m^d
'■^^
d-t
4?
?<
JQ
uJ *
%
S 1
^
^
fr>.
,a
ebf
tJ3
<
Sr
§\
1
%;
%:
>
er>
^
WU3«i»J"3W ■
•UU3<iVJ 3V
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive^
in 2008 witin funding from s
IVIicrosoft Corporation
■<
so.
O f
:0
^^r"
-J liji** :iUl
%•
littp://www.archive.org/details/englislisynonymsaOOfern
Standard Educational Series
ENGLISH SYNONYMS AND
ANTONYMS
WITH NOTES ON THE CORRECT USE
OF PREPOSITIONS
Designed as a Companion for the Study
and as a Text-Book for the Use of Schools
BY
JAMES C. FERNALD
EDITOR OF SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, AND PREPOSITIONS IN THE STANDARD DICTIONARY
NEW YORK
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
LONDON AND TORONTO
1897
CopyrighU 1S96, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY.
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, Eng.
Pkinted in the United States.
53/
cob. I.
PREFACE.
The English language is peculiarly rich in synonyms, as, with
such a history, it could not fail to be. From the time of Julius
Ca3sar, Britons, Romans, Northmen, Saxons, Danes, and Normans
fighting, fortifying, and settling uijon the soil of England, with
Scotch and Irish contending for mastery or existence across the
mountain border and the Channel, and all fenced in together by the
sea, could not but influence each other's speech. English merchants,
sailors, soldiers, and travelers, trading, warring, and exploring in
every clime, of necessity brought back new terms of sea and
shore, of shop and camp and battle=field. English scholars have
studied Greek and Latin for a thousand years, and the languages
of the Continent and of the Orient in more recent times. English
churchmen have introduced words from Hebrew, Greek, and
Latin, through Bible and prayer-book, sermon and tract. From
all this it results that there is scarcely a language ever spoken
among men that has not some representative in English speech.
The spirit of the Anglo-Saxon race, masterful in language as in
war and commerce, has subjugated all these various elements to
one idiom, aiaking not a patchwork, but a composite language.
Anglo=Saxon thrift, finding often several words that originally ex-
pressed the same idea, has detailed them to different parts of the
common territory or to different service, so that we have an almost
unexampled variety of words, kindred in meaning but distinct in
usage, for expressing almost every shade of human thought.
Scarcely any two of such words, commonly known as synonyms,
are identical at once in signification and in use. They have certain
common ground within which they are interchangeable ; but out-
side of that each has its own special province, within which
any other word comes as an intruder. From these two qualities
arises the gi'eat value of synonyms as contributing to beauty and
effectiveness of expression. As interchangeable, they make possi-
ble that freedom and variety by which the diction of an accom-
plished writer or speaker diffei's from the wooden uniformity of a
legal document. As distinct and specific, they enable a master of
style to choose in every instance the one term that is the most
vi. Preface.
perfect mirror of his thought. To write or speak to the best pur-
pose, one should know in the first place all the words frona which
he may choose, and then the exact reason why in any case any
particular word should be chosen. To give such knowledge in
these two directions is the office of a book of synonyms.
Of Milton's diction Macaulay writes :
" His poetry acts like an incantation. Its merit lies less in its obvious meaning
than in its occult power. There would seem, at first sight, to be no more in his
words than in other words. But they are words of enchantment. No sooner are
they pronounced, than the past is present and the distant near. New forms of beauty
start at once into existence, and all the burial places of the memory give up their
dead. Change the structure of the sentence; substitute one synonym for another, and
the whole effect is destroyed. The spell loses its power; and he who should then
hope to conjure with it would find himself as much mistaken as Cassim in the
Arabian tale, when he stood crying, ' Open Wheat,' ' Open Barley,' to the door which
obeyed no soimd but ' Open Sesame.' The miserable failure of Dryden m his attempt
to translate into his o^\ti diction some parts of the ' Paradise Lost ' is a remarkable
instance of this."
Macaulay's own writings abound in examples of that exquisite
precision in the choice of words, which never seems to be precise,
but has all the aspect of absolute freedom. Tlu'ough his language
his thought bursts upon the mind as a landscape is seen in-
stantly, perfectly, and beautifully from a mountain height. A
little vagueness of thought, a slight infelicity in the choice of
words would be like a cloud upon the mountain, obscuring the
scene with a damp and chilling mist. Let anyone tiy the experi-
ment with a poem like Gray's " Elegy," or Goldsmith's " Travel-
ler" or " Deserted Village," of substituting other words for those
the poet has chosen, and he will readily perceive how much of
the charm of the lines depends upon their fine exactitude of
expression.
In our own day, when so many are eager to wi-ite, and confi-
dent that they can wTite, and when the press is sending forth by
the ton that which is called literature, but which somehow lacks
the imprint of immortality, it is of tlie first importance to revive
the study of synonyms as a distinct branch of rhetorical culture.
Prevalent errors need at times to be noted and corrected, but the
teaching of pure English speech is the best defense against all that
is inferior, unsuitable, or repulsive. The most effective condemna-
tion of an objectionable word or phrase is that it is not found in
scholarly works, and a student who has once learned the rich
stores of vigorous, beautiful, exact, and expressive words that
make up our noble language, is by that very fact put beyond the
reach of all temptation to lingiiistic corruption.
Preface. vii.
Special instruction in the use of synonyms is necessary, for the
reason that few students possess the analytical power and habit
of mind required to hold a succession of separate definitions in
thought at once, compare them with each other, and determine
just where and how they part company ; and the persons least
able to do this are the very ones most in need of the information.
The distinctions between words similar in meaning are often so
fine and elusive as to tax the ingenuity of the accomplished
scholar ; yet when clearly apprehended they are as important for
the purposes of language as the minute differences between similar
substances are for the purposes of chemistry. Often definition
itself is best secured by the comparison of kindred terms and
the pointing out where each differs from the other. We per-
ceive more clearly and remember better what each word is, by
perceiving where each divides from another of kindred meaning ;
just as we see and remember better the situation and contour of
adjacent countries, by considering them as boundaries of each
other, rather than by an exact statement of the latitude and
longitude of each as a separate portion of the earth's surface.
The great mass of untrained speakers and writers need to be re-
minded, in the first place, that there are synonyms — a suggestion
which they would not gain from any precision of separate defini-
tions in a dictionary. The deplorable repetition with which many
slightly educated persons use such words as " elegant," "splendid,"
" clever," " awful," " horrid," etc., to indicate (for they can not be
said to express) almost any shade of certain approved or objectiona-
ble qualities, shows a limited vocabulary, a poverty of language,
which it is of the first importance to correct. Many who are not
given to such gross misuse would yet be surprised to learn how
often they employ a very limited number of words in the attempt
to give utterance to thoughts and feehngs so unlike, that what is
the right word on one occasion must of necessity be the wrong
word at many other times. Such persons are simply unconscious
of the fact that there are other words of kindred meaning from
which they might choose ; as the United States surveyors of
Alaska found "the shuddering tenant of the frigid zone" wrap-
ping himself in furs and cowering over a fire of sticks with
untouched coal-mines beneath his feet.
Such poverty of language is always accompanied with poverty
of thought. One who is content to use the same word for widely
different ideas has either never observed or soon comes to forget
that there is any difference between the ideas ; or perhaps he retains
viii. Preface.
a vague notion of a difference which he never attempts to define to
himself, and dimly hints to others by adding to his inadequate
word some such phrase as " you see "or " you know," in the help-
less attempt to inject into another mind by suggestion what ade-
quate words would enable him simply and distinctly to say. Such
a mind resembles the old maps of Africa in which the interior was
filled with cloudy spaces, where modern discovery has revealed
great lakes, fertile plains, and mighty rivers. One main office of
a book of synonyms is to reveal to such persons the unsuspected
riches of their own language ; and when a series of words is given
them, from which they may choose, then, with intelligent choice of
words there comes of necessity a clearer perception of the differ-
ence of the ideas that are to be expressed by those dilTerent
words. Thus, copiousness and clearness of language tend directly
to affluence and precision of thought.
Hence there is an important use for mere lists of classified syn-
onyms, like Roget's Thesaurus and the works of Soule and Fal-
lows. Not one in a thousand of average students would ever dis-
cover, by independent study of the dictionary, that there are fif-
teen synonyms for beautiful, twentysone for beginning, fifteen
for benevolence, twenty for friendly, and thirty=seven for pure.
The mere mention of such numbers opens vistas of possible ful-
ness, freedom, and variety of utterance, which will have for many
persons the effect of a revelation.
But it is equally important to teach that synonyms are not
identical and to explain why and how they differ. A person of
extensive reading and study, with a fine natural sense of language,
will often find all that he wants in the mere list, which recalls to
his memory the appropriate word. But for the vast majority
there is needed some work that compares or contrasts synonymous
words, explains their differences of meaning or usage, and shows
in what connections one or the other may be most fitly used. This
is the purpose of the present work, to be a guide to selection from
the varied treasures of English speech.
This work treats within 375 pages more than 7500 synonyms.
It has been the study of the author to give every definition or
distinction in the fewest possible words consistent with clearness
of statement, and this not merely for economy of space, but
because such condensed statements are most easily apprehended
and remembered.
The method followed has been to select from every group of syn-
onyms one word, or two contrasted words, the meaning of which
Preface. ix.
may be settled by clear definitive statement, thus securing some
fixed point or points to which all the other words of the group may
be referred. The great source of vagueness, error, and perplexity in
many discussions of synonyms is, that the writer merely associates
stray ideas loosely connected tvith the different words, sliding from
synonym to synonym with no definite point of departure or return,
so that a smooth and at first sight pleasing statement really gives the
mind no definite resting=place and no sure conclusion. A true dis-
cussion of synonyms is definition by comparison, and for this there
must be something definite with which to compare. When the
standard is settled, approximation or differentiation can be deter-
mined with clearness and certainty. It is not enough to tell some-
thing about each word. The thing to tell is how each word is
related to others of that particular group. When a word has more
than one prominent meaning, the synonyms for one signification
are treated in one group and a reference is made to some 'other
group in which the synonyms for another signification are treated,
as may be seen by noting the synonyms given under apparent, and
following the reference to evident.
It has been impossible within the limits of this volume to treat
in full all the words of each group of sj nonyms. Sometimes it
has been necessary to restrict the statement to a mere suggestion
of the correct use ; in some cases only the chief words of a group
could be considered, giving the key to the discussion, and leaving
the student to follow out the principle in the case of other words
by reference to the definitive statements of the dictionary. It is to
be hoped that at some time a dictionary of synonyms may be pre-
pared, giving as full a list as that of Roget or of Soule, with dis-
criminating remarks upon every word. Such a work would be of
the greatest value, but obviously beyond the scope of a text=book
for the class=room.
The author has here incorporated, by permission of the pub-
lishers of the Standard Dictionary, much of the synonym matter
prepared by him for that work. All has been thoroughly revised
or reconstructed, and much wholly new matter has been added.
The book contains also more than 3700 antonyms. These are
valuable as supplying definition by contrast or by negation, one of
the most effective methods of defining being in many cases to tell
what a thing is not. To speakers and writers antonyms are useful
as furnishing oftentimes effective antitheses.
Young writers will find much help from the indication of the
correct use of prepositions, the misuse of which is one of the most
X. Preface.
common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while
their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness,
and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the syn-
onyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the
work for use as a text=book. Aside from the purposes of the class*
room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student.
Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language
most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to
answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Ex-
amples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or
to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent
reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few
who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct
some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and with-
out coming to a new dehght in the use of language from a fuller
knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense of its various
capabilities.
West New Brighton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1896.
PART I.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
Crabb's "English Synonymes Explained." [H.]
Soule's " Dictionary of English Synonyms." [L.]
Smith's " Synonyms Discriminated." [Bell.]
Graham's " English Synonyms." [A.]
Whateley's " English Synonyms Discriminated." [L. & S.]
Campbell's " Handbook of Synonyms." [L. & S.]
Fallows' " Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms." [F. H. R.]
Roget's "Thesaurus of English Words." [F. & W. Co.]
Trench's " Study of English Words." [W. J. W.]
Richard Grant White, " Words and their Uses," and " Every Day English." [H. M.
& Co.]
Geo. P. Marsh, "Lectures on the English Language," and "Origin and History of
the English Language." [S.]
Fitzedward Hall, " False Philology." [S.]
Maetzuer's " English Grammar," tr. by Grece. [J. M.]
The Synonyms of the Century and International Dictionaries
have also been consulted and compared.
The Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary has been used as
the authority thi-oughout.
ABBREVIATIONS USED.
A D. Appleton & Co.
AS Anglo»Saxon
Bell; B. & Si Bell & Sons
F French
F. H. R Fleming H. Revell
F. & W. Co Fmik & Wagnalls Co.
G German
Gr Greek
H Harper & Bros.
H. M. & Co. . ..Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
It Italian
J. M John Murray
K.=F Krauth'Flemiiig
" Vocabulary of Philosophy."
L Latin; Lippincott & Co.
L. & S Lee & Shepard
M Murray's New English Dictionary
Macm Macmillan & Co.
S Chas. Scribner's Sons
Sp Spanish
T. & F Ticknor & PMelds
T. & H Troutman & Hayes
T. & M Taylor, Walton & Maberley
W. J. W W. J. Widdleton
SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS
AND
PREPOSITIONS.
PART-^IJ
J^
Synonyms: V"^
natodicate, ' l
\aT3jure,
least off, '
jcease,
Icede,
idepart from,-
'/
^ ABANDON.
desert,
discontinue,
forego, ^-
leave,
resign,
quit, ■-
retire from,
recant.
retract.
relinquish.
surrender.
renounce,
vacate.
repudiate.
withdraw from.
forsake,
forswear,
give up,
Abandon is a word ot wide signification, applying to persons
or things of any kind ; abdicate and resign apply to office, author-
ity, or power ; cede to territorial possessions ; S!(r?^enc?e?' especially
to military force, and more generally to any demand, claim, passion,
etc. Quit carries an idea of suddenness or abruptness not neces-
sarily implied in abandon, and may not have the same suggestion
of finality. The king abdicates his throne, cedes his territory,
deserts his followers, renounces his religion, relinquishes his titles,
abandons his designs. A cowardly officer deserts his ship ; the
helpless passengers abandon it. We qtiit business, give up prop-
erty, resign office, abandon a habit or a trust. Relinquish com-
monly implies reluctance ; the fainting hand relinquishes its
grasp ; the creditor relinquishes his claim. Abandon implies
previous association with responsibility for or control of ; forsake
implies previous association with inclination or attachment, real
or assumed ; a man may abandon or forsake house or friends ;
he abandons an enterprise ; forsakes God. Abandon is applied
to both good and evil action ; a thief abandons his designs, a
man his principles. Forsake, like abandon, may be used either
in the favorable or unfavorable sense ; desert is always un-
abase
favorable, involving a breach of duty, except when used of
mere localities; as, "the Deserted Village." While a monarch
abdicates, a president or other elected or appointed officer
resigns. It was held that James II. abdicated his throne by
deserting it.
Antonyms:
adopt,
defend.
occupy,
seek,
advocate,
favor.
prosecute.
support,
assert,
haunt.
protect,
undertake.
cherish,
hold,
pursue,
uphold,
claim.
keep.
retain,
vindicate.
court,
maintAip,
ABASE.
Synonyms :
bring low.
depress.
disbonor,
lower.
cast down.
discredit,
humble.
reduce,
debase,
disgrace,
humiliate,
sink.
degrade.
Abase refers only to outward conditions. "Exalt him that is
low, and abase him that is high." Ezek. xxi, 26. Debase applies
to quality or character. The coinage is debased by excess of
alloy, the man by vice. Humble in present use refers chiefly to
feeling of heart ; humiliate to outward conditions ; even when
one is said to humble himself, he either has or affects to have
humility of heart. To disgrace may be to bring or inflict odium
upon others, but the word is chiefly and increasingly applied to
such moral odium as one by his own acts brings upon himself; the
noun disgrace retains more of the passive sense than the verb ; he
disgraced himself by his conduct ; he brought disgrace upon his
family. To dishonor a person is to deprive him of honor that
should or might be given. To discredit one is to injure his rep-
utation, as for veracity or solvency. A sense of un worthiness
humbles ; a shameful insult humiliates ; imprisonment for crime
disgraces. Degrade may refer to either station or character.
An ofiicer is degraded by being reduced to the ranks, disgraced
by cowardice ; vile practises degrade ; drunkenness is a degrading
vice. Misfortune or injustice may abase the good ; nothing but
their own ill=doing can debase or disgrace them.
Antonyms :
advancCj
aggrandize,
dignify.
elevate,
exalt.
honor,
promote.
raise,
uplift.
abasta.
abate
daunt,
discompose,
disconcert,
dishearten.
embarrass,
humble,
humiliate.
mortify,
overaw^e,
shame.
ABASH.
Synonyms:
bewilder,
chagrin,
confound,
confuse.
Any sense of inferiority abashes, with or without the sense
of wrong. The poor are abashed at the splendor of wealth, the
ignorant at the learning of the wnse. " I might have been abashed
by their authority." Gladstone Homeric Synchron, p. 72. [h.
'76.] To confuse is to bring into a state of mental bewilderment ;
to confound is to overwhelm the mental faculties ; to daunt is to
subject to a certain degree of fear. Embarrass is a strong word,
signifying primarily hamper, hinder, impede. A solitary tliinker
may be confused by some difficulty in a subject, or some mental
defect ; one is embarrassed in the presence of others, and because
of their presence. Confusion is of the intellect, embarrassment
of the feelings. A witness may be embarrassed by annoying
personalities, so as to become confused in statements. To mortify
a person is to bring upon him a painful sense of humiliation,
whether because of his own or another's fault or failure. A pupil
is confused by a perplexing question, a general confounded by
overwhelming defeat. A hostess is discomposed by the tardiness
of guests, a speaker disconcerted by a failure of memory. The
criminal who is not abashed at detection may be daunted by the
officer's weapon. Sudden joy may bewilder, but will not abash.
The true worshiper is humbled rather than abashed before God.
The parent is mortified by the child's rudeness, the child abashed
at the parent's reproof. The embarrassed speaker finds it difficult
to proceed. The mob is overawed by the military, the hypocrite
shamed by exposure. "A man whom no denial, no scorn could
abash." Fielding Amelia bk. iii, ch. 9, p. 300. [b. & s. '71.]
Compare chagrin ; hinder.
Antonyms:
animate, cheer, encourage, rally,
buoy, embolden, inspirit, uphold.
Synonyms:
decline,
decrease,
diminish.
ABATE.
ebb,
lessen,
low^er.
mitigate,
moderate,
reduce,
subside.
The storm, the fever, the pain abates. Interest declines. Mis-
fortunes may be mitigated, desires moderated, intense anger
abbreviation
abet
abated, population decreased, taxes reduced. "We abate a nui-
Bance, terminate a controversy, suppress a rebellion. See al-
leviate.
Dtonyins:
aggravate,
enhance,
foment,
rage,
amplify,
enlarge.
mcrease,
raise.
coDtinue,
extend,
magnify,
revive.
develop,
Prepositions :
Abate in fury ; abated by law.
ABBREVIATION.
Synonyms :
abridgment, contraction.
An abbreviation is a shortening by any method ; a contraction
is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts. A
contraction of a word is made by omitting certain letters or
syllables and bringing together the first and last letters or ele-
ments ; an abbreviation may be made either by omitting certain
portions from the interior or by cutting off a part ; a contraction
is an abbreviation, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a con-
traction ; rec't for receipt, mdse. for merchandise, and Dr. for
debtor are contractions ; they are also abbreviations ; Am. iat
American is an abbreviation, but not a contraction. Abbrevia-
tion and contraction are used of words and phrases, abridgment
of books, paragraphs, sentences, etc. Compare abridgment.
ABET.
Synonyms :
advocate, countenance, incite, sanction,
aid, embolden, instigate, support,
assist, encourage, promote, uphold.
Abet and instigate are now used almost without exception in
a bad sense ; one may incite either to good or evil. One incites
or instigates to the doing of something not yet done, or to in-
creased activity or further advance in the doing of it ; one abets
by giving sympathy, countenance, or substantial aid to the doing
of that which is already projected or in process of commission.
Abet and instigate apply either to persons or actions, incite to
persons only ; one incites a person to an action. A clergyman
will advocate the claims of justice, aid the poor, encourage the
abhor
abide
despondent, support the weak, tiphold the constituted authorities;
but he will not incite to a quarrel, instigate a riot, or abet a
crime. The originator of a crime often instigates or incites others
to abet him in it, or one may instigate or incite others to a crime
in the commission of which he himself takes no active part.
Compare help.
Antonyiii[>«:
baffle,
confound,
counteract,
denounce.
deter,
disapprove,
disconcert,
discourage.
dissuade,
expose,
frustrate.
hinder,
impede,
obstruct.
ABHOR.
Synonyms:
abominate, dislike, loathe, scorn,
despise, hate, nauseate, shun,
detest.
Abhor is stronger than despise, implying a shuddering recoil,
especially a moral recoil. ' ' How many shitn evil as inconvenient
who do not"a6/ior it as hateful." Trench Serm. in Westm. Abbey
xxvi, 297. [M.] Detest expresses indignation, with something of
contempt. Loathe implies disgust, physical or moral. We abhor
a traitor, despise a coward, detest a liar. We dislike an uncivil
person, We abhor cruelty, hate tyranny. We loathe a reptile
or a flatterer. We abhor Milton's heroic Satan, but we can not
despise him.
Antonyms :
admire.
crave.
esteem,
love.
approve.
desire.
lilie,
relish.
covet.
enjoy.
ABIDE.
Synonyms:
anticipate.
dwell,
remain,
stop.
await.
endure.
reside.
tarry.
bear,
expect.
rest.
tolerate,
bide.
inhabit.
sojourn.
w^ait.
confront,
live.
stay.
watch.
continue,
lodge.
To abide is to remain continuously without limit of time
unless expressed by the context : ' ' to=day I must abide at thy
house," Luke xix, 5 ; " a settled place for thee to abide in for-
ever," 1 Kings viii, 13 ; " Abide with me ! fast falls the eventide,"
Lyte Hymn. Lodge, sojourn, stay, tarry, and uniit always imply
a limited time ; lodge, to pass the night ; sojourn, to remain
abolisli 6
temporarily ; live, divell, reside, to have a permanent home.
Stop, in the sense of stay or sojourn, is colloquial, and not in
approved use. Compare endure ; rest.
Aiitonyniis :
abandon, forfeit, migrate, reject,
avoid, forfend, move, resist,
depart, journey, proceed, shun.
Prepositions :
Abide in a place, for a time, with a person, hy a statement.
ABOLISH. ,
Synonyms : /
\ abate, eradicate, proMbit, • stamp out,
A abrogate, exterminate', remove, subvert, -^
\ annihilate, extirpate, repeal, supplant,
\ annul, j nullify, reverse, suppress,
idestroy, obliterate, revoke, / terminate,
end, overthrow, set aside, V
Abolish, to do away with, bring absolutely to an end, especially
as something hostile, hindering, or harmful, was formerly used of
persons and material objects, a usage now obsolete except in
poetry or highly figurative speech. Abolish is now used of
institutions, customs, and conditions, especially those wide=spread
and long existing ; as, to abolish slavery, ignorance, intemperance,
poverty. A building that is burned to the groimd is said to be
destroyed by fire. Annihilate, as a philosophical term, signifies
to put absolutely out of existence. As far as our knowledge goes,
matter is never annihilated, but only changes its form. Some
believe that the wicked will be annihilated. Abolish is not said
of laws. There we use rejjeal, abrogate, nullify, etc.: re/JeaZ by
the enacting body, nidlify by revolutionary proceedings ; a later
statute abrogates, without formally repealing, any earlier law
with which it conflicts. An appellate court may reverse or set
aside the decision of an inferior court. Overthroiv may be used
in either a good or a bad sense ; suppress is commonly in a good,
subvert always in a bad sense ; as, to subvert our liberties ;
to siqipress a rebellion. The law prohibits what may never
have existed ; it abolishes an existing evil. We abate a nui-
•sy. Compare cancel ; demolish ;
sance, terminate
a conti
EXTERMINATE.
Antonyms :
authorize.
establish.
cherish.
institute.
contlrm.
introduce,
continue.
legalize.
enact,
promote,
reinstate,
revive.
renew,
set up,
repair,
support.
restore.
sustain.
abomination
abridgment
ABOMIjVATIOX.
curse,
detestation,
disgust,
evil,
execration.
hatred,
horror,
iniquity,
nuisance,
offense.
plague,
shame,
villainy,
■wickedness.
Synonyms :
abhorrence,
abuse,
annoyance,
aversion,
crime,
Ahommaiion (from the L. ah omen, a thing of ill omen) was
originally applied to anything held in religious or ceremonial
aversion or ahliorrence ; as, "The things which are highly
esteemed among men are abomination in the sight of God."
Luke xvi, 15. The word is oftener applied to the object of such
aversion or ahliorrence than to the state of mind that so regards
it ; in common use ahomination signifies something very much
disliked or loathed, or that deserves to be. Choice food may be
an object of aversion and disgust to a sick person ; vile food
would be an ahomination. A toad is to many an object of
disgust ; a foul sewer is an abomination. As applied to crimes,
ahomhiation is used of such as are especially brutal, shameful, or
revolting ; theft is an offense ; infanticide is an abomination.
Antonyms :
afEection,
appreciation,
approval,
benefit,
blessing,
delight,
desire,
enjoyment,
esteem,
gratification,
joy,
satisfaction,
treat.
ABRIDGMENT.
Synonyms :
abbreviation, compend, epitome, summary,
abstract, compendium, outline, synopsis,
analysis, digest,
An abridgment gives the most important portions of a work
substantially as they stand. An outline or synopsis is a kind of
sketch closely following the plan. An abstract or digest is an
independent statement of what the book contains. An analysis
draws out the chief thoughts or arguments, whether expressed or
implied. A summary is the most condensed statement of results
or conclusions. An epitome, compend, or compendium is a con-
densed view of a subject, whether derived from a previous publi-
cation or not. We may have an abridgment of a dictionary, but
not an analysis, abstract, digest, or summary. We may have an
epitome of religion, a compendium of English literature, but not
an abridgment. Compare abbreviation.
absolute "
ABSOJUJTE.
Synonyms: /
arbitrary, compulsory, haughty, / peremptory,
arrogant, controlling, imperative,' positive,
authoritative, despotic,. imperious, supreme, v-^
.autocratic, dictatorial, irresponsible, tyrannical,
coercive, dogmatic,^ lordly,v unconditional,
commanding, .domineering, overbearing, unequivocal,
compulsive, exacting,
111 the sti-ict sense, absolute, free from all limitation or control,
and supreme, superior to all, can not properly be said of any being
except the divine. Both words are used, however, in a modified
sense, of human authorities ; absolute then signifying free from
limitation by other authority, and supreme exalted over all other ;
as, an absolute monarch, the supreme court. Absolute, in this
use, does not necessarily carry any unfavorable sense, but as abso-
lute power in human hands is always abused, the unfavorable
meaning predominates. Autocratic power knows no limits out-
side the ruler's self ; arbitrary power, none outside the ruler's will
or judgment, arbitrary carrying the implication of wilfulness
and capriciousness. Despotic is commonly applied to a master-
ful or severe use of power, which is expressed more decidedly by
tyrannical. Arbitrary may be used in a good sense ; as, the pro-
nunciation of proper names is arbitrary; but the bad sense is
the prevailing one ; as, an arbitrary proceeding. Irresponsible
power is not necessarily bad, but eminently dangerous ; an execu-
tor or trustee should not be irresponsible ; an irresponsible ruler
is likely to be tyrannical. A perfect ruler might be irresponsible
and not tyrannical. Authoritative is used always in a good
sense, implying the right to claim authority; imperative, per-
emp)tory, and. positive are used ordinarily in the good sense; as, an
authoritative definition ; an imperative demand ; a peremptory
command ; positive insti'uctions ; imp)erious signifies assuming
and determined to command, rigorously requiring obedience. An
imperious demand or requirement may have in it nothing offen-
sive ; it is simply one that resolutely insists upon compliance, and
will not brook refusal ; an arrogant demand is offensive by its
tone of superiority, an arbitrary demand by its unreasonableness;
an imperious disposition is liable to become arbitrary and arro-
gant. A person of an independent spirit is inclined to resent an
imperious manner in any one, especially in one whose superiority
is not clearly recognized. Commanding is always used in a good
ab!i>olve
abi^orb
sense ; as, a commanding appearance ; a commanding eminence.
Compare dogmatic ; infinite ; perfect.
Antonyms:
accountable, constitutional, gentle, lowly, responsible,
complaisant, contingent, humble, meek, submissive,
compliant, doci)e, lenient, mild, yielding,
conditional, ductile, limited,
ABSOLVE.
Synonyni!!) :
acciuit, exculpate, forgive, pardon,
clear, exempt, free, release,
discharge, exonerate, liberate, set free.
To absolve, in the strict sense, is to set free from any bond. One
may be absolved from a promise by a breacli of faitli on the part
of one to whom the promise was made. To absolve from sins is
formally to remit their condemnation and penalty, regarded as a
bond vipon the soul. "Almighty God . . . pnrdonetlimid. ahsolv-
eth all those who truly repent, and unfeignedly believe his holy
Gospel." Book of Common Prayer, Declar. of Absol. To acquit
of sin or crime is to free from the accusation of it, pronouncing
one guiltless ; the innocent are rightfully acquitted; the guilty
may be mercifully absolved. Compare pardon.
Antonyms:
accuse, charge, condemn, impeach, obligate,
bind, compel, convict, inculpate, oblige.
Preposition :
One is absolved from (rarely of) a promise, a sin, etc.
ABSORB.
Synonyms:
j consume, engross, suck up, take in,
~^ drink in, exhaust, sw^allow, take up.
i drink up, • imbitoe, swallow^ up,
A fluid that is absorbed is taken np into the mass of the absorb-
ing body, with which it may or may not permanently combine.
Wood expands when it absorbs moisture, iron when it absorbs
heat, the substance remaining perhaps otherwise substantially
unchanged ; quicklime, when it absorbs water, becomes a new
substance with different qualities, hydrated or slaked lime. A
substance is consumed which is destructively appropriated by
some other substance, being, or agency, so that it ceases to exist or
to be recognized as existing in its original condition ; fuel is con-
sumed in the fire, food in the body ; consume is also applied to
whatever is removed from the market for individual use ; as, silk
and woolen goods are consumed. A great talker engrosses the
conversation. A credulous person swalloivs the most pi'eposterous
abstinence
abstract 10
statement. A busy student imbibes or drinks in knowledge ; he
is absorbed in a subject that takes his whole attention. " I only
postijoned it becavise I happened to get absorbed in a book." Kane
Grinnell Exped. ch. 43, page 403. [h. '54.]
Antonyms :
cast out, dissipate, emit, put forth, shoot forth,
disgorge, distract, exude, radiate, throw off,
disperse, eject, give up, send out, vomit.
Prepositions :
Plants absorb moisture /rowi the air; the student is absorbed in
thought ; nutriment may be absorbed iiito the system through the
skin.
ABSTIEfEMCE.
Synonyms :
abstemiousness, frugality, self:clenial, sobriety,
continence, moderation, self=restraint, temperance,
fasting, self=control,
Abstinence from food commonly signifies going without; ab-
stemiousness, partaking moderately; abstinence may be for a sin-
gle occasion, abstemiousiiess is habitual moderation. Self-denial
is giving up what one wishes; abstinence may be refraining from
what one does not desire. Fasting is abstinence from food for a
limited time, and generally for religious reasons. Sobriety and
temj)erance signify maintaining a quiet, even temper by moderate
indulgence in some things, complete abstinence from others. We
speak of temx)erance in eating, but of abstinence from vice. Total
abstinence has come to signify the entire abstaining from intoxi-
cating liquors.
Antoityms :
drunkenness, greed, reveling, sensuality,
excess, intemperance, revelry, wantonness,
gluttony, intoxication, self-indulgence.
Preposition :
The negative side of virtue is abstinence from vice.
ABSTRACT, v.
Synonyms :
appropriate, distract, purloin, steal,
detach, divert, remove, take away,
discriminate, eliminate, separate, withdraw,
distinguish,
The central idea of withdraioing makes abstract in common
speech a euphemism for appropriate (unlawfully), purloin, steal.
In mental processes we discriminate between objects by distin-
guishing their differences; we sep>arate some one element from
all that does not necessarily belong to it, abstract it, and view it
alone. We may separate two ideas, and hold both in mind in
** absurd
comparison or contrast; but when we abstract one of them, we
drop the other out of thought. The mind is abstracted when it is
withdraion from all other subjects and concentrated upon one,
diverted when it is drawn away from what it would or should at-
tend to by some other interest, distracted when the attention is
divided among different subjects, so that it can not be given
properly to any. The trouble with the distracted person is that
he is not abstracted. Compare discern.
Antoiiyms :
add, complete, fill up, restore, unite.
combine, conjoin, increase, strengttien,
Prepositions :
The purse may be abstracted from the pocket ; the substance
from the accidents ; a book into a compend.
ABSTRACTED.
Synonyms :
absent, heedless, listless, preoccupied,
absent-minded, inattentive, negligent, thoughtless,
absorbed, indifferent, oblivious,
As regards mental action, absorbed, abstracted, and preoccu-
pied refer to the cause, absent or absent-minded to the effect.
The man absorbed in one thing will appear absent in others. A
preoccupied person may seem listless and thoughtless, but the
really listless and thoughtless have not mental energy to be jjre-
occupied. The absent-minded man is oblivious of ordinary mat-
ters, because his thoughts are elsewhere. One who is preoccupied
is intensely busy in thought; one may be absent-minded either
through intense concentration or simply through inattention, with
fitful and aimless wandering of thought. Compare abstract.
Antonyms :
alert, on liand, ready, wide=a\vake.
attentive, prompt, thoughtful,
ABSURD.
Synonyms : y-
anomalous, ill-considered, ludicrous, ridiculous, "^
chimerical, ill=judged, mistaken, senseless, ;
erroneous, inconclusive, monstrous, stupid, -
false. incorrect, nonsensical, unreasonable,
' foolish, infatuated, paradoxical, w^ild.
ill-advised, irrational, preposterous, •
That is absurd which is contrary to the iirst principles of rea-
soning ; as, that a part should be greater than the whole is absurd.
A paradoxical statement appears at first thovight contradictory
or absurd, while it may be really ti-ue. Anything is irrational
abuse
12
when clearly contrary to sound reason, foolish when contrary to
practical good sense, silly when petty and contemptible in its folly,
erroneous when containing error that vitiates the result, unrea-
sonable when there seems a perverse bias or an intent to go wrong.
Monstrous and preposteroiis refer to what is overwhelmingly
absurd; as, '■'O monstrous ! eleven buckram men gi'own out of
two," Shaxespeaee 1 King Henry IV, act ii, sc. 4. The ridicu-
lous or the nonsensical is worthy only to be laughed at. The
lunatic's claim to be a king is ridicidous ; the Mother Goose
rimes are tionsensical. Compare incongruous.
Antonyms:
certain,
incontrovertible, rational.
substantial.
consistent,
indisputable, reasonable,
true.
demonstrable,
indiibitaljle, sagacious.
undeniable.
demonstrated.
infallible, sensible.
unquestionable.
established,
logical, sound.
wise.
incontestable,
ABUSE.
Synonyms:
aggrieve.
impose on or oppress.
ruin.
damage,
upon, persecute.
slander,
defame,
injure, pervert.
victimize,
defile.
malign. prostitute.
vilify.
disparage.
maltreat, rail at,
violate.
barm.
misemploy, ravish,
vituperate.
iU=treat,
misuse, reproach.
wrong.
ill-use.
molest, revile.
Abuse covers all unreasonable or improper use or treatment by
word or act. A tenant does not abuse rented property by ' ' rea-
sonable wear," though that may damage the property and injure
its sale ; he may abuse it by needless defacement or neglect. It is
possible to abuse a man without harming him, as when the crim-
inal vituperates the judge ; or to harm a man without abusing
him, as when the witness tells the truth about the criminal. De-
fame, malign, rail at, revile, slander, vilify, and vitup)erate are
used always in a bad sense. One may be justly reproached. To
impose on or to victimize one is to injure him by abusing his con-
fidence. To persecute one is to ilUtreat him for opinion's sake,
commonly for religious behef ; to oj^press is generally for political
or pecuniary motives. " Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant
that is poor and needy," Deid. xxiv, 14. Misemp)loy, misuse,
and pervert are commonly applied to objects rather than to per-
sons. A dissolute youth misemploys his time, misuses his money
13 accessory
and opportunities, harms his associates, perverts his talents,
wrongs his parents, ruins himself, abuses every good gift of God.
Antonyms :
applaud, conserve, favor, protect, sustain,
benefit, consider, laud, regard, tend,
care for, euloRize, panegjTize, lespect, uphold,
cherisli, extol, praise, shield, vmdicate.
ACCESSORY.
Synonyms:
abetter oi abettor, associate, companion, hencliman,
accomplice. attendant, confederate, participator,
ally. coadjutor, follower, partner,
assistant, colleague, lielper, retainer.
Colleague is used always in a good sense, associate and coadju-
tor generally so; ally, assistant, associate, attendant, companion,
helper, either in a good or a bad sense; abetter, accessory, accom-
plice, confederate, almost always in a bad sense. Ally is often-
est used of national and military matters, or of some other con-
nection regarded as great and important; as, allies of despotism.
Colleague is applied to civil and ecclesiastical connections; mem-
bers of Congress from the same State are colleagues, even though
they may be bitter opi^onents politically and personally. An As-
sociate Justice of the Supreme Court is near in rank to the Chief
Justice. A surgeon's assistant is a physician or medical student
who shares in the treatment and care of patients; a surgeon's at-
tendant is one who rolls bandages and the like. Folloioer, hench-
7nan, retainer are persons especially devoted to a chief, and gen-
erally bound to him by necessity, fee, or reward. Partner has
come to denote almost exclusively a business connection. In law,
an abettor (the general legal spelling) is always present, either
actively or constructively, at the commission of the crime; an ac-
cessory never. An accomplice is usually a principal; an accessory
never. If present, though only to stand outside and keep watch
against surprise, one is an abettor, and not an accessory. At
common law, an accessory implies a principal, and can not be
convicted until after the conviction of the principal; the accom-
^tlice or abettor can be convicted as a principal. Accomplice and
abettor have nearly the same meaning, but the former is the pop-
ular, the latter more distinctively the legal term. Compare ap-
pendage; AUXILIARY.
Antonyms:
adversary, chief, foe, leader, principal,
antagonist, commander, hinderer, opponent, rival,
betrayer, enemy, instigator, opposer,
accident
14
Prepositions:
An accessory to the crime; before or after the fact; the acces-
sories of a figure in a painting.
ACCIDEXT.
contingency,
disaster,
fortuity,
hap,
\ happening,
hazard.
misfortune,
mishap, -
incident, possibility.
misadventure ,
Synonyms :
adventure,
calamity,
casualty,
\chance,
An accident is that wliich happens without any one's direct in-
tention; a chance tliat which happens witliout any known cause.
If the direct cause of a railroad accident is known, we can not
call it a chance. To the theist there is, in strictness, no chance,
all things being by divine causation and control; but chance is
spoken of where no special cause is manifest: "By chance there
came down a certain priest that way," Luke x, 31. We can speak
of a game of chance, but not of a game of accident. An incident
is viewed as occurring in the regular course of things, but subordi-
nate to the main purpose, or aside from the main design. Fortune
is the result of inscrutable controlling forces. Fortune and
chance are nearly equivalent, but cJiance can be used of human
effort and endeavor as fortune can not be; we say "he has a
chance of success," or "there is one chance in a thousand," where
we could not substitute fortune; as personified, Fortune is re-
garded as having a fitful purpose, Chance as purposeless; we
speak of fickle Fortune, blind Chance; "Fortune favors the
brave." The slaughter of men is an incident of battle; unexpected
defeat, the fortune of war. Since the unintended is often the un-
desirable, accident tends to signify some calamity or disaster, un-
less the contrary is expressed, as when we say a fortunate or
happy accident. An adventure is that which may turn out ill, a
misadventure that which does turn out ill. A slight disturbing
accident is a mishap. Compare event; hazard.
Antonyms:
appointment,
calculation,
certainty,
decree, intention,
fate, law,
foreordination, necessity,
ordainment, preparation,
ordinance, provision,
plan, purpose.
Prepositions:
The accident o/ birth; an accident to the machinery.
15
acquaintance
acrimony
ACQUAINT AXCE.
Synunyni!« : / .
association, experience, fellowship, intimacy, /
companionship, familiarity, friendship, knowledge.
Acquaintance between persons supposes that each knows the
other; we may know a pvibHc man by his writings or speeches,
and by sight, but can not claim acquaintance unless he personally
knows us. There may be pleasant acquaintance with little coni-
panio7iship ; and conversely, much companionsliip with little
acquaintance, as between busy clerks at adjoining desks. So
there may be association in business without hitimacy or friend-
ship. Acquaintance admits of many degi-ees, from a slight or
passing to a familiar or intimate acquaintance; but acquaintance
unmodified commonly signifies less than familiarity or intimacy.
As regards persons, familiarity is becoming restricted to the un-
desirable sense, as in the proverb, '•Familiarity breeds con-
tempt ;" hence, in personal relations, the word intimacy, which
refers to mutual knowledge of thought and feeling, is now uni-
formly preferred. Friendship includes acquaintance with some
degree of intimacy, and ordinarily companionship, though in a
wider sense friendship may exist between those who have never
met, but know each other only by word and deed. Acquaintance
does not involve friendship, for one may be well acquainted with
an enemy. Felloivship involves not merely acquaintance and
companionship, but sympathy as well. There may be much
friendship without much felloioship, as between those whose
homes or pursuits are far apart. There may be pleasant felloio-
ship which does not reach the fulness of friendship. Compare
ATTACHMENT ; FRIENDSHIP ; LOVE. As regards studies, pursuits,
etc., acquaintance is less than familiarity, which supposes minute
knoivledge of particulars, arising often from long experience or
association.
Antonyms :
ignorance, ignoring, inexperience, unfamiliarity.
Prepositions :
Acquaintance loith a subject; of one person with another;
betiveen persons.
ACRIMONY.
Synonyms:
acerbity, harshness, severity, tartness,
asperity, malignity, sharpness, unkindness,
hitterness, moi'oseness, sourness, virulence,
causticity.
act
16
Acerbity is a sharpness, with a touch of bitterness, which may
arise from momentary annoyance or habitual imj^atience; asper-
ity is keener and more pronounced, denoting distinct irritation or
vexation; in speech asperity is often manifested by the tone of
voice rather than by the words that are spoken. Acrimony in
speech or temper is Uke a corrosive acid; it springs from settled
character or deeply rooted feeling of aversion or unkindness. One
might speak with momentary asperity to his child, but not with
acrimony, unless estrangement had begun. Malignity is the ex-
treme of settled ill intent; virulence is an envenomed hostility.
Virulence of speech is a quaUty in language that makes the lan-
guage seem as if exuding poison. Vindenceis outspoken; malig-
nity may be covered with smooth and courteous phrase. "We say
intense virulence, deep malignity. Severity is always painful,
and may be terrible, but can-ies ordinarily the implication, true or
false, of justice. Compare anger; bitter; enmity.
Antonyms:
amiability, gentleness, kindness, smoothness,
courtesy, goo I nature, mildness, sweetness.
ACT, n.
Synonyms :
accomplishment, execution, movement,
achievement, exercise. operation,
action. exertion, performance,
consummation, exploit, proceeding,
deed, feat, transaction,
doing, motion, w^ork.
e£fect.
An act is strictly and originally something accomplished by an
exercise of power, in which sense it is synonymous with deed or
effect. Action is a doing. Act is therefore single, individual,
momentary; action a complex of acts, or a process, state, or habit
of exerting power. We say a virtuous act, but rather a virtuous
course of action. We speak of the action of an acid upon a
metal, not of its act. Act is used, also, for the simple exertion of
power; as, an act of will. In this sense an act does not necessa-
rily imply an external effect, while an action does. Morally, the
act of murder is in the determination to kill; legally, the act is
not complete without the striking of the fatal blow. Act and
deed are both used for the thing done, but act refers to the power
put forth, deed to the result accomplished; as, a voluntary act, a
bad deed. In connection with other words act is more usually
qualified by the use of another noun, action by an adjective pre-
ceding; we may say a kind act, though oftener an act of kindness,
ir
active
but only a kind action, not an action of kindness. As between
act and deed, deed is commonly used of great, notable, and im-
pressive acts, as are acliievement, exploit, and feat.
Festus: We li\'e in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths.
Bailey Festvs, A Country Toivn, ec. 7.
A feat exhibits strength, skill, personal power, whether mental or
physical, especially the latter; as, a feat of arms, a feat of mem-
ory. An ex^Jloit is a conspicuous or glorious deed, involving valor
or heroism, usually combined with strength, skill, loftiness of
thought, and readiness of resource; an achievement is the doing
of something great and noteworthy; an exploit is brilliant, but its
effect may be transient; an acliievement is solid, and its effect
enduring. Act and action are both in contrast to all that is merely
passive and receptive. The intensest action is easier than passive
endurance.
Antonyius :
cessation, immobility, inertia, quiet, eufftriag,
deliberation, inaction, passion,* repose, suspension,
endurance, inactivity, quiescence, rest,
* In philosophic sense.
energetic,
expeditious,
industrious,
lively,
mobile,
nimble,
oflficious,
prompt,
quick, ^^'
ready,
restless.
sprightly,
spry,
supple, ,
vigorous, y
wide awake.
ACTIVE.
Synonyms :
agile,
alert,
brisk,
bustling,
busy,
diligent.
Active refers to both quickness and constancy of action; in the
former sense it is allied with agile, alert, brisk, etc. ; in the latter,
with busy, diligent, industrious. The active love employment,
the busij are actually employed, the diligent and the industrious
are habitually bnsij. The j^estless are active from inabiUty to keep
quiet; their activity may be without purpose, or out of all propor-
tion to the pvirpose contemplated. The officious are undesirably
active in the affairs of others. Compare alert; alive; meddle-
some.
Antonyms:
dull, inactive, lazy, slow,
heavy, indolent, quiescent, sluggish,
idle, inert, quiet, stupid.
Prepositions :
Active in work, in a cause; for an object, as for justice; ivith
persons or instrumentahties; about something, as about other
people's business.
acumen _ „
add 1§
ACUMEX.
Synonyms:
acuteness, insight, perspicacity, sharpness,
cleverness, keenness, sagacity, shrewdness,
discernment, penetration,
Slutrp7iess, acuteness, and insiglit, however 'keen, and xfejietra-
tion, however deep, fall short of the meaning of acumen, wliich
implies also ability to use these qualities to advantage. There are
persons of keen insight and great penetration to whom these
powei's are practically useless. Ac^mien is sharp7iess to some
purpose, and belongs to a mind that is comprehensive as well as
keen. Cleverness is a practical aptitude for study or learning.
Insight and discernment are applied oftenest to the judgment of
character; penetration and perspicacity to other subjects of
knowledge. Sagacity is an uncultured skill in using quick per-
ceptions for a desired end, generally in practical affairs; acumen
may increase with study, and applies to the most erudite matters.
Shreivdness is keenness or sagacity, often with a somewhat evil
bias, as ready to take advantage of duller intellects. Perspicacity
is the power to see clearly tlu-ough that which is difficult or in-
volved. We speak of the acuteness of an observer or a reasoner,
the insight and discernment of a student, a clergyman, or a mer-
chant, the sagacity of a hound, the keenness of a debater, the
shreivdness of a usurer, the penetration, perspicacity, and acu-
men of a philosopher.
Antonyms:
bluntness, dulness, obtuseness, stupidity.
ADD.
Synonyms :
adjoin, stnnex, augment, extend, make up,
affix, append, cast up, increase, subjoin,
amplify, attach, enlarge, join on, sum up.
To add is to increase by adjoining or uniting: in distinction
from multiply, which is to increase by repeating. To augment a
thing is to increase it by any means, but this word is seldom used
directly of material objects; we do not augment a house, a farm,
a nation, etc. We may enlarge a house, a farm, or an empire,
extend influence or dominion, augment riches, power or influ-
ence, attach or annex a building to one that it adjoins or papers
to the document they refer to, annex a clause or a codicil, ajfix a
seal or a signature, annex a territory, attach a condition to a prom-
ise. A speaker may amplify a discourse by a fuller treatment
^ addicted
1" address, v.
throughout than was originally planned, or he may append or
subjoin certain remarks without cliange of what has gone before.
We cast up or sum up an account, though add up and make up
are now more usual expressions.
;Viitouyins :
abstract, dimmish, lessen, remove, withdraw,
deduct, dissever, reduce, subtract,
Preposition:
Other items are to be added to the account.
ADDICTED.
S) nonyms:
abandoned. devoted, given over, inclined,
accustomed, disposed, given up, prone,
attached, given, habituated, wedded.
One is addicted to that which he has allowed to gain a strong,
habitual, and enduring hold upon action, inclination, or involuntary
tendency, as to a habit or indulgence. A man may be accustomed
to labor, attached to his profession, devoted to his religion, given
to study or to gluttony (in the bad sense, given over, or given up,
is a stronger and more hopeless expression, as is abandoned). One
inclined to luxury may become habituated .to poverty. One is
ivedded to that which has become a second nature ; as, one is
ivedded to science or to art. ProJie is used only in a bad sense,
and generally of natural tendencies ; as, our hearts are prone to
evil. Abandoned tells of the acquired viciousness of one who has
given himself up to wickedness. Addicted may be used in a
good, but more frequently a bad sense ; as, addicted to study ;
addicted to di-ink. Devoted is used chiefly in the good sense ; as,
a mother's devoted affection.
Antonyms:
averse, disinchned, indisposed, unaccustomed.
Preposition :
Addicted to vice.
ADDRESS, V,
Synonyms:
accost, approach, hail, speak to,
apostrophize, court, salute, woo.
appeal, greet,
To accost is to speak first, to friend or stranger, generally with
a view to opening conversation ; greet is not so distinctly limited,
since one may return another's greeting ; greet and hail may
imply but a passing word ; greeting may be altogether silent ; to
hail is to greet in a loud=voiced and commonly hearty and joyous
address, n. #80
way, as appears in the expression "hail fellow, well met." To
salute is to greet with special token of respect, as a soldier his
commander. To apostroxihize is to solemnly address some person
or personified attribute apart froni the audience to whom one is
speaking ; as, a preacher may apostrophize virtue, the saints of
old, or even the Deity. To appeal is sti'ictly to call for some form
of help or support. Address is slightly jnore formal than accost
or greet, though it may often be interchanged with them. One
may address another at considerable length or in writing ; he
accosts orally and briefly.
Antouyms:
avoid, elude, overlook, pass by,
cut, ignore, pass, shun.
Prepositions:
Address the memorial to the legislature ; the president ad-
dressed the people in an eloquent speech ; he addressed an intruder
loith indignation.
ADDRESS, n.
Synonyms:
adroitness, discretion, manners, readiness,
courtesy, ingenuity, politeness, tact,
dexterity,
Address is that indefinable something which enables a man to
gain his object without seeming exertion or contest, and generally
with the favor and approval of those with whom he deals. It is a
general power to direct to the matter in hand whatever qualities
are most needed for it at the moment. It includes adroitness and
discretion to know what to do or say and what to avoid ; ingenuity
to devise ; readiness to speak or act ; the dexterity that comes of
practise ; and tact, which is the power of fine touch as applied to
human character and feeling. Courtesy and politeness are indis-
pensable elements of good address. Compare speech.
Antonyms :
awkwardness, clumsiness, ill=breeding, stupidity,
boorishness, fatuity, ill manners, unmannerliness,
clownishness, folly, rudeness, unwisdom.
Prepositions:
Address in dealing with opponents ; the address of an accom-
plished intriguer ; an address to the audience.
adequate
^l adiiereiit
ADEQUATE.
Synonyms :
able, competent, fitted, satisfactory,
adapted, equal, fitting, sufficient,
capable, fit, qualified, suitable,
commensurate,
Adequate, commensurate, and sufficient signify equal to some
given occasion or work ; as, a sum sufficient to meet expenses ; an
adequate remedy for the disease. Commensurate is the more pre-
cise and learned word, signifying that which exactly measures the
matter in question. Adapted, fit, suitable, and qualified refer to
the qualities which match or suit the occasion. A clergyman may
have sti-ength adequate to the work of a porter ; but that would
not be a. fit or suitable occupation for him. Work is satisfactory
if it satisfies those for whom it is done, though it may be very
poor work judged by some higher standard. Qualified refers to
acquired abilities ; competent to both natural and acquired ; a
qualified teacher may be no longer competent, by reason of ill
health. Able and capable suggest general ability and reserved
power, able being the higher word of the two. An able man will
do something well in any position. A capable man will come up
to any ordinary demand. We say an able orator, a capable ac-
countant.
Autonyms:
disqualified, inferior, unequal, unsatisfactory, useless,
inadequate, insufficient, unfit, unsuitable, worthless,
incompetent, poor, unqualified,
Prepositions :
Adequate to the demand ; for the purpose.
ADHERENT.
Synonyms :
aid, ally, disciple, partisan, supporter,
aider, backer, follow^er.
An adherent is one who is devoted or attached to a person,
party, principle, cause, creed, or the like. One may be an aider
and siqjporter of a party or church, while not an adherent to all
its doctrines or claims. An ally is more independent still, as he
may differ on every point except the specific ground of union.
The Allies who overthrew Napoleon were united only against him.
Allies are regarded as equals ; adherents and disciples are follow-
ers. The adherent depends more on his individual judgment, the
disciple is more subject to command and instrviction ; thus we say
the disciples rather than the adherents of Christ. Partisan has
adhesive ntt
adjacent '•'*
the narrow and odious sense of adhesion to a party, right or
wrong. One may be an adherent or supporter of a party and not
a, partisan. Backer is a sporting and theatrical word, personal in
its application, and not in the best usage. Compare ACCESSORY.
Antonyms :
adversary, betrayer, enemy, opponent, traitor.
antagonist, deserter, hater, renegade,
Prepositions :
Adlierents to principle ; adherents of Luther.
ADHESIVE.
Synonyms:
cohesive, gummy, sticky, viscous,
glutinous, sticking, viscid,
Adhesive is the scientific, sticking or sticky the popular word.
That which is adhesive tends to join itself to the surface of any
other body with which it is placed in contact; cohesive expresses
the tendency of particles of the same substance to hold together.
Polished plate glass is not adhesive, but such plates packed to-
gether are intensely cohesive. An adhesive plaster is in popular
language a sf?e7jwg=plaster. Sticky expresses a more limited, and
generally annoying, degi-ee of the same quality. Glutinous,
gummy, viscid, and viscous are applied to fluid or semi=fluid sub-
stances, as pitch or tar.
Antonyms:
free, inadhesive, loose, separable.
Preposition :
The stiff, wet clay, adhesive to the foot, impeded progress.
ADJACEMT.
Synonyms ;
abutting, bordering, contiguous, neighboring,,
adjoining, close, coterminous, next,
attached, conterminous, near, nigh,
beside.
Adjacent farms may not be connected; if adjoining, they meet
at the boundary=line. Conterminous would imj^l}^ that their
dimensions were exactly equal on the side where they adjoin.
Contiguous may be used for either adjacent or adjoining. Abut-
ting refers rather to the end of one building or estate than to the
neighborhood of another. Buildings may be adjacent or adjoin-
ing that are not attached. Near is a relative word, places being
called near upon the railroad which would elsewhere be deemed
remote. Neighboring always implies such proximity that the in-
(^n admire
-*<» adorn
habitants may be neighbors. Next views some object as the near-
est of several or many; next neighbor implies a neighborhood.
Antonyms:
ck'tached, disconnected, disjoined, distant, remote, separate.
Preposition :
The farm was adjacent to the village.
ADmiRE.
Synonyms!
V adore, delight in, extol, respect, venerate.
■^ applaud, enjoy, honor, revere, . w^onder.
approve, esteem, love,
In the old sense of iconder, admire is practically obsolete; the
word now expresses a delight and approval, in which the element
of wonder unconsciously mingles. We admire beauty in nature
and art, delight in the innocent happiness of children, enjoy books
or society, a walk or a dinner. We approve what is excellent, ap-
plaud heroic deeds, esteem the good, love our friends. We Jionor
and respect noble character wherever found; we revere and vener-
ate it in the aged. We extol the goodness and adore the majesty
and power of God.
Antonyms:
abhor, contemn, detest, execrate, ridicule,
abominate, despise, dislike, hate, scorn.
Preposition :
Admire at may still very rarely be found in the old sense of
wonder at.
ADOR«r.
Synonyms:
beautify, decorate, garnish, illustrate,
bedeck, embellish, gild. ornament,
deck,
To emhellish is to brighten and enliven by adding something
that is not necessarily or very closely connected with that to which
it is added; to illustrate is to add something so far like in kind as
to cast a sidelight upon the principal matter. An author embel-
lishes his narrative with fine descriptions, the artist illustrates it
with beautiful engi-avings, the binder gilds and decorates the vol-
ume. Garnish is on a lower plane; as, the feast was garnished
with flowers. Deck and bedecJc are commonly said of apparel; as,
a mother bedecks her daughter with silk and jewels. To adorn
and to ornament alike signify to add that which makes anything
beautiful and atti'active, but ornament is more exclusively on the
material plane; as, the gateway was ortiamented with delicate
afTront M4
agent "*
carving. Adorn is more lofty and spiritual, referring to a beauty
which is not material, and can not be put on by ornaments or dec-
orations, but seems in perfect harmony and unity with that to
which it adds a gi-ace; if we say, the gateway was adorned with
beautiful carving, we imply a unity and loftiness of design such
as ornamented can not express. We say of some admirable schol-
ar or statesman, " he touched nothing that he did not adorn."
At church, with meek and unaflEected grace,
HiB looks adorned the venerable place.
Goldsmith Deserted Village, 1. 178.
Antonyms :
deface, deform, disfigure, mar, spoil.
Preposition :
Adorn his temples ^inih a coronet.
AFFRONT.
Sj'uonyms :
aggravate, exasperate, offend. vex.
annoy, insult, provoke, wound=
displease, irritate, tease.
One may be aymoyed by the well=meaning awkwardness of a
servant, irritated by a tight shoe or a thoughtless remark, vexed
at some careless neglect or needless misfortune, tvounded by the
ingratitude of child or friend. To tease is to give some slight
and perhaps playful annoyance. Aggravate in the sense of offend
is colloquial. To provoke, literally to call out or challenge, is to
begin a contest; one provokes another to violence. To affront is
to offer some defiant offense or indignity, as it were, to one's face;
it is somewhat less than to insidt. Compare pique.
Antonyms:
conciliate, content, gratify, honor, please.
AGENT.
Synonyms:
actor, factor, means, operator, promoter,
doer, instrument, mover, performer.
In strict philosophical usage, the prime mover or doer of an act
is the agent. Thus we speak of man as a voluntary agent, a free
agent. But in common usage, especially in business, an agent is
not the prime actor, but only an instrument or factor, acting
under orders or instructions. Compare cause.
Antonyms :
chief, inventor, originator, principal.
Prepositions :
An agent of the company for selling, etc.
agree
25 agriculture
AGREE.
Synonyms :
accede, admit, coincide, concur,
accept, approve, combine, consent,
accord, assent, comply, harmonize,
acquiesce.
Agree is the most general term of this gi'oup, signifying to
have like qualities, proportions, views, or inclinations, so as to be
free from jar, conflict, or contradiction in a given relation. To
concur is to agree in general; to coincide is to agree in every par-
ticular. Whether in application to persons or things, concur tends
to expression in action more than coincide; we may either concur
or coincide in an opinion, but concur in a decision; views coincide,
causes concur. One accepts another's terms, complies with his
wishes, admits his statement, approves his plan, conforms to his
views of doctrine or duty, accedes or consents to his proposal.
Accede expresses the more formal agreement, consent the more
complete. To assent is an act of the understanding; to consent,
of tlie will. We may concur or agree with others, either in opin-
ion or decision. One may silently acquiesce in that which does
not meet his views, but which he does not care to contest. He
admits the charge brought, or the statement made, by another —
admit always carrying a sviggestion of reluctance. Asse^it is
sometimes used for a mild form of consent, as if agreement in the
opinion assured approval of the decision. "'x
Antonyms : \
contend, demur, disagree, oppose, \
contradict, deny, dispute, protest,
decline, differ, dissent, refuse.
Prepositions :
I agree in opinion with the speaker ; to the terms proposed ;
persons agi'ee on or ujjon. a statement of principles, rules, etc. ; we
must agree among ourselves.
AORICUETIJRE.
Synonyms :
cultivation, gardening, kitchen^ gardening,
culture, horticulture, market gardening,
farming, husbandry, tillage,
floriculture.
Agriculture is the generic term, including at once the science,
the art, and the process of supplying human wants by raising the
products of the soil, and by the associated industries; farming is
the practise of agricidture as a business; there may be theoretical
agriculture, but not i\\eovetica\ farming ; we speak of the science
of agriculture, the business of farming; scientific agriculture
26
may be wholly in books; scientific /orm^?^g is practised upon the
land; we say an agricultural college rather than a college of
farming. Farming refers to the cultivation of considerable por-
tions of land, and the raising of the coarser crops; gardening is
the close cultivation of a small area for small fruits, flowers, vege-
tables, etc., and while it may be done upon a farm is yet a distinct
industry. Gardening in general, kitchen=gardening, the cidtiva-
tion of vegetables, etc., for the household, market^gardening, the
raising of the same for sale, floricidture, the culture of flowers,
and hortictdture, the cidture of fruits, flowers, or vegetables, are
all departments of agricidture, but not strictly nor ordinarily of
farming; farming is itself one department of agriculture. Hus-
bandry is a general word for any form of practical agricidture,
but is now chiefly poetical. Tillage refers directly to the work
bestowed upon the land, as plowing, manuring, etc.; cultivation
refers especially to the processes that bring forward the crop; we
speak of the tillage of the soil, the cultivation of corn; we also
speak of land as in a state of ctdtivation, under cultivation, etc.
Cidture is now applied to the careful development of any product
to a state of perfection, especially by care through successive gen-
erations; the choice varieties of the strawberry have been produced
by wise and patient culture; a good crop in any year is the result
of good cultivation.
AIM.
Synonyms:
aspiration, endeavor, intention, tendency,
design, goal, mark,
determination, inclination, object,
end, intent, purpose,
The aim is the direction in which one shoots, or sometimes
that which is aimed at. The mark is that at which one slioots;
the goal, that toward which one runs. All alike indicate the di-
rection of endeavor. The end is the point at which one expects or
hopes to close his labors; the object, that which he w-ould grasp as
the reward of his labors. Aspiration, design, endeavor, purpose,
referring to the mental acts by which the aim is attained, are
often used as interchangeable with aim. Aspiration applies to
what are viewed as noble aims; endeavor, design, intention, pur-
pose, inditferently to the best or worst. Aspiration has less of
decision than the other terms; one may aspire to an object, and
yet lack the fixedness of purjjose by wdiich alone it can be attained.
Purpose is stronger than intention. Design especially denotes the
27
air
airy
iaptation of means to an end; endeavor refers to the exertions
\y^ which it is to be attained. One whose aims are worthy, whose
aspirations are high, whose designs are wise, and whose purposes
are steadfast, may hope to reach the goal of his ambition, and will
surely win some object worthy of a life's endeavor. Compare
ambition; design.
Antonyms:
aimlessuess, heedlessness, negligence, purposelessness.
avoidance,
carelessness,
neglect,
oversight,
thoughtlessness.
demeanor,
expression,
fashion,
look.
manner,
mien,
port,
sort,
style,
w^ay.
AIR.
Synonyms:
appearance,
bearing,
behavior,
carriage.
Air is that combination of qualities which makes the entire
impression we receive in a person's presence; as, v/e say he has the
air of a scholar, or the air of a villain. Appearance refers more
to the dress and other externals. We might say of a travel=soiled
pedestrian, he has the appearance of a tramp, but the air of a gen-
tleman. Expression and look especially refer to the face. Ex-
pression is oftenest applied to that which is habitual ; as, he has a
pleasant expression of countenance; Zoofc may be momentary; as, a
look of dismay passed over his face. We may, however, speak of
the look or looks as indicating all that we look at; as, he had the
look of an adventurer; I did not like his looks. Bearing is rather
a lofty word; as, he has a noble hearing; port is practically iden-
tical in meaning with hearing, but is more exclusively a literary
word. Carriage, too, is generally used in a good sense; as, that lady
has a good carriage. Mien is closely synonymous with air, but less
often used in a bad sense. We say a rakish air rather than a ra-
kish mien. Mien may be used to express some prevailing feeling;
as, "an indignant mien." Demeanor goes beyond appearance,
including conduct, behavior; as, a modest demeanor. Manner
and style are, in large part at least, acquired. Compare behavioe.
Synonyms :
aerial,
animated.
ethereal,
fairy like,
AIRY.
frolicsome, joyous, lively,
gay, light, sprightly.
Aerial and airy both signify of or belonging to the air, but
airy also describes that which seems as if made of air; we speak
alarm
alert 28
of airij shapes, airy nothings, where we could not well say aerial;
ethereal describes its object as belonging to theujiper air, the pure
ether, and so, often, heavenly. Sprightly, spiritlike, refers to
light, free, cheerful activity of mind and body. That which is
lively or animated may be agreeable or the reverse; as, an ani-
mated discussion ; a lively company.
Antonyms ■
clumsy, heavy, ponderous, slusfgish, wooden.
dull, inert, slow, stony,
ALARIW.
Synonyms:
affright, disquietude, fright, solicitude,
apprehension, dread, misgiving, terror,
consternation. fear, panic, timidity,
dismay.
Alarm, according to its derivation all'arme, " to arms," is an
arousing to meet and repel danger, and may be quite consistent
with ti'ue courage. Affright and fright express sudden fear
which, for the time at least, overwhelms courage. The sentinel
discovers with alarm the sudden approach of the enemy; the un-
armed villagers view it with affright. Apprehension, disquietude,
dread, misgiving, and solicitude are in anticipation of danger;
consternation, dismay, and terror are overwhelming fear, gener-
ally in the actual presence of that which is terrible, though these
words also may have an anticipative force. Timidity is a quaUty,
habit, or condition, a readiness to be affected with fear. A person
of great timidity is constantly liable to needless alarm and even
terror. Compare fear.
Autonyms:
assurance, calmness, confidence, repose, security.
Prepositions :
Alarm was felt in the camp, among the soldiers, at the news.
ALERT.
Synonyms:
active, lively, prepared, vigilant,
brisk, nimble, prompt, w^atchful,
bustling, on the w^atch, ready, w^ide=awake,
Alert, ready, and icide-awake refer to a watchful promptness
for action. i?eacZ?/ suggests thoughtful preparation; the wander-
ing Indian is alert, the trained soldier is ready. Ready expresses
more life and vigor than prepared. The gun is prepared; the
man is ready. Prompt expresses readiness for appointment or
„^ alien, a.
••" alien, n.
demand at the required moment. The good general is ready for
emergencies, alert to perceive ojjportunity or peril, prompt to
seize occasion. The sense of brisk, nimble is the secondary and
now less common signification of alert. Compare active; alive;
nimble; vigilant.
Antonyms :
drowsy, dull, heavy, inactive, slow, sluggish, stupid.
ALIEN, a.
Synonyms:
conflicting, distant, inappropriate, strange,
contradictory, foreign, irrelevant, unconnected,
contrary, hostile. opposed, unlike,
contrasted, impertinent, remote.
Foreign refers to difference of birth, alien to difference of al-
legiance. In their figurative use, that is foreign which is remote,
unlike, or unconnected; that is alien which is conflicting, hostile,
or opposed. Impertinent and irrelevant matters can not claim
consideration in a certain connection; inappropriate matters
could not properly be considered. Compare alien, n.; con-
trast, V.
Antonyms:
akin, apropos, germane, proper,
appropriate, essential, pertinent, relevant.
Prepositions :
Such a purpose was aUen to {or from) my thought: to preferable.
ALIEN, n.
Synonyms:
foreigner, stranger.
A naturalized citizen is not an alien, though a foreigner by
birth, and perhaps a stranger in the place where he resides. A
person of foreign birth not naturalized is an alien, though he may
have been resident in the country a large part of a lifetime, and
ceased to be a stranger to its people or institutions. He is an alien
in one country if his allegiance is to another. The people of any
country still residing in their own land are, strictly speaking, for-
eigners to the people of all other countries, rather than aliens; but
alien and foreigner are often used synonymously.
Antonyms:
citizen, fellow«countryman, native=born inhabitant,
countryman, native, naturalized person.
Prepositions :
Aliens to (more rarely front) our nation and laws ; aliens in
our land, among our people.
alike
alive
30
ALIKE.
Synonyms :
akin, equivalent, kindred, same,
analogous, homogeneous, like. similar,
eqLual, identical, resembling, uniform.
Alike is a comprehensive word, signifying as applied to two or
more objects that some or all qualities of one are the same as those
of the other or others ; by modifiers alike may be made to express
more or less resemblance; as, these houses are somewhat (i. e.,
partially) alike ; or, these houses are exactly {i. e., in all respects)
alike. Cotton and wool are alike in this, that they can both be
woven into cloth. Substances are homogeneous which are made
up of elements of the same kind, or which are the same in struc-
ture. Two pieces of iron maj he homogeneous in material, while
not alike in size or shape. In geometry, two triangles are eqiial
when they can be laid over one another, and fit, line for line and
angle for angle ; they are equivalent when they simply contain the
same amount of space. An identical proposition is one that says
the same thing precisely in subject and predicate. Similar refers
to close resemblance, which yet leaves room for question or denial
of complete likeness or identity. To say ' ' this is the identical
man," is to say not merely that he is similar to the one I have in
mind, but that he is the very same person. Things are analogous
when they are similar in idea, plan, use, or character, tho
perhaps quite unlike in appearance ; as, the gills of fishes are said
to be analogous to the lungs in terrestrial animals.
Antonyms:
different, dissimilar, distinct, heterogeneous, unlike.
Prepositions :
The specimens are alike in kind ; they are all alike to me.
ALIVE.
Synonyms:
active, breathing, live, quick,
alert. brisk, lively, subsisting,
animate, existent, living, vivacious,
animated, existing.
Alive applies to all degrees of life, from that which shows one
to be barely existing or existent as a living thing, as when we say
he is just alive, to that which implies the very utmost of vitality
and power, as in the words "he is all alive," "thoroughly alive.''''
So the word quick, which began by signifying "having life," is
now mostly applied to energy of life as shown in swiftness of
action. Breathing is capable of like contrast. "VVe say of a dying
<«• allay
«»* all<><r(
alleijrc
man, he is still breathing ; or we speak of a breathing statue, or
"breathing and sounding, beauteous battle," Tennyson Princess
can. V, 1. 155, where it means having, or seeming to have, full and
vigorovis breath, abundant life. Compare active ; alekt ; nimble.
Antonyms :
dead, defunct, dull, lifeless,
deceased, dispirited, inauimate, spiritless.
Prepositions :
Alive in every nerve ; alive to every noble impulse ; alive loith
fervor, lioiie, resolve ; alive through all his being.
ALLAY.
Synonyms :
alleviate, compose, quiet, still,
appease, mollify, soothe, tranquilize.
calm, pacify,
Allay and alleviate are closely kindred in signification, and
have been often interchanged in usage. But, in strictness, to
allay is to lay to rest, quiet or soothe that which is excited; to al-
leviate, on the other hand, is to lighten a burden. We allay suf-
fering by using means to soothe and tranquilize the sufferer; we
alleviate suffering by doing something toward removal of the
cause, so that there is less to suffer ; where the trouble is wholly
or chiefly in the excitement, to allay the excitement is virtually
to remove the trouble; as, to allay rage or panic; we alleviate
poverty, but do not allay it. Pacify, directly from the Latin, and
appease, from the Latin through the French, signify to bring to
peace; to mollify is to soften; to calm, quiet, or tranquilize is to
make still; compose, to place together, unite, adjust to a calm and
settled condition; to soothe (originally to assent to, humor) is to
bring to pleased quietude. We allay excitement, appease a tu-
mult, calm agitation, compose our feelings or countenance, pac?/?/
the quarrelsome, quiet the boisterous or clamorous, soothe grief or
distress. Compare alleviate.
Antonyms:
agitate, excite, kindle, rouse, stir up.
arouse, fan, provoke, stir,
ALLEOE.
Synonyms:
adduce, asseverate, claim, maintain, produce,
advance, assign, declare, offer. say,
affirm, aver, introduce, plead, state,
assert, cite.
To allege is formally to state as true or capable of proof, but
without proving. To adduce, literally to lead to, is to bring the
allej?iance 32
evidence up to what has been alleged. Adduce is a secondary
word; nothing can be adduced in evidence till something has been
stated or alleged, which the evidence is to sustain. An alleged
fact stands open to question or doubt. To speak of an alleged doc-
ument, an alleged will, an alleged crime, is either to question, or
at least very carefully to refrain from admitting, that the docu-
ment exists, that the will is genuine, or that the crime has been
committed. Alleged is, however, respectful; to speak of the "so=
called" will or deed, etc., would be to cast discredit upon the doc-
ument, and im]:)ly that the speaker was ready to brand it as un-
questionably spurious; alleged simply concedes nothing and leaves
the question open. To produce is to bring forward, as, for in-
stance, papers or persons. Adduce is not used of persons; of them
we say introduce or produce. When an alleged criminal is
brought to trial, the counsel on either side are accustomed to ad-
vance a theory, and adduce the strongest possible evidence in its
support; they will produce documents and witnesses, cite prece-
dents, assign reasons, introduce suggestions, offer pleas. The ac-
cused will usually assert his innocence. Compare state.
AI.I.EGIA1VCE.
Synonyms:
devotion, fealty, loyalty, obedience, subjection,
faithfulness, homage,
Allegiance is the obligation of fidelity and obedience that an
individual owes to his government or sovereign, in return for the
protection he receives. The feudal uses of these words have mostly
passed away with the state of society that gave them birth; but
their origin still colors their present meaning. A patriotic Ameri-
can feels an enthusiastic loyalty to the republic; he takes, on occa-
sion, an oath of allegiance to the government, but his loyalty will
lead him to do more than mere allegiance could demand; he pays
homage to God alone, as the only king and lord, or to those prin-
ciples of right that are spiritually supreme; he acknowledges the
duty of obedience to all rightful authority; he resents the idea of
subjection. Fealty is becoming somewhat rare, except in elevated
or poetic style. We prefer to speak of the faithfulness rather
than the fealty of citizen, wife, or friend.
Antonyms :
disaffection, disloyalty, rebellion, sedition, treason.
Prepositions :
We honor the allegiance of the citizen to the government ;
the government has a right to allegiance fr-om the citizen.
Qo allegory
«>«» alleviate
ALLEGORY.
Synonyms :
fable, fiction, illustration, metaphor, parable, simile.
In modern usage we may say that an allegory is an extended
simile, while a metaplior is an abbreviated simile contained often
in a phrase, perhaps in a word. The simile carries its compari-
son on the surface, in the words as, like, or similar expressions;
the metaplior is given directly without any note of comparison.
The allegory, parable, or fable tells its story as if true, leav-
ing the reader or hearer to discover its fictitious character and
learn its lesson. All these are, in strict definition, fictions; but the
word fiction is now applied almost exclusively to novels or ro-
mances An allegory is amoral or religious tale, of which the
moral lesson is the substance, and all descriptions and incidents
but accessories, as in " The Pilgrim's Progress." A fable is gen-
erally briefer, representing animals as the speakers and actors, and
commonly conveying some lesson of practical wisdom or shrewd-
ness, as "The Fables of ^sop." A parable is exclusively moral
or religious, briefer and less adorned than an allegory, with its les-
son more immediately discernible, given, as it were, at a stroke.
Any comparison, analogy, instance, examj)le, tale, anecdote, or
the like which serves to let in light upon a subject may be called
an illustration, this word in its widest use including all the rest.
Compare fiction ; story.
Antonyms:
chronicle, fact, history, narrative, record.
ALLEVIATE.
Synonyms:
abate, lighten, reduce, remove,
assuage, mitigate, relieve, soften,
lessen, moderate,
Etymologically, to alleviate is to lift a burden toward one-
self, and so lighten it for the bearer ; to relieve is to lift it back
from the bearer, nearly or quite away ; to remove is to take it
away altogether. Alleviate is thus less than relieve; relieve, or-
dinarily, less than remove. We alleviate, relieve or remove the
trouble ; we relieve, not alleviate, the sufferer. Assuage is, by
derivation, to sweeten ; mitigate, to make mild ; moderate, to
bring within measure ; abate, to beat down, and so make less.
We abate a fever ; lessen anxiety ; moderate passions or desires ;
lighten burdens ; mitigate or alleviate pain ; reditce inflammation;
3
alliance
allot
34
soften, assuage, or moderate grief ; we lighten or mitigate punish-
ments ; we relieve any suffering of body or mind that admits of
help, comfort, or remedy. Alleviate has been often confused with
allay. Compare allay.
Autoiiyins:
aggravate, embitter, heighten, intensify, muke worse.
augment, enhance, increase, magnify.
confederation,
federation,
fusion,
league.
partnership,
union.
ALLIANCE.
Synonyms:
coalition,
compact,
confederacy.
Alliance is in its most common use a connection formed by
treaty between sovereign states as for mutual aid in war. Part-
nershij) is a mercantile word ; alliance chiefly i)olitical or matri-
monial. Coalition is oftenest used of political pailies ; fusion
is now the more common word in this sense. In an alliance
bet^veen nations tliere is no surrender of sovereignty, and no
union except for a specified time and purpose. League and alli-
ance are used with scarcely perceptible difference of meaning. In
a confederacy or confederation there is an attempt to unite sep-
arate states in a general government without surrender of sover-
eignty. Union implies so much concession as to make the separate
states substantially one. Federation is mainly a j)oetic and rhetor-
ical word expressing something of the same thought, as in Tenny-
son's "federation of the world," Locksley Hcdl, 1. 128. The United
States is not a confederacy nor an alliance; the nation might be
called a federation, but prefers to be styled a federal union.
Antonyms:
antagonism, disunion, enmity, schism, separation,
discord, divorce, hostility, secession, war.
Prepositions :
Alliance with a neighboring people ; against the common
enemy ; for offense and defense ; alliance of, hetiveen, or among
nations.
ALLOT.
Synonyms:
appoint,
apportion,
assign,
aw^ard.
Allot, originally to assign by lot, applies to the giving of a def-
inite thing to a certain person. A portion or extent of time is al-
destine,
distribute,
divide,
give,
grant,
mete out,
portion out,
select,
set apart.
35 alloTv
lotted; as, I expect to live out my allotted time. A definite period
ip appointed; as, the avidience assembled at the appointed horn-.
Allot may also refer to space; as, to allot a plot of ground for a
cemetery; hut wenow oitenerusQ select, set apart, or assign. Allot
is not now used of persons. Appoint may be used of time, space,
or person; as, the appointed day; the appointed place; an officer
was appointed to this station. Destine may also refer to time,
place, or person, but it always has reference to what is considera-
bly in the futu.re; a man appoints to meet his friend in five min-
utes ; he destines his son to follow his own profession. Assign is
rarely used of time, but rather of places, persons, or things. We
assign a work to be done and assign a man to do it, who, if he
fails, must assign a reason for not doing it. That which is allotted,
appointed, or assigned is more or less arbitrary; that which is
awarded is the due requital of something the receiver has done,
and he has right and claim to it; as, the medal was awarded for
valor. Compare apportion.
Antonyms:
appropriate, deny, resume, seize,
confiscate, refuse, retain, withhold.
Prepositions :
Allot to a company for a purpose.
AL.L.O^V. ■'
Synonyms: __
admit, consent to, let, sanction, tolerate,
concede, grant, permit, suffer, yield.
We alloio that which we do not attempt to hinder; we permit
that to which w^e give some express authorization. Wlien this is
given verbally it is called permission; when in writing it is com-
monly called a permit. There are establishments that any one
will be allowed to visit without challenge or hindrance; there are
others that no one is allowed to visit without a permit from the
manager; there are others to which visitors are admitted at speci-
fied times, without a formal permit. 'We alloio a child's innocent
intrusion; 'we concede a right; grant a request; consent to a sale of
property; (pe?'??it^ an inspection of accounts'^. sanction a marriage;
tolerate the rudeness of a well=meaning ser\ant;^ submit to a sur-
gical operation; yield to a demand or necessity against our wish or
will, or yield soraething under compulsion; as, the sheriff yielded
the keys at the muzzle of a revolver, and allowed the mob to enter.
Suffer, in the sense of mild concession, is now becoming rare, its
alloy
allude 36
place being taken by allow, permit, or tolerate. Compare per-
mission.
Antonyms:
deny, disapprove, protest, reject, withstand.
disallow, forbid, refuse, resist,
See also synonyms for prohibit.
Prepositions :
To allow of (in best recent usage, simply to alloic) such an ac-
tion ; allow one in such a course ; allow for spending=money.
AI.I.OY.
Synonyms:
admixture, adulteration, debasement, deterioration.
Alloy may be either some admixture of baser with precious
metal, as for giving hardness to coin or the like, or it may be a
compound or mixture of two or more metals. Adulteration,
debasement, and deterioration are always used in the bad sense ;
admixture is neutral, and may be good or bad ; alloy is com-
monly good in the literal sense. An excess of alloy virtually
amounts to adulteration; but adidteration is now mostly restricted
to articles used for food, drink, medicine, and kindred uses. In
the figurative sense, as applied to character, etc. , alloy is unfavor-
able, because there the only standard is perfection.
AI.L.UDE.
Synonyms J
advert, indicate, intimate, point, signify,
hint, insinuate, mention, refer, suggest,
imply,
Advert, mention, and refer are used of language that more or
less distinctly utters a certain thought ; the others of language
from which it may be inferred. We allude to a matter slightly,
perhaps by a word or plu-ase, as it were in byplay ; we advert to
it when we turn from our patli to treat it ; we refer to it by any
clear utterance that distinctly turns the inind or attention to it ;
as, marginal figures refer to a parallel passage ; we mention a
tiling by explicit word, as by naming it. The speaker adverted to
the recent disturbances and the remissness of certain public offi-
cers ; tho he mentioned no name, it was easy to see to whom
he alluded. One may Imit at a thing in a friendly way, but what
is insinuated is always unfavorable, generally both hostile and
cowardly. One may indicate his wishes, intimate his plans, imply
„», allure
»»• also
his opinion, signify his will, suggest a course of action. Compare
SUGGESTION.
Preposition:
The passage evidently alludes to the Jewish Passover.
Synonyms:
attract, captivate, decoy, entice, lure, tempt,
cajole, coax, draw^, inveigle, seduce, w^in.
To allure is to draw as with a lure by some charm or some
prospect of pleasure or advantage. We may attract others to a
certain thing without intent ; as, the good unconsciously attract
others to virtue. We may allure either to that which is evil or
to that which is good and noble, by purpose and endeavor, as in
the familiar line, " Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way,"
Goldsmith Deserted Village 1. 170. Lure is rather more akin to
the physical nature. It is the word we would use of drawing on
an animal. Coax expresses the attraction of the person, not of
the thing. A man may be coaxed to that which is by no means
alluring. Cajole and decoy carry the idea of deceiving and ensnar-
ing. To inveigle is to lead one blindly in. To tempt is to endeavor
to lead one wrong ; to seduce is to succeed in winning one from
good to ill. Win may be used in either a bad or a good sense, in
which latter it surpasses the highest sense of allure, because it
succeeds in that which allure attempts; as, "He that winneth
souls is wise," Prov. xi, 30.
Antonyms :
chill, damp, deter, dissuade, drive away, repel, warn.
Prepositions:
Allure to a course ; allure by hopes ; allure from evil to good.
ALSO.
Synonyms :
as -well, in addition, likew^ise, too,
as well as, in like manner, similarly, withal,
besides.
While some distinctions between these words and phrases will
appear to the careful student, yet in practise the choice between
them is largely to secure euphony and avoid repetition. The
words fall into two groups; as tcell as, besides, in addition, too,
withal, simply add a fact or thought; also (all so), in like manner,
likewise, similarly, affirm that what is added is like that to which
it is added. As well follows the word or phrase to which it is
alternative no
amass
joined. We can say the singers as icell as the players, or the
players, and the singers as well.
Antonyiiis :
but, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet.
in spite of, notwithstanding, on the other hand,
ALTERNATIVE.
Synonyms :
clioice, election, option, pick, preference, resource.
A choice may be among many things; an alternative is in the
strictest sense a choice between two things; oftener it is one of two
things between Avhich a choice is to be made, and either of which
is the alternative of the other ; as, the alternative of surrender is
deatli; or the two things between which there is a choice may be
called the alternatives; both ]\Iill and Gladstone are qiToted as ex-
tending the meaning of alternative to include several particulars,
Gladstone even speaking of "the fourth and last of these alterna-
tives." Option is the right or privilege of choosing ; clioice may
be either the right to choose, the act of choosing, or the thing
chosen. A person of abihty and readiness will commonly have
many resources. Pick, from the Saxon, and election, from the
Latin, picture the objects before one, with freedom and power to
choose which he will ; as, there were twelve horses, among which
I could take my pick. A choice, pick, election, or preference is
that which suits one best ; an alternative is that to which one is
restricted ; a resource, that to which one is glad to betake oneself.
Antonyms :
compulsion, necessity.
AMASS.
Synonyms :
accumulate, collect, heap up. hoard up, store up.
aggregate, gather, hoard, pile up,
To amass is to bring together materials that make a mass, a
great bulk or quantity. With some occasional exceptions, accu-
mulate is appUed to the more gradual, amass to the more rapid
gathering of money or materials, amass referring to the general
result or bulk, accumulate to the particular process or rate of gain.
We say interest is accumulated (or accumulates) rather than is
amassed ; he accumidated a fortune in the course of years; he
rapidly amassed a fortune by shrewd speculations. Goods or
money for immediate distribution are said to be collected rather
39
amateur
aniazenient
than amassed. They may be stored up for a longer or shorter
time; but to hoard is always with a view of permanent retention,
generally selfish. Aggregate is now most commonly used of
numbers and amounts; as, the expenses will aggregate a round
million.
Antonyms:
disperse, divide, portion, spend, waste.
dissipate, parcel, scatter, squander.
Prepositions :
Amass /or oneself ; for a purpose ; from a distance ; ivith great
labor ; by industry.
AHATEIJR.
Synonyms:
connoisseur, critic, dilettante, novice, tyro.
Etymologically, the amateur is one who loves, the connoisseur
one who knows. In usage, the term amateur is applied to one
who pursues any study or art simply from the love of it; the word
carries a natural implication of superficialness, tho marked
excellence is at times attained by amateurs. A connoisseur is
supposed to be so thoroughly informed regarding any art or work
as to be able to criticize or select intelligently and authoritatively;
there are many incompetent critics, but there can not, in the true
sense, be an incompetent connoisseur. The amateiir practises to
some extent that in regard to which he may not be well informed;
the connoisseur is well informed in regard to that which he may
not practise at all. A novice or tyro may be a professional ; an
amateur never is; the amateur may be skilled and experienced as
the novice or tyro never is. Dilettante, which had originally the
sense of amateur, has to some extent come to denote one who is
superficial, pretentious, and affected, whether in theory or prac-
tise.
Preposition:
An amateur in art.
AMAZEMEKT.
Synonyms :
admiration, awe, confusion, surprise,
astonishment, bewilderment, perplexity, w^onder.
Amazement and astonishment both express the momentary
overwhelming of the mind by that which is beyond expectation.
Astonishment especially affects the emotions, amazement the in-
tellect. Aim is the yielding of the mind to something supremely
ambition 40
grand in character or formidable in power, and ranges from ap-
prehension or dread to reverent Avorship. Admiration inchides
delight and regard. Surprise lies midway between astonishment
and amazement, and usually respects matters of lighter conse-
quence or such as are less startling in character. Amazement
may be either pleasing or painful, as when induced by the gran-
deur of the mountains, or by the fury of the storm. We can say
pleased surprise, but scarcely pleased astonishment. Amazement
has in it something of confusion or bewilderment ; but confusion
and heivilderment may occur without amazement, as when a mul-
titude of details require instant attention. Astonishment may be
without heivilderment or confusion. Wonder is often pleasing,
and may be continuous in view of that which surpasses our com-
prehension; as, the magnitude, order, and beauty of the heavens
fill us with increasing wonder. Compare perplexity.
Autonyms :
anticipation, composure, expectation, preparation, steadiness,
calmness, coolness, indifference, self»possession, stoicism.
Preposition :
I was filled with amazement at such reckless daring.
AMBITION.
Synonyms :
aspiration, competition, emulation, opposition, rivalry.
Aspiration is the desire for excellence, pure and simple. Am-
bition, literally a going around to solicit votes, has primary refer-
ence to the award or approval of others, and is the eager desire of
power, fame, or something deemed great and eminent, and viewed
as a worthy prize. The prizes of aspiration are virtue, nobility,
skill, or other high qualities. The prizes of ambition are advance-
ment, fame, honor, and the like. There is a noble and wise or an
ignoble, selfish, and harmful ambition. Emidation is not so
much to win any excellence or success for itself as to equal or
surpass other persons. There is such a thing as a noble emidation,
when those we would equal or surpass are noble, and the means
we would use worthy. But, at the highest, emulation is inferior
as a motive to asx>iration, which seeks the high quality or char-
acter for its own sake, not with reference to another. Competi-
tion is the striving for something that is sought by another at the
same time. Emidation regards the abstract, competition the con-
crete; rivalry is the same in essential meaning with competition,
but differs in the nature of the objects contested for, which, in
41 amend
tlie case of rivalry, are usually of the nobler sort and less subject
to direct gaging, measurement, and rule. We speak of competi-
tion, in business, emulation in scholarship, rivalry in love, politics,
etc.; emulation of excellence, success, achievement; competition
for a prize; rivalry between jjersons or nations. Competition
may be friendly, rivalry is commonly hostile. Opposition is be-
coming a frecpxent substitute for competition in business language;
it implies that the competitor is an opponent and hinderer.
Xntonjms:
carelessness, contentment, humility, indifference, satisfaction.
AMEXD.
Synonyms :
advance, correct, meliorate, rectify,
ameliorate, emend, mend, reform,
better, improve, mitigate, repair,
cleanse, make better, purify.
To amend is to change for the better by removing faults, errors,
or defects, and always refers to that which at some point falls
short of a standard of excellence. Advance, better, and improve
may refer either to what is quite imperfect or to what has reached
a high degree of excellence ; we advance the kingdom of God, im-
prove the minds of our children, better the morals of the i)eople.
But for matters below the point of ordinary approval we seldom
use these words ; we do not speak of bettering a wretched alley,
or improving a foul sewer. There we use cleanse, jiurify, or sim-
ilar words. We correct evils, reform abuses, rectify incidental
conditions of evil or error ; we ameliorate poverty and misery,
which we can not wholly remove. We mend a tool, repair a build-
ing, correct proof ; we amend character or conduct that is faulty,
or a statement or law that is defective. A text, writing, or state-
ment is amended by the author or by some adequate authority; it
is often emended by conjecture. A motion is amended by the
mover or by the assembly; a constitution is amended by the peo-
ple ; an ancient text is emended by a critic who believes that what
seems to him the better reading is what the author vsTote. Com-
pare ALLEVIATE.
Antonyms :
aggravate, debase, harm, mar, tarnish,
blemish, depress, impair, spoil, vitiate,
corrupt, deteriorate, injure.
amiable
amid
42
engaging,
gentle,
good=natured,
kind.
lovable,
lovely,
loving,
pleasant,
pleasing,
sweet,
■winning,
winsome.
Synonyms:
agreeable,
attractive,
benignant,
charming.
Amiable combines the senses of lovable or lovely and loving; the
amiable character lias ready affection and kindliness for others,
with the qualities that are adapted to win their love ; amiable is a
higher and stronger word than good-natured or agreeable. Lovely
is often applied to externals ; as, a lovely face. Amiable denotes a
disposition desirous to cheer, please, and make happy. A selfish
man of the world may have the art to be agreeable; a handsome,
brilliant, and witty person may be charming or even attractive,
while by no means amiable. The engaging, icinning, and win-
some add to amiability something of beauty, accomplishments,
and grace. The benignant are calmly kind, as from a height
and a distance. Kind, good-natured people may be coarse and
rude, and so fail to be agreeable or pleasing; the really amiable
are likely to avoid such faults by their earnest desire to please.
The good-natured have an easy disposition to get along comforta-
bly with every one in all circunastances. A siveet disjDosition is
very sure to be amiable, the loving heart bringing out all that is
lovable and lovely in character.
Antonyms:
acrimonious, crusty, hateful,
churlish, disagreeable, ill=conditioned,
crabbed, dogged, ill-humored,
cruel, gruff, ill-uatured,
ill-tempered, surly,
morose, unamiable,
sour, unlovely.
sullen,
AMID.
Synonyms :
amidst, amongst, betw^ixt, mingled w^ith,
among, betw^een, in the midst of, surrounded by.
Amid or amidst denotes surrounded by ; among or amongst
denotes mingled with. Betiveen (archaic or poetic, betwixt) is said
of two persons or objects, or of two groups of persons or objects.
" Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and
between my herdmen and thy herdmen," Gen. xiii, 9 ; the ref-
erence being to two bodies of herdmen. Amid denotes mere
position ; among, some active relation, as of companionship, hos-
tility, etc. Lowell's "Among my Books " regards the books as
companions ; amid my books would suggest packing, storing, or
some other incidental circumstance. We say among friends, or
among enemies, amidst the woods, amid the shadows. In the
amplify
4(> analo
y
midst of may have merely the local meaning ; as, I found myself
in the midst of a crowd ; or it may express even closer association
than among ; as, ' ' I found myself in the midst of friends " sug-
gests their pressing up on every side, oneself the central object ; so,
"where two or three are met together in my name, there am I in
the midU of them," Matt, xviii, 20 ;. in which case it would be
feebler to say "among them," impossible to say "amid them,"
not so well to say " amidst them."
Antonyms:
afar from, away from, beyond, far from, outside, without.
AMPLiIFY.
Synonyms:
augment, dilate, expand, extend, unfold,
develop, enlarge, expatiate, increase, widen.
Amplify is now rarely used in the sense of increase, to add
material substance, bulk, volume, or the like ; it is now almost
wholly applied to discourse or writing, signifying to make fuller
in statement, whether with or without adding matter of impor-
tance, as by stating fully what was before only implied, or by add-
ing illustrations to make the meaning more readily apprehended,
etc. The chief difficulty of very young writers is to amiMfy, to
get beyond the bare curt statement by developing, expanding, un-
folding the thought. The chief difficulty of those who have more
material and experience is to condense sufficiently. So, in the
early days of our literature amplify was used in the favorable
sense ; but at present this word and most kindred words are com-
ing to share the derogatory meaning that has long attached to
expatiate. We may develop a thought, expand an illustration,
extend a discussion, expatiate on a hobby, dilate on something
joyous or sad, enlarge a volume, unfold a scheme, widen the range
of treatment.
Autonyms :
abbreviate, amputate, condense, cut down, reduce, summarize,
abridge, " boil down," curtail, epitomize, retrench, sum up.
Prepositions :
To amplify on or upon the subject is needless. Amplify this
matter by illustrations.
AlVALOGY.
Synonyms :
aflBnity, likeness, relation, similarity,
coincidence, parity, resemblance, simile,
comparison, proportion, semblance, similitude.
Analogy is specifically a resemblance of relations ; a resem-
anger
44
blance that may be reasoned from, so that from the likeness in
certain respects we may infer that other and perhaps deeper rela-
tions exist. Affinity is a mutual attraction with or without seeming
likeness ; as, the affinity of iron for oxygen. Coincidence is com-
plete agreement in some one or more respects ; there may be a
coincidence in time of most dissimilar events. Parity of rea-
soning is said of an argument equally conclusive on subjects not
strictly analogous. Similitude is a rhetorical comparison of one
thing to another with which it has some points in common.
Resemhlance and similarity are external or superficial, and may
involve no deeper relation ; as, the resemblance of a cloud to a
distant mountain. Compare allegory.
Antonyms:
disagreement, disproportion, dissimilarity, incongruity, unlikenese.
Prepositions :
The analogy betiveen (or of) nature and revelation ; the anal-
ogy of sound to light ; a family has some analogy with (or to) a
state.
Synonyms:
animosity, fury, offense, rage,
eholer, impatience, passion, resentment,
displeasure, indignation, peevishness, temper,
exasperation, ire, pettishness. vexation,
fretfulness, irritation, petulance, w^rath.
Displeasure is the mildest and most general word. Choler and
ire, now rare except in poetic or highly rhetorical language, denote
a still, and the latter a persistent, anger. Temper used alone in
the sense of anger is colloquial, tho we may correctly say a
hot temjoer, a fiery temper, etc. Passion, tho a word of far
wider apiilication, may, in the singular, be employed to denote
anger ; "did put me in a towering passion,''^ Shakespeare Ham-
let act V, sc. 2. Anger is violent and vindictive emotion, which is
sharp, sudden, and, like all violent passions, necessarily brief.
Resentment (a feeling back or feeling over again) is persistent, the
bitter brooding over injuries. Exasperation, a roughening, is a
hot, superficial intensity of anger, demanding instant expression.
Rage drives one beyond the bounds of iDrudence or discretion ; fury
is stronger yet, and sweeps one away into uncontrollable violence.
Anger is personal and usually selfish, aroused by real or supposed
wrong to oneself, and directed specifically and intensely against
the person who is viewed as blameworthy. Indignation is imper-
sonal and unselfish displeasure at unworthy acts (L. indigna), i. e.,
45 * animal
at wrong as wrong. Pure indignation is not followed by regret,
and needs no repentance ; it is also more self=controlled than
anger. Anger is commonly a sin ; indignation is often a duty.
Wrath is deep and perhaps vengeful displeastire, as when the peo-
ple of Nazareth were "filled with ivrath'" at the plain words of
Jesus (Luke iv, 28) : it may, however, simply express the culmina-
tion of righteous indignation without malice in a pure being ; as,
the irrath of God. Impatience, fretfitlness, irritation, peevish-
ness, pettishness, j)etidance, and vexation express the slighter
forms of anger. Irritation, pettdance, and vexation are tempo-
rary and for immediate cause. Fretfidness, pettishness, and pee-
vishness are chronic states finding in any petty matter an occasion
for their exercise. Compare acrimony ; enmity ; hatred.
Antonyms:
amiability, gentleness, long»suffeiing, patience, peacefulness,
charity, leniency, love, peace, self-control,
forbearance, lenity, mildness, peaceableness, self-restraint.
Prepositions:
Anger at the insult prompted the reply. Anger toward the
offender exaggerates the offense.
ANIMAL.
Synonyms :
beast, living creature, sentient being, fauna,
brute, living organism,
An animal is a sentient being, distinct from inanimate matter
and from vegetable life on the one side and from mental and spir-
itual existence on the other. Thus man is properly classified as an
animal. But because the animal life is the lowest and rudest part
of his being and that which he shares with inferior creatures, to
call any individal man an animal is to imply that the animal
nature has undue supremacy, and so is deep condemnation or ut-
ter insult. The brute is the animal viewed as dull to all finer feel-
ing ; the beast is looked upon as a being of appetites. To call
a man a brute is to imjily that he is unfeeling and cruel ; to call
him a beast is to indicate that he is vilely sensual. We speak of
the cruel father us a brute to his children ; of the drunkard as
making a beast of himself. So firmly are these figurative senses
established that we now incline to avoid applying brute or beast
to any creature, as a horse or dog, for which we have any afiiec-
tion ; we prefer in such cases the word animal. Creature is a
word of wide signification, including all the things that God
announce
answer 46
has created, whether inanimate objects, plants, animals, angels,
or men. The animals of a region are collectively called its fauna.
Antonyms :
angel, man, mind, soul, substance (material),
inanimate object, matter, mineral, spirit, vegetable.
Synonyms :
advertise, give notice (of), proclaim, reveal,
circulate, give out, promulgate, say,
communicate, herald, propound, spread abroad,
declare, make known, publish, state,
enunciate, notify, report, tell.
To announce is to give intelligence of in some formal or pub-
lic way. We may announce that which has occurred or that which
is to occur, tho the word is cliiefly used in the anticipative sense ;
we announce a book when it is in press, a guest when he arrives.
We advertise our business, communicate our intentions, enunciate
our views ; we notify an individual, give notice to the pubHc. De-
clare has often an authoritative force ; to declare war is to cause
war to be, where before there may have been only hostilities ; we
say declare war, proclaim peace. Wq propound a question or an
argument, promidgate the views of a sect or party, or the decision
of a court, etc. We report an interview, reveal a secret, herald
the coming of some distinguished person or gi-eat event. Publish,
in popular usage, is becoming closely restricted to the sense of
issuing through the press ; we announce a book that is to be
published.
Antonyms:
bury, cover (up), hush, keep secret, suppress,
conceal, hide, keep back, secrete, withhold.
Prepositions :
The event was announced to the family by telegraph.
ANSWER.
Synonyms :
rejoinder, repartee, reply, response, retort.
A verbal answer is a return of words to something that seems
to call for them, and is made to a charge as well as to a question ;
an ansioer may be even made to an unspoken implication or man-
ifestation ; see Luke v, 22. In a wider sense, anything said or
done in return for some word, action, or suggestion of another
may be called an ansiver. The blow of an em-aged man, the
whinny of a horse, the howling of the wind, the movement of a
bolt in a lock, an echo, etc., may each be an ansiver to some word
47
anticipate
or movement. A reply is an unfolding, and ordinarily implies
thought and intelligence. A rejoinder is strictly an ansiver to a
reply, thq often used in the general sense of ansiver, but always
with the imi^lication of something more or less controversial or
opposed, tho lacking the conclusiveness implied in ansicer ;
an answer, in the full sense, to a charge, an ai-gument, or an
objection is adequate, and finally refutes and disposes of it ; a re2)ly
or rejoinder may be quite inadequate, so that one may say, " This
rejjly is not an answer;" "I am ready with an answer" means
far more than "I am ready with a reply." A response is accor-
dant or harmonious, designed or adapted to carry on the thought
of the words that called it forth, as the responses in a liturgical
service, or to meet the wish of him who seeks it ; as, the appeal
for aid met a prompt and hearty response. Repartee is a prompt,
witty, and commonly good=natured answer to some argument or
attack ; a retort may also be witty, but is severe and may be even
savage in its intensity.
Prepositions :
An answer in writing, or by word of mouth, to the question.
ANTICIPATE.
Synonyms :
apprehend, forecast, hope,
expect, foretaste, look forward to.
To antieipate may be eitlier to take before in fact or to take
before in thought ; in the former sense it is allied with p?'euen^; in
the latter, with the synonyms above given. This is coming to be
the prevalent and favorite use. We ei^ped: that which we have
good reason to believe will happen ; as, a boy expects to grow to
manhood. We li^e for that which we much desire and some-
what expeet. We apprehend what we both expect and fear. An-
ticipate is commonly used now, like foretaste, of that which we
expect both with confidence and pleasure. In this use it is a
stronger word than liop)e, w-here often " the wish is father to the
thought." I Iwpe for a visit from my friend, tho I have no
word from him ; I expeet it when he writes that he is coming ;
and as the time draws near I anticipate it with pleasure. Com-
pare ABIDE ; PREVENT.
Antonyms :
despair of, distrust, doubt, dread, fear, recall, recollect, remembei'.
anticipation
antique
4S
AJSTICIPATIOIV.
Synonyms :
antepast. expectation, foresiglit, hope,
apprehension, foreboding, foretaste, presentiment,
expectancy, forecast, forethought, prevision.
Exjjectatiou may he either of good or evil ; presentiment almost
always, apprehension and foreboding always, of evil ; anticipa-
tion and antepast, commonly of good. Thus, we speak of the
pleasures of anticipation. A foretaste may be of good or evil,
and is more than imaginary ; it is a part actually received in ad-
vance. Foresight and forethought prevent future evil and secure
future good by timely looking forward, and acting upon what is
foreseen. Compare anticipate.
Antonyms :
astonishment, despair, dread, fear, surprise,
consummation, doubt, enjoyment, realization, wonder.
> ANTIPATHY.
Synonyms :
abhorrence, disgust, hatred, repugnance,
antagonism, dislike, hostility, repulsion,
aversion, distaste, opposition, uncongeniality.
detestation,
Antipathy, repugnance, and uncongeniality are instinctive ;
other forms of dislike may be acquired or cherished for cause.
Uncongeniality is negative, a want of touch or sympathy. An an-
tipathy to a person or thing is an instinctive recoil from connec-
tion or association with that person or thing, and may be physical
or mental, or both. Antagonism may result from the necessity of
circumstances ; opposition may spring from conflicting views or
interests ; abhorrence and detestation may be the result of religious
and moral training ; distaste and disgust may be acquired ; aver-
sion is a deep and permanent dislike. A natural antipathy may
give rise to opjiosition which may result in hatred and hostility.
Compare acrimony ; anger ; enmity ; hatred.
Antonyms
affinity, attraction, fellowfeeling, kindliness, sympathy.
agreement, congeniality, harmony, regard,
Prepositions :
Antipathy to (less frequently /or or against) a person or thing ;
antipathy bettveen or betwixt two persons oi things.
ANTIQUE.
Synonyms :
ancient, old-fashioned, quaint, superannuated,
antiquated,
Antique refers to an ancient, antiquated to a discarded style.
49 anxiety
Antique is that which is either ancient in fact or ancient in style.
The reference is to the style rather than to the age. We can speak
of the antique arcliitecture of a chiu-ch just built. The difference
between antiquated and antique is not in the age, for a Puritan
style may be scorned as antiquated, while a Roman or Renais-
sance style may be prized as antique. The antiquated is not so
much out of date as out of vogue. Old-fashioned may be used
approvingly or contemptuously. In the latter case it becomes a
synonym for antiquated ; in the good sense it approaches the
meaning of antique, but indicates less duration. We call a wide
New England fireplace old-fashioned ; a coin of the Caesars, an-
tique. Quaint combines the idea of age with a pleasing oddity ; as,
a quaint gambrel=roofed house. Antiquated is sometimes used
of persons in a sense akin to superannuated. The antiquated per-
son is out of style and out of sympathy with the present genera-
tion by reason of age ; the superannuated person is incapacitated
for present activities by reason of age. Compare old.
Antonyms:
fashionable, fresh, modern, modish, new, recent, stylish.
ANXIETY.
Synonyms:
anguish, disquiet. foreboding, perplexity,
apprehension, disturbance, fretfulness, solicitude,
care, dread, fretting, trouble,
concern. fear, misgiving, w^orry.
Anxiety is, according to its derivation, a choking disquiet, akin
to anguish ; anxiety is mental ; anguish may be mental or phys-
ical ; anguish is in regard to the known, anxiety in regard to the
unknown ; anguish- is because of what has happened, anxiety be-
cause of what may happen. Anxiety refers to some future event,
always suggesting hopeful possibility, and thvis differing from
apprehension, fear, dread, foreboding, terror, all of which may
be quite despairing. In matters within our reach, anxiety always
stirs the question whether something can not be done, and is thus
a valuable spur to doing ; in this respect it is allied to care. Fore-
boding, dread, etc., commonly incapacitate for all helpful thought
or endeavor. Worry is a more petty, restless, and manifest
anxiety ; anxiety may be qviiet and silent ; ivorry is communicated
to all around. Solicitude is a milder anxiety. Frettirg or fretftd-
ness is a weak complaining without thought of accomplishing or
changing anything, but merely as a relief to one's own disquiet.
Perplexity often involves anxiety, but may be quite free from it.
4
apathy 50
A student may be perplexed regarding a translation, yet, if he has
time enough, not at all anxious regarding it.
Antonyms :
apathy, calmness, confidence, light'heartedness, satisfaction,
assurance, carelessness, ease, nouclialance, tranquillity.
Prepositions :
Anxiety /o?' a friend's return ; anxiety about, in regard to, or
concerning the future.
APATHY.
Synonyms :
calmness, indifference, quietness, stoicism,
composure, insensibility, quietude. tranquillity,
immobility, lethargy, sluggishness, unconcern,
impassibility, phlegm, stillness, unfeelingness.
Apathy, according to its Greek derivation, is a simple absence
of feeling or emotion. There are persons to whom a certain
degree of apathy is natural, an innate sluggishness of the emotional
nature. In the axKithy of despair, a person gives up, without
resistance or sensibility, to what he has fiercely struggled to avoid.
While apathy is want of feeling, calmness is feeling without agita-
tion. Calmness is the result of strength, courage, or trust ; apathy
is the result of dulness or weakness. Composure is freedom from
agitation or disturbance, resulting ordinarily from force of will,
or from perfect confidence in one's own resources. Impassibility
is a philosophical term applied to the Deity, as infinitely exalted
above all stir of passion or emotion. Unfeelmgness, the Saxon word
that should be the exact equivalent of apathy, really means more,
a lack of the feeling one ought to have, a censurable hardness of
heart. Indifference and insensibility designate the absence of feel-
ing toward certain persons or things ; apathy, entire absence of feel-
ing. Indifference is a want of interest ; insensibility is a want of
feeling ; unconcern has reference to consequences. We speak of
insensibility of heart, immobility of countenance. Stoicism is an
intentional suppression of feeUng and deadening of sensibiUties,
while apathy is involuntary. Compare calm ; rest ; stupob.
Antonyms :
agitation, disturbance, feeling, sensibility, sympathy,
alarm, eagerness, frenzy, sensitiveness, turbulence,
anxiety, emotion, fury, storm, vehemence,
care, excitement, passion, susceptibility, violence,
distress.
Prepositions:
The apathy of monastic life ; apathy toward good.
r-m apiece
*** apology
APIECE.
SynonyiiiK :
distritoutively, each, individually, separately, severally.
There is no discernible difference in sense between so much
apiece and so much each ; the former is the more common and
popular, the latter the more elegant expression. Distributively
is generally used of numbers and abstract relations. Individually
emphasizes the independence of the individuals; separately and'
severally still more emphatically hold them apart. The signers of
a note may become jointly and severally responsible, that is, each
liable for the entire amount, as if he had signed it alone. Wit-
nesses are often brought separately into court, in order that no
one may be influenced by the testimony of another. If a com-
pany of laborers demand a dollar apiece, that is a demand that
each shall receive that sum ; if they individually demand a dollar,
each individual makes the demand.
Autonyms :
accumulatively, confusedly, indiscriminately, together, unitedly,
collectively, en masse, synthetically.
APOLOGY.
Synonyms :
acknowledgment, defense, excuse, plea,
confession, exculpation, justification, vindication.
All these words express one's answer to a charge of wrong or
error that is or might be made. Apology has undergone a re-
markable change from its old sense of a valiant defense— &s in
Justin Martyr's Apologies for the Christian faith— to its present
meaning of humble confession and concession. He who offers an
apology admits himself, at least technically and seemingly, in the
wrong. An apology is for what one has done or left undone;
an excuse may be for what one proposes to do or leave un-
done as well ; as, one sends beforehand Ms excuse for not accepting
an invitation ; if he should fail either to be present or to excuse
himself, an apology would be in order. An excuse for a fault is
an attempt at partial justification ; as, one alleges haste as an ex-
cuse for carelessness. Confession is a full acknoicledgment of
wrong, generally of a grave wrong, with or w-ithout apology or
excuse. Plea ranges in sense from a prayer for favor or pardon
to an attempt at full vindication. Defense, exculpation, justifica-
tion, and vindication are more properly antonyms than synonyms
of apology in its modern sense, and should be so given, but for
apparent 50
appear "'*'
their connection with its historic usage. Compare confess ; de
FENSE.
Antonyms:
accusation, charge, condemnation, injury, offense,
censure, complaint. imputation, insult, wrong.
Prepositions :
An apology to the guest /or the oversight would be fitting.
APPAREI^T.
Synonyms:
likely, presumable, probable, seeming.
The apparent is that which appears ; the word has two con-
trasted senses, either of that which is manifest, visible, certain,
or of that which merely seems to be and may be very different
from what is ; as, the apparent motion of the sun around the
earth. Apparent kindness casts a doubt on the reality of the
kindness ; apparent neglect implies that more care and pains may
have been bestowed than we are aware of. Presumable implies
that a thing may be reasonably supposed beforehand without any
full know-ledge of the facts. Probable implies that we know facts
enough to make us moderately confident of it. Seeming expresses
great doubt of the reality ; seeming innocence comes very near in
meaning to probable guilt. Apparent indicates less assurance
than jyrobable, and more than seeming. A man's probable intent
we believe will prove to be his real intent ; his seeming intent we
believe to be a eham ; his apparent intent may be the true one,
tho w-e have not yet evidence on which to pronounce with cer-
tainty or even with confidence. Likely is a word wnth a wide
range of usage, but always implying tlie belief that the thing is, or
will be, true ; it is often used with the infinitive, as the other words
of this list can not be ; as, it is likely to happen. Compare evi-
dent.
Antonyms:
doubtful, dubious, improbable, unimaginable, unlikely.
Prepositions :
(When apparent is used in the sense of evident) : His guilt is
apparent in every act to all observers.
APPEAR.
Synonyms:
have tlie appearance or semblance, look, seem.
x\ppear and look refer to what manifests itself to the senses -,
to a semblance or probability presented directly to the mind. Seem
53 appendage
applies to what is manifest to the mind on reflection. It suddenly
appears to me that there is smoke in the distance ; as I watch, it
looks like a fire ; from my knowledge of the locality and observa-
tion of particulars, it seems to me a farmhouse must be burning.
Antonyms:
be, be certain, real, or true, be the fact, exist.
Prepositions :
Appear at the front ; among the first ; on or iipon the surface ;
to the eye ; in evidence, in print ; from reports ; near the harbor ;
before the public ; in appropriate dress ; with the insignia of his
rank ; above the clouds ; beloiv the surface ; under the lee ; over
the sea ; through the mist ; appear for, in behalf of, or against
one in court.
APPENDAGE.
Synonyms:
accessory, addition, appurtenance, concomitant,
accompaniment, adjunct, attachment, extension,
addendum, appendix, auxiliary, supplement.
An adjunct (something joined to) constitutes no real part of the
thing or system to which it is joined, tho perhaps a valuable
addition ; an appendage is commonly a real, tho not an essen-
tial or necessary part of that with which it is connected ; an
appurtenance belongs subordinately to something by which it is
employed, especially as an instrument to accomplish some pur-
pose. A horse's tail is at once an ornamental appendo.ge and a
useful appurtenance ; we could not call it an adjunct, tho we
might use that word of his iron shoes. An attachment in machin-
ery is some mechanism that can be brought into optional connec-
tion with the principal movement ; a hemmer is a valuable attach-
ment of a sewing-machine. An extension, as of a railroad or of
a franchise, carries out further something already existing. We
add an appendix to a book, to contain names, dates, lists, etc.,
which would encumber the text ; we add a supj)lement to supply
omissions, as, for instance, to bring it up to date. An appendix
may be called an addendum ; but addendum may be used of a
brief note, which would not be dignified by the name of appendix ;
such notes are often grouped as addenda. An addition might
be matter interwoven in the body of the work, an index, plates,
editorial notes, etc. , which might be valuable additions, but not
appetite
apportion 54
within the meaning of appendix or supplement. Compare acces-
sory ; AUXILIARY.
Antonyms:
main body, original, total, whole.
Prepositions :
That which is thought of as added we call an appendage to ;
that which is looked upon as an integral part is called an ap-
pendage of.
APPETITE.
Synonyms:
appetency, impulse. lust. propensity,
craving, inclination. passion. relisli,
desire. liking. proclivity, thirst,
disposition, longing, proneness, zest.
Appetite is used only of the demands of the physical system,
unless otherwise expressly stated, as when we say an appetite for
knowledge ; passion includes all excitable impulses of our nattire,
as anger, fear, love, hatred, etc. Appetite is thus more animal
than passion ; and when we speak of passions and appetites as
conjoined or contrasted, we think of the appetites as wholly phys-
ical and of the passions as, in part at least, mental or spiritual.
We say an appetite for food, a passion for fame. Compare desire.
Antonyms:
antipathj', detestation, dislike, distaste, indifference, repugnance.
aversion," disgust, disrelisli, hatred, loathing, repulsion.
Compare antipathy.
Preposition :
He had an insatiable appetite for the marvellous.
APPORTION.
Synonyms:
allot. appropriate, deal. distribute, grant,
appoint, assign. dispense, divide. share.
To allot or assign may be to make an arbitrary division; the
same is true of distribute or divide. That which is apportioned
is given by some fixed rule, wliich is meant to be uniform and
fair ; as, representatives are apportioned among the States accord-
ing to population. To dispense is to give out freely ; as, the sun
dispenses light and heat. A thing is appropriated to or for a spe-
cific purpose (to wliich it thus becomes proper, in the original
sense of being its own); money appropriated by Congress for one
purpose can not be expended for any other. One may apportion
what he only holds in trust; he shares what is his own. Compare
ALLOT.
55
approximation
ariu(«
Antonyms:
cling to, consolidate, gather together, receive,
collect, divide arbitrarily, keep together, retain.
Prepositions :
Apportion to each a fair amount; apportion the property among
the heirs, hehreen two claimants; apportion according to num-
bers, etc.
APPROXIMATION.
Synonyms :
approach. likeness, neighljorhood, resemblance,
contiguity, nearness, propinquity, similarity.
In mathematics, approximation is not guesswork, not loose-
ness, and not error. The process of approximation is as exact and
correct at every point as that by which an absolute result is se-
cured; the result only fails of exactness because of some inherent
difficulty in the problem. The attempt to "square the circle"
gives only an approximate result, because of the impossibility of
expressing the circumference in terms of the radius. But the
limits of eri'or on either side are known, and the approximation
has i^ractical value. Outside of mathematics, the correct use of
approximation (and the kindred words approximate and approxi-
mately) is to express as near an approach to accuracy and certainty
as the conditions of human thought or action in any given case
make possible. Resemblance and similarity may be but superfi-
cial and apparent ; approximation is real. Approach is a relative
term, indicating that one has come nearer than before, tho the
distance may yet be considerable ; an approximation brings one
really near. Nearness, neigliborliood, and propinquity are com-
monly used of place ; approximation, of mathematical calculations
and abstract reasoning ; we speak of approach to the shore, near-
ness to the town, approximation to the truth.
Antonyms :
difference, distance, error, remoteness, unlikeness, variation.
Prepositions :
The approximation of the vegetable to the animal type.
ARMS.
Synonyms:
accouterments, armor, harness, mail, 'w^eapons.
Arms are implements of attack ; armor is a defensive covering.
The knight put on his armor; he grasped liis arms. With the
disuse of defensive armor the word has practically gone out of
military use, but it is still employed in the navy, where the dis-
army
arraiorn
56
tinction is clearly preserved ; any vessel provided with cannon is
an armed vessel ; an armored ship is an ironclad. Anything that
can be wielded in figlit may become a iveapon. as a pitchfork or a
paving=stone ; arms are especially made and designed for conflict.
ARMY.
Synonyms:
armament, forces, military, soldiers,
array, host, multitude, soldiery,
force, legions, phalanx, troops.
An army is an organized body of men armed for war, ordina-
rily considerable in numbers, always independent in organization
so far as not to be a constituent part of any other command. Or-
ganization, unity, and independence, rather than numbers are the
essentials of an army. We speak of the invading army of Cortes or
Pizarro, tho either body was contemptible in numbers from a mod-
ern military standpoint. We may have a little army, a large army,
or a vast army. Host is used for any vast and orderly assem-
blage ; as, the stars are called the heavenly host. Multitude ex-
presses number witliout order or organization ; a midtitude of
armed men is not an army, bvit a mob. Legion (from the Latin)
and 2.)halanx (from the Greek) are applied by a kind of poetic
license to modern forces ; the plural legions is preferred to the
singular. Military is a general word for land=/orces ; the military
may include all the armed soldiery of a nation, or the term may
be applied to any small detached company, as at a fort, in distinc-
tion from civilians. Any organized body of men by whom the
law or will of a people is executed is a foi'ce ; the word is a usual
term for the police of any locality.
ARRAIGBf.
Synonyms:
accuse, charge, impeach, prosecute,
censure, cite, indict, summon.
Arraign is an official word; a person accused of crime is
arraigned when he is formally called into court, the indictment
read to him, and the demand made of him to plead guilty or not
guilty ; in more extended use, to arraign is to call in question for
fault in any formal, public, or official way. One may charge
another with any fault, great or trifling, privately or publicly,
formalty or informally. Accuse is stronger than charge, suggest-
ing more of the formal and criminal ; a person may charge a
_„ array, n.
o7 arrest
friend with unkindness or neglect; he may accuse a tranap of
stealing. Censure carries the idea of fault, but not of crime ; it
may be private and individual", or public and official. A judge, a
president, or other officer of high rank may be impeached before
the appropriate tribunal for high crimes ; the veracity of a witness
may be impeaclied by damaging evidence. A person of the high-
est character may be summoned as defendant in a civil suit ; or he
may be cited to answer as administrator, etc. Indict and arraign
apply strictly to criminal proceedings, and only an alleged crim-
inal is indicted or arraigned. One is indicted by the grand jiiry,
and arraigned before the appropriate court.
Antonyms;
acquit, discharge, exonerate, overlook, release,
condone, excuse, forgive, pardon, set free.
Prepositions :
Arraign at the bar, before the tribunal, 0/ or /or a crime ; onov
upon an indictment.
ARRAY.
Synonyms:
army, collection, line of battle, parade,
arrangement, disposition, order, show^,
battle array, exbibition, order of battle, sight.
The phrase battle array or array of battle is archaic and poetic ;
we now say in line or order of battle. The parade is for exhibi-
tion and oversight, and partial rehearsal of military manual and
maneuvers, ^rray refers to a continuous arrangement of men,
so that all may be seen or reviewed at once. This is practically
impossible with the vast armies of our day. We say rather the
disposition of troops, which expresses their location so as to sus-
tain and support, though unable to see or readily communicate
with each other. Compare dress.
ARREST.
Synonyms:
apprehend, detain, restrain, stop,
capture, hold, secure, take into custody,
catch, make prisoner, seize, take prisoner.
The legal term arrest carries always the implication of a legal
offense ; this is true even of arresting for debt. But one may be
detained by process of law when no offense is alleged against him,
as in the case of a witness who is held in a house of detention till
a case comes to trial. One may be restrained of his hberty with-
out arrest, as in an insane asylum ; an individual or corporation
artiftce rs
artist **"
may be restrained by injunction from selling certain property.
In case of an arrest, an officer may secure his prisoner by fetters,
by a locked door, or other means effectually to prevent escape.
Capture is commonly used of seizure by armed force ; as, to cap-
ture a ship, a fort, etc. Compare hinder ; obstruct.
Antonyms :
discharge, dismiss, free, liberate, release, set free.
Prepositions:
Arrested /or crime, on suspicion, hy t\\e sheriff; on, upon, or
by virtue of a warrant ; on final process ; in execution.
ARTIFICE.
Synonyms :
art craft, finesse, invention. stratagem,
blind, cunning, fraud, macliination, subterfuge,
cheat, device, guile, maneuver, trick,
'contrivance, dodge, imposture, ruse, wile.
A contrivance or device may be either good or bad. A cheat
is a mean advantage in a bargain ; a fraud, any form of covert
robbery or injury. Imposture is a deceitful contrivance for secur-
ing charity, credit, or consideration. A stratagem or maneuver
may be of the good against the bad, as it were a skilful move-
ment of war. A idle is usually but not necessarily evil.
E'en children followed with endearing wile.
Goldsmith Deserted Village 1. 184.
A trick is often low, injurious, and malicious ; we say a mean
tricTc; the word is sometimes used playfully with less than its full
meaning. A ruse or a hli.nd may be quite innocent and harmless.
An artifice is a carefully and delicately prepared contrivance for
doing indirectly what one could not well do directly. A device is
something studied out for promoting an end, as in a mechanism ;
the word is used of indirect action, often, but not necessarily
directed to an evil, selfish, or injurious end. Finesse is especially
subtle contrivance, delicate artifice, whether for good or evil.
Compare fraud.
Antonyms:
artlessness, fairness, gnilelessness, ingenuousness, openness, sincerity,
candor, frankness, honesty, innocence, simplicity, truth.
ARTIST.
Synonyms:
artificer, artisan, mechanic, operative, workman.
Artist, art ificer and artisan are all from the root of aj-t, but artist
holds to the esthetic sense, while artificer and artisan follow the
mechanical or industrial sense of the word (see art under science).
59 asfc
Artist thus comes only into accidental association with the other
words of this group, not being a synonym of any one of them and
having practically no synonym of its own. The work of the artist
is creative ; that of the artisan mechanical. The man who paints
a beautiful picture is an artist ; the man who makes pin4ieads
all day is an artisan. The artificer is between the two, putting
more thought, intelligence, and taste into his work than the artisan,
but less of the idealizing, creative power than the artist. The
sculptor, shaping his model in clay, is artificer, as well as artist ;
patient artisans, working simply by rule and scale, chisel and pol-
ish the stone. The man who constructs anything by mere routine
and rule is a mechanic. The man whose work involves thought,
skill, and constructive power is an artificer. The hod=carrier is a
laborer ; the bricklayer is a mechanic ; the master mason is an ar-
tificer. Those who operate machinery nearly self ^acting are ojpera-
iives.
A§K.
Synonj'ms :
beg, crave, entreat, petition, request, solicit,
beseecb, demand, implore, pray, require, supplicate.
One as&s whathe feels that he may fairly claim and reasonably
expect ; "if a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father."
Ltike xi, 11 ; he begs for that to which he advances no claim but
pity. Demand is a determined and often an arrogant word ; one
may rightfully demand what is his own or his due, when it is
withheld or denied ; or he may wrongfully demand that to which
he has no claim but power. Require is less arrogant and obti'U-
sive than demand, but is exceedingly strenuous ; as. the court re-
quires the attendance of witnesses. Entreat implies a special
earnestness of asking, and beseech, a still added and more humble
intensity ; beseech was formerly often used as a polite intensive for
beg or pray ; as, I beseech you to tell me. To implore is to ask
with weeping and lamentation ; to supplicate is to ask, as it were,
on bended knees. Crave and request are somewhat formal terms ;
crave has almost disappeared from conversation ; request would
seem distant between parent and child. Pray is now used chiefly
of address to the Supreme Being ; petition is used of written re-
quest to persons in authority ; as, to petition the legislature to
pass an act, or the governor to pardon an offender.
Antonyms:
claim, command, deny, enforce, exact, extort, insist, refuse, reject.
associate
association 60
Prepositions:
Ask a person /or a thing ; ask a thing of or from a person ; ask
after or about one's health, welfare, friends, etc.
ASSOCIATE.
Synonyms :
accomplice, coadjutor, comrade, fellow, mate,
ally, colleague, confederate, friend, partner,
clium, companion, consort, helpmate, peer.
An associate as used officially implies a chief, leader, or princi-
pal, to whom the associate is not fully equal in rank. Associate is
iwpularly used of mere friendly relations, but oftener iinplies some
work, enterprise, or pursuit in which the associated persons unite.
We rarely speak of associates in crime or wrong, using confeder-
ates or accomplices instead. Companion gives itself with equal
readiness to the good or evil sense, as also does comrade. One may
be a companion in travel who would not readily become an asso-
ciate at home. A lady advertises for a companion ; she would not
advertise for an associate. Peer implies equahty rather than com-
panionship ; as, a jury of his peers. Comrade expresses more fel-
lowship and good feehng than companion. Fellow has almost gone
out of use in this connection, except in an inferior or patronizing
sense. Consort is a word of equality and dignity, as applied
especially to the marriage relation. Compare accessory ; ac-
quaintance ; FRIENDSHIP.
Antonyms :
antagonist, enemy, foe, hiuderer, opponent, opposer, rival, stranger.
Prepositions :
These were the associates of the leader in the enterprise.
ASSOCIATIO]^.
Synonyms:
alliance, confederacy, familiarity, lodge,
club, confederation, federation, participation,
community, conjunction, fellow^ship, partnership,
companionship, connection, fraternity, society,
company, corporation, friendship, union.
We speak of an alliance of nations, a club of pleasure=seekers,
a community of Shakers, a company of soldiers or of friends, a
confederacy, confederation, federation, or union of separate
states under one general government, a partnership) or company
of business men, a conjunction of planets. The whole body of
Freemasons constitute a fraternity ; one of their local organiza-
tions is called a lodge. A corporation or company is formed for
assume
ol assurance
purposes of business ; an association or society (tho also incor-
porated) is for learning, literature, benevolence, religion, etc.
Compare associate ; acquaintance ; friendship.
Antonyms:
disintegration, independence, isolation, separation, solitude.
Prepositions :
An association of scholars for the advancement of knowledge ;
association with the good is ennobling.
ASSUME.
Synonyms:
accept, arrogate, postulate, put on,
affect, claim, presume, take,
appropriate, feign, pretend, usurp.
The distinctive idea of assume is to take by one's own independ-
ent volition, whether well or ill, rightfully or wrongfully. One may
accept an obligation or assume an authority that properly belongs
to him, or he may assume an obligation or indebtedness that
could not be required of him. He may assume authority or office
that is his right ; if he assumes what does not belong to him, he is
said to arrogate or usur]) it. A man may usurj) the substance of
power in the most unpretending way; what he arrogates to him-
self he assumes with a haughty and overbearing manner. One
assumes the robes or insignia of office by imtting them on, with
or without right. If he takes to himself the credit and appearance
of qualities he does not possess, he is said to affect or feign, or to
pretend to, the character he thus assumes. What a debater pos-
tulateshe openly states and takes for gi-anted without proof ; what
he assumes he may take for granted without mention. A favorite
trick of the sophist is quietly to assume as true what would at once
be challenged if expressly stated. What a man claims he asserts
his right to take ; what he assumes he taken.
ASSIJRAXCE.
Synonyms :
arrogance, boldness. impudence, self=confidence,
assertion, confidence, presumption, self=reliance,
assumption, effrontery, self:assertion, trust.
Assurance may have the good sense of a high, sustained confi-
dence and trust ; as, the saint's assurance of heaven. Confidence is
founded upon reasons ; assurance is largely a matter of feeling.
In the bad sense, assuraiice is a vicious courage, with belief of
one's ability to outwit or defy others ; the hardened criminal is
astute
62
remarkable for habitual assurance. For the calm conviction of
one's own rectitude and ability, self-confidence is a better word
than assurance ; self-reliance expresses confidence in one's own
resources, independently of others' aid. In the bad sense assur-
ance is less gross than impudence, which is (according to its ety-
mology) a shameless boldness. Assurance is in act or manner ;
impudejice may be in speech. Effrontery is impudence defiantly
displayed. Compare faith ; pride.
Antony ins :
bashfulness, consternation, distrust, hesitancy, shyness,
confusion, dismay, doubt, misgiving, timidity.
ASTUTE.
Synonyms:
acute, discerning, penetrating, sharp,
clear=sighted, discriminating, penetrative, shrew^d,
crafty, keen, perspicacious, subtile,
cunning, know^ing, sagacious, subtle.
Acute, from the Latin, suggests the sharpness of the needle's
point ; keen, from the Saxon, the sharpness of the cutting edge.
Astute, from the Latin, with the original sense of cunning has
come to have a meaning that combines the sense of acute or Tieen
vdth that of sagacious. The astute mind adds to acuteness and
keenness an element of cunning or finesse. The astute debater
leads his opponents into a snare by getting them to make admis-
sions, or urge arguments, of which he sees a result that they do
not perceive. The acute, keen intellect may take no special ad-
vantage of these qualities ; the astute mind has always a point to
make for itself, and seldom fails to make it. A knounng look,
air, etc., in general indicates practical knowledge with a touch of
shrewdness, and perhaps of cunning ; in regard to some special
matter, it indicates the possession of reserved knowledge which
the person could impart if he chose. Knounng has often a slightly
invidious sense. We speak of a knowing rascal, meaning cunning
or shreivd within a narrow range, but of a knou'ing horse or dog,
in the sense of sagacious, implying that he knows more than
could be expected of such an animal. A knoimng child has more
knowledge than would be looked for at his years, perhaps more
than is quite desirable, while to speak of a child as intelligent is
altogether complimentary.
Antonyms:
blind, idiotic, shallow, stolid, undiscerning,
dull, imbecile, 8hort»sighted, stupid, unintelligent.
63
attaclinient
attack, V.
ATTACHlflElVT.
Synoiiym^^ :
adherence, devotion, fWendsliip, regard,
adhesion, esteem, inclination, tenderness,
affection, estimation, love, union.
An attachment is a feeling that binds a person by ties of heart
to another person or thing ; we speak of a man's adherence to his
purpose, his adhesion to his party, or to anything to which he
chngs tenaciously, tho with no special tenderness ; of his at-
tachment to his church, to the old homestead, or to any persons or
objects that he may hold dear. Affection expresses more warmth
of feeling ; we should not speak of a mother's attachment to her
babe, but of her affection or of her devotion. Inclination ex-
presses simply a tendency, which may be good or bad, yielded to
or overcome ; as, an inclination to study ; an inclination to
drink. Regard is more distant than affection or attachment, but
closer and warmer than esteem ; we speak of high esteem, kind
regard. Compare acquaintance; appendage; friendship; love;
UNION.
Antonyms:
alienation, aversion, distance, estrangement, repugnance,
animosity, coolness, divorce, indifference, separation,
antipathy, dislike, enmity, opposition, severance.
Prepositions :
Attacliment of a true man to his friends ; attachment to a
leader /or his nobility of character ; the attachments betiveen two
persons or things ; attachment by muscular fibers, or by a rope,
etc.
ATTACK, V.
nonynis:
assail.
beset, combat.
invade.
assault.
besiege, encounter.
set upon ,
beleaguer,
charge, fall upon.
storm.
To attack is to begin hostilities of any kind. A general invades
a country by marching in troops ; he attacks a city by draw-
ing up an army against it ; he assaults it by hurling his
troops directly upon its defenses. Assail and assault, tho of
the same original etymology, have diverged in meaning, so that
assaidt alone retains the meaning of direct personal violence.
One may assail another with reproaches ; he assaidts him with a
blow, a brandished weapon, etc. Armies or squadrons charge ;
combat and encounter may be said of individual contests. To
beset is to set around, or, so to speak, to stud one's path, with
menaces, attacks, or persuasions. To besiege and beleaguer are
attack, n
attain 64
the acts of armies. To encounter is to meet face to face, and may
be said either of the attacking or of the resisting force or person,
or of both.
Antonyms:
aid, cover, protect, shelter, support, uphold,
befriend, defend, resist, shield, sustain, withstand.
Prepositions :
We were attacked hy the enemy xvith cannon and musketry.
ATTACK, n.
Synonyms:
aggression, incursion, invasion, onslaught,
assault, infringement, onset, trespass,
encroacliment, intrusion.
An attack may be by word ; an aggression is always by deed.
An assault may be upon the person, an aggression is upon rights,
possessions, etc. An invasion of a nation's territories is an act of
aggression ; an intrusion upon a neighboring estate is a trespass.
Onslaught signifies intensely violent assault, as by an army or a
desperado, tho it is sometimes used of violent speech.
Antonyms :
defense, repulsion, resistance, retreat, submission, surrender.
Prepositions :
The enemy made an attack upon (or 07i) our works.
ATTAIEf.
Synonyms :
accomplish, arrive at, gain, master, reach,
achieve, compass, get, obtain, secure,
acquire, earn, grasp, procure, win.
A person may obtain a situation by the intercession of friends,
he procures a dinner by paying for it. Attain is a lofty word,
pointing to some high or desirable result ; a man attains the
mountain summit, he attains honor or learning as the result of
strenuous and earnest labor. Even that usage of attain which
has been thought to refer to mere progi'ess of time carries the
thought of a result desired : as, to attain to old age ; the man
desires to live to a good old age ; we should not speak of his attain-
ing his dotage. One may attain an object that will prove not
worth his labor, but what he achieves is in itself great and splen-
did ; as, the Greeks at Marathon achieved a glorious victory.
Compare do ; get ; reach.
Antonyms :
abandon, fail, forfeit, give up, let go, lose, miss.
attitude
v9 attribute, v.
ATTITUDE.
Synonyms :
pose, position, posture.
Position as applied to the arrangement or situation of the
human body or limbs may denote that which is conscious or uncon-
scious, of the living or the dead ; but we do not speak of the atti-
tude, pose, or posture of a corpse ; unless, in some rare case, we
might say the body was found in a sitting posture, where the
posture is thought of as assumed in life, or as, at first glance,
suggesting life. A posture is assumed without any special refer-
ence to expression of feeling ; as, an erect posture, a reclining
posture; attitude is the posit io?i appropriate to the expression of
some feeling ; the attitude may be unconsciously taken through
the strength of the feeling ; as, an attitude of defiance ; or it may
be consciously assumed in the attempt to express the feeling ; as,
he assumed an attitude of humihty. j A pose is & position studied
for artistic effect, or considered with reference to such effect ; the
unconscious posture of a spectator or listener may be an admirable
pose from an artist's standpoint.
ATTRIBUTE, v.
Synonyms:
ascribe, associate, connect, impute, refer,
assign, charge,
We may attribute to a person either that which belongs to
him or that which we merely suppose to be his. We attribute to
God infinite power. We may attribute a wrong intent to an in-
nocent person. We may attribute a result, rightly or wrongly, to
a certain cause ; in such case, however, attribute carries always a
concession of uncertainty or possible error. Where we are quite
sure, we simply refer a matter to the cause or class to which it be-
longs or ascribe to one what is surely his, etc. Many diseases
formerly attributed to witchcraft are now referred to the action
of micro=organisms. We may attribute a matter in silent thought ;
we ascribe anything openly in speech or writing ; King Saul said
of the singing women, " They have ascribed unto David ten
thousands, and to me they have ascribed but thousands." We as-
sociate things which may have no necessary or causal relation ;
as, we may associate the striking of a clock with the serving of
dinner, tho the two are not necessarily connected. We charge
a person with what we deem blameworthy. We may impute good
or evil, but more commonly evil.
5
attribute, n. — ^
augur
Antonyms:
deny, disconnect, dissociate, separate, sever, sunder.
Prepositions :
It is uncharitable to attribute evil motives to (archaic xmio)
others.
ATTRIBrXE, n.
Synonyms:
property, quality.
S. quality (L. qualis, such") — the "suchness" of anything, ac-
cording to the German idiom — denotes what a thing really is in
some one respect ; an attribute is what we conceive a thing to be in
some one respect; thus, while attribute may, quality must, ex-
press something of the real nature of that to which it is ascribed ;
we speak of the attributes of God, the qualities of matter. " Orig-
inally 'the attributes of God' was preferred, probably, because
men assumed no knowledge of the actual qualities of the Deity,
but only of those more or less fitly attributed to him.'' J. A. H.
Murray. [M.] Holiness is an attribute of God ; the attributes of
many heathen deities have been only the qualities of wicked men
joined to superhuman power. A i^roperty (L. proprius, one's
own) is what belongs especially to one thing as its own peculiar
possession, in distinction from all other things ; when we speak of
the qualities or the properties of matter, quality is the more gen-
eral, property the more limited term, A quality is inherent ; a
2)roperty may be transient ; physicists now, however, prefer to
term those qualities manifested by all bodies (such as impenetra-
bihty, extension, etc.), general properties of matter, while those
pecuUar to certain substances or to certain states of those sub-
stances (as fluidity, malleability, etc.) are termed specific proper-
ties ; in this wider use of the word property, it becomes strictly
synonymous with quality. Compare characteristic; emblem.
Antonyms:
being, essence, nature, substance.
AUGUR.
Synonyms :
Tietoken, divine, foretell, predict, prognosticate,
bode, forebode, portend, presage, prophesy.
"Persons or things augur; persons only forebode or presage;
things only betoken or portend." Crabb English Synonymes. We
augur well for a voyage from past good fortune and a good start ;
we presage success from the stanchness of the ship and the skill
67
authentic
auxiliary
of the captain. We forebode misfortune either from circumstances
that betoken failure, or from gloomy fancies for which we could
not give a reason. Dissipation among the officers and mutiny
among the crew portend disaster. Divine has reference to the
ancient soothsayers' arts (as in Gen. xHv, 5, 15), and refers rather
to reading hearts than to reading the future. We say I could not
divine his motive, or his intention.
Antonyms :
assure, demonstrate, establish, make sure, settle,
calculate, determine, insure, prove, warrant.
Prepositions :
I augur from all circumstances a prosperous result ; I augur ill
of the enterprise ; "augurs ill to the rights of the people," Thomas
Jefferson Writings vol. ii, p. 506. [t. & m. '53.] I augur well, or
this augurs well, for your cause.
AUTHE«JTIC.
Synonyms:
accepted, certain, original, sure,
accredited, current, real. true,
authoritative, genuine, received, trustworthy,
authorized, legitimate, reliable, veritable.
That is authentic vch\c\\ is true to the facts; that is genuine
which is true to its own claims ; as, authentic history ; genuine
money.
A ' genuine ' work is one written by the author whose name it bears; an ' authentic '
work is one which relates truthfully the matters of which it treats. For example, the
apocryphal Gospel of St. Thomas is neither 'gemdne' nor '-authentic: It is not
' genuine,'' for St. Thomas did not write it; it is not ' authentic,' for its contents are
mainly fables and lies. Trencu On the Study of Words lect. vi, p. 189. [w. j. w.]
Authentic is, however, used by reputable wi-iters as synonymous
with genuine, tho usually where genuineness carries a certain
authority. We speak of accepted conclusions, certaiti evidence,
current money, genuine letters, a legitimate conclusion or legiti-
mate authority, original manuscripts, real value, received inter-
pretation, sure proof, a true statement, a trustworthy witness, a
veritable discovery.
Antonyms:
apocryphal, counterfeit, exploded, false, spurious,
baseless, disputed, fabulous, fictitious, unauthorized.
AUXILIARY.
Synonyms:
accessory, ally, coadjutor, helper, promoter,
aid, assistant, confederate, mercenary, subordinate.
An auxiliary is a person or thing that helps in a subordinate
avaricious
6§
capacity. Allies unite as equals ; auxiliaries are, at least tech-
nically, inferiors or subordinates. Yet the auxiliary is more
than a mere assistant. The word is oftenest found in the
plural, and in the military sense ; auxiliaries are troops of one
nation uniting with the armies, and acting under the orders, of
another. Mercenaries serve only for pay ; auxiliaries often for
reasons of state, policy, or patriotism as well. Compare acces-
sory ; APPENDAGE.
Alltoiiyilis :
antagonist, liinderer, opponent, opposer.
Prepositions :
The auxiharies of the Romans ; an auxiliary in a good cause ;
an auxiliary to learning.
AVARICIOUS.
Synonyms:
close, greedy, niggardly, penurious, sordid,
covetous, miserly, parsimonious, rapacious, stingy.
Avaricious and covetous refer esi^ecially to acquisition, miserly,
niggardly, parsimonious, and penurious to expenditure. The
avaricious man has an eager craving for money, and ordinarily
desires both to get and to keep, the covetous man to get something
away from its possessor ; tho one may be made avaricious by
the pressure of great expenditures. Miserly and niggardly per-
sons seek to gain by mean and petty savings ; the miserly by stint-
ing themselves, the niggardly by stinting others. Parsimonious
and penurious may apply to one's outlay either for himself or for
others ; in the latter use, they are somewhat less harsh and
reproachful terms than niggardly. The close man holds like a
vise all that he gets. Near and nigh are provincial words of sim-
ilar import. The rapacious have the robber instinct, and put it in
practise in some form, as far as they dare. The avaricious and
rapacious are ready to reach out for gain ; the parsimonious,
miserly, and niggardly prefer the safer and less adventurous way
of avoiding expenditure. Greedy and stingy are used not only
of money, but often of other things, as food, etc. The greedy
child wishes to enjoy everything himself ; the stingy child, to
keep others from getting it.
