pebble- 
stone'. Cp.  stanyel. 

StOOl    Sb.    ME.   OE.  Stol  =  GOTH. 

stbls,  ON.  stdll,  DU.  stoel,  OSAX.  stbl, 
OHG.  stuol  G.  stuhl:  Teut.  base 
sib-la-  deriv.  fr.  the  ARYAN  \fstha 


stoop  —  straw-berry 


201 


'to  stand'  under  stead.  Cp.  also 
OSLOV.  stolu  'table',  GR.  orfj^y 
'column'. 

stoop  vb.  ident.  w.  ME.  stoupe 
OE.  stupian  'to  curve  downwards' 
=  ODU.  stuipcn  'to  bow',  ON.  stiipa 
SWED.  stupa  'to  fall'. 

stop  vb.  ME.  stoppe  (OE.  for- 
stoppian  'to  stop  up,  close')  ,  ident. 
w.  DU.  stoppen,  OHG.  stopfbn  G. 
stopfen  and  w.  ITAL.  stoppare  'to 
stop  up  with  tow'.  Source  low 
LAT.  stuppare  (LAT.  stuppa  'oakum'). 

stork  vb.  ME.  stork  OE.  store  = 
DU.  stork)  OHG.  stork  G.  storch,  ON. 
storkr ;  cogn.  w.  GR.  rdpyog  'a 
large  bird'. 

storm  sb.  ME.  OE.  storm  =  ON. 
stortnr,  DU.  storm  (OHG.  G.  sturm) ; 
derived  fr.  \f~stur  in  j/*>  or 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  sterner e  'to  strew'. 

story  sb.  ME.  stgrie  fr.  OFR.  estoire 
=  LAT.  historia. 

stoup  j/00/  ME.  */#:.  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  ,$7V?z^  'beaker,  cup'  =  -$•/<?#/ 
'a  gallon':  the  sb.  (TEUT.  staupa- 
'beaker')  rests  on  the  adj.  staupa 
=  steep. 

stout  adj.  ME.  stout  fr.  OFR.  estaut; 
ident.  w.  DU.  stout,  OHG.  G. 
stolz  'proud':  source  LAT.  stultus 
'foolish'. 

stove  sb.  OE.  stofa  'a  bath'  = 
OHG.  stuba  'a  bathing-room'  (G. 
stube  'a  room'),  DU.  stoof\  ident. 
w.  FR.  Ituve  and  OSLOV.  ist&ba 
ca  room'.  Source  and  history 
uncertain.  Cp.  stew. 

stow  vb.  ME.  stowe  OE.  stowian 
'to  restrain';  derived  fr.  OE.  stow 
'a  place'  -  =  LITH.  stova  'place', 


straight  adj.  ME.  str eight  OE. 
fd)streht\  part,  of  OE.  streccean  = 
\tretch. 

strain  vb.  ME.  streine  fr.  OFR. 
estraindre  •=•  LAT.  sir  ing  ere  and 
strait  MS.,  streitir.  OFR.  estreit  (FR. 
Itroif)  =  LAT.  strictus. 

strand  sb.  ME.  OE.  strand 
'shore'  =  ON.  strand  (gen. 
strandar)  'margin,  edge',  DU.  LG. 
G.  strand  'shore'  (FR.  itrain  of 
Teut.  origin). 

strange  adj.  ME.  straunge  fr. 
OFR.  estrange  (FR.  ttrange) :  source 
LAT.  extraneus. 

strangle  vb.  ME.  strangle  vb.  fr. 
OEfi.es  fr -angler  =  LPrt.strangulare. 

strap  sb.  ME.  OE.  strop  (pp}\ 
loanword  fr.  LAT.  struppus  'thong, 
fillet',  whence  also  DU.  LG.  strop 
and  FR.  ttrope. 

straw  sb.  ME.  straw  OE.  streaw 
(with  the  byforms  ME.  str$  OE. 
str$a) :  Teut.  base  strawa-  =  ON. 
strd,  DU.  stroo,  OHG.  strb  G.  stroh; 
cp.  the  vb.  strew  OE.  strfwan, 
streyin  =  GOTH,  straujan,  OHG. 
strouwen  G.  streuen,  DU.  strooien 
'to  strew'.  TEUT.  \fstrau  derived 
fr.  the  ARYAN  ^ster  in  GR.  aroot  j  - 
v«it«  oTpwvvv/Ltt  and  LAT.  j/*r»0 
(j^-^/  —  stratum),  OSLOV.  j/r<?// 
'to  spread  out';  cp.  esp.  LAT. 
stramen  'straw'. 

straw-berry  sb.  ME.  straw-berie 
OE.  streaw -berie;  not  cogn.  w. 
straw.  Probably  connected  w. 
•Lki.fragum  'straw-berry  :  ARYAN 
base  sraghwo-  •  Teut.  base 
strawa--,  the 2nd elementin straw- 
berry might  be  explanatory. 


2O2 


stray  —  study 


stray  vb.  ME.  straie  fr.  OFR. 
estraier  ;  derived  fr.  LAT.  strata 
(=  street). 

streak  sb.  ME.  strike  OE.  sir  tea 
'a  line';  cp.  GOTH,  striks  'a  stroke 
with  the  pen'  and  strike. 

stream  sb.  ME.  sir  em  OE.  stream 
=  OHG.  stroum  (G.  strom),  DU. 
stroom,  ON.  straumr:  Teut.  base 
strau-ma-,  derived  fr.  the  ARYAN 
*fsru  'to  flow'  =  SKR.  \l~sru  'to 
flow';  cp.  GR.  Q^IV,  OIR.  sruth 
'river'  —  sruaim  'stream'  (LAT. 
flumen  instead  of  *f  rumen:  ARYAN 
srou-men-). 

street  ME.  strete  OE.  strct  strat 
infl.  sir  die  (whence  ON.  strati  is 
borrowed)  =  OSAX.  strata,  DU. 
straat,  OHG.  strazza  G.  strasse'. 
WEST-TEUT.  strata  fr.  LAT.  strata 
(sc.  via)  prop,  'a  paved  way', 
whence  ITAL.  strada  =  FR.  etree 
(OIR.  srdth)  'a  street'. 

strength  sb.  ME.  strengthe  OE. 
strengdu  (GOTH.  *sfraggifa)  derived 
fr.  strong. 

stress  sb.  'force'  short  for  ME. 
distresse  fr.  OFR.  destresse. 

stretch  vb.  ME.  strecchcov.  strec- 
dean  (p  art.  streht  un  d  e  r  straight); 
ident.  w.  OHG.  strecchen  G.  strecken, 
DU.  strekken:  TEUT.  type  strakkjan\ 
cp.  OHG.  stracken  'be  straight'  and 
the  adj.  DU.  LG.  strak  'straight' 
(G.  stracks  'immediately'). 

strew  see  under  straw. 

stride  vb.  ME.  stride  OE.  stridan 
vb.  =  MLG.  striden  'to  stride'  : 


strife    sb.    ME.    strif   fr.    OFR. 


estrif,  which  rests  on  a  Teut.  sb. 
=  OSAX.  strid,  OHG.  strtt  G.  streit. 

strike  vb.  ME.  strike  OE.  strlcan 
str.  vb.  'to  rub,  wipe'  =  OFRIES. 
strika,  DU.  strijken,  OHG.  strihhan 
G.  streichen',  TEUT.  \fstrik,  ARYAN 
\l^strtg  in  LAT.  stngilis,  OSLOV. 
striga  -  -  stristi  'to  shear'.  Cp. 
stroke. 

string  sb.  ME.  OE.  streng  fr.  a 
TEUT.  base  strangi-  in  ON.  strengr, 
DU.  streng,  OHG.  G.  strangi  cogn. 
w.  the  adj.  strong. 

strive  vb.  ME.  strive  fr.  OFR. 
estriver  vb.  (OFR.  estrif  under 
strife). 

stroke  sb.  ME.  strok  and  stroke 
vb.  OE.  strdcian  fr.  \{"strik  under 
strike. 

strong  adj.  ME.  OE.  strong  fr. 
TEUT.  base  strangu-  in  OHG.  strang 
strengi  G.  DU.  streng  (G.  sich 
anstrengen  vb.) ;  cogn.  w.  LAT. 
stringer  e  'to  draw  tight,  compress'. 

stub  sb.  ME.  stubbe  with  the 
umlauted  byform  OE.  stybb  'a 
stub';  cp.  LG.  stubbe,  DU.  stobbe, 
ON.  stubbi  and  GR.  orvnog  'a  stub, 
stump'.  ARYAN  \(~stup,  nasalized 
in  stump. 

stubble  sb.  ME.  stable  stuble  fr. 
OFR.  estouble;  ident.  w.  OHG. 
stupfala  DU.  G.  stoppel'.  source 
vulgar  LAT.  stup(i)la  instead  of 
LAT.  stipula  'stubble'. 

stud  sb.  short  for  ME.  OE.  stpd 
'a  stud'  (cp.  the  umlaut-deriva- 
tion steed)  =  ON.  stod,  OHG. 
stuot.  Cp.  OSLOV.  RUSS.  stadoj 
;  LITH.  stodas  'a  herd  of  horses'. 
i  study  vb.  ME.  studie  prop,  stildie 


stuff  —  summon 


203 


vb.  fr.  OFR.  estudier  (FR.  ttudier) 
=  LAT.  studere. 

stuff  sb.  fr.  OFR.  estoffe  =  FR. 
Moffe  (whence  also  G.  stoff%  DU. 
stof). 

stump  sb.  ME.  stump  stomp\ 
ident.  w.  DU.  stomp,  OHG.  G.  stumpf; 
probably  connected  w.  stub'. 
ARYAN  \{~  stumb:  stu(m)p,  also  in 
ON.  stiifr  stiifi  'a  stump'. 

stun  vb.  ME.  stune  stone  OE. 
stunian  'to  resound';  cp.  the 
umlauted  ON.  stynja  'to  groan', 
G.  stonen,  DU.  stenen'.  ARYAN \(^stm 
sten  in  GR.  OT&SIV,  OSLOV.  stenjq, 
SKR.  stan  'to  groan,  resound'. 

sturgeon  ME.  stourgeoun  fr.  FR. 
esturgeon;  source  a  TEUT.  base 
sturjon-  in  OHG.  sturio  (G.  stohr, 
DU.  steur)  =  OE.  j/yr/Vz  'a  stur- 
geon'. Doubtful  whether  cogn. 
w.  .?/*>. 

stutter  vb.  fr.  ME.  state  stute  vb.' ; 
cp.  G.  stottern  'to  stammer'.  All 
derivations  of  \f  staut  in  GOTH. 
stautan,  ON.  stauta  'to  beat,  strike' 
=  OHG.  std-Qan  G.  stossen.  ARYAN 
\l^(s)tud  in  LAT.  tundere  'to  beat', 
SKR.  \^tud  'to  strike'. 

sty1  sb.  ('sty  for  swine')  ME. 
stle  OE.  stfy  infl.  ^//^  'a  pig-sty'; 
ident.  w.  OHG.  stia  'a  pig-sty', 
ON.  sti  (svin-stl)t  SWED.  (win)stia 
'a  sty*. 

sty2  sb.  ('sty  in  the  eye')  cp. 
OE.  stipend;  equivalent  w.  LG. 
stige,  NORW.  stig. 

subdue  vb.  ME.  subdue  properly 
sudite  fr.  OFR.  souduir  =  LAT. 
subducere. 

subtle  adj.  ME.  sotel  sutel  sutil 


fr.  OFR.  sotil  (FR.  subtil)  =  LAT. 
subtilis. 

succeed  vb.  ME.  sucfede  fr.  FR. 
succeder  =  LAT.  succedere. 

succour  vb.  ME.  sucoure  socoure 
fr.  OFR.  soccorre  —  LAT.  succurrere* 

such  pron.  ME.  such  earlier 
swuch  swich  OE.  swylc  swilc:  Teut. 
base  swulik  in  OSAX^  sidik,  OHG. 
sulih  (c1.  solcti)\  as  shown  by 
GOTH,  swaleiks,  the  Ist  element 
of  the  compound  rests  on  so  = 
OE.  swd. 

suck  vb.  short  for  ME.  souke 
OE.  .ra&rtf/z  str.  vb.  with  the  by  form 
OE.  OHG.  siigan  G.  saugen;  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  s&gere :  ARYAN  \Tsug  sak. 

sudden  adj.  ME.  soddn  prop. 
sodain  fr.  FR.  soudain  (LAT.  type 
*subitanus  for  subitaneus  'sudden'). 

suffer  vb.  ME.  suffre  soffre  fr. 
FR.  souffrir  (LAT.  sufferre). 

sugar  sb.  ME.  sugre  sucre  fr. 
FR.  sucre y  whence  also  ODU..su6er 
DU.  sui&er;  cp.  G.  zucker  fr.  ITAL. 
zucchero. 

sum  sb.  ME.  summe  somme  fr. 
FR.  somme. 

summer  sb.  ME.  sumer  somcr 
OE.  sumor  fr.  a  Teut.  base  swnaru- 
in  OSAX.  OHG.  sumar  G.  sommcr, 
DU.  somer,  ON.  sumar.  Cogn.  w. 

AVEST.  //«W,    OIR.  .MW,    CYMR.    ^7W 

hafy  ARMEN.  amarn :  all  equivalent. 
Cp.  also  SKR.  samd  year'. 

summit  sb.  fr.  FR.  sommet  (rests 
on  LAT.  summus). 

summon  vb.  ME.  somone  fr. 
OFR.  somoner  (LAT.  submonere  cto 
remind  privately'). 


204 


sun  —  sweat 


sun  sb.  ME.  sunnt 'sonne  OE.  sunne 
infl.  sunnan  =  GOTH,  sunno,  OHG. 
OSAX.  sunna  G.  sonne,  DU.  .swz: 
TEUT.  base  sunnbn-. 

supper  sb.  ME.  ^<?r  super  fr. 
FR.  souper.  Cp.  dinner. 

sure  adj.  ME.  ^//r  properly  ^//r 
fr.  OFR.  J^r  seur  FR.  j#r  (=  LAT. 
securus,  whence  also  sicker). 

surgeon  sb.  ME.  surgen  (surgein) 
fr.  OFR.  drurgien  (LAT.  type  chi- 
rurgianus). —  Hence  surgery  ME. 
surgerie:  LAT.  chirurgia. 

swaddle  vb.  ME.  swathele  OE. 
sw&delian  vb. :  derived  fr.  OE. 
swcedel  'bandage';  ident.  w.  the 
umlauted  OHG.  swedil  'bandage'; 
see  swathe. 

swain  sb.  ME.  swainpiop.  swem: 
borrowed  in  the  I  Ith  cent.  fr.  ON. 
sveinn;  ident.  w.  OE.  swan  'man, 
warrior",  OHG.  swem  'servant*. 

swallow  sb.  (the  bird)  ME. 
swalowe  OE.  swealwe  =  OHG. 
swalawa  G.  schwalbe;  ident.  w. 
OSAX.  swala,  ON.  svala  ca  swallow': 
Teut.  base  swalwon-\  if  for 
*swalgw$n-t  cogn.  w.  GR.  aAxvW? 

swallow  vb.  ME.  swel(o)we  ear- 
lier swelgen  OE.  swelgan  str.  vb. 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  swelgan  (swelhan) 
G.  schwelgen,  DU.  zwelgen  (ON. 
svelgjd)  :  Teut.  verbal  y~  jw^ 
jo/a^,  ARYAN  ^fswelk. 

swamp  sb.  cogn.  w.  OHG.  G. 
sumpf,  DAN.  swED.sumfi  ca  swamp'. 

swan  sb.  ME.  OE.  swan  fr.  a 
TEUT.  swana-  =  ON.  svanr\  cp. 
OHG.  swana  G.  schwan  DU.  zwaan. 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.  sonar e  (properly 
*svonare),  SKR.  \(~svan  'to  sound'. 


sward  sb.  ME.  swirde  OE.  swear d 
infl.  swearde  'the  skin  of  bacon' 
=  ODU.  zwaerde,  MHG.  swarfe  G. 
schwarte  'skin  of  bacon',  ON. 
svgrdr  'skin'.  The  modern  E. 
meaning  'green  turf  is  due 
to  Northern  influence;  cp.  ON. 
jardar-svgrdr  'earth-sward',  gras- 
svprdr  'grass-sward'  (and  MLG. 
grcenswarde,  DAN.  grensvcer). 

swarm  sb.  ME.  swarm  OE. 
swear  m  =  ON.  svarmr ,  OHG. 
swarm  G.  schwarm  (DU.  zwertri)\ 
all  equivalent.  Cp.  the  SKR. 
\fsvar  'to  sound'? 

swart  adj.  ME.  .ra/tfr/  OE.  swear t 
=  GOTH,  swarfs,  ON.  svarlr,  DU. 
zwart,  OHG.  swarz  G.  schwarz\ 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.  sordes  (properly 
*svordes)  'dirt':  ARYAN  y~ sword. 

swath  sb.  ME.  swath  OE.  jze/^/ 
'footprint,  track'  (with  the  by- 
form  OE.  swadu  'track');  cp. 
MLG.  swat  —  swade,  G.  schwaden, 
DU.  zwaad  'a  row  of  mown  grass': 
Teut.  base  swap  a. 

swathe  vb.  ME.  swathe  OE.  swd- 
dian\  cp.  swaddle. 

swats  (Scotch)  'beer'  OE.  swata\ 
derived  fr.  \f 'swot  under  sweet. 

swear  vb.  ME.  sw/re  OE.  swerian 
(prt.  ME.  OE.  swor)  str.  vb.  = 
OHG.  OSAX.  swerian  G.  schworen, 
DU.  zweren,  ON.  sverja  str.  vb.; 
cp.  GOTH,  swaran.  The  original 
meaning  of  the  TEUT.  \{~  swar 
was  probably  'to  declare',  as 
shown  by  the  derivative  answer. 

sweat  vb.  short  for  ME.  sw{te 
OE.  swcetan]  derived  fr.  OE.  swat 
ME.  swfte  (E.  sweat  sb.  influenced 


sweep  —  swoop 


205 


by  the  vb.  sweat)  =  DU.  zweet, 
ON.  sveiti,  OHG.  swell,  G.  schweiss'. 
TEUT.  \fswait  (swit  in  G.  schwitzen 
OHG.  swizzan)  =  ARYAN  \f~swoid 
swid  in  SKR.  \(~svid  'to  sweat', 
GR.  idpiog  sweat'  —  idlfiv  to 
sweat',  LAT.  sudor  (orig.  *svoidos) 
'sweat',  LETT,  swidrs  'sweat*. 

sweep  vb.  ME.  swepe  OE.  swdpan 
3d  p.  sg.  pres.  t.  swcepd'to  sweep': 
TEUT.  \{~  swaip  under  swoop. 