Antonyms:
bountiful, free, generous, liberal, munificent, prodigal, wasteful.
Preposition :
The monarch was avaricious of power.
avenge
O" avow
AVE]\CiE.
SyiioiiyniK:
punish, retaliate, revenge, vindicate, visit.
Avenge and revenge, once close synonyms, are now far apart in
meaning. To avenge is to insit some offense with punishment, in
order to viudicaie the righteous, or to uphold and illustrate the
right by the suffering or destruction of the wicked. ''And seeing
one of them suffer \\-rong, he avenged him that was oiipressed,
and smote the Egyptian," Acts vii, 24. To revenge is to inflict
harm or suft" ering ujion another through personal anger and resent-
ment at something done to ourselves. Avenge is unselfish; revenge
is selfish. Revenge, according to present usage, could not be said
of God. To retaliate may be necessary for self=defense, without
the idea of revenge. Compare revenge.
Prepositions :
Avenge on or upon (rarely, avenge oneself of) a wrong=doer.
AVOW.
Synonyms :
acknowledge, aver, confess, own, profess, testify,
admit, avouch, declare, proclaim, protest, w^itness.
Acknowledge, admit, and declare refer either to oneself or to
others ; all the other words refer only to one's own knowledge or
action. To avow is to declare boldly and openly, commonly as
something one is ready to justify, maintain, or defend. A man
acknoivledges another's claim or his own promise ; he admits an
opponent's advantage or his own error ; he declares either what he
has seen or experienced or what he has received from another ; he
avers what he is sure of from his own knowledge or conscious-
ness ; he gives his assui-ance as the voucher for what he avouches ;
he avows openly a belief or intention tliat he has silently held.
Avow and avouch take a direct object ; aver is followed by a con-
junction : a man avoivs his faith, avouches a deed, avers that he
was present. Avoiv has usually a good sense ; what a person
avows he at least does not treat as blameworthy, criminal, or
shameful ; if he did, he would be said to confess it ; yet there is
always the suggestion that some will be ready to challenge or cen-
sure what one avoirs ; as, the clergyman avoived his dissent from
the doctrine of his church. Oum applies to all things, good or bad,
great or small, which one takes as his own. Compare CONFESS ;
STATE.
Antonyms :
contradict, deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, ignore, repudiate.
awful
avt^kward
70
Syiioiijnis:
alarming,
appalling,
august,
dire,
direful,
dread,
dreadful,
fearful,
AlVFUL.
frightful,
grand,
horrible,
imposing.
majestic, solemn,
noble, stately,
portentous, terrible,
shocliing, terrific.
Awful should not be used of things which are merely disagree-
able or annoying, nor of all 'that are alarming and terrible, but
only of such as bring a solemn awe upon the soul, as in the pres-
ence of a superior power ; as, the au-ful hush before the battle.
That which is awful arouses an oppressive, that which is atigust
an admiring reverence ; we speak of the august presence of a
mighty monarch, the aiiful presence of death. "We speak of an
exalted station, a grand mountain, an imposing presence, a majes-
tic cathedral, a noble mein, a solemn litany, a stately march, an
august assembly, the auful scene of the Judgment Day,
Antonyms:
commonplace,
contemptible,
despicable,
liumble,
inferior, paltry,
lowly, undignified,
mean, vulgar.
AWKTl^ARD.
Synonyms :
boorish,
bungling,
clownish,
clumsy,
gawky,
maladroit,
rough,
uncouth,
ungainly,
unhandy,
unskilful.
Aickward, from airk (kindred with off, from the Norwegian),
is off'Zcard, tm-ned the wrong way ; it was anciently used of a
back=handed or left=handed blow in battle, of squinting eyes, etc.
Clumsy, on the other hand (from clumse, also through the Norwe-
gian), signifies benumbed, stiffened with cold ; this is the original
meaning of clumsy fingers, clumsy limbs. Thus, aivktvard pri-
marily refers to action, clumsy to condition. A tool, a vehicle, or
the human frame may be clumsy in shape or build, aickivard in
motion. The clumsy man is almost of necessity aickicard, but
the atvkivard man may not be naturally clumsy. The finest un-
trained colt is aickward in harness ; a horse that is clumsy in build
can never be trained out of awkwardness. An awkxoard state-
ment has an uncomfortable, and perhaps recoiling force ; a state-
ment that contains ill=assorted and incongruous material in ill=
chosen language is clumsy. We speak of an awkward predicament,
an awkicard scrape. An atcktcard excuse commonly reflects
on the one who offers it. "We say the admitted facts have an
_,^ axiom
71 babble
mvkivard appearance. In none of these cases could clumsy be
used. Clmnsy is, liowever, applied to movements that seem as
unsuitable as those of benumbed and stiffened limbs. A dancing
bear is both clumsy and awkward.
Aiitouyius :
adroit, clever, desterons, handy, skilful.
Prepositions :
The raw recruit is awkward in action ; at the business.
AXIOM.
Synoiiyiii :
truism.
Both the axiom and the truism are instantly seen to be true,
and need no proof ; but in an axiom there is progi*ess of thought,
while the truism simply says the same thing over again, or says
what is too manifest to need saying. The axiom that "things
which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another"
unfolds in the latter part of the sentence the truth implied in the
fii'st part, which might have been overlooked if not stated. In the
truism that " a man can do all he is capable of," the former and
the latter part of the sentence are simply identical, and the mind
is left just wliere it started. Hence the axiom is valuable and
useful, wliile the truism is weak and flat, unless the form of state-
ment makes it striking or racy, as "all fools are out of their wits."
Compare proverb.
Autonyuis :
absurdity, contradiction, demonstration, nonsense, paradox, sophism.
BABBLE.
Synonyms
blat), cackle, gabble, murmur, prattle,
blurt, chat, gossip, palaver, tattle,
blurt out, chatter, jabber, prate, twaddle.
Most of these words are onomatopoetic. The cackle of a hen,
the gabble of a goose, the chatter of a magpie, the babble of a
running stream, as applied to human speech, indicate a rapid suc-
cession of what are to the listener meaningless sounds. Blab and
blurt (commonly blurt out) refer to the letting out of what the
lips can no longer keep in ; blab, of a secret ; blurt out, of pas-
siotiate feeling. To chat is to talk in an easy, pleasant way, not
without sense, but without special purpose. Chatti7ig is the prac-
tise of adults, prattling that of children. To 'prate is to talk idly.
banish nrn
bank • ■*
presumptuously, or foolishly, but not necessarily incoherently. To
jabber is to utter a rapid succession of unintelligible sounds, gen-
erally more noisy than chattering. To gossip is to talk of petty
personal matters, as for pastime or miscliief. To tivaddle is to
talk feeble nonsense. To murmur is to utter suppressed or even
inarticulate sounds, suggesting the notes of a dove, or the sound
of a running sti'eam, and is used figuratively of the half sup-
pressed utterances of affection or pity, or of complaint, resent-
ment, etc. Compare speak.
Prepositions :
Babies babble /or the moon ; the crowd babbles of a hero ; the
sick man babbles of home.
BABYISH.
Synonyms :
lian, dismiss, evict, expatriate, ostracize,
discharge, drive out, exile, expel, oust,
dislodge, eject.
Banish, primarily to put under ban, to compel by authority
to leave a place or country, perhaps with restriction to some
other place or country. From a country, a person may be
banished, exiled, or expatriated ; banished from any country
where he may happen to be, but expatriated or exiled only from
his own. One may expatriate or exile himself ; he is banished
by others. Banish is a word of wide import ; one may banish
disturbing thoughts ; care may banish sleep. To expel is to drive
out with violence or rudeness, and so often with disgrace.
Prepositions :
Cataline was banished from Rome ; John the Apostle was
banished to Patmos.
BA^K.
Synonyms :
beach. bound, brink, edge, margin, shore,
border, brim, coast, marge, rim, strand.
Bank is a general term for the land along the edge of a water=
course ; it may also denote a raised portion of the bed of a river,
lake, or ocean ; as, the Banks of Newfoundland. A beach is a
strip or expanse of incoherent wave=worn sand, which is often
pebbly or full of boulders ; we speak of the beach of a lake or
ocean ; a beach is sometimes found in the bend of a river. Strand
is a more poetic term for a wave=washed shore, especially as a
place for landing or embarking ; as, the keel grates on the strand.
banter
'J'3 barbarous
The whole line of a country or continent that borders the sea is a
coast. Shore is any land, whether cliff, or sand, or marsh, border-
ing water. We do not speak of the coast of a river, nor of the
hanks of the ocean, tho there may be hanks by or under the
sea. Edge is the line where land and water meet ; as, the water's
edge. Brink is the place from which one may fall ; as, the
river's brink ; the brink of a precipice ; the biHnk of ruin.
BA^fTER.
Synonyms:
badinage, derision, jeering, raillery, sarcasm,
chaff, irony, mockery, ridicule, satire.
Banter is the touching upon some fault, weakness, or fancied
secret of another in a way half to pique and half to please ; badi-
nage is delicate, refined banter. Raillery has more sharpness,
but is usually good4uimored and well meant. Irony, the saying
one thing that the reverse may be understood, may be either mild
or bitter. All the other words have a hostile intent. Ridicide
makes a person or thing the subject of contemptuous merriment ;
derision seeks to make the object derided seem utterly despicable
— to laugh it to scorn. Chaff is the coarse witticism of the streets,
perhaps merry, oftener malicious ; jeering is loud, rude ridicide,
as of a hostile crowd or mob. Mockery is more studied, and may
include mimicry and personal violence, as well as scornful speech.
A satire is a formal composition ; a sai'casm may be an impromptu
sentence. The satire shows up follies to keep people from them ;
the sarcasvi hits them because they are foolish, without inquiring
whether it will do good or harm ; the satire is plainly uttered; the
sarcasm is covert.
BARBAROUS.
Synonyms :
atrocious, brutal, merciless, uncivilized,
barbarian, cruel, rude, uncouth,
barbaric, inhuman, savage, untamed.
Whatever is not civilized is barbariaii; barbaricindicates rude
magnificence, uncultured richness ; as, barbaric splendor, a bar-
baric melody. Barbarous refers to the worst side of barbarian
life, and to revolting acts, especially of cruelty, such as a civilized
man would not be expected to do ; as, a barbarous deed. We may,
however, say barbarous nations, barbarous tribes, without imply-
ing anything more than want of civilization and culture. Savage
barrier
battle 74
is more distinctly bloodthirsty than barbarous. In this sense we
speak of a savage beast and of barbarous usage.
Antonyms:
civilized, cultured, ulegaut, humane, polite, tender,
courtly, delicate, graceful, nice, relined, urbane.
BARRIER.
Synonyms :
bar, bulwark. obstruction, rampart,
barricade, hindrance, parapet, restraint,
breastwork, obstacle, prohibition, restriction.
A bar is something that is or may be firmly fixed, ordinarily
with intent to prevent enti-ance or egress ; as, the bars of a prison
cell ; the bars of a wood=lot. A barrier obsti-ucts, but is not nec-
essarily impassable. Barrier is used of objects more extensive
than those to which bar is ordinarily applied. A mountain range
may be a barrier to exploration ; but a mass of sand across the
enti'ance to a harbor is called a bar. Discovered falsehood is a
bar to confidence. Barricade has become practically a technical
name for an improvised street fortification, and, unless in some
way modified, is usually so understood. A parapet is a low or
breastshigh wall, as about the edge of a roof , terrace, etc., espe-
cially, in military use, such a wall for the protection of ti'oops ; a
rampart is the embankment surrounding a fort, on which the
parapet is raised ; the word rampart is often used as including
the 2)arax3et. Buhvark is a general word for any defensive wall
or rampart; its only technical use at present is in nautical lan-
guage, where it signifies the raised side of a ship above the upper
deck, topped by the rail. Compare boundary; impediment.
Antonyms:
admittance, opening, road, transit,
entrance, passage, thoroughfare, way.
Prepositions :
A barrier to progress, against invasion; a barrier between
nations.
BATTLE.
Synonyms :
action, combat, encounter, passage of arms,
affair, conflict, engagement, skirmish,
bout, contest, fight, strife.
Conflict is a general word which describes opponents, whether
individuals or hosts, as dashed together. One continuous cojiflict
between entire armies is a battle. Another battle may be fought
upon the same field after a considerable interval; or a new battle
75
beat
may follow immediately, the armies meeting upon a new field.
An action is brief and partial; a battle may last for days. En-
gagement is a somewhat formal expression for battle; as, it was
the commander's purpose to avoid a general engagement. A pro-
tracted war, including many battles, may be a stubborn contest.
Combat, originally a hostile encormter between individuals, is
now used also for extensive engagements. A skirmish is between
small detachments or scattered troops. An encounter may be
either purposed or accidental, between individvials or armed forces.
Fight is a word ot less dignity than battle; we should not ordi-
narily speak of Waterloo as a fight, unless where the word is used
in the sense of fighting; as, I was in the thick of the fight.
Antonyms :
armistice, concord, peace, suspension of Iiostilities, truce. •
Prepositions :
A battle of giants ; battle betimen armies ; a battle for life,
against invaders ; a battle to the death ; the battle of (more rarely
at) Marathon.
BEAT.
Synonyms:
bastinado,
Tjatter,
belabor,
bruise,
castigate,
chastise,
conquer,
cudgel,
defeat,
flog.
overcome,
pommel,
pound.
scourge,
smite,
spank,
strike,
surpass,
switch.
thrash,
vanquish,
w^hip,
worst.
Strike is the word for a single blow ; to beat is to strike repeat-
edly, as a bird beats the air with its wings. Others of the above
words describe the manner of beating, as bastinado, to beat on
the soles of the feet ; belabor, to inflict a comprehensive and ex-
haustive beating; cudgel, to beat with a stick ; thrash, as wheat
was beaten out with the old hand=flail ; to pound (akin to L. 2)on-
dus, a weight) is to beat with a heavy, and x)ommel with a blunt,
instrument. To batter and to bruise refer to the results of beat-
ing ; that is battered which is broken or defaced by repeated blows
on the surface (compare synonyms for shatter) ; that is bruised
which has suffered even one severe contusion. The metaphorical
sense of beat, however, so far i^reponderates that one may be very
badly bruised and battered, and yet not be said to be beaten, un-
less he has got the worst of the beating. To beat a combatant is
to disable or dishearten him for further fighting. Hence beat be-
charming.
exquisite.
handsome,
comely.
fair.
lovely.
delightful,
fine.
picturesque,
elegant,
graceful.
pretty.
beautiful "yO
comes the synonym for every word which implies getting the ad-
vantage of another. Compare conquer.
Antonyms:
faO, fall, get the worst of, go down, go under, surrender.
Almost all antonyms in this class are passive, and can be formed
indefinitely from the conquering words by the use of the auxiliary
be ; as, be beaten, be 'defeated, be conquered, etc.
Prepositions :
Beat with a stick over the head ; beat by a trick ; out of town ;
beat to the ground ; into submission.
BEAUTIFUI..
Synonyms :
attractive,
beauteous,
bew^itching,
bonny,
The definition of beauty, "perfection of form," is a good key
to the meaning of beautiful, if we understand •' form " in its widest
sense. There must also be harmony and unity, and in human be-
ings sisiritual loveliness, to constitute an object or a person really
beautiful. Thus, we speak of a beantiful landscape, a beautiful
poem. But beautiful implies also, in concrete objects, softness of
outline and delicacy of mold; it is opposed to all that is hard and
rugged, hence we say a beautiful woman, but not a beautiful man.
Beautiful has the further limit of not transcending our powers of
appreciation. Pretty expresses in a far less degi-ee that which is
pleasing to a refined taste in objects comparatively small, slight,
and dainty ; as, a pretty bonnet ; a pretty girl. That is handsome
which is not only superficially pleasing, but well and harmoniously
proportioned, with usually the added idea that it is made so by
art, breeding, or training ; as, a handsome horse ; a handsome
house. Handsome is a term far inferior to beautifid ; we may
even say a handsome yi\laxn^,Si'air denotes what is bright, smooth,
clear, and without blemish ; as, a fair face. The word applies
wholly to what is superficial ; we can say ''fair, yet false." In a
specific sense, fair has the sense of blond, as opposed to dark or bru-
nette. One who possesses vivacity, wit, good nature, or other
pleasing qvialities may be attractive without beauty. Comely de-
notes an aspect that is smooth, genial, and wholesome, with a cer-
tain fulness of contour and pleasing symmetry, tho falling
frightful,
grotesque.
repulsive,
uncouth,
ghastly,
hideous.
shocking.
ungainly,
unlovely.
grim,
horrid.
"giy.
grisly,
odious,
unattractive,
unpleasant.
because
77 becomlns:
short of the heautiful ; as, a comely matron. Tliat is picturesque
which would make a striking picture.
Antonyui»i«:
awkward,
clumsy,
deformed,
disgusting.
Prepositions :
Beautiful to the eye ; beautiful in appearance, in spirit ;
" beautiful /or situation," Ps. xlviii, 3 ; beautiful o/ aspect, of its
kind.
BECAUSE.
Synonyms ;
as, for, inasmuch as, since.
Because, literally ?>?/=cause, is the most direct and complete
word for giving the reason of a thing. Since, originally denoting
succession in time, signifies a succession in a chain of reasoning, a
natural inference or result. As indicates something like, coordi-
nate, parallel. Since is weaker than because ; as is weaker than
since ; either may introduce the reason before the main state-
ment; thus, since or as you are going, I will accompany you.
Often the weaker word is the more courteous, implying less con-
straint; for example, as you request it, I will come, rather than I
will come because you request it. Inasimicli as is a formal and
qualified expression, implying by just so much, and no more;
thus, inasnmich as the debtor has no i^roperty, I abandon the
claim. For is a loose connective, giving often mere suggestion or
indication rather than reason or cause ; as, it is morning, for (not
because) the birds are singing.
Antonyms :
altho, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding. yet.
Compare synonyms for but ; notwithstanding.
BE€0]fII]\G.
Synonyms:
befitting, congruous, fit, meet, seemly,
beseeming, decent. fitting. neat, suitable,
comely, decorous, . graceful, proper, w^ortby.
That is becoming in dress which suits the complexion, figure,
and other qualities of the wearer, so as to produce on the whole a
pleasing effect. That is decent which does not offend modesty or
propriety. That is suitable which is adapted to the age. station,
situation, and other circumstances of the wearer; coarse, heavy
begluulug yS
boots are suitable for farni=work ; a jvivenile style of dress is not
suitable for an old lady. In conduct much the same rules apply.
The dignity and gravity of a i^atriarch would not be becoming to
a child ; at a funeral lively, cheery sociability would not be deco-
rous, while noisy hilarity would not be decent ; sumptuous display
would not be suitable for a poor person. Fit is a compendious
term for whatever fits the person, time, place, occasion, etc. ; as,
a fit person ; a fit abode ; a fit place. Fitting, 'or befitting, is some-
what more elegant, implying a nicer adaptation. Meet, a some-
what archaic word, expresses a moral fitness ; as, 7neet for
heaven. Compare beautiful .
Autonyms:
awkward, ill-fitting, indecent, unbecoming, unseemly,
ill=becoming, improper, indecorous, unfit, unsuitable.
Prepositions :
The dress was becoming to the wearer. Such conduct was be-
coming in him.
BEOINIVIXO.
Synonyms :
arising, inauguration, origin, source,
commencement, inception, outset, spring,
fount, initiation, rise, start,
fountain, opening,
The Latin commencement is more formal than the Saxon begin-
ning, as the verb commence, is more formal than begin. Com-
mencement is for the most part restricted to some form of action,
while beginning has no restriction, but may be applied to action,
state, material, extent, enumeration, or to whatever else may be
conceived of as having a first part, point, degree, etc. The letter
A is at the beginning (not the commencement) of every alphabet.
If we were to speak of the commencement of the Pacific Railroad,
we should be understood to refer to the enterprise and its initiatory
act ; if we were to refer to the roadway we should say " Here is
the beginning of the Pacific Raihoad." In the great majority of
cases begin and beginning are preferable to commence and com-
mencement as the simple, idiomatic English words, always accurate
and expressive. "In the beginning was the word," 1 John 1. An
origin is the point from which something starts or sets out, often
involving, and always suggesting causal connection ; as, the ori-
gin of evil ; the origin of a nation, a government, or a family. A
source is that which furnishes a first and continuous supply, that
which flows forth freely or may be readily recurred to ; as, the
source of a river ; a source of knowledge ; a source of inspiration ;
iwfv beliavlor
'*' bend
fertile land is a source (not an origin) of wealth. A rise is thought
of as in an action ; we say that a lake is the source of a certain
river, or that the river takes its rise from the lake. Motley wrote
of "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." Fount, fountain, and
spring, in their figurative senses, keep close to their literal mean-
ing. Compare cause.
Aiitouyiii!!>:
See synonyms for end,
BEHAVIOR.
Synonyms :
action, breeding, conduct, deportment, manner,
bearing, carriage, demeanor, life, manners.
Behavior is our action in the presence of others ; conduct in-
cludes also that which is known only to ourselves and our Maker.
Carriage expresses simply the manner of holding the body, espe-
cially in sitting or walking, as when it is said of a lady "she has a
fine carriage." Bearing refers to the bodily expression of feeling
or disposition; as, a haughty bearing; a noble bearing. Demeanor
is the bodily expression, not only of feelings, but of moral states ;
as, a devout demeanor. Breeding, unless with some adverse lim-
itation, denotes that manner and conduct which result from good
birth and ti-aining. Deportment is behavior as related to a set of
rules ; as, the pupil's deportment was faultless. A person's man-
ner may be that of a moment, or toward a single person ; his man-
ners are his habitual style of behavior toward or before others,
especially in matters of etiquette and politeness ; as, good manners
are always pleasing.
PreposItioMs ;
The behavior of the pastor to or toivard his people, on or upon
the streets, before the multitude, or in the church, with the godly,
or -with the worldly, was alike faultless.
BEIVD.
Synonyms:
bias, curve, diverge, mold, submit, tw^ist,
bow^, deflect, incline, persuade, turn, w^arp,
crook, deviate, influence, stoop, tw^ine, yield.
In some cases a thing is spoken of as be^it where the pares
make an angle ; but oftener to bend is understood to be to draw
to or through a curve ; as, to bend a bow. To submit or yield is to
bend the mind humbly to another's wishes. To incline or influence
is to beml another's wishes toward our own ; to persuade is to
benevolence 80
draw them quite over. To ivarjJ is to bend silently through the
whole fiber, as a board in the sun. To ci^ook is to bend irregu-
larly, as a crooked stick. Deflect, deviate, and diver-ge are said of
any turning away ; deviate commonly of a slight and gi-adual
movement, divei'ge of a more sharp and decided one. To bias is
to cut across the texture, or incline to one side ; in figurative use
always with an unfavorable import. Mold is a stronger word
than bejid ; we may bend by a superior force that which still re-
sists the constraint ; as, a bent bow ; we mold something plastic
entirely to some desired form.
BEXEVOLEXCE.
Synonyms !
almsgiving, charity, kind=heartedness, munificence,
beneficence, generosity, kindliness, philanthropy,
benignity, good w^ill, kindness, sympathy,
bounty, humanity, liberality, unselfishness.
According to the etymology and original usage, beneficence is
the doing well, benevolence the wishing or willing well to others ;
but benevolence has come to include beneficence, and to displace
it. We should not now speak of benevolence which did not help,
unless where there was no power to help ; even then we should
rather say good will or sympathy. Charity, which originally
meant the pm-est love for God and man (as in 1 Cor. xiii), is now
almost universally applied to some form of almsgiving, and is
much more limited in meaning than benevolence. Benignity sug-
gests some occult power of blessing, such as was formerly ascribed
to the stars ; we may say a good man has an air of beiiignity.
Kindness and teiiderness are personal ; benevolence and charity
are general. Kindness extends to all sentient beings, whether men
or animals, in prosperity or in distress. Tenderness especially
goes out toward the young, feeble, and needy, or even to the dead.
Humanity is so much kindness and tenderness toward man or beast
as it would be inhuman not to have ; we say of some act of care or
kindness, " common humanity requires it." Generosity is self=
forgetful kindness in disposition or action ; it includes much be-
sides giving ; as, the generosity of forgiveness. Bounty applies to
ample giving, Avhich on a larger scale is expressed by munificence.
Liberality indicates broad, genial, kindly views, whether mani-
fested in gifts or otherAvise. We speak of the bounty of a gener-
ous host, the liberality or munificence of the founder of a college,
or of the liberality of a theologian toward the holders of conflict-
bind
81 bitter
ing beliefs. Philanthropy applies to wide schemes for human
welfare, often, but not always, involving large expenditures in
charity or benevolence. Comj)are mercy.
Antonyms :
barbaritv, greediness, ill=will, malignity, self-seeking,
brutality, harshness, inhumanity, niggardlmess, stinginess,
churlishness, illiberality, malevolence, selfishness, unkindness.
Prepositions :
Benevolence of, on the 'part of, or from the wealthy, to or
toivard the poor.
BIND.
Synonyms:
compel, fetter, oblige, restrict, shackle,
engage, fix, restrain. secure, tie.
fasten.
Binding is primarily by sometliing flexible, as a cord or band-
age drawn closely around an object or group of objects, as when
we bind up a wovmded limb. We bind a sheaf of wheat with a
cord ; we tie the cord in a knot ; we fasten by any means that
will make things hold together, as a board by nails, or a door by a
lock. The verbs tie and fasten are scarcely used in the figurative
sense, tho, using the noun, we speak of the ties of affection.
Bind has an extensive figurative use. One is bound by conscience
or honor ; he is obliged hj some imperious necessity ; engaged by
his own promise ; compelled by physical force or its moral equiv-
alent.
Antonyms :
free, loose, set free, unbind, unfasten, unloose, untie.
Prepositions :
Bind to a pillar ; unto an altar ; to a service ; bind one ivith
chains or in chains ; one is bound by a contract ; a splint is bound
upon a limb ; the arms may be bound to the sides or behind the
back ; bind a wreath about, around, or round the head ; twigs
are bound in or into fagots ; for military purposes, they are bound
at both ends and in the middle ; one is bound by a contract, or
bound under a penalty to fulfil a contract.
BITTER.
Synonyms :
acerb, acidulous, caustic, pungent, stinging,
acetous, acrid, cutting, savage, tart.
acid, acrimonious, harsh, sharp, vinegarish,
acidulated, biting, irate, sour, virulent.
Acid, sour, and bitter agree in being contrasted with sweet, but
6
bleach, v. „_
blemish S,tf
the two former are sharply distinguished from the latter. Acid
or sour is the taste of vinegar or lemon=juice ; bitter that of quas-
sia, quinin, or strychnin. Acrid is nearly allied to hitter. Pun-
gent suggests the effect of pepper or snuff on the organs of taste
or smell ; as, a 2^ungent odor. Caustic indicates the corroding
effect of some strong chemical, as nitrate of silver. In a figurative
sense, as applied to language or character, these words are veiy
closely allied. We say a sour face, sharp words, bitter complaints,
caustic wit, cutting irony, biting sarcasm, a stinging taunt, harsh
judgment, a tart reply. Harsh carries the idea of intentional and
severe unkindness, bitter of a severity that arises from real or sup-
posed ill treatment. The bitter speech springs from the sore heart.
Tart and sharp utterances may not proceed from an intention to
wound, but merely from a wit recklessly keen ; cutting, stinging,
and biting si^eech indicates more or less of hostile intent, the latter
being the more deeply malicious. The caustic utterance is meant
to burn, perhaps wholesomely, as in the satire of Juvenal or Cer-
vantes. Compare morose.
Antonyms :
dulcet, honeyed, luscious, nectared, saccharine, sweet.
BLEACH, r.
Synonyms :
blancli, make w^hite, whiten, whitew^asli.
To whiten is to make ivhite in general, but commonly it means
to overspread with white coloring=matter. Bleach and blanch
both signify to ivhiten by depriving of color, the former perma-
nently, as linen ; the latter either permanently (as, to blatich cel-
ery) or temporarily (as, to blanch the cheek with fear). To ivhite-
u-ash is to ivhiten superficially, especially by false approval.
Autonyms :
blacken, color, darken, dye, soil, stain.
BLEHISH.
Synonyms :
blot, defacement, disgrace, injury, spot,
blur, defect, dishonor, reproach, stain,
brand, deformity, fault, smirch, stigma,
crack, dent, fla%v, soil, taint,
daub, disfigurement, imperfection, speck, tarnish.
Whatever mars the beauty or completeness of an object is a
blemish, whether original, as squinting eyes, or the result of acci-
dent or disease, etc., as the pits of smallpox. A blemish is super-
ficial ; Skflaiv or taint is in structure or substance. In the moral
blow
§3 blufl-
sense, we speak of a blot or stain upon reputation; a flaw or taint
in character. A defect is the want or lack of something ; fault,
])rimarily a failing, is sometliing that fails of an apparent intent
or disappoints a natural expectation ; thus a sudden dislocation or
displacement of geological strata is called a fault. Figuratively,
a blemish comes from one's own ill=doing ; a brand or stigma is
inflicted by others ; as, the brand of infamy.
BLOW.
Synonyms :
box, concussion, disaster, misfortune, stripe,
buffet, cuff. knock, rap, stroke,
calamity, cut, lash, shock, thump.
A blow is a sudden impact, as of a fist or a club ; a stroke is a
sweeping movement ; as, the stroke of a sword, of an oar, of the
arm in swimming. A shock is the sudden encounter with some
heavy body ; as, colliding railway =trains lueet with a shock ; the
shock of battle. A slap is given with the open hand, a lash with
a wliip, thong, or the like ; we speak also of the cut of a whip. A
buffet or cuff is given only with the hand ; a bloic either with hand
or weapon. A ciiff is a somewhat sidelong blow, generally with
the open hand ; as, a cuff or box on the ear. A stripe is the efl'ect
or mark of a stroke. In the metaphorical sense, blow is used for
sudden, stunning, staggering calamity or sorrow ; stroke for
sweeping disaster, and also for sweeping achievement and success.
We say a stroke of paralysis, or a stroke of genius. We speak of
the buffets of adverse fortune. Shock is used of that which is at
once sudden, violent, and prostrating ; we speak of a shock of
electiicity, tlie shock of an amputation, a shock of surprise. Com-
pare BEAT.
BLUFF.
Synonyms :
abrupt, brusk, impolite, rough,
blunt, coarse, inconsiderate, rude,
blustering, discourteous, open, uncivil,
bold, frank, plain=spoken, unmannerly.
Bhfffis a word of good meaning, as are frank and open. The
bluff man talks and laughs loudly and freely, says and does what-
ever he pleases with fearless good nature, and with no thought of
annoying or giving pain to others. Tlie blunt man says things
which he is perfectly aware are disagreeable, either from a defiant
indifference to other's feelings, or from the pleasure of tormenting.
Antonyms :
bland, courteous, genial, polished, polite, refined, reserved, urbane.
body ^ -
boundary "*
BODY.
Synonyms :
ashes, clay, dust, frame, system,
carcass, corpse, form, remains, trunk.
Body denotes the entire physical structure, considered as a
whole, of man or animal ; form looks upon it as a thing of shape
and outline, perhaps of beauty ; frame regards it as supported by
its bony framework ; system views it as an assemblage of many
related and harmonious organs. Body, form, frame, and system
may be either dead or living ; clay and dust are sometimes so used
in religious or poetic style, tho ordinarily these words are used
only of the dead. Corpse and remains are used only of the dead.
Corpse is the plain technical word for a dead body still retaining
its unity ; remains may be used after any lapse of time ; the lat-
ter is also the more refined and less ghastly term ; as, friends are
invited to view the remains. Carcass applies only to the body of
an animal, or of a human being regarded with contempt and
loathing. Compare company.
Antonyms :
intellect, intelligence, mind, soul, spirit.
BOTH.
Synonyms:
twain, tw^o.
Both refers to tivo objects previously mentioned, or had in
mind, viewed or acting in connection ; as, both men tired at once ;
"f?t;o men fired" might mean any two, out of any number, and
without reference to any previous thought or mention. Tioain is
a nearly obsolete form of two. The two, or the twain, is practi-
cally equivalent to both ; both, however, expresses a closer unity.
We would say both men rushed against the enemy ; the two men
flew at each other. Compare every.
Antonyms:
each, either, every, neither, none, no one, not any.
BOUNDARY.
Synonyms :
barrier, confines, limit, margin,
border, edge, line, term,
bound, enclosure, marches, termination,
bourn, frontier, marge, verge,
bourne, landmark.
The boundary was originally the landmark, that which
marked off one piece of territory from another. The bound is the
*^ brave
limit, marked or unmarked. Now, however, the diiference be-
tween the two words has come to be simply one of usage. As
regards territory, we speak of the boundaries of a nation or of an
estate ; the hounds of a college, a ball=ground, etc. Bounds may
be used for all within the limits, boundary for the limiting line
only. Boundarij looks to that wliich is without ; hound only to
that which is within. Hence we speak of the hounds, not the
boundaries, of a subject, of the universe, etc.; we say the stu-
dents were forbidden to go beyond the bounds. A barrier is some-
thing that bars ingress or egress. A barrier may be a boundary,
as was the Great Wall of Cliina. Bouini, or bourne, is a poetical
expression for bound or boundary. A border is a strip of land
along the boundary. Edge is a sharp terminal line, as where
river or ocean meets the land. Limit is now used almost wholly
in the figurative sense ; as, the limit of discussion, of time, of
jurisdiction. Line is a military term ; as, within the lines, or
through the lines, of an army. Compare barrier ; end.
Antouyius:
center, citadel, estate, inside, interior, land, region, territory.
Prepositions :
The boundaries of an estate ; the boundaiy between neighbor-
ing territories.
BKAVE,
Synonyms:
adventurous. courageous, fearless, undaunted,
l>old, daring. gallant, undismayed,
ehivalric. dauntless, heroic, valiant,
chivalrous, doughty, intrepid, venturesome.
The adventurous man goes in quest of danger ; the bold man
stands out and faces danger or censure ; the hrai^e man combines
confidence with resolutionin presenceof danger ; the chivalrousmnn
puts himself in peril for others' protection. The daring step out
to defy danger ; the dauntless will not flinch before anything that
may come to them ; the doughty vrill give and take hmitless hard
knocks. The adventurous find something romantic in dangerous
enterprises ; the venturesome may be simply heedless, reckless, or
ignorant. All great explorers have been adventurous ; children,
fools, and criminals are venturesome. The fearless and intrepid
possess unshaken nerves in any place of danger. Courageous
is more than brave, adding a moral element : the couragemis man
steadily encounters perils to which he may be keenly sensitive, at
the call of duty ; the gallant are brave in a dashing, showy, and
break 86
splendid way ; the valiant not only dare great dangers, but
achieve great results ; the heroic are nobly daring and dauntless,
truly chivalrous, sublimely courageous. Compare fortitude.
Autonyms:
afraid, cringing, fearful, pusillauimous, timid,
cowardly, faint-hearted, frightened, shrinking, timorous.
BREAK.
Synonyms :
bankrupt, crack, destroy, rive, shatter, split,
burst, crusb, fracture, rupture, shiver, sunder,
cashier, demolish, rend, sever, smash, transgress.
To break is to divide sharply, with severance of particles, as by
a blow or strain. To hurst is to break by pressure from within, as a
bombshell, but it is used also for the result of violent force other-
wise exerted ; as, to burst in a door, where the door yields as if
to an explosion. To crush is to break by pressure from without,
as an egg=shell. To crack is to break without complete severance
of parts ; a cracked cup or mirror may still hold together. Frac-
ture has a somewhat similar sense. In a fractured limb, the ends
of the broken bone may be separated, tho both portions are
still retained within the common muscular tissue. A shattered
object is broken suddenly and in numerous directions ; as, a vase
is shattered by a blow, a building by an earthquake. A shivered
glass is broken into numerous minute, needle^like fragments. To
smash is to break thoroughly to pieces with a crashing sound by
some sudden act of violence ; a watch once smashed will scarcely
be worth repair. To split is to cause wood to crack or part in the
way of the grain, and is applied to any other case where a natural
tendency to separation is enforced by an external cause ; as, to
sjMt a convention or a party. To demolish is to beat down, as a
mound, building, fortress, etc. ; to destroy is to put by any process
beyond restoration physically, mentally, or morally ; to destroy
an army is so to shatter and scatter it that it can not be rallied or
reassembled as a fighting force. Compare rend.
Antonym!!) :
attach, bind, fasten, join, mend, secure, solder, unite, weld.
Prepositions :
Break to pieces, or in pieces, into several pieces (when the ob-
ject is thought of as divided rather than shattered ) ; break with a
friend ; from or away from a suppUant ; break into a house ; out
of prison ; break across one's knee ; break through a hedge ; break
in upon one's retirement ; break over the rules ; break on or upon
the shore, against the rocks.
87
brutlsb
burn
Synonyms:
animal, brutal,
base, brute,
beastly, carnal,
bestial, coarse.
BRUTISH.
ignorant,
imtaruted,
insensible,
lascivious.
sensual,
sottish,
stolid,
stupid.
swinish,
unintellectual,
unspiritual,
vile.
A brittisJb man simi^ly follows his animal instincts, without
sjjecial inclination to do harm ; the brutal have always a spirit of
malice and cruelty. Brute has no special character, except as in-
dicating what a brute might possess ; much the same is ti'ue of
animal, except that animal leans more to the side of sensuality,
brute to that of force, as appears in the familiar phrase ''brute
force." Hunger is an animal appetite ; a brute impulse suddenly
prompts one to strike a blow in anger. Bestial, in modern usage,
implies an intensified and degrading animalism. Any supremacy
of the animal or brute instincts over the intellectual and spiritual
in man is base and vile. Beastly refers largely to the outward
and visible consequences of excess ; as, beastly drunkenness.
Compare animal.
Antonyms :
elevated,
enlightened,
exalted,
grand,
great,
humane,
intellectual,
intelligent.
noble,
refined.
Synonyms:
blaze,
brand,
cauterize
BURM.
char,
consume,
cremate.
flame,
flash,
ignite.
incinerate,
kindle,
scorch.
set fire to,
set on fire,
singe.
To burn is to subject to the action of lire, or of intense heat so
as to effect either partial change or complete combustion ; as, to
burn wood in the fire ; to burn one's hand on a hot stove ; the sun
b^lrns the face. One brands with a hot iron, but cauterizes with
some corrosive substance, as silver nitrate. Cremate is now used
specifically for consuming a dead body by intense heat. To incin-
erate is to reduce to ashes; the sense differs little from that of
cremate, but it is in less popular use. To kindle is to set on fire,
as if with a candle ; ignite is the more learned and scientific word
for the same thing, extending even to the heating of metals to a
state of incandescence without burning. To scorch and to singe
are superficial, and to char usually so. Both kindle and burn
have an extensive figurative vise ; as, to kindle strife ; to burn
with wrath, love, devotion, curiosity. Compare light.
Antonyms:
cool, extinguish, put out, smother, stifle, subdue.
business 88
Prepositions :
To burn in the fire ; burn inth fire ; burn to the ground ; bum
to ashes ; burn through the skin, or the roof ; burn into the soil, etc.
BUSINESS.
Synonyms:
affair, commerce, handicraft, trading,
art, concern, job, traflBc,
avocation, craft, occupation, transaction,
barter, duty, profession, vocation,
calling, employment, trade, work.
A business is what one follows regularly ; an occupation is
what he happens at any time to be engaged in ; trout=fishing may
be one's occupation for a time, as a relief from business ; business
is ordinarily for profit, while the occupation may be a matter of
learning, philanthropy, or religion. A profession implies schol-
arship ; as, the learned professions. Pursuit is an occtipation
which one follows with ardor. An avocation is what calls one
away from other work ; a vocation or calling, that to which one
is called by some special fitness or sense of duty ; thus, we speak
of the gospel ministry as a vocation or calling, rather than a
biisiness. Trade or tradiiig is, in general, the exchanging of one
thing for another ; in the special sense, a trade is an occupation
involving manual training and skilled labor ; as, the ancient Jews
held that every boy should learn a trade. A transaction is a
single action, whether in business, diplomacy, or otherwise ; affair
has a similar, but Ughter meaning ; as, this httle affair ; an im-
portant transaction. The plural affairs has a distinctive mean-
ing, including all activities where men deal with one another on
any considerable scale ; as, a man of affairs. A job is a piece of
work viewed as a single undertaking, and ordinarily paid for as
such. Trade and commerce may be used as equivalents, but trade
is capable of a more limited application ; we speak of the trade of
a village, the commerce of a nation. Barter is the direct ex-
change of commodities ; business, trade, and commerce are chiefly
transacted by means of money, bills of exchange, etc. Business,
occupation, etc., may be what one does independently ; employment
may be in the service of another. Work is any application of
energy to secure a result, or the result thus secured ; thus, we
speak of the ivork of God. Art in the industrial sense is a system
of rules and accepted methods for the accomplishment of some
practical result ; as, tlie art of printing ; collectively, the arts. A
craft is some occupation requiring technical skill or manual dex-
89 by
terity, or the persons, collectively, engaged in its exercise ; as,
the weaver's craft.
Prepositions :
The business of a druggist ; in business tvith his father ; doing
business for liis father ; have you business icitli rue ? business in
New York ; business about, concerning, or in regard to certain
property.
BUT.
Synonyms:
and. however, notw^itlistanding, that,
harely, just, only. tho,
besides, merely, provided, unless,
except, moreover, save, yet.
further, nevertheless, still,
But ranges from the faintest contrast to absolute negation ; as,
I am willing to go, hut (on the other hand) content to stay ; he is
not an honest man, hut (on the contrary) a villain. The conti-ast
may be with a silent thought ; as, hut let us go (it being under-
stood that we might stay longer). In restrictive use, except and
excepting are slightly more emphatic than hut ; we say, no injury
hut a scratch ; or, no injury except some painful bruises. Such
expressions as "words are hut breath" (nothing hut) may be
referred to the restrictive use by ellipsis. So may the use of hut
in the sense of unless ; as, " it never rains hut it pours." To the
same head must be referred the conditional use ; as, " you may go,
hut with your father's consent" {i. e., '^provided you have,"
''except that yoii must have," etc.). "Doubt bMi"is now less
used than the more logical " doubt that.'''' But never becomes a
full synonym for and ; and adds something like, hut adds some-
thing different ; ' ' brave and tender " implies that tenderness is
natiu-al to the brave; "brave hut tender" implies that bravery
and tenderness are rarely combined. For the concessive use, com-
pare NOTWITHSTANDING.
BY.
Synonyms:
by dint of, by means of, through, with.
By refers to the agent ; through, to the means, cause, or con-
dition ; with, to the instrument. By commonly refers to persons ;
ivith, to things ; through may refer to either. The road having
become impassable through long disuse, a way was opened hy
pioneers with axes. By may, however, be applied to any object
which is viewed as partaking of action and agency ; as, the metal
cabal Q^
calculate "^
was corroded hy the acid ; skill is gained hy practise. We speak
of communicating ivitli a person by letter. Through implies a
more distant connection than hy or with, and more intervening
elements. Material objects are perceived hy the mind through
the senses.
CABAL.
Synonyms:
combination, confederacy, crew, ^ang,
conclave, conspiracy, faction, junto.
A conspiracy is a combination of persons for an evil purpose, or
the act of so combining. Conspiracy is a distinct crime under
common, and generally under statutory, law. A faction is more
extensive than a conspiracy, less formal in organization, less defi-
nite in plan. Faction and its adjective, factious, have always an
unfavorable sense. Cabal commonly denotes a conspiracy of lead-
ers. A gang is a company of workmen all doing the same work
under one leader ; the word is used figuratively only of combina-
tions which it is meant to stigmatize as rude and mercenary ; cretv
is used in a closely similar sense. A conclave is secret, but of
larger numbers, ordinarily, than a cabal, and may have honorable
use ; as, the conclave of cardinals.
CALCULATE.
Synonyms :
account, consider, enumerate, rate,
cast. count, estimate, reckon,
compute, deem, number, sum up.
Number is the generic term. To count is to number one by
one. To calculate is to use more complicated processes, as multi-
plication, division, etc., more rapid but not less exact. Compute
allows more of the element of probability, which is still more
strongly expressed by estimate. We compute the slain in a great
war from the number known to have fallen in certain great bat-
tles ; compute refers to the present or the past, estimate more fre-
quently to the future ; as. to estimate the cost of a proposed build-
ing. To enumerate is to mention item by item ; as. to enumerate
one's grievances. To rate is to estimate by comparison, as if the
object were one of a series. We count upon a desired futm-e ; we
do not count upon the undesired. As applied to the present, we
reclcon or count a thing precious or worthless. Compare esteem.
Prepositions :
It is vain to calculate on or upon an uncertain result.
call, t
91 calm
CALL, V.
Synonyms :
bawl, cry (out), roar, shriek,
■bellow, ejaculate, scream, vociferate,
clamor, exclaim, shout, yell.
To call is to send out the voice in order to attract another's at-
tention, either by word or by inarticulate utterance. Animals
call their mates, or their young ; a man calls his dog, his horse,
etc. The sense is extended to include summons by bell, or any
signal. To shout is to call or exclaim with the fullest volume of
sustained voice ; to scream is to utter a shriller cry ; to shrieJc or
to yell refers to that which is louder and wilder still. We shout
words ; in screaming, shrieking, or yelling there is often no at-
tempt at articulation. To haid is to utter senseless, noisy cries, as
of a child in pain or anger. Belloiv and roar are applied to the
utterances of animals, and only contemptviously to those of per-
sons. To clamor is to utter with noisy iteration ; it applies also
to the confused cries of a multitude. To vociferate is commonly
applied to loud and excited speech where there is little besides the
exertion of voice. In exclaiming, the utterance may not be stri-
kingly, tho somewhat, above the ordinary tone and pitch ; we
may exclaim by mere interjections, or by connected words, but
always by some articulate utterance. To ejaculate is to throw out
brief, disconnected, but coherent utterances of joy, regret, and
especially of appeal, petition, prayer; the use of such devotional
utterances has received the special name of " ejaculatory prayer."
To cry out is to give forth a louder and more excited utterance
than in exclaiming or calling ; one often exclaims with sudden
joy as well as sorrow ; if he cries out, it is oftener in grief or
agony. In the most common colloquial usage, to cry is to express
grief or pain by weeping or sobbing. One may exclaim, cry out.
or ejaculate with no thought of others' presence ; when he calls, it
is to attract another's attention.
Antonyms:
be silent, be still, bark, bearken, hush, list, listen.
CALm.
Synonyms:
collected, imperturbable, sedate, still,
composed. peaceful, selfpossessed, tranquil,
cool, placid, serene. undisturbed,
dispassionate, quiet, smooth, unruffled.
That is coZhi which is free from disturbance or agitation; in the
physical sense, free from violent motion or action ; in the mental
cancel 92
or spiritual realm, free from excited or disturbing emotion or
passion. We speak of a calm sea, a placid lake, a serene sky, a
still night, a quiet day, a quiet home. We speak, also, of "still
waters,'" "smooth sailing," which are different modes of express-
ing freedom from manifest agitation. Of mental conditions, one
is calm who triumphs over a tendency to excitement ; cool, if he
scarcely feels the tendency. One may be calm by the very re-
action from excitement, or by the oppression of overpowering
emotion, as we speak of the calmness of despair. One is covi-
poserl who has subdued excited feeHng ; he is collected when he
has every thought, feeling, or perception awake and at command.
Tranquil refers to a present state, placid, to a prevailing tendency.
We speak of a tranquil mind, a pZacfcZ disposition. The serene
spirit dwells as if in the clear upper air, above all storm and
shadow.
The star of the unconqiiered will,
He rises in my breast,
Serene, and resolute, and stUl,
And calm, and self 'possessed.
Longfellow Light of Stars st. 7.
Antonyms:
agitated, excited, frenzied, passionate, ruffled, violent,
boisterous, fierce, furious, raging, stormy, wild,
disturbed, frantic, heated, roused, turbulent, wrathful.
CANCEL.
Synonyms:
abolish. discharge, nullify, rescind,
abrogate, efface, obliterate, revoke,
annul. erase, quash, rub off or out,
blot out, expunge, remove. scratch out,
cross off or out, make void, repeal, vacate.
Cancel, efface, erase, cvpunge, and obliterate have as their
first meaning the removal of written characters or other forms of
record. To cancel is, literally, to make a lattice by cross=lines,
exactly our English cross out ; to efface is to rub off, smooth away
the face, as of an inscription ; to erase is to scratch out, commonly
for the purpose of writing something else in the same space ; to
expunge, is to punch out with some sharp instrument, so as to
show that the words are no longer part of the writing ; to obliter-
ate is to cover over or remove, as a letter, as was done by revers-
ing the Eoman stylus, and rmbbing out with the rounded end what
had been written with the point on the waxen tablet. What has
been canceled, erased, exjninged, may perhaps still be traced ;
what is obliterated is gone forever, as if it had never been. In
An candid
"«* caparison
many establishments, when a debt is discharged by payment, the
record is cancelled. The figurative use of the words keeps close
to the primary sense. Compare abolish.
Aiitonyms :
approve, enact, establish, perpetuate, recnact, uphold,
confirm, enforce, maintain, record, sustain, write.
CA]\DII>.
Synonyms:
aboveboard, honest, open, truthful,
artless, impartial, simple, unbiased,
fair, ingenuous, sincere, unprejudiced,
frank, innocent, straightforw^ard, unreserved,
guileless, naive, transparent, unsophisticated.
A candid statement is meant to be true to the real facts and
just to all parties ; a fair statement is really so. Fair is applied
to the conduct ; candid is not ; as, fair treatment, "a fair field,
and no favor." One who is frank has a fearless and unconstrained
truthfulness. Honest and ingenuous unite in expressing con-
tempt for deceit. On the other hand, artless, guileless, naive,
simplii, and unsophisticated express the goodness which comes
from want of the knowledge or thought of evil. As truth is not
always agreeable or timely, candid and frank have often an
objectionable sense; "to be candid with you," " to be perfectly
frank," are regarded as sure preludes to something disagreeable.
OjJen and unreserved may imply unstudied truthfulness or defiant
recklessness ; as, open admiration, ojieyi robbery. There may be
transparent integrity or transparent fraud. Sincere applies to
the feelings, as being all that one's words would imply.
Antonyni!!> :
adroit, cunning, diplomatic, intriguing, sharp, subtle,
artful, deceitful, foxy, knowing, shrewd, tricky,
crafty, designing, insincere, maneuvering, sly, wily.
Prepositions :
Candid in debate ; candid to or toivard opponents ; candid urith
friend or foe ; to be candid about or in regard to the mattero
CAPARISOIV.
Synonyms
accouterments, harness, housings, trappings.
Harness was formerly used of the armor of a knight as well as
of a horse ; it is now used almost exclusively of the straps and
appurtenances worn by a horse when attached to a vehicle ; the
animal is said to be "kind in harness.'" The other words apply to
the ornamental outfit of a horse, especially under saddle. We
capital
care W*
speak also of the accouterments of a soldier. Caparison is used
rarely and somewhat slightingly, and trappings quite contemp-
tuously, for showy human apparel. Compare arms ; dress.
CAPITAL.
Synonyms :
chief city, metropolis, seat of government.
The meiropolis is the chief city in the commercial, the ca2ntal
in the political sense. The capital of an American State is rarely
its metropolis.
CARE.
Synonyms:
anxiety, concern, oversight, trouble,
attention, direction, perplexity, vigilance,
caution, forethought, precaution, wariness,
charge, heed, prudence, w^atchfulness,
circumspection, management, solicitude, worry.
Care concerns what we possess ; anxiety, often, what we do
not ; riches bring many cares ; poverty brings many anxieties.
Care also signifies watchful attention, in view of possible harm ;
as, " This side up with care ; " " Take cai^e of yourself ; " or, as a
sharp warning, "Take care!" Caution has a sense of possible
harm and risk only to be escaped, if at all, by careful deliberation
and observation. Care inclines to the positive, caution to the
negative ; care is shown in doing, caution largely in not doing.
Precaution is allied with care, prudence with caution ; a man
rides a dangerous horse with care ; caution will keep liim from
mounting the horse ; precaution looks to the saddle=girths, bit
and bridle, and all that may make the rider secure. Circumspec-
tion is watchful observation and calculation, but without the
timidity imphed in caution. Concern denotes a serious interest,
milder than anxiety ; as, concern for the safety of a ship at sea.
Heed implies attention without disquiet ; it is now largely dis-
placed by attention and care. Solicitude involves especially the
element of desire, not expressed in anxiety, and of hopefulness,
not implied in care. A parent feels constant solicitude for his
childi-en's welfare, anxiety as to dangers that threaten it, with
care to guai-d against them. Watchfulness recognizes the possi-
bility of danger, itariness the probability. A man who is not
influenced by caution to keep out of danger may display great
wariness in the midst of it. Care has also the sense of responsi-
bility, with possible control, as expressed in charge, management.
career
"5 caricature
oversight ; as, these children are under my care ; send the money
to me in care of the firm. Compare alarm ; anxiety ; prudence.
Antonyin»«:
carelessness, heedlessness. Indifference, negligence, oversight, remissness,
disregard, inattention, neglect, omission, recklessness, slight.
Prepositions :
Take care of the house ; for the future ; about the matter.
CAREER.
Synonyms:
charge, flight, passage. race,
course, line of achievement, public life, rush.
A career was originally the ground for a race, or, especially,
for a knight's charge in tournament or battle ; whence career was
early apphed to the charge itself.
If you will use the' lance, take ground for your career. . . . The four horsemen
met in full career. Scott Qiientin Durward ch. 14, p. 194. [n. f. & co.]
In its figurative use career signifies some continuous and con-
spicuous work, usually a life=work, and most frequently one of
honorable achievement. Compare business.
CARESS.
Synonyms <
coddle, embrace, fondle, pamper,
court, flatter, kiss, pet.
To caress is less than to embrace ; more dignified and less famil-
iar than to fondle. A visitor caresses a friend's child ; a mother
fondles her babe. Fondling is always by touch ; caressing may
be also by words, or other tender and pleasing attentions.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for affront.
Prepositions:
Caressed hy or icith the hand ; caressed by admirers, at court
CARICATURE.
Synonyms:
burlesque, extravaganza, mimicry, take=ofr,
exaggeration, imitation, parody, travesty.
A caricature is a grotesque exaggeration of striking features
or peculiarities, generally of a person ; a burlesque treats any sub-
ject in an absurd or incongruous manner. A burlesque is written
or acted ; a caricature is more commonly in sketch or picture. A
parody changes the subject, but keeps the style ; a travesty keeps
carrj"
96
the subject, but changes the style : a burlesque does not hold itself
to either subject or style ; but is content with a general resem-
blance to what it may imitate. A caricature, parody, or travesty
must have an original ; a burlesque may be an independent com-
position. An account of a schoolboys" quarrel after the general
manner of Homer's lUad would be a burlesque : the real story of
the niad told in newspaper style would be a travesty. An e^ctrav-
aganza is a fantastic composition, musical, dramatic, or narrative.
Imitation is serious; mimicry is either intentionally or uninten-
tionallv comicaL
CARRY.
Synonyms:
bear. convey. move. sustain. transmit,
bring. lift, remove. tal^e, transport.
A person may bear a load either when in motion or at rest : he
carries it only when in motion. The stooping Atlas bears the
world on his shoulders ; &w-iftly moving Time carries the hour=
glass and scythe ; a person may be said either to bear or to carry
a scar, since it is upon him whether in motion or at rest. If an
object is to be vwved from the place we occupy, we say carry ; if
to the place we occupy, we say bring. A messenger carries a let-
ter to a corresiKindent, and brings an answer. TaT:e is often used
in this sense in place of carry : as, ial:e that letter to the office.
Carry often, signifies to transport by personal strength, without
reference to the direction : as. that is more than he can can y ;
yet, even so, it would not be admissible to say carry it to me. or
carry it here ; in such case we must say bring. To lift is simply
to raise from the ground, tho but for an instant, with no refer-
ence to holding or moving : one may be able to lift what he could
not carry. The figurative uses of carry are very numerous ; as,
to carry an election, carry the country, carry (in the sense of cap-
ture) a fort, carry an audience, carry a stock of goods, etc. Com-
pare CONVJii: ; KV.vw : STPPOET.
Antonj~ms:
drop, fall under, gtre up, let go, shake off, throw down, throw off.
]PreposItions :
To carry coals to Newcastle : carry nothing from, or out of,
this house : he carried these qualities into aU he did ; carry across
the street, over the bridge, through the woods, around or round
the comer ; beyond the river ; the cable was carried under the
sea.
catastrophe
97 catch
CATASTROPHE.
Synonyms :
calamity. denouement. miscliance. misliap.
cataclysm. disaster, misfortune. sequel.
A cataclysm or cata.-itrophe is some gi-eat convulsion or mo-
mentous event that may or mav not be a cause of misery to man.
In calamity, or disaster, the thought of human suffering is always
present. It has been held by many geologists that numerous cat-
astrophes or cataclysms antedated the existence of man. In lit-
erature, the final event of a drama is the catasti'ophe, or denoue-
ment. Jlisfortune ordinarily suggests less of suddenness and vio-
lence than calamity or disaster, and is especially apphed to that
which is lingering or enduring in its effects. In history, the end
of every great war or the fall of a nation is a catastrophe, tho
it may not be a calamity. Yet such an event, if not a calamity to
the race, "will always involve much individual disaster and mis-
fortune. Pestilence is a calamity: a defeat in battle, a shipwreck,
or a failure in business is a disaster: sickness or loss of property is
a viisfortune : failure to meet a friend is a mischance ; the break-
ing of a teacup is a mishap.
Antonyms :
benefit, boon. favor, pleasure, prosperity,
blessing, comfort, help, privilege, succes.
Preposition :
The catastrophe of a play ; of a siege : rarely, to a person, etc.
CATCH.
Synonyms :
apprehend, compretiend. grasp. overtake, snatch.,
capture. discover. grip. secure. take,
clasp. ensnare. gripe. seize. take hold of.
clutch. entrap. lay hold of on. upon .
To catch is to come up Avith or take possession of something
departing, fugitive, or illusive. We catch a runaway horse, a fly-
ing ball, a mouse in a trap. We clutch with a s^ft, tenacious
movement of the fingers ; we grasp with a firm but moderate clo-
siu-e of the wliole hand : we grip or gripe with the strongest muscu-
lar closure of the whole hand possible to exert. TVe clasp in the
arms. "We snatch with a quick, sudden, and usually a surprising
motion. In the figurative sense, catch is used of any act that
brings a person or thing into our power or possession : as, to catch
a criminal in the act : to catch an idea, in the sense of apprehend
or compreliend. Compare arrest.
cause
cease
98
Antonyms:
fail of,
fall short of.
give np,
let go.
lose,
miss,
release,
restore,
throw aside, .
throw away.
Prepositions :
To catch at a straw ; to catch a fvigitive hy the collar ; to catch
a ball u-iih the left hand ; he caught the disease /j'oiji the patient ;
the thief was caught in the act ; the bird in the snare.
CAUSE.
Synonyms'.
actor, causality, designer, occasion, precedent,
agent, causation, former, origin. reason,
antecedent, condition, fountain, originator, source,
author, creator, motive, power, spring.
The efficient cause, that which makes anything to be or be
done, is the common meaning of the word, as in the saying
"There is no effect without a cause." Every man instinctively
recognizes himself acting through will as the caxise of his own
actions. The Creator is the Great First Cause of all things. A
conditioji is something that necessarily precedes a result, but does
not produce it. An antecedent simply precedes a result, with cr
without any agency in producing it ; as, Monday is the invariable
antecedent of Tuesday, but not the cause of it. The direct anto-
nym of cause is effect, while that of antecedent is consequent. An
occasion is some event which brings a cause into action at a par-
ticular moment ; gravitation and heat are the causes of an ava-
lanche ; the steep incline of the mountain=side is a necessary condi-
tion, and the shout of the traveler may be the occasion of its fall.
Causality is the doctrine or principle of causes, causation the
action or working of causes. Compare design ; reason.
Antonyms:
conseqeunce,
development.
end,
fruit,
outcome,
product
creation.
effect,
event
issue,
outgrowth.
result.
Prepositions :
The cause of the disaster ; cause for interference.
CEASE.
Synonyms:
abstain, desist. give over, quit,
bring to an end, discontinue, intermit. refrain,
come to an end, end, leave off, stop,
conclude, linisb, pause, terminate.
Strains of music may gradually or suddenly cease. A man
quits work on the instant ; he may discontinue a practise grad-
__ celebrate
"" center
ually ; he quits suddenly and completely ; he stojjs short in what
he may or may not resume ; he x^aiises in what he will probably
resume. What intermits or is intermitted returns again, as a
fever that intermits. Compare abandon ; die ; end ; resTo
Antonyms:
begin, enter upon, initiate, originate, set going, set on foot,
commence, inaugurate, institute, set about, set m operation, start.
Preposition:
Cease from anger.
CELEBRATE.
Synonyms :
cozmnemorate, keep, observe, solemnize.
To celebrate any event or occasion is to make some demonstra-
tion of respect or rejoicing because of or in memory of it, or to
perform such public rites or ceremonies as it properly demands.
We celebrate the birth, commemorate the death of one beloved or
honored. We celebrate a national anniversary with music and
song, with firing of guns and ringing of bells ; we commemorate
by any solemn and thoughtful service, or by a monument or other
enduring memorial. We keep the Sabbath, solemnize a marriage,
observe an anniversary ; we celebrate or observe the Lord's Supper
in which believers com7iiemorate the sufferings and death of Christ.
Antonyms:
contemn, dishonor, forget, neglect, profane,
despise, disregard, ignore, overlook, violate.
Prepositions :
We celebrate the day u'ith appropriate ceremonies ; the victory
was celebrated by the people, ivith rejoicing.
CENTER.
Synonyms :
middle, midst.
We speak of the center of a circle,' the middle of a room, the
middle of the street, the midst of a forest. The center is equally
distant from every point of the circumference of a circle, or from
the opposite boundaries on each axis of a parallelogram, etc.; the
middle is more general and less definite. The' center is a point ;
the middle may be a line or a space. We say at the center ; in
the middle. Midst commonly implies a group or multitude of
surrounding objects. Compare synonyms for amid.
Antonyms :
bound, boundary, circumference, perimeter, rim.
chagrin ^^wj
change , v. m.w
CHAGRIIV.
Synonyms:
confusion, discomposure, humiliation, shame,
disappointment, dismay, mortification, vexation.
Chagrin unites disappointment with some degree of humilia-
tion. A rainy day may bring disappointment ; needless failure
in some enterprise brings chagrin. Shame involves the conscious-
ness of fault, guilt, or impropriety ; chagrin of failure of judg-
ment, or harm to reputation. A consciousness that one has dis-
played his own ignorance will cause him mortification, however
worthy his intent ; if there -svas a design to deceive, the exposure
will cover him with shame.
Antonyms:
delight, exultation, glory, rejoicing, triumph.
Prepositions :
He felt deep chagrin at (because of, on account of) failure.
CHANGE, V.
Synonyms:
alter, exchange, shift, transmute,
commute, metamorphose, substitute, turn,
convert, modify, transfigure, vary,
diversify, qualify, transform, veer.
To change is distinctively to make a thing other than it has
been, in some respect at least ; to exchange to put or take some-
thing else in its place ; to alter is ordinarily to change partially, to
make different in one or more particulars. To exchange is often
to transfer ownership ; as, to exchange city for country property.
Change is often used in the sense of exchange ; as, to change
horses. To transmute is to change the qualities while the sub-
stance remains the same ; as, to transmute the baser metals into
gold. To transform is to change form or appearance, with or
without deeper and more essential change ; it is less absolute than
transmute, tho sometimes used for that word, and is often used
in a spiritual sense as transmute could not be ; "Be ye trans-
formed by the renewing of your mind," Rom. xii, 2. Transfigure
is, as in its Scriptural use, to change in an exalted and glorious
spiritual way ; " Jesus . . . was transfigured before them, and
his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the
light," Matt, xvii, 1, 2. To metamorphose is to make some
remarkable change, ordinarily in external qualities, but often in
structure, use, or chemical constitution, as of a caterpillar into a
101 fliangc, n.
butterfly, of the stamens of a plant into petals, or of the crystal-
Hne structure of rocks, hence called " uietamorphic rocks,"' as
when a limestone is metamorphosed into a marble. To varij is to
change from time to time, often capriciously. To commute is to
put something easier, lighter, milder, or in some way more favor-
able in place of that which is commuted ; as, to commute capital
punishment to imprisonment for life ; to commute daily fares on a
railway to a monthly payment. To convert (L. con, ivith, and
verto, turn) is to primarily turn about, and signifies to change in
form, cliaracter, use, etc., through a wide range of relations ;
iron is converted into steel, joy into grief, a sinner into a saint.
To turn is a popular word for change in any sense short of the
meaning of exchange, being often equivalent to alter, convert,
transform, transmute, etc. We modify or qualify a statement
which might seem too strong ; we modify it by some limitation,
qualify it by some addition.
Antonyms^ :
abide, continue, hold, persist, retain,
bide,, endure, keep, remain, stay.
Prepositions :
To change a home toilet for a street dress ; to change from a
caterpillar to or into a butterfly ; to change clothes with a beggar.
CHAMOE, n.
Synonyms:
alteration, mutation, renewing, transmutation,
conversion, novelty, revolution, variation,
diversity, regeneration, transformation, variety,
innovation, renewal, transition, vicissitude.
A change is a passing from one state or form to another, any
act or process by which a thing becomes vmlike what it was
before, or the imlikeness so produced ; we say a change was ta-
king place, or the change that had taken place was manifest.
Mutation is a more formal word for change, often suggesting
repeated or continual change ; as, the mutations of fortune.
Novelty is a change to what is new, or the newness of that to
which a change is made ; as, he was perpetually desirous of nov-
elty. Revolution is specifically and most commonly a change of
government. Variation is a partial change in form, qualities,
etc., but especially in position or action ; as, the variation of the
magnetic needle or of the pulse. Variety is a succession of
changes or an intermixture of different things, and is always
character 102
thought of as agreeable. Vicissitude is sharp, sudden, or violent
change, always thought of as surprising and often as disturbing or
distressing ; as, the vicissitudes of politics. Transition is change
by passing from one place or state to another, especially in a natu-
ral, regular, or orderly way ; as, the transition from spring to
summer, or from youth to manhood. An innovation is a change
that breaks in upon an established order or custom ; as, an innova-
tion in religion or politics. For the distinctions between the other
words compare the synonyms for change, v. In the rehgious
sense regerieration is the vital renewing of the soul by the power
of the divine Spirit ; conversion is the conscious and manifest
change from evil to good, or from a lower to a higher spiritual
state ; as, in Luke xxii, 33, " when thou art converted, strengthen
thy brethren." In popular use conversion is the most common
word to express the idea of regeneration.
Antonyms:
constancy, fixedness, invaricability, steadiness,
continuance, fixity, permanence, unchangeableness,
firmness, identity, persistence, uniformity.
Prepositions :
We have made a change for the better ; the change from
winter to spring ; the change of a liquid to or into a gas ; a change
in quality ; a change by absorption or oxidation.
CHARACTER.
Synonyms :
constitution, genius, personality, reputation, temper,
disposition, nature, record, spirit, temperament.
Character is what one is ; reputation, what he is thought to
be ; his record is the total of his known action or inaction. As a
rule, a man's record will substantially express his character ; his
reputation niay be higher or lower than his character or record
will justify. Rejjute is a somewhat formal word, with the same
general sense as rep)utation. One's nature includes all his origi-
nal endowments or propensities ; character includes both natural
and acquired ti-aits. We speak of one's physical constitution as
sti'ong or weak, etc., and figuratively, always with the adjective,
of his mental or moral constitution. Compare characteristic.
Prepositions :
The witness has a character for veracity ; his character is above
suspicion ; the character of the applicant.
eliaracteristic
10«» citaistteu
CHARACTERISTIC.
Synonyms :
attribute, feature. peculiarity, sign, trace,
character, indication, property, singularity, trait.
distinction, mark, quality,
A cliaracteristic belongs to the nature oi* character of the per-
son, thing, or class, and serves to identify an object ; as, a copper^
colored skin, high cheek=bones, and straight, black hair are char-
acteristics of the American Indian. A sign is manifest to an
observer ; a mark or a cliaracteristic may be more difficult to dis-
cover ; an insensible person may show signs of life, while some-
times only close examination will disclose marks of violence.
Pallor is ordinarily a mark of fear ; but in some brave natures it
is simply a characteristic of intense earnestness. Mark is some
times used in a good, but often in a bad sense ; we speak of the
characteristic of a gentleman, the mark of a villain. Compare
ATTRIBUTE ; CHARACTER.
CHARHUVO.
Synonyms:
bewitching, delightful, enrapturing, fascinating,
captivating, enchanting, entrancing, winning.
That is charming or bewitching which is adapted to win others
as by a magic spell. Enchanting, enrapturing, entrancing repre-
sent the influence as not only supernatural, but irresistible and
delightful. That which is fascinating may win without delight-
ing, drawing by some unseen power, as a serpent its prey ; we can
speak of horrible fascination. Charnmig applies only to what is
external to oneself ; delightful may apply to personal experiences
or emotions as well ; we speak of a charming manner, a charming
dress, but of delightful anticipations. Compare amiable ; beau-
tiful.
CHASTEX.
^Synonyms :
afflict, chastise, discipline, punish, refine, subdue,
castigate, correct, humble, purify, soften, try.
Castigate and chastise refer strictly to corporal punishment, tlio
both are somewhat archaic ; correct and punish are often used as
euphemisms in preference to either. Punish is distinctly retribu-
tive in sense ; chastise, jjartly retributive, and partly corrective ;
chasten, wholly corrective. Chasten is used exclusively in the
spiritual sense, and chiefly of the visitation of God.
Prepositions :
"We are chastened of the Lord," 1 Cor. xi, 32; "they , . .
clierish ^ ^ .
clioose IW'l
chastened us after their own pleasure, but He /or our profit," jETeb.
xii, 10 ; "chasten in thy hot displeasure," Ps. iv, 7 ; chasten ivith
pain ; hy trials and sorrows.
€HERI§H.
Synonyms:
clieer, encourage, harbor, nurse, shelter,
cling to, entertain, hold dear, nurture, treasure,
comfort, foster. nourish, protect, value.
To cherish is both to Tiold dear and to treat as dear. Mere un-
expressed esteem would not be cherishing. In the marriage vow,
"to love, honor, and cherish," the word cherish implies all that
each can do by love and tenderness for the welfare and happiness
of the other, as by support, protection, care in sickness, comfort
in sorrow, sympathy, and help of every kind. To nurse is to tend
the helpless or feeble, as infants, or the sick or wounded. To
nourish is strictly to sustain and build up by food ; to nurture in-
cludes careful mental and s]3iritual ti-aining, with something of
love and tenderness ; to foster is simply to maintain and care for,
to bring up : a/oster=child will be nourished, but may not be as
tenderly nurtured or as lovingly cherished as if one's own. In the
figurative sense, the opinion one cherishes he holds, not with mere
cold conviction, but with loving devotion.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for abandon ; chasten.
CHOOSE.
Synonyms :
cull, elect, pick, pick out, prefer, select.
Prefer indicates a state of desire and approval ; choose, an act
of will. Prudence or generosity may lead one to choose what he
does not prefer. Select implies a careful consideration of the
reasons for preference and choice. Among objects so nearly aUke
that we have no reason to prefer any one to another we may sim-
ply choose the nearest, but we could not be said to select it. Aside
from theology, elect is popularly confined to the political sense ;
as, a free people elect their own rulers. Cull, from the Latin col-
ligere, commonly means to collect, as well as to select. In a gar-
den we ctdl the choicest flowers.
Antonyms :
cast away, decline, dismiss, refuse, repudiate,
cast out, disclaim, leave, reject, throw aside.
Prepositions :
Choose fi'om or from among the number ; choose out of the
circumlocution
105 clrcuui!!>taiice
army ; choose between (o^ betwixt) two ; among many ; choose for
the purpose.
CIRCnflLOClTTIOM.
Synonyms:
diffuseness, prolixity, surplusage, verbiage,
periphrasis, redundance, tautology, verbosity,
pleonasm, redundancy, tediousness, wordiness.
Circumlocution and periphrasis are roundabout ways of ex-
pressing thought ; circumlocution is the more common, periphra-
sis the more technical word. Constant circumlocution produces
an affected and heavy style ; occasionally, skilful periphrasis con-
duces both to beauty and to simplicity. Etymologically, diffuse-
ness is a scattering, both of words and thought ; redundancy is an
overflow. Prolixity goes into endless petty details, without selec-
tion or perspective. Pleonasm is the expression of an idea already
plainly implied ; tautology is the restatement in other words of an
idea already stated, or & useless repetition of a word or words.
Pleonasm may add emphasis ; tautology is always a fault. " I
saw it with my eyes " is a pleonasm ; " all the members agreed
unanimously '" is tautology. Verbiage is the use of mere words
without thought. Verbosity and wordiness denote an excess of
words in proportion to the thought. Tediousness is the sure result
of any of these faults of style.
Autonyms:
brevity, compression, condensation, plainness, succinctness,
compactness, conciseness, directness, sliortness, terseness.
CIRCUMSTANCE.
Synonyms:
accompaniment, fact, item. point,
concomitant, feature. occurrence, position,
detail, incident, particular, situation,
event,
A circumstance (L. circum, around, and sto, stand), is some-
thing existing or occurring in connection with or relation to some
other fact or event, modifying or throwing light upon the princi-
pal matter without affecting its essential character ; an accompa-
niment is sometliing that unites with the principal matter, tlio
not necessary to it ; as, the piano accompaniment to a song ; a
concomitant goes with a thing in natural connection, but in a sub-
ordinate capacity, or perliaps in contrast ; as, cheerfulness is a
concomitant of virtue. A circumstance is not strictly, nor usually,
an occasion, condition, effect, or result. (See these words under
class 106
CAUSE.) Nor is the circumstance properly an incident. (See under
ACCIDENT.) We say, "My decision will dei^end upon circum-
stances " — not " upon incidents." That a man wore a blue necktie
would not probably be the cause, occasion, condition, or concomi-
tant of his committing murder ; but it might be a very important
circumstance in identifying liim as the murderer. All the circum-
stances make up the situation. A certain disease is the cause of a
man's death ; his suffering is an incident ; that he is in his own
home, that he has good medical attendance, careful nursing, etc.,
are consolatory circumstances. With the same idea of subordi-
nation, we often say, " This is not a circumstance to that." So a
person is said to be in easy circumstances. Compare event.
Prepositions :
"Mere situation is expressed by ' in the circumstances ' • action
affected is performed ' under the circumstances.' " [M.]
CI.ASS.
Synonyms:
association, circle, clique, company, grade, rank,
caste, clan, club, coterie, order, set.
A class is a number or body of persons or objects having com-
mon pursuits, purposes, attributes, or characteristics. A caste is
hereditary ; a class may be independent of lineage or descent ;
membership in a caste is supposed to be for life ; membership in a
class may be very transient ; a religious and ceremonial sacred-
ness attaches to the caste, as not to the class. The rich and the
poor form separate classes ; yet individuals are constantly passing
from each to the other ; the classes in a college remain the same,
but their membership changes every year. We speak of rank
among hereditary nobility or military officers ; of various orders
of the priesthood ; by accommodation, we may refer in a general
way to the higher ranks, the lower orders of any society. Grade
implies some regular scale of valuation, and some inlierent quali-
ties for which a person or thing is placed higher or lower in the
scale ; as, the coarser and finer grades of wool ; a man of an infe-
rior grade. A coterie is a small company of persons of similar
tastes, who meet frequently in an informal way, rather for social
enjoyment than for any serious pm-pose. Clique has always an
unfavorable meaning. A clique is always fractional, implying
some greater gathering of which it is a part ; the association breaks
up into cliques. Persons unite in a coterie through simple liking
cleanse
107 clear
for one another ; they withdraw into a cliqtie largely through aver-
sion to outsiders. A set, while exclusive, is more extensive than
a clique, and chiefly of persons who are united by common social
station, etc. Circle is similar in meaning to set, but of wider ap-
plication ; we speak of scientific and religious as well as of social
circles.
Prepositions :
A class of merchants ; the senior class at (sometimes of) Har-
vard ; the classes in college.
CLEANSE.
Synonyms :
brush, dust, purify, scour, sponge, wash,
clean, lave, rinse, scrub, sweep, wipe,
disinfect, mop,
To clean is to make clean by removing dirt, impurities, or soil
of any kind. Cleanse implies a worse condition to start from,
and more to do, than clean. Hercules cleansed the Augean stables.
Cleanse is especially applied to purifying processes where liquid is
used, as in the flushing of a sti-eet, etc. We hrush clothing if
dusty, sponge it, or sponge it off, if soiled ; or sponge off a spot.
Furniture, books, etc., are dusted ; floors are mopped or scrubbed ;
metallic utensils are scoured ; a room is siv.ept ; soiled garments
are washed ; foul air or water is imrified. Cleanse and purify
are used extensively in a moral sense ; icash in that sense is archaic.
Compare amend.
Antonyms:
befoul, besmirch, contaminate, debase, deprave, soil, stain, taint,
besmear, bespatter, corrupt, defile, pollute, spoil, sully, vitiate.
Prepositions :
Cleanse of or from physical or moral defilement ; cleanse rnth
an instrviment ; by an agent ; the room was cleansed by the attend-
ants with soap and water.
CLEAR.
Synonyms:
apparent, intelligible, pellucid, transparent,
diaphanous, limpid, perspicuous, unadorned,
distinct, lucid, plain, unambiguous,
evident, manifest, straightforward, unequivocal,
explicit, obvious, translucent, unmistakable.
Clear (L. clarus, bright, brilliant) primarily refers to that
which shines, and impresses the mind through the eye with a
clear 108
sense of luster or splendor. A substance is said to be clear that
offers no impediment to vision — is not dim, dark, or obscure.
Transjjarent refers to the medium through wliich a substance is
seen, clear to the substance itself, without reference to anything
to be seen through it ; we speak of a stream as clear when we
think of the water itself ; we speak of it as transparent with ref-
erence to the ease with which we see the pebbles at the bottom.
Clear is also said of that which comes to the senses ■wnthout
dimness, dulness, obstruction, or obscurity, so that there is
no uncertaint}^ as to its exact form, character, or meaning, with
something of the brightness or brilliancy implied in the primary
meaning of the word clear ; as, the outlines of the sliip were clear
against the sky ; a clear view ; a clear note ; " cJear as a bell" ; a
clear, frosty air ; a clear sky ; a clear statement ; hence, the word
is used for that which is free from any kind of obstruction ; as, a
clear field. Lucid and pellucid refer to a shining clearness, as of
crystal. A transparent body allows the forms and colors of ob-
jects beyond to be seen through it ; a translucent body allows
light to pass tlu-ough, but may not permit forms and colors to be
distinguished ; plate glass is transparent, ground glass is translu-
cent. Limpid refers to a liquid clearness, or that which suggests
it ; as, limpid streams. That which is distinct is well defined,
especially in outline, each part or object standing or seeming
apart from any other, not confused, indefinite, or blurred ; distinct
enunciation enables the hearer to catch every word or vocal sound
without perplexity or confusion ; a distinct statement is free from
indefiniteness or ambiguity ; a distinct ajDprehension of a thought
leaves the mind in no doubt or uncertainty regarding it. That is
plain, in the sense here considered, which is, as it were, level to
the thought, so that one goes sti-aight on without difficulty or
hindrance ; as, plain language ; a plain statement ; a clear ex-
planation. Perspicuous is often equivalent to plain, but plain
never wholly loses the meaning of unadorned, so that we can say
the style is perspicuous tho highly ornate, when we couid not call
it at once ornate and J9Za^?^. Compare E\nDENT.
Antonyms:
ambiguous, dim, ^oegy, mysterious, opaque, unintelligible,
cloudy, dubious, indistinct, obscure, turbid, vague.
Prepositions :
Clear to the mind ; clear in argument ; clear of or from annoy-
ances.
109
clever
t-olll!!)iUII
CLEVER.
Syiioiiynis:
able, capable, happy, keen. sharp,
adroit, dexterous, ingenious, knowing, skilful,
apt, expert, intellectual, quick, smart,
bright, gifted, intelligent, quick=witted, talented.
Clever, as used in England, especially implies an aptitude for
study or learning, and for excellent tlio not preeminent mental
achievement. The early New England usage as implying simple
and weak good nature has largely affected the use of the word
throughout the United States, where it has never been much in
favor. Smart, indicating dashing ability, is now coming to have a
suggestion of unscrupulousness, similar to that of the word sharp,
which makes its use a doubtful compliment. The discriminating
use of such words as able, gifted, talented, etc. , is greatly prefer-
able to an excessive use of the word clever. Compare acumen ;
ASTUTE ; POWER.
Antonyms :
awkward, clumsy, foolish, ignorant, slow,
bungling, dull, idiotic, senseless, stupid.
tliick«headed,
witless.
opposition,
shock.
COEEISIOM.
Synonyms :
clash, concussion, contact, impact,
clashing, conflict, encounter, meeting.
Collision, the act or fact of striking violently together, is the
result of motion or action, and is sudden and momentary ; contaet
may be a condition of rest, and be continuous and permanent ; col-
lision is sudden and violent contact. Concussion is often by trans-
mitted force rather than by direct impact; two railway=trains
come into collision; an explosion of dynamite shatters neighbor-
ing windows by concussion. Impact is the blow given by the
striking body ; as, the impact of the cannon=shot upon the target.
An encounter is always violent, and generally hostile. Meeting is
neutral, and may be of the dearest friends or of the bitterest foes ;
of objects, of persons, or of opinions ; of two or of a multitude.
Shock is the result of collision. In the figurative use, we speak of
clashing of views, collision of persons. Opposition is used chielly
of persons, more rarely of opinions or interests ; conflict is used in-
differently of all.
Antonyms:
agreement, coincidence, concord, conformity, unison,
amity, concert, concurrence, harmony, unity.
Prepositions :
Collision of one object tcitli another : of or hetiveen opposing
objects.
comfortable
company
110
COIWFORTABLE.
Synonyms :
agreeable, cheery, genial, snug,
at ease, comuiodious, pleasant, well=off,
at rest. contented, satisfactory, wellsprovided,
cheerful, convenient, satisfied, well=tO:do.
A person is comfortable in mind when contented and nieasui-a-
bly satisfied. A little additional brightness makes him cheerful.
He is comfortable in body when free from pain, quiet, at ease, at
rest. He is comfortable in circumstances, or in comfortable cir-
cumstances, when things about him are generally agreeable and
satisfactory, usually with the suggestion of sufficient means to
secure that result.
Antonyms :
clieerless, discontented, distressed, forlorn, uncomfortable,
disagreeable, dissatisfied, dreary, miserable, wretched.
COMMIT.
Synonyms :
assign, confide, consign, entrust, relegate, trust.
Commit, in the sense here considered, is to give in charge, put
into care or keeping ; to confide or intrust is to commit especially
to one's fidelity, confide being used chiefly of mental or spiritual,
intrust also of material things ; we assign a duty, confide a secret,
intrust a treasure ; we commit thoughts to writing ; commit a pa-
per to the flames, a body to the earth ; a prisoner is committed to
jail. Consign is a formal word in mercantile use ; as, to consign
goods to an agent. Religiously, we consign the body to the grave,
commit the soul to God. Compare do.
Prepositions :
Commit to a friend for safe=keeping ; in law, commit to prison ;
for trial ; without bail • in default of bail ; on suspicion.
Synonyms -.
assemblage,
assembly,
collection,
conclave,
COMPANY.
concourse, convocation,
conference, crowd,
congregation, gathering,
convention, group.
host,
meeting,
multitude,
throng.
Companij, from the Latin cum, with, and panis, l)read, de-
notes primarily the association of those who eat at a common
table, or the persons so associated, table=companions, messmates,
friends, and hence is widely extended to include any association
of those united permanently or temporarily, for business, pleasure,
Ill compel
festivity, travel, etc. , or by sorrow, misfortune, or wrong ; eovi-
pany may denote an indefinite number (ordinarily more than two),
but less than a multitude; in the military sense a company is a
limited and definite number of men ; company implies more unity
of feeling and purpose than crowd, and is a less formal and more
familiar word than assemblage or assembly. An assemblage may
be of persons or of objects ; an assembly is always of persons. An
assemblage is promiscuous and unorganized ; an assembly is organ-
ized and united in some common purpose. A conclave is a secret as-
sembly. A convocation is an assembly called by authority for a spe-
cial purpose ; the term convention suggests less dependence upon
any superior authority or summons. A group is small in number
and distinct in outline, clearly marked off from all else in space or
time. Collect ion, crowd, gathering, group, and multitude have
the unorganized and promiscuous character of the assemblage ; the
other terms come under the general idea of assembly. Congrega-
tion is now almost exclusively religious ; meeting is often so used,
but is less i-estricted, as we may speak of a meeting of armed men.
Gathering refers to a coming together, commonly of numbers,
from far and near ; as, the gathering of the Scottish clans.
Antonyms:
dispersion, loneliness, privacy, retirement, seclusion, solitude.
COMPEL.
Synonyms :
coerce, drive, make, oblige,
constrain, force, necessitate.
To compel one to an act is to secure its performance by the use
of irresistible physical or moral force. Force implies primarily an
actual physical process, absolutely subduing all resistance. Coerce
implies the actual or potential use of so much force as may be
necessary to secure the surrender of the will ; the American seces-
sionists contended that the Federal government had no right to
coerce a State. Constrain implies the yielding of judgment and
will, and in some cases of inclination or affection, to an overmas-
tering power ; as. " the love of Christ constraineth us," 2 Cor. v,
14. Compare drive ; influence.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for hinder.
Prepositions :
The soldiers were compelled to desertion : preferably with the
infinitive, compelled to desert.
coini>Iain tto
complex I.*-*
COMPLAIN.
Synonyms :
croak, groAvl, grunt, remonstrate,
find fault, grumble, murmur, repine.
To complain is to give utterance to dissatisfaction or objection,
express a sense of wrong or ill treatment. One complains of a
real or assumed grievance ; he may murmur tlu-ough mere pee-
vishness or ill temper ; he repines, with vain distress, at the irrev-
ocable or the inevitable. Complaining is by speech or writing ;
murmuring is commonly said of lialf=repressed utterance ; repi-
ning of the mental act alone. One may complain of an offense to
the offender or to others ; he remonstrates with the offender only.
CompMin has a formal and legal meaning, which the other words
have not, signifying to make a formal accusation, present a spe-
cific charge ; the same is true of the noun complaint.
Antonyms:
applaud, approve, commend, eulogize, laud, praise.
Prepositions :
Complain of a thing to a person ; of one person to another, of
or against a person for an act ; to an officer ; before the court ;
about a thing.
COMPLEX.
Synonyms :
abstruse, confused. intricate, mixed,
complicated, conglomerate. involved, multiform,
composite, entangled, manifold, obscure,
compound, heterogeneous, mingled, tangled.
Tliat is complex which is made up of several connected parrs.
That is compound in which the parts are not merely connected,
but fused, or otherwise combined into a single substance. In a
composite object the different parts have less of unity than in that
which is complex or compound, but maintain their distinct indi-
viduality. In a heterogeneous body unlike parts or particles are
intermingled, often without apparent order or plan. Conglomer-
ate (literally, globed together) is said of a confused mingling of
masses or lumps of various substances. The New England pud-
ding=stone is a conglomerate rock. In a complex object the ar-
rangement and relation of parts may be perfectly clear ; in a com-
plicated mechanism the parts are so numerous, or so combined,
that the mind can not readily grasp their mutual relations ; in an
intricate arrangement the parts are so intertwined that it is diffi-
cult to follow their windings ; things are involved which are rolled
113 condeniu
together so as not to be easily separated, either in thought or in
fact ; things which are tangled or entangled mutually hold and
draw upon each other. The conception of a material object is
usually complex, involving form, color, size, and other elements ;
a clock is a complicated mechanism ; the Gordian knot was intri-
cate ; the twining serpents of the Laocoon are involved. We
speak of an abstruse statement, a complex conception, a confused
heap, a heterogeneous mass, a tangled skein, an intricate problem ;
of coinposite architecture, an involved sentence ; of the complicated
or intricate accounts of a gi'eat business, the entangled accounts
of an incompetent or dishonest bookkeeper.
Aiitouyms:
clear, homogeneous, plain, nncombined, nniform,
direct, obvious, simple, uucompounded, unraveled.
Synonyms :
'blame, convict, doom, reprove,
censure, denounce, reprobate, sentence.
To condemn is to pass judicial sentence or render judgment or
decision against. We may censure silently ; we condemn ordina-
rily by open and formal utterance. Condemn is more final than
blame or censure ; a condemned criminal has had his trial ; a con-
demned building can not stand ; a condemned ship can not sail. A
person is convicted when his guilt is made clearly manifest to
others ; in somewhat archaic use, a person is said to be convicted
when guilt is brought clearly home to his own conscience {convict
in this sense being allied with convince, which see under per-
suade); in legal usage one is said to be convicted only by the ver-
dict of a jury. In stating the penalty of an offense, the legal
word sentence is now more common than condemn ; as, he was
sentenced to imprisonment ; but it is good usage to say, he was
condemned to imprisonment. To denounce is to make public or
official declaration against, especially in a violent and threatening
manner.
From the pulpits in the northern States Burr was denounced as an assassin.
Coffin Building the Nation ch. 10, p. 137. [u. '&3.]
To doom is to condemn solemnly and consign to evil or desti-uc-
tion or to predetermine to an evil destiny ; an inferior race in
presence of a superior is doomed to subjugation or extinction.
Compare arraign ; reprove.
8
confess
coufirm 114
Autonyms:
absolve, applaud, exonerate, pardon,
acquit, approve, justify, praise.
Prepositions :
The bandit was condemned to death for his crime.
CONFESS.
Synonyms:
accept, allow^, concede, grant,
acknow^ledge, avo-w, disclose, own,
admit, certify, endorse, recognize.
We accept another's statement ; adm it any point made against
us i^acknoicledge wliat we liave said or done, good or bad ; avoiv
our individual beliefs or feelings ; certify to facts within our
knowledge ;^ confess our own faults ; endorse a friend's note or
statement ; grant a request ; own our faults or obligations ; recog-
nize lawful authority ; concede a claim. Confess has a high and
sacred use in the religious sense ; as, to confess Christ before men.
It may have also a playful sense (often with to); as, one confesses
to a weakness for confectionery. The chief present use of the
word, however, is in the sense of making known to others one's
own wrong=doing ; in this sense confess is stronger than acknoivl-
edge or admit, and more specific than otvn ; a person admits a
mistake ; acknoidedges a fault ; confesses sin or crime. Compare
APOLOGY ; AVOW,
Antonyms :
cloak, deny, disown, hide, screen,
conceal, disavow, dissemble, mask, secrete,
cover, disguise, dissimulate, repudiate, veil.
CONFIR]?!.
Synonyms:
assure, fix, sanction, substantiate,
corroborate, prove, settle, sustain,
establisb, ratify, strengthen, upbold.
Confirm (L. con, together, and firmus, firm) is to add firmness
or give stabihty to. Both confirm and corroborate presuppose
something already existing to which the confirmation or corrobo-
ration is added. Testimony is corroborated by concurrent testi-
mony or by circumstances ; confirmed by established facts. That
which is thoroughly proved is said to be established ; so is that
which is official and has adequate power behind it ; as, the estab-
lished government ; the established church. The continents are
fixed. A treaty is ratified ; an appointment confirmed. An act
is sanctioned by any person or authority that passes upon it
« I K eoiij^ratulatc
***' conquer
approvingly. A statement is substantiated ; a report confirmed ;
a conti-oversy settled ; the decision of a lower court sustained by
a higher. Just government should be upheld. The beneficent
results of Christianity confirm our faith in it as a divine reve-
lation.
Antonyms :
abrogate, cancel, overthrow, shatter, npset,
annul, destroy, shake, unsettle, weaken.
Prepositions :
Confirm a statement hy testimony ; confirm a person in a belief.
COXGRATULATE.
Synonym :
felicitate.
To felicitate is to pronounce one happy or wish one joy ; to
congratulate is to express hearty sympathy in his joys or hopes.
Felicitate is cold and formal. We say one felicitates himself ;
tho to congratulate oneself, wliich is less natural, is becoming
prevalent.
Antonyms:
condole with, console.
Prepositions :
Congi-atulate one on or upon his success.
COMQIJER.
Synonyms:
beat, humble, overthrow, subject,
checkmate, master, prevail over, subjugate,
crush, overcome, put dow^n, surmount,
defeat, overmaster, reduce, vanquish,
discomfit, overmatch, rout, win,
dow^n, overpow^er, subdue, w^orst.
To defeat an enemy is to gain an advantage for the time ; to
vanquish is to win a signal victory ; to conquer is to overcome so
effectually that the victory is regarded as final. Conquer, in
many cases, carries the idea of possession ; as, to conquer respect,
affection, peace, etc. A country is conquered when its armies are
defeated and its territory is occupied by the enemy ; it may be
subjected to indemnity or to various disabilities ; it is subjugated
when it is held helplessly and continuously under military control ;
it is subdued when all resistance has died out. An army is de-
feated when forcibly driven back ; it is routed when it is converted
into a mob of fugitives. Compare beat.
Antonyms:
capitulate, fail, fly, lose, retire, submit, surrender,
cede, fall, forfeit, resign, retreat, succumb, yield.
oonscions 11 A
t'onsequeiice »»w
CONSCIOUS.
Synoiiyms :
advised, assured, certain. cognizant, sensible,
apprised, aware, certified, informed, sure.
One is aware of that which exists without him ; he is conscious
of the inner workings of his own mind. Sensible may be used in
the exact sense of consciovs, or it may partake of both the senses
mentioned above. One may be sensible of his own or another's
error ; he is conscious only of his own. A person may feel assured
or sure of something false or non=existent ; what he is aivare of,
still more what he is conscious of, must be fact. Sensible has
often'a reference to the emotions where conscious might apply
only to the intellect ; to say a culprit is sensible of his degradation
is more forcible than to say he is conscious of it.
Antonyms:
colli, dead, deaf, ignorant, ineensible, unaware, unconscious.
Preposition : '■
On the stormy sea, man is conscious of the limitation of human
power.
CONSEQUENCE.
Synonyms:
consequent, end, issue, outgrowth, sequel,
effect, event, outcome, result, upshot.
Effect is the strongest of these words ; it is that which is di-
rectly produced by the action of an efficient cause ; we say, "Every
effect must have an adequate cause " (compare cause). In re-
gard to human actions, effect commonly relates to intention ; as,
the shot took effect, i. e., the effect mten^ed. A consequence is
that which follows an act naturally, but less directly than the
effect. The motion of the piston is the effect, and the agitation of
the water under the paddle-wheels a consequence of the expansion
of steam in the cylinder. The result is, Uterally, the rebound of
an act, depending on many elements ; the issue is that which
flows forth directly ; we say the issue of a battle, the result of a
campaign. A consequent commonly is that which follows simply
in order of time, or by logical inference. The end is the actual
outcome without determination of its relation to what has gone
before ; it is ordinarily viewed as either the necessary, natural, or
logical outcome, any effect, consequence, or result being termed an
end ; as, the end of such a coiu-se must be ruin. The event (L. e,
out, and venio, come) is primarily exactly the same in meaning as
outcome ; but in use it is more nearly equivalent to upshot
-_», console
**• coiitliiual
signifying the sum and substance of all effects, consequences, and
results of a course of action. Compare accident ; cause ; cir-
cumstance ; END ; EVENT.
COBfSOLE.
Synonyms:
comfort, condole ■with, encourage, sympathize ■writh.
One condoles irith another by the expression of kindly sympa-
thy in his trouble ; he consoles him by considerations adapted to
soothe and sustain the spirit, as by the assurances and promises of
the gospel ; he encourages him by the hope of some relief or de-
liverance ; he comforts him by whatever act or word tends to
bring mind or body to a state of rest and cheer. We sympathize
until others, not only in sorrow, but in joy. Compare alleviate ;
PITY.
Antonyms :
annoy, distress, disturb, grieve, liurt, sadden, trouble, wound.
CONTAGION.
Synonyms :
infection.
Infection is frequently confused with contagion, even by med-
ical men. The best usage now limits contagion to diseases that
are transmitted by contact with the diseased person, either directly
by touch or indirectly by use of the same articles, by breath,
effluvia, etc. Infection is apphed to diseases produced by no
known or definable influence of one person upon another, but
where common climatic, malarious, or other wide=spread condi-
tions are believed to be chieflv instrumental.
C'OXTIXUAC
Synonyms :
ceaseless, incessant. regular, uninterrupted,
constant, invariable, unbroken, unremitting,
continuous, perpetual, unceasing, unvarying.
Continuous describes that which is absolutely without pause
or break ; continual, that which often intermits, but as regularly
begins again. A continuoiis beach is exposed to the continual
beating of the waves. A similar distinction is made between in-
cessant and ceaseless. The incessant discharge of firearms makes
the ceaseless roar of battle. Constant is sometimes used in the
sense of continual ; but its chief uses are mental and moral.
contraet 1 1 a
conversation US
CONTRACT.
Synonyms:
agreement, cartel, engagement, pledge,
arrangement, compact, obligation, promise,
bargain, covenant, pact, stipulation.
All these words involve at least two parties, tho an engage-
ment or promise may be the act of but one. A contract is a formal
agreement between two or more parties for the doing or leaving
undone some specified act or acts, and is ordinarily in writing.
Mutual j^romises may have the force of a contract. A considera-
tion, or compensation, is essential to convert an agreement into a
contract. A contract may be oral or written. A covenant in law
is a writtencontract under seal. Covenant is frequent in religious
usage, as contract is in law and business. Compact is essentially
the same as contract, but is applied to international agreements,
treaties, etc. A bargain is a mutual agreement for an exchange
of values, without the formality of a contract. A stipulation is
a single item in an agreement or contract. A cartel is a military
agreement for the exchange of prisoners or the like.
CO»fTRAST.
Synonj'nis :
compare, differentiate, discriminate, oppose.
To compare (L. con, together, and par, equal) is to place together
in order to show likeness or unlikeness ; to contrast (L. contra,
against, and sto, stand) is to set in opposition in order to show
unlikeness. We contrast objects that have been already compared.
We must compare them, at least momentarilj', even to know that
they are different. We contrast them when we observe their un-
likeness in a general way; we differentiate them when we note
the difi'erence exactly and point by point. We distinguish objects
when we note a difference that may fall short of contrast ; we dis-
criminate them when we classify or place them according to their
differences.
Preposition:
We contrast one object ivith another.
COX VE RS ATIOX.
Synonyms:
chat, communion, converse, intercourse,
colloquy, confabulation, dialogue, parley,
communication, conference, discourse, talk.
Conversation (Latin con, with) is, etymologically, an inter-
change of ideas with some other person or persons. Talk may be
_ convert
11» convey
wholly one=sided. Many brilliant talkers have been incapable of
conversation. There may be intercourse without conversation,
as by looks, signs, etc. ; communion is of hearts, with or without
words ; communication is often by writing, and may be uninvited
and unreciprocated. Talk may denote the mere utterance of
words with little thought ; thus, we say idle talk, empty talk,
rather ihan idle or empty conversation. Discourse is now applied
chiefly to public addresses. A conference is more formal than a
conversation. Dialog denotes ordinarily an artificial or imagi-
nary conversatio}i,genevallj of two persons, but sometimes of more.
A colloquy is indefinite as to number, and generally somewhat in-
formal. ComiJai-e behavior.
Prepositions :
Conversation wif/i friends; betiveen or among the guests; about
a matter.
COIVVERT.
Synonyms :
disciple, neopliyte, proselyte.
The name disciple is given to the follower of a certain faith,
without reference to any previous belief or allegiance ; a convert
is a person who has come to one faith from a difl'erent belief or
from unbelief. A jiroselyte is one w^ho has been led to accept a
religious system, whether with or without trvie faith ; a convert is
always understood to be a believer. A neophyte is a new convert,
not yet fully indoctrinated, or not admitted to full privileges.
The antonyms apostate, jiervert, and renegade are condemnatory
names applied to the convert by those whose faith he forsakes.
CONVEY.
Synonyms;
carry, give. remove, shift, transmit,
change, move, sell, transfer, transport.
Convey, transmit, and transport all imply delivery at a destina-
tion ; as, I will convey the information to your friend ; air conveys
sound (to a listener) ; carry does not necessarily imply delivery, and
often does not admit of it. A man carries an appearance, conveys
an impression, the api:)earance remaining his own, the impression
being given to another ; I will transmit the letter ; transport the
goods. A horse carries his mane and tail, but does not convey
them. Transfer may or may not imply delivery to another j)er-
son ; as, items may be transferred from one account to another,
convoke iOA
criminal 1,«W
or a word transferred to the following line. In law, real estate,
wliich can not be moved, is conveyed by simplj^ transferring title
and possession. Transport usually refers to material, transfer,
transmit, and convey may refer to immaterial objects ; we trans-
fer possession, transmit intelligence, convey ideas, but do not
transport them. In the case of convey the figurative sense now
predominates. Compare carry.
Autonyms:
cling to, hold, keep, possess, preserve, retain.
Prepositions:
Convey to a friend, a purchaser, etc. ; convey from the house
to the station ; convey hy express, hy hand, etc.
CONVOKE.
Synonyms :
assemble, call together, convene, muster,
call, collect, gather, summon.
A convention is called by some officer or officers, as by its pres-
ident, its executive committee, or some eminent leaders ; the del-
egates are assembled or convened in a certain place, at a certain
hour. Convoke implies an organized body and a superior author-
ity ; assemble and convene express more independent action ; Par-
liament is convoked ; Congress assembles. Troops are mustered ;
witnesses and jurymen are summoned.
Antonyms :
adjourn, disband, dismiss, dissolve, scatter.
breali up, discharge, disperse, prorogue, separate.
CRIMI^fAL.
Synonyms :
ahominable, flagitious, immoral, sinful, vile,
culpable, guilty, iniquitous, unlaw^ful, 'wicked,
felonious, illegal, nefarious, vicious, wrong.
Every criminal act is illegal or imlawful, but illegal or unlaiv-
fiil acts may not be criminal. Offenses against jiublic law are
criminal; offenses against private rights are merely illegal or un-
laiifid. As a general rule, all acts punishable by fine or imprison-
ment or both, are criminal in view of the law. It is illegal for a
man to trespass on another's land, but it is not criminal; the
trespasser is liable to a civil suit for damages, but not to indict-
ment, fine, or imprisonment. A felonious act is a criminal act
of an aggi-avated kind, which is punishable by imprisonment in
the penitentiary or by death. A flagitious crime is one that brings
MXi danger
public odium. Vicious refers to the indulgence of evil appetites,
habits, or passions ; vicious acts are not necessarily criminal, or
even illegal; we speak of a vicious horse. That which is iniqui-
tous, i. e., contrary to equity, may sometimes be done under the
forms of law. Ingratitude is sinful, hypocrisy is uncked, but
neither is punishable by human law ; hence, neither is criminal
or illegal. Compare sin.
Antonyms :
innocent, lawful, meritorious, right,
just, legal, moral, virtuous.
DAILY.
Synonym :
diurnal.
Daily is the Saxon and popular, diurnal the Latin and scien-
tific term. In strict usage, daily is the antonym of nightly as
diurnal is of nocturnal. Daily is not, however, held strictly to
this use; a physician makes daily visits if he calls at some time
within each period of twenty =four hours. Diurnal is more exact
in all its uses ; a diurnal flower opens or blooms only in daylight ;
a diurnal bird or animal flies or ranges only by day : in contra-
distinction to nocturnal flowers, birds, etc. A diurnal motion
exactly fills an astronomical day or the time of one rotation of a
planet on its axis, while a daily motion is much less definite.
Antonyms:
nightly, nocturnal.
DAWOER.
Synonyms:
hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril, risk.
Danger is exposure co possible evil, which may be either near
and probable or remote and doubtful ; peiHl is exposure to immi-
nent and sharply threatening evil, especially to such as results from
violence. An invalid may be in danger of consumption ; a dis-
armed soldier is in peril of death. Jeopardy is nearly the same as
peril, but involves, like risk, more of the element of chance or un-
certainty ; a man tried upon a capital charge is said to be put in
jeopardy of life. Insecurity is a feeble word, but exceedingly
broad, applying to the placing of a dish, or the possibilities of a
life, a fortune, or a government. Compare hazaed.
Antonyms:
defense, immunity, protection, safeguard, safety, security, shelter.
decay 12-i
DARK. \
Synonyms :
black, dusky, mysterious, sable, somber,
dim. gloomy, obscure, shadowy, swart,
dismal, murky, opaque, shady, swarthy.
Sti'ictly, that which is black is absokitely destitute of color ;
that which is dark is absohitely destitute of hght. In common
speech, however, a coat is black, tho not optically colorless ;
the night is dark, tho the stars shine. That is obscure, shad-
owy, or shady from which the light is more or less cut off. Dusky
is applied to objects which appear as if viewed in fading light ;
the word is often used, as are swart and sivarthy, of the human
skin when quite dark, or even verging toward black. Dim refers
to imperfection of outline, from distance, darkness, mist, etc., or
from some defect of vision. Opaque objects, as smoked glass, are
impervious to light. Murky is said of that which is at once dark,
obscure, and gloomy ; as, a murky den ; a murky sky. Figura-
tively, dark is emblematic of sadness, agreeing with somber, dis-
mal, gloomy, also of moral evil ; as, a dark deed. Of intellectual
matters, dark is now rarely used in the old sense of a dark saying,
etc. See mysterious ; obscure.
Autonyms :
bright, crystalline, glowing, lucid, shining,
brilliant, dazzling, illumined, luminous, transparent,
clear, gleaming, light, radiant, white.
Compare synonyms for light.
DECAY.
Synonyms;
corrupt, decompose, molder, putrefy, rot, spoil.
Rot is a strong word, ordinarily esteemed coarse, but on occa-
sion capable of approved emphatic use; as, "the name of the
wicked shall rot,'' Prov. x, 7.; cZecoy and decompose are now com-
mon euphemisms. A substance is decomposed when resolved into
its original elements by any process ; it is decayed when resolved
into its original elements by natural processes ; it decays gradually,
but maybe instantly decomposed, as water into oxygen and hydro-
gen ; to say that a thing is decayed may denote only a partial re-
sult, but to say it is decomposed ordinarily implies that the
change is complete or nearly so. Putrefy and the adjectives
putrid and putrescent, and the nouns, pmtridity and putrescence,
are used almost exclusively of animal matter in a state of decom-
position, the more general word decay being used of either aniroal
or vegetable substances.
123
deception
defense
DECEPTIOIV.
Synonyms :
craft,
cunning,
deceit,
deceitfulness,
delusion,
dissimulation,
double=dealing,
duplicity,
fabrication,
falsehood.
finesse,
fraud,
guile,
hypocrisy,
imposition.
lie,
lying,
prevarication,
trickery,
untruth.
Deceit is the habit, deception the act ; guile applies to the
disposition out of which deceit and decejjtion grow, and also to
their actual practise. A lie, lying, or falsehood, is the uttering of
what one knows to be false with intent to deceive. The novel or
drama is not a lie, because not meant to deceive ; the ancient
teaching that the earth was flat was not a lie, because not then
known to be false. Untridh is more than lack of accm-acy, im-
plying always lack of veracity; but it is a somewhat milder and
more dignified word than lie. Falsehood and lying are in utterance ;
deceit and deception may be merely in act or implication. De-
ception may be innocent, and even unintentional, as in the case of
an optical illusion ; deceit always involves injurious intent. Craft
and cunning have not necessarily any moral quality ; they are
common traits of animals, but stand rather low in the human
scale. Duplicity is the habitual speaking or acting with intent to
appear to mean what one does not. Dissimulation is rather a
concealing of what is than a pretense of what is not. Finesse is
simply an adroit and delicate management of a matter for one's
own side, not necessarily involving deceit. Compare artifice ;
FICTION ; FRAUD ; HYPOCRISY,
Autonyms :
candor, frankness, honesty, simplicity, truth,
fair dealing, guilelessness, openness, sincerity, veracity.
DEFEjVSE.
Synonyms :
apology,
hulw^ark,
fortress,
guard,
justification,
protection,
rampart,
resistance,
safeguard.
shelter,
shield,
vindication.
The weak may speak or act in defense of the strong ; none but
the powerful can assure others of protection. A defense is ordina-
rily against actual attack ; xwotection is against possible as well
as actual dangers. We speak of defense against an assault, p>ro-
tection from the cold. Vindication is a triumphant defense of
character and conduct against charges of error or w^-ong. Com-
pare APOLOGY. •
Antonyms :
abandonment, betrayal, capitulation, desertion, flight, surrender.
defile
deflultlon liS4
Prepositions :
Defense against assault or assailants ; in law, defense to an
action, from the testimony.
DEFILE.
Synonyms ;
befoul. corrupt, pollute, spoil, sully, tamisli,
contaminate, infect, soil, stain, taint, vitiate.
The hand may be defiled by a touch of pitch ; swine that have
been wallowing in the mud are hefoided. Contaminate and in-
fect refer to something evil that deeply pervades and permeates,
as the human body or mind. Pollute is used chiefly of liquids ; as,
waier polluted with sewage. Tainted meat is repulsive; infected
meat contains germs of disease. A soiled garment may be cleansed
by washing ; a spoiled garment is beyond cleansing or repair.
Bright metal is tarnished by exposure ; a fair sheet is sidlied by a
dirty hand. In figurative use, defile may be used merely in the
ceremonial sense ; " they themselves went not into the judgment
hall, lest they should be defiled," John xviii, 28 ; coiitaminatere-
fers to deep spiritual injury. Pollute has also a reference to sac-
rilege ; as, to pollute a sanctuary, an altar, or an ordinance. The
innocent are often contaminated by association with the wicked ;
the vicious are more and more corrupted by their own excesses.
We speak of a vitiated taste or style ; fraud vitiates a title or a
contract.
Autonyms :
clean, cleanse, disinfect, hallow, purify, sanctify, wash.
Prepositions:
The temple was defiled icith blood ; defiled by sacrilegious
deeds.
DEFINITION.
Synonj ins :
comment, description, exposition, rendering,
commentary, explanation, interpretation, translation.
A definition is exact, an explaudtion general ; a definition is
formal, a description pictorial. A definition must include all that
belongs to the object defined, and exclude all that does not ; a
description may include only some general features ; an explana-
tion m<ay simply throw light upon some point of special difficulty.
An exposition undertakes to state more fully what is compactly
given or only implied in the text ; as, an exposition of Scripturo.
Interpretation is ordinarily from one language into another, or
from the language of one period into that of another ; it may also
delegate
l2o deliberate
be a statement giving the doubtful or hidden meaning of that
which is recondite or perplexing ; as, the interpretation of a
dream, a riddle, or of some difficult passage. Definition, expla-
nation, exposition, and interpretation are ordinarily blended in a
commentary, which may also include description. A comment is
upon a single passage ; a commentary may be the same, but is
usually understood to be a volume of comments.
DELEGATE.
Syiionytn»<> :
deputy, legate, proxy, representative, substitute.
These words agree in designating one who acts in the place of
some other or others. The legate is an ecclesiastical officer repre-
senting the Pope. In strict usage the deputy or delegate is more
limited in functions and more closely bound by instructions than
a representative. A single officer may have a deputy ; many per-
sons combine to choose a delegate or representative. In the United
States informal assemblies send delegates to nominating conven-
tions with no legislative authority ; representatives are legally
elected to Congress and the various legislatures, with lawmaking
power.
OELIBERATE.
SynonyniH :
confer, consult, meditate, reflect,
consider, debate, ponder, weigb.
An individual considers, meditates, ponders, reflects, by him-
self ; he iceiglis a matter in his own mind, and is sometimes said
even to debate with himself. Consult and confer ahvays imply
two or more persons, as does debate, unless expressly limited as
above. Confer suggests the interchange of counsel, advice, or in-
formation; consult indicates almost exclusively the receiving of
it. A man confers with his associates about a new investment ;
he considts his physician about his health ; he may confer with
him on matters of general interest. He cojisidts a dictionary, but
does not confer with it. Deliberate, which can be applied to a
single individual, is also the word for a great number, while
considt is ordinarily limited to a few ; a committee consuUs ; an
assembly deliberates. Deliberating always carries the idea of
slowness ; consulting is compatible with haste ; we can speak of a
hasty consultation, not of a hasty deliberation. Debate implies
opposing views ; deliberate, simply a gathering and balancing of
delicious ««^
deliglttful lifiw
all facts and reasons. We consider or deliberate with a view to
action, while meditation may be quite purposeless.
IPrepositioiis :
We deliberate o?i or upon, also about or concerning a matter :
the first two are preferable.
DELICIOUS.
Synonyms:
dainty, deliglitful, exctuisite, luscious, savory.
That is d§licious which affords a gratification at once vivid and
delicate to the senses, especially to those of taste and smell ; as,
deJicious fruit ; a delicious odor ; luscious has a kindi'ed but more
fulsome meaning, inclining toward a cloying excess of sweetness
or richness. Savory is applied chiefly to cooked food made pala-
table by spices and condiments. Delightful maybe applied to the
higher gratifications of sense, as delightful music, but is chiefly
used for that which is mental and spiritual. Delicious has a lim-
ited use in this way ; as, a delicious bit of poetiy ; the word is
sometimes used ironically for some pleasing absurdity ; as, this is
delicious ! Compare deughtftjl.
Autonyms:
acrid, bitter, loathsome, nauseous, repulsive, unpalatable, unsavory.
DELIOHTFUI..
Synonyms:
acceptable, delicious, pleasant. refreshing,
agreeable, grateful, pleasing, satisfying,
congenial, gratifying, pleasurable, welcome.
Agreeable refers to whatever gives a mild degree of pleasure ;
as, an agreeable perfume. Acceptable indicates a thing to be
worthy of acceptance ; as, an acceptable offering. Grateful is
stronger than agreeable or gratifying, indicating whatever awakens
a feeling akin to gi'atitude. A pleasant face and 2J^^'^tsing man-
ners arouse pleasurable sensations, and make the possessor an
agreeable companion ; if possessed of intelhgence, vivacity, and
goodness, such a person's society will be delightful. Criminals
may find each other's company congenial, but scarcely delightful.
Satisfying denotes anything that is received with calm acquies-
cence, as substantial food, or established truth. That is welcome
which is received with joyful heartiness ; as, tcelcome tidings.
Compare beautiful ; charming ; delicious.
Antonyms:
depressing, distressing, horrible, miserable, painful, wofiil,
disappointing, hateful, melancholy, mournful, saddening, wretched.
.^■^^ delii^iioii
■'** dcuiuustratioii
DELUSION.
SyiioiiyniM :
error, fallacy, hallucination, illusion, phantasm.
A delusion is a mistaken conviction, an illusion a mistaken per-
ception or inference. An illusion may be wholly of the senses ; a
delusion always involves some mental error. In an optical illusion
the observer sees either what does not exist, or what exists other-
wise than as he sees it, as when in a mirage distant springs and
trees appear close at hand. We speak of the illusions of fancy or
of hope, but of the delusions of the insane.^ A hallucination is a
false image or belief which has nothing, outside of the disordered
mind, to suggest it ; as, the hallucinations of delirium tremens.
Compare deception ; insanity.
Antonyms :
actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity.
DEMOLISH.
Synonyms:
destroy, overthrow, overturn, raze, ruin.
A building, monument, or other structure is demolished when
reduced to a shapeless mass ; it is razed when leveled with the
ground ; it is destroyed when its structural unity is gone, whether
or not its component parts remain. An edifice is destroyed by
fire or earthquake ; it is, demolishedhj bombardment ; it is ruined
when, by violence or neglect, it has become unfit for human habi-
tation. Compare abolish ; break.
Antonyms:
build, coDBtruct, create, make, repair, restore.
DEMOMSTRATIOM.
Synonyms :
certainty, consequence, evidence, inference,
conclusion. deduction, induction, proof.
Demonstration, in the strict and proper sense, is the highest
form of jjroof, and gives the most absolute certainty, but can not
be applied outside of pure mathematics or other strictly deduct-
ive reasoning ; there can be proof and certainty, however, in
matters that do not admit of demonstration. A conclusion is
the absolute and necessary result of the admission of certain pre-
mises ; an inference is a probable conclusion toward which known
facts, statements, or admissions point, but which they do not ab-
solutely establish ; sound premises, together with their necessary
conclusion, constitute a demonstration. Evidence is that which
design ^na
desire ■.-•o
tends to show a thing to be ti-ue ; in the widest sense, as including
seU'^evidence oi* consciousness, it is the basis of all knowledge.
Proof in the strict sense is complete, hresistible evidence ; as,
there was much evidence against the accused, but not amounting
to proof of guilt. Moral certainty is a conviction resting on such
evidence as puts a matter beyond reasonable doubt, while not so
irresistible as demonstration. Compare hypothesis ; induction.
Synonyms:
aim, final cause, object, proposal,
device, intent, plan, purpose,
end, intention, project, sclieme.
Design refers to the adaptation of means to an end, the corre-
spondence and coordination of parts, or of separate acts, to produce
a result ; intent &Qd purpose overleap all particulars, and fasten on
the erid itself. Intention is simply the more familiar form of the
legal and philosophical intent. Plan relates to details of form,
structure, and action, in themselves ; design considers these same
details all as a means to an end. The plan of a campaign may be
for a series of sharp attacks, with the design of thus surprising and
overpowering the enemy. A man comes to a fixed intention to
kill his enemy ; he forms a plan to entrap him into his power,
with the design of then compassing his death ; as the law can not
read the heart, it can only infer the intent from the evidences of
design. Intent denotes a straining, stretching forth toward an ob-
ject ; purpose simply the placing it before oneself ; hence, we
speak of the purpose rather than the intent or intention of God.
We hold that the marks of design in nature prove it the work of
a great Designer. Intention contemplates the possibiUty of
faihire ; purpose looks to assured success ; intent or intention re-
fers especially to the state of mind of the actor ; purjwse to the
result of the action. Compare aim ; cause ; idea ; model.
Prepositions :
The design of defrauding ; the design of a building : a design
for a statue.
OESIRE.
Synonyms :
appetency, eoncupisence, hankering, proclivity,
appetite, coveting, inclination, propensity,
aspiration, craving, longing, w^ish.
Inclination is the mildest of these terms ; it is a quiet, or even
a vague or unconscious, tendency. Even when we speak of a
despair
1^9 dexterity
strong or decided inclination we do not express the intensity of
desire. \ Desire has a wide range, from the highest objects to the
lowest 'jfTTesire is for an object near at hand, or near in thought,
and viewed as attainable ; a wish may be for what is reraote or
uncertain, or even for what is recognized as impossible.") Craving
is stronger than hankering ; hankering may be the result of a fit-
ful and capricious appetite ; craving may be the imperious and
reasonable demand of the whole nature. Longing is a reaching
out with deep and persistent demand for that which is viewed as
now distant but at some time attainable ; as, the captive's longing
for release. Coveting ordinarily denotes wrong desire for that
which is another's. Compare appetite.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for antipathy.
Prepositions :
The desire of fame ; a desire for excellence.
WESPAIR.
Synonyms:
desperation, despondency, discouragement, hopelessness.
Discouragement is the result of so much repulse or failure as
wears out courage. Discouragements too frequent and long
continued may produce a settled hopelessness. Hopelessness is
negative, and may result fi'om simple apathy ; despondency and
despair are more emphatic and decided. Despondency is an inca-
pacity for the present exercise of hope ; despair is the utter aban-
donment of hope. Despondency relaxes energy and effort and is
always attended with sadness or distress ; despair may produce a
stony calmness, or it may lead to desperation. Desperation is
energized despair, vigorous in action, reckless of consequences.
Antonyms :
anticipation, cheer, conrage, encouragement, expectation, hopefulness,
assurance, confidence, elation, expectancy, hope, trust.
DEXTERITY.
Synonyms:
adroitness, aptitude, cleverness, expertness, readiness, skill.
Adroitness (F. d, to, and droit, right) and dexterity (L. dexter,
right, right-hand) might each be rendered " rightshandedness " ;
but adroitness carries more of the idea of eluding, parrying, or
checking some hostile movement, or taking advantage of another
in controversy : dexterity conveys the idea of doing, accomplish-
ing something readily and well, without reference to any action
diction - .-,„
die 1«»0
of others. "We speak of adroitness in fencing, boxing, or debate ;
of dexterity in horsemanship, in the use of tools, weapons, etc.
Aptitude (L. a2)tus, fit, fitted) is a natural readiness, which by
practise may be developed into dexterity. Skill is more exact to
line, rule, and method than dexterity. Dexterity can not be com-
municated, and, oftentimes can not even be explained by its pos-
sessor ; skill to a very great extent can be imparted; '■'skilled
workmen " in various trades are numbered by thousands. Com-
pare ADDRESS ; CLEVER ; POWER ; SKILFUL.
Prepositions :
Dexterity of hand, of movement, of management ; loitli the
pen ; in action, in maniijulating men ; at cards.
DICTION.
Synonyms ;
expression, phrase, style, vocabulary,
language, phraseology, verbiage, w^ording.
An author's diction is strictly his choice and use of words,
with no special reference to thought ; expression regards the
words simply as the vehicle of the thought. Phrase and phrase-
ology apply to words or combinations of words which are some-
what technical ; as, in legal phraseology ; in military p)hrase.
Diction is general ; ivording is limited ; we speak of the diction
of an author or of a work, the wording of a proposition, of a res-
olution, etc. Verbiage never bears this sense (see circumlocu-
tion.) The language of a writer or speaker may be the national
speech he employs ; as, the English or French language ; or the
word may denote his use of that language; as, the author's lan-
guage is well (or ill) chosen. Style includes diction, expression,
rhetorical figures such as metaphor and simile, the effect of an
author's prevailing tone of thought, of his personal traits — in
short, all that makes up the clothing of thought in words ; thus,
we speak of a figurative style, a frigid or an argumentative style,
etc., or of tlie style of Macaulay, Prescott, or others. An author's
vocabxdary is the range of words which he brings into his use.
Compare language.
DIE.
Synonyms ;
cease, decline, expire, perish,
decease, depart, fade, w^ither.
Die, to go out of life, become destitute of vital power and
131 difference
action, is figuratively applied to anything which has the appear-
ance of life.
Where the dying night-himp flickers. Tennyson Locksky Hall et. 40.
An echo, a strain of music, a tempest, a topic, an issue, dies. Ex-
pire (literally, to breathe out) is a softer word for die; it is used
figuratively of things that cease to exist by reaching a natural
limit ; as, a lease expires ; the time has expired. To xierisTi (liter-
ally, in Latin, to go through, as in English we say, "the fire
goes out ") is oftenest used of death by privation or exposure ; as,
"I perish with hunger," LuTie xv, 17; sometimes, of death by
violence. Knowledge and fame, art and empires, may be said to
perish; the word denotes utter destruction and decay.
Autouyins :
be born, come into being, flourish, rise agam,
begin, come to life, grow, rise from the dead,
be immortal, exist, live, survive.
Prepositions :
To die of fever ; hy violence ; rarely, with the sword, famine,
etc. {Ezek. vii, 15) ; to die for one's country ; to die at sea ; in
one's bed ; in agony ; die to the woi'ld.
DIFFERENCE.
Synonyms:
contrariety, discrimination, distinction, inequality,
contrast, disparity, divergence, unlikeness,
disagreement, dissimilarity, diversity, variation,
discrepancy, dissimilitude, inconsistency, variety.
Difference is the state or quality of being luilike or the amount
of such unlikeness. A difference is in the things compared ; a
discrimination is in our judgment of them ; a distinction is in
our definition or description or mental image of them. Careful
discrimination of real differences results in clear distinctions.
Disparity is stronger than inequality, implying that one thing
falls far below another ; as, the disparity of our achievements
when compared with our ideals. Dissimilarity is betw-een things
sharply contrasted ; there may be a difference between those al-
most aUke. There is a discrepancy in accounts that fail to bal-
ance. Variety involves more than two objects ; so, in general,
does diversity ; variation is a difference in the condition or action
of the same object at different times. Disagreement is not merely
the lack, but the opposite, of agreement ; it is a mild word for
opposition and conflict ; difference is sometimes used in the same
sense.
difficult
direction 132
Antonyms :
agreement, harmony, likeness, sameness, uniformity
consonance, identity, resemblance, similarity, unity.
Prepositions :
Difference between the old and the new ; differences among
men ; a difference in character ; of action ; of style ; (less fre-
quently) a difference (controversy) loitli a person ; a difference of
one tiling //-o Hi (incorrectly to) another.
DIFFICUI.T.
Synonyms :
arduous, hard, onerous, toilsome,
exhausting;, laborious, severe, trying.
Arduous (L. arduus, steep) signifies primarily so steep and lofty
as to be difficult of ascent, and hence applies to that which involves
great and sustained exertion and ordinarily for a lofty aim ; gi-eat
learning can only be won by arduous toil. Hard applies to any-
thing that resists our endeavors as a scarcely penetrable mass re-
sists our physical force. Anything is hard that involves tax and
sti-ain whether of the physical or mental powers. Difficult is not
used of that which merely taxes physical force ; a dead lift is
called hard rather than difflcidt ; breaking stone on the road
would be called hard rather than difflcidt work ; that is difficult
which involves skill, sagacity, or address, with or without a con-
siderable expenditure of physical force ; a geometrical problem
may be difflcidt to solve, a tangled skein to unravel ; a mountain
difficult to ascend. Hard may be active or passive ; a thing may
be hard to do or liard to bear. Arduous is always active. That
which is laborious or toilsome simply requires the steady applica-
tion of labor or toil till accomplished ; toilsome is the sti-onger
word. That which is onerous (L. onus, a burden) is mentally bur-
densome or oppressive. Responsibility may be onerous even when
it involves no special exertion.
Antonyms:
easy, facile, light, pleasant, slight, trifling, trivial.
DIRECTION.
Synonyms:
aim, bearing, course, inclination, tendency, w^ay.
The direction of an object is the line of motion or of vision
toward it, or the line in which the object is moving, considered
from oiu- own actual or mental standpoint. Way, literally the road
or path, comes naturally to mean the direction of the road or path;
■gffff discern
1«>«* discover
conversationally, tcay is almost a perfect synonym of direction ;
as, which way did he go? or, in which direction '/ Bearing is the
direction in which an object is seen with reference to another, and
especially with reference to the points of the compass. Coiirse
is the direction of a moving object ; inclination, that toward which
a stationary object leans ; tendency, the direction toward which
anything stretches or reaches out ; tendency is sti-onger and more
active than inclination. Compare aim ; care ; order ; over-
sight.
Synoiiyiiis :
behold, discriminate, observe. recognize,
descry, distinguish, perceive, see.
What we discern we see apart from all other objects ; what we
discriminate we jndge apart ; what we distinguish we mark
apart, or recognize by some special mark or manifest difference.
We discriminate by real differences ; we distinguish by outward
signs ; an officer is readily distinguished from a common soldier
by his uniform. Objects may be dimly discerned at twilight,
when yet we can not clearly distinguish one from another. We
descry (originally espy) what is diffi.cult to discover. Compare
DISCOVER ; LOOK.
DISCOVER.
Synonyms :
ascertain, detect, disclose, ferret out, find out,
descry, discern, expose, find, invent.
Of human actions or character, detect is used, almost without
exception, in a bad sense ; discover may be used in either the good
or the bad sense, oftener in the good ; he was detected in a fraud ;
real merit is sure to be discovered. In scientific language, detect
is used of dehcate indications that appear in course of careful
watching ; as, a slight fluttering of the pulse could be detected.
We discover what has existed but has not been known to us ; we
invent combinations or arrangements not before in use ; Columbus
discovered America ; Morse invented the electric telegraph. Find
is the most general word for every means of coming to know what
was not before certainly known. A man fuids in the road some
stranger's purse, or finds his own which he is searching for. The
expert discovers or detects an error in an account ; the auditor
finds the account to be correct. Compare discern.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for hide.
disease I t>M
disparage M.tp'*
DISEASE.
Syiioiiyins !
affection, disorder, indisposition, sickness,
ailment, distemper, infirmity, unhealthiness,
complaint, illness, malady, unsoundness.
Disease is the general term for any deviation from health ; in
a more limited sense it denotes some definite morbid condition ;
disorder and affection are rather partial and limited ; as, a ner-
vous affection; a disorder of the digestive system. Sickness was
generally used in English speech and literatvu-e, till the close of
the eighteenth century at least, for every form of physical disor-
der, as abundantly appears in the English Bible: "Jesus went
about . . . healing all manner of sickness and all manner of dis-
ease among the people," Matt, iv, 23 ; " Elisha was fallen sick of
his sickness whereof he died," 2 Kings xiii, 14. There is now, in
England, a tendency to restrict the words sick and sickness to
nausea, or "sickness at the stomach,"' and to hold ill and illness as
the only proper words to use in a general sense. This distinction
has received but a very limited acceptance in the United States,
where sick and sickness have the earlier and wider usage. We
speak of trifling ailments, a slight indisposition, a serious or a
deadly disease ; a slight or severe illness ; a painful siclcness.
Complaint is a popular term, which may be applied to any de-
gree of ill health, shght or severe. Infirmity denotes a chronic or
lingering Aveakness or disability, as blindness or lameness.
Antonyms :
health, robustness, soundness, strength, sturdiness, vigor.
DISPARAGE.
Synonyms :
" belittle, depreciate, discredit, underestimate,
carp at, derogate from, dishonor, underrate,
decry, detract from, low^er, undervalue.
To decry is to cry down, in some noisy, public, or conspicuous
manner. A witness or a statement is discredited ; the currency is
depreciated ; a good name is dislionored by unworthy conduct ;
we underestimate in om- own minds ; we may underrate or under-
value in statement to others. These words are used, with few ex-
ceptions, of things such as qualities, merits, attaiimaents, etc. To
disparage is to belittle by damaging comparison or suggestion ; it
is used only of things. A man's achievements are disparaged, his
motives depreciated, his professions discredited ; he himself is
calumniated, slandered, etc. Compare slander.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for pra.ise.
135
displace
derange, disturb, mislay, remove,
disarrange, jumble, misplace, unsettle.
DISPLACE.
S]rnoiiyni!<:
confuse,
crowd out,
Objects are displaced when moved out of the place they liave
occvipied ; they are misplaced when jiut into a place where they
should not be. One may know where to find wliat he has mis-
X>laced ; what he has mislaid he can not locate.
Antoiiyni!ti :
adjust, assort, dispose, order, put in order, set in order,
array, classify, group, place, put in place, sort.
Synonyms :
accomplish,
achieve,
actualize,
bring about,
bring to pass,
DO.
carry out,
carry through,
commit,
complete,
consummate,
discharge,
effect,
execute,
finish,
fulfil,
perform,
perpetrate,
realize,
transact,
work out.
Do is the one comprehensive word which includes this whole
class. We may say of the least item of daily work, "It is done,"
and of the gi-andest human achievement, " Well done!" Finish
and comjjlete signify to bring to an end what was previously begun ;
there is frequently the difference in visage that finish is applied to
the fine details and is superficial, while eomplete is comprehensive,
being applied to the whole ideal, plan, and execution ; as, to finish
a statue ; to complete a scheme of philosophy. To discharge is to
do what is given in charge, expected, or required ; as, to discharge
the duties of the office. To fidfil is to do or to be what has been
promised, expected, hoped, or desired ; as, a son fulfils a father's
hopes. Realize, effect, execute, and consummate all signify to em-
body in fact what was before in thought. One may realize that
which he has done nothing to bring about ; he may realize the
dreams of youth by inheriting a fortune ; but he can not effect his
early designs excejit by doing the vitmost that is necessary to make
them fact. Effect includes all that is done to accomplish the intent ;
execute refers rather to the final steps ; consummate is limited
quite sharply to the concluding act. An officer executes the law
when he proceeds against its violators ; a purchase is consum-
mated when the money is paid and the iDroperty delivered. Exe-
cute refers more commonly to the commands of another, effect
and consummate to one's own designs ; as, the commander effected
the capture of the fort, because his officers and men promptly exe-
cuted his commands. Achieve — to do something worthy of a chief
docile
doctrine
136
— signifies always to perform some great and generally some wor-
thy exploit. Perform and accomplish both imply working toward
the end ; but perform always allows a possibiUty of not attaining,
while accomplish carries the thought of full completion. In Long-
fellow's hnes, "Patience; accomplish thy labor," etc., perform
could not be substituted without great loss. As between complete
and accomplish, complete considers rather the thing as done ; ac-
complish, the whole i^rocess of doing it. Commit, as applied to
actions, is used only of those that are bad, whether grave or trivial ;
perpetrate is used chiefly of aggravated crimes or, somewhat
humorously, of blunders. A man may commit a sin, a trespass, or
a murder ; 2i6r2Jetrate an outrage or a felony. We finish a gar-
ment or a letter, complete an edifice or a life=work, consum,mate a
bargain or a crime, discharge a duty, effect a purpose, execute a
command, f^dfil a promise, perform our daily tasks, realize an
ideal, accomplish a design, achieve a victory. Compare trans-
act ; TRANSACTION.
Autonyms :
baffle,
come stort,
defeat,
destroy,
fail,
frustrate,
mar,
miscarry,
miss,
neglect,
rum,
spoil.
DOCILE.
Synonyms-.
amenable, manageable, pliant, teachable,
compliant, obedient, submissive, tractable,
gentle, pliable, tame, yielding.
One who is docile is easily taught ; one who is tractable is
easily led ; one who is pliant is easily bent in any direction ; com-
pliant represents one as inclined or persuaded to agreement with
another's will. Compare duty.
Autonyms:
determined, firm, intractable, opinionated, self=willed, wilful,
dogged, inflexible, obstinate, resolute, stubborn, imyielding.
Synonyms:
article of belief,
article of faitb.
DOCTRINE.
belief,
dogma.
precept,
principle.
teaching,
tenet.
Doctrine primarily signifies that which is taught ; x^^'inciple,
the fundamental basis on which the teaching rests. A doctrine is
reasoned out, and may be defended by reasoning ; a dogma rests
on authority, as of direct revelation, the decision of the church,
etc. A doctrine or dogma is a statement of some one item of be-
lief ; a creed is a summary of doctrines or dogmas. Dogma has
dogmatic
137 doubt, 17.
commonly, at the present day, an offensive signification, as of a
belief arrogantly asserted. Tenet is simply that which is held,
and is applied to a single item of belief ; it is a neutral word,
neither approving nor condemning ; we speak of the doctrines of
our own church ; of the tenets of others. A precept relates not
to belief, but to conduct. Compare faith ; law.
DOGMATIC.
Syuoiij'ins:
arrogant, doctrinal, magisterial, positive,
authoritative, domineering, opinionated, self=opinionated,
dictatorial, imperious, overbearing, systematic.
Dugmatic is technically applied in a good sense to that which
is formally enunciated by adequate authority ; doctrinal to that
which is stated in the form of doctrine to be taught or defended.
Dogmatic theology, called also "dogmatics," gives definite propo-
sitions, which it holds to be delivered by authority ; systematic
theology considers the same propositions in their logical connec-
tion and order as parts of a system ; a doctrinal statement is less
absohite in its claims than a dogmatic treatise, and may be moi'e
partial than the term systematic would imply. Outside of theol-
ogy, dogmatic has generally an offensive sense ; a dogmatic state-
ment is one for which the author does not trouble himself to give a
reason, either because of the strength of his convictions, or because
of his contempt for those whom he addresses ; thus dogmatic is,
in common use, allied with arrogant and kindred words.
DOUBT, V.
Synonyms:
distrust, mistrust, surmise, suspect.
To doubt is to lack conviction. Incompleteness of evidence
may compel one to doubt, or some perverse bias of mind may in-
cline him to. Distrust may express simi)ly a lack of confidence ;
as, I distrust my own judgment ; or it may be nearly equivalent
to suspect ; as, I distrusted that man from the start. Mistrust
and suspect imply that one is almost assured of positive evil ; one
may distrust himself or others ; he swspecfs others. Mistrust is
now rarely, if ever, used of persons, but only of motives, inten-
tions, etc. Distrust is always serious ; mistrust is often used
playfully. Compare suppose. Compare synonyms for doubt, n.
Antonyms:
believe, confide in, depend on, depend upon, rely on, rely upon, trust.
doubt, n.
draw
13§
Synonyms:
disbelief,
distrust,
hesitancy,
hesitation,
DOUBT, n.
incredulity,
indecision,
irresolution,
misgiving,
perplexity,
question,
scruple,
skepticism,
suspense,
suspicion,
unbelief,
uncertainty.
Doubt is a lack of conviction that may refer either to matters
of belief or to matters of practise. As regards belief, wliile
doubt is lack of conviction disbelief is conviction, to the contrary ;
unbelief refers to a settled state of mind, generally accompanied
with opposition of heart. Perplexity is active and painful ; dotibt
may be quiescent. Perplexity presses toward a solution; doid)t
may be content to linger unresolved. Any improbable statement
awakens incredulity. In theological usage unbelief and skepti-
cism have a condemnatory force, as implying wilful rejection of
manifest truth. As regards practical matters, uncertainty ap-
plies to the unknown or undecided ; doidit implies some negative
evidence. Suspense regards the future, and is eager and anxious ;
uncertainty may relate to any period, and be quite indifferent.
Misgiving is ordinarily in regard to the outcome of something
already done or decided ; hesitation, indecision, and irresolution
have reference to something that remains to be decided or done,
and are due of tener to infirmity of will than to lack of knowledge.
Distrust and suspicion apply especially to the motives, character,
etc., of others, and are more decidedly adverse than doubt.
Scruple relates to matters of conscience and duty.
Antonyms:
assurance,
belief.
certainty,
confidence,
conviction,
decision,
determination,
persuasion.
resolution,
resolve.
induce,
lead,
lure,
pull,
tow^,
tug.
I>RAW.
Synonyms:
allure, drag, haul,
attract, entice inclim
One object draios another when it moves it toward itself or in
the direction of its own motion by the exertion of adequate force,
whether shght or powerful. To attract is to exert a force that
tends to draiv, tho it may produce no actual motion ; all ob-
jects are attracted toward the earth, tho they may be sustained
from falling. To drag is to draiv against sti'ong resistance ; as,
to drag a sled over bare ground, or a carriage up a steep hill. To
pidl is to exert a draiving force, whether adequate or inadequate ;
!'»«' dream
as, the fish pidls on the Hue ; a dentist pulls a tooth. To tug is to
draw, or try to drmv, a resisting object with a continuous sti-ain-
ing motion ; as, to tug at the oar. To haid is to draw somewhat
slowly a heavy object ; as, to hatd a seine ; to Jiaul logs. One
vessel totes another. In the figurative sense, attract is more
nearly akin to incline, draw to induce. We are attracted by one's
appearance, drawn to his side. Compare allure ; array ; influ-
ence.
Aiitouynijii :
alienate, estrange, rebuff, reject, repel, repulse.
See synonyms for drive.
Prepositions:
To draw water fro^n or otd of the well ; draw the boat through
the water, to the shore ; draw air into the lungs ; draw ivith
cords of love ; the wagon is drawn hy horses, along the road,
across the field, over the stones, through the woods, to the barn.
DREAM.
Synonyms:
day=dream, fantasy, reverie, trance,
fancy, liallucination, romance, vision.
A dream is strictly a train of thoughts, fantasies, and images
passing through the mind dming sleep ; a vision may occur when
one is awake, and in clear exercise of the senses and mental powers ;
vision is often applied to something seen by the mind through
supernatural agency, whether in sleep or wakefulness, conceived
as more real and authoritative than a dream ; a trance is an ab-
normal state, which is different from normal sleep or wakefulness.
A reverie is a purposeless drifting of the mind when awake,
under the influence of mental images ; a day-dream that w-liich
passes before the mind in such condition. A fancy is some image
presented to the mind, often in the fullest exercise of its powers.
Hallucination is the seeming perception of non=existent objects,
as in insanity or delirium. In the figurative sense, we speak of
dreams of fortune, visions of glory, with little ditference of mean-
ing except that the vision is thought of as fuller and more vivid.
We speak of a trance of delight when the emotion almost sweeps
one away from the normal exercise of the faculties.
Antonyms :
certainty, fact, reality, realization, substance, verity.
dress
drive 140
DRESS.
Synonyms:
apparel, clothes, garb, habit, uniform,
array, clothing, garments. raiment, vestments,
attire, costume, habiliments, robes, vesture.
Clothing denotes the entire covering of the body, taken as a
whole ; clothes and garments view it as composed of separate
parts. Clothes, clotliing, and garments may be used of inner or
outer covering ; all the other words in the hst (with possible rare
exceptions in the case of raiment) refer to the outer garments.
Array, raiment, and vesture are archaic or poetic ; so, too, is
habit, except in technical use to denote a lady's riding=dress. The
word vestments is now rare, except in ecclesiastical use. Apparel
and attire are most frequently used of somewhat complete and
elegant outer clothing, tho Shakespeare speaks of ' ' poor and
mean attire." Dress may be used, specifically, for a woman's
gown, and in that sense may be either rich or shabby ; but in the
general sense it denotes outer clothing which is meant to be
elegant, complete, and apjiropriate to some social or public occa-
sion ; as, full dress, court dress, evening dress, etc. Dress has
now largely displaced apparel and attire. Garb denotes the
clothing characteristic of some class, profession, or the like ; as,
the garb of a priest. Costume is chiefly used for that which befits
an assumed character ; as, a threatrical costume ; we sometimes
speak of a national costume, etc.
Antonyms;
bareness, disarray, dishabille, exposure, nakedness, nudity, undress.
DRIVE.
Synonyms:
compel, propel, repel, resist, thrust,
impel, push, repulse, ride, urge on.
To drive is to move an object with some force or violence be-
fore or away from oneself ; it is the direct reverse of dratc, lead,
etc. A man leads a horse by the halter, drives him with whip
and rein. One may be driven, to a thing or from it ; hence, drive
is a synonym equally for compel or for repel or repxdse. Beptdse
is stronger and more conclusive than repel ; one may be repelled
by the very aspect of the person whose favor he seeks, but is not
repulsed except by the direct refusal or ignoring of his suit. A
certain conventional modern usage, especially in England, re-
quires us to say that we drive in a carriage, ride upon a horse ;
tho in Scripture we read of riding in a chariot (2 Kings ix, 16 ;
Jer. xvii, 35, etc.) ; good examples of the same usage may be
141 duplicate
found abundantly in the older English, The propriety of a per-
son's saying that he is going to drive when he is simply to be con-
veyed in a carriage, where some one else, as the coachman, does
all the driving, is exceedingly questionable. Many good author-
ities prefer to use ride in the older and broader sense as signifying
to be supported and borne along by any means of conveyance.
Compare banish ; compel ; influence.
AutonyiU!i«:
See synonyms for deaw.
Prepositions :
Drive to market ; to despair ; drive into exile ; from one's
presence ; out of the city ; drive by, with, or under the lash ; chuve
by or j^ast beautiful estates ; cdong the beach ; beside the river ;
through the park ; across the field ; around the square ; to the
door ; into the barn ; out of the sunshine.
DUPLICATE.