sweet  adj.  ME.  OE.  swete  adj. 
with  the  non-umlauted  adverb 
OE.  swote  (ME.  sote  adj.  adv.) ; 
ident.  w.  ON.  s&tr  (orig.  *svcetr), 
OSAX.  mv?//,  w.zoet,  Q^G.s(w)uoi>-z)i 
G.  suss:  Teut.  base  swoti-,  orig. 
swotu-  (cp.  GOTH,  stits  'sweet'), 
ARYAN  base  swadu  in  SKR.  svadu, 
GR.  advg  vjdvc,  LAT.  sudvis  (orig. 
*suddu-is).  Cp.  swats. 

swell  vb.  ME.  swelle  OE.  swellan 
str.  vb.  —  OS  AX.  OHG.  swellan 
G.  schwellen,  DU.  zwellen,  ON.  svella 
str.  vb. :  TEUT.  verbal  \f  ^ swell 
(also  in  GOTH,  ufswalleins  sb.). 

swerve  vb.  ME.  swerve  OE. 
sweorfan  str.  vb.  'to  scrub,  file'; 
ident.  w.  OSAX.  swerfan,  DU. 
zwerveny  GOTH,  swatrban,  ON. 
sverfa'.  TEUT.  y"  sweib ,  ARYAN 
\{~swerbh  in  RUSS.  sverbeti,  OSLOV. 
svrubeti  'to  itch'. 

swift  adj.  ME.  OE.  swift  (OE. 
swift!} ;  p.  participle  of  OE.  swifan 
'to  move  quickly'  =  ON.  svlfa, 
formed  by  suffix  to  (see  old, 
cold,  loud).  Cogn.  w.  DU. 
zweven,  OHG.  sutibfa  G.  schweben. 

swill  vb.  ME.  swile  OE.  swillan 
(3d  p.  sg.  pres.  t.  swiled). 


swim  vb.  ME.  swimme  OE.  swim- 
man  str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  OHG. 
swimman  str.  vb.  G.  schwimmen\ 
ident.  w.  ON.  symja  (for  orig. 
*swumjan)  'to  swim':  TEUT. 
\^swem  (sum  under  sund). 

swine  sb.  ME.  OE.  swin  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  swin  G.  schwein  DU. 
zwijn,  ON.  svin,  GOTH.  swein\ 
Teut.  base  swina-,  properly  su- 
-ma-,  derived  fr.  ARYAN  su  'a 
pig'  in  OE.  OSAX.  OHG.  su  'a  sow' 
=  LAT.  su-s,  GR.  *-£  ov-g.  The 
suffix  -ma-  in  TEUT.  swina-  is 
diminutive,  as  shown  under 
chicken,  maiden.  See  also  sow. 

swing  vb.  ME.  swinge  OE.  swin- 
gan  str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  OHG.  swin- 
gan  G.  schwingen.  —  swinge  ME. 
swenge  OE.  swencgean  'to  beat, 
shake'  causal  of  swing'.  TEUT. 
V"  sweng  swang  (swangw  in  GOTH. 
afswaggwjan  ?) 

swink  vb.  ME.  swinke  OE.  swin- 
can  str.  vb.  Ident.  w.  swing? 

swoon  vb.  ME.  swoune  earlier 
swognien'y  derived  fr.  the  p.  parti- 
ciple OE.  tyswogen  'in  a  swoon' 
—  dswogen  'choked';  allied  to 
GOTH,  gaswogjan  swogatjan  'to 
sigh',  OE.  swogan  'to  sough,  sigh': 
ARYAN  \fswdgh  swdgh  in  LITH. 
svagcti  'to  sound'. 

swoop  vb.  ME.  swope  OE.  swdpan 
(identical  w.  sweep). 

sword  sb.  ME.  swerd ^OE.  sweord 
(swurd)  =  OSAX.  OFRIES.  swerd, 
DU.  zwaard,  ON.  sverd,  OHG.  swert 
G.  schwerf.  ARYAN  base  swerdho- 
(in  LAT.  j^r^wj  'service-tree'?) 


206 


table  —  tar  ry 


table  sb.  ME.  table  fr.  FR.  table 
•=.  LAT.  tabula  (whence  OE.  tafel 
'chess-board'  =  OHG.  zabal 
'board');  cp.  also  G.  DU.  tafel. 

tackle  sb.  ME.  takel\  ident.  w. 
MLG.  takel  'equipment'  (G.  SAVED. 
takel,  DAN.  takkel). 

tadpole    short    for   toad-poll. 

tail  sb.  ME.  tail  OE.  t&^el  = 
OHG.  zagal  'a  tail',  ON.  tagl 
'a  tail',  GOTH,  tagl  'hair'. 

tailor  sb.  ME.  taillour  fr.  OFR. 
tailleor  =  FR.  tailleur. 

take  vb.  ME.  tdke  late  OE. 
(ilth  cent.)  tdcan  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  taka  str.  vb.  taking  the  place 
of  OE.  niman  (under  nimble}\  cp. 
cast  =  ON.  kasta  supplanting  OE. 
weorpan  (under  warp).  Ident.  w. 
GOTH,  tekan  str.  vb.  'to  touch':  TEUT. 
\(^  tek  tak\  pre-TEUT.  \Td£g  dag? 

tale  sb.  ME.  tale  OE.  tdlu  = 
DU.  taal  'language',  OHG.  zdla 
G.  zahl\  cp.  ON.  tal  'a  tale'.  Cp. 
the  TEUT.  verb  taljan  in  OE. 
tellan  MEX.  telle  E.  tell  =  OHG. 
zellan  (cp.  GOTH.  to/*;W).  Hence 
derived  talk  vb.  ME.  talke  vb. 
(OE.  *talcian  *talecian)\  k  is 
suffixed  as  in  hark. 

tall  adj.  ME.  tal\  probably  OE. 
foetal  'swift,  prompt'  with  the  by- 
form  geatol(lic)  'swift'.  Ident.  w. 
OHG.  gizal:  Teut.  base  ga-tala-. 

tallow  ME.  talugh  earlier  *talh 

-  MLG.  talch  (G.  talg,  DU.  talk), 
ON.  tolgr.  Cogn.  w.  GOTH,  tul- 
gus  'fast'? 


tame  adj.  ME.  tdme  OE.  tarn 
(infl.  tamo)  =  ON.  tamr,  DU. 
tarn,  OHG.  zam  G.  zahm\  Teut. 
base  tama-  (hence  derived  GOTH. 
tamjan  'to  tame'  =-  ON.  temja, 
OHG.  zemmeri).  ARYAN  \f^dom  in 
LAT.  domare  'to  tame',  GR.  daLf.tdv9 
SKR.  damdy  'to  tame'. 

tan  vb.  ME.  tanne  OE.  tannian 
vb.;  cogn.  \v.  FR.  tan  'oak-bark' 
(LAT.  tannare  in  the  8'h  cent. 
=  FR.  tanner',  cp.  DU.  /tftf«'bark'). 
Hence  E.  tawny  =  FR.  tannt. 

tang  sb.  (sea-weed)  fr.  DAN. 
tang  =  ON.  fang  (pongull). 

tap  sb.  ME.  tappe  OE.  /£>//# 
'a  tap'  =  OHG.  zapfo  G.  zapfcnt 
DU.  to/,  ON.  /d^/z  (FR.  tape  tapon 
are  Teut.  loanwords). 

taper  sb.  ME.  taper  OE.  tdpon 
properly  *papury  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
papyrus,  which  appears  in  Rom. 
dialects  as  'taper'. 

tar  sb.  ME.  terre\  cp.  OE.  teoru 
(tyrwe)  'tar'  and  DU.  (G.)  teer, 
ON.  tjara\  ident.  w.  LETT,  darwa 
tar'.  The  group  rests  on  Aryan 
deru  =  tree\  tar  orig.  'tar- 
wood'. 

tare  sb.  ME.  tare',  Teut.  base 
tar(w)dn  also  in  ODU.  taruwe 
DU.  MLG.  tarwe.  Cogn.  w.  SKR. 
durva  (a  kind  of  grass)  and 
LITH.  dirva  'field'. 

tarn  sb.  ME.  terne  fr.  ON.  tjgrn 
(G.  tjarnar)  'a  tarn,  pool". 

tarry  vb.  ME.  terie  OE.  terian 
ter^an  'to  vex  =  DU.  LG.  tergen. 


tart  —  teen 


207 


tart  sb..  ME.  tarte  fr.  OFR.  tarte 
=  FR.  tourte  (whence  DU.  taart, 
G.  torte). 

task  sb.  ME.  tdsk(e)  fr.  OFR. 
tasque  =  FR.  tdche\  source  LAT. 
taocare,  whence  also  tax. 

tatter  sb.  a  Scand.  loanword 
fr.  ON.  tgtrar  pi.  'tatters';  already 
ME.  tatered  'ragged'. 

tattle    vb.    fr.     ME.    tatere    vb. 

taw,  tew  vb.  ME.  tewe\  OE. 
tdwian  teawian  means  prop,  'pre- 
pare' and  corresponds  with  DU. 
touwen  'to  curry  leather',  OHG. 
zouwen  'make,  prepare',  GOTH. 
taujan  'do':  TEUT.  y~  tau\  see 
tool. 

tawny  see  tan. 

tax  vb.  fr.  FR.  taxer  =  LAT. 
taxare;  ident.  w.  task. 

tea  sb.  —  FR.  //,  G.  thee\  source 
CHINESE  tt\  the  word  became 
European  in  the  2nd  half  of  the 
1 7th  cent. 

teach  sb.  ME.  t$che  (prt.  taughte) 
OE.  tcBcean  (prt.  t&hte) ;  cogn.  w. 
token  OE.  tdcen\  cp.  OHG.  zeigon 
G.  zeigen.  ARYAN  \f~~dik. 

team1  sb.  'family'  ME.  t$m  OE. 
t$am  'family,  offspring'  =  MLG. 
torn  'progeny'  (with  the  um- 
lauted  vb.  teem  ME.  feme  OE. 
teman  tyman  'to  teem') :  Tent, 
base  tau(h}ma-  fr.  \^tah  in  GOTH. 
tiuhan,  OHG.  zlohan  G.  ziehen. 
ARYAN  \l"duk  in  LAT.  d&co.  See 
the  following  word. 

team2  sb.  (team  of  oxen)  ME. 
teme  iteme  OE.  ^etyme  'team  of 
oxen';  derived  fr.  TEUT.  tau(h)tna- 
'rein,  bridle'  (in  ON.  taumr  OHG. 


zoum  G.  zautri).  Root  the  same 
as  in  team  '. 

tear  vb.  ME.  t$re  OE.  teran  str. 
vb.  .—  GOTH,  gatairan  'to  break*. 
ARYAN  \fder  in  SKR.  dar  cto  burst, 
break  asunder',  GR.  tieufiv  'to 
flay',  LITH.  dirti  'to  flay\ 

tear  sb.  ME.  tfr  OE.  tear:  TEUT. 
tahr-  in  ON.  tar,  OHG.  zahar  (G. 
zahre)\  cp.  ONORTHUMBR.  ^//^/T 
and  according  to  Verner's  law 
GOTH.  tagr.  ARYAN  base  dakru 
in  GR.  J«x(jt;,  WELSH  daigr  (per- 
haps SKR.  afru  and  LAT.  lacrima 
are  cognate).  All  equivalent. 

tease  vb.  (ME.  t/se)  OE.  tcesan 
'to  pull  to  pieces ,  to  tease 
(wool)  with  the  non-umlauted 
byform  ME.  tose  (OE.  *tdsan  or 
*tdsian).  TEUT.  strong  verbal 
tais  in  OHG.  zeisan  'to  tease' 
=  DU.  teezen.  —  Cogn.  w.  teasel 
(plantname)  ME.  tcsel  OE.  tasel 
=  OHG.  zeisila  'thistle'. 

teat  sb.  ME.  fy'te  fr.  FR.  tette\ 
ident.  w.  OE.  ////  —  MHG.  G. 
zitze. 

ted  vb.  fr.  ON.  ted,a',  ident.  w 
OHG.  G.(dial.)  zetten  'to  spread  .  As 
shown  by  the  p.  participle  GOTH. 
un-gatass  'undisposed',  there  exi- 
sted also  a  str.  vb.  *tadjan.  ARYAN 
\f*dat  in  GR.  JazVo/m*  'I  divide, 
distribute'. 

teem1  vb.  *to  bring  forth'  see 
team. 

teem2  vb.  'to  empty*  see  toom. 

teen  sb.  ME.  tene  OE.  teona 
suffering,  insult'  =  OSAX.  tiono 
injury';  cp.  OFRIES.  tiuna  'to  hurt.' 


208 


tell   —   that 


tell  vb.  ME.  telle  (prt.  tolde)  OE. 
tellan  (prt.  tdlde]  under  tale. 

tempest  sb.  ME.  tempest  fr. 
OFR.  tempeste  =  FR.  tempete. 
Source  vulgar  LAT.  ttmpesta  for 
te??ipestas. 

temple  sb.  ME.  temple  OE.  tempel 
fr.  LAT.  templum. 

temples  ME.  temples  fr.  OFR. 
temples  (FR.  tempe)  plur.  —  LAT. 
tempera  'the  temples'. 

tempt  vb.  ME.  tempte  vb.  fr. 
OFR.  tempter  (FR.  tenter)  ==.  LAT. 
temp  tare. 

ten  num.  ME.  ten  rests  on  an 
unrecorded  OE.  *teon,  instead  of 
which  an  umlauted  tyn  is  found. 
Teut.  base  tehun  tehan  in  GOTH. 
taihun,  OSAX.  tehan ,  DU.  //>/z, 
OHG.  zehan  G.  2^72.  Ident.  w. 
SKR.  da(a,  GR.  Jfc'x#,  LAT.  decent, 
OJR.  <&/<:/z.  —  The  suffix  -teen 
(in  thirteen  etc.)  ME.  -tene  OE. 
-/<?>z<?  -/y;z£  is  the  inflected  form 
of  the  numeral  ten.  —  The  suffix 
-ty  (in  twenty  etc.)  represents 
the  sb.  GOTH,  tigus  'decade'  (in 
saihs  tig  jus  =  ON.  sextigir) ;  cp.  OE. 
frlti^  sixti^  =  OHG.  dri^ug  sehzug 
G.  dreissig  sechzig.  For  the  g 
in  GOTH,  tigus  cp.  GR.  dtxdg 
'decade'. 

tender  adj.  ME.  tendre  fr.  FR. 
tendre\  source  LAT.  tener. 

tense  sb.  fr.  OFR.  tens  (=  FR. 
temps)  =  LAT.  tempus. 

tent  sb.  ME.  tente  (=  DU.  tent) 
fr.  OFR.  /<?«&  =  vulgar  LAT.  tenta] 
cp.  LAT.  tentorium. 

term  sb.  ME.  terme  fr.  FR.  terme\ 
source  LAT.  terminus. 


terror  sb.  fr.  FR.  terreur  — 
LAT.  terror(em). 

test  sb.  meant  properly  in  al- 
chemy 'a  vessel  for  testing  gold' 
and  rests  on  ME.  test(e)  =  LAT. 
testfy  whence  also  FR.  tete  OFR. 
teste  'head'  with  the  borrowed 
E.  testy. 

tether  sb.  short  for  ME.  teder\ 
doubtful,  whether  genuine  Eng- 
lish or  of  Scand.  origin.  Cp. 
ON.  tjodr  =  OHG.  ziotar  'a  tether' : 
Teut.  base  teudra-. 

tetter    sb.    ME.    OE.   teter   fr.    a 
Teut.     base    tetru-    =    ARYAN 
dedru-.    Cp.   OHG.  zitaroh  'tetter' 
I  and  SKR.   dadru  'a  kind  of  lep- 
rosy', LITH.  dedervine  'tetter'. 

than  conj.  ME.  thanne  OE.  panne 

-  OHG.  MHG.  danne'y  derived  fr. 
the  article  the. 

thane  sb.  ME.  thein  (the  modern 
spelling  a  instead  of  ai  -  -  as 
in  rain  —  is  of  Scotch  origin) 
OE.  fe%en\  Teut.  base  fiegna-  in 
ON.  fegny  OSAX.  thegan,  OHG. 
thegan  'a  thane,  warrior'  (in  the 
Bavarian  dialect  'a  male  child'). 
Ident.  w.  GR.  rwvov  'child'; 
ARYAN  \l~tek  in  GR.  T/XTCO  (aorist 
6-rtx-or). 

thank  vb.  ME.  thanke  OE.  pan- 
dan  poncian  wk.  vb.  =  OHG. 
dankon  G.  DU.  danken,  ON.  fiakka 
'to  thank*.  Root  as  in  think. 
that  pron.  ME.  that  OE.  fat  - 
OSAX.  that,  OHG.  daz  G.  das  (dass) : 
ARYAN  form  to-d  (fr.  the  stem 
to  under  the)  -  =  SKR.  tad,  GR. 
TO  (for  *ro-());  cp.  LAT.  istud  illud 


thatch  ~  thine 


209 


aliud  show  the  d  as  neutral 
ending. 

thatch  sb.  properly  and  dia- 
lectical thak  ME.  thak  OE.  p&c 
—  OHG.  dah  G.  dacht  ON.  /<?/£: 
Teut.  base  paka-.  Cp.  the  wk. 
vb.  TEUT.  pakjan  in  OE.  pecdean 
=  OHG.  deckan  G.  decken,  DU. 
dekken.  ARYAN  \T^  in  LAT- 
,  cogn.  w.  \C  steg  in  GR. 
,  SKR.  sthag,  LITH.  j/^ftf 
'to  cover';  cp.  GR.  rg'j'og  artyog 
'a  roof,  OIR.  /<?£•  'a  house'. 

thaw  vb.  ME.  thdwe  OE.  pdwian\ 
cp.  OHG.  douwen  G.  tauen,  DU. 
dooien,  ON.  peyja\  *f  pau  paw 
properly  *fagwt  ARYAN  y~  AJT^  in 
GR.  Tijkfiv  'to  melt'? 

the  article  ME.  /$<?'  late  OE.  ^' 
(OE.  j^' influenced  by  the  inflected 
stem  pa-  in  that).  ARYAN  base 
to-  in  SKR.  ta-m  =  GR.  rr,-r, 
SKR.  ta-d  GK.  TO  etc.  Cp.  M««, 
M«/,  their,  there,  they. 

theft  sb.  ME.  /&?/&  short  for 
pefte  prop,  pefthe'.  abstract  deri- 
vation fr.  thief.  Cp.  the  um- 
lauted  OE.  pyfp  infl.  pyfpe  'theft' 
=  OFRIES.  thiufthe. 

their  pron.  ME.  their(e)  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  peira.  —  then  ME.  thenne 
OE.  panne  ident.  w.  than.  — 
thence  adv.  ME.  thennes  extended 
for  thenne  thanne  =  OE.  panone 
prop,  panon  =  OHG.  dannan 
(G.  von  dannen).  —  there  adv. 
ME.  there  ther  OE.  per  par  = 
OHG.  dar  (G.  da).  —  they  pron. 
ME.  thei  they',  borrowed  in  the 

IIth  cent.  fr.  ON.  feir. 

thick  adj.  ME.  thick*   probably 

ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


borrowed  fr.  ON.  pykkr  (fy'pkkr) ; 
the  corresponding  OE.  piece  would 
have  changed  into  ME.  *thicche 
E.  *thitch.  Perhaps  ME.  thicke 
is  blended  w.  OE.  piece  —  OHG. 
dicki  G.  dick  DU.  dik.  Teut.  base 
piqu-  =  ARYAN  base  tigu-  in 
OIR.  tiug  'thick'. 

thief  sb.  ME.  thtf  (pi.  thfrcs) 
OE.  peof  (pi.  peofas)  -  =  GOTH. 
piubs,  ON.  pjofr,  OHG.  dtob  G. 
dieb,  DU.  die/:  Teut.  base  peuba-y 
by  Verner's  law  changed  fr. 
original  *feufa-9  as  shown  by 
OHG.  diuva  'theft'. 

thigh  sb.  ME.  theigh  earlier 
theh  OE.  peoh  =  OHG.  dioh,  DU. 
dijy  ON.  pjo\  Teut.  base  peuha-, 
ARYAN  base  teuko-y  cogn.  w. 
LITH.  taukas  'fat  of  animals, 
marrow',  OSLOV.  tuku  'fat'. 

thimble  sb.  ME.  thimbel  short 
for  thimel  OE.  pymcl  'thumb-stall': 
diminutive  of  OE.  puma  = 
thumb. 

thin  adj.  ME.  thinne  OE.  pynne 
- —  OHG.  dunni  G.  dunn,  DU.  */#//, 
ON.  punnr'.  Teut.  base  punnu- 
properly  punu-  punw- ,  ARYAN 
base  /P««  in  SKR.  Az«»,  LAT. 
/^M;>,  CYMR.  teneu\  cp.  GR. 
raraog  (all  equivalent).  ARYAN 
y~  /^«  in  SKR.  tan  'to  stretch', 
OE.pennan,  OHG.  dennan  G.  dehnen, 
GOTH,  pan/an  'to  stretch  out'. 

thine  thy  pron.  ME.  M/«  OE. 
^5/«  z=  GOTH.  /«w,  ON.  ffntt, 
OHG.  ^«  G.  /j5?i»,  DU.  dijn\  TEUT. 
/?««-  formed  by  suffix  -ma-  (cp. 
SKR.  tdvakwa  'thine')  fr.  TEUT. 
^  =  thou. 

14 


2IO 


thing  —   thousand 


thing  sb.  ME.  thing  OE.  ping 
=  ON.  fing,  OHG.  G.  DU.  ding: 
Teut.  base  pinga-  penga-\  pro- 
bably ident.  w.  GOTH,  feihs  'time' 
=  LAT.  temp  us  (for  *fenquuslt). 

think  vb.  ME.  thenke  (thencheri) 
OE.  pencean  (3d  sg.  prs.  t.  pencf) 
=  GOTH,  fagkjan,  ON.  pekkja, 
OSAX.  thenkian,  OHG.  denkan  G. 
denkcn.  Cp.  GOTH,  pugkjan  = 
OSAX.  thunkian,  OHG.  dunkan  G. 
dunken,  OE.  pyncean  'to  seem'. 
ARYAN \Ttong(tmg)  in  LAT.  (Prae- 
nestine)  tongSre  'to  think'. 

third  see  three. 

thirst  vb.  ME.  //fey-j/fc  OE.  pyrstan 
and  thirst  sb.  from  the  vb. ; 
the  sb.  is  ME.  thurst  OE.  purst 

=    TEUT.     purs-tu-     =     OHG.     G. 

durst,  DU.  dorst\  cp.  ON.  porsti, 
GOTH,  patirstei  sb.  'thirst'.  TEUT. 
verbal  \fpers  in  GOTH,  gapalrsan 
to  be  dry'  —  paursus  'dry' 
(OE.  /yrr*  =  OHG.  dforr*  G. 
diirr).  ARYAN  \rters  trs  in  SKR. 
/r/  'to  be  thursty'  —  /;•/#  'gree- 
dy', GR.  TepGaivco,  LAT.  torreo. 

thirteen,  thirty  .sw  three. 

this  pron.  ME.  /A/ly  earlier  M« 
OE.  /^  masc.  —  /«  neutr.  — /^j 
fern. ;  ident.  w.  OHG.  dese  G. 
dieser,  DU.  ^<?.  The  article 
the  (TEUT.  pa-  under  that)  is 
extended  by  GOTH,  sai  'lo',  as 
shown  by  ON.  (runic)  sd-si  'this 
here'  (sii-si  fern.). 

thistle  sb.  ME.  thistel  OE.  pistel 

=      ON.     plStill,      DU.      «yjW,      LG. 

dtstel,  OHG.  //w///  G.  ^-j/^/. 

thither  adv.  ME.  thider  OE. 
pider  (orig.  pceder)\  derived  fr. 


the  stem  pa-  in  M<7/.  Cp. 
GOTH,  papro  'thence',  ON.  padra 
'there'. 

thole  sb.  ME.  thai  OE.  pol  (ll)\ 
Teut.  base  folia-  in  ON.  pollr, 
DU.  dolt  G.  rudder  do  Ik.  ARYAN 
base  tzlno-  (=  SKR.  tuna  'quiver' 
for  *tulna)  fr.  ^/~tol  ==  SKR.  <ftul 
'to  lift  up',  LAT.  toller e. 

thong  sb.  ME.  thong  orig.  thwong 
OE. pwong  'thong';  cp.  ON.  pvengi, 
TT^UT.  \f~fwang. 

thorn  sb.  ME.  thorn  OE.  porn 
sb.  =  ON.  porn,  OHG.  G.  dorn, 
DU.  doorn\  cp.  GOTH,  paurnus. 
Ident.  w.  OSLOV.  trinii  'thorn'; 
cp.  SKR.  trna  'grass'. 

thorough  ME.  thorow  OE.  porh\ 
orig.  preposition  =  OE.  purh, 
OHG.  duruh  G.  durch,  GOTH. 
pairh. 

thou  pron.  ME.  /^«  OE.  /^  = 
GOTH.  //?,  OHG.  du  (G.  //«) : 
ARYAN  ground -form  tu  in  LAT. 
/«,  GR.  TV,  SKR.  tu-am.  Cp. 
thine. 

though  conj.  ME,  though  earlier 
thoh\  Scand.  loanword  of  the 
IIth  cent.  (ON.  pd  orig.  *poK). 
Corresponding  to  OE^.  p$ah  = 

GOTH.     pduh\     Cp.     OHG.     doh     G. 

DU.  doch. 

thought  sb.  ME.  thought  OE. 
lepohf.  Teut.  base  ga-fanhtu-t 
derived  fr.  \/~pank  in  fink. 

thousand  num.  ME.  thousand 
thousend  OE.  pusend  =  OHG. 
dusunt  G.  tausend,  DU.  duizend, 
ON.  pusund  pushund,  GOTH.  /«- 
^w»^';  in  the  Lex  Salica,  we 
find  thus-chunde 'thousand'.  Teut. 


thrall  —  throng 


211 


base  pus-hund- ,  compound  of  I 
hund  =  hundred 'with  an  ARYAN 
tus  great,  much'  (cp.  SKR.  tuvi 
'much',  tavas  'might').  LITH. 
tukstantis  =  OSLOV.  tysqsta  'thou- 
sand' correspond  to  the  Teut. 
word. 

thrall  sb.  ME.  thral  (pi.  thralles] 
late  OE.  prcell  (prcel)  prop,  prcsll 
fr.  ON.  prcell  'a  thrall'  (Teut.  base 
firahila-) ;  cogn.  w.  OHG.  drigil 
'a  slave'  and  w.  GOTH,  pragjan 
cto  run'  =  GR.  Tp-'/f-u'  'to  run'. 

thrash,  thresh  vb.  ME.  thresshe 
OE.  per  scan  str.  vb.  =  GOTH. 
friskan,  OHG.  dreskan  G.  dreschen 
(DU.  dorschen),  ON.  preskja.  TEUT. 
\T  presk  (ITAL.  tr  esc  are  is  of 
Teut.  origin);  cp.  LITH.  traszktti 
'to  rattle,  clap'? 

thrave  sb.  ME.  thrdve  thrive',  a 
Scand.  loanword;  cp.  ON.  /r*/?, 
DAN.  trove  'a  number  of  sheaves'. 

thread  sb.  ME.  thr$d  OE.  freed 
=  ON.  prddr,  OHG.  dira/  G.  draht, 
DU.  draad.  The  dental  is  suffix. 
Derivative  of  ^fprd  (pre)  in  OE. 
prdwan  —  throw. 

threat  sb.  short  for  ME.  /r// 
OE.  prcat\  cogn.  w.  OE.  prutian 
prfatian  wk;  vb.  'to  threaten'; 
cogn.  w.  OE.  prcaian  wk.  vb. 
cto  threaten'  =  OHG.  drewen 
drouwen  (G.  drohen). 

three  num.  ME.  /ifoy  OE. 
(f.  n.  —  /r/  m.) ;  ident.  w.  GOTH. 
frets,  ON.  prir,  DU.  </«V,  OHG. 
dri  G.  </r«:  ARYAN  base  tri-  in 
SKR.  /r/  (nom.  tray  as),  GR.  r^t^, 
LAT.  /r«,  OIR.  tri,  OSLOV.  RUSS. 
fr/,  LITH.  trys.  —  The  ordinal 


third  ME.  thridde  OE.  pridda 
corresponds  to  GOTH,  fridja, 
ON.  pridi,  DU.  derde,  OHG.  //r//A; 
G.  dritte\  cp.  SKR.  trttya,  LAT. 
tertius,  OSLOV.  /r^y.  -  -  thir- 
teen ME.  threttene  short  for  OE. 
preotene  (pryttyne).  —  thirty  ME. 
thritty  OE.  pritti^  priti^  =.  OHG. 
drizuc  G.  dreissig  (see  under  /^« 
about  the  OE.  -//j  =  G.  -zig  in 
zwanzig  vierzig  etc.).  —  thrice  ME. 
Mnfcj1  extended  for  an  older  form 
frie  OE.  friyi  (priwa)  =  OSAX. 
Mr^t;  (thrlwo),  OFRIES.  Mr^;  see 
twice. 

threshold  sb.  ME.  threshwoldw. 
perscwald  mostly  perscold\  ident. 
w.  OHG.  drisciifili,  ON.  pr&skjpldr. 
Probably  not  cognate  w.  thrash. 

thrice  see  three. 

thrift  sb.  ME.  thrift  fr.  ON.  prift. 
The  str.  vb.  thrive  ME.  thrive 
is  borrowed  fr.  ON.  prifa-sk  'to 
thrive'. 

throat  sb.  ME.  thrfle  OE.  profit 
=  OHG.  droT^a  MHG.  dro7%e\\\rotQ 
(G.  erdrosseln  'to  throttle')  ident. 
w.  OLG.  strata,  DU.  strot\  ARYAN 
ground  -  form  (s)truda-.  ITAL. 
strozza  'gullet'  is  of  TEUT  (Lango- 
bard.)  origin. 

throe  sb.  'pain'  ME.  throwe  fr. 
the  wk.  vb.  OE.  prowian  =  OHG. 
druoen  'to  suffer'  (Teut.  \{~prdw). 

throne  sb.  for  ME.  trjne  fr. 
OFR.  trone. 

throng  sb.  ME.  throng  OE.  leprong 
fr.  the  str.  vb.  OE.  fringan  = 
OHG.  dringan  G.  DU.  dringen',  ident. 
w.  GOTH,  preihan,  ON.  pryngva 
'to  throng':  TEUT.  \{~ pring prenh, 

14* 


212 


throstle  —  tight 


ARYAN  y~  trenk    trenq    in    LITH. 
trenkti  'to  shake'. 

throstle  sb.  ME.  throstd  OE. 
frostle ;  cogn.  w.  LG.  drdssl  (OSAX. 
*thrastala  fr.  *frams'tala)  and  w. 
ON.  firgstr  (GOTH.  *fra$twi) 
'throstle';  cp.  also  LITH.  strdzdas 
'throstle'. 

through  adv.  ident.  w.  thorough'. 
ME.  thuruh  OE.  purh  =  OHG.  duruh 
G.  durch,  DU.  dorchy  GOTH,  pairh. 

throw  vb.  ME.  throwe  OE. 
prdwan  str.  vb.  'to  twist,  turn 
=  OHG.  drden  G.  drehen  (DU. 
draaieri)  :  TEUT.  y~  fire  (also  in 
thread]  =  ARYAN  \^tre(tere)  in 
GR.  Tpij-f-tu  'a  hole'  —  rtpsTv 
'to  pierce'  —  TEQSTQOV  'auger'. 

thrush  sb.  (a  bird's  name)  ME. 
thrush  short  for  OE.  prysce  (TEUT. 
base  pruskjon)\  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
drosca  (base  prauskbn-). 

thud  sb.  (Scotch)  short  for 
OE.  poden  'whirlwind'. 

thumb  sb.  ME.  thombe  thumbe 
older  fume  OE.  puma  =  OHG. 
dumo  G.  daumen,  DU.  duimy  SWED. 
tumme  (ON.  pumall  'the  thumb 
of  a  glove')  :  TEUT.  base  flu-man-. 
It  rests  on  an  ARYAN  adj.  tu-mo- 
'thick,  strong'  in  AVEST.  tuma 
(SKR.  tutuma)  'strong';  cp.  LAT. 
turner e  'to  swell'.  ARYAN  y*  tu. 

thunder  sb.  ME.  thunder  older 
form  thoner  thuner  OE.  punor  = 
OHG.  do?iar  G.  donner,  DU.  donder 
(cp.  ON.  /^rr  for  *fonr  the  god 
of  thunder).  ARYAN  \J~tm  ton  in 
LAT.  tonare  —  tonitru,  SKR.  /## 

to  sound  ,  OE.  fiuniati'tQ  resound, 
creak'  (byform  \^sten  in  SKR. 


'to  sound',  see  under  stun).  - 
thursday  ME.  thorsday    thursday 
late    OE.  furesdcE^  OE.  futtresda^ 
=  OHG.  donares-tag  G.  donnerstag, 
DU.    donder  dag  ,     ON.     fdrsdagr. 
Early    translation    of  LAT.    7<5^> 
d^f.    TEUT.  punara-  was  the  god 
of    thunder,    corresponding    to 
ON.  fdrr  'Thor*. 
thus  adv.  ME.  thus  OE.  pus  = 

OSAX.      OFRIES.      thus,       DU.      ^//«  J 

corresponding  to  OHG.  sus.  Forms 
of  the  article  the. 

tick  (of  a  bed)  sb.  not  found 
in  ME.  nor  OE.,  probably  borrowed 
fr.  DU.  tijk  =  OHG.  ziehha  G.  zieche\ 
source  LAT.  theca,  whence  also 
FR.  taie  'a  tick'. 

ticket  sb.  fr.  FR.  etiquette. 

tickle  vb.  ME.  tikele. 

tide  sb.  ME.  tide  'season'  OE. 
tid  (gen.  tide)  'time,  hour'  =  ON. 
tidt  OSAX.  tidy  DU.  tijd,  OHG.  zit 
G.  zeit:  Teut.  base  tl-di-t  cogn. 
w.  OE.  ti-ma  =  time.  —  Hence 
tidings  ME.  tidinges  older  form 
tithende  fr.  ON.  tidindi  'tidings'  (= 
DU.  tij  dingy  G.  zeitung). 

tie  vb.  ME.  tie  OE.  tiym  tlyin 
wk.  vb.  'to  tie,  connect';  derived 
fr.  OE.  t$ag  'bond,  chain,  rope' 
=  Teut.  base  taugo:  \{~taug  tauh 
teuh  'to  pull,  draw',  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  diicere  'to  lead';  cp.  OHG. 
ziohan  G.  ziehent  OE.  teon  (prt. 


tight  adj.  ME.  ti^fit  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  pettr  (therefore  also  ME. 
thiihi]  —  MHG.  tfihte  (G.  dichi)  : 
Teut.  base  pihti-  pinhti-.  Cogn. 
w.  thick1? 


tike  —  today 


213 


tike  sb.  ME.  tike  fr.  ON.  ttk  a 
bitch'. 

tile  sb.  ME.  tile  contraction  fr. 
OE.  tfyele  —  ttffe\  source  LAT. 
tegula,  whence  also  OHG.  ziagal 
G.  ziegel,  DU.  teg  el  tichel  (cp.  FR. 
tuile,  ITAL.  teg  old). 

till  vb.  ME.  tile  older  tilien  OE. 
tilian  'to  till  land,  to  work';  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  zilon  G.  zielen  'to  aim 
at',  OSAX.  tilbn  tiloian,  DU.  telen 
'to  till,  cultivate'  (cp.  GOTH.  ga~ 
tils  adj.  'fitting'). 

till  prepos.  ME.  OE.  til  (in 
Northumbr.  dialect)  ==  ON.  til 
'till,  to'.  Cogn.  w.  GOTH,  gatils 
and  OHG.  zildn  under  ////  vb. 

tilt  sb.  late  ME.  telt  'a  covering' 
for  an  earlier  form  tild  (under 
the  influence  of  tent)  =  OE. 
leteld'z,  covering,  tent';  ident.  w. 
OHG.  zelt  gizelt  G.  zelt  'tent',  ODU. 
telt  ghetelt  'tent',  ON.  tjaldi  Teut. 
base  telda-  ga-telda-. 

timber  sb.  ME.  OE.  timber  'ma- 
terial for  building';  cp.  GOTH. 
timrjan  'to  build',  OHG.  zimbar 
'material  for  building,  edifice' 
G.  zimmer  'room',  OSAX.  timbar 
'edifice',  DU.  timmer,  ON.  timbr. 