Syiioiiyins :
copy, facsimile, likeness, reproduction,
counterpart, imitation, replica, transcript.
A cojyy is as nearly like the original as the copyist has power
to make it ; a duplicate is exactly like the original ; a carbon copy
of a typewritten document must be a duplicate ; we may have an
inaccurate copy, but never an inaccurate duplicate. A facsimile
is like the original in appearance ; a duplicate is the same as the
original in substance and effect ; a facsimile of the Declaration of
Independence is not a duplicate. A facsimile of a key might be
quite useless ; a duplicate will open the lock. A counterpart ex-
actly corresponds to another object, but perhaps without design,
while a copy is intentional. An imitation is always thought of as
infei'ior to the original ; as, an imitation of Milton. A replica is
a copy of a work of art by the maker of the original. In law, a
copy of an instrument has in itself no authority ; the signatures,
as well as other matters, may be copied ; a duplicate is really an
original, containing the same provisions and signed by the same
persons, so that it may have in all respects the same force and ef-
fect ; a transcript is an official copy, authenticated by the signa-
ture of the projjer officer, and by the seal of the appropriate court.
While strictly there could be but one dup)licate, the word is now
extended to an indefinite number of exact copies. Reproduction
is chiefly applied to living organisms.
Antonyms:
archetype, model, original, pattern, prototype.
duty
eager
142
I>UTY.
Synoiiyiiis :
accountability, function, office, right,
business, obligation, responsibility, righteousness.
Etymologically, duty is that which is owed or dvie ; obligation,
that to or by which one is bound ; right, that which is correct,
straight, or in the direct Hne of truth and goodness ; responsi-
bility, that for which one must answer. Duty and responsihility
are thought of as to some person or persons ; right is impersonal.
One's duty may be to others or to himself ; his obligations and
responsibilities are to others. Duty arises from the nature of
things ; obligation and responsibility may be created by circum-
stances, as by one's own promise, or by the acceptance of a trust,
etc. We speak of a parent's didy, a debtor's obligation ; or of a
child's duty of obedience, and a parent's responsibility for the
child's welfare. Right is that which accords with the moral sys-
tem of the imiverse. Righteousness is right incarnated in action.
In a more limited sense, right may be used of what one may
rightly claim, and so be the converse of duty. It is the creditor's
right to demand payment, and the debtor's duty to pay. Compare
BUSINESS.
EAO£R.
Synonyms :
animated, desirous. glowing, importunate, longing,
anxious, earnest, hot. intense, vehement,
ardent. enthusiastic, impatient, intent, yearning,
burning, fervent, impetuous, keen, zealous.
One is eager who impatiently desires to accomplish some end ;
one is earnest with a desire that is less impatient, but more deep,
resolute, and constant ; one is anxious with a desire that foresees
rather the pain of disappointment than the delight of attainment.
One is eager for the gratification of any appetite or passion ; he is
earnest in conviction, purpose, or character. Eager usually refers
to some specific and immediate satisfaction, earnest to something
permanent and enduring ; the patriotic soldier is earnest in his
devotion to his country, eager for a decisive battle.
Antonyms:
apathetic, cool, indifferent, regardless, unconcerned,
calm, dispassionate, negligent, stolid, uninterested,
careless, frigid, phlegmatic, stony, unmindful,
cold, heedless, purposeless, stupid, unmoved.
Prepositions :
Eager for (more rarely after) favor, honor, etc.; eager in
pursuit.
*4«» education
EASE.
^tyiioiiyiiiN :
easiness, expertness, facility, knack, readiness.
Ease in the sense here considered denotes freedom from con-
scious or apparent effort, tax, or strain. Ease may be either of
condition or of action ; facility is always of action ; readiness is of
action or of expected action. One lives at ease who has no j^ress-
ing cares ; one stands at ease, moves or speaks with ease, when
wholly without constraint. Facility is always active ; readiness
may be active or passive ; the speaker has facility of expression,
readiness of wit ; any appliance is in reudiness for use. Ease of
action may imply merely the possession of ample jjower ; facility
always implies practise and skill ; any one can press down the
keys of a typewriter with ease ; only the skilled operator works
the machine with facility. Readiness in the active sense includes
much of the meaning of ease with the added idea of promptness
or alertness. Easiness applies to the thing done, rather than to
the doer. Exjjertness applies to the more mechanical processes of
body and mind ; we speak of the readiness of an orator, but of
the expertness of a gymnast. Compare comfortable : dexter-
ity ; POWER.
Antonyms :
annoyance, constraint, discomfort, irritation, trouble, vexation,
awkwardness, difficulty, disquiet, perplexity, uneasiness, worry.
EDCCATIOX.
Synonyms:
breeding, discipline, learning, study,
cultivation, information, nurture, teaching,
culture. instruction, reading, training,
development, know^ledge, schooling, tuition.
Education (L. educere, to lead or draw out) is the systematic
development and cultivation of the mind and other natural pow-
ers. ' ' Education is the harmonious development of all our fac-
ulties. It begins in the nursery, and goes on at school, but does
not end there. It continues through life, whether we will or not.
. . . 'Every person,' says Gibbon, 'has two educations, one
which he receives from others, and one more important, which he
gives himself.'" John Lubbock The Use of Life ch. vii, p. 111.
[Macm, '94.] Instruction, the impartation of knowledge by
others (L. instruere, to build in or into) is but a part of education,
often the smallest part. Teaching is the more familiar and less
formal word for instruction. Training refers not merely to the
eflrontery
144
impartation of knoivledge, but to thejexercising of one in actions
witli the design to form habits. l^isd^Mneis, systematic and rig-
orous training, with the idea of siibjection to authority and per-
haps of punishment. Tuition is the technical term for teaching
as the business of an instructor or as in the routine of a school ;
-tidtion is narrower than teaching, not, like the latter word, in-
cluding training. Study is emphatically what one does for him-
self. We speak of the teaching, training, or discipline, but not
of the education or tuition of a dog or a horse. Breeding and
nurture include teaching and training, especially as directed by
and dependent upon home life and personal association ; breeding
having reference largely to manners with such qualities as are
deemed distinctively characteristic of high birth ; nurture (liter-
ally 7iourishing) having more direct reference to moral quahties,
not overlooking the physical and mental. Knowledge and learn-
ing tell nothing of mental development apart from the capacity
to acquire and remember, and nothing whatever of that moral
development which is included in education in its fullest and
noblest sense ; learning, too, may be acquired by one's unaided
industry, but any full education must be the result in great part
of instruction, training, and personal association. Study is
emphatically what one does for himself, and in which instruction
and tuition can only point the way, encourage the student to
advance, and remove obstacles ; vigorous, persevering study is
one of the best elements of training. Study is also used in the
sense of the thing studied, a subject to be mastered by study, a
studious pursuit. Compare knowledge ; refinement ; wisdom.
Antoiiymfii :
ignorance, illiteracy.
Comi^are synonyms for ignorant.
EFFRO:\TERY.
Synonyms:
assurance, boldness, hardihood, insolence,
audacity, brass, impudence, shamelessness.
Audacity, in the sense here considered, is a reckless defiance of
law, decency, public opinion, or personal rights, claims, or views,
approaching the imeaning of imjjudence or shamelessness, but
always carrying the thought of the personal risk that one disre-
gards in such defiance ; the merely impudent or shameless person
may take no thought of consequences ; the audacious person
145 egotism
recognizes and recklessly braves them. HardiJiood defies and
disregards the rational judgment of men. Effvoniery (L. effrons,
barefaced, shameless) adds to audacity and hardihood the special
element of defiance of considerations of propriety, duty, and
respect for others, yet not to the extent impUed in impudence or
shamelessiiess. Impudence disregards what is due to superiors ;
shamelessness defies decency. Boldness is forward=stepping cour-
age, spoken of with reference to the presence and observation of
others ; boldness, in the good sense, is courage viewed from the
outside ; but the word is frequently used in an unfavorable sense
to indicate a lack of proper sensitiveness and modesty. Compare
ASSURANCE ; BRAVE .
Antonyms :
bashfulness, diffidence, sensitiveness, shyness,
coyness, modesty, shrinking, timidity.
EGOTISITI.
Synonyms :
conceit, self-assertion, self=confldence. self-esteem,
egoism, self=conceit, self=consciousness, vanity.
Egoism is giving the " I "' undue supremacy in thought ; ego-
tism is giving the " I " undue prominence in speech. Egotism is
sometimes used in the sense of egoism, or supreme regard for one-
self. Self-assertion is the claim by word, act, or manner of what
one believes to be his due ; self-conceit is an overestimate of one's
own powers or deserts. Conceit is a briefer expression for 6e//=
conceit, with always an offensive implication ; self-conceit is ridic-
ulous or pitiable ; conceit arouses resentment. There is a worthy
self-confidence which springs from consciousness of rectitude and
of power equal to demands. Self-assertion at times becomes a
duty ; but self-conceit is always a weakness. Self-consciousness
is the keeping of one's thoughts upon oneself, with the constant
anxious question of what others will think. Vanity is an over-
weening admiration of self, craving equal admiration from others;
self-consciousness is commonly painful to its possessor, vanity
always a source of satisfaction, except as it fails to receive its
supposed due. Self-esteem is more solid and better founded than
self-conceit ; but is ordinarily a weakness, and never has the
worthy sense of self-confide7ice. Compare assurance ; pride.
Antonyms:
bashfulness, diffidence, modesty, self»forgetfulness, unobtrusiveness,
deference, humility, self ^distrust, shyness, unostentatiousness.
10
emblem 146
EMBLEM.
Synonyms;
attribute, figure, image, sign, symbol, token, type.
Emblem is the English form of emblema, a Latin word of Greek
origin, signifying a figure beaten out on a metallic vessel by blows
from within ; also, a figure inlaid in wood, stone, or other mate-
rial as a copy of some natural object. The Greek ^vord symbolon
denoted a victor's wreath, a check, or any object that might be
compared with, or found to correspond with another, whether
tliere was or was not anything in the objects compared to suggest
the comimrison. Thus an emblem resembles, a sijmJwl represents.
An emblem has some natural fitness to suggest that for which it
stands ; a symbol has been chosen or agreed upon to suggest some-
thing else, with or without natural fitness ; a sig?i does actually
suggest the thing with or without reason, and with or without in-
tention or choice. A symbol may be also an emblem ; thus the
elements of bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are both appro-
priate emblems and his own chosen sijmbols of suffering and death.
A statement of doctrines is often called a symbol of faith ; but it
is not an emblem. On tlie other hand, the same thing may be
both a sign and a symbol ; a letter of the alphabet is a sign which
indicates a sound ; but letters are often used as mathematical,
chemical, or astronomical symbols. A token is something given
or done as a pledge or expression of feeling or intent ; while the
sign may be unintentional, the token is voluntary ; kind looks may
be signs of regard ; a gift is a token ; a ring, which is a natural em-
blem of eternity, and also its accepted symbol, is frequently given
as a token of friendship or love. A figure in the sense here con-
sidered is something that represents an idea to the mind somewhat
as a form is represented to the eye, as in drawing, painting, or
sculpture ; as representing a future reaUty, a figure may be prac-
tically the same as a tyjje. An image is a visible representation,
especially in sculpture, having or supposed to have a close resem-
blance to that which it represents. A tyjM is in religion a repre-
sentation of a greater reality to come ; we speak of one object as
the type of the class whose characteristics it exhibits, as in the
case of animal or vegetable types. An attribtite in art is some ac-
cessory used to characterize a figure or scene ; the attribute is
often an emblem or symbol ; thus the eagle is the attribute of St.
John as an emblem of lofty spiritual vision. Compare sign.
emigrate
147 employ
EMIORATE.
Synonyms :
immigrate, migrate.
To inigraie is to change one's dwelling=place, usually with the
idea of repeated change, or of periodical return ; it applies to
wandering tribes of men, and to many birds and animals. Emi-
grate and immigrate carry the idea of a permanent change of
residence to some other country or some distant region ; the two
words are used distinctively of human beings, and apply to the
same person and the same act, according to the side from which
the action is viewed.
Prepositions :
A person emigrates from the land he leaves, and immigrates to
the land where he takes up his abode.
EMPLOY.
Synonyms :
call, engage, engross, hire, make use of, use, use up.
In general terms it may be said that to employ is to devote to
one's purpose, to use is to render subservient to one's purpose ;
what is used is viewed as more absolutely an instrument than
what is employed ; a merchant employs a clerk ; he uses pen and
paper ; as a rule, use is not said of persons, except in a degrading
sense ; as, the conspirators used him as a go=between. Hence the
expression common in some religious circles "that God would
use me " is not to be commended ; it has also the fault of repre-
senting the human worker as absolutely a passive and helpless in-
strument ; the phrase is altogether unscriptural ; the Scripture
says, ''We are laborers together with (co= workers with) God."
That which is used is often consumed in the using, or in familiar
phrase used tip ; as, we tised twenty tons of coal last winter ; in
such cases we could not substitute employ. A person may be em-
ployed in his own work or in that of another ; in the latter case
the service is always understood to be for pay. In this connection
employ is a word of more dignity than hire ; a general is employed
in his country's service ; a naercenary adventurer is hired to fight
a tyrant's battles. It is unsuitable, according to present usage, to
speak of hiring a pastor ; the Scripture, indeed, says of the
preacher, "The laborer is worthy of his hire"; but this sense is
archaic, and hire now implies that the one hired works directly
and primarily for the pay, as expressed in the noun "hireling";
a pastor is properly said to be called, or when the business side
end
148
of the transaction is referred to, engaged, or possibly employed,
at a certain salary.
Prepositions :
Employ in, on, upon, or about a work, business, etc.; for a
purpose ; at a stipulated salary.
quit, terminate,
stop, ■wind up.
EMD, V.
Synonyms :
break off, close, conclude, expire,
cease, complete, desist, finish.
That ends, or is ended, of which there is no more, whether or
not more was intended or needed ; that is closed, completed, con-
cluded, or finished which has come to an expected or appropriate
end. A speech may be ended almost as soon as begun, because of
the speaker's illness, or of tumult in the audience ; in such a case,
the speech is neither closed, completed, nor finished, nor, in the
strict sense, concluded. An argument may be closed with noth-
ing proved ; when an argument is concluded all that is deemed
necessary to prove the point has been stated. To finish is to do
the last thing there is to do ; as, " I have finished my course," S
Tim. iv, 7. Finish has come to mean, not merely to complete in
the essentials, but to perfect in all the minute details, as in the ex-
pression "to add t\\e finishing touches." The enumeration is
completed; the poem, the picture, the statue is finished. To ter-
minate may be either to bring to an arbitrary or to an appropriate
end ; as, he terminated his remarks abruptly; the spire terminates
in a cross. A thing stops that comes to rest from motion ; or the
motion stops or ceases when the object comes to rest ; stop fre-
quently signifies to bring or come to a sudden and decided cessa-
tion of motion, progress, or action of any kind. Compare DO ;
TRANSACT.
A.ntouyius :
See synonymns for begin.
Synonyms:
accomplishment,
achievement,
bound.
boundary,
cessation,
close.
completion,
conclusion,
consectuence,
consummation,
design.
E5JI>, n.
effect,
expiration,
extent,
extremity,
finale,
finis,
finish,
fulfilment,
goal,
intent,
issue,
limit,
outcome,
period,
point,
purpose,
result,
termination,
terminus,
tip,
utmost.
uttermost.
I'*" endeavor, v.
The end is the terminal part of a material object that has
length ; the extremity is distinctively the terminal point, and may
thus be but part of the end in the general sense of that word ; the
extremity is viewed as that which is most remote from some cen-
ter, or some mean or standard position ; the southern end of
South America includes all Patagonia, the southern extremity or
point is Cape Horn. Tip has nearly the same meaning as ex-
tremity, but is said of small or slight and tapering objects ; as, the
tip of the finger ; point in such connections is said of that which
is drawn out to exceeding fineness or sharpness, as the point of a
needle, a fork, or a sword ; extremity is said of something consid-
erable ; we do not speak of the extremity of a needle. Terminus is
chiefly used to designate the end of a line of travel or transporta-
tion : specifically, the furthermost station in any direction on a
railway, or by extension the town or village where it is situated.
Termination is the Latin and more formal word for the Saxon
end, but is chiefly used of time, words, undertakings, or abstrac-
tions of any kind. Expiration signifies the coming to an end in
the natural course of things ; as, the expiration of a year, or of a
lease ; it is used of things of some consequence ; we do not ordi-
narily speak of the expiration of an hour or of a day. Limit im-
plies some check to or restraint upon further advance, right, or
privilege ; as, the limits of an estate (compare boundary). A
goal is an end sought or striven for, as in a race. For the figura-
tive senses of end and its associated words, compare the synonyms
for the verb end; also for aim ; conseqence; design.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for beoinning.
E]\DEAVOR, V.
Synonyms:
attempt, essay, strive, try, undertake.
To attempt is to take action somewhat experimentally with the
hope and purpose of accomplishing a certain result ; to endeavor
is to attempt sh-enuously and with firm and enduring purpose.
To attempt expresses a single act ; to endeavor, a continuous
exertion ; we say I will endeavor (not I will attempt) while I live.
To attempt is with the view of accomplishing ; to essay, with a
view of testing our own powers. To iindertake is to accept or
take upon oneself as an obligation, as some business, labor, or
trust ; the word often implies complete assurance of success ; as.
endeavor, n. - _ _
endure lOU
I will undertake to produce the witness. To strwe suggests little
of the result, much of toil, strain, and contest, in seeking it ; I
will airive to fulfil your wishes, i. e., I will spare no labor and
exertion to do it. Try is the most comprehensive of these woi-ds.
The original idea of testing or experimenting is not thought of
when a man says " I will try." To attempt suggests giving up, if
the thing is not accomplished at a stroke ; to try implies using
other means and studying out other ways if not at first successful.
Endeavor is more mild and formal ; the pilot in the burning pilot=
house does not say " I will endeavor" or "I will attemxit to hold
the ship to her course," but " I'll try, sir ! "
Antonyms :
abandon, give up, omit, throw away,
dismiss, let go, overlook, throw over,
drop, neglect, pass by, throw up.
ENDEAVOR, n.
Synonymis :
attempt, effort, essay, exertion, struggle, trial.
Effort denotes the voluntary putting forth of power to attain
or accomplish some specific thing ; it reaches toward a definite
end ; exertion is a putting forth of power without special refer-
ence to an object. Every effort is an exertion, but not every
exertion is an effort. Attempt is more experimental than effort,
endeavor less strenuous but more continuous. An effort is a sin-
gle act, an endeavor a continued series of acts ; an endeavor is
sustained and enduring, and may be lifelong ; we do not have a
society of Christian Attempt, or of Christian Effort, but of Chris-
tian Endeavor. A struggle is a violent effort or sti-enuous exer-
tion. An essay is an attenqjt, effort, or endeavor made as a test
of the powers of the one who makes it. Compare endeavor, v.
E^^DURE.
Synonyms : *
abide, bear, brook, submit to, sustain,
afford, bear up under, permit, suffer, tolerate,
allow, bear with, put up with, support, undergo.
Bear is the most general of these words; it is metaphorically
to hold up or keep up a burden of care, pain, grief, annoyance, or
the like, without sinking, lamenting, or repining. AUoio and j;er-
viit involve large concession of the will ; p)iit up tvith and tolerate
imply decided aversion and reluctant withliolding of opposition or
131 enemy
interference ; whispering is allowed by the school-teacher who
does not forbid, nor censure it ; one puts up u-ith the presence of a
disagreeable visitor ; a state tolerates a religion which it would be
glad to suppress. To endure is to hear tcith strain and resist-
ance, but with conscious power ; endure conveys a fviUer suggestion
of contest and conquest than hear. One may clioose to endure
x\\e pain of a surgical operation rather than take anesthetics ; he
permits the thing to come which he must brace himself to endure
when it comes. To afford is to be equal to a pecuniary demand,
*. e., to be able to hear it. To hrook is quietly to put up ivith
provocation or insult. Ahide combines the senses of await and
endure ; as, I will ahide the result. Compare abide ; support.
AiitoiiyiU)^:
break, despair fail, fall, Rive out, 6inl<, surremlor,
break down, droop, faint, falter, give up, succumb, yield.
Syiioiiyiiis:
adversary, antagonist, competitor, foe, opponent, rival.
An enemy in private life is one who is moved by hostile feeling
with active disposition to injure ; but in military language all who
fight on the opposite side are called enemies or collectively "the
enemy," where no personal animosity may be implied ; foe, which
is rather a poetical and literary word, implies intensely hostile
spirit and purpose. An antagonist is one who opposes and is
opposed actively and with intensity of effort ; an oppo7ient, one
in whom the attitude of resistance is the more prominent ; a com-
petitor, one who seeks the same object for which another is sti'i-
ving ; antago7iists in wTestling, competitors in business, oppo7ients
in debate may contend with no personal ill will ; rivals in love,
ambition, etc., rarely avoid inimical feeling. Adversary was
formerly much iised in the general sense of antagonist or oppo-
nent, but is now- less common, and largely restricted to the hostile
sense ; an adversary is ordinarily one who not only opposes an-
other in fact, but does so with hostile spirit, or perhaps out of pure
malignity ; as, the gi-eat Adversary. Compare synonyms for
AMBITION.
Antonyms :
abettor, accessory, accomplice, ally, friend, helper, supporter.
Prepositions .
He was the enemy of my friend in the contest.
enmity ■» /-«
entertain *«*.«
ENMITY.
Synonyms:
acrimony, bitterness, ill will, malignity,
animosity, hatred, malevolence, rancor,
antagonism, hostility, malice, spite.
Enmity is the state of being an enemy or the feeling and dispo-
sition characterizing an enemy (compare enemy). Animosity de-
notes a feeling more active and vehement, but often less enduring
and determined, than enmity. Enmity distinctly recognizes its
object as an enemy, to be met or dealt with accordingly. Hostil-
ity is enmity in action ; the term hostilities between nations de-
notes actual armed coUision. Bitterness is a resentful feeling
arising from a belief that one has been wronged ; acrimony is a
kindred feeling, but deeper and more persistent, and may arise
from the crossing of one's wishes or plans by another, where no
injustice or vrcong is felt. Antagonism, as between two competing
authors or merchants, does not necessarily imply enmity, but or-
dinarily suggests a shade, at least, of hostile feeling. Malice is a
disposition or intent to injure others, for the gratification of some
evil passion ; malignity is intense and violent enmity, hatred, or
malice. Compare synonyms for ACRIMONY ; anger ; hatred.
Antonyms :
asfeement, amity, friendship, kimlliness, regard,
alliance, concord, harmony, kindness, sympathy.
ENTERTAIN.
Synonyms :
amuse. cheer, disport, enliven, interest, please,
beguile, delight, divert, gratify, occupy, recreate.
To entertain, in the sense here considered, is to engage and
pleasantly occupy the attention ; to amuse is to occupy the atten-
tion in an especially bright and cheerful way, often with that
which excites merriment or laughter ; as, he entertained us with
an amusing story. To divert is to turn from serious thoughts
or laborious pursuits to something that lightly and agreeably oc-
cupies the mind ; one may be entertained or amused who has
nothing serious or laborious from which to be diverted. To recre-
ate, literally to re=create, is to engage mind or body in some pleas-
ing activity that restores sti-ength and energy for serious work.
To beguile is, as it were, to cheat into cheer and comfort by some-
thing that insensibly draws thought or feeling away from pain or
disquiet. We beguile a weary hour, cheer the despondent, divert
the preoccupied, enliven a dull evening or company, gratify our
eiitertainineiit
lo3 cutliuiiitasiii
friends' wishes, entertain, interest, please a listening audience,
occupy idle time, disport ourselves when merry, recreate when
worn with toil ; we amuse ourselves or others with whatever
pleasantly passes the time without special exertion, each according
to his taste.
Antoiiyni!^:
annoy, bore, busy, disquiet, distract, disturb, tire, weary.
EBfTERTAiafMEl^T.
Synonyms :
amusement, diversion, fun. pleasure,
cheer, enjoyment, merriment, recreation,
delight, frolic, pastime, sport.
Entertainment and recreation imply thought and mental occu-
pation, tho in an agreeable, refreshing way ; they are there-
fore words of a high order. Entertainment, apart from its special
senses of a public performance or a social party, and predom-
inantly even there, is used of somewhat mirthful mental delight ;
recreation may, and usually does, combine the mental with the
physical. Amusement and pastime are nearly equivalent, the
latter probably the lighter word ; many slight things may be
pastimes which we should hardly dignify by the name of amuse-
ments. Sports are almost wholly on the physical plane, tho
involving a certain grade of mental action ; fox-liunting, horse*
racing, and baseball are sports. Certain sports may afford enter-
tainment or recreation to certain persons, according to their indi-
vidual tastes ; but entertainment and recreation are capable of a
meaning so high as never to be approached by any meaning of
sport. Cheer may be very quiet, as the cheer of a bright fire to
an aged traveler ; merriment is with liveliness and laughter ; fun
and frolic are apt to be boisterous. Amusement is a form of enjoy-
ment, but enjoyment may be too keen to be called amusement.
Compare synonoyms for ENTERTAIN.
Antonyms :
ennui, fatigue, labor, lassitude, toil, weariness, work.
EI^THIJSIASM.
Synonyms :
ardor. excitement, frenzy, transport,
devotion, extravagance, inspiration, vehemence,
eagerness, fanaticism, intensity w^armth,
earnestness, fervency, passion, zeal,
ecstacy, fervor, rapture.
The old meaning of enthusiasm implies a -pseudo'insjnration,
154
entrance *"■•«
an almost frantic extravagance in behalf of something supposed
to be an expression of the divine will. This sense remains as the
controUing one in the kindi-ecl noun entlmsiast. Enthusiasm has
now chiefly the meaning of an earnest and commendable devotion,
an intense and eager interest. Against the hindrances of the
world, nothing great and good can be carried without a certain
fervor, intensity, and vehemence ; these joined with faith, courage,
and hopefulness make enthusiasm. Zeal is burning earnestness,
always tending to vigorous action with all the devotion of enthu-
siasm, tho often without its hopefulness. Compare eager.
Antonyms: ^
calculation, caution, deadness, indifference, policy, timidity,
calmness, coldness, dulness, lukewarmness, prudence, warmesB.
E]\TRA]\[CE.
Synonyms :
access, approacU, gate. introduction,
accession, door, gateway, opening,
adit, doorway, ingress, penetration,
admission, entree inlet, portal,
admittance, entry,
Entrance, the act of entering, refers merely to the fact of pass-
ing from without to within some enclosure ; admission and ad-
mittance refer to entering by or with some one's consent, or at
least to opportunity afforded by some one's act or neglect. We
may effect or force an entrance, but not admittance or admission;
those we gain, procm-e, obtain, secure, win. Admittance vetevs to
place, admission refers also to position, privilege, favor, friend-
sliip, etc. An intruder may gain admittance to the hall of a soci-
ety who would not be allowed admission to its membership. Ap-
proach is a movement toward another ; access is coming all the
way to his presence, recognition, and consideration. An unworthy
favorite may prevent even those who gain admittance to a king's
audience from obtaining any real access to the king. Entrance
is also used figuratively for setting out upon some career, or be-
coming a member of some organization; as, we speak of one's
entrance upon college life, or of entrance into the ministry.
Antonyms:
departure, ejection, exit, refusal, withdrawal.
egress, exclusion, expulsion, rejection,
Prepositions :
Entrance iiito a place ; on or upon a work or course of action ;
into or %ipon office ; into battle ; hij or through the door ; unthin
the gates ; into or among tlie company.
envious
155 equivocal
E»JVIOUS.
Synonyms:
jealous, suspicious.
One is envious who cherishes selfish ill will toward another be-
cause of his superior success, endowments, possessions, or the
like. A person is euTious of that wliich is another's, and to which
he himself has no right or claim ; he is jealous of intrusion upon
that which is his own. or to which he maintains a right or claim.
An envious spirit is always bad ; a jealous spirit may be good or
bad, according to its object and tendency. A free people must be
jealous of their liberties if they would retain tliem. One is sus-
picious of another from unfavorable indications or from a knowl-
edge of wrong in his previous conduct, or even without reason.
Compare doubt.
Antonyms :
contented, friendly, kindly, satisfied, trustful, well=disposed.
Prepositions:
Envious of (formerly at or against) a person ; envious of his
wealth or power ; envious of him for, because of, on account of
his wealth or power.
EQIJIVOCAI..
Synonyms:
ambiguous enigmatical, indistinct, questionable,
doubtful, Indefinite, obscure, suspicious,
dubious, indeterminate, perplexing, uncertain,
enigmatic,
Equivocal (L. equus, equal, and vox, voice, word) denotes that
which may equally well be understood in either of two or more
ways. Ambiguous (L. ambi, around, and ago, drive, lead) signi-
fies lacking in distinctness or certainty, obscure or doubtful
through indefiniteness of expression. Ambiguous is applied only
to spoken or written statements ; equivocal has other applications.
A statement is ambiguous when it leaves the mind of the reader
or hearer to fluctuate between two meanings, which would fit the
language equally weU ; it is equivocal w4ien it would naturally be
understood in one way, but is capable of a different interpretation ;
an equivocal expression is, as a rule, intentionally deceptive,
while an ambiguous utterance may be simply the result of a want
either of clear thought or of adequate expression. That which is
enigmatical must be guessed like a riddle ; a statement may be
purposely made enigmatical in order to provoke thought and
study. That is doubtful which is fairly open to doubt ; that is
dubious which has become the subject of doubts so grave as
esteem, v. 156
scarcely to fall short of condemnation ; as. a dubious reputation.
Questionable may be used nearly in the sense either of dubious or
of doubtful ; a questionable statement is one that must be proved
before it can be accepted. To say that one's honesty is questionable
is a mild way of saying that in the opinion of the speaker he is
likely to prove dishonest. Equivocal is sometimes, tho more
rarely, used in this sense, A suspicious character gives manifest
reason to be suspected ; a suspicious temper is inclined to suspect
the motives and intentions of others, with or Avithout reason.
Compare clear.
Antonyms:
certain, evident, lucid, perspicnous, unequivocal,
clear, indisputable, manifest, plain, iinquestionaDle,
distinct, indubitable, obvious, unambiguous, unquestioned.
ESTEEII, V.
Synonyms:
appreciate, consider, estimate, prize, think,
calculate, deem, hold, regard, value.
Esteem and estimate alike imply to set a certain mental value
upon, but esteem is less precise and mercantile than calcidate or
estimate. "We esteem a jewel precious ; we estimate it to be worth
so mvich money. This sense of esteem is now chiefly found in lit-
erary or oratorical style, and in certain conventional phi'ases ; as,
I esteem it an honor, a favor. In popular usage esteem, as said of
persons, denotes a union of respect and kindly feeling and, in the
highest sense, of moral approbation ; as, one whom I highly
esteem ; the word may be used in a similar sense of material
things or abstractions ; as, one whose friendship I esteem ; a shell
gTeatly esteemed for inlaid work. To appreciate anything is to
be deeply or keenly sensible of or sensitive to its qualities or in-
fluence, to see its full import, be alive to its value, importance, or
worth ; as, to appreciate beauty or harmony ; to appreciate one's
services in a cause ; the word is similarly, tho rarely, used of
persons. To prize is to set a high value on for something more
than merely commercial reasons. One may vcdue some object, as
a j)icture, beyond all price, as a family heirloom, or may ];>rize it
as the gift of an esteemed friend, without at all appreciating its
artistic merit or commercial value. To regard (F. regarder, look
at, observe) is to have a certain mental view favorable or unfavor-
able ; as, I regard him as a friend ; or, I regard him as a villain ;
regard has a distinctively favorable sense as applied to institutions
1^ esteem,??.
loT eternal
propi'ieties, duties, etc. , but does not share the use of the noun re-
gard as applied to persons ; we regard the Sabbath ; we regard a
person's feelings ; we have a regard for the person. Compare
ESTEEM, n.
ESTEEM, n.
Synonyms:
estimate, estimation, favor, regard, respect.
Esteem for a person is a favorable oj)inion on the basis of
worth, especially of moral worth, joined with a feeling of interest
in and attraction toward the person. Regard for a person is the
mental view or feeling that springs from a sense of his value, ex-
cellence, or superiority, with a cordial and hearty friendliness.
Regard is more personal and less distant than esteem, and adds a
special kindliness ; respect is a more distant word than esteem.
Respeet may be wholly on one side, while regard is more often
mutual ; respect in the fullest sense is given to what is lofty,
worthy, and honorable, or to a person of such qualities ; we may
pay an external respect to one of lofty station, regardless of i^er-
sonal qualities, showing resjject for the office. Estimate has more
of calculation ; as, my estimate of the man, or of his abilities, is
very high. Estimation involves the idea of calculation or ap-
praisal with that of esteem or regard, and is especially used of the
feeling entertained by numbers of people ; as, he stood high in
public estimation. Compare esteem, v.; friendship ; love.
Antonyms:
abhorrence, aversion, dislike, loathing,
antipathy, contenii)t, hatred, repugnance.
ETERNAE.
Synonyms:
deathless, fadeless. never=failing, undying,
endless, immortal, perennial, unending,
eonian. imperishable, perpetual, unfading,
everlasting, interminable, timeless, unfailing,
ever^living, never-ending, unceasing, w^ithout end.
Eterncd strictly signifies without beginning or end, in which
sense it applies to God alone ; everJasting applies to that which
may or may not have beginning, but will never cease ; eternal is
also used in this more limited sense ; endless, without end, in its
utmost I'each, is not distinguishable from everlasting ; but endless
is constantly used in inferior senses, especially in mechanics, as in
the phrases an endless screw, an endless chain. Everlasting and
endless are both used in a limited sense of protracted, indefinite,
event , -^
every *«»»
but not infinite duration ; as, the everlasting hills ; endless de-
bates ; so we speak of interminable qaarxels. is/^e?'?ioZ holds quite
strictly to the vast and sacred meaning in which it is applied to
the Divine Being and the future state. Everlasting, endless, and
eternal may be applied to that which has no life ; as, everlasting
chains, endless night, eternal death ; immortal applies to that
wdiich now has Ufe, and is forever exempt from death. Timeless
carries, perhaps, the fullest idea of eternal, as above and beyond
time, and not to be measured by it.
EVENT.
Synonyms:
case, contingency, fortune, outcome,
chance, end, incident, possibility,
circumstance, episode, issue, result,
consequence, fact, occurrence, sequel.
Etymologically, the incident is that which falls in, the event
that which comes out ; event is thus gi-eater and more signal than
incident ; we speak of trifling incidents, great events ; incidents
of daily life, events of history. Circumstance agi-ees with inci-
dent in denoting a matter of relatively slight importance, but im-
plies a more direct connection with the principal matter ; "circum-
stantial evidence" is evidence from seemingly minor matters
directly connected with a case : ' ' incidental evidence " would be
some evidence that happened unexpectedly to touch it. An occur-
rence is, etymologically, that wliich we run against, without
thought of its origin, connection or tendency. An ejnsode is con-
nected with the main course of events, like an incident or circum-
stance, but is of more independent interest and imjiortance. Out-
come is the Saxon, and event the Latin for expressing the same
original idea. Consequence or residt would express more of logic-
al connection, and be more comprehensive. The end may be
simple cessation ; the event is what has been accomplished ; the
eveiit of a war is victory or defeat ; the end of the war is reached
when a treaty of peace is signed. Since the future is contingent,
event comes to have the meaning of a contingency ; as, in the event
of his death, the policy will at once fall due. Compare circum-
stance ; CONSEQUENCE ; END.
EVERY.
Synonyms r
all, any, botli, eacli, either.
All and hoth are collective ; any, each, and every are disti'ibu-
159
evident
tive. Any makes no selection and may not reach to the full limits
of all ; each and every make no exception or omission, and must
extend to all ; all sweeps in the units as part of a total, each and
every proceed through the units to the total. A promise made to
all omits none ; a promise made to any may not reach all ; a
promise made to every one is so made that no individual shall fail
to be aware of it ; a promise made to each is made to the individ-
uals personally, one by one. Each is thus more individual and
specific than every ; every classifies, each individuaUzes. Each
divides, both unites ; if a certain sum is given to each of two per-
sons, both (together) must receive twice the amount ; both must
be aware of wiiat has been separately communicated to each ; a
man may fire both barrels of a gun by a single movement ; if he
fires each barrel, he discharges them separately. Either properly
denotes one of two, indefinitely, to the exclusion of the other.
The use of either in the sense of each or both, tho sustained by
good authority, is objectionable because ambiguous. His friends
sat on either side of the room would naturally mean on one side
or the other ; if the meaning is on both sides, it would be better to
say so.
EVI1>ENT.
Synonyms:
apparent, glaring, overt, tangible,
clear, indubitable, palpable, transparent,
conspicuous, manifest, patent, unmistakable,
discernible, obvious, perceptible, visible,
distinct, open, plain.
That is apparent which clearly appears to the senses or to the
mind as soon as the attention is directed toward it ; that is evident
of which the mind is made sure by some inference that supple-
ments the facts of perception ; the marks of a struggle were appar-
ent in broken shrubbery and trampled ground, and the finding of
a mutilated body and a rifled purse made it evident that robbery
and murder had been committed. That is manifest which we can
lay the hand upon; manifest is thus stronger than evident, as
touch is more absolute than sight ; that the picture was a modern
copy of an ancient work was evident, and on comparison with the
original its inferiority was manifest. That is obvious which is
directly in the way so that it can not be missed ; as, the apphca-
tion of the remark was obvious. Visible applies to all that can be
perceived by the sense of sight, whether the noonday sun, a ship
on the horizon, or a microscopic object. Discernible applies to
example 160
excess
that which is dimly or faintly visible, requiring strain and effort in
order to be seen ; as, the ship was discernible tlu-ough the mist.
That is conspicuous which stands out so as necessarily or strikingly
to attract the attention. Palpable and tangible express more
emphatically the thought of manifest.
Antonyms :
concealed, impalpable, latent, secret, unknown,
covert, impenetrable, obscure, undiscovered, unseen,
dark, imperceptible, occult, unimagmed, unthought ot.
hidden, invisible,
EXA]?IPLE.
Synonyms:
archetype, ideal, prototype, type,
ensample, model, sample, warning,
exemplar, pattern. specimen,
exemplification, precedent, standard.
From its original sense of sample or specimen (L. exemplmn)
example derives the seemingly contradictory meanings, on the one
hand of a patterii or model, and on the other hand of a teaming—
a sample or specimen of what is to be followed, or of what is to
be shunned. An example, however, may be more than a sample
or specimen of any class ; it may be the very archetype or proto-
type to which the whole class must conform, as when Clu-ist is
spoken of as being an example or leaving an example for his dis-
ciples. Example comes nearer to the possible freedom of the
model than to the necessary exactness of the pattern ; often we
can not, in a given case, exactly imitate the best example, but
only adapt its teachings to altered circumstances. In its applica-
tion to a person or thing, exemplar can scarcely be distinguished
from example ; but example is most frequently used for an act, or
course of action, for which exemplar is not used ; as, one sets a
good (or a bad) example. An exemplification is an illustrative
working out in action of a principle or law, without any reference
to its being copied or repeated ; an example guides, an exemplifi-
cation illustrates or explains. Ensample is the same as example,
but is practically obsolete outside of Scriptural or theological lan-
guage. Compare model ; sample.
EXCESS.
Synonyms :
dissipation. lavishness, redundance, surplus,
exorbitance, overplus. redundancy, w^aste.
extravagance, prodigality, superabundance, wastefulness,
intemperance, profusion, superfluity.
Excess is more than enough of anytliing, and, since this in
161
very many cases indicates a lack either of judgment or of self=
conti-ol, the word is used frequently in an unfavorable sense.
Careless expenditure in excess of income is extravagance ; we
may have also extravagance of language, professions, etc. As
extravagance is excess in outlay, exorbitance is excess in demands,
and especially in pecuniary demands upon others. Overplus and
superabundance denote in the main a satisfactory, and superflu-
ity an undesirable, excess ; lavishness and profusion, a generous,
bountiful, or amiable excess ; as, a profusion of fair hair : lavish-
ness of hospitality. Swplus is neutral, having none of the unfa-
vorable meaning that often attaches to excess ; a surplus is that
which remains over after all demands are met. Redundance or
redundancy refers chiefly to literary style, denoting an excess of
words or matter. Excess in the moral sense is expressed by dissi-
pation, prodigality, intemperance, etc.
Autonyms:
dearth, destitution, frugality, lack, scantiness,
defect, economy, inadequacy, need, shortcoming,
deficiency, failure, insufficiency, poverty, want.
EXECUTE.
Synonyms :
administer, carry out, do, enforce, perform.
To execute is to follow through to the end, put into absolute
and final effect in action ; to administer is to conduct as one hold-
ing a trust, as a minister and not an originator ; the sheriff
executes a writ ; the trustee administers an estate, a charity, etc. ;
to enforce is to put into effect by force, actual or potential. To
administer the laws is the province of a court of justice ; to exe-
cute the laws is the province of a sheriff, marshal, constable, or
other executive officer ; to administer the law is to declare or
apply it ; to execute the law is to put it in force ; for this enforce
is the more general word, execute the more specific. From signi-
fying to superintend officially some application or infliction, ad-
minister passes by a natural transition to signify inflict, mete out,
dispense, and blows, medicine, etc. , are said to be administered :
a usage thoroughly established and reputable in spite of pedantic
objections. Enforce signifies also to present and urge home by
intellectual and moral foi'ce ; as, to enforce a precept or a duty.
Compare DO ; kill ; iviake.
11
exercise
explicit
162
EXERCISE.
Synonyms :
act. application. exertion, performance,
action. drill. occupation, practise,
activity, employment, operation, use.
E.vercise, in the ordinary sense, is the easy natural action of
any power ; exertion is the putting of any power to sti-ain and
tax. An exercise'drixe for a horse is so much as will develop
strengtii and health and not appreciably weary. But by qualify-
ing adjectives we may bring exereise up to the full sense of exer-
tion ; as, violent exercise. Exercise is action taken at any time
with a view to employing, maintaining, or increasing power, or
merely for enjoyment ; practise is systematic exercise with a view
to the acquirement of facility and skill in some pursuit ; a person
takes a walk for exercise, or takes time for practise on the piano.
Practise is also used of putting into action and effect what one
has learned or holds as a theory ; as, the practise of law or medi-
cine ; a profession of x-eligion is good, but the jjr act ise of it is bet-
ter. Drill is systematic, rigorous, and commonly enforced pixic-
tise imder a teacher or commander. Compare habit.
Autonyms:
idleness, inaction, inactivity, relaxation, rest.
EXPEXSE.
Synonyms:
cost, expenditure, outgo, outlay.
The cost of a thing is whatever one surrenders or gives up for
it, intentionally or imintentionally, or even unconsciously ; ex-
pense is what is laid out by calculation or intention. We say,
"he won his fame at the cost of liis life ; " "I know it to my cost ; "
we speak of a joke at another's expense ; at another's cost would
seem to make it a more serious matter. There is a tendency to
use cost of what we pay for a possession, expense of what we pay
for a service ; we speak of the cost of goods, the expense of ma-
king up. Outlay is used of some definite expenditure, as for the
purchase of supplies ; outgo of a steady drain or of incidental ex-
penses. See PRICE.
Antonyms:
gain, proceeds, profit, receipt, return,
income, product, profits, receipts, returns.
EXPEICIT.
Synonym:
express.
Both explicit and express are opposed to what is merely im-
^_ oxteniporaneons
plicit or implied. That which is explicit is uniolded, so that it
may not be obscure, doubtful, or ambiguous ; that which is ex-
press is uttered or stated so decidedly that it may not be forgotten
nor overlooked. An explicit statement is too clear to be misun-
derstood ; an express command is too emphatic to be disregarded.
Compare clear.
Antonyms :
ambiguous, implicit, indefinite, uncertain,
doubtful, implied, indeterminate, vague.
EXTEItlPORAAEOlJS.
Synonyni««:
extemporary, impromptu, offhand,
extempore, improvised, unpremeditated.
Extemporaneous, originally signifying of or from tlie time or
occasion, has come to mean done or made with but little (if any)
prei^aration, and is now chiefly applied to addresses of which the
thought has been prepared, and only the language and incidental
treatment left to the suggestion of the moment, so that an ex-
temporaneous speech is understood to be any one that is not read
or recited; imx^romptu keeps its original sense, denoting something
that springs from the instant ; the impromptu utterance is gen-
erally brief, direct, and vigorous ; the extemporaneoiis speech
may chance to be prosy. Offhand is still more emphatic as to
the readiness and freedom of the utterance. Unpremeditated is
gi-aver and more formal, denoting absolute want of preparation,
but is rather too heavy a word to be applied to such apt, ready
utterance as is generally designated by impromptu.
Antonyms :
elaborated, premeditated, prepared, read, recited, studied, written.
EXTERMINATE.
Synonyms:
annihilate, eradicate, overthrow, uproot,
banish, expel, remove, w^ipe out.
destroy, extirpate, root out,
Exterminate (L. ex, out, and terminus, a boundary) signified
primarily to drive beyond the bounds or limits of a country ; the
word is applied to races of men or animals, anb is now almost ex-
clusively used for removal by death •, individuals are now said to be
banished or expelled. Eradicate (L. e, out, and radix, root) is
primarily applied to numbers or groups of plants which it is de-
sired to remove effectually from the soil ; a single tree may be up-
rooted, but is not said to be eradicated; we labor to eradicate
faint
faith
164
or root out noxious weeds. To extirpate (L. ex, out, and stirps,
stem, stock) is not only to destroy the individuals of any race of
lilants or animals, but the veiy stock, so that the race can never
be restored ; we speak of eradicating a disease, of extirpating a
cancer, exterminating wild beasts or hostile tribes ; we seek to
eradicate or extirpate all vices and evils. Compare ABOLISH.
Antonyms:
augment, breed, cherish, develop, increase, populate, replenish.
beget, build up, colonize, foster, plant, propagate, settle.
FAI^JT.
Synonyms :
dim,
exhausted,
faded,
faint=liearted,
faltering.
fatigued,
feeble,
half=hearted,
ill=defined,
indistinct.
irresolute,
languid
listless,
purposeless,
timid,
wealc,
w^earied,
worn,
worn down,
w^orn out.
Faint, with the general sensG of lacking strength or effective-
ness, covers a wide range of meaning, signifying overcome with
physical weakness or exhaustion, or lacking in purpose, courage,
or energy, as said of persons ; or lacking definiteness or distinct-
ness of color or sound, as said of written characters, voices, or
musical notes. A person may be faint when physically icearied,
or when overcome with fear ; he may be a faint adherent because
naturally feeble or purposeless, or because half-hearted in the
cause ; he may be a faltering supporter because naturally irreso-
lute or because faint-hearted and timid in view of perils that
tlu-eaten, a listless worker, through want of mental energy and
purpose. "Written characters may he faint or dim, either because
originally written vs^ith poor ink, or because they have become
faded by time and exposure.
Antonyms:
bright, clear, daring, fresh, resolute, sturdy,
brilliant, conspicuous, energetic, hearty, strong, vigorous.
Prepositions :
Faint with hunger ; faint in color.
Antonyms:
assent,
assurance
belief.
FAITH.
confidence, credit, opinion,
conviction, creed, reliance,
credence, doctrine, trust.
Belief, as an intellectual process, is the acceptance of some-
165 faltliful
thing as true on otlier grounds than personal observation and ex-
perience. We give credence to a report, assent to a proposition or
to a proposal. Belief is stronger than credence ; credence might be
described as a prima facie belief ; credence is a more formal word
than belief, and seems to imply somewhat more of volition ; we
speak of giving credence to a report, but not of giving belief.
Goods are sold on credit ; we give one credit for good intentions.
Conviction is a belief established by argument or evidence ; assur-
ance is belief beyond the reach of argument ; as, the Clu-istian's
assurance of salvation. An opinion is a general conclusion held
as probable, tho without full certainty ; a persuasion is a more
confident opinion, involving the heart as well as the intellect. In
religion, a doctrine is a statement of belief regarding a single
point ; a creed is a summary statement of doctrines. Confidence
is a firm dependence upon a statement as true, or upon a person as
worthy. Reliance is confidence on which we act or are ready to act
unquestioningly ; we have a calm reliance upon the uniformity of
nature. Trust is a practical and tranquil resting of the mind upon
the integrity, kindness, friendship, or promises of a person ; we
have trust in God. Faith is a union of belief and trust. Faith
is chiefly personal ; belief may be quite impersonal ; we speak of
belief of a proposition, faith in a promise, because the promise em-
anates from a person. But belief in a person is often used with
no appreciable difference from faith. In religion it is common to
distinguish between intellectual belief of reUgious truth, as any
other truth might be believed, and belief of the heart, or saving
faith.
Autonyniis:
denial, dissent, doubt, infidelity, rejection, suspicion,
disbelief, distrust, incredulity, misgiving, skepticism, unbelief.
Prepositions :
Have faith in God ; the faith of the gospel.
FAITHFUI..
Synonyms :
devoted, incorruptible, stancli, true, trusty,
firm, loyal, sure, trustworthy, unwavering.
A person is faithf id who will keep faith, whether with or with-
out power to aid or serve ; a person or thing is trusty that pos-
sesses such qualities as to justify the fullest confidence and de-
fame
faiiaticisni
166
pendence. We may speak of a faithful but feeble friend ; we say
a trusty agent, a trusty steed, a trusty sword.
Antonyms :
capricious, false, unfaithful, untrustworthy,
faithless, fickle, untrue, wavering.
Prepositions :
Faithful in service ; to duty ; to comrade or commander ;
faithful among the faithless.
eminence,
glory,
honor,
laurels.
notoriety, reputation,
renow^n, repute.
FAME.
Synonyms :
celebrity,
credit,
distinction,
Fame is the wudely disseminated report of a person's character,
deeds, or abilities, and is oftenest used in the favorable sense.
Reputation and repute are more limited than fame, and may be
either good or bad. Notoriety is evil repute or a dishonorable
counterfeit of fame. Eminence and distinction may result from
rank, station, or character. Celebrity is Hmited in range ; we
speak of local celebrity, or world=wide fame. Fame in its best
sense may be defined as the apjilause of numbers ; renoini, as such
applause worthily won ; we speak of the conqueror's fame, the
patriot's renown. Glory and lionor are of good import ; honor
may be given for qualities or acts that should not win it, but it is
always given as something good and worthy ; we can sjjeak of an
evil fame, but not of evil honor ; glory has a more exalted and
often a sacred sense.
Antonyms :
contempt, discredit, dishonor, humiliation, infamy, obscurity,
contumely, disgrace, disrepute, ignominy, oblivion, shame.
FANATICISM.
Synonynjs ;
bigotry, credulity, intolerance, superstition.
Fanaticism is extravagant or even frenzied zeal; bigotry is
obstinate and unreasoning attachment to a cause or creed ; fanat-
icism and bigotry usually include intolerance, which is unwilling-
ness to tolerate beUefs or opinions contrary to one's own ; super-
stition is ignorant and irrational religious belief. Credulity is not
distinctively religious, but is a general readiness to believe with-
out sufficient evidence, with a proneness to accept the marvellous.
Bigotry is narrow, fanaticism is fierce, superstition is ignorant,
credulity is weak, intolerance is severe. Bigotry has not the
-^1^ fanciful
*"• fancy
capacity to reason fairly, fanaticism lias not the patience, super-
stition has not the knowledge and mental discipline, intolerance
has not the disposition. Bigotry, fanaticism, and superstition
are perversions of the religious sentiment ; credulity and intoler-
ance often accompany skepticism or atheism.
Anton}'ni8 :
cynicism, free»tliinking, Indifference, latitudinarianism.
FAXCIFIIL,.
Synonyms:
chimerical, fantastic, grotesque, imaginative, visionary.
That in fanciful which is dictated or suggested by fancy inde-
pendently of more serious considerations ; the fantastic is the/a?j-
ciful with the added elements of whimsicalness and extravagance.
The fanciful swings away from the real or the ordinary lightly
and pleasantly, the fantastic extravagantly, the grotesque ridicu-
lously. A fanciful arangement of objects is commonly pleasing,
a fantastic arrangement is striking, a grotesque arrangement
is laughable. A fanciful theory or suggestion may be clearly
recognized as such ; a visionary scheme is erroneously supposed
to have a basis in fact. Compare synonyms for dream ; idea ;
IMAGINATION.
Antonyms :
accurate, commonplace, prosaic, regular, sound,
calculable, literal, real, sensible, sure,
calculated, ordinary, reasonable, solid, true.
Synonyms :
belief, desire, imagination, predilection,
caprice, humor, inclination, supposition,
conceit. idea, liking, vagary,
conception, image, mood, whim.
An intellectual fancy is a mental image or picture founded
upon slight or whimsical association or resemblance ; a conceit
has less of the picturesque and more of the theoretic than a fancy ;
a conceit is somewhat aside from the common laws of reasoning,
as a fancy is lighter and more airy than the common mode of
thought. A conceit or fancy may be wholly unfounded, while a
conception always has, or is believed to have, some answering re-
ality. (Compare reason.) An intellectual fancy or conceit may
be pleasing or amusing, but is never worth serious discussion ; we
speak of a mere fancy, a droll or odd conceit. An emotional or
personal /coic?/ is a capricious liking formed with slight reason and
farewell i ^s
fear ****
no exercise of judgment, and liable to fade as lightly as it was
formed. In a broader sense, the fancy signifies the faculty by
which fancies or mental images are formed, associated, or com-
bined. Compare synonyms for dream ; idea ; imagination.
Antonyms:
actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity.
Prepositions :
To have a fancy for or take a fancy to a person or thing.
FAREAVELL..
Synonyms:
adieu, goodiby, parting salutation, valedictory,
conge, leave=taking, valediction,
Good'-by is the homely and hearty, farewell the formal English
word at parting. Adieu, from the French, is still more ceremo-
nious than faretcell ; conge, also from the French, is commonly
contemptuous or supercilious, and equivalent to dismissal. Vale-
diction is a learned word never in popular use. A valedictory is
a public farewell to a company or assembly.
Prepositions :
I bade farewell to my comrades, or (without preposition) I bade
my comrades farewell ; I took a sad farewell of my friends.
FEAR.
Synonyms :
affright, dismay, horror, timidity,
apprehension, disquietude, misgiving, trembling,
aw^e, dread, panic, tremor,
consternation, fright, terror, trepidation.
Fear is the generic term denoting an emotion excited by threat-
ening evil with a desire to avoid or escape it ; fear may be sudden
or lingering, in view of present, of imminent, or of distant and
only possible danger ; in the latter sense dread is oftener used.
( Horror (etymologically a shivering or shuddering) denotes a
shuddering fear accompanied witli abhorrence or such a shock to
the feelings and sensibilities as may exist without fear, as when
one suddenly encounters some ghastly spectacle ; we say of a des-
perate but fettered criminal, "I looked upon him with horror.^'
Where horror includes fear, it is fear mingled with abhorrence.
(See ABHOR.) Affright, fright, and terror are always sudden, and
in actual presence of that which is terrible, i'^ea?- may overwhelm,
or may nerve one to desperate defense ; fright and terror ren-
der one incapable of defense ; fear may be controlled by force of
feminine
169 fetter
will ; fright and terror overwhelm the will ; terror paralyzes;
fright may cause one to fly, to scream, or to swoon. Fright
is largely a matter of the nerves ; fear of the intellect and the
imagination ; terror of all the faculties, bodily and mental. Panic
is a sudden fear or fright, affecting numbers at once ; vast armies
or crowded audiences are liable to panic upon slight occasion. In
a like sense we speak of a financial panic. Dismay is a helpless
sinking of heart in view of some overwhelming peril or sorrow.
Dismay is more reflective, enduring, and despairing than fright;
a horse is subject to fright or terror, but not to dismay. Awe is
a reverential /car. Compare alarm»
Antonyms:
See synonyms for fortitude.
FEUIXINE.
Synonyms.
effeminate, female, womanlsli, w^omanly.
We apply female to the sex,fe7ninine to the qualities, especially
the finer physical or mental qualities that distinguish the female
sex in the human family, or to the objects appropriate for or es-
pecially employed by them. A female voice is the voice of a wom-
an ; a feminine voice may belong to a man. Womanish denotes
the undesirable, womanly the admirable or lovely quahties of wom-
an. Womanly tears would suggest respect and sympathy, icoman-
ish tears a touch of contempt. The word effeminate is always
used reproachfully, and only of men as possessing icomanly traits
such as are inconsistent with true manliness.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for masculine.
FETTER.
Synonyms :
bondage, custody, gyves, irons,
bonds, durance, handcuffs, manacles,
cbains, duress, imprisonment, shackles.
Bonds may be of cord, leather, or any other substance that can
bind ; chains are of linked metal. Manacles and handcuffs are for
the hands, fetters are primarily chains or jointed iron fastenings
for the feet ; gyves may be for either. A shackle is a metallic ring,
clasp, or bracelet=like fastening for encircling and restraining a
limb : commonly one of a pair, used either for hands or feet.
Bonds, fetters, and chains are used in a general way for almost
feud
fiction 170
any form of restraint. Gyves is now wholly poetic, and the other
Avords are mostly restricted to the literary style ; handcuffs is the
specific and irons the general term in popular usage ; as, the pris-
oner was put in irons. Bonds, chains, and shackles are frequently
used in the metaphorical sense.
FEUD.
Synonyms:
affray, brawl, contest, dissension, hostility,
animosity, broil, controversy, enmity, quarrel,
bitterness, contention, dispute, fray, strife.
A feud is enmity between families, clans, or parties, with acts
of hostility mutually retaliated and avenged ; feud is rarely used
of individuals, never of nations. Wliile all the other words of the
group may refer to that wiaich is transient, a feud is long=endur-
ing, and often hereditary. Dissension is used of a nvimber of per-
sons, of a party or other organization. Bitterness is in feeling
only ; enmity and hostility involve will and purpose to oppose or
injure. A quarrel is in word or act, or both, and is commonly
slight and transient, as we speak of cliildish quarrels ; contention
and strife may be in word or deed ; contest ordinarily involves
some form of action. Contest is often used in a good sense, con-
tention and strife very rarely so. Controversy is commonly in
words ; strife extends from verbal controversy to the contests of
armies. Affray, hraid, and broil, like quarrel, are words of infe-
rior dignity. An affray or broil may arise at a street corner ; the
affray always involves physical force ; the brawl or broil may be
confined to violent language.
FICTIOIV.
Synoiiynts
allegory, fabrication, invention, myth. romance,
apologue, falsehood, legend, novel, story.
fable. figment,
Fiction is now chiefly used of a prose work in narrative form
in which the characters are partly or Avholly imaginary, and
which is designed to portray human life, with or without a prac-
tical lesson ; a romance portrays what is pictm-esque or striking,
as a mere fiction may not do ; 7iovel is a general name for any con-
tinuous fictitious narratiA'e, especially a lovesstory ; fiction and
novel are used with little difference of meaning, except that novel
characterizes a work in Avhich the emotional element is especially
I'M fierce
prominent. The moral of the fable is expressed formally ; the
lesson of the Jict ion, if any, is inwrought. A fiction is studied ; a
myth grows up without intent. A legend may be true, but can
not be historically verified ; a myth has been received as ti-ue at
some time, but is now known to be false. A fabrication is de-
signed to deceive ; it is a less odious word than falsehood, but is
really sti-onger, as a fcdsehood may be a sudden unpremeditated
statement, while a fabrication is a series of statements carefully
studied and fitted together in order to deceive ; the falsehood is all
false ; the fabrication may mingle the true with the false. A^g-
ment is something imaginary which the one who utters it may or
may not beheve to be true ; we say, "That statement is a, figment
of his imagination." The story may be either true or false, and
covers the various senses of all the words in the group. Apologue,
a word simply ti-ansferred from Greek into English, is the same
as fable. Compare allegory.
Antonyiuis:
certainty, fact, history, literalness, reality, truth, verity.
FIERCE.
Synonyms:
ferocious, furious, raging, uncultivated, violent,
fiery, impetuous, savage, untrained, w^ild.
Fierce signifies having a furious and cruel nature, or being in
a. furious and cruel mood, more commonly the latter. It applies
to that which is now intensely excited, or liable to intense and
sudden excitement. Ferocious refers to a state or disposition ; that
which is ^eroe flashes or blazes; that which is ferocious steadily
burns ; we speak of a ferocious animal, a fierce passion. A fiery
spirit w^th a good disposition is quickly excitable in a good cause,
but may not he fierce or ferocious. Savage signifies untrained, un-
cultivated. Ferocious always denotes a tendency to violence ; it
is more distinctly bloodthirsty than the other words ; a person
maybe deeply, intensely cruel, and not at aM. ferocious ; a ferocious
countenance expresses habitual ferocity; a fierce countenance
may express habitual fierceness, or only the sudden anger of the
moment. That which is icild is simply unrestrained ; the word
may imply no anger or harshness ; as, wild delight, icild alarm.
Antonyms :
nffectionate, gentle, kind, patient, submissive, tame,
docile, harmless, mUd, peaceful, sweet, tender.
financial ^ ^^
fine 172
FIXAMCIAL.
Synonyms ;
fiscal, monetary pecuniary.
These words all relate to monej". receipts, or expenditures.
Monetary relates to actual money, coin, currency ; as, the mone-
tary system ; a monetary transaction is one in which money is
transferred. Pecuniary refers to that in which money is in-
volved, but less directly ; we speak of one's pecuniary affairs or
interests, with no special reference to the handling of cash. Fi-
nancial applies especially to governmental revenues or expendi-
tures, or to private transactions of considerable moment ; we
speak of a xjecuniai^y reward, a financial enterj)rise ; we give a
needy person pecuniary (not financial) assistance. It is com-
mon to speak of t\\e fiscal rather than the financial year.
FIXE
Synonyms;
beautiful.
excellent.
polished.
small.
clarified.
exquisite.
pure.
smooth.
clear.
gauzy.
refined.
splendid,
comminuted.
handsome.
sensitive.
subtile.
dainty.
keen.
sharp,
subtle.
delicate,
minute.
slender,
tenuous,
elegant.
nice,
slight.
thin.
Fine (L. finis, end) denotes that which has been brought to a
full end, finished. From this root=sense many derived meanings
branch out, causing words quite remote from each other to be
alike synonyms of fine. That which is truly finished, brought to
an ideal end, is excellent of its kind, and beautiful, if a thing that-
admits of beauty ; as. a. fine house, fine trees, a, fine woman, a fine
morning ; if a thing that admits of the removal of impurities, it "
is not finished till these are removed, and hence fine signifies clc(r--
ified, clear, pure, refined ; as, fi^ie gold. That which is finished
is apt to be polished, smooth to the touch, minutely exact in out-
line ; hence ^?ie comes to be a synonym for" all words like dainty,
delicate, exquisite ; as, fine manners, a fine touch, fine percep-
tions. As that which is delicate is apt to be small, by an easy ex-
tension of meaning fine becomes a synonym for sletider, slight,
minute, comminuted : as, a fine thread, fine sand ; or for filmy,
tenuous, thin ; as, a, fine lace, fine wire ; and as a thin edge is keen,
sharp, fine becomes also a synonym for these words ; as, a fine
point, a fine edge. Compare beautiful ; minute.
Antonyms:
liiK^
clumsy,
great,
huge,
large,
stout,
blunt,
coarse,
heavy.
immeuse,
rude,
thick.
1 wn Are
■ •«> fluctuate
FIRE.
Syiioiiyiiis:
blaze, burning, combustion, conflagration, flame.
CovibustioH is the essential fact which is at tlie basis of that
assemblage of visible phenomenon which we call/tre; combustion
being the continuous chemical combination of a substance with
some element, as oxygen, evolving heat, and extending from slow
processes, such as those by which the heat of the human body
is maintained, to the processes producing the most intense light
also, as in a blast=furnace, or on the surface of the sun. Fire is
always attended with light, as well as heat; blaze, flame, etc.,
designate the mingled light and heat of a fi,re. Combustion is the
scientific, fire the popular term, A conflagration is an extensive
fire. Compare light.
FI^OCK.
Synonyms :
bevy, covey, group, herd, lot, set,
brood, drove, hatch, litter, pack, sw^arm.
Oroup is the general word for any gathering of a small num-
ber of objects, whether of persons, animals, or inanimate things.
The individuals in a brood or Utter are related to each other ;
those in the other groups may not be. Brood is used chiefly of
fowls and birds, litter of certain quadrupeds which bring forth
many young at a birth ; we speak of a brood of chickens, a litter
of puppies ; brood is sometimes applied to a family of young chil-
dren. Bevy is used of birds, and figuratively of any bright and
lively group of women or children, but rarely of men. Flock
is applied to birds and to some of the smaller animals ; herd is
confined to the larger animals ; we sj^eak of a bevy of quail, a
covey of partridges, a flock of blackbirds, or a flock of sheep, a
herd of cattle, horses, buffaloes, or elephants, a pack of wolves,
a pack of hounds, a sivarm of bees. A collection of animals
driven or gathered for driving is called a drove.
FLUCTUATE.
Synonyms:
hesitate, sw^erve, vacillate, veer,
oscillate, undulate, vary, w^aver.
To fluctuate (L. fluctus, a wave) is to move like a wave with
alternate rise and fall. A pendulum oscillates; waves fluctuate
or undidate ; a light or a flame ivavers ; a frightened steed SM'erre.s
fluid - «, .
follow l^'i
from his course ; a tool or weapon siceriies from the m^ark or line ;
the temperature varies ; the wind veers when it suddenly changes
its direction. That which veers may steadily hold the new direc-
tion ; that which oseillates, flnctuafes, undulates, or reavers re-
turns upon its way. As regards mental states, he who hesitates
sticks (L. Jicerere) on the verge of decision ; he who tvavers does
not stick to a decision ; he who vacillates decides now one way,
and now another ; one vacillates between contrasted decisions or
actions ; he may leaver between decision and indecision, or be-
tween action and inaction. Persons hesitate, vacillate, reaver ;
feelings fluctuate or vary. Compare shake.
/liitoiiyins :
abide, adhere, hold fast, persist, stand fast, stay, stick.
FLUID.
Synonyms :
gas, licLuid.
A fluid is a substance that, like air or water, yields to any
force that tends to change its form ; a liquid is a body in that
state in which the particles move freely among themselves, but
remain in one mass, keeping the same volume, but taking always
the form of the containing vessel ; a liquid is an inelastic fluid ;
a gas is an elastic fluid that tends to expand to the utmost limits
of the containing space. All liquids are fluids, but not all fluids
are liquids ; air and all the gases are fluids, but they are not
liquids under ordinary circumstances, tho capable of being re-
duced to a liquid form by special means, as by cold and pressiu'e.
Water at the ordinary temperature is at once a fluid and a liquid.
FOLI.OAV.
Synonyniff :
accompany, come after, go after, obey, pursue,
attend, copy, heed. observe, result,
cbase, ensue, imitate, practise, succeed.
Anything that comes after or goes after another, either in space
or in time, is said to folloiv it. A servant folloivs or attends his
master ; a victorious general may folloiv the retiring enemy
merely to watch and hold him in check ; he chases or pursues
with intent to overtake and attack ; the chase is closer and hotter
tlian the pursuit. (Compare synonyms for HUNT.) One event may
follow another either with or without special connection ; if it
175
food
ensues, there is some orderly connection ; as, the ensuing year ;
if it results from another, there is some relation of effect, conse-
quence, or inference. A clerk observes his employer's directions,
A child obeys his parent's commands, follows or copies his exam-
ple, imiiates liis speech and manners. The compositor follows
copy ; the incoming succeeds the outgoing official.
FOOD.
Synonym!^ :
aliment, feed, nourishment, paliulum, sustenance,
diet, fodder, nutriment, provender, viands,
fare, forage, nutrition, regimen, victuals.
Food is, in the poptdar sense, whatever one eats in contradis-
tinction to what one drinks. Thus, we speak of food and drink, of
wholesome, unwholesome, or indigestible food; biit in a more
scientific sense whatever, when taken into the digestive organs,
serves to build up structure or supply waste may be termed food ;
the word is extended to plants to signify whatever taken in any
way into the organism serves similar purposes ; thus, we speak of
liquid food, plant food, etc. ; in this wider sense food is closely
synonymous with nutriment, nourishment, and sustenance. Diet
refers to the quantity and quality of food habitually taken, with
reference to preservation of health. Victuals is a plain, homely
word for whatever may be eaten ; we speak of choice viands, cold
victuals. Nourishment and G::stcnance apply to whatever can be
introduced into the system as a means of sustaining life ; we say
of a convalescent, he is taking nourishment. Nutriment and
nutrition have more of scientific reference to the vitalizing
principles of various foods ; thus, wheat is said to contain a great
amount of nutriment. Regimen considers food as taken by strict
rule, but applies more widely to the whole ordering of life. Fare
is a general word for all table supplies, good or bad ; as, sumptu-
ous fare ; wretched fare. Feed, fodder, and x>rovender are used
only of the food of the lower animals, feed denoting anything
consumed, but more commonly grain, fodder denoting hay, corn-
stalks, or the like, sometimes called "long feed'''' ; provender is
dry feed, whether gi-ain or hay, straw, etc. Forage denotes any
kind of food suitable for horses and cattle, primarily as obtained
by a military force in scouring tlie country, especially an enemy's
country.
formidable ^
fortitude I7t»
FOR9III>ABLE.
Synonyms:
dangerous, redoubted, terrible, tremendous.
That which is formidable is worthy of fear if encountered or
opposed; as, a formidable array of troops, or of evidence. For-
midable is a word of more dignity than dangerous, and suggests
more calm and collected power than terrible ; formidable is less
overwhelming than tremendous. A loaded gun is dangerous ; a
park of artillery is formidable ; a charge of cavalry is terrible ;
the full shock of gi-eat armies is tremendous. A dangerous man
is likely to do mischief, and needs watching ; a formidable man
may not be dangerous if not attacked ; an enraged maniac is ter-
rible ; the force of ocean waves in a storm, and the silent pressure
in the ocean depths, are tremendous.
Antonyms:
contemptible, despicable, feeble, harmless, helpless, powerless, weak.
Prepositions:
Formidable by or in numbers ; in strength ; formidable to the
enemy.
FORTIFICATION.
Synonyms:
castle, citadel, fastness, fort, fortress, strongbold.
Fortification is the general word for any artificial defensive
work ; a fortress is a fortification of especial size and strength ; a
fortress is regarded as permanent, and is ordinarily an independ-
ent work; a fort or fortification may be temporary ; a fortifica-
tion may be but part of a defensive system ; we speak of the forti-
fications of a city. A citadel is a fortification within a city, or the
fortified inner part of a city or fortress, within which a garrison
may be placed to overawe the citizens, or to which the defenders
may retire if the outer works are captured ; the medieval castle
was the fortified residence of a king or baron. Fort is the com-
mon military term for a detached fortified building or enclosure of
moderate size occupied or designed to be occupied by troops. The
fortifications of a modern city usually consist of a chain of forts.
Any defensible place, whether made so by nature or by art, is a
fastness or stronghold.
FORTITUDE.
Synonyms :
courage, endurance, lieroism, resolution.
Fortitude (L. fort is, strong) is the strength or firmness of mind
^_,_, fortunate
1>7 fraud
or soul to endure pain or adversity patiently and determinedly.
Fortitude has been defined as " passive courage,''' which is a good
definition, but not complete. Fortitude might be termed "still
courage,^'' or " enduring courage " ; it is that quality which is able
not merely to endure j^ain or trial, but steadily to confront dan-
gers that can not be actively opposed, or against which one has no
adequate defense ; it takes courage to charge a battery, fortitude
to stand still under an enemy's fire. Resolution is of the mind ;
endurance is partly physical ; it requires resolution to resist temp-
tation, endurance to resist hunger and cold. Compare brave ;
PATIENCE.
FORTUNATE.
Synonyms:
favored, lucky, prospered, prosperous, successful,
happy,
A man is successful in any case if he achieves or gains what he
seeks ; he is known as a successfid man if he has achieved or
gained worthy objects of endeavor ; he is fortunate or lucky if
advantages have come to him without or beyond his direct plan-
ning or achieving. Lticky is the more common and colloquial, for-
tuncde the more elegant word ; fortunate is more naturally applied
to the graver matters, as we speak of the fortunate, rather than
the lucky, issue of a great battle ; lucky more strongly emphasizes
the element of chance, as when we speak of a lucky liit, a lucky
guess, or of one as ' ' born under a lucky star.'" Favored is used in
a religious sense, implying that one is the object of divine favor.
Happy, in this connection, signifies possessed of the means of hap-
piness. One is said to be liappy or prosperous whether liis pros-
perity be the result of fortune or of achievement ; prospered
rather denotes the action of a superintending Providence.
Antonyms:
broken, fallen, miserable, unhappy, woful,
crushed, ill=starred, unfortunate, unlucky, wretched.
FRAUD.
Synonyms :
artifice, deceit, duplicity, swindle, treason,
cheat, deception, imposition, swindling, trick,
cheating;, dishonesty, imposture, treachery,
A fraud is an act of deliberate deception with the design of
securing something by taking unfair advantage of another. A de-
ceit or deception may be designed merely to gain some end of one's
own, with no intent of harming another ; an imposition, to take
12
friendly
1T8
some small advantage of another, or simply to make another
ridiculous. An imposture is designed to obtain money, credit, or
position to which one is not entitled, and may be practised by a
street beggar or by the pretender to a throne. All action that is
not honest is dishonesty, but the term dishonesty is generally ap-
plied in business, politics, etc., to deceitful practises which are
not directly criminal. Fraud includes deceit, but deceit may not
reach the gravity of fraud ; a cheat is of the nature of fraud, but
of a petty sort ; a sivindle is more serious than a cheat, involving
larger values and more flagrant dishonesty. Fraud is commonly
actionable at law ; cheating and swindling are for the most part
out of the reach of legal proceedings. Treachery is chiefly used
of dishonesty in matters of friendship, social relations, govern-
ment, or war; treachery may be more harmful ih.a.n fraud, but is
not so gi-oss, and is not ordinarily open to legal redress. Treason
is a specific form of treachery of a subject to the government to
which he owes allegiance, and is definable and punishable at law.
Compare artifice ; deception.
Autonyms:
fairness, good faith, honesty, integrity, truth, uprightness.
Synonyms:
accessible,
affable,
affectionate,
amicable,
brotberly,
FRIENDLY.
companionable, genial,
complaisant, hearty,
cordial. kind,
favorable, kindly,
fond, loving,
neighborly,
sociable,
social,
tender,
w^ell=disposed,
Friendly, as said of persons, signifies having the disposition of
a friend ; as said of acts, it signifies befitting or worthy of a friend.
The adjective friendly does not reach the full significance of the
nouns " friend" and "friendship"; one may be friendly to those
who are not his friends, and to be in friendly relations often
signifies little more than not to be hostile. In its apphcation to
persons, accessible is used of public and eminent persons, who
might, if disposed, hold themselves at a distance from others.
Companionahle and sociable refer to manner and behavior, cordial
and genial express genuine kindliness of heart. We speak of a
cordial gi-eeting, a favorable reception, a neighborly call, a socia-
ble visitor, an amicable settlement, a kind interest, a friendly
regard, a hearty welcome. The Saxon friendly is stronger than
the Latin amicable ; the amicable may be merely formal ; the
friendly is from the heart. Fond is commonly applied to an
**^ frieiidslifp
affection that becomes, or at least appears, excessive. Affectionate,
devoted, and tender are almost always used in a high and good
sense; as, an affectionate son; a devoted friend; "the tender
mercy of our God," Luke i, 78. Compare friendship.
Antonyms:
adverse, bellicose, contentious, estranged, iil=disposed, unfriendly,
alienated, belligerent, disaffected, frigid, indifferent, unkind,
antagonistic, cold, distant, hostile, inimical, warlike.
Synonyms ;
FRIENDSHIP.
affection, comity, esteem, good will,
amity, consideration, favor, love,
attachment, devotion, friendliness, regard.
Friendship is a deep, quiet, enduring affection, founded upon
mutual respect and esteem. Friendship is always mutual ; there
may be unreciprocated affection or attachment, unrequited love,
or even unrecognized and unappreciated devotion, but never un-
reciprocated or unrequited friendship; one may have friendly
feelings toward an enemy, but while there is hostility or coldness
on one side there can not be friendship between the two. Friend-
liness is a quality of friendly feehng, without the deep and settled
attachment implied in the state of friendship. Comity is mutual
kindly courtesy, with care of each other's right, and amity a
friendly feeling and relation, not necessarily implying special
friendliness ; as, the comity of nations, or amity between neigh-
boring countries. Affection may be purely natural ; friendship
is a growth. Friendship is more intellectual and less emotional
than love ; it is easier to give reasons for friendship than for
love ; friendship is more calm and quiet, love more fervent ; love
often rises to intensest passion ; we can not speak of the passion
oi friendship. Friendship) implies some degree of equality, while
love does not ; we can speak of man's love toward God, not of his
friendship for God, (There is more latitude in the use of the con-
crete noun friend; Abraham was called "the friend of God";
Christ was called " the friend of sinners. '') Compare acquaint-
ance ; LOVE.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for battle ; enmity ; feud ; hatred.
Prepositions :
The friendship of one person for or toward another, or the
friendship hetireen them.
frigliteu - _ -
frugality ISO
IRI«HTEIV.
Synonyms:
affright, appal, cow, dismay, scare,
alarm, bro^vbeat, daunt, intimidate, terrify.
One is frightened by a cause of fear addressed directly and
suddenly to the senses ; he is intimidated by an apprehension of
contingent consequences dependent on some act of his own to be
done or forborne ; the means of intimidation may act through the
senses, or may appeal only to the intellect or the sensibilities. The
sudden rush of an armed madman may frighten ; the quiet level-
ing of a highwayman's pistol intimidates. A savage beast is in-
timidated by the keeper's Avhip. Employers may intimidate their
employees from voting contrary to their will by tlu-eat of dis-
charge ; a mother may be intimidated through fear for her child.
To hroivbeat or cotv is to bring into a state of submissive fear ; to
daunt is to give pause or check to a violent, tln-eatening, or even
a brave spirit. To scare is to cause sudden, unnerving fear ; to
terrify is to awaken fear that is overwhelming. Compare alarm.
FRIJGAIATY.
Synonyms ;
economy, parsimony, saving, sparing,
miserliness, providence, scrimping, thrift,
parsimoniousness, prudence.
Economy is a wise and careful administration of the means at
one's disposal ; frugality is a withholding of expenditure, or spoor-
ing of supplies or provision, to a noticeable and often to a painful
degi'ee ; parsimony is excessive and unreasonable saving for the
sake of saving. Frugality exalted into a virtue to be practised
for its own sake, instead of as a means to an end, becomes the
vice of parsimony. Miserliness is the denying oneself and others
the ordinary comforts or even necessaries of hfe, for the mere
sake of hoarding money. Prudence and providence look far
ahead, and sacrifice the present to the future, saving as much as
may be necessary for that end. (See prudence.) Thrift seeks
not merely to save, but to earn. Economy manages, frugality
saves, providence plans, thrift at once earns and saves, with a
view to wholesome and profitable expenditm'e at a fitting time.
See ABSTINENCE.
waste,
wealth.
Antonyms :
abundance,
bounty,
liberality.
opulence.
affluence,
extravagance,
luxury,
riches,
garrulous
181 ffeneral
OARRUJLOIJS.
Sjnonynis :
chattering, loquacious, talkative, verbose.
Garrulovs signifies given to constant trivial talking. Uhatter-
ing signifies uttering rapid, noisy, and unintelligible, or scarcely
intelligible, sounds, whether articvilate words or such as resemble
them ; chattering is often used of vocal sounds that may be in-
telligible by themselves but are ill understood owing to confusion
of many voices or other cause. The talkative person has a strong-
disposition to talk, with or without an abundance of words, or
many ideas ; the loquacious jjerson has an abundant flow of
language and much to say on any subject svxggested ; either may
be lively and for a time entertaining ; the garrulous person is
tedious, repetitious, petty, and selfsabsoi-bed. Verbose is applied
to utterances more formal than conversation, as to writings or
public addresses. We speak of a cliattering monkey or a chatter-
ing idiot, a talkative child, a talkative or loquacious woman, a
garrulous old man, a verbose writer. Compare circumlocution.
Autouyius:
laconic, reserved, reticent, silent, speecliless, taciturn.
OENDER.
Synonym :
sex.
Sex is a distinction among living beings : it is also the charac-
teristic by which most living beings are distinguished from inani-
mate things, which are of no sex ; gender is a distinction in
language partially corresponding to this distinction in nature ;
while there are but two sexes, there are in some languages, as in
English and German, three genders. The French language has
but two genders and makes the names of all inanimate objects
either masculine or feminine ; some languages are without the
distinction of gender, and those that maintain it are often quite
arbitrary in its application. We speak of the masculine or femi-
nine gender, the male or female sex.
GEl^ERAL,.
Synonyms :
common. familiar. ordinary, universal,
commonplace. frequent, popular, usual,
customary, habitual, prevalent,
everyday, normal, public.
Common signifies frequently occurring, not out of the regular
generous
1§2
course, not exceptional ; hence, not above the average, not excel-
lent or distinguished, inferior, or even low ; common also signi-
fies pertaining to or participated in by two or more persons or
things ; as, sorrow is common to the race. General may signify
pertaining equally to all of a class, race, etc. , but very commonly
signifies pertaining to the gi-eater number, but not necessarily to
all. Universal applies to all without exception ; general applies to
all with possible or comparatively slight exceptions ; common ap-
plies to very many without deciding whether they are even a
majority. A common remark is one we often hear ; a general fex-
Ijerience is one that comes to the majority of people ; a imiversal
experience is one from which no hviman being is exempt. It is
dangerous for a debater to affirm a universal proposition, since
that can be negatived by a single exception, while a general state-
ment is not invalidated even by adducing many exceptions. We
say a common opinion, common experience, a general rule, gen-
eral truth, a universal law. Compare synonyms for normal;
USUAL.
Antonyms:
exceptional, infrequent, rare, singular, uncommon, unknown, unusual.
OEBfEROfJS.
Synonyms :
bountiful, free, liberal, noble,
chivalrous, free=handed, magnanimous, open=handed,
disinterested, free=liearted. munificent, open-hearted.
Generous (L. genus, a race) primarily signifies having the
qualities worthy of noble or honorable birth ; hence, free and
abundant in giving, giving freely, heartily, and selfssacrificingly.
As regards giving, generous refers rather to the self-sacrificing
heartiness of the giver, liberal to the amount of the gift ; a child
may show himself generous in the gift of an apjile, a millionaire
makes a liberal donation ; a generous gift, however, is commonly
thought of as both ample and hearty. A munificent gift is vast
in amount, whatever the motive of its bestowal. One may be
free with another's money ; he can be generous only with his
own. Disinterested suggests rather the thought of one's own
self=denial ; generous, of one's hearty interest in another's wel-
fare or happiness. One is magnanimous by a greatness of soul
(L. magnus, great, and animus, soul) that rises above all that is
poor, mean, or weak, especially above every petty or ignoble
motive or feeling pertaining to one's self, and thus above resent-
, ^eniuH
*s«* get
ment of injury or insult ; one is generotis by a kindness of heart
that would rejoice in the welfare rather than in the punishment
of the offender.
Antonyms :
avaricious, covotous, ipioble, ' mean, nigtrardly, penurious, rapacious,
close, greedy, illiberal, miserly, parBiuionious, petty, stingy.
GEXIfJS.
Synonyms :
talent, talents.
Genius is exalted intellectual power capable of ojDerating inde-
pendently of tuition and training, and marked by an extraordinary
faculty for original creation, invention, discovery, expression, etc.
Talent is marked mental ability, and in a special sense, a particu-
lar and uncommon aptitude for some special mental work or at-
tainment. Genius is higher than talent, more spontaneous, less
dependent upon insti'uction, less amenable to training ; talent is
largely the capacity to learn, acquire, appropriate, adapt oneself
to demand. Yet the genius that has won the largest and most
enduring success has been joined with tireless industiy and pains-
taking. Compare synonyms for mind ; power.
Antonyms:
dulness, folly, imbecility, obtuseness, senselessness, stupidity.
OET.
Synonyms :
achieve, attain, gain, procure, secure,
acquire, earn, obtain, receive, -wiix.
Get is a most comprehensive word. A person gets whatever
he comes to possess or experience, whether with or without en-
deavor, expectation, or desire ; he gets a. bargain, a blow, a fall,
a fever ; he gains what he comes to by effort or striving ; the
swimmer gains the shore ; a man acquires by continuous and or-
dinarily by slow process ; as, one acquires a foreign language. A
person is sometimes said to gain and often to acquire what has
not been an object of direct endeavor ; in the pursuits of trade, he
incidentally gains some knowledge of foreign countries ; he ac-
quires by association Avith others a correct or incorrect accent ; he
acquires a bronzed complexion by exposure to a tropical sun; in
such use, what he gains is viewed as desirable, what he acquires
as slowly and gradually resulting. A person earns what he gives
an equivalent of labor for, tho he may not get it. On the other
hand, he may get what he has not earned ; the temptation
gift 184
to all dishonesty is the desire to get a living or a fortune without
earning it. When one gets the object of his desire, he is said to
obtain it, whether he has gained or earned it or not. Win denotes
contest, with a suggestion of chance or hazard ; in popular lan-
guage, a person is often said to win a lawsuit, or to win in a suit
at law, but in legal phrase he is said to gain his suit, case, or cause.
In receiving, one is strictly passive ; he may get an estate by his
own exertions or by inlieritance ; in the latter case he is said to
receive it. One obtains a thing commonly by some direct effort
of his own ; he procures it commonly by the intervention of some
one else ; \\e procures a dinner or an interview ; he secures what
has seemed uncertain or elusive, when he gets it firmly into his
possession or under his conti'ol. Compare synonyms for attain ;
MAKE ; REACH.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for abandon.
GIFT.
Synonyms:
benefaction,
bequest,
boon,
bounty,
bribe,
donation.
grant,
gratuity.
largess,
present
A gift is in the popular, and also in the legal sense that wliich
is voluntarily bestowed without expectation of return or compen-
sation. Qift is now almost always used in the good sense, bribe
always in the evil sense to signify payment for a dishonor-
able service under the semblance of a gift. In Scriptural language
gift is often used for bribe. " The king by judgment establisheth
the land ; but he that receiveth gifts overthroweth it." Prov.
xxix, 4. A benefaction is a charitable gift, generally of large
amount, and viewed as of enduring value, as an endowment for a
college. A donation is something, perhaps of great, never of triv-
ial value, given usually on some pubhc ground, as to a cause or to a
person representing a cause, but not necessarily of value beyond
the immediate present ; as, a donation to a pastor. A gratuity is
usually something of moderate value and is always given as to an
inferior, and as of favor, not of right ; as, a gratuity to a waiter.
Largess is archaic for a bountiful gratuity, usually to be distrib-
uted among many, as among the heralds at ancient tournaments.
A present is a gift of friendship, or conciliation, and given as
to an equal or a superior ; no one's pride is hurt by accepting
what is viewed as strictly a present. A boon is a gift that has
ISO govern
been desired or craved or perhaj^s asked, or something freely given
that meets some great desire. A grant is commonly considerable
in amount and given by public authority ; as, a grant of public
lands for a college.
Antoiiyins :
compensation, earnings, guerdon, i)enalty, remuneration, wages.
OIVE.
Synonyms :
bestow, communicate, deliver, ^rant, supply,
cede, confer, furnisli, impart,
To give is primarily to transfer to another's possession or owner-
ship without compensation ; in its secondary sense in popular use,
it is to put into another's possession by any means and on any
tei'ms whatever; a buyer may say " Give me the goods, and I
will give you the money " ; we speak of giving answers, informa-
tion, etc. , and often of giving what is not agi-eeable to the recip-
ient, as blows, medicine, reproof; but when there is nothing in the
context to indicate the contrary, give is always understood in its
primary sense ; as, this book was given me. Give thus becomes,
like get, a term of such general import as to be a synonym for a
wide variety of words. To grant is to put into one's possession in
some formal way, or by authoritative act ; as, Congi-ess grants lands
to a railroad corporation. To speak of granting a favor carries a
claim or concession of superiority on the part of the one by whom
the grant may be made ; to confer has a similar sense ; as, to con-
fer a degree or an honor ; we grant a request or petition, but do
not confer it. To impart is to give of that which one still, to a
greater or less degree, retains ; the teacher imparts instruction.
To bestow is to give that of which the receiver stands in especial
need ; we bestoiv alms.
Prepositions: "
We give money to a person for a thing, for a purpose, etc. (or
without proposition, give a person a sum of money) ; we give a
thing to or info one's care or keeping ; the weary fugitive gave
himself up to his pursuers.
OOVERX.
Synonyms :
command, curb, influence, mold, reign over, rule,
control, direct, manage, reign, restrain, sw^ay.
Govern carries tlie idea of authoritative administration or some
exercise of authority that is at once effective and continuous ; con-
graceful 186
trol is effective, but may be momentary or occasional. One con-
trols what he holds or can hold at will absolutely in check ; as, a
skilful horseman conirols a spirited horse ; a person controls his
temper ; "wre say to one who is excited, " control yovu'self." A per-
son commands another when he has, or claims, the right to make
that other do his vrill, with power of inflicting penalty if not
obeyed ; he controls another whom he can effectually prevent from
doing anything contrary to his will ; he governs one whom he
actually does cause, regularly or constantly, to obey his will ; a
parent may command a child whom he can not govern or control.
The best teachers are not gi-eatly prone to command, but govern
or control their pupils largely by other means. Command is,
however, often used in the sense of securing, as well as requiring,
submission or obedience, as when we speak of a commanding in-
fluence ; a man commands the situation when he can shape
events as he pleases ; a fortress commands the region when no
enemy can pass against its resistance. Govern implies the exer-
cise of knowledge and judgment as well as power. To ride is
more absolute and autocratic than to govern ; to sway is to move
by quiet but effectual influence ; to mold is not only to influ-
ence feeling and action, but to shape character ; to manage is
to secure by skilful contrivance the doing of one's will by those
whom one can not directly control ; a wise mother, by gentle
means, sicays the feelings and molds the lives of her children ;
to be able to manage sei-vants is an important element of good
housekeeping. The word reign, once so absolute, now simply de-
notes that one holds the official station of sovereign in a mon-
archy, with or without effective power ; the Queen of England
reigns ; the Czar of Eussia both reigns and rules.
Antonyms:
be in subjection, be subject, comply, obey, submit, yield.
GRACEFUL,.
Synonym :
beautiful.
That which is graceful is marked by elegance and harmony,
with ease of action, attitude, or posture, or delicacy of form.
Gracefid commonly suggests motion or the possibility of motion ;
beautiful may apply to absolute fixity ; a landscape or a blue sky
is beautiful, but neither is graceful. Oro.ceful commonly applies
1S7 habit
to beauty as addressed to the eye, tlio we often speak of a graceful
poem or a graceful compliment. Graceful applies to the perfec-
tion of motion, especially of the lighter motions, which convey no
suggestion of stress or strain, and are in harmonious curves.
Apart from the thought of motion, graceful denotes a pleasing
harmony of outline, proportion, etc. , with a certain degree of del-
icacy ; a Hercules is massive, an Apollo is graceful. We speak of
a graceful attitude, graceful drapery. Compare beautiful ; be-
coming.
Autonyms:
See synonyms for awkward.
ORIEF.
Synonyms :
affliction, melancholy, regret, sorrow^, trouble,
distress, mourning, sadness, tribulation, w^o.
Grief is acute mental pain resulting from loss, misfortune, or
deep disappointment. Grief is more acute and less enduring than
sorroiv. Sorroio and grief are for definite cause ; sadness and
melancholy may arise from a vague sense of want or loss, from a
low state of health, or other ill=defined cause ; sadness may be
momentary ; melancholy is more enduring, and may become
chronic. Affliction expresses a deep heart=sorrovv and is apj^lied
also to the misfortune producing such sorrow ; mourning most
frequently denotes sorrow pubhcly expressed, or the public ex-
pression of such sorrow as may reasonably be expected; as, it is
common to observe thirty days of mourning on the death of an
officer of state.
Autonyms:
See synonyms for happiness.
Prepositions :
Grief at a loss ; for a friend.
HABIT.
Synonyms J
custom, habitude, routine, system, use.
fashion, practise, rule, usage, wont.
Habit is a tendency or inclination toward an action or con-
dition, which by repetition has become easy, spontaneous, or even
unconscious, or an action or regular series of actions, or a con-
dition so induced. Custom is the uniform doing of the same act
happen ISS
in the same circumstance for a definite reason; routine is the doing
of customary acts in a regular and uniform sequence and is more
mechanical than custom. It is the custom of tradesmen to open
at a uniform hom-, and to follow a regular routine of business
until closings time. ifrtZ>fr always inchides an involuntary tend-
ency, natural or acquired, greatly strengthened by frequent
repetition of the act, and may be uncontrollable, or even uncon-
scious. Habitude is habitual relation or association. Custom is
chiefly used of the action of many ; habit of the action of one ;
we speak of the customs of society, the habits of an individual.
Fashion is the generally recognized c?fsfo??i in the smaller matters,
especially in dress. A rule is prescribed either by some external
authority or by one's own will ; as, it is the rule of the house ; or,
I make it my invariable rule. System is the coordination of many
acts or things into a unity, and is more and better than routine.
Use and usage denote the manner of using something ; we speak
of one person's use of language, but of the usage of many ; a use
or usage is almost always a habit. Practise is the active doing of
something in a systematic way ; we do not speak of the practise,
but of the habit of going to sleep ; we speak of a tradesman's cus-
tom, a lawyer's or a physician's practise. Educationally, practise
is the voluntary and persistent attempt to make skill a habit ; as,
practise in penmanship. Wont is blind and instinctive habit like
that which attaches an animal to a locnlity : the word is now
almost wholly poetic. Compare dress.
HAPPEW.
iSynoiiyiiis :
bechance, chance, faU out, supervene,
befall, come to pass, occur, take place,
betide, fall,
A thing is said to happen when no design is manifest, or none
especially thought of ; it is said to chance when it appears to be
the result of accident (compare synonyms for accident). An
incident happens or occurs ; something external or actual liapp)ens
to one ; a thought or fancy occurs to him. Befall and betide are
transitive ; happen is inti-ansitive ; sometliing befalls or betides a
person or happens to him. i?eftde is especially used for anticipated
evil, thought of as waiting and coming at its appointed time ; as,
wo betide him ! One event supervenes upon another event, one
disease upon another, etc. [" Transpire," in the sense of hap>pe7%,
189 Iiappinciss
is not authorized by good usage : a thing that has happened is
properly said to transpire when it becomes known.]
Prepositions :
An event happens to a person ; a person happens on or upon a
fact, discovery, etc.
HAPPINESS.
Synonyms:
blessedness, delight, gladness, pleasure,
bliss. ecstasy, gratification, rapture,
cbeer, enjoyment, joy. rejoicing,
comfort, felicity, merriment, satisfaction,
contentment, gaiety, mirth, triumph.
Gratification is the giving any mental or physical desire some-
thing that it craves ; satisfaction is the giving such a desire all
that it craves. Happiness is the positively agi'eeable experience
that springs from the possession of good, the gratification or sat-
isfaction of the desires or the relief from pain and evil. Comfort
may be almost wholly negative, being found in security or relief
from that whicli pains or annoys ; there is comfort by a warm
fireside on a wintry night ; the sympathy of a true friend affords
comfort in sorrow. Enjoyment is more positive, always implying
something to be definitely and consciously delighted in ; a sick
person finds comfort in relief from pain, while he may be far from
a state of enjoyment. Pleasure is still more vivid, being an arous-
ing of the faculties to an intensely agreeable activity ; satisfaction
is more tranquil than pleasure, being the agreeable consciousness
of having all that our faculties demand or crave ; when a worthy
pleasure is past, a worthy satisfaction remains. As referring to a
mental state, gratification is used to denote a mild form of happi-
ness resulting from some incident not of very great importance ;
satisfaction should properly express a happiness deeper, more
complete, and more abiding : but as intellect or sensibilities of a
low order may find satisfaction in that which is very poor or un-
worthy, the word has come to be feeble and tame in ordinary use.
Happiness is more positive than comfort, enjoyment, or satisfac-
tion, more serene and rational than pleasure ; lileasure is of ne-
cessity transient ; happiness is abiding, and may be eternal ;
thus, we speak of pleasures, but the pliu-al of hajJjJiness is scarcely
used. Happiness, in the full sense, is mental or spiritual or both,
and is viewed as resulting from some worthy gratification or sat-
isfaction ; we may speak of a brute as experiencing comfort or
pleasure, but scarcely as in possession of happiiiess ; we speak of
liappy
190
vicious pleasure, delight, or joy, but not of vicious happiness.
Felicity is a philosophical term, colder and more formal than hap-
piness. Gladness is happiness that overflows, expressing itself in
countenance, voice, manner, and action. Joy is more intense than
happiness, deeper than gladness, to which it is akin, nobler and
more enduring than pleasure. Gaiety is more superficial than
joy, more demonstrative than gladness. Rejoicing is happiness or
joy that finds utterance in word, song, festivity, etc. Delight is
vivid, overflowing happiness of a somewhat transient kind ; ec-
stasy is a state of extreme or extravagant delight so that the one
affected by it seems almost beside himself with joy ; rapture is
closely aUied to ecstasy, but is more serene, exalted, and enduring.
Triumph is such jo?/ as results from victory, success, achievement.
Blessedness is at once the state and the sense of being divinely
blessed ; as, the blessedness of the righteous. Bliss is ecstatic, per-
fected happiness ; as, the bliss of heaven. Compare comfort.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for GRIEF.
HAPPY
Synonyms :
blessed.
cheering.
gay.
lucky.
rejoiced.
blissful,
cheery.
glad.
merry.
rejoicing,
blithe.
delighted.
jocund.
mirthful.
smiling.
blithesome,
delightful,
jolly.
pleased.
sprightly.
bright.
dexterous.
joyful.
prosperous.
successful,
buoyant.
felicitous.
joyous.
rapturous,
sunny.
cheerful,
fortunate.
Hap2iy primarily refers to something that comes "by good
hap," a chance that brings prosperity, benefit, or success.
And grasps the skirts of hapjjy chance. Tennyson In Memonam Ixiii, st. 2.
In this sense happy is closely allied to fortunate and luclcy. (See
FORTUNATE.) Happy has, however, so far diverged from this orig-
inal sense as to apply to advantages where chance is not recognized,
or is even excluded by direct reference to the divine will, when it
becomes almost equivalent to blessed.
Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth. Job v, 17.
Happy is also applied to the ready dexterity or skill by which
favorable results (usually in minor matters) are secured, when it
becomes a synonym for dexterous, felicitous, and the associated
words ; as, he has a hax)py wit ; happnj at retort (compare clever).
In its most frequent present use, hajipy is applied to the state of
one enjoying happiness, or to that by which happiness is expressed ;
191 harmony
as, a hoppij heart ; a ha2>py face ; happy laughter ; happy tears
(compare synonyms for happiness). Cheerful appHes to the pos-
session or expression of a moderate and tranquil happiness. A
cheery word spontaneously gives cheer to others ; a cheering word
is more distinctly planned to cheer and encourage. Gay applies
to an effusive and superficial happiness (often not really worthy of
that name) perhaps resulting largely from abundant animal spirits ;
we speak of gay revelers or a gay horse. A Inioyant spirit is, as
it were, borne up by joy and hope. A sunny disposition has a con-
stant tranquil brightness that irradiates all who come within its
influence.
Antonyms'
Compare synonyms for grief.
Prepositions :
A happy event for him ; happy at a reply ; happy in his home,
with his friends, among his children ; happy at the discovery, over
his success.
HARMOIVY.
Synonyms?
accord, concurrence, consistency, uniformity,
accordance, conformity, consonance, union,
agreement, congruity, symmetry, unison,
amity, consent, unanimity, unity,
concord,
When tones, thoughts, or feelings, individually different, com-
bine to form a consistent and pleasing whole, there is harmony.
Harmony is deeper and more essential than agreement ; we may
have a superficial, forced, or patched=up agreement, but never a
superficial, forced, or patched=up harmony. Concord is less full
and spiritual than harmony. Concord implies more volition than
accord ; as, their views were fovind to be in perfect accord ; or,
by conference concord was secured ; we do not secure accord, but
discover it. We may speak of being in accord with a person on
one point, but harmony is wider in range. Conformity is corre-
spondence in form, manner, or use ; the word often signifies sub-
mission to authority or necessity, and may be as far as possible
from harmony ; as, the attempt to secure conformity to an estab-
lished religion. Congruity involves the element of suitableness ;
consistency implies the absence of conflict or contradiction in
views, statements, or acts which are brought into comparison, as
in the different statements of the same person or the different
periods of one man's life ; unanimity is the complete hearty agree-
harvest
192
ment of many ; consent and concurrence refer to decision or action,
but consent is more passive than concurrence ; one speaks by gen-
eral consent when no one in the assembly cares to make formal
objection ; a decision of the Supreme Court depends upon the con-
currence of a majority of the judges. Compare ageee ; friend-
ship ; MELODY.
Antonyms :
antagonism,
battle,
conflict,
contention,
contest,
controversy,
difference,
disagreemeut.
discord,
disproportion,
dissension,
disunion.
hostility,
incongruity,
inconsistency,
opposition.
schism,
separation,
variance,
vk'arfare.
Synonyms:
crop,
fruit,
g^rowtli,
harvest'-feast,
liarvest=festival,
HARVEST.
liarvest=liome, ingathering, result,
harvesting, proceeds, return,
harvest=tide, produce, yield.
liarvest=tinie, product,
increase, reaping,
Harvest, from the Anglo=Saxon, signified originally "autumn,"
and as that is the usual season of gathering ripened crops in North-
ern lands, the word came to its present meaning of the season of
gathering ripened grain or fruits, whether summer or autumn,
and hence a croj) gathered or ready for gathering ; also, the act
or process of gathering a crop or crops. "The harvest truly is
gTeat, but the laborers are few," Luke x, 2. "Lift up your eyes
and look on the fields, for they are white already to harvest,"
John iv, 35. Harvest is the elegant and hterary word ; cro2) is
the common and commercial ex^Dression ; we say a man sells his
crop, but we should not speak of his seUing liis harvest ; we speak
of an ample or abundant harvest, a good crop. Harvest is apphed
almost wholly to grain ; croj) applies to almost anything that is
gathered in ; we speak of the potato=crop, not the yiotaio'harvest ;
we may say either the wheat=cro;j or the v^^heat^harvest. Prsiduce
is a collective word for all that is produced in farming or garden-
ing, and is, in modern usage, almost wholly restricted to this sense ;
we speak of j^roditcc collectively, but of a product or vaxiou?, prod-
ucts; vegetables, fruits, eggs, butter, etc., may be termed farm*
produce, or t\\e products ot the farm. Product is a word of wider
application than produce : we speak of the products of manufac-
turing, the pjroducts of thought, or the product obtained by mul-
tiplying one number by another. • The word proceeds is chiefly
used of the return from an investment ; we speak of the j)roduce
of a farm, but of the proceeds of the money invested in farming.
193 hatred
The yield is what the land gives up to the farmer's demand ; we
speak of the return from an expenditure of money or labor, but
of the yield of corn or oats. Harvest has also a figurative vise,
such as crop more rarely permits ; we term a religious revival a
harvest of souls ; the result of lax enforcement of law is a harvest
of crime. As regards time, harvest, harvest4ide, and harvest-
time alike denote the period or season when the crops are or should
be gathered {tide being simply the old Saxon word for time). Har-
vest-home ordinarily denotes the festival of harvest, and when
used to denote simply the season always gives a suggestion of fes-
tivity and rejoicing, such as harvest and harvest-time by them-
selves do not express.
HATRED.
Synonyms:
abhorrence, detestation, hostility, rancor,
anger, dislike, ill w^ill, repugnance,
animosity, enmity, malevolence, resentment,
antipathy, grudge, malice, revenge,
aversion, hate, malignity, spite.
Repugnance applies to that which one feels himself summoned
or impelled to do or to endure, and from which he instinctively
di'aws back. Aversion is the turning away of the mind or feel-
ings from some person or thing, or from some course of action,
etc. Hate, or hatred, as applied to persons, is intense and con-
tinued aversion, usually with disposition to injure ; anger is sud-
den and brief, hatred is lingering and enduring'; " Her wrath be-
came a hate,'' Tennyson Pelleas and Ettarre st. 16. As applied
to things, hatred is intense aversion, with desire to destroy or re-
move ; hatred of evil is a righteous passion, akin to abhorrence,
but more vehement. Malice involves the active intent to injure ;
in the legal sense, malice is the intent to injure, even tho with
no personal ill will ; as, a highwayman would be said to entertain
malice toward the unknown traveler whom he attacks. 3falice is
direct, pressing toward a result ; malignity is deep, lingering, and
venomous, tho often impotent to act ; rancor (akin to rancid)
is cherished malignity that has soured and festered and is virulent
and implacable. Sjnfe is petty malice that delights to inflict sting-
ing pain ; grudge is deeper than sp>ite ; it is sinister and bitter ;
grudge, resentment, and revenge are all retaliatory, grudge being
the disposition, revenge the determination to repay real or supposed
offense with injury ; revenge may denote also the retaliatory act ;
resentment, the best word of the three, always holds itself to be
13
liave
Iiazard 194
justifiable, but looks less certainly to action than grudge or revenge.
Simple goodness may arouse the hatred of the wicked ; they wiU
be moved to revenge only by what they deem an injury or affront.
Compare abomination ; anger ; antipathy ; enmity.
Autoiiyius :
See synonyms for friendship ; love.
HAVE.
Synonyms :
be in possession of, hold, occupy, ow^n, possess,
be possessed of,
Have is the most general word, and is applied to whatever be-
longs to or is connected with one ; a man has a head or a head-
ache, a fortune or an opinion, a friend or an enemy ; he has time,
or has need ; he may be said to have what is his own, what he has
borrowed, what has been entrusted to him, or what he has stolen.
To possess a thing is to have the ownership with control and en-
joyment of it. To hold is to have in one's hand, or securely in
one's control ; a man holds his friend's coat for a moment, or he
holds a struggling horse ; he holds a promissory note, or liolds an
office. To Oicn is to have the right of property in ; to 2^ossess is to
have that right in actual exercise ; to occupy is to have possession
and use, with some degree of permanency, with or without own-
ership. A man occtipies his own house or a room in a hotel ; a
man may own a farm of which he is not in possession because a
tenant occupies it and is determined to Jiold it ; the proprietor owns
the property, but the tenant is in possession. To be in possession
differs from possess in that to possess denotes both right and
fact, while to be in 2)ossession denotes simply the fact with no
affirmation as to the right. To haf>e reason is to be endowed
with the faculty ; to be in possession of one's reason denotes that
the faculty is in actual present exercise.
IIAZARD.
Synonyms:
accident, chance, danger, jeopardy, risk,
casualty, contingency, fortuity, peril, venture.
Hazard is the incurring the possibility of loss or harm for the
possibility of benefit ; danger may have no compensating alterna-
tive. In hazard the possibilities of gain or loss are nearly bal-
anced ; in risk the possibility of loss is the chief thought ; the fool-
hardy take great 7'isks in mere wantonness ; in chance and venture
195
liealtby
help
the hope of good predominates ; we speak of a merchant's venture,
but of an insurance company's risk ; one may be driven by cir-
cumstances to run a jHsk ; he freely seeks a venture ; we speak of
the chance of winning, the hazard or 7'isk of losing. Accidents
are incalculable ; casualties may be to a certain extent antici-
pated ; death and wounds are casualties of battle, certain to hap-
l^en to some, but uncertain as to whom or how many. A coiitin-
gency is simply an indeterminable future event, which may or may
not be attended with danger or risk. See accident ; danger.
Antonyms :
assurance, necessity, protection, safety, surety.
certainty, plan, safeguard, security.
HEALTHY.
Synonyms :
hale, hygienic, sanitary, vigorous,
hejathful, salubrious, sound, w^ell,
hearty, salutary, strong, wholesome.
Healthy is most correctly used to signify possessing or enjoying
health or its results ; as, a healthy person ; a healthy condition.
Healthful signifies promotive of health, tending or adapted to con-
fer, preserve, or promote health ; as, a healthful climate. Whole-
some food in a healthful cHmate makes a healthy man. With
healthful are ranged the words hygienic, salubrious, salutary, san-
itary, and u-holesome, while the other words are associated with
healthy. Salubrious is always used in the physical sense, and is
chiefly applied to air or climate. Salutary is now chiefly used in
the moral sense ; as, a salutary lesson.
Antonyms:
delicate, failing,
diseased, fainting,
emaciated, fragile,
exhausted, frail,
ill,
sick,
unhealthy,
unsound,
wasted,
weak,
worn,
worn down,
worn out.
HELP.
foster,
second,
stand by,
succor,
support,
sustain.
uphold.
Synonyms:
abet, befriend,
aid, cooperate,
assist, encourage.
Help expresses greater dependence and deeper need than aid.
In extremity we say " God help me ! " rather than " God aid me ! "
In time of danger we cry " help ! help ! " rather than " aid ! aid !"
To aid is to second another's own exertions. We can speak of
helpitig the helpless, but not of aiding them. Help includes aid,
but aid may fall short of the meaning of helj}. In law to aid or
abet makes one a principal. (Comjaare synonyms for ACCESSORY.)
heretic
heterogeneous
196
To cooperate is to aid as an equal ; to assist implies a subordinate
and secondary relation. One assists a fallen friend to rise ; he co-
operates with him in helping others. Encourage refers to men-
tal aid, as uplwld now usually does ; succor and support, oftenest
to material assistance. We encourage the timid "or despondent,
succor the endangered, stqjport the weak, xiphoid those who else
might be shaken or cast down. Compare abet; promote.
Aiitoiiyius :
counteract, discourage, opjiose, resist, tliwart, withstand.
Prepositions :
Help in an enterprise ifith money ; help to success ; against
the enemy, ■
HEKETIC.
Synonyms :
dissenter, heresiarclx, nonconformist, schismatic.
Etymologically, a heretic is one who takes or chooses his own
belief, instead of the belief of his church ; hence, a heretic is one
who denies commonly accepted views, or who holds opinions con-
trary to the recognized standard or tenets of any established re-
ligious, philosophical, or other system, school, or party ; the re-
ligious sense of the word is the predominant one ; a schismatic is
primarily one who produces a split or rent in the church. A heretic
differs in doctrine from the religious body with which he is con-
nected ; a schismatic differs in doctrine or practise, or in both. A
heretic may be reticent, or even silent ; a schismatic introduces
divisions. A heresiarch is the author of a heresy or the leader of
a heretical party, and is thus at once a heretic and a schismatic.
With advancing ideas of religious liberty, the odious sense once
attached to these words is largely modified, and heretic is often
used playfully. Dissenter and nonconformist are terms specific-
ally applied to English subjects who hold themselves aloof from
tlie Church of England ; the former term is extended to non=ad-
herents of the established church in some other countries, as
Russia.
HETEROGESfEOUS.
Synonyms :
confused. mingled, unhomogeneous,
conglomerate, miscellaneous, unlike,
discordant, mixed, variant,
dissimilar, non=liomogeneous, various.
Substances quite unlike are heterogeneous asregsirds each other.
A heterogeneous mixture is one whose constituents are not only
199' hide
unlike in kind, but unevenly distributed ; cement is composed of
substances such as lime, sand, and clay, which are heterogeneous
as regards each other, but the cement is said to be homogeneous
if the different constituents are evenly mixed throughout, so that
any one portion of the mixture is exactly like any other. A sub-
stance may fail of being homogeneous and yet not be heterogene-
ous, in which case it is said to be non-homogeneous or unhomo-
geneotis ; a bar of iron that contains flaws, air=bubbles, etc., or for
any other reason is not of uniform structure and density through-
out, tho no foreign substance be mixed with the iron, is said
to be no7i'homoge)ieoiis. A miscellaneous mixture may or may
not be heterogeneous ; if the objects are alike in kind, but different
in size, form, quality, use, etc., and without special order or rela-
tion, the collection is miscellaneous ; if the objects differ in kind,
such a mixture is also, and more strictly, heterogeneous ; a pile of
unassorted lumber is miscellaneous ; the contents of a school=boy's
pocket are commonly miscellaneous and might usually be termed
heterogeneous as well. See complex.
Aufoiiyius:
alike, homogeneous, ideutical, like, pure, same, similar, uniform.
HIDE:.
Synonyms:
bury. cover, entomb, overwhelm, suppress,
cloak, disguise, inter, screen, veil,
conceal, dissemble, mask, secrete,
Hide is the general term, including all the rest, signifying to
put out of sight or beyond ready observation or approach ; a
thing may be hidden by intention, by accident, or by the im-
perfection of the faculties of the one from whom it is hidden;
in their games, children hide the slipper, or hide themselves from
each other ; a man imconsciously hides a picture from another by
standing before it, or hides a thing from himself by laying some-
thing else over it. Even an unconscious object may /w'de another ;
as, a cloud hides the sun, or a building hides some part of the
prospect by intervening between it and the observer's position.
As an act of persons, to conceal is always intentional ; one may
hide his face in anger, grief, or abstraction ; he conceals his face
when he fears recognition. A house is h idden by foliage ; the
bird's nest is artfully concealed. Secrete is a stronger word than
conceal, and is used chiefly of such material objects as may be
separated from the person, or from their ordinary surroundings,
liigli
19S
and pvit in unlooked=for places ; a man conceals a scar on his face,
but does not secrete it ; a thief secretes stolen goods ; an officer
may also be said to secrete himself to watch the thief. A thing is
covered by putting something over or around it, whether by ac-
cident or design ; it is screened by putting something before it,
always with some purpose of protection from observation, incon-
venience, attack, censure, etc. In the figurative use, a person
may hide honorable feelings ; he conceals an evil or hostile intent.
Anything which is effectually covered and hidden under any
mass or accumulation is buried. Money is buried in the ground ;
a body is buried in the sea ; a paper is buried under other docu-
ments. Whatever is buried is hidden or cmicealed; but there
are many ways of hiding or concealing a thing without burying
it. So a person may be covered with wraps, and not buried under
them. Bury may be used of any object, entomb and inter only of
a dead body. Figuratively, one may be said to be buried in busi-
ness, in study, etc. Compare immerse ; palliate.
Antonyms
admit,
advertise,
avow,
betray,
confess.
disclose,
discover,
disinter,
divulge,
exhibit,
exhume,
expose,
lay bare,
lay open,
make kuowiij
manifest,
promulgate,
publish,
raise,
reveal,
show,
tell,
uncover,
unmask,
unveil.
Synonyms :
elevated,
eminent,
exalted,
lofty,
HIOH.
noble,
proud,
steep,
tall,
tow^ering,
uplifted.
Deep, while an antonym of high in usage, may apply to the
very same distance simply measured in an opposite direction, high
applying to vertical distance measured from below upward, and
deep to vertical distance measured from above downward ; as, a
deep valley nestling between high mountains. High is a relative
term signifying greatly raised above any object, base, or surface,
in comparison with what is usual, or with some standard ; a table
is high, if it exceeds thirty inches ; a hill is not high at a hundred
feet. That is tall whose height is greatly in excess of its breadth
or diameter, and whose actual height is great for an object of its
kind ; as, a tall ti-ee ; a tall man ; tall grass. That is lofty which
is imposing or majestic in height ; we term a spire tall with refer-
ence to its altitude, or lofty with reference to its majestic appear-
ance. That is elevated which is raised somewhat above its surround-
ings ; that is eminent which is far above them ; as, an elevated
199 binder
platform ; an eminent promontory. In the figurative sense, elevated
is less than emment, and this less than exalted ; we speak of high,
lofty, or elevated thoughts, aims, etc. , in the good sense, but some-
times of high feelings, looks, words, etc., in the invidious sense
of haughty or arrogant. A high ambition may be merely selfish ;
a lofty ambition is worthy and noble. Toivering, in the literal
sense compares with lofty and majestic ; but in the figurative
sense, its use is almost always invidious ; as, a toivering passion;
a toicering ambition disregards and crushes all opposing consider-
ations, however rational, lovely, or holy. Compare steep.
Alltoiiyiii!i$ :
base, deep, degraded, depressed, dwarfed, inferior, low, mean, short, stunted.
HIIVDER.
Synonyms:
baffle, clog, foil, obstruct, retard,
balk, counteract, frustrate, oppose, stay,
bar, delay, hamper, prevent, stop,
block, embarrass, impede, resist, thwart,
check, encumber, interrupt,
To hinder is to keep from action, progress, motion, or growth,
or to make such action, progress, motion, or growth later in be-
ginning or completion than it would otherwise have been. An
action is prevented by anything that comes in before it to make it
impossible ; it is hindered by anything that keeps it from either
beginning or ending so soon as it otherwise would, or as expected
or intended. It is more common, however, to say that the start is
delayed, the progress hindered. An action that is hindered does
not take place at the appointed or appropriate time ; that which is
prevented does not take place at all ; to liinder a, thing long enough
may amount to preventing it. A railroad=train may be hindered
by a snowsstorm from arriving on time ; it may by special order
be xirevented from starting. To retard is simply to make slow by
any means whatever. To obstruct is to hinder, or possibly to pre-
vent advance or passage by putting something in the way ; to op-
pose or resist is to hinder, or possibly to prevent by directly con-
trary or hostile action, resist being the stronger term and having
more suggestion of physical force ; obstructed roads hinder the
march of an enemy, tho there may be no force strong enough
to oppose it ; one opposes a measure, a motion, an amendment, or
the like ; it is a criminal offense to I'esist an officer in the discharge
of his duty ; the physical system may resist the attack of dis-
UU^orr 200
ease or the action of a remedy. Compare conquer ; impediment ;
OBSTRUCT.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for quicken.
Prepositions :
Hinder one in his progress ; from acting promptly ; by
opposition.
HISTORY.
Synonyms:
account, biography, muniment, record,
annals, chronicle, narration, register,
archives, memoir, narrative, story,
autobiography, memorial, recital.
History is a systematic record of past events. Annals and
chronicles relate events with little regard to their relative impor-
tance, and with complete subserviency to their succession in time.
Annals are yearly records ; chronicles follow the order of time.
Both necessarily lack emphasis, selection, and perspective. Ar-
chives are public records, which may be annals, or chronicles, or
deeds of property, etc. Memoirs generally record the Uves of in-
dividuals or facts pertaining to individual lives. A biography is
distinctively a wi-itten account of one person's life and actions ; an
cmtobiography is a biography wTitten by the person whose life it
records. Annals, archives, chronicles, biographies, and memoirs
and other records furnish the materials of history. History re-
counts events with careful attention to their importance, their
mutual relations, their causes and consequences, selecting and
grouping events on the ground of interest or importance. History
is usually applied to such an account of events affecting commu-
nities and nations, tho sometimes we speak of the history of a
single eminent life. Compare RECORD.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for fiction.
HOI.Y.
Synonyms:
blessed, devoted, hallowed, saintly,
consecrated, divine, sacred, set apart.
Sacred is applied to that which is to be regarded as inviolable
on any account, and so is not restricted to divine tilings ; therefore
in its lower appUcations it is less than holy. That which is sacred
201 borne
may be made so by institution, decree, or association ; that which
is holy is so by its own nature, possessing intrinsic moral purity,
and, in the liigliest sense, absohite moral perfection. God is holy ;
liis commands are sacred. Holy may be applied also to that which
is hallowed ; as, "the place whereon thou standest is Jioly gi-ound,"
Ex. iii, 5. In sucli use holy is more than sacred, as if the very
qualities of a spiritual or divine presence were imparted to the
place or object. Divine has been used with great looseness, as
applying to anything eminent or admirable, in the line either of
goodness or of mere power, as to eloquence, music, etc., but there
is a commendable tendency to restrict the word to its higher
sense, as designating that which belongs to or is worthy of the
Divine Being. Compare perfect ; pure.
Antonyms :
abominable, cursed, polluted, unconsecrated, unboly, wicked,
common, impure, secular, unhallowed, unsanctilied, worldly.
HOME.
Synonyms :
abode. dwelling, habitation, hearthstone, ingleside,
domicil, fireside, hearth, house, residence.
Abode, du-elling, and habitation are used with little difference
of meaning to denote the place where one habitually lives ; abode
and habitation belong to the poetic or elevated style. Even
dwelling is not used in familiar speech; a person says "my
house," "my home,'" or more formally " my j-mdence." Home,
from the Anglo=Saxon, denoting originally a dwelling, came to
mean an endeared direlling as the scene of domestic love and
happy and cherished family life, a sense to which there is an in-
creasing tendency to restrict the word — desirably so, since we
have other words to denote the mere dwelling=place ; we say
"The wretched tenement could not be called home,'" or "The
humble cabin was dear to him as the home of his childhood."
Home's not merely four square walls,
Tho with pictures hung and gilded;
Home is where affection calls —
Where its shrine tho heart has builded.
Thus the word comes to signify any place of rest and peace, and
especially heaven, as the soul's peaceful and eternal dwellings
place.
honest «««
Iiorlzontal -•v*.
HONEST.
Synonyms:
candid, frank, ingenuous, true,
equitable, genuine, just, trustwortny,
fair, good, sincere, trusty,
faithful, honorable, straightforward, upright.
One who is Jtoncst in the ordinary sense acts or is always dis-
posed to act with careful regard for the rights of others, especially
in matters of business or property ; one who is honorable scrupu-
lously observes the dictates of a personal honor that is liigherthan
any demands of mercantile law or pubUc opinion, and will do
nothing unworthy of his own inherent nobihty of soul. The hon-
est man does not steal, cheat, or defraud ; the honorable man wiU
not take an unfair advantage that would be allowed him, or will
make a sacrifice which no one could require of him, when his own
sense of right demands it. One who is honest in the highest and
fullest sense is scrupulously careful to adhere to all known truth
and right even in thought. In this sense honest differs from hon-
orable as having regard rather to absolute truth and right than to
even the highest personal honor. Compare candid ; justice.
Antonyms:
deceitful, faithless, hypocritical, perfidious, unfaithful,
dishonest, false, lying, traitorous, unscrupulous,
disingeuuous, fradulent, mendacious, treacherous, untrue.
HORIZONTAL.
Synonyms:
even, flat, level, plain, plane.
Horizontal signifies in the direction of or parallel to the hori-
zon. For practical purposes level and horizontal are identical,
tho level, as the more popular word, is more loosely used of that
which has no especially noticeable elevations or inequalities ; as,
a level road. Flat, according to its derivation from the Anglo=
Saxon flet, a floor, applies to a surface only, and, in the first and
most visual sense, to a surface that is horizontal or levd in all di-
rections ; a line may be level, a floor is flat ; flat is also applied in
a derived sense to any plane surface without irregularities or ele-
vations, as a pictiu'e may be painted on t\\eflat surface of a j)er-
pendicular wall. Plane applies only to a surface, and is used
with more mathematical exactness than flat. The adjective
plain, originally the same word as plane, is now rarely used ex-
cept in the figurative senses, but the original sense appears in the
noun, as we speak of "a \viAe plain.'' We speak of a horizontal
line, a, flat morass, a level road, a, plain country, a plane surface
humane
203 hunt
(especially in the scientific sense). That which is level may not
be even, and that which is even may not be level ; a level road may
be very rough ; a slope may be even.
Antowyiiii!* :
broken, iiicliued, rolling, rugged, sloping,
hilly, irregular, rough, slanting, uneven.
Synonyms :
benevolent, compassionate, human, pitying,
benignant, forgiving, kind, sympathetic,
charitable, gentle, kind=hearted, tender,
clement, gracious, merciful, tender=hearted.
Human denotes what pertains to mankind, with no suggestion
as to its being good or evil ; as. the human race ; 1 mnian qnalities ;
we speak of human achievements, virtues, or excellences, human
follies, vices, or crimes. Humane denotes what may rightly be
expected of mankind at its best in the treatment of sentient beings ;
a humane enterprise or endeavor is one that is intended to prevent
or relieve suffering. The humane man will not needlessly inflict
pain upon the meanest thing that lives ; a merciful man is disposed
to withhold or mitigate the suffering even of the guilty. The com-
passionate man sympathizes with and desires to relieve actual
suffering, while one who is humane would forestall and prevent
the sviff ering which he sees to be possible. Compare mercy ; piti-
ful ; PITY.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for barbarous.
HUXT.
Synonyms:
chase, hunting, inquisition, pursuit, search.
A hunt may be either the act of pursuing or the act of seeking,
or a combination of the two. A chase or pursuit is after that
which is fleeing or departing ; a search is for that which is hidden ;
a hunt may be for that which is either hidden or fleeing ; a search
is a minute and careful seeking, and is especially applied to a lo-
cality ; we make a search of or through a house, for an object, in
which connection it would be colloquial to say a hunt. Hunt
never quite loses its association with field=spoi-ts, where it in-
cludes both search and cltase ; the search till the game is hunted
out, and the chase till it is hunted down. Figuratively, we speak
of literary pursuits, or of the pursuit of knowledge ; a search for
hypocrisy
hypocrite ^w*
reasons; the chase of fame or honor; hunt, in figurative use, in-
cHnes to the unfavorable sense of inquisition, but with more of
dash and aggi'essiveness ; as, a hunt for heresy.
HYPOCRISY.
Synonyms :
afifectation, formalism, pretense, sanctimony,
cant, Pharisaism, sanctimoniousness, sham,
dissimulation, pietism,
Pretense (L. jjrcetendo) primarily signifies the holding some-
thing forward as having certain rights or claims, whether truly or
falsely ; in the good sense, it is now rarely used except with a neg-
ative ; as, there can be no j^retense that this is due ; a false pre-
tense imphes the possibility of a true jp^^t^^se ; but, alone and
unlimited, pretense commonly signifies the off^ering of something
for what it is not. Hypocrisy is the iaXae pretense of moi'al excel-
lence, either as a cover for actual wTong, or for the sake of the
credit and advantage attaching to virtue. Cant (L. cantus, a song),
primarily the singsong iteration of the language of any party,
school, or sect, denotes the mechanical and pretentious use of relig-
ious phraseology, without corresponding feeling or character;
sanctimoniousness is the assumption of a saintly manner without a
saintly character. As cant is hypocrisy in utterance, so sanctimo-
niousness is hypocrisy in appearance, as in looks, tones, etc. Piet-
ism, originally a word of good import, is now chiefly used for an
unregulated emotionalism ; formalism is an exaggerated devotion
to forms, rites, and ceremonies, without corresponding earnest-
ness of heart ; sham (identical in origin with s}ia))ie) is a trick or
device that puts one to shame, or that shamefully disappoints ex-
pectation or falsifies appearance. Affectation is in matters of
intellect, taste, etc., much what hypocrisy is in morals and relig-
ion ; affectation might be termed petty hyjiocrisy. Compare
DECEPTION.
Antonyms:
candor, genuineness, ingenuonenese, sincerity, truth,
franlinesB, honesty, openness, transparency, truthfulness.
HYPOCRITE.
Synonyms:
cheat, deceiver, dissembler, impostor, pretender,
A hypocrite (Gr. hypokrites, one who answers on the stage, an
actor, especially a mimic actor) is one who acts a false part, or
assvimes a character other than the real. Deceiver is the most
205 ]iypotIie)!«li^
comprehensive term, including all the other words of the gi'oup.
The deceiver seeks to give false impressions of any matter where
he has an end to gain ; the dissembler or hypocrite seeks to give
false impressions in regard to himself. The dissembler is content
if he can keep some base conduct or evil purpose from being dis-
covered ; the hypocrite seeks not merely to cover his vices, but to
gain credit for virtue. The cheat and impjostor endeavor to make
something out of those they may deceive. The cheat is the infe-
rior and more mercenary, as the thimble=rig gambler ; the impos-
tor may aspire to a fortune or a tlu'one. Compare hypocrisy.
Antonyms :
The antonyms of hypocrite are to be found only in phrases em-
bodying the adjectives candid, honest, ingenuous, sincere, true, etc.
HYPOTHESIS.
Synouynifii :
conjecture, scheme, supposition, system,
guess, speculation, surmise, theory.
A hypothesis is a statement of what is deemed possibly true,
assumed and reasoned upon as if certainly true, with a view of
reaching truth not yet surely known ; especially, in the sciences,
a hypothesis is a comprehensive tentative explanation of certain
phenomena, which is meant to include all other facts of the same
class, and which is assumed as true till there has been opportunity
to bring all related facts into comparison ; if the hypothesis ex-
plains all the facts, it is regarded as verified ; till then it is re-
garded as a working hypothesis, that is, one that may answer for
present practical purposes. A hypothesis may be termed a com-
prehensive guess. A gitess is a swift conclusion from data directly
at hand, and held as i^robable or tentative, while one confessedly
lacks material for absolute certainty. A conjecture is more meth-
odical than a guess, while a supposition is still slower and more
settled ; a conjecture, like a guess, is preliminary and tentative ; a
supposition is more nearly final : a surmise is more fioating and
visionary, and often sinister ; as, a surmise that a stranger may
be a pickpocket. Theory is used of the mental coordination of
facts and ijrinciples, that may or may not prove correct ; a ma-
chine may be perfect in theory, but useless in fact. Scheme may
be used as nearly equivalent to theory, but is more frequently
applied to proposed action, and in the sense of a somewhat vision-
ary plan. A speculation may be wholly of the brain, resting upon
Idea
ideal, ».
206
no facts worthy of consideration ; system is the highest of these
terms, having most of assurance and fixity ; a system unites many
facts, phenomena, or doctrines into an orderly and consistent
whole ; we speak of a system of theology, of the Copernican sys-
tem of the universe. Compare system.
Antonyms:
certainty, demoustration, discovery, evidence, fact, proof.
IDEA.
Synonyms:
apprehension ,
archetype,
belief,
conceit,
concept,
conception,
design,
fancy,
fantasy,
ideal,
image,
imagination,
impression,
judgment,
model.
notion,
opinion,
pattern.
plan,
purpose,
sentiment,
supposition,
theory,
thought.
Idea is in Greek a form or an image. The word signified in
early philosophical use the archetype or primal image which the
Platonic philosophy supposed to be the model or pattern that
existing objects imperfectly embody. This high sense has nearly
disappeared fiom the word idea, and has been largely appropri-
ated by ide«Z, tho something of the original meaning still appears
when in theological or philosophical language we speak of the ideas
of God. The present popular use of idea makes it to signify any
product of mental apprehension or activity, considered as an ob-
ject of knowledge or thought ; this coincides with the primitive
sense at but a single point — that an idea is mental as opposed to
anything substantial or physical ; thus, almost any mental prod-
uct, as a belief, conception, design, opinion, etc., may now be
called an idea. Compare fancy ; ideal.
Antonyms :
actuality, fact, reality, substance.
Synonyms:
archetype,
idea.
model,
original,
IDEAL..
pattern, prototype, standard.
An ideal is that which is conceived or taken as the highest type
of excellence or ultimate object of attainment. The archetype is
the primal form, actual or imaginary, according to which any ex-
isting thing is consti'ucted ; the prototype has or has liad actual ex-
istence ; in the derived sense, as in metrology, a prototype may not
be the original form, but one having equal authority with that as a
207
Idiocy
startdard. An ideal may be primal, or may be slowly developed
even from failures and by negations ; an ideal is meant to be per-
fect, not merely the thing that has been attained or is to be
attained, but the best conceivable thing that could by possibility
be attained. The artist's ideal is his own mental image, of which
his finished work is but an imperfect expression. The original is the
first specimen, good or bad ; the original of a master is superior to
all copies. The standard may be below tlie ideal. The ide(d is
imaginary, and ordinarily unattainable ; the standard is concrete,
and ordinarily attainable, being a measure to which all else of its
kind must conform ; as, the standard of weights and measures, of
corn, or of cotton. The idea of virtue is the mental concept or
image of virtue in general ; the ideal of virtue is the mental con-
cept or image of virtue in its highest conceivable perfection. Com-
pare EXAMPLE ; IDEA.
Antonyms:
accomplishment, action, doing, fact, practise,
achievement, attainment, embodiment, incarnation, reality,
act development, execution, performance, realization.
IDIOCY.
Synonyms :
fatuity, foolishness, incapacity, stupidity,
folly, imbecility, senselessness.
Idiocy is a state of mental unsoundness amounting almost or
quite to total absence of understanding. Imbecility is a condition
of mental weakness, which may or may not be as complete as that
of idiocy, but is at least such as to incapacitate for the serious
duties of life. Incapacity, or lack of legal qualification for certain
acts, necessarily results from imbecility, but may also result from
other causes, as from insanity or from age, sex, etc. ; as, the inca-
pacity of a minor to make a contract. Idiocy or imbecility is
weakness of mind, while insanity is disorder or abnormal action
of mind. Folly and foolishness denote a want of mental and
often of moral balance. Fatuity is sometimes used as equivalent
to idiocy, but more frequently signifies conceited and excessive
foolishness or folly. Stujndity is dulness and slowness of inental
action which may range all the way from lack of normal readiness
to absolute imbecility. Compare insanity.
Antonyms:
acutenesB, brilliancy, common sense, sagacity, soundness,
astuteness, capacity, intelligence, sense, wisdom.
idle
Ignorant
20S
IDLE.
Synonyms^ :
inactive, inert, slothful, trifling. unoccupied,
indolent, lazy, sluggish, unemployed, vacant.
Idle in all uses rests upon its root meaning, as derived from
the Anglo=Saxon idel, wliich signifies vain, empty, useless. Idle
thus denotes not primarily the absence of action, but vain action
— the absence of useful, effective action; the idle schoolboy may
be very actively whittling his desk or tormenting his neighbors.
Doing nothing whatever is the secondary meaning of idle. One
may be temporarily idle of necessity ; if he is habitually idle, it is
his own fault. Lazy signifies indisposed to exertion, averse to
labor ; idleness is in fact ; laziness is in disposition or inclination,
A lazy person may chance to be employed in useful work, but he
acts without energy or impetus. We speak figuratively of a lazy
stream. The inert person seems like dead matter (characterized
by inertia), powerless to move ; the sluggish moves lieavily and
toilsomely ; the most active person may sometimes find the bodily
or mental powers sluggish. Slothful belongs in the moral realm,
denoting a self=indulgent aversion to exertion. "The slothftd
hideth his hand in his bosom ; it grieveth him to bring it again to
his mouth," Prov. xxvi, 15. Indolent is a milder term for the
same quality ; the slothful man hates action ; the indolent man
loves inaction. Compare vain.
Antonyms:
active, busy, diligent, employed, industrious, occupied, working.
IO^ORA]\T.
Synonyms:
illdnformed, unenlightened, unlearned, untaught,
illiterate. uninformed, unlettered, untutored,
uneducated, uninstructed, unskilled.
Ignorant signifies destitute of education or knowledge, or
lacking knowledge or information ; it is thus a relative term.
The most learned man is still ignorant of many things ; persons
are spoken of as ignorant who have not the knowledge that has
become generally diffused in the world ; the ignorant savage may
be well instructed in matters of the field and the chase, and is thus
more properly untutored than ignorant. Illiterate is without
letters and the knowledge that comes through reading. Unlettered
is similar in meaning to illiterate, but less absolute ; the uidettered
man may have acquired the art of reading and writing and some
elementary knowledge ; the uneducated man has never taken any
209 iniagl nation
systematic course of mental training. /g/jora»ee is relative ; illit-
eracy is absolute ; we have statistics of illiteracy ; no statistics of
igtwrance are possible.
Antonyms :
educated, iustructed, learned, sage, skilled, trained, well=iuformed, wise.
IMAGINATION.
Synonyms:
fancy, fantasy, phantasy.
The old psychology treated of the Reprod^ictive Imaginatio7i,
which simply reproduces the images that the mind has in any way
acquired, and the Productive Imagination which modifies and
combines mental images so as to produce what is virtually new.
To this Reproductive Imagination President Noah Porter and
others have given the name of phantasy or fantasy (many psy-
chologists preferring the former spelling). Phantasy or fantasy,
so understood, presents numerous and varied images, often com-
bining them into new forms with exceeding vividness, yet without
any ti'ue constructive power, but with the mind adrift, blindly
and passively following the laws of association, and with reason
and will in torpor ; the mental images being perhaps as varied and
as vivid, but also as purposeless and vmsystematized as the visual
images in a kaleidoscope ; such fantasy (often loosely called im-
agination) appears in dreaming, revery, somnambulism, and in-
toxication. Fantasy in ordinary usage simply denotes capricious
or erratic fancy, as appears in the Pidjective fantastic. Imagina-
tion and fancy differ from fantasy in bringing the images and
their combinations under the control of the will ; imagination is
the broader and higher term, including /a «c?/; imagination is the
act or power of imaging or of reimaging objects of perception
or thought, of combining the products of knowledge in mod-
ified, new, or ideal forms — the creative or constructive power
of the mind ; while fancy is the act or power of forming pleas-
ing, graceful, whimsical, or odd mental images, or of combining
them with little regard to rational processes of construction;
imagination in its lower form. Both fancy and imagination
recombine and modify mental images ; either may work with the
other's materials ; imagination may glorify the tiniest flower ;
fancy may play around a mountain or a star ; the one gi-eat dis-
tinction between them is that fancy is superficial, while imagina-
tion is deep, essential, spiritual. Wordsworth, who was the first
14
imagination .*«.v
clearly to draw the tlistinction between the ftmey and the imag-
ination, states it as follows :
To aggregate and to associate, to evoke and to combine, belong as well to the
imagination as to Xhnfanaj ; but either the materials evoked and combined are dif-
ferent; or they are brought together under a different law, and for a different pur-
pose. Fancy does not require that the materials which she makes use of should be
susceptible of changes in their constitution from her touch; and where they admit of
modification, it is enough for her purpose if it be slight, limited, and evanescent.
Directly the reverse of these are the desires and demands of the iinaginatimi. She
recoils from everything but the plastic, the pliant, and the indefinite. She leaves it
to fancy to describe Queen Mab as coming:
' In shape no bigger than an agate stone
On the forefinger of an alderman.'
Having to speak of stature, she does not tell you that her gigantic angel was as tall
as Pompey's Pillar; much less that he was twelve cubits or twelve hundred cubits
high; or that his dimensions equalled those of Teneriffe or Atlas; because these, and
if they were a million times as high, it would be the same, are bounded. The expres-
sion is, ' His stature reached the sky! the illimitable firmament! — M'hen the imagi-
nation frames a comparison, ... a sense of the truth of the likeness from the
moment that it is perceived grows — and continues to grow — upon the mind ; the re-
semblance depending less upon outline of form and feature than upon expression
and effect, less upon casual and outstanding than upon inherent and internal prop-
erties.* Poetical Works, Prff. to Ed. of ISlo, p. 646, app. [t. & h. '51.]
So far as actual images are concerned, both fancy and imagina-
tion are limited to the materials furnished by the external world ;
it is remarkable that among all the representations of gods or
demigods, fiends and demons, griffins and chimseras, the human
mind has never invented one organ or attribute that is not pre-
sented in human or animal life ; the lion may have a human head
and an eagle's wings and claws, but in the various features,
individually, there is absolutely nothing new. But imagination
can transcend the work of fancy, and compare an image drawn
from the external world with some spiritual truth born in the
mind itself, or infuse a series of images with such a spiritual
truth, molding them as needed for its more vivid expression.
The imagination modifies images, and gives unity to variety; it sees all things in
one. . . . There is the epic imagination, ihe perfection of which is in Milton; and
the dramatic, of which Shakspeare is the absolute master.
Coleridge Table Talk June 23, '34.
Fancy keeps the material image prominent and clear, and
works not only with it, but for it ; imagination always uses the
material object as the minister of something greater than itself,
*The whole discussion from which the quotation is taken is worthy of, and will
well repay careful study.
'bH immediately
and often almost loses the object in the spiritual idea with which
she has associated it, and for wliich alone she values it. Fancy
flits about the surface, and is airy and playful, sometimes petty
and sometimes false ; imagination goes to the lieart of things, and
is deep, earnest, serious, and seeks always and everywhere for es-
sential truth. Fancy sets off, variegates, and decorates ; imagina-
tio7i transforms and exalts. Fancy delights and entertains ; ini-
agination moves and thrills. Imagination is not only poetic or
literary, but scientific, philosophical, and practical. By imagina-
tion the architect sees the unity of a building not yet begun, and
the inventor sees the unity and varied interactions of a machine
never yet constructed, even a unity that no human eye ever can
see, since when the machine is in actual motion, one part may
hide the connecting parts, and yet all keep the unity of the inven-
tor's thought. By imagination a Newton sweeps sun, planets,
and stars into unity with the earth and the apple that is drawn ir-
resistibly to its surface, and sees them all within the circle of one
grand law. Science, philosophy, and mechanical invention have
little use for fancy, but the creative, penetrative power of imagi-
natiofi is to them the breath of life, and the condition of all ad-
vance and success. See also fancy ; idea.
I]WMEDIATELV.
Synonyms:
at once, instanter, presently, straightw^ay,
directly, instantly, right aw^ay, this instant,
forthwith, now^, right off, w^ithout delay.
The strong and general human tendency to procrastination is
shown in the progi-essive weakening of the various words in tliis
gi'oup. Immediately primarily signifies without the intervention
of anything as a medium, hence without the intervention of any,
even the briefest, interval or lapse of time. By and by, which was
once a synonym, has become an antonym of immediately, mean-
ing at some (perhaps remote) future time. Directly, wiiich once
meant with no intervening time, now means after some little
while ; presently no longer means in this very present, but before
very long. Even immediately is sliding from its instantaneous-
ness, so that we are fain to substitute at once, instantly, etc.,
when we would make promptness emphatic. Right aicay and
right off are vigorous conversational expressions in the United
States.
Antonyms-.
after a while, by and by, hereafter, in the future, some time.
liiiniiiieut Ji*-*
IlflMiERSE.
SynoiiyiiiK:
toury, dip, douse, duck, immerge, plunge, sink, submerge.
Dip is Saxon, while immerse is Latin for tlie same initial act ;
diji is accordingly the more popular and commonplace, immerse
the more elegant and dignified expression in many cases. To
speak of baptism by immersion as dipping now seems rude;
tho entirely proper and usual in early English. Baptists now
universally use the word immerse. To dip and to immerse alike
signify to hury or submerge some object in a liquid ; but dip im-
plies that the object dipped is at once removed from the liquid,
while immerse is wholly silent as to the removal. Immerse also
suggests more absolute completeness of the action ; one may dip
his sleeve or dip) a sponge in a liqmd, if he but touches the edge ;
if he immerses it, he completely sinks it under, and covers it with
the liquid. Submerge implies that the object can not readily be
removed, if at all ; as, a submerged wreck. To plunge is to
immerse suddenly and violently, for which douse and duck are
colloquial terms. Dip is used, also, unlike the other words, to
denote the putting of a hollow vessel into a liquid in order to
remove a portion of it; in this sense we say dip tip, dip out.
Compare synonyms for bury.
Preposition :
The object is immersed in water.
IMMINENT.
Synonyms :
impending, threatening.
Imviinent, from the Latin,withthe sense of projecting over, sig-
nifies liable to happen at once, as some calamity, dangerous and
close at hand. Impending, also from the Latin, with the sense of
hanging over, is closely akin to imminent, but somewhat less
emphatic. Imminent is more immediate, impending more re-
mote, threatening more contingent. An impending evil is al-
most sure to happen at some uncertain time, perhaps very near ;
an imminent peril is one liable to befall very speedily ; a threaten-
ing peril may be near or remote, but always with hope that it
may be averted.
Antonyms:
chimerical, contingent, doubtful, improbable, problematical, unexpected, unlikely.
213
iiiipedliueiit
iiiipudciive
IMPEDI]?IE]VT.