Cognate  w.  GR.  dsf.ietv  'to  build' 

—    Jo,«o£    'edifice',    LAT.   domus 

'house',  OSLOV.  domii  'house',  SKR. 

damd-. 
time   sb.  ME.  time  OE.,  tima  = 

ON.  tlmi  time':  Teut.  base  ti-mon- 

fr.   the  \Tti  in  tide. 
tin  sb.  ME.  OE.  tin  =  ON.  DAN 

DU.  tin,  OHG.  zin  G.  zinn:  common 

Teut.  base  Una-. 
tinder  sb.  ME.  tinder  OE.  tyndrei 


=  base  tundrjbn-  in  OHG.  zuntira 
G.  zunder\  cp.  DU.  tinder,  ON. 
tundr.  Teut.  verbal  \^tand  tund 
in  GOTH,  tandjan,  OHG.  zuntan  G. 
ziinden,  OE.  ontendan  'to  kindle'. 

tine  (of  a  fork)  sb.  ME.  OE.  //W 
'prong,  spike'  =  ON.  /*Wr  'a 
spike',  MHG.  £/«/:  Teut.  base  iinda- 
tenda-.  Probably  connected  w. 
tooth  (Teut.  base  /««/-). 

tire  vb.  ME.  tire  OE.  tyran  with 
the  non-umlauted  by  form  ME.  tire 
OE.  teorian. 

tit  see  titmouse. 

tithe  sb.  ME.  ////^;  prop,  ordinal 
OE.  /£££/?#  (teogoda  teofia)  'tenth'; 
see  ten. 

titlark  see  titmouse. 

title  sb.  ME.  title  fr.  OFR.  /rV/<? 
=  FR.  titre:  source  LAT.  titulus. 

titmouse  sb.  (a  bird's  name) 
not  connected  w.  mouse\  the 
second  element  of  the  compound 


is  ME.  mfoe  OE.  mdse  =  DU. 
OHG.  meisa  G.  meise  'a  titmouse' 
(FR.  mtsange  is  of  Teut.  origin). 
The  first  element  of  titmouse 
(as  of  titlark)  is  ON.  /#  'a  small 
bird'. 

to  prep.  ME.  OE.  to  prep.  adv. 
=  OSAX.  to  adv.  (—  ti  prep.),  OHG. 
zuo  adv.  (—  zi  prep.);  cp.  DU. 
toe,  G.  s«. 

toad  sb.  ME.  tgde  OE.  /^-/^ 
(see  tadpole)',  there  are  no 
further  connections. 

toast  vb.  ME.  to'ste  fr.  OFR.  toste 
=  LAT.  Aw/0  (fr.  the  vb.  torrerc). 

today  ME.  to  day  OE.  td  day  = 
OSAX.  /^  dage.  —  For  tonight  — 
tomorrow  =  ME.  to  night  —  ty 


214 


toe  —  tower 


morwe  OE.  to  morgne  cp.  OSAX. 
te  naht  'tonight'. 

toe  sb.  ME.  to  (pi.  ton)  OE.  td 
(pi.  tan)  oldest  form  tdha  = 
OHG.  zeha  G.  zehe\  Tent,  base 
taihbni  cp.  DU.  teen,  ON.  td. 

together  adv.  ME.  togedere  OE. 
togcedre\  cogn.  w.  gather. 

token  sb.  ME.  token  OR.  tdcen: 
Teut.  base  taikna-  in  OHG.  zeihhan 
G.  zeichen,  OSAX.  tekan,  DU.  teeken; 
cp.  GOTH,  taikns  (base  taikni-). 
Pre-Teut.  base  doigno-  doigni- 
cogn.  w.  GR.  dtiy{.ta  by  the  side 
of  dEiy.vvf.il.  ARYAN  \T  ^  (#§•)  in 
LAT.  duo  ( —  dtgnus  — prodigium). 
E.  teach  OE.  tcecean  belongs  to 
the  same  root. 

toll  Sb.  ME.  OE.  tdl  (II)  =  OHG. 
zol  (II)  G.  ZOllj  OSAX.  DU.  tol\  cp. 

OSAX.  tolna  =  OE.  tolne  'toll'. 
Source  LAT.  telonium  in  a  vulgar 
form  toloneum  for  teloneum.  Cp. 
OE.  iolnere  OHG.  zolandri  =  LAT. 
tolonarius  (tclonarius). 

tomb  sb.  ME.  /<?;«A?  toumbe  fr. 
FR.  /bwfo  =  LAT.  tumba. 

tomorrow  see  today. 

tongs  sb.  ME.  OE.  tgnge  (tange) 
=  OHG.  zanga  G.  zange,  DU.  /tf^, 
ON.  #»,£•:  Teut.  base  tango-n-  fr. 
the  ARYAN  y~ dak  in  SKR.  daf  — 
GR.  (Ta'xmv  'to  bite'. 

tongue  ME.  &#£•  *  /^^^  OE.  /^^^ 
=  GOTH,  tuggb,  OHG.  zunga  G. 
zunge  y  DU.  A?/2£".  Teut.  base 
tungon-  fr.  pre-TEUT.  dmghd-  in 
OLAT.  dingua  (=  LAT.  lingua). 

tonight  see  today. 

too  ident.  w.   /#. 

tool  sb.  ME.  OE.  /<?'/  =  ON.  #/; 


probably  derived  fr.  the  TEUT. 
\{"tau\o  make'  (see  under  taw). 

toom  adj.  ME.  OE.  torn  loanword 
fr.  ON.  tomr  'empty';  cp.  OSAX. 
tdmi  tomigj  OHG.  zuomig  'empty'. 

tooth  sb.  ME.  toth  (pi.  tetfi)  OE. 
top  (pi.  tef)  fr.  a  Teut.  base  tanf- 
in  OSAX.  DU.  tand,  OHG.  zand  (zan 
G.  a:«^«),  ON.  tgnn\  ablaut-varia- 
tion GOTH,  tunfus.  ARYAN  base 
dont-  dint-  in  SKR.  dat  —  danta, 

GR.  6<5oVT-  (odotg),  LAT.  ^2/-  (dens)  , 

LITH.  dantis.    ARYAN     ^^/  'to  eat' 


see  under  ^^/;  the  form  of  the 
Aryan  word  (cp.  sootfi)  is  present 
participle. 

top1  sb.  ME.  OE.  top  (pp)  =  ON. 
toppr,   DU.   top    (OHG.  G.  zopf  'a 
tuft  of  hair)  :  Teut.  base  toppa-  f 
tuppa-. 

top2  sb.  (a  child's  toy)  ME.  OE. 
top  (pp);  phonetically  differing 
fr.  the  equiv.  LG.  dop,  OHG.  topfo 
G.  topf. 

torch  sb.  ME.  torche  fr.  FR. 
tor  die,  whence  also  DU.  toorts. 

touch  vb.  ME.  touche  fr.  FR. 
toucher,  whence  also  DU.  toetsen. 

tough  adj.  ME.  tough  OE.  toh  fr. 
TEUT.  *tanhu-,  whence  also  DU. 
taaij  OHG.  zahi  G.  zahe.  Perhaps 
cogn.  w.  OE.  letpng  adj.  'in  con- 
tact with'  —  tytenge  'close  to'. 

towel  sb.  ME.  touail  fr.  OFR. 
toaille  =  FR.  touaille.  Source  an 
old  Teut.  word  ;  cp.  OHG.  dwaJulla 
G.  zwehle  'towel'.  TEUT.  \T  *pwah 
in  GOTH,  pwahan  =  OE.  pivfan 
str.  vb.  'to  wash'. 

tower    sb.    ME.    tour    late    OE. 


town  —  truncheon 


21 


5 


(nth  cent.)  tur  fr.  FR.  tour. 
Source  LAT.  tur r is. 

town  sb.  ME.  toun  OE.  tun;  the 
original  meaning  'fence'  is  seen 
in  OE.  tynan  wk.  vb.  'to  fence, 
enclose'.  Cp.  ON.  ttin,  DU.  tuin, 
OHG.  ziin  G.  zaun  'fence,  hedge'. 
Cogn.  w.  OIR.  d&n  'fortress'  (in 
CELT,  place-names  as  in  Augusto- 
dunum) . 

trace  sb.  ME.  trdfe  fr.  FR.  trace 
(source  LAT.  tractiare). 

trade  sb.  original  meaning 'path' 
fr.  the  vb.  tread. 

trail  vb.  ME.  traile  late  OE. 
trcR^lian  fr.  OFR.  traillery  whence 
also  DU.  LG.  treilen. 

traitor  sb.  ME.  traitour  fr.  OFR. 
traitor  (FR.  traitre)  =  LAT.  tra- 
ditor(em\ 

tramp,  trample  vb.  ME.  trampe 
=  LG.  tramp  en  trampeln;  cp. 
GOTH.  trimpan^  'to  tread'. 

trap  sb.  ME.  trappe  late  OE. 
trceppe  loanword  fr.  FR.  trappe ; 
source  OHG.  trappa. 

travel  vb.  ME.  travaille  fr.  FR. 
travailler. 

treachery  sb.  ME.  tr{cherie 
triccherie  fr.  FR.  tricherie  (FR. 
tricher  vb.). 

tread  vb.  ME.  tr$de  OE.  tredan 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  tredan,  DU.  treden, 
OHG.  tretan  G.  treten;  cp.  GOTH. 
trudan,  ON.  troda  'to  tread'. 
TEUT.  \^tred  trod. 

treason  sb.  ME.  traisoun  fr.  OFR. 
traison  =  FR.  trahison'.  source 
LAT.  tradilio(nem). 

treasure  sb.  ME.  tresor  fr.  FR. 
tresor  =  LAT.  thesaurus. 


treat  vb.  fr.  FR.  tr alter  =  LAT. 
tractare. 

tree  sb.  ME.  treov.  treo  =  GOTH. 
triu,  OSAX.  trio,  ON.  tre:  Teut. 
base  trewa-t  derived  fr.  an  ARYAN 
dru  doru  in  SKR.  dru  ddru  'wood', 
GR.  d'pvg  'oak'  —  dopv  'spear', 
OSLOV.  druva  —  dr&uo  'wood'; 
cogn.  w.  tar  and  trough. 

tripe  sb.  ME.  tripe  =  DU.  trijp 
fr.  FR.  tripe. 

trouble  vb.  short  for  ME.  trouble: 
loanword  fr.  FR.  troubler. 

trough  sb.  ME.  trogh  OE.  troh 
trog  =  ON.  OHG.  G.  DU.  trogi 
Teut.  base  troga-  truga-,  pro- 
bably derived  fr.  ARYAN  dru- 
'wood'  under  tree. 

trout  sb.  ME.  troute  (for  troughtef) 
OE.  truht:  early  loanword  fr. 
LAT.  triicta  =  FR.  truite. 

truant  sb.  ME.  truant  prop. 
triiaund  fr.  FR.  truand  'a  vaga- 
bond'. 

truce  sb.  ME.  trewes  plural  form 
of  ME.  trfwe  'truce'  =  OE.  treowa 
'confidence,  faith'.  Derivative 
of  the  adj.  true  ME.  trewe  OE. 
•^etreowe  "^etrywe  =  OHG.  triuwi 
gitriuwi  G.  (ge)treu,  OSAX.  triuwi '; 
cp.  GOTH,  triggws  —  ON.  tryggr 
'true'.  Cogn.  w.  OPRUSS.  druwis 
'belief  —  druwit  'to  believe'. 
ARYAN  y"  dru.  See  truth  and 
trust. 

trump  sb.  ME.  trumpe  trompe 
fr.  FR.  trompe,  whence  also  ODU. 
trompe. 

truncheon  sb.  ME.  trounchoun 
tronchoun  fr.  OFR.  tronchon  = 
FR.  tron^on. 


2l6 


trust  —  twine 


trust  sb.  ME.  trust  fr.  ON.  troust 
'confidence'  (=  OHG.  trost  G. 
trost  'consolation'):  Teut.  base 
trausta-  fr.  an  ARYAN  base  drouz- 
da-\  cogn.  w.  IR.  druit  (base 
druzdi-)  'firm,  trustworthy'. 

truth  ME.  treuthe  OE.  treowj) 
'faith,  fidelity':  abstract  forma- 
tion to  true. 

try  vb.  ME.  trie  fr.   FR.  trier. 

tub  sb.  ME.  tubbe  =  DU.  tobbe, 
LG.  //^fo  'a  tub';  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
zubar  G.  zuber.  Source  LAT.  tubus 
'a  pipe,  tube'? 

tuck  vb.  ME.  tukke  •=.  OHG.  zockbn 
zucken :  intensive  formation  of  y~ 
tith  in  GOTH,  tiuhan  •=  OHG.  ziohan 
(see  under  /zV). 

Tuesday  sb.  ME.  Tiwesday  OE. 
Tiwesd&i  =  ON.  Tfsdagr,  G.  (Ale- 
mann.)  Zistag'.  translation  of  LAT. 
Martis  dies.  The  Teut.  god  Tlw 
corresponds  to  Mars.  OE.  Tlw 
ON.  7)V  rests  on  ARYAN  deiwos 
'god'  (in  SKR.  deva,  LAT.  /&&tf; 
cp.  ON.  tivar  'the  gods'). 

tumble  vb.  ME.  tumble  tomble 
fr.  OE.  tumbian  'to  dance,  tumble'; 
cp.  DU.  tuimelen  fr.  ODU.  turn  en. 

tun  sb.  ME.  tunne  tonne  OE.  tunne 
=  DU.  /0/z;  ident.  w.  OHG.  ^72720 
G.  tonne  and  FR.  /0#/?<?.  Source 
and  history  of  the  group  not 
cleared  up  yet. 

turbot  sb.  ME.  turbut  fr.  FR. 
turbot. 

turf  sb.  ME.  turf  torf  OE.  turf 
—  ON.  torf,  OHG.  zurba,  DU.  /#r/" 
'peaf :  Teut.  base  turb-  torb-  fr. 
an  ARYAN  base  drbh-  dwbh-;  cp. 
SKR.  darbha  'bunch  of  grass'. 


turn  vb.  short  for  ME.  tourne 
late  OE.  turnian  fr.  FR.  tourner. 

turtle  sb.  ME.  OE.  turtle  (== 
OHG.  turtulatuba  G.  turtcltaube) 
fr.  LAT.  turtur. 

tusk  sb.  ME.  tusk  tusch  short 
for  OE.  tusc  (tusc);  probably  Teut. 
base  timska-,  derived  fr.  TEUT. 
tun}"  (tanp-)  =  tooth. 

twelve  num.  ME.  OE.  twelf  (infl. 
ME.  twelve  OE.  twelf e)  =  GOTH. 
twalif,  OHG.  zwelifQ.  zwolf,  os AX. 
twelify  DU.  twaalf.  The  word 
rests  on  the  num.  two;  the  2nd 
element  (cp.  LITH.  dvylika  twelve') 
occurs  again  in  GOTH,  ainlif  = 
OHG.  einlif  (see  eleven).  — 
twenty  ME.  twenty  OE.  twenti^ 
probably  contracted  for  *twe- 
%enti%  =  OHG.  zweinzug  (G.  zwanzig, 
DU.  twintig).  -  -  twice  adv.  ME. 
twies  prop,  twle  OE.  twfya  (twiwa 
tuwd).  — 

twig  sb.  ME.  twig  pi.  twigges; 
cogn.  w.  OE.  twi  (pi.  fari%v)j  OHG. 
zwi  and  also  w.  OHG.  swig  G. 
zweigy  DU.  twijg.  Probably  con- 
nected w.  the  numeral  two 
(ARYAN  stem  dwi-). 

twins  pi.  ME.  twinnes  OE. 
letwinnas;  ident.  w.  ON.  tvinnr 
'two  and  two';  cp.  OHG.  zwini- 
li?ig  .G.  zwilliitg,  DU.  tweeling  'a 
twin'  and  LITH.  dvynu  'twins'.  All 
derived  fr.  the  ARYAN  stem  dwi-; 
see  two. 

twine  vb.  ME.  twine  vb.  fr.  the 
sb.  OE.  twin  'linen,  a  twisted 
thread'  —  DU.  twijn,  which  is 
ident.  w.  MHG.  G.  zwirn ,  DU. 
tweern:  Teut.  base  twizna-  fr. 


twinckle  —  up 


2I7 


\{~twis  (see  under  twist"),  cogn.  \ 
w.  the  num.  two. 

twinckle   vb.   ME.   twincle    OE.  j 
twinclian. 

twist  vb.  ME.  twiste  vb.  fr.  OE. 
twist  sb.  'rope'  =  ODU.  twist 
'thread';  TEUT.  \ftwis  as  in  G. 
zwirn  'thread';  see  twine. 

twit  vb.  short  for  ME.  at- wife 
OE.  cet-witan  str.  vb.  'to  reproach'; 
cp.  OE.  ed-wlt  sb.  'reproach'  and 
GOTH,  idweitjan  >vb.  'to  reproach', 
OHG.  firwii^an  G.  verweisen,  DU. 
verwijten  'to  reproach'  and  OE. 

Wttey    OSAX.    Wtti,    OHG.   wtyty   *pu- 

nishment',  GQTB..fraweitan  str.  vb. 

twitch  vb.  ME.  twicche  (without 

palatalisation  twicke)  OE.  twiccian 


=  G.  zwicken  (cp.  OHG.  zwecchon) : 
Teut.  ground-form  *twikkjdnt 

twitter  vb.  ME.  twitere  =  OHG. 
zwizziron  G.  zititschern ;  perh.  a 
reduplicated  WEST -TEUT.  *twi» 
twiron?  (TEUT.  ^twisf). 

two  num. :  orig.  twain  masc.  — 
two  f.  n.  =  ME.  twein  —  two  OE. 
twe^en  —  twd  (tu  n.  for  *twu  orig. 
*two) ;  cp.  OHG.  zwfae  —  zwa  — 
zwei,  OSAX.  twene  —  twd  (two) 
—  twt,  GOTH,  twai  —  twos  —  twa. 
ARYAN  stem  duo-  dwo-  in  LAT. 
duo,  GR.  Ji/o  (but  dtodexa  for 
*J/wJfxa),  SKR.  ^^z  dva. 

tyrant  sb.  ME.  ttraunt  (with 
excrescent  /  as  in  pageant]  fr. 
OFR.  /Rr«»  =  LAT.  tyrannus. 


u 


udder  sb.  ME.  udder  short  for 
OE.  uder  =  OHG.  ^/^r  (G.  euter), 

ODU.  OFRIES.    OSAX.  W^!?r;    ARYAN 

base  udhr-  in  SKR.  udhttr,  LAT. 
w^r;  cp.  GR.  ovfrap.  All  equi- 
valent. 

ugly  adj.  ME.  ugly  fr.  ON.  uggligr 
'dreadful' ;  cp.  ON.  ugga  'to  fear. 

umpire  prop,  numpire  (as  auger 
for  orig.  nauger)  ME.  noumpfre  fr. 
OFR.  nonper. 

un-1  prefix  (of  adjectives)  ME. 

OE.    ««-    =    G.    OHG.     GOTH.    Ufl- ; 

ident.    w.    LAT.  in-,    GR.  «^-  a-, 
SKR.  ««-  ar- :  ARYAN  ground-form 
9n-t   cogn.  w.   SKR.  na,  LAT.  «^, 
GOTH.   OHG.  niy  OE.  «^   not. 
un 2  prefix  (of  verbs)  ME.  un- 


late  OE.  w«-  OE.  on-  =  GOTH. 
««//-,  OHG.  int-  G.  ^«/-. 

uncle  sb.  ME.  uncle  oncle  fr.  FR. 
0«£&  (=  LAT.  avunculus).  Cp. 
also  a««/,  nevew,  niece. 

under  prep.  ME.  OE.  under  = 
GOTH.  OSAX.  undar,  ON.  undir, 
DU.  onder,  OHG.  z//z/^r  G.  unter. 
Two  different  prepositions  are 
blended  in  this  form:  LAT.  /»/!fr, 
SKR.  ^«/^r  and  LAT.  infra  SKR, 


up  prep.  adv.  ME.  up  OE.  upp\ 
ident.  w.  OHG.  w/  G.  auf,  OSAX. 
»/;  cp.  the  ablaut-relation  GOTH. 
iup.  Cogn.  w.  OE.  ufan  'from 
above'  =  OHG.  obana  OSAX.  obana 
'from  above'.  See  above  and 


218 


urchin  —  very 


and  over,  upon  ME.  upon  OE. 
upp-on;  cp.  ON.  upp  a. 

urchin  sb.  ME.  irchoun  fr.  OFR. 
irefoti  (FR.  hcrisson) ;  source  a 
vulgar  LAT.  ericio(nem)  =  LAT. 
ericius  'hedge-hog'  (the  genuine 
E.  word  was  OE.  i^el  =  OHG. 
igil  G.  igcl,  cogn.  w.  GR.  ^Tvoc). 

us  pron.  ME.  us  (ous)  OE.  us  for 
TEUT.  uns-  in  G.  OHG.  GOTH,  uns, 
OSAX.  us,  DU.  ons.  Cp.  our 
and  we. 


use  sb.  ME.  use   fr.   FR.    #$  = 

LAT.    USUS. 

usquebaugh  sb.  fr.  IR.  uisge 
beatha  'water  of  life';  ident.  w. 
whisky. 

utmost  short  for  ME.  outemeste 
OE.  (w.  umlaut)  ytemest;  ident. 
w.  outmost. 

utter  vb.  ME.  uttre  outre  derived 
fr.  ME.  oute  vb.  'to  put  out'  OE. 
utian  'to  put  out'.  Source  out. 


vain  adj.  ME.  vain  fr.  FR.  vain 
=  LAT.  vdnus. 

vale  sb.  ME.  vdl  fr.  FR.  vale 
and  valley  ME.  valeie  fr.  FR.  valtte. 
Source  LAT.  vallis. 

valiant  adj.  ME.  valiaunt  fr. 
FR.  vaillant. 

valley  see  vale. 

van  ident.  w.  fan. 

vane  sb.  (a  wether-cock)  ME. 
(Kent.)  vdne  —  (else)  fane  OE. 
fdna  =  OHG.  fano  (gund-fano) 
G.  fahne,  DU.  vaan,  GOTH,  fana: 
Teut.  base  fanan-y  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  pannus  'cloth'. 

vanish  vb.  ME.  vanisshe  fr. 
OFR.  vanir  (vaniss-),  source  LAT. 
evanesccre. 

vanquish  vb.  ME.  venquisshe 
fr.  OFR.  veinquir  (veinquiss-) 
=  FR.  vainer  e\  source  LAT.  vin- 
cere. 

vat  sb.  ME.  (Kent.)  vat —  (else) 
fat  OE.  feet  =  OSAX,  ON.  fat, 


OHG.  fa^  G.  /ass,  DU.  vat:  Teut. 
base  fata-.  Cogn.  w.  L!TH.  pftdas 
'a  pot'  and  OHG.  foTgfin  G.  fasten 
'to  contain'. 

vaunt  vb.  short  for  ME.  avaunte 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  avanter  (FR.  vanter) 
=  late  LAT.  vanitare. 

veal  sb.  ME.  v$l  fr.  OFR.  veel 
(FR.  veaii)\  source  LAT.  vitellus 
'a  little  calf. 

veil  sb.  ME.  veile  fr.  ONFR.  veile 
=  LAT.  velum. 

vein  sb.  ME.  veine  fr.  FR.  veine 
=  LAT.  vena. 

venison  sb.  ME.  veneisoun  fr. 
OFR.  veneison  =  LAT.  venatio(nem). 

venom  sb.  ME.  venim  fr.  OFR. 
venim  =  LAT.  venenum. 

verse  sb.  ME.  vers  fr.  FR.  vers; 
OE.  ME.  fers  is  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
versus  with  the  medieval  pro- 
nunciation of  LAT.  v  as  f. 

very  adj.  ME.  verrei  verrai  fr. 
OFR.  verai  (FR.  vrai) ;  source 


vessel  —  wade 


2IQ 


a  LAT.  type  verdcus  for  LAT. 
verdc-cm. 

vessel  sb.  ME.  vessel  fr.  OFR. 
veissel  (FR.  vaisseau)  ==.  LAT. 
vascellum  (vasculus  —  vas). 

vetch  sb.  ME.  vecche  fr.  OFR.  veche 
(FR.  ew^)  =  LAT.  zricia,  whence 
also  OHG.  wicka  G.  wicke  DU.  wik. 

vex  vb.  ME.  w#<?  fr.  FR.  vexer 
=  LAT.  vexare. 

vial  (phial)  sb.  ME.  z>/<?&  fr.  FR. 
/<?/<?  (OFR.  viole). 

vice  sb.  ME.  z^  fr.  FR.  vice 
=  LAT.  vithim. 

victory  sb.  ME.  victor ie  fr.  OFR. 
vie  tor  ie  =  FR.  victoire. 

victuals  sb.  (ME.  vitaille)  fr. 
OFR.  vitaille  in  the  spelling  vie- 
tuaille.  Source  LAT.  victualia. 

view  sb.  fr.  FR.  vue. 

vigil  sb.  ME.  vigile  fr.  FR.  vigile 
=  LAT.  vigilia. 

vigor  sb.  ME.  vigour  fr.  OFR. 
vigour  (FR.  vigeur)  =  LAT. 
vigor -em. 

vile  adj.  ME.  z>//  fr.  FR.  z>#  = 
LAT.  vilis. 

villain  sb.  ME.  vilein  fr.  OFR. 
vilein  =  LAT.  villanus. 

vine  sb.  ME.  vine  fr.  FR.  z^rc* 
=  LAT.  vinea.  Cp.  7*'/«*. 

vinegar  sb.  ME.  vinfere  fr.  FR. 
vinaigre  =  LAT.  vinum  acre.  For 
the  2nd  element  cp.  eager. 


vinewed  adj.  (the  initial  v 
instead  of  /  is  due  to  Kentish 
influence)  fr.  OE.  fynegian  'to 
become  mouldy'  (fyni^  'mouldy'). 

vintage  sb.  transformed  fr.  ME. 
vinddge,  which  rests  on  FR.  ven- 
dange  =  LAT.  vindemja  (whence 
OHG.  wintimma  Vintage'). 

viol  sb.  fr.  FR.  viole  =  ITAL. 
SPAN,  viola;  source  a  late  LAT. 
vitula,  whence  also  fiddle. 

virgin  sb.  ME.  virginc  fr.  OFR. 
virgine. 

virtue  sb.  ME.  vertil  fr.  FR.  vertu. 

visage  sb.  ME.  visdge  fr.  FR. 
visage.  —  vision  sb.  ME.  visioun 
fr.  FR.  vision. 

vixen  sb.  (^instead  off  due  to 
Kentish  influence)  OE.  *fyxen: 
Teut.  base  fuhsinjb-  (G.fiichsin), 
derived  fr.  TEUT.  fuhs-  fohs- 
under  fox  (^injb-  being  fern, 
suffix  as  in  G.  gottin,  grafin  etc.). 

voice  sb.  ME.  vois  fr.  OFR.  vois 
(FR.  voix)  =  LAT.  vox. 

voutch  vb.  ME.  vouche  fr.  OFR. 
voucher  (=  LAT.  vocare). 

vow  sb.  ME.  vou  fr.  OFR.  vou 
(FR.  voeu)  =  LAT.  votum. 

voyage  sb.  fr.  FR.  voyage',  cp. 
vedge  fr.  OFR.  veiage. 
3K  LAT.  viaticum. 


W 


wade  vb.  ME.  wdde  OE.  wddan 
(prt.  wo  ft)  str.   vb.   =  =   ON.  vada, 


DU.  waden,    OHG.  watan   str.  vb. 
(G.  waten  wk.  vb.) :  TEUT.  \fwad, 


22O 


wafer  —  wand 


ARYAN  y~  wddh  in  LAT.  voder  e 
'to  go'. 

wafer  sb.  ME.  wdfre  fr.  OFR. 
waufre  =  FR.  gaufre\  ident. 
w.  DU.  wafel,  G.  waff  el  (OSAX. 
*wafla).  The  group  prop,  meant 
'honey  comb'  as  in  FR.  and  is 
derived  fr.  a  Teut.  word  (OHG. 
wabo  G.  wabe',  \^web  in  weave). 

wag  vb.  ME.  wagge  (OE.  *wag- 
gian)  derived  fr.  \^w'eg  (in  OE. 
wagian  'to  move,  wag');  see 
way. 

wage  sb.  ME.  wage  fr.  OFR. 
wage  (FR.  gage}',  source  a  vul- 
gar LAT.  wadium  for  LAT.  vadium 
(influenced  by  a  TEUT.  -GOTH. 
wadi  'a  pledge'  under  wed). 

waggon  sb.  fr.  DU.  wagen\ 
ident.  w.  wain. 

wail  vb.  ME.  waile  weile]  derived 
fr.  ME.  wet  'woe'  (loanword  fr. 
ON.  vei\  see  woe). 

wain  sb.  ME.  wain   OE.  wceyi: 

Teut.  base  wagnu-  in  OHG.  wagan 

G.  DU.  wagen  (ON.  vagn)  ;  ARYAN 

•  \^wegh    as    in    LAT.    vehiculum, 

GR.  0£0g,    OIR.  ./£«    'wain'.     See 


waist  sb.  ME.  wast;  doubtful 
whether  allied  to  wax? 

wait  vb.  ME.  watte  fr.  OFR. 
waiter]  source  a  vulgar  LAT. 
vb.  wactare,  der.  fr.  OHG.  wahta 
=  GOTH,  wahtito  'a  watching'. 
For  the  root  see  wake  and 
watch. 

wake  vb.  ME.  wake  OE.  wdcian 
=  OSAX.  wakbjan,  DU*  waken, 
ON.  zur&7,  OHG.  wahhen  G.  wachen 
wk.  vb.  (only  GOTH,  wakan  str. 


vb.).  Cp.  also  OE.  weccean,  OHG. 
weckant  OSAX.  wekkian,  DU.  wekken, 
GOTH,  wakjan  'to  awake'.  ARYAN 
\f^weg  in  LAT.  vegere  'to  excite, 
arouse'  (z/^7  'awake')  and  SKR. 
£>4/Vzjy  'to  incite'.  See  watch 
(and  wait). 

walk  vb.  ME.  walke\  intensive 
formation  (cp.  lurk,  stalk)  of 
OE.  weallian  'to  wander*  —  OHG. 
wallbn  G.  wallen. 

wall  sb.  ME.  ze/0/  (pi.  walks) 
OE.  o/#7//  (pi.  wea-llas)  =  DU. 
7^«/,  OSAX.  o/<z/  (pi.  wallas)}  not 
found  in  OHG.  (but  G.  wall 
borrowed  fr.  LG.).  Source  LAT. 
vallum  '«i  rampart'. 

wall-eyed  adj.  fr.  OE.  wealden- 
fye  •=  ON.  vald-eygdr  'wall-eyed'? 

wallow  vb.  ME.  walwe  OE.  weal- 
wian  'to  wallow1;  cp.  GOTH,  wal- 
wisbn  'to  wallow'  and  walwjan 
'to  roll'.  Cogn.  w.  LAT.  volvere 
(GR.  tlMtiv)  'to'  roll'.  ARYAN 
\^ivelw  wolw. 

•walnut  sb.  ME.  walnote  walnute 
OE.  wealh-hnutu  •=  ON.  valhnot, 
DU.  walnoot  G.  walnuss  (not  found 
in  OHG.).  The  former  element 
(TEUT.  walha-)  see  under  Welsh 
(walnut  prop,  meant  'French 
nut';  cp.  LAT.  nux  Gallica  = 
FR.  gauge). 

walrus  sb.  =  DU.  walrus  wal- 
rosy  G.  walross,  DAN.  hvalros]  cp. 
ON.  hrosshvalr  (whence  OE.  hors- 
hwcel)'.  lit.  'a  horse-whale'.  See 
whale. 

wan  adj.  ME.  wan(nn)  OE.  wann 
(wo  fin). 

wand    sb.    ME.    wand   fr.    ON. 


wander  —  was 


221 


vgnd  (gen.  vandar)  =  GOTH. 
wandus  'a  rod'.  Cogn.  w.  LITH. 
wantal  or  w.  wind  vb.? 

wander  vb.  ME.  wandre  OE. 
wandrian',  cp.  MHG.  G.  wandern 
wandeln  (OHG.  wantalon}  'to 
wander*.  Cogn.  w.  wend  vb. 

wane  vb.  ME.  wane  OE.  wdnian 
=  OHG.  wanon,  ON.  vana  'to 
wane,  diminish' :  derived  fr.  TEUT. 
wana-  'lacking5  in  OE.  wan,  ON. 
vanr,  OHG.  wan,  GOTH,  wans 
'lacking'  (cp.  DU.  wanhoop  'de- 
spair' and  G.  wahnwitz  'want  of 
wits').  Cogn.  w.  SKR.  una  'wan- 
ting'. —  want  sb.  ME.  want  fr. 
ON.  vant  neutr.  of  vanr  'lacking, 
deficient'.  —  wanton  ME.  wan- 
toun  prop,  wantpwen  for  *wan- 
togen :  OE.  togen  is  participle  of 
teon  (see  team)  'to  educate'. 

war  sb.  ME.  (since  12th  cent.) 
werre  =  DU.  werre  fr.  OFR.  werre 
(FR.  guerre]',  source  OHG.  werra 
Vexation'  (OHG.  OSAX.  werran 
str.  vb.  'to  bring  into  confusion 
or  disorder'). 

ward  sb.  ME.  ward  OE.  weard 
'watchman,  guardian'  =  OSAX. 
ward,  OHG.  G.  wart  (ON.  vprdr 
for  *wardus)  :  ARYAN  \fwor  see 
under  wary.  —  warden  sb. 
ME.  wardein  fr.  OFR.  wardein 
(gardein)  ident.  w.  guardian', 
see  guard.  —  wardrobe  ME. 
warderobe  fr.  OFR.  warderobe  (FR. 
garderobe). 

ware  sb.  ME.  ware  OE.  wdru 
'merchandise'  =  DU.  waar  G. 
ware,  ON.  vara. 

warlock    sb.    for  ME.  warlgwe 


OE.  wcerloga  'traitor'  (=  OSAX. 
war  logo)  :  compound  of  OE.  war 
'faith,  agreement'  ancl  -loga  'a 
liar5  (OE.  leogan  under  lie  ]). 

warm  adj.  ME.  warm  OE.  wearm 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  G.  DU.  warm,  ON. 
varmr  (cp.  GOTH,  warmjan  'to 
make  warm')  :  Teut.  base  warma- 
for  ARYAN  base  ghwermo-  in  GR. 
d-tQpoq  ((f£Qu6c)  =  LAT.  formus 
'warm'. 

warn  vb.  ME.  warne  OH.  wear- 
nian  war(e)nian  =  OHG.  warnon 
G.  warnen  'to  warn'. 

warp  sb.  ME.  warp  OE.  wearp 
derived  fr.  OE.  weorpan  ME.  werpe 
str.  vb.  'to  throw*  =  GOTH. 
wairpan,  OSAX.  werpan,  DU. 
werpen,  OHG.  werfan  G.  werfen 
str.  vb.  'to  throw*.  ARYAN 
^fwergw  in  SKR.  vrj\Q  remove', 
OSLOV.  vretti  (vruga)  'to  throw'. 

warrant  sb.  ME.  war  aunt  fr. 
OFR.  war  ant  (FR.  garani). 

wart  sb.  ME.  werte\  umlauted 
byform  of  OE.  wearte  -  -  ON. 
varta,  ODU.  warte,  OHG.  warza 
G.  Wtfr0£.  Perhaps  cogn.  w.  OE. 
wearr  'callosity,  wart'  and  LAT. 
verruca  'wart'. 

wary  adj.  extension  of  ME. 
war  OE.  war  'cautious,  aware' 
=  GOTH,  wars,  OSAX.  war  'cau- 
tious' (OHG.  giwar  G.  gewahr): 
ARYAN  \T  wor  also  in  GR.  o(ty.v 
'to  observe'. 

was  (I,  he)  --  were  (we)  ME. 
was-were  OE.  was-wfron  (watron): 
forms  of  the  preterite  of  OE. 
wesan  =  DU.  wezen,  OHG. 
GOTH. 


sb-    'a 


222 


wash  —   wean 


being').     ARYAN  \f~wes  in    SKR. 
vas  'to  stay  in  a  place'. 

wash  vb.  ME.  wasshe  OE.  wascan 
—  ON.  vaska,  OHG.  wascan  G. 
waschen.  ARYAN  \^wask  in  IR. 
faiscim,  w.  gwasgu  'I  press'. 

wasp  sb.  ME.  waspe  OE.  o/^j 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  wafsa-  in  OHG. 
wafsa',  cogn.  w.  LAT.  vespa,  LITH. 
##/.?#  'breeze',  OSLOV.  ?w# 'wasp'. 
ARYAN  \l^webh  in  weave\  wasp 
orig.  'weaver'. 

waste  adj.  ME.  zew/  fr.  OFR. 
wast  (cp.  FR.  gdter  'to  make 
waste').  Source  LAT.  vdstus, 
influenced  by  TEUT.  wosti  'waste' 
(OE.  weste,  OHG.  wuosti  G.  wust 
fr.  an  ARYAN  wdstu-  in  OIR.  /Jw, 
LAT.  vdstus  'waste'). 

watch  vb.  ME.  wacche  OE.  *wcec- 
can  (in  the  pres.  partic.  wceccende) 
=•  OE.  wdcian  under  wake. 

water  sb.  ME.  water  OE.  water 
=  OSAX.  watar,  DU.  water,  OHG. 
wa^ar  G.  wasser\  WEST-TEUT. 
base  water  a- \  ident.  w.  GOTH. 
watb,  ON.  vatn.  Cogn.  w.  wet 
and  outside  of  TEUT.,  w.  GR. 
vdcoQ,  SKR.  udan,  OSLOV.  RUSS. 
voda  'water'  ARYAN  \f^wod\  ud. 

wattle  sb.  ME.  watel  OE.  watol 
'hurdle,  tile'. 

wave  sb.  derived  fr.  the  wk. 
vb.  wave  ME.  wave  OE.  wdfian 
'wave,  fluctuate';  cp.  ON.  vdfa 
'to  vibrate  to  and  fro'. 

wax  sb.  ME.  waxe  OE.  weaxan 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  OSAX.  wahsan 
G.  wachsen,  DU.  wassen\  cp.  GOTH. 
wahsjan.  ARYAN  \{~weks  uks  in 


SKR.  uks  'grow  up,  get  strong', 
GR.  ae<*£ii>  'wax'.  Cp.  ox. 

wax  sb.  ME.  wax  OE.  weax  •=. 
ON.  vax,  OHG.  7£/^j  G.  wachs, 
DU.  ze/otf.  Cogn.  w.  LITH.  w&sz- 
kasy  OSLOV.  RUSS.  voska. 

way  sb.  ME.  way  wey   wet  OE. 