Syiioiiyiiis :
bar, clog, encumbrance, obstacle,
barrier, diflaculty, hindrance, obstruction.
Difficulty makes an undertaking otherwise than easy. That
wMch rests upon one as a burden is an encumbrance. '^ An impedi-
ment is primarily sometliing that checks the foot or in any way
makes advance slow or difficult ; an obstacle is something that
stands across the way, an obstruction something that is built or
placed across the way. An ohstructioii is always an obstacle, but
an obstacle may not always be properly termed an obstruction ;
boxes and bales placed on the sidewalk are obstructions to travel ;
an ice=floe is an obstacle to navigation, and may become an ob-
struction if it closes an inlet or channel ' A hindrance (kindred
with liind, behind) is anything that makes one come behind or
short of his purjiose. ( An impediment may be either what one
finds in his way or what he carries with him ; impedimenta was
the Latin name for the baggage of a soldier or of an army. The
tendency is to view an impediment as something constant or, at
least for a time, continuous ; as, an impediment in one's speech.,
A difficulty or a hindrance may be either within one or without ;
a speaker may find difficulty in expressing himself, or difficulty in
holding the attention of restless children. An encumbrance is
always what one carries with him ; an obstacle or an obstruction
is always without. To a marching soldier the steepness of a moun-
tain path is a difficulty,f[oose stones are impediments, a fence is an
obstruction, a cliff or a boulder across the way is an obstacle ; a
knapsack is an encumbrance.
Aiitouym8:
advantage, aid, assistance, benefit, help, relief, succor.
IMPUDEXCE.
Synonyms:
assurance, impertinence, intrusiveness, presumption,
boldness, incivility, officiousness, rudeness,
effrontery, insolence, pertness, sauciness.
forw^ardness.
Impertinence primarily denotes what does not pertain or belong-
to the occasion or the person, and hence comes to signify interfer-
ence by word or act not consistent with the age, position, or rela-
tion of the person interfered with or of the one who interferes ;
especially, forward, presumi)tuous, or meddlesome speech. Impu-
dence is shameless impertinence. What would be arrogance in a
incongruous -**'•
superior becomes impertinence or impudence in an inferior.
Impertinetice has less of intent and determination than tntpitdence.
We speak of thoughtless impertinence, shameless impudence. In-
solence is literally that which is against custom, i. e. , the violation
of customary respect and courtesy. Offlciuiisness is thrusting upon
others unasked and undesu-ed service, and is often as well=meant
as it is annoying. Rudeness is the behavior that might be ex-
pected from a thoroughly uncultured person, and may be either
deliberate and insulting or unintentional and even unconsciovis.
Compare arrogance ; assurance ; effrontery ; pertness.
Antonymis :
bashfulness, difflrtcncp, lowliness, modesty,
coyness, huniility, meekness, snbmissiveness.
Prepositions :
The impudence of, or impudence from, a subordinate to a
superior.
I]\CO]\OItUOUS.
Synonyms:
absurd, ill=niatclied. inharmonious,
conflicting, inapposite, irreconcilable,
contradictory, inappropriate, mismatched,
contrary, incommensurable, mismated,
discordant, incompatible, repugnant,
discrepant, inconsistent, unsuitable.
Two or more things that do not fit well together, or are not
adapted to each other, are said to be incongruous ; a thing is said
to be incongruous that is not adapted to the time, place, or occa-
sion ; the term is also applied to a thing made up of illsassorted
parts or inharmonious elements. Discordant is api^lied to all
things that jar in association like musical notes that are not in ac-
cord ; inharmonious has the same original sense, bvit is a milder
term. Bicompatible primarily signifies unable to sympathize or
feel aUke ; inconsistent means unable to stand together. Things
are incompatible which can not exist togetlier in harmonious re-
lations, and whose action when associated tends to ultimate ex-
tinction of one by the other. Inconsistent applies to tilings that
can not be made to agTee in thought with each other, or with
some standard of truth or right ; sla^-ery and freedom are incon-
sistent with each other in theory, and incompatible in fact. In-
congruous appHes to relations, unsuitcd>le to pvirpose or use ; two
colors are incongruous which can not be agreeably associated;
either may be unsuitable for a person, a room, or an occasion.
nti\ induction
Incommensurable is a mathematical term, applying to two or
more quantities that have no common measure or aliquot part.
Antonyms!) :
accordant, agreeing, compatible, consistent, harmonious, suitable.
Proposition :
The illustrations were incongruous with the theme.
IWDUCTIOX.
Synonym!!! :
deduction, inference.
Deduction is reasoning from the general to the particular ; in-
duction is reasoning from the particular to the general. Deduc-
tion proceeds from a general principle through an admitted in-
stance to a conckision. Induction, on the other hand, proceeds
from a number of collated instances, through some attribute
common to them all, to a general principle. The proof of an in-
duction is by using its conclusion as the premise of a new deduc-
tion. Thus what is ordinarily known as scientific induction is a
constant interchange of induction and deduction. In deduction,
if the general rule is tiaie, and the special case falls under the
rule, the conclusion is certain ; induction can ordinarily give no
more than a probable conclusion, because we can never be sure
that we have collated all instances. An induction is of the nature
of an inference, but while an inference may be partial and hasty,
an induction is careful, and aims to be complete. Compare dem-
onstration ; HYPOTHESIS.
IMl>USTRIOUS.
Synonyms :
active, busy, employed, occupied,
assiduous, diligent, engaged, sedulous.
Industrious signifies zealously or habitually applying oneself to
any work or business. Busy applies to an activity which may be
temporary, industrious to a habit of life. We say a man is busy just
now ; that is, occiipied at the moment with something that
takes his full attention. It would be ridicvilous or satirical to say,
he is industrious just now. But busy can be used in the sense of
industrious, as when we say he is a busy man. Diligent indicates
also a disposition, which is ordinarily habitual, and suggests more
of heartiness and volition than industrious. We say one is a dili-
gent, rather than an industrious, reader of the Bible. In the use
industry
infiulte
216
of the nouns, we speak of plodding industry, but not of plodding
diligence. Compare active ; industry.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for idle.
INDUSTRY.
diligence,
effort,
exertion,
intentness,
labor,
pains,
patience,
perseverance,
persistence,
sedulousuess.
Synonyms :
application,
assiduity,
attention,
constancy,
Industry is the quality, action, or habit of earnest, steady, and
continued attention or devotion to any useful or productive
work or task, raanual or mental. Assiduity (L. ad, to, and
sedeo, sit), as the etymology suggests, sits down to a task
until it is done. Diligence (L. diligo, love, choose) invests
more effort and exertion, with love of the work or deep
interest in its accomplishment ; application (L. ad, to, and
plico, fold) bends to its work and concentrates all one's powers
upon it with utmost intensity ; hence, application can hardly be
as unremitting as assiduity. Constancy is a steady devotion of
heart and principle. Patience works on in spite of annoyances ;
perseverance overcomes hindrances and difficulties ; p>ersistence
strives relentlessly against oj^position ; persistence has very fre-
quently an unfavorable meaning, implying that one persists in spite
of considerations that should induce him to desist. Industr-y is
diligence applied to some avocation, business, or profession.
Labor and pains refer to the exertions of the worker and the tax
upon him, while assiduity, perseverance, etc., refer to his continu-
ance in the work.
Antonyms :
changeableness, idleness, inconstancy, neglect, remissness,
fickleness.
inattention, indolence.
negligence, sloth.
Synonyms :
absolute,
boundless,
countless,
eternal,
I»fFI]*ITE.
illimitable,
immeasurable,
innumerable,
interminable ,
limitless,
measureless,
numberless,
unbounded.
Infinite (L. in, not, and finis, limit) signifies
Hmits in any way, and may be applied to space,
number. Countless, innumerable, and nuniber
unconditioned,
unfathomable ,
unlimited,
unmeasured.
without bounds or
time, quantity, or
less, which should
217
Influence
be the same as infinite, are in common usage vaguely employed to
denote what it is difficult oi* practically impossible to count or
number, tho perhaps falling far short of infinite ; as, countless
leaves, the countless sands on the seashore, numberless battles, in-
numerable delays. So, too, boundless, illimitable, limitless, meas-
iireless, and uiilhnited are loosely used in reference to what has no
apparent or readily determinable limits in space or time ; as, we
speak of the boundless ocean. Infinite space is without bounds,
not only in fact, but in thought ; infinite time is ti'uly eternal.
Compare synonyms for eternal.
Antonymis:
boundeii,
brief,
circumscribed,
evanescent,
finite,
limited,
little,
measurable,
moderate,
narrow,
restricted,
shallow,
stiort,
small,
transient,
transitory.
impel,
incite,
incline,
induce,
instigate,
lead.
move, stir,
persuade, sAvay,
prompt, urge.
INFLUENCE.
Synonyms :
actuate, draw,
compel, drive,
dispose, excite,
To infiuence (L. in, in or into, and fluo, flow) is to affect, mod-
ify, or act upon by physical, mental, or moral power, especially in
some gentle, subtle, and gradual way ; as, vegetation is infiuenced
by light ; every one is influenced to some extent by pviblic opinion ;
influence is chiefly used of power acting from without, tho it may
be used of motives regarded as forces acting upon the will. Actu-
ate refers solely to mental or moral power impelling one from
within. One may infiuence, but can not directly actuate another ;
but one may be actuated to cruelty by hatred which another's mis-
representation has aroused. Prompt and stir are words of mere
suggestion toward some course of action ; dispose, draw, incline,
infiuence, and lead refer to the use of mild means to awaken in
another a purpose or disposition to act. To excite is to arouse one
from lethargy or indifference to action. Incite and instigate, to
spur or goad one to action, differ in the fact tliat incite may be to
good, while instigate is always to evil (compare abet). To tirge
and impel signify to produce strong excitation toward some act.
We are urged from without, imj^elled from within. Drive and
compel imply irresistible influence accomplishing its object. One
may be driven either by his own passions or by external force or
urgency ; one is compelled only by some external power •, as, the
inherent 21S
owner was compelled by his misfortunes to sell his estate Com-
pare COMPEL ; DRIVE.
Antonyms :
deter, dissuade, impede, prevent, restrain, retard,
discourage, hinder, inhibit,
Prepositions :
Actuated to crime by revenge.
INHERENT.
Synonyms:
congenital, indispensable, innate, native,
essential, indw^elling, inseparable, natural.
Immanent, infixed, internal, subjective,
inborn, ingrained, intrinsic,
inbred, inhering, inwrought.
Inherent signifies permanently united as an element or original
quality, naturally existent or incorporated in something so as to
have become an integral part. Immanent is a philosophic word,
to denote that which dwells in or pervades any substance or spirit
without necessarily being a part of it, and without reference to
any working out (compare subjective). That which is inherent is
an inseparable part of that in which it inheres, and is usually
thought of with reference to some outworking or eflPect ; as, an
inherent difficulty. God is said to be immanent (not inherent) in
the universe. Frequently intrinsic and inherent can be inter-
changed, but inherent applies to qualities, while intrinsic applies
to essence, so that to speak of intrinsic excellence conveys higher
praise than if we say inherent excellence. Inherent and intrinsic
may be said of persons or things ; congenital, inborn, inbred, in-
nate, apply to living beings. Congenital is frequent in medical
and legal use with special application to defects ; as, congenital
idiocy. Innate and inborn are almost identical, but innate is pre-
ferred in philosophic use, as when we speak of innate ideas ; that
which is inborn, congenital, or innate may be original with the
individual, but that which is inbred is inlierited. Ingrained sig-
nifies dyed in the gi-ain, and denotes that which is deeply wrought
into substance or character,
Antonyms :
accidental, extrinsic, outward, superficial, supplemental,
casual, fortuitous, subsidiary, superfluous, transient,
external, incidental, superadded, superimposed, unconnected.
219 injury
IBUURY.
Synonyms :
blemish, disadvantage, hurt, loss, prejudice,
damage. evil, impairment, mischief, Avrong.
detriment, harm, injustice, outrage,
Injury (L. in, not, and Jits, juris, right, law) signifies primarily
something done contrary to law or right ; hence, something con-
trary to some standard of right or good ; whatever reduces the
value, utility, beauty, or desirableness of anything is an injury to
that thing ; of persons, whatever is so done as to operate adversely
to one in his person, rights, property, or reputation is an injury ;
the word is especially used of whatever mars the integrity of the
body or causes pain ; as, when rescued from the wreck his injuries
were found to be very slight. Injury is the general term inclu-
ding all the rest. Damage (L. danuium, loss) is that which occa-
sions loss to the possessor ; hence, any impairment of value, often
with the suggestion of fault on the part of the one causing it ;
damage reduces value, utility, or beauty ; detriment (L. deterere,
to rub or wear away) is similar in meaning, but far milder. Det-
riment may affect value only ; damage always affects real worth
or utility ; as a rule, the slightest use of an article by a purchaser
operates to its detriment if again offered for sale, tho the article
may have received not the slightest damage. Damage is partial ;
loss is properly absolute as far as it is predicated at all ; the loss of
a ship implies that it is gone beyond recovery ; the loss of the rud-
der is a damage to the ship ; but since the loss of a part still leaves
a part, we may speak of a partial or a total loss. Evil commonly
suggests suffering or sin, or both ; as, the evils of poverty, the so-
cial evil. Harm is closely synonymous with injury ; it may apply
to body, mind, or estate, but always affects real worth, while in-
jury may concern only estimated value. A hurt is an injury that
causes pain, physical or mental ; a slight hurt may be no real
harm. Mischief is disarrangement, trouble, or harm usually
caused by some voluntary agent, with or without injurious intent ;
a child's thoughtless sport may do great mischief ; ivrong is harm
done with evil intent. An outrage combines insult and injury.
Compare synonyms for blemish ; criminal ; injustice.
Antonyms:
advantage, benefit, boon, improvement, service,
amelioration, blessing, help, remedy, utility.
Prepositions :
The injury of the cause ; an injury to the structure ; injury hy
fire ; hy or from collision, interference, etc.
injustice nnA
innocent -^^v
INJUSTICE,
Synonyms :
grievance, injury, unfairness, unrighteousness, wrong,
iniquity.
Injustice is a violation or denial of justice, an act or omission
that is contrary to equity or justice ; as, the injustice of unequal
taxes. In legal usage a ?i'ro??.g involves injury to person, property,
or reputation, as the resvilt of evil intent ; injiistice applies to civil
damage or loss, not necessarily involving injury to person or prop-
erty, as by misrepresentation of goods which does not amount to
a legal warranty. In popular usage, injustice may involve no di-
rect injury to person, property, interest, or character, and no
harmful intent, while wrong always involves both ; one who attrib-
utes another's truly generous act to a selfish motive does him an
injustice. Iniquity, in the original sense, is a want of or a devia-
tion from equity ; but it is now applied in the widest sense to any
form of ill^doing. Compare synonyms for criminal ; sin.
Antonyms :
equity, faithfulness, impartiality, lawfulness, righteousness,
fairness, honesty, integrity, rectitude, uprightness,
fair play, honor, justice, right.
IXXOCENT.
Synonyms :
blameless, guiltless, inoflfensive, spotless,
clean, harmless, pure, stainless,
clear, immaculate, right, upright,
faultless, innocuous, righteous, virtuous,
guileless, innoxious, sinless,
Innocent, in the full sense, signifies not tainted with sin ; not
having done wi-ong or violated legal or moral precept or duty ; as,
an innocent babe. Innocent is a negative word, expressing less
than righteous, vj^right, or virtuous, which imply knowledge of
good and evil, with free choice of the good. A little child or a
lamb is innocent ; a tried and faithful man is righteous, uprigJit,
virtuous. Immaculate, pure, and sinless may be used either of
one who has never known the possibility of evil or of one wlio has
perfectly and triumphantly resisted it. Innocent is used of inani-
mate substances in the sense of harmless ; as, an innocent remedy,
that is, one not dangerous, even if not helpful. Innocent, in a
specific case, signifies free from the guilt of a particular act, even
tho the total character may be very evil ; as, the thief was found
to be innocent of the murder. See candid ; pure.
Antonyms :
Compare synonyms for criminal.
221
inquisitive
insanity
I^C^UISITIVE.
Synonyms-
curiovis, meddlesome, peeping, scrutinizing,
inquiring, meddling, prying, searching,
intrusive,
An inquisitive person is one who is bent on finding out all that
can be found out by inquiry, especially of little and personal mat-
ters, and hence is generally meddlesome and prying. Inquisitive
may be used in a good sense, tho in such connection inquiring is
to be preferred ; as, an inquiring mind. As applied to a state of
mind, curious denotes a keen and rather pleasurable desire to know
fully something to which one's attention has been called, but with-
out the active tendency that inquisitive implies; a well=bred per-
son may be curious to know, but will not be inquisitive in trying
to ascertain, what is of interest in the affairs of another.
Antonyms :
apathetic, heedless, indifferent, unconcerned, nninterested.
careless, inattentive,
Prepositions :
Inquisitive about, concerning, in regard to, regarding trifles.
INSANITY.
Synonyms:
aberration, delirium, frenzy, madness,
alienation, dementia, hallucination, mania,
craziness, derangement, lunacy, monomania.
Of these terms insanity is the most exact and comiirehensive,
including in its widest sense all morbid conditions of mind due to
diseased action of the brain or nervous system, but in its more fi-e-
quent restricted use applied to those forms in which the mental
disorder is persistent, as distinguished from those in which it is
temporary or transient. Craziness is a vague popular term for
any sort of disordered mental action, or for conduct suggesting it.
Lunacy originally denoted intermittent insanity, supposed to be
dependent on the changes of the moon (L. luna) : the term is now
applied in general and legal use to any form of mental unsound-
ness except idiocy. Madness is the old popular term, now less
common, for insanity in its widest sense, but with suggestion of
excitement, akin to mania. In the derived sense, lunacy denotes
what is insanely foolish, madness what is insanely desperate, De-
rangement is a common euphemism for insanity. Delirium is al-
ways temporary, and is specifically the insanity of disease, as in
acute fevers. Dementia is a general weakening of the mental
Interpose
222
powers : the word is specifically applied to senile insanity, dotage.
Aberration is eccentricity of mental action due to an abnormal
sfate of the perceptive faculties, and is manifested by error in per-
ceptions and rambling thought. Hallucination is the apjjarent
perception of that which does not exist or is not present to the
senses, as the seeing of specters or of reptiles in delirium tremens.
Monomania is mental derangement as to one subject or object.
Frenzy and mania are forms of raving and furious insanity.
Compare synonyms for DELUSION ; IDIOCY.
Antonyms:
clearness, good sense, lucidity, rationality, sanity.
INTERPOSE.
Synonyms:
arbitrate, intercept, intermeddle, meddle,
intercede, interfere, interrupt, mediate.
To interpose is to place or come between other things or per-
sons, usually as a means of obstruction or prevention of some
effect or result that would otherwise occur, or be expected to take
place. Intercede and interpose are used in a good sense ; inter-
meddle always in a bad sense, and interfere frequently so. To in-
tercede is to come between persons who are at variance, and plead
with the stronger in behalf of the weaker. One may interpose
with authority ; he intercedes by petition. To intermeddle is to
thrust oneself into the concerns of others with a petty oflSciousness;
meddling commonly arises from idle curiosity ; ' ' every fool "will
be meddling " Prov. xx, 3 ; to interfere is to intrude into others"
affairs with more serious purpose, with or ivithout acknowledged
right or propriety. Intercept is applied to an object that may be
seized or stopped while in transit ; as, to intercept a letter or a
messenger ; interrupt is applied to an action wliich might or should
be continuous, but is broken in upon (L. rumpere. to break) by
some disturbing power ; as, the conversation w^as interrupted.
One who arbitrates or mediates must do so by the request or at
least with the consent of the contending parties ; the other words
of the gi'oup imply that he steps in of his own accord.
Antonyms:
avoid,
keep aloof,
keep out,
retire,
stand back.
hold aloof,
keep away,
let alone,
stand aside,
stand off,
hold off,
keep clear,
let be,
stand away,
withdraw.
Prepositions :
Interpose between the combatants ; in the matter.
aat involve
-«••«» journey
Synonyms :
complicate, embroil, implicate, include
eraljarrass, entangle, imply, overwlielm.
To involve (L. in, in, and volvo, roll) is to roll or wind up with
or in so as to combine inextricably or inseparably, or nearly so ;
as, the nation is involved in war ; the bookkeeper's accounts, or
the writer's sentences are involved. Involve is a stronger word
than implieate, denoting more complete entanglement. As ap-
plied to persons, implicate is always used in an unfavorable sense,
and involve ordinarily so ; but implicate applies only to that which
is wrong, while involve is more commonly used of that which is
unfortunate ; one is implicated in a crime, involved in embarrass-
ments, misfortunes, or perplexities. As regards logical connec-
tion that which is included is usually expressly stated ; that which
is implied is not stated, but is naturally to be inferred ; that which
is involved is necessarily to be inferred ; as, a slate roof is in-
cluded in the contract ; that the roof shall be water=tight is
implied; the contrary supposition involves an absurdity. See
COMPLEX.
Antonyms:
disconnect, disentangle, distinguish, explicate, extricate, remove, separate.
JOURKEY.
Synonyms :
excursion, pilgrimage, transit, ■ trip,
expedition, tour, travel, voyage.
A journey (F. journee, from L. dinrnus, daily) was primarily
a day's w^ork ; hence, a movement from place to place within one
day, which w^e now describe as " a day's jOHnie?/ " ; in its ex-
tended modern use a journey is a direct going from a stai'ting^
point to a destination, ordinarily over a considerable distance ;
we speak of a day's journey, or the journey of life. Travel is a
passing from place to place, not necessarily in a direct line or with
fixed destination ; a journey throvigh Europe would be a passage
to some destination beyond or at the farther boundary ; travel in
Europe may be in no direct course, but may include many jour-
neys in different directions. A voyage, which was formerly a
journey of any kind, is now a going to a considerable distance by
water, especially by sea ; as, a voyage to India. A trip is a short
and direct journey. A tour is a journey that returns to the
starting=point, generally over a considerable distance ; as, a bridal
Judge .«^'*
tour, or business tour. An excursion is a brief tour or journey,
taken for pleasure, often by many persons at once ; as, an excur-
sioji to Chautauqua. Passage is a general word for a journey by
any conveyance, especially by water; as, a rough jmssage across
the Atlantic ; tra7isit, literally the act of passing over or through,
is used specifically of the conveyance of passengers or merchandise ;
rapid transit is demanded for subm-ban residents or perishable
goods. Pilgrimage, once always of a sacred character, retains in
derived uses something of that sense ; as, a xiilgrimage to Strat-
ford=on=Avon.
Prepositions :
A jom-ney from Naples to Rome ; through Mexico ; across the
continent ; over the sea ; a journey i7ito Asia ; among savages ; hy
land, hy rail, /or health, on foot, on the cars, etc.
JIDGE.
Synonj'ms :
arbiter, arbitrator, justice, referee, umpire.
A judge, in the legal sense, is a judicial officer appointed oi
elected to preside in courts of law, and to decide legal questions
duly brought before him ; the name is sometimes given to other
legally constituted officers ; as, the judges of election ; in other re-
lations, any person duly apiwinted to pass upon the merits of con-
testants or of competing articles may be called a judge ; as, the
judges at an agricultural fair, or at a racestrack ; in the widest
sense, any person who has good capacity for judging is called a
judge ; as. a person is said to be & judge of pictures, or a good judge
of a horse, etc. In most games the judge is called an umpire ; as, the
umpire of a game of ball or cricket. A referee is appointed by a
court to decide disputed matters between litigants ; an arlntrator
is chosen by the contending parties to decide matters in dispute
without action by a court. In certain cases an umpire is appointed
by a court to decide where arbitrators disagree. Arbiter, with its
suggestion of final and absolute decision, has come to be used only
in a high or sacred sense ; as, war must now be the arbiter ; the
Supreme Arbiter of our destinies. The judges of certain courts,
as the United States Supreme Court, are technically known as
justices.
225 justice
JUSTICE.
Synonyms;
equity, impartiality, legality, rightfulness,
fairness, integrity, rectitude, truth,
fair play, justness, right, uprightness,
faithfulness, law, righteousness, virtue,
honor, lawfulness.
In its governmental relations, human or divine, justice is the
giving to every person exactly what he deserves, not necessarily
involving any consideration of what any other may deserve; equity
(the quahty of being equal) is giving every one as much advan-
tage, privilege, or consideration as is given to any other ; it is that
which is equally right or just to all concerned ; equity is equal
justice and is thus a close synonym for fai7'ness and imjpartiality,
but it has a philosopliical and legal precision that those words have
not. In legal proceedings cases arise for which the laiv has not
adequately j^rovided, or in which general provisions, just in the
main, would work individual hardship. The system of equity, de-
vised to supply the insufficiencies of laic, deals with cases "to
which the Za?fby reason of its universality can not apply." ^'■Equity,
then, ... is the soul and spirit of all laio ; positive laio is con-
strued and rational laio is made by it." Blackstone bk. iii, ch.
37, p. 429. In personal and social relations /».s■i^ce is the render-
ing to every one what is due or merited, whether in act, word, or
thought ; in matters of reasoning, or literary work of any kind,
justice is close, faithful, unprejudiced, and unbiased adherence to
essential ti'uth or fact : we speak of the justice of a statement, or
of doing justice to a subject. Integrity, rectitude, right, right-
eousness and virtue denote conformity of personal conduct to the
moral law, and thus necessarily include justice, which is giving
others that which is their due. Laiofulness is an ambiguous word,
meaning in its narrower sense mere legality, which may be very
far from justice, but in its higher sense signifying accordance with
the supreme Icno of right, and thus including perfect j'lt.sf ice. Just-
ness refers rather to logical relations than to practical matters ; as,
we speak of the justness of a statement or of a criticism. See
JUDGE, n.
Antonyms:
dishonesty,
favoritism,
inequity,
injustice,
partiality,
unfairness.
unlawfulness,
unreasonableness.
untruth,
Wrong.
Prepositions :
The justice of the king ; to or for the oppressed.
1K
keep
kill
226
Synonyms:
carry,
carry on,
celebrate,
conduct,
defend,
detain,
fulfil,
guard.
KEEP.
hold.
maintain,
obey,
observe,
preserve,
protect,
refrain,
restrain.
retain,
support,
sustain,
witbliold.
Keep, signifying generally to have and retain in possession, is
the terse, sti'ong Saxon term for many acts which are more ex-
actly discriminated by other words. We keep, observe, or cele-
brate a festival ; we keej) or liold a prisoner in custody ; we keep
or preserve silence, keep the peace, iireserve order — preserve being
the more formal word ; we keep or maintain a horse, a servant.
etc. ; a man supports his family ; we keep or obey a command-
ment ; keep or fulfil a promise. In the expressions to keex) a secret,
keep one's own counsel, keep faith, or keep the faith, such words
as preserve or maintain could not be substituted without loss. A
person keeps a shop or store, conducts or carries on a business ; he
keeps or carries a certain line of goods ; we may keep or restraiji
one from folly, crime, or violence ; we keep from or refrain from
evil, ourselves. Keej) in the sense of guard or defend implies that
the defense is effectual. Compare celebrate ; restrain.
Prepositions :
Keep in hand, in mind, in or ivithin the house ; from evil ; out
of mischief ; keep to the subject ; keep for a person, an occasion,
etc.
KIEL.
Synonyms :
assassinate, despatcb, massacre, put to death, slay,
butcher, execute, murder, slaughter,
To kill is simply to deprive of life, human, animal, or vegetable,
with no suggestion of how or why. Assassinate, execute, murder,
apply only to the taking of human Ufe ; to murder is to kill
with premeditation and malicious intent; to execute is to kill in
fulfilment of a legal sentence ; to assassinate is to kill by assault ;
this word is chiefly apphed to the killing of public or eminent per-
sons through alleged political motives, whether secretly or openly.
To slay is to kill by a blow, or by a weapon. Butcher and
slaughter apply primarily to the killing of cattle ; massacre is
applied primarily and almost exclusively to human beings, signify-
ing to kill them indiscriminately in large numbers ; to massacre
is said when there is no chance of successful resistance ; to butcher
when the killing is especially brutal ; soldiers mown down in a
iex7 kuoivledge
hopeless charge are said to be slaughtered when no brutality on
the enemy's part is implied. To deapatcli is to kill swiftly and in
general quietly, always with intention, with or without right.
Prepositions :
To kill 'With or hy sword, famine, pestilence, care, grief, etc. ;
killed for his money, hy a robber, ivith a dagger.
Synonyms:
aflBnity, blood, descent, kind, race,
alliance, consanguinity, family, kindred, relationship,
birth,
Kind is broader than Mn, denoting the most general- relation-
ship, as of the whole human species in rawakind, humanfci».d, etc. ;
Tcin and kindred denote direct relationship that can be traced
through either blood or marriage, preferably the former; either of
these words may signify collectively all persons of the same
blood or members of the same family, relatives or relations. Affin-
ity is relatio7iship hj marriage, consanguinity is relationship by
blood. There are no ti'ue antonyms of Mn or kindred, except those
made by negatives, since sti-angers, aliens, foreigners, and foes
m.ay still be kin or kindred.
KNOWLEDGE.
Synonyms :
acquaintance, erudition, learning, recognition,
apprehension, experience, light, scholarship,
cognition, information, lore, science,
cognizance, intelligence, perception, w^isdom.
comprehension, intuition,
Knoivledge is all that the mind knows, from whatever source
derived or obtained, or by whatever process ; the aggregate of
facts, truths, or principles acquired or retained by the mind, in-
cluding alike the intuitions native to tlie mind and all that has
been learned respecting phenomena, causes, laws, principles, liter-
ature, etc. There is a tendency to regard knoidedge as accurate
and systematic, and to a certain degree complete. Information is
knowledge of fact, real or supposed, derived fi-om persons, books,
or observation, and is regarded as casual and haphazard. We say
of a studious man that he has a gi-eat store of knowledge, or of an
intelligent man of the world, that he has a fund of varied informa-
tion. Lore is used only in poetic or elevated style, for accumu-
lated knoidedge, as of a people or age, or in a more limiited sense
for learning or erudition. We speak of perception of external
language
22S
objects, apprehension of intellectual truth. Simple perception
gives a limited knowledge of external objects, merely as such ; the
cognition of the same objects is a knowledge of them in some
relation ; cognizance is the formal or official recognition of some-
thing as an object of knoioledge ; we take cognizance of it.
Intnition is primary knowledge antecedent to all teaching or rea-
soning , experience is knowledge that has entered directly into one's
own life ; as, a child's experience that fire will burn. Learning is
much higher than information, being preeminently wide and sys-
tematic knowledge, the result of long, assiduous study ; erudition
is recondite learning secured only by extraordinary industry, op-
portunity, and ability. Compare acquaintance ; education ;
SCIENCE ; WISDOM.
Autoiiyuis :
ignorance, inexperience, misconception, rudeness,
illiteracy, misapprehension, misunderstanding, unfamiliarity.
LAIVGUAGE.
Synonyms:
barbarism, expression, patois, vernacular,
dialect, idiom, speech, vocabulary,
diction, mother tongue, tongue,
Language (F. langage < L. lingua, the tongvie) signified
originally expression of thought by spoken words, but now in its
widest sense it signifies expression of thought by any means ; as,
the language of the eyes, the language of flowers. As regards
the use of words, language in its broadest sense denotes all the ut-
tered sounds and their combinations into words and sentences that
human beings employ for the communication of thought, and, in
a more limited sense, the words or combinations forming a means
of communication among the members of a single nation, people,
or race. Speech involves always the power of articulate utter-
ance ; we can speak of the language of animals, but not of their
speech. A tongtie is the speech or language of some one people,
country, or race. A dialect is a special mode of speaking a lan-
guage peculiar to some locality or class, not recognized as in ac-
cordance with the best usage : a barbarism is a perversion of a
language by ignorant foreigners, or some usage akin to that.
Idiom refers to the construction of phrases and sentences, and the
way of forming or using words ; it is the pecuUar mold in which
each language casts its thought. The gi-eat difficulty of transla-
tion is to give the thought expressed in one language in the idiom
of another. A dialect may be used by the highest as well as the
229
large
la^v
lowest witliiu its range ; & patois is distinctly illiterate, belonging
to the lower classes ; those who speak a patois understand the
cultured form of their own language, but speak only the degraded
form, as in the case of the Italian lazzaroni or the former negro
slaves in the United States. Vernamdar, from the Latin, has the
same general sense as the Saxon mother tongue, of one's native
language, or that of a people ; as, the Scriptures were translated
into the vernacular. Compare diction.
I.AROE.
Synonyms :
abundant,
ample .
big,
broad,
bulky,
capacious,
coarse,
colossal,
commodious,
considerable,
enormous,
extensive.
gigantic,
grand,
great,
buge,
immense.
long,
massive,
spacious,
vast,
wide.
Large denotes extension in more than one direction, and be-
yond the average of the class to which the object belongs ; we
speak of a large surface or a large soUd, but of a long line ; a
large field, a large room, a large apple, etc. A large man is a
man of more than ordinary size ; a great man is a man of remark-
able mental power. Big is a more emphatic word than large, but
of less dignity. "We do not say that George Washington was a
big man.
Asitonyms :
brief, inflniteeimal, little, minnte, petty, slender, tiny,
diminutive, insignificant, mean, narrow, scanty, slight,
inconsiderable, limited, microscopic, paltry, short, small,
trifling,
trivial.
I.ATV.
Synonyms:
canon,
code,
command,
commandment
decree,
legislation,
mandate,
order,
ordinance,
polity,
principle,
regulation,
rule,
statute.
economy,
edict,
enactment,
formula,
jurisprudence,
Lau\ in its ideal, is the statement of a principle of right in naan-
datory form, by competent authority, with adequate penalty for
disobedience ; in common use, the term is applied to any legisla-
tive act, however imperfect or unjust. Command and command-
ment are personal and particular ; as, the commands of a parent ;
the ten commandments. An edict is the act of an absolute
sovereign or other authoi-ity ; we speak of the edict of an emperor,
the decree of a court. A mandate is specific, for an occasion or a
purpose ; a supeiuor court issues its mandate to an inferior court
liberty
230
to send up its records. Statute is the recognized legal term for a
specific law ; enactment is the more vague and general expression.
We speak of algebraic or cliemical formulas, municipal ordi-
nances, military orders, army regulations, ecclesiastical canons,
the rides of a business house. Laiv is often used, also, for a rec-
ognized principle, whose violation is attended with injury or loss
that acts like a penalty ; as, the laios of business ; the laws of
nature. In more strictly scientific use, a natural laic is simply a
recognized system of sequences or relations ; as, Kepler's laws of
planetary distances. A code is a system of laws ; jurisprudence
is the science of law, or a system of laics scientifically considered,
classed, and interi:)reted ; legislation, primarily the act of legisla-
ting, denotes also the body of statutes enacted by a legislative body.
An economy (Gr. oikonomia, primarily the management of a
house) is any comprehensive system of administration ; as, domes-
tic economy ; but the word is extended to the administi'ation or
government of a state or people, signifying a body of laws and
regulations, with the entire system, political or religious, especial-
ly the latter, of which they form a part ; as, the code of Draco,
Roman jurisprudence, British legislation, the Mosaic economy.
Law is also used as a collective novm for a system of laws or rec-
ognized rules or regulations, including not only all special laws,
but the princixiles on which they are based. The Mosaic economy
is known also as the Mosaic law, and we speak of the EngUsh
common law, or the law of nations. Polity (Gr. poUteia, from
polis, a city) signifies the form, constitution, or method of govern-
ment of a nation, state, church, or other institution ; in usage it
differs from economy as applying rather to the system, while
economy applies especially to method, or to the system as admin-
istered ; an economy might be termed a polity considered with es-
pecial reference to its practical administration, hence commonly
with special reference to details or particulars, while polity has
more reference to broad principles.
l^IBERTY.
Synoiijins :
emancipation, freedom, independence, license.
In general terms, it may be said that freedom is absolute, lib-
erty relative ; freedom, is the absence of restraint, liberty is
primarily the removal or avoidance of restraint ; in its broadest
sense, it is the state of being exempt from the domination of others
231
liglit
or from restricting circumstances. Freedom and liberty are con-
stantly interchanged ; the slave is set at liberty, or gains his free-
dom ; but freedom is the nobler word. Independence is said of
states or nations, freedom and liberty of individuals ; the inde-
pendence of the United States did not secure liberty or freedom to
its slaves. Liberty keeps quite strictly to the thought of being
clear of resti-aint or compulsion ; freedom takes a wider range,
applying to other oppressive influences ; thus, we speak of freedom
from annoyance or intrusion. License is, in its limited sense, a
permission or privilege granted by adequate authority, a bounded
liberty ; in the wider sense, license is an ignoring and defiance of
all that should restrain, and a reckless doing of all that individual
caprice or passion may choose to do — a base and dangerous coun-
terfeit of freedom. Compare allow ; permission.
Autoiiyius:
captivity, imprisonment, oppression, slavery,
compulsion, necessity, serfdom, superstition,
constraint, obligation, servitude, thi-aldom.
LIGHT.
Synonyms:
blaze,
gleam,
glow^,
shimmer,
flame,
gleaming.
illumination.
shine.
flare,
glimmer.
incandescence.
shining,
flash.
glistening.
luster.
sparkle.
flicker.
glistering,
scintillation,
tw^inkle.
glare.
glitter.
sheen,
tw^inkling.
Light, strictly denoting a form of radiant energy, is used as a
general term for any luminous effect discernible by the eye, from
the faintest phosphorescence to the blaze of the noonday sun. A
flame is both hot and luminous ; if it contains few solid particles
it will yield little light, tho it may afford intense heat, as in
the case of a hydrogen=^a?He. A blaze is an extensive, bril-
liant flame. A flare is a wavering flame or blaze ; a flash is
a light that appears and disappears in an instant ; as, a
flash of lightning; the flash of gunpowder. The glare and
gloui are steady, the glare painfully bright, the gloiv subdued ; as,
the glare of torches ; the gloio of dying embers. Shine and shining
refer to a steady or continuous emission of light ; sheen is a faint
shining, usually by reflection. Glimmer, glitter, and shimmer
denote wavering light. We speak of the glimmer of distant lamps
through the mist ; of the shimmer of waves in sunlight or moon-
light. A gleam is not wavering, but transient or intermittent ; a
sudden gleam of light came through the half =open door ; a glitter
likely
listen 232
is a hard light ; as, the glitter of burnished arms, A sparkle is a
sudden light, as of sj^arks thi'o^vn out ; scintillation is the more
exact and scientific term for the actual emission of sparks, also
tlie figurative term for what suggests such emission ; as, scintilla-
tions of wit or of genius. Tivinkle and ticinkling are used of the
intermittent light of the fixed stars. Olistening is a shining as
from a wet surface. Illumination is a wide=spread, brilHant light,
as when all the windows of a house or of a street are lighted.
The light of incandescence is intense and white like that from
metal at a white heat.
AntonyiiiM :
blackness, darkness, dusk, gloominess, shade,
dark, dimness, gloom, obscurity, shadow.
LIKELY.
Synonyms :
apt, conceivable, liable. probable,
credible, conjectural, presumable, reasonable.
Apt imphes a natural fitness or tendency ; an impetuous per-
son is apA to speak hastily. Liable refers to a contingency re-
garded as unfavorable ; as, the ship was liable to founder at any
moment. Likely refers to a contingent event regarded as very
probable, and usually, tho not always, favorable ; as, an in-
dustrious worker is likely to succeed. Credible signifies readily
to be believed ; as, a credible narrative ; likely in such connection
is used ironically to signify the reverse ; as, a likely story ! A
tiling is conceivable of which the mind can entertain the possibility ;
a tlfing is conjectural which is conjectured as possible or probable
without other support than a conjecture, or tentative judgment ;
a thing is xwesumable which, from what is antecedently known,
may be taken for gi-anted in advance of proof. Reasonable in this
connection signifies such as the reason can be satisfied with, inde-
pendently of external gi-ounds for belief or disbelief ; as, that
seems a reasonable supposition. Compare apparent.
Antonyms:
doubtful, improbable, questionable, unreasonable.
dubious, incredible, unlikely,
LISTEl^.
Synonyms :
attend, bark, barken, hear, heed^,, list.
Between listen and hear is a difference like that between the
words look and see. (Compare synonyms for look.) To hear is
■ , literature
233 load
simply to become conscious of sound, to listeii is to make a con-
scious effort or endeavor to hear. We may hear without listen-
ing, as words suddenly uttered in an adjoining room ; or we may
listen without hearing, as to a distant speaker. In listening the
ear is intent upon the sound ; in attending the mind is intent
upon the thought, tho listening implies some attention to the
meaning or import of the sound. To heed is not only to attend,
but to remember and observe. Harkcn. is nearly obsolete.
Autonyms :
be deaf to, ignore, neglect, gcorn, slight.
Prepositions :
We listen for what we expect or desire to hear ; we listen to
what we actually do hear ; listen /or a step, a signal, a train ; lis-
ten to the debate.
LITERATURE.
Synonyms:
belles:lettres, literary productions, publications,
books, literary w^orks, w^ritings.
Literature is collective, including in the most general sense all
the written or printed productions of the human mind in all lands
and ages, or in a more limited sense, referring to all that has been
published in some land or age, or in some department of human
knowledge ; as, the literature of Greece ; the literature of the
Augustan age ; the liter atiire of politics or of art. Literature, used
absolutely, denotes what has been called "polite literature'''' or
bellesdettres, i. e., the works collectively that embody taste, feel-
ing, loftiness of thought, and purity and beauty of style, as poetry,
history, fiction, and dramatic compositions, including also much
of philosophical writing, as the "Republic" of Plato, and orator-
ical productions, as the orations of Demosthenes. In the broad
sense, we can speak of the literature of science ; in the narrower
sense, we speak of literature and science as distinct departments
of knowledge. Literature is also used to signify literary pursuits
or occupations ; as, to devote one's life to literature. Compare
knowledge; science.
LOAD, n.
Synonyms:
burden, charge, encumbrance, incubus, pack,
cargo, clog, freight, lading, w^elght.
A burden (from the Anglo=Saxon hyrthen, from the verb Z;f ran,
bear) is what one has to bear, and the word is used always of that
which is borne by a living agent. A load (from the Anglo-Saxon
lock ™™ .
look 234
lad, a way, course, carrying, or carriage) is what is laid upon a
person, animal, or vehicle for conveyance, or what is customarily
so imposed ; as, a two=horse load. Weight measures the pressure
due to gravity ; the same weight that one finds a moderate load
when in his full strength becomes a heavy burden in weariness or
w^eakness. A ship's load is called distinctively a cargo, or it may
be known as freight or lading. Freight denotes merchandise in or
for transportation and is used largely of transportation or of mer-
chandise transported by rail, which is, in commercial language,
said to be "shipped." A load to be fastened upon a horse or
mule is called a pack, and the animal is known as a pack-horse or
pack=mule.
LOCK.
Synonyms :
bar, catch, fastening, hook,
holt, clasp, hasp, latch.
A bar is a piece of wood or metal, usually of considerable size,
by which an opening is obstructed, a door held fast, etc. A bar
may be movable or permanent ; a bolt is a movable rod or pin of
metal, sUding in a socket and adapted for securing a door or win-
dow. A lock is an arrangement by which an enclosed bolt is shot
forward or backward by a key, or other device ; the bolt is the es-
sential part of the lock. A latch or catch is an accessible fasten-
ing designed to be easily movable, and simply to secure against
accidental opening of the door, cover, etc. A hasj) is a metallic
strap that fits over a staple, calculated to be secured by a padlock ;
a simple hook that fits into a staple is also called a hasp. A clasp
is a fastening that can be sprung into place, to draw and hold the
parts of some enclosing object firmly together, as the clasp of a
book.
LOOK.
Synonyms:
behold,
contemplate,
descry.
discern,
gaze,
glance.
inspect,
regard,
scan.
see,
stare,
survey.
view,
w^atch.
To see is simply to become conscious of an object of vision ; to
look is to make a conscious and direct endeavor to see. To behold
is to fix the sight and the mind with distinctness and consideration
upon something that has come to be clearly before the eyes. We
may look without seeing, as in pitch=darkness, and we may see
without looking, as in case of a flash of lightning. To gaze is to
235 love
look intently, long, and steadily upon an object. To glance is to
look casually or momentarily. To stare is to look with a fixed in-
tensity such as is the effect of surprise, alarm, or rudeness. To
scan is to look at minutely, to note every visible feature. To in-
spect is to go below the surface, uncover, study item by item.
View and survey are comprehensive, shvuci/ expressing the gi'eater
exactness of measurement or estimate. Watch brings in the ele-
ment of time and often of wariness ; we watch for a movement
or change, a signal, the approach of an enemy, etc. Compare
APPEAR.
LOVE. .
Synonyms:
affection, charity, friendship, regard,
attachment, devotion, liking;, tenderness,
attraction, fondness.
Affection is kindly feeling, deep, tender, and constant, going out
to some person or object, being less fervent and ardent than love,
whether applied to persons or things. Love is an intense and
absorbing emotion, drawing one toward a pei'son or object and
causing one to appreciate, delight in, and crave the presence or
possession of the person or object loved, and to desire to please and
benefit the person, or to advance the cause, truth, or other object
of affection : it is the yearning or ovitgoing of soul toward some-
tlung that is regarded as excellent, beautiful, or desirable ; love
may be briefly defined as strong and absorbing affection for and
attraction toward a person or object. Love may denote the sublim-
estand holiest spiritual affection as when we are taught that "God
is love." Charity has so far swung aside from this original mean-
ing that probably it never can be recalled (compare benevo-
lence). The Revised Version uses Zoueinplaceof charity in 1 Cor.
xiii, and elsewhere. Love is more intense, absorbing, and tender
than friendship, more intense, impulsive, and perhaps passionate
than affection ; we speak of fervent love, but of deep or tender
affection, or of close, firm, sti-ong friendship. Love is used spe-
cifically for j)ersonal affection between the sexes in the highest
sense, the love that normally leads to marriage, and subsists
throughout all happy wedded life. Love can never properly denote
mere animal passion, which is expressed by such words as appetite,
desire, lust. One may properly be said to have love for animals,
for inanimate objects, or for abstract qualities that enlist the
affections, as we speak of love for a horse or a dog, for mountains,
make
marriage 236
woods, ocean, or of love of nature, and love of virtue. Love of
articles of food is better expressed by liking, as love, in its full
sense, expresses something spiritual and reciprocal, such as can
have no place in connection with objects that minister merely to
the senses. Compare attachment ; friendship.
Antony nii^ :
See synonyms for antipathy ; enmity ; hatred.
Prepositions :
Love of country ; for humanity ; love to God and man.
MAKE.
Synonyms:
become, constrain, fabricate, manufacture,
bring about, construct, fashion, occasion,
bring into being, create, force, perform,
bring to pass, do, frame, reach,
cause, effect, get, render,
compel, establish, make out, require,
compose. execute, make up, shape,
constitute.
Make is essentially causative ; to the idea of cause all its vari-
ous senses may be traced (compare synonyms for cause). To
make is to cause to exist, or to cause to exist in a certain form or
in certain relations ; the word thus includes the idea of create, as
in Gen. i, 31, "And God saw every thing that he had made, and.
behold, it was very good." Make includes also the idea of com-
pose, constitute; as. the parts make up the whole. Similaiiy, to
cause a voluntary agent to do a certain act is to make liim do it,
or compel him to do it, compel fixing the attention more on the
process, make on the accomplished fact. Compare compel ; do ;
INFLUENCE ; (make better) amend ; (make haste) quicken ; (make
known) ANNOUNCE ; AVOW ; CONFESS ; (make prisoner) arrest ;
(make up) add ; (make void) cancel.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for abolish ; break ; DEMOLISH.
Prepositions:
Make of, out of, ov from certain materials, into a certain form.
for a certain purpose or person ; made with hands, by hand ; made
hy a prisoner, with a jack=knife.
MARRIACiE.
Synonyms:
conjugal union, espousals, nuptials, spousals, w^edding,
espousal, matrimony, spousal, union, w^edlock.
Matrimony denotes the state of those who are united in the
237
iiiascullne
iiia!S!>iafro
relation of husband and wife : marriage denotes primarily the act
of so uniting, but is extensively used for the state as well. Wed-
lock, a word of specific legal use, is the Saxon term for the state
or relation denoted by matriviony. Wedding denotes the cere-
mony, with any attendant festivities, by which two persons are
united as husband and wife, nnjHials being the more formal and
stately term to express the same idea,
Antouyiiis:
bachelorhood, celibacy, divorce, maidenhood, virginity, widowhood.
Prepoitiltlon»i :
Marriage of or beticeen two persons ; of one person to or with
another ; among the Greeks.
Synonyms :
male, manful, manlike, manly, mannish, virile.
We apply male to the sex, mascxdine to the qualities, especially
to the stronger, hardier, and more imperious qualities that dis-
tinguish the male sex ; as apjDlied to women, mascidine has often
the depreciatory sense of unwomanly, rude, or harsh ; as, a mascu-
line face or voice, or the like ; tho one may say in a commend-
atory way, she acted with masculine courage or decision.
Manlike may mean only having the outward appearance or
semblance of a man, or may be closely equivalent to manly.
Manly refers to all the qualities and traits worthy of a man ;
manfid, especially to the valor and prowess that become a man ;
w^e speak of a manfid struggle, manly decision ; we say manly
gentleness or tenderness ; we could not say manful tenderness.
Mannish is a depreciatory word referring to the mimicry or pa-
rade of some superficial quahties of manhood : as, a mannish boy
or woman. Masculine may apply to the distinctive qualities of
the male sex at any age ; virile applies to the distinctive qualities
of mature manhood only, as opposed not only to feminine or uiom-
anly but to childish, and is thus an emphatic word for sturdy,
intrepid, etc.
Autonyms :
See synonyms for feminine.
MASSACRE.
Synonyms :
butchery, carnage, havoc, slaughter.
A massacre is the indiscriminate killing in numbers of the un-
iiieddlesoine ooe
melody -««>S
resisting or defenseless ; butchery is the killing of men rudely and
ruthlessly as cattle are killed in the shambles. Havoc may not be
so complete as massacre, nor so coldly brutal as huicliery, but is
more widely spread and furious ; it is destruction let loose, and
may be applied to organizations, interests, etc., as well as to hu-
man life ; " as for Saul, he made havoc of the church," Acts viii,
3. Carnage (Latin caro, carnis, flesh) refers to widely scattered
or heaped up corpses of the slain ; slaughter is similar in meaning,
but refers more to the process, as carnage does to the result ; these
two words only of the group may be used of great destruction of
life in open and honorable battle, as when we say the enemy was
repulsed with great slaughter, or the carnage was terrible.
Synonyms :
impertinent, intrusive, meddling, obtrusive, officious.
The meddlesome person interferes unasked in the affairs of
others ; the intrusive person thrusts himself uninvited into their
company or conversation ; the obtrusive person thrusts himself or
his opinions conceitedly and undesirably upon their notice ; the
officious person thrusts his services, unasked and undesired, upon
others. Obtrusive is oftener applied to words, qualities, actions,
etc. , than to persons ; intrusive is used chiefly of persons, as is
officious, tho we speak of officious attentions, intrusive remarks ;
meddlesome is used indifferently of persons, or of words, qualities,
actions, etc. Compare inquisitive ; interpose.
Antonyms :
modest, reserved, retiring, shy, unassuming, unobtrusive.
MELODY.
Synonyms:
harmony, music, symphony, unison.
IIa7'mony is simultaneous ; melody is successive ; harmony is
the pleasing correspondence of two or more notes sounded at once,
melody the pleasing succession of a number of notes continuovisly
following one another. A melody may be wholly in one part ;
harmony must be of two or more parts. Accordant notes of dif-
ferent pitch sounded simultaneovisly produce harmony ; imison is
the simultaneous sounding of two or more notes of the same pitch.
When the pitcli is the same, there may be unison between sounds
of very different volume and quality, as a voice and a bell may
mcMiiory
/£«>V mercy
sound in tmison. Tones sounded at the interval of an octave are
also said to be in unison, altho this is not literally exact ; this
usage arises from the fact that bass and tenor voices in attempting
to sound the same note as the soprano and alto will in fact sound
a note an octave below. Music may denote the simplest melody
or the most complex and jjerfect harmony. A symphony (apart
from its technical orchestral sense) is any pleasing consonance of
musical sounds, vocal or instrumental, as of many accordant voices
or instruments.
MEIHORY.
Synonyms:
recollection, reminiscence, retrospect, retrospection,
remembrance ,
Memory is the faculty by wliich knowledge is retained or
recalled ; in a more general sense, memory is a retention of
knowledge within the grasp of the mind, while remembrance is the
having what is known consciously before the mind. Remembrance
may be voluntary or involuntary ; a thing is brought to remem-
brance or we call it to remembrance ; the same is true of memory.
Recollection involves volition, the mind making a distinct effort to
recall something, or fixing the attention actively upon it when
recalled. Reminiscence is a half=dreamy memory of scenes or
events long past ; retrospection is a distinct turning of the mind
back upon the past, bringing long periods under survey.
Retrospection is to reminiscence much what recollection is to
remembrance.
Antonyms :
forgetfulness, oblivion, obliviousness, oversight, unconsciousness.
MERCY.
Synonyms;
benevolence, favor, kindness, miildness,
benignity, forbearance. lenience, pardon,
blessing, forgiveness, leniency, pity,
clemency, gentleness, lenity, tenderness,
compassion, grace,
Mercy is the exercise of less severity than one deserves, or in a
more extended sense, the granting of kindness or favor beyond
what one may rightly claim. Grace is favor, kindness, or blessing
shown to the undeserving ; forgiveness, mercy, and pardon are
exercised toward the ill=deserving. Pardon remits the outward
penalty which the offender deserves ; forgiveness dismisses re-
sentment or displeasure from the heart of the one offended ;
meter
240
mercy seeks the highest possible good of the offender. There may
be mercy without jicirdon, as in the mitigation of sentence, or in
all possible alleviation of necessary severity ; there may be cases
where x)ardon would not be mercy, since it would encourage to
repetition of the offense, from which timely punishment might
have saved. Mercy is also used in the wider sense of refraining
from harshness or cruelty toward those who are in one's power
without fault of their own ; as, they besought the robber to have
mercy. Clemency is a colder word than mercy, and without its
reUgious associations, signifying miklness and moderation in the
use of power where severity would have legal or military,
rather than moral sanction ; it often denotes a habitual miklness
of disposition on the part of the powerful, and is matter rather of
good nature or policy than of principle. Leniency or lenity de-
notes an easy=going avoidance of severity ; these words are more
general and less magisterial than clemency ; we should speak of
the leniency of a parent, the clemency of a conqueror. Compare
PITY.
Autonyms:
cruelty, implacability, punishment, rigor, sternness,
hardness, justice, revenge, severity, vengeance,
harshness, penalty,
Prepositions :
The mercy of God to or toward sinners ; have mercy on or
tqyon one.
METER.
Synonj^ms:
euphony, measure, rhythm, verse.
Evphony is agreeable linguistic sound, however produced;
meter, measure, and rhythm denote agreeable succession of sounds
in the utterance of connected words; eiqihony may apply to a
single word or even a single syllable ; the other words apply to
lines, sentences, paragraphs, etc. ; rhythm and meter may be pro-
duced by accent only, as in English, or by accent and quantity
combined, as in Greek or Italian ; rhythm or measure may apply
either to prose or to poetry, or to music, dancing, etc. ; meter is
more precise than rhythm, applies only to poetry, and denotes
a measured rhythm with regular divisions into verses, stanzas,
strophes, etc. A verse is strictly a metrical line, but the word is
often used as synonymous with stanza. Verse, in the general
sense, denotes metrical writing without reference to the thought
involved ; as, prose and verse. Compare melody ; poetry.
241 mind
MIND.
Syiioiiyiii8 :
brain. instinct, reason, spirit,
consciousness, intellect, sense, thought,
disposition, intelligence, soul, understanding.
Mind, in a general sense, includes all the powers of sentient
being apart from the j)hysical factors in bodily faculties and activ-
ities ; in a limited sense, mind is nearly synonymous with intellect,
but includes disposition, or the tendency toward action, as appears
in the phrase "to have a vmid to work." As the seat of mental
activity, hrain (colloquially brains) is often used as a synonym for
mind, intellect, intelligence. Thought, the act, process, or power
of thinking, is often used to denote the thinking faculty, and espe-
cially the reason. The instinct of animals is now held by many
pliilosophers to be of the same nature as the intellect of man, but
inferior and limited ; yet the apparent difference is very great.
An inntinct is a propensity prior to experience and independent of instruction.
Paley Natural Philosophy ch. 18.
In this sense we speak of human instincts, thus denoting tenden-
cies independent of reasoning or insti'uction. The soul includes
the intellect, sensibilities, and will ; beyond what is expressed by
the word mind, the soiU denotes especially the moral, the immortal
nature ; we say of a dead body, the sold (not the mind) has fled.
Spirit is used especially in contradistinction from matter ; it may
in many cases be substituted for sold, but soid has commonly a
fuller and more determinate meaning ; we can conceive of spirits
as having no moral nature ; the fairies, elves, and brownies of
mythology might be termed spirits, but not souls. In the figura-
tive sense, spirit denotes animation, excitability, perhaps impa-
tience ; as, a lad of spirit ; he sang with spirit ; he replied with
spirit. Sold denotes energy and depth of feeling, as when we
speak of soulful eyes ; or it may denote the very life of anything ;
as, "the hidden soid of harmony," Milton L' Allegro 1. 144.
Sense may be an antonym of intellect, as when we speak of the
sense of hearing ; but sense is used also as denoting clear mental
action, good judgment, acumen ; as, he is a man of sense, or, he
showed good sense ; sense, even in its material signification, raust
be reckoned among the activities of mind, tho dependent on bod-
ily functions ; the mind, not the eye, really sees ; the mind, not
the ear, really hears. Consciousness includes all that a sentient
being perceives, knows, thinks, or feels, from whatever sovirce
arising and of whatever character, kind, or degree, whether with
IG
minute
misfortune
243
or without distinct thinking, feeling, or willing ; we speak of the
consciousness of the brvite. of the savage, or of the sage. The in-
tellect is that assemblage of faculties which is concerned with
knowledge, as distinguished from emotion and volition. Under-
standing is the Saxon word of the same general import, but is
chiefly used of the reasoning powers ; the understanding, which
Sir Wm. Hamilton has called ' ' the faculty of relations and com-
parisons," is distinguished by many philosophers from reason in
that "reason is the faculty of the higher cognitions or a priori
truth."
Antonyms :
body, brawn, brute force, material substance, matter.
MINUTE.
Synonyms:
circumstantial, diminutive, little, slender,
comminuted, exact, particular, small,
critical, fine, precise, tiny,
detailed.
That is minute which is of exceedingly limited dimensions, as a
grain of dust, or which attends to matters of exceedingly slight
amount or apparent importance ; as, a minute account ; minute
observation. That which is broken up into mimde particles is said
to be comminuted ; things may be termed fine which would not be
termed comminuted ; as, fine sand ; fine gravel ; but, in using the
adverb, we say a substance is iinely comminuted, comminuted re-
ferring more to the process, fine to the result. An account ex-
tended to very ?/ii/mie particulars is circumstantial, detailed, par-
ticidar ; an examination so extended is critical, exact, precis^
Compare fine.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for large.
MISFORTIJXE.
Synonyms:
adversity,
a£Qiction,
bereavement,
blow^,
calamity,
chastening,
chastisement,
disappointment,
disaster,
distress,
failure,
hardship,
harm,
ill.
ill fortune, ruin,
ill luck, sorrow^,
misadventure, stroke,
mischance, trial,
misery, tribulation,
mishap, trouble,
reverse, visitation.
Misfortune is adverse fortune or any instance thereof, any un-
toward event, usually of lingering character or consequences, and
such as the sufferer is not deemed directly responsible for ; as, he
243
mob
luodcl
had the misforhme to be born blind. Any considerable disapj^oint-
ment, failure, or misfortune, as regards outward circumstances,
as loss of fortune, position, and the like, when long continued or
attended with enduring consequences, constitutes adversity. For
the loss of friends by deatli we commonly use affliction or bereave-
ment. Calamity and disaster are used of sudden and severe vnis-
fortunes, often overwhelming ; ill fortune and ill luck, of lighter
troubles and failures. We speak of the misery of the poor, the
hardships of the soldier. Affliction, chastening, trial, and tribu-
lation have all an especially religious bearing, suggesting some
disciplinary purpcjse of God with beneficent design. Affliction
may be keen and bitter, but brief ; tribulation is long and wear-
ing. We speak of an affliction, but rarely of a tribulation, since
tribidation is viewed as a continuous process, which may endure
for years or for a lifetime ; but we speak of our daily trials. Com-
pare CATASTROPHE.
Antonyms :
blessing, consolation, gratification, pleasure, success,
boon, good fortune, happiness, prosperity, triumph,
comfort, good luck, joy, relief,
Synonyms :
canaille,
crowd.
MOB.
dregs of the people,
lower classes.
masses,
populace,
rabble,
the vulgar.
The popidace are poor and ignorant, but may be la\v=abiding ;
a mob is disorderly and lawless, but may be rich and influential.
The rabble is despicable, worthless, purposeless ; a mob may have
effective desperate purpose. A croivcl may be drawn by mere
curiosity ; some strong, pervading excitement is needed to make
it a mob. Compare people.
Synonyms :
archetype,
copy,
design,
example.
MODEL.
facsimile,
image,
imitation,
mold,
original,
pattern,
prototype.
representation,
standard,
type.
A pattern is always, in modern use, that which is to be copied ;
a model may be either the thing to be cojiied or the copy that has
been made from it ; as, the models in the Patent Office. A pat-
tern is commonly su]3erficial ; a model is visually in relief. A
pattern must be closely followed in its minutest particulars by a
modesty
money
244
faithful copyist ; a model may allow a great degi-ee of freedom.
A sculptor may idealize his living model ; his workmen must ex-
actly co23y in marble or metal the model he has made in clay.
Compare example ; idea ; ideal.
MODESTY.
Synonyms :
bacJcwardness, constraint, reserve, timidity,
bashfulness, coyness, shyness, unotatrusiveness.
coldness, diflBdence,
Bashfulness is a shrinking from notice without assignable rea-
son. Coyness is a half encouragement, half avoidance of offered
attention, and may be real or affected. Diffidence is self=distrust ;
modesty, a humble estimate of oneself in comparison with others,
or with the demands of some undertaking. Modesty has also the
specific meaning of a sensitive shrinking from anything indelicate.
Shyness is a tendency to shrink from observation ; timidity, a dis-
tinct fear of ci'iticism, error, or failure. Reserve is the holding
oneself aloof from others, or holding back one's feelings from ex-
pression, or one's affairs from communication to others. Reserve
may be the retreat of shyness, or, on the other hand, the contemp-
tuous withdrawal of pride and haughtiness. Compare abash ;
PRIDE ; TACITURN.
Antonyms :
abandon, boldness, forwardness, impudence, pertness, sociability,
arrogance, conceit, frankness, indiscretion, sauciness,
assumption, confidence, freedom, loquaciousness, self»conceit,
assurance, egotism, liaughtiness, loquacity, self»sufflciency,
MOXEY.
Synonyms :
bills. cash, funds, property,
bullion, coin. gold, silver,
capital, currency, notes, specie.
Money is the authorized medium of exchange ; coined money
is called coin or specie. What are termed in England bank=«oies
are in the United States commonly called hills ; as, a five=dollar
hill. The notes of responsible men are readily transferable in com-
mercial circles, but they are not money ; as, the stock was sold for
$500 in money and the balance in merchantable paper. Cash is
specie or money in hand, or paid in hand ; as, the cash account ;
the cash price. In the legal sense, property is not money, and
money is not X)roperty ; for loroperty is that which has inherent
value, while money, as such, has but representative value, and
»«(: morose
■^'*«* motion
may or may not have intrinsic value. Bullion is either gold or
silver rmcoined, or the coined metal considered without reference
to its coinage, but simply as merchandise, when its value as bul-
lion may be very dififerent from its value as money. The word
capital is used chiefly of accumulated property or money invested
in productive enterprises or available for such investment.
MOROSE.
Synonyms:
acrimonious, dogged, ill=natured, splenetic,
cliurlish, gloomy, severe. sulky,
crabbed, gruff, snappish, sullen,
crusty, ill=liumored, sour, surly.
The sullen and stdky are discontented and resentful in regard
to that against which they are too proud to protest, or consider all
protest vain ; sidlen denotes more of pride, sidhy more of resentful
obstinacy. The morose are bitterly dissatisfied with the world in
general, and disposed to vent their ill nature upon others. The
sidlen and sidky are for the most part silent ; the morose growl
out bitter speeches. A surly person is in a state of latent anger,
resenting approach as intrusion, and ready to take offense at any-
thing ; thus we speak of a surly dog. Sullen and sulky moods may
be transitory ; one who is morose or surly is commonly so by dis-
position or habit.
Antonyms :
amiable, complaisant, gentle, kind, pleasant,
benimant, friendly, good=nattired, loving, sympathetic,
bland, genial, indulgent, mild, tender.
MOTION.
Synonyms :
act, change, movement, process, transition,
action, move, passage, transit.
Motion is change of place or position in space ; transition is a
passing from one point or position in space to another. 3Iotion
may be either absti-act or concrete, more frequently the former ;
movement is always concrete, that is, considered in connection
with the thing that moves or is moved ; thus, we speak of the
movements of the planets, but of the laws of planetary motion ;
of military movements, but of perpetual motion. Move is used
chiefly of contests or competition, as in chess or politics ; as, it is
your move ; a shrewd move of the opposition. Action is a more
comprehensive word than motion. We now rarely speak of men-
mourn
mutual 5S4b
tal or spiritual motions, but rather of mental or spiritual acts or
processes, or of the laws of mental action, but a formal proposal
of action in a deliberative assembly is termed a motion. Compare
ACT.
Autonyms:
immobility, quiescence, quiet, repoae, rest, stillness.
MOURX.
Synonyms:
bemoan, deplore, lament, regret, rue, sorrow,
bewail, grieve.
To viourn is to feel or express sadness or distress because of
some loss, affliction, or misfortune ; mournhig is thought of as
prolonged, gi'ief or regret may be transient. One may grieve or
mourn, regret, rue, or sorrow without a sound ; he bemoans with
suppressed and often inarticulate sounds of grief ; he bewails with
passionate utterance, whether of inarticulate cries or of spoken
words. He laments in plaintive or pathetic words, as the prophet
Jeremiah in his "Lamentations." One deplores w\i\i settled sor-
row which may or may not find relief in words. One is made to
rue an act by some misfortune resulting, or by some penalty or
vengeance inflicted because of it. One regrets a slight misfortune
or a hasty word ; he sorroios over the death of a friend.
Antonyms :
be joyful, exult, joy, make merry, rejoice, triumph.
MUTUAI..
Synonyms:
common, correlative, intercbangeable, joint, reciprocal.
That is common to which two or more persons have the same
or equal claims, or in wliich they have equal interest or participa-
tion ; in the strictest sense, that is mutual (Latin mutare, to
change) which is freely interchanged ^ that is reciprocal in respect
to which one act or movement is met by a corresponding act or
movement in return ; we speak of our common countiy, mutual
affection, reciprocal obligations, the reciprocal action of cause
and effect, where the effect becomes in turn a cause. Many
good wi-iters hold it incorrect to say " a mutual friend," and insist
that " a common friend" would be more accurate ; bvit " common
friend " is practically never used, because of the disagreeable sug-
gestion that attaches to common, of ordinary or inferior. " Mu-
tual friend " has high literary authority (of Burke, Scott, Dickens,
and others), and a considerable usage of good society in its favor,
mysterious
24'?' name
the expression being quite naturally derived from the thoroughly
correct phrase mutual friendship.
Antonyms :
detacliud, distinct, separate, severed, unconnected, nnrequited,
disconnected, disunited, separated, sundered, unreciprocated, unsliared.
dissociated.
MYSTERIOUS.
Synonyms:
abstruse, inexplicable, recondite,
cabalistic, inscrutable, secret,
dark, mystic, transcendental,
enigmatical, mystical, unfathomable,
hidden, obscure, unfathomed,
incomprehensible, occult, unknown.
That is mysterious in the true sense which is beyond human
comprehension, as the decrees of God or the origin of life. That
is mystic or mystical which has associated with it some hidden or
recondite meaning, especially of a religious kind ; as, the mystic
Babylon of the Apocalypse. That is dark which we can not per-
sonally see through, especially if sadly perplexing ; as, a dark
providence. That is secret which is intentionally hidden. Com-
pare DARK. •
Antonyms:
See synonyms for clear.
NAME.
Synonyms :
agnomen, denomination, prenomen, surname,
appellation, designation, style, title,
cognomen, epithet,
Name in the most general sense, signifying the word by which
a person or thing is called or known, includes all other words of
this group ; in this sense every noun is a name ; in the more lim-
ited sense a name is personal, an appellation is descriptive, a title
is official. In the phrase William the Conqueror, King of Eng-
land, William is the man's name, which belongs to him personally,
independently of any rank or achievement ; Conqueror is the ap-
pellation which he won by his acquisition of England ; King is
the title denoting his royal rank. An epithet (Gr. epitheton,
something added, from epi, on, and tithemi, put) is something
placed upon a person or thing ; the epithet does not strictly be-
long to an object like a name, but is given to mark some assumed
characteristic, good or bad ; an epithet is always an adjective, or
a word or phrase used as an adjective, and is properly used to em-
phasize a characteristic but not to add information, as in the
native nmta
nautical 248
phrase "the sounding sea''; the idea that an epithet is always
opprobrious, and that any word used opprobriously is an epithet is
a popular error. Designation may be used much in the sense of
appellation, but is more distinctive or specific in meaning ; a des-
ignation properly so caUed rests upon some inherent quality, wliile
an appellation may be fanciful. Among the Romans the pre-
nomen was the individual part of a man's name, the "nomen"
designated the gens to which he belonged, the cognomen showed
liis family and was borne by all pati'icians, and the agnomen was
added to refer to his acliievements or character. When scientists
name an animal or a plant, they give it a binary or binomial tech-
nical name comjmsing a generic and a specific appellation. In
modern use, a personal name, as John or Mary, is given in infancy,
and is often called the given name or Clu-istian name, or simply
the fu'st name (rarely the prenomen) ; the cognomen or surname
is the family name which belongs to one by right of birth or mar-
riage. Style is the legal designation by which a person or house
is known in official or business relations ; as, the name and style
of Baring Brothers. The term denomination is applied to a sep-
arate reUgious organization, without the opprobrious meaning
attaching to the word "sect" ; also, to designate any class of like ob-
jects collectively, especially money or notes of a certain value ; as,
the sum was in notes of the denomination of one thousand dollars.
Compare term.
NATIVE.
Synonyms :
indigenous, innate, natal, natural, original.
Native denotes that which belongs to one by birth ; natal that
which pertains to the event of birth ; natural denotes that which
rests upon inherent qualities of cliaracter or being. We sjieak of
one's native country, or of his natal day ; of natural ability, native
genius. Compare inherent ; primeval ; radical.
Antonyms :
acquired, alien, artificial, assumed, foreign, unnatural.
IVAIITICAL.
Synonyms:
marine, maritime, naval, ocean, oceanic.
Marine (L. mare, sea) signifies belonging to the ocean, mari-
time, a secondary derivative from the same root, bordering on or
249 neat
connected with the ocean ; as, marine products ; viarine animals ;
maritime nations ; maritime laws. Nautical (Gr. naufes, a sailor)
denotes primarily anything connected with sailors, and hence
with ships or navigation ; 7iaval (L. navis, Gr. naus, a ship) refers
to the armed force of a nation on the sea, and, by extension, to
similar forces on lakes and rivers ; as, a naval force ; a nautical
almanac. Ocean, used adjectively, is applied to that which be-
longs to or is part of the ocean ; oceanic may be used in the same
sense, but is especially applied to that which borders on (or upon)
or is connected with, or which is similar to or suggestive of an
ocean ; we speak of ocean currents, oceanic islands, or, perhaps,
of an oceanic intellect.
BfEAT.
Synonyms:
clean, dapper, nice, prim, tidy,
cleanly, natty, orderly, spruce, trim.
That which is clean is simply free from soil or defilement of
any kind. Things are orderly when in due relation to other things ;
a room or desk is orderly when every article is in place ; a person
is orderly who habitually keeps things so. Tidy denotes that
which conforms to propriety in general ; an unlaced shoe may be
perfectly clean, but is not tidy. Neat refers to that which is clean
and tidy with nothing superfluous, conspicuous, or showy, as when
we speak of plain but neat attire ; the same idea of freedom from
the superfluous appears in the phrases "aviea^ speech," "a neat
turn," "a neat reply," etc. A cleaji cut has no ragged edges; a
neat stroke just does what is intended. Nice is stronger than neat,
implying value and beauty ; a cheap, coarse dress may be perfectly
neat, but would not be termed nice. Spruce is applied to the show
and afi'ectation of neatness with a touch of smartness, and is al-
ways a term of mild contempt ; as, a spruce serving man. Trim
denotes a certain shapely and elegant firmness, often with supple-
ness and grace ; as, a trim suit ; a trim figure. Prim applies to a
precise, formal, affected nicety. Dapper is f<pruce with the sug-
gestion of smallness and slightness ; natty, a diminutive of neat,
suggests minute elegance, with a tendency toward the exquisite ;
as, a dapper little fellow in a natty business suit.
Antonyms:
dirty negligent, slouchy, tmcared for,
disorderly, rough, slovenly, unkempt,
dowdy, rude, soiled, untidy.
necessary
necessity 250
Synonyms:
BfECESSARY.
essential. infallible, required, unavoidable,
indispensable, needed, requisite, undeniable,
inevitable, needful,
That is necessary which must exist, occur, or be true ; which
in the nature of things can not be otherwise. That which is essen-
tial belongs to the essence of a thing, so that the thing cannot ex-
ist in its completeness w-ithout it ; that which is indispensable may
be only an adjunct, but it is one that can not be spared ; vigorous
health is essential to an arctic explorer ; warm clothing is indis-
pensahle. That which is requisite (or required) is so in the judg-
ment of the person requiring it, but may not be so absolutely ; thus,
the requisite is more a matter of personal feeling than the indis-
pensable. Inevitable (L. in, not, and evito, shun) is primarily the
exact equivalent of the Saxon unavoidable ; both words are ap-
plied to things which some at least would escape or prevent, while
that which is necessary may meet with no objection ; food is nec-
essary, death is inevitable ; a necessary conclusion satisfies a
thinker ; an inevitable conclusion silences opposition. Aji infalli-
ble proof is one that necessarily leads the mind to a sound conclu-
sion. Needed and needfid are more concrete than necessary, and
respect an end to be attained ; we speak of a necessary inference ;
necessary food is Avhat one can not live without, while needful
food is that without which he can not enjoy comfort, health, and
strength.
Antonyms:
casual, needless, optional, useless,
contingent, non»essential, unnecessary, worthless.
Prepositions:
Necessary to a sequence or a total ; for or to a result or a per-
son ; unity is necessary to (to constitute) completeness ; decision
is necessary /or command, or for a commander.
NECESSITY.
Synonyms:
compulsion, fatality, requisite,
destiny, fate. sine qua non.
emergency, indispensability, unavoidableness,
essential, indispensableness urgency,
exigency, need. want,
extremity, requirement,
Necessity is the quality of being necessary, or the quality of that
which can not but be, become, or be true, or be accepted as true.
Need and ivant always imply a lack ; necessity may be used
251 neglect
in this sense, but in the higher philosophical sense necessity simply
denotes the exclusion of any alternative either in thought or fact ;
righteousness is a necessity (not a need) of the divine nature.
Need suggests the possibility of supplying the deficiency which
want expresses ; to speak of a person's ivant of decision merely
points out a weakness in his character ; to say that he has need of
decision implies that he can exercise or attain it. As applied to a
deficiency, necessity is more imperative than need ; a weary per-
son is in need of rest ; when rest becomes a necessity he has no
choice but to stop work. An essential is something, as a quality,
or element, that belongs to the essence of something else so as to
be inseparable from it in its normal condition, or in any complete
idea or statement of it. Comi^are necessary ; predestination.
Antoiiyinis«:
choice, doubt, dubiousness, freedom, possibility,
contingency, doubtfulness, fortuity, option, uncertainty.
Prepositions :
The necessity of surrender ; a necessity for action ; this is a
necessity to me.
XEGLECT.
Synonyms :
carelessness, heedlessness, negligence, scorn,
default, inadvertence, omission slackness,
disregard, inattention, oversight, slight,
disrespect, indifference, remissness, thoughtlessness,
failure, neglectfulness.
Neglect (L. nee, not, and lego, gather) is the failing to take such
care, show such attention, pay such covirtesy , etc., as may be right-
fully or reasonably expected. Negligence, which is the same in
origin, may be used in almost the same sense, but with a slighter
force, as when Whittier speaks of " the negligence which friend-
ship loves " ; but negligence is often used to denote the quality or
ti-ait of character of which the act is a manifestation, or to denote
the habit of neglecting that which ought to be done. Neglect is
transitive, negligence is intransitive ; we speak of neglect of his
books, friends, or duties, in which cases we could not use negli-
gence ; negligence in dress implies want of care as to its arrange-
ment, tidiness, etc. ; neglect of one's garments would imply leaving
them exposed to defacement or injury, as by dust, moths, etc.
Neglect has a passive sense which negligence has not ; the child
was suffering from neglect, i. e., from being neglected by others ;
the cliild was suffering from negligence would imply^hat he him-
new 252
self was neglectful. The distinction sometimes naade that neglect
denotes the act, and negligence the habit, is but partially true ; one
may be guilty of habitual neglect of duty ; the wife may suffer
from her husband's constant neglect, while the negligence which
causes a railroad accident may be that of a moment, and on the
part of one ordinarily careful and attentive ; in such cases the laAv
provides punishment for criminal negligence.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for care.
Prepositions :
Neglect of duty, of the child hy the parent ; there was neglect
on the part of the teacher.
Synonyms :
fresh, modern, new^=made, upstart,
juvenile, new^=fangled, novel, young,
late, new^=fashioned, recent, youtliful.
i That which is new has lately come into existence, possession,
or use ; a new house is just built, or in a more general sense is one
that has just come into the possession of the present owner or
occupant. \ Modern denotes that which has begun to exist in the
present age, and is still existing ; recent denotes that wliich has
come into existence within a comparatively brief period, and niay
or may not be existing still. Modem liistory pertains to any period
since the middle ages ; modern literature, modern arcliitecture,
etc. , are not strikingly remote from the styles and types prevalent
to=day. That which is late is somewhat removed from the present,
but not far enough to be called old. That which is recent is
not quite so sharply distinguished from the past as that which
is neiv ; recent publications range over a longer time than
new books. That which is novel is either absolutely or rela-
tively unprecedented in kind ; a novel contrivance is one that has
never before been known ; a novel experience is one that has
never before occun-ed to the same person ; that which is new may
be of a famiHar or even of an ancient sort, as a neiv copy of an old
book. ) Young and youtliftd are applied to that which has life ;
that wliich is young is possessed of a comparatively neio existence
as a living thing, possessing actual youth ; that which is youth-
ful manifests the attributes of youth. (Compare youthful.)
Fresh applies to that which has the characteristics of newness or
youth, while capable of deterioration by lapse of time ; that which
0«Q nimble
'*<''» noriual
is unworn, unspoiled, or unfaded ; as, a fresh countenance, fresh
eggs, fresh flowers. Neiv is opposed to old, modern to ancient,
recent to remote, young to old, aged, etc.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for old.
Synonyms:
active, alert, bustling, prompt, speedy, spry,
agile, brisk, lively, quick, sprightly, swift.
Nimble refers to lightness, freedom, and quickness of motion
within a somewhat narrow range, with readiness to turn suddenly
to any point ; stvift applies commonly to more sustained motion
over greater distances ; a pickpocket is 7iimble'fmgered, a dancer
nimble-footed ; an arrow, a race=horse, or an ocean steamer is
swift; Shakespeare's "'nimble lightnings" is said of the visual ap-
pearance in sudden zigzag flash across the sky. Figuratively, we
speak of nimble wit, sunft intelligence, swift destruction. Alert,
which is strictly a synonym for ready, comes sometimes near the
meaning of nimble or quick, from the fact that the ready, wide=
awake person is likely to be lively, quick, speedy. Compare act-
ive ; ALERT.
Antonyms:
clumsy, dilatory, dull, heavy, inactive, inert, slow, sluggish, unready.
Synonyms :
common, natural, ordinary, regular, typical, usual.
That which is natural is according to nature ; that which is
normal is according to the standard or rule which is observed or
claimed to prevail in nature ; a deformity may be natural, sym-
metry is normal ; the normal color of the crow is black, while the
normal color of the sparrow is gray, but one is as natural as the
other. Typical refers to such an assemblage of qualities as makes
the specimen, genus, etc., a type of some more comprehensive
group, while normal is more commonly applied to the parts of a
single object ; the specimen was typical : color, size, and other
characteristics, normal. The regular is etymologically that which
is according to rule, hence that which is steady and constant, as
opposed to that which is fitful and changeable ; the normal action
of the heart is regular. That which is common is shared by a
uotwithstanding, coni. ^_
oath 254
great number of persons or things ; disease is common, a normal
state of health is rare. Compare general ; usual.
Autonyms :
abnormal, irregular, peculiar, singular, unprecedented,
exceptional, monstrous, rare, imcommon, unusual.
]VOTWITHSTA»JI>I»irO, conj.
Synonyms:
altho(ugh), howbeit, nevertheless, tho(ugli),
tout, however, still, yet.
Hoivever simply waives discussion, and (like the archaic houi-
beit) says " be that as it may, this is true" ; nevertheless concedes
the truth of what precedes, but claims that what follows is none
the less true ; notwithstanding marshals the two statements face
to face, admits the one and its seeming contradiction to the other,
while insisting that it can not, after all, withstand the other ; as,
noticithstanding the force of the enemy is superior, we shall con-
quer. Yet and still are weaker than notwitlistanding, while
stronger than htd. Tho and altho make as little as possible of
the concession, di-opping it, as it were, incidentally ; as, " tho we
are guilty, thou art good " ; to say ' ' we are guilty, but thou art
good," would make the concession of guilt more emphatic.
Compare but ; yet.
XOTWITHSTAl^DIBf CJ, prep.
Synonyms :
despite, in spite of.
Notwithstanding simply states that circumstances shall not be
or have not been allowed to withstand ; despite and in spite of refer
primarily to personal and perhaps spiteful opposition ; as, he failed
noticithstanding his good intentions ; or, he persevered in spite of
the most bitter hostility. Wlien despite and in sjrite of are applied
to inanimate things, it is with something of personification ; ''in
spite of the storm " is said as if the storm had a hostile purjjose to
oppose the undertaking.
OATH.
Synonyms:
adjuration, curse. profane swearing,
affidavit, cursing. profanity,
anathema, denunciation, reprobation,
toan, execration, swearing,
blaspheming, imprecation, sworn statement,
blasphemy, malediction, vow^.
In the highest sense, as in a court of justice, " an oath is a rev-
255 obscure
erent appeal to God in corroboration of what one says," Abbott
Laio Diet. ; an affidavit is a s^^•orn statement made in writing in
the presence of a competent officer ; an adjuration is a solemn
appeal to a person in the name of God to speak the truth. An
oatli is made to man in the name of God ; a vow, to God without
the intervention, often without the knowledge, of man. In the
lower sense, an oath may be mere blasphemy or profane swearing.
Anathema, curse, execration, and imprecation are modes of in-
voking vengeance or retribution from a superhuman power upon
the person against whom they are uttered. Anathema is a solemn
ecclesiastical condemnation of a person or of a proposition. Curse
may be just and authoritative ; as, the curse of God ; or, it may
be wanton and powerless : " so the curse causeless shall not come,"
Prov. xxvi, 2. Execration expresses most of personal bitterness
and hatred ; imxwecation refers especially to the coming of the
desired evil vipon the person against whom it is uttered. Maledic-
tion is a general wish of evil, a less usual but very expressive
word. Compare testimony.
Antonyms :
benediction, benison, blessing.
OBSCURE.
Synonyms ;
abstruse, darksome, dusky. involved,
ambiguous, deep, enigmatical, muddy,
cloudy, dense. hidden, mysterious,
complex, difficult, incomprehensible, profound,
complicated, dim, indistinct, turbid,
dark, doubtful, intricate, unintelligible.
That is obscure which the eye or the mind can not clearly dis-
cern or see through, whether because of its own want of transpar-
ency, its depth or intricacy, or because of mere defect of light.
That which is compJica.ted is likely to be obscure, but that may be
obscure which is not at all complicated and scarcely complex, as a
muddy pool. In that which is abstruse (L. abs, from, and trudo,
push) as if removed from the usual course of thought or out of the
way of apprehension or discovery, the thought is remote, hidden ;
in that which is obscure there may be notliing to hide ; it is hard
to see to the bottom of iha prof ound, because of its depth, but the
most shallow turbidness is obscure. Compare complex ; dark ;
DIFFICULT ; MYSTERIOUS.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for clear.
obsolete
obstinate !aoo
OBSOI.ETE.
Synonyms:
ancient, archaic, obsolescent, out of date,
anticLuated, disused, old, rare.
Some of the oldest or most ancient words are not obsolete, as
father, mother, etc. A word is obsolete which has quite gone out
of reputable use ; a word is archaic which is falling out of reputa-
ble use, or, on the other hand, having been obsolete, is taken up
tentatively by writers or speakers of influence, so that it may per-
haps regain its position as a living word ; a word is rare if there
are few present instances of its reputable use. Compare old.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for new.
OBSTINATE.
Synonyms.
contumacious, headstrong, mulish, resolute,
decided, heady, obdurate, resolved,
determined, immovable, opinionated, stubborn,
dogged, indomitable, persistent, unconquerable,
firm, inflexible, pertinacious, unflinching,
fixed, intractable, refractory, unyielding.
The headstrong person is not to be stopped in his own course of
action, while the obstinate and stubborn is not to be da'iven to an-
other's way. The headstrong act; the obstinate and stubbornina.j
simply refuse to stir. The most amiable jDerson may be obstinate
on some one point ; the stubborn person is for the most part ha-
bitually so ; we speak of obstinate determination, stubbo^ni resist-
ance. Stubborn is the term most frequently applied to the lower
animals and inanimate things. Refractory implies more activity
of resistance ; the stubborn horse balks ; the refractory animal
plunges, rears, and kicks ; metals that resist ordinary processes of
reduction are termed refractory. One is obdurate who adheres to
his purpose in spite of appeals that would move any tender =hearted
or right=minded person. Contumacious refers to a proud and in-
solent defiance of authority, as of the summons of a court. Perti-
nacious demand is contrasted with obstinate refusal. The unyield-
ing conduct which we approve we call decided, firm, inflexible,
resolute ; that wliich we condemn we are apt to term headstrong,
obstinate, stubborn. Compare perverse.
pliable, tractable,
pliant, undecided,
submissive, wavering,
teachable, yielding.
Antonyms:
amenable,
dutiful,
complaisant,
gentle.
compliant,
docile,
irresolute.
obedient,
obstruct
257 old
OBSTRUCT.
Synonyms :
arrest, check, embarrass, interrupt, stay,
bar, choke, hinder, oppose, stop,
barricade, clog, impede, retard.
To obstruct is literally to build up against ; the road is ob-
structed by fallen trees ; the passage of liquid tlu'ough a tvibe is
obstructed by solid deposits. We may hinder one's advance by
following and clinging to him ; we obstruct his course by stand-
ing in his way or putting a barrier across his path. Anything
that makes one's progi-ess slower, whether from within or from
without, impedes ; an obstruction is always from without. To
arrest is to cause to stop suddenly ; obstructing the way may have
the effect of arresting progress. Compare hinder ; impediment.
Antonyms :
accelerate, aid, facilitate, free, open, promote.
advance, clear, forward, further, pave the way for,
OLD.
Synonyms :
aged, decrepit, immemorial, senile,
ancient, elderly, olden, time=honored,
antiquated, gray, patriarchal, time=w^orn,
antique, hoary, remote, venerable.
That is termed old which has existed long, or which existed
long ago. Ancient, from the Latin, through the French, is the
more stately, old, from the Saxon, the more familiar word. Fa-
miliarity, on one side, is near to contempt ; thus we say, an old
coat, an old hat. On the other hand, familiarity is akin to tender-
ness, and thus old is a word of endearment ; as, " the old home-
stead," the " old oaken bvicket." "Tell me the old, old story ! "
has been sung feelingly by millions : " tell me that ancient story "
would remove it out of all touch of human sympathy. Olden is a
statelier form of old, and is applied almost exclusively to time,
not to places, buildings, persons, etc. As regards periods of time,
the famiUar are also the near ; thus, the old times are not too far
away for familiar thought and reference ; the olden times are more
remote, ancient times still further removed. Gray, hoary, and
violdering refer to outward and visible tokens of age. Aged ap-
plies chiefly to long=extended human life. Decrepit, gray, and
hoary refer to the effects of age on the body exclusively ; senile
upon the mind also ; as, a decrejiit frame, senile garrulousness.
One may be aged and neither decrepit nor senile. Elderly is ap-
plied to those who have passed middle life, but scarcely reached
17
operation
order iS99
old age. Remote (L. re, back or away, and moveo, move), prima-
rily refers to space, but is extended to that which is far off in
time ; as, at some remote period. Venerable expresses the invol-
untary reverence that we yield to the majestic and long=enduring,
whether in the material world or in human life and character.
Compare antique ; obsolete ; primeval.
Antonyms:
Compare synonyms for new; youthful.
OPERATION.
Synonyms:
action, effect, force, performance, result,
agency, execution, influence, procedure.
Operation is action considered with reference to the thing
acted upon, and may apply to the action of an intelligent agent or
of a material substance ov force ; as, the operation of a medicine.
Performance and execution denote intelligent action, considered
with reference to the actor or to that which he accomplishes ; per-
formance accomplishing the will of the actor, execution often the
will of another ; we speak of the performance of a duty, the exe-
cution of a sentence. Compare act.
Antonsrms:
failure, - ineffectiveness, inutility, powerlessness, uselessness.
inaction, inefficiency,
ORDER.
Synonyms :
command, injunction, mandate, requirement,
direction, instruction, prohibition.
Instruction implies superiority of knowledge, direction of au-
thority on the part of the giver ; a teacher gives instructions to
his pupils, an employer gives directions to his workmen. Order is
still moi'e authoritative than direction ; soldiers, sailors, and i-ail-
road employees have simply to obey the orders of their superiors,
without explanation or question ; an order in the commercial sense
has the authority of the money which the one ordering the goods
pays or is to pay. Command is a loftier word, as well as highly
authoritative, less frequent in common life ; we speak of the com-
mands of God, or sometimes, by polite hyperbole, ask of a friend,
"Have you any commands for me?" A requirement is impera-
tive, but not always formal, nor made by a personal agent ; it may
be in the nature of tilings ; as, the requirements of the position.
259 ostentation
Prohibition is wholly negative ; it is a command not to do ; injunc-
tion is now oftenest so used, especially as the requirement by legal
authority that certain action be suspended or refrained from,
pending final legal decision. Compare array ; class ; law ;
PROHIBIT ; SYSTEM.
Antonyms.
allowance, consent, leave, liberty, license, permission, permit.
OSTENTATION.
Synonyms :
boast, flourish, parade, pompousness, vaunt,
boasting, pageant, pomp, show, vaunting,
display, pageantry, pomposity.
Ostentation is an ambitious showing forth of whatever is
thought adapted to win admiration or praise ; ostentation may be
without words ; as, the ostentation of wealth in fine residences,
rich clothing, costly equipage, or the like ; when in words, osten-
tation is rather in manner than in direct statement ; as, the osten-
tation of learning. Boasting is in direct statement, and is louder
and more vulgar than ostentation. There may be great display
or slioio with little substance ; ostentation suggests something
substantial to be shown. Pageant, pageantry, parade, and
pomp refer principally to affairs of arms or state ; as, a royal
pageant ; a military parade. Pomp is some material demonstra-
tion of wealth and power, as in gi-and and stately ceremonial, rich
furnishings, processions, etc., considered as worthy of the person
or occasion in whose behalf it is manifested ; pomp is the noble side
of that which as ostentation is considered as arrogant and vain.
Pageant and pageantry are inferior to pomp, denoting spectacu-
lar display designed to impress the public mind, and since the
multitude is largely ignorant and thoughtless, the words pag-
eant and pageantry have a suggestion of the transient and unsub-
stantial. Parade (L. paro, prepare) is an exhibition as of troops
in camp going through the evolutions that are to be used in battle,
and suggests a lack of earnestness and direct or immediate occa-
sion or demand ; hence, in the more general sense, a parade is an
uncalled for exhibition, and so used is a more disparaging word
than ostentatio?i ; ostentation may spring merely from undue
self=gratulation, parade implies a desire to impress others with a
sense of one's abilities or resources, and is always offensive and
ought
oversiglit ^OU
somewhat contemptible ; as, a parade of wealth or learning.
Pomjiosity and pomx>ousness are the affectation of pomp.
Antonyms:
diffidence, quietness, retirement, timidity,
modesty, reserve, shrinking, iinobtrusivenesB.
OUGHT.
Synonym :
should.
One ought to do that which he is under moral obligation or in duty
bound to do. Ought is the stronger word, holding most closely to
the sense of moral obligation, or sometimes of imperative logical
necessity ; should may have the sense of moral obligation or may
apply merely to propriety or expediency, as in the proverb, "The
liar sJiouId have a good memory," i. e., he will need it. Ought is
sometimes used of abstractions or inanimate things as indicating
what the mind deems to be imperative or logically necessary in
view of all the conditions ; as, these goods ought to go into that
space ; these arguments ought to convince him ; should in such
connections would be correct, but less emphatic. Compare duty.
OVERSIGHT.
Synonyms:
care, control, management, surveillance,
charge, direction, superintendence, w^atch,
command, inspection, supervision, watchfulness.
A person may look over a matter in order to survey it carefully
in its entirety, or he may look over it with no attention to the thing
itself because his gaze and thought are concentrated on something
beyond ; oversight has thus two contrasted senses, in the latter
sense denoting inadvertent error or omission, and in the former de-
noting watchful sujiervision, commonly implying constant per-
sonal presence ; superinteyidence requires only so much of i:)resence
or communication as to know that the superintendent's wishes are
carried out ; the superintendent of a railroad will personally over-
see very few of its operations ; the railroad company has supreme
direction of all its affairs without superintendence or oversight.
Control is used chiefly with reference to restraint or the power of
restraint ; a good horseman has a restless horse under perfect con-
trol; there is no high character without s,e\t-control. Surveil-
lance is an invidious term signifying watching with something of
suspicion. Compare care ; neglect.
pain
261 palliate
PAIX.
Synonyms:
ache, distress, suffering, torture,
agony, pang, throe, twinge,
anguish, paroxysm, torment, w^o(e.
Pain is the most genera] term of this group, including all the
others ; itain is a disturbing sensation from which nature revolts,
resulting from some injurious external interference (as from a
wound, a bruise, a harsh word, etc.), or from some lack of what
one needs, craves, or cherishes (as, the pain of hunger or bereave-
ment), or from some abnormal action of bodily or mental functions
(as, the pains of disease, envy, or discontent). Suffering is one of
the severer forms of. pain. The prick of a needle causes pain, but
we should scarcely speak of it as suffering. Distress is too strong
a word for little hurts, too feeble for the intensest suffering, but
commonly applied to some continuous or prolonged trouble or
need ; as, the distress of a shipwi*ecked crew, or of a destitute family.
Ache is lingering pam, more or less severe ; pang, a pain short,
sharp, intense, and perhaps rejieated. "We speak of the pangs of
hunger or of remorse. Throe is a violent and thrillingpajn. Par-
oxysm a\)]i\ies to an alternately recurring and receding pain, whicli
comes as it were in waves ; the paroxysm is the rising of the
wave. Torment and torture are intense and terrible sufferings.
Agony and anguish express the utmost joain or suffering of body
or inind. Agony of body is that with which the system struggles ;
anguish that by which it is crushed.
Antonyms:
comfort, delight, ease, enjoyment, peace, rapture, relief, solace.
PAI.I.IATE.
Synonyms:
apologize for, conceal, extenuate, hide, screen,
cloak, cover, gloss over, mitigate, veil.
CloaJc, from the French, and paUiute, from tlie Latin, are the
same in original signification, but have diverged in meaning ; a
cloak may be used to hide completely the person or some object
carried about the person, or it may but partly veil the figure,
making the outlines less distinct ; cloak is used in the former,
palliate, in the latter sense ; to cloak a sin is to attempt to hide it
from discovery ; to pcdliate it is to attempt to hide some part of
its blameworthiness. ""When ^ve palliate our own or others'
faults we do not seek to cloke them altogether, but only to extenu-
ate the guilt of them in part.'' Trench Study of Words lect. vi, p.
X>ardoii 262
266. Either to palliate or to extenuate is to admit the fault ; but
to extenuate is rather to apologize for the offender, while to
palliate is to disguise the fault ; hence, we speak of extenuating
but not of palliating circumstances, since circumstances can not
change the inherent wrong of an act, tho they may lessen the
blameworthiness of him who does it ; palliating a bad thing by
giving it a mild name does not make it less evil. In reference to
diseases, to palliate is really to diminish their violence, or partly
to relieve the sufferer. Comj^are alleviate ; hide.
PARDON, V.
Synonyms :
absolve, condone, forgive, pass by, remit,
acquit, excuse, overlook, pass over,
To pardon is to let pass, as a fault or sin, without resentment,
blame, or punishment Forgive has reference to feelings, xmrdon
to consequences ; hence, the executive may pardon, but has noth-
ing to do officially with forgiving. Personal injury may be for-
given by the person wronged ; thus, God at once forgives and
pardons; the pardoned sinnev is exempt from punishment; the
forgiven sinner is restored to the divine favor. To pardon is the
act of a superior, implying the right to punish ; to forgive is the
privilege of the humblest person who has been wronged or
offended. In law, to remit the whole penalty is equivalent to
pardoning the offender ; but a part of a penalty may be remitted
and the remainder inflicted, as where the penalty includes both
fine and imprisonment. To condone is to put aside a recognized
offense by some act which restores the offender to forfeited right
or privilege, and is the act of a private individual, without legal
formalities. To excuse is to overlook some sHght offense, error, or
breach of etiquette ; pardon is often used by courtesy in nearly
the same sense. A person may speak of excusing or forgiving
himself, but not of pardoning himself. Compare ABSOLVE ;
PARDON, n.
Antonyms :
castigate, chastise, convict, doom, recompense, sentence,
chasten, condemn, correct, punish, scourge, visit.
PARDOM, n.
Synonyms :
absolution, amnesty, forgiveness, oblivion,
acquittal, forbearance, mercy, remission.
Acquittal is a release from a charge, after trial, as not guilty.
263 part, V.
Pardon is a removal of penalty from one who has been adjudged
guilty. Acquittal is by the decision of a court, commonly of a
jury ; pardon is the act of the execvitive. An innocent man may
demand acquittal, and need not plead for pardon. Pardon sup-
poses an offense ; yet, as our laws stand, to grant a pardon is
sometimes the only way to release one who has been wrongly con-
victed. Oblivion, from the Latin, signifies overlooking and vir-
tually forgetting an offense, so that the offender stands before the
law in all respects as if it had never been committed. Amnesty
brings the same idea through the Greek, Pardon affects individ-
uals ; amnesty and oblivion are said of great numbers. Pardon
is of tenest applied to the ordinary administration of law ; amnesty,
to national and military affairs. An amnesty is issued after war,
insurrection, or rebellion ; it is often granted by ' ' an act of obliv-
ion,'" and includes a full pardon of all offenders who come within
its provisions. Absolution is a religious word (compare synonyms
for ABSOLVE). Remission is a discharge from penalty ; as, the re-
mission of a fine.
Antonyms :
penalty, punishment, retaliation, retribution, vengeance.
Prepositions :
A pardon to or for the offenders ; for all offenses ; the pardon
of offenders or offenses.
PART, V.
Synonyms:
Compare synonyms for part, n.
Prepositions :
Part into shares ; part in the middle ; part one from another ;
part among the claimants ; part between contestants (archaic) ; in
general, to part from is to relinquish companionship ; to part ivith
is to relinquish possession ; we part from a person or from some-
thing thought of with some sense of companionship ; a traveler
parts from his friends ; he may be said also to part from his native
shore ; a man parts with an estate, a horse, a copyright ; part
with, may be applied to a person thought of in any sense as a pos-
session ; an employer parts with a clerk or servant ; but pai^t
with is sometimes used by good writers as meaning simply to
separate from.
part, n.
particle 264
PART, n.
Synonyms:
atom, fraction, member, section,
component, fragment, particle, segment,
constituent, ingredient, piece, share,
division, instalment, portion, subdivision,
element.
Part, a substance, quantity, or amount that is the result of the
division of something greater, is the general word, including all
the others of this gi'oup. A fragment is the result of breaking,
rending, or disruption of some kind, while a xnece may be smoothly
or evenly separated and have a certain completeness in itself.
Apiece is often taken for a sample ; a fragment scarcely would
be. Division and fraction are always regarded as in connection
with the total ; divisions may be equal or unequal ; a fraction is
one of several equal paints into which the whole is supposed to be
divided. A portion is a part viewed with reference to some one
who is to receive it or some special purpose to which it is to be
applied ; in a restaurant one imrtion {i.e., the amount designed for
one person) is sometimes, by special order, served to two ; a share
is a part to which one has or may acquire a right in connection
with others ; an instalment is one of a series of proportionate pay-
ments that are to be continued till the entire claim is discharged ;
& particle is an exceedingly small part. A comp)onent, constitu-
ent, ingredient, or element is a part of some compound or mix-
ture ; an element is necessary to the existence, as a component or
constituent is necessary to the completeness of that which it helps
to compose ; an ingredient may be foreign or accidental. A ^5-
divisio7i is a division of a division. "We speak of a segment of a
circle. Compare particle ; portion.
PARTICLE.
Synonyms:
atom, grain, mite, scrap, -whit
corpuscle, iota, molecule, shred,
element, jot, scintilla, tittle,
A particle is a very smaU part of aUy material substance ; as,
a particle of sand or of dust ; it is a general term, not accurately de-
terminate in meaning. Atom (Gr. a- privative, not, and temno,
cut) etymologically signifies that which can not be cut or
divided, and is the smallest conceivable jmrticle of matter, re-
garded as absolutely homogeneous and as having but one set of
properties; atoms are the ultimate particles of matter. A mole-
265 patience
cule is made up of atoms, and is regarded as separable into its con-
stituent parts ; as used bj physicists, a molecule is the smallest
conceivable part which retains all the characteristics of the sub-
stance ; thus, a molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hy-
drogen and one atom of oxygen. Element in chemistiy denotes,
without reference to quantity, a substance regarded as simple,
i. e., one incapable of being resolved by any known process into
simpler substances ; the clement gold may be represented by an
ingot or by a. particle of gold=dust. In popular language, an ele-
ment is any essential constituent ; the ancients believed that the
universe was made up of the four elements, earth, air, fire, and
w^ater ; a storm is spoken of as a manifestation of the fury of the
elements. We speak of corjyuscles of blood. Compare part.
Antonyms :
aggregate, entirety, mass, quantity, sum, sum total, total, whole.
PATIENCE,
Synonyms-.
calmness, forbearance, long=suffering, sufferance,
composure, fortitude, resignation,
endurance, leniency, submission.
Patience is the quality or habit of mind shown in bearing pas-
sively and vmcomplainingly any pain, evil, or hardship that may
fall to one's lot. Endurance hardens itself against suffering, and
may be merely stubborn ; fortitude is endurance animated by
courage ; endurance may by modifiers be made to have a passive
force, as when we speak of ' ' passive endurance " ; patience is not so
hard as endurance nor so self=effacingas submission. Submission
is ordinarily and resignation always apj)lied to matters of great
moment, while patience may apply to slight worries and annoy-
ances. As regards our relations to our fellow men, forbearance
is abstaining from retaliation or revenge ; patience is keeping
kindliness of heart under vexatiovis conduct ; long-suffering is
continued patience. Patience may also have an active force de-
noting uncomplaining steadiness in doing, as in tilling the soil.
Compare industry.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for anger.
Prepositions :
Patience in or amid sufferings : patience ivitli (rarely toioard)
opposers or offenders ; patience under afflictions ; (rarely) patience
of heat or cold, etc.
people 266
PAY, n.
Synonyms :
allowance. hire, recompense, salary,
compensation, honorarium, remuneration, stipend,
earnings, payment, requital, wages,
fee,
An aUotcance is a stipulated amount furnished at regular in-
tervals as a matter of discretion or gi-atuity, as of food to besieged
soldiers, or of money to a child or ward. Covipensation is a com-
prehensive word signifying a return for a service done. Remu-
neration is applied to matters of great amount or importance.
Recompense is a still under and loftier word, with less suggestion
of calculation and market value ; there are services for which af-
fection and gi'atitude are the sole and sufficient recompense ; earn-
ings, fees, hire, pay, salary, and icages are forms of compensation
and may be included in compensation, remuneration, or recom-
pense. Pay is commercial and strictly signifies an exact pecuniary
equivalent for a thing or service, except when the contrary is ex-
l^ressly stated, as when we speak of "high pay" or "poor pay."
Wages denotes what a worker receives. Earnings is often used as
exactly equivalent to wages, but may be used with reference to the
real value of work done or service rendered, and even appUed to
inanimate things ; as, the earnings of capital. Hire is distinctly
mercenary or menial, but as a noun has gone out of popular use,
tho the verb to hire is common. Salary is for literary or pro-
fessional work, tragcs for handicraft or other comparatively infe-
rior service ; a salary is regarded as more permanent than irages ;
an editor receives a salary, a compositor receives icages. Stipend
has become exclusively a Hterary word. A fee is given for a sin-
gle service or privilege, and is sometimes in the nature of a
gratuity. Compai'e requite.
PEOPLE.
Synonyms :
common'wealth, nation, race, state, tribe,
community, population,
A community is in general terms the aggregate of persons in-
habiting any ten-itory in common and viewed as having common
interests ; a commomvealth is such a body of persons having a
common government, especially a republican government ; as, the
commonioealth of Massachusetts. A community may be very
small ; a commomvealth is ordinarily of considerable extent. A
peop)le is the aggregate of any public community, either in distinc-
267
perceive
tion from their rulers or as including them ; a race is a division of
mankind in the line of origin and ancestry ; the ji^ople of the
United States includes members of almost every race. The use of
people as signifying persons collectively, as in the statement " The
hall was full oi people," hdiH been severely criticized, but Isold and
accepted English, and may fitly be classed as idiomatic, and often
better than persons, by reason of its collectivism. As Dean Alford
suggests, it would make a strange transformation of the old hymn
" All 2)eople that on earth do dwell " to sing " All persons that on
earth do dwell." A state is an organized political community con-
sidered in its corporate capacity as "a body politic and corpo-
rate " ; as, a legislative act is the act of the state ; every citizen is
entitled to the protection of the state. A nation is an organized
political community considered with reference to the persons com-
posing it as having certain definite boundaries, a definite number
of citizens, etc. The members of a people are referred to as per-
sons or individuals ; the individual members of a state or nation
are called citizens or subjects. The population of a country is
simply the aggregate of persons residing within its borders, with-
out reference to race, organization, or allegiance ; unnaturahzed
residents form part of the population, but not of the nation, pos-
sessing none of the rights and being subject to none of the duties
of citizens. In American usage State signifies one commonwealth
of the federal union known as the United States. Tribe is now
almost wholly applied to rude peoples with very imperfect polit-
ical organization ; as, the Indian tribes ; nomadic tribes. Compare
MOB.
PERCEIVE.
Synonyms:
apprehend, compreliend, conceive, understand.
We perceive what is presented through the senses. We ap-
prehend what is presented to the mind, whether through the
senses or by any other means. Yet perceive is used in the figura-
tive sense of seeing through to a conclusion, in a way for which
usage would not allow us to substitute apprehend; as, "Sir, I
perceive that thou art a prophet," John iv, 19. That which we
apprehend we catch, as with the hand ; that which we conceive
we are able to analyze and recompose in our mind ; that which we
comprehend, we, as it were, grasp around, take together, seize,
embrace wholly within the mind. Many things may be appre-
perfect 26§
hended which can not be comprehended; a child can apprehend
the distinction between right and wTong, yet the philosopher can
not comprehend it in its fulness. We can apprehend the will of
God as revealed in conscience or the Scriptures ; we can conceive
of certain attributes of Deity, as his truth and justice ; but no
finite intelligence can comprehend the Divine Natvire, in its maj-
esty, power, and perfection. Compare anticipate ; arrest ;
CATCH ; KNOWLEDGE.
Autonym!^:
fail of, ignore, lose, misapprehend, misconceive, miss, overlook.
PERFECT.
Synonyms:
absolute, consummate, holy. spotless,
accurate, correct, ideal, stainless,
blameless, entire, immaculate, unblemished,
complete. faultless, sinless, undeflled.
completed, finished,
That is perfect to which nothing can be added, and from
which nothing can be taken without impairing its excellence,
marring its symmetry, or detracting from its worth ; in this fullest
sense God alone is perfect, but in a limited sense anything may be
perfect in its kind ; as a perfect flower ; a copy of a document is
perfect when it is accurate in every particular ; a vase may be
called perfect when entire and unblemished, even tho not ar-
tistically/o?(/Wess; the best judges never pronounce a work of art
perfect, because they see always ideal possibilities not yet attained ;
even the ideal is not perfect, by reason of the imperfection
of the human mind ; a human character faultlessly holy would be
morally perfect tho finite. That which is absolute is free from
admixture (as absolute alcohol) and in the highest and fullest
sense free from imperfection or limitation ; as, absolute holiness
and love are attributes of God alone. In philosophical language,
absolute signifies free from all necessary, or even from all possible
relations, not dependent or limited, unrelated and unconditioned ;
truth immediately known, as intuitive truth, is absolute ; God, as
self=existent and free from all limitation or dependence, is called
the absolute Being, or simply the Absolute. Compare innocent ;
INFINITE ; RADICAL.
Antonyms:
bad, defective, imperfect,
blemished, deficient, incomplete,
corrupt, deformed, inferior,
corrupted, fallible, insufficient,
defaced, faulty, marred.
meager.
scant,
perverted,
short.
poor.
spoiled.
ruined.
worthless.
269
permanent
periiilii^sioit
enduring,
fixed,
immutable,
invariable.
lasting,
perpetual,
persistent,
stable.
steadfast,
unchangeable,
uncbanging.
Synonyms :
abiding,
changeless,
constant,
durable,
Dxirable (L. durus, hard) is said almost wholly of material
substances that resist wear ; lasting is said of either material or im-
material things. Permanent is a word of wider meaning ; a thing
is permanent which is not liable to change : as, a, permanent color ;
buildings upon a farm are called permanent improvements. En-
during is a higher word, applied to that which resists both time
and change ; as, enduring fame.
Antonyms:
See synonyms for transient.
PERMISSION.
Synonyms :
allowance.
authorization.
leave.
license
authority,
consent,
liberty.
permit.
Authoritij unites the right and power of control; age, wisdom,
and character give autJiority to their possessor ; a book of learned
research has authority, and is even called an anthority. Fermis-
sion justifies another in acting without interference or censure,
and usually implies some degree of approval. Authority gives a
certain right of control over all that may be affected by the ac-
tion. There may be a failure to object, which constitutes an im-
plied permission, tho this is more properly expressed by allow-
ance ; we allow what we do not oppose, permit what we ex-
pressly authorize. The noiin permit implies a formal written
permission. License is a formal permission granted by compe-
tent authority to an individual to do some act or pursue some
business which would be or is made to be unlawful without such
permission : as, a license to preach, to solemnize marriages, or to
sell intoxicating liquors. A license is permission gi-anted rather
than authority conferred ; the sheriff has authority (not permis-
sion nor license) to make an arrest. Consent is permission by
the concurrence of wills in two or more persons, a mutual ap-
proval or acceptance of something proposed. Compare allow.
Antonyms:
denial,
hindrance,
objection,
opposition.
prevention,
proliibition,
refusal,
pernicious
perplexity
2T0
PER]VICIOUS.
Synonyms :
bad,
baneful,
deadly,
deleterious,
destructive,
detrimental,
evil,
foul,
harmful,
hurtful.
injurious,
insalubrious.
mischievous,
noisome,
noxious,
perverting,
pestiferous.
pestilential,
poisonous,
ruinous,
unhealthful,
unwholesome.
Pernicious (L. per. through, and neco, kill) signifies having the
power of desti'oying or injoring, tending to hiirt or kill. Perni-
cious is sti'onger than injurious ; that which is injurious is capable
of doing harm ; that which is pernicious is likely to be destructive.
Noxious (L. 7ioceo, hurt) is a stronger word than noisome, as refer-
ring to that which is injurious or destructive. Noisome now always
denotes that which is extremely disagreeable or disgusting, espe-
cially to the sense of smell ; as, the noisome stench proclaimed the
presence of noxious gases.
Antonyms:
advantageous,
beneficent,
beneficial,
favorable,
good,
healthful.
helpful,
invigorating
li forgiving,
profitable,
rejuvenating,
salutary.
serviceable,
useful,
wholesome.
PERPLEXITY.
Synonyms:
amazement. bew^ilderment, distraction, doubt,
astonishment, confusion, disturbance, embarrassment.
Perplexity (L. per, through, and jjlecto, plait) is the drawing or
turning of the thoughts or faculties by turns in different directions
or toward contrasted or contradictory conclusions ; confusion (L.
confusus, from confundo, pour together) is a state in which the
mental faculties are, as it were, tlii-own into chaos, so that the
clear and distinct action of the different powers, as of perception,
memory, reason, and will is lost ; beivilderme7it is akin to confu-
sion, but is less overwhelming, and more readily recovered from ;
■perplexity, accordingly, has not the unsettling of the faculties
implied in confusion, nor the overwhelming of the faculties im-
plied in amazement or astonishment ; it is not the magnitude of
the things to be known, but the want of full and definite knowl-
edge, that causes Jper2>7ea;^Y?/. The dividing of a woodland path
may cause the traveler the greatest perplexity, which may become
bewilderment when he has tried one path after another and lost
his bearings completely. With an excitable person bewilderment
may deepen into confusion that will make liim unable to think
clearly or even to see or hear distinctly. Amazement results from
the sudden and unimagined occurrence of great good or evil or
j^-,, persuade
-*•• pertuei!))!*
the sudden awakening of the mind to unthought=of truth. Aston-
islimcnt often produces hewilderment, which the word was for-
merly vxnderstood to imply. Compare amazement ; anxiety ;
DOUBT.
PERSUADE.
Synonyms:
allure, dispose, incline, move,
bring over, entice, induce, prevail on or upon,
coax, impel, influence, urge,
convince, incite, lead, win over.
Of these words convince alone has no direct reference to mov-
ing the will, denoting an effect upon the understanding only ; one
may be convinced of his duty without doing it, or he may be con-
vincedoi truth that has no manifest connection with duty or action,
as of a mathematical proposition. To persuade is to bring the will
of another to a desired decision by some influence exerted upon it
short of compulsion ; one may be convinced that the earth is round ;
he may be xiersuaded to ti'avel round it ; but persuasion is so largely
dependent upon conviction that it is commonly held to be the ora-
tor's work first to convince in order that he rmj persuade. Coax
is a slighter word than persuade, seeking the same end by shal-
lower methods, largely by appeal to personal feeling, with or with-
out success ; as, a child coaxes a parent to buy him a toy. One
may be brought over, induced, or prevailed upon by means not
properly included in persuasion, as by bribery or intimidation ; he
is IV071 over chiefly by personal" influence. Compare influence.
Antonyms:
deter, discourage, dissuade, hinder, hold back, repel, restrain.
PERTNESS.
Synonyms :
■boldness, forwardness, liveliness, sprightliness.
briskness, impertinence, sauciness,
flippancy, impudence, smartness,
Liveliness and sprigliiliness are j^leasant and commendable ;
smartness is a limited and showy acuteness or shrewdness, usually
with unfavorable suggestion ; pertness and sauciness are these
qualities overdone, and regardless of the respect due to superiors.
Impertinence and impudence may be gross and stupid ; pertness
and sauciness are always vivid and keen. Compare impudence.
Antonyms :
bashfulness, demureness, diffidence, humility, modesty, shyness.
perverse
pique
272
untoward,
wayw^ard,
Avilful.
PERVERSE.
Synonyms;
contrary, CroTvard, petulant,
factious, intractable, stubborn,
fractious, obstinate, ungovernable,
Perverse (L. perversiLS, turned the wrong way) signifies wil-
fully wrong or en*ing, um-easonably set against right, reason, or
authority. The stuhhorn or obstinate person will not do what
another desires or requires ; the perverse person will do anything
contrary to what is desired or required of him. The petulant per-
son frets, but may comply ; the xjerverse individual may be smooth
or silent, but is wilfully intractable. Wayward refers to a per-
verse disregard of moraHty and duty ; froivard is j^ractically ob-
solete; untoward is rarely heard except in certain phrases; as,
untoivard circumstances. Compare obstinate.
Antonyms :
accommodating, complaisant, genial, kind,
amenable, compliant, governable, obliging.
tangible,
visible.
PHYSICAE.
Synonyms :
bodily, corporeal, natural,
corporal, material, sensible,
Whatever is composed of or pertains to matter may be termed
material ; physical (Gr. pJiysis, nature) applies to material things
considered as parts of a system or organic whole ; hence, we speak
of material substances, physical forces, physical laws. Bodily,
corporal, and corporeal apply primarily to the human body ; bod-
ily and corporal both denote pertaining or relating to the body ;
corporeal signifies of the nature of or like the body ; corporal is
now almost wholly restricted to signify applied to or inflicted
upon the body ; we speak of bodily sufferings, bodily presence,
coyporal punishment, the corporeal frame.
Antonyms :
hyperpliygical, intangible, invisible, moral, unreal,
immaterial, intellectual, mental, spiritual, unsubstantial.
PiqUE.
Synonyms:
displeasure, irritation, offense, resentment, umbrage,
grudge.
Pique, from the French, signifies primarily a prick or a sting,
as of a nettle ; the word denotes a sudden feeling of mingled pain
and anger, but slight and usually transient, arising from some neg-
lect or offense, real or imaginary. Umbrage is a deeper and more
273
pitlfnl
pity
persistent displeasure at being overshadowed (L. umbra, a
shadow) or subjected to any treatment that one deems unworthy
of him. It may be said, as a general statement, that 2^1 que arises
from wounded vanity or sensitiveness, umbrage from wounded
pride or sometimes from suspicion. Resentment rests on more
sohd grounds, and is deep and persistent. Compare anger.
Antonyms :
approval, contentment, delight, gratification, pleasure, eatigfaction.
complacency,
Synonyms':
abject,
base.
contemptible,
despicable.
PITIFUL.
lamentable,
miserable,
mournful,
moving.
paltry,
pathetic,
piteous,
pitiable.
sorrow^ful,
touching,
w^oful,
w^retched.
Pitiful originally signified full of pity ; as, "the Lord is very
pitiftd and of tender mercy," James v, 11 ; but this usage is now
archaic, and the meaning in question is appropriated by such words
as merciful and compassionate. Pitiful and pitiable now refer to
what may be deserving of pity, pntiful being used chiefly for that
which is merely an object of thought, pitiable for that which is
brought directly before the senses ; as, a pitiful story ; a pitiable
object ; a pitiable condition. Since pity, however, always implies
weakness or inferiority in that which is pitied, pitiful and intia-
ble are often used, by an easy transition, for what might awaken
pity, but does awaken contempt ; as, a pitiful excuse ; he pre-
sented a pitiable appearance. Piteous is now rarely used in its
earlier sense of feeling pity, but in its derived sense applies to
what really excites the emotion ; as, a piteous cry. Compare
HUMANE ; MERCY ; PITY.
Antonyms:
august, dignified, grand, lofty, sublime.
beneficent,
commanding.
exalted,
glorious,
great,
helpful.
mighty,
noble.
superb,
superior.
Synonyms :
commiseration,
compassion.
PITY.
condolence,
mercy.
sympathy, tenderness.
Pity is a feeling of grief or pain aroused by the weakness, mis-
fortunes, or distresses of others, joined with a desire to help or re-
lieve. Synipatlijj (feeling or suffering with) implies some degree
of equality, kindred, or union ; p>ity is for what is weak or unfor-
tunate, and so far, at least, inferior to ourselves ; hence, pity is
18
plant
plead
274
often resented where sympatluj would be welcome. We have
sympathy with one in joy or gi'ief, in pleasure or pain, pity only
for those in suffering or need ; we may have sympathy with the
struggles of a giant or the triumphs of a conqueror ; we are moved
with pity for the captive or the slave. Pity may be only in the
mind, but mercy does something for those who are its objects.
Compassion, like j^ity, is exercised only with respect to the suffer-
ing or unfortunate, but combines with the tenderness of jJity the
dignity of sympathy and the active quality of mercy.. Commiser-
ation, is as tender as compxission, but more remote and hoi^eless ;
we have commiseration for sufferers whom we can not reach or
can not relieve. Condolence is the expression of sympathy. Com-
pare MERCY,
Antonyms :
barbarity, ferocity, harshness. pitilessness, severity,
brutality, hard-heartedness, inhumanity, rigor, sternness,
cruelty, hardness, mercilessness, ruthlessness, truculence.
Prepositions :
Pity on or upon that which we help or spare ; pity for that
which we merely contemplate ; "have pity upon me, O ye my
friends," Job xix, 21 ; "pity/o?- a horse o'er=di-iven," Tennyson
In Memoriavi Ixii, st. 1.
Synonyms:
seed, seed do-wn, set, set out, sow.
We set or set out slips, cuttings, young trees, etc., tho we
may also be said to pAant them ; we p/a?ii corn, potatoes, etc.,
which we put in definite places, as in hills, with some care ; we
sow wheat or other small grains and seeds which are scattered in
the process. Tho by modern agricultural machinery the smaller
grains are almost as precisely planted as corn, the old word for
broadcast scattering is retained. Land is seeded or seeded down
to grass.
Antonyms
eradicate, extirpate, root up, uproot, weed out.
PLEAD.
Synonyms:
advocate, ask, "beseech, implore, solicit,
argue, beg, entreat, press, urge.
To plead for one is to employ argument or persuasion . or both
in his behalf, usually with earnestness or importunity ; similarly
275 pleasant
one may be said to plead for himself or for a cause, etc., or with
direct object, to plead a case ; in legal usage, pleading is argu-
mentative, but in popular usage, pleading always implies some
appeal to the feelings. One argues a case solely on rational
gi-ounds and supposably with fair consideration of both sides ; he
advocates one side for the purpose of carrying it, and under the
influence of motives that may range all the way from cold self=
interest to the highest and noblest impulses ; he pleads a cause, or
pleads for a person with still more intense feeling. Beseech, en-
treat, and implore imply impassioned earnestness, with direct and
tender appeal to personal considerations. Press and urge imply
more determined or perhaps authoritative insistence. Solicit is a
weak word denoting merely an attempt to secure one's consent or
cooperation, sometimes by sordid or corrupt motives.
Prepositions;
Plead icitli the tyrant /or the captive; j^lead arjainst the oppres-
sion or the oppressor ; plead to the indictment ; at the bar ; before
the court ; ill open court.
PLEASANT.
Synonyms:
agreeable, good=natured, kindly, pleasing,
attractive, kind, obliging, pleasurable.
That is pleasing from wliich pleasure is received, or may read-
ily be received, without reference to any action or intent in that
which confers it ; as, a pleasing picture ; a pleasing landscape.
Wliatever has active qualities adapted to give pleasure is pleasant ;
as, & pleasant breeze ; a, pleasant (not a, pleasing) day. As applied
to persons, pleasant always refers to a disposition ready and desir-
ous to please ; one is pleasant, or in a pleasant mood, when in-
clined to make happy those with whom he is deahng, to show
kindness and do any reasonable favor. In this sense pleasant is
nearly akin to Mnd, but Mnd refers to act or intent, while pleasant
stops with the disposition ; many persons are no longer in a pleas-
ant mood if asked to do a troublesome kindness. Pleasant keeps
always something of the sense of actually giving pleasm-e, and
thus surpasses the meaning of good-natured; there are good'
natured people who by reason of rudeness and ill=breeding are
not pleasant companions. A pleasing face has good features,
complexion, expression, etc.; a pleasant face indicates a hind
heart and an obliging disposition, as weU as kindly feelings in
actual exercise ; we can say of one usually good-natured, " on
plentiful 276
that occasion lie did not meet me with a pleasant face." Pleasant,
in the sense of gay, merry, jocose (the sense still retained in
xAeasantry), is now rare, and would not be understood outside of
literary circles. Compare amiable ; comfortable ; delightful.
Antonyms:
arrogant, displeasing, glum, ill-humored, repelling,
austere, dreary, grim, ill-natured, repulsive,
crabbed, forbidding, harsh, offensive, unkind,
disagreeable, gloomy, hateful, repellent, unpleasant.
Prepositions :
Pleasant to, ivith, or totvard persons ; about a matter.
PLEWTIFIJI..
Synonyms :
abounding, bountiful, generous, plenteous,
abundant, complete, large, profuse,
adequate, copious, lavish, replete,
affluent, enough, liberal, rich,
ample, exuberant, luxuriant, sufficient,
bounteous, full, overflowing, teeming.
Enough is relative, denoting a supply equal to a given demand.
A temperature of 70° Fahrenheit is enough for a living=room ; of
212° enough to boil water ; neither is enough to melt iron. Suffi-
cient, from the Latin, is an equivalent of the Saxon enough, with
no perceptible difference of meaning, but only of usage, enough
being the more blunt, homely, and forcible word, while sufficient is
in many cases the more elegant or polite. Sufficient usually pre-
cedes its noun ; enough usually and preferably follows. That is
amjjle which gives a safe, but not a large, margin beyond a given
demand ; that is abundant, affluent, bountiful, liberal, plentiful,
which is largely in excess of manifest need. Plentiful is used of
sujDplies, as of food, water, etc.; as, '' a plentifid rain," Ps. Ixviii,
9. We may also say a copious rain ; but cojnous can be applied to
thought, language, etc., where p)^^niifid can not well be used.
Affluent and liberal both apply to riches, resources ; liberal, with
especial reference to giving or expending. (Compare synonyms
especial reference to giving or expending. Affluent, referring
especially to riches, may be used of thought, feeling, etc.
time or space ; a field is sometimes called x>lentiful, not with ref-
erence to its extent, but to its productiveness. Complete expresses
not excess or overplus, and yet not mere sufficiency, but har-
mony, proportion, fitness to a design, or ideal. Ample and abun-
dant may be applied to any subject. We have time enough, means
that we can reach om- destination without haste, but also without
delay ; if we have ample time, we may move leisurely, and note
277
poetry
polite
what is by the way ; if we have abundant time, we may pause to
converse with a friend, to view the scenery, or to rest when weary.
Lavish and profuse imply a decided excess, oftenest in the ill
sense. We rejoice in abundant resources, and honor generous
liospitality ; lavish or profuse expenditure suggests extravagance
and wastefulness. Luxuriant is used especially of that which is
abundant in growth ; as, a luxuriant crop.
Autonyuis:
deficient, inadequate,
drained, insufficient,
exhausted, mean,
impoverished, miserly,
narrow,
niggardly,
poor,
scant,
scanty,
scarce,
scrimped,
short,
small,
sparing,
stingy,
straitened.
Preposition:
Plentiful in resources.
POETRY.
Synonyms:
meter,
metrical composition,
numbers,
poem,
poesy,
rime,
song:,
verse.
Poetry is that form of literature that embodies beautiful
thought, feeling, or action in melodious, rhythmical, and (usually)
metrical language, in imaginative and artistic conr^ructions.
Poetry in a very wide sense may be anything that pleasingly
addresses the imagination ; as, the poetry of motion. In ordinary
usage, p>oetry is both imaginative and metrical. There may be po-
etry without rime, but hardly without meter, or what in some lan-
guages takes its place, as the Hebrew parallelism ; but poetry in-
volves, besides the artistic form, the exercise of the fancy or
imagination in a way always beautiful, often lofty or even sub-
lime. Failing this, there may be verse, rime, and meter, but not
poetry. There is much in literature that is beautiful and sublime
in thought and artistic in construction, which is yet not poetry,
because quite devoid of the element of song, whereby p)oetry
differs from the most lofty, beautiful, or impassioned prose.
Compare meter.
Antonyms :
prosaic speech, prosaic writing, prose.
POLITE.
Synonyms :
accomplished,
civil,
complaisant,
courteous,
courtly,
cultivated,
cultured,
elegant,
genteel,
gracious,
obliging,
polished.
urbane,
w^ell=beliaved,
well:bred,
well=mannered.
A civil person observes such propriety of speech and manner as
polity ^'^^
to avoid being rude ; one who is polite (literally polislied) observes
more than the necessary proprieties, conforming to all that is
graceful, becoming, and thoughtful in the intercourse of refined
society. A man may be civil with no consideration for others,
simply because self =respect forbids him to be rude ; but one who
is polite has at least some care for the opinions of others, and if
polite in the highest and tiaiest sense, which is coming to be the
prevailing one, he cares for the comfort and happiness of others in
the smallest matters. Civil is a colder and more distant word than
p>olite ; courteous is fuller and richer, dealing often with greater
matters, and is used only in the good sense. Courtly suggests
that which befits a royal court, and is used of external grace and
stateliness without reference to the prompting feeling ; as, the
courtly manners of the ambassador. Genteel refers to an external
elegance, which may be showy and sujierficial, and the word is
thus inferior to jjolite or courteous. Urbane refers to a politeness
that is genial and successful in giving others a sense of ease and
cheer. Polished refers to external elegancies of speech and man-
ner without reference to spirit or purpose ; as, a polished gentle-
man or a polished scoundrel ; cultured refers to a real and high
devolopment of mind and soul, of which the external manifesta-
tion is the smallest part. Complaisant denotes a disposition to
please or favor beyond what politeness would necessarily require.
Antonyms :
awkward, clownish, ill-mannered, insulting, uncouth,
bluff, coarse, impertinent, raw, unmannerly,
hlunt, discourteous, impolite, rude, unpolished,
boorish, il!=behaved, impudent, rustic, untaught,
brusk, ill-bred, insolent, uncivil, untutored.
POLITY.
Synonyms :
constitution, policy, form, or system of government.
Polity is the permanent system of government of a state, a
church, or a society ; policy is the method of management with
reference to the attainment of certain ends ; the national p)olity of
the United States is republican ; each administration has a. policy
of its own. Policy is often used as equivalent to expediency ; as,
many think honesty to be good policy. Polity used in ecclesiasti-
cal use serves a valuable purpose in distinguishing that which re-
lates to administration and government from that which relates
to faith and doctrine; two churches identical in faith may differ
in polity, or those agi'eeing in polity may differ in faith. Com-
pare LAW.
portion
379 power
PORTIOX.
Synonyms:
lot, parcel, part, proportion, share.
When any whole is divided into jmrts, any part that is allotted
to some person, thing, subject, or purpose is called a jJortion, tho
the division may be by no fixed rule or relation ; a father may
divide his estate by will among his children so as to make their
several x^ortions great or small, according to his arbitrary and
unreasonable caprice. When we speak of a part as a proportion,
we think of the wdiole as divided according to some rule or scale,
so that the different parts bear a contemplated and intended rela-
tion or ratio to one another ; thus, the portion allotted to a child
by will may not be a fair proportion of the estate. Proportion is
often used where part or portion would be more appropriate.
Compare part.
POVERTY.
Synonyms :
beggary, distress, mendicancy, pauperism, privation,
destitution, indigence, need, penury, w^ant.
Poverty denotes strictly lack of property or adequate means of
support, but in common use is a relative term denoting any con-
dition below that of easy, comfortable Uving ; privation denotes
a condition of painful lack of what is useful or desirable, tho not
to the extent of absolute distress ; indigence is lack of ordinary
means of subsistence ; destitution is lack of the comforts, and in
part even of the necessaries of life ; pemiry is especially cramping
poverty, possibly not so sharp as destitution, but continuous, wdiile
that may be temporary ; pauperism is such destitution as tlirows
one upon organized piiblic charity for support ; beggary and men-
dicancy denote poverty that appeals for indiscriminate private
charity.
POWER.
Synonyms :
ability, competency, expertness, readiness,
aptitude, dexterity, faculty, skill,
capability, efficacy, force, strength,
capacity, efficiency, might, susceptibility,
cleverness, energy, qualification, talent,
cogency.
Power is the most general term of this gi'oup, including every
quaUty, property, or faculty by which any change, effect, or result
is, or may be, produced ; as, the poicer of the legislature to enact
laws, or of the executive to enforce them ; the power of an acid to
praise
2S0
corrode a metal ; the power of a polished surface to reflect light.
Ability is nearly coextensiv^e with power, but does not reach the
positiveness and vigor that may be included in the meaning of
jwtcer, ability often implying latent, as distinguished from active
poiver ; we speak of an exertion of poicer, but not of an exertion
of ability. Power and ability include capacity, which is power to
receive ; but ability is often distinguished from capacity, as power
that may be manifested in doing, as capacity is in receiving ; one
may have great capacity for acquiring knowledge, and yet not
possess ability to teach. Efficiency is acixsre power to effect a defi-
nite result, the poiver that actually does, as distinguished from
that which may do. Competency is equal to the occasion, readi-
ness prompt for the occasion. Faculty is an inlierent quality of
mind or body ; talent, some special mental ability. Dexterity and
skill are readiness and facility in action, having a special end ;
talent is innate, dexterity and skill are largely acquired. Our
abilities include our natural cap>acity, faculties, and talents, with
all the dexterity, skill, and readiness that can be acquired. Effi-
cacy is the power to produce an intended effect as shown in the
production of it ; as, the efficacy of a drug. Efficiency is effectual
agency, competent poioer ; efficiency is applied in mechanics as
denoting the ratio of the effect produced to the poorer expended in
producing it ; but this word is chiefly used of intelligent agents as
denoting the quality that brings all one's pouter to bear promptly
and to the best purpose on the thing to be done. Compare ad-
dress ; DEXTERITY ; SKILFUL.
Antonyms -.
awkwardness, helplessness, inability, incompetence, stupidity,
dulnesB, imbecility, inaptitude, inefficiency, unskilfulness,
feebleness, impotence, incapacity, maladroitness. weakness.
PRAISE.
Synonyms:
acclaim, approbation, compliment, laudation,
acclamation, approval, encomium, panegyric,
adulation, cheering, eulogy, plaudit,
applause, cheers, flattery, sycophancy.
Praise is the hearty approval of an individual, or of a num-
ber or multitude considered individually, and is expressed by
spoken or written words ; applause, the spontaneous outburst of
many at once. Applause is expressed in any way, by stamping of
feet, clapping of hands, waving of handkerchiefs, etc. , as well as
by the voice ; acclamation is the spontaneous and hearty approval
3S1
pray
of many at once, and strictly by the voice alone. Thus one is
chosen moderator by acclamation when he receives a unanimous
viva voce vote ; we could not say he was nominated by ax)plause.
Acclaim is the more poetic term for acclamation, commonly un-
derstood in a loftier sense ; as, a nation's acclaim. Plaudit is a
shout of ajiplause, and is commonly vised in the plural ; as, the
2)laudits of a throng. Applause is also used in the general sense
of praise. Approbation is a milder and more qualified word than
praise ; while praise is always uttered, approbation may be
silent. ^'Approbation s^eak& oi the thing or action. . . . Praise
is always personal." A. W. and J. C. Hare Guesses at Truth
first series, p. 549. [macm. '66.] Acceptance refers to an object or
action ; approbation may refer to character or natural traits.
AjJproval always supposes a testing or careful examination, and
frequently implies official sanction ; approbation may be upon a
general view. The industry and intelligence of a clerk win his
employer's approbation ; his decision in a special instance
receives his approval. Praise is always understood as genuine
and sincere, unless the contrary is expressly stated ; comptliment is
a light form of. praise that may or may not be sincere ; flattery is
insincere and ordinarily fulsome praise.
Antonyms:
abuse,
animadverBion,
blame,
censure,
condemnation,
contempt,
denunciation,
disapprobation,
disapproval,
disparagement,
liissing,
ignominy,
obloquy,
reproacli,
reproof,
repudiation,
scorn,
slander,
vilification,
vituperation.
Synonyms :
ask, bid,
beg, call upon,
beseech, conjure.
PRAY.
entreat,
implore,
importune.
invoke,
petition,
plead.
request,
supplicate.
To pray, in the religious sense, is devoutly to address the Su-
preme Being with reverent petition for divine grace or any favor
or blessing, and in the fullest sense with thanksgiving and praise
for the divine goodness and mercy ; the once common use of the
word to express any earnest request, as " I pvay you to come in,"
is now rare, unless in ^vTitings molded on older literature, or in
certain phrases, as '^^ Pray sit down" ; even in these "please" is
more common ; " I beg you " is also frequently used, as expressing
a polite humility of request. Beseech and entreat express great
earnestness of petition ; implore and supplicate denote the utmost
precarious
prcdestiuatiou 2§2
fervency and intensity, supplicate implying also humility. Com-
pare ASK ; PLEAD.
PRECARIOUS.
Synonyms:
doubtful, hazardous, risky, unsettled,
dubious, insecure, unassured, unstable,
equivocal, perilous, uncertain, unsteady.
Uncertain is applied to tilings that human knowledge can not
certainly determine or that human power can not certainly con-
ti-ol ; precarious originally meant dependent on the will of another,
and now, by extension of meaning, dependent on chance or hazard,
with manifest unfavorable possibihty verging toward probability ;
as, one holds office by a. precarious tenure, or land by a, precari-
ous title ; the strong man's hold on hfe is uncertain, the invaUd's
is precarious.
Autonyms:
actual, firm, infallible, stable, sure, undoubted,
assured, immutable, real, steady, undeniable, unquestionable,
certain, incontestable, settled, strong,
PRECEOEIVT.
Synonyms :
antecedent, case, instance, pattern,
authority, example, obiter dictum, warrant.
A^irecedent is an authoritative case, example, or instance. The
communism of the early Clu-istians in Jerusalem is a wonderful
example or instance of Christian liberahty, but not a p)receclent for
the universal church tlu-ough all time. Cases decided by irregu-
lar or unauthorized ti-ibunals are not precedents for the regular ad-
ministration of law. An obiter dictum is an opinion outside of
the case in hand, which can not be quoted as an authoritative prec-
edent. Compare cause ; example.
PREDESTIXATIOX.
Synonyms:
fate, foreknowledge, foreordination, necessity.
Predestination is a previous determination or decision, which,
in the divine action, reaches on from eternity. Fate is heathen,
an irresistible, irrational power determining all events with no
manifest connection with reason or righteousness; necessity is
philosophical, a blind something in the nature of things binding
the slightest action or motion in the chain of inevitable, eternal
sequence ; foreordination and predestination are Christian, de-
noting the rational and righteous order or decree of the supreme
2§3
prejudice
pretense
and all=wise God. Foreknoidedge is simply God's antecedent
knowledge of all events, which some hold to be entirely separable
from his foreordination, while others hold foreordination to be
inseparably involved in foreknowledge.
Antonyms
accident,
chauce,
Prepositions :
Predestination of believers to eternal life.
choice,
free agency.
freedom,
free will,
independence,
uncertainty.
Synonyms :
bias,
partiality.
PREJUDICE.
preconception,
prepossession,
presumption,
unfairness.
A presumption (literally, a taking beforehand) is a partial
decision formed in advance of argument or evidence, usually
grounded on some general principle, and always held subject to
revision upon fuller information. A prejudice or prepossession is
grounded often on feeling, fancy, associations, etc. A prejudice
against foreigners is very common in retired communities. There
is always a presumption in favor of what exists, so that the bur-
den of proof is upon one who advocates a change. A preposses-
sion is always favorable, a prejudice always unfavorable, unless
the contrary is expressly stated. Compare injury.
Antonyms:
certainty, conviction, evidence, reason,
conclusion, demonstration, proof, reasoning.
Prepositions :
Against ; rarely, in favor of, in one's favor.
PRETEl^SE.
Synonyms;
affectation,
air,
assumption,
cloak,
color.
disguise,
dissimulation,
excuse,
mask,
pretension.
pretext,
ruse,
seeming.
semblance,
show,
simulation,
subterfuge,
trick,
w^ile.
A pretense, in the unfavorable, which is also the usual sense,
is something advanced or displayed for the purpose of concealing
the reality. A person makes a pretense of something for the
credit or advantage to be gained by it ; he makes what is allowed
or approved a pretext for doing what would be opposed or con-
demned ; a tricky schoolboy makes a, pretense of doing an errand
which he does not do, or he makes the actual doing of an errand a
pretext for playing truant. A ruse is something (especially some-
prevent 284
thing slight or petty) employed to blind or deceive so as to mask
an ulterior design, and enable a person to gain some end that he
would not be allowed to approach directly. A pretension is a
claim that is or may be contested ; the word is now commonly
used in an unfavorable sense. Compare artifice ; hypocrisy.
Aiitonyni!« :
actuality, fact, guilelessness, ingenuousness, reality, sincerity,
candor," frankness, nonesty, openness, simplicity, truth.
PREVEI^T.
Synonyms:
anticipate, forestall, obviate, preclude.
The original sense of x)r event, to come before, act in advance of,
wliich is now practically obsolete, was still in good use when the
authorized version of the Bible was made, as appears in such pas-
sages as, " When Peter was come into the liovtse, Sesns prevented
liim'' (i. e., addressed him first). Matt, xvii, 25 ; ''Thon p)reventest
him with the blessings of goodness" {i. e., by sending the blessings
before the desire is formulated or expressed), Ps. xxi, 3. Antici-
pate is now the only single word usable in this sense ; io forestall
is to take or act in advance in one's OAvn behalf and to the preju-
dice of another or others, as in the phrase " to forestall the mar-
ket." But to anticipate is very frequently used in the favorable
sense ; as, his thoughtful kindness anticipated my wish (i. e., met
the wish before it was expressed): or we say, "I was about to
accost him when he anticipated me" (by speaking first); or one
anticipates a payment (by making it before the time); in neither
of these cases could we use forestall or prevent. To obviate (lit-
erally, to stop the way of or remove from the way), is to prevent
by interception, so that something that would naturally withstand
or disturb may be kept from doing so ; to preclude, (literally, to
close or shut in advance) is to prevent by anticipation or by logical
necessity; walls and bars precluded the possibility of escape ; a
supposition is precluded ; a necessity or difficulty is obviated. Pre-
vent, which at first had only the anticipatory meaning, has come
to apply to the stopping of an action at any stage, the completion
or conclusion only being thought of as negatived by anticipation ;
the enemy passed the outworks and were barely prevented from
capturing the fortress. Compare hinder ; prohibit.
Preposition:
He was prevented by illness from joining the expedition.
previous
285 l>rice
PREVIOUS.
Sj'iionynis:
antecedent, foregoing, front. preceding,
anterior, former, introductory, preliminary,
earlier, forward, precedent, prior.
Antecedent may denote simple priority in time, implying no
direct connection between that which goes before and that which
follows ; as, the striking of one clock may be always antecedent
to the striking of another with no causal connection between them.