W'fy    =    OSAX.    OHG.    W'eg     G.    DU. 

weg,  ON.  vegr,  GOTH,  wigs  'way': 
Teut.  base  wega-  (allied  to  LAT. 
via  'way'),  derived  fr.  the  TEUT. 
\(*weg  in  OE.  weg  an  'to  carry' 
=  OHG.  w'egan  'to  move',  GOTH. 
gawigan'j  iderit.  w.  LAT.  vehere 
'to  carry',  GR.  6#&iVj  SKR.  z^/z 
'to  carry':  ARYAN  \^wegh  also 
in  wain. 

we  pron.  ME.  OE.  we  =  GOTH. 
o/«j,  OHG.  G.  wir ,  OSAX.  wi\ 
ident.  w.  SKR.  vay-a?n  'we' :  ARYAN 
ground-form  wei  fr.  a  stem  we-  in 
ON.  vdrr  'our'. 

weak  adj.  ME.  weik  fr.  ON. 
veikr  veykr\  ident.  w.  OE.  wdc 
ME.  wok  =  DU.  week,  OSA.X.  wek, 
OHG.  ze/^  G.  weich.  TEUT.  \J~wik 
in  OE.  wican  'to  give  way'  = 
OSAX.  wikan,  ON.  vikja,  OHG. 
wihhan  G.  weichen.  Cogn.  w. 
GR.  fixed/  'to  give  way',  LAT. 
vices  'change'.  ARYAN  \^wig  wik. 

weal  sb.  ME.  w$le  OE.  wela 
(weold)  'prosperity ,  riches'  = 
OSAX.  welo  'happiness,  riches' 
(OHG.  wela  —  wola  G.  wohl  'wel- 
fare'). Cogn.  w.  o/£//and  will. 
—  wealth  ME.  welthe  extension 
of  weal  =  DU.  weelde. 

wean  sb.  ME.  w$ne  OE.  wenian 
'to  wean  a  child'  prop,  'to  ac- 
custom'; ident.  w.  OSAX.  wennian, 


weapon  —  week 


223 


(G.  gewohnen),  ON.  venja  'to  ac- 
custom'. Derived  fr.  the  adj. 
wana-  in  ON.  vanr  'accustomed' 
(cp.  QKG.giwon  OE.  tywun  'usual'). 
weapon  sb.  ME.  wepen  OE.  w&pen 

—  ON.  vdpn,  OSAX.  wapan,  DU. 
wapen ,     OHG.    waff  an    G.    o/<z^J? 
(GOTH,  wepna  plur.). 

wear  vb.  ME.  «//r^  OE.  iierian 
wk.  vb.  'to  clothe'  =  GOTH. 
wasjan  'to  clothe',  OHG.  werian, 
ON.  zwyifl  'to  cloth' :  TEUT.  \fwaz 
was  (also  in  GOTH,  was-ti  'gar- 
ment'), ARYAN  \fwes  in  LAT.  zw- 
/&  'garment',  GR.f  tf-^V  clothing', 
evvc(.ii  'I  clothe',  SKR.  zw  'to 
clothe'. 

weary  adj.  ME.  wery  OE.  oVr/j 
(w(zri£)  =  OSAX.  wbrig  'tired', 
OHG.  wuorag  'intoxicated' :  TEUT. 
\{~wor1  or  wozl 

weasand  sb.  ME.  wtsend  OE. 
wcesend  umlauted  byform  of  OE. 
wdsend  'throat,  gullet'  =  OFRIES. 
wdsende  'windpipe',  OHG.  weisunt 
'veins'. 

weasel  sb.  ME.  wtsel  OE.  wesule 
=  OHG.  wisula  G.  wiesely  DU.  wezd 
'weasel'.  Perhaps  cogn.  w.  LAT. 
visio  'bad  smell',  whence  OFR. 
voison  'foumart'. 

weather  sb.  ME.  weder  OE.  weder 
=  OSAX.  wedar,  DU.  weder ,  OHG. 
wetar  G.  wetter,  ON.  vedr:  Teut. 
base  wedra-,  ARYAN  base  wedkro- 
in  OSLOV.  vedr  ft  'clear'  (weather) 

—  vedro  'clear  weather', 
weave  sb.  ME.  wfve  OE.  wefan 

str.  vb.  =  ON.  v'e'fa,  DU.  weven, 
OHG.  weban  G.  weben.  ARYAN  V" 
webh  ubh  (see  wasp,  wafer  and 


weevil)  also  in  GR.  vqrj-vqxx;  'a 
web*  —  vq.ah'tiv  'weave'.  —  web 
ME.  OE.  «tf£  ("^  fr.  TEUT.  wabja- 

in  OHG.  weppi,  DU.  ze/^,  ON.  z/^/r 
'          i  > 
a  web . 

wed  vb.  prop,  'to  engage'  ME. 
wedde  OE.  weddian  =  GOTH,  ga- 
wadjon  'to  pledge',  ON.  vedja. 
Derived  fr.  the  sb.  OE.  wedd  = 
GOTH.  wadit  OHG.  wetti  'a  pledge' 
and  cogn.  w.  LAT.  vas  —  vadis  'a 
pledge'.  Further  relations  see 
under  gage  and  wage.  —  wed- 
lock ME.  wedlok  OE.  wedldc  (OE. 
lac  'gift,  offering'). 

wedge  sb.  ME.  wegge  OE.  wedg 
=  OHG.  wecki  (G.  weck)t  DU.  o/^-, 
ON.  veggr:  Teut.  base  wagja-; 
cogn.  W.-LITH.  wagis,  LETT,  wadsis 
'a  wedge'. 

wedlock  see  a>£</. 

Wednesday  ME.  wednes-day  um- 
lauted byform  of  OE.  Wodnes-dcei 
=  LG.  wodmsdach,  DU.  woensdag'. 
prop,  'day  of  Woden':  translation 
of  LAT.  Mercurii  dies.  The  Teut. 
god  Woden  (OHG.  Wuotan,  ON. 
Odinn)  is  identified  w.  Mercurius. 

weed  !  sb.  (plantname)  ME.  zi-vi/ 
OE.  a/^rf  =  OSAX.  «e//0//  'weed. 

weed2  sb.  'garment'  ME.  «£/^S? 
OE.  w<?V/  w^/  (infl.  -0  =  ON.  vdd, 
OSAX.  a/A/,  OHG.  wat  'clothing, 
garment':  Teut.  base  w&-di-  fr. 
an  ARYAN  v^  ^  <to  weave'  in 
SKR.  va  'to  weave*. 

week  sb.  ME.  weke  wike  OE.  7f/V« 
=  OSAX.  wika,  ON.  f/^,  ^OHG. 
wehha  wohha  G.  o/<?^  'week';  cp. 
GOTH,  wiko  'order,  succession. 


224 


ween   —  were 


Derived  fr.  V  wik  in  OE.  wlcan 
'to  give  way'  see  under  weak. 

ween  vb.  ME.  wene  OE.  wenan 
(prop,  wcenan)  'to  hope,  expect' 
=  GOTH,  wenjan,  ON.  vcena,  OHG. 
wdn(ii)an  G.  wdhnen:  derived  fr. 
OE.  wen  (ween)  sb.  'hope'  —  OHG. 
wan  G.  wahn,  ON.  vdn,  GOTH. 
wens:  Teut.  base  weni-. 

weep  vb.  prop,  a  str.  vb.  ME. 
wepe  (pit.  wep)  OE.  wepan  wcepan 
(prt.  weop)  =  GOTH,  wopjan  wk. 
vb.,  OSAX.  wopian,  OHG.  wuoffan 
MHG.  wilefen  'lament',  ON.  #^0 
(orig.  *v(Kpd)  'to  cry'.  TEUT.  y^ 
wop. 

weevil  sb.  ME.  ^/^/  wivel  OE. 

Z£/£/W  —  OSAX.    wffitl,    OHG.    «/#//, 

ON.  jj;///:  derived  fr.  the  TEUT. 
\rweb  in  weave]  cp.  LITH.  ow- 
lalas  'weevil'.  —  From  the  same 
root  also  weft  ME.  OE.  weft  = 
ON.  veptr. 

weight  sb.  ME.  weight  fr.  ON. 
v&tt  orig.  *vaskt\  cp.  OE.  wiht 
'weight'  fr.  OE.  wegan  (see  way). 

weird  sb.  'fate'  cp.  ME.  wirde 
OE.  wyrd  'fate'  —  ON.  urd,  OSAX. 
wurd  'fate*.  Derived  fr.  TEUT. 
werfan  =  OE.  wear  dan,  OSAX. 
w'erdan.  OHG.  werdan  G.  werden, 
ON.  verda,  GOTH,  wairfan  'to  be- 
come'. ARYAN  \/~wert'm  LAT.  e^r- 
/^r^  'to  turn',  SKR.  zj/  'to  turn'. 

welkin  sb.  ME.  welk'ie  welken; 
umlauted  byform  of  ME.  wolkne 
OE.  wolcen  'cloud'  =  OSAX.  OHG. 
wolkan,  OSAX.  wulka,  OHG.  wolkd 
G,  wolke  'cloud'.  Perhaps  cogn. 
w.  OST.OV.  vluguku  'humid' 


vlaga  'humidity',  LITH.  vilgyt 
'to  moisten'.  ARYAN  \^w3lg. 

well  adv.  ME.  OE.  we  I  =  DU. 
wel,  OSAX.  wet,  ON.  vel;  cp.  OHG. 
wela  wola  G.  wohl  (GOTH,  walla). 
Origin  doubtful,  but  connection 
w.  weal  and  will  certain. 

well  sb.  ME.  welle  OE.  welle 
wella.  (wylle  wylla):  Teut.  base 
wall/on-:  umlaut-relation  of  OE. 
weallan  str.  vb.  'boil,  flow'  — 
OSAX.  OHG.  wallan  str.  vb.  'boil, 
flow'.  ARYAN  \l"wel  wal  in  OE. 
wylm  'boiling,  flowing'  =  SKR. 
ur?ni  'flood',  OHG.  wella  G.  welle 
'wave'  =  OSLOV.  vluna,  LITH. 
vilnis  'wave'. 

Welsh  adj.  ME.  welsh  OE. 
wylisc  umlauted  fr.  a  TEUT. 
walhiska-]  derived  fr.  OE.  Wealh 
'foreigner',  prop,  'a  Celt'  (cp. 
walnut).  The  corresponding 
adj.  OHG.  walhisc  —  sb.  Walah 
means  an  inhabitant  of  a  Ro- 
mance country.  TEUT.  Walha- 
rests  on  the  Celtic  tribe  name 

Volcae. 

wen  sb.  ME.  wen  OE.  wenn  'tu- 
mor' =.  DU.  wen,  LG.  wene:  Teut. 
base  wanja-  (perhaps  cogn.  w. 
wound?). 

wench  sb.  ME.  wenche  older 
wenchel  prop,  'infant';  ablaut-re- 
lation of  OE.  w'mcel  'child'. 

wend  vb.  (only  in  the  prt.  went) 
fr.  ME.  wende  prt.  wente  OE.  wfndan 
prt.  wende]  orig.  meaning  'to 
turn'  =  GOTH,  wandjan,  OSAX. 
wendian,  OHG.  wentan  G.  wenden. 
Causal  of  wind. 

were  see  was. 


west  —  whey 


225 


west  sb.  ME.  OE.  west  =  ON. 
vesfrj  DU.  G.  west  (FR.  ouest  of 
Teut.  origin). 

wet  adj.  short  for  ME.  w$t  OE. 
wit  wcet  =  ON.  vdtr,  OFRIES.  wet\ 
Teut.  base  weta-  fr.  the  same 
root  as  water. 

wether  sb.  ME.  wether  OE.  weder  ' 
=  GOTH,  wifrusy  ON.  vedr,  OSAX. 
withar  wethar,  DU.  weder  weer, 
OHG.  widar  G.  widder.  Cogn.  w. 
LAT.  vitulus  'calf*  and  SKR.  vatsa 
'calf. 

whale  sb.  ME.  what  (pi.  whales) 
OE.  /&«/#/ (pi.  hwdlas]  =  ON.  kualr> 
OHG.  «'0/  (G.  walfisch,  DU.  aw/- 
z//M#  =  ON.  hvalfiskr}.  Cogn.  w. 
GR./rsAwo 'monster',  ^.walrus. 

what  pron.  ME.  K/&Z/  OE.  hwat 

=    OHG.    /te*5    G.    Was,   DU.    0/tf/, 

OSAX.  /fae/<?/;  cp.  the  Teut.  stem 
hwa-  under  who. 

wheat  sb.  ME.  whgte  OE.  hwckte 
=  GOTH,  hwaiteis,  ON.  /%m//,  DU. 
«w/fc,  OHG.  weizzi  G.  weizen.  Cogn. 
w.  white  =  TEUT.  ^'/te-  (in  ME. 
we  find  wvWfe  wheat'  by  the  side 
of  wh{te\ 

wheel  sb.  ME.  whfl  OE.  hwe'ol 
(w.  the  byform  hweowol  hwcogol) 
=  ON.  hjol(i^hvjol)  —  hvel,  DU. 
^V/  (OFRIES.  fiat)'-  TEUT-  base 
te;^/fl-  (for  hwtgwl*-)  and 
hwekwla-,  ARYAN  base  ^-  m 
SRK.  ^/Jr«  'wheel',  GR<  xwxXo$ 
wheel'.  By  the  side  of  the  re- 
duplicated word}  qe-ql'O-  cp. 
OSLOV.  ^/<?  'wheel'. 

wheeze  vb.  ME.  af^fw  OE;  hw^san 
(for  *hwctsan)  'to  wheeze  J  cogn. 

W.    OE.    >fa£W/tf,     ON.    #**»     ' 
ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


h(w)uosto    G.    husten,     DU. 
'coughing'.      TEUT.   y^  ^ze/<5j     =r 

ARYAN   \/~k(is    in    SKR.     ^^J,      IR. 

casad,  LITH.  /^^//  'to  cough'. 

whelk  sb.  cp.  ME.  wilk  OE.  ww/<f 
7€'^/(f  (older  wiluc]  'whelk'  =  DU. 
wulk  welk  willok.  Ident.  w.  OFR. 
welke. 

whelp  sb.  ME.  whelp  OE.  hw'elp 
'whelp,  cub'  =  ON.  kvelpr,  DU. 
welp,  OHG.  hwelf  welf. 

when  conj.  ME.  when  <ys..hwanne 
fr.  stem  hwa-  in  who* 

whence  adv.  ME.  whenne-s  prop. 
whanene  OE.  hwanone  older 
hwanon  =  OHG.  hwandn. 

where  pron.-adv.  ME.  w/i^r(e)oE. 
hwczr  (ME.  whore  late  OE.  hwdr) 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  ^w^r  MHG.  ze/^r  G. 
wo,  DU.  o/tftfr:  TEUT.  base  hwcr 
(cp.  GOTH.  A^tfr);  derived  fr. 
stem  hwa-  under  who. 

whet  vb.  ME.  whette  OE.  kwettan 
'to  sharpen'  =  ON.  hvetja,  DU. 
wetten,  OHG.  hwezzan  G.  weizen 
'to  sharpen' :  Teut.  ground-form 
hwatjan.  Cogn.  w.  ON.^  ^a/r, 
OSAX.  /^w^/1,  OHG.  ^0/03  'sharp*: 
TEUT.  \/~hwat. 

whether  pron.  ME.  whether  OE. 
hwader  'which  of  two'  ==  GOTH. 
hapar;  corresponding  by  ab- 
laut to  OHG.  hwedar  'which  of 
two'.  GR.  Trorfpoff  (SKR.  katora) 
'which  of  two'  is  more  closely 
allied  to  GOTH.  OE.  The  word 
is  orig.  comparative  to  stem 
hwa-  (Awe-)  in  who. 

whey   sb.  ME.  whey  OE. 
=   DU.    LG.   wei   (byform    MLG. 
huy  hole  DU.  hut). 