Antecedent and previous may refer to that which goes or happens at
any distance in advance, precedmg is limited to that which is imme-
diately or next before ; an antecedent event may have happened
at any time before ; the preceding ti-ansaction is the one com-
pleted just before the one with which it is compared ; a previous
statement or chapter may be in any part of the book that has gone
before ; the preceding statement or chapter comes next before
without an interval. Previous often signifies first by right ; as, a
jivevious engagement. Foregoing is vised only or that which is
spoken or written ; as, the foregoing statements. Anterior, while
it can be used of time, is coming to be employed chiefly with ref-
erence to place ; as the anterior lobes of the brain. Prior bears
exclusive reference to time, and commonly where that which is
first in time is first also in right ; as, a juHor demand. Former is
used of time, or of position in written or printed matter, not of
space in general. "We can say former times, a former chapter,
etc. , but not the former part of a garden ; we should say the front
part of the garden, the forward car of a train. Former has a close
relation, or sharp contrast, with something following ; the former
always implies the latter, even when not fully expressed, as in
Acts i, 1, and Eccles. vii, 10.
Antonyms :
after, consequent, hind, luiidmost, latter, subsequent,
concluding, following, hinder, later, posterior, succeeding.
Prepofsiltlon :
Such was the state of things previous to the revolution. [Pre-
vious to is often used adverbially, in constructions where previ-
ously to would be more strictly correct ; as, these arrangements
were made previous to my departure.]
PRICE.
Synonyms:
charge, cost, expenditure, expense, outlay, value, worth.
The cost of a thing is all that has been expended upon it,
pride
2§6
whether in discovery, production, refinement, decoration, transpor-
tation, or otherwise, to bring it to its present condition in the hands
of its present possessor ; the j^rice of a thing is what the seller
asks for it. In regular business, as a rule, the seller's j^rice on
his wares must be more than their cost to him ; when goods are
sold, the 2)ric<i the buyer has paid becomes their cost to himself.
In exceptional cases, when goods are sold at cost, the seller's price
is made the same as the cost of the goods to him, the cost to the
seller and the cost to the buyer becoming then identical. Price
always implies that an article is for sale ; what a man will not
sell he declines to put a jjrice on ; hence the significance of the
taunting proverb that " every man has liis price." Value is the
estimated equivalent for an article, whether the article is for sale
or not ; the market vcdue is what it would bring if exposed for sale
in the open market ; the intrinsic value is the inherent utiUty of
the article considered by itself alone ; the market value of an old
and rare volume may be very great, while its intrinsic value may
be practically nothing. Value has always more reference to
others' estimation (literally, what the thing will avail with others)
than worth, which regards the tiling in and by itself ; thus, inti'insic
value is a weaker expression than intrinsic loorth. Charge has
especial reference to services, expense to minor outlays ; as, the
charges ot a lawyer or physician ; traveling expenses; household
expenses.
PRIDE.
Synonyms:
arrogance, ostentation, self^esaltation,
assumption, presumption, self=respect,
conceit, reserve, superciliousness,
disdain, self=complacency, vainglory,
haughtiness, selfconceit, vanity,
insolence, self:esteeni,
JIaughtiness thinks highly of itself and poorly of others. Ar-
rogance claims much for itself and concedes Httle toothers. , Pride
is an absorbing sense of one's own gi-eatness ; haughtiness feels
one's own superiority to others -^^ disdain sees contemptuously the
inferiority of others to oneself. Presumption claims place or
privilege above one's right ; pride deems nothing too high. Inso-
lence is open and rude expression of contempt and hostility, gen-
erally from an inferior to a superior, as from a servant to a master
or mistress. In the presence of superiors overweening p)ride
manifests itself in presumpdion or insolence^, in the presence of
28 y ■ nrime val
^
inferiors, or those supposed to be inferior, 'pride manifests itself
by arrogance, disdain, haughtiness, superciliousness, or in either
case often by cold reserve.) (See reserve under modesty.) 'Pride
is too self=satisfied to care for praise ; vatiity intensely craves ad-
miration and applause.; Superciliousness, as if by the upUfted
eyebrow, as its etymology suggests (L. superciliimi, eyebrow, from
super, over and cilium, eyelid), silently manifests mingled
haughtiness and disdain. Assumption quietly takes for granted
superiority and privilege which others would be slow to concede.
Conceit and vanity are associated with weakness, pride with
strength. Conceit may be founded upon nothing ; pride is
founded upon something that one is, or has, or has done ; vanity,
too, is commonly fovinded on something real, tho far slighter than
would alford foundation for pride. Vanity is eager for admira-
tion and praise, is elated if they are rendered, and pained if they
are withheld, and seeks them ; pride could never solicit admira-
tion or praise.y Conceit is somewhat stronger than self-conceit.
Self-conceit is ridiculous ; conceit is offensive. Self-respect is a
thoroughly worthy feeling; self-esteem is a more generous esti-
mate of one's own character and abilities than the rest of the
world are ready to allow. Vainglory is more pompous and boast-
ful than vanity. Compare egotism ; ostentation.
Antonyms:
humility, lowliuess. meekness, modesty, self»abasement, 8elf=distrust.
PRIMEVAIi.
Synonyms :
al>original, indigenous, patriarchal, primitive,
ancient, native, primal. primordial,
autochtlionic, old. primary, pristine,
immemorial, original, prime, uncreated.
Aboriginal (L. ab, from, 07'igo, origin) signifies pertaining to
the aborigines or earliest known inhabitants of a country in the
widest sense, including not merely human beings but inferior ani-
mals and plants as well. Autochthonic (Gr. autos, self, and chthbn,
earth) signifies sprung from the earth, especially from the soil of
one's native land. Primeval (L. primum, first, and cevum, age),
signifies strictly belonging to the first ages, earliest in time, but often
only the earliest of which man knows or conceives, immemorial.
Aboriginal, autochthonic, and primeval combine the meanings of
ancient and original ; aboriginal inhabitants, autochthonic races.
profit 2S8
primeval forests. Prime and primary may signify either first in
time, or more frequently first in importance ; j^rijuaryhas also the
sense of elementary or preparatory ; we speak of ajirime minister,
a primary school. Primal is chiefly poetic, in the sense of prime ;
as, the primal curse. Primordial is first in an order of succession or
development; as, a primordial leaf . Primitive frequently signi-
fies having the original characteristics of that which it represents,
as well as standing first in time ; as, the primitive church. Prim-
itive also very frequently signifies having the original or early
characteristics without remoteness in time. Primeval simplicity
is the simplicity of the earliest ages ; primitive simplicity may be
found in retired villages now. Pristine is an elegant word, used
almost exclusively in a good sense of that which is original and
perhaps ancient ; as, pristine pm-ity, innocence, vigor. That
which is both an original and natural product of a soil or country
is said to be indigenous ; that which is actually produced there is
said to be native, though it may be of foreign extraction ; hum-
ming=birds are indigenous to America ; canaries may be native,
but are not indigenous. Immemorial refers solely to time, inde-
pendently of quality, denoting, in legal phrase, " that whereof the
memory of man runneth not to the contrary " ; as, an immemorial
custom ; an immemorial abuse. Compare old.
Antonyms :
adventitious, foreign, late, new, recent.
exotic, fresh, modem, novel,
Compare synonyms for new.
PROFIT.
Synonyms :
advantage, expediency, proceeds, service,
avail, gain, receipts, usefulness,
benefit, good. return, utility,
emolument, improvement, returns, value.
The returns or receipts include all that is received from an out-
lay or investment ; the profit is the excess (if any) of the receipts
over the outlay ; hence, in government, morals, etc., the profit is
what is really good, helpful, useful, valuable. Utility is chiefly
used in the sense of some immediate or personal and generally
some material good. Advantage is that which gives one a van-
tage=ground, either for coping with competitors or with diffi-
culties, needs, or demands ; as to have the advantage of a
good education ; it is frequently used of what one has beyond
2S9
progress
another or secures at the expense of another ; as, to have the advan-
tage of another in an argument, or to take advantage of another
in a bargain. Gain is what one secures beyond what he pre-
viously possessed. Benefit is anything that does one good. Emol-
ument is profit, return, or value accruing through official position.
Expediency has respect to profit or advantage, real or supposed,
considered apart from or perliaps in opposition to right, in actions
having a moral character. Compare utility.
Antonyms :
damage, detriment, harm, injury, ruin,
destruction, disadvantage, hurt, loss, waste.
Prepositions :
The profit of labor ; on capital ; in business.
Synonyms:
advance, development, improvement, proficiency,
advancement, growth., increase, progression,
attainment,
Progress (L. pro, forward, gradior, go) is a moving onward or
forward, whether in space or in the mental or moral realm, and
may be either mechanical, individual, or social. Attainment, de-
velopment, a\-i(\ proficiency are more absolute'than the other words
of the group, denoting some point of advantage or of comparative
perfection reached by forward or onward movement ; we speak
of attainments in virtue or scholarship, proficiency in mvisic or
languages, the development of new powers or organs ; proficiency
includes the idea of skill. Advance may denote either a forward
movement or the point gained by forward movement, but always
relatively with reference to the point from which the movement
started ; as, this is a great advance. Advance admits the possibil-
ity of retreat ; progress (L. progredi, to walk forward) is steady
and constant forward movement, admitting of pause, but not of
retreat ; advance suggests more clearly a point to be reached,
while progress lays the emphasis upon the forward movement ;
we may speak of slow or rapid p)rogress, but more naturally of
swift advance. Progress is more frequently used of abstractions ;
as, the progress of ideas ; progression fixes the attention cliiefly
upon the act of moving forward. In a thing good in itself all ad-
vance or progress is improvement ; thei-e is a growing tendency to
restrict the words to this favorable sense, using increase indiffer-
ently of good or evil ; one may say without Umitation, " I am an
advocate of progress."
19
prohibit 290
Antonyms :
check, delay, falling o£E, retrogression, stop,
decline, falling back, relapse, stay, stoppage.
Prepositions :
The progress of truth ; progress in virtue ; toivard perfection
from a lower to a higher state.
PROHIBIT.
Synonyms:
debar, forbid, inhibit, preclude,
disallow, hinder, interdict, prevent.
To prohibit is to give some formal command against, and espe-
cially to make some authoritative legal enactment against. Debar
is said of persons, disalloio of acts ; one is debarred from anything
when shut off, as by some irresistible authority or necessity ; one
is prohibited from an act in express terms ; he may be debarred
by silent necessity. An act is disallowed by the authority that
might have allowed it ; the word is especially applied to acts which
are done before they are pronounced upon ; thus, a government
may disalloic the act of its commander in the field or its admiral
on the high seas. Inhibit and interdict are chiefly known by
their ecclesiastical use. As between forbid and ptrohibit, forbid
is less formal and more personal, prohibit more oliacial and judi-
cial, with the implication of readiness to use such force as may be
needed to give effect to the enactment ; a parent forbids a child to
take part in some game or to associate with certain companions ;
the slave=trade is now prohibited by the leading nations of the
world. Many things are pirohibited by law which can not be
wholly jyrevented, as gambling and prostitution ; on the other
hand, things may be prevented which are not prohibited, as the
services of religion, the payment of debts, or military conquest.
That which m precluded need not be prohibited. Compare abol-
ish ; HINDER ; PREVENT.
Antonyms:
allow, empower, let, require,
authorize, enjoin, license, sanction,
command, give consent, order, suffer,
consent to, give leave, permit, tolerate,
direct, give permission, put up with, warrant.
Prepositions :
An act is prohibited by law ; a person is prohibited 6?/ law /rom
doing a certain act. Prohibit was formerly construed, as forbid
still is, with the infinitive, but the construction with from and the
verbal noun has now entirely superseded the older usage.
291
promote
propitious
PROmOTE.
Synonyms:
advance, encourage, forward, prefer, raise,
aid, exalt, foster, push, urge forward,
assist, excite, further, push on, urge on.
elevate, foment, help.
To promote (L. pro, forward, and moveo, move) is to cause to
move forward toward some desired end or to raise to some higher
position, rank, or dignity. We promote a person by advancing,
elevating, or exalting him to a higher position or dignity. A per-
son provjio^es a scheme or an enterprise which others have projected
or begun, and which he encourages, forwards, furthers, jJushes,
or urges on, especially when he acts as the agent of the prime mov-
ers and supiiorters of the enterprise. One who excites a quarrel
originates it ; to promote a quarrel is strictly to foment and urge
it on, the one who promotes keeping liimself in the backgi-ound.
Compare abet ; quicken.
Autonyms:
See synonyms for abase ; allay.
PROPITIATION.
Synonyms:
atonement, expiation, reconciliation, satisfaction.
Atonement (at=oue=ment), originally denoting reconciliation, or
the bringing into agreement of those who have been estranged, is
now chiefly used, as in theology, in the sense of some offering, sac-
rifice, or suffering sufficient to win forgiveness or make up for an
offense ; especially and distinctively of the sacrificial work of
Christ in his humiliation, suffering and death. Expiation is the
enduring of the full penalty of a wTong or crime. Propitiation is
an offering, action, or sacrifice that makes the governing power
propitious toward the offender. Satisfaction in this connection
denotes the rendering a full legal equivalent for the wrong done.
Propitiation appeases the lawgiver ; satisfaction meets the require-
ments of the law.
Antonyms :
alienation, curse, penalty, reprobation, vengeance,
chastisement, estrangement, punishment, retribution, wrath,
condemnation, offense,
PROPITIOUS.
Synonyms :
auspicious,
benign,
That wliich is auspicious is of favorable omen ; that which is
propitious is of favoring influence or tendency ; as, an auspicious
benignant, favorable, gracious, kindly,
clement, friendly, kind, merciful.
proposal
propose JftfZ
morning ; a propitious breeze. Propitious applies to persons, im-
plying Mncl disposition and favorable inclinations, especially to-
ward the suppliant ; auspicious is not used of persons.
Antonyms:
adverse, forbidding, ill»dispo8ed, repellent, unfriendly,
antagonistic, hostile, iniuispicious, unfavorable, unpropitious.
Preposition :
May heaven be propitious to the enterprise.
PROPOSAL.
Synonyms:
bid, offer, overture, proposition.
An offer or proposal j)uts something before one for acceptance
or rejection, proposal being the more formal word ; a proposition
sets forth truth (or what is claimed to be truth) in formal state-
ment. Hhe proposition is for consideration, the p?'oposaZ for ac-
tion ; as, a proposition in geometry, a proposal of marriage ; but
proposition is often used nearly in the sense of proposal when it
concerns a matter for deliberation ; as, a proposition for the sur-
render of a fort. A hid is commercial and often verbal ; as, a
hid at an auction ; proposal is used in nearly the same sense, but
is more formal. An overture opens negotiation or conference,
and the word is especially used of some movement toward recon-
ciliation ; as, overtures of peace.
Antonyms:
acceptance, denial, disapproval, refusal, rejection, repulse.
PROPOSE.
Synonym-.
purpose.
In its most frequent use, propose differs from purpose in that
what we purpose lies in our own mind, as a decisive act of will, a
determination ; what we propose is offered or stated to others. In
this use of the word, what we propose is open to deliberation, as
what we purpose is not. In another use of the word, one proposes
something to or by himself which may or may not be stated to
others. In this latter sense propose is nearly identical with pur-
pose, and the two words have often been used interchangeably.
But in the majority of cases what we purpose is more general,
w^hat we propose more formal and definite ; I p)urpose to do right ;
I propose to do this specific thing because it is right. In the his-
toric sentence, " I propose to move immediately on your works,"
purpose would not have the same sharp directness.
oo't protract
-*«'<» proverb
PROTRACT.
Synonyms :
continue, delay, elongate, lengthen, procrastinate,
defer, draw out, extend, postpone, prolong.
To protract is to cause to occupy a longer time than is usual,
expected, or desirable. We defer a negotiation which we are slow
to enter upon ; we protract a negotiation which we are slow to
conclude ; delay may be used of any stage in the proceedings ; we
may delay a person as well as an action, but defer and protract
are not used of persons. Elongate is not used of actions or ab-
stractions, but only of material objects or extension in space ; pro-
tract is very rarely used of concrete objects or extension in space ;
we elongate a line, protract a discussion. Protract has usually
an unfavorable sense, implying that the matter referred to is al-
ready unduly long, or would be so if longer continued ; continue
is neutral, applying equally to the desirable or the undesirable.
Postpone implies a definite intention to resume, as defer also does,
though less decidedly ; both are often used with some definite
limitation of time ; as, to postpone till, until, or to a certain day
or hour. One may defer, delay, or postpone a matter intelligently
and for good reason ; he p>rocrastinates through indolence and
irresolution. Compare hinder.
Antonyms:
abbreviate, conclude, curtail, hurry, reduce,
abridge, contract, hasten, limit, shorten.
Prepositions :
To protract a speech hy verbosity, throiigh an unreasonable
time, to, till, or tmtil a late hour.
PROVERB.
Synonyms:
adage, axiom, maxim, saw,
aphorism, byw^ord, motto, saying,
apothegm, dictum, precept, truism.
The proverb or adage gives homely truth in condensed, prac-
tical form, the adage often pictorial. "Hope deferred maketh
the heai't sick" is a proverb ; "The cat loves fish, but dares not
wet her feet," is an adage. Both xhe proverb and the adage, but
especially the latter, are thought of as ancient and widely
known. An aphorism partakes of the character of a definition ;
it is a summary statement of what the author sees and believes to
be true. An apothegm is a terse statement of what is plain or
easily proved. The apliorism is philosophical, the apothegm prac-
prowess
prudence <«»«
tical. A dictum is a statement of some person or school, on whom
it depends for authority ; as, a dictum of Ai-istotle. A saying is
impersonal, current among the common people, deriving its au-
thority from its manifest truth or good sense ; as, it is an old
saying, "the more haste, the worse speed." A saw is a saying
that is old, but somewhat worn and tiresome. Precept is a com-
mand to duty ; motto or maxim is a brief statement of cherished
truth, the maxim being more uniformly and directly practical ;
"God is love" may be a motto, "Fear God and fear naught," a
maxim. The precepts of the Sermon on the Mount will furnish
the Christian with invaluable maxims or mottoes. A byicord is a
phrase or saying used reproachfully or contemptuously.
PROTVESS.
Syiioiiyins :
bravery, gallantry, intrepidity,
courage, heroism, valor.
Bravery, courage, heroism, and intrepidity may be silent,
spiritual, or passive ; they may be exhibited by a martyr at the
stake. Prowess and valor imply both daring and doing ; we do
not speak of the prowess of a martyr, a child, or a passive suf-
ferer. Valor meets odds or perils with courageous action, doing
its utmost to conquer at any risk or cost ; proivess has power
adapted to the need ; dauntless valor is often vain against superior
prowess. Courage is a nobler word than bravery, involving more
of the deep, spiritual, and enduring elements of character ; such
an api^reciation of peril as would extinguish bravery may only
intensify courage, which is resistant and self =conquering ; courage
applies to matters in regard to which valor and proivess can have
no place, as submission to a svirgical operation, or the facing of
censure or detraction for conscience' sake. Compare brave ;
FORTITUDE.
Antonyms:
cowardice, cowardliness, eilemiiiacy, fear, pusillanimity, timidity.
PRUDENCE.
Synonyms :
care, discretion, judgment,
carefulness, forecast, judiciousness,
caution, foresight, providence,
circumspection, forethought, wisdom,
consideration, frugality,
Prudence may be briefly defined as good judgment and fore-
295 purcbase
sight, inclining to caution and frugality in practical affairs. Care
may respect only the present ; prudence and providence look far
ahead and sacrifice the present to the future, prudence watching,
saving, guarding, providence planning, doing, preparing, and per-
haps expending largely to meet the future demand. Frugality is
in many cases one form of prudence. In a besieged city jifudence
will reduce the rations, providence will strain every nerve to intro-
duce supplies and to raise the siege. Foresight merely sees the
future, and may even lead to the recklessness and desperation to
Avhich prudence and providence are so strongly opposed. Fore-
thought is thinking in accordance witli wise views of the future,
and is nearly equivalent to providence, but it is a more popular
and less comprehensive terra ; we speak of man's forethought,
God's providence. Compare care ; frugality ; wisdom.
Autonyms:
folly, improvidence, indiscretion, rashness, thoughtlessness,
heedlessness, imprudence, prodigality, recklessness, wastefulness.
PURCHASE.
Synonyms:
acquire, barter for, get, procure, secure,
bargain for, buy, obtain.
Buy and purchase are close synonyms, signifying to obtain or
secure as one's own by paying or promising to pay a price ; in numei'-
ous cases the two words are freely interchangeable, but with the dif-
ference usually found between words of Saxon and those of French
or Latin origin. The Saxon buy is used for all the homely and
petty concerns of common life, the French purchase is often re-
stricted to ti-ansactions of more dignity ; yet the Saxon word buy
is commonly more emj)hatic, and in the higher ranges of thought
appeals more strongly to the feelings. One may either buy or
purchase fame, favor, honor, pleasure, etc., but when our feelings
are stin-ed we speak of victory or freedom as destxlj bought. ''Buy
the truth, and sell it not " (Prov. xxiii, 23) would be greatly weak-
ened by the rendering "Purchase the truth, and do not dispose of
it." Compare business ; get ; price ; sale.
Antonyms :
barter, dispose of, exchange, put to sale, sell.
Prepositions.'
Purchase at a price ; at a public saje ; of or fi^om a person ; for
cash ; with money ; on time.
pure
put
296
PURE.
Syiiouyni!^:
absolute,
guiltless,
simple.
unmixed.
chaste.
holy.
spotless.
unpolluted.
classic.
immaculate.
stainless.
unspotted.
classical,
incorrupt.
true.
unstained,
clean.
innocent,
unadulterated,
unsullied.
clear.
mere.
unblemished.
untainted.
continent,
perfect.
uncorrupted.
untarnished,
genuine.
real.
undeflled.
upright.
guileless,
sheer,
unmingled,
virtuous.
That is 2yure which is free from mixtvire or contact with any-
thing that weakens, impairs, or jiolkites. Material substances are
called j)ure in the strict sense when free from foreign admixture
of any kind ; as, pure oxygen ; the word is often used to signify
free from any defiling or objectionable admixture (the original
sense) ; we speak of water as pitre when it is bright, clear, and re-
freshing, tho it may contain mineral salts in solution ; in the med-
ical and chemical sense, only distilled water {aqua intra) is pure.
In moral and religious nsepure is a strong word, denoting positive
excellence of a high order ; one is innocent who knows nothing of
evil, and has experienced no touch of temptation ; one is pure
who, with knowledge of evil and exposure to temptation, keeps
heart and soul unstained. Virtuous refers primarily to right ac-
tion; p?tre to right feeling and motives ; as, " Blessed are t\\epure
in heart : for they shall see God," Matt, v, 8. Compare fine ; in-
nocent .
Antonyms :
• adulterated, foul,
defiled, gross,
dirty, immodest,
filthy, impure.
indecent,
indelicate,
lewd,
mixed,
obscene, tainted,
polluted, tarnished,
stained, unchaste,
sullied, unclean.
PUT.
Synonyms :
deposit, lay, place, set.
Put is the most general term for bringing an object to some
point or witliin some space, however exactly or loosely ; we may
put a horse in a pasture, or put a bullet in a rifle or into an enemy.
Place denotes more careful movement and more exact location ;
as, to jilcice a crown on one's head, or a garrison in a city. To
lay is to place in a horizontal position ; to set is to place in an up-
right position ; we lay a cloth, and set a dish upon a table. To
depjosit is to put in a place of security for future use ; as, to deposit
money in a bank ; the original sense, to lay down or let down
(quietly), is also common ; as, the stream deposits sediment.
297
qneer
quicken
qUEER.
Synonyms:
anomalous, erratic, odd, strange,
bizarre, extraordinary, peculiar, uncommon,
comical, fantastic, preposterous, unique,
crotchety, funny, quaint. unmatched,
curious, grotesque, ridiculous, unusual,
droll, laughable, singular, Avhimsical.
eccentric, ludicrous,
Odd is unmated, as an odd shoe, and so uneven, an an odd
number. Singular is alone of its kind ; as, the singular number.
What is singular is odd, but what is odd may not be singidar ; as,
a drawerful of odd gloves. A strange thing is something hitherto
unknown in fact or in cause. A singidar coincidence is one the
happening of which is unusual ; a strange coincidence is one the
cause of which is hard to explain. That which is jpeculiar belongs
especially to a person as his own ; as, Israel was called Jehovah's
"■pecidiar people," i. e., especially chosen and cherished by him ;
in its ordinary use there is the implication that the thing peculiar
to one is not common to the majority nor quite approved by them,
though it may be shared by many ; as, the Shakers are peculiar.
Eccentric is off or aside from the center, and so off or aside from
the ordinary and what is considered the normal course ; as, genius
is commonly eccentric. Eccentric is a higher and more respectful
word than odd or queer. Erratic signifies wandering, a stronger
and more censorious term than eccentric. Queer is transverse or
oblique, aside from the common in away that is comical or perhaps
slightly ridiculous. Quaint denotes that which is pleasingly odd
and fanciful, often with something of the antique ; as, the quaint
architecture of medieval towns. That which is funriy is calcu-
lated to provoke laughter ; that which is droll is more quietly
amusing. That which is grotesque in the material sense is irregu-
lar or misshapen in form or outline or il]=proportioned so as to be
somewhat ridicidous ; the French bizarre is practically equivalent
to grotesque.
Antonyms :
common, familiar, normal, regular,
customary, natural, ordinary, usual.
Synonyms:
accelerate,
advance,
despatch,
drive.
QUICKER.
drive on,
expedite,
facilitate,
further,
hasten,
hurry,
make haste,
press forw^ard,
promote,
speed,
urge,
urge on.
To quicken, in the sense here considered, is to increase speed.
quote 298
move or cause to move more rapidly, as tlu'ougli more space or with,
a greater number of motions in the same time. To accelerate is to
increase the speed of action or of motion, A motion whose speed
increases upon itself is said to be accelerated, as the motion of a
falling body, which becomes swifter with every second of time.
To accelerate any work is to hasten it toward a finish, commonly
by quickening all its operations in orderly unity toward the result.
To desjKitch is to do and be done with, to get a thing off one's
hands. To despatch an enemy is to kill him outright and quickly ;
to despatch a messenger is to send him in haste ; to despatch a bus-
iness is to bring it quickly to an end. Despatch is commonly used
of single items. To promote a cause is in any way to bring it for-
ward, advance it in power, prominence, etc. To speed is really to
secure swiftness ; to hasten is to attempt it, whether successfully or
unsuccessfully. Hurry always indicates something of confusion.
The hurried man forgets dignity, appearance, comfort, courtesy,
everything but speed ; he may forget something vital to the mat-
ter in hand ; yet, because reckless haste may attain the gi'eat ob-
ject of speed, hurry has come to be the colloquial and popular
word for acting quickly. To facilitate is to quicken by making
easy ; to expedite is to quicken by removing hindrances. A good
general will improve roads to facilitate the movements of troops,
hasten supplies and perfect discipline to promote the general effi-
ciency of the force, despatch details of business, expedite all pre-
parations, in order to accelerate the advance and victory of his
army.
Antonyniis:
check, clog, delay, drag, hinder, impede, obstruct, retard.
QUOTE.
Synonyinisi:
cite, extract, plagiarize, repeat,
excerpt, paraphrase, recite.
To quote is to give an author's words, either exactly, as in direct
quotation, or in substance, as in indirect quotation ; to cite is, ety-
mologically, to call up a passage, as a witness is summoned. In
citing a passage its exact location by chapter, page, or otherwise,
must be given, so that it can be promptly called into evidence ; in
quoting, the location may or may not be given, but the words or
substance of the passage must be given. In citing, neither the
author's words nor his thought may be given, but simply the ref-
erence to the location where they may be found. To quote, in the
^^^ racy
299 radical
proper sense, is to give credit to the author whose words are em-
ployed. To paraphrase is to state an author's thought more freely
than in indirect quotation, keeping the substance of thovight and
the order of statement, but changing the language, and commonly
interweaving more or less explanatory matter as if part of the orig-
inal writing. One may paraphrase a work with worthy motive for
homiletic, devotional, or other purposes (as in the metrical versions
of the Psalms), or he may plagiarize atrociously in the form of
paraphri .se, appropriating all that is valuable in another's thought,
with the hope of escaping detection by change of phrase. To
plagiarize is to quote without credit, appropriating another's
words or thought as one's own. To recite or repeat is usually to
quote orally, tho recite is applied in legal phrase to a particular
statement of facts which is not a quotation ; a kindred use obtains
in ordinary speech ; as, to recite one's misfortunes.
RACY.
Synonyms-.
flavorous, lively, pungent, spicy,
forcible, piquant, rich, spirited.
Bacy applies in the first instance to the pleasing flavor charac-
teristic of certain wines, often attributed to the soil from which
they come. Pungent denotes something sharply irritating to the
organs of taste or smell, as pepper, vinegar, ammonia ; piquant
denotes a quality similar in kind to pungent but less in degree,
stimulating and agreeable ; pungent spices may be deftly com-
pounded into a jiiquant sauce. As applied to hterary products,
racy refers to that which has a striking, vigorous, pleasing orig-
inality ; spicy to that which is stimulating to the mental taste, as
spice is to the physical ; piquant and pungent in their figurative
use keep very close to their literal sense.
Antonyms:
cold, flat, iBsipid, stale, tasteless,
dull, flavorless, prosy, stupid, vapid.
RADICAL.
Synonyms :
complete, ingrained, perfect,
constitutional, innate, positive,
entire, native, primitive,
essential, natural, thorough,
extreme, organic, thoroughgoing,
fundamental, original, total.
The widely divergent senses in which the word radical is used,
reach 300
by which it can be at some time interchanged with any word in
the above Ust, are all formed upon the one primary sense of hav-
ing to do with or jiroceeding from the root (L. radix) ; a radical
difference is one that springs from the root, and is thus constitu-
tional, essential, fundamental, organic, original; a rodicaZ change
is one that does not stop at the surface, but reaches down to the
very root, and is entire, tliorough, total ; since the majority find
superficial treatment of any matter the easiest and most comfort-
able, radical measures, which strike at the root of evil or need,
are apt to be looked upon as extreme.
Autonyms :
conservative, incomplete, palliative, slight, tentative,
inadequate, moderate, partial, superficial, trial.
RARE.
Synonyms:
curious, odd, scarce, unique,
extraordinary, peculiar, singular, unparalleled,
incomparaljle, precious, strange, unprecedented,
infrequent, remarkable, uncommon, unusual.
Unique is alone of its kind ; rare is infrequent of its kind ;
great poems are rare; " Paradise Lost " is unique. To say of a
thing that it is rare is simply to aflBi-m that it is now seldom
found, whether previously common or not ; as, a rare old book ;
a ra7'e word ; to call a thing scarce implies that it was at soma
time more plenty, as when we say food or money is scarce. A
particular fruit or coin may be rare ; scarce applies to demand
and use, and almost always to concrete things ; to speak of virtue,
genius, or heroism as scarce would be somewhat ludicrous. Rare
has the added sense of lireciotis, which is sometimes, but not
necessarily, blended with that above given ; as, a rare gem. Ex-
traordinary, signifying greatly beyond the ordinary, is a neutral
word, capable of a high and good sense or of an invidious, oppro-
brious, or contemptuous signification ; as, extraordinary genius ;
extraordinary wickedness ; an extraordinary assumption of
power ; extraordinary antics ; an extraordinary statement is in-
credible without overwhelming proof.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for general ; normal ; usual.
REACH.
Synonyms:
arrive, attain, come to, enter, gain, get to, land.
To reach, in the sense here considered, is to come to by motion
301
or progress. Attain is now oftenest used of abstract relations ; as,
to attain success. When applied to concrete matters, it commonly
signifies the overcoming of hindi-ance and difficulty ; as, the storm*
beaten ship at length attained the harbor. Covic is the general
word for moving to or toward the place where the speaker or
wi-iter is or supposes himself to be. To reach is to come to from a
distance that is actually or relatively considerable ; to stretch the
journey, so to speak, across the distance, as, in its original mean-
ing, one reaches an object by stretching out the hand. To gain is
to reach or attain something eagerly sought ; the wearied swim-
mer reaches or gains the shore. One comes in from his garden ;
he reaches home from a journey. To arrive is to come to a des-
tination, to reach a point intended or proposed. The European
steamer arrives in port, or reaches the harbor ; the dismantled
wreck drifts ashore, or comes to land. Compare attain.
Antonyms :
depart, embark, go, go away, leave, set out, set sail, start, weigh anchor.
REAL.
Synonyms:
actual, demonstrable, genuine, true,
authentic, developed, positive, unquestionable,
certain, essential, substantial, veritable.
Real (L. res, a thing) signifies having existence, not merely in
thought, but in fact, or being in fact according to appearance or
claim ; denoting the thing as distinguished from the name, or the
existent as op^josed to the non=existent. Actual has respect to a
thing accomplished by doing, real to a thing as existing by what-
ever means or from whatever cause, positive to that which is fixed
or established, developed to that which has reached completion by
a natviral process of unfolding. Actual is in opposition to the sup-
posed, conceived, or reported, and furnishes the proof of its exist-
ence in itself ; real is opposed to feigned or imaginary, and is
capable of demonstration ; p>ositive, to the uncertain or doubtfvil ;
developed, to that which is undeveloped or incomplete. The de-
veloped is susceptible of proof ; the positive precludes the neces-
sity for proof. The present condition of a thing is its actual con-
dition ; ills are reed that have a substantial reason ; proofs are
piositive when they give the mind certainty ; a plant is developed
when it has reached its completed stage. Real estate is land, to-
gether with trees, water, minerals, or other natural accompani-
302
ments, and any permanent structures that man has built upon it.
Compare authentic.
Antonyms:
conceived, feigned, illugory, supposed, unreal,
fabulous, fictitious, iuiat^'iiiary, supposititious, untrue,
fanciful, hypothetical, reported, theoretical, visionary.
REASON, V.
Synonyms:
argue, debate, discuss, establisli, question,
contend, demonstrate, dispute, prove, -wrangle,
controvert,
To reason is to examine by means of the reason, to prove by
reasoning, or to influence or seek to influence others by reasoning
or reasons. Persons may contend either from mere ill will or self=
interest, or from the highest motives ; "That ye should earnestly
contend for the faith wliicli was once delivered to the saints," Jude
3. To argue (L. argue, show) is to make a matter clear by reason-
ing ; to discuss (L. dis, apart, and quatio, shake) is, etymologically,
to shake it apart for examination and analysis. Demonstrate
strictly applies to mathematical or exact reasoning ; prove may be
used in the same sense, but is often applied to reasoning upon mat-
ters of fact by what is called probable evidence, which can give
only moral and not absolute or mathematical certainty. To demon-
strate is to force the mind to a conclusion by irresistible reason-
ing ; to prove is rather to establish a fact by evidence ; as, to prove
one innocent or guilty. That which has been either demonstrated
or proved so as to secure general acceptance is said to be estab-
lished. Reason is a neutral woi-d, not, like argue, debate, dis-
cuss, etc., naturally or necessarily implying contest. We reason
about a matter by bringing up all that reason can give us on any
side. A dispute may be personal, fractious, and petty ; a debate
is formal and orderly ; if otherwise, it becomes a mere wrangle.
Prepositions :
We reason ivith a j^erson about a subject, for or against an
opinion ; we reason a person into or out of a course of action ; or
we may reason down an opponent or opposition ; one reasons from
a cause to an effect.
REASON, n.
Synonyms .
account, cause, ' " end,
aim, consideration, ground,
argument, design.
While the cause of any event, act, or fact, as commonly under-
motive^,
object.
principle,
purpose,—
303 reasoning
stood, is the power that makes it to be, the reason of or for it is the
explanation given by the human mind ; but reason is, in popular
language, often used as equivalent to eause, especially in the sense
of final C(i?(.se.J In the statement of any reasoning, the argument
may be an entire syllogism, or the i)remises considered together
apart from the conclusion, or in logical strictness the middle term
only by which the particular conclusion is connected with the gen-
eral statement. But when the reasoning is not in strict logical
forni, the middle term following the conclusion is called the reason ;
thus in the statement "All tyrants deserve death ; Caesar was a
tyrant ; Therefore Csesar deserved death," "Caesar was a tyrant"
would in the strictest sense be called the argument ; but if we say
" Cassar deserved death because he was a tyrant," the latter clause
would be termed the reason. Compare cause ; reason, v. ; mind ;
REASONING.
Prepositions :
The reason of a thing that is to be exijlained ; the reason for a
thing that is to be done.
REASOKIMO.
Synonyms .
argument, argumentation, debate, ratiocination.
Argumentation and debate, in the ordinary use of the words,
suppose two parties alleging reasons for and against a i^roposi-
tion ; the same idea appears figuratively when we speak of a
debate or an argument with oneself, or of a debate between reason
and conscience. Reasoning may be the act of one alone, as it is
simply the orderly setting forth of reasons, whether for the in-
struction of inquirers, the confuting of opponents, or the clear
establishment of ti'uth for oneself. Reasoning may be either
deductive or inductive. Argument or argumentation was for-
merly used of deductive reasoning only. With the rise of the
inductive philosophy these words have come to be applied to
inductive processes also ; but while reasoning may be informal or
even (as far as tracing its processes is concerned) unconscious.
argument and argumentation strictly imply logical form. Rea-
soning, as denoting a process, is a broader term than reason or
argument ; many arguments or reasons may be included in a
single chain of reasoning.
rebellious
record
304
mutinous,
refractory,
seditious.
uncontrollable,
ungovernable ,
unmanageable.
REB£L.L.IOrS.
Synonyms ;
contumacious ,
disobedient,
insubordinate ,
intractable,
RebelUoiis signifies being in a state of rebellion (see rebellion
under revolution), and is even extended to inanimate things that
resist conti-ol or adaptation to human use. Ungovernable applies
to that which successfully defies authority and power ; unman-
ageable to that which resists the utmost exercise of skill or of
skill and power combined ; rehellious, to that which is defiant of
authority, whether successfully or unsuccessfully ; seditious, to
that which partakes of or tends to excite a rebellious spirit, sedi-
tious suggesting more of covert plan, scheming, or conspiracy,
rebellions more of overt act or open violence. While the un-
manageable or ungovernable defies control, the rebellious or
seditious may be forced to submission ; as, the man has an un
governable temper ; the horses became unmanageable ; he tamed
his rebellious spirit. Insubordinate applies to the disposition to
resist and resent control as svich ; mutinous, to open defiance of
authority, especially in the army, navy, or merchant marine. A
contumacious act or spirit is contemptuous as well as defiant.
Compare obstinate; revolution.
Antonyms:
compliant, docile, manageable, Bubservleut,
controllable, dutiful, obedient, tractable,
deferential, gentle, submissive, yielding.
Prepositions :
Rebellious to or against lawful authority.
Synonyms:
account,
archive,
catalogiue,
chronicle,
document.
RE:€0RI>.
enrolment, instrument,
entry, inventory,
enumeration, memorandum,
history. memorial,
inscription, muniment,
register,
roll,
schedule,
scroll.
A memo7^ial is any object, whether a writing, a monument, or
other permanent thing that is designed or adapted to keep some-
thing in remembrance. Record is a Avord of wide signification,
applying to any wi-iting, mark, or trace that serves as a memorial
giving enduring attestation of an event or fact ; an extended ac-
count, chronicle, or history is a record ; so, too, may be a brief
inventory or memorandum ; the inscription on a tombstone is a
record of the dead ; the striae on a rock=surface are the record of
recover
JOo refinement
a glacier's passage. A register is a formal or official written record,
especially a series of entries made for preservation or reference ;
as, a register of births and deaths. Archives, in the sense here
considered, are documents or records, often legal records, pre-
served in a public or official deposito ; the word archives is also
applied to the place where such docuvicnts are regularly deposited
and preserved. Muniments (L. munio, fortify) are records that
enable one to defend his title. Compare history ; story.
RECOVER.
Synonyms:
be cured or healed, heal. recuperate, restore,
be restored, reanimate, regain, resume,
cure, recruit, repossess, retrieve.
The transitive use of recover in the sense of cure, Jieal, etc., as
in 2 Kings v, 6, " That thou mayest recover him of his leprosy," is
now practically obsolete. The chief transitive use of recover is
in the sense to obtain again after l(^sing, regain, repossess, etc. ;
as, to recover stolen goods ; to recover health. The intransitive
sense, he cured, he restored, etc., is very common ; as, to recover
fi'om sickness, terror, or misfortune.
Antonyms :
die, fail, grow wor.se, relapse, sink.
Prepositions:
From ; rarely of ; (Lair) to recover judgment against, to re-
cover damages of or from a person.
REFI^EHEKT.
Synonyms :
civilization, cultivation, culture, elegance, politeness.
Civilization applies to nations, denoting the sum of those civil,
social, economic, and political attainments by which a community
is removed from barbarism ; a people may be civilized while still
far from refinement or culture, but civilization is susceptible of
various degrees and of continued progress. Refinement ajaplies
either to nations or individuals, denoting the removal of what is
coarse and rude, and a corresponding attainment of what is deli-
cate, elegant, and beautiful. Cultivation, denoting primarily the
process of cultivating the soil or growing crops, then the improved
condition of either which is the result, is applied in similar sense
to the human mind and character, but in this usage is now largely
superseded by the term cidture, which denotes a high develop-
20
refute o^/i
reliable «****»
ment of the best qualities of man's mental and spiritual nature,
with especial reference to the esthetic faculties and to graces of
speech and manner, regarded as the expression of a refined nature.
Culture in the fullest sense denotes that degree of refinement and
development which results from continued cultivation through suc-
cessive generations ; a man's faculties may be brought to a high
degree of cultivation in some specialty, while he himself remains
uncultured even to the extent of coarseness and rudeness. Com-
pare HIIMANE ; POLITE.
Autonyius :
barbarism, brutality, coarseness, rudeness, savagery,
boorishness, clownishness, grossness, rusticity, vulgarity.
REFUTE.
Synonyms:
confound, confute, disprove, overthrow, repel.
To refute and to confute are to answer so as to admit of no
reply. To refute a statement is to demonstrate its falsity by ar-
gument or countervailing proof ; confute is substantially the same
in meaning, tho differing in usage. Refute applies either to argu-
ments and opinions or to accusations ; confide is not applied to
accusations and charges, but to arguments or opinions. Refute is
not now applied to persons, but confute is in good vise in this appli-
cation ; a person is confuted when his arguments are refuted.
RELIABLE.
Synonyms:
trustworthy, trusty.
The word reliable has been sharply challenged, but seems to
have established its place in the language. The objection to its
use on the gi'ound that the suffix -able can not properly be added
to an intransitive verb is answered by the citation of such words as
"available," "conversable," "laughable," and the like, while, in the
matter of usage, reliable has the authority of Coleridge, Martineau.
Mill, Irving, Newman, Gladstone, and others of the foremost of
recent English writers. The objection to the application of relia-
ble to persons is not sustained by the use of the verb "rely," which
is applied to persons in the authorized version of the Scriptures, in
the writings of Shakespeare and Bacon, and in the usage of good
speakers and wi-iters. Trusty and trustirorthy refer to inherent
qualities of a high order, trustivorthy being especiallj' appHed to
persons, and denoting moral integi-ity and truthfulness ; we speak
307 religion
of a trusty sword, a trusty servant ; we say the man is thoroughly
trustiLiorthy. Reliable is inferior in meaning, denoting merely
the possession of such qualities as are needed for safe reliance ; as,
a reliable pledge ; reliable information. A man is said to be reli-
able with reference not only to moral qualities, but to judgment,
knowledge, skill, habit, or perhaps pecuniary ability ; a thoroughly
trustu'orthy person might not be reliable as a witness on account
of unconscious sympathy, or as a security by reason of insufficient
means. A reliable messenger is one who may be depended on to
do his errand correctly and promptly ; a trusty or trustworthy
messenger is one who may be admitted to knowledge of the views
and purposes of those who employ him, and who will be faithful
beyond the mere letter of his commission. We can speak of a
railroad=train as reliable when it can be depended on to arrive on
time ; but to speak of a reliable friend would be cold, and to speak
of a warrior girding on his reliable sword would be ludicrous.
RELICTION.
Synoiiynis :
devotion, godliness, morality, piety, theology,
faith, holiness, pietism, righteousness, w^orship.
Piety is primarily filial duty, as of children to parents, and
hence, in its highest sense, a loving obedience and service to God
as the Heavenly Father ; pietism often denotes a mystical, some-
times an aflfected piety ; religion is the reverent acknowledgment
both in heart and in act of a divine being. Religion, in the fullest
and highest sense, includes all the other words of this group. Wor-
ship) may be external and formal, or it may be the adoring rever-
ence of the human spirit for the divine, seeking outward expres-
sion. Devotion, which in its fullest sense is se]f=consecration, is
often vised to denote an act of worsJiip, especially prayer or adora-
tion ; as, he is engaged in his devotions. Morality is the system
and practise of duty as required by the moral law, consisting
chiefly in outward acts, and thus may be observed without spirit-
ual rectitude of heart ; morality is of necessity included in all
true religion, which involves both outward act and spiritual serv-
ice. Godliness (primarily godlikeness) is a character and spirit
like that of God. Holiness is the highest, sinless perfection of
any spirit, whether divine or human, tho often used for purity or
for consecration. Theology is the science of religion, or the study
and scientific statement of all that the human mind can know of
reluctant oao
remark 308
God. Faith, strictly the belief and trust which the soul exercises
toward God, is often used as a comprehensive word for a w^hole
system of religion considered as the object of faith ; as, the Chris-
tian faith ; the Mohammedan faith.
Antonyms :
atheism, godlessness, irreligion, sacrilege, ungodliness,
blasphemy, impiety, profanity, unbelief, wickedness.
RELIJCTAXT.
Synonyms:
averse. disinclined, loatli, slow,
backward, indisposed, opposed, unwilling.
Reluctant (L. re, back, and lucto, strive, struggle) signifies
struggling against what one is urged or impelled to do, or is actu-
ally doing ; averse (L, a, from, and verto, turn) signifies turned
away as with dislike or repugnance ; loath (AS. lath, evil, hate-
ful) signifies having a rej^ugnance, disgust, or loathing for. tho the
adjective loath is not so strong as the verb loathe. A dunce is al-
ways averse to study ; a good student is disinclined to it when a
fine morning tempts him out ; he is indisposed to it in some hour
of weariness. A man may be sloiv or backward in entering upon
that to which he is by no means averse. A man is loath to believe
evil of his friend, reluclant to speak of it, absolutely unwilling to
use it to his injury. A legislator may be opposed to a certain
measure, while not averse to what it aims to accomplish. Com-
pare ANTIPATHY.
Antonyms:
desirous, disposed, eager, favorable, inclined, willing.
REMARK.
Synonyms :
annotation, comment, note, observation, utterance.
A remark is a saying or brief statement, oral or wi-itten,
commonly made without much premeditation ; a comment
is an explanatory or critical remark, as upon some passage
in a literary work or some act or speech in common life. A
note is something to call attention, hence a brief written
statement ; in correspondence, a note is briefer than a letter. A
note upon some passage in a book is briefer and less elaborate than
a comment. Annotations are especially brief notes, commonly
marginal, and closely following the text. Comments, observations,
or remarks may be oral or written, comments being oftenest writ-
ten, and remarks oftenest oral. An observation is properly the
oi\A rend
<>*»9 renounce
result of fixed attention and reflection ; a I'emarTc may be the sug-
gestion of the instant. Remarhs are more informal than a speech.
REAiTD.
Synonyms:
break, cleave, mangle, rive, sever, sunder,
burst, lacerate, rip, rupture, slit, tear.
Rend and ^ear are applied to the separating of textile substances
into parts by force violently applied {rend also to frangible sub-
stances), tear being the milder, rend the stronger word. Rive is a
wood=workers' word for parting wood in the way of the grain
without a clean cut. To lacerate is to tear rovighly the flesh or
animal tissue, as by the teeth of a wild beast ; a lacerated wound
is distinguished from a wound made by a clean cut or incision.
Mangle is a stronger word than lacerate ; lacerate is more super-
ficial, mangle more complete. To burst or riqiture is to tear or
rend by force from within, burst denoting the greater violence ;
as, to burst a gun ; to 7'iipture a blood= vessel ; a steam =boiler may
be ruptured when its substance is made to divide by internal pres-
sure without explosion. To rip, as usually applied to garments or
other articles made by sewing or stitching, is to divide along the
line of a seam by cutting or breaking the stitches ; the other senses
bear some resemblance or analogy to this ; as, torip open a wound.
Compare break.
Antonyms :
heal, join, mend, reunite, secure, sew, solder, stitch, unite, weld.
REXOr^CE.
Synonyms :
abandon,
disavow, disow^n, recant.
repudiate
abjure.
discard, forsw^ear, refuse,
retract.
deny.
disclaim, recall, reject.
revoke.
Abjure, discard, forswear, recall, recant, renounce, retract,
and revoke, hke abandon, imply some previous connection. Re-
nounce (L. re, back, and nuntio, bear a message) is to declare
against and give up formally and definitively ; as, to renounce the
pomps and vanities of the world. Recant (L. re, back, and capita,
sing) is to take back or de^iy formally and publicly, as a belief that
one has held or professed. Retract (L. re, back, and tralio, draw)
is to take back something that one has said as not true or as what
one is not ready to maintain ; as, to retract a charge or accusation;
one recants what was especially his own, he retracts what was di-
repentance 310
rected against another. Repudiate (L. re, back, or away, and
pudeo, feel shame) is primarily to renounce as shameful, hence to
divorce, as a wife; thus in general to put away with emphatic and
determined repulsion ; as, to repudiate a debt. To deny is to affirm
to be not true or not binding ; as, to deny a statement or a rela-
tionship ; or to refuse to grant as something requested ; as, his
mother could not deny him what he desired. To discard is to cast
away as useless or worthless ; thus, one discards a worn garment ;
a coquette discards a lover. RevoTte (L. re, back, and voco, call),
etymologically the exact equivalent of the English recall, is to
take back something given or granted ; as, to revoke a command,
a will, or a grant ; recall may be used in the exact sense of revoke,
but is often applied to persons, as revoke is not ; we recall a mes-
senger and revoke the order with which he was charged. Abjure
(L. ab, away, and jura, swear) is etymologically the exact equiva-
lent of the Saxon foi'stvear, signifying to put away formally and
under oath, as an error, heresy, or evil practise, or a condemned
and detested j^erson. A man abjures his religion, recants his
belief, abjures or renounces his aUegiance, repudiates another's
claim, renounces his own, retracts a false statement. A person
may deny, disavoiv, disclaim, disoivn what has been truly or
falsely imputed to him or supposed to be liis. He may deny his
signature, disallow the act of his agent, disoivn his child ; he may
repudiate a just claim or a base suggestion. A native of the
United States can not abjure or renounce allegiance to the Queen
of England, but will promptly deny or repudiate it. Compare
ABANDON.
Antonyms:
acknowledge, assert, cherish, defend, maintain, proclaim, uphold,
advocate, avow, claim, hold, own, retain, vindicate.
REPEIVTANCE.
Synonyms:
compunction, contriteness, regret. self-condemnation,
contrition, penitence, remorse, sorrow.
Regret is sorroiv for any painful or annoying matter. One is
moved with penitence for wi-ong=doing. To speak of regret for a
fault of our own marks it as slighter than one regarding which we
should express penitence. Reptentance is sorrow for sin with self=
condemnation, and complete turning from the sin. Penitence is
transient, and may involve no change of character or conduct.
There may be sorroiv without repentance, as for consequences
report
«»**■ reproof
only, but not repentance without sorroui. CompuncHoa is a mo-
mentary sting of conscience, in view either of a past or of a con-
templated act. Contrition is a svibduing sorroiv for sin, as against
the divine holiness and love. Remorse is, as its derivation indi-
cates, a biting or gnawing back of guilt upon the heart, with no
turning of heart from the sin, and no suggestion of divine forgive-
ness.
Antonyms :
approval, content, obduracy, self-complacency,
comfort, hardness, obstinacy, self=congratulation,
complacency, impenitence, aelf=approval, stubbornness.
Prepojsitlons :
Repentance of or in heart, or from the heart ; repentance for
sins ; before or toicard God ; unto life.
REPORT.
Synonyms:
account, narrative, rehearsal, rumor, story,
description, recital, relation, statement, tale,
narration, record,
Account carries the idea of a commercial summary. A state-
ment is definite, confined to essentials and jjroperly to matters
within the personal knowledge of the one Vvdio states them ; as, an
ante=mortem statement. A narrative is a somewhat extended
and embellished account of events in order of time, ordinarily with
a view to please or entertain. A description gives especial scope
to the pictorial element. A report (L. re. back, and porto, Ibring),
as its etymology imjjlies, is something brought back, as by one
sent to obtain information, and may be concise and formal or
highly descriptive and dramatic. Compare allegory ; history ;
RECORD.
REPROOF.
Synonyms:
admonition, chiding, disapproval, reprimand,
animadversion, comment, objurgation, reproach,
blame, condemnation, rebuke, reproval,
censure, criticism, reflection, upbraiding,
check, denunciation, reprehension,
Blame, censure, and disapproval may either be felt or uttered ;
comment, criticism, rebuke, reflection, reprehension, and reproof
are always expressed. The same is true of admonition and ani-
madversion. Comment and criticism may be favorable as well as
censorious ; they imply no superiority or authority on the part of
him who utters them ; nor do reflection or reprehension, wliich
reprove 31i2
are simply turning the mind back upon what is disapproved. Rep-
rehension is supposed to be calm and just, and with good intent ;
it is therefore a serious jjiatter, however mild, and is capable of
great force, as expressed in the phrase severe reprehension. Re-
flection is often from mere ill feeling, and is likely to be more per-
sonal and less impartial than reprehension ; "sve often speak of
unkind or unjust reflections. Rebuke, literally a stopping of the
mouth, is administered to a forward or hasty person ; rejjroof is
administered to one intentionally or deliberately ^'STong ; both
words imply authority in the reprover, and direct expression of
disap)proval to the face of the person rebuked or reproved. Rep-
rimand is official censure formally administered by a superior to
one under his command. Animadversion is censure of a high,
authoritative, and somewhat formal kind. Rebuke may be given
at the outset, or in the midst of an action ; animadversion, reflec-
tion, reprehension, 7-eproof, always follow the act ; admonition is
anticipatory, and meant to be preventive. Check is allied to re-
buke, and given before or during action ; chiding is nearer to re-
proof, but with more of personal bitterness and less of authority.
Compare condemn ; reprove.
Antonyiiis:
applause, approval, encomium, eulogy, panegyric, praise,
approbation, commendation,
REPROVE.
Synonyms :
admonisli, condemn, reprimand,
blame, expostulate w^ith, reproach,
censure, find fault witli, take to task,
chasten, rehuke, upbraid,
check, remonstrate with, warn,
chide, reprehend,
To censure is to pronounce an adverse judgment that may or
may not be expressed to the person censured ; to reprove is to
censure authoritatively, openly, and directly to the face of the per-
son reproved ; to rebuke is to reprove with sharpness, and often with
abruptness, usually in the midst of some action or course of action
deemed censurable ; to reprimand is to reprove officially ; to
blame is a familiar word signifying to pass censure upon, make
answerable, as for a fault ; blame and censure apply either to per-
sons or acts ; reprove and rebuke are appUed chiefly, and repri-
mand exclusively to persons. To reproach is to censure openly and
vehemently, and with intense personal feeling as of gi-ief or anger ;
as, to reproach one for ingi-atitude ; reproach knows no distinc-
requite
313 rest
tion of rank or character ; a subject may reproach a king or a
criminal a judge. To expostulate or remonstrate tvUh is to mingle
reasoning and appeal with censure in the hope of winning one from
his evil way, expostulate being the gentler, remonstrate the se-
verer word. Admonish is the mildest of reproving words, and may
even be used of giving a caution or warning where no wrong is im-
plied, or of simjjly reminding of duty which might be forgotten.
Censure, rebuke, and reprove apply to wrong that has been done ;
warn and admonish refer to anticipated error or fault. When
one is adrnonished because of wrong ah*eady done, the view is still
future, that he may not repeat or continue in the wi-ong. Com-
pare CONDEMN ; REPROOF.
Antonyms:
abet, approve, countenance, impel, instigate,
applaud, cheer, encourage, incite, urge on.
REQUITE.
Synonyms :
avenge, punisli, remunerate, revenge,
compensate, quit. repay, rew^ard,
pay, reciprocate, retaliate, satisfy,
pay off, recompense, return, settle w^ith.
To rejjay or to retaliate, to jiui^i'^h or to reward, may be to
make some return very inadequate to the benefit or injury re-
ceived, or the right or wrong done ; but to requite (according to
its etymology) is to make so full and adequate a return as to quit
oneself of all obligation of favor or hostility, of punishment or re-
ivard. Requite is often used in the more general sense of recom-
pense or repay, but always with the suggestion, at least, of the
original idea of full equivalent ; when one speaks of requiting
kindness with ingi-atitude, the expression gains force from the
comparison of the actual with the proper and appropriate return.
Compare pay.
Antonyms:
absolve, excuse, forgive, overlook, pass over,
acquit, forget, neglect, pardon, slight.
Preposition :
To requite injury with injury is human, but not Christian.
REST.
Synonyms:
calm, pause, quietness, slumber,
calmness, peace, quietude, stay,
cessation, peacefulness, recreation, stillness,
ease, quiescence, repose, stop,
intermission, quiet, sleep, tranquillity.
Ease denotes freedom from cause of disturbance, whether
restive
314
external or internal. Quiet denotes freedom from agitation, or
especially from annoying sounds. Rest is a cessation of activity,
especially of wearying or painful activity. Recreation is some
pleasing activity of certain organs or faculties that affords rest to
other parts of our nature that have become weary. Repose is
a laying down, ijrimarily of the body, and figuratively a similar
freedom from toil or strain of mind. Repose is more complete
than rest ; a pause is a momentary cessation of activity ; a black-
smith finds a temporary rest while the iron is heating, but he does
not yield to repose ; in a pause of battle a soldier rests on his arms ;
after the battle the victor rep>oses on his laurels. Sleep is the per-
fection of repose, the most complete rest ; slumber is a light and
ordinarily pleasant form of .sZeejj. In the figvirative sense, rest
of mind, soul, conscience, is not mere cessation of activity, but a
pleasing, tranquil relief from all painful and wearying activity ;
repose is even more deep, tranquil, and complete.
Autonyms :
agitation,
commotion,
disquiet,
disturbance,
excitement,
motion.
movement,
restlessness,
rusli,
stir,
strain,
toil,
tumult,
unrest,
work.
RESTIVE.
Synoiiyms:
balky,
fidgety,
fractious,
fretful,
frisky,
impatient,
intractable,
mulish,
mutinous,
obstinate,
rebellious,
recalcitrant,
refractory,
resentful,
restiflf,
restless,
skittish.
stubborn,
unruly,
vicious.
Balky, mulish, obstinate, and stubborn are synonyms of restive
only in an infrequent if not obsolete use ; the supposed sense of
" tending to rest," " standing stubbornly still," is scarcely supported
by any examples, and those cited to support that meaning often
fail to do so. The disposition to offer active resistance to control
by any means whatever is what is commonly indicated by restive
in the best English speech and literature. Dry den speaks of " the
pampered colt" as " restiff to the rein "; but the rein is not used
to propel a horse forward, but to hold him in, and it is against this
that he is " restiff." A horse may be made restless by flies or by
martial music, but with no refi-actoriness ; the restive animal im-
patiently resists or struggles to break from control, as by bolting,
flinging his rider, or otherwise. With this the metaphorical use
of the word agrees, which is always in the sense of such terms as
impatient, intractable, rebellious, and the like ; a people restive
315
rcfsti'siiii,
retirement
under despotism are not disposed to " rest" under it. but to resist
it and fling it off.
Aiitonyiii!!i :
docile,
gentle,
manageable,
obedient.
passive,
peaceable,
quiet,
submissive,
tractable,
yielding.
RESTRAIN.
Synonyms :
abridge,
bridle,
check,
circumscribe ,
confine.
constrain,
curb,
hinder,
bold,
hold back.
hold in,
keep,
keep back,
keep down,
keep in.
keep under,
repress,
restrict,
suppress,
withhold.
To restrain is to hold back from acting, proceeding, or advan-
cing, either by physical or moral force. Constrain is positive ;
restrain is negative ; one is constrained to an action ; he is re-
strained from an action. Constrain refers almost exclusively to
moral force, restrain frequently to physical force, as when we
speak of putting one under resti'aint. To restrain an action is to
hold it partially or wholly in check, so that it is under pressure
even while it acts ; to restrict an action is to fix a limit or bound-
ary which it may not pass, but within which it is free. To repress,
literally to press back, is to hold in check, and perhaps only tem-
porarily, that which is still very active ; it is a feebler word than
restrain ; to suppress is finally and effectually to put down ; sup-
press is a much stronger word than restrain ; as, to suppress a
rebellion. Compare arrest ; bind ; keep.
Antonyms :
aid,
animate,
arouse,
emancipate.
encourage,
excite,
free,
impel.
incite,
let loose,
release,
set free.
RETIREMENT.
Synonyms :
loneliness, privacy, seclusion, solitude.
In retirement one withdraws from association he has had with
others ; we speak of the retirement of a public man to private
life, tho he may still be much in company. In seclusion one
shuts himself away from the society of all except intimate friends
or attendants ; in solitude no other person is present. While se-
clusion is ordinarily voluntary, solitude may ■ be enforced ; we
speak of the solitude rather than the seclusion of a prisoner. As
' ' private " denotes what concerns ourselves individually, privacy
denotes freedom from the presence or observation of those not
concerned or whom we desire not to have concerned in our affairs;
revelation o^x.
revenge «*lo
privacy is more commonly temporary than seclusion ; we speak
of a moment's privacy. There may be loneliness without solitude,
as amid an unsympathizing crowd, and solitude without loneliness,
as when one is glad to be alone.
Antonyms :
association, companionship, company, converse, fellowship, society.
REVELATION.
Synonyms:
apocalypse, disclosure, manifestation.
Revelation (L. re, back, and velum, veil), literally an unveiling,
is the act or process of making known what was before secret or
hidden, or what may still be future. Apocalypse (Gr. apo, from,
and lialypto, cover), literally an uncovering, comes into English
as the name of the closing book of the Bible. The Apocalypse
unveils the future, as if to the very gaze of the seer ; the whole
gospel is a disclosure of the mercy of God ; the character of Clu-ist
is a manifestation of the divine holiness and love ; all Scripture is
a revelation of the divine will. Or we might say that nature is a
manifestation of the divine character and will, of which Scripture
is the fuller and more express revelation.
Antonyms :
cloud, concealment, mistery, shrouding,
cloudiness, hiding, obscuration, veiling.
REVENGE.
Synonyms :
avenging, retaliation, retribution, vengeance,
requital.
Revenge is the act of making return for an injury done to one-
self by doing injury to another person. Retaliation and revenge
are personal and often bitter. Retaliation may be partial ; re-
venge is meant to be complete, and may be excessive. Vengeance,
which once meant an indignant vindication of justice, now signi-
fies the most furious and unsparing revenge. Revenge emphasizes
more the personal injury in return for which it is inflicted, venge-
ance the ill desert of those upon whom it is inflicted. A requital
is strictly an even return, such as to quit one of obligation for
what has been received, and even if poor or unworthy is given as
complete and adequate. Avenging and retrilmtion give a solemn
sense of exact justice, avenging being more personal in its inflic-
tion, whether by God or man, and retribution the impersonal vis-
317 revolution
itation of the doom of righteous law. Compare avenge ; hatred ;
REQUITE.
Antouyms: ^
compassion, forgiveness, mercy, pardon, pity, reconciliation,
excuse, grace.
Prepositions :
To take revenge upon the enemy, for the injury.
REVOLUTIOIV.
Synonyms .
anarchy, insurrection, revolt,
confusion, la^vlessness, riot,
disintegration, mutiny, sedition,
disorder, rebellion, tumult,
insubordination,
The essential idea of revolution is a change in the form of gov-
ernment or constitution, or a change of rulers, otherwise than as
provided by the laws of succession, election, etc. ; while such
change is apt to involve armed hostilities, these make no necessary
part of the revolution. The I'evolution by which Dom Pedro was
dethroned, and Brazil changed from an empire to a republic, was
accomplished without a battle, and almost without a shot. An-
archy refers to the condition of a state when liuman government
is superseded or destroyed by factions or other causes. Lawless-
ness is a temper of mind or condition of the community which
may result in anarchy. Confusion, disorder, riot, and tuvmlt are
incidental and temporary outbreaks of laidessness, but may not be
anarchy. Insubordination is individual disobedience. Sedition
is the plotting, rebellion the fighting, against the existing goveruT
ment. but always with the purpose of establishing some other
government in its place. When rebellion is successful it is called
revolution ; but there may be revolution without rebellion ; as,
the English Revolution of 1688. A revolt is an uprising against
existing authority without the comprehensive views of change in
the form or administration of government that are involved in
revolution. Anarchy, when more than temporary disorder, is a
proposed disintegration of society, in which it is imagined that
social order might exist without government. Slaves make tJi-
surrection ; soldiers or sailors break out in mutiny ; subject prov-
inces rise in revolt. Comi^are socialism.
Antonyms:
autliority,
command,
control,
domination.
government,
obedience.
sovereignty,
dominion,
law.
order.
submission,
empire.
loyalty.
rule,
supremacy.
revolve oie
riddle, n. «**'
REVOLVE.
Synonyms:
roll, rotate, turn.
Any round body rolls which continuously touches with succes-
sive portions of its surface successive portions of anotlier surface ;
a wagon=\vheel rolls along the ground. To rotate is said of a body
that has a circular motion about its own center or axis ; to revolve
is said of a body that moves in a curving path, as a circle or an
ellipse, about a center outside of itself, so as to return periodically
to the same relative position that it held at some previous
time. A revolving body may also either rotate or roll at the same
time ; the earth revolves around the sun, and rotates on its own
axis ; in popular usage, the earth is often said to revolve about its
own axis, or to have a daily "re vohition," but rotate and "rotation"
are the more accurate terms. A cylinder over which an endless
belt is drawn is said to roll as regards the belt, tho it rotates as
regards its own axis. Any object that is in contact with or con-
nected with a rolling body is often said to roll ; as, the car rolls
smoothly along the track. Objects whose motion approximates or
suggests a rotary motion along a supporting surface are also said
to roll ; as, ocean waves roll in upon the shore, or the ship rolls in
the trough of the sea. Turn is a conversational and popular
word often used vaguely for rotate or revolve, or for any motion
about a fixed point, especially for a motion less than a complete
" rotation " or "revolution '"; a man turns his head or turns on his
heel ; the gate turns on its hinges.
Antonyms :
bind, chafe, grind, slide, slip, stand, stick.
RIDDEE, n.
Synonyms:
conundrum, enigma, paradox, problem, puzzle.
Conundrum, a word of unknown origin, signifies some ques-
tion or statement in which some hidden and fanciful resemblance
is involved, the answer often depending upon a pun ; an enigma
is a dark saying, a paradox is a true statement that at first
appears absurd or contradictory ; a problem is something thrown
out for solution ; puzzle (from oppose) referred originally to the
intricate arguments by which dispu.tants opposed each other in
the old philosophic schools. The riddle is an ambiguous or para-
doxical statement with a hidden meaning to be guessed by the
mental acuteness of the one to whom it is proposed ; the riddle is
tun rlglit, w.
319 rise
not so petty as the conundrum, and may require much acuteness
for its answer ; a problem may require simply study and scholar-
ship, as n, problem in mathematics ; &,]j}izzle may be in something
other than verbal statement, as a dissected map or any perplexing
mechanical contrivance. Both enigma and puzzle may be applied
to any matter difficult of answer or solution, enigma conveying
an idea of greater dignity, puzzle applying to something more
commonplace and meclianical ; there are many dark enigmas in
human life and in the course of providence ; the location of a
missing object is often a imzzle.
Antonyins :
answer, axiom, explanation, proposition, solution.
RIOHT, n.
Synonyms :
claim, franchise, liberty, prerogative,
exemption, immunity, license, privilege.
A rigli t is that which one may properly demand upon consider-
ations of justice, morality, equity, or of natural or positive law. A
right may be either general or special, natural or artificial. ' ' Life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness " are the natural and inalien-
able rights of all men; rights of property, inheritance, etc., are
individual and special, and often artificial, as the right of inherit-
ance by primogeniture. Aprivilege is always special, exceptional,
and artificial ; it is something not enjoyed by all, or only to be
enjoyed on certain special conditions, a peculiar benefit, favor,
advantage, etc. A privilege may be of doing or avoiding ; in the
latter case it is an exemption or immunity ; as, a jprivilege of
hunting or fishing ; exemption from military service ; immunity
from arrest. A franchise is a specific right or privilege granted
by the government or established as such by governmental author-
ity ; as, the elective franchise ; a railroad franchise. A p)rerog-
ative is an official right or privilege, especially one inherent in the
royal or sovereign power ; in a wider sense it is an exclusive and
peculiar privilege which one possesses by reason of being what he
is ; as, reason is the prerogative of man ; kings and nobles have
often c\?dvaed prerogatives and privileges opposed to the inherent
rights of the people. Compare duty ; justice.
RI^E.
Synonyms :
arise, ascend, emanate, flow, issue, proceed, spring.
To rise is to move up or upward whether slowly or quickly.
robber
royal 320
whether through the least or greatest distance ; the waves rise ;
the mists rise ; the river rises after heavy rains ; as said of persons,
to rise is to come to an erect position after kneeling, sitting, recli-
ning, or lying down ; as, to rise from a sick=bed ; my friend rose
as I entered ; the guests rose to depart ; so a deliberative assembly
or a committee is said to rise when it breaks up a session ; a sun
or star rises when to our apprehension it comes above the horizon
and begins to go up the sky. To ascend is to go far upward, and
is often used in a stately sense ; as, Clu'ist ascended to heaven.
The shorter form rise is now generally preferred to the longer
form arise, except in poetic or elevated style. The sun rises or
arises ; the river sjyrings at a bound from the foot of the glacier
and floivs thi-ough the lands to the ocean. Smoke issues from a
chimney and ascends toward the sky. Light and heat emanate
from the sun.
Aiitoiiyius:
decline, descend, drop, fall, go down, set, settle, sink.
Prepositions:
Rise from slumber ; rise to duty ; rise at the summons ; we
rose ivith the lark.
ROBBER.
Synonyms :
bandit, depredator, freebooter, pirate,
brigand, despoiler, highwayman, plunderer,
buccaneer, footpad, marauder, raider
burglar, forager, pillager, thief.
A robber seeks to obtain the property of others by force or in-
timidation ; a thief by stealth and secrecy. In early English thief
was freely used in both senses, as in Shakespeare and the Author-
ized Version of the English Bible, which has "two thieves " {Matt.
xxvii, 38), where the Revised Version more correctly substitutes
" two robbers.'"
ROYAL.
Synonyms:
august, kingly, majestic, princely,
tinglike, magnificent, munificent, regal.
Eoyal denotes that which actually belongs or pertains to a
monarch ; the royal residence is that which the king occupies,
royal raiment that which the king wears. Begal denotes that
which in outward state is appropriate for a king ; a subject may
assume regal magnificence in residence, dress, and equipage.
Kingly denotes that which is worthy of a king in personal quali-
rustic
321 sacrament
ties, especially of character and conduct ; as, a kingly bearing ; a
kingly resolve. Princely is especially used of treasure, expendi-
ture, gifts, etc., as princely munificence, a princely fortune,
where regal could not so well be used and royal would change the
sense. The distinctions between these words are not absolute, but
the tendency of the best usage is as here suggested.
Antonyms:
beggarly, contemptible, mean, poor, servile, slavish, vile.
Synonyms:
agricultural,
artless,
awkw^ard,
boorish,
bucolic,
clow^nish.
RUSTIC.
coarse, pastoral,
countrified, plain,
country, rude,
hoidenish, rural,
inelegant, sylvan,
outlandish,
uncouth.
unpolished,
unsophisticated
untaught,
verdant.
Rural and rustic are alike derived from the Latin 7-us, coun-
try, and may be alike defined as pertaining to, characteristic of,
or dwelling in the country ; but in usage rural refers especially
to scenes or objects in the country, considered as the work of
nature ; rustic refers to their efi^ect upon man or to their condi-
tion as affected by human agency ; as, a rural scene ; a rustic
party ; a rustic lass. We speak, however, of the rural popula-
tion, rural simplicity, etc. Rural has always a favorable sense ;
rustic frequently an unfavorable one, as denoting a lack of culture
and refinement ; thus, rustic politeness expresses that which is
well=meant. but awkward ; similar ideas are suggested by a rustic
feast, rustic garb, etc. Rustic is, however, often used of a studied
simplicity, an artistic rudeness, which is pleasing and jDerhaps
beautiful ; as, a rustic cottage ; a rustic chair. Pastoral refers
to the care of flocks, and to the shepherd's life with the pleasing
associations suggested by the old poetic ideal of that life ; as,
pastoral j)oetry. Bucolic is kindred to pastoral, but is a less
elevated term, and sometimes slightly contemptuous.
Antonyms :
accomplished, cultured, polished, refined, urbane,
cityslike, elegant, polite, urban, well-bred.
SACRAMEBJT.
Synonyms ;
ceremon
communi
Any religious act, especially a public act, viewed as a means
ceremony, eucharist, observance, rite, solemnity,
communion. Lords Supper, ordinance, service.
sagacious
322
of serving God is called a service ; the word commonly includes
the entire series of exercises of a single occasion of public worship.
A religious service ordained as an outward and visible sign of an
inward and spiritual grace is called a sacrament. Ceremony is
a form expressing reverence, or at least respect ; we may speak of
religious ceremonies, the ceremotiies of polite society, the cere-
monies of a coronation, an inauguration, etc. An observance has
more than a formal obligation, reaching or approaching a reUg-
ious sacredness ; a stated religious observance, viewed as estab-
lished by authority, is called an ordinance ; viewed as an estab-
lished custom, it is a rite. The terms sacrament and ordinance,
in the religious sense, are often used interchangeably ; the ordi-
nance derives its sacredness from the authority that ordained it,
wliile the sacrament possesses a sacredness due to something in
itself, even when viewed simply as a representation or memorial.
The Lord's Supper is the Scriptviral name for the observance com-
memorating the death of Christ ; the w^ord communion is once
applied to it (1 Cor. x, 16), but not as a distinctive name ; at an
early period, however, the name communion was so applied, as
denoting the communing of Cliristians with their Lord, or with
one another. The term eucliarist describes the Lord's Supper as a
thanksgiving service ; it is also called by preeminence the sacra-
ment, as the ratifying of a solemn vow of consecration to Christ.
SAOACIOUS.
Synonyms t
able, intelligent, perspicacious, sensible,
acute, keen, quick of scent, sharp,
apt, keen=siglitecl, quickiscented, sharp =witted,
clear=sighted, keen=witted, rational, shrew^d,
discerning, judicious, sage, wise.
Sagacious refers to a power of tracing the hidden or recondite
by slight indications, as by instinct or intuition ; it is not now ap-
plied to mere keenness of sense=i)erception. We do not call a
hound sagacious in following a clear trail ; but if he loses the
scent, as at the edge of a stream, and circles around till he strikes
it again, his conduct is said to be sagacious. In human affairs
sagacious refers to a power of ready, far=reaching, and accurate
inference from observed facts perhaps in themselves very slight,
that seems like a special sense ; or to a similar readiness to foresee
the results of any action, especially upon human motives or con-
duct — a kind of prophetic common sense. Sagacious is a broader
sale
323 sample
and nobler word than shreivd, and not capable of the invidious
sense which the latter word often bears ; on the other hand, saga-
cious is less lofty and comprehensive than wise in its full sense,
and more limited to matters of direct practical moment. Com-
pare ASTUTE ; WISDOM.
Antonyms:
absurd, foolish, ignorant, obtuse, silly, sottish, undiscerning,
dull, futile, irrational, senseless, simple, stupid, unintelligent.
SALE.
Synonyms:
bargain, barter, change, deal, exchange, trade.
A bargain is strictly an agreement or contract to buy and sell,
tho the word is often used to denote the entire transaction and also
as a designation for the thing sold or purchased. Change and
exchange are words of wider signification, applying only inciden-
tally to the transfer of property or value ; a change secures some-
thing different in any way or by any means ; an exchange secures
something as an equivalent or return, tho not necessarily as pay-
ment for what is given. Barter is the exchange of one commodity
for another, the word being used generally with reference to port-
able commodities. Trade in the broad sense may apply to vast
bvisinesses (as the hook4rade), but as denoting a single transac-
tion is used cliiefly in regard to things of moderate value, when it
becomes nearly synonymous with barter. Sale is commonly, and
with increasing strictness, limited to the transfer of property for
money, or for something estimated at a money value or considered
as equivalent to so much money in hand or to be paid. A deal
in the political sense is a bargain, substitution, or transfer for the
benefit of certain persons or parties against all others ; as, the
nomination was the result of a deal ; in business it may have a
similar meaning, but it frequently signifies simply a sale or ex-
change, a dealing ; as, a heavy deal in stocks.
SAMPLE.
Synonyms :
case, exempliflcation, instance,
example, illustration, specimen.
A sample is a portion taken at random out of a quantity sup-
posed to be homogeneous, so that the qualities found in the sample
may reasonably be expected to be found in the whole ; as, a samjjle
of sugar ; a sample of cloth. A sp)ecimen is one unit of a series,
satisfy
scliolar 324
or a fragment of a mass, all of which is supposed to possess the
same essential qualities : as, a sjiecimen of coinage, or of architec-
ture, or a specimen of quartz. No other unit or portion may be
exactly like the specimen, while all the rest is supposed to be ex-
actly like the sample. An instance is a sample or specimen of
action. Comj^are example.
Antonyms:
abnormality, aggregate, exception, monstrosity, total, whole.
SATISFY.
Synonyms:
cloy» fill, sate, suffice,
content, glut, satiate, surfeit.
To satisfy is to furnish just enough to meet physical, mental,
or spiritual desire. To sate or satiate is to gratify desire so
fully as for a time to extinguish it. To cloy or surfeit is to
gi-atify to the point of revulsion or disgust. Glut is a sti-ong
but somewhat coarse word applied to the utmost satisfaction of
vehement appetites and passions ; as, to glut a vengeful spirit
with slaughter ; we speak of glutting the market with a sujjply
so excessive as to extinguish the demand. Much less than is
needed to satisfy may suffice a frugal or abstemious person ;
less than a sufficiency may content one of a patient and -sub-
missive spirit. Compare pay ; requite.
Antonyms:
check, disappoint, restrain, starve, straiten,
deny, refuse, restrict, stint, tantalize.
Prepositions :
Satisfy intli food, until gifts, etc.; satisfy one (in the sense
of make satisfaction) for labors and sacrifices ; satisfy oneself hy
or XLpon inquiry.
SCHOLAR.
Synonyms:
disciple, learner, pupil, savant, student.
The primary sense of a scholar is one who is being schooled ;
thence the word passes to denote one who is apt in school work,
and finally one who is thorouglily schooled, master of what the
schools can teach, an erudite, accompUshed person : when used
without qualification, the word is generally understood in this lat-
ter sense; as, he is manifestly a scholar. Pupil signifies one
under the close personal supervision or insti'uction of a teacher or
tutor. Tliose under instruction in schools below the academic
325
science
grade are technically and officially termed pupils. The word
pupil is uniformly so used in the Reports of the Commissioner of
Education of the United States, but popular American usage pre-
fers sclwlar in the original sense ; as, teachers and scholars en-
joyed a holiday. Those under instruction in Sunday=schools are
uniformly designated as Sunday-school scholars. Student is ap-
plied to those in the higher grades or courses of study, as the aca-
demic, collegiate, scientific, etc. Student suggests less proficiency
than scholar in the highest sense, the student being one who is
learning, the scholar one who has learned. On the other hand,
student suggests less of personal supervision than pupil ; thus, the
college student often becomes the private ptipil of some instructor
in special studies. For disciple, etc., compare synonyms for ad-
herent.
Antonyms:
dunce, fool, idiot, idler, ignoramus, illiterate person.
SCIENCE.
Synonyms :
art, knowledge.
Knordedge of a single fact, not known as related to any other,
or of many facts not known as having any mutual relations or as
comprehended under any general law, does not reach the mean-
ing of science ; science is knoicledge reduced to law and embodied
in system. The knowledge of various countries gathered by an
observant traveler may be a heterogeneous medley of facts, which
gain real value only when coordinated and arranged by the man of
science. Art always relates to something to be done, science to
something to be known. Not only must art be discriminated
from science, but ar^t in the industrial or mechanical sense must
be distinguished fi-om art in the esthetic sense ; the former aims
chiefly at utility, the latter at beauty. The mechanic arts are the
province of the artisan, the esthetic or fine arts are the province
of the artist ; all the industrial arts, as of weaving or printing,
arithmetic or navigation, are governed by exact rules. Art in
the highest esthetic sense, while it makes use of rules, transcends
all rule ; no rules can be given for the jiroduction of a painting
like Raffael's " Ti-ansfigtu-ation," a statue like the Apollo Bel-
vedere, or a poem like the Iliad. Science does not, like the
mechanic arts, make production its direct aim, yet its possible
productive application in the arts is a constant stimulus to scien-
security nndi
tific investigation ; the science, as in the case of chemistry or elec-
tricity, is urged on to higher development by the demands of the
art, while the art is perfected by the advance of the science.
Creative art seeking beauty for its own sake is closely akin to
pure science seeking Tcnowledge for its own sake. Compare
knowledge; literature.
!«»ECURITV.
Synonyms :
tiail, earnest, gage, pledge, surety.
The first four words agree in denoting something given or de-
jjosited as an assurance of something to be given, paid, or done.
An earnest is of the same kind as that to be given, a portion of it
delivered in advance, as when -p^vt of the purchase=money is paid,
according to the common expression, "to bind the bargain." A
pledge or security may be wholly different in kind from that to be
given or paid, and may greatly exceed it in value. Security may
be of real or personal property — anything of sufficient value to
make the creditor secure ; a pledge is always of personal property
or chattels. Every pawnshop contains unredeemed pledges ;
land, merchandise, bonds, etc. , are frequently offered and accepted
as secu7'ity. A person may become security or surety for another's
payment of a debt, appearance in court, etc. ; in the latter case, he
is said to become bail for that person : the person accused gives
bail for himself. Oage survives only as a literary word, chiefly
in certain phrases ; as, " the gage of battle."
Prepositions :
Security for the payment of a debt ; security to the state, for
the prisoner, in the sum of a thousand dollars.
SEl,F=ABXEGATIO]V.
Synonyms:
self=control, self=devotion, self=renunciation,
self-denial, selMmmolation, self=sacrifice.
Self-control is holding oneself within due limits in pleasures
and duties, as in all things else ; self-denial, the giving up of
pleasures for the sake of duty. Self -renunciation surrenders con-
scious rights and claims ; self=abnegation forgets that there is
anything to surrender. There have been devotees who jjractised
very little self-denial with very much self-renunciation. A
motlier will care for a sick child with complete self-abnegation,
but withovxt a thought of self-denial. Self-devotion is heart^con-
327 send
secration of self to a person or cause with readiness for any needed
sacrifice. Self-sacrifice is the strongest and completest term of
all, and contemplates the gift of self as actually made. We speak
of the self-sacrifice of Christ, where any other of the above terms
would be feeble or inappropriate.
Antonyms:
8elf=gratification, self=indnlgence, selfishness, self=seeking, self-will.
Synonyms :
cast,
dart,
delegate,
depute.
SEND.
despatch, emit,
discharge, fling,
dismiss, forw^ard,
drive, liurl.
impel, propel,
lance. sling,
launch, throw,
project, transmit.
To send is to cause to go or pass from one place to another, and
always in fact or thought away from the agent or agency that con-
trols the act. Send in its most common use involves personal
agency witliout personal presence ; according to the adage, " If
you want your business done, go ; if not, send "*, one sends a let-
ter or a bullet, a messenger or a message. In all the derived uses
this same idea controls ; if one seiids a ball into his own heart, the
action is away from the directing hand, and he is viewed as the
passive recipient of his own act ; it is with an approach to person-
ification that we speak of the bow sending the arrow, or the gun
the shot. To despatch is to send hastily or very promptly, ordi-
narily with a destination in view ; to dismiss is to seiid away from
oneself without reference to a destination ; as, to dismiss a clerk,
an application, or an annoying subject. To discharge is to send
away so as to relieve a person or tiling of a load ; we discharge a
gun or discharge the contents ; as applied to persons, discharge is
a harsher term than dismiss. To emit is to send forth from within,
with no reference to a destination ; as, the sun emits light and
heat. Transmit, from the Latin, is a dignified term, often less
vigorous than the Saxon send, but preferable at times in literary
or scientific use ; as, to transmit the crown, or the feud, from gen-
eration to generation ; to transmit a cUarge of electricity. Trans-
mit fixes the attention more on the intervening agency, as send
does upon the points of departure and destination.
Antonyms :
bring, convey, give, hold, receive,
carry, get, hand, keep, retain.
Prepositions :
To send from the hand to or totvard (rarely at) a mark ; send
sensation nAo
sensibility 32s
to a friend by a messenger or by mail ; send a person into banish-
ment ; send a shell among the enemy.
SEl^SATION.
Synonyms:
emotion, feeling, perception, sense.
Sensation is the mind's consciousness due to a bodily affection,
as of heat or cold ; j^^^cejMon is the cognition of some external
object which is the cause or occasion of the sensation ; the sensa-
tion of heat may be connected with the perception of a fire. While
sensations are connected with the body, emotions, as joy, grief,
etc., are wholly of the mind. " As the most of them [the sensa-
tions] are positively agi-eeable or the opposite, they are nearly akin
to those emotions, as hope or terror, or those passions, as anger
and envy, which are acknowledged by all to belong exclusively to
the spirit, and to involve no relation whatever to matter or the
bodily organism. Such feelings are not infrequently styled sensa-
tions, though improperly." Porter Human Intellect % 112, p.
138. [s. '90.] Feeling is a general term popularly denoting what
is felt, whether through the body or by the mind alone, and in-
cludes both sensation and emotion. Asense is an organ or faculty
of sensation or of perception.
SENSIBILITY.
Synonyms :
feeling, impressibility, sensitiveness, susceptibility.
Sensibility in the philosophical sense, denotes the capacity of
emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the
wdll. (Compare synonyms for sensation.) In popular use sensi-
bility denotes sometimes capacity of feeling of any kind ; as, sen-
sibility to heat or cold ; sometimes, a peculiar readiness to be the
subject of feeling, especially of the higher feelings ; as, the sensi-
bility of the artist or the poet ; a person of great or fine sensibility.
Sensitiveness denotes an especial delicacy of sensibility, ready to
be excited by the slightest cause, as displayed, for instance, in the
"sensitive=plant." Susceptibility is rather a capacity to take up,
receive, and, as it were, to contain feeling, so that a person of great
S7isceptibility is capable of being not only readily but deeply
moved ; sensitiveness is more superficial, susceptibility more per-
vading. Thus, in physics, the sensitiveness of a magnetic needle
is the ease with which it may be deflected, as by another magnet ;
its suscep>tibility is the degree to which it can be magnetized by a
329
given magnetic force or the amount of magnetism it will hold. So
a person of great sensitiveness is quickly and keenly affected by
any external influence, as by music, pathos, or ridicule, while a
person of great susceptibility is not only touched, but moved to
his inmost soul.
Antonyms :
coldness, deadness, hardiiesH, insensibility, numbness, unconsciousness.
Prepositions :
The sensibility of the organism to atmospheric changes.
SEVERE.
Synonyms :
austere, inflexible, rigorous, uncompromising,
hard, morose, stern, unmitigated,
harsh, relentless, stiff, unrelenting,
inexorahle, rigid, strict, unyielding.
That is severe which is devoid of all softness, mildness, tender-
ness, indulgence or levity, or (in literature and art) devoid of unnec-
essary ornament, amplification, or embellishment of any kind ; as,
a severe style ; as said of anything painful, severe signifies such as
heavily taxes endui'ance or resisting power ; as, a severe pain,
fever, or winter. Rigid signifies primarily stiff, resisting any effort
to change its shape ; a corpse is said to be rigid in death ; hence,
in metaphorical sense, a rigid person or character is one that resists
all efforts to change the will or course of conduct ; a rigid rule or
statement is one that admits of no deviation. Rigorous is nearly
akin to rigid, but is a stronger word, having reference to action or
active quaUties, as rigid does to state or character ; a rigid rule
may be rigorously enforced. Strict (L. stringo, bind) signifies
bound or sti'etched tight, tense, strenuously exact. Stern unites
harshness and authority with strictness or severity ; stern, as said
even of inanimate objects, suggests something authoritative or
forbidding. Austere signifies severely simple or temperate, strict
in self=restraint or discipline, and similarly unrelenting toward
others. We speak of austere morality, rigid rules, rigorous dis-
cipline, stern commands, severe punishment, harsh speech or a
harsh voice, hard requirements, strict injunctions, and strict obe-
dience. Strict discipline holds one exactly and unflinchingly to
the rule ; rigorous discipline punishes severely any infraction of
it. The austere character is seldom lovely, but it is always strong,
and may be grand, commanding, and estimable.
Antonyms :
affable, easy, gentle, lenient, pliable, sweet, tractable,
bland, genial, indulgent, mild, soft, tender, yielding.
sbake
330
SHAKE.
Synonyms:
agitate,
brandisli,
flap,
fluctuate,
flutter.
jar,
joggle,
jolt,
jounce,
oscillate,
quake,
quaver,
quiver,
reel,
rock,
shiver,
sbudder,
sway,
sw^ing,
tbriU,
totter,
tremble,
vibrate,
w^ave,
w^aver.
A thing is shaken wliich is subjected to short and abruptly
checked movements, as forward and backward, up and down,
from side to side, etc. A tree is " sliaTien with a mighty wind ; "
a man slowly shakes liis head. A thing roclis that is sustained
from below ; it swings if susj^ended from above, as a pendulum, or
pivoted at the side, as a crane or a bridge=draw ; to oscillate is to
swing with a smooth and regular returning motion ; a vibrating
motion maybe tremulous or jarring. The pendulum of a clock
may be said to siving, vibrate, or oscillate ; a steel bridge vibrates
under the passage of a heavy train ; the term vibrate is also ap-
plied to molecular movements. Jolting is a lifting from and let-
ting down suddenly upon an unyielding sui-face ; as, a carriage
jolts over a rough road. A jarring motion is abruptly and very
rapidly repeated through an exceedingly limited space ; the jolting
of the carriage jars the windows. Rattling refers directly to the
sound produced by shaking. To joggle is to shake sUghtly ; as, a
j)assing touch joggles the desk on which one is writing. A thing
trembles that .shakes perceptibly and with an appearance of uncer-
tainty and instability, as a person under the influence of fear ; a
thing shivers when all its particles are stirred with a slight but
pervading tremulous motion, as a human body under the influence
of cold ; shuddering is a more pronounced movement of a similar
kind, in human beings often the effect of emotional or moral
recoil ; hence, the word is applied by extension to such feelings
even when they have no such outward manifestation ; as, one says,
"I shudder at the thought." To quiver is to have slight and often
spasmodic contractile motions, as the flesh under the surgeon's
knife. Thrill is applied to a jjervasive movement felt rather than
seen ; as, the nerves thrill with delight ; quiver is similarly used,
but suggests somewhat more of outward manifestation. To agi-
tate in its literal use is nearly the same as to shake, tho we speak
of the sea as agitated when we could not say it is shaken ; the
Latin agitate is preferred in scientiflc or technical use to the Saxon
shake, and especially as applied to the action of mechanical con-
ti-ivances ; in the meta]3horical use agitate is more ti'ansitory and
superficial, shake more fundamental and enduring ; a person's
331 shelter
feelings are agitated by distressing news ; his coui-age, his faith,
his credit, or his testimony is shaken. Sway applies to the move-
ment of a body suspended from above or not firmly sustained from
below, and the motion of which is less pronounced than sioinging,
smoother than vibrating, and not necessarily constant as oscilla-
ting ; as, the swaying of a reed in the wind. Sway used transi-
tively especially applies to motions of gi-ace or dignity ; brandish
denotes a threatening or hostile motion ; a monarch sways the
scepter ; the ruffian brandishes a club. To reel or totter always
implies liability to fall ; reeling is more violent than swaying, tot-
tering more irregular ; a drunken man reels ; we speak of the tot-
tering step of age or infancy. An extended mass which seems to
lack solidity or cohesion is said to quake ; as, a quakiiig bog.
Quaver is applied almost exclusively to tremulous sounds of the
human voice. Flap, flutter, and fluctuate refer to wave=like
movements, flap generally to such as produce a sharp sound ; a
cock flaps his wings ; flutter applies to a less pronounced and more
irregular motion ; a captive bird or a feeble pulse flutters. Com-
pare FLUCTUATE.
SHELTER.
Syuoiiyin)^ :
cover, guard, protect, shield,
defend, harbor, screen, ward.
Anything is covered over which something is completely
extended ; a vessel is covered with a lid ; the head is covered with
a hat. That which covers may also defend or protect ; thus, troops
interposed between some portion of their own army and the enemy
are often called a covering party. To shelter is to cover so as to
protect from injury or annoyance ; as, the roof shelters from the
storm ; woods shelter from the heat. To defend (L. defendere,
to strike away) implies tlio actual, protect (L. p)rotegere, to
cover before) implies the possible use of force or resisting power ;
guard implies sustained vigilance with readiness for conflict ; we
defend a person or thing against actual attack ; we guard or pro-
tect against possible assault or injury. A powerful person may
protect one who is weak by simply declaring himself his friend ;
he defends him by some form of active championship. An inani-
mate object may protect, as a garment from cold ; defend is used
but rarely, and by soniewhat violent metaphor, in such connec-
tion. Protect is more complete than guard or defend ; an object
may be faithfully guarded or bravely defended in vain, but that
which is protected is secure. To shield is to interpose something
sin 332
over or before that which is assailed, so as to save from harm, and
has a comparatively passive sense ; one may guard another by
standing armed at his side, defend him by fighting for him, or
shield him from a missile or a blow by interposing his own person.
Harbor is generally used in an unfavorable sense ; confederates or
sympathizers liarbor a criminal ; a i:)erson harbors evil thoughts
or designs. See cherish. Compare synonyms for hide ; defense.
Antoiiyiii!i« :
betray, cast out, expel, expose, give up, refuse, reject, surrender.
Prepositions :
Shelter under a roof from the storm ; in the fortress, behind
or within the walls, from attack.
SIGN.
Synonyms:
emblem, mark, presage, symbol, token,
indication. note, prognostic, symptom, type,
manifestation, omen. signal,
A sign (L. signum) is any distinctive inarh by which a thing
may be recognized or its presence known, and may be intentional
or accidental, natural or artificial, suggestive, descriptive, or wholly
arbitrary ; thus, a blush may be a sign of shame ; the footprint of
an animal is a sign that it has passed ; the sign of a business
hovise now usually declares what is done or kept within, but for-
merly might be an object having no connection with the busi-
ness, as ' ' the sign of the trout " ; the letters of the alphabet are
signs of certain sounds. While a sign may be involuntary, and
even unconscious, a signal is always voluntary, and is usually
concerted ; a ship may show signs of distress to the casual ob-
server, but signals of distress are a distinct appeal for aid. A
symptom is a vital phenomenon resulting from a diseased condi-
tion ; in medical language a sign is an indication of any physical
condition, whether morbid or healthy ; thus, a hot skin and rapid
])ulse are symptoms of pneumonia ; dulness of some portion of the
lungs under percussion is one of the physical signs. Compare
ATJGUE ; CHARACTERISTIC ; EMBLEM.
SIN.
sjynonyms:
crime. fault, misdeed, vice,
criminality, guilt, offense, viciousness,
delinquency, ill=doing. transgression. w^ickedness,
depravity, immorality, ungodliness, -wrong,
evil, iniquity, unrighteousness, w^rong:doing.
Sin is any lack of holiness, any defect of moral purity and
333 sins
truth, whether in heart or hfe, whether of commission or omission.
"All unrighteousness is sin," 1 John v, 17. Transgression, as its
etymology indicates, is the stepping over a specific enactment,
whether of God or man, ordinarily by overt act, but in the broad-
est sense, in volition or desire. Sin may be either act or state ;
transgression is always an act, mental or physical. Crimeis often
used for a fiagi'ant violation of right, but in the technical sense
denotes specific violation of human law. Guilt is desert of and
exposure to punishment because of sin. Depravity denotes not any
action, but a perverted moral condition from which any act of sin
may proceed. Sin in the generic sense, as denoting a state of
heart, is synonymous with depravity ; in the specific sense, as in
the expression a sin., the term may be synonymous with trans-
gression, crime, offense, misdeed, etc., or may denote some moral
activity that could not be characterized by terms so i^ositive. Im-
morality denotes outward violation of the moral law. Sin is thus
the broadest word, and immorality next in scope ; all crimes,
properly so called, and all immoralities, are sins ; but there may
be sin, as ingratitude, which is neither crime, transgression, nor
immorality ; and there may be immorality which is not crime, as
falsehood. Compare criminal.
Antonyms:
blamelessnesB, goodness, integrity, rectitude, sinlessness,
excellence, holiness, morality, right, uprightness,
godliness, innocence, purity, righteousness, vutue.
Compare synonyms for virtue.
SIXG.
Synonyms :
carol, chant, chirp, chirrup, hum, warble.
To sing is primarily and ordinarily to utter a succession of
articulate musical sounds with the human voice. The word has
come to include any succession of musical sounds ; we say the
bird or the rivulet sings ; we speak of "the singing quality " of an
instrument, and by still wider extension of meaning we say the
teakettle or the cricket sings. To chant is to sing in solemn and
somewhat uniform cadence ; chant is ordinarily applied to non=
metrical religious compositions. To carol is to sing joyously, and
to ivarble (kindred with ichirl) is to sing with trills or quavers,
usually also with the idea of joy. Carol and warble are especially
apphed to the singing of birds. To chirp is to utter a brief musi-
cal sound, perhaps often repeated in the same key, as by certain
sketcli 334
small birds, insects, etc. To chirrup is to utter a somewhat simi-
lar sound ; the word is often used of a brief, sharp sound uttered
as a signal to animate or rouse a horse or other animal. To Imm
is to utter murmuring sovmds with somewhat monotonous musical
cadence, usually with closed lips ; we speak also of the hum of
machinery, etc.
SKETCH.
Synonyms :
brief, draft, outline, plan,
design, draw^ing, picture, skeleton.
A sketch is a rough, suggestive presentation of anything,
whether graphic or literary, commonly intended to be prehminary
to a more complete or extended treatment. An outline gives only
the bounding or determining lines of a figure or a scene ; a sketch
may give not only lines, but shading and color, but is hasty and
incomplete. The lines of a sketch, are seldom so full and continu-
ous as those of an outline, being, like the shading or color, Httle
more than indications or suggestions according to which a finished
picture may be made ; the artist's fu-st representation of a sunset,
the hues of which change so rapidly, must of necessity be a sketch.
Draft and p?aji apply especially to mechanical drawing, of which
outline, sketch, and clrmcing are also used ; a p?o?i is strictly a
view from above, as of a building or machine, giving the lines of
a horizontal section, originally at the level of the gi'ound, now in
a wider sense at any height : as, a. plan of the cellar ; &plan of
the attic. A mechanical drawing is always understood to be in
full detail ; a draft is an incomplete or unfinished dratcing ; a
design is such a preliminary sketch as indicates the object to be
accomplished or the result to be attained, and is understood to be
original. One may make a dr airing of any well=known mechan-
ism, or a drawing from another man's design ; but if he says, ' ' The
design is mine," he claims it as his own invention or composi-
tion. In written composition an outline gives simply the main
divisions, and in the case of a sermon is often called a skeleton ; a
somewhat fuller suggestion of illustration, treatment, and style is
given in a sketch. A lawyer's brief is a succinct statement of the
main facts involved in a case, and of the main heads of his argu-
ment on points of law, with reference to authorities cited ; the
hrief has none of the vagueness of a sketch, being sufficiently exact
and complete to form, on occasion, the basis for the decision of
skeptic
335 skilful
the court without oral argument, when the case is said to be "sub-
mitted on brief." Compare design.
SKEPTIC.
Synonyms :
agnostic, deist, doubter, infidel, unbeliever,
atheist, disbeliever, freethinker.
The skeptic, doubts divine revelation ; the disbeliever and the
unbeliever reject it, the disbeliever with more of intellectual dis-
sent, the unbeliever (in the common acceptation) with indifference
or with opposition of heart as well as of intellect. Infidel is an
opprobrious term that might once almost have been said to be
geographical in its range. The Crusaders called all Mohammedans
infidels, and were so called by them in return ; the word is com-
monly api^lied to any decided opponent of an accepted religion.
The atheist denies that there is a God ; the deist admits the exis-
tence of God, but denies that the Christian Scriptures are a reve-
lation from him ; the agnostic denies either that we do know
or that we can know whether there is a God.
Antonynts:
believer, Christian.
SKILFUL,.
Synonyms -.
accomplished, ^apt, dexterous, happy, proficient,
adept. clever, expert, ingenious, skilled,
adroit, deft,, handy, practised, trained.
Skilful signifies possessing and using readily practical knowl-
edge and ability, having alert and well=trained faculties with ref-
erence to a given work. One is adept in that for which he has a
natural gift improved by practise ; he is expert in that of which
training, experience, and study have given him a thorough mas-
tery ; he is dexterous in that which he can do effectively, with or
without training, especially in work of the hand or bodily activi-
ties. In the case of the noun, "an expert" denotes one who is
' ' experienced " in the fullest sense, a master of his branch of knowl-
edge. A skilled workman is one who has thoroughly learned his
trade, though he may be naturally quite dull ; a skilfid workman
has some natural brightness, ability, and power of adaptation, in
addition to his acquired knowledge and dexterity. Compare
CLEVER ; DEXTERITY ; POWER.
silander
slang 336
Antonyms:
awkward, clumsy, inexpert, shiftless, unskilled, untrained,
bungling, helpless, maladroit, unhandy, untaught.
Prepositions :
Skilful at or in a work, with a pen or tool of any kind.
Synonyms :
asperse, decry, disparage, revile,
backbite, defame, libel, traduce,
calumniate, depreciate, malign, vilify.
To slander a person is to utter a false and injurious report con-
cerning him ; to defame is specifically and directly to attack one's
reputation ; to defame by spoken words is to slander, by writ-
ten words, to lihel. To asjjerse is, as it were, to bespatter
with injurious charges ; to malign is to circulate studied and
malicious attacks upon character ; to traduce is to exhibit one's
real or assumed traits in an odious light ; to revile or vilify is to
attack with vile abuse. To disparage is to represent one's ad-
mitted good traits or acts as less praiseworthy than they would
naturally be thought to be, as for instance, by ascribing a man's
benevolence to a desire for popularity or display. To lihel or
slander is to make an assault upon character and repute that
comes within the scope of law ; the slander is uttered, the lihel
written, printed, or pictured. To hackhite is to speak something
secretly to one's injury ; to calumniate is to inv^ent as well as utter
the injurious charge. One may "abuse," "assail," or vilify an-
other to his face ; he asperses, calumniates, slanders, or traduces
him behind his back.
Antonyms:
defend. eulogize, extol, laud, praise, vindicate.
SLANO.
Synonyms:
cant, collocLuialism, vulgarism, vulgarity.
A colloquialism is an expression not coarse or low, and perhaps
not incorrect, but below the literary grade ; educated persons are
apt to allo^v themselves some coHoquialisnis in familiar conversa-
tion, which they would avoid in writing or public speaking.
Slang, in the primary sense, denotes expressions that are either
coarse and rude in themselves or chiefly cui-rent among the coarser
and ruder part of the community ; there are also many expressions
cuiTent in special senses in certain communities that may be char-
«.«-, slow
337 tsueer
acterized as slang ; as, college slang ; club slang ; racing slang.
In the evolution of language many words originally slang are
adopted by good writers and speakers, and ultimately take their
place as accepted English. A vulgarism is an expression decidedly
incorrect, and the use of which is a mark of ignorance or low
breeding. Cant, as used in this connection, denotes the barbarous
jargon used as a secret language by thieves, tramps, etc. Compare
DICTION : LANGUAGE.
SLOW.
Synonyms:
daw^dling, dilatory, gradual, lingering, slack,
delaying, drow^sy, inactive, moderate, sluggish,
deliberate, dull, inert, procrastinating, tardy.
Sloiv signifies moving through a relatively short distance, or
with a relatively small number of motions in a given time ; slow
also applies to that which is a relatively long while in beginning
or accomplishing something ; a watch or a clock is said to be slow
when its indications are behind those of the standard time. Tardy
is applied to that which is behind the j)roper or desired time,
especially in doing a work or arriving at a place. Deliberate and
dilatory are used of persons, tho the latter may be used also of
things, as of a stream ; a person is deliberate who takes a notice-
ably long time to consider and decide before acting or who acts or
speaks as if he were deliberating at every point ; a person is dilatory
who lays aside, or puts off as long as possible, necessary or required
action ; both words may be apphed either to undertaking or to
doing. Gradual (L. gradus, a step) signifies advancing by steps,
and refers to sloiv but regular and sure progression. Slack refers
to action that seems to indicate a lack of tension, as of muscle or
of will, sluggish to action that seems as if reluctant to advance.
Antonyms :
See synonyms for nimble.
SNEER.
Synonyms :
fling, gibe, jeer, mock, scoff, taunt.
A sneer may be simply a contemptuous facial contortion, or
it may be some brief satirical utterance that throws a contemp-
tuous sideslight on what it attacks without attempting to prove or
disprove ; a depreciatory implication may be given in a sneer such
soclallj^m
sound «it5S
as could only be answei'ed by elaborate argument or proof, which
would seem to give the attack undue importance :
Who can refute a sneer? Palbt Moral Philosophy bk. v, ch. ix.
A. fling is careless and commonly pettish ; a taunt is intentionally
insulting and provoking ; the sneer is supercilious ; the taunt is
defiant. The jeer and gibe are uttered ; the gibe is bitter, and
often sly or covert ; the jeer is rude and open. A seoff may be in
act or word, and is commonly directed against that which claims
honor, reverence, or worship. Compare banter.
Preposition:
Only an essentially vicious mind is capable of a sneer at virtue.
SOCIAI^ISM.
Synonyms :
anarchism, collectivism, communism, fabianism.
Socialism, as defined by its advocates, is a theory of civil polity
that aims to secure the reconstruction of society, increase of
wealth, and a more equal distribution of the products of labor
through the public collective ownership of land and capital (as
distinguished from property), and the public collective management
of all industries. Its motto is, "Every one according to his deeds '' ;
socialism is a purely economic term, applying to landownership and
productive capital. Many socialists call themselves collectivists, and
their system collectivism. Communism would divide aU things,
including the profits of individual labor, among members of the
community ; many of its advocates would abolish marriage and
the family relation. Anarchism would destroy, by violence if
necessary, all existing government and social order, leaving the
future to determine what, if anything, should be raised upon
their ruins.
sorivD.
Synonyms:
noise, note, tone.
Sound is the sensation produced through the organs of hearing
or the physical cause of this sensation. Sound is the most com-
prehensive word of this gi"oup, applying to anything that is audi-
ble. Totie is sound considered as having some musical quality or
as expressive of some feeling ; noise is sound considered without
reference to musical quality or as distinctly unmusical or discord-
ant. Thus, in the most general sense noise and sotmd scarcelj^
differ, and we say almost indifferently, "I heard a sound," or " I
speak
339 speech
heard a noise." We speak of a fine, musical, or pleasing sound,
but never thus of a noise. In music, tone may denote either a
musical sound or the interval between two such sounds, but in the
most careful usage the latter is now distinguished as the "interval,"
leaving tone to stand only for the soitnd. Note in music strictly
denotes the character representing a sound, but in loose popular
usage it denotes the sound also, and becomes practically equiva-
lent to tone. Aside from its musical use, tone is chiefly applied to
that quality of the human voice by which feeling is expressed ; as,
he spoke in a cheery tone ; the word is similarly apphed to the
voices of birds and other animals, and sometimes to inanimate
objects. As used of a musical instrument, tone denotes the gen-
eral quality of its sounds collectively considered.
SPEAK.
Synonyms:
announce, converse, discourse, say,
articulate, declaim, enunciate, talk,
chat, declare, express, tell,
chatter, deliver, pronounce, utter.
To utter is to give forth as an audible sound, articulate or not.
To talk is to ^dter a succession of connected words, ordinarily
with the expectation of being listened to. To speak is to give
articulate utterance even to a single word ; the officer speaks the
word of command, but does not talk it. To s^jeak is also to idter
words with the ordinary intonation, as distinguished from singing.
To chat is ordinarily to uttei^ in a familiar, conversational way ; to
chatter is to talk in an empty, ceaseless way like a magpie.
Prepositions:
Speak to (address) a person ; speak icith a person (converse with
him); speak of or aboid a thing (make it the subject of remark);
speak on or upo7i a subject ; in parUamentary language, speak to
the question.
SPEECH.
Synonyms :
address, dissertation, oration, speaking,
discourse, harangue, oratory. talk,
disquisition, language, sermon, utterance.
Speech is the general word for utterance of thought in lan-
guage. A speech may be the delivering of one's sentiments in the
simplest way ; an oration is an elaborate and prepared speech ; a
harangue is a vehement appeal to passion, or a speech that has
spontaneous
spy
340
something disputatious and combative in it. A discourse is a set
speech on a definite subject, intended to convey instruction. Com-
pare CONVERSATION ; DICTION ; LANGUAGE.
Antonyms:
hush, silence, speechlessness, stillness, taciturnity.
SPOMTAXEOUS.
Synonyms :
automatic, impulsive, involuntary, voluntary,
free, instinctive, unbidden, willing.
That is spontaneous which is freely done, with no external
compulsion and, in human actions, without special premeditation
or distinct determination of the will ; that is voluntary which is
freely done with distinct act of will ; that is involuntary which is
independent of the will, and jierhaps in opposition to it ; a unlling
act is not only in accordance with will, but with desire. Thus
voluntary and involuntary, which are antonyms of each other,
are both partial synonyms of spontaneous. We speak of sponta-
neous generation, spontaneous combustion, spontaneous sym-
pathy, an involuntary start, an unhidden tear, voluntary agree-
ment, willing submission. A babe's smile in answer to that of its
mother is sjiontaneous ; the smile of a pouting child wheedled into
good humor is involuntary. In physiology the action of the heart
and lungs is called involuntary ; the growth of the hair and nails
is spontaneous ; the action of swallowing is voluntary up to a
certain j)oint, beyond which it becomes invohmtary or automatic.
In the fullest sense of that which is not only w-ithout the will but
distinctly in of)position to it, or compulsory, involuntary becomes
an antonym, not only of voluntary but of spontaneous ; as, in-
voluntary servitude. A spontaneous outburst of applause is of
necessity an act of volition, but so completely dependent on sym-
pathetic impulse that it would seem frigid to call it voluntary,
while to caU it involuntary would imply some previous purpose
or inclination not to applaud.
SPY.
Synonyms:
detective, emissary, scout.
The scout and the spy are both employed to obtain information
of the numbers, movements, etc., of an enemy. The scout lurks on
the outskirts of the hostile army with such concealment as the
case admits of, but without disguise ; a spy enters in disguise
341
stain
state
within the enemy's lines. A scotit, if captured, has the rights of
a prisoner of war ; a spy is held to have forfeited all rights, and is
liable, in case of capture, to cajjital punishment. An emissary is
rather political than military ; sent rather to secretly influence
opponents than to bring information concerning them ; so far as
he does the latter, he is not only an emissary, but a sp?/.
STAIW.
Synonyms :
blot, discolor,
color, disg^race,
dishonor,
dye,
soil,
spot.
sully,
tarnish,
tinge,
tint.
To color is to impart a color desired or undesired, temporary or
permanent, or, in the intransitive use, to assume a color in any way ;
as, he colored with shame and vexation. To dye is to impart a
color intentionally and with a view to permanence, and especially so
as to pervade the siibstance or fiber of that to which it is applied.
To stain is primarily to discolor, to impart a color undesired and
perhaps unintended, and which may or may not be permanent.
Thus, a character "dyed in the wool" is one that has received
some early, permanent, and pervading influence ; a character
stained with crime or guilt is debased and perverted. Stain is,
however, used of giving an intended and perhaps pleasing color
to wood, glass, etc., by an ajiplication of coloring=matfcer which
enters the substance a little below the surface, in distinction
from painting, in which coloring=matter is spread upon the sur-
face ; dyeing is generally said of wool, yarn, cloth, or similar
materials which are dipped into the coloring liquid. Figuratively,
a standard or a garment may be dyed with blood in honorable
warfare ; an assassin's weapon is stained with the blood of his
victim. To tinge is to color slightly, and may also be used of
giving a slight flavor, or a slight admixture of one ingredient or
quality with another that is more pronounced.
Synonyms :
affirm,
allege,
assert,
asseverate,
assure.
aver,
avouch,
avow,
certify,
claim,
STATE.
declare,
depose,
express,
inform,
maintain.
predicate,
pronounce,
propound,
protest,
say.
set forth,
specify,
sw^ear,
tell,
testify.
To state (L. sto, stand) is to set forth explicitly, formally, or
particularly in speech or waiting. Assert (L. ad, to, and sero, bind)
is strongly personal, signifying to state boldly and positively what
steep 342
the one making the statement has not attempted and may not at-
tempt to prove. Affirm has less of egotism than assert (as seen in
the word self=assertion), coming nearer to aver. It has more
solemnity than declare, and more composure and dignity than
asseverate, which is to assert excitedly. In legal usage, affirm has
a general agreement with depose and testify ; it ditf ers from swear
in not invoking the name of God. To assure is to state with such
authority and confidence as the speaker feels ought to make the
hearer sure. Certify is more formal, and applies rather to written
documents or legal processes. Assure, certify, inform, apply to
the person ; affirm, etc, , to the tiling. Assert is combative ; assure
is conciliatory. I assert my right to cross the river ; I assure my
friend it is perfectly safe. To aver is to state positively what is
witliin one's own knowledge or matter of deep conviction. One may
assert himself, or assert his right to what he is willing to contend
for ; or he may assert in discussion what he is ready to maintain
by argument or evidence. To assert without proof is always to
lay oneself open to the suspicion of having no proof to offer, and
seems to arrogate too much to one's personal authority, and hence
in such cases both the verb assert and its noun assertion have an
unfavorable sense ; we say a mere assertion, a bare assertion, his
unsupported assertion ; he asserted his innocence has less force
than he affirmed or maintained his innocence. Affirm, state, and
tell have not the controversial sense of assert, but are simply
declarative. To vindicate is to defend successfully what is
assailed. Almost every criminal will assert his innocence ; the
honest man will seldom lack means to vindicate his integrity.
Antonyms :
contradict, controvert, disprove, gainsay, refute, retract,
contravene, deny, dispute, oppose, repudiate, waive.
STEEP.
Synonyms:
abrupt, high., precipitous, sharp, sheer.
High is used of simple elevation ; steep is said only of an in-
cline where the vertical measurement is svifficiently great in pro-
portion to the horizontal to make it difficult of ascent. Steep is
relative ; an ascent of 100 feet to the mile on a railway is a steep
gi'ade ; a rise of 500 feet to the mile makes a steej) wagon=road ; a
roof is Sleep when it makes with the horizontal line an angle of
more than 45° . A high mountain may be climbed by a winding
road nowhere steeji, while a little hill may be accessible only by a
343
storm
story
steep path. A sharp ascent or descent is one that makes a sudden,
decided angle with the plane from which it starts ; a sheer ascent
or descent is perpendicular, or nearly so ; precipitous applies to
that which is of the nature of a precipice, and is used especially of
a descent ; ahrupt is as if broken sharply off, and applies to either
acclivity or declivity. Comijare high.
Antouyiii8:
easy, flat, gentle, gradual, horizontal, level, low, slight.
STORM.
Synonyni!^ :
agitation, disturbance, tempest.
A storm is properly a disturbance of the atmosphere, with or
without rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning. Thus we have
rain'Stor7n, snowstorm, etc., and by extension, magnetic storm.
A tempest is a storm of exti'eme violence, always attended with
some precipitation, as of rain, from the atmosphere. In the moral
and figurative use, storm and tempest are not closely discriminated,
except that tempest commonly imialies greater intensity. We speak
of agitation of feeling, disturbance of mind, a storm of passion, a
tempest of rage.
Antonyms :
calm, fair weather, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquillity.
STORY.
Synonyms :
account,
anecdote,
incident.
legend,
myth,
narration.
narrative,
novel,
recital,
record,
relation,
tale.
A story is the telling of some series of connected incidents or
events, whether real or fictitious, in prose or verse, orally or in
writing ; or the series of incidents or events thus related may be
termed a story. In children's talk, a story is a common euphe-
mism for a falsehood. Tale is nearly synonymous with story, but
is somewhat archaic ; it is used for an imaginative, legendary, or
fictitious recital, especially if of ancient date ; as, a fairy tale ;
also, for an idle or malicious report ; as, do not tell tales ; " where
there is no f a?e=bearer, the strife ceaseth. " Prov. xxvi, 20. An anec-
dote tells briefly some incident, assumed to be fact. If it passes
close limits of brevity, it ceases to be an anecdote, and becomes a
narrative or narration. A traditional or mytliical story of an-
cient times is a legend. A history is often somewhat poetically
stupidity
stupor
344
called a story ; as, the story of the American civil war. Compare
ALLEGORY ; FICTION ; HISTORY.
Antonyms:
aunals, biography, chronicle, history, memoir.
stupefaction,
stupor.
STUPIDITY.
Synonyms:
apathy, insensibility, slowness,
dulness, obtuseness, sluggisbness.
Stupidity is sometimes loosely used for temporary dulness or
partial stupor, but chiefly for innate and chronic dulness and
sluggishness of mental action, obtuseness of apprehension, etc.
Apathy may be temporary, and be dispelled by appeal to the feel-
ings or by the presentation of an adequate motive, but stupidity
is inveterate and commonly
IDIOCY ; STUPOR.
Autonyms
acuteness, lirilliancy,
alertness, cleverness,
animation, intelligence.
incurable.
keenness,
quickness,
. readiness.
Compare a
sagacity,
sense,
sensibility.
STUPOR.
Synonyms:
apathy, fainting, stupefaction, syncope,
asphyxia, insensibility, swoon, torpor,
coma, lethargy, sw^ooning, unconsciousness.
Stupor is a condition of the body in which the action of the
senses and faculties is suspended or greatly dulled — weakness or
loss of sensibility. The apathy of disease is a mental afl:ection, a
state of morbid indifference ; lethargy is a morbid tendency to
heavy and continued sleep, from which the patient may perhaps
be momentarily aroused. Coma is a deep, abnormal sleep, from
which the patient can not be aroused, or is aroused only with diflS,-
culty, a state of profound insensibility, perhaps with full pulse and
deep, stertorous breathing, and is due to brain=oppression. Syn-
cope or su^ooning is a sudden loss of sensation and of power of
motion, with suspension of pulse and of respiration, and is due to
failure of heart=action, as from sudden nervous shock or intense
mental emotion. Insensibility is a general term denoting loss of
feeling from any cause, as from cold, intoxication, or injury.
Stupor is especially profound and confirmed insensibility, prop-
erly comatose. Asphyxia is a special form of syncope resulting
from partial or total suspension of respiration, as in strangulation,
drowning, or inlialation of noxious gases.
subjective
«>4ID subsidy
SUBJECTIVE.
Synonym:
objective.
Subjective and objective are synonyms in but one point of view,
being, for the most part, strictly antonyms. Subjective signifies
relating to the subject of mental states, that is, to the person who
experiences them ; objective signifies relating to the object of men-
tal states, that is, to something outside the perceiving mind ; in
brief phrase it may be said that subjective relates to something
within the mind, objective to something without. A mountain, as a
mass of a certain size, contour, color, etc., is an objective fact ; the
impression our mind receives, the mental picture it forms of the
mountain, is subjective. But this subjective impression may be-
come itself the object of thought (called " subject=object " ), as
when we compare our mental picture of the mountain with om-
idea of a plain or river. The direct experiences of the soul, as joy,
grief, hope, fear, are purely subjective ; the outward causes of
these experiences, as prosperity, bereavement, disappointment,
are objective. That which has independent existence or authority
apart from our experience or thought is said to have objective ex-
istence or authority ; thus we speak of the objective authority of
the moral law. Different individuals may receive different sub-
jective impressions from the same objective fact, that which to one
is a cause of hope being to another a cause of fear, etc. The style
of a writer is called objective when it derives its materials mainly
from or reaches out toward external objects ; it is called subjec-
tive when it derives its materials mainly from or constantly tends
to revert to the personal experience of the author. Compare
INHERENT
SUBSIDY.
Synonyms :
aid, bounty, indemnity, reward, support,
allow^ance, gift, pension, subvention, tribute,
bonus, g;rant, premium,
A subsidy is pecuniary aid directly granted by government to
an individual or commercial enterprise, or money furnished by
one nation to another to aid it in carrying on war against a common
enemy. A nation grants a subsidy to an ally, pays a tribute to a
conqueror. An indounity is in the nature of things limited and
temporary, while a tribute might be exacted indefinitely. A
subvert
succeed 346
nation may also grant a subsidy to its own citizens as a means of
promoting the public welfare ; as, a subsidy to a steamship com-
pany. The somewhat rare term subvention is especially apphed
to a grant of governmental aid to a literary or artistic enterprise.
Governmental aid to a commercial or industrial enterprise other
tlaan a transportation company is more frequently called a bounty
than a subsidy ; as, the sugar bounty. The word bounty may be
applied to almost any regular or stipulated allotca7ice by a gov-
ernment to a citizen or citizens ; as, a bounty for enlisting in the
army ; a bounty for killing wolves. A bounty is offered for some-
thing to be done ; a pension is granted for something that has
been done.
SUBVERT.
Synonyms:
destroy. overthrow^, ruin, supplant,
extinguish, overturn, supersede, suppress.
To subvert is to overthrow from or as from the very founda-
tion ; utterly destroy ; bring to ruin. The word is now generally
figurative, as of moral or political ruin. To supersede implies
the putting of something that is wisely or unwisely preferred in
the place of that which is removed ; to subvert does not imply
substitution. To supplant is more often personal, signifying to
take the place of another, usually by underhanded means ; one is
superseded by authority, supplanted by a rival. Compare abolish.
Autonyms :
conserve, keep, perpetuate, preserve, sustain, uphold.
SUCCEED.
Synonyms:
achieve, attain, flourisli, prevail, prosper, thrive, w^in.
A person succeeds when he accomplishes what he attempts, or
attains a desired object or result ; an enterprise or undertaking
succeeds that has a prosperous result. To win implies that some
one loses, but one may succeed where no one fails. A solitary
swimmer succeeds in reaching the shore ; if we say he tcins the
shore we contrast him with himself as a possible loser. Many
students may succeed in study ; a few win the special prizes, for
which all compete. Compare follow.
Antonyms:
be defeated, come short, fail, fall short, lose, miss, miscarry.
suggestion
<>47 supernatural
SUGGESTIOX.
Synonj'ins :
hint, implication, innuendo, insinuation, intimation.
A fiiiggestion (L. i^tib, under, and gero, bring) brings something
before the mind less directly than by formal or explicit statement,
as by a partial statement, an incidental allusion, an illustration, a
question, or the like. Suggestion is often used of an unobtrusive
statement of one's views or wishes to another, leaving consideration
and any consequent action entirely to his judgment, and is hence,
in many cases, the most respectful M^ay in which one can convey
his views to a superior or a stranger. A suggestion may be given
unintentionally, and even unconsciously, as when we say an author
has " a suggestive style." An intimation is a suggestion in brief
utterance, or sometimes by significant act, gesture, or token, of
one's meaning or wishes ; in the latter case it is often the act of a
superior ; as, Grod in his providence gives us intimations of his will.
A hint is still more limited in expression, and is always covert, but
frequently with good intent ; as, to give one a hint of danger or
of opportunity. Insinuation and innuendo are used in the bad
sense ; an insinuation is a covert or partly veiled injurious utter-
ance, sometimes to the very person attacked ; an innuendo is com-
monly secret as well as sly, as if pointing one out by a signifi-
cant nod (L. in, in, to, and nuo, nod).
SUPERNATURAL.
Synonyms:
miraculous, preternatural, superhuman.
The supernatural {super, above) is above or superior to the
recognized powers of nature ; the preternatural {preter, beyond)
is aside from or beyond the recognized results or operations of
natural law, often in the sense of inauspicious ; as, a. preternat-
ural gloom. Miraculous is more emphatic and specific than super-
natural, as referring to the direct personal intervention of divine
power. Some hold that a miracle, as the raising of the dead, is a
direct suspension and even violation of natural laws by the fiat of
the Creator, and hence is, in the strictest sense, supernatural ;
others hold that the miracle is simply the calling forth of a power
residing in the laws of nature, but not within their ordinary oper-
ation, and dependent on a distinct act of God, so that the miracu-
lous might be termed " extranatui'al," rather than supernatur(d.
All that is beyond human power is superhuman ; as, prophecy
support
suppose «»4S
gives evidence of superhuman knowledge ; the word is sometimes
applied to remarkable manifestations of human power, surpassing
all that is ordinary.
Antonyms :
common, commonplace, everyday, natural, ordinary, usual.
SUPPORT.
Synonyms:
bear, cherisli, keep, maintain, sustain,
carry, liold up, keep up, prop, upbold.
Support and sustain alike signify to liold up or keep up, to
prevent from falling or sinking ; but sustain has a special sense of
continuous exertion or of great strength continuously exerted, as
when we speak of sustained endeavor or a sustained note ; a
flower is supported by the stem or a temple=roof by arches ; the
foundations of a great building sustain an enormous pressure ; to
sustain life implies a gi-eater exigency and need than to support
life ; to say one is sustained under affliction is to say more both
of the severity of the trial and the completeness of the upholding
than if we say he is supported. To hear is the most general word,
denoting all holding up or keeping up of any object, whether in
rest or motion ; in the derived senses it refers to something that
is a tax upon strength or endurance ; as, to hear a strain ; to hear
pain or grief. To maintain is to keep in a state or condition,
especially in an excellent and desirable condition ; as, to maintain
health or reputation ; to maintain one's j)osition ; to maintain a
cause or proposition is to hold it against opposition or difficulty.
To su^jpiort may be partial, to maintain is complete ; maintain is
a word of more dignity than support ; a man supporfs his family ;
a state maintains an army or navy. To prop is always partial,
signifying to add supjport to something that is insecure. Compare
ABET ; ENDURE ; KEEP.
Antonyms:
abandon, break down, demoligh, destroy, let go, throw down,
betray, cast down, desert, drop, overthrow, wreck.
Prepositions :
The roof is supported hy, on, or upon pillars ; the family was
supported on or upon a pittance, or hy charity.
SUPPOSE.
Synonyms :
conjecture, deem, guess, imagine, surmise, think.
To suppjose is temporarily to assume a thing as true, either
surrender
349 synonymous
with the expectation of finding it so or for tlie purpose of ascer-
taining wliat would follow if it were so. To suppose is also to
think a thing to be true while aware or conceding that the belief
does not rest upon any siu-e ground, and may not accord with
fact ; or yet again, to suppose is to imply as true or involved as a
necessary inference ; as, design supposes the existence of a de-
signer. To conjechire is to put together the nearest available
materials for a provisional opinion, always with some expectation
of finding the facts to be as conjectured. To imagine is to form a
mental image of something as existing, tho its actual existence
may be unknown, or even ijnpossible. To think, in this applica-
tion, is to hold as the result of thought what is admitted not to be
matter of exact or certain knowledge ; as, I do not know, but I
tliinlc this to be the fact : a more conclusive statement than would
be made by the use of conjecture or suppose. Compare doubt ;
HYPOTHESIS.
Antonyms:
ascertain, be sure, conclude, discover, know, prove.
SURRENDER.
Synonyms:
abandon, cede, give over, relinquish,
alienate, give, give up, . sacrifice,
capitulate, give oneself up, let go, yield.
To surrender is to give up upon compulsion, as to an enemy in
war, hence to give up to any person, passion, influence, or power.
To yield is to give place or give way under pressure, and hence
imder compulsion. Yield, implies more softness or concession than
surrender ; the most determined men may .s»rreji-der to overwhelm-
ing force ; when one yields, his spirit is at least somewhat sub-
dued. A monarch or a state cedes territory perhaps for a consid-
eration ; surrenders an army, a navy, or a fortified place to a
conqueror ; a military commander abandons an untenable position
or unavailable stores. We sacrifice something precious through
error, friendship, or duty, yield to convincing reasons, a stronger
will, winsome persuasion, or superior force. Compare abandon.
SYMONYHOUS.
Synonyms :
alike, ectuivalent, like. similar,
correspondent, identical, same, synonymic,
corresponding, interchangeable.
Synonymous (Gr. syn, together, and onyma, name) strictly sig-
nifies being interchangeahlenames for the same thing, or being one
system 350
of two or more interchangeable names for the same thing ; to say
that two words are synonymous is strictly to say they are alike,
equivalent, identical, or the same in meaning ; but the use of syn-
onymous in this strict sense is somewhat rare, and rather with
reference to statements than to words.
To Scay that we are morally developed is synonymous with saying that we have
reaped what some one has suffered for us.
H. W. Beecher Eoyal Tmths p. 294. [t. & f. '66.]
In the strictest sense, synonymous words scarcely exist ; rarely,
if ever, are any two words in any language equivalent or identical in
meaning ; where a difference in meaning can not easily be shown,
a difference in usage commonly exists, so that the words are not
interchangeable. By synonymous words (or synonyms) we usually
understand words that coincide or nearly coincide in some part of
their meaning, and may hence within certain limits be used in-
terchangeably, while outside of those limits they may differ very
greatly in meaning and use. It is the office of a work on syn-
onyms to point out these correspondences and differences, that
language may have the flexibility that comes from freedom of
selection within the common limits, with the perspicuity and pre-
cision that result from exact choice of the fittest words to express
each shade of meaning outside of the common limits. To consider
synonymous words identical is fatal to accuracy ; to forget that
they are similar, to some extent equivalent, and sometimes inter-
changeable, is destructive of freedom and variety.
SYSTEM.
Synonyms:
manner, method, mode, order, regularity, rule.
Order in this connection denotes the fact or result of proper
arrangement according to the due relation or sequence of the
matters arranged ; as, these papers are in order ; in alphabetical
order. Method denotes a process, a general or established way of
doing or proceeding in anything ; rule, an authoritative require-
ment or an established course of things ; system, not merely a law
of action or procedure, but a comprehensive plan in which all the
parts are related to each other and to the whole ; as, a system of
theology ; a railroad system ; the digestive system ; manner refers
to the external qualities of actions, and to those often as settled
and characteristic ; we speak of a system of taxation, a method of
collecting taxes, the rules by which assessments are made ; or we
351 taciturn
say, as a rule the payments are heaviest at a certain time of year ; a
just tax may be made odious by the manner of its collection.
Regularity applies to the even disposition of objects or uniform
recurrence of acts in a series. There may be regularity without
order, as in the recurrence of paroxysms of disease or insanity ;
there may be order without regularity, as in the arrangement of
furniture in a room, where the objects are placed at varying dis-
tances. Order commonly implies the design of an intelligent
agent or the appearance or suggestion of such design ; regularity
applies to an actual uniform disposition or recurrence with no
suggestion of purpose, and as applied to human affairs is less
intelligent and more mechanical than order. The most perfect
order is often secured with least regidarity, as in a fine essay or
oration. The same may be said of system. There is a regularity
of dividing a treatise into topics, paragraphs, and sentences,
that is destructive of true rhetorical system. Compare HABIT ;
HYPOTHESIS.
Antonyms:
chaois, derangement, disarrangement, disorder, irregularity,
confusion.
TACITURN.
SynonjTns:
close, mute, reticent, speechless,
dumb, reserved, silent, uncommunicative.
Dumb, mute, silent, and speechless refer to fact or state ; taci-
turn refers to habit and disposition. The talkative person may be
stricken dumb with surprise or terror ; the obstinate may remain
mtde ; one may be sileiit through preoccupation of mind or of set pur-
pose ; but the taciturn person is averse to the utterance of thought
or feeling and to communication with others, either from natural
disposition or for the occasion. One who is silent does not speak
at all ; one who is taciturn speaks when compelled, but in a grud-
ging way that repels further approach. Reserved suggests more
of method and intention than taciturn, applying often to some
special time or topic ; one who is communicative regarding all
else may be reserved about his business. Reserved is thus closely
equivalent to uncommunicative, but is a somewhat stronger word,
often suggesting pride or haughtiness, as when we say one is re-
served toward inferiors. Compare pride.
Antonyms :
communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative, unreserved.
tasteful 3^2
TASTEFUL..
Synonyms:
artistic, delicate, esthetic, fastidious, nice,
chaste, delicious, esthetical, fine, tasty,
dainty, elegant, exquisite.
Elegant (L. elegans, select) refers to that assemblage of
qualities which makes anything choice to persons of culture and
refinement ; it refers to the lighter, finer elements of beauty in
form or motion, especially denoting that which exhibits faultless
taste and perfection of finish. That which is elegant is made so
not merely by nature, but by art and culture ; a woodland dell
may be beautiful or picturesque, but would not ordinarily be
termed elegant. Tasteful refers to that in which the element of
taste is more prominent, standing, as it were, more by itself, while
in elegant it is blended as part of the whole. Tasty is an inferior
word, used colloquially in a similar sense. Chaste (primarily
pure), denotes in literature and art that which is ti-ue to the higher
and finer feelings and free from all excess or meretricious orna-
ment. Dainty and delicate refer to the lighter and finer elements
of taste and beauty, dainty tending in personal use to an excessive
scrupulousness which is more fully expressed by fastidious. Nice
and delicate both refer to exact adaptation to some standard ; the
bar of a balance can be said to be nicely or delicately poised ; as
regards matters of taste and beauty, delicate is a higher and more
discriminating word than tiice, and is always used in a favorable
sense ; a delicate distinction is one worth observing ; a nice dis-
tinction may be so, or may be overstrained and unduly subtle ; fine
in such use, is closely similar to delicate and wtce, but (tho capable
of an unfavorable sense) has commonly a suggestion of positive
excellence or admirableness ; a fine touch does something ; fine
perceptions are to some purpose ; delicate is capable of the single
imfavorable sense of frail or fragile ; as, a delicate constitution.
Esthetic or esthetical refers to beauty or the appreciation of the
beautiful, especially from the philosophic point of view. Exquisite
denotes the utmost perfection of the elegant in minute details ;
we speak of an elegant garment, an e.vquisite lace. Exquisite is
also applied to intense keenness of any feeling ; as, exquisite
delight ; exquisite pain. See beautiful ; delicious ; fine.
inartistic, rougli,
inharmonious, rude,
meretricious, rugged,
offensive, tawdry.
Antonyms :
clumsy,
displeasing,
grotesque,
coarse,
distasteful,
harsh,
deformed.
fulsome.
hideous.
disgusting,
gaudy,
horrid,
oKo teach
<iOtS temerity
TEACH.
Synonyms:
discipline, give instruction, inform, nurture,
drill, give lessons, initiate, school,
educate, inculcate, instill, train,
enlighten, indoctrinate, instruct, tutor.
To teach is simply to communicate knowledge ; to instruct
(originally, to build in or into, put in order) is to impart knowl-
edge with special method and completeness ; instruct has also an
authoritative sense nearly equivalent to command. To educate
is to draw out or develop harmoniously the mental powers, and,
in the fullest sense, the moral powers as well. To train is to
direct to a certain result powers already existing. Train is used
in preference to educate when the reference is to the inferior ani-
mals or to the physical powers of man ; as, to train a horse ; to
train the hand or eye. To discipline is to bring into habitual and
complete subjection to authority ; discipline is a severe word, and
is often used as a euphemism for punish ; to be thorouglily effect-
ive in war, soldiers must be disciplined as well as trained. To
nurture is to furnish the care and sustenance necessary for phys-
ical, mental, and moral growth ; nurture is a more tender and
homelike word than educate. Compare education.
TEHERITY.
Synonyms :
audacity, heedlessness, presumption,
foolhardiness, over:confidence, rashness,
hardihood, precipitancy, recklessness,
hastiness, precipitation, venturesomeness.
Rashness applies to the actual rushing into danger without
counting the cost ; temerity denotes the needless exposure of
oneself to peril which is or might be clearly seen to be such
Rashness is used chiefly of bodily acts, temerity often of mental
or social matters ; there may be a noble rashness, but temerity is
always used in a bad sense. We say it is amazing that one should
have had the temerity to make a statement which could be readily
proved a falsehood, or to make an unworthy proposal to one sure
to resent it ; in such use temerity is often closely allied to har^di-
hood, audacity, or presumption. Venturesomeness dalUes on the
edge of danger and experiments with it ; foolhardiness rushes in
for want of sense, heedlessness for want of attention, rashness for
want of reflection, recklessness from disregard of consequences.
Audacity, in the sense here considered, denotes a dashing and
somewhat reckless courage, in defiance of conventionalities, or of
23
term
terse 354
other men's opinions, or of what would be deemed probable con-
sequences ; as, the audacity of a successful financier. Compare.
EFFRONTERY.
Antonyms:
care, caution, circumspection, cowardice, hesitation, timidity, wariness
TERm.
Synonyms:
article, denomination, member, phrase,
condition, expression, name, ■word.
Term in its figurative uses always retains something of its literal
sense of a boundary or limit. The articles of a conti-act or other
insti-ument are simply the portions into which it is divided for
convenience ; the terms are the essential statements on wliich its
validity depends — as it were, the landmarks of its meaning or
power ; a condition is a contingent term which may become fixed
upon the happening of some contemplated event. In logic a term
is one of the essential members of a proposition, the boundary of
statement in some one direction. Thus, in general use tervi is more
restricted than icord, expression, or phrase ; a term is a icord that
limits meaning to a fixed point of statement or to a special class of
subjects, as when we speak of the definition of terms, that is of
the key =words in any discussion ; or we say, that is a legal or scien-
tific term. Compare boundary ; diction.
TERSE.
Synonyms:
brief, concise. neat, short,
compact, condensed, pithy, succinct,
compendious, laconic, sententious.
Anything short or brief is of relatively small extent. That
wliich is concise (L. con-, with, together, and ccedo, cut) is trimmed
down, and that which is C07idensed (L. con-, with, together, and
densus, thick) is, as it were, pressed together, so as to include as
much as i^ossible within a small space. That whicli is compendi-
ous (L. com-, together, &,n6. pendo, weigh) gathers the substance of
a matter into a few words, weighty and effective. The succinct
(L. succinctus, from sub-, under, and cingo, gird ; girded from
below) has an alert effectiveness as if girded for action. The siim-
mary is compacted to the utmost, often to the point of abruptness ;
as, we speak of a summary statement or a summary dismissal.
That which is terse (L. tersus, from tergo, rub off) has an elegant
and finished completeness within the smallest possible compass, as
„_« testimony
fioo therefore
if rubbed or j)olished down to the utmost. A sententious style is
one abounding in sentences that are singly striking or memorable,
apart from the context ; the word may be used invidiously of that
which is pretentiously oracular. A pithy utterance gives the gist
of a matter effectively, whether in rude or elegant style.
Autonyms:
diffuse, lengthy, long, prolix, tedious, verbose, wordy.
TESTIMONY.
Synonyms:
affidavit, attestation, deposition, proof,
affirmation, certification, evidence, w^itness.
Testimony, in legal as well as in common use, signifies the
statements of witnesses. Deposition and affidavit denote testi-
viony reduced to writing ; the deposition differs from the affidavit
in that the latter is voluntary and without cross=examination,
while the former is made under interrogatories and subject to
crosssexamination. Evidence is a broader term, including the tes-
timony of witnesses and all facts of every kind that tend to prove
a thing true ; we have tlie testimoiiy of a traveler that a fugitive
passed this way ; his footprints in the sand are additional evidence
of the fact. Compare demonstration ; oath.
THEREFORE.
Synonyms:
accordingly, conseciuently, then, whence,
because, hence, thence, w^herefore.
Therefore, signifying for that (or this) reason, is the most pre-
cise and formal word for expressing the direct conclusion of a
chain of reasoning ; then carries a similar but slighter sense of
inference, which it gives incidentally rather than formally ; as,
' ' All men are mortal ; Ceesar is a man ; therefore Csesar is mor-
tal ;" or, "The contract is awarded ; then there is no more to be
said." Consequently denotes a direct result, but more frequently
of a practical than a theoretic kind; as, "Important matters
demand my attention ; consequently I shall not sail to-day. " Con-
sequently is rarely used in the formal conclusions of logic or
mathematics, but marks rather the freer and looser style of rhe-
torical argument. Aceordiiigly denotes correspondence, wliich
may or may not be consequence ; it is often used in narration ; as,
"The soldiers were eager and confident ; accordingly they sprang
forward at the word of command." Thence is a word of more
throng
time «»«>0
sweeping inference than therefore, applying not merely to a
single set of premises, but often to all that has gone before, inclu-
ding the reasonable inferences that have not been formally stated.
Wlierefore is the correlative of therefore, and u-hence of hence or
thence, appending the inference or conclusion to the previous
statement without a break. Compare synonyms for because.
TIIRONCl.
Syiioiiyius:
concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press.
A crou'd is a company of persons filling to excess the space
they occupy and pressing inconveniently upon one another ; the
total number in a croicd may be great or smaU. Tlirong is a word
of vastness and dignity, always implying that the persons are
numerous as well as pressed or pressing closely together ; there
may be a dense croird in a small ix)oiu, but there can not be a
throng. Host and multitude both imply vast numbers, but a mul-
titude may be diffused over a gi'eat space so as to be nowhere a
croicd ; host is a military term, and properly denotes an assembly
too orderly for crowding. Concourse signifies a spontaneous gath-
ering of many persons moved by a common impulse, and has a
suggestion of stateliness not found in the word croicd, while sug-
gesting less massing and pressure than is indicated by the \A'ord
tlirong.
TIHE.
Synonyms :
age, duration, epoch, period, seciuence, term,
date, eon, era, season, succession, w^hile.
Sequence and succession apply to events viewed as following
one another ; time and duration denote something conceived of as
enduring while events take place and acts are done. According
to the necessary conditions of human thought, events are contained
in time as objects are in space, time existing before the event, meas-
uring it as it passes, and stiU existing when the event is past.
Duration and succession are more general words than time ; we
can speak of infinite or eternal duration or succession, but time is
commonly contrasted with eternity. IHme is measured or meas-
urable duration.
357 *l?e
TIP.
Synonyms :
cant, dip, incline, list, slope,
careen, Iieel over, lean, slant, tilt.
To tilt or tq) is to throw out of a horizontal position by raising
one side or end or lowering the other; the words are closely similar,
but tilt suggests more of fluctuation or instability. Slant and
slope are said of things somewhat fixed or permanent in a position
out of the horizontal or pei'pendicular ; the roof slants, the hill
slopes. Incline is a more formal word for tij), and also for slant
or slope. To cant is to set slantingly ; in many cases tip and ca7it
might be interchanged, but tip is more temporary, often momen-
tary ; one tips a pail so that the water flows over the edge ; a
mechanic cants a table by making or setting one side higher than
the other. A vessel careens in the wind ; lists, usually, from
shifting of cargo, from water in the hold, etc. Careening is
always toward one side or the other ; listing may be forward or
astern as well. To heel over is the same as to careen, and must be
distinguished from "keel over," which is to capsize.
TIRE.
Synonyms:
exhaust, fatigue, harass, jade, wear out, weary,
fag,
To tire is to reduce strength in any degree by exertion ; one
may be tired just enough to make rest pleasant, or even uncon-
sciously tired, becoming aware of the fact only when he ceases
the exertion ; or, on the other hand, he may be, according to the
common phrase, "too tired to stir" ; but for this extreme condi-
tion the stronger words are commonly used. One who is fatigued
suffers from a conscious and painful lack of strength as the result
of some overtaxing ; an invalid may be fatigued with very slight
exertion ; when one is wearied, the painful lack of strength is the
result of long=continued demand or strain ; one is exhausted when
the sti'ain has been so severe and continuous as utterly to con-
sume the strength, so that further exertion is for the time impos-
sible. One is fagged by drudgery ; he is jaded by incessant repe-
tition of the same act until it becomes increasingly difficult or
well=nigh impossible ; as, a horse is jaded by a long and unbroken
journey.
Antonyms:
invigorate, recreate, refresli, relax, relieve, repose, rest, restore.
tool 35§
TOOI..
Synonyms :
apparatus, implement, machine, utensil,
appliance, instrument, mechanism, -nreapon.
A tool is something that is both contrived and used for extend-
ing the force of an intelligent agent to something that is to be
operated upon. Those things by which pacific and industrial
operations are performed are alone properly called tools, those
designed for warlike purposes being designated iveapons. An
instrument is anything tlu-ough which power is applied and a
result produced ; in general usage, the word is of considerably
wider meaning than tool ; as, a piano is a musical instrument.
Instrument is the word usually applied to tools used in scientific
pursuits ; as, we speak of a surgeon's or an optician's instruments.
An implement is a mechanical agency considered with reference
to some specific purpose to which it is adapted ; as, an agricultural
imjjlement ; implements of war. Implement is a less technical and
artificial term than tool. The paw of a tiger might be termed a
terrible implement, but not a tool. A utensil is that which may
be used for some special purpose ; the word is especially applied
to articles used for domestic or agricultural purposes ; as, kitchen
utensils ; farming utensils. An appliance is that which is or may
be applied to the accomplishment of a result, either independently
or as subordinate to something more extensive or important ; every
mechanical tool is an appliance, but not every appliance is a tool ;
the traces of a harness are appliances for traction, but they are
not tools. Mechanism is a word of wide meaning, denoting any
combination of mechanical devices for united action, A machine
in the most general sense is any mechanical instrument for the
conversion of motion ; in this sense a lever is a machine ; but in
more commonly accepted usage a machine is distinguished from a
tool by its complexity, and by the combination and coordination
of powers and movements for the production of a result. A chisel
by itself is a tool ; when it is set so as to be ojierated by a crank
and pitman, the entire mechanism is called a machine ; as, a mor-
tising-machine. An apparatus may be a machine, but the word
is commonly used for a collection of distinct articles to be used in
connection or combination for a certain purpose — a mechanical
equipment ; as, the ap>paratus of a gymnasium ; especially, for a
collection of appliances for some scientific purpose ; as, a chemical
or surgical apparatus ; an apparatus may include many tools,
instruments, or implements. Implement is for the most part and
topic
359 trace
utensil is altogether restricted to the literal sense ; instrument,
machine, and tool have figurative use, instrument being used
largely in a good, tool always in a bad sense ; maehine inclines to
the unfavorable sense, as implying that human agents are made
mechanically svibservient to some controlling will ; as, an instru-
ment of Providence ; the tool of a tyrant ; a political machine.
TOPIC.
Synonyms :
division, issue, motion, proposition, subject,
head, matter, point, question, theme.
A topic (Gr. topos, place) is a head of discourse. Since a tojjic
for discussion is often stated in the form of a question, question
has come to be extensively used to denote a debatable topic, espe-
cially of a practical nature — an issiie ; as, the labor question ; the
temperance question. In deliberative assemblies a proposition
presented or moved for acceptance is called a motion, and such a
motion or other matter for consideration is known as the question,
since it is or may be stated in interrogative form to be answered
by each member with a vote of "aye" or "no"; a member is
required to speak to the question ; the chairman puts the guesf ion.
In speaking or writing the general suhject or theme may be termed
the topic, tho it is more usual to api^ly the latter term to the
subordinate divisions, points, or heads of discourse ; as, to
enlarge on this to2)ic would carry me too far from my subject ; a
pleasant drive will suggest many topics for conversation.
TRACE.
Synonyms :
footmark, impression, remains, token, trail,
footprint, mark, remnant, track, vestige,
footstep, memorial, sign,
A memorial is that which is intended or fitted to bring to
remembrance something- that has passed away ; it may be vast
and stately. On the other hand, a slight token of regard may be
a cherished memorial of a friend ; either a concrete object or an
observance may be a memorial. A vestige is always slight com-
pared with that whose existence it recalls ; as, scattered mounds
containing implements, weapons, etc., are vestiges of a former civ-
ilization. A vestige is always a part of that which has passed away ;
a trace may be merely the mark made by something that has
been present or passed by, and that is still existing, or some slight
transact
transaction 360
evidence of its presence or of the effect it has produced; as, traces
of game were observed by the hunter. Compare characteristic.
TRANSACT.
Synonyms:
accomplisli, carry on, do, perform,
act, conduct, negotiate, treatX
There are many acts that one may do, accom2>lish, or perform
unaided ; what he transacts is by means of or in association with
others ; one may do a duty, perform a vow, accomplish a task, but
he transacts business, since that always involves the agency of
others. To negotiate and to treat are likewise collective acts, but
both these words lay stress upon dehberation with adjustment of
mutual claims and interests ; transact, while it may depend upon
previous deliberation, states execution only. Notes, bills of ex-
change, loans, and treaties are said to be negotiated, the word so
used covering not merely the preliminary consideration, but the
final settlement. Negotiate has more reference to execution than
treat ; nations may treat of peace without result, but when a
treaty is negotiated, peace is secured ; the citizens of the two
nations are then free to transact business with one another.
Compare DO.
TRANSACTION.
Synonyms:
act, action, affair, business, deed, doing, proceeding.
One's acts or deeds may be exclusively his own ; his transac-
tions involve the agency or participation of others. A transaction
is something completed ; a proceeding is or is viewed as some-
thing in progi-ess ; but since transaction is often used to include
the steps leading to the conclusion, while proceedings may result
in action, the dividing line between the two words becomes some-
times quite faint, tho transaction often emphasizes the fact of
something done, or brought to a conclusion. Both transactions
and proceedings are used of the records of a deliberative body,
especially when published ; strictly used, the two are distin-
guished ; as, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London give in full the papers read ; the Proceedings of the
American Philological Association give in full the business done,
with mere abstracts of or extracts from the papers read. Compare
ACT; BUSINESS.
ngi* transcendental
«»"* transient
TRA^SCE^DEXTAL.
Synonyms :
a priori, intuitive, original, primordial, transcendent.
Intuitive truths are those which are in the mind independently
of all experience, not being derived from experience nor limited
by it, as that the whole is greater than a part, or that things which
are equal to the same thing are equal to one another. All intui-
tive ti-uths or beliefs are transcendental. But transcendental is a
wider term than intuitive, including all within the limits of
thought that is not derived from experience, as the ideas of space
and time. "Being is transcendental . . . . As being can not be
included under any genus, but transcends them all, so the proper-
ties or affections of being have also been called transcendental.'^
K.=F. Vocab. Philos. p. 580. " Transcendent he [Kant] employed
to denote what is wholly beyond experience, being neither given
as an a posteriori nor a priori element of cognition — what there-
fore transcends every category of thought." K.=F. Vocdb, Philos.
p. 531. Transcendental has been applied in the language of the
Emersonian school to the soul's supposed intiiitive knowledge of
things divine and human, so far as they are capable of being known
to man. Compare mysterious.
TRA^SIEXT.
Synonyms :
brief, fleeting, fugitive. short,
ephemeral. flitting, momentary, temporary,
evanescent, flying, passing, transitory.
Trarisient and transitory are both derived from the same orig-
inal source (L. trans, over, and eo, go), denoting that w^hicli quickly
passes or is passing away, but there is between them a fine shade
of difference. A thing is transient wiiich in fact is not lasting ; a
thing is transitory which by its very nature must soon pass away ;
a thing is temporary (L. tempits, time) which is intended to last or
be made use of but a little while ; as, a transient joy ; this transi-
tory life ; a temporary chairman. Ephemeral (Gr. epi, on, and
hemera, day) literally lasting but for a day, often marks more
strongly than transient exceeding brevity of duration : it agrees
with transitory in denoting that its object is destined to pass away,
but is stronger, as denoting not only its certain but its speedy
extinction ; thus that which is ephemeral is looked upon as at once
slight and perishable, and the word carries often a suggestion of
contempt ; man's life is transitory, a butterfly's existence is
ephemeral ; with no solid qualities or worthy achievements a pre-
union
usual 362
tender may sometimes gain an ephemeral popularity. That which
is fleeting is viewed as in the act of passing swiftly by, and that
which is fugitive (L. fugio, flee) as ekiding attempts to detain it;
that which is evanescent (L. evanesco, from e, out, and vanus,
empty, vain) as in the act of vanishing even while we gaze, as the
hues of the sunset.
Antonyms:
abiding, eterrical, immortal, lasting, perpetual, undyin"
enduring, everlasting, imperishable, permanent, persistent, unfading.
Synonyms:
coalition, conjunction, juncture, unification,
combination, junction, oneness, unity.
Unity is oneness, the state of being one, especially of that
which never has been divided or of that which can not be con-
ceived of as resolved into parts ; as, the unity of God or the unity
of the human soul. Union is a bringing together of things that
have been distinct, so that they combine or coalesce to form a new
whole, or the state or condition of things thus brought together ;
in a unio7i the separate individuality of the things united is never
lost sight of ; we speak of the imion of the parts of a fractured
bone or of the u7iion of hearts in marriage. But unity can be
said of that which is manifestly or even conspicuously made up
of parts, when a single juu-pose or ideal is so subserved by all
that their possible separateness is lost sight of ; as, we speak of
the U7iity of the human body, or of the tinity of the church.
Compare alliance ; association ; attachment ; harmony ;
MARRIAGE.
Antonyms:
analysis, decomposition, disjunction, disunion, divorce, separation,
contrariety, disconnection, dissociation, division, schism, severance.
USUAL.
Synonyms:
accustomed, every=day, general, ordinary. public,
common, familiar, habitual, prevailing, regular,
customary, frequent, normal, prevalent, wonted.
Usual (L. usns. use, habit, wont) signifies such as regularly or
often recurs in the ordinary course of events, or is habitually re-
peated in the life of the same person. Ordinary (L. ordo, order)
signifies according to an established order, hence of every=day oc-
currence. In strictness, common and general apjjly to the greater
number of individuals in a class ; but both words are in good use as
Itti ntUity
eSOtS vacant
applying to the gi'eater number of instances in a series, so that it
is possible to speak of one person's cornmon practise or general
custom, tho ordinary or usual would in such case be preferable.
Compare general ; normal.
Antonyms:
exceptional, infrequent, rare, strange, unparalleled,
extraordinary, out»of=the=way, singular, uncommon, unusual.
UTILITY.
Synonyms:
advantage, expediency, serviceableness.
avail, profit, use,
benefit, service, usefulness.
Utility (L. utilis, useful) signifies primarily the quality of being
useful, but is somewhat more abstract and philosophical than use-
fulness or use, and is often employed to denote adaptation to pro-
duce a valuable result, while usefulness denotes the actual pro-
duction of such result. We contrast beauty and utility. We say
of an invention, its utility is questionable, or, on the other hand,
its usefulness has been proved by ample trial, or I have found it
of rise ; still, utility and usefulness are frequently interchanged.
Expediency (L. ex, out, and pes, foot ; literally, the getting the foot
out) refers primarily to escape from or avoidance of some diffi-
culty or trouble ; either expediency or utility may be used to sig-
nify profit or advantage considered apart from right as the
gi'ound of moral obligation, or of actions that have a moral char-
acter, expediency denoting immediate advantage on a contracted
view, and especially with reference to avoiding danger, difficulty,
or loss, wliile utility may be so broadened as to cover all exist-
ence tlu-ough all time, as in the utilitarian theory of morals.
Policy is often used in a kindi'ed sense, more positive than expe-
diency but narrowei" than utility, as in the proverb, ' ' Honesty is
the hest policy.''' Compare profit.
Antonyms:
disadvantage, futility, inadequacy, inutility, uselessness,
folly, impolicy, inexpediency, unprofitableness, worthlessness.
VACANT.
Synonyms :
blank, leisure, unfilled, untenanted, void,
empty, unemployed, unoccupied, vacuous, waste.
That is empty which contains nothing ; that is vacant which
is :without that which has filled or might be expected to fill it ;
vacant has extensive reference to rights or possibilities of occu-
rain
364
pancy. A vacant room may not be emjjty, and an emjjty house
may not be vacant. Vacant, as derived from the Latin, is ap-
phed to things of some dignity ; empty, from the Saxon, is pre-
ferred in speaking of sUght, common, or homely matters, tho
it may be appUed with special force to the highest ; we speak of
empty space, a vacant lot, an empty dish, an empty sleeve, a vacant
mind, an empty heart, an empty boast, a vacant office, a vacant or
leisure hour. Void and devoid are rarely used in the literal sense,
but for the most part confined to abstract relations, devoid being
followed by of, and having with that addition the effect of a
prepositional phrase ; as, the article is devoid of sense ; the con-
ti'act is void for want of consideration. Waste, in this connec-
tion, applies to that which is made so by devastation or ruin, or
gives an imjjression of desolation, especially as combined w^ith
vastness, probably from association of the words tvaste and vast :
tvaste is applied also to uncultivated or unproductive land, if of
considerable extent ; we speak of a tvaste track or region, but not
of a ivaste city lot. Vacuous refers to the condition of being
empty or vacant, regarded as continuous or characteristic.
Antonyms:
brimful, busy, filled, inhabited, overflowing,
brimmed, crammed, full, jammed, packed,
brimming, crowded, gorged, occupied, replete.
Synonyms:
abortive,
baseless,
bootless,
deceitful,
delusive,
empty,
fruitless,
futile,
idle,
inconstant,
ineffectual,
nugatory,
nuU,
profitless,
VAIN.
shadowy,
trifling,
trivial,
unavailing,
unimportant,
unprofitable.
unreal,
unsatisfying,
unserviceable,
unsubstantial,
useless,
vapid,
visionary,
w^orthless.
Vain (L. vanus, empty) keeps the etymological idea through all
changes of meaning ; a vain endeavor is empty of result, or of
adequate power to produce a result, a vairi pretension is empty or
destitute of support, a vain person has a conceit that is empty or
destitute of adequate cause or reason. That which is bootless,
fruitless, or profitless fails to accomplish any valuable result ; that
which is abortive, ineffectual, or unavailing fails to accomplish a
restdt that it was, or was supposed to be, adapted to accomplish.
That which is tiseless, futile, or vain is inherently incapable of
accomplishing a specified result. Useless, in the widest sense.
365 venal
signifies not of use for any valuable purpose, and is thus closely
similar to valueless and icorthless. Fruitless is more final than
ineffectual, as applying to the sum or harvest of endeavor. That
which is jiscless lacks actual fitness for a purpose ; that which is
vain lacks imaginable fitness. Compare vacant ; ostentation ;
PRIDE.
Antonyms:
adequate, effective, powerful, solid, useful,
advantageouj, efficient, profitable, sound, valid,
beneficial, expedient, real, substantial, valuable,
competent, potent, serviceable, sufficient, worthy.
Compare synonyms for utility.
Synonyms:
hireling, mercenary, purchasable, salable.
Venal (L. venalis, from vemivi, sale) signifies ready to sell one's
influence, vote, or efforts for money or other consideration ; mer-
cenary (L. mercenariufi, from merces, pay, reward) signifies influ-
enced chiefly or only by desire for gain or reward ; thus, etymo-
logically, the mercenary can be hired, while the venal are openly
or actually for sale ; hireling (AS. liyrling, from lujr) signifies
serving for hire or pay, or having the spirit or character of one
who works or of that which is done directly for hire or pay. Mer-
cenary has especial application to character or disposition ; as, a
mercenary spirit ; mercenary motives — i. e., a spirit or motives to
which money is the chief consideration or the moving principle.
The hireling, the mercenary, and the venal are alike in making
principle, conscience, and honor of less account than gold or sor-
did considerations ; but the mercenary and venal may be simply
open to the bargain and sale which the hireling has already con-
summated ; a clergyman may be mercenary in making place and
pay of undue importance while not venal enough to forsake his
own communion for another for any reward that could be offered
him. The mercenary may retain much show of independence ;
hireling service sacrifices self =respect as well as principle ; a public
officer who makes his office tributary to private speculation in
which he is interested is mercenary ; if he receives a stipulated rec-
ompense for administering his office at the behest of some leader,
faction, corporation, or the like, he is both hireling and venal ; it
he gives essential advantages for pay, without subjecting himself
venerate
veneratiou 366
to any direct domination, his course is venal, but not hireling.
Compare pay ; venial.
Antonyms:
disinterested, honest, incorruptible, public^spirited, unpurchasable.
generous, honorable, patriotic.
VEBfERATE.
Synonyms:
adore, honor, respect, revere, reverence.
In the highest sense, to revere or reverence is to hold in mingled
love and honor with sometliing of sacred fear, as for that which
while lovely is sublimely exalted and brings upon us by contrast
a sense of our unworthiness or inferiority ; to revere is a wholly
spiritual act ; to reverence is often, tho not necessarily, to give
outward expression to the reverential feeling ; we revere or rever-
eyice the divine majesty. Revere is a stronger word than rever-
ence or venerate. To venerate is to hold in exalted honor without
fear, and is applied to objects less removed from ourselves than
those we revere, being said especially of aged persons, of places
or objects having sacred associations, and of abstractions ; we
venerate an aged pastor, the dust of heroes or martyrs, lofty virtue
or self=sacrifice, or some great cause, as that of civil or religious
liberty ; we do not venerate God, but revere or reverence him.
"We adore with a humble yet free outflowing of soul. Compare
VENERATION.
Antonyms ■
contemn, detest, dishonor, scoff at, slight,
despise, disdain, disregard, scorn, spurn.
VENERATION.
Synonyms :
adoration, awe, dread, reverence.
A^ve is inspired by that in which there is sublimity or majesty
so overwhelming as to awaken a feeling akin to fear ; in aire, con-
sidered by itself, there is no element of esteem or affection, tho the
sense of vastness, power, or grandeur in the object is always
present. Dread is a shrinking apprehension or expectation of
possible harm awakened by any one of many objects or causes,
from that wlaich is overwhelmingly vast and miglity to that which
is productive of momentary physical pain : in its higher uses
dread approaches the meaning of au-c, but witli more of chilliness
and cowering, and without that subjection of soul to the grandeur
venial
367 veracity
and wortliiness of the object that is involved in mm. Awe is pre-
occupied with the object that inspires it ; dread with apprehen-
sion of personal consequences. Reverence and veneration are less
overwhelming than awe or dread, and suggest something of
esteem, affection, and personal nearness. We may feel aiveot
that which we can not reverence, as a grandly terrible ocean
storm ; axce of the divine presence is more distant and less ti-ust-
ful than revei-ence. Veneration is commonly applied to things
which are not subjects of awe. Adoration, in its full sense, is
loftier than veneration, less restrained and awed than reverence,
and with more of the spirit of direct, active, and joyful worship.
Compare esteem ; venerate.
Antonyms:
contempt, disdain, dishonor, disregard, scorn.
VEMIAL.
Synonyms :
excusable, pardonable, sligbt, trivial.
Venial (L. venia, pardon) signifies capable of being pardoned,
and, in common use, ca])able of being readily pardoned, easily
overlooked. Aside from its technical ecclesiastical use, venial is
always understood as marking some fault comparatively slight or
trivial. A venial offense is one readily overlooked ; a xmrdonahle
offense requires more serious consideration, but on deliberation is
found to be susceptible of pardon. Excusable is scarcely applied
to offenses, but to matters open to doubt or criticism rather than
direct censure ; so used, it often falls little short of justifiable ;
as, I think, under those circumstances, his action was excusable.
Protestants do not recognize the distinction between venial and
mortal sins. Venial must not be confounded with the very dif-
ferent word VENAL. Compare venal.
Antonyms :
inexcusable, inexpiable, mortal, unpardonable, unjustifiable.
VERACITY.
Synonyms :
candor. honesty, reality, truthfulness,
frankness, ingenuousness, truth, verity.
Truth is primarily and verity is always a quality of thought or
speech, especially of speech, as in exact conformity to fact. Ve-
racity is properly a quality of a person, the habit of speaking and
the disposition to speak the truth ; a habitual liar may on some
verbal 36§
occasions speak the trutli, but that does not constitute him a man
of veracity : on the other hand, a person of undoubted veracity
may state (through ignorance or misinformation) what is not the
truth. Truthfulness is a quahty that may inliere either in a per-
son or in liis statements or behefs. Candor, frankness, honesty,
and ingenuousness are allied with veracity, and verity with truth,
while truthfulness may accord with either. Truth in a second-
ary sense may be applied to intellectual action or moral charac-
ter, in the former case becojuing a close synonym of veracity ;
as, I know him to be a man of truth.
Antonyms:
deceit, duplicity, falsehood, fiction, lie,
deception, error, falseness, guile, mendacity,
delusion, fabrication, falsity, imposture, untruth.
Compare synonyms for deception.
VERBAL.
Synonyms :
literal, oral, vocal.
Oral (L. OS, the mouth) signifies uttered through the mouth or
(in common phrase) by word of mouth ; verbal (L. verbum, a
word) signifies of, pertaining to, or connected with words, espe-
cially with words as distinguished from the ideas they convey ;
vocal (L. vox, the voice) signifies of or pertaining to the voice,
uttered or modulated by the voice, and especially uttered with or
soimding with full, resonant voice ; literal (L. litera, a letter) sig-
nifies consisting of or expressed by letters, or according to the
letter, in the broader sense of the exact meaning or requirement
of the words used; what is called "the letter of the law" is its
literal meaning without going behind what is expressed by the
letters on the page. Thus oral appUes to that which is given by
spoken words in cUstinction from that which is written or printed ;
as, oral tradition ; an oral examination. By this rule we should
in strictness speak of an oral contract or an oral message, but
verbal contract and verbal message, as indicating that which is by
spoken rather than by written words, have become so fixed in the
language that they can probably never be changed ; tliis usage is
also in fine with other idioms of the language ; as, "I give you
my word,'' "a true man's ivord is as good as his bond," "by ivord
of mouth,*' etc. A verbal ti-anslation may be oral or written, so
that it is word for word ; a literal translation follows the con-
struction and idiom of the original as well as the words ; a literal
victory
369 vigilant
translation is more than one that is merely vei'hal ; both verbal
and literal are opposed to free. In the same sense, of attending
to words only, we speak of verbal criticism, a verbal change.
1 ocaZ has primary reference to the human voice ; as, vocal sounds,
vocal music ; vocal may be applied within certain limits to inar-
ticulate sounds given forth by other animals than man ; as, the
woods were vocal with the songs of birds ; oral is never so applied,
but is limited to articulate utterance regarded as having a definite
meaning ; as, an oral statement.
VICTORY.
Synonyms :
acliieveinent, conquest, success, triumph,
advantage, mastery, supremacy,
Victory is the state resulting from the overcoming of an oppo-
nent or opponents in any contest, or from the overcoming of diffi-
culties, obstacles, evils, etc., considered as opponents or enemies.
In the latter sense any hard=won achievement, advantage, or suc-
cess may be termed a victory. In conquest and mastery there is
implied a permanence of state that is not implied in victory.
Triumph, originally denoting the public rejoicing in honor of a
victory, has come to signify also a peculiarly exultant, complete,
and glorious victory. Compare conquer.
Antonyms :
defeat disappointment, failure, miscarriage, retreat,
destruction, disaster, frustration, overthrow, rout.
VIGILANT.
Synonyms :
alert, cautious, on the lookout, wary,
awake, circumspect, sleepless, watchful,
careful, on the alert, wakeful, wide=awake.
Vigilant implies more sustained activity and more intelligent
volition than alert ; one may be habitually alert by reason of
native quickness of perception and thought, or one may be mo-
mentarily alert under some excitement or expectancy ; one who
is vigilant is so with thoughtful purpose. One is vigilant against
danger or harm ; he may be alert or watchful for good as well as
against evil ; he is wary in view of suspected stratagem, trickery,
or treachery. A person may be imkefnl because of some merely
physical excitement or excitability, as through insomnia ; yet he
may be utterly careless and negligent in his wakefulness, the re-
verse of watchful ; a person who is truly watchful must keep him-
24
sro
self icakcful while on watch, in which case loakeful has something
of mental quality. Watchful, from the Saxon, and vigilant, from
the Latin, are almost exact equivalents ; but vigilant has some-
what more of sharp definiteness and somewhat more suggestion
of volition ; one may be habitually uxiicliful ; one is vigilant of.
set purpose and for direct cause, as in the presence of an enemy.
Compare alert.
Aiitoiiyini>« :
careless, heedless, inconsiderate, oblivious,
drowsy, inattentive, neglectful, thoughtless,
dull, incautious, negligent, unwary.
VIRTUE.
Synonyms:
chastity, honesty, probity, truth,
duty. honor, purity, uprightness,
excellence, integrity, rectitude. virtuousness,
faithfulness, justice, righteousness, w^orth,
goodness, morality, Tightness, worthiness.
Virtue (L. virtus, primarily manly strength or courage, from
vir, a man, a hero) is, in its full sense, goodness that is victo-
rious through trial, perhaps through temptation and conflict.
Goodness, the being morally good, may be much less than vi7^-
tue, as lacking the strength that comes from trial and conflict,
or it may be very much more than virtue, as rising sublimely
above the possibility of temptation and conflict — the infantile
as contrasted with the divine goodness. Virtue is distinctively
human ; we do not predicate it of God. Morality is conformity
to the moral law in action, whether in matters concerning our-
selves or others, whether with or without right principle. Honesty
and probity are used especially of one's relations to his fellow men,
probity being to honesty much what virtue in some respects is to
goodness ; probity is honesty tried and proved, especially in those
things that are beyond the reach of legal requirement ; above the
commercial sense, honesty may be applied to the highest truthful-
ness of the soul to and with itself and its Maker. Integrity, in the
full sense, is moral wholeness without a flaw ; when used, as it
often is, of contracts and dealings, it has reference to inherent
character and principle, and denotes much more than superficial
or conventional honesty. Honor is a lofty honesty that scorns
fraud or wrong as base and unworthy of itself. Honor rises far
above thought of the motto that " honesty is the best policy."
Purity is freedom from all admixture, especially of that which
debases ; it is chastity both of heart and life, but of the life be-
371 Avauder
cause from the heart. Duty, the rendering of what is due to any
person or in any relation, is, in this connection, the fulfilment of
moral obligation. Rectitude and righteousness denote conformity
to the standard of right, whether in heart or act ; righteousness is
used especially in the religious sense. Uprightness refers espe-
cially to conduct. Virtuousness is a quality of the soul or of
action ; in the latter sense it is the essence of virtuous action.
Compare innocent ; justice ; religion.
Antonyms:
evil, vice, viciousness, wiclcednees, wrong.
Compare synonyms for sin.
WAMDER.
Synonyms:
deviate, diverge, go astray, range, rove. sw^erve,
digress, err, ramble, roam, stray, veer.
To wander (AS. U'indan , wind) is to move in an indefinite or inde-
terminate way which may or may not be a departiu'e from a pre-
scribed way ; to deviate (L. de, from, and via, a way) is to turn from
a prescribed or right way, physically, mentally, or morally, usually
in an unfavorable sense ; to diverge (L. di, apart, and vergo, incline,
tend) is to turn from a course previously followed or that some-
thing else follows, and has no unfavorable implication ; to digress
(L. di, apart, aside, and gradior, step) is used only with reference
to speaking or writing ; to err is used of intellectual or moral
action, and of the moral with primary reference to the intellectual,
an error being viewed as in some degree due to ignorance. Range,
roam, and rove imply the traversing of considerable, often of vast,
distances of land or sea ; range commonly implies a purpose ; as,
cattle range for food ; a hunting=dog ranges a field for game.
Roam and rove are often purposeless, and always without definite
aim. To swerve or veer is to tui-n suddenly from a prescribed or pre-
vious course, and often but momentarily ; veer is more capricious
and repetitious ; the horse siverves at the flash of a sword ; the wind
veers ; the ship veers with the wind. To stray is to go in a somewhat
purposeless way aside from the regular path or usual limits or
abode, usually with unfavorable implication ; cattle stray from
their pastures ; an author strays from his subject ; one strays from
the path of virtue. Stray is in most uses a lighter word than
wander. Ramble, in its literal use, is always a word of pleasant
suggestion, but in its figurative use always somewhat contemptu-
ous ; as, rambling talk.
Tflsdom 372
WAY.
Synonymic:
alley, course, lane, path, route,
avenue, drive^vay, pass, path'way, street,
bridle=patli, highroad, passage, road, thoroughfare,
channel, highway, passageway, roadw^ay, track.
Wherever there is room for one object to pass another there is
a ivay. A road (originally a rideuxiy) is a prepared ivay for trav-
eling with horses or vehicles, always the latter unless the contrary
is expressly stated ; a ivay suitable to be traversed only by foot=
passengers or by animals is called a ])ath, bridle-path, or track ;
as, the roads in that country are mere hridle-paths. A road may
be private ; a Mghicay or highroad is public, highivay being a
specific name for a road legally set apart for the use of the public
forever ; a highivay may be over water as well as over land. A
route is a line of travel, and may be over many roads. A street
is in some center of habitation, as a city, town, or village ; when
it passes between rows of dwellings the country road becomes the
village street. An avenue is a long, broad, and imposing or prin-
cipal street. Track is a word of wide signification ; we speak of a
goat-track on a mountain=side, a railroad=irocit, a race=fracfc, the
track of a comet ; on a traveled road the line worn by regular
passing of hoofs and wheels in either direction is called the track.
A passage is between any two objects or lines of enclosure, a pass
commonly between mountains. A driveway is within enclosed
grounds, as of a private residence. A channel is a waierivay. A
thoroughfare is a ivay through ; a road or street temporarily or
permanently closed at any point ceases for such time to be a thor-
oughfare. Compare air ; direction.
WISDOM.
Synonyms :
attainment, insight, prudence,
depth, judgment, reason,
discernment, judiciousness, reasonableness,
discretion, know^ledge, sagacity,
enlightenment, learning. sense,
erudition, prescience, skill,
foresight, profundity, understanding,
information,
Enlightenment, erudition, information, knoivledge, learning,
and skill are acquired, as by study or practise. Insight, judgment,
profuiidity or depth, reason, sagacity, sense, and understanding
are native qualities of mind, tlio capable of increase by cultiva-
tion. The other qualities are on the border=line. Wisdom has
373 wit
been defined as "the right use of knowledge," or " the use of the
most important means for attaining the best ends," ivisdom thus
presupposing knou-ledge for its very existence and exercise. Wis-
dom is mental power acting upon the materials that fullest knoiol-
edge gives in the most effective way. There may be what is
termed " practicaltftsdo?Ji " that looks only to material results ;
but in its full sense, unsdom implies the highest and noblest exer-
cise of all the faculties of the moral nature as well as of the intel-
lect J Prudence is a lower and more negative form of the same
virtue, respecting outward and practical matters, and largely with
a view of avoiding loss and injury ; icisdom transcends prudence.
so that while the part of prudence is ordinarily also that of wis-
dom, cases arise, as in the exigencies of business or of war, when
the liighest wisdom is in the disregard of the maxims of jpriidence.
Judgment, the power of forming decisions, especially correct de-
cisions, is broader and more j)ositive than prudence, leading one
to do, as readily as to refrain from doing ; but judgment is more
limited in range and less exalted in character than wisdom ; to
say of one that he displayed good judgment is much less than to
say that he manifested wisdom. Skill is far inferior to unsdom,
consisting largely in the practical application of acquired knoui-
edge, power, and habitual processes, or in the ingenious contri-
vance that makes such application possible. In the making of
something jjerf ectly useless there may be great skill, but no tvis-
dom. Compare acumen ; astute ; knowledge ; mind ; prudence;
SAGACIOUS ; SKILFUL
Antonyms:
absurdity, folly, imbecility, miscalculation, senselessness,
error, foolishness, imijrudence, misjudgment, silliness,
fatuity, idiocy, indiscretion, nonsense, stupidity.
Compare synonyms for absurd ; idiocy.
WIT.
Synonyms :
banter, fun, joke waggery,
burlesque, bumor, playfulness, waggishness.
drollery, jest, pleasantry, w^itticism.
faeetiousness, jocularity, raillery,
Wit is the quick perception of unusual or commonly unperceived
analogies or relations between things apparently unrelated, and
has been said to depend upon a union of surprise and pleasure ; it
depends certainly on the production of a diverting, entertaining,
or merrymaking surprise. The analogies with which ivit plays
work
yet 374
are often superficial or artificial ; humor deals with real analogies
of an amusing or entertaining kind, or with traits of character
that are seen to have a comical side as soon as brought to view.
Wit is keen, sudden, brief, and sometimes severe ; Immor is deep,
thoughtful, sustained, and always kindly. Pleasantry is lighter
and less vivid than wit. Fun denotes the merry results produced
by XL-it and humor, or by any fortuitous occasion of mirth, and is
pronounced and often hilarious.
Antonyms :
dulness, seriousness, sobriety, solemnity, stolidity, stiiDiditv
gravity, j-i f j-
^VORK.
Synonyms:
achievement, doing;. labor, product,
action. drudgery. occupation, production,
Dusiness, employment, performance, toll,
deed, exertion.
Worlc is the generic term for any continuous application of
energy toward an end ; u-ork may be hard or easy. Labor is hard
and wearying work ; toil is straining and exliausting u-ork. Work
is also used for any result of working, physical or mental, and has
special senses, as in mechanics, which labor and toil do not share.
Drudgery is plodding, irksome, and often menial tvork. Compare
act; business.
Autonyms:
ease, idleness, leisure, recreation, relaxation, repose, rest, vacation.
TET.
Synonyms:
besides, further. hitherto, now, stiU, thus far.
Yet and still have many closely related senses, and, with verbs
of past time, are often interchangeable; we may say "while he
was yet a cliild," or "while he was still a child." Yet, like still,
often appUes to past action or state extending to and including the
present time, especially when joined with as ; we can say " he is
feeble as yet," or "he is still feeble," with scarcely appreciable
difference of meaning, except that the former statement implies
somewhat more of expectation than the latter. Yet with a nega-
tive applies to completed action, often replacing a positive state-
ment with still ; "he is not gone yet " is nearly the same as "he
is here still." Yet has a reference to the future which still does
not share ; " we may be successful yet " imphes that success may
begin at some future time ; " we may be successful stilV implies
375 youthful
that we may continue to enjoy in tlie future such success as we
are winning now.
YOUTHFUI..
Synonyms-.
adolescent, callow, childlike, immature, puerile,
Ijoyisli, childish, girlish, juvenile, young.
Boyish, childish, and girlish are used in a good sense of those
to whom they properly belong, but in a bad sense of those from
whom more maturity is to be expected ; cldldish eagerness or glee
is pleasing in a child, but unbecoming in a luan ; puerile in mod-
ern use is distinctly contemptuous. Juvenile and youthful are
commonly used in a favorable and kindly sense in their applica-
tion to those still young ; yonthfid in the sense of having the char-
acteristics of youth, hence fresh, vigorous, light=hearted, buoyant,
may have a favorable import as applied to any age, as when we
say the old man still retains his youthful ardor, vigor, or hopeful-
ness ; juvenile in such use would belittlef the statement. Young
is distinctively applied to those in the early stage of life or not
arrived at maturity. Compare new.
Antonyms '.
Compare synonyms for old.
SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER,
The following exercises have been prepared expressly and solely to accompany
the preceding text in which the distinctions of synonyms have been carefully pointed
out. It is not expected, intended, or desired that the questions should be answered
or the blanks in the examples supplied off-hand. In such study nothing can be
worse than guess=work. Hence, leading questions have been avoided, and the order
of synonyms given in Part I. has frequently been departed from or reversed in
Part II.
To secure the study of Part I. before coming into class, pupils should not be
allowed to open it during recitation, unless ou rare occasions to settle doubtful or
disputed points. The very best method will be found to be to have the examples in-
cluded in the lesson, with any others that may be added, copied on the blackboard
before recitation, and no books brought into class.
The teacher should make a thorough study of the subject, not only mastering
what is given in Part I., but g6ing beyond the necessarily brief statements there
given, and consulting the ultimate authorities — the best dictionaries and the works
of the best speakers and writers. For the latter purpose a good cyclopedia of quota-
tions, like the Hoyt, will be found very helpful. The teacher should so study out
the subject as to be distinctly in advance of the class and able to speak authorita-
tively. Such independent study will be found intensely interesting, and can be made
delightful and even fascinating to any intelligent class.
In answer to questions calling for definitive statement, the teacher should insist
upon the very words of the text, unless the pupil can give in his own words what is
manifestly as good. This will often be found not easy to do. Definition by syno-
nym should be absolutely forbidden.
Reasonable questions should be encouraged, but the class should not be allowed
to become a debating society. The meaning of English words is not a matter of con-
jecture, and all disputed points should be promptly referred to the dictionary — usu-
ally to be looked up after the recitation, and considered, if need be, at the next recita-
tion.. The majority of them will not need to be referred to again, as the difliculties
will simply represent an inferior usage which the dictionary will brush aside. One
great advantage of synonym study is ro exterminate colloquialisms.
The class should be encouraged to brmg quotations from first=class authors with
blanks to be filled, such quotations being held authoritative, though not infallible;
also quotations from the best newspapers, periodicals, speeches, etc., with words
underlined for criticism, sucn quotations being held open to revision upon consulta-
tion of authorities. The change of usage, whereby that may be correct to=day which
would not have been so at an earlier period, should be carefully noted, but always
upon the authority of an approvea aiction-ry.
The examnles have been in great part selected from the best literature, and all
others carefully prepared for this work. Hence, an appropriate word to fill each
blank can always be found bv careful study of the corresponding group of synonyms.
In a few instances, either of two words would appropriately fill a blank and yield a
good sense. In such case, either should be accepted as correct, but the resulting
difference of meaning should be clearly pointed out.
PART II.
QUESTIONS AND EXAMPLES.
ABAl^DON (page 1).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what objects or classes of objects does abandon apply ? abdicate? cede?
quit? resign? surrender? 2. Is abandon used in the favorable or unfavor-
able sense ? desert favorable or unfavorable ? forsake? 3. What does aban-
don commonly denote of previous relationship ? forsake?
EXAMPLES.
The soldiers his standard in such numbers that the commander found it
necessary to the enterprise.
France was compelled to Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.
In the height of his power Charles V. the throne.
Finding resistance vain, the defenders agreed to the fortress.
To the surprise of his friends, Senator Conkling suddenly his office.
At the stroke of the bell, the men instantly work.
ABASE (page 2).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does abase differ from debase? humble from hum Hate? degrade from
disgrace?
EXAMPLES.
To provide funds, the king resolved to the coinage.
He came from the scene of his disgrace, haughty and defiant, but no*
The officer who had himself by cowardice was to the ranks.
Only the base in spirit will themselves before wealth, rank, and power.
The messenger was so that no heed was paid to his message.
abash
abkor 378
ABASH (page 3).
QUESTIONS.
What has the effect to make one abashed? 2. How does confuse differ from
abash? 3. What do we mean when we eay that a person is mordjied? 4.
Give an instance of the use of mortified where abashed could not be sub-
stituted. Why could not the words be interchanged ? 5. Can one be c^awnfed
who is not abashed ? 6. Is embarrass or mortify the stronger word ? Give
instances.
EXAMPLES.
The peasant stood in the royal presence.
The numerous questions the witness.
The speaker was for a moment, but quickly recovered himself.
At the revelation of such depravity, I was utterly .
When Bensible of his error, the visitor was deeply .
ABBREVIATION (page 4).
QUESTIONS.
Is an abbreviation always a contraction? 2. Is a contraction always an a66?'e-
viation? Give instances. 3. Can we have an abbreviation of a book,
paragraph, or sentence ? What can be abbreviated ? and what abridged?
EXAMPLES.
The treatise was already so brief that it did not admit of .
The Dr. is used both for Doctor and Debtor.
F. R. S. is an of .He title " Fellow of the Royal Society."
ABET (page 4).
QUESTIONS.
1. Abet, incite, imtigate: which of these words are used in a good and which in a
bad sense ? 2. How does abet differ from incite and instigate as to the time
of the action ? 3. Which of the three words apply to persons and which to
actions ? Give instances of the use of abet; instigate; incite.
EXAMPLES.
To further his own schemes, he the viceroy to rebel against the king.
To a crime may be worse than to originate it, as arguing less escitemen
and more calculation and cowardice.
The prosecution was evidently malicious, by envy and revenge.
And you that do him in this kind
Cherish rebellion, and are rebels all.
ABHOR (page 5).
QUESTIONS.
1. Which is the stronger word, abhor or despise? 2. What does abhor denote ?
3. How does Archbishop Trench illustrate the difference between abhor and
shun? 4. What does detest express? 5. What does loathe imply? Is it
abide
379 abolii«U
phjbical or moral in its application ? 6. Give illustrations of the appropriate
uses of the above words.
EXAMPLES.
He had sunk to snch degradation as to be utterly by all good men.
Such weakness can only be .
Talebearers and backbiters are everywhere .
— — that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.
ABI]>E (page 5).
QUESTIONS.
I. What limit of time is expressed by abide? by lodge f by live, dwell, reside?
2. What is the meaning of sojourn? 3. Should we say one is stopping or
staying at a hotel ? and why ? 4. Give examples of the extended, and of the
limited use of abide.
EXAMPLES.
One generation passeth away and another generation cometh, but the earth
forever.
And there were in the same country shepherds in the field, keeping watch
over their flock by night.
So great was the crowd of visitors that many were compelled to in the
neighboring villages.
He is at the Albemarle.
He has for forty years in the same house.
By faith he in the land of promise, as in a strange country.
ABOLISH (page 6).
QUESTIONS.
1. Is abolish used of persons or material objects ? 2. Of what is it used ? Give
examples. 3. What does antiihilate signify ? Is it stronger or weaker than
abolish? 4. What terms do we use for doing away with laivs, and how do
those terms differ among themselves ? 5 . What are the differences between
overtkroiv, svppress, and subvert? especially between the last two of those
words ? 6. How does prohibit differ from abolish? 7. What word do we
especially use of putting an end to a nuisance ? 8. What other words of this
class are especially referred to ? 9. Give some antonyms of abolish?
EXAMPLES.
The one great endeavor of Buddhism is to sorrow.
Modern science seems to show conclusively that matter is never .
The law, which had long been by the revolutionists, was at last by
the legislature.
The ancient statute was found to have been by later enactments, though
never formally .
The Supreme Court the adverse decision of the inferior tribunal.
Even in a republic, sedition should be promptly , or it may result in the
of free institutions.
From the original settlement of Vineland, New Jersey, the sale of intoxicating
licLuor has been ,
abomination
absolute 3S0
ABOMIIVATIO]* (page 7).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what was abomination originally applied? 2. Does it refer to a state of
mind or to some act or other object of thought ? 3. IIow does abomination
differ from aversion or disgust P 4. How does an abo?ninati07i differ from
an offense ? from crime in general ?
EXAMPLES.
After the ship began to pitch and roll, we could not look upon food without
It is time that such a should be abated.
Capital punishment was formerly inflicted in England for trivial
In spite of their high attainments in learning and art, the foulest were
prevalent among the Greeks and Romans of classic antiquity.
ABRIDOMEIVT (page 7).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does an abridgment differ from an outline or a synopsis? from an abstract
or digest? 2. How does an abstract or digest differ from an outline or a
synojisis f 3. Does an analysis of a treatise deal with what is expressed, or
with what is implied ? 4. What words may we use to express a condensed
view of a subject, whether derived from a previous publication or not ?
EXAMPLES.
The New Testament may be regarded as an of religion.
There are several excellent of English literature.
An of the decision of the court was published in all the leading papers.
The publishers determined to issue an of their dictionary.
Such as U. S. for United States should be rarely used, unless in hasty
■writing or technical works.
ABSOI^UTE (page 8).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does absolute in the strict sense denote ? supreme? 2. To what are these
words in such sense properly applied ? 3. How are they used in a modified
sease ? 4. Is arbitrary ever used in a good sense ? What is the chief use ?
Give examples. 5. How does autocratic differ from arbitrary? both these
words from despotic? desjiotic from tyrannical? 6. Is irresponsible good ov
bad in its implication? arbitrary? imperatim? imperiom? peremptory?
positive? authoritative?
EXAMPLES.
God alone is and .
The Czar of Russia is an ruler.
■ power tends always to be — in its exercise.
On all questions of law in the United States the decision of the Court Is
and final.
Learning of the attack on our seamen, the government sent an demand
for apology and indemnity.
Man's will and intellect have given him dominion over all other
creatures on the earth, so that they are either subjugated or exterminated.
absolve
391 abstract
ABSOLVE (page 9).
QUESTIONS.
What is the original sense of absolve? 2. To what does it apply ? 3. What is
its special sense when used with reference to sins ? 4. How does it differ
tvom acquit ? forgive f justify? jMrdonf 5. What are the chief autonyms
of absoh^e ?
EXAMPLES.
No power under heaven can a man from his personal responsibility.
When the facts were known, he was of all blame.
ABSORB (page 9).
QUESTIONS.
1. When is a fluid said to be absorbed? 2. Is the substance of the absorbing body
changed by that which it absorbs? Give instances. 3. IIow docs consume
differ from absorb? 4. Give instances of the distinctive uses of engross,
swallow, imbibe, and absorb in the figurative sense. 5. What is the difference
between absorb and emit? absorb and radiate?
EXAMPLES.
Tho the fuel was rapidly within the furnace, very little heat was
from the outer surface.
In setting steel rails special provision must be made for their expansion under
the influence of the heat that they .
Jip stood on the table and barked at Traddles so persistently that he may be said
to have the conversation.
ABSTIKEXCE (page 10).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does abstinence differ from abstemimisness? from self-denial? 2. What is
temperance regarding things lawful and worthy ? regarding things vicious and
injurious ? 3. What is the more exact term for the proper course regarding
evil indulgences ?
EXAMPLES.
He was so moderate in his desires that his seemed to cost him no .
Among the Anglo«Saxous the idea of universal and total from all intoxi-
cants is little more than a century old.
ABSTRACT, v.; ABSTRACTED (page 10, 11).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between abstract and seimrate? between discriminate
and distinguish ?* 2. How does abstract, when said of the mind, differ from
divert? from distract? 3. How do abstracted, absorbed, anA. preoccupied
differ from absent-minded? 4. Can one who is preoccupied be said to be
listless or thoughtless ? one who is absent-minded ?
*NoTE. See these words under discern as referred to at the end of the para-
graph on ABSTRACT in Part I. The pupil should be instructed, in all cases, to look
up and read over the synonyms referred to by the words in small capitals at the end
of the paragraph in Part I.
absnrd
accessory, n. 3S2
EXAMPLES.
He was so with these perplexities as to be completely of his sur-
roundings.
The busy student may be excused Lf ; in the merely or it is
intolerable.
The power to one idea from all its associations and view it alone is the
marlc of a philosophical mind.
Numerous interruptions ia the midst of occupations had made him
almost .
ABSURD (page 11).
QUESTIONS.
What is the difference between absurd smdi paradoxical f 2. What are the dis-
tinctions between irratimial, foolish, and silly? 3. What is the especial im-
plication in unreasonable? 4. How do monstrous and irreposterous compare
with absurd? 5. What is the especial element common to the ^mc^zct'om*, the
ndiculoiis, and the nonsensical ? 6. What are some chief antonyms of abmrd ?
EXAMPLES.
A statement may be disproved by deducing logically from it a conclusion that
Carlyle delighted in utterances.
The hatred of the Jews in the Middle Ages led the populace to believe the
most slanders concerning them.
I attempted to dissuade him from the plan, but found him altogether
; many of his arguments were so as to be positively .
ABUSE (page 13).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what does abuse apply ? 2. How does abuse differ from damage (as in the
case of rented property, e. g.) 1 3. How Aoes abuse differ from harm? 4.
What words of this group are used in a bad sense ? 5. Is rejyroach good or
bad ? 6. How do persecute and oppress differ ? 7. Do misemploy, misuse,
and pei-vert apply to persons or things ? To which does abuse apply ?
EXAMPLES.
The tenant shall not the property beyond reasonable wear.
intellectual gifts make the dangerous villain.
In his rage he began to and all who had formerly been his friends.
To be for doing right can never really a true man.
In no way has man his fellow man more cruelly than by him for his
religious belief.
ACCESSORY, w. (page 13).
QUESTIONS.
1. Which words of this group are used in a good, and which in a bad sense ? 2.
Which are indifferently either good or bad ? 3. To what does ally generally
apply ? colleague ? 4 . How does an associate compare in rank with a principal ?
accident
383 acrimony
5 . Is assistant or attendant the higher word ? How do both these words com-
pare with dissociate? 6. In what sense ax& follower, henchman, and retainer
used ? partner P 1 . What is the legal distinction between abettor and acces-
sory? 8. To what is aecoW;/;/ic6 nearly equivalent ? Which is the preferred
legal term ?
EXAMPLES.
The Senator differed with his in this matter.
The baron rode into town with a great array of armed .
France and Russia seem to have become firm .
The called to the for a fresh bandage.
All persons, but especially the young, should take the greatest care in the choice
of their .
As he was not present at the actual commission of the crime, he was held to be
only an and not an .
ACCIDENT (page 14).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between accident and chance? 2. How does incident
differ from both ? 3. What is the special significance ot fortune? 4. How
does it differ in usage from chance ? 5. How are accident, misadventure, and
mishap distinguished ?
EXAMPLES.
Gambling clings almost inseparably to games oi .
Bruises and contusions are regarded as ordinary of the cavalry service
The prudent man is careful not to tempt too far.
The misplacement of the switch caused a terrible .
Great thoughts and high purposes keep one from being greatly disturbed by the
little of daily life.
ACCtUAISJTANCE (page 15).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does acquaintance between persons imply ? 2. How does acquaintance
differ from companionship ? acquaintance from f7'iendskip ? tiom intimacy ?
3. How does fellowship differ tiom friendship ?
EXAMPLES.
A public speaker becomes known to many persons whom he does not know, but
who are ready promptly to claim with him.
The of life must bring us into with many who can not be admitted
within the inner circle of .
The ■ — of school and college life often develop into the most beautiful and
enduring .
Between those most widely separated by distance of place and time, by language,
station, occupation, and creed, there may yet be true of soul.
ACRIMOXY (page 15).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does acei'bity differ itom. asjKvity ? aspe?ity trom acrimony ? 2. Howls
act
acumen 3S4
acrbno9iy distinguiBhed tvom t)ialig?di>/ ? malignity ivom virulence? 3. What
is implied in the use of the word seventy f
EXAMPLES.
A certain of speech had become habitual with him.
To this ill«timed request, he answered with sudden .
A constant sense of injustice may deepen into a settled .
This smooth and pleasing address veiled a deep .
Great will be patiently borne if the sufferer is convinced of its essential
justice.
ACT (page 16).
QUESTIONS.
1. How is act distinguished from action? from deed? 2. Which of the words in
this group necessarily imply an external effect ? Which may be wholly mental ?
EXAMPLES.
He who does the truth will need no instruction as to individual s.
is the truth of thought.
The is done.
ACTIVE (page 17).
QUESTIONS.
1. With what two sets of words is active allied ? 2. How does active differ from
busy? from industrious? 3. How do active and restless compare? 4. To
what sort of activity does officious refer ? 6. What are some chief antonyms
of active?
EXAMPLES.
Being of an disposition and without settled purpose or definite occupa-
tion, she became as a hornet.
He had his days and hours, but could never be properly said to be .
An attendant instantly seized upon my baggage.
The true student is from the mere love of learning, independently of its
rewards.
ACUMEIV (page 18).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How do sharpness, acuteness, peneti'ation, and insight compare with acumen ?
2. What is the special characteristic of acumen ? To what order of mind does
it belong? 3 . What is ««g'adi!y .? Is it attributed to men or brutes ? 4. What
is perspicacity ? 5 . Wiia.t is shrewdness ? Is it ordinarily good or evil ? 6.
Give illustrations of the uses of the above words as regards the possessors of
the corresponding qualities.
EXAMPLES.
The treatise displays great critical .
The Indians had developed a practical that enabled them to follow a trail
by scarcely perceptible signs almost as unerringly as the hound by scent.
add
8S3 adequate
ADD (page 18).
QUESTIONS.
1. How is add Tel&t&d. to increase ? How does it differ from multiply? 2. What
does aiiffmeni signify ? Of what is it ordinarily used ? 3. To what does
amplify apply ? 4. In what ways may a discourse or treatise be amplified ?
EXAMPLES.
Care to our coffin a nail no doubt;
And every grin, so merry, draws one out.
up at night, what thou hast done by day;
And In the morning what tnou hast to do.
ADDRESS, V. (page 19).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does accost always signify ? greet? hail? 2. How does salute differ from
accost or greet ? address ? 3 . What is it to apostrophise ?
EXAMPLES.
The pale snowdrop is springing
To ■ the glowing sun.
to the Chief who in triumph advances.
His faithful dog the smiling guest.
yc heroes ! heaven=born band 1
Who fought and died in freedom's cause.
ADDRESS, n. (page 20).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is address in the sense here considered? 2. What is tact? 3. What
qualities are included in address ?
EXAMPLES.
And the tear that is wiped with a little
May be followed perhaps by a smile.
The of doing doth esprcsse
No other but the doer's willingnesse.
I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking; I could wish would
invent some other custom of entertainment.
ADEQUATE (page 21).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What do adequate, commensurate, and sufficient alike signify ? How does com-
mensurate specifically differ from the other two words ? Give examples. 2.
To what do adapted, fit, suitable, and qualified refer ? 3. Is satisfactory a
very high recommendation of any work ? Why ? 4. Is able or capable the
higher word ? Illustrate.
EXAMPLES.
We know not of what we are till the trial comes.
Indeed, left nothing for your purpose untouched, slightly handled, in dis-
course.
25
adiierent
adoru 3S6
ADHERENT (page 21).
QUESTIONS.
What is an adherent f 2. How does an adherent differ from a supporter? from
a disciple? 3. How do botli the above words differ from ally? 4. Has par-
tisan a good or a bad sense, and why ? 5 . Is it well to speak of a supporter
as a backer ?
EXAMPLES.
Also of your own selves shall men arise speaking perverse things to draw away
— s after them.
Woman is woman's natural .
Self-defense compelled the European nations to be s against Napoleon.
The deposed monarch was found to have a strong body of b.
AD JACEBTT (page 23).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between ftf^/wcew^ and adjoining? contiguous? contermi-
nous? 2. What distance is implied in near? neighboring? 3. What does
next always imply ? 4. Give antonyms of adjacent; near.
EXAMPLES.
Stronger by weakness, wiser men become,
As they draw to their eternal home.
ADHIRE (page 23).
QUESTIONS.
In what sense was admire formerly used ? What does it now express ? 2. How
Aoes admire compare with r«»«re.? venerate? adore? Give instances of the
use of these words.
EXAMPLES.
The beautiful are sure to be .
Henceforth the majesty of God ;
Fear him, and you have nothing else to fear.
I value Science — none can prize it more,
It gives ten thousand motives to :
Be it religious, as it ought to be,
The heart it humbles, and it bows the knee.
ADORM (page 23).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does adorn differ from ornament? from garnish? from deck or bedeck?
from decorate ?
EXAMPLES.
At church, with meek and unaffected grace,
His looks the venerable place.
The red breast oft, at evening hours,
Shall kindly lend his little aid,
With hoary moss, and gathered flowers.
To the ground where thou art laid.
aflfVont
3S7 aim
AFFRONT (page 24).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to affront? 2. How does affront compare with insult? with tease?
annoy ?
EXAMPLES.
It is safer to some people than to oblige them; for the better a man de-
serves, the worse they will speak of him.
Oh, rather give me commentators plain,
Who with no deep researches the brain.
The petty desire to is simply a perversion of the human love of power.
They rushed to meet the foe.
AGEWT (page 24).
QUESTIONS.
How does agent in the philosophical sense compare with Tnover or doer? 2.
What different sense has it In business usage ?
EXAMPLES.
That morality may mean anything, man must be held to be a free .
The declined to take the responsibility In the absence of the owner.
AGREE (page 25).
QUESTIONS.
How do concur and coincide differ in range of meaning ? How with reference to
expression in action ? 2. How doea accede compuve with consent ? 3. Which
is the most general word of this group ?
EXAMPLES.
A woman's lot is made for her by the love she .
My poverty, but not my will, .
AGRICIJETURE (page 25).
QUESTIONS.
"What does ar/riciiUure include ? 'How does it differ from farming ? 2. What is
gardening ? floriculture ? horticultwe ?
EXAMPLES.
Loan oft loses both itself and friend;
And borrowing dulls the edge of .
A field becomes exhausted by constant .
AIM (page 26).
QLTISTIONS.
What is an aim? How does it differ from mark? from goal? 2. How do end
and object compare ? 3 . To what does asjnration apply f How does it differ
in general from design, endeavor, or jmi'pose ? 4. How does pw2)0se compare
with intention? 5. What is design?
air
alarm 3§g
EXAMPLES.
lu deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn
For miserable tliat end witli self.
O yet we trust that somehow good
Will be the final of ill.
How qurckly nature falls into revolt,
When gold becomes her .
It is noi , but ambition that is the mother 6f misery in man
AIR (page 27).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is air in the sense here considered ? 2. How does air differ from appear-
ance P 3. What is the di£eTeiice "between expression and look f 4. What is
the sense of bearing? carriage F 5. How does mien differ from air? 6.
What does demeanor include ?
EXAMPLES.
I never, with important ,
In conversation overbear.
Vice is a monster of such hideous ,
As, to be hated, needs but to be seen.
Grief fills the room up of my absent child,
Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me,
Puts on his pretty , repeats his words.
AIRY (page 27).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does airy agree with and differ from aerial? Give instances of the uses of
the two words. 2. What does ethereal signify? sprightly? 3. Are lively
and animated used in the favorable or unfavorable sense ?
EXAMPLES.
tongues that syllable men's names, on sands and shores and desert wilder-
nesses.
The mold
Incapable of stain, would soon expel
Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire.
Victorious.
Society became my glittering bride,
And hopes my children.
Soft o'er the shrouds whispers breathe,
That seemed but zephyrs to the train beneath.
ALARM (page 28).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the derivation and distinctive meaning of alarm? 2. What do affright
and. fright express^? Give an illustration of the contrasted terms. 3. How
are apprehension, disquietude, dread, and misgiving related to the danger that
alert
389 allay
excites them ? 4. What are consternation., dismay, and terror, and how are
they related to the danger ? 5. What is timidity?
AI^ERT (page 28).
QUESTIONS.
To what do alert, wide-awake, and ready refer? 2. How does ready differ
from alert? ixom prepared ? 3. What does jJrotnjJt signify? 4. What is
the secondary meaning of alert?
EXAMPLES.
To be for war is one of the most effectual ways of preserving peace.
He who is not to=day will he less so to»morrow.
Thus ending loudly, as he would o'erleap
His destiny, he stood.
ALIE:^, a. & n. (i^age 29).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does alien differ from foreign? 2. Is a, foreigner by birth necessarily an
alien? 3. Are the people of one country while residing in their own land
foreigners or alie^is to the people of other lands ? 4. How can one residing in a
foreign country cease to be an alien in that country ? 5 . How do foreign and
alien differ in their figurative use ?
EXAMPLES.
By hands thy dying eyes were closed
* * *
By hands thy humble grave adorned
By strangers honored and by strangers mourned.
What is religion ? Not a inhabitant, nor something to our nature,
which comes and takes up its abode in the soul.
from the commonwealth of Israel and from the covenants of
promise.
AEIKE (page 30).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How does alike compare with similar ? with identical ? 2 . What is the distinc-
tion often made between equal and equivalent ? 3 . What is the sense of analo-
gous ? (Compare synonyms for Aif alogt.) 4. In what sense is homogeneous
used?
EXAMPLES.
Sometimes gentle, sometimes capricious, sometimes awful; never the , for
two moments together.
Fashioned for himself, a bride;
An , taken from his side.
AEEAY (page 31).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the distinction between allay aud alleviate ? Which word implies a par-
allege
alleviate 390
tial removal of the cause of suffering, or an actual lightening of the burden ?
2. With which of the above words are we to class appease, pacify^ soothe, and
the like ? 3 . With what words is alleviate especially to be grouped ? (See syn-
onyms for ALLE\^ATE.)
EXAMPLES.
Such songs have power to
The restless pulse of care,
And come like the benediction
That follows after prayer.
Many a word, at random spoken
May or wound a heart that's broken !
ALLEOE (page 31).
QUESTIONS.
1. Which is the primary and which the secondary word, edlege or adduce? Why ?
2. How much of certainty is implied in allege? 3. How much does one ad-
mit when he speaks of an alleged fact, document, signature, or the like ?
EXAMPLES.
In many cases of haunted houses, the spirits have not ventured to face an
armed man who has passed the night there.
I can not one thing and mean another. If I can't pray I will not make be-
lieve I
ALLEOORT (page 33).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How does allegwy compare with simile f Simile with metaphor? 2, What are
the distinctions between allegory, fable, hnd. parable ? 3. Under what general
term are all these mcluded ? 4. To what isjiction now most commonly ap-
plied ?
EXAMPLES.
In argument
are like songs in love :
They much describe; they nothing prove.
And He spake many things unto them in , saying, Behold a sower went
forth to sow.
AJLL-EVIATE (page 33).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does alleviate differ from relieve? from remove ? 2. Is alleviate used of
persons? 3. What are the special significations of afiafe .^^ wisuage? mitigate?
tnoderate ? 4. How does alleviate compare with allay? (Compare synonyms
for ALLAY.)
EXAMPLES.
To pity distress is but human; to it is Godlike.
But, O ! what mighty magician can
A woman's enw ?
__- alliance
391 allude
AL.IiIANCE (page 34).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an alliance? how docs it differ ivovfi partnership ? from coalition? from
league? 2. How docs a confederacy or federation differ from a union?
EXAMPLES.
The two nations formed an offensive and defensive against the common
enemy.
Till the war^drum throbbed no longer, and the battle=flags were furled,
In the Parliament of man, the of the world.
Business are the warrant for the existence of trade .
ALLOT (page 34).
QUESTIONS.
Does allot refer to time, place, or person ? 2. To what does appoint refer 1 assign?
3. How does destine differ from ajypoint? 4. How does award differ from
allot, appoint, and assign ?
EXAMPLES.
Man hath his daily worli of body or mind .
He eth the moon for seasons; the sun knoweth his going down.
The king is but as the hind . . .
Who may not wander from the field
Before hie work be done.
ALLOW (page 85).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between allow waAxxrmit? between a ;??rwi< and permis-
sion ? 2. What instances can you give of the use of these words, also of toler-
ate and snbmit ? 3. What does yield imply ?
EXAMPLES.
Frederick the Austrians to cross the mountains that he might attack them
on a field of his own choosing.
The cruelty and envy of the people
by our dastard nobles, who
Have all forsook me, hath devoured the rest.
State churches have ever been unwilling to dissent.
ALLUDE (page 36).
QUESTIONS.
What is the distinctive sense of allude'? of advert? of refer? 2. How do the
above words compare with mention as to explicitness ? 3. How do hint and
insinuate differ ?
EXAMPLES.
Late in the eighteenth century Cowper did not venture to do more than to
the great allegorist [Bunyan], saying:
" I name thee not, lest so despised a name
Should move a sneer at thy deserved fame."
allure -^.^
amass dw-*
ALLURE (page 37).
QUESTIONS.
1. What IB it to allure ? 2. How does allure differ from attract? fromluref 3.
What does coax express ? 4. What is it to cajole? to decoy? to inveigle?
5. How does seduce differ from tempt? 6. Is win used in the favorable or
unfavorable sense ?
EXAMPLES.
The ruddy square of comfortable light
him, as the beacon blaze
The bird of passage.
But Satan now is wiser than of yore,
And by making rich, not making poor.
He had a strange gift of friends, and of the love of women.
ALSO (page 37).
QUESTIONS.
1. Into what two groups are the synonyms for also naturally divided ? 2, Which
words simply add a fact or thought ? 3. Which distinctly imply that what is
added is like that to which it is added ?
EXAMPLES.
Thine to work to pray,
Clearing thorny wrongs away ;
Plucking up the weeds of sin.
Letting heaven's warm sunshine in.
ALTERNATIVE (page 38).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between clioice and alternative in the strict use of lan-
guage ? 2. Is alternative always so severely restricted by leading writers ?
3. What do choice, pick, election, sltoA preference imply regarding one's wishes ?
alternative ? resources ?
EXAMPLES.
Homer delights to call Ulysses " the man of many ."
AMASS (page 38)=
QUESTIONS.
What is it to amass ? 2. How is amass distinguished from accumulate ? 3.
interest amassed or accumulated ? 4. How does hoard differ from store ?
EXAMPLES.
By daring and successful speculation, he a prodigious fortune.
The sum was the savings of an industrious and frugal life.
O, to what purpose dost thou thy words.
That thou returu'st no greeting to thy friends ?
anibitloii
393 amateur
AMATEUR (i^age 39).
1. What is the difference between amateur and connoisseur? between coimoisseur
and critic ? 2. Which word carries a natural implication of superficialness ?
3. Uow do novice and tyro differ from amateur f
EXAMPLES.
He was in Logic a great -
Profoundly skill'd in Analytic ;
He could distinguish, and divide
A hair 'twixt south and eouth»west side.
The greatest works in poetry, painting, and sculpture have not been done by
The mere who produces nothing, and whose business is only to judge and
enjoy.
AMAZEHIE^T (page 39).
QUESTIONS.
1. What do amazement and astonishment agree in expressing ? 2. How do the two
words differ? 3. What is the meaning of awe? of admiration? 4. How
does surprise differ from astonishment and amazement? 5. What are the
characteristics of wonder ?
EXAMPLES.
'Twas while he toiled him to be freed.
And with the rein to raise the steed.
That, from 's iron trance.
All Wycklif 's soldiers waked at once.
Can such things be,
And overcome us like a summer's cloud.
Without our special ?
The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes
And gaping mouth that testified .
AMBITIOX (page 40).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What two senses has ambition? 2. How does ambition differ from aspiratioii i
Which is the higher word ? 3. What is the distinctive sense of emvlationi
4. Has emulation a good side ? How does it compare with aspiration?
EXAMPLES.
Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away
By that sin, fell Iho angels.
Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave,
Is in the learn'd or brave.
I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting .
amend
anger 394
A9IE^D (page 41)!
QUESTIONS.
1. What is It to amend f 2. How do advance^ better^ and improve differ from
amend}' 3. Are these words applied to matters decidedly bad, foul, or evil ?
4. What is the difference between amend and emxnd?
EXAMPLES.
Return ye now every man from his evil way, and your doings.
The construction here is difficult, and the text at this point has been variously
Human characters and conditions never reach such perfection that they can not
be .
AiniABLE (page 42).
QUESTIONS.
1 . To what does lovely often apply ? 2. To what does amiable always apply ? 3.
How do agreeable, attractive, and charming differ from amiable f Give ex-
amples. 4. Is a good-natured person necessarily agreeable? an amiable
person?
EXAMPLES.
His life was ; and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world. This was a man I
The east is blossoming ! Yea a rose,
Vast as the heavens, soft as a kiss,
as the presence of woman is.
ANALOGY (page 43).
QUESTIONS.
What is the specific meaning of analogy? 2. What is affinity ? coincidence?
3. Does coincidence ncceseanlj invo\ve resembla?ice or likeness ? 4. What is
parity of reasoning ? 5 . "What ia a similitude ? G, B-OVf do resemblance a,nd
similarity differ from analogy ?
EXAMPLES.
The two boys bore a close to each other.
It is not difficult to trace the of the home to the state.
AXOER (page 44).
QUESTIONS.
1. What are the especial characteristics of anger? How does it differ from indig-
nation ? exasperation ? rage ? wrath ? ire ?
EXAMPLES.
My enemy has long borne me a feeling of .
Christ was filled with at the hypocrisy of the Jews.
I was overcome by a sudden feeling of .
animal
395 aii!$\ver
AKIMAL (page 45).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is an animal f a brute. ? a beast ? 2. Is man an animal ? 3 . What is im-
plied if we speak of any particular man as an animal'^ a bimte ? a beast f 4.
What forms of existence does the word creature include ? 5 . What are the
animals of a country or region collectively called ?
EXAMPLES.
It is only within the last half century that societies have been organized for the
prevention of cruelty to .
O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains! that
we should with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, transform ourselves into !
Take a out of his instinct, and you find him wholly deprived of under-
standing.
Spurning manhood and its joys to loot.
To be a lawless, lazy, sensual .
ANMOUKCE (page 46).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to amvnince? 2. Does it apply chiefly to the past or the future ? 3.
To what is advertise chiefly applied ? propound ? pronnilciate f publish ?
EXAMPLES.
The Sphinx its riddles with life and death depending on the answer.
Through the rare felicity of the times you are permitted to think what you please
and to what you please.
The songs of birds and the wild flowers in the woodlands the coming of
spring.
ABfSWER (page 46).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a verbal answer? 2. In what wider sense is mstver used ? 3. What is
a reply? a rcjoiJider? 4. How does an answer to a charge, an argument, or
the like, differ from a reply or rejoinder? 5. What is the special quality of a
response? 6. What is a retort? How does it differ from repartee ?
EXAMPLES.
I can no other make, but thanks.
Theirs not to make
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die.
Upon thy princely warrant I descend.
To give thee of thy just demand.
He could not be content without finding a in Nature to every mood of his
mind; and he does find it.
A man renowned for
Will seldom scruple to make free
With friendship's honest feeling.
Nothing is so easy and inviting as the of abuse and sarcasm; but it is a
paltry and unprofitable contest.
anticipate, anticipation
anxiety 396
AI¥T1CIPATE, AXTICIPATIOBI (page 47).
QUESTIONS.
What are the two contrasted senses of anifidpa^ef 2. Which is now the more
common ? 3. How does anticipate differ from expect f from hope ? from ap-
prehend? 4. 'Qa\y does, anticipation differ txova. preBentimentf fiom appre-
hension? from foi'ebodlnff ? 5. What special element is involved va. foretaste?
How do foresight andforethought go beyond the meaning of anticipation?
EXAMPLES.
Then some leaped overboard with fearful yell,
As eager to their grave.
England every man to do his duty.
These are portents ; but yet I , I hope,
They do not point on me.
If I know your sect, I your argument.
The happy of a renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just.
ANTIPATHY (page 48).
QUESTIONS.
1. How is antipathy to be distinguished from dislike? from antagonism? from
aversion? 2. What ie uncongenialitij ? Hovf does it AiSei from antipathy ?
Which is positive ? and which negative ?
EXAMPLES.
Christianity is the solvent of all race .
From my soul I loathe
All affectation; 'tis my perfect scorn, object of my implacable .
ANTIQUE (page 48).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what does antique refer ? antiquated? 2. Is the difference between them a
matter of time ? Give examples. 3. Can a modern building be antiquated?
Can it be antique f 4. What is the significance of quaint ?
EXAMPLES.
My copper lamps, at any rate.
For being true • , I bought.
I do love these ruins,
We never tread upon them but we set
Our foot upon some reverend history.
ANXIETY (page 49).
QUESTIONS.
What is anxiety in the primary sense ? Is it mental or physical ? 2. How does
a/me^y differ from anguish? 3. What kind of possibility does anxiety &\-
ways suggest ? 4. How does it differ from apprehension, fear, dread, etc., in
this regard? 5. What is ivorry ? fretfulness? 6. Does perplexity involve
anxiety ?
apatli y
SOT appetite
EXAMPLES.
Yield not to the future, weep not for the past.
Superstition invested the slightest incidents of life with needless -
is harder than work, and far less profitable.
APATHY (page 50.)
QUESTIONS.
What is apathp ? 2. How does it differ from the Saxon word unfeelingness ?
from indifference f from insensibility f from uncmicern ? 3 . How does stoi-
cism differ from apathy ?
EXAMPLES.
In lazy let stoics boast
Their virtue fixed: 'tis fixed as in a frost.
At length the morn and cold came.
He sank into a from which it was impossible to arouse him.
APOLOGY (page 51).
QUESTIONS.
1. What change of meaning has ai^otog-y undergone ? 2. What does an apotog'y now
always imply ? 3. How does an ff^jotosr?/ differ from an €a'CM«e .? 4. Which of
these words may refer to the future ? 5. How does confession differ from
apology ?
EXAMPLES.
only account for that which they do not alter.
Beauty is its own for being.
There is no refuge from but suicide ; and suicide is .
APPAREafT (page 53).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What two contrasted senses arise from the root meaning of apparent f 2. What
is implied when we speak of apparent kindness or apparent neglect ? 3. How
do presumable and -prohahle differ ? 4. What implication is conveyed in
seeming f What do we suggest when we speak of " seeming innocence "?
EXAMPLES.
It is not that the students will attempt to break the rules again.
It lis not yet what his motive could have been in committing such an
offense.
It is that something has been omitted which was essential to complete the
construction.
APPETITE (page 54).
QUESTIONS.
1. Of what kind of demands or impulses is appetite ordinarily used? 2. What
demands or tendencies are included in passion? 3. What is implied hj pas-
sions and appetites when used as contrasted terms ?
apportion <>qs
army »»»r8
EXAMPLES.
Govern well thy , lest sin
Surprise thee, aud her black attendant Death.
Take heed lest sway
Thy judgment to do aught which else free will
Would not admit.
APPORTION (page 54).
QUESTIONS.
What is the special significance of apportion by which it is distinguished from
allot, assign, distribute, or divide ? 2. What is the significance of dispense in
the transitive use ? 3. What is it to appropriate f
EXAMPLES.
Representatives are among the several states accorcung to the population.
The treasure was and their shares duly among the captors.
APPROXIMATION (page 55).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an approximation in the mathematical sense? 2. How close an
approach to exactness and certainty does approximation imply? 3. How
does approximation differ from resemblance and similarity f from approach ?
4. How does approximation, as regards the class of objects to which it is
applied, differ from nearness, neighbrn-hood, or 2)roplnquity f
EXAMPLES.
We have to be content with to a solution.
Without faith, there is no real to God.
Wit consists in knowing the of things which differ, and the difference of
things which are alike.
ARMS (page 55).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between arms and armor? 2. In what connection is
armw used in modern warfare ?
EXAMPLES.
on clashing brayed
Horrible discord.
There is constant rivalry between irresistible projectiles and impenetrable .
ARMY (page 56).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What are the essentials of an army? 2. Is an army large or small ? 3. What
term would be applied to a mnltitiide of armed men without order or organiza-
tion ? 4. In what sense is host used ? legion ?
EXAMPLES.
For the is a school in which the miser becomes generous, and the generous,
prodigal; miserly soldiers arc like monsters, but very rarely seen.
The 8till«discordant wavering .
«.«.«. arraign
399 ask
ARRAIO]\ (page 56).
QUESTIONS.
, To what kind of proceedings do indict and arraign apply ? 2. How is one in-
dicted? How arraigned? 3. How do these words differ from charge? ac-
cuse ? censure ?
EXAMPLES.
The criminal was for trial for his offenses.
Religion does not or exclude unnumbered pleasures, harmlessly pursued.
ARTIFICE (page 58).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an a?Yi;?ce .? & device? finesse? 2. In what sense are cheat, maneuver,
and imposture always used ? 3. In what sense is i^ric/fc commonly used ? 4.
What is a fraud? 5. Is u'ile used in a good or a bad sense? 6. Does the
good or the bad sense commonly attach to the words artifice, contrivance, inise,
blind, device, and. finesse?
EXAMPLES.
Those who can not gain their ends by force naturally resort to .
The enemy were decoyed from their defenses by a skilful .
Quips and cranks and wanton ,
Nods and becks and wreathed smiles.
Whoever has even once become notorious by base , even if he speaks the
truth, gains no belief.
ARTIST (page 58),
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an artist? [an artisan? 2. What is an artificer? How related to
a7iist and artisati ?
EXAMPLES.
The power depends on the depth of the 's insight of that object he contem-
plates.
Infuse into the purpose with which you follow the various employments and
professions of life the sense of beauty, and you are transformed at once from an
into an .
If too many turn shopkeepers, the whole natural quantity of that business
divided among them all may afford too small a share for each.
ASK (page 59).
QUESTIONS.
For what class of objects does one as/i? For what does he beg? 2. How do
entreat and beseech compare with ask? 3. What is the special sense of
implore? ot supplicate ? 4. How are em?ie and reqvest distinguished? jaraji
•dndpeiition? 5. What kind of ff.sAiwf/ is implied in demand? in require?
How do these two words differ from one another?
associate ^
assurance 400
EXAMPLES.
We, ignorant of ourselves,
often our owu harms, which the wise powers
Deny us for our good : so we find profit.
By losing of our prayers.
The harvest truly is great, but the labourers arc few : ye therefore the
Lord of the harvest that he would send forth labourers into his harvest.
Speak with me, pity me, open the door,
A beggar that never begg'd before.
Be not afraid to ; to is right.
, if thou canst, with hope; but ever .
Though hope be weak or sick with long delay;
in the darkness, if there be no light.
ASSOCIATE (page 60)=
QUESTIONS.
What does associate 'imply, as used officially ? What when used in popular lan-
guage ? 2. Do we speak of associates in crime or wrong ? What words are
preferred in such connection? (See synonyms for accessokt.) 3. Is com-
panion used in a good or bad sense ? 4. How does it differ in use from asso-
ciated 5. What is the significance of jxerf comrade f coiisortf
EXAMPLES.
His best innocence and health.
And his best riches ignorance of wealth.
The accepted Napoleon's abdication.
The leader in the plot was betrayed by his
ASSUME (page 61)
QUESTIONS.
Does assume apply to that which is rightfully or wrongfully taken ? 2. In
what use does assume correspond with arrogate and usurp? 3. How do arro-
gate and usurp differ from each other ? How does assume differ from piostu-
late as regards debate or reasoning of any kind ?
EXAMPLES.
Wherefore do I
These royalties, and not refuse to reign.
a virtue if you have it not.
For well we know no hand of blood and bono
Can gripe the sacred handle of our scepter,
Unless he do profane, steal, and .
ASSURANCE (page 61).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is assurance in the good sense ? 2. What is ass^irance in the bad sense ?
3. How does assurance compare with impudence?' with effrontery f
astute
401 attain
EXAMPLES.
Let us draw near with a true heart in full of faith.
Some wicked wits have libePd all the fair.
With matchless they style a wife
The dear»bought curse, and lawful plague of life.
With brazen he denied the most indisputable facts.
ASTUTE (pageG2).
QUESTIONS.
From what language is acute derived ? What is its distinctive sense ? 2. From
what language is Aeen derived ? What does it distinctively denote ? 3. From
what language is ashtte derived, and what was its original meaning ? 4. In
present use what does astute add to the meaning of acute or keen? 5. What
does astute imply regarding the ulterior purpose or object of the person who is
credited with it ?
EXAMPLES.
You statesmen are so in forming schemes !
He taketh the wise in their own ness.
The most reasoner may be deluded, when he practises sophisti-y upon
himself.
ATTACHMEl^T (page 63).
QUESTIONS.
What is attachment? How does it differ from adherence or adhesion? from af-
fection? from inclination? tiom regard?
EXAMPLES.
Talk not of wasted , never was wasted.
You do not weaken your for your family by cultivating s beyond its
pale, but deepen and intensify it.
ATTACK, V. & n. (pages 63, 64).
QUESTIONS.
1. What special element is involved in the meaning of attack? 2. How do assail
and assault differ ? 3. What is it to encounter? how does this word compare
with attack ? How does attack differ from aggression ?
EXAMPLES.
We see time's furrows on another's brow,
And death intrench 'd, preparing his ;
How few themselves in that just mirror see!
Who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open ?
Roger Williams the spirit of intolerance, the doctrine of persecution, and
never his persecutors.
ATTAIN (page 64)
QUESTIONS.
1 . What kind of a word is attain^ and to what does it point ? 2. How does attain
differ from obtain? from achieve? 3. How does obtain differ from procure?
26
attitucle
avaricious 402
EXAMPLES.
The heights by great men and kept
Were not by sudden flight,
But they, while their companions slept,
Were toiling upward in the night.
Our doubts are traitors,
And make us lose the good we oft might —
By fearing to attempt.
ATTITUDE (page 65).
QUESTIONS.
How does position as regards the human body difEer from attitude, posture, or
jMse ? 2. Do the three latter words apply to the living or the dead ? 3. What
is the distinctive sense of attitude ? Is it conscious or unconscious ? 4. How
does posture differ from attitude ? 5 . What is the distinctive sense of pose ?
How does it differ from, and how does it agree with attitude and jjosture ?
EXAMPLES.
The assumed indicated great indignation because of the insult implied.
The was graceful and pleasing.
ATTRIBUTE, v. (page 65).
QUESTIONS.
What suggestion is often involved m attribute? 2. How does attribute differ
from 7-efer and ascribe? 3. Is charge (in this connection) used in the favor-
able or unfavorable sense ?
EXAMPLES.
ye greatness unto our God.
He unworthy motives which proved a groundless charge.
ATTRIBUTE, n. (page 66).
QUESTIONS.
What is the derivation and the inherent meaning of quality? 2. What is an
attribute? 3. Which of the above words expresses what necessarily belongs
to the subject of which it is said to be an attribute or quality ? 4. What is the
derivation and distinctive sense of jrroijeiiy ? 5. How does property ordina-
rily differ from quality. 6. In what usage do property and quality become
exact synonyms, and how are piroijerties then distinguished ?
EXAMPLES.
His scepter shows the force of temporal power,
The to awe and majesty.
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings.
Nothing endures but personal s.
AVARICIOUS (page 68).
QUESTIONS.
1. How do avaricious and covetous differ from miserly, niggardly, parsimonio^is.
avenge
44)3 awkivard
and penurious? 2. Of what matters are gj-eedy and stingy used ^ How do
they differ from each other ?
EXAMPLES.
I am not for gold;
Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost;
It yearns me not if men my garments wear.
It is better to he content with such things as ye have than to become and
in accumulating.
AVENGE (page 64).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to avenge? 2. How does avenge differ from revenge? 3. Which
word would be used of an act of God ? 4. Is retaliate used in the sense of
avenge or of revenge ?
EXAMPLES.
O, that the vain remorse, which must chastise
Crimes done, had but as loud a voice to warn
As its keen sting is mortal to .
I lost mine eye laying the prize aboard,
And therefore to it, shalt thou die.
AVOW (page 69).
QUESTIONS.
1 . Which words of this group refer exclusively to one's own knowledge or action ?
2. What is the distinctive sense of aver? of avouch? of avow? 3. How do
avouch and avoiv differ from aver in construction ? 4. Is avow used in a good
or a bad sense ? What does it imply of others' probable feeling or action? 5.
How does avow compare with confess ?
EXAMPLES.
And, but herself, no parallel.
The child his fault and was pardoned by his parent.
AWFUE (page 70).
QUESTIONS.
To what matters should awful properly be restricted ? 2. Is auful always
interchangeable with alarming or ternhle? with disagreeable or annoying?
EXAMPLES.
Then must it be an thing to die.
The silent falling of the snow is to me one of the most things in nature.
AWKWARD (page 70).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the derivation and original meamng oi awkivard ? oi clumsy? 2. To
what, therefore, does awkward primarily refer ? and to what clumsy? 3. Is
axiom
bank 404
a draft-horse distinctively aw^war-c? ox clumsy? 4. Give some metaphorical
uses of awkward f
EXAMPLES.
Though he was , he was kindly.
The apprentice was not only , but , and had to be taught over and
over again the same methods.
The young girl stood in a way, looking in at the showy shop'windows.
Axiom (page 71).
QUESTIONS.
1. In what do axiom and truism agree ? 2. In what do they differ ? 3. How do
they compare in interest and utility ?
EXAMPLES.
It is almost an that those who do most for the heathen abroad are most
liberal for the heathen at home.
Trifling s clothed in great, swelling words of vanity.
BABBL.1E: (page 71).
QUESTIONS.
To what class do most of the words in this group belong ? Why are they so
called ? 2. What is the special significance of blab and blurt? How do they
differ from each other in use ? 3. What is chat? 4. How does iwattling
differ from chatting? 5. In what sense is jabber used ? How does it com-
pare with c^aW«r.?
EXAMPLES.
" The crane," I said, "may of the crane.
The dove may of the dove."
Two women sat contentedly ing, one of them amusing a ing babe.
BANISH (page 73).
QUESTIONS.
1. From what land may one be banished? From what expatriated or exiled? 2.
By whom may one be said to be banished ? by whom expatriated or exiled ?
3 . Which of these words is of widest import ? Give esamples of its meta-
phorical use.
BAMH (page 72).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a beach? a coast? 2. How does each of the above words differ from
bank? 3. What is the distinctive sense of strand? In what style of writing
is it most commonly used ? 4. What are the distinctive senses of ecZg'g and
brink ?
banter
4Q5 beautiful
BAXTER (page 73).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is hanier? 2. Hov/ is badinage distinguished from banter? raillery from
both ? 3. What is the distinctive sense of irony? 4. Is irony kindly or the
reverse? badinage? banter? 5. What words of this group are distinctly
hostile ? 6. Is ridicule or derision the stronger word ? What is the distinc-
tion between the two ? between satire and sarcasm ? between chaffs jeering,
and mockei'y ?
BARBAROUS (page 73).
QUESTIONS.
1, What is the meaning of barbarian? 2. What is the added significance ot
barbaric? 3. How does barbarous in general use differ from both the above
words ? 4. What special element is commonly implied in savage? 5. In
what less opprobrious sense may barbarous and savage be used ? Give
instances.
EXAMPLES.
A multitude like which the populous North
Poured never from her frozen loins, to pass
Ehene or the Danaw, when her sons
Came like a deluge on the south.
Or when the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings • pearl and gold.
It is most true, that a natural and secret hatred and aversation toward society, in
any man, hath some« hat of the beast.
Thou art bought and sold among those of any wit like a slave.
BARRIER (page 74).
QUESTIONS.
What is a bar? and what is its purpose? 2. "Wh&t is a. barrier ? 3. Which
word is ordinarily applied to objects of great extent.? 4. Would a mountain
range be termed a bar or a barrier ? 5. What distinctive name is given to a
mass of sand across the mouth of a river or harbor ?
BATTLE (page 74).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the general meaning of conflict? 2. What is a battle? 3. How long
may a battle last ? 4. On how many fields may one battle be fought ? 5. How
does engagement differ from battle? How does combat differ ? action? skir-
mish ? fight ?
BEAIJTIFUE (page 76).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is necessary to constitute an object or a person beautiful ? 2. Can beauti-
ful be said of that which is harsh and rugged, however grand ? 3 . How is
becoming
begluuliig 4MM
beautiful related to our powers of appreciation? 4. How does pretty compare
with beautiful? handsome f 5. What does /air denote ? comely? pictur-
esque f
EXAMPLES.
I pray thee, O God, that I may he within.
A happy youth, and their old age is and free.
'Twas sung, how they wore in their lives
And in their death had not divided been.
How has the day been, how bright was the sun,
How lovely and joyful the course that he run.
Though he rose m a mist when his race he began
And there followed some droppings of rain 1
BECOMI^O (page 77).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of becoming? of decent? oi suitable? 2. Can that which
is worthy or beautiful in itself ever be aVaeTwise t\i&.i\ beccnning or suitable ?
Give instances. 3. What is the meaning oi fit? How does it differ from
fitting or befitting ?
EXAMPLES.
A merrier man,
Within the limit of mirth,
I never spent an hour's talk withal.
Still govern thou my song,
Urania, and audience find, tho few.
Indeed, left nothing for your purpose
Untouched, slightly handled, in discourse.
In such a time as this, it is not ■
That every nice offense should bear his comment.
How could money be better spent than in erecting a building for the
greatest library in the country ?
BECillVWIXO (page 78).
QUESTIONS.
1. From what language is beginning derived? commencement? How do the two
words differ in application and use ? Give instances. 2. What is &noHgin?
a source ? a rise? 3. How axe fount, fountain, and spring used in the flgura
tive sense?
EXAMPLES.
For learning is the pure,
Out from which all glory springs.
Truth is the of every good to gods and men.
Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above,
By which those great in war are great in love;
The of all brave acts is seated here.
It can not be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor, nor he
his toiler: it was a violent , and thou slialt see an answerable sequestration.
In the God created the heaven and the earth.
beliavior
407 bleacU
BEHAVIOR (page 79).
QUESTIONS.
How do behavior and conduct differ ? 2. What is the special sense of caniage ?
of bearing? dermaiwrf 3. What is »ia/Mi^r .? manners f
EXAMPLES.
Our thoughts and our are our own.
Good are made up of petty sacrifices.
BEMEVOLENCE (page 80).
QUESTIONS.
What is the original distinction between benevolence and beneficence f 2. In
what sense is benevolence now most commonly used ? 3. What words are
commonly used for benevolence in the original sense ? 4. What was the orig-
inal sense of charity ? the present popular sense ? 5 . What of hmnanity ?
generosity? liberality? philanthropy ?
EXAMPLES.
■ is a virtue of the heart, and not of the hands.
The secrets of life are not shown except to and likeness.
BIBfB (page 81).
QUESTIONS.
What is the distinctive sense of hind? 2. What is the special meaning of tie?
3. In how general a sense \s fasten used ? 4. Which of the above three words
is used in a figurative sense ?
EXAMPLES.
Shut, shut the door, good John ! fatigued, I said;
up the knocker, say I'm sick, I'm dead.
Adjust our lives to loss, make friends with pain,
all our shattered hopes and bid them bloom again.
BITTER (page 81).
QUESTIONS.
1. IIow may acid. Utter, and acrid he di&tmgin&hed 'i pungent ? cavstic? 2. In
metaphorical use, how are harsh ami bitter distinguished? 3. What is the
special significance of caustic? 4. Give examples of these words in theii
various uses.
BEEACH (page 82).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How do bleach and blanch differ from whiten ? from each other ?
EXAMPLES.
You can behold such sights.
And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
When mine is with fear.
We let the years go : wash them clean with tears,
Leave them to out in the open day.
bleiiiisli
brave 408
BLEmi^H (page 83).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a blemish P 2. How does it differ from a ^aw or to'«<? 3. What is a
defect f & fault ? 4. Whicli words of this group are naturally applied to rep-
utation, and which to character ?
EXAMPLES.
Every page enclosing in the midst
A square of text that looks a little .
The noble Brutus
Hath told you Coesar was ambitious :
If it were so, it was a grievous
BLUFF (page 83).
QUESTIONS.
In what sense are bluff, frank, and operi used . 2. In what sense are bliint,
briisk, rough, and rude employed ?
EXAMPLES.
There are to whom my satire seems too .
Stout once a month they march, a band
And ever but in times of need, at hand.
BOIJKDARY (page 84).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the original sense of boundary? 2. How does it differ in usage from
hound or hounds f 3. In what style and sense is Sowmused ? 4. What is the
distinctive meaning otedge ?
EXAMPLES.
So these lives . . .
Parted by s strong, but drawing nearer and nearer,
Rushed together at last, and one was lost in the other.
In worst extremes, and on the perilous
Of battle.
BRAVE (page 85).
QUESTIONS.
How does brave differ from courageous ? 2. What is the special sense of adven-
turous ? of hold f of chivalrous ? 3 . How do these words differ from venture-
some? 4. What is especially denoted hy fearless aaA intrepid? 5. What
does valiant tell of results ? 6. What ideas are combined in heroic ?
EXAMPLES.
A man is also full of faith.
Fir'd at first siglit with what the Muse imparts,
In youth we tempt the heights of Arts.
Thy danger chieily lies in acting well;
No crime's so great as to excel.
business
409 calm
BUSIBfESS (page 88).
QUESTIONS.
What ie the distinctive meaning of barter? 2. What does business add to the
meaning of barter? 3. What is occupation? Is it broader than business?
4. Wha.t 18 SI vocation? 5. What (in the strict sense) is an awcaiiore.? 6. What
is implied m profession ? pwsint ? 7 . What is a transaction ? 8 . How does
trade differ from commerce ? 9 . What is work ? 10. What is an art in the
industrial sense ? a craft?
EXAMPLES.
A man must serve his time to every .
We turn to dust, and all our mightiest s die too.
CAIiCULATE (page 90).
QUESTIONS.
How do you distinguish between cmmt and calculate? compute, reckon and esti-
mate? 2. Which is used mostly with regard to future probabilities ? 3. Do
we use compute or estimate of numbers exactly known ? 4. Of compute, cal-
culate, and estimate, which is used with especial reference to the future ?
EXAMPLES.
There were 4046 men in the district, by actual .
The time of the eclipse was to a second.
We ask them to approximately the cost of the building.
CALL (page 91).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the distinctive meaning of call? 2. Do we ever apply bdlow and roar
to human sounds ? 3. Can you give more than one sense of cry? 4. Are
shout and scream more or less expressive than call ? 5 . Which of the words in
this group are necessarily and which ordinarily applied to articulate utterance ?
Which rarely, if ever, so used ?
EXAMPLES.
for the robin redbreast and the wren.
The pioneers could hear the savages outside.
I my servant and he came.
The captain in a voice of thunder to the helmsman, " Rit your helm hard
aport! "
CAI.M (page 91).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what classes of objects or states of mind do we apply calm? collected?
quiet ? placid? serene ? still? tranquil? 2. Do the antonyms boisterous, ex-
cited, ruffled, turbulent, and wild, also apply to the same ? 3. Can you con-
trast calm and quiet? 4. How many of the preceding adjectives can be
applied to water ? 5. How does composed differ from cahn?
cancel -«a
care 410
EXAMPLES.
The possession of a conscience is an estimable blessing.
The water is said to be always in the ocean depths.
on the listening ear of night
Fall heaven's melodious strains.
CANCEL (page 92).
QUESTIONS.
What is the difference in method involved in the verbs cancel, efface, erase, ex-
punge, anA obliterate ? 2. Which suggest the most complete removal of all
trace of a writing ? 3. How do the figurative uses of these words compare
with the literal ? 4. Is it possible to obliterate or efface that which has been
previously canceled or erased f
EXAMPLES.
It is practically impossible to clean a postage^stamp that has been properly
so that it can be used again.
With the aid of a sharp penknife the blot was quickly .
By lapse of time and elemental action, the inscription had become completely
CANDID (page 93).
QUESTIONS.
To what class of things do we apply aboteboardf candid? fair? franlc? hon-
est? sincere? transparent? 2. Can you state the similarity between artless,
guileless, naive, simple, and unsophisticated ? IIow do they differ as a class
from the words above referred to? 3. How does it happen that " To be
frank, "or "To be candid" often precedes the utterance of something dis-
agreeable.
EXAMPLES.
The sophistry was so as to disgust the assembly.
A. T. Stewart relied on dealing as the secret of mercantile success.
An man will not steal or defraud.
she seems with artful care
Affecting to be unaffected.
CARE (page 94).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the special difference between care and anxiety? 2. Wherein does care
differ from ca?<<jc>?! .? solicitude from anxiety? ivatchfulness from waritiess ?
3. Can you give some of the senses of care.? 4. Is concern as strong a term
as aTixiety? 5. What is circumspection f precaution? heed?
EXAIVIPLES.
Take her up tenderly, lift her with .
A military commander should have as much as bravery.
The invaders fancied themselves so secure against attack that they had not taken
the to station sentinels.
-^^ caricature
411 cause
CARICATURE (page 95).
QUESTIONS.
What is the dL^tincti ve meaning of caricatnre f 2 . What is the special difference
hcivmea. parody ivaA travesty ? between both and 6«/teg'M« ? 3. To what is
carica^wre mostly confined ? 4. How do 7nimicry and imitatioti diHer ? 5.
Is an extravaganza an exaggeration?
EXAMPLES.
The eagle nose of the general was magnified in every artist's .
His laughable reproduction of the great actor's vagaries was a clever bit
of
If it be not lying to say that a fox's tail is four feet long, it is certainly a huge
CARRY (i>age 96).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what sort of objects do we apply bear? carry? i)iove? take? 2. What
kinds of force or power do we indicate by convey, lift, transmit, and transport ?
3. \.'hat is the distinction between bring and carry? between carry and
bear? 4. What does lift mean? 5. Can you give some figurative uses of
carry?
EXAMPLES.
The strong man can 1,000 pounds with apparent ease.
Napoleon always endeavored to the war into the enemy's territory.
It was found necessary to the coal overland for a distance of 500 miles.
My punishment is greater than I can .
CATASTROPHE (page 97).
QUESTIONS.
What is a catastrophe or cataclysm? 2. Is a catastrophe also necessarily a
calamity or a disaster? 3. Which word has the broader meaning, disaster or
calamity ? 4. Does misfortune suggest as serious a condition as any of the
foregoing ? 5 . How does a mishap compare with a catastrophe, a calamity,
or a disaster? 6. Give some chief antonyms of the above.
EXAMPLES.
War and pestilence are properly , while the loss of a battle may be a
— , but not a .
Fortune is not satisfied with inflicting one .
Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace
The day's in his morning face.
The failure of the crops of two successive years proved an irreparable to
the emigrants.
CAUSE (page 98).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the central distinction between antecedent and cause ? 2. How are the
words cause, condition, and occasion illustrated by the fall of an avalanche ?
cliagrin
clioose 412
3. And the antonyms consequence f effect? outgrowth f result? 4. What
are causality and causation ? 5. How are oi-igin and source related to cause?
EXAMPLES.
Where there is an effect there must be also a .
It is necessary to know something of the of a man before we can safely
trust him.
The of the river was found to be a small lake among the hills.
What was given as the of the quarrel was really but the .
CHAORIN (page 100).
QUESTIONS.
1. What feelings are combined in chagr-in? 2. How do you distinguish between
chagrin, disappointment, humiliation, mortification, and shame? 3. Which
involves a sense of having done wrong ?
EXAJVIPLES.
The king's at the limitations imposed upon him was painfully manifest.
He is not wholly lost who yet can blush from .
Hope tells a flattering tale,
Delusive, vain, and hollow.
Ah ! let not hope prevail.
Lest follow.
CHANGE (page 100).
QUESTIONS.
What is the distinction between change and exchange? Are they ever used as
equivalent, and how ? 2. Can you distinguish between modify and qualify?
EXAMPLES.
The tailor ofCered to the armholes of the coat.
We requested the pianist to his music by iiltroducing a few popular tunes.
We often fail to recognize the actor who his costume between the acts.
CHARACTER (page 102).
QUESTIONS.
1. How do you distinguish between character and reputation? constitution and dis-
position? 2. Is nature a broader word than any of the preceding ? 3. If so,
why?
EXAMPLES.
The philanthropist's for charity is often a great source of annoyance to
him.
Let dogs delight to bark and bite, for 'tis their to.
Misfortune may cause the loss of friends and reputation, yet if the man has not
yielded to wrong, his ■ is superior to loss or change.
CHOOSE (page 104).
QUESTIONS.
1 What are the shades of difference between choose, euU, elect, pick, jrrffer, and
■**«* clever
select? 2. Also lietween the antonyms cast away, decline, dismiss, refuse, re-
pudiate f 3. Does select imply more care or judgment than choose f
EXAMPLES.
The prettiest flowers had all been .
Jacob was to Esau, tho he was the younger.
When a man deliberately to do wrong, there is little hope for him.
CIRCUIflSTAI^CE (page 105).
QUESTIONS.
To what classes of things do we apply accomjmniment ? concomitant? circum-
stancef event? fact? incident? occurrence? situation? 2. Can you give
some instances of the use of circumstance? 3. Is it a word of broader mean-
ing than incident?
EXAMPLES.
The that there had been a fire was proved by the smoke«blackened walls.
Extreme provocation may be a mitigating in a case of homicide.
CLASS (page 106).
QUESTIONS.
How does a class differ from a caste ? 2. In what connections is rank used ?
order? 3. Whatis aco^^ng? How does it differ from a rfig?<e .?
EXAMPLES.
An was formed for the relief of the poor and needy of the city.
A select met at the residence of one of the leading men of the city.
There is a struggle of the masses against the .
CLEAR (page 107).
QUESTIONS.
What does clear originally signify ? 2. How does clear differ from transparent
as regards a substance that may be a medium of vision ? 3. With what meaning
is clear used of an object apprehended by the senses, as an object of sight or
hearing? 4. What does (Zfc^iwci! signify ? S . "WhaX is j)lain ? 6. What spe-
cial sense does this word always retain ? How does transparent differ from
translucent? 7. What do lucid and pellucid signify? 8. What is the
special force of limpid?
CLEVER (page 109).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What Is the meaning of clever as used in England ? 2. What was the early New
England usage ? 3. What is to be said of the use of smart and sharp? 4.
What other words of this group are preferable to clever in many of its uses ?
company
coinplatii 414
EXAMPLES.
His brief experience in the department had made him very in the worli
now assigned him.
She was especially in song.
Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be ;
Do noble things, not dream them, all day long ;
And so make life, death, and the vast forever
One grand, sweet song.
ful-
COMPAXY (page 110).
QUESTIONS.
From what is cmnpany derived ? What is its primary meaning ? 2 . For what
are those associated who constitute a company f Is their association tempo-
rary or permanent,? 3. What is the difference between assemblage and assem-
bly? 4. What is a conclave? a convocation? a convention? 5. What are
the characteristics of a. group? 6. To what n&e is congregation restricted?
How does meeting agree with and differ from it ?
EXAMPLES.
Far from the madding 's ignoble strife,
Their sober wishes never learned to stray.
The room contained a large — ■ — of miscellaneous objects.
A fellow that makes no figure in .
A great had met, but without organization or officers.
If ye inquire anything concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a law-
COMPEL, (page 111).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to compel? 2. What does /orce imply? 3. What is the especial
significance of coerce? 4. What does constrain imply ? In what favorable
sense is it used ?
EXAMPLES.
Even if we were not willing, they possessed the power of us to do justice.
Employers may their employees into voting as they demand, but for the
secret ballot.
These considerations us to aid them to the utmost of our power.
COMPLAIN (page 112).
QUESTIONS.
By what 'm complaining prompted? mwmunng? repining? 2. Which finds
outward expression, and which is limited to the mental act ? 3. To whom
does one complain, in the formal sense of the word ? 4. With whom does one
remonstrate ?
EXAMPLES.
It is not pleasant to live with one who is constantly ing.
The dog gave a low which frightened the tramp away.
complex
4L15 couveri^atioii
COMPI^EX (page 112).
QUESTIONS.
1, How does complex tliffer from cmnpound? from composite? 2. What is hetero-
geneous ? coiiglmnerate ? 3. How does complicated differ from intricate?
from involved?
CONSCIOUS (page 116).
QUESTIONS.
1. Of what things is one awa7'e ? of what is he conscious f 2. How does se??«6^e
compare with tlie above=mentioiied words? 3. Wliat does sensible indicate
regarding the emotions, that would not be expressed by conscious?
EXAMPLES.
To be that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge.
They are now it would have been better to resist the first temptation.
He was of a stealthy step and a bulk dimly visible through the darkness.
€OWSEQlJEXCE (page 116).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does consequence differ from effect? both from result? 2. How Ao result
and issue compare ? 3 . In what sense is consequent used ?
COaJTAGION (page 117).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what is contagion now limited by the best medical usage ? 2. To what is the
term infection applied ?
EXAMPLES.
During the plague in London persons walked in the middle of the streets for fear
of the from the houses.
The mob thinks by for the most part, catching an opinion like a cold.
No pestilence is so much to be dreaded as the of bad example.
COXTIKUAE (page 117).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does continuous differ from continual? incessatit from ceaseless? Give ex-
amples.
CONTRAST (page 118).
QUESTIONS.
1. How is contrast related to compare? 2. What are the special senses of differen-
tiate, discriminate and distinguish?
CONVERSATION (page 118).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the essential meaning of conversation ? 2. How does conversation differ
convey
deception 416
from talk P 3. How is discourse related to conversation? 4. What are the
special senses of dialogue and colloquy f
EXAMPLES.
There can be no with a great genius, who does all the ing.
Nor wanted sweet , the banquet of the mind.
CO^fVEY (page 119).
QUESTIONS.
In what do convey, transmit, and transport agree ? What is the distinctive sense
oi convey? 2. To what class of objects does transport refer? 3. To what
class of objects do transfer, transmit, and convey apply ? 4. Which is the
predominant sense of the latter words ?
CRIItllMAL (page 120).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the distinctive meaning of c?'it)iinalP How does it differ from illegal or
unlawful? 2. WhatiBfelonious? flagitious ? 3. What is the primary mean-
ing of iwigwitoMS .? 4. le an iniquitous act necess&Tily crimitial ?
DABfOER (page 121).
QUESTIONS.
What is the distinctive meaning of danger? 2. Does danger or peril suggestthe
more immediate evil ? 3. How are Jeopardy and risk distinguished from dan-
ger and peril ?
EXAMPLES.
Delay always breeds .
The careful rider avoids running .
Stir, at your !
DECAY Qmge 123).
QUESTIONS.
1. What eoTt of things decay ? putrefy ? rot? 2. What is the essential difference
between decay and decompose ?
EXAMPLES.
The flowers wither, the tree's trunk .
The water was by the electric current.
DECEPTION (page 123).
QUESTIONS.
1. How is deceit distinguished from deception? from guile? fraud? lying?
hypocrisy? 2. Do all of these apply to conduct as well as to speech ? 3. Is
deception ever innocent ? 4. Have craft and cunning always a moral element ?
5. How is dissi/milation distinguished from duplicity ?
definition
417 demonstration
EXAMPLES.
The of Ms conduct was patent to all.
It was a matter of 6elf» .
The judge decided it to be a case of .
DEFINITION (page 124).
QUESTIONS.
Which is the more exact, a definition or a descriptio7i ? 2. What must a defini-
tion include, and what must it exclude ? 3. What must a description include ?
4. In what respect has interpretation a wider meaning than translation '? 5.
How does an explanation compare with an exposition?
EXAMPLES.
A prompt of the difficulty prevented a quarrel.
The of scenery was admirable.
The seer gave an of the dream.
Many a controversy may be instantly ended by a clear of terms.
deliberate: (page 125).
QUESTIONS.
What are the chief distinctions between deliberate ? consult f consider? meditate?
reflect ? 2. Do large gatherings of people consult, or meditate, or deliberate ?
3 . Do we reflect on things past or things to come ? 4 . Uow many persons are
necessarily implied in consult, confer, and debate as commonly used ? in
deliberate, consider, ponder, reflect? in meditate? 5. What idea of time is
implied in deliberate ?
EXAMPLES.
The matter was carefully in all its bearings.
The legislature for several days.
DEEUSION (page 127).
QUESTIONS.
What is the essential difference between illusion and delusion ? How does haUu-
cination differ from both ? 2. Which word is used especially of objects of
sight ?
EXAMPLES.
Tlie of the sick are sometimes pitiful.
In the soft light the was complete.
DEMONSTRATION Qmge 127).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what kind of reasoning does demonstration in the strict sense apply? 2.
What is evidence ? proof? 3. Which is the stronger term ? 4. Which is the
more comprehensive ?
EXAMPLES.
The of the witness was so complete that no further was required.
A mathematical -. must be final and conclusive.
27
design
diction 41S
DESIOBf (page 128).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the distinctive meaning of design? 2. What element is prominent in
intention? purpose ? plan ? 3. Does purpose suggest more power to execute
tYiim design ? 4. How does intent specifically differ from pmpose? Which
term do we use with reference to the Divine Being ?
EXAMPLES.
The architect's involved much detail.
Hell is paved with good .
It is the of the voter that decides how his ballot shall be counted.
The of the Almighty can not be thwarted.
The adaption of means to ends in nature clearly indicates a , and so proves
DE IMPAIR (page 129).
QUESTIONS.
In what order might despair, desperation, discouragement, and hopelessness
follow, each as the result of the previous condition ? 2. How does despon-
dency especially differ from despair ?
EXAMPLES.
The utter of their condition was apparent.
In weak he abandoned all endeavor.
DEXTERITY (page 129).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what is adroitness derived ? From what dea'terity ? How might each be
rendered? 2. How does adroitness differ in use from dextenty? 3. From
• what is aptitude derived, and what does it signify ? 4. How does skill differ
from dexterity? Which can and which can not be communicated ?
EXAMPLES.
He had a natural for scientific investigation, and by long practise gained
an imimitable of manipulation.
His in debate enabled him to evade or parry arguments or attacks which he
could not answer.
The of the best trained workman can not equal the precision of a machine.
DICTION (page 1:^0).
QUESTIONS.
1. Wliich is the more comprehensive word, diction, language, or phraseology ? 2.
WTiat is the true meaning of verbiage ? Should it ever be used as the equiva-
lent of language or diction? 3. What is style? How does it compare with
diction or language ?
EXAMPLES.
The of the discourse was plain and emphatic.
The of a written contract should be such as to prevent misunderstandings
The poetic of Milton is so exquisitely perfect that another word can
scarcely ever be substituted for the one he has chosen without marring the line.
- ^ -^ difference
419 do
DIFFERENCE (page 131).
QUESTIONS.
1 . Which pertain mostly to realities, and which are matters of judgment— difference,
dispai-Uy, distinction, or inconsistency ? 2. What do we mean by " a distinc-
tion without a difference " /
EXAMPLES.
The proper should be carefully observed in the use of " shall " and " will."
The between black and white is self«evident.
The of our representatives' conduct with their promises is unpardonable.
DISCERN (page 133).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what sort of objects do we apply behold, discern, distinguish, observe, and seel
2. What do behold and distinguish suggest in addition to seeing ?
EXAMPLES.
With the aid of a great telescope we may what stars are double.
the upright man.
Let us minutely the color of the goods.
DISCOTER (page 133).
QUESTIONS.
What is the distinctive meaning of detect? discover? invent f 2. How do i
cover and invent differ ? 3. Is detect often used in a favorable sense 1
EXAMPLES.
An experienced policeman acquires wonderful skill in tog criminals.
Newton the law of gravitation.
To a machine, one must first understand the laws of mechanics.
DISEASE (page 134).
QUESTIONS.
What was the early and general meaning of sick and sickness in English ? 2.
How loug did that usage prevail ? 3. What is the present restriction upon the
use of these words in England ? What words are there commonly substituted ?
4. What is the prevalent usage in the United States ?
EXAMPLES.
spread in the camp and proved deadlier than the sword.
The was found to be contagious.
He is just recovering from a slight .
It is not good manners to talk of one's •
DO (page 135).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the most comprehensive word of this group ? 2. In what sense are Jin-
doctrine __
doubt, 71. 430
ish and complete used, and how are they discriminated from each other ? 3.
How do we discriminate between fulfil, realize, effect, and execute ? perform
and accomplish f accomplish and cmnplete ?
EXAMPLES.
A duty has been , a worlc of gratitude and affection has been .
It is wonderful how much can be by steady, plodding industry without
brilliant talents.
The work is not only grand in design but it is with the most exquisite
delicacy in every detail.
It is the duty of the legislators to make laws, of the magistrates to them.
Every one should labor to his duties faithfully, and the just expec-
tations of those who have committed to him any trust.
DOCTRIME (page 136).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what matters do we apply the word c?'eeci .? doctrine f dogma? principle? 2.
Which is the more inclusive word ? 3. Is dogma used favorably or unfavoi-
ably?
EXAMPLES.
The rests either upon the authority of the Scriptures, or upon a decision
of the Church.
A man may have upright s even while he disregards commonly received
DOUBT, V. (page 137).
QUESTIONS.
Do we apply doubt, distrust, surmise, and suspect mostly to persons and tilings,
or to motives and intentions ? 2. Is mistrust used of persons or of things?
3. Ib it used in a favorable or an unfavorable sense ?
EXAMPLES.
We do not that the earth moves around the sun.
Nearly evei-y law of nature was by man first , then proved to be true.
I my own heart.
I that man from the outset.
D01JBT, 11. (page 138).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what class of objects do we apply disbelief? doubt? hesitation? misgimng?
2. Which of these words most commonly implies an unfavorable meaning?
3. What meaning has skepticism as applied to religious matters?
EXAMPLES.
We feel no in giving our approval.
The jury had b of his guilt.
We did all we could to further the enterprise, but still had our s as to the
outcome.
duplicate
421 ease
DUPLICATE (page 141).
QUESTIONS.
Can you give the distinction between a copy and a duplicate f a, facsimile, and an
imitation y 2. What sort of a copy is a traiwcript?
EXAMPLES.
The of an organ by the violinist was perfect.
This key is a , and will open the lock.
The signature was merely a printed .
DUTY (page 142).
QUESTIONS.
Do we use duty and Hght of civil things ? or business and obligation of moral
things ? 2. Does responsibility imply connection with any other person or
thing ?
EXAMPLES.
I go because it is my ■
We recognize a for the good conduct of our own children, but do we not
also rest under some to society to esercise a good influence over the children
of others ?
EAOER (page 142).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the distinction between eagei^ and earnest in the nature of the feeling im-
plied ? in the objects toward which it is directed ? 2. How does anxious in
this acceptation differ from both eager and earnest f
EXAMPLES.
Hark ! the shrill trumpet sounds to horse 1 away 1
My soul's in arms, and for the fray.
I am in . I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retreat a
single inch; and I will be heard !
I am to hear of your welfare, and of the prospects of the enterprise.
EASE (page 143).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does ease denote, in the sense here considered ? Does it apply to action or
condition ? 2. Is facility active or passive ? readiness? 3. What does ease
imply, and to what may it be limited ? 4. What does facility imply ? readi-
ness? 5. To -Khat is exjxrtness limited ?
EXAMPLES.
He plays the violin with great , and delights an audience.
Whatever he did was done with so much ,
In him alone 'twas natural to please.
It is often said with equal truth that we ought to take advantage of the
which childien possess of learning.
education man
egotism 4-fi^
EDUCATION (page 143).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the distinctive meaning of education ? Instruction f teaching f 2. How
is instniction or teaching related to education f 3. How does training
diSer Stoto. teaching f 4. What is discipline f tuition? 5. What are 6re«(Z-
ing and nurture., and how do they differ from each other ? 6. How are knowl-
edge and learning related to education f
EXAMPLES.
The true purpose of is to cherish and unfold the seed of immortality already
sown within us.
By , we do learn ourselves to know
And what to man, and what to God we owe.
maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
For natural abilities are like natural 'plants that need pruning by ; and
8 themselves do give forth directions too much at large, escept they be bounded
in by experience.
A branch of is often put to an improper use, for fear of its being idle.
EFFRONTERY (page 144X
QUESTIONS.
1, What is audacity? hardihood ? 2. What special element does effrontery add to
the meaning of audacity &n& hardihood ? 3. What is impudence? shame-
lessness? 4. How does f^;w(to'y compare with these words ? 5. What is
boldness? Is it used in a favorable or an unfavorable sense ?
EXA3IPLES.
When they saw the of Peter and John, and perceived that they were un-
learned and ignorant men they marvelled.
I ne'er heard yet
• That any of these bolder vices wanted
Less to gainsay what they did,
Than to perform it first.
I am not a little surprised at the easy with which political gentlemen in
and out of Congress take it upon them to say that there are not a thousand men in the
North who sympathize with John Brown.
EGOTISM (page 145).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is egoism and how does it differ from egotism ? 2. What is self-assertion f
self 'Conceit ? 3. Does conceit diSer from self'conceit, and how? 4. What is
self'Confldertce ? Is it worthy or unworthy ? 5 . Is selfnissertion ever a duty f
self 'Conceit ? 6. What is vanity? How does it differ from self 'confidence ?
from pride? T. What is self'csteem? How does ii diS.&c fiovo. self 'conceit f
from self'confidence ?
EXAMPLES.
may puff a man up, but never prop him up.
is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under the love which it
can not return.
emblem
423 end, V.
EMBLEM (page 146).
QUESTIONS.
From what language is emblem derived. ? What did it originally signify ? 2.
What is the derivation and primary meaning of symbol'^ 3. How do the two
words compare as now nsed ? 4. How does a sign suggest something other
than itself ? 5 . Can the same thing be both an emblem and a symbol ? a sign
and a symbol f 6. What is a token ? & figure f an image ? a type ?
EXAMPLES.
Rose of the desert, thou art to me
An of stainless purity,
Of those who, keeping their garments white.
Walk on through life with steps aright.
All things are s : the external shows
Of nature have their — — - in the mind
As flowers and fruits and falling of the leaves.
Moses, as Israel's deliverer, was a of Christ.
EmiORATE (page 147).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the distinctive meaning of migrate? What is its application? 2.
What do emigrate and immigrate signify ? To what do they apply ? Can the
two words be used of the same person and the same act ? How '(
EXAMPLES.
The ship was crowded with mostly from Germany.
are pouring into the United States often at the rate of half a million a
year.
EMPLOY (page 147).
QUESTIONS.
1. What are the distinctive senses of employ and vse ? Give instances. 2. What
does use often imply as to materials used? 3. IIow does hire compare with
employ ?
EXAMPLES.
The young man had been by the firm for several months and had proved
faithful in every respect.
The church was then ready to a pastor.
What one has, one ought to : and whatever he does he should do with all
his might.
END, V. Qiage 148).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to end, and what reference does end have to intention or expectation ?
2. What do close, complete, conclude, and. finish signify as to expectation or
appropriateness ? Give instances. 3. What eijecially distinctive sense has
UnisTi? 4. Does terminate refer to reaching an arbitrary or an appropriate
end ? 5. What does stop signify ?
EXAMPLES.
The life was suddenly .
The train long enough for the passengers to get off, then whirled on.
end, n.
endure 424
EKD, n. (page 148),
QUESTIONS.
What ip the endf 2. What is the distinctive meaning of extremity? 3. How
^OQs extremity Q,om^w&\\\X\ end? 4. What reference is implied in extremity ?
5, Wliat is the meaning of tip? point? How does extremity differ in use
from the two latter words ? 6. What is a terminus? What specific meaning
has the word in modern travel ? 7. What is the meaning of terfnination, and
of what is it cliiefly used ? expiration ? limit ?
EXAMPLES.
Seeing that death, a necessary will come when it will come.
All rejoice at the successful of the vast undertaking.
He that endureth to the shall be saved.
Do not turn back when you are just at the .
EXDEAVOR, V. (page 149).
QUESTIOXS.
What is it to attempt? to endeavor? To what sort of exertion does endeavor
especially apply ? 2, How does essay differ from attempt and cndeavcn' in its
view of the results of the action ? 3. What is implied in inidertalce? Give an
instance. 4. What does stnre suggest ? 5. How does ti-y compare with the
other words of the group ?
EXAMPLES.
first thyself, and after call on God;
For to the worker God himself lends aid.
the end, and never stand to doubt;
Nothing's so hard but search will find it out.
to enter in at the strait gate.
EKOEAVOR, n. (page 150),
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an effort? an exertion? Which includes the other ? 2. How does at-
tempt differ from effort? 3, What is a struggle? 4. What is an essay, and
for what purpose is it made ? 5. What is an endeavor, and how is it distin-
guished from effort ? from attempt ?
EXAMPLES.
Youth is a blunder; manhood a ; old age a regret.
So vast an required more capital than he could command at that time.
Others combining with him enabled him to succeed with it.
After a few spasmodic , he abandoned all at improvement.
EIVDURE (page 150).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of bear as applied to care, pain, grief, and the like ? 2,
What does endure add to the meaning of bear? 3. How do allow anApermit
compare with the words just mentioned f 4, How do jmt up with and tolerate
enemy
425 entertain
comiMTc with allow &-adpe7mUf 5. What is the special sense of ajfort? .? How
does it come into connection with the words of this group f 6. What is the
sense of brook f 7. Of what words does abide combine the meanings ?
EXAMPLES.
Charity long and is kind ; charity — — all things.
I follow thee, safe guide, the path
Thou Icad'st me, and to the hand of heav'n .
For there \\'as never yet philosopher
That could the toothache patiently.
ENEMY (page 151).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an eitenMj ? an adversari/f 2. What distinction is there between the
two words as to the purpose implied? 3. What is aio. antagonist ? a.nopi)0-
nent? a competitor f a nval? 4. How does/oe compare with enemy?
EXAMPLES.
He makes no friend who never made a .
This friendship that possesses the whole soul,
. . . . can admit of no .
Mountains interposed
Make of nations who had else,
Like kindred drops been molded into one.
He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill. Our
• is our helper.
E5JMITY (page 152).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is enmity? 2. How does animosity differ from enmity? 3. What is
hostility? What is meant hj hostilities between nations? 4. What isbitter-
7iess? acrimony? 5. How does antagonism compare with the words above
mentioned ?
EXAMPLES.
Let all , and wrath, and anger, and clamor, and evil speaking, be put away
from you, with all malice.
But their , tho smothered for a while, burnt with redoubled violence.
The carnal mind is against God, for it is not subject to the law of God,
neither indeed can be.
EXTERTAIX (page 152).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to entertain mentally ? to anmse ? 2. What is the distinctive sense of
divert? 3. Can one be amused ox entertained who is not diverted? 4. What
is it to recreate ? to beguile ?
EXAMPLES.
Books can not always ; however good ;
Minds are not ever craving for their food.
Who God doth late and early pray
More of his grace than gifts to lend ;
■ " ■ And the harmless day
With a religious book or friend.
entertainment
envious 426
E^TERTAINME]\"T (page 153).
QUESTIONS.
1. What do entertainment and recreation imply ? How, accordingly, do they rank
among the lighter matters of life ? 2. How do amusement and pastime differ ?
3 . On what plane are sports ? How do they compare with entertainment and
recreatio7i f 4. How do amusement and ei^joyment compare ?
EXAMPLES.
At Christmas play, and make good ,
For Christmas comes hut once a year.
It is as to fools to do mischief.
No true heart can find in another's pain or grief.
The Puritans hated bear=haiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but be-
cause it gave to the spectators.
As Tammie glowered, amazed and curious,
The mirth and grew fast and furious.
And so, if I might be judge, God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent
than angling.
El^THUSIASM (page 153).
QUESTIONS.
1, In what sense was g/jiAwsicwm formerly used ? 2. What is now its prevalent and
controlling meaning ? 3. How does zeaZ differ from enthusiasm f
EXAJVIPLES.
An ardent leads to great results in exposing certain evils.
His was contagious and they rushed into battle.
The precept had its use ; it could make men feel it right to be humane, and
desire to be so, but it could never inspire them with an of humanity.
ENTRANCE (page 154).
QUESTIONS.
To what does entrance refer? 2. What do admittance and admission add to
the meaning of entrance ? 3 . To what does admittance refer ? To what addi-
tional matters does admission refer ? Illustrate. 4. What is the figurative use
of entrance f
EXAMPLES.
• was obtained by a side»door, and a good position secured in the crowded
hall.
No except on business.
He was never so engrossed with cares of state that the needy could not have
to him.
However carefully church^membership may be guarded, unworthy members
will sometimes gain .
E^fVIOlJS (page 155).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What do we mean when we say that a person is envimis f 2. What is the differ-
ence between envious and Jealous? 3. Is an envious spirit ever good ? 4.
equivocal
42'? eveut
Is Jeatows capable of being used in a good sense? 5. In what sense is sus-
picious used ?
EXAMPLES.
Neither be thou against the worliers of iniquity.
in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel.
EqUIVOCAL (page 155).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the derivation and the original signification of equivocal f of ambiguous ?
How do the two words compare in present use ? 2. What is the meaning of
enigmatical? 3. How do rfo?/6(/'»^ and (?M&ioiiS compare ? 4. In what sense
is questionable used ? svsjncious f
EXAMPLES.
These sentences, to sugar or to gall,
Being strong on both sides, are .
An statement may result from the thoughtless use of a single word that is
capable of more than one meaning.
ESTEEM, n. (page 157).
QUESTIONS.
What is the difference between esteem and eiJj.rate? 2. Is esteem now used of
concrete valuation 't 3. What is its chief present use ? 4. What is its meaning
in popular use as said of,persons ?
EXAMPLES.
They please, are pleas'd; they give to get ,
Till seeming blest, they grow to what they seem.
The loss of conscience or honor is one that can not be .
ETERNAL (page 157).
QUESTIONS.
What is the meaning of eternal in the fullest sense ? 2. To what being, in that
sense, may it be applied ? 3. In what does everlasting fall short of the mean-
ing of eternal? 4. How does endless agree with and differ from everlasting ?
5. In what inferior senses are everlasting and interminable used ? 6. Is eter-
naU in good speech or writing, ever brought down to such inferior use ?
EXAMPLES.
Truth crushed to earth shall rise again,
The years of God are hers.
Whatever may befall thee, it was preordained for thee from .
It were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with
motion.
Here comes the lady 1 Oh, so light a foot
Will ne'er wear out the flint.
EVE]\T (page 158).
QUESTIONS.
1. How do event and i«czc?e»< differ etymologically ? 2. Which is the greater and
erery
evident 42S
more important ? Give examples. 3. How does circumstance compare with
incident? 4. What is the primary meauing of occurrence f 5. What is an
episode? 6. How does event differ from end ? 7. What meaning does event
often have when applied to the future ?
EXAMPLES.
Fate shall yield
To fickle , and Chaos judge the strife.
Men are the sport of when
The seem the sport of men.
Coming cast their shadows before.
Where an equal poise of hope and fear
Does arbitrate the , my nature is
That I incline to hope rather than fear,
And gladly banish squint suspicion.
EVERY (page 158).
QUESTIONS.
1. In what are all&nA both alike? any, each, and evei^ ? 2. How does awy dif-
fer from eac/i and eiwy? 3. How do eacA and «w^j/ differ from «;;.? 4, How
does foc^ compare with (?rcry? wiih both? 5. What does either properly de-
note ? In what other sense is it often used ? What is the objection to the
latter use ?
EXAMPLES.
person in the room arose to his feet.
A free pardon was offered to who should instantly lay down their arms.
As the garrison marched out, the victorious troops stood in arms on side
of the way.
In order to keep his secret inviolate, he revealed it privately to of his most
intimate friends.
• person giving such information shall be duly rewarded.
EVIDEXT (page 159).
QUESTIONS.
How do apparent and evident compare ? 2, What is the special sense of mani-
fest ? How does it compare in strength with evident? 3. What is the sense
oi obvious? 4. How wide is the range of visible? 5. How does discernible
compare with risible ? What does it imply as to the observer's action ? 6.
What is the sense oi palpable and tangible? conspicuous?
EXAMPLES.
A paradox is a real truth in the guise of an absurdity or contradiction.
The prime minister was by his absence.
The statement is a absurdity.
On a comparison of the two works the plagiarism was .
Yet from those flames
No light; but only darkness .
These lies are like the father that begets them; gross as a mountain, open, .
example
429 execute
EXAMPLE (page 160).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the etymological meaning of example? 2. What two contradictory
meanings does example derive from this primary sense ? 3 . How does exam-
ple differ from sa^nplef 4. How does it compare with model? yi\i)i jjattern ?
6. How does exemplar agree with, and differ from example? 6. What is an
exemplification ? an ensample f
EXAMPLES.
I bid him look into the lives of men as the himself a mirror, and from others
to take an for himself.
We sleep, but the loom of life never stops and the which was weaving
when the sun went down is weaving when it comes up to-morrow.
History is an of philosophy.
The commander was resolved to make an to deter others from the like
oflEense.
EXCESS (page 160).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is excess? Is it used in the favorable or unfavorable sense'? 2. What is
extravagance? 3. What is exorbitance? 4. What kind of «xc««s do over-
pilus and superahwulance denote? larishness &nA iirofitsio^i ? 5. Is su?ph(s
used in the favorable or unfavorable sense ? 6. To what do redundance and
redundancy chiefly refer ? 7. What words are used as synonyms of excess in
the moral sense ?
EXAMPLES.
Saving requires self-denial, and is the death jf self-denial.
Where there is great . there usually follows corresponding ,
of wealth is cause of covetousncss.
Haste brings , and brings want.
The of the demand caused unfeigned surprise.
More of the present woes of the world are due to than to any other single
cause.
of language often weakens the impression of what would be impressive in
sober statement.
EXECUTE (page 161).
QUESTIONS.
1. What Is the meaning of execute? of administer? of enforce? 2. How are the
words applied in special cases ? Give instances. 3. What secondary meaning
has administer?
EXAMPLES.
It is the place of the civil magistrate to the laws.
The pasha gave a signal and three attendants seized the culprit, and promptly
the bastinado.
I can not illustrate .. moral duty without at the satne time ing a precept of
our religion.
exercise AIA
extemporaneous '»'»v
EXERCISE (page 162).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of exercise apart from all qualifying words ? 2. How does
exercise in that sense differ from exertion ? 3 . How may exercise be brought
up to the full meaning of exertion, f 4. What is practise ? How does it differ
from exercise? 5. How is practise discriminated from such theory or profes-
sion ? 6. What is drill?
EXAMPLES.
Regular tends to keep body and mind in the best working order.
in time becomes second nature.
By constant the most difficult feats may be done with no apparent .
EXPEBfSE (page 162).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is cost? expense? 2. How are these words now commonly differentiated ?
3. What is the meaning of outlay? of outgo?
EXAMPLES.
Which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth
the , whether he have sufficient to finish it.
The entire receipts have not equaled the .
When the is more than the income, if the income can not be increased, it
becomes an absolute necessity to reduce the .
EXPLICIT (page 162).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what are explicit and express alike opposed? 2. How do the two words
differ from each other f
EXAMPLES.
I came here at this critical juncture by the order of Sir John St. Clare.
The language of the proposition was too to admit of doubt.
Now the Spirit speaketh ly that in the latter times some shall depart from
the faith.
EXTEMPORANEOUS (page 163).
QUESTIONS.
1. What did extemporaneous originally mean ? 2. What has it now come to signify
in common use? 3. What is the original meaning of impromptu? The
present meaning ? 4. How does the impromptu remark often difier from the
extemporaneous? 5. How docs unpremeditated compare with the words
above mentioned ?
EXAMPLES.
In prayer, what men most admire, God least regardeth.
As a speaker, he excelled in address, while his opponent was at a loss to
answer him because not gifted in the same way.
No more on prancing palfrey borne.
He carolled light as lark at morn,
And poured to lord and lady gay
The lay.
cxterinlnate
431 lalth
EXTERMINATE (page 163).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the derivation, and what the original meaning of exterminate f erad-
icate f extirpate? 2. To what are these words severally applied ?
EXAMPLES.
Since the building of the Pacific railroads in the United States, the buffalo has
l)een quite .
The evil of intemperance is one exceedingly difficult to .
No inveterate improver should ever tempt me to the dandelions from the
green carpet of my lawn.
FAINT (page 164).
QUESTIONS.
1. What are the chief meanings of /ai«< .? 2. How ia faint a synonym of /ee6fe or
purposeless ? of ii'resolute or timid'? of dim, faded, or indistinct?
EXAMPLES.
Great is the strength of . arms combined,
And we can combat even with the brave.
In his right hand a tipped stafEe he held,
With which his steps he stayed still ;
For he was with cold, and weak with eld ;
That scarce his loosed limbs he hable was to weld.
FAITH (page 164).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is &«He/.? 2. How does c?'«(ffi«c«? compare with belief? 3. What is con-
viction? assurance? 4. What is an opinion? 5. How does a p)ersnasion
compare with ai\ opinion? 6. What is a doctnne? a creed? 7. What are
confidence and reliance? 8. What is trust? 9. What elements are com-
bined in /fli^A? 10. How is Se^if/ often used in popular language as a pre-
cise equivalent of faith? 1 1 . How is belief discriminated from faith in the
Strict religious sense ?
EXAMPLES.
is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.
Put not your in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help.
is largely involuntary; a mathematical demonstration can not be doubted
by a sane mind capable of understanding the terms and following the steps.
Every one of us, whatever our speculative , knows better than he practises,
and recognizes a better law than he obeys.
There are few greater dangers for an army in the face of an enemy than undue
faitlifnl
fanciful 432
FAITHFri. (page 165).
QUESTIONS.
1. In what sense may a person be called /azY/i/w;/ 2. In what sense may one be
called trusty f 3. Ib faith fid commonly said of things as well as persons ? is
trustij ? 4. What is the special difference of meaning between the two
words ? Give examples.
EXAMPLES.
Be thou unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
Thy purpose is equal to the deed:
Who does the best his circumstance allows
Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more.
FAME (page 166).
QUESTIONS.
1. What \sfam£f Is it commonly used in the favorable or unfavorable sense?
2. What are rejndation and reimte, and in which sense commonly used ? 3.
y^\\sX \B notonety ? 4. From what do eminence and distinction result? 5.
How does celebritij compare with fame? 6. How does /■enoMM. compare with
fame f 7 . What is the import of hcmor ? of glmy ?
EXAMPLES.
Saying, Amen: Blessing and , and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and ,
and power and might, be unto our God for ever and ever.
A good is more valuable than money.
Great Homer's birthplace seven rival cities claim.
Too mighty such monopoly of .
Do good by stealth, and blush to find it .
Seeking the bubble
Even iii the cannon's mouth.
FANATICISM (page 166).
QUESTIONS.
1. y^\\2X'vs, fanaticism f bigoti'y? 2. What Ao fanaticism and bigotry commonly
include? 3. What is intolerance? 4. What is the distinctive meaning of
superstition ? 5 . What is credulity ? Is it distinctively religious ?
EXAMPLES.
is a senseless fear of God.
The fierce of the Moslems was the mainspring of their early conquests.
The that will believe nothing conti-ary to a creed is often joined with a
blind that will believe anything in favor of it.
FAXCIFUI. (page 167).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of /anri/tf^.? 2. What does /a?!^fl.'/i<; add to the meaning
o^ fanciful ? 3 . How does grotesque especially differ from thefanciful OTfa?i-
tasiicf 4. How does i-mo^ary differ from /awd/w; /"
fancy
433 fear
EXAMPLES.
Come see the north wind's masonry,
.... his wild worli;
So , 80 savage, naught cares he
For number or proportion.
What tints the year puts on,
When falling leaves falter through motionless air
Or numbly cling and shiver to be gone !
Plays such tricks before high heaven
As make the angels weep.
FABfCY (page 167).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an intellectual /ancy .? 2. How does a conceit differ from & fancy? a
conception from both ? 3. What is an emotional or personal /a?icy ? 4. What
is fancy as a faculty of the mind ?
EXAMPLES.
Tell me where is bred;
Or in the heart or in the head ?
Elizabeth united the occasional of her sex with that sense and sound
policy in which neither man nor woman ever excelled her.
That fellow seems to me to possess but one , and that is a wrong one.
If she were to take a to anybody in the house, she would soon settle, but
not till then.
FAREWELL (page 168).
QUESTIONS.
1 . To what language do farewell and good'bi/ belong etymologically ? How do they
differ ? 2. From what language have adieu and conge been adopted into
English ? 3. What is the special significance of conge? 4. What are vale-
diction and valedicton ?
EXAMPLES.
my paper's out so nearly
I've only room for yours sincerely.
The train from out the castle drew,
But Marmion stopped to bid .
! a word that must be, and hath been—
A sound which makes us linger ; — yet .
FEAR (imge 168).
QUESTIONS.
What is the generic term of this group ? 2. What iBfear? Is it sudden or lin-
gering ? In view of what class of dangers? 3. What is the etymological
meaning of horror? What does the word signify in accepted usage? 4.
What are the characteristics of affright^ fright, onA terror ? 5. How is /ear
contrasted with frigid and terror in actual or possible effects ? 6. What i«
panic? What of the numbers affected by it ? 7. TVTiat is dismay? How
does it compare with right and terror?
28
feminine
feud 434
EXAMPLES.
Even the bravest men may be swept along in a sudden .
With much more
I view the fight than thou that mak'st the fray.
Look in, and see Clirist's chosen saint
In triumph wear his Christ»like chain ;
No lest he should swerve or faint.
The ghastly spectacle filled every beholder with .
A lingering crept upon him as he waited in the darkness.
FEMI:NIME (page 169).
QUESTIONS.
How are female and feminine discriminated ? 2. What is the difference be-
tween a. female voice and & feminine voice ? 3. How are womanltj and woiti-
anish discriminated in use ?
EXAMPLES.
Notice, too, how precious are these qualities in the sick room.
The demand for closet-room is no mere fancy, but the good sense of the
FETTER (page 169).
QUESTIONS.
What are fetters in the primary sense ? 2. What are manacles and handcvffs de-
signed to fasten or hold? gyves? 3. What are shackles and what are they
intended to fasten or hold ? 4. Of what material are all these restraining
devices commonly composed ? By what general name are they popularly
known ? 5. What are bonds and of what material composed ? 6. Which of
these words are used in the metaphorical sense ?
EXAMPLES.
But first set my poor heart free,
Bound in those icy by thee.
Slaves can not breathe in England
They touch our country, and their -
FEIJD (page 170).
QUESTIONS.
1. What \b Sifeudf Of what is it used ? 2. Is a quarrel in word or act ? conten
tionf stnfef contest f 3. How does quarrel compare in importance with the
other words cited ? 4. MTiat does an affray always involve ? To what may a
brawl or br-oil be confined ? 5 . How do these words compare in dignity with
contention, contest, controversy, and dissension ?
EXAMPLES.
Could we forbear and practise love
We should agree as angels do above.
" Between my house and yours," he answered,
" There is a of five hundred years."
Beware of entrance to a .
-.^_ fiction
4J5 fine
FICTION (page 170).
QUESTIONS.
1. What ia a fid io>i in the most common modern meaning of the word ? 2. How
does a. fiction differ from a ?iovcl ? from a, fable ? from a myth ? 3 . How does a
myth differ from a legend f 4. How do falsehood and fabrication differ from
the words above mentioned ? 5. Is fahncation ox falsehood the more odious
term ? Which term is really the stronger ? 6. What is a sto7'y ? Is it good
or bad, true or false ? With what words of the group does it agree ?
EXAMPLES.
O scenes surpassing , and yet true,
Scenes of accomplished bliss.
A strange is told of thee.
I believe the whole account from beginning to end to be a pure .
A thing sustained by such substantial evidence could not be a mere of the
imagination.
FIERCE (page 171).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does /erce signify? 2. To what does ferocious refer? How do the two
words differ ? 3. What does savage signify ?
EXAMPLES.
was the day ; the wintry sea
Moaned sadly on New England's strand.
When first the thoughtful and the free,
Our fathers, trod the desert land.
Contentions ,
Ardent, and dire, spring from no petty cause.
The savages massacred the survivors to the last man.
FIBfAXCIAE (page 172).
QUESTIONS.
To what does monetary directly refer ? 2. How does iKcuniary agree with and
differ from monetary? 3. To what does financial especially apply? 4, In
what connection is fiscal most commonly used ?
EXAMPLES.
The year closes with the society out of debt.
He was rejoiced to receive the aid at a time when it was most needed.
In a panic, many a sound business house goes down for want of power to
sealize instantly on valuable securities.
FINE (page 172).
QUESTIONS.
From what is fine derived, and what is its original meaning ? 2. How, from this
primary meaning does fine become a synonym of excellent and beautiful:? 3.
How does it come into connection with clarified, clear, pure, refined? 4.
fluctuate 436
How is it connected with dainty., delicate., and exquisite? 5. How cloe9/?ie
come to be a synonym for minute^ comminuted? How for filmy, tenuous?
for keen, sharp ? Give instances of the use of Une in its various senses.
EXAMPLES.
Some people are more than wise.
feathers do not always malie birds.
Tlie est balances must be kept under glass, because so ly adjusted as
to be to a film of dust or a breath of air.
fire: (page 173).
QUESTIONS.
1, What is the essential fact underlying the visible phenomena which we call ^r<= .?
2. What is combustion? 3. How wide is its range of meaning ? 4. What it
a coi^flagration ?
EXAMPLES.
He's gone, and who knows how he may report
Thy words by adding fuel to the ?
Lo ! as he comes, in Heaven's array,
And scattering wide the of day.
FLOCK (page 173).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the most general word of this group ? 2. What is a group, and of what
class of objects may it be composed ? 3. To what class of animals does brood
apply ? to what class does litter apply ? 4. Of what is bevy used ? flock? 5.
To what is herd limited ? 6. Of what is i^aclc used f 7. What is a drove?
EXAMPLES.
What is not good for the is not good for the bee.
He heard the bleating of the s and the twitter of birds among the trees.
The lowing winds slowly o'er the lea.
Excited s gathered at the corners discussing the affair.
A of brightly clad women and children were enjoying a picnic under the
trees.
FI^UCTUATE (page 173).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of fluctuate ? 2. In what one characteristic do swerve and
veer diSer fTom oscillate, fluctuate, undulate, and ivaver? 3. What is the dif-
ference in mental action between hesitate and waver ? between vacillate and
waver ? 4. Which of the above-mentioned words apply to persons ? which to
feelings ?
EXAMPLES.
Thou almost mak'st me in my faith.
The surface of the prairies rolls and to the eye.
It is almost universally true that the hiunan mind at the moment of com-
mitting a crime.
The vessel suddenly from her course.
MOfr fluid
4eS7 furtiftcatlon
FLUID (page 174).
QUESTIONS.
What is a fluid? 2. Into what two sections are ^i^c^s divided? 3. What is a
liquid? a gas? 4. Are all liquids fluids ? 5. Are gases fluids? 6. Are
gases ever liquids? 7. What substance is at once a liquid and a fluid at the
ordinary temperature and pressure ?
EXAMPLES.
Now nature paints her colors, how the bee
Sits on the bloom, extracting sweet
This earth was once a haze of light.
FOLLOW (page 174).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to folloio ? 2. How does follow compare with chase and pursue f 3 .
As regards succession in time, what is the difference between follow and en-
sue ? result ?
EXAMPLES.
Say, shall my little bark attendant sail,
the triumph and partake the gale ?
When Youth and Pleasure meet
To the glowing Hours with flying feet.
" Then me, the Prince "
I answered; " each be hero in his turn !
Seven and yet one, like shadows in a dream."
FOR9IIDABLE: (page 176).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning at formidable ? 2. How doee formidable differ from dan-
gerous ? terrible ? tremendous ? Give examples.
EXAMPLES.
All delays are in war.
as an army with banners.
The great fleet moved slowly toward the forts, a array.
FORTIFICATION (page 176).
qlt:stions.
How does a, fortress specifically differ from a fortiflcatio)i ? 2. What is the dis-
tinctive meaning of citadel? 3. What ma. fort? 4. What \& & fastness ox
stronghold?
EXAMPLES.
For a man's house is his .
A mighty is our God,
A bulwark never failing;
Our helper He amid the flood
Of mortal ills prevailmg.
Alva bnUt a in the heart of Antwerp to overawe the city.
fortitude
friendly 438
FORTITUDE (page 176).
QUESTIONS.
1. Wh&t is fortitude? 2. How does it compare with courage? 3. How Ao reso-
lution and endurance compare ?
EXAMPLES.
Unbounded and compassion join'd,
Tempering each other in the victor's mind.
Tell thy story ;
If thine, considered, prove the thousandth part
Of my , thou art a man, and I
Have suffer'd like a girl.
Thou didst smile,
Infused with a from heaven.
When I had decked the sea with drops full salt.
FORTUMATE (page 177).
QUESTIONS.
1. How AocB fortunate compare with successful? 2. How are lucky and fortunate
discriminated ? 3. In what special sense, and with what reference aie favored
and prospered used ?
EXAMPLES.
It is not a word this same " impossible " ; no good comes of those that
have it so often in their mouth.
Ah, years 1 once more who would not be a boy ?