15 


226 


which  —  wide 


which  pron.  ME.  which  OE.  hwytt 
(prehistoric  form  *hwi&]  = 
GOTH,  hileiks,  os  AX.  hwilik\ 
cp.  OHG.  Jvelih  G.  welch:  Teut. 
base  hwilika-  (hwelika-)  and  for 
OHG.  hwelih  a  base  hwalika-. 
Derived  fr.  stem  hwa-  hwe-  under 
who. 

while  sb.  ME.  while  OE.  hwll 
infl.  hwile  =  GOTH,  faeila,  OHG. 
OSAX.  hwila,  G.  weile,  DU.  wijl. 
ON.  hvila  'bed'  (cp.  OHG.  hiviltn 
'to  rest')  points  to  connection  w. 
LAT.  quietus  'quiet'  and  OSLOV. 
pociti  'to  rest'.  ARYAN  \Tqi- 

whine  vb.  ME.  whine  OE.  hwinan 
str.  vb.  'to  make  a  shrill  sound' 
=  ON  hvina  'to  whiz'. 

whisky  ident.  w.  usque  baugh. 

whisper  vb.  ME.  whispere  OE. 
hunsprian  'to  murmur';  cp.  OHG. 
hwispalon  G.  wispeln.  Sound-imi- 
tation? or  cogn.  w.  whistle? 

whistle  vb.  ME.  whistle  OE. 
hwistlian',  perh.  akin  to  whisper. 

whit  ident.  w.  wight. 

white  adj.  (short  in  Whit- 
sunday lit.  'white  Sunday')  ME. 
whit  OE.  hwit  =  GOTH,  beits, 
ON.  hvitr,  OHG.  hwi^  G.  weiss\ 
Teut.  base  hwita-,  cogn.  w.  SKR. 
(.veto,  'white'  —  \f  (vit  'to  shine'. 
ARYAN  V~  kivid  kwit.  See  also 
wheat  and  whittle. 

whither  pron.  ME.  whider  OE. 
hwider;  cp.  GOTH,  hadre 'whither'; 
derived  fr.  the  stem  hwa-  hwe- 
in  who. 

whittle  sb.  short  for  ME.  whltd 
OE.  hwitel  'blanket';  derived  fr. 
white. 


who  pron.  ME.  who  prop,  who 
OE.  hwd  =  GOTH.  Jva-s\  cp. 
OHG.  hwe-r  G.  wer:  stem  hwa- 
hwe-,  also  mwhat  and  ^<?w  and 
in  which,  whither,  whether. 
ARYAN  base  qo~  in  LAT.  quo-d, 
SKR.  ka-s  'who',  LITH.  ka-s  'who'. 

whole  adj.  ME.  hoi  OE.  hdl 
(hence  the  abstract  formation 
health]  =  GOTH,  hails,  ON.  heill 
(see  hail),  OHG.  G.  heil,  OSAX. 
A?/,  DU.  As</:  Teut.  base  haila- 
(whence  derived  hailaga-  -= 
/^/y).  Ident.  w.  OSLOV.  ctlu 
'complete,  whole'  (ground-form 
kailo-)\  cp.  OPRUSS.  kailustikan 
'health'. 

whore  sb.  ME.  OE.  hore  'pro- 
stitute' =  ON.  hora,  OHG.  huora 
'adulteress';  cp.  GOTH,  hbrs 
'adulterer'.  ARYAN  \^  kdr  'to 
love'  in  OIR.  car  a  'friend'  — 
car  aim  1  love'  (Gallo-LAT.  carisa 
'prostitute')  and  LAT.  cdrus  'dear'. 

why  pron.  ME.  whi  OE.  hwi  - 
ON.  kui\  instrum.  of  the  stem  hwa- 
in  what. 

wick  sb.  short  for  ME.  weke 
OE.  we'oce  ==  OHG.  wiohha,  LG.  weke, 
DU.  ?#/<?/&:  Teut.  base  weukon, 
perhaps  reduplicated  for  we- 
wk-bn,  as  made  probable  by  the 
equiv.  OE.  wecca  -  -  G.  (dial.) 
wicke\  cogn.  w.  MHG.  G.  wicket? 

wicked  adj.  extended  for  ME. 
wicke. 

wicket  sb.  ME.  wiklt  fr.  ONFR. 
wiket  (FR.  guichei),  whence  also 
ODU.  wiket  (DU.  winkef). 

wide  adj.  ME.  OE.  wid  =  ON. 
vidr,  OSAX.  wM,  DU.  wijd,  OHG. 


widow  —  win 


227 


•wit  G.  welt:  TEUT.  wida-,  perhaps 
participle  of  a  lost  verbal  y~  wt. 

widow  sb.  ME.  widwe  OE.  widewe 
(wuduwe)  —  GOTH,  widuwby  OHG. 
witawa  G.  witwc,  OSAX.  widowa, 
DU.  weduwe.  Ident.  w.  the  equiv. 
SKR.  vidhav&y  LAT.  vidua,  OSLOV. 
vidova,  OIR.  fedb\  ARYAN  base 
widhawa. 

wield  vb.  ME.  welde  OE.  ^ewe/dan 
(^ewyldan)  wk.  vb.  fr.  a  TEUT. 
*gawaldjan.  Derived  fr.  the  str. 
vb.  OE.  wdldan  wealdan  =  GOTH. 
OSAX.  waldan,  OHG.  wait  an  (G. 
walteti)  'to  govern'.  ARYAN  \T 
wal  in  LAT.  vaUre  'to  be  strong'; 
cp.  also  OSLOV.  vlasti,  LITH. 
valdyti  'to  govern'. 

wife    sb.   MI.   OE.   wlf  =  ON. 

Vif,     OSAX.    WtJ ,     DU.    W///,     OHG. 

wib  G.  weib\  Teut.  base  wiba-. 
No  equiv.  connections  outside 
of  TEUT.  (ari  older  word  for  'wife' 
see  under  queen).  —  woman 
ME.  wumman  prop,  wimman  (pi. 
wimmeti)  OE.  wif-mann  (pi.  wif- 
menri)  lit.  'a  wife-man'. 

wight  sb.  ME.  wi%ht  OE.  w/^/ 
'thing,  creature,  being'  =  OHG. 
OSAX.  wiht  'thing,  being'  (G.  DU. 
wicht)\  cp.  GOTH,  waihts  'thing' 
and  ON.  vattr  'being,  thing'.  Teut. 
base  wihti-  for  wehti-  ident.  w. 
OSLOV.  vesti  'thing':  ARYAN  base 
wekti-. 

wild  adj.  ME.  OE.  wllde  fr.  a 
TEUT.  wilpja-  (piop.  welpja-)  = 
GOTH,  wilpeis,  ON.  villr,  OSAX. 
OHG.  wildi  G.  DU.  a///^/.  Probably 
connected  w.  wold  OE.  weald  = 
=  OHG.  G.  ze>#/^  'wood',  as  FR. 


sauvage  =  LAT.  silvaticus  fr.  LAT. 
silva  'wood'.  —  wilderness  (cp. 
DU.  G.  wildcrnis]  extension  of 
ME.  wilder ne  'a  desert'. 

wile  sb.  ME.  (fr.  12th  cent.)  wile 
fr.  OFR.  wile  (guile);  ident.  w. 
guile. 

will  vb.  ME.  wille  (prt.  wdlde) 
OE.  willan  (prt.  wolde)  =  GOTH. 
wiljan,  ON.  vilja,  OSAX.  willian, 
DU.  willen-  Teut.  base  wiljan 
(prop.  weljari)\  ident.  w.  OSAX. 
wellian,  OHG.  wellan  (G.  wollen] 
fr.  a  TEUT.  waljan.  ARYAN  V" 
welwolm  LAT.  w/-/<?,  OSLOV.  ?Y>//'//, 
LITH.  zv/y//'.  All  equivalent. 
Perhaps  cogn.  w.  well  and  weal\ 
also  GOTH,  waljan  'to  choose' 
=  OHG.  wellan  G.  wahlen,  OHG. 
wz/#  G.  wahl  'choosing',  SKR. 
\fvar  vr  'choose'.  Cp.  the 
following  word. 

will  sb.  ME.  wille  OE.  willa  = 

OSAX.    OHG.    willio,     DU.    «>/'/,      G. 

&///&,  GOTH,  z'/^'tf,  ON.  w'//:  Teut. 
base  wiljan-  for  weljan-,  derived 
fr.  \{~wel  in  w/7/  vb. ;  cp.  OSLOV. 
volja  sb.  'will'. 

willow  sb.  ME.  wihve  OE.  wylig 
(infl.  *wilge*);  ident.  w.  DU.  «>//£• 
ODU.  LG.  «'/7^  OSAX.  wilgia, 
MHG.  wilge. 

wimple  sb.  ME.  OE.  wimpel  OE. 
winpel  'neck  covering'  =  DU.  G. 
wimpel  OHG.  wimpal.  Source  and 
history  unknown  (OFR.  guimple 
FR.  guimpe  are  of  TEUT.  origin  ; 
see  gimp). 

win  vb.  ME.  winne  OE.  winnan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  winnan  'to 
suffer',  OHG.  OSAX.  winnan  'to 
15* 


228 


wind  —  wise 


struggle'  (G.  gewinnen,  W.winnen), 
ON.  vinnai  Teut.  verbal  \^wenn, 
cogn.  w.  SKR.  van  'obtain,  ac- 
quire'. 

wind  sb.  ME.  OE.  wind  =  OSAX. 
DU.  wind,  OHG.  wint  G.  wind,  ON. 
vindrt  GOTH,  winds:  Teut.  base 
winda-  prop,  wendo-  =  ARYAN 
base  wento-  in  LAT.  ventus,  SKR. 
vata  'wind'.  Derived  fr.  the 
ARYAN  \T  we*  in  OE.  wdwan  = 
GOTH,  waian,  DU.  waaien,  OHG. 
wden  G.  wehen  'to  blow';  cp.  LITH. 
vejas  'wind',  OSLOV.  vctru  'wind' 
—  vtjati  'to  blow',  SKR.  \fvd  'to 
blow',  GR.  aijrijg  'wind'.  Cp. 
window. 

wind  vb.  ME.  wlnde  OE.  wlndan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  OSAX.  windan, 
ON.  vinda,  OHG.  wintan  G.  DU. 
wind  en:  TEUT.  \fwend  wand.  - 
windlass  sb.  (machine  for  raising 
heavy  weights)  transformed  fr. 
ME.  windas  :  loanword  fr.  ON. 
vind-dss  prop,  'a  winding  pole'. 

window  sb.  ME.  windowe  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  vind-auga  'window', 
lit.  'wind-eye'.  See  wind  sb.  and 
eye  (ON.  augd], 

wine  sb.  ME.  OE.  win  =  GOTH. 
wein,  ON.  vln9  OSAX.  OHG.  win 
G.  wein  DU.  wijn:  Teut.  base 
wina-,  early  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
vinum  (cp.  vine  and  vintage), 
whence  also  ITAL.  vino  —  FR. 
vin  and  OIR.  fin,  OSLOV.  vino. 

wing  sb.  ME,  winge  short  for 
older  wenge:  loanword  fr.  ON. 


•   wink  vb.  ME.  winke  OE.  wincian 
\vk.  vb.  'blink,  wink';  OHG.  winkan 


str.  vb.  (G.  winken)  'to  give  a 
sign'  =  ME.  winke  str.  vb.  'wink'. 

winnow  vb.  ME.  windwe  OE. 
windwian;  ident.  w.  OHG.  winton 
(for  *wintwori)  to  winnow';  cp. 
GOTH,  winfii-skaiird  'a  winnowing 
fan',  LAT.  ventilare  'to  winnow'. 
All  cogn.  w.  wind  sb. 

winsome  adj.  ME.  win-som  OE. 
wynn-sum  =  OHG.  wunni-sam  (G. 
wonne-sam) :  derived  fr.  OE.  wynn 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  wunnia  (cp.  G. 
wonne)  'joy'. 

winter  sb.  ME.  OE.  winter  = 
GOTH,  wintrus,  OSAX.  OHG.  wintar 
DU.  G.  winter ,  ON.  vettr:  Teut. 
base  wintr-.  Perhaps  cogn.  w. 
CELT,  vindo-  'white'  in  OIR.  find 
'white'  ? 

wipe  vb.  ME.  wipe  OE.  wlpian\ 
cp.  LG.  wip  sb.  'wisp  of  straw' 
and  GOTH,  vipja  'garland'  — 
weipan  'wreathe'.  TEUT.  \f  wip. 

wire  sb.  ME.  OE.  wir  -  -  ON. 
virr^  LG.  FRIES.  wir\  cogn.  w. 
GRG..wiara  'wire'  and  LAT.  viriae 
'armlets  of  metal',  which  ac- 
cording to  Plinius'  Hist.  Nat.  15 
is  a  Celtic  word. 

wise  adj.  ME.  OE.  wls  =  ON. 
viss,  GOTH,  weis,  OSAX.  OHG.  wts 
(OHG.  wisi  G.  wcise),  DU.  wijs. 
Teut.  base  wtsa-  (for  wit-to-), 
derived  fr.  the  ARYAN  \^  wid  in 
GR.  o?i)«,  SKR  veda  =  GOTH,  waiff 
OE.  wdty  OHG.  wei^  G.  weiss.  See 
wit. 

wise  sb.  ME.  OE.  wise  =.  OSAX. 
OHG.  wisa  G.  weise,  DU.  wijs: 
Teut.  base  wiso-n-  (FR.  guise  ITAL. 
of  Teut.  origin).  Probably 


wish  —  wolf 


229 


connected  w.  the  ARYAN  \fwid 
'to  know'  under  wise  —  wit. 
wish  vb.  ME.  wisshe  short  for 
OE.  wyscean  fr.  a  Teut.  base 
wunskjan  =  OHG.  wunsc(i)an  G. 
wilnschen,  w.wenschen,  ON.  ceskja 
'to  wish';  cp.  SKR.  vafich  'to  wish': 

ARYAN  \fW2nsk? 

wisp  sb.  ME.  wisp  (not  found 
in  OE.);  perh.  ident.  w.  ON.  visk, 
OHG.  wise  G.  wisch  'wisp  of  straw'  ? 

wit  vb.  ME.  wite  OE.  witan  'to 
know'  =  GOTH.  OSAX.  witan,  ON. 
#//#,  DU.  weten,  OHG.  wi^an  G. 
wissen.  The  Ist  and  3d  p.  sing,  were 

ME.    W0/   OE.   Z£/tf/   =    GOTH,    wait, 

ON.  ?/«V,  OSAX.  w<?/,  OHG.  wei%  G. 
a'«w,  corresponding  to  SKR.  m/<z 
'I  know,  he  knows',  GR.  oa)«  o?t)f. 
See  also  witness. 

wit  sb.  ME.  wit  (tt)  OE.  de)witt 
'intellect,  understanding' = OSAX. 
giwit,  OHG.  wizzi  (G.  oute)  'under- 
standing', ON.  vit  'intellect':  de- 
rived fr.  wit  vb. 

witch  sb.  ME.  wicche  OE.  wiccea 
'wizard'  —  witfe  'witch' ;  ident. 
w.  FRIES.  LG.  wicke  'witch'  —  LG. 
wicker  Vizard'  (LG.  wicken  vb.  'to 
predict'  =  OE.  wiccian  'use  witch- 
craft') and  probably  cogn.  w.  OE. 
wfylian  'practise  divination'  — 
witftre  'diviner'  =  ODU.  wijche- 
Idre,  DU.  MLG.  wichelen  'practise 
divination'.  TEUT.  ^wikk  wig. 

witch-elm  sb.  ME.  wicche  short 
for  OE.  wide  'elm'  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  wikjon-. 

with  prep.  ME.  with  OE.  wid 
prep,  'against'  short  for  wider 
(in  compounds  like  OE.  widersaca 


widerflita  'adversary')  =  ON.  vid 
vidr,  OSAX.  with  wider,  OHG.  widar 
G.  wider,  GOTH,  wipra. 

wither  vb.  ME.  widre  vb.  fr. 
weather  (ME.  we'der). 

withy  sb.  ME.  withi  OE.  wtdi^ 
'willow';  cogn.  w.  OHG.  wida  G. 
weide,  ON.  vidja  and  GR.  \riu, 
LITH.  zil-vitis,  POL.  witwa,  PRUSS. 
witwo  'a  willow'.  ARYAN  *fwi  in 
LAT.  vi-tis  vi-men  and  OSLOV. 
viti  —  LITH.  vyti  'to  twine,  plait'. 

witness  sb.  ME.  witnesse  OE. 
witness  (inn.  -e)  'testimony';  as 
GOTH,  weitwbds  and  ON.  vitni  'wit- 
ness', derived  fr.  the  TEUT.  y*  wit 
'to  know';  see  wit  vb. 

wizard  sb.  ME.  wisard  trans- 
formed (under  the  influence  of 
ME.  wis  =  wise)  fr.  *wischard: 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  wischard  (guts- 
chard)  'prudent,  cunning'. 

woad  sb.  ME.  wod  OE.  wad  = 
DU.  weede^  OHG.  weit  G.  waidi 
Teut.  base  waida-,  pre-Teut. 
waita-\  cp.  LAT.  vitrum  'woad'. 

woe  iriterj.  ME.  wo  OE.  wd  in- 
terj.  =  GOTH,  wai,  ON.  vei,  OHG. 
OSAX.  «/£  G.  weh  DU.  w«.  Ident. 
w.  LAT.  vae  interj.  'woe':  ground- 
form  ARYAN  wai. 

WOld      Sb.     ME.     Wold    OE.     7t '</'/<! 

(o/^/rf  in  'Weald  of  Kent')  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  wa/pu- ;  cp.  OSAX. 
OHG.  G.  ze/dr///  'wood',  DU.  iwiid 
'wood',  ON.  vgllr  'plain,  field': 
pre-TEUT.  waltU'S,  cogn.  w.  SKR. 
v.lfa  (for  *vdltat)  'garden'?  See 
wild, 
wolf  sb.  ME.  wolf  (pi.  wolves] 

OE.    WUlf    (pi.     Wulfas)    =    GOTH. 


230 


woman  —  worse 


wulfs,  ON.  iilfr  (for  *vulfr) ,  OSAX. 
wulf;  cp.  OHG.  G.  wolf:  Teut. 
base  wulfa-  wo  If  a-,  ARYAN  base 
walqo-  in  SKR.  vrka,  GR.  Auxoc, 

LAT.    /2#>Z/.y,    LITH.    vilkdS,     OSLOV. 

Z//0M     All  equivalent. 

woman  see  wife. 

womb  sb.  ME.  wombe  OE.  wdmb 
(womb)  'stomach'  =  GOTH.  OHG. 
wamba,  ON.  vgmb,  DU.  warn  'belly, 
stomach':  Teut.  base  wambo-. 

wonder  sb.  ME.  wonder  OE. 
wundor  =  OSAX.  wundar^  OHG. 
wimtar  G.  wunder  >  ON.  undr\ 
Teut.  base  wundra-. 

wont  adj.  for  ME.  woned^.  par- 
ticiple of  ME.  wane  OE.  wunian 
'to  be  used  to';  cp.  OE.  ^ewuna 
'custom,  use'  and  ON.  vanr,  OHG. 
giwon  G.  gewohnt  'accustomed'. 
See  wean. 

woo  vb.  ME.  wowe  OE.  wogian 
'to  woo' ;  no  further  relations 
known.  TEUT.  \fwog. 