1 have a mind presages me such thrift
That I should questionless be
FRAUD (page 177).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is a fraud ? How does it differ from deceit or deception ? 2. What is the
design of an imposture ? 3 . What is dishonesty ? a cheat ? a swindle ? How
do all these fall short of the meaning ot fraud? 4. Of what relations is
treachery used ? treason ?
EXAMPLES.
doth never prosper : what's the reason ?
Wliy, if it prosper none dare call it .
Whoever has once become notorious by base , even if he speaks truth gains
no belief.
The first and the worst of all is to cheat oneself.
FRIENDEY (page 178).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does/nenc^^y signify as applied to persons, or as applied to acts ? 2. How
does the adjective friendly compare in strength with the noun friend?
.__ friendslifp
4»>w garrulous
3. What is the special meaning of accessible? of companionable and sociable i
of cmdial and genial?
EXAMPLES.
He that hath friends must show himself .
A fellow feeling makes one wondrous .
FRIEIVDSHIP (page 179).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is f7-iendshi]} ? 2. In what one quality does it differ from affection, attach-
ment, devotion, and friendliness ? 3. What is the meaning of cotnity and
amity? 'i. Hovf doeB/Hendship diSeTfTOlnlo^le?
EXAMPLES.
Talk not of wasted , never was wasted;
If it enrich not the heart of another, its waters returning
Back to their springs, like the rain, shall fill them full of refreshment.
, peculiar boon of heaven,
The noble mind's delight and pride,
To men and angels only given.
To all the lower world denied.
FRIOHTESr (page 180).
QUESTIONS.
By what is one frightened ? by what intimidated? 2. What is it to broivbeat
or ccnv ? 3 . What is it to scare or terrify ?
EXAMPLES.
The child was by the stories the nurse told.
The loud, loud winds, that o'er the billows sweep —
Shake the firm nerve, the bravest sonl I
FRUGALITY (page 180).
QUESTIONS.
1. Whatiseco«o??iy.? '2,. ''^^al is, frugality? 3. Whatispamwiowy.? How docs
it compare with /«<graZi<?/ .? What is the motive of ^ammowy.? 4. What is
miserliness? 5. What is the special characteristic of prudence and provi-
dence? of thrift? 6. What is the motive of economy?
EXAMPLES.
There are but two ways of paying debt: increase of industry in raising, increase
of in laying out.
By close the little home was at last paid for and there was a great thanks-
giving time.
GARRULOUS (page 181).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does garrulous signify ? chattering? 2. How do talkative and loquacUniB
gender
generous 11W
differ from gan'nlous, and from each other ? 3. What is the special applica-
tion of verbose ?
EXAMPLES.
To tame a shrew, and charm her tongue.
Guard against a feeble fluency, a prosiness, a facility of saying nothing.
GENDER (page 181).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is sex? 2. To what beings only does sex apply? 3. What is gender?
To what does it apply ? Do the distinctions of gender correspond to the dis-
tinctions of sex? Give examples of languages containing three g'ewc^era, and
of the classification in languages containing but two.
EXAMPLES.
The maternal relation naturally and necessarily divides the work of the s
giving to woman the indoor life, and to man, the work of the outer world.
While in French every word is either of the masculine or feminine , the
language sometimes fails for that very reason to indicate the of some person
referred to.
GENERAL (page 181).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does general signify? 2. How does general compare with universal?
with common? 3. What illustrations of the differences are given in the text ?
EXAMPLES.
friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of this, the
good humor of that person, . . . and so on.
A feeling of unrest prevailed.
Death comes to all by law.
GENEROUS (page 183).
QUESTIONS.
What is the primary meaning of generous? the common meaning? 2. How
does generous differ from liberal? 3. What is the distinctive sense of mvniji-
cent? 4. W^hat does mmnficeiit tell of the motive or spirit of the giver?
What does generous tell ? 5. How does dimiterested compare with generous?
6. What is the distinctive meaning of magnanimous ? How does it differ
from generous as regards dealing with insults or injuries ?
EXAMPLES.
To cunning men
I will be very kind; and
To mine own children, in good bringing up.
A friendship no cold medium knows.
Burns with one love, with one resentment glows.
The conqueror proved as in victory as he was terrible in battle.
441
genius
give
OEXIIJS (page 183).
QUESTIONS.
What is genius? 2. What is talent? 3. Which is the higher quality? 4.
Which is the more dependent upon training ?
EXAMPLES.
The eternal Master found
His single well employ'd.
No great was ever without some mixture of madness.
GET (page 183).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is a person said to get ? 2. How is get related to expectation or desire ? How
is gaiii related to those words ? 3. By what processes does one acquire? Is
the thing ac5'(«?'ef^ sought or desired, or not? 4. What does one earn? 5.
Does a person always get what he ea?-ns or always ea7'n what he gets f 6.
What does obtain imply ? Is the thing one obtains an object of desire ? How
does oft/aiw differ from get? 7. What does win imply? How is one said to
win a suit at law ? What is the correct term in legal phrase ? WTiy ? 8 . By
what special element does procure differ from obtain? 9. What is especially
implied in secure ?
EXAMPLES.
He a living as umbrella mender but a poor living it is.
wisdom and with all thy getting, understanding.
In the strange city he found that all his learning would not him a dinner.
GIFT (page 184).
QUESTIONS.
What is a gift? Is gift used in the good or the bad sense ? Does the legal agree
with the popular sense ? 2. What synonymous word is always used in the evil
sense ? 3. What is a benefaction? a donation? What difference of usuge is
recognized between the two words ? 4. What is a gratuity, and to whom
given ? 5. What is the sense and use of largess ? 6. What is a present, and
to whom given ? 7. What is the special sense of boon ? 8 . What is a grant,
and by whom made ?
EXAMPLES.
He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl,
Dominion absolute; that right we hold
By his .
True love's the which God has given
To man alone beneath the heaven.
" , , noble knights " cried the heralds.
The courts of justice had fallen so low that it was practically impossible to win a
cause without a .
GIVE (page 185).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the primary meaning of give ? the secondary meaning ? 2. Can we give
what is undesired ? 3. Can we give what we are paid for ? 4. How is give
govern
grief 442
always understood when there is no limitation in the context ? 5 . Is it correct
to say " He gave it to me for nothing " ? 6. What is to grant? 7. What is
implied when we speak of granting a favor ? 8. What is to confer? 9,
What is especially implied in impart f in bestow ?
EXAMPLES.
My God shall all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ
Jesus.
to every man that asketh of thee, and from him that would borrow of thee,
turn not thou away.
The court promptly the injunction.
The king upon him the honor of knighthood.
One of the pleasantest thuigs m life is to instruction to those who really de-
sire to learn.
GOVERK[ (page 185).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does the word govern imply ? How does it differ from control f 2. How
do command and control differ ? 3. How do rule and govern differ ? 4. W^hat
is the special significance of sway ? of mold f 5 . What is it to manage ? 6.
WTiat is the present meaning of reign ? How does it compare with rule?
EXAMPLES.
He that his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city.
For some must follow, and some
Tho all are made of clay.
Daniel Webster well described the character of " Old Hickory " in the sentence,
" I do not say that General Jackson did not mean to his country well, but I do
say that General Jackson meant to his country."
ORACEFUL (page 186).
QUESTIONS.
What does gracefid denote ? How is it especially distinguished from beautiful?
EXAMPLES.
How upon the mountains are the feet of him that biingeth good tidings,
that publisheth peace.
A myrtle rear'd its head.
GRIEF (page 187).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is S'ns/.? 2. How does (7H«/ compare with soirow f with sadness? with
melancholy f 3. What two chief senses has affliction? 4. What is implied
in mourning, in its most common acceptation ?
EXAMPLES.
We glory in also.
For our light which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more
exceeding and eternal weight of glory.
What private they have, alas ! I know not, that made them do it.
.._ liablt
'»'•» bapplness
HABIT (page 187).
QUESTIONS.
1. VfhaX is custom ? routine ? Which is the more mechanical ? 2. What element
doeB habit a,dd to aistoyn and routine? 3. Should we preferably use ci/Mom
or habit of a society ? of an individual ? 4 . What is fashion ? ride f system ?
5. What are use and usage, and how do they difEer from each other ? 6.
What is practise ? 7. What is the distinctive meaning of wont ?
EXAMPLES.
Every is preserved and increased by correspondent actions, as the
of walking by walking, of running by running.
Montaigne is wrong in declaring that ought to be followed simply because
it is , and not because it is reasonable or just.
Lord Brougham says "The longer I live the more careful I am to entrust every-
thing that I really care to do to the beneficent power of ."
makes perfect.
Without little that is valuable is ever learned or done.
HAPPEIV (page 188).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does Aa^pm signify ? 2. How does it difEer from chance f 3. What is
the distinctive meaning of betide? 4. How do both befall and betide differ
from happen in grammatical construction ? 5 . What is the meaning of super-
vene f 6. Is (Jranspiye correctly used in the sense of A«2^/?ew .? When may an
event be properly said to transpire f
EXAMPLES.
Whatever at all as it should.
Thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bear grain, it may of wheat,
or of some other grain.
Ill the graceless renegade !
It that a secret treaty had been previously concluded between the powers.
If mischief him, thou shalt bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the
grave.
HAPPIBfESS (page 189).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is gratification f satisfaction? 2. What is hapinness? 3. How does
happiiiess differ from comfort ? 4. How does comfort differ from enjoyment ?
5. How doesjafeaswre compare with comfort and enjoyment ? with happiness?
6. What do gratification and satisfaction express ? How do ihey compare
with each other ? 7. How does happiness compare with gratifcatioti, satis-
faction, comfort, and pleasure? with delight and joy ? 8. What is delight?
ecstacy? rapture? 9. What is triumph? blessedness? bliss?
EXAMPLES.
Sweet is after pain.
Virtue alone is below.
Hope elevates and brightens his crest.
The storm raged without, but within the house all was brightness and .
There is no so sweet and abiding as that of doing good.
This is the very of love.
happy
hatred 444
HAPPY (page 190).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the origaial meaning of happy? With what words is it allied in this
sense ? 2. lu what way is 7iappy a synonym of blessed? 3. What is the
meaning of happy in its most frequent present use ?
EXAMPLES.
are they that mourn for they shall be comforted.
To what accident is it that we owe so unexpected a visit.
A heart maketh a countenance.
I would not spend another such a night,
Tho 'twere to buy a world of days.
HARMO^fY (page 191).
QUESTIONS.
1. W^ii^hanrumy? 2. How does Aarawwy compare with a^^-e^mmi.? 3. How
do concmxl and accord compare with harmony and with each other ? 4. What
is coitfonnity ? congruity ? 5. Vi^'haX is consisieticy ? 6. V^^hai is unanimity f
7. How do consent and concurrence compare ?
EXAMPLES.
We have made a covenant with death and with hell are we at .
Tyrants have made desperate efforts to secure outward in religious observ-
ances without of religious belief.
That action and counteraction which, in the natural and in the political world,
from the reciprocal struggle of discordant powers draws out the of the
universe.
The speaker was, by general , allowed to proceed.
HARVEST (page 192).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the original meaning of harvest f its later meaning ? 2. How docs har-
««< compare with cro/j .? 3. yN\i&X is produce f How does it differ from j9?'0(^-
twt? 4. What is the meaning of proceeds? yield? return? 5. Is harvest
capable of figurative use, and in what sense ? 6. What is the special meaning
of harvest'home ? harvest'tide ? harvesMime? '
EXAMPLES.
Just tickle the earth with a hoe, and she laughs with an abundant .
And the ripe of the newmown hay gives it a sweet and wholesome odor.
It soweth here with toil and care
But the of love is there.
Of no distemper, of no blast he died,
But fell like autumn that mellowed long.
HATREI> (page 193).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is repugnance f aversion ? 2. How does hatred compare with aversion as
.._ have
445 bealthy
applied to persons ? as applied to things ? 3. What is malice f malicjnilyf
4. What is spite? 5. What are grudge, resentment, and revenge, and how do
they compare with one another ?
EXAMPLES.
Heaven has no like love to turned.
The slight put upon him filled him with deep ,
He ne'er hore for stalwart blow
Ta'en in fair fight from gallant foe.
In all cases of wilful injury to person or property, the law presumes .
I felt from our first meeting an instinctive for the man, which on acquaint-
ance deepened into a settled .
HAVE (page 194).
Q,UESTIO]SIS.
To what is have applied ? How widely inclusive a word is it ? 2. What does -pos-
sess signify ? 3, What is to hold? to occupy? 4. How does he in possession
compare w'lMa. possess ? 5. How does own compare with possess or with be in
possession ? 6. What is the difference between the statement that a man has
reason, and the statement that he is in possession of his reason ?
EXAMPLES.
Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I — is thine.
I earnestly entreat you, for your own sakes, to yourselves of solid reasons.
He occupies the house, but does not it.
HAZARD (page 194).
QUESTIONS.
What is the meaning of hazard? 2. How does hazard compare with danger?
3. How do risk and venture compare with chance and hazard, and with each
other? 4. Ylovf Ao accident a.nA casualty diH^t: "i 5. y^"\inX is & contingency ?
EXAjyiPLES.
We must take the current when it serves or lose our .
I have set my life upon a cast, and I will sfamd the of tlie die.
There is no in doing known duty.
Do you think it necessary to provide for every before taking the first step ?
HEALTHY (page 195).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of healthy? of healthful? Are the words properly inter-
changeable ? 2. What are the chief synonyms of healthy? of healthful? 3.
In what sense is sahibrious used, and to what is it applied ? 4. To what realm
does salutary belong ?
EXAMPLES.
In books, or work, or play let my first years be passed.
Blessed is the nature; it is the coherent, sweetly cooperative, not the self-
distracting one.
higli 446
HELP (page 195).
QUESTIONS.
1b help or aid the stronger term ? 2. Which is used in excitement or emergency 1
3. Does /lelp include aid or does ai(? include helpf 4. Which implies the
seconding of another's exertions ? Bo we aid or help the helpless? 5. How
do cooperate and assist differ ? 6. To what do encoui'age and uphold refer ?
succor and support ?
EXAMPLES.
He does not prevent a crime when he can it.
Know then whatever cheerful and serene the mind the body too.
HERETIC (page 196).
QUESTIONS.
What is a heretic? a schismatic? 2. In what does a heretic differ from his
church or religious body ? a schismatic ? 3 . How do a heretic and a schis-
matic often differ in action ? 4 . How are the terms dissenter and nou'con-
fo^'mist usually applied.
EXAMPLES.
A man that is an , after the first and second admonition, reject.
Churchmen and alike resisted the tyranny of James II.
HETEROOEXEOU^ (page 196).
When are substances heterogeneous as regards each other ? 2. When is a mix-
ture, as cement, said to be heterogeneous? when homogeneous? 3. What is
the special significance of noii'hcyiyiogeneous ? 4. How does miscellaneous
differ from heterogeneous ?
EXAMPLES.
My second son received a sort of education at home.
Courtier and patriot can not mis
Their politics
Without an effervescence.
HIDE (page 197).
QUESTIONS.
Which is the most general term of this group, and what does it signify ? 2. Is
an object hidden by intention, or in what other way or ways, if any ? 3.
Does ccwcea/ evince intention? 4. How does secrete compare with conceal?
How is it chiefly used ? 5 . What is it to cover? to screen ?
EXAMPLES.
Men use thought only as authority for their injustice, and employ speech only to
— their thoughts.
Ye little stars I your diminished rays.
HIGH (page 198).
QUESTIONS.
1. What kind of a term is high ? What does it signify ? Give instances of the rela-
. .^ hinder
447 lioly
tive use of the word. 2. How does liigh compare with deep? To what ob-
jects may these words be severally applied? 3. What is the special signifi-
cance of tall ? 4. What element does lofty add to the meaning of high or
tall ? 5 . How do elevated and eminent compare in the literal sense ? in the
figurative? 6. How do the words above mentioned compare with exaZfeti /
7. What contrasted uses has high in the figurative sense ? 8. What is tower-
ing in the literal, and in the figurative sense ?
EXAMPLES.
A pillar'd shade, overarched, and echoing walks between.
A daughter of the gods, divinely and most divinely fair.
What is that which the breeze on the • steep.
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses ?
He knew
Himself to sing, and build the rime.
HINDER (page 199).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to hinder? 2. How Aoqs hinder differ from delay? 3. How does
hinder compare with pre-cent? 4. What is the meaning of retard? 5.
What is it to obstruct? to resist ? How do these two words compare with each
other ?
EXAMPLES.
the Devil, and he will flee from you.
My tears must stop, for every drop
my needle and thread.
It is the study of mankind to that advance of age or death which can not
be
HISTORY (page 200).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is history ? How does it relate events ? To what class of events does it
apply ? 2. How does histoi-y differ from annals or chronicles ?
EXAMPLES.
Happy the peopie whose are dulled.
is little else than a picture of human crimes and misfortunes.
is philosophy teaching by example.
HOLY (page 200).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of sacrefZ.? 2. How does it compare with Ao/y .? 3. Which
term do we apply directly to God ? 4. In what sense is divine loosely used ?
What is its more appropriate sense ?
EXAMPLES.
The time is quiet as a nun breathless with adoration.
A burden is this life ye bear.
All sects and churches of Christendom hold to some form of the doctrine of the
inspiration of the Christian Scriptures.
home MMo
hunt ^**9
HOUE (page 301).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the general sense of abode, divelling, and habitation? What difference
is there in the use of these words ? 2. From what language is kome derived ?
What is its distinctive meaning ?
EXAMPLES.
An giddy and unsure
Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart.
The attempt to abolish the ideal woman and keep the ideal is a predes-
tinated fiiilure.
A house without love may be a castle or a palace, but it is not a .
Love is the life of a true .
HO?fEST (page 202).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of honest in ordinary use ? 2. What is the meaning of
honorable? 3. How will the merely /i0?i€5); and the iv\\\Y honorable man dif-
fer in action? 4. What is /jo«fts< in the highest and fullest sense ? How, in
this sense, does it differ from honorable ?
EXAMPLES.
labor bears a lovely face.
An man's the noblest work of God.
No form of pure, undisguised murder will be any longer allowed to confoond
itself with the necessities of warfare.
HORIZOAfTAL (page 202).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does horizontal signify ? How does it compare with levelf 2. From
what language is flat derived? 3. What is its original meaning? its most
common present sense ? In what derived sense is it often used ? 4. What
are the senses of plain and plane ?
EXAMPLES.
Sun and moon were in the sea sunk.
Ample spaces o'er the smooth and pavement.
The prominent lines in Greek architecture were , and not vertical.
HUBJT (page 203).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a hunt? 2. For what is a chase or pursuit conducted ? a search? 3.
What does hunt ordinarily include ? 4. Is it correct to use hi/nt when search
only is contemplated ? 5. How are these words used in the figurative senses ?
bypocrisy
449 Idea
EXAMPLES.
Among the inalienable rights of man arc life, liberty, and the of
happiness.
All things have an end, and so did our for lodgings.
The formed the principal amusement of our Norman kings, who for that
purpose retained in their possession forests in every part of the kingdom.
The is up, but they shall know
The stag at bay's a dangerous foe.
HYPOCRISY (page 304).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what language is pretense derived, and what does it signify ? 2. What is
hyijocrisy f 3. What is cant? sanctimoniousness? 4. What is pietism?
formalism ? sham ? 5 . How does affectation compare with hypocrisT/ ?
EXAMPLES.
Let not the Trojans, with a feigned of proffered peace, delude the Latian
prince.
is a fawning and flexible art, which accommodates itself to human feel-
ings, and flatters the weakness of men in order that it may gain its own ends.
HYPOCRITE (page 204).
QUESTIONS.
1, From what language is hypocrite derived? What is its primary meaning ? 2.
What common term includes the other words of the group? 3. How are
hypocrite and dissembler contrasted with each other ? 4. What element is
common to the cheat and the impostor ? How do the two compare with each
other ?
EXAMPLES.
It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest .
I dare swear he is no but prays from his heart.
In the reign of Henry VII. , an , named Perkin Warbeck, laid claim to the
English crown.
HYPOTHESIS (page 205).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a hypothesis? What is its use in scientific investigation and study ? 2.
What is a guess? a conjecture? a supposition? a surmise? 3. What impli-
cation does surmise ordinarily convey? What is a theoi^j? a scheme? a
speculation ? How do they differ ?
EXAMPLES.
, fancies, built on nothing firm.
There are no other limits to — than those of the human mind.
The development , tho widely accepted by men of science fails of proof at
many important points.
IDEA (page 206).
QUESTIONS.
1. From what language is idea derived, and what did it originally mean ? 2. What
29
Ideal MHA
Ignorant ^oV
did idea signify in early philosophical use ? 3 . What is its present popular
use, and with what words is it now synonymous ?
EXAMPLES.
All rests with those who read. A work or
Is what each makes it to himself.
He who comes up to his own of greatness must always have had a very
low standard of it in his mind.
IDEAT^ (page 206).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is an ideal? 2. What is an archetype f a prototype? 3. Can a p7vto-
typehe equivalent to an archetype? 4. Is an ideal primal, or the result of
development? 5. What is an oricfmal? 6. What is the standard? How
does it compare with the ideal? 7. How are idea and ideal contrasted ?
EXAMPLES.
Be a to others and then all will go well.
The mind's the of the man.
Every man has at times in his mind the of what he should be, but is not.
IDIOCY (page 207).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is idiocy? 2. What is irnbecility ? How does it compare with idiocy?
3. How does insanity differ from idiocy or imbecility ? 4. How do folly and
foolishness com^ai-Q wiVa idiocy ? 5. WhaXis fatuity ? stupidity?
EXAMPLES.
Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis to be wise.
To expect an effect without a cause, or attainment without application, is little
less than .
IDLE (page 208).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what language is idle derived, and what is its original meaning ? 2. What
does idle in present use properly denote ? Does it necessarily denote the ab-
sence of all action? 3. What does lazy signify? How does it differ from
idle? 4. What does inert signify? sluggish? 5. In what realm does
slothful belong, and what does it denote ? 6. How does indolent compare
vi\t\x slothful?
EXAMPLES.
The stream was covered with a green scum.
Never a moment, but thrifty and thoughtful of others.
As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the turn upon his bed.
lOKORANT (page 208).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does ignorant signify ? How wide is its range ? 2. What is the meaning
of illiterate ? 3. How does unlettered compare with illitei'ate?
EXAMPLES.
So foolish was I and ; I was as a beast before thee.
A boy is better unborn than ,
..^ Imagination
4iOl luimersc
IMAGiafATION (page 209).
QUESTIONS.
Into what two parts was imagination divided in the old psychology ? 2. What
name is now preferably given to the so=called reproductive imagination by
President Porter and others? 3. What is fantasy ot phantasy ? In what
mental actions is it manifested ? 4. What is /a«<a^«y in ordinary usage ? 5.
How is imagination Ae&aeCi^ fancy? 6. To what faculty of the mind do
both of these activities or powers belong ? 7. In what other respects do
bnagination waA fancy agree ? What is the one great distinction between them ?
How do they respectively treat the material objects or images with which
they deal ? Which power finds use in philosophy, science, and mechanical
invention, and how ?
EXAMPLES.
While , like the finger of a clock,
Euns the great circuit, and is still at home.
And as bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Toms them to shapes, and gives to ahy nothing
A local habitation and a name.
IMMEDIATELY (page 211).
QUESTIONS.
1. What iB the primary meaning of immediately? Its meaning as an adverb of
time? 2. What did 6i/ «nc^ % formerly signify ? What is its present meaning?
3. What did directly formerly signify, and what does it now commonly mean ?
4. What change has pre«eM% undergone ? 5. Is i'»»'«ec?iafe/y losing anything
of its force.? What words now seem more emphatic ?
EXAMPLES.
Nothing is there to come, and nothing past,
But an eternal does always last.
Let us go np , and possess it ; for we are well able to overcome it.
Obey me 1
inHERSE (page 212).
QUESTIONS.
1. Prom what language is dip derived ? from what immerse? 2. How do the two
words differ in dignity ? How as to the completeness of the action ? How as
to the continuance of the object in or under the liquid ? 3. Which word is
preferably used as to the rite of baptism ? 4. What does swSjJierg'e imply ? 5.
What are douse and duck? 6. What special sense has dip which the other
words do not share ?
EXAMPLES.
Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant 1
Let the dead Past its dead.
The ships of war, Congress and Cumberland, were — by the Merrimac.
When food can not be Bwallowed, life may be prolonged by the body in
nutritive fluids.
iminlnent j<-o
Incongruous ^i*,*
IMMIXEI^T (page 213).
QUESTIONS.
From what language is imminent derived and with what primary sense ? im-
pending? 2. How do imminent and impending difter in present use? 3.
How does threatening differ from the two words above given ?
EXAMPLES.
And nodding Ilium waits the fall.
And these she does apply for warnings, portents,
And evils .
OIPEDIMEJ^T (page 213).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does impediment primarily signify ? obstacle f obstt^ctionf 2. How does
obstacle differ from obstruction f 3. What is a hindrance f 4. Is an impedi-
ment what one finds or what he carries ? Is it momentary or constant ? What
did the Latin Mwj9«<^i?«eMte signify ? 5. What is an e?i«/m5rawc« .? How does
it differ from an obstacle or obstruction? 6. Is a difficulty within one or
without ?
EXAMPLES.
Something between a and a help.
Thus far into the bowels of the land
Have we march'd without .
Demosthenes became the foremost orator of the world in spite of an in
Ms speech.
8 overcome are the stepping-stones by which great men rise.
IMPUDENCE (page 213).
QUESTIONS.
What does impertinence primarily denote ? What is its common acceptation ?
2. Whut is impudence ? insolence? 3. 'Whui is, offidousness ? 4. What does
rudeness suggest ?
EXAMPLES.
With matchless they style a wife
The dear«bought curse, and lawful plague of life.
It is better not to turn friendship into a system of lawful and unpunishable
A certain class of il)»natured people mistake for frankness.
INCONGRIJOIJS (page 214).
QUESTIONS.
1. When are things said to be incongruous? 2. To what is discordant applied?
inharmonious ? 3 . What does iiicompatible signify ? When are things said
to he. incompatible ? 4. To what does inconsistent apply? 5. What illustra-
tions of the uses of these words are given in the text ? 6. What is the meaning
of incommensurable ?
induction
453 infinite
EXAMPLES.
No solitude is so solitary as that of companionship.
I hear a strain as a merry dirge, or sacramental bacchanal might be.
IXDIJCTION (page 315).
QUESTIONS.
What is deduction? induction? 2. What is the proof of an induction? 3.
What process is ordinarily followed in what is known as scientific induction ?
4. How do deduction and induction compare as to the certainty of the conclu-
sion ? 5. How does an induction compare with an inference?
EXAMPLES.
The longer one studies a vast subject the more cautious in he becomes.
Perhaps the widest and best known of Biology, is that organisms grow.
IIVDUSTRIOUS (page 315).
QUESTIONS.
How does husy differ from industHous? 2. What is the implication if we say
one is industrious just now ? 3. What does diligent add to the meaning of
industrious ?
EXAMPLES.
Look cheerfully upon me,
Here, love; thou see'st how I am.
The have no time for tears.
INDUSTRY (page 316).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is industry? 2. What does assic^wiiy signify as indicated by its etymol-
ogy ? diligence? 3. How does application compare with assiduity? 4.
'WhaXisconstancy? patience? ijerseverance? 5. VvYi&i \& persistence ? What
implication does it frequently convey ? 6. How does industry compare with
diligence? 7. To what do labor and pai7is especially refer ?
EXAMPLES.
Honors come by ; riches spring from economy.
'Tis supports us all.
There is no success in study without close, continuous, and intense .
His in wickedness would have won him enduring honor if it had taken the
form of in a better cause.
INFINITE (page 316).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what language is injinite derived, and with what meaning ? To what may
it be applied ? 2. How do countless, innumerable, and numberless compare
with infinite^ 3. What is the use of boundless, illimitable, limitless, meas-
influence _
Injury 454
ureless, and unlimited P 4. What are the dimensions of infinite space?
What is the duration of infinite time ?
EXAMPLES.
My bounty is as as the sea, my love as deep, the more I give to thee, the
more I have, for both are .
Man's inhumanity to man makes thousands mourn.
IBfFL.lJEBfCE (page 217).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to infiuence? is one infiuenced by external or internal force ? 2. To
what kind of power does actuate refer ? Does one person actuate or infiuence
another ? 3. What do prompt and stir imply ? 4. What is it to excite? 5.
What do incite and instigate signify ? How do these two words differ ? 6.
What do urge and impel imply ? How do they differ in the source of the
power exerted ? 7. What do drive and compel imply, and how do these two
words compare with each other ?
EXAMPLES.
He was by his own violent passions to desperate crime.
And well she can .
Fine thoughts are wealth, for the right use of which
Men are and ought to be accountable.
If not to Thee, to those they .
IBffHEREBfT (page 318).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does inherent signify ? 2. To what realm of thought does immanent be-
long ? What does it signify f How does it differ from inherent ? Which is
applied to the Divine Being ? 3. To what do congenital, innate, and intjorn
apply as distinguished from inherent and intrinsic? 4. With what special
reference does congenital occur in medical and legal use? 5. What is the
difference in use between innate and inborn f 6. What does inbred add to
the sense of innate or inborn? 7. What is ingrained?
EXAMPLES.
An power in the life of the world.
All men have an right to life, liberty, and protection.
He evinced an stupidity that seemed almost tantamount to idiocy.
Many philosophers hold that God is in nature.
Any stable currency must be founded at last upon something, as gold or silver,
that has value.
The wrongs and abuses which are in the very structure and constitution
of society as it now exists throughout Christendom.
INJURY (page 219).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what language is injury derived ? What is its primary meaning ? Its
Msa Injustice
'**'*' Inquisitive
derived meaning? 2. How inclusive a word is hijunj? 3. From what is
damage derived, and with what original sense ? detriment ? How do these
words compare in actual use ? 4 . How does damage compare with logs f
How can a loss be said to be partial ? 5. What is evil, and with what frequent
suggestion? 6. What is harm? hurt? How do these words compare with
injury? 7. What is mischief? How caused, and with v/hat intent ?
EXAMPLES.
Nothing can work me , except myself; the that I sustain I carry
about with me, and never am a real sufferer but by my own fault.
Hippolyta, I woo'd thee with my sword.
And won thy love, doing thee .
INJUSTICE (page 220).
QUESTIONS.
What is in/ws<«ce .? 2. How does ;<'?'o?;gr differ from i^y'Ms^tce in legal use ? How
in popular use? 3. What is iniquity in the legal sense? in the common
sense ?
EXAMPLES.
War in men's eyes shall be a monster of .
No man can mortgage his as a pawn for his fidelity.
Such an act is an upon humanity.
IN:\0CEKT (page 220).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does innocent in the full sense signify? 2. Is Innocerd positive or nega-
tive ? How does it compare with righteous, upright, or virtuous? 3. In what
two applications may immaculate, pure, and sirdess be used ? 4. W^ith what
limited sense is innocent used of moral beings ? 5 . In what sense is innocent
applied to inanimate substances ?
EXAMPLES.
They are as as grace itself.
For blessings ever wait on deeds,
And tho a late, a sure reward succeeds.
The wicked flee where no man pursueth, but the are bold as a lion.
A daughter, and a goodly babe ;
the queen receives
Much comfort in't : says, My poor prisoner,
lam as you.
IXqiJISITIVE (page 221).
QUESTIONS.
1. What are the characteristics of an inquisitive person ? 2. Is inquisitive ever
used in a good sense ? What, in that sense, is ordinarily preferred ? 3, What
does curious signify, and how does it differ from inquisitive?
Insanity
journey
456
EXAMPLES.
His was an anxiously mind, a scrupulously conscientious heart.
Adrian was tlie most man that ever lived, and the most universal inquirer.
I am to know the cause of this sudden change of purpose.
IXSANITY (page 331).
QUESTIONS.
What is insanity in the widest sense ? in its restricted use ? Which use is the
more frequent ? 2. From what is lunacy derived ? What did it originally im-
ply ? In what sense is it now used ? 3. What is madness ? 4. What is
derangement f delirimn? 5. What is the specific meaning of dementia?
6. What is aberration ? 7. What is the distinctive meaning of hallucination?
8. Whut 16 monomania ? 9. Wha.t are frenzy wad mania F
EXAMPLES.
Go— you may call it , folly— you shall not chase my gloom away.
All power of fancy over reason is a degree of .
INTERPOSE (page 328).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to interpose ? 2. How does intercede differ from intet^se ? 3 . What
is it to intermeddle ? How does it differ from meddle ? from interfere f 4.
What do arbitrate and mediate involve ?
EXAMPLES.
Dion, his brother, for him and his life was saved.
Nature has a natural barrier between England and the continent.
INVOEVE (page 223).
QUESTIONS.
1. From what language is iwwtee derived, and with what primary meaning? 2.
How does involve compare with implicate ? 3 . Are these words used in the fa-
vorable or the unfavorable sense f 4. As regards results what is the difference
between include^ imply, and involve ?
EXAMPLES.
Rocks may be squeezed into new forms, bent, contorted, and .
An oyster=shell sometimes a pearl.
in other men's affairs, he went down to their ruin.
JOURNEY (page 223).
QUESTIONS.
From what language is journey derived ? What is its primary meaning ? Its
present meaning ? 2. What is travel ? How does it differ {rom journey ? 3.
What was the former meaning of voyage ? its present meaning ? 4. What is
a, trip? a tour? 5. What is the meaning and common use of passage? of
457
Indge
Keep
transit f 6. What is the original meaning of pilgrimage? How is it now
used?
EXAMPLES.
• makes all men countrymen.
All the of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries.
It were a like the path to heaven,
To help you find them.
JIJDOE (page 224).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is Si judge in the legal sense ? 2. What other senses has the wordjudge iu
common use ? 3. What is a referee, and how appointed ? an arUti^ator f 4.
What is the popular sense of umpire? the legal sense ? 5. What is the pres-
ent use of arbiter? 6. What are the judges of the United States Supreme
Court officially called ?
EXAMPLES.
The end crowns all,
And that old common , Time,
Will one day end it.
A man who is no of law may be a good of poetry.
The is only the mouth of law, and the magistrate who punishes is only
the hand.
JUSTICE (page 225).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is justice in governmental relations ? in social and personal relations ? iu
matters of reasoning or literary treatment ? 2. To what do ititegrity, recti-
tude, light, righteousness, and virtue apply ? What do all these include ? 3.
What two contrasted senses has lawfulness? 4. To what does justness refer,
and in what sense is it used ?
EXAMPLES.
exalteth a nation.
of life is fame's best friend.
He shall have merely , and his bond.
KEEP (page 226).
QUESTIONS.
1 , What is the general meaning of keep ? 2. How does keep compare with preserve ?
fulfil? maintain? 3. What does keep imply when used as a synonym of
guard or defend ?
EXAMPLES.
These make and the balance of the mind.
The good old rule
Sufflceth them, — the simple plan.
That they should take who have the power
And they should who can.
thy shop, and thy shop will thee.
kill
language 45S
KILL (page 326).
QUESTIONS.
1, What is it to Tcillf 2. To what are assassinate, execute, and murder restricted ?
3. What is the specific meaning of murder? exeaitef assassinate? To what
class of persons is the latter word ordinarily applied ? 4. What is it to slay ?
5. To what is massacre limited ? With what special meaning is it used ? 6.
To what do butcher and slaughter primarily apply ? What is the sense of each
when so used ? 7. What is it to despatch?
EXAMPLES.
To look into her eyes was to doubt.
Two presidents of the United States have 'been .
Hamilton was in a duel by Aaron Burr.
The place was carried by storm, and the inhabitants without distinction of
age or sex.
KIX (page 327).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does land compare with kin? 2. -What do Tdn and kindred denote ? 3.
What is affinity? How does it differ from consanguinity ?
EXAMPLES.
A little more than , and less than .
He held his seat, — a friend to the human
The patient bride, a little sad,
Leaving of home and ,
KNOWLEDOE (page 237).
QUESTIONS.
'Wa&'iSs, knowledge? How does it differ from M)/o?7«a;'iow? 2. WhoiSsjiercep-
tion? apprehension? cognizance? 3. What is intuition? 4. What is ex-
penerxe, and how does it differ tiom intuition ? 5. What ia learning ? eru-
dition ?
EXAMPLES.
comes, but wisdom lingers.
The child is continually seeking ; hence his endless questions.
' Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical ,
And coming events cast their shadows before.
8 lie at the very foundation of all reasoning.
L.ABfGUA«E (page 338).
QUESTIONS.
What is the derivation of language ? What was its original signification ? How
wide is its present meaning ? 2. As regards the nse of words, what does lan-
guage denote in the general and in the restricted sense ? 3. What does speech
always involve ? 4. Can we speak of the speech of animals ? of their lan-
guage? 5. What is a dialect? a barbai-ism? an idiom? 6. What is a patois?
How does it differ from a dialect? 7. What is a vernacular?
• /-rt large
459 law
EXAMPLES.
"We must be free or die, who speak the ■
That Shakespeare spake : the faith and morals hold
Which Milton held.
■ is great; but silence is greater.
An infant crying in the night,
An infant crying for the light,
And with no but a cry.
Thought leapt out to wed with Thought,
Ere Thought could wed itself with .
A Babylonish
Which learned pedants much affect.
O 1 good, my lord, no Latin;
I'm not such a truant since my coming
As not to know the" I have lived in.
LARGE (page 229).
QUESTIONS.
1 . To how many dimensions does large apply ? How does it differ from long? 2.
How does large compare with g}-ea( ? with big f
EXAMPLES.
Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above.
By which those in war, are in love.
Everything is twice as measured on a threeeyear=old's three»foot scale as
on a thirty^yeareold's six-foot scale.
And his manly voice,
Tiiming again toward childish treble,
Pipes and whistles in its sound.
L.A W (page 229).
QUESTIONS.
What is the definition of law in its ideal ? What does it signify in common use ?
2. What are the characteristics of command and commandment f of an edict f
3. What is a mawctofe .? a statute? an enactment? 4. In what special con-
nection is, formula commonly used? ordinance? order? 5. What is the
meaning of law in such an expression as " the laivs of nature ? " What in
more strictly scientific use ? 6. What is a. code? jurisprudence? legislation?
What is an ecoruomrj ? Is law ever a synonym for these words, and in what
way?
EXAMPLES.
Order is Heaven's first ; and this confest,
Some are, and must be, greater than the rest.
Those he commands move only in ,
Nothing in love.
His fair large front and eye sublime declared
Absolute .
We have strict , and most biting ,
Napoleon gave France the best of she has ever possessed.
liberty
liglit 460
is physical, established sequence; intellectual, a condition of intellectual
action in order that truth may be reached; and moral, an imperative which deter-
mines the right guidance of our higher life.
LIBERTY (page 230).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is freedom? 2. What is liberty in the primary sense? in the widest
sense ? 3. How do freedom and liberty compare ? 4. IIow is independence
used in distinction from freedom and liberty? 5. Is freedom or liberty more
freely used in a figurative sense ? 6. What is license? How does it compare
with liberty and freedom?
EXAMPLES.
In Rousseau's philosophy is conceived of as lawlessness.
When from her mountain^height
Unfurled her standard to the air,
She tore the azure robe of night.
And set the stars of glory there.
The to go higher than we are is given only when we have fulfilled amply
the duty of our present sphere.
they mean when they cry !
For who loves that must first be wise and good.
LIGHT (page 231).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is light ? 2 . What are the characteristics of aflame ? a blaze ? 3 . What is a
flare ? a. flash ? 4 . What is the sense of glare and gloiv ? How do they differ, and
to what are they applied ? 5. To what do shine and sheen, refer ? 6. What do
glimmer, glitter, and shimmer denote ? 7. What is gleam ? a glitter f a spar-
kle? glistening? 8. Wliat is scintillation? in what two senses used ? 9. To
vfhat are twinkle and twinkling aT;)f\ied 7 10. What ib illumination ? incan-
descence ?
EXAMPLES.
From a little spark may burst a mighty .
A as of another life, my kindling soul received.
It is , that enables us to see the differences between things; and it is Christ
that gives us .
White with the whiteness of the snow,
Pink with faintest rosy ,
They blossom on their sprays,
Ghastly in the of day.
• in golden coats like images,
So a good deed in a naughty world,
There's but the of a star
Between a man of peace and war.
.«- listen
461 load
LISTEN (page 233).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does /tear signify ? What does listen add to the meaning of hear? 2.
What does attend add to the meaning of listen? 3. Wliat does heed further
imply ? 4. What is the difference between listen fm' and listen to?
EXAMPLES.
And ! how blithe the throstle sings !
He, too, is no mean preacher :
Till I and
If a step draweth near.
Chill airs and wintry winds ! my ear
Has grown familiar with your song;
I it in the opening year,
I and it cheers me long.
, every one
That may, unto a tale
That's merrier than the nightingale.
The men lay silent in the tall grass for the signal gun that should bid
them rise and charge.
I.ITERATIJRE (page 233).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is literature in the most general sense. In more limited sense? 2.
What does literature^ used absolutely, denote ? 3. How may literature include
science ? How is it ordinarily contrasted with science?
EXAMPLES.
Wherever consoles sorrow or assuages pain; wherever it brings gladness
to eyes which fail with wakefulness and tears— there is exhibited in its noblest form
the immortal influence of Athens.
are life=long friends.
are embalmed minds.
In our own language we have a nowhere surpassed, in whose lock no for-
eign key will ever rust.
EOAD (page 233).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what language is hxirden derived, and with what primary meaning ? load?
2. What docs weight signify ? How does it compare with load and burden?
3. What are cargo, freight, and lading? 4. What is the distinctive sense of
pack ?
EXAMPLES.
Bear ye one another's .
Wearing all that
Of learning lightly like a flower.
The ass will carry his , but not a double .
look ^^~
make 4toa
LOOK (page 234).
QUESTIONS.
Wliat is the distinction between look and see ? between these words and behold f
2. What is it to gaze? to glance? to stare? 3. What do scan, inspect, and
survey respectively express, and how are they distinguished from one another ?
4. What element or elements does watch add to the meaning of look?
EXAMPLES.
It is always well to at people when addressing them.
Having eyes they not, and having ears hear not.
Then gently your brother man,
Still gentler sister woman;
Tho' they may gang a kennin wrang.
To step aside is human.
My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that for the morning.
How peacefully the broad and golden moon
Comes up to upon the reaper's toUl
I am monarch of all I ,
My right there is none to dispute;
Prom the center all round to the sea,
I am lord of the fowl and the brute.
But, , the morn in russet mantle clad.
Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill.
LOVE (page 235).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is affection? 2. What may be given as a brief definition of love? 3.
Does affection apply to persons or things ? To what does love apply ? 4. What
term is preferable to love as applying to articles of food and the like ? 5 . How
does love differ from affection ? from, friendship ?
EXAMPLES.
Peace, commerce, and honest with all nations help to form the bright con-
stellation which has gone before us.
And you must love him ere to you he will seem worthy of your •
Yet pity for a horse o'erdriven
And in which my hound has part
Can hang no weight upon my heart.
In its assumptions up to heaven.
Such and unbroken faith
As temper life's worst bitterness.
MAKE (page 236),
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the essential idea of maA-e .? 2. How is make allied with create? 3.
How is make allied with compose or constitute ? 4. What are some chief anto-
nyms for maJce ? 5 . What are the prepositions chiefly used <vith make, and
how employed ?
_ marriage
^o* massacre
EXAMPLES.
In the beginning God the heaven and the earth.
The mason , the architect .
I assert confidently that it is in the power of one American mother to •
many gentlemen as she has sons.
Newton discovered, but did not the law of gravitation.
The river flows over a bed of pebbles like those that the beach and the
surrounding plains.
A hermit and a wolf or two
My whole acquaintance .
If we were not willing, they possessed the power of us to do them justice.
The lessons of adversity sometimes soften and , but as often they indurate
and pervert.
MARRIAOE: (page 236).
QUESTIONS.
What does matrimony specifically denote ? 2. What two senses has marriage ?
3. From what language is wedlock derived ? what is its distinctive use ? 4.
What is the meaning of wedding f nuptials?
EXAMPLES.
Let me not to the of true minds admit impediments.
The lover was killed in a duel on the night before the intended .
I'll join my eldest daughter, and my joy.
To him forthwith in holy bonds.
iriASCUI.IXE (page 237).
QUESTIONS.
1 . To what is male applied ? To what masculine ? 2. To what does mardy refer ?
manful ? In what connection can manly be used where manful could not be
substituted ? 3 . What is the sense of mannish f virile ?
EXAMPLES.
Every virtue in the higher phases of character begins in truth and pity or
truth and reverence to all womanhood.
One brave and struggle
And he gained the solid land
And the cover of the mountains
And the carbines of his band.
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him;
and female created he them.
MASSACRE (page 237).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is massacre? butchery? havoc? 2. 1o what doea carnage especially re-
fer? slaughter? 3. Which of these words can be used of the destruction
of life in open and honorable warfare ?
meddlesome
memory 4o4
EXAMPLES.
Mark 1 where his and his conquests cease I
He makes a solitude and calls it peace !
Forbade to wade through to a throne,
And shut the gates of mercy on mankind.
The capture of Port Arthur was followed by a terrible .
iriEDDLESOIflE (page 238).
QUESTIONS.
What is the conduct specially characteristic of a meddlesome person ? of an in-
tnisive person ? of one who is obtrusive? officious? 2. To what is obtrusive
chiefly applied ? intrusive ? officious ? meddlesome ?
EXAMPLES.
Where sorrow's held and turned out,
There wisdom will not enter nor true power,
Nor aught that dignifies humanity.
A -^-^ monkey had been among the papers.
MEI^ODY (page 238).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is harmony ? melody]? In what special feature does the one differ from the
other ? 2. How many parts are required for harmony? how many for mel-
ody ? 3. What is unison ? 4. What does music include ?
EXAMPLES.
Sweetest
Are those that are by distance made more sweet
, when soft voices die,
Vibrates in the memory.
Ring out ye crystal spheres
And with your ninefold
Make up full consort to the angelic ■
MEMORY (page 239).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is memory in the special and In the general sense ? 2. What is remem-
brance, and how distinguished from memory ? 3. Is remembrance voluntary
or involuntary ? 4. What is recollection, and what does it involve ? 5. What
is reminiscence ? retrospection ? How do these two words differ ?
EXAMPLES.
like a purse, if it be over=full that it can not shut, all will drop out of it;
take heed of a gluttonous curiosity to feed on many things, lest the greediness
of the appetite of thy spoil the digestion thereof.
wakes with all her busy train,
Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain.
It is a favorite device of eminent men to devote their old age to writing their
s, thus quietly living over again a busy or tumultuous life.
mercy
4oD minute
MERCY (page 339).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is mercy in the strictest sense ? 2. To what class is grace shown ? 3. To
what class are mercy, forgiveness, and pardon extended ? 4. In what wider
significations is mercy used ? 5. WVaXSs, clemency ? leniency oxlenity ? How
do these words compare with mercy ?
EXAMPLES.
How would you be,
If He, which is the top of judgment, should
But judge you as you are ? O, think on that;
And then will breathe within your lips,
Like man new made.
The only protection which the conquered could find was in the moderation, the
, and the enlarged policy of the conquerors.
To favor sin is to discourage virtue; undue to the bad is unkindnessjto the
good.
METER (page 240).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is euphony f How does it differ from meter, measure, and rhythm? 2.
How are 7-hythm and meter produced? 3. How does meter differ from
rhythm? 4. What is a verse in the strict sense ? In what wider sense is the
word often used ?
EXAMPLES.
is a very vague and unscientific term. Each nation considers its own
language, each tribe its own dialect, euphonic.
may be defined to be a succession of poetical feet arranged in regular
order according to certain types recognized as standards, in verses of a determinate
length.
We have three prmcipal domains in which manifests its nature and power
— dancing, music, poetry.
MIBf D (page 241).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is mind? How does it differ from intellect ? 2. What does consciousness
include ? Is it attended with distinct thinking and willing ? 3. What is the
scml ? 4. From what is spint used in special contradistinction ? How does it
differ from «OT/;? 5. What is Paley's definition of i««?'iwrf.? 6. In what con-
trasted meanings is the word sense employed ? 7. What is thought?
EXAMPLES.
A great will be strong to live, as well as to think.
God is a : and they that worship him must worship him in and in
truth.
MINUTE (page 242).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of minute ? 2. When is a thing said to be comminuted ?
3. How does^we differ from comminuted? 4. What terms are applied to an
account extended to ?Mi«wfe particulars? to an examination similarly extended?
misfortune
money 4oo
EXAMPLES.
No room so warm and bright,
Wherein to read, wherein to write.
Life hangs on, held by a thread.
An organism so as to be visible only under the microscope, yet possessed
of life, motion, and seeming intelligence is a source of ceaseless wonder.
MISFORTUNE (page 243).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What IB misfortune ? Is the sufferer considered blameworthy for it ? 2. What
is calamity? disaster? 3. In what special sense are the words affliction,
chastening, trial, and tribulation used ? How are these four words discrimi-
nated the one from another ?
EXAMPLES.
He's not valiant that dares die.
But he that boldly bears .
I never knew a man in life who could not bear another's perfectly like a
Christian.
niODEL. (page 243).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a, model? a pattern? How are they distinguished from one another?
2. Which admits of freedom or idealization ?
EXAMPLES.
Things done without , in their issue
Are to be fear'd.
Be a to others, and then all will go well.
Washington and his compeers had no of a federal republic with constitu-
tional bonds and limitations.
Moses was admonished, See that thou make all things according to the
shewed to thee in the mount.
MODESTY (page 244).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is modesty in the general sense ? In what specific sense is the word also
used ? 2. What is bashfulness? diffidence? coyness? reserve?
EXAMPLES.
For silence and chaste is woman's genuine praise, and to remain quiet
within the house.
If a young lady has that discretion and , without which all knowledge is lit-
tle worth, she wUl never make an ostentatious parade of it.
His shrinking was often mistaken for a proud .
MONEY (page 244).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is mxmey? specie? cash? 2. How does property differ from money? 3.
What is bullion? capital?
Miti^ morose
'*'»* mutual
EXAMPLES.
I am not covetous for ■
Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost.
For the love of is the root of all evil.
He converted all his into ready .
One who undertakes to do business without is likely to be speedily strait-
ened for .
■ in reversion may be of far less value than in hand.
]»IOROSE (page 245).
QUESTIONS.
By what characteristics are the morose distinguished ? the sullen and sulky f 2.
How does sulleri differ from sulky? 3. What is the meaning of surly? 4.
Which of these words denote transient moods and which denote enduring
states or disposition ?
EXAMPLES.
My master is of disposition,
And little recks to find the way to heaven
By doing deeds of hospitality.
A poet who fails in writing, becomes often a critic.
He answered with a growl.
Achilles remained in his tent in inaction.
MOTION (page 246).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is motion ? 2. How does vfwtion differ from mmement? Give examples.
3. In what sense is mme employed ? 4. What is the special sense of motion
in a deliberative assembly ? 5. Is action or motion the more comprehensive
word ? Which is commonly used in reference to the mind ?
EXAMPLES.
That is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest
numbers.
There is no death I What seems so is ;
This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of the life elysian,
Whose portal we call Death.
The Copemican theory first clearly explained the of the planets.
MUTUAL, (page 246).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of common f mutual ? reciprocal ? 2. Is it correct to speak
of a mutual friend ?
EXAMPLES.
friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of this, the
good humor of that person.
name
neat 4oS
In all trae family life there is a dependence which binds hearts together.
action is the rule in the human body, where every part is alternately means
and end, and every action both cause and effect.
NAME (page 247).
QUESTIONS.
What is a name in the most general sense ? 2. In the more limited sense, how
does a name differ from an appellation f a title ? Give instances of the use of
these three words. 3. From what language is epithet derived? What is its
primary meaning? 4. What does epithet signify in literary use? 5. What
part of speech is an epithet? Is it favorable or unfavorable in signification f
6. Wimt is a, cog>i07neiif How does it differ from a swnamef 7. What is
style considered as a synonym of name ?
EXAMPLES.
Those he commands, move only in command
Nothing in love : now does he feel the
Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe
Upon a dwarfish thief.
O magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his together.
NATIVE (page 248).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does native denote? natal f natural? 2. What examples are given in
the text of the correct use of these words ?
EXAMPLES.
I would advise no child's being taught music who has not a aptitude for it.
It was the 4th of July, the day of American freedom.
NAUTICAE (page 248).
QUESTIONS.
From what is marine derived ? 7naritime ? What do these two words respect-
ively signify ? 2. From what is naval derived? nautical? How do these
words differ in meaning ? 3. How does ocean, used adjectivally, differ from
oceanic?
EXAMPLES.
That sea^beast, ■
Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest that swim the stream
NEAT (page 249).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does clean signify ? 2. Does orderly apply to persons or things, and in
what sense ? 3. What does tidy denote ? 4. What is the meaning of neat?
5. How does nice compare with neat? 6. What is the significance of spruce?
trimf dapper?
M^t^ necessary
4<>» neglect
EXAMPLES.
If he (Jefferson) condescended to turn sentences for delicate ears— still, lie
was essentially an earnest man.
Still to be , still to be drest,
As you were going to a feast,
Still to be powder'd, still perfum'd.
NECESSARY (page 250).
QUESTIONS.
1. When is a thing properly said to be necessanj ? 2. What is themeanmg of essen-
tial? How does it differ from indispensable f 3. With reference to what is a
thing said to be requisite F How does requisite compare with essential and
indispensable? 4. How do inevitable and unavoidable compare? To what
kind of things are both these words applied ? 5. How do needed and needful
compare with necessary ?
EXAMPLES.
As you grow ready for it, somewhere or other you will find what is for
you in a book.
The ideas of space and time are called in philosophy ideas.
NECESSITY (page 250).
QUESTIONS.
What is necessity f 2. What do need and xcant imply ? How does need compare
with want? 3. How does necessity compare with need? 4. What is an
essential ?
EXAMPLES.
Courage is, on all hands, considered as an of high character.
No living man can send me to the shades
Before my time; no man of woman born,
Coward or brave, can shun his ,
NEGLECT, n. (page 251).
QUESTIONS.
1, What is neglect? negligence? How do the two words compare? 2. What
senses has negligence that neglect has not ? 3. Which of the two words may
be used in a passive sense ? 4. What is the legal phrase for a punishable
omission of duty.
EXAMPLES.
Ah, why
Should we, in the world's riper years, — —
God's ancient sanctuaries, and adore
Only among the crowd.
But, alas, to make
A fixed figure, for the hand of —
To point his slow unmovihg finger at
neiir
oath 470
WEW (page 253).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the meaning of new? of modern? of recent? 2. How does recent com-
pare with ?i«w.i' 3. What is the meaning of woi^eZ? of //'gc^A? 4. To what do
young and youthful distinctively apply ?
IVIMBLE (page 253).
QUESTIONS.
1 . To what does nhnble properly refer ? 2. To what does swift apply ? 3. How
does alert compare with iiinible ? For what is alert more properly a synonym ?
EXAMPLES.
Win her with gifts, if she respect not words ;
Dumb jewels often, in their silent kind.
More than words, do move a woman's mind.
Profound thinkers are often helpless in society, while shallow men have
and ready minds.
^fORHAL (page 253).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does natural signify ? noi-mal ? Give instances of the distinctive use of
the two words. 2. What does typical signify ? regular? cminion?
EXAMPLES.
He does it with a better grace, but I do it more .
The round of work may grow monotonous, but it is evidently necessary.
XOT1VITHSTAMDIXG (page 254),
QUESTIONS.
What is the signification of however as a conjunction? of nevertheless? 2.
Which is the most emphatic word of the group and what does it signify ? 3.
How do ijet and still compare with notivUhstanding ? with but ? 4. What is
the force of tho and altho? 5. How does notwithstanding as a preposition
differ from despite or in spite of?
EXAMPLES.
do thy worst, old Time; despite thy wrong,
My love shall in my verse ever live young,
till all graces be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my grace.
There was an immense crowd the Inclement weather.
OATH (page 254).
QUESTIONS.
1. Whatisanoa^A.? an affidavit? How does the affidavit differ from the. oath?
2, 'Wii&t is an adjuratioi}? 3. What is a vow? How does it differ from an
oath? 4. Of what words is oath a popular synonym ? 5. In what do an-
-1^- obscure
471 ob»itInate
athema, curse, execration, and imprecation agree ? 6. What is an anathema?
7. Is a cui'se just or unjust ? 8. What does execratioii express ? imi)recation f
EXAMPLES.
Better is it that thou shouldest not , than that thou shouldest and
not pay.
Then how can any man be said
To break an he never made ?
OBSCURE (page 355).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is o6«CMre.?.|2.SHow does obscm'e compare with complicated? with co»i-
plex? with abstitise ? with, prof mifid ?
OBSOLETE (page 256).
QUESTIONS.
1. When is a word obsolete? When is a word archaic? 2. Is aXL old ov ancient
word necessarily obsolete ? 3 . What is meant by saying that a word is rare ?
4. Is a rare word necessarily obsolete or an obsolete word necessarily rare ?
EXAMPLES.
When the labors of modern philologists began, Sanscrit was the most of
all the Aryan languages known to them.
Atlas, we read in song,
Was so exceeding tall and strong,
He bore the skies upon his back.
Just as the pedler does his pack.
It is wonderful that so few words are found in Shakespeare after the
lapse of three centuries.
OBSTIBTATE (page 256).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does AectcJsiwng' differ from obstinate and stubbwn? 2. How do obstinate
and stubborn differ from each other ? Which is commonly applied to the in-
ferior animals and to inanimate things ? 3. What is the meaning of refraC'
tory ? How does it differ from stubborn ? Which word is applied to metals,
and in what sense? 4. What [is the meaning of obdurate? contumacious?
pertinacious ? 5 . What words do we apply to the unyielding character or
conduct that we approve ?
EXAMPLES.
Is it in heav'n a crime to love too well ?
To bear too tender, or too a heart,
To act a Lover's or a Roman's part ?
" I shall talk of what I like," she said wilfully, clasping her hands roimd her
knees with the gesture of an chOd.
obstruct ytr»«
operation «7-«
OBSTRUCT (page 257).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the literal meaning of dbstmct? How does it compare with hinder f
2. How does obstruct compare with impede? 3. What does arrest signify in
the sense here considered ?
EXAMPLES.
There is a certain wisdom of humanity which is common to the greatest men
with the lowest, and which our ordinary education often labors to silence and .
No, no ing the vast wheel of time.
That round and round still turns with onward might.
OL.D (page 257).
QUESTIONS.
, What does oZcZ signify ? 2, How do o?a and awaewi compare ? 3. What contrasted
senses has old ? 4. What is the special force of olden ? 5 . In what sense are
gray, lioanj, and olden used of material objects ? 6. To what is aged chiefly
applied ? 7. To what do decrepit, gray, and hoary apply, as said of human
beings ? 8. To what does senile apply ? 9. In what sense is elderly used ?
10. What are the primary and derived meanings of reinote? 11 . What does
venerable express ?
EXAMPLES.
The hills,
Eock=ribbed and as the sim, — the vales
Stretching in pensive quietness between;
The woods, . . .
. . . and, poured round all,
ocean's gray and melancholy waste,—
Are but the solemn decorations all
Of the great tomb of man.
Through the sequestered vale of rural life,
The patriarch guileless held
The tenor of his way.
O good head which all men knew !
Shall we, shall men, like trees.
Strike deeper theh vUe root, and closer cling.
Still more enamored of their wretched soil t
OPERATION (page 258).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does operation denote ? and by what kind of agent is it effected ? 2.
What do -perfonnance and execution denote ? and by what kind of agents are
they effected ? 3 . How does performance differ from execution f
EXAMPLES.
It requires a surgical to get a joke well into a Scotch understanding.
His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
But his , as he is now, nothing.
Mwn. order
473 ought
ORDER (page 258).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does instruction imply? direction? 2. How does order compare with
direction? 3. To what classes of persons are onfers especially given ? How
does an order in the commercial sense become authoritative ? 4. How does
cominand compare with order ? 5 . In what sense is requirement used ? By
what authority is a requirement made ? 6. In what sense is prohibition used ?
injunction ?
EXAMPLES.
General Sherman writes in his Memoirs, " I have never in my life questioned or
disobeyed an ."
"Ye shall become like God "— transcendent fate I
That God's forgot, she plucked and ate.
OSTENTATION (page 259).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is ostentation ? How does it compare with boasting ? display ? show ?
2. What is pomp? pageant or pageantry? What do the two latter words
suggest, and how do they compare with pomp? 3. From what is jjarade
derived ? What is its primary meaning ? With what implication is it
always used in the metaphorical sense ? How does parade compare with
ostentation ?
EXAMPLES.
The boast of heraldry, the of power,
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave.
Await alike the inevitable hour;
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
The President's salary does not permit , nor, indeed, is expected
of him.
With all his wealth, talent, and learning, he was singularly free from .
OVERSIGHT (page 260).
QUESTIONS.
1 . In what two contiasted senses is oner sight used ? 2. How does superintendence
cova^axe Yiiih oversight ? 3. With what special reference is co?i<roZ used? 4.
What kind of a term is surveillance^ and what does it imply ?
EXAMPLES.
Those able to conduct great enterprises must be allowed wages of .
O Friendship, equal poised !
Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the thereof not by con-
straint, but willingly.
OUGHT (page 260).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does ought properly signify ? 2. How does ought compare with should?
3. In what secondary sense is ought sometimes used ?
pardon, v. '174
EXAMPLES.
He has not a right to do what he likes, but only what he with his own,
which after all is his own only in a qualified sense.
Age have reverence, and be worthy to have it.
PAIN (page 261).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is pa Jw.? suffering? 2. How does distress rank as compared v/ith pain
&ni svffering ? 3. 'V'^hat is an acAe.? a throe? niMvoxysm? 4. What is
agony? anguish?
EXAMPLES.
To each his s ; all are men,
Condemned alike to groan;
The tender for another's ,
The unfeeling for his own.
The weariest and most loathed worldly life
That age, , penury, and imprisonment
Can lay on nature.
PALLIATE (page 261).
QUESTIONS.
1 • How do cloak and palliate agree in original meaning ? How do they differ in the
derived senses ? 2. What is it to extenuate, and how does that word compare
•^SXh. jmlliate ?
EXAMPLES.
Speak of me as I am; nothing
Nor aught set down in malice.
We would not dissemble nor [our transgressions] before the face of
Almighty God, our heavenly Father.
I shall never attempt to my own foibles by exposing the error of another.
PARDON, V. (page 262).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to ^jar^ow .? 2. To what does /ort/w's refer ? 3. How do parcfow and
forgive differ in use in accordance with the difference in meaning ? 4. What
is it to remit ? to condone ? to excuse ?
EXAMPLES.
How many will say ,
And find a kind of license in the sound
To hate a little longer 1
I him, as heaven shall me.
To err is human, to , divine.
pardon, n.
475 patience
PARD0:RJ, n. (page 262).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is acquittal f How docs it differ from jmrdon as regards the person acquit-
ted or pardoned ? 2. Is an innocent person ever pardoned ? 3. Wbat i& obliv-
ion? amnesty? absolution?
EXAMPLES.
For 'tis sweet to stammer one letter
Of the Eternal's language;— on earth it is called .
, not wrath, is God's best attribute.
to the injured does belong,
But they ne'er who have done the wrong.
PART, n. (page 264).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is apart? 2. What is a. fragment ? apiece? 3. What do cZit'moM and
/rac^iow signify ? 4. What is a ;;o?Viow .? 5. WhsX 'ma, share ? a.n instalment?
a particle? 6. What do cmtiponent, constituent, ingredient, and element sig-
nify ? How do they differ from one another ? 7. What is a subdivision ?
EXAMPLES.
The best of a good man's life.
His little, nameless, unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love.
Spirits that live throughout.
Vital in every . . .
Can not but by annihilating die.
Many cheap houses were built to be sold by s.
PARTICLE (page 264).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a particle? 2. What does atom etymologically signify ? What is its
meaning in present scientific use ? 3. What is a rnoleade, and of what is it
regarded as composed ? 4. What is an element in chemistry ?
EXAMPLES.
cretins held that the universe originated from a fortuitous concourse of s.
But thou Shalt flourish in immortal youth.
Unhurt amidst the war of s.
The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds.
Many aquatic animals, whose food consists of small diffused through the
water, have an apparatus for creating currents so as to bring such within their
reach.
PATIENCE (page 265).
QUESTIONS.
1. ^NhaiiB patience? 2. What is endurance ? 3. How does ^ja^iewce compare
with submission and endurance? 4. To what are submission and resignation
perceive 4T6
ordinarily applied ? 5 . What is forhearance ? How does it compare with
■patience f
EXAMPLES.
With bear the lot to thee assigned,
Nor think it chance, nor murmur at the load,
For know what man calls Fortune is from God.
Tht-re is, however, a limit at which ceases to he a virtue.
PAY (page 266).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is 'po^y? compensation f remuneration? recompense? 2. What is an
allowance? 3. What are wages? earnings? 4. What \s,hi7'e? what does
it imply ? 5. For what is salary paid ? How does it difiEer from ivages? 6.
What is a/ise, and for what given ?
EXAMPLES.
I am not aware that , or even favors, however gracious, bind any man's
soul.
Our praises are our .
Carey, in early life, was a country minister with a small .
Laborers are remunerated by , and officials by .
PEOPI.E (page 266).
qlt;stions.
1. What is a community ? a commomvealth? 2. What is a people? a race? 3.
What is a s^afe.? a. nation? 4. What does ^wpw^a^ion signify ? tribe?
EXAMPLES.
A may let a king fall, and still remain a , but if a king let his
slip from him, he is no longer a king.
Questions of have played a great part in the politics and wars of the latter
half of the nineteenth century, the Germanic , the Slavonic , the Italian,
and the Greek s struggling to assert their unity.
PERCEIVE (page 267).
QUESTIONS.
What class of things do we perceive? 2. How does apprehend differ in scope
from perceive? 3. What does conceive signify? 4. How does comprehend
compare with appi'chend ? with conceive?
EXAMPLES.
We may the tokens of the divine agency without being able to or
— the divine Being.
. . . Admitted once to his embrace.
Thou Shalt that thou wast blind before.
O horror ! horror I horror 1 Tongue nor heart
Can not nor name thee 1
aiyiy perfect
*• * pernicious
PERFECT (page 268).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is perfect in the fullest and highest sense ? 2. What is absolute in the full-
est sense ? 3. What is perfect in the limited sense, and in popular language ?
EXAMPLES.
We have the idea of a Being infinitely , and from this Descartes reasoned
that Buch a being really exists.
' Shall remain ' !
Hear you this Triton of the minnows ? mark you
His ' shall ' ?
PERMANE^JT (page 269).
QUESTIONS.
1. From what is durable derived? to what class of substances is it applied f 2.
What is j9e?TO««€?i<, and in what connections used? 3. How does eiuluring
compare with durable f \s\\}a permanent f
EXAMPLES.
My heart is wax, molded as she pleases, but as marble to retain.
A violet in the youth of primy nature,
Forward, not , sweet, not ,
The perfume and suppliance of a minute.
For her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the Lord, to eat suffi-
ciently, and for clothing.
PERMISSION (page 269).
QUESTIONS.
1. Wh&X\& authwity ? 2. What is perwwstore .? 3. How does ;j«rmi«SM)re compare
with allowancef 4. What is a permit f 5. What is license? How does it
compare with autlwrity ? v^iih. permission f 6. What does coment involve ?
EXAMPLES.
God is more there than thou; for thou art there
Only b}' his .
Thieves for their robbery have ,
When judges steal themselves.
Very few of the Egyptians avail themselves of the which their religion
allows them, of having four wives.
PERIVICIOUS (page 270).
QUESTIONS.
From what is pernicious derived, and what does it signify ? 2. How does per«i-
cioMS compare with i?ywrio?/s .? 3. What does noisome denote? 4. What is
the distinctive sense of noxious f 5 . How does noxious compare with noisome f
EXAMPLES.
Inflaming wine, to mankind.
So bees with smoke, and doves with stench,
perplexity -«.o
physical ^*®
Are from their hives, and houses, driven away.
The strong smell of sulfur, and a choking sensation of the lungs indicated the
presence of gases.
PERPLEXITY (page 270).
QUESTIONS.
1. What m perplexity f confusion? How do the two words compare ? 2. How do
bewilderment and confusion compare ? 3 . From what does amazement result ?
EXAMPLES.
CAitrs.— Vere is mine _ost de Jarterre ?
Host.— Here, master doctor, in and doubtful dilemma.
There is such in my powers
As, after some oration fairly spoke
By a beloved prince, there doth appear
Among the buzzing, pleased multitude.
PERSUADE (page 271).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does convince denote ? How does it differ from the other words of the
group? 2. What is it to pe?w/arfe .? 3. How is cowz^incmg' related to perswa-
sion f 4. How does coax compare with persuade f
EXAMPLES.
A long train of these practises has at length unwillingly me that there is
something hid behind the throne greater than the king himself.
He had a head to contrive, a tongue to , and a hand to execute any mischief.
PERVERSE (page 272).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the etymological meaning of perverse f What does it signify in common
use ? 2. What doea peiulaTit signify ? waywai^df
EXAMPLES.
And you, my lords — methinks yon do not well,
To bear with their objections.
Whining, purblind, boy !
Good Lord ! what madness rules in brainsick men
When, for so slight and frivolous a cause,
Such emulations shall arise.
PHYSICAL (page 272).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does material signify ? 2. What idea does physical add to that contained
in material ? 3. To what do bodily, corpwal, and corporeal apply ? 4. How
do bodily and corporal differ from corporeal? 5. To what is corporal now for
the most part limited ?
479 ?i^r_
EXAMPLES.
punishment is practically abandoned in the greater number of American
schools.
Man has two parts, the one and earthly, the other immaterial and
spiritual.
These races are all clearly differentiated by other traits than the color of
the skin.
We can not think of substance save in terms that imply properties.
PITIFUL (page 273).
QUESTIONS.
1. What was the original meaning of piilz/w; .? What does it now signify ? 2. How
does pitiful diSev in use fvom pitiable .^ 3. What was the eai-ly and what is
the present sense of piteous ?
EXAMPLES.
There is something pleading and in the simplicity of perfect ignorance.
The most sight one ever sees is a young man doing nothing; the Furies
early drag him to his doom.
O, the most cry of the poor souls!
PITY (page 273).
QUESTIONS.
What is pi^y .s* sympathy? 2. How does sympathy in its exercise differ from
pity? 3. How does ^Ji^y differ from me/'cy.? 4. How does compassion com-
pare with mercy and pi^ty? 5- How does commiseration differ from
compassion ?
EXAMPLES.
Nothing but the Infinite is sutHcient for the infinite pathos of human life.
He hallows every heart he once has swayed,
And when his presence we no longer share,
Still leaves as a relic there.
PLEAD (page 274).
QUESTIONS.
1. Wliat is it to plead in the ordinary sense ? in the legal sense ? 2. How do argne
and advocate differ ? 3. What do beseech, entreat, and implor-e imply ? 4.
How does solicit compare with the above words ?
EXAMPLES.
Speak to me low, my Savior, low and sweet,
* * *
Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so,
Who art not missed by any that .
Speaking of the honor paid to good men, is it not time to for a reform in
the writing of biographies ?
pleasant
poetry 4SO
PI.EASA»fT (page 275).
QUESTIONS.
1. What docB pleasant add to the Bense of 2}leasing ? 2. How does jjleasant com-
pare with kind ? 3. What does good-natured signify ? How does it compare
with pleasant f
EXAMPLES.
Lilie one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to dreams.
When Action rises to the eye,
Men will believe because they love the lie.
... If we must part forever,
Give me but one word to think upon.
PI.E1VTIFUL, (page 376).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What kind of a term is enough, and what does it mean ? 2. How does sufficient
compare with eno7/g'/i .8" 3. What is ample ? 4. To wh&t do abutidant, ample,
liberal, and plentiful apply? 5. How is copious used? afflxtentf pkntlfulf
6. What does complete express ? T. In what sense are lavish and jjrof use em-
ployed ? 8 . To what is luxuriant applied ?
EXAMPLES.
My joys,
Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves
In drops of sorrow.
Can anybody remember when the right sort of men and the right sort of women
were ?
Share the advice betwixt you; if both gain all,
The gift doth stretch itself as 'tis received,
And is for both.
He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his shield.
POETRY (page 277).
QUESTIONS.
1. What IB poetry ? 2. Does poetry involve rime? Does it require meter? 3.
What is imperatively required beyond verse, nme, or meter to constitute
poetry ?
EXAMPLES.
• is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention, taste,
thought, passion, and insight of a human soul.
He knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty -
And ever against eating cares,
Lap me in soft Lydian airs.
Married to immortal ,
^ polite
'*9M. pratne
POLITE (page 277).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What are the characteristics of a civil person ? What more is found in one who
is polite? 2. How does ccwrfeoMS compare with cwic' ;? 3. What does co«r</y
signify ? genteel f urbane f 4 . In what sense is polished used ? complaisant ?
EXAMPLES.
She is not for the sake of seeming , but for the sake of being
kind.
He was so generally that nobody thanked him for it.
Her air, her manners, all who saw admired; thocoy, and gentle tho retired.
POVERTY (page 279).
QUESTIONS.
1, What does 'poverty strictly denote ? What does it signify in ordinary use ? 2.
What does /?n«)a<io« signify ? How does it compare with rfis^r^ss.? 3. W^iat
is indigence? destitution? penury? 4. What docs pauperism properly sig-
nify ? How does it differ from beggary and mendicancy ?
POWER (page 279).
QUESTIONS.
1. What Is power? 2. Is pozver limited to intelligent agents, or how widely
applied? 3. How does afti^j^y compare with /)0?^)e?'.? 4. What is capacity,
and how related to power and to ability ? 5 . What is competency ? faculty ?
talent ? 6. What are dexterity and slcill? How are they related to talent? 7.
What is efficacy ? efficiency ?
EXAMPLES.
Bismarck was the one great figure of all Europe, with more for good or evil
than any other human being possessed at that time.
The soul, in its highest sense, is a vast • for God.
I reckon it is an oversight in a great body of metaphysicians that they have been
afraid to ascribe our apprehensions of to Intuition. In consequence of this
neglect, some never get the idea of , but merely of succession, within the bare
limits of experience.
PRAISE (page 280).
QUESTIONS.
1. What ia praise? By how many is it given, and how is it expressed ? 2. What
is applause? by how many given ? and how expressed ? 3. What is acclaina-
tion? How does it differ from applause? 4. How does apinvbation differ
ivova. praise ? 5. What does ajuprofai add to the meaning of jjraise.? 6, How
does compliment compare vfiVa. praise ? 7. What is flattery ?
EXAMPLES.
The of listening senates to command,
The threats of pain and ruin to despise,
81
P***y Man
predestination ^976
To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,
And read their history in a nation's eyes.
no man e'er deserved who sought no more.
Gladly then he mixed
Among those friendly powers, who him received
With joy and s loud.
PRAY (page 281).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to pray in the religious sense ? 2. In what lighter and more familiar
sense may pt^ay be used ? Is this latter use now common ?
EXAMPLES.
Hesiod exhorted the husbandman to for a harvest, but to do so with his
hand upon the plow.
I kneel, and then her blessing.
PRECARIOUS (page 282).
QUESTIONS.
To what is the term uncertain applied ? 2. What dSAprecanous originally sig-
nify ? How is it now used, and how does it differ from uncertain ?
EXAMPLES.
. . . Thou know'st, great son,
The end of war's .
Life seems to be ■ in proportion to its value,
PRECEDENT (page 282).
QUESTIONS.
What is a precedent? 2. How does case fall short of the meaning of precedent?
3 . What is an obiter dictum ? How does it differ from a precedent ?
EXAMPLES.
Where freedom broadens slowly down
From to .
Let U3 consider the reason of the , for nothing is law that is not reason.
PREDESTIXATIOW (page 282).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is predestination? 2. How does fate differ from jrredestination ? 3.
What does necessity signify in the philosophical sense ? 4. What is fore-
knowledge ? Does it involve foreordination or predestination ?
EXAMPLES.
For has wove the thread of life with pain.
All high truth is the union of two contradictories. Thus and freewill are
opposites; and the truth does not lie between these two, but in a higher reconciling
truth which leaves both true.
.„„ prejudice
*'«» previous
PREJUDICE (page 283).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a presumption ? On what is it founded ? 2. On what are 2»'ejudice and
prepossession based ? How do tliese two words differ from eacli other ?
EXAMPLES.
When the judgment's weali, the is strong.
The is always in favor of what exists.
His fine features, manly form, and perfect manners awakened an instant
in his favor.
PRETENSE (page 283).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a, jyretense ? How does it differ from a preferc^ .? 2. What is a»'?«e.?
EXAMPLES.
The claim of a stronger nation to protect a weaker has commonly been but a
for conquest.
It is not poverty so much as that harasses a ruined man — the struggle
between a proud mind and an empty purse.
The independent English nobility conspired to make an insurrection, and to
support the prince's s.
PREVEBJT (page 284).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the original meaning of prevent P 2. What word is now commonly
used in that sense ? 3. What is the meaning of obviate/ preclude? 4. How
is prevent at present used f
EXAMPLES.
The contrary supposition is obviously ■.
When the Siberian Pacific Railway is finished, what is there to Russia
from annexing nearly the whole of China ?
There appears to be no way to the difficulty.
PREVIOUS (page 285).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does antecedent denote ? 2. How does preceding differ from antecedent
and. previous ? 3. How is anterior commonly used ? ^^wr .? 4. Of what is
former used ? What does former always imply ?
EXAMPLES.
These matters have been fully explained in chapters of this work.
The reader will be helped to an understanding of this process by a careful study
of the diagram on the page.
In times many things were attributed to witchcraft that now have a scien-
tific explanation.
price
profit 4S4
PRICE (page 285).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the cost of an article ? the price? 2. How do cost and price ordinarily
differ? 3. In what exceptional case may cost Sind price agree? 4. What
does price always imply? 5. What is the meaning of value f How does
market value differ from intrinsic value f 6. How does value differ from
worth f 7. To what are charge and expense ordinarily applied ?
EXAMPLES.
is the life»giving power of anything ; , the quantity of labor re-
quired to produce it ; , the quantity of labor which its possessor will take in
exchange for it.
No man can permanently do business by making the of his goods the
same as their to him, however such a method may help hun momentarily in
an emergency.
PRIDE (page 286).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is pride f haucfJi tiness f arrogance ? disdain ? How do these qualities com-
pare with pi'ide? 2. What does superciliousness imply according to its
etymology ? 3. How do jyride and vanity differ ? 4. What difference is noted
between self-conceit and conceit f 5. How do self 'respect and self 'esteem com-
pare with each other and with the other words of the group ?
EXAMPLES.
may puff a man up, but never prop him up.
There is nothing can so little bear with as itself.
is as ill at ease under indifference as tenderness is under the love which it
can not return.
PRIMEVAL, (page 287).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the derivation and signification of aboriginal? autochthonicf primeval f
2. What do pnme and primary denote ? What special sense has primary as
in reference to a school ? 3. How is primordial used ? 4. What does prim^
itive suggest, as in the expressions, the primitive church, primitive simphcity ?
5. V^haX is jwistine ? 6. B-ow do native and indig€7wus compare?
EXAMPLES
Thou from nothingness didst call
First chaos, then existence, Lord.
The inhabitants of America are long since extinct, for even the races whom
the white men conquered had themselves supplanted an earlier race.
All the later ages have wondered at and admired the whole=souled consecration
of the church.
PROFIT (page 288).
■ QUESTIONS.
1 . What are retur?is or i-eceipts ? 2 . What is profit in the commercial sense ? What
in the intellectual and moral sense ? 3. What is utility f 4. What does ad-
progress
'ISD promote
vantage originally signify ? Does it now necessarily imply having or gaining
Buperiority to another person, or securing anything at another's expense ? 5.
Wluit is gain? benefit? emolument? 6. To what does ea;iJ«c?ie«ry especially
refer ?
EXAMPLES.
Silence has many s.
No man can read with that which he can not learn to read with pleasure.
Godliness with contentment is great .
PROGRESS (page 289).
QUESTIONS.
1, ^\ssX\& 'progress? 2. Whatdo attainment, proficiency-, anddevelopment hnyly i
3. Wha,t is advance ? How does it differ from ^Jrog'/'es*.?
EXAMPLES.
What is thy compared with an Alexander's, a Mahomet's, a Napoleon's ?
And dreams in their have breath,
And tears, and tortures, and the touch of joy.
Human consists in a continual increase in the number of those who, ceas-
ing to live by the animal life alone and to feel the pleasures of sense only, come to
participate in the intellectual life also.
PROHIBIT (page 290).
QUESTIONS.
1. Wha.t ia it to pj'ohibit ? 2. How does foi'bid compave with 2)rohibit ? 3. How
doea prohibit compare with prevent ?
EXAMPLES.
Tho much I want which most would have,
Yet still my mind to crave.
The laws of England, from the early Plantagenets, sternly the conver-
sion of malt into alcohol, excepting a small portion for medicinal purposes.
Human law must many things that human administration of law can not
absolutely ; is not this true also of the divine government ?
PROMOTE (page 291).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to promote ? 2. To what does promote apply ? To persons or things,
and in what way ?
EXAMPLEa
The outlawed pirate of one year was the nest to be a governor and his
country's representative.
The imperial ensign, which full high ed,
Shone like a meteor streaming in the wind.
propitiation
protract 4S6
PROPITIATIOBf (page 391).
QUESTIONS.
1. What did atonement originally denote ? What is its present theological and pop-
ular sense ? 2. What does expiation signify ? propitiation f satisfaction ?
EXAMPLES.
has respect to the bearing which satisfaction has upon sin or the sinner.
has respect to the effect of satisfaction in remo\Tng the judicial displeasure of
God.
When a man has been guilty of any sin or folly, I think the best he can
make is to warn others not to fall into the like.
Redemption implies the complete deliverance from the penalty, power, and all
the consequences of sin ; is used in the sense of the sacrificial work, whereby
the redemption from the condemning power of the law was insured.
PROPOSAL, (page 391).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What does an offer ox proposal do ? 2. What does a, iwoposition set forth ? 3.
For what is the proposition designed? the proposal? 4. In what way does
proposition come to have nearly the sense of jyroposal in certain uses ? 5.
What is a Md? 6. What does an overture accomplish ? In what special ap-
plication is the word commonly used ?
EXAMPLES.
Garrison emphatically declared, " I can not listen to any for a gradual abo-
lition of wickedness."
The theme in confirmation must always admit of being expressed in a logical
, with subject, predicate, and copula.
PROPOSE (page 393).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How does propose in its most frequent use differ from purpose ? 2. How is pro-
pose used so as to be nearly equivalent to purpose? What important difference
appears in this latter use ?
EXAMPLES.
I know, indeed, the evil of that I , but my inclination gets the better of my
judgment.
Man s, but God disposes.
PROTRACT (page 393).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to protract? 2. What is the significance of defer and delay, and how
do these words differ in usage from protract? 3. How does ekmgate differ
trom protract ? 4. Is protract ordinarily favorable or unfavorable in sense ?
5 . Is continue favorable or unfavorable ?
mary proverb
*" purchase
EXAMPLES.
Unseen hands
The comuig of what oft seems close in ken.
Burton, a hypochondriac, wrote the "Anatomy of Melancholy," that marvel of
learning, and his life to the age of sixty^four.
PROVERB (page 293),
QUESTIONS.
1. In -wh&t do the proverb and the adage agree? In what respects do they differ ?
2. What is an apothem f an aphm-ism ? How do these two words differ ? 3.
What is a dictum ? a saying f 4 . What is a precept ? How does it differ from
a motto or maxim f 5 . How do motto and maxim differ from each other ?
EXAMPLES.
The must be verified.
That beggars mounted, run their horse to death.
Books, like s, receive their chief value from the stamp and esteem of ages
through which they have passed.
PRUDEBICE (page 294).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the definition of ^Mc^ewce f 2. How does providence differ from pru-
dence f 3. How does care compare with prudence and providence f 4. How
is frugalUij related to prudence? 5. How do foresight and foretJumght com-
pare with each other, and both with providence ?
EXAMPLES.
When desp'rate ills demand a speedy cure,
Distrust is cowardice, and folly.
With a unknown in other parts of Scotland, the peasantry have in most
places planted orchards around their cottages.
PURCHASE (page 295).
QUESTIONS.
1. From what language is purchase derived ? 2. From what is buy derived ? 3.
How do buy and purchase agree in meaning ? What single definition would
answer for either ? 4. How do buy and purchase differ in use ? Give instances.
EXAMPLES.
I'll give thee England's treasure,
Enough to such another island.
So thou wilt make me live.
'Tis gold which s admittance.
the truth, and sell it not.
pure -co
quote *"''
PURE (page 296).
QUESTIONS.
1. What does pure signify ? 2. In what sense are material substances said to be
pure ? 3. What does pure denote in moral and religious use ? 4. How does
pure compare with innocent? with mrtuous?
EXAMPLES.
Water from melted snow is r than rain»water, as it descends through the air
in a solid form, incapable of absorbing atmospheric gases.
Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage ;
Minds and quiet take
That for a hermitage.
In every place incense shall be offered unto my name and a offering, saith
the Lord of hosts.
QUEER (page 297).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of odd f singular ? Are odd and singular precise equiv-
alents ? 2. When is a thing called strange ? 3. What is the primary mean-
ing of peculiar f With what implication is it now commonly used ? 4. What
is the meaning of eccentric ? How does it differ in use from odd or queer f 5 .
How does erratic compare with eccentric ? 6. What is the primary meaning
of queer? its common meaning ? 7. What is the significance of quaint?
grotesque ?
EXAMPLES.
A , shy man was this pastor— a sort of living mummy, dried up and
bleached by Icelandic snows.
In setting a hen, says Grose, the good women hold it an indispensable rule to put
an number of eggs.
Only a man of undoubted genius can afford to be .
The architecture of these medieval towns has a strange fascination.
QUICKEN (page 297).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to acce?emfe .? \x) despatch? 2. What does the verb »p«ec? signify ?
hasten ? hurry ? What does hun-y suggest m addition to the meaning of
hasten ?
EXAMPLES.
The motion of a falling body is contmually ed.
The muster=place is Lanrick mead !
forth the signal ! Norman, !
The pulsations of the heart are ed by exertion.
QUOTE (page 298).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How does cite differ from quote ? 2. What is it to paraphrase ? to plagiarize ?
racy
4S9 reach
EXAMPLES.
A great man bravely, and will not draw on Ms invention when his mem-
ory serves him with a word as good.
The Devil can Scripture for his purpose.
To appropriate others' thoughts or words mechanically and without credit is
to .
RACY (page 299).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what docs racy in the first instance refer ? pungent? 2. How does piquant
differ from pungent? 3. How are these words and the word spicy used in
reference to literary products ?
EXAMPLES.
Pure mother English, and fresh with idiomatic graces.
The atmosphere was strangely impregnated with the odor of burning peat.
The spruce, the cedar, and the juniper, with then- balsamic breath, filled the
air with a fragrance.
RADICAL (page 299).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the primary meaning of radical? 2. What contrasted senses are derived
from this primary meaning ?
EXAMPLES.
Timidity is a defect in a reformer.
Social and political leaders look to vested interests, and hence are inclined to
regard all measures as .
RARE (page 300).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of unique ? Can any one of a number of things of the same
kind be unique ? 2 . What is the primary meaning of ra,re ? What added sense
is often blended with this primary meaning ? 3. Is extraordinary favorable
or unfavorable in meaning ?
EXAMPLES.
Nothing is so as time.
That which gives to the Jews their position among the nations is what we
are accustomed to regard as their sacred history.
And what is so as a day in June f
Then, if ever, come perfect days.
REACH (page 300).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to reach in the sense here considered ? 2. What is it to arrive?
3. What does attain add to the meaning of arrive? What does gai7i add ?
real
reason 490
EXAMPLES.
And grasping down the boughs
I ed the shore.
He gathered the ripe nuts in the fall,
And berries that grew by fence and wall
So high she could not them at all.
The heights by great men ed and kept
Were not ed by sudden flight,
But they, while their companions slept,
Were toiling upward in the night.
It is only in this way that we can hope to at truth.
REAL (page 301).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what is real derived ? What does it mean ? 2. From what is the real dis-
tinguished ? 3. To what is actual opposed ? 4. What shades of difEerence
may be pointed out between the four words actual, real, developed, and
positive f
EXAMPLES.
In life we do not die when all that makes life bright dies to ns.
If there was any trouble, or impending, affecting those she had served, her
place was with them.
This was regarded as proof of conspiracy.
REASON, V. (page 302).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to reason about a matter ? 2. From what is argue derived, and what
does it mean? 3. What is it to demonstrate? to prove? How do these two
words agree and differ ?
EXAMPLES.
There are two ways of reaching truth : by ing it out and by feeling it out.
In ing, too, the person owned his skill.
For e'en tho vanquished, he could still.
A matter of fact may be ed by adequate evidence; only a mathematical
proposition can be ed.
REASO]^, n. (page 302).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How does cause differ from I'ea-son in the strict sense of each of the two words ?
2. How is reason often used so as to be a partial equivalent of cause?
EXAMPLES.
No one is at liberty to speak ill of another without a justifiable , even tho
he knows he is speaking truth.
I am not only witty myself, but the that wit is in other men.
Necessity is the of tyrants; it Is the creed of slaves.
Alas ! how light a may move
Dissension between hearts that love 1
^ reasoning
'*?fl religion
REASONING (page 303).
QUESTIONS.
1. What do argumentation and debate ordinarily iniply ? 2. How does reasoning
differ from both the above words in this respect ? 3. To what kind of reason-
ing were argument and argumentation formerly restricted ? How widely are
the words now applied ? 4. How do argument smA argumentation compare
with reasoning as regards logical form ?
EXAMPLES.
All , Inductive or Deductive, is a reaching of the unknown through the
known ; and where nothing unknown is reached there is no .
Early at Business, and at Hazard late,
Mi»d at a fox«chase, wise at a .
If thou continuest to take delight in idle , thou mayest be qualified to com-
bat with the sophists, but never know how to live with men.
REFIXEMEXT (page 805).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what does civilization apply, and what does it denote ? 2. What is refine-
ment f 3 . What is the primary meaning of cultivation ? the derived meaning ?
4. By what word is cultivation now largely superseded ? 5. What does cw/-
ture denote ?
EXAMPLES.
What is ? It is the humanization of man in society, the satisfaction for
him in society of the true law of human nature.
Giving up wrong pleasure is not self ^sacrifice, but self* .
This refined taste is the consequence of education and habit; we are born only
with a capacity of entertaining this .
RELIABLE (page 306).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is to be said of the controversy regarding the formation and use of the word
reliable? 2. What do trusty and trustworthy denote ? 3. How does reliable
compare with these words ? 4. What meaning may reliable convey that trusty
and trustworthy would not ?
EXAMPLES.
Good lack ! quoth he, yet bring it me-
My leathern belt likewise,
In which I bear my sword.
When I do exercise.
The first voyage to America, of which we have any perfectly account, was
performed by the Norsemen.
REEIOIOIV (page 307).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the original sense of piety? the derived sense ? 2. What is re%io» .»"
rend
repentance 492
What does it include ? 3. What ib worship? devotion? 4. What is moral-
ity F godliness? holiness? 5. How is theology related to religion?
EXAMPLES.
is man's belief in a being or beings, mightier than himself and inaccessible
to his senses, but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and
practises which flow from such belief.
, whose soul sincere
Fears God, and knows no other fear.
To deny the freedom of the will is to make impossible.
Systematic may be defined as the substance of the Christian faith in a
scientiflc form.
REMD (page 309).
QUESTIONS.
1 . To what are rend and tear usually applied ? Which is the stronger word ? 2.
In what connection is rive used, and in what sense ? 3. What does lacerate
signify? 4. How does mangle compare with lacerate? 5. What do hurst
and rupture signify ? Which is the stronger word ? When is a steam-boiler
said to be I'vptitred? 6. What does rip signify ?
EXAilPLES.
Storms do not the sail that is furled.
Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious, periwig»pated fellow a
passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings.
And now a bubble s, and now a world.
The first blood shed in the revolutionary struggle ; a mere drop in amount, but
a deluge in its effects, ing the colonies forever from the mother country.
RENOUNCE (page 309).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what is renounce derived, and in what sense used ? recant? retract? 2.
WhatiB it to discard ? 3. How does revoke compare with recall in original
meaning and in present use? 4. What is the derivation and the distinctive
meaning of abjure ? 6. In what sense is repudiate used ?
EXAMPLES.
On his knees, with his hand on the Bible, Galileo was compelled to and
curse the doctrine of the movement of the earth.
He adds his soul to every other loss, and by the act of suicide, earth to
forfeit heaven.
He had no spiritual adviser, no human comforter, and was entirely in the hands
of those who were determined that he should or die.
REPENTANCE (page 310).
QUESTIONS.
1. WhaX 'is regret? 2. What does penitence add to regret ? 3. How does repent-
ante surpass the meaning of penitence, regret, sorrow, etc.? 4. What is corn-
493
reproor
reprove
punction? contrition P 5. What is remoi'se, a.nA how does it compare with
EXAMPLES.
What then ? what rests ?
Try what can : what can it not f
Forgive me, Valentine, if hearty ■
Be a sufficient ransom for offense,
I tender't here.
So writhes the mind ha« riven.
Unmeet for eartli, midoomed to heaven,
Darkness above, despair beneath,
Around it flame, within it death.
REPROOF (page 311).
QUESTIONS.
Aie blame, censut'e, and disapproval spolien or silent? 2. Are comment, criti-
cism, rebuke, reflection, I'eprehemion, and repivof expressed or not ? 3 . How
of ad9nomtion and animadversion F 4. Are comme?it and criticism favorsihle
or vmfavorable ? Do they imply superiority on the part of commentator or
critic ? 5 . Do reflection and reprehension imply such superiority ? How
are these two words discriminated ? 6. What does rebuTie literally signify ?
To what kind of person is a rebuke administered ? 7. To what kind of person
is j'eproo/ administered ? 8. What do rebuke and r^jj^-oo/' imply on the part of
him who administers them? 9. Wh.a.t m animadversion F admonition p
EXAMPLES.
A is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or hatred.
The best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful of a friend.
Open is better than secret love.
REPROVE (page 312).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is it to censure f to reprove ? to reprimand ? 2. How does admonish com-
pare with the other words in the group ? Is its reference to the past or to the
future? 3. What is it to ?-f/;roaf A .? Does this word imply authority or su-
periority ? 4. What is the force of expostulate and remonstrate f
EXAMPLES.
He that oppresseth the poor eth his Maker.
Her answer ed me; for she said, " I never ask their crimes, for we have all
come short."
Moses was ed of God when he was about to make the tabernacle : for,
see, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the
mount.
This witness is true. Therefore them sharply, that they may be sound in
the faith.
revolution fijy*
REST (page 313).
QUESTIONS.
Wbat is ease ? quiet f rest ? 2 . What is recreation, and how is it related to rest 9
3. What is repose in the primary, and what in the derived, sense ? 4. How
does repose compare with ?-e«i.? 5. What is a ;?aMSe .? 6. How does siee^j com-
pare with repose and rest ?
EXAMPLES.
Seeli out, less often sought than found,
A soldier's grave— for thee the best;
Then look around, and choose thy ground.
And take thy .
Her manners had not that
That stamps the cast of Vere de Vere.
Shall I not take mine m mine inn ?
RESTRAIBf (page 315).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to restrain? 2. How does constrain differ from restrain? 3. How
does restrain differ from restrictj 4. How does repress compare with re-
strain? suppress?
EXAMPLES.
The English Puritans, ed at home, fled for freedom to America.
In no political system is it so necessary to the powers of the government
as in a democratic state.
REVEXGE (page 316).
QUESTIONS.
1. WhaX i& revenge ? 2. How does retaliation compare with revenge? 3. What
did vengeance formerly mean, and what does it now imply ? 4. What is a re-
quital ? 5. How do avenging and retribution differ from retaliation, revenge,
and vengeance? 6. What difference maybe noted between avenging and
retribution ?
EXAMPLES.
According to the wish of Sulla himself, ... his monument was erected in the
Campus Martius, bearing an inscription composed by himself: "No friend ever did
me a kindness, no enemy a wrong, without receiving full ."
By the spirit of , as we sometimes express it, we generally understand a
disposition, not merely to return suffering for suffering, but to inflict a degree of pain
on the person who is supposed to have injured us, beyond what strict justice requires.
In all great religions we find one God, and in all, personal immortality with .
REVOEUTIOIV (page 317).
QUESTIONS.
What is the essential idea of revolution? 2. Does a revolution necessarily in-
volve war? 3. What is anarchy? insubcyrdination ? sedition? revolt? re-
bellion? 4. How does rebellion differ from revolution ? 5. By what class of
persons is insurrection made ? mutiny ?
_ revolve
*vO sacrament
EXAMPLES.
8 are not made; they come.
to tyrants is obedience to God.
Since government is of God, must be contrary to his will.
REVOL-VE (page 318).
QUESTIONS.
1. When is a body said to ro^^.? to rotate? to revolve f 2. In what sense may the
earth be said to revolve F and in what sense to rotate? 3. What are some of
the extended uses of roll? 4. What kind of a word ia turn, and what is its
meaning ?
EXAMPLES.
Any bright star close by the pole is seen to in a very small circle whose
center is the pole itself.
The sun s on an axis in the same direction in which the planets in
their orbits.
Human nature can never rest; once in motion it — — s like the stone of Sisyphus
every instant when the resisting force is suspended.
RIGHT (page 319).
QUESTIONS.
What is a right? Is it general or special ? 2. What is a privilege? an exemp-
tion? av. immunitij ? 3. 'Wh'aXis, a. franchise ? & prerogative ?
EXAMPLES.
Friendship gives no to make ourselves disagreeable.
All men are created equal, and endowed with certain inalienable s.
RUSTIC (page 321).
qlt:stions.
1 . From what are rural and rustic alike derived ? How do the two words agree in
general signification ? How are they discriminated in use? 2. What is the
meaning oi pastoral ? of bucolic ?
EXAMPLES.
How still the morning of the hallowed day !
Mute is the voice of labor, hush'd
The plowboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song.
The arbor which the summit crowned
Was woven of shining smilax, trumpet»vine,
Clematis, and the wild white eglantine.
When hunting tribes begin to domesticate animals, they enter usually upon the
SACRAMEBfT (page 321).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a religious service in the extended sense? 2. What is a sacrament?
science 4Sfo
3. What is an observance? an ordinance? 4. B.ow do sacrament and ordi-
nance differ ? 5. What is a rite ?
EXAMPLES.
Religion will glide by degrees out of the mind unless it he invigorated and reim-
preesed by external s.
Nothing tends more to unite men's hearts than joining together in the same
prayers and s.
SALE (page 323).
QUESTIONS.
1. W\x2X'm change ox exchange? 2. Whai'm barter? Bale? 3. What is a ftarg'am
in the strict sense ? 4. What is trade in the broad and in the limited sense ?
EXAIVIPLES.
Honor sits smiling at the of truth.
I'll give thrice as much land to any well«deserving friend,
But in the way of , mark ye me,
I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair.
Stamps God's own name upon a lie just made
To coin a penny in the way of .
^ SAMPLE (page 323).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a sample? & specimen? 2. How do sample and specimen cam^&re as
indications of the quality of that which they respectively represent ?
EXAMPLES.
There is, therefore, in this country, an implied warranty that the goods corre-
spond to the .
Curzola is a perfect of a Venetian town.
SCHOLAR (page 324).
QUESTIONS.
What is the primary sense of scholar? the derived sense ? 2. What does jyupil
signify? How is it technically used in educational work ? 3. In what sense is
student employed ?
EXAMPLES.
The accent or turn of expression of a single sentence will at once mark a .
The State of New York supplies all needed text^books free of charge to the
— s in the public schools.
The 8 in American colleges have taken up athletics with intense enthusiasm.
SCIENCE (page 325).
QUESTIONS.
1 . How does science compare with knowledge ? How does art compare with science ?
3. What two senses of art must be discriminated from each other ? 4. In
security
497 seiij^ibility
which sense is art a system of rules? 5. In which sense does art tran-
scend rule ?
EXAMPLES.
Beethoven took his as seriously as a saint and martyr takes his religion.
Modem may be regarded as one vast miracle, whether we view it in
relation to the Almighty Being, by whom its objects and its laws were formed, or
to the feeble intellect of man, l)y which its depths have been sounded, and its
mysteries explored.
Printing has been aptly termed the preservative of all other s.
SECURITY (page 326).
QUESTIONS.
Of what kind of value or property must an earnest consist ? 2. How do jJ^^dge
and security differ from earmst f 3 . How does security differ from pledge f
4. What is hail? gage?
EXAMPLES.
The for a national or state debt is the honesty of its people.
The surest of a deathless name
Is the silent homage of thoughts unspoken.
And for an of a greater honor,
He bade me, from hhn, call thee Thane of Cawdor.
SENSATIOX (page 338).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is a sensation ? a perception ? 2. How does an emotion differ from a sen-
sation ? 3. How does the popular term feeling compare with sensation and
emotion ? 4. What is a sense ?
EXAMPLES.
But , in the technical and limited sense of the term, is appropriated to
the knowledge of material objects, and of the external world. This knowledge is
gained or acquired by means of the s, and hence, to be more exact, we call it
sensible , or, more briefly, sense .
s sweet,
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart.
SEXSIBIEITY (page 328).
QUESTIONS.
1. VfYiSiiiBsensiUUty'm the philosophical sense? in popular use? 2. What does
sensitiveness denote ? 3. What is susceptibility ? How does it compare with
sensitiveness? 4. How are susceptibility and sensitiveness discriminated in
physics ?
EXAMPLES.
The of the external surface of the body is a special endowment adapted to
the elements around and calculated to protect the interior parts from injury.
to pleasure is of necessity also to pain.
Every mmd is in a peculiar state of to certain impressions.
32
severe ._^
sketch 49S
SEVERE (page 329).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is severe ? rigid P strict? 2. How does rigorous comTpeLrewith rigid ? 3.
What does austei'e signify ? What element is always found in an austere
character ?
EXAMPLES.
In mathematics we arrive at certitude by demonstration.
He who the sword of heaven will bear
Should be as holy as .
law is often injustice.
By adherence to truth in official dealing with the natives, the English
have come to be, always believed in India.
SHELTER, V. (page 331).
QUESTIONS.
1 . When is anything said to be covered ? 2. How does shelter compare with cover t
3. What does defend signify ? 4. What does g'warc^ imply ? 5. How does
protect svlx^z&s guard wid. defend ? 6. What does sAzeM signify ? How does
it compare with guard or defend ? 7. In what sense is the verb harbor com-
monly used ?
EXAMPLES.
He that eth his sins shall not prosper, but he that forsaketh them shall find
mercy.
Thou who trod'st the billowy sea,
us in our jeopardy !
In youth it ed me.
And I'll protect it now.
SIX (page 332).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is sinP 2. How is transgression discriminated from sin in the general
sense ? 3. What is crime ? guilt? depravity?
EXAMPLES.
Commit
The oldest s the newest kind of ways.
is not punished as an offense against God, but as prejudicial to society.
How once harbored in the conscious breast.
Intimidates the brave, degrades the great.
SKETCH (page 334).
QUESTIONS.
What is a sTcetch ? How does it compare with outline ? 2. In what special con-
nection are draft and plan used ? 3. How does a mechanical dratving differ
from a draft? 4. What is a design? How does it exceed the meaning of
drawing? 5. What is an w^i^jwe in written composition? Uow does a sketch
,»f. skilful
4wW slang
in thi8 sense compare with an outline? 6. What is an outline of a sermon
technically called ? T. What is a lawyer's brief? How does it compare with
an outline or sketch?
EXAMPLES.
A that is without vigor, and in which the anatomy has not been defined,
is a bad foundation for a good picture.
A little model the master wrought,
Which should be to the larger
What the child is to the man.
SKILFUL (page 335).
QUESTIONS.
1, What does skilful signify? 2. How does dexterous compare with sAjZ/mZ .? 3.
How does a skilled compare with a skilful workman ?
EXAMPLES.
So seamen ken the land from far,
Which shows like mists to the dull passenger.
Thousands of workmen are thrown into enforced idleness by the strikes
and lockouts of every year.
Much that has been received as the work of disembodied spirits has been but the
sleight of hand of spirits embodied.
SL.A1VDER (page 336).
QUESTIONS.
What is it to slander? to defame? to lihd? 2. When is defame equivalent to
slander? When is it equivalent to libel? 3. What m it to asj^erse ? to ma-
lign ? to traduce ? to disparage ? 4. How do slander and libel differ in legal
signification from the other words ? 6. Which words of the group apply to
open attack in one's presence, and which to attack in his absence ?
EXAMPLES.
ed to death by villains
That dare as well answer a man, indeed,
As I dare take a serpent by the tongue.
If the Scriptures seem to knowledge, it is the knowledge that despises
virtue.
Challenging each recreant doubter
Who ed her spotless name.
SL.AXO (page 336).
QUESTIONS.
What is a colloquialism ? 2. What is slang in the primary and ordinary sense ? in
special senses ? 3. What is a vulgarism? 4. What is cant in the sense here
considered ?
EXAMPLES.
There is a bred of vileness that is never redeemed; there is also a
soclaltsm -aa
state 500
that is the vigorous utterance of uncultured wit, that fills a gap in the language and
mounts ultimately to the highest places.
A is worse than , because it bears the ineffaceable stamp of igno-
rance.
SOCIALISM (page 338).
QUESTIO^fS.
1. What is socialism? What term do many of its advocates prefer ? 2. What is
communism ? anarchism f
EXAMPLES.
in its full sense means the abolition of inheritance, the abolition of the f am-
Oy, the abolition of nationalities, the abolition of religion, the abolition of property.
, in gome modified form, is steadily making its way among thinking men
under the guise of cooperation.
is the offspring of sore hearts and shallow brains. It is the wisdom of
the man who burned do\vn his house because his chimney smoked.
SPONTANEOUS (page 340).
QUESTIONS.
When is anything properly said to be spontaneous f voluntary? involuntary?
2. How do 'Voluntary and involuntary compare with each other ? both with
spontaneous ?
EXAMPLES.
■ is opposed to reflective. Those operations of mind which are continually
going on without any effort or intention on our part are spontaneous.
No action that is not has any merit.
SPY (page 340).
QUESTIONS.
1 . In what are the spy and the scout alike ? 2. In what do they differ ? 3 . What
are their respective rights in case of capture ? 4. What is an emissary?
EXAMPLES.
A daring of General Stuart made his way to my quarters, and informed
me that General Imboden had planned an attack upon the town.
I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed situation of our army and, to in-
form myself of what was going on, determined to send a into the enemy's lines.
STATE, V. (page 841).
QUESTIONS.
From what is state derived ? What does it mean ? 2. What is the significance
of assert? What element is prominent in this word ? 3. What is the relative
force of affirm and assert? asseverate? aver? assure? 4. What does affirm
signify in legal use, and how does it differ from sivear ? 5 . What is it to
certify? 6. What does vindicate signify?
/TAi storm
«>vl s subjective
EXAMPLES.
The first condition of intelligent debate is that the question be clearly ed.
We that the sciences dispose themselves round two great axes of thought,
parallel and not unrelated, yet distinct — the natural sciences held together by the
one, the moral by the other.
It is impossible for the mind to anything of that of which it knows
nothing.
STORM (page 343).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the essential meaning of sto?'m .? 2. Whiit ia a, tempest ?
EXAMPLES.
The is hard at hand will sweep away
Thrones, churches, ranks, traditions, customs, marriage.
Were any considerable mass of air to be suddenly transferred from beyond the
tropics to the equator, the difference of the rotatory velocity proper to the two situa-
tions would be so great as to produce not merely a wind, but a of the most
destructive violence.
STORY (page 343),
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a ^tory .? Is it true or false? 2. What is an anecdote ? a, narrative ot
narration ?
EXAMPLES.
There are , common to the different branches of the Aryan stock. . . . They
are ancient Aryan , . . . older than the Odyssey, older than the dispersion of
the Aryan race.
s are relations of detached, interesting particulars.
Fairy s have for children an inexhaustible charm.
SUBJECTIVE (page 345).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of svbjective f of objective ? 2. How are these words illus-
trated in the case of a mountain ? 3. What matters are 'purely subjective ? 4.
What matters are purely objective f 5. What is meant by saying that an author
has a subjective or an objective style ?
EXAMPLES.
Subject therefore, denotes the mind itself ; and — , that which belongs to, or
proceeds from, the thinking subject. Object is a term for that about wliich the know-
ing subject is conversant, . . . while means that which belongs to, or proceeds
from, the object known, and not from the subject knowing ; and thus denotes what
is real, in opposition to what is ideal,— what exists in nature, in contrast to what
exists merely in the thought of the individual.
suggestion -At»
support 502
SUGGESTIO]^ (page 347).
QUESTIONS.
1. In what way does a suggestion bring a matter before the mind ? 2. What is an
intimation.? a hint ? 3. What are the special characteristics of insinuaiiwi
and innuendo f
EXAMPLES.
Behold in the bloom of apples,
And the violets in the sward,
A of the old, lost beauty
Of the garden of the Lord .'
Time is truly the comforter, at once lessening the tendency to of images
of sorrow, and softening that very sorrow YSfhen the images arise.
An is cowardly because it can seldom be directly answered, and the one
who makes it can always retreat behind an assumed misconstruction of his words;
but the is the stab in the back, sneaking as it is malicious.
SUPERNATURAL (imge 347).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the original meaning of supernatural? of preternatural f 2. What is
commonly implied in the use of preternatural ? 3. In what sense do some hold
a miracle to be supernatural ? What descriptive term would others prefer ?
4. What is the meaning of superhuman? In what secondary sense is it often
used ?
EXAMPLES.
It was something altogether , as when God said, ' Let there be light,' and
there was light.
With an imagination of intense vividness and activity, Choate was as prac-
tical as the most sordid capitalist that ever became an "• incarnation of fat dividends."
SUPPORT (page 348).
QUESTIONS.
What do support qmA. sustain alike signify? 2. How does swstecw surpass «<y>
po7't in meaning and force ? 3 . What is the force and use of bear in this con-
nection ? 4. What is it to mai?ii!aiw .S' 5. How does mawi^aJM compare with
sttpport as to fulness and as to dignity ? 6. What is it to jnop? What is the
limit upon the meaning of this word f
EXAMPLES.
And Cain said, My punishment is great than I can .
You take my house when you do take the prop
That doth my house.
Can a soul like mine,
Unus'd to power, and f orm'd for humbler scenes,
the splendid miseries of greatness ?
While less expert, tho stronger far,
The Gael — — ed unequal war.
503 ifi.yr''
SUPPOSE (page 348).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is it to «<jj^;o«« .? 2. How does co/ijecfvre dillav from suppose F 3. What
does (/link signify in the sense here considered ? IIovv does it compare with
C07)jectm'e or siipjiose f
EXAMPLES.
Newton cd that if the earth ^^•ere to be so compressed as to be absolutely
without pores, its dimensions might not exceed a cubic inch.
Let it not be ed that principles and opinions always go together.
SY^^'OMYMOUS (page 349).
QUESTIONS.
1. Are there fmj sijrionytnmis woida in the strict sense of the term? 2. What is
meant by sijnoinjnious words ? 3. What are the two common faults with ref-
erence to synonymous words or synony7ns ?
EXAMPLES.
The great source of a loose style is the injudicious use of those words termed
To raise, with fitting observances, over the ruins of the historic fortress [Sumter]
the flag which had waved over it during its first bombardment.
SYSTEM (page 350).
QUESTIONS.
I . What is order, in the sense here considered ? 2. What does metJiod denote ?
3. What is a system? 4. To what does manner refer? 5. To what does
regularity apply ? 6. Can there be m^der without regularity or regidarity
without order, and how ?
EXAMPLES.
If this be madness, there is in it.
A is . . . an organised body of truth, or truths arranged under one and the
same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which assimilates all those truths.
TEACH (page 353).
QUESTIONS.
J. What is it to feacA .? 2. How does instruct surpass teach in signification? 3.
What secondary sense has instruct ? 4. What is the full meaning of educate?
5. What is it to train ? 6. To what is train commonly applied where edu-
cate could not well be used ? 7 • What is it to discipline f 8 . ^V^lat does nur-
ture signify, and how does it compare with educate ?
EXAMPLES.
Plato returned to Athens and began to ; like his master, he without
money and without price.
For the most effective mechanical work both mind and hand must be ed in
childhood.
him.
term 504
time
The Highlanders flocliing to liim from all quarters, though ill-armed, and worse
— ed, made him undervalue any enemy who, he thought, was yet to encounter
TERM (page 354).
QUESTIONS.
What is the literal meaning of term? 2. Is this meaning retained in the figura-
tive uses of tlie word ? 3. What are the articles of a contract ? the terms of a
contract ? 4. What is a condition? 5. What is a term in the logical sense ?
6. How does term in ordinary use compare with word, expregsion, or phrase?
EXAMPLES.
For beauty's acme hath a as brief
As the wave's poise before it break in pearl.
But what are these moral sermons [of Seneca] ? s, nothing but s.
The very miser is a confession of the misery which attends avarice.
TERSE (page 354).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the meaning of short or brief? 2. What is the derivation and meaning
ot concise? oi condensed ? of compendicms ? 3. What is the derivation and
mewomg oi succinct ? oi terse? 4. What is the force of wmwiary .? 5. What
is a sententious style ? a jMhy utterance ?
EXAMPLES.
With all his lucidity of statement, Hamilton was not always .
In most cases it will be found that the Victorian idiom is clearer, but less
than the corresponding Elizabethan idiom which it has supplanted.
TESTIMONY (page 355u
QUESTIONS.
1. "WhaX is testimony? 2. How does it compare with evidence? 3. How does a
deposition differ from an affidavit ?
EXAMPLES.
The word , m legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any
alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to us for investigation, is
established or disproved.
As to the fruits of Sodom, fair without, full of ashes within, I saw nothing of
them, the from the we have, something of this kind has been produced.
TIME (page 356).
QUESTIONS.
1. To what do segw^sce and succession apply? 2. What does <i»i« denote.? How
is it conceived of with reference to events ? 3. How do duration and succes-
sion compare with ti?ne ?
«Ais tool
EXAMPLES.
Every event remembered is remembered as having happened in past.
This gives us the idea in the concrete. . . . We can now, by a process of abstraction,
separate the from the event, and we liave the abstract idea of time.
Tlie of each earthqualie is measured generally only by seconds, or even
parts of a second.
It has been conjectured that our idea of is founded upon the conscious
of sensations and ideas in our own minds.
TOOI^ (page 358).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is a too?.? 2. How does instrument compare in meaning with toolp 3.
What special too/s are ordinarily called instruments? 4. What is an imple-
ment f 5. What is a ntensil? In what special relations is the word used ?
6. What is an apMiance? How does appliance compare with tool? 7. What
ia a, mechanism f 8. What is a machine in the most general sense? in the
technical and common use ? 9. What is an apparatus f 10. Which of these
words have figurative use ? 11. How are instrument and tool contrasted in
figurative use ?
EXAMPLES.
The time is coming when the s of husbandry shall supplant the weapons of
war.
Mis salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere natural
s, to separate all the grains of sand from all the grains of salt.
The pick, stone^saw, wedge, chisel, and other — s were already in use when
the pyramids were built.
TOPIC (page 359).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what is topic derived, and with what meaning ? 2. How is question used
in a similar sense, and why ? 3. Is the general sw&Jtc;! or ^ACT?te properly known
as the topic ? To what is that name more appropriately given ?
EXAMPLES.
My father . . . always took care to start some ingenious or useful of dis-
course, which might tend to improve the minds of his children.
One of the most important rules in a deliberative assembly is, that every speaker
shall speak to the .
The of the Iliad is not the war of Troy, but the wrath of Achilles exhibited
daring and in connection with the war of Troy.
TRANSACT, TRANSACTIO^J (page 360).
QUESTIONS.
1. How does transact differ from do? 2. How does transact differ from treat and
negotiate? 3. How does negotiate compare with treat? 4. How do transac-
tions differ from proceedi7igs ?
transient <-a«
utility »*>b
EXAMPLES.
In the first Parliament of James the House of Commons refused for the first time
to business on a Sunday.
The treaty of peace that closed the war of 1812 had been already before
the battle of New Orleans was fought.
Any direction of Christ or any direction or act of his apostles respecting the
of business in the church, is binding upon us, unless such direction or act was
grounded upon peculiar circumstances then existing.
TRANSIEIVT (page 361).
QUESTIONS.
1 . What is the derivation of transient and transitory ? 2 . How does transient differ
in signification from transitory? 3. What is the distinctive meaning of tem-
porary f 4. From what is ep/«e??ieraZ derived, and with what sense ? 5. How
does ephemeral differ from transient or transitory ? 6. What does ephemeral
suggest besides brevity of time ? 7- What is the derivation and meaning of
fugitive? 8. What is the distinctive meaning of et)a««6'c«K</
EXAMPLES.
Mirth is short and , cheerfulness fixed and permanent.
Neither gratitude nor revenge had any share in determining his [Charles II. 's]
course; for never was there a mind on which both services and injuries left such faint
and impressions.
A chairman is commonly appointed at the opening of a meeting to conduct
proceedings till a permanent presiding officer shall be elected.
IINION (page 362).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is «7W<y .? 2. What is union? 3. How are imify and ufiion contrasted?
4. When may vnity be predicated of that which is made up of parts .
EXAMPLES.
Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in .
Out of the of Koman and Teutonic elements arose the modern world of
Europe.
UTILITY (page 863).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what is utility derived, and what is its primary meaning ? 2. How is util-
ity discriminated from use and usefulness? 3. What is the derivation and
primary meaning of expediency? 4. How are expediency dcoA ^d^lity wseA ns
regards moral action ? Which' is the mferior word in such use ? 5. How does
ixilicy in such use compare with expediency and utility ?
EXAMPLES.
Principle is ever my motto, not .
Two words form the key of the Baconian doctrine, and progress. The
ancient philosophy disdained to he useful, and was content to be stationary.
«Aw vacant
»07 veneration
Justice itself is the great standing of civil society, and any departure from
it, under any circumstances, rests under the suspicion of being no at all.
The fundamental objection to the doctrine of , in all its modifications is
that taken by Dr. Reid, viz., " that agreeableness and are not moral conceptions,
nor have they any connection with morality. What a man does merely because it is
agreeable is not virtue."
VACANT (page 363)..
QUESTIONS.
What is the meaning of empty f of vacant f 2. To what does vacant especially
refer ? 3. What is the difference between an empty house and a vacant house ?
4 . What is the difference in dignity between the two words ? 5 . What is the
significance of void and devoid f 6. What does waste imply? 7. In what
sense is vacuous used ?
EXAMPLES.
heads console with sound.
The watch=dog's voice that bay'd the whispering wind
And the loud laugh that spoke the mind.
VEEf AL (page 365).
QUESTIONS.
1 . From what is venal derived, and with what meaning ? mercenary ? hireling f 2 .
How are mercenary and venial discriminated from hireling f
EXAMPLES.
The closing quarter of the nineteenth century may be termed the era of
American politics. Never before has legislation been so universally, so unscrupu-
lously, and unblushingly for sale.
The body of Greeks, immortalized under the name of the Ten Thousand, . . .
though embarking on a foreign service, were by no means outcasts, or even
men of extreme poverty.
It is not the hire, but the working only for the hire that makes the .
VENERATION (page 366).
qlt:stions.
1 . By what qualities is awe inspired ? 2. What elements are present and what lack-
ing in awe'^ 3. What is dread and by what aroused ? 4. How do reverence
and veneration differ from awe or dread ? 5 . How does adoration compare
with veneration ?
EXAMPLES.
Man craves an object of ; and if not supplied with that which God has ap-
pointed, will take what offers.
The Italian climate robs age of its , and makes it look newer than it is.
venial
virtue 50§
VE^flAL. (page 367).
QUESTIONS.
From what is vetiial derived, and what does it signify ? 2. How does venial com-
pare vi\t\i pardonable f 3. How does excusable differ from the above words f
4. What very different word is sometimes confounded with venial?
EXAMPLES.
Theft on the part of a starving man is one of the most of offenses.
Under all the circumstances, the error was .
VERACITY (page 367).
QUESTIONS.
I. Do truth and verity apply to thought and speech or to persons f 2. To what
does veracity apply ? tmtlifulness ? 3. Into what two classes may the words
in this group of synonyms be divided, and what words will be found in
each class ?
EXAMPLES.
On a certain confidence in the of mankind is founded so much of the
knowledge on which we constantly depend, that, without it, the whole system of
human things would go into confusion.
' If all the world and love were young.
And in every shepherd's tongue.
These pretty pleasures might me move
To live with thee and be thy love.
VIRTUE (page 370).
QUESTIONS.
1. What is the prominent idea in virtue? 2. How does goodness differ from vir-
tue ? 3. Of what relations are honesty and probity used ? 4. How is honesty
used in a sense higher than the commercial ? 5. What, in the full sense, is
integrity? 6. What is honor? 7. What is imrity ? duty? 8. What do
rectitude and righteousness denote ? 9. To what does uprightness especially
refer? 10. What is virtuousness?
EXAMPLES.
is the fruit of exertion; it supposes conquest of temptation.
In seeing that a thing is right, we see at the same time that it is our
to do it.
It is true that is the best policy ; but if this be the motive of honest dealing,
there is no real .
Where is that chastity of that felt a stain like a wound ?
INDEX.
Page.
abandon 1
" renounce 309
" surrender 349
abandoned, addicted 19
ctbuse 3
abash 3
abate 3
" abolish 6
" alleviate 33
abbreviation 4
" abridgment 7
abdicate, abandon 1
aberration, insanity 2^1
abet 4
" help 195
abetter, accessor!/ 13
abettor, accesso^^y 13
abhor 5
abhorrence, abomination 7
" antipatluj 48
hatred 193
abide 5
" endure 150
abiding, peifrianent 269
ability, power 379
abject, jiififul 273
abjure, abandon 1
" renounce 309
able, adequate 21
" clei-er , 109
" sagacious 322
abode, home 201
abolish 6
" cancel 93
abominable, crimincd 120
abominate, abhor 5
abomination 7
abdvi^iual. jnimeval 287
abortive, niiii 364
abouiidiim:, jjIi iit/ftit 27'6
aljoveboard, cani'liil 93
abridge, restrain 315
abridgment 7
' ' abbreviation 4
abrogate, abolish 6
" cancel 92
abrupt, bluff. 83
" steep 343
absent, abstracted 11
absent»minded, abstracted 11
absolute 8
" infinite 216
" perfect 268
" pure 296
absolution, pardon 262
absolve 9
" pardon 262
absorb 9
, , Page.
absorbed, absiractea 11
abstain, cease 98
abstemiousness, abstinence 10
abstinence 10
abstract, v lo
abstract, «., abridgment 7
abstracted il
abstruse, complex 112
" mysterious 247
" obscure 255
absurd il
" incongruaus 214
abundant, large 229
plentiful 276
abuse 12
" cdjomination 7
abutting, adjacent 23
accede, agree 25
accelerate, quicken 297
accept, agree 25
" assume 61
" confess 114
acceptable, delightful 126
accepted, authentic 67
access, entrance 154
accessible, /rje??f% 178
accession, entrance 154
accessory, a., auxiliary 67
accessory, n 13
" appendage 53
accident 14
" hazard 194
acclaim, praise 380
acclamation, praise 280
accompaniment, appendage 53
"■ circumstance 105
accompany, folloic 174
accomj^lice, accessory 13
" associcde 60
accomplisli, attain 64
" do 135
" transact 360
accomplislied, polite 277
skilful 335
accomplisliment, act 16
" end, n 148
accord, v., agree 25
accord, n., harmony 191
accordance, harmony 191
accordingly, therefore 355
accost, adclress, v 19
account, v., calculate 90
account, // ., history 300
" reason, n 303
" record 304
" report 311
" story 343
accountability, duty 143
accouterinents
a flair
510
Page.
accouterments, arms 55
" ccquirison 93
accredited, authentic 67
accumulate, amass 38
accurate, perfect 268
accuse, arraign 56
accustomed, addicted 19
" usual 363
acerb, bitter 81
acerbity, acrimony 15
acetous, bitter 81
ache, pain 261
achieve, attain 64
do 135
" get 183
" succeed 346
achievement, act 16
" career 95
" end, n 148
" victory 369
" work 374
acid, bitter 81
acidulated, bitter 81
acidulous, bitter 81
acknowledge, avcnv 69
" confess 114
acknowledgment, apology 51
acquaintance 15
" knowledge 227
acquiesce, agree 25
acquire, attain 64
" get 183
" purchase 295
acquit, absolve 9
" pardon 262
acquittal, pardon 262
acrid, bitter 81
acrimonious, bitter 81
" morose 245
acrimony 15
" enmity 152
act, v., transact 360
act, n 16
" exercise 102
" motion 245
" transaction 360
action, act 16
" battle 74
" behavior 79
" exercise 162
" motion ^5
" operation 258
" transaction 360
" work 374
active 17
" alert 28
" alive 30
" industrious 215
" nimble 253
activity, exercise 162
actor, agent 24
" cause 98
actual, real 301
actualize, do. 135
actuate, influence 217
acumen 18
acute, astute 62
" sagacious 322
acuteness, acumen 18
Page.
adage, proverb 293
adapted, adequate 21
add 18
addendum, appendage 53
addicted 19
addition, appendage 53
address, v 19
address, n 20
" speech 339
adduce, allege 31
adept, skilful 335
adequate 21
" plentiful 276
adherence, attachment 63
adherent 21
adhesion, attachment 63
adhesive 22
2^Si\&0L,fare^cell 168
adit, entrance 154
adjacent 22
adjoin, add 18
adjoining, adjacent. 22
adjunct, appendage 53
adjuration, oath 254
administer, execute 161
admiration, amazement 39
admire 23
admission, entrance 154
admit, agree 25
" atloiv 35
" avow 69
" confess 114
admittance, entrance 154
admixture, alloy 36
admonish, reprorce 312
admonition, reproof. 31 1
adolescent, youthful 375
adoration, veneration 360
adore, admire 23
" venerate 366
adorn 23
adroit, clever 109
" skilful..... 335
adroitness, address, n 20
" dextei'ity 129
adulation, praise 280
adulteration, alloy 36
advance, v., allege 31
" amend 41
" promote 291
" quicken 297
advance, n., progress 289
advancement, progress 289
advantage, profit 288
" utility 363
" victm'y 369
adventure, accident 14
adventurous, brave 85
adversary, enemy 151
adversity, misfortune 242
advert, alhide 36
advertise, announce 46
advised, conscious 116
advocate, abet 4
" j^l^dd 274
aerial, airy 27
affable, fnendly 178
affair, battle 74
" business 88
511
aflfatr
amongst
Page.
affair, transaction 360
affect, assume 61
affectation, hypocrisy 204
" pretense 283
affection, attachment 63
" disease 134
" friendship 179
" lore 235
affectionate, //•2e«d^y 178
affidavit, oath 254
" testimony 355
affinity, analogy 43
" kin 227
affirm, allege 31
" state 341
affirmation, testimony 355
afflict, chasten 103
affliction, gjief 187
" misfortune 242
affix, ndi? 18
allliicnt. y//< iitlful 276
afford, , ,n/iire 150
affray, ftud 170
affrighit, n., alarm 28
fear 168
affriglit, v., frighten 180
affront 24
age, time 356
aged, old 257
agency, operation 258
ageiit 24
" cause 98
aggravate, affront 24
aggregate, amass, r. 38
aggression, attack, n 64
aggrieve, abuse 12
agile, active 17
" nirnble 253
agitate, shake 330
agitation, storm 343
agnomen, name 247
agnostic, skeptic 335
agony, pain 261
agree 25
agreeable, amiable 42
" comfortable 110
delightful 126
" pleasant 27'5
agreement, contract 118
" harmony 191
agricultural, rustic 321
agriculture 25
aid, v., abet 4
" promote 291
aid, w., adherent 21
" auxiliary 07
" help 195
" sxibsidy 345
aider, adherent 21
ailment, disease 134
aim 26
" design 128
" direction 132
" reason, n 302
air 27
" pretense 283
airy 27
akin, alike 30
alarm 28
Page.
alarm, fnghten 180
alarming, awful 70
alert 28
" active 17
" alive 30
" nimble 253
" vigilant 369
alien, a. & n 29
alienate, surrender 349
alienation, insanity 221
cdike 30
" synonymous 349
aliment, food 175
alive 30
all, every 158
allay 31
allege 31
" state 341
allegiance 32
allegory 33
" fiction 170
alleviate 33
" allay 31
alley, way 37'3
alliance 34
" association 60
" kin 237
allot , 34
" apparition 54
allow 35
"■ confess 114
" endure 150
allowance, pay 266
" permission 269
" subsidy 345
alloy 36
allude 36
a(lu?^e 37
" draw 138
" iKrsuade 271
ally, n., accessoi^.'. 13
" adherent 21
" associate 60
" auxiliary 67
almsgiving, benevolence 80
also 37
alter, change, v 100
alteration, change, n 101
alternative , 38
altho, notwithstanding, conj 254
amass 38
amateur 39
amazement 39
" perplexity 270
ambiguous, equivocal 155
" obscure 255
ambition 40
ameliorate, amend 41
amenable, docile 136
amend 41
amiable 43
amicable, /Hemc^^j/ 178
amid 43
amidst, amid 43
amity, friendship 179
" harnwny 191
amnesty, piardon 262
among, amid 42
amongst, amid .' . . . 43
ample
apt
512
Pagh.
amp\e,'large 229
" l)lenti/ul 276
amplify 43
" add 18
amuse, entertain 152
amusement, entertainment 153
analogous, alike 30
analogy 43
analysis, abridgment 7
anarchism, socialisfn 338
anarchy, revolution 317
anathema, oath 254
ancient, atitique 48
" obsolete 256
" old :i57
" primeval 287
and, but 89
anecdote, stoi^ 343-
anger 44
" hatred 103
anguish, anxiety 49
" imin 261
animadversion, reproof. 311
animal, a., brutish 87
animal, n 45
animate, ali/ve 30
animated, airy 27
" alive 30
" eager 142
animosity, anger 44
" enmity 152
" feud 170
" hatred 193
annals, history 200
annex, add 18
annihilate, abolish 6
" exterminate 1G3
annotation, remark 308
announce 46
" speak 339
annoy, affront 24
annoyance, abomination 7
annul, abolish 6
" cancel 92
anomalous, absurd 11
" queer 297
answer 46
antagonism, antipathy 48
" enmity 152
antagonist, enemy 151
antecedent, a., previous 285
antecedent, «., cause 98
' ' precedent 282
antepast, anticipation 48
anterior, j>revioiiS 285
anticipate 47
" abide 5
" prevent 284
anticipation 48
antipathy 48
" hatred 193
antiquated, antique 48
" obsolete 256
" old 257
antique 48
" old 257
anxiety 49
" care 94
anxious, eager 142
Page.
any, every 158
apathy 50
" stupidity 344
" stupor 344
aphorism, proverb 293
a2nece 51
apocalypse, revelation 316
apologize for, palliate 261
apologue, fiction 170
apology 51
" defense 123
apothegm, pi'overb 293
appal, frighten 180
appalling, awful 70
apparatus, tool 358
apparel, dress 140
apparent 52
" " clear 107
\ " evident 159
appieal, address, v 19
appear 52
appearance w semblance of, have,
appear 52
appearance, air 27
appease, allay 31
appellation, name 247
append, add 18
uppaidage 53
appendix, appendage 53
appetency, appetite 54
desire 128
appetite 54
" desire 128
applaud, admire. . 23
applause, x>raise 280
appliance, tool 358
application, exercise 162
" industnj 216
appoint, allot 34
" apportion 54
apportion 54
" allot 84
appreciate, esteem, v 156
apprehend, anticipate 47
" arrest 57
" catcli 97
" perceive 267
apprehension, alarm 28
" anticipation 48
" anxiety 49
fear 168
" idea 206
" knowledge 227
apprised, conscious 116
approach, address, v 19
approach, «., appi-oximaiion 55
" entrance 154
approbation, pi^aise 280
appropriate, abstract 10
" appoT'tion 54
" assume 61
approval, praise 280
approve, admire 25
" agree 25
apjjroximation 55
appurtenance, appendage 53
apostrophize, address, v 19
a iiriori, transcendental 361
apt, clever 109
513
apt
uttacbiuent
Page.
apt, likely 232
" sagacious 322
" skilful 335
aptitude, dexterity 129
" power 279
arbiter, judge 224
arbitrary, absolute 8
arbitrate, interpose 222
arbitrator, judge 224
archaic, obsolete 256
archetype, ea: ample ICO
" idea 206
" ideal 206
" model 243
archive, record 304
archives, history 200
ardent, eager 142
ardor, en th usias/n 153
arduous, difficult 132
argue, plead 274
" reason, v 302
argument, reason, -n 302
" reasoning 303
argumentation, reasoning 303
arise, Hse v- 319
arising, beginning 78
armament, army 56
armor, ai'nis 55
a?'m^ 55
atrny 56
" array 57
arraign 56
arrangement, array 57
" contract 118
array 57
" artny 56
" dress 140
arrest 57
" obstruct 257
arrive, attain 64
" reach 300
arrogance, assurance 61
" pride 286
arrogant, absolute 8
" dogmatic 137
arrogate, assume. 61
art, aiiiflce 58
" business 88
" science 325
article, tenn 354
article of belief, doctrine 136
" of faith, doctrine 136
articulate, speak 339
artifice 58
'"' fraud 177
artificer, ai'tist 58
artisan, artist 58
artiM 58
artistic, tasteful 352
artless, candid 93
" rustic 321
as, because 77
ascend, rise 319
ascertain, discover 133
ascribe, attribute, v 65
ashes, body 84
ask 59
" i;feac? 274
" p7wy 281
Page.
asperity, acnmony 15
asperse, slander 336
asphyxia, stupor 344
aspiration, aim 26
"• ambition 40
" desire 128
assail, attack, v 63
assassinate, kill 226
assault, v., attack, v 63
assault, n., attack, n 64
assemblage, company 110
assemble, convoke 120
assembly, company 110
assent, v., agree 25
assent, n., faith 164
assert, allege 31 -
" state 341-
assertion, assurance 61
asseverate, allege 31
state -341
assiduity, industry 216
assiduous, industrious 215
assign, allege 31
" allot 34
" apportion 54
" attribute, v 65
" commit 110
assist, abet 4
" help 195
" lyronwte 291
assistant, accessory 13
" auxiliary 67
associate 60
" accessory 13
" attribute, v 65
association 60
" acquaintance 15
" class 106
assuage, alleviate 33
assume 61v
assumption, assurance 61
" pretense 283
pride 286
assurance 61
'■ effrontery 144
" faith 164
" impudence 213
assure, confirm 114
" state 341
assured, conscious 116
astonishment, amusement 39
" perpkxity 270
astute 63
as well, also 37
as well as, also 37
at ease, comfortable 110
atheist, skeptic 335
atom, part 264
" particle 264
at once, immedicdtly 211
atonement, lyropitiation 291
at rest, comfortable 110
atrocious, barbarous 73
attach, add 18
attached, addicted 19
" adjacent 22
attachment 63
" appendage 53
" friendship 179
33
attacliiueiit
toeacli
514
Page.
attaclunent, love 2;35
attack, V G3
attack, n C4
attain 64
" get 183
" reach 300
" succeed 346
attainment, progress 289
" wisdom 3(2
attempt, »., endeavw, v 149
attempt, n., endeavor, n 150
attend, follow 174
" listen 232
attendant, accessoi~y 13
attention, care 94
" industry 216
attestation, testirjwny 355
attire, dress 140
attitude 65
attract, allure 37'
" draw 138
attraction, love 235
attractive, amiable 42
" heautiful 76
" pleasant 275
attribute, v., 65
attribute, n 66
" characteristic 103
" emblem 146
audacity, effrontery 144
" temerity 353
augment, add 18
" amplify 43
augur 66
august, awful 70
" royal 320
auspicious, propitious 291
austere, severe 329
authentic 67
" real 301
author, cause 98
autlioritative, absolute 8
" authentic 67
" dogmatic 137
authority, permission 269
" precedent 282
authorization, permission 269
authorized, authentic 67
autobiography, history... 200
autochthonic, p^-imeval 287
autocratic, absolute 8
automatic, spontaneous 340
atixiliai'y 67
" appendage 53
avail, jyrofit 288
" utility 363
avaricious 68
avenge 69
" requite 313
avenging, revenge 310
avenue, ivay ' 3(2
aver, allege 31
" avow 69
" state 341
averse, reluctant 308
aversion, abmnination 7
" antipathy 48
" hatred 193
avocation, business 88
Page.
avouch, avow 69
" state 341
avow 69
" confess 114
" state 341
av^'ait, abide 5
awake, vigilant 369
award, allot 34
aware, conscious 116 -
awe, amazement 39
" fear 168
" migration 366
aivful 70
awkward 70
" rustic 321
axiom 71
" proverb 293
babble 71
backbite, slander 336
backer, adherent 21
backward, reluctant 308
backwardness, modesty 244
bad, jyej'nicious 270
Ijadinaee, banter 73
baffle, hinder 199
bail, security 326
balk, hinder 199
balky, restive 314
bau, v., banish 72
ban, n., oath 254
bandit, robber 320
baueful, jxrnicious 270
banish 72
" exterminate 163
bank 72
bankrupt, break 86
banter 73
" wit 373
bar, barrier 74
" hinder 199
" impediment 213
" lock 234
" obstruct 257
barbarian, barba^'ous 73
barbaric, barbarous 73
barbarism, language 228
barbarous 73
barely, but 89
bargain, contract 118
" sale 323
bargain for, purchase 294
barricade, v., obstruct 257
barricade, n., barrier 7'4
barrier 74
" boundary 84
" impediment 213
barter, business 88
" sale 323
barter for, purchase 295
base, brutish 87
" pitifxil 273
baseless, vain 364
bashfulness, modesty 244
bastinado, beat 75
batter, beat 75
battle 74
battle array, array 57
bawl, call 91
beach, bank 7i
515
bear
bluff
Pagk.
bear, abide 5
" carry 96
" eridure. 150
" swpport 348
bearing, air 27
" behavior 79
" direction 133
bear up under, endure 150
bear with, endure 150
beast, u/iinial 45
beastly, brutish 87
beat 75
" conquer 115
beauteous, beautiful 76
beautiful 76
fine 172
" graceful 186
beautify, adorn 23
because 77
" therefor 355
bechance, happen 188
become, make 236
becoming 77
bedeck, adm-n 23
befall, happen 188
befitting, becoming 77
befoul, defile 124
befriend, help 195
beg, ask 59
" plead 274
" pray 281
beggary, poverty 279
beginning 78
beguile, entertain 152
behavior 79
" air 27
bebold, discern 133
" look 234
belabor, beat 75
beleaguer, attack^ v 63
belief, doctritie 136
" faith 164
" fancy 167
" idea 206
belittle, disjMrage 134
belles=lettres, literature 233
bellow, call 91
bemoan, mourn 246
bend 79
benefaction, gift 184
beneficence, benevolence 80
benefit, x)rofit 288
" utility 363
benevolence 80
" mercy 239
benevolent, humane 203
benign, propitious 291
benignant, amiable 42
" Mrniane 203
benignity, benevolence 80
" mercy 239
bequest, gift 184
bereavement, misfartune 242
beseech, ask 59
" plead 274
" pray 281
beseeming, becoming 77
beset, attack., v. 63
beside, adjacent 22
Page.
besides, also. 37
" but 89
" 7jet 374
besiege, attack, v 63
bestial, brutish 87
bestow, ijire 185
betide, Iiiippen 188
betoken, augur 66
better, <aiii iid 41
betw ecu, amid 42
betwixt, amid 42
bevy, flock 173
bewail, mourn 246
bewilder, abash 3
bewilderment, amazement 39
" pel III ( aity 270
bewitching, beautiful 76
" charming 103
bias, bend 79
" prejudice 283
bid, i)ray 281
" 2)?'oposal 292
bide, abide 5
big, large 229
bigotry, fanaticism. 166
bills, money 244
bind 81
biography, history 200
bu-th, kin 227
biting, bitter 81
bitter 81
bitterness, acrimony 15
" enmity 152
" feud 170
bizarre, queer 297
blab, babble 71
black:, da7± 122
blame, v., condeinn 113
" reprove 312
blame, n., reproof 311
blameless, innocent 220
" perfect 268
blanch, bleach 82
blank, vacant 368
blaspheming, oath 254
blasphemy, oath 254
blaze, w., burn 87
blaze, «,., fire 173
" light 231
bleach 82
blemish 82
" injury 219
blessed, happy 190
holy 200
blessedness, happiness 189
blessing, mercy 239
blind, artifice 58
bliss, happiness 189
blissful, happy 190
blithe, happy 190
blithesome, happy 190-
block, hinder 199
blood, kin 327
blot, blemish 82
" stain 341
blot out, cancel. 92
bloiv 83
" misfortune 242
bluff 83
blunt
by dint of
516
Page.
blunt, Muff 83
h\nr, blemish 82
blurt, babble 71
blustering, blvff. 83
boast, ostentation 25!)
boasting, ostentation 259
bode, augur 6G
bodily, physical
body 84
bold, bhiff 83
" brave 85
boldness, assurance 61
" effrontery 144
" impudence 213
" pertness 271
bolt, lock 2:il
bondage, fetter 169
bonds, fetter 169
bonny, beautiful 7'6
bonus, subsidy 345
books, literature 233
boon, gift 184
boorish, awkward 70
" mstic 321
bootless, vain. 364
border, bank 72
" boundary 84
bordering, adjacent 22
both 84
" every 158
bound, batik 72
" boundary 84
" end, 71 148
boundary 84
" end, n 148
boundless, infinite 216
bounteous, plentiful 276
bountiful, generous 182
" pjle'iiiful 276
bounty, benevolence 80
gift 184
" subsidy 345
bourn, boundary 84
bourne, boundary 84
bout, battle 74
bow, bend 79
box, blow 83
boyish, youthful 375
brain, mind 241
brand, v., burn 87
brand, «., blemish 82
brandish, shake 330
brass, effrontery 144
bi'ave 85
bravery, prowess 294
brawl, jfeud 170
b7-eak 86
" rend 309
break off, end, v 148
breastwork, barrier 74
breathing, alive 30
breeding, behavior 79
" education 143
bribe, gift 184
bridle, restrain 315
bridle=path, way 372
brief, a., terse 354
" transient 361
brief, n., sketch 334
Page.
brigand, robber., 320
bright, clever 109
" happy 190
brim, bank 72
bring, carry 96
bring about, do 135
" make 236
bring into being, make 236
bring low, abase 2
bring over, persuade 271
bring to an end, cease 98
bring to pass, do 135
" " make 2::J6
brink, bank 72
brisk, active 17
" alert 28
" alive 30
" nimble 2.53
briskness, pertness 271
broad, large 229
broil, /««/ 170
brood, flock 173
brook, endure 150
brotherly, friendly 178
browbeat, frighten 180
bruise, beat 75
brush, cleanse 107
brusk, bluff. 83
brutal, barbarous 73
" brutish 87
brute, «., brutish 87
brute, /(., anitnal 45
brutish 87
buccaneer, robber 320
bucolic, rustic 321
buffet, blow 83
bulky, large 229
bullion, money 244
bulwark, barrier 74
" defense 123
bungling, awkward 70
buoyant, happy 190
burden, load 233
burglar, robber 320
burlesque, caricature 95
" wit 373
burn 87
burning, eager 142
fire 173
burst, break 86
" rend 309
bury, hide 197
" imm,erse 212
business 88
" duty 142
" transaction 360
" work 374
bustling, active 17
alert 28
" nimble 253
busy, active 17
" industrious 215
but 89
" notwithstanding, conj 254
butcher, kill 226
butchery, massacre 237
buy, purchase 295
by.... 89
by dint of, 6y 89
517
by means of
cessation
Page.
by means of, by 89
hyvfOTd,2J7werb 293
cabal 90
cabalistic, mysterious 247
caclvle, babble Vl
cajole, allure 37
calamity, accident 14
bloic 83
" catastrophe 97
" misfortune 242
calculate 90
" esteem, v 156
call 91
" convoke 120
calling, business 88
callow, youthful 375
call together, convoke. 120
call upon, x)ray 281
calm, v., allay 31
calm, a 91
calm, w., 7'est 313
calmness, apathy 50
" patience 265
" rest 313
calumniate, slander 336
canaille, mob 243
cancel 92
candid 93
" Jionest 202
candor, veracity 367
canon, law 229
cant, v., tip 357
cant, hypocrisy 204
" slang 336
capability, power 279
capable, adequate 21
" clever 109
capacious, large 229
capacity, power 279
caparison 93
capital 94
" money 244
capitulate, surrender 349
caprice,/a»cy 167
captivate, allure 37
captivating, charming 103
capture, arrest 57
catch 97
carcass, body 84
care 94
" anxiety 49
" oversight 260
" prudence 294
careen, tip 357
career 95
careful, vigilant 369
carefulness, prudence 294
carelessness, neglect 251
caress 95
cargo, load 233
caricature 95
carnage, massacre 237
carnal, bnctish 87
carol, si7ig 333
carp at, disparage 134
carriage, air 27
" behavior 79
carry 96
" convey 119
Page.
carry, keep 226
" support 348
carry on, keep 226
" trxmsact 360
carry out, do 135
" execute 161
carry through, do 135
cartel, contract 118
case, event 158
" precedent 282
" sample 323
cash, money 244
cashier, break 86
cast, calculate 90
" send 327
cast down, abase 2
caste, class 106
castigate, beat 75
" chasten 103
casX\e,fortiflcation 176
cast off, abandon 1
cast up, add 18
casualty, accident 14
" hazard 194
cataclysm, catastrophe 97
catalog(ue, record 304
catastrophe 97
catch, V 97
" arrest 57
catch, «-., lock 234
causality, cause 98
causation, cause 98
cause, v., make 236
cause, n 98
" design 128
" reason, n 302
caustic, bitter 81
causticity, acrimony 15
cauterize, burn 87
caution, care 94
" prudence 294
cautious, vigilant 369
cease 98
" abandon 1
" die 130
" end, V 148
ceaseless, continual 117
cede, abandon 1
" give 185
" surrender 349
celebrate 99
" keep 226
celebrity, /(OTIC 166
censure, v., arraign 56
" condemn 113
" reprove : 312
censm-e, n., reproof 31 1
center 99
ceremony, sacrament 321
certain, authentic 67
" conscious 116
" real 301
certainty, (h iikiusI ration 127
certification, hstimoiiy 355
certified, <-(i)isi-i(iiis 116
certify, confess ■ 114
state 341
cessation, end, n 148
rest 313
cIiaflT
clear
51S
Page.
chaff, banter 73
chagrin, v., abash 3
chagrin, n 100
chams, fetter 169
chance, v., happen 188
chance, accident 14
" event 158
" hazard 194
change, v 100
" convey 119
change, n 101
" motion 245
sale 323
changeless, peimanent 269
channel, way 372
chant, sing 333
char, burn 87
character 102
" charactenstic 103
characteristic 103
charge, v., arraign 56
" attack, V 63
" attribute, v 65
charge, n., care 94
" career 95
load 233
" oversight 260
" ]rrice 285
charitable, hvmane 203
charity, benevolence 80
" love 235
charming 103
" amiable 42
" beautiful 76
chase, follow 174
" hunt 203
chaste, pure 296
" tasteful 353
chasten 103
chasten, reprove 312
chastening, misfortune 242
chastise, beat 75
" chasten 103
chastisement, misfortune 242
chastity, virtue 370
chat, babble 71
" conversation 118
" sjjeak 339
chatter, babble 71
" speak 339
chattering, garrulous 181
cheat, artifice 58
" fraud 177
" hypocrite 204
cheating, fraud 177
check, v., hinder 199
" obstimci 257
" reprove 312
" restrain 315
checlj, n., reproof 311
checkmate, conquer 115
cheer, v., cherish 104
" entt-rfniri 152
cheer, n., (uti tiirnnnent 153
hllpi,l,ns^ 189
cheerful, wmfutiable 110
" happy 190
cheering, a., hapjnj lUO
cheering, n., irrawe 280
Page.
cheers, ])raise 280
cheery, comfortable 110
" happy 190
cherish 104
" support 348
chide, reprove 312
chiding, reproof 311
chief city, capMcd 94
childish, youthfid 375
childlike, youthful 375
chimerical, absurd 11
" fanciful 167
chirp, sing 333
chirrup, sing 333
chivalric, b)'ave 85
chivalrous, brrave, 85
" generoits 182
choice, alternative 38
choke, obstruct 257
choler, anger 44
choose 104
chronicle, hisUyry 200
" recm'd 304
chum, associate 60
churlish, morose 245
circle, class 106
circulate, announce 46
di'cumlocuticm 105
circumscribe, restrain 315
circumspect, vigilant 369
circumspection, care 94
" prudence 294
circumstance 105
" event 158
circumstantial, mimite 242
citadel, fortifcation 176
cite, allege. .' 31
" arraign 56
" quote 298
city, capital 94
civil, polite 277
civilization, refinemerd 305
claim, allege 31
" assume 61
" nght 319
" state 341
clamor, call 91
clan, class 106
clarified, fine 172
clash, collision 109
clashing, collision 109
clasp, catch 97
" lock 234
class 106
classes, lower, inob 243
classic, pure 296
classical, pure 296
clay, body 84
clean, cleanse 107
" innocent 220
" neat 249
" pui'e ..: 296
cleanly, neat 249
cleanse 107
" amend 41
clear, v., absolve 9
clear, a 107
" evident 159
" fine 173
519
clear
companionable
Page.
clear, innocent 230
" Pvre 29G
clear»sighted, astute 62
" mgacimis 322
cleave, r««rf 309
clemency, men-y 239
clement,, liumane 203
" propitious 291
clever 109
" skilful 335
cleverness, acumen 18
" dexterity 129
" power 279
cling to, chei'ish 104
clique, class 106
cloak, v., hide 197
" paMute 261
cloak, «., pretense 2K3
clog, ()., hinder 199
" obstruct 257
clog, n., impediment 213
" load 233
close, «., end, v 148
close, a., adjacent 22
" avaricious 68
" taciturn 351
close, «., end, n 148
clothes, dress 140
clothing, dress 140
cloudy, obscure 255
clownish, awkward 70
" rustic 331
cloy, satisfy 324
club, association 60
" class 106
clumsy, awkward 70
clutch, catch 97
coadjutor, accessory 13
" associate 60
" auxiliary 67
coalition, alliance 34
" union 362
coarse, bluff 83
" brutish 87
" la7ye 229
" rustic 321
coast, bank 72
coax, allure 37
" j)e7'suade 271
coddle, caress 95
code, law 229
coerce, compel Ill
coercive, absolute 8
cogency, power 279
cognition, knowledge 227
cognizance, knotvledge 227
cognizant, conscious. 116
cognomen, name 247
cohesive, adhesive 22
coin, money 244
coincide, agree 25
coincidence, analogy 43
coldness, modesty 244
colleague, accessory 13
" associate 60
collect, amass 38
" convoke 120
collected, calm 91
collection, array 57
Page.
collection, cov\pany 110
collectivism, socialism 338
collision 100
colloquialism, slang 336
colloquy, conversaliori 118
color, pretense 283
" stain 341
colossal, Jnrgi? 229
conui. Ktiipn'r 344
combat, r., idtack, v 63
combat, /;., tjattle 74
combination, cabal 90
" union 302
combine, ag?^ee 25
combustion, jJre 173
come, 7^each 300
come after, follow 174
comely, beautiful 76
" becoming 77
come to an end, cease 98
come to pass, happen 188
comfort, cherish 104
" console 117
" happiness 189
comfortable 110
comical, queer 297
comity, friendship 179
command, v., govern 185
command, w., law 229
" order 258
" oversight 260
commanding, absolute 8
commandment, law 229
commemorate, celebrate 99
commencement, beginning 78
commensurate, adequate 21
comment, definition 124
" remark 308
" 7-ep7'oof 311
commentary, deji?iiti07i 124
commerce, business 88
comminuted, Jine 172
" ^7ninute 242
commiseration, pity 273
commit no
" do 1.35
commodious, camfm-table 110
" large 229
common, ge7}e7'al 181
" 7nutual 246
" nor7nal 253
" usual 362
commonplace, general 181
commonwealth, people 266
communicate, a7vnou7K£ 46
" gire 185
communication, cdun i-mdion 118
communion, cunr^ rsiit'u'n 118
" sac)-a/Hi./d .321
communism, socialis7n 338
community, association 60
" 2^(ople : 266
commute, change 100
compact, a., terse 354
compact, n., alliance 34
" contract 118
companion, accessory 13
" associate (iO
companionable, friendly 178
companlonslilp
confront
520
Page.
companionship, acquaintance 15
' association 60
company 110
" association 60
" class 106
compare, contrast 118
comparison, analogy 43
compass, attain 64
compassion, mercy 239
pity 273
compassionate, humane 203
compel Ill
" bind 81
" drive 140
" influence 217
" malce 236
compend, abridgment 7
compendious, terse 354
compendium, abridgment 7
compensate, requite 313
compensation, pay 266
competency, poiver 379
competent, adequate 21
competition, ambition 40
competitor, enemy 151
complain 112
complaint, disease 134
complaisant, friendly 178
" 2Mlite 377
complete, v., do 135
" end,v 148
complete, a., perfect 268
plentiful 276
" radical 299
completed, perfect 268
completion, end, n 148
complex 112
" obscure 255
compliant, docile 136
complicate, involve 223
complicated, complex 112
" obscure 255
compliment, praise 280
comply, agree 25
component, pai't 264
compose, allay 31
make 236
composed, calm 91
composite, complex 112
composition, metrical, poetry 277
composure, apathy 50
" patience 265
compound, complex 112
comprehend, catch 97
" pe7'ceive 267
comprehension, Icnowledge 327
compulsion, necessity 250
compulsive, absolute 8
compulsory, absolute 8
compunction, repentance 310
compute, calculate 90
comrade? associate 60
conceal, hide 197
" palliate 261
concede, allow 35
" confess 114
conceit, egotism 145
" fancy 167
idea 206
Page.
conceit, pride 296
conceivable, likehj 232
conceive, jjerceive 267
concept, idea 206
conception, fancy 167
idea 206
concern, anxiety 49
" business 88
" care '. 94
concise, ter^se 354
conclave, cabal 90
" company 110
conclude, cea^e 98
" end, V 148
conclusion, end, n 148
" denwnstration 127
concomitant, appendage 53
" circumstance 105
concord, harmony 191
concourse, company 110
" throng 356
concupiscence, desire 128
concur, a^ree 25
concurrence, harmcmy 191
concussion, blow 83
" collision 109
condemn 113
" reprove 312
condemnation, reproof 311
condensed, terse 354
condition, cause 98
" teim 354
condolence, juj^y 273
condole with, console 117
condone, pardon 262
conduct, v., keep 226
" transact 360
conduct, n., behavior 79
confabulation, conversation 118
confederacy, alliance 34
" association 60
" cabal 90
confederate, accessm-y 13
" associate 60
" aumliai'y 67
confederation, alliance 34
" association 60
confer, deliberate 125
" give 185
conference, company 110
" conversation 118
confess 114
" avow 69
confession, apology 51
confide, commit 110
confidence, assurance 61
faith 164
confine, restrain 315
confines, boundary 84
confirm 114
coriflagration,^/'e 173
conflict, battle 74
" collision 109
conflicting, alien, a 29
" incongruous 214
conformity, harn'wny 191
confound, abash 3
refute 306
confront, abide , 5
521
confuise
conviction
Page.
confuse, abash 3
" diftplacc 135
confused, miiiplcx 113
" lutirogciwoiiK 196
confusion, amazement 39
" cliagiin 100
" perple.nl ij 270
" rewlulioh 31"
confute, refute Sdii
Q,ouge,_fareiveU 168
congenial, deliglitfiil 136
congenital, inherent 218
conglcnierate, complex, 112
" heterogeneous 196
congratulate 115
congregation, company 110
congruity, harmony 191
congruous, becoming 67
conjectural, likely 232
conjecture, ?;., suppose 348
conjecture, n., hypothesis 204
conjugal union, marriage 236
conjunction, associaiio/i 60
" union 362
conjure, pray 281
connect, attribute, v 65
connection, association 60
connoisseur, amateur 39
conquer 115
" beat 75
conquest, victory 369
consanguinity, Mn 227
conscious 116
consciousness, mind 241
consecrated, ftoly 200
consent, v., agree 25
consent, n., harmony 191
" pcrinissio)i 269
consent to, allow 35
consequence 116
" demonstration 127
" end, n 148
" etent 158
consequent, consequence 116
consider, caleulate 90
" deliberate 125
" esteem 156
considerable, large 229
consideration,/?'Je/(ds7(?7) 179
" prudence 294
" reason, n 303
consign, commit 110
consistency, harmony 191
console 117
consonance, harmony 191
consort, associate 60
conspicuous, evident 159
conspiracy, cabal 90
constancy , industry 216
constant, continual 117
" ^j^'rmawfi?;^ 269
consternation, alarm 28
fear 168
constituent, part 264
constitute, make 236
constitution, character 102
constitutional, radiced 299
constrain, compel Ill
" make 236
Page.
constrain, restrain 315
constraint, nwdesty 244
construct, make 236
consult, deliberate 125
consume, (djsorh 9
burn 87
consummate, v., do 135
consummate, a., perfect 268
consummation, act 16
" ejid, n 148
contact, collision 109
contagion 117
contaminate, defile 134
contemplate, look 234
contemptible, pitiful 273
contend, reason, v 302
content, satisfy 324
contented, comfortable 110
contention, feud 170
contentment, happiness 189
conterminous, adjacent 22
contest, battle 7'4
" feud 170
contiguity, approximation 55
contiguous, adjacent 22
continence, abstinence 10
continent, pure 296
contingency, accident 14
event 158
" hazarel 194
continual 117
continue, abide 5
" protract 293
continuous, continual 117
contract 118
contraction, abbreviation 4
contradictory, alien, a 29
" incongruous 214
contrariety, difference 131
contrary, alien, a 29
" incongruous 214
" perverse 272
contrast, v 118
contrast, «., difference 131
contrasted, alien, a 29
contriteness, repentance 310
contrition, repentance 310
contrivance, artifice 58
control, v., govern 185
control, n., oversight 260
controlling, absolute 8
controversy, fei/d 170
controvert, reason, v 302
contumacious, obstinate 256
" rebellious 304
conundrum, riddle 318
convene, convoke 120
convenient, comfortable 110
convention, company 110
cotiversation 118
converse, conversation 118
speak , 339
conversion, change, n 101
convert, v., change 100
convert, n 119
convey 119
" carry 96
convict, condemn 113
conviction, faith 164
convince
damage
522
Page.
convince, persuade 271
convocation, company 110
convoke 120
cool, calm 91
cooperate, help 195
copious, pleidifid 276
copy, v., follow 174
copy, n., duplicate 141
" model 243
cordial, /ri«/;4^y 178
corporal, xihysical 273
corporation, association 60
corporeal, physical 272
corpse, body 84
corpuscle, particle 264
correct, v., amend 41
" chasten 103
correct, a., perfect 2G8
correlative, mutual 246
correspondent, synonymous 349
corresponding, synonymous 349
corroborate, confirm 114
corrupt, decay. .-. 122
defile 124
cost, expense 162
" jwice 285
costume, dress 140
coterie, class 106
coterminous, adjacent 22
COUlll. ClllcnldlP 90
COUlltilllUK r, ilhi-t 4
counteract, liiiider 199
couiitciiuiit. duplicate 141
countU'!?s, infinite 216
countrified, rustic 321
country, rustic 321
com-age, fortitude 176
" i;?wf«ss 294
courageous, In-ave 85
course, career 95
" direction 132
" way 372
court, ccddress, v 19
" caress 95
courteous, polite 277
courtesy, address, n 20
courtly, jjolite 277
covenant, contract 118
cover, hide 197
" palliate 261
" shelter 331
coveting, desire 128
covetous, avaricious 68
covey, fiock 173
cow, frighten 180
coyness, modesty 244
crabbed, morose 245
crack, v., break 86
crack, n., blemish 82
craft, artifice 58
" business 88
" deception 123
crafty, astute 62
crave, ask 59
craving, appetite 54
" desire 128
craziness, insanity 221
create, make 236
creator, cause 98
Page.
creature, animal 45
credence, faith 164
credible, likely 232
credit, faith 164
" fame 166
credulity, fanaticism 166
creed, faith 164
cremate, bum 87
crew, cabal 90
crime, abomination 7
" si?i 332
criminal 120
criminality, sin 332
critic, amateur 39
critical, minute 242
criticism, 7'eproof. 311
croak, complain 112
crook, bend 79
crop, harvest 192
cross off, or out, cancel 92
crotchety, queer 297
crowd, company 110
" mob 2-13
" throng 356
crowd out, displace 135
cruel, barbaroiis 73
crush, break 86
" conquer 115
crusty, morose 245
cry, call 91
cudgel, beat 75
cufE, blow 83
cull, choose 104
culpable, criminal 120
cultivated, polite 277
cultivation, agriculture 25
" education 143
" refinement 30t
culture, agriculture 25
" education 143
" refinement 305
cultured, polite 277
cunning, o., astute 62
cunning, «., artifice 58
" deception 123 i/
curb, govern 185 '^z
" restrain 315 "^
cure, recover 305
cured, be, recover 305
curious, inquisitive, 221
" queer 297
" rar'e 300
currency, money 244
current, authentic 67
curse, abomination 7
" oath 254
cursing, oath 254
curve, bend 79
custody, fetter 169
custom, habit 187
customary, general 181
" usual 362
cut, blow 83
cutting, bitter 81
daily 121
dainty, delirious 126
" fine 172
" iasfefut 352
damage, abiise 12
523
damage
depose
Page.
damage, injury 319
danger 121
" hazard 194
dangerous, formidable 176
dapper, neat 249
daring, brave 85
dark 122
" myshrious 247
" obscure 255
darksome, obscure 255
dart, send 327
date, time 35fi
daub, blemish Sa
daunt, abash 3
" frighten 180
dauntless, brave 85
dawdling, sloiv 337
daydream, dream 139
deadly, pernicious 270
deal, apportion 54
" sale 323
deathless, eternal 157
debar, prohibit 290
debase, abase , 2
debasement, alloy 36
debate, i)., deliberate 125
" reason, v 302
debate, n., reasoning 303
decay 122
decease, die 130
deceit, deception 123
" fraud 177
deceitful, vain 364
deceitfulness, deception 123
deceiver, hypocrite 204
decent, becoming 77
deception 123
" fraud .* 177
deck, adorn i 23
declaim, speak 339
declare, allege 31
" announce 46
" avow 69
" speak • 339
" state 341
decline, abate 3
" die 130
decompose, decay 122
decorate, adorn 23
decorous, becoming 77
decoy, allure 37
decrease, abate 3
decree, law 229
decrepit, old 257
decry, disparage 134
" slander 336
deduction, demonstration 137
" induction 215
deed, act: 16
" work 374
" transaction 360
deem, calculate 90
" esteem, v 156
" suppose 348
deep, obscure 255
defacement, blemish 82
defame, abuse 13
" slander 336
default, neglect 251
Page.
defeat, beat 75
" conquer 115
defect, blemish 82
defend, keep 226
" shelter 331
defense 123
" apology 51
defer, protract 293
defile 124
" abuse 13
definilwn 134
dellvi-t, hni'l 79
deforinit v, h!> inisli 83
deft, skilful 335
degrade, abase 2
deist, skeptic 335
delay, hinder 199
" protract 293
delaying, slow 337
delegate, v., send 327
delegate, n 125
deleterious, pernicious 270
deliberate, v 125
deliberate, a., slow 337
delicate,^ne 172
tasteful 352
126
delightful 126
tasteful 352
delight, v., entertain 153
delight, «., entertainment 153
" happiness 189
delighted, happy 190
delightful 126
" beautiful 76
" charming 103
" delicious 126
" happy 190
delight in, admire 23
delinquency, sin 332
delirium, insanity 221
deliver, give 185
" speak 339
delusion 137
" deception 123
delusive, vain 364
demand, ask 50
demeanor, air 37
" behavior 79
dementia, insanity 321
demolish 127
" break 86
demonstrable, real 301
demoiistiatc, reason, v 303
dtnuiiist ration 127
denomination, name 347
" term 354
denouement, catastrophe 97
denounce, condemn 113
dense, obscure 355
dent, blemish 83
denunciation, oath 254
" reproof. 311
deny, renounce " 309
depart, die 130
depart from, abandon 1
deplore, irwurn 246
deportment, behavior 79
1 depose, state 341
depojiilt
disallow
524
Page.
deposit, intt 296
deposition, testimony 355
depravity, sin 332
depreciate, disparage 134
" slander 336
depredator, robber 320
depress, abase 2
depth, wisdom 372
depute, send 327
deputy, delegate 125
derange, displace 135
derangement, insanity 221
derision, banter 73
derogate from, disparage 134
descent, kin 227
description, definitum 124
" report 311
descry, discern 133
" discover 133
" look 234
desert, abandon 1
design 128
" aim 26
" end,n 148
" idea 206
" model 243
" reason, n 302
" sketch 334
designation, nuTiie %i'i
designer, cause 98
desire 128
" appetite 54
" fancy 167
desirous, eager 142
desist, cease 98
" end, V 148
despair 129
despatch, kill 226
" quicken 297
" send 327
desperation, despair 129
despicable, jAtiful 273
despise, abhor 5
despite, 7wtwithstanding, prep 254
despoiler, robber 320
despondency, despair 129
despotic, absolute 8
destine, allot 34
destiny, necessity 250
destitution, poverty 279
destroy, abolish 6
" break 86
" demolish 127
" exterminate 163
" subvert 346
destructive, pernicious 270
detach, abstract 10
detail, circumstance 105
detailed, minute 242
detain, arrest 57
" keep 226
detect, discover 133
deterioration, alloy 36
determination, aim 26
determined, obstinate 256
detest, abhor 5
detestation, abomination 7
" antipathy 48
" hatred 193
Page.
detract from, disparage 134
detriment, injury 219
detrimental, pernicious 270
develop, amplify 43
developed, real 301
development, education 143
" progress 289
deviate, bend 79
" wander 371
device, artifice 58
" design 128
devoted, addicted 19
faithful 165^
" holy 200
devotion, allegiance 32
" attachment 63
" enthusiasm 153
" fiiendship 179
love 235
" religion 307
dexterity 129
" address, n 20
" power 279
dexterous, clever 109
" happy 190
skilful 335
dialect, language 228
dialog(ue, conversation 118
diaphanous, clear 107
dictatorial, absolute 8
" dogmatic 137
diction 130
" language 228
dictum, proverb 293
die 130
diet,/ooc? 175
difference 131
differentiate, contrast 118
difficult 132
" obscure 255
difficulty, impediment 213
diffidence, modesty 244
diffuseness, circumlocution 105
digest, abridgment 7
digress, wander 371
dilate, amplify 43
dilatory, slow .337
dilettante, amateur 39
diligence, industry 216
diligent, active 17
" industrious 215
dim, dark 122
" faint 1&4
" obscure 255
diminish, abate 3
diminutive, minute 342
dip, immerse 212
" tip) 357
dire, awful 70
direct, govern 185
direction 132
" care 94
" order 258
" oversight 260
directly, immediately 211
direful, awful 70
disadvantage, injury 219
disagreement, difference 131
disallow, prohibit 290
525
diKappoi nt inent
diMi^tiiiiuIiilion
Page.
disappointment, chagrin 100
" misfortune 242
disapproval, rejrroQf 311
disarrange, displace 135
disaster, accident 14
blow 83
" catastrophe 97
" misfortune 242
disavow, renounce 309
disbelief, doubt, n 138
disbeliever, skeptic 335
discard, renounce 309
discern 133
" discover 133
" look 234
discernible, evident 159
discerning, astute 62
" sagacious 322
diBcernment, acumen 18
" ivisdom 372
discharge, absolve 9
" banish 72
" cancel 92
do 135
" send 327
disciple, adherent 21
" convert 119
" scholar 324
discipline, v., chasten 103
" teach 353
discipline, «.., education 143
disclaim, renounce 309
disclose, confess 114
" discover 133
disclosure, revelation 310
discolor, stain 341
discomfit, conquer 115
discompose, abash 3
discomposure, chagrin 100
disconcert, abash 3
discontinue, abandon 1
" cease 98
discordant, heterogeneous 196
" iticongruous 214
discouragement, despair 129
discourse, conversation 118
" speak 339
" speech 339
discourteous, bluff 83
discover 133
" catch 97
discredit, abase 2
" disparage 134
discrepancy, difference 131
discrepant, incongrtious, 214
discretion, addresk, n 20
" prudence 294
" ivisdom 372
discriminate, abstract 10
" contrast 118
" discern 133
discriminating, astiae 62
discrimination, difference 131
discuss, reason, v 302
disdain, pride 280
disease 134
disfigurement, blemish 82
disgrace, v., abase 2
341
Page.
disgrace, 7i., blemish 82
disguise, v., hide 197
disguise, n., pretense 283
disgust, abom.inatio?i 7
" antipathy 48
dishearten, abash 3
dishonesty, fraud 177
dishonor, v'., abase 2
" disparage 134
" stain 341
dishonor, n., blemish 82
disinclined, reluctant 308
disinfect, cleanse 107
disintegration, revolution 317
disinterested, generous 182
dislike, v., abKor 5
dislike, «., antipathy 48
" hatred 193
dislodge, banish 72
dismal, dark 122
dismay, v., frighten 180
dismay, «., utarm 28
" chagrin 100
fear 168
dismiss, banish 72
" send 327
disobedient, rebellious 304
disorder, disease 134
" revolution 317
disown, renounce 309
disparage 134
" abuse 12
" slander 336
disparity, difference 131
dispassionate, calm 91
dispense, apportion 54
displace 135
display, ostentation 259
displease, affront 24
displeasure, anger 44
" pique 272
disport, entertain 152
dispose, influence 217
"■ persuade 271
disposed, addicted 19
disposition, appetite 54
" array 57
" character 102
" m'md 241
disprove, refute 306
dispute, v., reason, v 302
dispute, n. , feud 170
disquiet, anxiety 49
disquietude, alarm 28
fear 168
disquisition, speech 339
disregard, neglect 251
disrespect, neglect 251
dissemble, hide 197
dissembler, hypocrite 204
dissension, feud 170
dissenter, heretic 196
dissertation, speech 339
dissimilar, heterogeneous 196
dissimilarity, difference 131
dissimilitude, difference 131
dissimulation, deception 123
" hypocrisy 204
'■ pretense 283
disit«ipatiou
dye
526
Page.
dissipation, excess 100
distant, alien^ a 29
distaste, an tipathy 48
distemper, disease 134
distinct, clear 107
" evident 159
distinction, characteristic 103
" difference 131
" fame 166
distinguish, abstract 10
" discern 133
distract, abstract 10
distraction, perplexity 270
distress, grief 187
" misfortune 242
" pain 261
" poverty 279
distribute, allot 34
" apportion 54
distributively, apiece 51
distrust, v., doubt, v 137
distrust, n., doubt, n 138
disturb, disj)lace 135
disturbance, anxiety 49
" perplexity 270
" storm 343
disused, obsolete 356
diurnal, daily 121
diverge, bend 79
" ivander 371
divergence, difference 131
diversify, change, v 100
diversion, entertainment 153
diversity, change, n 101
" difference 131
divert, abstract 10
" entei'tain 152
divide, cdlot 34
" apportion 54
divine, v., augur 66
divine, n., holy 200
division, part 264
" topic 359
do 135
" execute 161
" make 236
" transact 360
docile 136
doctrinal, dogmatic 137
doctrine 136
" faith 164
document, record 304
dodge, artifice 58
doer, agent 24
dogged, morose 245
" obstinate 256
dogma, doctrine 136
dogmatic 137
" absolute 8
doing, act 16
" transaction 360
" %uork 374
domicil, home 201
domineering, absolute 8
" dogmatic 137
donation, gift 184
doom, coiidemn 131
door, entrance 154
doorway, entrance 154
Page.
double-dealing, deception 123
doubt, V 137
doubt, n 138
" perplexity 270
doubter, skeptic 335
doubtful, equivocal 155
" obscure 255
" precarious 282
doughty, brave 85
douse, immerse 212
down, conquer 115
draft, sketch 334
drag, draw 138
draw 138
" allure 37
" influence 217
drawing, sketch 334
draw out, protract 293
dread, a., awful 70
dread, n., alarm 28
" anxiety 49
fear 168
" veneration 366
dreadful, awful 70
dream 139
dregs of the people, mob 243
dress 140
drill, exercise 162
" teach 353
drink in, drink up, absorb 9
drive 140
" banish 72
" compel HI
" influence 217
" quicken 297
" se7id 327
drive on, quicken 297
drive out, banish 172
driveway, way 372
droll, queer 297
drollery, tvit 373
drove, flock 173
drowsy, sloiv 337
drudgery, work 374
dubious, equivocal 155
" precarious 282
duck, immerse 212
dull, dark 122
" sloiv 337
dulness, stupidity 344
dumb, taciturn 351
duplicate 141
duplicity, deception 123
fraud 177
durable, jxrmanent 269
dm-ance, fetter 169
duration, time 356
Anxem, fetter 169
dusky, dark 122
" obscure 255
dust, v., cleanse 107
Anst, n., body &4
duty 142
" business 88
" virtue 370
dwell, abide 5
dwelling, home 201
dye, stain 341
527
eacit
enigmatical
Tagb.
each, apiece 51
" every 158
eager. 142
eagerness, enihusiasm 153
earlier, previous 285
earn, attain. 64
" get 183
earnest, eager 1 42
" semirity 3()(i
earnestness, eiitlmsiasm 153
earnings, pay 260
ease 143
" rest 313
easiness, ease 143
ebb, abate 3
eccentric, qveer 297
economy, frugality 180
" 'law 229
ecstasy, enthusiasm, 153
" hapjnvess 189
edge, bank 72
" boundary 84
edict, law 229
educate, teach 353
education 143
efface, cancel 92
effect, v., do 135^
" make 236
effect, «., act 16
" consequence 116
" end., n 148
" operation 258
effeminate, feminine 169
efficacy, power 279
efficiency, power 279
effort, endeavor, n 150
" industry 216
effrontery 144
" assurance 61
" impudence 213
egoism, egotism 145
egotism 145
either, every 158
ejaculate, call 91
eject, banish 72
elderly, old 257
elect, choose 104
election, alternative 38
elegance, refinement 305
elegant, beautiful 76
" fine 172
" polite 277
" tasteful 352
element, part 264
" particle 264
elevate, promote 291
elevated, high 198
eliminate, abstract 10
elongate, protract 293
emanate, rise 319
emancipation, liberty 230
embarrass, abash 3
" hinder 199
" involve 223
" obstruct 257
embarrassment, perplexity 27'0
embellish, adorn 23
emblem 146
" sign 332
Page.
embolden, abet 4
embnici', caress 95
cniliroil, inrulve 22;i
emend, amend 41
emergency, necessity 250
emigrate 147
eminence, fame 166
emincnl , liigh 198
eniissarv, spt/ 340
emit, .v, )id. ..' 327
emolument, profit 288
emotion, sensation 328
employ 147
employed, industrious 215
employment, business 88
" exercise 162
" wwk 374
empty, vain 364
" vacant 363
emulation, ambition 40
enactment, Uiw 229
enchanting, charming 103
enclosure, boundary 84
encomium, praise 280
encounter, v., attack, v 63
encounter, w., batile 74
" collision 109
encourage, abet 4
" cherish 104
" console 117
" help 195
" promote 291
encroachment, attack, n 64
encumber, hinder 199
encumbrance, impediment 213
" load 233
end, V 148
" abolish 6
" cease 98
end, n 148
" aitn 26
" conseqiience 116
" design. 128
" event 158
" reason, n 302
endeavor, v 149
endeavor, n 150
" aim 26
endless, eternal 157
endorse, confess 114
endurance, fo7-titude 176
" patience 265
endure 150
" abide 5
enduring, permanent 269
enemy 151
energetic, active 17
energy, power 279
enforce, execute 161
engage, bind 81
engaged, industrious 215
engagement, battle 74
" contract 118
engaging, amiable 42
engross, absorb 9
" emidoy 147
enigma, riddle 318
enigmatic, equivocal 155
enigmatical, equivocal 155
enigniatleal
excess
52S
I'AliE.
eBigmatical, mysterious 2i7
" obscure 255
enjoy, admire 23
enjoyinent, entertainment 153
" happiness 189
enlarge, add 18
" amplify 43
enlighten, teach 353
enlightenment, ivisdmn 37'2
enliven, entertain 152
enmity 152
" feud 170
" hatred 193
enormous, large 229
enough, plentiful 276
enrapturing, charming 103
enrolment, recard. 304
ensample, example 160
ensnare, catch 97
ensue, follow 174
entangle, involve 223
entangled, complex 112
enter, reach 300
entertain 152
" cherish 104
entertainment 153
enthusiasm 153
enthusiastic, eager 142
entice, allure 37
" draw 138
" persuade 271
entire, radical 299
" perfect 268
entomb, hide 197
entratice 154
entrancing, channing 103
entrap, catch 97
entreat, ask 59
" plead 274
" pray 281
entree, entrance 154
entrust, ccnnmit 110
entry, entrance 154
" record 304
enumerate, calculate 90
enumeration, record 304
enunciate, announce 46
" speak 339
envious 155
eon, time 356
eonian, eternal 157
ephemeral, transient 3G1
episode, event 158
epithet, natne 247
epitome, abridgtnent 7
epoch, time 356
equal, adequate 21
" alike 30
equitable, honest 202
equity, justice 225
equivalent, alike 30
" synonymous 349
equivocal 155
" precarious 282
era, time 356
eradicate, abolish 6
" exterininale 163
erase, cancel 92
err, wander 371
Page.
erratic, queer 297
erroneous, abxiird 11
error, di h/f-in/i 127
erudition, k/iouiedge 227
" wisdom 372
espousal, marriage 236
essay, v., endeavor, v 149
essay, n., endeavm\ n 150
essential, inherent 218
" necessary 250
" necessity 250
" radical 299
" real 301
establish, confirm 114
WMke 236
" reason,, v 302
esteem, v 156
" admire 23
esteem, n 157
" attachment 63
" friendship 179
esthetic, tasteful 352
esthetical, tasteful 352
estimate, v., calculate 90
" esteem, v 156
estimate, n., esteem, n 157
estimation, attachmerd 63
" esteem, n 157
eternal 157
" infinite 216
ethereal, airy 27
eucharist, sacramemt 321
eulogy, praise 280
euphony, meter 240
evanescent, tr'ansient 361
even, hoi'izontal 202
event 158
" circumstance 105
" consequence 116
everlasting, eternal 157
ever=living, eternal 157
e-oery 158
everyday, general 181
" us^al 362
evict, banish 72
evidence, demonstration 127
" testimony 355
evident 159
" clear 107
evil, a., pernicious 270
evil, n., abomination 7
" injury 219
" sin 332
exact, minute 242
exacting, absolute 8
exaggeration, caricature 95
exalt, promote 291
exiilted, high 198
example 160
" nwdel 243
" precedent 282
" snmjiJe 323
exasjH'ratc, (iffniht 24
exasperation, linger 44
excellence, virtue 370
excellent, finje 173
except, but 89
excerpt, quote 298
excess r: 160
529
excbange
faded
Page.
exchange, v., change, v 100
exchange, ?i., sale. 3i!3
excite, "irijUfence 217
" promote 291
excitement, enthusias-m 153
exclaim, call 91
exculpate, absolve 9
exculpation, apology 51
excursion, journey 223
excusable, venial 307
excuse, apology 51
" pardon 262
" pretense 283
execration, abomination 7
" oath 254
execute 161
" do 135
" mi 220
" make 236
execution, act 10
" operation 258
exemplar, example 160
exemplification, example 100
" sample 323
exempt, absok)e 9
exemption, Hght 31 9
exercise 102
"■ act 16
exertion, act 16
" endeavor, n 150
" exercise 162
" indvstry 216
" work 374
exhaust, absorb 9
tire 357
exhausted, /aMi< 104
exhausting, difficvlt 132
exhibition, array 57
exigency, necessity 250
exile, banish 72
existent, alive 30
existing, alive 30
exonerate, absolve 9
exorbitance, excess 160
expand, amplify 43
expatiate, amplify 43
expatriate, banish 72
expect, abide 5
" anticipate 47
expectancy, anticipation 48
expectation, anticipation 48
expediency, proM 288
utility 303
expedite, quicken 297
expedition, journey 223
expeditious, a£tive 17
expel, banish 72
" exterminate 103
expenditure, expense 162
" price 285
expense 162
" price 285
experience, acquaintance 15
" knowledge 227
expert, clever 109
" skilful 335
expertness, dexterity 129
" ease 143
" power 279
27
Page.
expiate, umplifi/ 43
expiation, prdpitiaiioii 291
expiration, end, n 148
expire, die 130
" end, V 148
explanation, definition 124
explicit 162
" dear 107
exploit, act 16
expose, discover 133
exposition, definition 124
expostulate with, rei/rove 312
express, v., speak 339
" ■ state 341
express, a., explicit 162
expression, air 27
" diction 130
" language 228
" term 354
expunge, cancel 92
exquisite, beautiful 76
" delicious 126
" fine 172
" 'tasteful 352
extemporaneous 163
extemporary, extempoi^aneous 103
extempore, extemporaneous 163
extend, add 18
" amplify 43
" protract 293
extension, appendage 53
extensive, lai^ge 229
extent, end, n 148
extenuate, palliate 261
exterminate 103
" abolish 6
extinguish, subvert 346
extirpate, abolish 6
" exterminate 163
extol, admire 23
extract, quote 298
extraordmary, q^ieer 297
" rare 300
extravagance, enthusiasm 153
" excess 160
extravaganza, caricature 95
extreme, radical 299
exti-emity, end, n 148
" necessity 250
exuberant, plentiful 276
fabianism, socialism 338
fable, allegory 33
" fiction 170
fabrieiue, make 236
fabrication, deception 123
" fiction 170
facetiousness, wit 373
facilitate, quicken 297
facility, ease 143
facsimile, dupilicate 141
" model 243
fact, circumstance 105
" event 158
faction, cabal 90
factious, perverse 272
factor, agent 24
faculty, power 279
fade, die 130
iadad, faint 164
fadelcisis
finished
530
Page.
fadeless, eternal 157
fag, tire 357
failure, misfortune 242
" neglect 251
faint 104
faint=hearted, faint Id4
fainting, stupor 344
fair, beavtiful 76
" candid 93
" honest 202
fairness, justice 225
fair play, justice 225
fairylike, aii'y 27
faith 164
" religion 307
" article of, doctrine 136
faithful 165
" honest 202
faithfulness, allegiance 32
" justice 225
" virtue 370
fall, happen 188
fallacy, delusion 127
fall out, happen 188
fall upon, attack., v 63
false, absurd 11
falsehood, deception 123
" flctum 170
faltering, faint 164
fame 166
familiar, general 181
" u»ual 362
familiarity, acquaintance 15
" association 60
famUy, kin 227
fanaticism 166
" enthusiasm 153
fanciful 167
fancy 167
" dream 139
" imagination 209
" idea 206
fantastic, fanciful 167
" queer 297
fantasy, dreatn 139
" idea 206
" imagination 209
fare, food 175
farewell 168
farming, agriculture 25
fascinating, charming 103
fashion, v., make 236
fashion, w., air 27
" hatnt 187
fasten, bind 81
fastening, lock 234
fastidious, tasteful 352
fasting, abstinence 10
fnstneBS, fortification 176
fatality, necessity 250
fate, necessity 250
" predestination 282
fatigue, tire 357
fatigued, /aiw< 164
fatuity, idiocy 207
fault, blemish 82
" sin 332
faultless, innocent 220
" perfect 268
Page.
fauna, anim,al 45
favor, w., esteem, n 157
" friendship 179
" mercy 239
fayoTuhle, friendly 178
" propitious 291
faxored, fortunate 177
fealty, allegiance 32
fear 168
" alarm 28
" anoAety 49
fearful, auful 70
fearless, brave 85
feat, act 16
feature, characteristic 103
" circunista/ice 105
federation, alliance 34
" association 60
fee, x)(iy 206
feeble,/aini; 164
feed,/oo(^ 175
feeling, sensation 328
" sensibility 328
feign, assume^, 61
felicitate, congratulate 115
felicitous, happy 190
felicity, happiness 189
fellow, associate 60
fellowship, acquaintance 15
" association 60
felonious, criminal 120
female, feminine 169
feminine 169
ferocious, ^«rce 171
ferret out, discover 133
fervency, enthusiasm 153
fervent, eager 142
fervor, enthusiasm 153
fetter, v., bind 81
fetter, n 169
feud 170
fiction 170
" allegory 33
fidgety, restive 314
fierce 171
fiery, fierce 171
fight, battle 74
figmeDX,fiction 170
figure, emblem 146
fill, satisfy 3^
final cause, design 128
finale, end, n 148
financial 172
iind, discover 133
find fault, complain 112
find fault with, rejwove 312
find out, discover 133
fine 172
" beautiful 76
" minute 242
" tasteful 352
finesse, artifice 58
" deception 123
finis, end, n 148
finish, v., cease 98
do 135
" end, V 148
finish, n., end, n 148
finished, perfect 268
531
flro
fountain
I'MiF..
fire rr.i
fireside, hmne siol
firm, faithful 1(15
" obstinate 25(1
fiscal, financial ViH
fit, adequate 21
" becoming 7V
fitted, adequate 21
fitting, adequate 21
" becoming 77
fix, Und 81
" confirm 114
fixed, obstinate 2r)()
" permanent 2(10
flagitious, criminal — 120
flame, burn 87
" nre 173
" light 331
flap, shake 330
flare, light \. • 231
flash, burn \. 87
" light 331
flat, horizontal 202
flatter, caress 95
flattery, praise 280
flavorous, racy 299
flaw, lit, n/i^/i 82
fleet iiiL'. irausient Stil
flicker, light 231
flight, career 95
fling, send 327
" sneer 337
flippancy, pertness 271
flitting, transient 3(51
flock 173
flog, beat 75
floriculture, agriculture 25
flourish, v., succeed 34G
flourish, «., ostentation 269
flow, rise 319
fluctuate 173
" shake 330
fluid 174
flutter, shake 330
flying, transient 361
fodder,/ooc? 175
foe, enemy 157
foil, hinder 199
follow 174
follo\ver, accessoTry 13
" adherent 21
folly, idiocy. . . , 207
foment, promote 291
iauA^ friendly 178
fondle, caress 95
fondness, love 235
food 175
foolhardiness, temerity 353
foolish, absurd 11
foolishness, idiocy 207
footmark, trace 359
footpad, robber 320
footprint, trace 359
footstep, trace 359
for, because 77
forage,/oocZ 175
forager, robber 320
forbearance, mercy 239
" pardon 262
Pagb.
forlicarancc, patience 265
forbid, prohibit 290
force, v., compel Ill
" make 236
force, n., army 56
" operation 258
" power 279
forces, army 56
forcible, racy 299
forebode, augur 66
foreboding, anticipation 48
" anxiety 49
forecast, v., anticipate 47
forecast, «., anticipation 48
" prudence 294
forego, abandon 1
foregoing, previous 285
foreign, alien, a 29
foreigner, alien, n 29
foreknowledge, predexti nation 282
foreordination. piu ih sfhiation 283
foresight, anliciiKithui 48
pruduice 294
" ivisdom 373
forestall, prevent 284
foretaste, «., anticipate 47
foretaste, n., anticipatio)i 48
foretell, augur 66
forethought, anticipation 48
" care 94
" prudence 294
forgive, absolve 9
" pardon 363
forgiveness, mercy 239
" pardon 263
forgiving, h umane 203
form, body 84
formalism, hypocrisy 204
former, previous 385
formidable 176
form or system of government, polity 278
formula, laiv 229
forsake, abandon 1
forswear, abandon 1
" renounce 309
fort, fortification 176
forthwith, imtmdiately 211
fortification 176
fortitude 176
" patience 265
fortress, defense 133
" fortification 176
fortuity, accident 14
" hazard 194
fortunate .-^.^n-.-.-. .rrr. 177
" happy -V, ......:... 190
fortune, event 158
forward, »., promote 391
" send 327
forward, a., jrrevious 285
forwardness, impudence 213
" pertness 271
foster, cherish 104
" help 195
" promote 291
foul, jKrnicimts 370
fount, beginning 78
fountain, begin r'ling 78
" cause 98
fraction
girlish
532
Page.
fraction, part 204
fractious, per-verse 272
" restive 314
fracture, break 80
fragment, pai't 264
frame, body »4
" make 236
franchise, right 319
franli, bluff. 83
" cakdid 93
" fionest 202
frankness, veracity 367
fraternity,- association 60
fraud 177
" artifice 58
" deception.. 123
fTa.j,feud 170
free, absolve 9
' " generous 182
" sp07itanems 340
freebooter, robber. 320
freedom, liberty. 230
f ree»lianded, generous 182
free»hearted, generous 183
freethinker, skeptic 335
freight, load 233
frenzy, enthusiasm 153
" insanity 221
frequent, general 181
" usual 362
fresh, neiv 252
fretful, restive 314
fretfulness, anger 44
" anxiety 49
fretting, anxiety 49
friend, associate 60
friendliness, friendship 179
friendly 178
" propitious 291
friendship 179
" acquaintance 15
" association 60
" attachment 63
" love 235
fright, alarm 28
" fear 168
frighten 180
frightful, awful 70
frisky, restive 314
frolic, entertainment 153
frolicsome, airy 27
frontier, boundary 84
front, previous 285
froward, perverse 272
frugality 180
" abstinence 10
" prudence 294
fruit, harvest 192
fruitless, vain 364
frustrate, hinder 199
fugitive, transient 361
fulfil, do 135
" keep 226
fulfilment, end, n 148
full, plentiful 276
fun, entertainment 153
" wit 373
function, duty 142
fundamental, radical 299
Page.
funds, money 344
funny, queer 297
furious, fierce 171
furnish, give 185
further, v., promote 291
" quicken 257
further, adv., but 89
yet 374
fury, anger 44
fusion, alliance 34
futile, vain 364
gabble, babble 71
gage, security 326
gaiety, happiness 189
" harmony 191
gain, attain 64
" get 183
" profit 288
" reach 300
gallant, lyrave 85
gallantry, prowess 294
gang, cabal 90
garb, dress 140
gardening, agriculture 25
garments, dress 140
garnish, ador'n 23
garrulous 181
gas, fluid 174
gate, entrance 154
gateway, entrance 154
gather, amass 38
" convoke 120
gathering, company 110
gauzy, fine 172
gawky, awkward 70
gay, airy 27
" hapijy 190
gaze, look 234
gender 181
general. 181
" usual 362
generosity, benevolence 80
generous 183
" plentiful 276
genial, cmnfortable 110
" friendly 178
ge7iius 183
" character 102
genteel, polite 277
gentle, amiable 42
" docile 136
" humane 203
gentleness, mercy_ 339
genuine, authentic 67
" honest 202
" pure 290
" real 301
get 183
" attain 64
" make 336
" purchase 395
get to, reach 300
gibe, sneer 337
gift 184
" subsidy 345
gifted, clever 109
gigantic, large ■ 229
gild, adorn 33
girlish, youthful 375
533
give
baiikerfng
Pagb.
give 185
" alM 34
" convey 119
" surrender 349
give instruction, teach 353
give lessona, teach 353
given, addicted 19
given over or up, addicted 19
give notice of, announc-e 46
give oneself up, sm'vender 349
give out, announce 46
give over, cease 98
" surrender 349
give up, abandon 1
" surrender 349
glad, happy 190
gladness, happiness 189
glance, look 234
glare, light 231
glaring, evident 159
gleam, light 231
gleaming, light 231
glimmer, light 231
glistening, light 231
glistering, light 231
glitter, light 231
gloomy, dark 122
" morose 245
glory, fame 166
gloss over, palliate 261
glow, light 231
glowing, eager 142
glut, satisfy 324
glutinous, adhesive 22
goal, aim 26
" end, n 148
go after, follow 174
go astray, wander 371
godliness, 7'eligion 307
gold, money 244
good, honest 202
" profit 288
gooAAij^ farewell 168
good-natured, amiable 42
" pleasant 275
goodness, virtue 370
good will, benevolence 80
" friendship 179
gossip, babble 71
govern 185
government, form or system of, polity 278
government, seat of, capital 94
grace, mercy 239
graceful 186
" beautiful 76
" becoming 77
gracious, humane 203
" polite 277
" propitious 291
grade, class 106
gradual, slow 337
grain, particle 264
grand, awful 70
" Ullage 229
grant, allot 34
" allow 35
" apportion 54
" confess 114
" gift 184
Page.
grant, give 185
" subsidy 345
grasp, attain 64
" catch 97
grateful, <h Ihjhtful 126
gratilii'.'ilioii, hajiiiiiiess 189
gnitify, aili'iiiuii 152
gratifying, delightful 126
gratufty, gift 184
gray, old 257
great, large. , 229
greedy, avaricious 68
greet, address, v 19
grief. 187
grievance, injustice 220
grieve, mourn 246
grip, catcfi 97
gripe, catch 97
grotesque, /«««/«/ 167
" queer 297
ground, reason, n 302
group, company 110
" flock 173
growl, complain 112
growth, harvest 192
" progress 289
grudge, hatred 193
" tnque 272
gruflf, nwrose 345
grumble, complain 112
grunt, complain 112
guard, v., keep 226
guard, n., defense 123
shelter 331
guess, hypothesis 205
" suppose 348
guile, artifice 58
" deception 123
guileless, candid 93
" innocent 220
" pure 296
guilt, sin 332
guiltless, innocent 220
pure 296
guilty, criminal 120
gummy, adhesive 22
gyyes, fetter 169
habiliments, dress 140
habit 187
" dress 140
habitation, home. 201
habitual, general. 181
" usual 362
habituated, addicted 19
habitude, habit 187
hail, address, v 19
hale, healthy 195
half 'hearted, /ai«< 164
hallowed, holy 200
hallucination, delusion 127
" dream 139
" insanity 221
hamper, hinder 199
handcuffs, /e«e?' 169
handicraft, business, 88
handsome, beautiful 76
" fine 172
handy, skitfid 335
hankering, desire 128
hap
Iionest
534
Page.
hap, accident 14
happen 188
happening, accident , 14
happiness 189
happy 190
" clever 109
" fortunate 177
" skilful 335
harangue, speech 339
harass, tire 357
harbor, cherish 104
" shelter aSl
hard, difficult 132
" severe 329
hardihood, temerity 353
" effrontery 144
hardship, misfortune 242
hark, listen 232
liarken, listen 232
harm, v., at/use 12
harm, n., injury 219
" misfortune 242
harmfnl, pernicicms 270
harmonize, agree 25
harmony 191
" melody 238
harness, arms 55
" caparison 93
harsh, bitter 81
" severe 329
harshness, acrimony 15
harvest 192
harvest'feast, harvest 192
harvest^ festival, harvest 192
harvest-home, harvest 192
harvesting, harvest 192
harvest=tide, harvest 192
harvest=time, harvest 192
hasp, lock 234
hasten, quicken 297
hastiness, temerity 353
hatch, flock 173
hate, ahhm" 5
" hatred 193
hatred 193
" abomination 7
" antipathy 48
" enmity 152
haughtiness, jwide 286
haughty, absolute 8
haul, draw 138
have 194
havoc, massacre 237
hazard 194
" accident 14
" danger 121
hazardous, precarious 282
head, topic 359
headstrong, obstinate 256
heady, obstinate 256
heal, recover 305
healthful, healthy 195
healthy 195
heap up, amass 38
hear, listen 232
hearth, horns 201
hearthstone, Jwme 201
hearty, friendly 178
" , healthy 195
Page,
heed, v., follow 174
" listen 232
heed, »., care 94
heedless, abstracted 11
heedlessness, neglect 251
" tementy 353
heel over, tip) 357
help 195
" promote 291
helper, accessory 13
" auxiliary 67
helpmate, associate 60
hence, therefore 355
henchman, accessory 13
herald, amwunce 46
herd, flock 173
heresiarch, heretic 196
heretic 196
heroic, brave 85
'heroism, fortitude 176
" prowess 294
hesitancy, doubt, n 138
hesitate, fluctuate 173
hesitation, doubt, n 138
heterogeneous 196
" complex 112
hidden, mysterious 247
" obscure 255
hide 197
" palliate 261
high 198
" steep 342
highroad, way 372
highway, way 372
highwayman, robber 320
hinder 199
" obstruct 257
" prohibit 290
" restrain 315
hindrance, barrier 74
" impediment 213
hint, allude 36
" suggestion 347
hire, v., employ 147
hire, n., pay 266
hireling, venal 365
history 200
" record 301
hitherto, yet 374
hoard, amass 38
hoary, old 257
hoidenish, rustic 321
hold, arrest 57
" esteem, v 156
" have 194
" keep 226
" restrain 315
hold back, restrain 315
hold dear, cherish 104
hold in, restrain 315
hold up, support 348
holiness, religion 307
holy 200
" perfect 268
" pure 296
homage, allegiance 32
hofne 201
homogeneous, alike 30
ho?iest 202
535
honest
liuniutable
Page.
honest, candid 93
honesty, veracity 3(i7'
" 'cirttie 370
honor, v. adridre 23
" venerate 366
honor, n.,faine 166
" justice 225
" virtue 370
honorable, honest 202
honorarium, jKiy 266
hook, lock 234
hope, v., anticipate 47
hope, w., anticipation 48
hopelessness, despair 129
horizontal 202
horrible, awful 70
horrific, awfid 70
horror, abomination 7
" fear 168
horticulture, agricultw'e 25
host, army 56
" company 110
" throng 356
hostile, alien, a 29
hostility, antipathy 48
" enmity 152
" feud 170
" hatred 193
hot, eager 142
house, home 201
housings, caparison 93
howbeit, notwithstanding, conj 254
however, but 89
" notwithstariding, conj 254
huge, large 229
hum, sing 333
human, humane 203
humane 203
humanity, benevolence 80
humble, abase 2
" abash 3
" chasten 103
" conquer 115
humiliate, abase S
" abash 3
humiliation, chagrin 100
humor,/awcy 107
" wit 373
hunt 203
hunting, hunt 203
hurl, send 327
hurry, quiclceri 297
hurt, injiii'y 219
hurtful, pernicious 270
husbandry, agriculture 25
hygienic, hecilthy 195
hypocrisy 204
" deception 123
hypocnte 204
hypothesis 205
idea 206
" fancy 167
" ideal. 206
ideal 206
" example 160
" idea 206
" perfect 268
identical, alike 30
" syrwnymffus 349
Page.
idiocy 207
idiom, language 228
idle... ■. 208
" vain 364
ignite, burn 87
ignorant 208
" bnitisli 87
ill, wisfiirtuiie 242
ilUadvis.'d, <ih>:urd 11
iH'Cdii-iidrrcd, absurd 11
ill«defined, fai/)f 164
ill=doing, sin 332
illegal, cmninal 120
ill=l'ortune, misfortune 242
ill»humored, morose 245
illimitable, infinite 216
ill=informed, ignorant 208
illiterate, ignorant 208
ill=judged, absurd 11
ill luck, misfortune 242
ill=matched, incongriwus 214
ill=natured, morose 245
illness, disease 134
ill»treat, abuse 12
illumination, light 231
ill'use, abuse 12
illusion, delusion 127
illustrate, adorn 23
illustration, allegory 33
" sample 323
ill'will, enmity 152
hatred 193
image, emblem 146
" fancy 167
" idea 206
" model 243
imagination 209
idea 209
" fancy 167
imaginative, /«wcj/m; 167
imagine, suppose 348
imbecility, idiocy 207
imbibe, absorb 9
inibruted, brutish 87
imitate. '/(V/o/c 174
imitation, caricature 95
" duplicate 141
" model 243
immaculate, innocent 220
'■ perfect 268
" jmre 296
immanent, inherent 218
immature, youthful 375
immeasureable, infinite 216
immediately 211
immemorial, old 257
" primeval 287
immense, la7^ge 229
immerge, immerse 213
immerse 212
immigrate, emigrate 147
imminent 212
immobility, apathy 50
immoral, criminal 120
immorality, sin 332
immortal, eternal 157
immovable, obstinate 256
immunity, right 319
immutable, permanent 269
Impact
indifference
536
Page.
impact, collision 109
impairment, i7ijui~y 219
impart, give 185
impartial, candid 93
impartiality, justice 225
impassibility, apathy 50
impatience, anger 44
impatient, eage?' 142
" restive 314
impeach, arraign 56
impede, hinder 199
obst7'uct 257
impediment 213
impel, drive 140
" influence 217
" persuade 271
" send 327
impending, imminent 212
imperative, absolute 8
imperfection, blemish 82
imperious, absolute 8
" dogmatic 137
imperishable, eternal i57
impertinence, impudence 213
" i)ertness 271
impertinent, alien, a 29
" meddlesome 238
imperturbable, calm 91
impetuous, eager * . 142
" fierce 171
implement, tool 358
implicate, involve 223
implication, suggestion 347
implore, ask 59
" plead 274
" pray 281
imply, allude 36
" involve 223
impolite, bluff, 83
importunate, eager 142
importune, pray 281
impose on, abuse 12
imposing, awful 70
imposition, deception 12;i
" fraud 177
impostor, hypocrite 204
imposture, artifice 58
" fraud 177
imprecation, oath 254
impressibility, sensibility 328
impression, idea 206
" trace 359
imprisonment, fetter 169
impromptu, extemporaneous 163
improve, amend 41
improvement, jjrofit 288
" progress 289
improvised, extemporaneous 163
impudence 213
" assurance 61
" effrontery 144
" pertness 271
impulse, ajipetiie 54
iuipulsivu, sjiontaneous 340
impute, attribute, v 65
inactive, idle 208
" slow 337
in addition, also 37
inadvertence, neglect 251
Page.
inapposite, incongruous 214
inappropriate, alien, a 29
" incongruous 214
inasmuch as, because 77
inattention, neglect 251
inattentive, abstracted 11
inauguration, beginning 78
inborn, inherent 218
inbred, inherent 218
incandescence, light 231
incapacity, idiocy 207
inception, beginning 78
incessant, continual. 117
incident, accident 14
" circumstance 105
" event 158
" st07'y 343
incinerate, burn 87
" influence 217
incipience, beginning 78
incite, abet 4
" pers^iade 271
incivility, impudence 213
inclination, aim 26
" appetite 54
" attachment 63
" desire 128
" direction 132
fancy 167
incline, bend 79
" draw 138
" influence 217
" persuade 271
tip 357
inclined, addicted 19
include, involve 223
incommensurable, incongruous 214
incomparable, rare 300
incompatible, i?icongruous 214
incomprehensible, mystoious 247
" obscure 255
inconclusive, absurd 11
incongruous 214
inconsiderate, bluff 83
inconsistency, difference 131
inconsistent, incongruous 214
inconstant, vain 364
incorrect, absurd 11
incorrupt, pure 296
incorruptible, /aii'/i/'i/; 165
increase, add 18
" amplify 43
" harvest 192
" progress 289
incredulity, doubt, n 138
incubus, load 233
inculcate, teach 353
incursion, attack, n 64
indecision, doubt, n 138
indefinite, equivocal 155
indemnity, subsidy 345
independence, liberty 230
indeterminate, equivocal 155
indicate, allude 36
indication, characteristic 103
" sign 332
indict, atTaign 56
indifference, apathy 50
" neglect 251
337
tiidlflerent
ln»itii;ate
Page.
indifferent, abstracted 11
indigence, poverty 279
indigenous, native 248
" primeval 287
indignation, anger 44
indispensable, inherent 218
indispensability, necessity 250
indispensable, necessary 250
indispensableness, necessity 250
indisposed, reluctant 308
indisposition, disease 134
indistinct, eqtdvocal 155
faint 164
" obscure 255
individually, apiece 51
indoctrinate, teach 353
indolent, idle 208
indomitable, obstinate 256
indubitable, evident 159
induce, draw 138
" influence 217
" persuade 271
induction 215
" demonstration 127
indtistrious 215
" active 17
industry 216
indwelling, inherent 218
ineffectual, vain 364
inelegant, i-ustic 321
inequality, difference 131
inert, idle 208
" slow 337
inevitable, necessary 250
inexorable, severe 329
inexplicable, mysterious 247
infallible, necessary 250
infatuated, absurd 11
infect, defile 124
infection j contagion 117
inference, demonstration 127
" induction 215
infidel, sksjMc 335
infirmity, disease 134
infinite 216
infixed, inherent 218
inflexible, severe 329
" obstinate 256
influence 217
" bend 79
" govern 185
" operation 258
" persuade 271
inform, state 341
teach 353
information, education 143
" knowledge 227
" wisdom 373
informed, conscious 116
infrequent, rare 300
infringement, attack, n 64
ingathering, harvest 198
ingenious clever 109
skUful 335
ingenuity, address, n 20
ingenuous, candid 93
" honest 202
ingenuousness, veracity 367
ingleside, home 201
Page.
ingrained, inherent 218
" radical 299
ingredient, part 264
ingress, entrance 154
inhabit, abide 5
inharmonious, incongruous 214
inherent 218
inhering, iiili) rent 218
mhWnX.jn-oliihit 2i)0
inhuman, barbarous 7'3
iniquitous, cnminal 120
iniquity, abomination 7
" injustice 220
" sin 332
initiate, teach 353
initiation, beginning 78
injunction, order 258
injure, abuse 12
injurious, 2)ernicious 270
injury 219
" blemish 82
" injustice 220
injustice 220
" injury 219
inlet, entrance 154
in like manner, also 37
innate, inherent 218
" native 248
" radical 299
innocent 220
" candid 93
" pm^'^ 296
innocuous, innocent 220
Innovation, change, n 101
innoxious, innocent 220
innuendo, sugges/io/i 347
innumerable,' infinite 216
inotlViisive. inn'or, /,/ 220
inciiiiriuLT. imiu'isilii-e 221
inquij^itiiin, Imnt 203
inquisitive 221
insalubrious, pernicious 270
insanity 221
inscription, record 304
inscrutable, mysterious 247
insecure, precarious 282
insecurity, danger 121
insensibility, apathy 50
" stupidity 344
" stupor 344
insensible, b7nitish 87
inseparable, inherent 218
insight, acumen 18
" wisdom 372
insinuate, allude 36
insinuation, suggestion 347
insolence, effrontery 144
" impudence 213
" pride 286
inspect, look 234
inspection, oversiglit 260
inspiration, enthusiasm 153
in spite of, notwithstanding, pi^ep. . 254
instalment, pari 264
instance, iina iJi nt 282
samiih ,323
instanter, innm diiitdy 211
instantly, immediately 211
instigate, abet 4
instigate
joyous
53§
Page.
instigate, influence 217
instill, teach 353
instinct, mind 241
instinctive, spontaneous 340
instruct, teach 353
instruction, education 143
" 09'der 258
instrument, agent 24
" record 304
tool 358
insubordinate, rebellious 304
insubordination, revolution 317
insult, affront 24
insurrection, revolution. 317
integrity, ^Msrtce 225
" virtue 370
intellect, mind 241
intellectual, clever 109
intelligence, knowledge 227
" mind 241
intelligent, clever 109
" sagacious 322
intelligible, clear 107
intemperance, excess 160
intense, eager 142
intensity, enthusiasm 153
intent, a., eager 142
intent, n., aim 26
" design 128
" end, n 148
intention, aim 26
" design 128
intentness, indust?^/ 216
inter, hide 197
intercede, interpose 222
intercept, interpose 222
interchangeable, mutual 246
" synonymous 349
intercourse, conversation 118
interdict, prohibit 290
interest, entertain 152
interfere, interpose 222
intermeddle, interpose 222
interminable, eternal 157
" infinite 216
intermission, rest 313
intermit, cease 98
internal, inherent 218
interpose 222
interpretation, definition 124
interrupt, hinder 199
" interpose., 222
" obstmct 257
in the midst of, amid 42
intimacy, acquaintance 15
intimate, allude 36
intimation, suggestion 347
mWrniAaXe, frighten 180
intolerance, /awa^icism 166
intractable, obstinate 256
" perverse 272
" rebellious 304
" restive 314
intrepid, brave 85
intrepidity, proivess 294
intricate, complex 112
" obscure 255
intrinsic, inherent 218
introduce, allege 31
Page.
introduction, entrance 154
introductory, jyrevious 285
intrusion, attack, n 64
intrusive, inquisitive 221
" meddlesome 238
intrusiveness, impudence 213
intuition, knowledge 227
intuitive, transcendental 361
invade, attack, v 63
invariable, continual 117
" permanent 269
invasion, attack, n 64
inveigle, allure 37
invent, discover 133
invention, artifice 58
" fiction 170
inventory, record 304
invoke, pray 281
involuntary, spontaneous 340
involve 223
involved, C07nplex 112
" obscure 255
inwrought, inherent 218
iota, particle 264
irate, bitter 81
ire, anger 44
irovi.8,fetter 169
irony, banter 73
irrational, absurd 11
irreconcilable, incongruous 214
irresolute, /ai«< 164
h-resolution, doubt, n 138
irresponsible, absolute 8
irrelevant, alien, a 29
irritate, affront 24
irritation," anger 44
" 2^iq"^ 272
issue, v., rise. 318
issue, '/(., consequence 116
" end, n 148
" event 158
topic 359
item, circu7nMance 105
jabber, babble 71
jade, tire 357
jam, throng 356
jar, shake 330
jealous, envious 155
jeer, sneer 337
jeering, banter 73
jeopardy, danger 121
" hazard 194
jest, tvit 373
job, business 88
jocularity, wit 373
jocund, happy 190
joggle, shake 330
join on, add 18
joint mutual 246
joke, wit 373
jolly, happy 190
jolt, shake 330
jot, particle 264
jounce, shake 330
journey 223
joy, happiness 189
joyful, happy 190
joyous, airy 2('
" happy 190
539
judge
let
Page.
judge 224
judgment, idea 206
" prudence 294
" tvisdom 372
judicious, saf/aciniis 322
judiciousness, pnidt-iice 294
" wiKilnm 372
jumble, displace 135
junction, n/non 362
juncture, union 362
junto, cabal 90
jurisprudence, law 229
just, a., honest 202
just, adv., but 89
justice 225
" judge 224
" virtue 370
justification, apology 51
defense 123
justness, justice 225
juvenile, iieiv 252
" youthful 375
keen, astute 62
" clever 109
" eager 142
" fine ira
" sagacious 322
keenness, acumen 18
keen^sighted, sagacious 322
keen=witted, sagacious 322
keep 226
" celebrate 99
" restrain 315
" saipport 348
keep back, restrain 315
keep down, restrain 315
keep in, restrain 315
keep under, restrain 315
keep up, support 348
kill..... 226
kin 227
kind, amiable 42
" friendly 178
" humane 203
" pleasant 275
" propitious 291
" kin 227
kind=hearted, humane 203
kind-heartedness, benevolence 80
kindle, burn 87
kindliness, benevolence 80
kindly, friendly 178
" pleasant 275
" propitious 291
kindness, benevolence 80
" mercy 239
kindred, a., (dike 30
kindred, n., kin 227
kinglike, royal 320
kingly, royal 320
kiss, caress 95
kitchen-gardening, agriculture 25
knack, ease 143
knock, bloi.v 83
knowing, astute 62
" clever 109
knowledge 227
' ' acquaintance 15
" education 143
Page.
knowledge, science 325
" wisdotn 372
labor, industry 216
" ivork 374
laborious, difficult 132
lacerate, rend 309
laconic, terse 354
lading, load 233
lament, mou7'n 246
lamentable, pitiful 273
lance, send ' 327
land, reach 300
landmark, boundary 84
lane, way 372
228
diction 130
speech 339
languid, faint 164
large..- 229
" plentiful 276
largess, gift 184
lascivious, bimtish 87
lash, blow 83
lasting, permanent 269
latch, lock 234
late, neiv 252
laudation, jrraise 280
laughable, queer 297
launch, send 327
laurele,/am« 166
lave, cleanse 107
lavish, plentiful 276
lavishness, excess 160
law 229
" justice 225
lawfulness, justice 225
lawlessness, revolution 317
lay, jjut 296
lay hold oi, catch 97
lazy, idle 208
lead, draw 138
'• influence 217
" pe7-suade 271
league, alliance 34
lean, tip 357
learner, scholar 324
learning, education 143
" {knowledge 227
" wisdom 372
leave, abandon 1
" permission 269
leave»ofl, cease 98
leave-taking, farewell 168
legality, justice 225
legate, delegate 125
legend, fiction 170
" story 343
legions, army 56
legislation, I'aiv 229
legitimate, authen tic 67
leisure, vacant 363
lengthen, pivtract 293
lenience, mercy 239
leniency, mercy 239
" patience 265
lenity, mercy 239
lessen, abate 3
" alleviate 33
let, allow 35
let go
make knonvn
540
Page.
let go, sfiirrende?' 349
lethargy, apathy 50
" stupor 344
level, km'izo>ital 202
liable, likeli/ 232
libel, slander 336
liberal, generous 182
" plentiful 276
liberality, benevolence 80
liberate, absolve 9
liberty 230
" permission 269
" right 319
license, liberty 230
" permission 269
" Hghi 319
lie, deception 123
life, behavior 79
life, public, career 95
lift, cai'ry 96
light, a., airy 27
light, n 231
" knowledge 227
lighten, alleviate 33
like, alllce 30
" likely 232
" synonymmis 349
likely 232
" apparent 52
likeness, analogy 43
" appi-oximation 55
" duplicate 141
likewise, also 37
liking, appetite ■. 54
" fancy 167
" love 235
limit, boundary 84
" end, n 148
limitless, infinite 216
limpid, clear 107
line, boundary 84
line of achievement, career 95
line of battle, array 57
lingering, sloiv 337
liquid, fluid 174
list, listen 232
" tip 357
listen 232
listless, abstracted 11
" faint 164
literal, verbal 368
literary productions, literature 233
literary works, literature 233
literature 233
litter, flock 173
little, minute 242
live, v., abide 5
live, a., alive 30
liveliness, pertness 271
lively, active 17
" airy 27
" alert 28
" alive 30
" nimble 253
" raey 299
li\ang, alive 30
living creature, animal 45
living organism, animal 45
load 233
Page.
loath, reluctant 308
loathe, abhor 5
lock 234
lodge, abide 5
" association 60
lofty, high 198
loneliness, retiremsnt 315
long, large 229
longing, appetite 54
" desire 128
" eager 142
long'suffering, patience 265
look, V 234
" appear 52
look, 91., air 27
look forward to, anticipate 47
loquacious, garjmlous 181
lordly, absolute 8
Lord's Supper, sacrament 331
lore, knowledge 227
loss, injury 219
lot, flock 173
" poi'tion 279
lovable, amiable 42
love, V 235
" admire 23
love, n., attachment 63
" friendship 179
lovely, amiable 42
" beautiful 76
loving, amiable 42
" friendy 178
lower, abase 2
" abate 3
" disparage 134
lower classes, mob 243
loya.], faithful 165
loyalty, allegiance 32
lucid, clear 107
\\icky, fortunate 177
" happy 190
ludicrous, absu7'd 11
" queer 297
lunacy, insanity 221
lure, allure 37
" draw 138
luscious, delicious 126
lust, ajypetite 54
luster, light 231
luxuriant, plentiful 276
lying, deception 123
macnination, artifice 58
machine, tool 358
madness, insanity 221
magisterial, dogmatic 137
magnanimous, generous 182
magnificent, royal. 320
man, arnu 55
maintain, allege 31
keep 226
state 341
" s^tpiport 348
majestic, awful 70
" rm/al 320
make 236
" compel Ill
make better, amend 41
make haste, quicken 297
make known, announce 46
541
make out
minified
Page.
make out, make 236
make prisoner, arrent 57
make up, add 18
" make 236
make use of, employ 147
make void, cancel 62
make white, bleach. 82
maladroit, (nrk/rard 70
malady, dis' (/■■<i 134
male, iintfcidiiii- 237
malediction, outh 254
malevolence, eniiiitii 152
hatred 193
malice, enmity 152
" hatred 193
malign, abuse 12
" slander 336
malignity, acrimony 15
" enmity 153
" hatred 193
maltreat, abuse 12
manacles, fetter 169
manage, govern 185
manageable, docile 136
management, care 94
" oversight 260
mandate, laiv 229
" order 258
maneuver, artifice 58
manful, tnascutine 237
mangle, rend 309
mania, insanity 221
manifest, clear 107
" evident 159
manifestation, revelation 316
" sign 332
manifold, com.plex 112
manlike, masculine 237
manly, mascidine 237
manner, air 27
" behavior 79
" system 350
manners, address, n 20
" behavioi' 79
mannish, mcisculine 237
manufacture, make 236
marauder, robber 320
marches, boundary 84
marge, bank 72
" boundary 84
margin, bank 72
" boundary 84
marine, nautical 248"
maritime, nautical 248
mark, aim 26
" characteristic 103
" sign 332
" ti'ace 359
market'gardening, agricultvre 25
marriage 236
masculine 237
mask, v., hide 197
mask, n., pretense 283
mass, throng 356
massacre 237
kill 226
masses, mab 243
massive, large 229
master, attain 64
Page.
master, conquer 115
mastiTV. rh-loni 369
iiKilc, ii-;s,iri,il,' 60
material, fihij^'ii-id 272
matrimony, 'viarriage 236
matter, topic 359
maxim, proverb 293
HK'aiis, lujcnt 24
measure. '///^/<»r 240
nieasureU'SS, infinite 216
mechanic, artist 58
mechanism, tool 358
meddle, Interpose 222
meddlesome 238
" Inquisitive 221
meddling, inquisitive 221
" meddlesome 238
mediate, interpose 222
meditate, delil)erate 135
meet, Ixcinninq 77
meeting-, ciillis'nin 109
" coniiKini/ 110
melancholy, grief 187
meliorate, ainend 41
melody 238
member, part 264
" term 354
memoir, history 200
memorandum, 'record 304
memorial, record 304
trace 359
memorials, Mst07'y 200
memory 239
mend, amend 41
mendicancy, poverty 279
mention, allude 36
mercenary, uiixiliary 67
" venal 365
merciful, hutnane 203
" projntious 291
merciless, barbarous 73
mercy 239
" pardon 262
" pity 273
mere, pure 296
merely, but 89
merriment, entertainment 153
" happiness 189
merry, happy 190
metamorpliiise, change, v 100
meta])h<)r, dlh (ftiry 33
mete out, alhi. 34
meter 240
" poetry 277
method, system 350
metrical composition, jjoefrj/ 277
metropolis, capital 94
middle, center 99
midst, center 99
" (in the midst of), amid 42
mien, air 27
miiiht, power 279
initiate, ( migrate 147
milliners, mercy 239
military, army 56
mimicry, caricature 95
mind 241
mingled, heterogeneous 196
" complex 113
mingled \irltli
narration
542
Pagk.
mingled with, amid 42
minute 243
" fine 172
miraculous, supernatural 347
mirth, happi7iess 189
mirthful, happy 190
misadventure, accident 14
" misfortune 242
miscellaneous, heterogeneous 196
mischance, catastrophe 97
" misfortune 242
mischief, injury 219
mischievous, pernicious 270
misdeed, sin 332
misemploy, abuse 12
miserable, pitiful 273
miserly, avaricious 68
vai&erVmess, frugality 180
misery, misfortune... 243
misfortune 243
" accident 14
" bloiv 83
" catastrophe 97
misgiving, cdarm 28
" anxiety 49
doubt, n 138
" fear 168
mishap, accident 14
" cata^strophe 97
" misfortune 242
mislay, displace 135
mismatched, incongmmis 214
mismated, incongruous 214
misplace, displace 135
mistaken, absurd 11
mistrust, doubt., v 137
misuse, abuse 12
mite, particle 284
mitigate, abate 3
" alleviate 33
" amend 41
" palliate 261
mixed, complex 112
" heterogeneous 19(i
mob 243
mobile, active 17
mock, sneer 337
mockery, banter 73
mode, system 350
nwdel 243
" example 160
" idea 206
" ideal 206
moderate, v., abate 3
" alleviate 33
moderate, a., alow 337
moderation, abstinence 10
modem, new 252
modesty 244
modify, change, v lOO
mold, bend 79
" </or<rn 185
mold, inoi/il 343
inoldrr, i/iray 123
inok'cule, particle 364
molest, abuse 13
mollify, allay 31
momentary, transieid 361
monetary, financial 173
Page.
money 244
monomania, insanity 231
monstrous, absurd 11
mood,/awcj^ 167 .
mop, cleanse 107
morality, religion 307
" virtue 370
moreover, but 89
morose 245
" severe 329
moroseness, acrimony ." . 15
mortification, chagrin 100
mortify, abash 3
mother tongue, language 228
motion 245
" act 16
" topic a59
motive, cause 98
" reason, n 302
motto, proverb 293
7nourn 246
mournful, pitiful 273
mourning, grief 187
move, v., cari'y 96
" convey 119
" infiuence 217
" persuade 271
move, w., motion 345
movement, act 16
" motion 245
mover, agent 24
moving, pitiful 273
muddy, obscure 255
mulish, restive 314
" obstinate 256
multiform, complex 112
multitude, army 56
" company 110
" throng 356
munificence, benevolence 80
munificent, generous 182
70yal 320
muniment, record 3W
muniments, history 200
murder, kill 226
murky, dark 122
murmur, babble 71
" complain 112
music, melody 238
muster, convoke 130
mutation, change, n 101
mute, taciturn 351
mutinous, rebellious 304
" restive 314
mutiny, revolution 317
mutual 246
mysterious 247
" dai'k 133
" obscure 255
mystic, mysfeiious 247
mystical, mysterious 247
myth, fiction 170
" 'story 343
naive, candid 93
name 247
" term 354
narration, history 200
" report 311
" stoi'y 343
343
narrative
obsolescent
Page.
narrative, historij 300
" report 311
" story 343
natal, native 248
nation, people 266
native 248
" inherent 218
" radical 299
natty, neat 249
natural, inherent 218
" native 248
" normal 253
" physical 272
" radical 299
nature, character 102
nauseate, abhor 5
nautical 248
naval, nautical 248
near, adjacent 22
nearness, approximation 55
neat 249
" becoming 77
" terse 354
necessary 150
necessitate, compel Ill
necessity 250
" predestination 282
need, necessity 250
" poverty 279
needed, necessary 250
needful, necessary 250
nefarious, criminal 120
neglect 251
neglectfulness, neglect 251
negligence, neglect 251
negligent, abstracted 11
negotiate, transact 360
neighborhood, approximation 55
neighboring, adjacent 22
neighborly, friendly -178
neophyte, convert 119
never=ending, eternal 157
never=failing, eternal 157
nevertheless, but 89
" notwithstanding, co/ij. 254
new 252
newfangled, neiv 253
new»f ashioned, new 252
newmade, new 252
next, ac(jacent 22
nice, fine 172^
" neat 249
" tasteful 352
niggardly, avaricious 68
nigh, acijacent 22
nimble 253
" active 17
" ale7't 28
noble, auful 70
" generous 182
" high 198
noise, sound 338
noisome, pernicicms 270
non=conformist, heretic 196
non=homogeneous, heterogeneous — 196
nonsensical, absurd 11
normal 253
" general 181
" xmial 368
Page.
note, remark 308
" sign 332
" sound 338
notes, money 244
notify, announce 46
notion, iilea 206
notoriety, fame 166
nottvith standing, prep 254
notwithstanding, conj 254
but 89
nourish, cherish 104
nourishment, food 175
novel, a., neio 252
novel, w., fiction 170
story 343
novelty, change, n 101
novice, amateur 39
now, immediately 21 1
" yet 374
noxious, pernicious 270
nugatory, rain 364
nuisance, abomination 7
null, vain 364
nullify, abolish 6
" cancel 92
number, calculate 90
numberless, infinite 216
numbers, poetry 277
nuptials, marriage 236
nurse, cherish 104
nurture, cherish 104
" education 143
teach 353
nutriment, food 175
nutrition, /oof? 175
oath 254
obdurate, obstinate 256
obedience, allegiance 32
obedient, docile 136
obey, follow 174
" keep 326
obiter dictum, precedent 382
object, aim 26
"■ design 128
" reason, n 302
objective, subjective 345
objurgation, reproof 311
obiigation, contract 118
" duty 142
oblige, bind 81
" cbmpel Ill
obliging, pleasant 275
" 7»;ite 277
obliterate, abolish 6
" cancel 92
oblivion, pardon, n 262
oblivious, abstracted 11
obscure 255
" complex 112
dark 122
" equivocal 155
" mysterious 247
observance, sacrament 321
observation, remark. . - 308
observe, celebrate 99
" discern 133
" follow 174
keep 226
obsolescent, obsolete 256
obsolete
overawe
544
Page.
obsolete 256
obstacle, barrier 74
" impediment 213
obstinate 256
" restive 314
" 2)e?rerse 273
obstruct 257
" hinder 199
obstruction, barrier 74
" impediment 313
obtain, attain 64
get 183
" purchase 295
obtrusive, meddlesome 238
obtuseness, stupidity 344
obviate, prevent 284
obvious, clear 107
" evident 159
occasion, cause 98
" make 236
occult, mysterious 247
occupation, business 88
" exercise 162
" work 374
occupied, industrious, 215
occupy, entertain 152
" have 194
occur, happen 188
occurrence, circumstance 105
"■ event 158
ocean, a., nautical 248
oceanic, nautical 248
odd, queer 297
" rare 300
offend, affront 24
offense, abomination 7
" anger 44
" pique 272
" sin 332
offer, -y., allege 31
offer, w., proposal 292
ofl=hand, extemporaneous 163
office, duty 142
officious, active 17
" meddlesome 238
offlciousness, impudence 213
old 257
" obsolete 256
" primeval 287
olden, old .• 257
old=f ashioned, antique 48
omen, sign 332
omission, neglect.. 251
oneness, union 362
onerous, difficult 132
only, but 89
onset, attack, n 64
onslaught, attack, n 64
on the alert, vigilant..: 369
tm the lookout, vigilant 369
on the watch, alert 28
opaque, dark 122
0])en, hhiff' 83
" candid 93
" evident 159
open-handed, generous 182
open»hearted, generous 182
opening, beginning 78
Page.
opening, entrance 154
operation 258
" act 16
" exercise 162
operative, artist 58
operator, agent 24
opinion, _/"aiiA 164
" idea 206
opinionated, dogmatic 137
" obstinate 256
opponent, enemy 151
oppose, co7it7'ast 118
" hinder 199
" obstmct 257
opposed, cdien, a 29
reluctant 308
opposition, ambition 40
" antipathy 48
" collision 109
oppress, abuse 12
option, alternative 38
oral, verbal 368
oration, speech 339
oratory, sjJeech 339
order 258
" array 57
" class 106
" law 229
" system 350
orderly, neat 249
order of battle, array 57
ordinance, knv 229
" sacrament 321
ordinary, general 181
" normal 253
" usual 362
organic, radical 299
origin, beginning 78
" cause 98
original, a., authentic 67
" native 248
original, n., ideal 206
" model 243
" pnmercd 287
" radical 299
" transcendentcd 361
originator, cause 98
ornament, adorn 23
oscillate, fluctuate 173
" shake 330
ostentation 259
" pnde 286
ostracise, banish 72
ought 260
oust, banish 72
outcome, consequence 116
" end, n 148
" event 158
outgo, expense 162
outgrowth, consequence 116
outlandish, rustic 321
outlay, expense 162
" price 285
outline, abridgment 7
" sketch 334
out of date, obsolete 256
outrage, injury 219
outset, beginning 78
overawe, abash 3
545
overbearing
penury
Page.
overbearing, absolute 8
" dogmatic 137
overcome, beat 75
" conqver 115
over-conCidence, tt'mi'rity 353
overflowiiii;, ph nlij'id 276
overlook, pardon., v 262
overmaster, conquer 115
overmatch, conquer 115
overplus, excess 160
overpower, conquer 115
oversight 260
" care 94
" neglect 251
overt, evident 159
overtake, catch 97
overthrow, abolish 6
" conquer 115
" demolish 127
"• exte7'ininate 163
" refute 306
" subvert 346
overture, proposal 292
overturu, detnolish 127
" subvert 346
overwhelm, hide 197
" involve 223
own, avow 69
" confess 114
" have 194
pabulum, /ooc? 175
pacify, allay 31
pack, load 233
" flock 173
pact, contract 118
pageant, ostentation 259
pageantry, ostentation 259
pain 261
pains, industry 216
palaver, babble.^ 71
palliate 261
" alleviate 33
palpable, evident 159
paltry, pitiful 273
pamper, caress 95
panegyric, jiraise 280
pang, pain 261
panic, alarm 28
" fear 168
parable, allegwy 33
parade, array 57
" ostentation 259
paradox, riddle 318
paradoxical, absurd 11
parapet, barrier 74
paraphrase, quote 298
parcel, portion 279
pardon, v 262
" absolve 9
pardon, n 262
" mercy 239
pardonable, venial 367
parity, analogy 43
parley, conversation 118
parody, caricature 95
paroxysm, pain ; 261
parsimonious, avaricious 68
parsimoniousness,/rMg'aH<2/ 180
l)a.Tsimony, f7nigality,', 180
35
Page.
part, n 264
" particle 264
" portion 279
partiality, prejudice 264
particle 264
particular, circumstance 105
" minute 242
participation, association 60
participator, acressory 13
partini;- t^ahiVdiion, fareivell 168
partizan, adherent 21
partner, accessory 13
" associate 60
partnership, alliance 34
" association 60
pass, way 372
!, career 95
motion 245
way 372
of arms, battle 74
.', way 372
pass by, pardon 262
passing, transient 361
passion, anger 44
" appetite 54
" enthusiasm 153
pass over, pardon 262
pastime, entertainment 153
pastoral, rustic 321
patent, evident 159
path, ivay 372
pathetic, pitiful 273
pathway, way 372
jMtience 265
" industry 216
patois, language 228
patriarchal, old 257
" jyrirneval 287
pattern, example 160
idea 206
ideal 206
model 243
precedent 282
pauperism, poverty 279
pause, cease 98
" rest....- 313
pay 266
" requite 313
payment, pay 266
pay oS, requite 313
peace, rest 313
peaceful, calm 91
peacefulness, rest 313
peculiar, queer 297
rare 300
peculiarity, characteristic 103
pecuniary, financial 172
peeping, inquisitive 221
peer, associate 60
peevishness, anger 44
pellucid, clear 107
penetrating, astute 62
penetration, acumen. 18
" entrance'. 154
penetrative, astute '62
penitence, rejientance 310
pension, subsidy 345
penurious, avaricious 68
penury, poverty 279
people
pledge
546
Page.
people 206
people, dregs of the, mob 243
perceive 267
" discern 133
perceptible, evident 159
perception, knmcledge 227
" sensatioti 328
peremptory, absolute 8
perennial, eternal 157
perfect 268
" pare 290
" radical 299
perform, do 135
" execute 161
" make 236
" transact 360
performance, act 16
" exercise 162
" operation 258
" wm-k 374
performer, agent 24
perU, danger 121
" hazard 194
perilous, precarious 282
period, end, n '. 148
" time 356
periphrasis, circumlocution 105
perish, die 130
permanent 269
permission 269
permit, a., allow 35
~ " endure 150
permit, n., permission 269
pernicious 270
perpetrate, do 135
perpetual, continual 117
" eterncd 157
" permanent 269
perplexing, equivocal 155
perplexity 270
" amazement 39
" anxiety 49
" care 94
doubt, n 138
persecute, abuse 12
perseverance, industry 216
persistence, industry 216
persistent, 2^frmanent 269
" obstinate 256
personality, character 102
perspicacious, astute 62
" sagacious 322
perspicacity, acumen 18
perspicuous, clear 107
persuade 271
" bend 79
" influence 217
pertinacious, obstinate 256
pertness 271
" impudence 213
perverse 272
pervert, abuse 12
perverting, pernicious 270
pestiferous, pernicious 370
pestilential, pernicious 370
pet, caress 95
petition, ask 59
" pr-ay 281
pettishness, anger 44
Page.
petulance, anger 44
petulant, perverse 272
phalanx, army 56
phantasm, delusion 127
phantasy, imagination 209
Pharisaism, hypocrisy 204
philanthropy, benevolence 80
phlegm, apathy 50
phrase, diction 130
" term 354
phraseology, dicti07i 130
phijsical 272
pick, alternative 38
" choose 104
pick out, choose 104
picture, sketch 334
picturesque, beautiful 76
piece, part 264
pietism, hypocrisy 204
" religion 307
piety, religion 307
pile up, amass 38
piJOTimage, journey 223
pillager, robber 320
piquant, racy 299
piqiie 272
pirate, robber 320
piteous, pitiful , 273
pithy, tei'se 354
pitiable, pitiful 273
pitiful 273
2)ity 273
" mercy 239
pitying, humane 203
place, put 296
placid, calm 91
plagiarize, quote '. 298
plague, abmnination 7
plain, clear 107
" evident 159
" r^istic 321
plain»spoken, bluff 83
plan, design 128
" idea 206
" horizontal 302
" sketch 334
plane, horizontal 202
plant 274
plaudit, praise 280
playfulness, wit 373
plea, apology 51
plead .■ 274
" allege 31
" pray 281
pleasant 375
" amiable 42
" comfortable 110
" delightful 136
pleasantry, ivit 373
please, entertain 153
pleased, happy 190
pleasing, amiable 42
delightful 126
" pleasant 275
pleasurable, di I'kiJi tfnl 126
l,l,,i,,n,t 275
pleasure, erdiilnihiiunt 153
" hapjnriess 189
pledge, contract ..-,.... 118
547
pledge
prevent
Page.
pledge, security 326
plenteous, 'plentiful 276
■plentiful 276
pleonasm, circumlocution 105
pliable, docile 136
pliant, docile 136
plunderer, robber 320
plunge, immerse 312
poem, poetrij 277
poesy, poetry 277
poetry 277
point, «., allude 36
point, ?(., circnmstance 105
end, n 148
" topic 359
poisonous, pernicious 270
policy, polity 278
polished, ^«e 172
" polite 277
polite 277
politeness, address, n 20
" refinement 305
polity 278
" law 229
pollute, defile 124
pommel, beat 75
pomp, ostentation 259
pomposity, ostentation 259
pompousness, ostentation. 259
ponder, deliberate 125
populace, mob 243
popular, general 181
population, jjeopjle 266
port, air 27
portal, entrance 154
portend, augur 66
portentous, awful 70
portion 279
" part 264
portion out, allot 34
pose, attitude 65
position, attitude 65
" circumstance 105
positive, absolute 8
" dogmatic 137
" radical 299
" real 301
possess, have 194
possession, be in, hare 194
possibility, accident 14
" event 158
postulate, asstinie 61
posture, attitude 65
pound, beat 75
poverty 279
power 279
" cause 98
practise, v., follow 174
practise, n., exercise 162
habit 187
practised, skilful 335
praise 280
prate, babble 71
prattle, babble 71
pray 281
" ask 59
precarious 282
precaution, care 94
precedent, a., previous 285
Page.
p?'ecedent, n 282
" cause 98
" example 160
preceding, previous 285
precept, doctrine 136
"• x»'Overb 293
precious, rare 300
precipitancy, temerity 353
precipitation, temerity 353
precipitous, steep 342
precise, minute 242
preclude, prevent 284
prohibit 290
preconception, prejudice. ..: 283
predestination 282
predicate, state 341
predict, augur 66
predilection, fancy 167
prefer, choose 104
" promote 291
preference, alternative 38
prejudice ., 283
" injury 219
preliminary, previous 285
premium, subsidy 345
prenomen, name 247
preoccupied, abstracted 11
prepared, alert 28
prepossession, prejudice 283
preposterous, absurd 11
" queer 297
prerogative, right 319
presage, augur 66
" sign 332
prescience, wisdom 372
present, gift 184
presentiment, anticipation 48
presently, immediately 211
preserve, keep 226
press, »., pilead 274
press, w., throng 356
press forward, quicken 297
prestige, sign 332
presumable, apparent 52
likely 232
presume, assume 61
presumption, assurance 61
" ifnpnidence 213
" pr^udice 283
" pride 286
" temerity 353
pretend, assume 61
pretender, hypocrite 204
pretense 283
"■ hypocrisy 204
pretension, pretense 283
preternatural, supernatural 347
pretext, pretense 283
pretty, beautiful 76
prevail, succeed 346
prevailing, usual 362
prevail over, conquer 115
prevail upon, persuade 271
prevalent, general 181
" usual 362
prevarication, deception 123
prevent 284
" hinder 199
prohibit 290
previous
providence
54S
Page.
previous 285
prevision, anticipation 48
price 285
pride 286
prim, neat 249
primal, primeval 287
primary, pnmexal 287
prime, primeval 287
primeval 287
primitive, primeval 287
" radical 299
primordial, primeval 287
" transcendental 361
princelj^ royal 320
principle, doctrine 136
law 229
" reason, n . . 302
prior, previous 285
pristine, pnmeval 287
privacy, retirement 315
privation, poverty 279
privilege, HcjM 319
prize, esteem, v 156
probable, appai'ent 52
" likely 232
probity, virtue 370
problem, 7i,ddle 318
procedure, operation 258
proceed, rise 319
proceediag, act 16
" transaction 360
proceeds, harvest 192
profit 288
process, motion 245
proclaim, announce 46
" avow 69
proclivity, appetite 54
" desire 128
procrastinate, protract 293
procrastinating, slow 337
procure, attain 64
get 183
" purchase 295
prodigality, excess 160
produce, v., allege 31
produce, n., harvest 192
product, harvest 192
" ivork 374
production, work 374
profane swearing, oath 254
profanity, oath 254
profess, avoi.0 69
profession, business 88
proficiency, progress 289
proficient, skilful 335
projit 288
" vtility. 363
profitless, vain 364
profound, obscure 255
profundity, wisdom 372
profuse, plentiful 276
profusion, excess 160
prognostic, sign 332
prognosticate, augur 66
progress 289
progression, jyrogress 289
prohibit 290
" abolish 6
prohibition, banier 74
Page.
prohibition, order 258
project, v., send 327
project, w., design 128
prolixity, circumlocution 105
prolong, protract 293
promise, contract 118
promote 291
" abet 4
" quicken 297
promoter, agent 24
" auxiliary 67
prompt, v., influence 217
prompt, a., active 17
alert 28
" nimble 253
promulgate, announce 46
prone, addicted 19
proneness, ajypetite 54
pronounce, speak 339
" state 341
proof, demonstration 127
" testimony 355
prop, support 348
propel, drive 140
" se7id 327
propensity, appetite 54
" desii'e 128
proper, becoming 77
property, attnbute, n 66
" characteristic 103
" money 244
prophesy, augur 66
propinquity, approximation 55
propitiation 291
propitious 291
proportion, analogy 43
" portion 279
proposal 292
" design 128
propose 292
proposition, proposed 292
" topic 359
propound, announce 46
state 341
prosecute, arraign 56
proselyte, convert 119
prosper, succeed 346
prospered, fortunate 177
prosperous, fortunate 177
" happy 190
prostitute, abus^ 12
protect, cherish 104
" keep 226
" shelter 331
protection, defense 123
protest, avow 69
state 341
prototype, example 160
" ideal 206
" model 243
protract 293
proud, high 198
prove, confirm 114
" reason, v 302
provender, food 175
proverb 293
provided, but 89
T^vo\vi.&D.ce, frugality 180
" prudence 294
549
provoke
reaping'
Page.
provoke, affront 34
prowess 294
proxy, delegate 125
prudence 294
" care 94
" fntgality 180
" ■wiidoni 3V2
prying, inquisitive 221
public, general 181
" iiifual 362
publications, literature 233
public \\U\ cdner 95
publish, announce 46
puerile, youthful 375
pull, draw 138
pungent, bitter 81
" racy 299
punish, avenge 69
" chasten 103
" requite 313
pupil, scholar 324
purchasable, venal 365
purchase 295
pure 296
" fine 172
" hinocent 220
purify, amend 41
" chasten 103
" cleanse 107
purity, virtue 370
purloin, abstract 10
purpose, v., propose 292
purpose, n., aim 26
" design 128
" end, n 148
" idea 206
" reason, n 302
purposeless,/aiw< 164
pursue, follow 174
pursuit, hunt 203
push, drive 140
" promote 291
put 296
put down, conquer 115
put on, assume 61
putrefy, decay 122
put to death, kill 226
put up with, endure 150
puzzle, riddle 318
quaint, a?itique 48
" queer 297
quake, shake 330
qualification, power 279
qualified, adequate 21
qualify, change, n 100
quality, attribute, n 66
" characteristic 103
quarrel, feud 170
quash, cancel 92
quaver, shake 330
qiteer 297
question, v., reason, v 302
question, n., doubt, n 138
" topic 359
questionable, equivocal 155
quick, active 17
'^ alive 30
" clever 109
" nimble 253
Page.
quicken 297
quick of scent, sagacious 322
quick=scented, sagacious 322
quick=witted, clever 109
quiescence, rest 313
quiet, allay 31
" calm 91
" rest 313
quietness, apathy 50
rest 313
quietude, rest 313
quit, abandon 1
" cease 98
" end, V 148
" requite 313
quiver, shake 330
quote 298
rabble, ?nob 243
race, career 95
" kin 227
" people 266
racy 299
radical 299
rage, anger 44
raging, fierce 171
raider, robber 320
rail at, abuse 12
raillery, banter 73
wit 373
raiment, dress 140
raise, promote 291
ramble, tvander 371
rampart, barrier 74
" defense 123
rancor, enmity 152
" hatred 193
range, luander 371
rank, class 106
rap, blow 83
rapacious, avaricious 68
rapture, enthusiasm 153
" happiness 189
rapturous, happy 190
rare 300
" obsolete 256
rashness, tementy 353
rate, calculate 90
ratify, confirm 114
ratiocination, reasoning 303
rational, sagacious 322
ravish, abuse 12
raze, demolish 127
reach 300
" attain 64
" 7nake 236
readiness, addrens, n 20
" dexterity 129
" ease 143
" power 279
reading, education 143
ready, active 17
"• alert 28
real 301
" authentic 67
" pure 296
reality, veracity 367
realize, do 135
reanimate, recover 305
reaping, harvest 192
reason
remove
550
Page.
reason, v 302
reason, n 302
" cause 98
" mind 241
" wisdom 372
reasonableness, wisdom 372
reasoning 303
rebellion, revolution 317
rebellious 304
" restive 314
rebuke, v., reprove 312
rebuke, n., reproof 311
recalcitrant, restive 314
recall, renounce 309
recant, abandon 1
" renounce 309
receipts, profit 288
receive, get 183
received, authentic 67
recent, neu) 252
reciprocal, mutual 246
reciprocate, requite 313
recital, history 200
" report 311
" story 343
recite, quote 298
recklessness, temerity 353
reckon, calcidate 90
recognition, knowledge 227
recognize, confess 114
" discern 133
recollection, memory 239
recompense, jmy 266
" requite 313
reconciliation, pi-opitiation 291
recondite, mysterious 247
recm'd 304
" character 102
" history 200
" report 311
" story 343
recover 305
recreate, entertain 152
recreation, entertainment 153
rest 313
recruit, recover 305
rectify, amend 41
rectitude, justice 225
" virtue 370
recuperate, recover 305
redoubted, formidable 176
reduce, abase 2
" abate 3
" alleviate 33
" conquer 115
redundance, circumlocution 105
" excess 160
redundancy, circumlocution 105
" excess 160
reel, shake 330
refer, allude 36
" attribute, v 65
referee, judge 224
refine, chasten 103
refined, fine 172
refinement 305
reflect, deliberate 125
reflection, reproof 311
reform, amend 41
Page.
refractory, obstinate 256
" rebellious 304
" restive 314
refrain, cease 98
keep 226
refreshing, delightful 126
refuse, renounce 309
refute 306
regain, recover 305
regal, royal 320
regard, v., esteem, v 156
" look 234
" love 235
regard, n., attachment 63
" esteem, n 157
" friendship 179
regeneration, change, n 101
regimen, /ooc? 175
register, history 200
" recoT'd 304
regret, v., mourn 246
regret, n., grief. 187
" repentance 310
regular, continual 117
" normal 253
" usual 302
regularity, system 350
regulation, law 229
rehearsal, repoi't 311
reign over, govern 185
reject, renounce 309
rejoiced, happy 190
rejoicing, a., happy 190
rejoicing, «., happiness 189
rejoinder, answer 46
relation, analogy 43
" report 311 '
" stm'y 343
relationship, kin 227
release, absolve 9
relegate, commit 110
relentless, severe 329
reliable 306
" authentic 67
reliance,/«ii!A 164
relieve, alleviate 33
religion 307
relinquish, abandon 1
" surrender 349
relish, appetite 54
reluctant 308
remain, abide 5
remains, body 84
" trace 359
remark ^ 308
remarkable, rare 300
remembrance, memory 239
reminiscence, memory 239
remission, pardon 262
remissness, neglect 251
remit, pardon 262
remnant, trace 359
remonstrate, complain 112
" reprove 312
remorse, repentance •. 310
remote, alien, a 29
old 257
remove, abolish 6
" abstract, , 10
551
remove
retrieve
Page.
remove, alleviate 33
" cancel 92
" carry 90
" convey 119
" displace 135
" exterminate liiS
remunerate, requite 313
remuneration, pay 266
rend 309
" break 86
render, make 236
rendering, definition 124
renewal, change, n 101
renewing, change, n 101
renounce 309
" abandon 1
renown, fame 166
repair, amend 41
repartee, answer 40
repay, requite 313
repeal, abolish 6
" cancel 92
repeat, quote 298
repel, d7'ive 140
" refute 306
repentance 310
repine, complain 112
replete, plentiful 276
replica, duplicate 141
reply, answer 46
report, v., announce 46
report, n 311
repose, rest 313
repossess, recover 305
reprehend, reprove 312
reprehension, reproof 311
representation, model 243
representative, delegate 125
repress, resti'ain 315
reprimand, v., reprove 312
reprimand, n., reproof 311
reproach, v., abuse 12
" reprove 312
reproach, «., blemish 82
" reproof 311
reprobate, v., condemn 113
reprobation, oath 254
reproduction, duplicate 141
reproof 311
reproval, reproof 311
reprove 312
" condemn 113
repudiate, abandon 1
" renounce 309
repugnance, antipathy 48
hatred 193
repugnant, incongruous 214
repulse, d7'ive 140
repulsion, antipathy 48
reputation, character 102
fame 166
repute, fame 166
request, v., ask 59
" iiray 281
require, ask 59
" make 236
required, necessary 250
requirement, necessity 250
requisite, a., necessary 250
Page.
requisite, «., order 258
requisite, n., necessity 250
requital, pay 266
" revenge 316
requite 313
rescind, cancel 92
resemblance, analogy 43
' ' approximatixm 55
resembling, alike 30
resentful, restive 314
resentment, anger 44
hatred 193
" pique 272
reserve, modesty 244
pride 286
reserved, taciturn 351
reside, abide 5
residence, home 201
resign, abandon 1
resignation, patience 265
resist, drive 140
" hinder 199
resistance, defense 123
resolute, obstinate 256
resolution, fortitude 176
resolved, obstinate 256
resource, alternative 38
respect, v., admire 23
" venerate 366
respect, «., esteem, n 157
response, answer 46
responsibility, duty 142
rest, v., abide 5
rest, n 313
restifl, restive 314
restive 314
restless, active 17
" restive 314
restore, recover 305
restrain 315
" arrest 57
" bind 81
" govern 185
" keep 226
restraint, barrier 74
restrict, Mnd 81
" restrain 315
restriction, barrier 74
result, v., follow 174
result, n., consequence 116
" end, n 148
" event. 158
" harvest 192
" operation 2.58
resume, recover 305
retain, keep 226
retainer, accessory 13
retaliate, avenge 69
" requite 313
retaliation, revenge 316
retard, hinder 199
" obstruct 2.57
reticent, taciturn 351
retire, abandon 1
retirement 315
retort, answer 46
retract, abandon 1
retribution, revenge 316
retrieve, recover 305
retrospect
sanction
552
Page.
retrospect, memory 239
retrospection, memory 239
return, v., requite 313
return, «., harvest 192
•' lyroflt 288
returns, p7vJU 288
reveal, announce 46
revelation 316
revenge, v., avenge 69
" requite 313
revenge, n 316
hatred 193
revere, admire 23
" venerate 366
reverence, v.-, venerate 366
reverence, «., veneration 366
reverie, dream 139
reverse, v., abolish 6
reverse, n., misfortune 242
revile, abuse J2
" slander 336
revoke, abolish 6
" cancel 92
" renounce 309
revolt, n., revolution 317
revolution 317
" change 101
revolve 318
reward, v., requite 313
reward, «., subsidy 345
rhythm, meter 240
rich, plentiful 276
" racy ~''9
ride, drive 140
riddle 318
ridicule, banter. '3
ridiculous, absurd 11
" queer 297
right, a., innocent 220
right, n 319
" duty 142
" justice 225
right away, right off, immediately. . 211
righteous, innocent 220
righteousness, didy , 142
" justice 225
" religion 307
" virtue 370
rightfulness, justice 225
rightness, virtue , 370
rigid, severe 329
rigorous, severe 329
rim, bank 5!?
rime (rhyme), poetry 277
rinse, cleanse 107
riot, revolution 317
rip, rend 309
rise, V 319
rise, n., beginning '^8
risk, n., danger 121
hazard 194
risky, precarious 282
rite, sacrament 321
rival, «., enemy 151
rivalry, ambition 40
rive, bi'eak 86
" rend 309
road, way 372
roadway, ivay • • • 372
Page.
roam, tvander 371
roar, call 91
robber. 320
robes, dress 140
rock, shake 330
roll, v., revolve 318
roll, n., record, n 304
romance, dream 139
•' fiction 170
root out, extei-minate 163
rot, decay 122
rotate, revolve 318
rough, awkward 70
" bluff 83
rout, conquer 115
route, way 372
routine, habit 187
rove, wander 371
royal 320
rub off or out, cancel 92
rude, barbarous 73
" bluff 83
" n(stic 321
rudeness, impudence 213
rue, mourn 246
ruin, v., abuse 12
" demolish 127
" subvert 346
ruin, n., misfortune 242
ruinous, pernicious 270
rule, v., govern 185
rule, n., habit 187
" laiv 229
" system 350
rumor, report 311
rupture, bi'eak 86
" rend 309
rural, rustic 321
ruse, artifice 58
" pretense 283
rush, career 95
rustic 321
sable, dark 122
sacrament 321
sacred, holy 200
sacrifice, surrender 349
sadness, grief 187
safeguard, defence 123
sagacious 322
" astute 62
sagacity, acumen 18
" wisdom 372
sage, sagacious 322
eamt]y,holy 200
salable, venal 365
salary, pay 266
SCtlB .......••••••••••• »•• Oiiij
salubrious, healthy 195
salutiirv, h,:althy 195
salutaticin, \)Q.rimg, farewell 168
salute, address, v 19
same, alike 30
" synonymous 349
sample 32.3
" example lou
sanctimoniousness, hypocrisy 204
sanctimony, hypocrisy 204
sanction, v., abet 4
aUow 35
553
sanction
sensible
Page.
sanction, v., rniifrm 114
sanitary, healthy 195
sarcasm, banter T3
sate, ■satiKfij 324
satiate, mtLsfy 324
satire, banter 73
satisfaction, happiness 1H9
" jrropifiafioi) 2'Jl
satisfactory, ndii/'nttf 21
" c(»iifi>ii(ihl( 110
satisfied, comfoitabU 110
satisfy 824
" requite 313
satisfying, delightful 126
sauciness, impudence 213
" pertness 271
savage, barbarous 73
" bitter 81
" fierce 171
savant, scholar 324
save, but 89
saving, frugality 180
savory, delicious 12G
saw, «., proverb 293
say, allege 31
" announce 46
" speak 339
" state 341
saying, proverb 293
scan, look 234
scarce, rare 300
scare, frighten 180
schedule, record 304
sclieme, design 128
" hypothesis 205
scliismatic, heretic 196
scholar 324
scholarship, knowledge 227
school, v., teach 353
schooling, education 143
science 325
" kHou'hdqt 227
scintilla, puiiic'e 264
scintillation, light 231
scoff, sneer 337
scorch, burn 87
scorn, «., abhor 5
scorn, rt., neglect 251
scour, clean.se 107
scourge, beat 75
scout, spy 340
scrap, particle 264
scratch out, cancel 92
scream, call •. 91
screen, hide 197
" palliate 261
" shelter .331
scrimping, frug<itiii/ 180
scroll, record .'. ' .304
scrub, cleanse 107
scruple, doubU n 138
scrutinizing, inquisitive 221
search, hunt 203
searching, inquisitive 221
season, time 356
seat of government, capital 94
seclusion, nlirement 315
second, help 19,5
secret, mysterious 247
Taue.
secrete, hide 197
section, part '. 264
secure, arrest 57
" attain 64
" bind 81
" catch 97
" get 18:^
" purchase 295
security 326
sedate, calm 91
sedition, revolution 317
seditious, rcM/ious 30t
seduc(_', a!/ II re 37
sedulous, industrious 215
sedulousness, industry 216
see, discern 133
" look 234
seed, plant 274
seed down, plant 274
seem, appjear 52
seeming, a., apparent 52
seeming, «., pretense 283
seemly, becoming 77
segment, part 264
seize, arrest 57
" catch 97
select, allot ^ 31
, '• choose 104
self'abnegation 326
self-assertion, assurance 61
" egotism 145
self-complacency, pHrfe 286
self ^conceit, egotism 145
" inide 286
self-condemnation, repentance 310
self=confldence, assurance 61
" egotism 145
self'Consciousness, egotism 145
self»control, abstinence 10
" self-abnegation 326
self-denial, abstinence 10
" self-abnegation 326
self 'devotion, self-abnegation 320
self »esteem, egotism 145
" pnde 286
self -exaltation, pi-ide 286
self-immolation, self-abnegation 326
self-opinionated, dogmatic 137
self-possessed, calm 91
self-reliance, assurance 61
self-renunciation, self-abnegation . . . 326
self-respect, pride 286
self-restraint, abstinence 10
self-sacriflce, self-abnegation 326
sell, convey ." '. 119
semblance, analogy 43
" pretense 283
send 327
senile, old 2.57
sensation 328
sense, mind 241
" sensation 328
" wisdom 372
senseless, absui'd 11
senselessness, idiocy 207
sensibility 328
sensible, conscious 116
" physical 272
" sagacious 323
sen!«itfve
«$iules!!i
554
Page.
sensitive, ^Me 172
sensitiveuess, sensibilUy 328
sensual, brutish 87
sentence, v., condemn 113
sententious, tei'se 354
sentient being, animal:'. 45
sentiment, idea 206
separate, abstract 10
separately, apiece 51
sequel, catastrophe 97
" consequence 116
" event 158
sequence, time 356
serene, calm 91
sermon, speech 339
service, profit 288
" sacrament 321
" utility 363
serviceableness, utility 363
set, ?\, i^leint 274
" put 296
set, «., class 106
" Jioclc 173
set apart, allot ' 34
holy 200
set aside, abolish 6
set iire to, bui-n 87
set forth, state 341
set free, absolve 9
set on fire, Imrn 87
set out, i)lant 274
settle, confirm 114
settle with, reqxtite 133
set upon, attack, v 63
sever, b7'eak 86
" rend 309
severally, apiece 51
severe 329
" difficult 132
" morose 245
severity, acnrnony 15
sex, qender 181
shackle, v., bind 81
shackle, 71., fetter 169
shadowy, dark 122
" vain 364
shady, dark 122
shake 330
sham, hypoc7^sy 204
shame, v., abash 3
shame, «., abomination 7
" chagrin 100
shamelessness," effrontery 144
shape, make 236
share, v., apportion 54
share, «., part 264
" ]X>rtion 279
sharp, asti/te 62
" bitter 81
" clever 109
" fine 1T2
" sagacious 322
" steep 342
sharpness, acrimony 15
" acumen 18
sharp-witted, sagacious 322
shatter, l»'eak 86
sheen, light 231
sheer, pure 296
Page.
sheer, steej) 342
shelter, v 331
" cherish 104
shelter, n., defense 123
shield, v., shelter 331
shield, n., defense 123
shift, v., change, v 100
" convey 119
shimmer, light 2;?1
shine, light 231
shining, light 231
shiver, break 86
" shake 330
shock, blow 83
" collision 109
shocking, awful 70
shore, bank 72
short, terse 354
" transient 361
should, ought 260
shout, call 91
show, array 57
" ostentation 259
" pretense 283
shred, particle 264
shrewd, astute 62
" sagacious 322
shrewdness, acumen 18
shriek, call 91
shudder, shake 330
shun, abhor 5
shyness, modesty 244
sickness, disease 134
sight, a7Tay 57
sign 332
" characteristic 103
" emblem 146
" ti'ace 3.59
signal, sign 332
signify, allude 36
silent, taciturn 351
silver, 'money ...: 244
similar, alike 30
" synonymous 349
similarity, analogy 43
" approximation 55
similarly, also 37
simile, allegory 33
" analogy 43
similitude, analogy 43
simple, candid 93
" pure 290
simulation, pretense 283
An : 332
since, because 77
" therefore 355
sincere, candid 93
" hmiest 202
sine qua non, necessity 250
sinful, mmincd 120
sing 3a3
singe, burn 87
singular, queer 297
" rare 300
singularity, characteristic 103
sink, abase 2
" inunerse 213
sinless, innocent 220
" perfect 268
555
situation
sprightly
Page.
situation, circumstance 105
skeleton, sketch 334
skeptic 335
skepticism, doubt, n 138
sketch 334
sUtful 335
'■^ clem- 109
skill, dexterity 129
" power 279
" 7visdom _^>^._a'S-.
skilled, sk/'O'l 335
skirmish, />(i///i' 74
skittisli, ns/iiY 314
slack, slow 337
slackness, neglect 251
slander 336
" abuse 12
slang 336
slant, v., tip 357
slaughter, kill 226
" massacre 237
slay, kill 226
sleep, rest 313
sleepless, vigilant 369
slender, fine 172
" ■ minute 242
slight, a.., fine 172
" venial 367
slight, w., neglect 251
sling, send 327
slit, rend 309
slope, v., tip 357
slothful, idle 208
slcm 337
" reluctant 308
slowness, stupidity 344
sluggish, idle 208
" sloiv ■ 337
sluggishness, apathy 50
" stupidity 344
slumber, rest 313
small, fine 172
" minute 242
smart, clever 109
smartness, pertness 271
smash, bi'eak 86
smiling, happy 190
smirch, blemish 82
smite, beat 75
smooth, calm 91
" Jine 172
snappish, 7norose 245
snatch, catch 97
sneer 337
snug, comfortable 110
sobriety, abstinence 10
sociable, ./>7«w^;d/ 178
aoc\a\, friendly .". 178
socialism 338
society, association 60
soften, alleviate 33
" chasten 103
soil, v., defile 124
" stain 341
soil, «., blemish 82
sojourn, ((h'lile 5
soldiers, urmij 56
soldiery, arrny 50
solemn, awful 70
Page.
solemnity, sacrament ^21
solemnize, celebrate 99
solicit, ask 59
" plead 274
solicitude, alarm 28
" anxiety 49
" care 94
solitude, retirement 315
somber, dark 122
song, poetry 277
sool ill', aUay 31
sordid, (/raric/oiis 68
sorrow, i\, )nourit 246
sorrow, «., grief 187
" misfortune 242
" repentance 3i0
sorrowful, pitiful 273
sort, air 27
sottish, brutish 87
soul, mind '. 241
sound, «., healthy 195
sound, u 338
sour, bitter 81
" mo7'Ose 245
source, beginning 78
" cause 98
sourness, acrimony 15
sow, jdant 274
spacious, large 229
spank, beat 75
sparing, frugality 180
sparkle, light 231
speak 339
speaking, speech 339
speak to, address, v 19
specie, money ^44
specify, state 341
specimen, example 160
" samjile 323
speck, blemish 82
speculation, hypothesis 205
speech 339
" language 228
speechless, taciturn 351
speed, v., quicken 397
speedy, nimble 253
spicy, I'acy 299
spirit, character 102
" mind 241
spirited, racy 299
spite, enmity 152
" hatred 193
splendid, fine 172
splenetic, nurrose 245
split, break 86
spoil, decay 122
" defile 124
sponge, cleanse 107
spontd/KOi/s 340
sport, ( /if( liiiinment 153
spot, r., sidii, 341
spot, u., blemish 82
spotless, innocent 220
" perfect 268
" pure 296
spousal, marriage 236
spread abroad, announce 46
sprightliness, pe7iness 271
sprightly, active 17
sprlglitly
substitute
556
Page.
sprightly, airy 27
" happy 190
" nimble 253
spring, t)., nse 319
spring, «., beginning 78
"■ cause 98
spruce, neat 249
spry, active 17
" nimble 253
spy 340
stable, permanent 269
stain, V 341
" defile 124
stain, m., blemish 82
stainless, innocent 220
" perfect 268
" pure 296
stamp out, abolish 6
stanch, faWi fid 165
standard, example 160
" ideal 206
" model 243
stand by, help 195
stare, look 234
start, beginning 78
state, V 341
" allege 31
" announce 46
state, »., people 266
stately, aioful 70
statement, report 311
statute, law 229
stay, abide 5
" hinder 199
" obstruct 257
" rest 313
steadfast, permanent 269
steal, abstract 10
steep 342
" high 198
stem, severe 329
sticking,' adhesive 22
sticky, adhesive 22
stiff, severe 329
stigma, blemish 82
still, v., allay 31
still, a., calm 91
still, conj., but 89
" notwithstanding 254
yet 374
stillness, apathy 50
rest 313
stinging, bitter 81
stingy, avancious 68
stipend, jmy ■ 206
stipulation, contract 118
stir, influence 217
stoicism, apathy 50
stolid, brutish 87
stoop, bend 79
stop, v., abide 5
" arrest 57
" cease 98
" e7id, V 148
" hinder 199
" obstruct 257
stop, n., rest 313
store up, amass 38
storm, v., attack, v 63
Page.
storm, n , 343
story 343
" fiction 170
" 'history 200
" report 311
straightforward, candid 93
"■ clear 107
" honest 202
straightway, immediately 211
strand, bank 72
strange, alien, a 29
queer 297
" rare 300
stranger, alien,^ n 29
stratagem, artifice 58
stray, wander 371
street, loay 373
strength, power 279
strengthen, confirm 114
strict, severe 329
strife, battle 74
" feud 170
strike, beat 75
stripe, blow 83
strive, endeavm\ v 149
stroke, blow 83
" misfortune 242
strong, healthy 195
stronghold, fm-tification 176
struggle, endeavor, n 150
stubborn, obstinate 256
" perverse 272
" restive 314
student, scholar 324
study, education 143
stupefaction, stupAdity 344
" stupor 344
stupid, absurd 11
" brutish 87
stujndity 344
" idiocy 207
stupor 344
" stupidity 344
style, air 27
" diction 130
" name 247
subdivision, part 264
subdue, chasten 103
" conquer 115
subject, v., conquer 115
subject, n., topic 359
subjection, allegiance 32
subjective 345
" inherent 218
subjoin, add 18
subjugate, conquer 115
submerge, immerse 212
submission, patience 265
submissive, docile 136
submit, html 79
submit to. indure 150
subordinate, uuy'diary 67
subside, abate 3
subsidy^ 345
subsisting, alive 30
substantial real 301
substantiate, confirm 114
substitute, v., change, v 100
substitute, «., delegate 125
557
subterfuge
symbol
Page.
subterfuge, artifice 58
" pretense 283
subtile, astute 63
" fine 172
subtle, astute 63
" fine 172
subvention, subsidy 345
subvert ■. 340
" abolish 6
succeed 346
" follow 174
success, victory 369
successful, fortunate 177
" happy 190
succession, tirtie 356
succinct, terse 354
succor, help 195
suck up, absorb 9
suffer, allow 35
" endure 150
sufferance, patience 265
suffering, jMin 261
suffice, satisfy 324
sufficient, adequate 31
" plentiful 276
suggest, allude 36
suggestion 347
suitable, adequate 21
" becoming 77
sulky, morose 245
sullen, morose 245
sully, defile 124
" stain 341
summary, abridgment 7
summon, arraign 56
" convoke 120
sum up, add 18
" calculate 90
sunder, break 86
rend 309
sunny, happy 190
superabundance, excess 160
superannuated, antique 48
superciliousness, 2ivide 286
superfluity, excess 160
superhuman, supernatural 347
superintendence, oversight 260
supernatural 347
supersede, subvert 346
superstition, fanaticism 166
supervene, happen 188
supervision, oversight 260
supplant, abolish 6
" subvert 346
supple, (icliri 17
supiilciiiciit, iiiipendage 5J
supplicate, ask 59
pray 281
supply, give 185
support, V 348
" abet 4
" endures 150
" keev 226
support, n., help 195
" subsidy 345
supporter, adherent 21
suppose 348
supposition, fancy 167
Page.
supposition, hypothesis 205
iilea 206
suppress, aholish 6
hide 197
" restrain 315
" subvert 346
supremacy, victory 369
supreme, absolute 8
sure, authentic 67
" conjicious 116
" faithful 165
surety, security 326
surfeit, satisfy 324
surly, morose 345
surmise, v., doubt, v 137
" suppose 348
surmise, «.., hypothesis 305
surmount, conquer 115
surname, name 247
surpass, beat 75
surplus, excess 160
surplusage, circumlocution 105
surprise, amazement 39
surrender 349
" abandon 1
surrounded by, amid 43
surveillance, ovei'sight 260
survey, look 234
susceptibility, power 279
" sensibility 338
suspect, doubt, v 137
suspense, doubt, n 138
suspicion, doubt, n 138
suspicious, envious 155
" equivocal 155
sustain, carry 96
" confirm 114
" endure 150
" help 195
keep 236
" support 348
sustenance, food 175
swallow, absorb 9
swallow up, absorb 9
swarm, flock 173
swart, dark 122
swarthy, dark 123
sway, govern 185
" influence 317
" shake 330
swear, state 341
swearing, oath 254
sweep, cleanse 107
sweet, amiable 42
swerve, fluctuate 173
" wander 371
swift, nimble 353
swindle, n., fraud 177
swinilliiiLT. /V(^?/'/ 177
swinL'. s/i(iki 330
swinish, hri/tixh 87
switch, beat 75
swoon, stupor 344
swooning, stupw 344
sworn statement, oath 254
sycophancy, praise 280
sylvan, rustic 321
symbol, emblem 146
" sign 332
syninietry
tlirons:
55$
Page.
symmetry, liarmony 191
sympathetic, humane 203
eympathize with, console 117
sympathy, benevolence 80
" pity 273
symphony, melody 238
symptom, sign 332
syncope, stupor 344
synonymic, synonymous 349
synonymous 349
synopsis, abridgment 7
system 350
" body 84
" habit 187
" hypothesis 205
systematic, dogmatic 137
system of government, polity 278
taciturn 351
tact, address, n 20
taint, v., defile 124
taint, «., blemish 82
take, assume 61
" carry 96
" catch 97
take away, abstract 10
take hold of, catch 97
take in, take up, absorb 9
take into custody, arrest "57
take=oif , caricature 95
take place, happen 188
take prisoner, arrest 57
talie to task, reprove . 312
tale, report 311
" story 34:3
talent, genius 183
" power 279
talented, clever 109
talents, genius 183
talk, speak 339
talk, w., conversation 118
" speech 339
talkative, garrulous 181
tall, high 198
tame, docile 136
tangible, evident 159
" physical 272
tangled, complex 112
tardy, slow 337
tarnish, blemish 82
" defile 124
" stain 341
tarry, abide 5
tart, bitter 81
tartness, acrimony 15
tasteful 352
tasty, tasteful 352
tattle, babble 71
taunt, S9ieer ; 337
tautology, circumlocvtion 105
teach 353
teachable, docile 136
teaching, doctrine 136
" education 143
tear, rend 309
tease, affront 24
tediousncss. nrriimlocution 105
teemiiiL:, iiU iii\ful 276
tell, announce!. 4(i
" speak 339
Page.
tell, state 341
temerity 353
temper, anger -. 44
" character 102
temperament, character 102
temperance, abstinence 10
tempest, stwm 343
temporary, transient .' 361
tempt, allure 37
tendency, awi 26
" direction 132
tender, friendly 178
" humane 203
tender«hearted, humane 203
tenderness, attachment 63
lore 235
" mercy 239
pity 273
tenet, doctrine 136
tenuous,^we 172
term 354
" boundary 84
" time 356
terminate, abolish 6
" cease 98
" end, V 148
termination, boundary 84
" end, n 148
terminus, end, n 148
terrible, auful 70
" fonnidable 176
terrific, awful 70
terrify, frighten 180
terror, alarm..' 28
" fear 168
terse 354
testify, avow 69
" state 341
testinvmy 355
that, but 89
theme, topic 359
then, ther-efore 355
thence, therefore 3.55
theology, religion 307
theory, hypothesis 205
" idea 206
therefore 355
thief, robber 320
thin,^«e 172
think, esteem, v 156
" suppose 348
Vumi, appetite 54
tho, but 89
" notwithstanding, con j 254
thorough, radical 299
thoroughfare, way 372
thoroughgoing, radical 299
thought, idea 206
" 7nind 241
thoughtless, abstracted 11
thout^htlessness, neglect 251
thrash, beat 75
threatening, imminent 212
thrift, fritqality 180
thrill, shalie 330
thrive, succeed 346
throe, pain 261
throng .3.50
" company 110
5§9
throuKh
trouble
Page.
through, btj 89
"■ notwithstanding, conj 254
throw, send 337
thrust, drive 140
thump, blow 83
thus far, yet 374
thwart, hinder 199
tidy, neat 249
tie, hind 81
tillaji;e, agriculture 25
tilt, tip 357
time 35(5
timc'houored, old 257
tiuiflcss, if I mat 157
time-worn, olil 257
timid, fdiiit 164
timidity, alann, 28
" fear 168
" modesty 244
tinge, stain 341
tint, stain 341
tiny, minute 242
tip, V 357
tip, w., end, n 148
tire, V 357
title, name 247
tittle, particle 264
toil, wm-k 374
toilsome, difficult 132
token, emblem 146
" sign 332
" trace 359
tolerate, abide 5
" allow 35
" endure 150
tone, sound 338
tongue, language 228
too, also 37
tool 358
topic 359
torment, pain 261
torpor, stupor 344
torture, pain 261
total, radical 299
totter, shake 330
touching, pitiful 273
tour, journey 223
tow, draw 138
towering, high 198
trace 359
" characteristic 103
track, trace 359
" way 3('2
tractable, docUe 136
trade, business 88
" S(de 323
trading, business 88
traduce, slander 336
traflBc, business 88
trail, trace 359
train, teach 353
trained, skilful 335
training, education 143
trait, characteristic 103
trance, dream 139
tranquil, cahn 91
tranquilize, ailay 31
tranquillity, apatliy 50
rest 313
Page.
transact 360
do 135
transaction 360
" act 16
" btesi?i€ss 88
transcendent, transcendental 361
transcendental 361
" mysterious 247
transcript, duplicate 141
transfer, convey 119
trantitiijurf, change, v 100
transfiii-ni, chunge, v 100
translonuation, change, n 101
transgress, break 86
transgression, sin 332
transient 361
transit, journey 223
" motion 245
transition, change 101
" motion 245
transitory, transient 361
translation definition 124
translucent, clear 107
transmit, carry 96
"■ convey 119
" send 327
transmutation, change, n 101
transmute, change, v 100
transparent, candid 93
" clear 107
" evident 159
transport, carry 96
" convey 119
" enthusiasm 153
trappings, caparison 93
trA\ti\, journey 223
travesty, caricature 95
treachery, fraud 177
treason, //'«(«/ 177
treasure, cherish 104
treat, transact 360
tremble, shake 330
trembling, /ear 168
tremendous, formidable 176
tremor, fear 168
trepidation, /mr 168
trespass, attack, n 64
trial, endeavor, n 150
" misfortune 212
tribe, people 266
tribulation, grief 187
" misfortune 242
tribute, subsidy 345
trick, artifice 58
" fraud 177
" pretense 283
trickery, deception 123
trifling, idle 208
" vain 364
trim, neat 249
trip, journey 223
triumph, haiipiness 189
" victory 369
trivial, vain. ...._. 364
" venial ;.:..... 367
troops, a7'my. 56
trouble, anxiety 49
" cure 94
grief 187
trouble
unification
560
Page.
trouble, misfortune 242
true, authentic 67
" faithful 165
" lionest 202
" pure 296
" real 301
truism, axiom 71
" proverb 293
trunk, body 84
trust, v., commit 110
trust, M., assurance 61
faith 164
trustworthy, authentic 67
faithful 165
" honest 202
" reliable 306
trnsty, faithful 165
" honest 202
" reliable 306
truth, justice 225
" veracity 367
" mrtue 370
truthful, candid 93
truthfulness, veracity 367
try, chasten 103
" endeavor, v 149
trying, difficidt 132
tug, draw 138
tuition, education 143
tumult, revolution 317
turbid obscure 255
turn, bend 79
" change, v 100
" revolve 318
tutor, teach 353
twaddle, babble 71
twain, both 84
twine, bend 79
twinge, pain 261
twinkle, light 231
twinkling, light 231
twist, bend 79
two, both 84
type, emblem 146
" example 160
" model 243
" sign 332
typical, norinal 253
tyrannical, absolute 8
tyro, amateur 39
umbrage, pique 272
umpire, ^"Mrfg'e 224
unadorned, clear 107
unadulterated, pure 296
nnamliisziious, rliar 107
unanimity, liarmony 191
unassured, jrrecarious 282
unavailing, vain 364
unavoidable, necessary 250
unavoidableness, necessity 250
unbelief, doubt, n 138
unbeliever, skeptic 335
unbiased, candid 93
unbidden, spontaneous 340
unblemished, peifect 268
pure 296
unbounded, infinite 216
unbroken, continual 117
unceasing, cowit^Mo/. 117
Page.
unceasing, eternal 157
uncertain, equivocal 155
" precarious 282
uncertainty, doubt, n 138
unchangeable, permanerd 269
unchanging, permanent 269
uncivil, bluff 83
uncivilized, barbarous 73
uncommon, queer 297
" rare 300
uncommunicative, taciturn 351
uncompromising, severe 329
unconcern, apathy 50
unconditional, absolute 8
unconditioned, infinite 216
uncongeniality, antipath u 48
unconnected, alien, a 29
unconquerable, obstinate 256
unconsciousness, stupor 344
uncontrollable, rebellious 304
uncorruptcd, pure 296
uncouth, awkward 70
" barbarous 73
" 7^(stic 321
uncreated, pritneval 287
uncultivated, ferce 171
undaunted, brave 85
undefiled, jjerfect 268
l>u7'e 296
undeniable, necessa?y 250
underestimate, disparage 134
undergo, endure 150
underrate, disparage 134
understand, perceive 267
understanding, ndnd 241
" tvisdom 372
undertake, endeavor, v 149
undervalue, disparage 134
undismayed, brave. 85
undisturijed, calm 91
undulate. ^?/c/!/afe 173
undying, eternal 157
uneducated, ignorant 208
unemployed, idle 208
" vacant 363
unending, eternal 157
unenlightened, ignoraid 208
unequivocal, absolute 8
" clear 107
unfading, eternal 157
unfailing, eternal 157
unfairness, injustice 220
" pirejudice 283
unfathomable, infinite 216
" mysterious 247
upfathomed, mystei-ious 247
unfeelingness, apathy 50
unfilled, vacant 363
unflinching, obstinate 256
unfold, uniplify 43
ungainly, iiirkivard 70
ungodliness, sin 332
ungovernable, perverse 272
" rebellious 304
unhandy, au'kward 70
unhealthfnl. /!,-rj,/rioi/s 270
unhealtliiiiesv. ,/'/.-<, ,i.^, 134
mihoniogeiieoii-. Intnugineous 196
unification, union 362
561
tint form
utility
Page.
uniform, «., alilce 30
uniform, //., <lres:s 140
unifiiiinity, hiirmony 191
uniniportaut, rain 3ti4
uuinrciiiiird, 'Kjiiiintut 208
uiiiiir^liuctrd, 'ujiKiniiit 208
uiuutrllfctiial, hriilisli 87
unintelligible, ubacure 255
uninterrupted, continual 117
union 362
" aUiance 34
" association 60
" attaclunent. , 63
" harmony 191
" majrriage 236
unique, queer 297
" rare 300
unison, harmony 191
" melody 238
unity, harnwny 191
" union 362
universal, general 181
iinkiiidness, acrimony 15
unknown, mysterioKS 247
unlawful, criminal 120
unlearned, ignorant 208
unless, Jnit 89
unlettered, ignorant 208
unlike, cdien, a 29
" heterogeneous 196
unlikeness, difference 131
unlimited, infinite 216
unmanageable, rebellious 304
unmannerly, bluff. 83
unmatched, queer 297
unmeasured, infinite 216
unmingled, jnire 296
unmistakable, evident 159
" clear 107
unmitigated, severe 329
unmixed, pure 296
unobtrusiveness, modesty 244
unoccupied, 'ic^fe 208
" vacant 363
unparalleled, rare 300
unpolisiied, rustic 321
unpdlhited, pure 296
un|iiece(lriiti.'d, rare 300
unidcjiidiccd, candid 93
unpremeditated, extemporaneous 163
uni)r()lltable, rain 364
unquestionable, real 301
unreal, vain 364
unreasonable, absurd 11
unrelenting, severe 329
unremitting, continued 117
unreserved, candid 93
unrighteousness, it/justice 220
sin 332
unruffled, cal?n 91
unruly, restive 314
unsatisfying, vain 364
unselfishness, benevolence 80
unserviceable, vain 364
unsettle, displace 135
unsettled, precarious 282
unskilful, awkward 70
unskilled, ignorant 208
unsophisticated, candid 93
30
Page.
unsophisticated, rustic 321
unsoundness, disease 134
unspiritiial, brutish 87
unspotted, iii/re 296
unstable, [in curious 282
unstained, jin)'e 296
unsteady, 7>/'('ca/'?'0'/.'.' 282
unsubstantial, vain 364
unsuitable, incongruous 214
unsullied, pure 296
untainted, pure 296
untamed, hurhitrous 73
untai-nished, jiure 296
untaught, ignorant 208
" rustic 321
untenanted, vacant 363
untoward, perrerse 272
untrained,.//) rce 171
untruth, deaption 123
untutored, ignorant 208
unusual, queer 287
rare 300
unvarying, continual 117
unwavering, faithful 165
unwholesome, pernicious 270
unwilling, reluctant 308
unyielding, severe 329
" obstinate 256
upbraid, n prove 312
upbraidiiii;, reproof. 311
uphold, ub'i 4
confirm 114
" help 195
" support 348
uplifted, high 198
upright, honest 202
" innocent 220
" pure 296
uprightness, justice 225
" virtue 370
uproot, exterminate 163
upshot, consequence 116
upstart, new 252
urbane, polite 277
urge, influence 217
" persuade 271
" plead 274
" quicken 297
urge forward, promote 291
urgency, necessity 250
urge on, d7''ive 140
" promote 291
" quicken 297
usage, halnt 187
use, employ 147
" exercise 162
" habit 187
" utility 363
usefulness, profit 288
" utility 363
useless, vain 364
use up, employ 147
•usual 362
" general 181
" normal 2.53
usurp, assume 61
utensil, tool 358
utility 363
" 2nvfit 288
utmost
wait
562
Page.
utmost, end, n 1 J8
utter, speak 339
utterance, remark 308
" speech 339
uttermost, end, n 148
vacant 363
" idle 208
vacate, abandon 1
" cancel 98
vacillate, fltictuaie 173
vacuous, vacant 363
vagary, fancy 167
vain 364
vainglory, jyride 386
valediction, /«?■(«¥/; 168
valedictory, /«?¥«■<;;/ 168
valiant, bra've 85
valor, prowess 294
value, cherish 104
" esteem, V 156
" pi'ice 285
" profit 288
vanity, egofis7n 145
" pi-ide 286
vanquish, beat 75
" conquer 115
vapid, vain 364
variant, heterogeneous 196
variation, change 101
" diference 131
variety, change. 101
" difference 131
various, lleterogeneous 196
vary, change 100
" fluctuate 173
vast, large 229
vaunt, ostentation 259
vaunting, ostentation 259
veer, change 100
" fluctuate 173
" wander 371
vehemence, enthusiasm 153
vehement, eager 142
veil, hide 197
" palliate 261
venal 365
venerable, old 257
venerate 366
" admire 23
veneration 366
vengeance, revenge 316
venial 867
venture, hazard 194
venturesome, brave 85
venturesomeness, temerity 353
veracity 367
verbal 368
verbiage, circumlocution 105
" diction 130
verbose, garrulous 181
verbosity, circumlocution 105
verdant, rustic 321
verge, boundary 84
veritable, authentic 67
r^eal 301
verity, veracity 367
vernacular, language 228
verse, meter 240
' " pastry 277
Page.
vestige, trace 359
vestments, d7-ess 140
vesture, dress 140
vex, affront 24
vexation, anger 44
" chagrin 100
viands, food 175
vibrate, shake 330
vice, sin 332
vicious, criminal 120
" restive 314
viciousness, sin 332
vicissitude, change, n 101
victimize, abuse 12
victm-y 309
victuals, /oo(^ 175
view, look 2:34
vigilance, care 94
vigilant 369
alert 28
vigorous, active 17
" healthy 195
vile, brtitish 87
" criminal 120
vilify, abuse 12
'• slander 330
villainy, abomination 7
vindicate, acenge 69
vindication, apology 51
defense 123
vinegarish, bitter 81
violate, abuse 12
violent, .^erce 171
virile, masculine 237
virtue 370
" justice 225
virtuous, innocent 220
" pure 296
virtuousness, virtue 370
virulence, acrimony 15
virulent, bitter 81
viscid, adhesive 22
viscous, adhesive 22
visible, evident 159
" physical 272
vision, dream 139
visionary, fanciful 167
" vain 364
visit, avenge 69
visitation, misfortune 242
vitiate, defile 124
vituperate, abuse 12
vivacious, alive 30
vocabulary, diction 130
" language 228
vocal, verbal 368
vocation, butiness 88
vociferate, call 91
void, vacant 363
voluntary, spontaneous 340
vow, oath 254
voyage, journey 223
vulgar, the, nwb 243
vulgarism, slang 336
vulgarity, slang 336
wages, pay 266
waggery, wit 373
waggishness, ivit 373
wait, abide 5
563
ivakcful
wrath
Page.
wakeful, vigilant 369
wander Sil
want, necessity 250
" poverty 279
warble, sing 333
ward, shelter 331
wariness, cai'e 94
warmth, enthusiasm 153
warn, 7'ej)rove 312
warning, exatnjyle 160
warp, bend 79
warrant, precedent 283
wary, vigilant 369
wash, cleanse 107
waste, excess 160
"■ vacant 363
wastefulness, excess 160
watch, look 234
watch for, abide 5
watchful, alert 28
" vigilant 369
watchfulness, care 94
watch, on the, alert 28
wave, shake 330
waver, fluctuate 173
" shake 330
way 372
" air 27
" direction 132
viaywaxA, perverse 272
weak, /ai«< 164
weapon, tool 3.58
weapons, arms 55
wearied, /aMj< 164
wear out, tire 357
weary, tire 357
wedded, addicted 19
wedding, marriage 236
wedlock, maiTiage 236
weigh, deliberate 125
weight, load 233
welcome, delightful 126
well, healthy 195
well=behaved, polite 277
well=bred, jxilite 277
well-disposed, yHe«(^;y 178
well»mannered, polite 277
well off, comfmiable 110
well'provided, comfoi'lable 110
well to do, comfortable 110
whence, therefore 355
wherefore, therefore 355
while, time 356
whim,/a««/ , 167
whimsical, queer 297
whip, beat 75
whit, particle 264
whiten, bleach 82
whitewash, bleach 82
wholesome, healthy 195
wicked, criminal 120
wickedness, abomination 7
sin 332
wide, large 229
wide=awake, active 17
alert 28
" vigilant 369
widen, amplify 43
wild, absurd 11
Page.
\s\\A, fierce 171
wile, artifice 58 -
" /)/■</'/>.-< 2m~
wilful, ji, /■/■, rsi' 272
willing, spoiitaiKOus 340
win, allure 37
" attain 64
" conquer 115
" get 18:3
" succeed 346
wind up, end, v v 148
winning, amiable 42
" charming 103
win over, persuade 271
winsome, amiable 42
wipe, cleanse 107
wipe out, exterminate 163
loisdom 372
" knoivledge 227
" p'rudence 294
wise, sagacimis 322
wish, desire 128
ivit 373
with, by 89
withal, alxo 37
withdraw, abstract 10
withdraw from, abandon 1
wither, die 1.30
withhold, keep 226
" restrain 315
without delay, immediately 211
without end, eternal 157
witness, avow 69
" testimony 3.55
witticism, wit 373
wo, grief 187
" pain 261
woful, pitiful 273
vioxnM\\i'\\'.fi ininine 169
womanly, /( in'uiine 169
wonder, admire 23
" amazement 39
wont, habit 187
wonted, usual 362
woo, address, v 19
word, term 354
wordiness, circumlocution 105
wording, diction 130
woi^k. 374
" act 16
" business 88
workman, artist 58
work out, do 135
worn, faint 164
worn down, faint 164
worn out, faint 164
worry, anxiety 49
" care 94
worship, religimi 307
worst, beat 75
" conquer 115
worth, price 285
" virtue 370
worthiness, virtue 370
worthless, vain 364
worthy, becoming 77
wound, affront 24
wrangle, 'reason, v 302
wrath, anger 44
Yfrretclied
zest
564
Page.
wretched, pitiful 373
writing, metrical, poetry 277
writings, literature 233
wrong, v., abuse 12
wrong, a., criminal 120
wrong, 11., injury 219
" injustice 220
" sin 332
wrong=doing, sin 332
yearning, eager 142
yell,cff« 91
yet 374
" but 89
Page.
yet, nohvithstanding, conj 254
yield, allow 35
" bend 79
" harvest 192
" surrender 349
yielding, docile 136
young, neiv 252
" youthful 375
ymthful 375
" new 252
zeal, enthusiasm 153
zealous, eager 142
zest, appetite 54
U'
..?^
,n
ci^
'^c'AaviiaiHv^ ^<?Aava8nav>
riioDACv/i.. -?v5?.nypjn?T/K
on I
^ <^
';
I
3
vo
^^•>
Universitv ol Calilcirnia, Los Anqeles
L 006 180 077 7
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
AA 000 351 528
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11