•wood  sb.  ME.  wode  OE.  wndu 
orig.widu  =  ON.  vidr  'tree,  wood', 
OHG.  witu  'wood'  (also  in  OHG. 
witu-hopfa  G.  wide-hopf):  Teut. 
base  widu-,  pre-Teut.  base  widhu- 
in  CELT,  vidu-  (GALL.  Vidu-Casses)\ 
cp.  OIR.  fid  'tree'. 

wool  sb.  ME.  wolle  OE.  wull  inn. 
wulle  =  GOTH,  wulla,  ON.  ull 
(for  *vulf) ;  cp.  OHG.  wolla  G. 
wolle:  Teut.  base  wullo  wollo, 
ARYAN  base  wzlna  in  SKR.  urna, 
OSLOV.  vluna,  LITH.  vilna  'wool'; 

cogn.  w.  LAT.  villus  vellus  'fleece' 

and  SKR.  y"  vr  (var)    'to  cover'. 

word  sb.  ME.  OE.  word '=  GOTH. 

waurd,  ON.  ord  (for  *vord),  OSAX. 


wordy  DU.  woord,  OHG.  G.  wort: 
Teut.  base  worda-,  pre-Teut. 
base  W9rdho-  in  LAT.  verbum, 
OPRUSS.  wirds  'word',  LITH.  vardas 
name'.  ARYAN  \(~  wer  (wre)  in 
GR.  ti'pFiv  'to  say'  —  Qi"]i.ia  'word'? 

work  sb.  ME.  werk  OE.  weorc 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  werk  G.  DU.  werk, 
ON.  verk;  Teut.  base  werka-, 
ARYAN  base  wergo-  in  GR.  eQyov. 
ARYAN  y"  werg  in  GR.  Q££SIV  'to 
do'  —  QQy&vov  'instrument',  SKR. 
vrjana 'labor'  J  cp.  QOTH.watb'&jiirt, 
OHG.  wurkan  =  OE.  wyrfaan  vb. 
'to  work'.  See  wright. 

world  sb.  ME.  world  we'rld  OE. 
worold  weorold  =  OSAX.  wer  old > 
DU.  wereld,  OHG.  wer  alt  (worolt) 
G.  welt,  ON.  verold.  First  element 
of  the  compound  (wer-ald-)  is 
TEUT.  wer  a-  'man'  in  GOTH,  wair, 
OSAX.  OHG.  OE.  wer,  ON.  verr 
(ARYAN  base  wiro-  in  LAT.  vir, 
SKR.  viraf  LITH.  vyras  'man'). 
2nd  part  of  the  compound  is 
TEUT.  aldi-  in  GOTH,  aids  'world', 
OE.  yld  (eld}  'period,  age'. 

worm  sb.  ME.  worm  tor  wurm 
prop,  wirm  OE.  wyrm  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  wurmi"  in  OSAX.  OHG.  G. 
wurm,  GOTH.  waurms\  ident.  w. 
LAT.  vermis  'worm';  cp.  ON.  ormr 
(for  *wormaz)  and  GR.  QQftix; 
(for  fpd{iQ£). 

wormwood  sb.  transformed  fr. 
OE.  wer  mod  (wormod)  =  OHG. 
wermuota  (wormuotd).  Formation 
and  origin  unknown. 

worse  compar.  adj.    ME.  worse 

wu'-se  older  wirse  OF.  wyrsa  = 

I  OSAX.    wirso    fr.    a    Teut.    base 


worship  —  wrinkle 


231 


wirsizan-  in  GOTH,  wairsiza  = 
OHG.  wirsiro.  —  worst  superl. 
ME.  worste  wurste  orig.  wirste 
OE.  wyrsta  fr.  a  TEUT.  superl. 
wirsistan-  in  GOTH,  wairsista, 
OSAX.  OHG.  wirsisto. 

worship  sb.  ME.  worschip  older 
wurpschipe  OE.  weordscipe:  derived 
fr.  worth. 

wort1  sb.  (a  plant)  ME.  wort 
wurt  older  wirt  OE.  wyrt  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  wurti-  in  GOTH,  waurts, 

ON.  urt,  OSAX.  WUrt,  OHG.  G.  WW'Z 

'plant,  herb':  ARYAN  \Tw9rd  in 
LAT.  radix  (for  *vrddtc-)  see 
under  root. 

wort2  sb.  (a  kind  of  drink) 
ME.  wort  wurt  for  wirt  OE.  wyn 
for  *wirt  =  ON.  virtr,  MHG.  wirz 
'wort':  TEUT.  ground-form  wirtiz 
.(pre-TEUT.  base  werdes-  werdos). 

worth  adj.  ME.  worth  wurth 
OE.  wyrde'.  umlauted  byform  of 
OE.  weorp  =  GOTH,  wairps, 
OSAX.  werth,  ON.  verdr,  OHG. 
werd  (G.  weri) :  ident.  w.  LITH. 
vertas,  OPRUSS.  werts  'worthy'. 

wound  sb.  ME.  wounde  OE. 
wtmd'mft.,  wunde  =  OSAX.  wunda, 
OHG.  wunta  G.  wunde,  ON.  und 
(for  *vund) :  Teut.  base  wundd-. 
Cogn.  w.  the  adj.  GOTH,  wunds 
—  OE.  wund,  OSAX.  wund,  OHG. 
wunt  G.  wund.  TEUT.  \fwun, 
ARYAN  \fw9n  in  GOTH,  winnan 
'to  suffer,  feel  pain'  (see  win)! 

wrath  sb.  ME.  wraththe  short 
for  OE.  wrappu  (Teut.  base 
wraipipo] :  umlaut-abstract  of  OE. 
wrap  adj.  =  wroth. 

wreak  vb.  ME.  wr{ke  OE.  wrecan 


\  str.    vb.    =    GOTH,    wrikan    ('to 

!  persecute'),    OSAX.   wrekan,    DU. 

|  wreken,  OHG.  rehhan  (for  *wreh- 

|  hari)     G.     rachen     'to     revenge'. 

ARYAN  \j~wreg  urg  in  LAT.  »r^«-^ 

'to  urge',  SKR.  vrj  'to    remove'. 

wreath  sb.  ME.  writhe  OE. 
wrcep\  cogn.  w.  writhe.  , 

"wren  sb.  ME.  wrenne  OE.  wrenna\ 
ident.  w.  OSAX.  wrendio  and  pro- 
bably w.  OHG.  OSAX.  (w}renno  'a 
stallion'  (medieval  LAT.  warannio). 

wrench  sb.  ME.  wrench  'deceit' 
OE.  wrtnd  'deceit,  trick'  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  wranki-  (also  in 
MHG.  rank  'trick'  G.  rdnke  plur.). 
|  The  modern  E.  meaning  'twist, 
sprain'  seems  to  be  older  than 
the  metaphorical  sense  in  ME. 
OE.  and  G.  See  also  wrong. 

wretch  sb.  ME.  wrecche  OE. 
wredcea  'outlaw,  exile'  =  OHG. 
QSA.n.wrekkio  (G.  recke  'warrior'); 
derived  ir.\^wrek  in  GOTH,  ivrikan 
"persecute*  (see  wreak). 

wright  sb.  ME.  wrighte  OE. 
wyrhta  =  OSAX.  wurhtio,  OHG. 
wurhto  (MHG.  -wurhte)  'worker'; 
derived  fr.  TEUT.  wurhtivjan-\  cp. 
GOTH,  waurstwja  'worker'  by  the 
side  of  watirstw  'work'.  For  the 
root  see  work. 

wring  vb.  ME.  wrfcge  OE.  wrin- 
gan   str.    vb.    'to   press    out*  = 
DU.  LG.  wringentOBG.  litgan,  (for 
*wringari)  'to  press  out' (G.  ringen). 

wrinkle  sb.  ME.  wrinkel  OE. 
wrinkle  —  ODU.  wrinckel\  cogn. 
w.  MHG.  runke  and  OHG.  runza 
(for  *wrunka  -  -  *wrunkzd}. 

wrist  sb.  ME.  wrist  OE.  wyrst 


232 


write  —  ye 


:=MHG. G.  rtst(foi*wrist),  ON.  rist\ 
SWED.  vrist 'instep,  wrist';  perhaps 
cogn.  w,  Gc  reihen  MHG.  rVie  'wrist'  ? 

write  vb,.  ME.  writ(  OE*  wrttan 
sti.   vb,    — .    OSAX.    writan,    ON.  ; 
rflte  'to  write'.      Orig.   sense    'to 
engrave,  scratch,   tear,    split'  in 
OSAX.    writan    —     OHG.    ri^an , 
(for    *ftfrt%%*n)    G.    reissen.     Cp. 
GOTH,  writs  'a  stroke  of  a  pen'. 
TEUT.  \fwHt. 

writhe  vb.  ME.  writhe  OE.  wridan 
str.  vb.  'to  twist'  =  OHG.  ridan, 
ON.  rida  str.  vb.  'to  wind,  twist'. 
Cogn.  w.  wroth. 


wrong  adj.  ME.  wrong  (wrang) 
late  OE.  (nth  cent.)  wrang  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  rangr  (older 
*vrangr)  'wrong,  unjust'  prop, 
'awry,  perverse'.  Probably*  fr. 
the  same  root  as  wrench  (TEUT. 
\f*wrank  wrang). 

wroth  adj.  short  for  ME.  wrgth 
OE.  wrap  (see  also  wrath)  = 
OSAX.  wreth,  ON.  vreidr  reidr, 
ODU.  wreed  'wroth';  orig.  sense 
in  OHG.  reid  (for  *wreut)  'curled'. 
\j~wrtp  'to  twist'  in  wreath  and 
writhe. 

wry  fr.  ME.  wrie  vb.  'to  twist*. 


yacht  sb.  fr.  DU.  jacht  prop. 
jachtschip\  DU.  jacht  corresponds 
to  G.  jagd  'hunting'  (OHG.  jag  on 
G.  jag  en  'to  chase). 

yard1  sb.  ME.  %erd  prop,  ygrd  OE. 
1$ard  'fence,  enclosure'  =  ON. 
gardi".  Teut.base£Wv/tf-=:  ARYAN 
b&seghorto-  inLAT.  hortus  (GR./O^- 
TOy)  'garden'.  Allied  to  garden. 

yard-  sb.  (a  measure)  ME. 
yerde  OE.  %erd  (lyrd)  'rod,  rood' 
=  OHO.  gerta  G.  gerte  'a  rod, 
switch';  cp.  GOTH,  gazds  'a  stick, 
goad'  —  ON.  gaddr  'goad'  and 
LAT.  hasta  ca  spear'  (common 
base  ghazdha^). 

yarn  sb.  ME.  %ern  prop,  ^ern  OE. 
It'arn  =  ON.  OHG.  G.  garn  (DU. 
gareri)\  perhaps  cogn.  w.  GS.gprn 
'guts'  and  LITH.  zarna  'entrail'? 

yarrow  sb.  ME.  yxrwe  OE 


=    OHG.    garwa    G.   garbey    DU. 
gerw  'millefolium'. 

yawl  vb.  ME.  y>uk  by  the 
side  of  goule  vb.  (change  of  j 
and  g  unexplained) ;  source  ON 
gaula  (ggula)  'to  bellow'. 

yawn    vb.    ME.  gdne  gone    OE. 

gdnian   (the    phonology    of   the 

ME.  word  is  dark)  ==  OHG.  geinon 

(G.  gdhnen)\    derived   fr.  OE.  to- 

%inan  str.   vb.  'to    yawn'  —  ON. 

gina\  cogn.    w.  OHG.  g'ien  giwen 

'to  yawn':  ARYAN  \fghi  in  LAT. 

|  hiarey    OSLOV.   zijati,    LITH.    zioti 

I  'to  yawn'. 

ye  pron.  ME.  ^e  OE.  -tf  fr.  a 
prehistoric  jiz  =  DU.  gij,  OSAX. 
git  OHG.  ir  (for  *Jir)  G.  ihr\ 
oldest  TEUT.  form  juz  in  GOTH. 
jus  'ye'.  Ident.  w.  SKR.  yuy-am 
'ye':  ARYAN  stem  iw — yu. 


year  —  yolk 


233 


yea  adv.  ME.  j/  OE.  led  (for 
*£<z)  —  OSAX.  OHG.  jd  G.ja  'yes'; 
oldest  form  GOTH,  ja  'yes'.  — 
yes  ME.  yes  OE.  %ese  for  *led- 
swd  prop,  'yea  so'  (cp.  ME.  nese 
fur  ne-swa). 

yean  older  £#«  vb.  ME.  (ne 
OE.  Banian  (%e-/amari)  'to  yean': 
derived  fr.  a  TEUT.  tfz^tf-  (for 
agwna-]  'lamb'  =  LAT.  agnus, 
OIR.  tian\  ARYAN  base  aghno-. 

year  ,vb.  ME.  #r  OE.  tfr  (ydr 
for  *j«r)  —  OHG.  jar  G.  /tf/$r, 
DU.  jaar,  ON.  #r,  GOTH./<?r:  Teut. 
base/£nz-;  cogn.  w.  theablauted 
GR.  WQOC,  'year'  —  w^a  'season* 
and  w.  AVEST.  ydre  'year. 

yearn  vb.  'desire'  ME.  yerne  fr. 
ME.  yern  OE.  l$orn  'desirous' 
(whence  also  the  umlauted  OE. 
lyrnan  'desire')  =  GOTH.  gairnsy 
OSAX.  OHG.  gern  'desirous':  TEUT. 
\fger  in  OHG.  geron  G.  begehren 
—  OHG.  ger  'desirous'  —  girt  (G. 
gier)  sb.  'desire'.  ARYAN  ^gher 
in  SKR.  hary  vb.  'desire'. 

yell  vb.  ME.  lelle  OE.  lellan 
(lillan)  =  OHG.  gellan  G.  g ellen, 
DU.  ^7/^«,  ON.  gjalla  'to  resound'. 
Cp.  st  any  el  I. 

yellow  adj.  ME.  ylwe  OE.  leolo 
(infl.  g^/«/-)  fr.  a  Teut.  base 
gelwa-  in  OSAX.  OHG.  ^/<!?  G.  ^/^, 
DU.  geel\  ARYAN  base  ghelwo-  in 
LAT.  helvus  'light  yellow'.  ARYAN 
*fghel  also  in  ON.  gulr  'yellow', 
GR.  /Afi^o'^  'green',  OSLOV.  zelenii 
'yellow';  from  the  same  root 
also  gold  (and  glow?).  — 
yellow-hammer  (a  bird's  name) 


rests  on  the  equiv.  OE.  amore  = 
OHG.  amero  G.  ammer. 

yelp  vb.  ME.  ~ylpe  OE.  ^elpan 
(y,lpan}  str.  vb.  'to  boast'  =  ON. 
gjalpa,  OHG.  gelpfan. 

yes  see  yea. 

yesterday  adv.  ME.  lesterday 
OE.  tyostrandce^  (^ystrandce^)  prop, 
only  ge.ostra(ri)  =  OHG.  gestaron 
G.  gesterny  DU.  gisteren  (gister- 
avond)\  cp.  GOTH,  gistra-dagis 
with  the  sense  of  'tomorrow'. 
Teut.  base  gestra-,  cogn.  w.  ON. 
/-^;-  and  LAT.  >forz;  GR.  /^t'c 
and  SKR.  hyas  'yesterday'  point 
to  an  ARYAN  base  gkyes  'yester- 
day'. 

yet  adv.  ME.  let  short  for  OE. 
let  (iyty  iit)\  ident.  w.  OFRIES. 
ieta  eta  'yet'. 

yew   vb.   ME.  ew   OE.   eow    iw 

—  OHG.  iwa  G.  eibe,  ON.  yr:  Teut. 
base  iwa-j  ident.  w.  OE.  eoh  'yew* 

—  OHG.  iha  'yew'.  FR.  //"(whence 
borrowed    DU.  ijf)   is    of  Teut' 
origin.    Cp.  also  CYMR.  yw  'yew*. 

yield  vb.  ME.  iflde  OE.  leldan 
(lildan}  str.  vb.  'to  pay*  =  GOTH. 
gildan,  ON.  gjalda  t  OHG.  ^//dr« 
str.  vb.  'to  pay':  TEUT.  \fgelit. 

yoke  sb.  ME.  10 k  (pi.  yjkes)  OE. 
j«fc  (pi.  J^w)  ;  :  GOTH.  juk9 

ON.    Ok    (for    *>£),    DU.  >^,    OHG. 

joh  G.  X-A:  Teut.  base  joka-, 
ARYAN  base  jiigo-  in  LAT.  jugum 

GR.  Cf /oV,  SKR.^^'yoke'.  ARYAN 

\fjug     in    GR.     &vyvvim>    LAT* 
jungere,  SKR.  j/if/  'to  yoke', 
yolk    sb.    ME.  lolke   falke)  OE. 
for     TEUT.    gel(w)ukan-\ 


234 


yon  —  yule 


derived  fr.  TEUT.  gelwa-  —yel- 
low. 

yon  pron.  ME.  ion  ip'n  OE.  yon 
(see  beyond}]  cogn.  w.  GOTH. 
jains,  OHG.  jener  G.  jener. 

yore  adv.  ME.  ipre  OE.  ledra 
(pron.  jar  a)  prop,  'of  years' gen. 
plur.  of  OE.  ledr  —  year. 

yow  pron.  ME.  yyw  ace.  dat. 
of  if  (=  ye),  OE.  eow  act.  dat. 
of  if  {=  ye)\  ident.  w.  OHG. 
OSAX.  eu  OHG.  iu\  ARYAN  base 
iw  under  ye. 

young  adj.  ME.  long  lung  OE. 
leong  (prop.  Jung)  =  GOTH.  Juggs, 
OSAX.  OHG.  G.  Jung,  DU.  jong,  ON. 
ungr  (for  *jungr)\  TEUT.  junga-, 
contracted  fr.  juwungo-  =  LAT. 
juvencus,  SKR.  yuvafa  'young': 
ARYAN  base  juwwko-  (ablauted 
by  form  in  CYMR.  ieuanc  'young'). 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.JmtemSi  SKR.yuvan, 
LITH.  jdunas  young*. 


—  youth  sb.  ME.  louthe  older 
luwede  for  ytgede  OE.  jugod  (leo- 
god)  =  OSAX.  jugud  fr.  a  base 
jugunf-  in  onG.jugund  G.  jug  end  \ 
TEUT.  jugunp-  probably  for  Ju- 
wunj>-  cp.  LAT.  juven-t-a  (and 
GOTH,  junda  contracted  for  *Ju- 
wundd]\  derived  fr.  ARYANjuwen- 
in  LAT.  juvenis,  SKR.  yuvan  etc. 
yule  sb.  ME.  ip'l  fr.  ON.  jol\ 
ident.  w.  OE.  ifol  (contracted 
fr.  leohof)  'Christmas'.  Cogn.  vv. 
GOTH,  jiuleis  'november'  —  ON. 
ylir  (OE.  Giuli  in  Be  da).  Teut. 
base  jeula-  (in  ON.  jdl)  and  _//«/- 
ja-  (in  GOTH,  jiuleis) :  OE.  leohhol 
'Christmas'  points  to  TEUT.  jehw- 
la-  (by  the  side  of  jeula-  for 
jegwla-)]  probably  related  to 
ON.  II  'snow-storm'  (TEUT.  base 
jehwla).  Hence  Yule  'the  time 
of  snow-storms'  and  GOTH,  jiuleis 
'the  month  of  snow-storms'. 


PE 

1580 

K58 


Kluge,  Friedrich 
English  etymology 


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